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 Ballads of the Marathas 
 
 RENDERED INTO ENGLISH VERSE FROM 
 THE MARATHI ORIGINALS 
 
 BY 
 
 HARRY ARHUTHNOT ACWORTH 
 
 H. M. INDIAN CIVIL SERVICE 
 PKESIDENT, liOMnAV ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
 
 LONDON 
 
 LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 
 
 AND NEW YORK: 15 EAST i6th STREET 
 
 1894
 
 
 yrJTlITTT 
 
 ^iim ntn^TET tt^th^t jt^Ij 
 
 
 \5 

 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 In presenting to my readers this humble attempt to 
 popularise some of the ballads of the Marathas, it may not 
 be out of place to submit a slight sketch of the early history 
 and the poetic literature of the people whose national 
 energies they commemorate. The Maratha race has been 
 for centuries, and is still, among the most important of those 
 which inhabit the Indian Peninsula. The three most 
 powerful of the Hindu princes who acknowledge allegiance 
 to the Imperial Crown of Britain, viz. Sindia, Holkar, and 
 the Gaikwar, are Marathas, and their court language is 
 Marathi, though this is not the language of the countries 
 over which they rule. But every one of these three princes 
 has his ancestral home in the Maratha Deccan and bears a 
 Marathi name. The same is the case with the princely 
 house of Tanjore. The Maratha ditch at Calcutta testifies 
 to exploits at a scene even more distant from Maharashtra, 
 and on the fatal day of Paniput the Maratha armies upheld 
 the cause of India against the Afghan invader fifty miles to 
 the northward of Delhi, the capital of the Great Mogul. 
 
 The British dominion, quelling all internal aggression by 
 a might too great to be contested, has left no opportunity of 
 judging whether the flood-tide of Maratha success would 
 ever have ebbed back into its ancient boundaries, or even 
 have been there overwhelmed by the waves of a newer and 
 more vigorous race of Asiatic conquerors ; but during the 
 years when India was * becoming red,' the Marathas were 
 
 b
 
 vi Ballads of the Marathas 
 
 probably still the most powerful political integer within it, 
 and if the British flag were withdrawn again into the ocean, 
 and if (an impossible * if) no other European power intruded, 
 I at least believe that once again, from the Punjab to Cape 
 Comorin, princes and people would listen to the thundering 
 tramp of the Maratha horsemen. 
 
 The Marathas claim to be the people of the Maharashtra, 
 or great nation. There has been much speculation as to 
 the origin of the word Maratha. Some take it from Rathod, 
 the name of a Rajput clan, with the prefix maha, or great. 
 I believe the word Rathod is in fact derived from nearly the 
 same source as the word Maratha, that is, from the word 
 Ratta, or Rathakuda Uwj^z or xn^'^). Some deduce 
 Maratha from Maharashtra, and some from the word 
 Marahatta {t\t^z) ; others hold it to be a corruption of the 
 word Maharatha, or Maha-ratta. Dr. Bhandarkar, in his 
 history of the Deccan, observes that from cave inscriptions 
 it is apparent that from early times tribes of Kshatriyas or 
 Warriors, calling themselves Bhojas or Rathis, were pre- 
 dominant in the country, and that, in the northern part of 
 the Deccan or Maharashtra, they called themselves Mahar- 
 athis or Great Rathis, but that in other places the name in 
 use must have been Rathis or Rathas. That the name 
 Ratha, or rather Ratta, was common in the Southern Maratha 
 country, is made clear from the interesting account of old 
 inscriptions relating to the Ratta chieftains of Belgaum and 
 Saundatti published by Mr. J. F. Fleet, CLE., of the Indian 
 Civil Service (Journal R. A. Society, x. 167-298). In 
 ancient copper-plate grants, as well as inscriptions, we 
 often meet the word Maharatha (jt^tt^), and I am inclined to 
 think that the derivation from Maha-ratta is correct. A 
 race is sometimes named after a country, sometimes a 
 country after a race. The Sassenachs of Scotland are called 
 Scotch because they live in Scotland, though they have no
 
 Introduction vii 
 
 affinity to the race which has given its name to the country. 
 England is called England after the Angles or English, who 
 were by no means the most important section of the Danish 
 or Low Dutch invaders. I think it probable that the name 
 Maharashtra was derived or Sanskritised from the word 
 Maharatta, that is, a race of Maharathas or great warriors, 
 and not that the word Maratha comes by the inverse process 
 from Maharashtra. The best proof of this is that the land 
 of the Marathas is known in their early Puranas as Dak- 
 shinapatha or Dandakaranya, and not Maharashtra. At 
 any rate, whether the word Maratha is derived from Maha- 
 rathod, Mara-hatta, Maha-rashtra, or Maharatha, there is 
 little doubt that it is meant to signify a race brave and 
 hardy, and probably pugnacious. 
 
 The earliest mention of the word Maharatta that I know 
 of is in connection with a deputation of missionaries to 
 various countries by King Ashoka to propagate the faith of 
 Gautama Buddha. In the Mahavanso (Tumour's ' Maha- 
 ' vanso,' pp. 71, 72) the Buddhist monarch is described as 
 deputing ' the hero Maha Dhammarakkitto ' (Mahadhumra- 
 kettu ? Phoebus, what a name !) ' to Maharatta' and further 
 on we read in the same work that ' the sanctified disciple 
 ' Maha Dhammarakkitto repairing to Maharatta there 
 ' preached the Mahanarada Kassapa Jataka of Buddha, and 
 ' that eighty-four thousand persons attained the sanctification 
 ' of Magga, and thirteen thousand were ordained priests by 
 ' him ' (Ibid. p. 74). In the cave inscriptions at Karle and 
 Bedsa, which are supposed to belong to a period between 
 the 1st and 4th centuries A.D., we find the words Maharatha 
 and Maharathini. One of them records ' the reh'eious eift 
 ' of Mahabhoja's daughter Samadinika the Mahadevi Maha- 
 ' rathini and wife of Apadevanak,' and another commemor- 
 ates the gift of a lion pillar, ' Sinha Sthambha,' from 
 ' Agimitranak, son of Goti, a great warrior, a Maharatta.'
 
 viii Ballads of the Marathas 
 
 Little or nothing is known of the history of the Marathas 
 before the Christian era. In the first century of the Christian 
 era they rose to prominence under their King Shalivahana. 
 There are many traditions current concerning this monarch 
 in the Maharashtra. Though differing in details, they con- 
 firm the belief that he waged war with King Vikrama of 
 Oojein, and that in one of their several battles the latter 
 suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Shalivahana. 
 Vikrama was driven beyond the Nerbudda, and begged for 
 peace, which was concluded on terms which preserved 
 Vikrama's power and era north of the Nerbudda. 
 
 There is a difference of 135 years (not 133 as stated by 
 Grant Duff) between the eras of Shalivahana and Vikrama, 
 and Grant Duff founds on this difference the remark that 
 ' the eras themselves refute this story, unless we suppose 
 ' that Vikramajit had prior claims to sovereignty and that 
 ' the era was reckoned from the time of some of his fore- 
 ' fathers ' ; but to this it is to be replied, first, that there are 
 two eras of Vikrama, one current in India north of the 
 Nerbudda, and the other in Kashmir, and, secondly, that 
 the name Vikrama denotes not an individual but a dynasty, 
 like Pharaoh, or Tudor, or Stuart. The Rajatarangini (a 
 history of the kings of Kashmir), a work admitted by such 
 scholars as Colebrooke and Turnour to be an authentic 
 record of historical events, establishes the fact that the 
 Vikrama who conquered Kashmir, and established his power 
 and era there, was a contemporary of Shalivahana, the 
 Maratha king. 
 
 The birth and career of Shalivahana are of course to some 
 extent mythical. He is variously spoken of as the son of a 
 Kunbi or husbandman, and of a Koombar or potter. But 
 there is no dispute as to his being a Maratha. He was called 
 Satavahana as well as Shalivahana. After defeating Vikrama 
 he made Paithan his capital. According to Jinaprabhu, a
 
 Introduction i x 
 
 Jain writer (z^. Journal, B. B. R. A. S., x. 134, 135), during the 
 reign of Satavahana the city of Pratishthan (Paithan) became 
 very rich, having wide roads, large temples and houses, 
 brilliantly white markets, strong walls and wide ditches, and 
 Satavahana having freed all the people of Dakshanipatha 
 (Maharashtra) from debt, and conquered the country as far 
 as the Tapti, introduced his era into it. Describing the city of 
 Paithan, the writer breaks forth into the following eulogium : 
 ' The city of Pratisthana is the jewelled head ornament of 
 ' the glory of Maharashtra, and is beautified by pleasure- 
 ' giving palaces, and chaityas (temples) cooling to the eyes. 
 ' It contains 68 sacred places for the public, and within its 
 ' walls as 50 heroes were born, it was called the city of 
 'heroes' (Journal, B. B, R. A. Society, x. 135). Shaliva- 
 hana was a patron of learning, and an author, and wrote 
 several works in the Maharashtri language. To this subject 
 I shall revert further on. 
 
 There is no continuous record or tradition as to Shali- 
 vahana's successors, but it is generally believed that his 
 dynasty ruled at Paithan till the close of the third century 
 A.D., when it was overthrown by the powerful Maratha 
 house of the Rashtrakutas. Here and there, however, the 
 cave inscriptions of Pandoo Lena in Nasik and Nanaghaut 
 in Junnar afford us a glimpse of the doings of the earlier 
 dynasty. In a very long inscription at Nasik a king named 
 Satakarni Gautamiputra is described as having ' rooted out 
 ' the dynasty of Kshatriya and established the glory of the 
 ' Satavahana family.' He is spoken of as King of Kings 
 and ruler of Asika Asmaka (?), Surashtra (Soreth in Kattya- 
 war), Kuraka (?), Aparanta (Konkan), Anup (?), Vaidarbha 
 (Berar), and Akaravanti (Malvay. His commands were 
 obeyed by many kings, and his beasts of burden drank the 
 waters of the three seas. He was descended from a long 
 line of kings. He appointed places and times for religion
 
 X Ballads of the Marathas 
 
 and for worldly duties. He humbled the pride of the 
 Kshatriyas and punished the Shakas (Scythians?), Yavanas 
 (Bactrians ?), and Palhavas (Campbell's ' Bombay Gazetteer,' 
 ^vi. 553, 554). At a cave at Nanaghaut in Junnar eight 
 figures, now almost defaced, were sculptured in a recess, 
 with the following names above them : — i, \vx\ '^'^ mcT^Tf^ 
 King Simuk Satavahan ; 2 and 3, ^ ^vxU-^vx\ TmifT^r -^^ 
 Fr^^ftn^'r', i-c-, of Queen Nayanika and King Shri Satkarni ; 
 4> ^iirn irrar, i-e., Prince Bhaya ; 5 (illegible) ; 6, jr^^jt irxn^irt, 
 i.e., the great Marathi leader or hero ; 7, ^^^ ^-^ g^f, 
 
 i.e., Prince Haku Shri ; and 8, ^^■[^ ^TcT^if^TT; z>-, Prince 
 Satavahana (Campbell's 'Bombay Gazetteer,' xxxiii. 221). 
 From the above it appears that several kings of the Shali- 
 vahana or Satavahana dynasty flourished, that at one time 
 their power was on the decline, but that it was re-established 
 by the king, Satakarini. The era of Shalivahana is still 
 observed throughout the Maharashtra, and on the ist of 
 the month of Chaitra (March-April), which is new year's 
 day, flags are erected before the house of every well-born 
 Maratha in memory of the great victory of Shalivahana over 
 Vikrama. 
 
 The house of Shalivahana is believed to have been suc- 
 ceeded by that of the Rashtrakutas, who ruled over the 
 Marathas till the beginning of the sixth century A.D. About 
 this date Jayasinha of the Chalukya family defeated Rudra- 
 raja, the reigning king of the Rashtrakuta house, and 
 established the supremacy of the Chalukyas in the Maha- 
 rashtra, Pulakesi, sixth in descent from Jayasinha, was 
 the most powerful of the monarchs of this line. Soon after 
 his accession (A.D. 611 ?) he assumed the title Satyashraya 
 Shri Prithwi Vallabha Maharaja, i.e., the Abode of Truth, 
 the illustrious Lord of Earth, the great King. Having 
 strengthened himself with this awe-inspiring addition, he 
 proceeded to war against the Kadambas, whom he defeated.
 
 Introduction xi 
 
 and captured their chief town, Banavasi. He also reduced 
 to subjection the Maurya kings of the Konkan. With a 
 fleet of hundreds of ships he attacked the town of Puri,* 
 which was the Lakshmi or Mistress of the Northern Sea, 
 and the kings of Latas (Malva) and Gurjara were humbled 
 by him to the extent of becoming his vassals (Bhandarkar's 
 ' Deccan '). Pulakesi's fame spread throughout the length 
 and breadth of India, and, according to an Arabic writer, 
 his ambassadors were seen even at the court of Chosroes 
 who reigned in Persia in A.D, 628 (Ibid.). One feat re- 
 mained to be performed. This was the subjugation of 
 Harshavardhan, king of Kanoj (Oude), who was vexing 
 the frontiers of the Maharashtra. This was duly achieved, 
 Harshvardhan was severely defeated, and Pulakesi there- 
 upon assumed the further titulary distinction of Parameshwar 
 or Lord Paramount (Ibid.). It was during Pulakesi's reign 
 that the celebrated Chinese traveller Hwan Thsang visited 
 the Maharashtra. He describes the country, its king, 
 people, and climate at some length. He says that the king 
 is a man of large and profound ideas, and liberal in his 
 benefactions, and proceeds : ' The natives are tall, haughty, 
 ' supercilious in character' (no one would describe the 
 Marathas in this way nowadays). ' Their manners are 
 * simple and honest. If any one insult them, they will risk 
 ' their lives to wipe out the affront. If any one come to 
 ' them in difficulty, they will forget themselves to care for 
 ' them. When they have an injury to avenge, they never 
 
 * The locality of this town bafifles conjecture. rrofessor Wilson 
 (Journal, B. B. R. A. S., ii. 896) holds that it was Thana ; Mr. A. K. 
 Nairne suggests that it might be Gharapuri or Elephanta (Nairne's 
 ' Konkan,' p. 20), an island in Bombay Harbour, the caves on which 
 form one of the stock objects of interest to visitors to Bombay ; and Mr. 
 Campbell is of opinion that it may be the Moreh landing or Bhandar 
 at the north-east end of Gharapuri, where many ancient remains have 
 been found (' Bombay Gazetteer,' xiii. 428).
 
 xii Ballads of the Marat has 
 
 ' fail to give warning to their enemy, after which each dons 
 ' his cuirass, and grasps his spear. In battle they pursue 
 ' the fugitives, but do not kill those who yield. When a 
 ' general of theirs is defeated, they do not punish him 
 ' corporeally, but make him wear women's clothes, and thus 
 ' by shame drive him to commit suicide. The state main- 
 ' tains a body of dauntless champions to the number of 
 ' several hundreds. Every time they prepare for combat, 
 ' they intoxicate themselves with wine, and then one of 
 ' them with a spear in hand will defy a thousand enemies. 
 ' If they kill a man casually met on the road, the law does 
 ' not punish them. Whenever the army goes forth to war, 
 ' these braves march in the van to the sound of the drum. 
 ' They also intoxicate hundreds of fierce elephants. When 
 ' they have to attack, they drink strong liquor and run 
 ' forward in a body, trampling everything beneath their 
 ' feet, and nothing can withstand them. The king, proud 
 ' of possessing these men and elephants, despises and slights 
 ' the neighbouring monarchs.' The traveller's account does 
 not, I think, inspire a belief in any special acuteness of 
 observation on his part. 
 
 Six kings of the Chalukya house reigned in succession 
 after Pulakesi. This line seems to have been engaged in a 
 more or less constant struggle for supremacy with the repre- 
 sentatives of its predecessor, the Rashtrakutas, but, in 
 spite of this, amity seems to have been generally main- 
 tained between them, and intermarriages were not un- 
 common. Indraraja of the Rashtrakuta house, married a 
 maiden of the Chalukyas, and from this union was born 
 Dantidurga, who about the year 756 A.D. with a choice body 
 of soldiers defeated Kirtiwarman, the last of the Chalukya 
 line, and thus restored to the Rashtrakutas the dominion 
 over the Maharashtra. To Krishnaraya, who succeeded 
 Dantidurga, are attributed some of the cave excavations of
 
 Introduction xiii 
 
 Ellora. Govind III. is said to have been the greatest of the 
 kines of the restored Rashtrakuta house. He acquired 
 much new territory and subdued many kings (Bhandarkar's 
 ' Deccan '). The whole country between the Nerbudda and 
 Toongabhadra rivers was under his immediate rule, and he 
 was Lord Paramount of the land from Malwa in the north 
 to Kanchipura (Conjeveram) in the south (Ibid.). 
 
 The Rashtrakuta dynasty remained in power until the 
 year 973 A.D., when Kakkhal, the last of its princes, was 
 defeated and dethroned by Tailapa of the Chalukyas, who 
 thus once more gained the ascendant. Twelve kings of his 
 race reigned after Tailapa. Of these the most powerful 
 was Vikramditya II., who seems to have been a wise man 
 as well as a strong ruler. He was an eminent patron of 
 learning. Bilhan, the celebrated author of Rajatarangini, 
 was favoured by him and received the title of Vidyapati, 
 or Lord of Learning. A still greater scholar, Vijnyaneshwar, 
 the author of the Mitakshara, the standard authority on 
 Hindu law and customs among the Marathas, also flourished 
 under this king. 
 
 The last of the Chalukya kings was Vira Soma or Some- 
 shwar IV. He was attacked by the petty Yadava chiefs 
 Vira Ballal and Bhillam, the large army which he sent 
 under his general, Bomma, was completely defeated, and 
 with this battle the sovereignty of the Maharashtra passed 
 into the hands of the Yadavas of Devagiri, who held it 
 until the Mahomedan invasion. Grant Duff conjectures 
 that there must have been several semi-independent chiefs 
 or kinerlets in the Maharashtra, and there can be no doubt 
 of the justness of this surmise. Dr. Bhandarkar holds that 
 there were several branches of the Chalukya family, and 
 the discovery of a copper-plate grant of Shaka 11 82 or A.D. 
 1260 (Journal, B. B. R. A. S., vol. v.) confirms this. The 
 sketch I have given of the Rashtrakuta and Chalukya
 
 xiv Ballads of the Marathas 
 
 dynasties shows that the supremacy of the one over the 
 other did not mean the extirpation of the latter, but simply 
 its reversion for a longer or shorter time to the position of 
 a tributary. These were the two most powerful houses or 
 families in the country, but not the only ones which could 
 claim semi-royal rank. The Selar, Silar, or Silahar house 
 was scarcely less famous, though it never attained the para- 
 mount power. There were several branches of this line, the 
 most powerful being that which ruled over the North 
 Konkan. Arikesari Devraj was probably the ablest of 
 these kinglets. Shristhana or Thana was his capital, and 
 he is described ('Asiatic Researches,' i. 357) as having 
 governed the whole Konkan, consisting of 1400 villages or 
 townships, with cities and other places conquered by him. 
 There are still Marathi families in the Konkan bearing the 
 name of Selar, as well as of Chalke or Chalukya, and it will 
 be noticed that the name of Tanaji Maloosre's uncle, who 
 was with him in the escalade of Singhur, was Shelar (ballad 
 on the escalade of Singhur, line 139 et infra). The political 
 condition of the country was in fact exactly what one would 
 have expected to find ; a lord paramount, who, if he was a 
 man of character and ability, maintained his power within 
 and extended it without, and, if he was not, ran the risk of 
 being displaced, and sometimes was displaced, by a powerful 
 tributary ; the tributaries, chiefs or reguli, ruling each over 
 territories which increased or diminished in the same way, 
 according as circumstances were favourable or the reverse, 
 and the ruler capable or feeble. 
 
 The Yadava lord paramount Bhillam founded the city of 
 Devagiri, Doulatabad, and fixed his capital there. He died 
 in 1 1 13 A.D. and was succeeded by his son Jaitrapal, more 
 commonly called Jaitugi, who has left behind him the 
 reputation of having been a patron of learning, well versed 
 in the Vedas. He died in 12 10 A.D., and his son Sinhghana
 
 hitrodiictioii xv 
 
 succeeded him. As his name, the Hon king, testifies, he 
 was a powerful monarch, the most powerful of all the Yadava 
 kings. He fought with the kings of Mathura (near Ajmir) 
 and Kashi (Benares) and killed them on the battle-field. 
 He defeated Bhoja, king of Panhala, and the king of Malwa. 
 He frequently invaded Gujarat and defeated its kings, while 
 his general, Bichana, humbled the Rattas of the Southern 
 Maratha country, the Kadambas of Goa, and Guttas, Pan- 
 dyas, and Hoysalas of Southern India, and erected a 
 triumphal column on the banks of the Kaveri. Sinhghana 
 was succeeded by his grandsons Krishna and Mahadev in 
 succession. But, except the conquest of the Konkan (which, 
 however, cannot have been formerly independent, and had 
 no doubt revolted), nothing of importance is recorded of 
 these kings. Mahadev defeated Someshwar, the Silahara 
 king of the Konkan, and annexed the country. When 
 Mahadev died in 1271 A.D., Ramchandradev, commonly 
 called Rama Dev Rane, came to the throne. His reign 
 was memorable on many accounts. In his time flourished 
 Hemad Pant, to whom the invention of the Modi character 
 is attributed, and one more famous still, namely Dnyana 
 Dev, the author of the great poem Dnyaneshwari. But 
 there arc sadder reasons to a Maratha for remembering the 
 reign of Rama Dev. For some time the Mahomedan power 
 had been established at Delhi, but it was in this reign that, 
 under the ruthless Alla-ud-din Khilji, the Mussulmans first 
 invaded the Maharashtra. Appearing suddenly before 
 Devagiri with eight thousand choice troops, Alla-ud-din 
 defeated the Maratha monarch and reduced him to the 
 rank of a tributary to the crown of Delhi. This was but 
 the beginning of the end. In A.D. 1309 Rama Dev died. 
 His son, Shanker, who succeeded him, repudiated the 
 supremacy of Delhi and refused tribute. Malik Kafur was 
 sent against him, and a battle was fought in which Shanker
 
 xvi Ballads of the Marathas 
 
 was defeated and slain, an event immediately followed by the 
 capture of Devagiri, and the establishment within it, in its 
 new name of Doulatabad, of a central Mahomedan authority. 
 Thus, as in other parts of India, so in the Maharashtra, the 
 sceptre passed away from the lords of the soil, and for 
 350 years or more the Marathas had to bear the yoke of 
 the Mahomedan invader. Mahomedan dynasties, indepen- 
 dent of Delhi, were established in the heart of the 
 Maharashtra, the Nizam Shahi at Ahmednagar, the Adil 
 Shahi at Beejapore, and it was to these princes that the 
 Maharashtra was mostly subordinate. The Mogul em- 
 perors at Delhi, eager to extend their authority in any 
 direction, and wholly ignorant of the existence of any 
 force in the Deccan other than Mahomedan which it was 
 needful to take into account, did the Marathas the service 
 of subverting and destroying these dynasties of their own 
 faith, and when they had done so found that they had 
 supplanted the only powers which might have had a chance 
 of keeping the Marathas in restraint. The responsibility 
 for this folly does not belong to the narrow-minded Aurang- 
 zib alone. It must be shared by his predecessors, Akber 
 and Shah Jehan, both of them statesmen of far more than 
 average capacity. The first attack on the Nizam Shahi 
 dynasty of Ahmednagar was made in the reign of Akber, and 
 it was finally subverted in that of Shah Jehan. Beejapore 
 was besieged by Shah Jehan in A.D. 1620, again by Aurang- 
 zib in 1679, and finally captured and the Adil Shahi dynasty 
 subverted by the latter in 1687. It had, at that time, been 
 greatly weakened by the Marathas, but the Mogul emperor 
 is responsible for its final extinction. If Akbar and Shah 
 Jehan had had the same opportunities as were presented 
 to the purblind eyes of Aurangzib of estimating the impor- 
 tance of the Maratha power, it is possible they would have 
 understood the Mahomedan interest better, and that these
 
 Inirodtiction xvii 
 
 local bulwarks would have been strengthened instead of 
 being swept away, but, after all, autocracy is a bad school 
 of political vision, and even these great men might have 
 failed to appreciate the volume and energy of the forces which 
 lay slumbering among the despised Hindus of the Deccan. 
 At all events, when Shiwaji, the first, and by far the greatest, 
 of modern Maratha princes, was born, nothing could be more 
 certain than that the hour and the man had both come. 
 
 The father of Shiwaji, Shahji, of the house of Bhonsla, 
 was an enterprising partisan captain, who served the king of 
 Beejapore with honour and profit to both of them. He was 
 married, a connexion considerably beyond his pretensions 
 by birth, to Jeejabai, daughter of Lukhji Yadavarao of 
 Sindkhed, a descendant (at least this is the probable 
 supposition) of the old royal house of Devagiri. Their 
 second son, Shiwaji Bhonsla, was born in the year 1627 at 
 the fort of Shiwner. He was the favourite of his mother, a 
 woman of strong character and high ambition, and he was 
 brought up with her at Poona under the general super- 
 intendence of Dadaji Kondev, an able Brahman adherent of 
 his father. He never learned to read or write, but was 
 proficient in horsemanship, the use of arms, and all other 
 manly exercises, and was particularly fond of the legendary 
 history of the Hindus, set forth in the Mahabharat and 
 Ramayana, and of the dramatic entertainments called 
 Kathas. His devotion to his mother and her influence over 
 him have passed into proverbs, and during her lifetime she 
 was his counsellor in every enterprise of importance. I do 
 not propose to give here any continuous sketch of a career 
 so well known as that of Shiwaji. It may not be out of 
 place, however, to remark that, whereas at the date of his 
 first exploit, the capture of the fort of Torna in 1646, there 
 was not in the whole of the Maharashtra one yard of ground 
 in the independent possession of a Maratha, far less any
 
 xviii Ballads of the Mai'athas 
 
 independent Maratha prince, at his death he had raised 
 himself to the position, actual as well as titular, of Maharaja, 
 and possessed, by the right of the strongest as well as the 
 enthusiastic devotion of his subjects, a large part of the 
 Konkan, as well as of the Maharashtra, much of Baglana 
 and Khandeish, and extensive areas of the Carnatic and 
 Tanjore. But his mere acquisitions constitute an altogether 
 imperfect measure of the power he exercised and evoked. 
 No man perhaps then living had a keener and juster 
 appreciation of his own strength and the weak points of his 
 opponents. He alone among his countrymen thoroughly 
 gauged the sources and the direction of both. He saw that 
 the time had come when the Maratha nation might be made 
 anew, and he made it. He saw that, with all its swelling 
 pretentiousness, its enormous wealth, the vast numbers of 
 its subjects, nothing but the shell of its old energy and 
 power was left to the Mahomedan dominion, that the vices 
 and the jealousies of autocratic rule had eaten away the 
 heart of it. From the first day of his negotiation with the 
 killedar of Torna he kept his eye steadily fixed on the vast 
 project of Hindu re-conquest, and both as a captain and a 
 statesman, in each of which capacities he was pre-eminently 
 great, his conduct shows an unwavering adherence, not to 
 the exigencies of the passing moment nor to projects of 
 personal ambition, but to certain leading principles of action 
 and administration which he had prescribed to himself as 
 the adequate and necessary means to his grand end. His 
 claim to greatness is, of course, not to be criticised by the 
 ethics of the 19th century. Grant Duff says that 'super- 
 ' stition, cruelty and treachery are not only justly alleged 
 ' against him, but he always preferred deceit to open force 
 ' when both were in his power.' The charge of superstition 
 may be passed by, but as regards that of cruelty it is 
 noticeable that Elphinstone — certainly a more discriminating
 
 InU'oduction xix 
 
 judge — says that ' during his whole career Shiwaji, though 
 ' he inflicted death and torture to force confessions of 
 ' concealed treasure, was never personally guilty of any 
 * useless cruelty,' and this statement is assuredly correct. 
 Elphinstone also says of him that ' though a predatory war, 
 ' such as he conducted, must necessarily inflict extensive 
 ' misery, his enemies bear witness to his anxiety to mitigate 
 ' the evils of it by humane regulations, which were strictly 
 ' enforced.' The truth seems to be that, though Shiwaji was 
 ruthless in attaining his object, he was completely free from 
 the detestable passion for gratuitous cruelty, as well as from 
 any disposition to indulge in it as a gratification of temper, 
 and there are few other oriental conquerors, if any, of whom 
 both these things can be said. To contest the accusations 
 of deceit and treachery would be childish, and the best that 
 can be said is that every one of Shiwaji's enemies was just 
 as treacherous as he was, only not so acute, and that the era 
 and the people were unacquainted with the principle of 
 either public or private veracity. The idea that deceit to a 
 foe was morally wrong probably never occurred to a single 
 man on either side. The whole career of Shiwaji was one 
 of struggle and of stress. In his earlier days the resources 
 of the kingdom of Beejapore were such as it might well have 
 appeared madness to contend against, and the whole power 
 of the Mogul emperor was brought to bear on him as soon 
 as he became conspicuous. It was essential to him to push 
 his projects as secretly, as unostentatiously, and in such a 
 way as to attract as little notice as possible ; and though no 
 doubt he was utterly unscrupulous in his choice of means, 
 his circumstances were such as would have furnished much 
 excuse even in an age of higher morality. But he ought 
 not, I think, to be condemned for not being in these 
 particulars better than his age, and that he was no worse, a 
 study of Aurangzib's history sufficiently establishes. But if
 
 XX Ballads of the Marathas 
 
 it may fairly be said of these two princes that either was 
 ready to adopt any means which were the best adapted in 
 his opinion for the attainment of his end, it must be added 
 that in all other respects the character of Shiwaji far 
 transcends that of his mighty foe. Religion was a dominant 
 feature in both, but in Aurangzib it was degraded into the 
 pettiest, narrowest, and most malignant bigotry. His re- 
 vival of the jizya, or hateful poll-tax on Hindoos, contributed, 
 more perhaps than any single act, to the downfall of the 
 empire, by accentuating the distinction between the ruling 
 race and the vast majority of their subjects. There was no 
 error in policy which he was not ready to commit if to his 
 mean and distorted mental vision a text in the Koran or a 
 falsely revered tradition seemed to justify or demand it, as 
 there was no precept or homily in the same sacred volume 
 which ever held him back from treachery or crime. The 
 gaoler of his father, the assassin of his brothers, the suspicious 
 and dreaded tyrant of his sons, too conscious of faithlessness 
 in himself to have faith in others or to inspire it, his states- 
 manship mere cunning, his energy the peddling industry of 
 a clerk, opposed to such a national and religious upheaval 
 as is without parallel in the history of India, and which was 
 guided by an intellect as far-reaching and profound as his 
 own was limited and shallow, he was born to be the architect 
 of ruin ; and if Shiwaji, as his admirers contend, was an 
 incarnation of divinity specially created for Hindu conquest 
 and dominion, Aurangzib seems equally to have been sent 
 into the world for the express purpose of disintegrating the 
 Mahomedan empire. 
 
 In considering the life of Shiwaji, while his genius as a 
 captain is universally recognised, scant justice, as a rule, is 
 done to his constructive and administrative abilities, and to 
 the permanence of his ideas, both of conquest and govern- 
 ment ; yet the whole history of Maratha power, both in its
 
 ^\ 
 
 Introdttction xxi* 
 
 acquisitive and its retentive elements, is deducible from the 
 systems established by him, and it would have been well for 
 his successors if they could have emulated his personal 
 disinterestedness and adapted their views of fiscal ad- 
 ministration as he did to the good of the state instead of 
 themselves. An administration arranges itself in practice 
 under the heads of revenue collection and the dispensation 
 of justice. The nomenclature of Indian Government ex- 
 emplifies this idea. The two chief representatives of the 
 state in each district are the collector and the judge. In 
 speaking of Shiwaji's successful system of revenue collection, 
 therefore, something more is meant than intelligent tax- 
 gathering, just as an Indian collector is not quite the same 
 sort of person as Mr. Lilyvick in 'Nicholas Nickleby' who was 
 generally called ' the collector.' Shiwaji learned wisdom in 
 revenue administration from his old guardian Dadaji 
 Konedev. ' As soon as he got permanent possession of any 
 * territory, every species of military contribution was stopped, 
 ' and all farming of revenue ceased.' The revenues were 
 directly collected by Government servants. Over every two 
 or three villages there was a Karkoon, over each small 
 group a Talookdar, and over each group of Talookas a 
 Mamlutdar. The hereditary district officers, Deshmookhs 
 and Deshpandes, were allowed to exercise no interference. 
 Practically Shiwaji's principles of administration were not 
 unlike those of the British Government except as regards 
 the actual assessment, which, instead of being based on a 
 survey and a classification of soils, was fixed at a certain 
 proportion of the crop. His judicial system was hardly so 
 happy, owing to his predilection for the punchayet, which 
 had always prevailed. But it cannot be wondered at that he 
 adhered to a method of administering justice which was 
 authorised by universal usage and long familiarity, and 
 seeing that there are even at the present day members of 
 
 c
 
 xxii Ballads of the Alarathas 
 
 the Indian Civil Service — though hardly perhaps those of 
 whom that service has most reason to be proud — who 
 advocate a reversion to this ancient system, the preference of 
 a Maratha prince who had never been to an university is the 
 less remarkable. 
 
 It is superfluous to pursue the course of Maratha history, 
 which may be gleaned from any text-book, at farther 
 length. How the line of low-caste princes was supplanted 
 by its mayors of the palace, the Brahman Peshwas, how the 
 Peshwas extended the Maratha power, and how they came 
 into collision with the British, and their last ruling repre- 
 sentative Bajirao was dethroned, how the race of rajas of 
 Satara flickered and went out, are not these things written 
 in the pages of many historians ? No lineal descendant of 
 the family of Shiwaji remains, but his indirect representative 
 is Sirdar Rajaram Bhonsla of Satara, in whose possession 
 still remain the waghnuk or tiger claws, the state armour, 
 and the famous sword Bhowani which belonged to the great 
 raja. The last representative of the Peshwas, the adopted 
 son of the last Bajirao, Nana Sahib of Cawnpore, a name 
 associated with sad and terrible memories, has passed into 
 the unknown. 
 
 The Marathi language is derived mainly from two sources 
 — the Aryan or Sanskrit and the Turanian or Dravidian. 
 A good many Persian and Arabic words were added during 
 the centuries of Mahomedan rule, but the Sanskrit element 
 so far predominates that about nine-tenths of the Marathi 
 vocables can be traced to Sanskrit words or roots. The 
 modern Marathi is, no doubt, the immediate descendant 
 of Maharashtri, which was spoken about the beginning of 
 the Christian era. The only work now extant in Maharash- 
 tri is the Shalivahana or Satavahana Saptashti, composed 
 by King Shalivahana. This king is said to have composed 
 with the help of learned pandits over 400,000 gathas or
 
 Introduction xxiii 
 
 verses in the Maharashtri or Prakrit tongue, but of these 
 portentous labours the work mentioned above is the only 
 relic * which we at present possess. It is by no means 
 improbable, however, that careful inquiry might disclose the 
 existence of other productions in the same old tongue, and 
 throw some light on the philological history of the ten dark 
 centuries which follow. There is actually no literary work 
 extant between the time of Shalivahana and that of Mukund- 
 raj, who lived about 1200 A.D. The date from which modern 
 Marathi is generally reckoned to have taken its departure is, 
 however, that of Dnyanadev, 1290 A.D., but students of the 
 Dnyaneshwari assert that it had reached a considerable state 
 of development when that work appeared. 
 
 The only important literature in Marathi is its poetry. 
 There is no prose literature worthy of the name. The oldest 
 Maratha poet is Mukundraj. The exact date of his birth is 
 not known, but from the following lines, which appear at 
 the close of his Vivek Sindu, he seems to have flourished in 
 the twelfth century after Christ and to have been patronised 
 by the Yadava king Jaitrapal. 
 
 ' Ballal (Bhillam) was the son of Nrisinha. His son was 
 ^ Jaitrapal, who made me accomplish the task of writing this 
 * treatise.' Three of Mukundraj's works are extant — the 
 Vivek Sindhu or Ocean of Discrimination ; Param Amrita 
 or Great Nectar ; and Mulasthambha or Primary Pillar, a 
 
 * Cf. the following : — 
 
 (From the Saptashti) 
 Maharashtri. Marathi, 
 
 fHT^tft fgTTt Shell, 
 
 tn t:^ Broad. 
 
 TTTf^ tTTJ^ Calf.
 
 xxiv Ballads of the Mar at has 
 
 title of Shiwa. Of these the first two are metaphysical, on 
 the principles and doctrines of Vedantism, and the third is 
 a panegyric of Shiwa, the god of destruction. 
 
 Next in chronological order come the saintly poets Namdev 
 and Dnyanadev. The former was a tailor by caste, and by 
 some Maratha writers, as well as the English scholars Wilson 
 and Stevenson, he is supposed to be the oldest of the 
 Maratha poets. But this appears to be open to question, 
 judging, not only from his style, but from the dates appended 
 to some of his works. He wrote chiefly in the Abhang 
 metre, and his miscellaneous Abhangs are, like those of 
 Tukaram, very popular with the peasantry. Most of these 
 verses end with the words ^rmi i?nt Nama says, as Tukaram's 
 end with ^^T ^tttt Tuka says. Dnyanadev was a Deshasta 
 Brahman, and lived at the village of Alandi in the Poona 
 district, where his tomb and temple still exist, and attract 
 some 50,000 people annually at a great fair. The great 
 veneration in which he is held is due rather to the 
 miracles he wrought than to his poetical compositions. On 
 one occasion he desired a buffalo to repeat the Vedas. The 
 animal complied, though we know no more what his voice 
 was like than we do in the case of Balaam's ass, or the 
 horses of Achilles. But the fact is attested by the poet 
 Mahipati. On another occasion the poet-saint bestrode a 
 masonry wall, which moved with him at a horse's speed. A 
 remnant of this wall is still shown by the Brahmans of 
 Alandi and worshipped by the pilgrims. 
 
 The most celebrated of Dnyanadev's works is his Dnyane- 
 shwari, a commentary on the Bhagwat Gita or Divine 
 Hymn. It is written in the Ovi metre and contains some 
 10,000 verses. As an explanatory work for the Prakrit 
 reader it is not of much use, as it is so full of obsolete words 
 and phrases that even good Marathi scholars who are 
 acquainted with Sanskrit find it more difficult of compre-
 
 Introduction xxv 
 
 hension than the original Sanskrit. To the archjeologian 
 and inquirer after the usages of the Marathas, the book has 
 a high value. At the end of it the poet says that, while 
 King Ramdev of the famous Yadava dynasty was ruling the 
 land of Maharashtra, a vernacular version of the Bhagwat 
 Gita was prepared by Dnyanadev in the year of Shalivahana 
 12 12. Dnyanadev had two brothers named Nivritti and 
 Sopandev, and one sister named Muktabai, all of whom 
 have been deified by the Marathas, the three brothers being 
 regarded as incarnations of the Hindu Trinity, and the 
 sister as an incarnation of the Goddess of Learning. 
 
 For three centuries after Dnyanadev, during the Mahome- 
 dan occupation, no writer of any note appeared. Towards 
 the end of the sixteenth century there lived at Paithan, the 
 old centre of Maratha glory, an exceedingly remarkable 
 man, remarkable both as a poet and a reformer. Many 
 stories arc told of the ridicule and persecution which he 
 underwent at the hands of the Brahmans of Paithan and 
 Benares. On several occasions he was put out of caste, and 
 once his poems were publicly sunk in the river Godaveri 
 But Eknath, son of Suryaji, a Deshasta Brahman, cared for 
 none of these things. He took up his parable against the 
 caste system and other social disabilities which have no 
 sanction in the Shastras, and boldly carried his principles 
 into practice. On one occasion one of his audience, a pious 
 and intelligent Mahar, asked Eknath, while he was urging 
 his usual views, whether he would be an exemplar of the 
 principle that before God a Brahman and a Mahar are equal, 
 by dining at his house. The poet had the courage of his 
 opinions, and next day he went to the house of the man 
 who had questioned him, and there publicly partook of food 
 prepared by the Mahar's wife. 
 
 Eknath wrote chiefly in the Ovi metre, and his most 
 popular work is his metrical translation of the Bhagwat,
 
 xxvi Ballads of the Marathas 
 
 generally called Eknathi Bhagwat He died in A.D. 1608. 
 Just about this time were born two of the most distinguished 
 of Maratha poets — one a Wani, the other a Brahman. The 
 first was Tukaram, whose name has been made known to 
 English readers by Sir Alexander Grant and the Rev. 
 Murray Mitchell. The other was Ramdas, the celebrated 
 preceptor of the great Shiwaji. Tukaram was the son of a 
 Wani (Waishya) named Walhoba, and was born at Dehu, a 
 village about 18 miles from Poona. He was a great devotee 
 of the god Vithoba of Pandharpur, and most of his poems 
 are in honour of that deity. He always wrote in the Abhang 
 metre, and his style is simple, sweet, and often full of pathos. 
 He is the most original of all Maratha poets, and his work 
 is remarkable for a high and sustained level of religious 
 exaltation. He was once asked how he managed to over- 
 come sleep so as to pray continuously for nights together. 
 He replied, ' Tie a cord to your shendi (top knot of hair) 
 ' and fasten up the other end ' — a painful but practical ex- 
 pedient. Tukaram died in 1649. He is said to have com- 
 posed more than 8000 Abhangs or 32,000 lines. Ramdas 
 was less fluent and less pathetic, but more shrewd. He 
 appeals to the head rather than the heart, and his works are 
 remarkable for their analytical power and practical wisdom. 
 He wrote both in the Shloka and Ovi metres. His stray 
 verses called 'Admonition to the Mind,' which were written 
 for Shiwaji Maharaja, are almost fit to be ranked with 
 Solomon's proverbs. Shiwaji had the highest reverence for 
 this poet, who was his guru, and whom he invariably con- 
 sulted before every great undertaking. He is said to have 
 given a striking proof of his respect by making over to 
 Ramdas his whole dominions in free gift, in token of which 
 he adopted as his royal standard the religious flag or 
 Bhugwa Zenda. The story goes that from the fort of Satara 
 Shiwaji saw Ramdas begging in the city below. He went
 
 Introduction xxvii 
 
 to his chitnis (head writer), Balaji Abaji, and dictated an 
 order, sealed it with the royal signet, and when Ramdas 
 came to the palace to beg, placed it in his wallet. Ramdas, 
 on opening the paper, found it contained a gift of Shiwaji's 
 whole kingdom. He asked the king what he proposed to 
 do after he was dispossessed of his dominions, to which 
 Shiwaji replied that he would pass his life in the service of 
 his preceptor. * Very well,' said Ramdas, ' follow me now.' 
 He threw his wallet over the king's shoulder, and ordered 
 him to ask alms. They went from house to house, and when 
 they had collected grain enough, they went to the river, 
 where Ramdas baked two cakes, one of which was eaten 
 by him and one by Shiwaji. He then inquired how Shiwaji 
 liked his new calling, to which the reply was that he was 
 perfectly satisfied with it. Having then inquired whether 
 Shiwaji would obey his commands, and being answered in 
 the affirm.ative, he bade him go back to his palace and rule 
 his kingdom for his preceptor. The monarch obeyed, and 
 from that day, as a sign that the kingdom belonged to an 
 ascetic, he adopted the ascetic's orange banner, Ramdas 
 died in i68 1 at the age of j},. Two years before his death was 
 born at Nazre, near the holy city of Pandharpur, one who 
 may claim to be the most universally popular of all Maratha 
 poets, Shridhur, who was the son of a pious Deshasta 
 Brahman. There is no Maratha poet who equals Shridhur 
 in the acceptance he obtains from all classes. The Brahman 
 may prefer Moropunt, the Kunbi Tukaram, but each will 
 put Shridhur next to him, and each will prefer Shridhur to 
 the poet preferred by the other. In every town and village 
 in the Deccan and Konkan, especially during the rains, the 
 pious Maratha will be found enjoying with his family and 
 friends the recitation of the Pothi of Shridhur, and enjoying 
 it indeed. Except an occasional gentle laugh, or a sigh, or 
 a tear, not a sound disturbs the rapt silence of the audience.
 
 xxviii Ballads of the Marathas 
 
 unless when one of those passages of supreme pathos is 
 reached, which affects the whole of the listeners simultane- 
 ously with an outburst of emotion which drowns the voice 
 of the reader. Such is the testimony which may now be 
 obtained every day to the power of this great poet, and 
 before such evidence as this criticism must be mute. Shrid- 
 hur tells us that he wrote especially for the weaker sex. 
 Up to this time the Pandits were the sole repositories of 
 literature and the privileged expounders of the Puranic 
 legends. But when Shridhur, to the intense delight of the 
 people, gave them in their popular Marathi the great stories 
 of the Ramayana and Mahabharat, the monopoly of the 
 Pandit disappeared. At the end of the first canto of his 
 poem ' Rama Vijaya ' Shridhur makes a {^.^k useful and 
 sensible observations on the value of the Marathi tongue. 
 They offer a good illustration of his pleasing style, the sweet- 
 ness of his diction, picturesqueness of ideas and images, and 
 multiplicity of metaphor and simile. ' The Pandits,' he says, 
 ' should not neglect this poem because it is written in the 
 
 * Prakrit (popular) language. Where the subject treated of 
 ' is the same, whether written in Marathi or Sanskrit, the 
 ' meaning must be the same, as a river which is called on one 
 ' bank the Krishna and on the other the Vena has neverthe- 
 ' less the same water flowing between them. , . . Women 
 ' do not understand Sanskrit, and in this respect their help- 
 
 * lessness may be likened to that of a weak person distressed 
 ' with thirst standing at the side of a deep well. Now if 
 ' that person has not a rope and a pot, how will he draw 
 ' water to quench his thirst ? Whereas, if he comes to a 
 
 * tank, he can do so at once. In the same way, to quench 
 ' the thirst of the weaker sex and lead them into the path 
 
 * of salvation, the Almighty has ordained that works should 
 *'be composed in the Prakrit tongue. It is true that the 
 'original story of Rama, being in Sanskrit, it is better to
 
 Introduction xxix 
 
 * read it in Sanskrit. But the weaker sex cannot master 
 ' that language any more than an elephant can be restrained 
 
 * by a rope of lotus fibre. The old language is revered by 
 
 * all, but it is so difficult that those only who are fortunate 
 ' enough to be specially gifted can thoroughly master it, and 
 ' if women cannot understand it, how will they be saved ? 
 
 * The rich dress in costly raiment, while the poor cover their 
 
 * bodies with blankets, and thus protect themselves from 
 
 * cold and heat. Such is the case of Sanskrit and Prakrit. 
 ' Sanskrit may be compared to the wondrous orb of the 
 ' moon, and Prakrit to its light, for though Pandits praise 
 ' Sanskrit to the skies, they are obliged to expound it in 
 
 ^.*'- the popular vernacular.' 
 
 Shridhur's work is not like that of Waman and Moropunt, 
 which was almost wholly translation. Shridhur reproduced 
 rather than translated, though his books are based on the 
 Puranic legends. Tukaram's work is wholly original. He 
 knew no Sanskrit ; but though he excels Shridhur in 
 originality, he perhaps does not equal him in expression, 
 and in my judgment Moropunt is distinctly inferior to both, 
 relying, as he does, on artificiality and trickeries of language 
 and rhythm to embellish a much poorer soil. Shridhur has 
 appended dates to his different poems, from which it appears 
 that he composed the Triumph of Rama {rx^ t^^HSf) and 
 Triumph of Hari (fft fgiRl) in A.D. 1703, the Exploits of 
 the Pandavs (xiT3cr TTcntr) in 1712, and the Wonders of Shiv 
 (fiigfiv^^Fi^) in 17 1 8. He died in 1728 at the age of fifty. 
 He is probably the best writer in the Ovi metre, though 
 popular voice gives the palm to Mukteswar, as the following 
 Arya verse shows : — 
 
 ' The best Shloka is Waman's, the licst Abhang Tukaram's, 
 'The best Ovi Mukhteshwar's, and the best Arya Jkloropunt's.'
 
 XXX Ballads of the Marathas 
 
 Mukhteshwar and Waman flourished in the 17th and 
 Moropunt in the i8th century. They have all written 
 voluminously, but mostly by way of translation from 
 Bhagwat, Bharat, or Ramayana. Moropunt's writings are 
 held in high esteem. Most of them are in the Arya metre, 
 and he is said to have written more than 100,000 lines. 
 Rumour, however, is fond of lacs. One of his most remark- 
 able poems is the Kekavvali (^rnr^*^) or peacock's cry, an 
 original production which shows that he could use an 
 effective pen for other purposes than translation. The 
 greater part of his writings is disfigured by pedantry, and 
 they are so overloaded with pure Sanskrit words that they 
 are less pleasant reading than the simple verse of Tukaram 
 or Shridhur. With the exception of Moropunt, most, though 
 not all, of the more famous Maratha poets are Deshasta 
 Brahmans. He was a Karhada Brahman, and a Puranik or 
 expounder of the legends, and decidedly belonged to the 
 class of pedantic Pandits referred to by Shridhur. 
 
 This, of course, accounts for his popularity with the 
 Brahmans. He was born in 1729 and died in 1794. 
 
 Waman Pandit was the son of a Deshasta Brahman of 
 Kolhapur. In his earlier days he wrote only in Sanskrit, 
 disdaining the Prakrit as the pedants of those days did. 
 Latterly he composed poems in the despised tongue. They 
 are mostly in the Shloka metre, and almost entirely 
 translations. He was called Waman the Rhymer (zfii^crr ^m:7). 
 He died in 1773. 
 
 Mukhteshwar was the grandson of the poet-reformer 
 Eknath. He was born at Paithan about 1609, and was a 
 contemporary of Shiwaji. He wrote mostly in the Ovi 
 metre. The best of his works is the Harischandra Akhyana 
 or life of Harischandra. 
 
 Amritaraya, Mahipati, and Raghunath Pandit are the 
 remaining conspicuous poets of the 1 8th century. Amritaraya
 
 Introdtictioii xxxi 
 
 has written stray verses in the Katav or Katibandha metre, 
 in which most of the Pawadas or historical ballads of the 
 Marathas are composed. Mahipati wrote several bio- 
 graphical or heroic poems. The most important are the 
 Bhakti Vijaya (irf^Ji f^wx) and Santa Vijaya (^cT f^:5rsr). 
 They celebrate the deeds of the Bhaktas or devotees, and 
 Santas or saints, and the stories are very interesting. He 
 also wrote a short life of Tukaram, called Tukaram 
 Charitra (cT^miT^TfTTr). Rughunath Pandit has written, as Scott 
 said of Coleridge, ' but too little.' His one poem relates the 
 Swayamwar (f^a^T) or marriage by selection of King Nala 
 with Damayanti. The episode is taken from the Sanskrit, 
 but the composition shows great originality and power. 
 
 I have mentioned the names of the principal classical 
 poets of the Maharashtra. There are two orders of poems, 
 however, which require special reference. The first is the 
 Lavnis or love-songs. The objection to them generally is 
 that they are both licentious and coarse. The greatest of 
 Lavni writers. Ram Joshi, is however free from this im- 
 putation. He was the son of a well-to-do Deshasta Brahman 
 of Sholapur, was born in 1762, and died in 181 2 A.D. He 
 has written many hundreds of Lavnis, and they are, with 
 some exceptions, morally unobjectionable. He is said to 
 have travelled from place to place, expounding sacred tales 
 from the Purans and reciting his own verses and those of 
 Moropunt, whom, like other Brahman.s, he held in high 
 esteem. He has also written several interesting Padas (tr^) 
 and some descriptive ballads in Lavni style, one of which 
 gives a beautiful and touching account of the great famine 
 of 1803. I have included the original in a collection of 
 Marathi ballads published by myself and Mr. Shaligram in 
 1 89 1. A translation of another (Holkar's Raid) is in the 
 present volume. 
 
 The second of the two special orders of poems just referred
 
 xxxii Ballads of the Marat has 
 
 to, viz., the Pawadas or historic ballads, requires more 
 detailed consideration on my part, for it is with these that I 
 have almost exclusively dealt, both in the present volume 
 and the collection of original Marathi ballads just referred 
 to as having been published in 1 891, and they introduce to 
 us a class of poets totally distinct in character and attain- 
 ments from those of which I have endeavoured to give some 
 account above. The true Pawada is not a written poem at 
 all. It is the song or ballad of the wandering bard of the 
 Maharashtra called the Gondhali, which has been handed 
 down by memory from one generation to another. The 
 name of the original author is generally given at the end of 
 each ballad, but it is often impossible to identify him. These 
 Pawadas are, in fact, unwritten bardic poetry, and it has 
 been to me for some years past a pleasurable, but both a 
 toilsome and an expensive task to collect them, and when 
 our collection of some sixty Pawadas was published by Mr, 
 Shaligram and myself, it was a satisfaction to feel assured 
 that so many at all events were rescued from the oblivion 
 into which in the course of time, and that no long time, they 
 would assuredly have fallen. The ballads of the Gondhalis 
 are the only class of poetry which has universal currency 
 among the Marathi peasantry, but in spite of the interest 
 which they excite, modern circumstances are obviously 
 growingly unfavourable to the popularity of the minstrels, 
 and the advantages of civilisation will no doubt, before 
 many years are over, be too much for these products of 
 a time when the steam-engine and the high school were 
 not. 
 
 The Gondhalis derive their name from the word Gondhal, 
 a particular dance performed in honour of Amba Bhowani. 
 They call themselves the sons, and are the devotees 'of 
 Bhowani, and wear round their necks a collar of yellow 
 shells, called the Bhowani cowries. They are by caste
 
 IntrodtLction xxxiii 
 
 Marathas,* and do not differ greatly in dress and appearance 
 from the ordinary Maratha. Their principal function is to 
 perform the Gondhal in honour of Bhovvani at the houses of 
 those who invite them, and to sing songs, religious and 
 historical. They are both bards and priests, and sometimes 
 beg in the name of Bhowani, but as her chosen devotees 
 they occupy a semi-sacred position among the lower orders, 
 much as Brahmans do amongst the higher castes, and as 
 every Brahman has the special religious privilege of de- 
 manding alms, so has every Gondhali. 
 
 It appears to have been towards the beginning of the 17th 
 century A.D., when the cult of Amba Bhowani t of Tuljapur 
 had spread through the length and breadth of the 
 Maharashtra, and the re-action against Mahomedan despot- 
 ism was gathering and acquiring force, that the Gondhalis, 
 as the bards of the goddess, began to rise into an unusual 
 degree of popularity among the Marathas. The pulsation 
 of the new national life which began to stir throughout the 
 land was accompanied in the popular belief by the revolt of 
 the Hindu Pantheon against the tyrannous deity of the 
 Moslem. As in the Kali Yuga or iron age the goddesses 
 exercise more power and energy than the gods, so it was the 
 goddess of the Gondhalis, in particular, who was bracing her 
 strength for the struggle, who by dream and vision, in 
 difficulty and danger, was imparting faith and fulfilling hope. 
 Her devotees, therefore, were everywhere eagerly welcomed 
 and enthusiastically listened to, and from time to time her 
 very spirit descended into one or other of them and endued 
 
 * It must Ije borne in mind that Maratha is a caste cognomen as 
 well as a national cognomen. The caste is the same as the Kunbi or 
 cultivator caste. Shiwaji was a Maratha both by caste and race, but 
 the Peshwas, though Marathas by race, were Chitpawan Brahmans by 
 caste. 
 
 t Readers of Meadows Taylor's beautiful novel ' Tara ' do not need to 
 be told who Amba Bhowani of Tuljapur is.
 
 xxxiv Ballads of the Marathas 
 
 him with the power of prophecy and other miraculous gifts. 
 Some of these are still exercised by them. For instance, a 
 company of Gondhalis will at the present time offer to discover 
 and announce by the aid of Bhowani the name of any 
 member of any audience which may be assembled around 
 them. The person who wishes to test them will go forward 
 and whisper his name in the ear of the head Gondhali, who 
 will then call a boy to stand before him at a reasonable 
 distance, and will shake or move his own fingers to and fro, 
 repeating ' Jai Amba Bhowani' (Victory to Amba Bhowani). 
 The boy will then repeat the name which was disclosed to 
 the head man. This achievement is spoken of by the 
 Gondhalis as ' Dhak Ghalne ' (^t^ '^wm)^ and does not differ 
 much from the feat of thought-reading. 
 
 The peculiar function of the Gondhalis was the service of 
 the goddess, but as her popularity was inseparably connected 
 with the spirit of national independence, the Gondhalis 
 added the character of national balladsingers to that which 
 they had always possessed, and have continued in unbroken 
 succession up to the present day to compose as well as 
 repeat songs in the popular language on topics of public 
 interest. In the ' tamashas ' or ' lalitas,' dramatic representa- 
 tions much in favour 200 years ago, the Gondhalis had an 
 important share. Their simple songs of the old mythological 
 heroes of the country — Rama, Mulhari, and Vikram — were 
 much valued, and when the name of a living chief was 
 introduced and the sacred drum (t"^T danka) beaten in his 
 praise, the honour was highly esteemed. 
 
 The songs of the Gondhalis are of several kinds, but I 
 have here only to do with those which relate to historical 
 events. These are usually sung on demand at or towards 
 the conclusion of an entertainment. The Sudra castes of 
 the Deccan and even the Deshasta Brahmans almost always 
 summon a band of Gondhalis to assist at any important 
 ceremony, such as marriage, the investiture with the sacred
 
 IntrodzLction xxxv 
 
 thread, the taking of a vow, and the like. The Gondhalis 
 are luxuriously feasted, and the Gondhal commences in the 
 evening before a large company. The leading Gondhali 
 places a wooden stool in the centre of the apartment, and 
 on it a cloth (bodice cloth ^TcBT^ut) with a few handfuls of 
 rice. On the rice is placed a pot full of water, and in the 
 mouth of the pot some mango leaves, on which again is laid 
 a tray full of rice containing also an image (tak jt^) of 
 Bhowani. The owner of the house then worships the image, 
 offering to it sandal paste, red lead, turmeric, flowers, fruit, 
 and money, and burning incense before it. The head 
 Gondhali then takes his station in front of the image, with 
 one of his comrades on his right hand holding a lighted 
 torch. The rest of the Gondhalis stand behind, playing the 
 drum (Sambal t^3o), the lyre (tuntune ^uth'ut), and cymbals 
 (Jhanjh srfa"). The headman worships the torch, offering to 
 it sandal paste and turmeric, and invokes the goddess in the 
 words, ' O Bhowani of Tuljapur ! come to the Gondhal ' 
 ( cTcEiim^ JT^T^*) ni'asoTr'jT Tk), and calls on other deities, whose 
 names he repeats, to be present at the performance. He 
 then sings a song in honour of Bhowani, the invariable pre- 
 liminary, and afterwards will sing, and if necessary explain, 
 various songs in honour of gods and heroes, and any historical 
 ballads he may know, the latter probably by request. The 
 performance will probably last till daybreak, enchaining the 
 attention throughout, and it is not uncommonly interrupted 
 by a performer becoming inspired with the divine afflatus 
 and bursting forth in a strain of prophecy. Finally, a lamp 
 is waved around the image, and the torch is extinguished in 
 milk or ghee. 
 
 The most important domestic ceremony among the 
 Gondhalis is the investiture of a son with the sacred collar, 
 which, as I have said, is composed of cowries, and this 
 ceremony is attended with special solemnities, all connected 
 with the worship of the tutelary goddess Amba Bhowani.
 
 xxxvi Ballads of the Mar at has 
 
 The Gondhalis have not resisted the race tendency to split 
 up into castes. There are Brahman Gondhals, Renukrai 
 Gondhalis, Kuddumrai Gondhalis, Koombhar Gondhalis, and 
 others. They continue popular throughout the Deccan, but 
 it is inevitable that their popularity should be tending 
 towards declension. With the passing away of Maratha 
 power, with the monotony of peace in place of the changing 
 panorama of war and discord, the pabulum which fed their 
 poetic spirit has been removed, and their present productions 
 — for here and there they still produce — are tame and 
 artificial. The most modern ballad which I have come 
 across was a song to the railway. In spite of the interest 
 which the older ballads still command, it is obvious that the 
 occupation of the Gondhalis is departing from them. They 
 will be driven to take up other pursuits, as indeed they are 
 already doing, and with the motive for preserving in their 
 memories the ballads of their fathers, the ballads themselves 
 will be forgotten and lost. 
 
 There is a large and rather confusing variety of metres in 
 Marathi poetry, but all come under one or other of two 
 groups, viz., those which depend upon syllabification, and 
 those which depend upon the quantities of vowels. The 
 former are called arajT^nr^xr and are all taken from Sanskrit 
 forms. There are more than 80 varieties, and these are 
 modifications of the eight principal classes, which are 
 
 irTT^TT ^ 
 
 TTfy^T - v^ - 
 
 cTTTTTT ^ 
 
 1{T{1{ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 3q-F^T - ^ w 
 
 :e^th w - w 
 
 gif^T w v> - 
 TTT^T^T 
 
 The latter are called m'^TnTJi^TT and are peculiar to Marathi. 
 
 <: 
 
 The Shloka is a pure Sanskrit derivative, the Arya is partly
 
 Introduction xxxvii 
 
 derived from Sanskrit, the Ovi, Pada, Saki, Dindi, Abhang, 
 and Pawada are pure Marathi. But there is no blank verse 
 in Marathi as I am told there is in Sanskrit. Rhyme is an 
 essential element in Marathi poetry. 
 
 The Pawada is the most irregular of all rhythmic forms. 
 It is nearly allied to the Pada. In the Pada the first line or 
 lines are repeated at the end of each stanza or couplet, under 
 the name of Dhruvapada or chorus. Each distich, ending 
 in two strokes ||, is divided into two lines, generally of un- 
 equal length. The Pawada is much the same, the principal 
 difference in the latter being the frequent alliterations and 
 the excessive jingle of the rhymes. Sometimes, not content 
 with making all the lines in a long stanza rhyme with each 
 other, parts of the lines also are broken into rhyming 
 fragments. In such case the metre is called katibandha, 
 kadaka, or katao. But the versification is often very rude, 
 and the authors not unfrequently slur over or omit words 
 essential both to the syntax and the metre of their verse. 
 The following, which is the first stanza of the original of the 
 ballad on the death of Afzul Khan (No. i in this collection), 
 illustrates this. The words which ought to be in, but are 
 omitted from the stanza, are placed in brackets. 
 
 JTT?r ^T^T^ ?n<af TTJTT I H^fSo^ TT^T f^TrT ^3^ II 
 
 Hf'TPT^THTir g?I^ I ^fiT(>5T H5^ ^TUaoi II 
 
 ^5^^UT TTHT^T (qf) I H^^T 3T^^ ^T^^ II 
 
 TTTT ^fHTlir 5TT?TJT I 5?r?Fm HTTTT ^5?^:? II 
 
 T^^^IT r^lZcTT I ari^H T^J^t HHS II 
 
 3TfTi:7^H ^t^ 5^^ I TTi^ TTHT^ ^-?m II 
 
 ?^ St^tIcT (:5Tm) I ^Tf^F ^ cT35^TJI n* 
 
 * V. ' Marathi Ballads,' .A.c\vorth and Shaligiam, Bombay, 1891, p. 3, 
 note I. There will be found two distinct versions of the first stan/.a. one 
 in the text, one in the note. The translation was made from the latter, 
 which was the earlier obtained. 
 
 d
 
 xxxviii Ballads of the Marathas 
 
 An excellent sketch of Marathi prosody is contained in Mr. 
 Gunpatrao Ragunath Navalkar's Marathi grammar, to which 
 any one who is anxious to pursue the subject further is 
 referred.
 
 I 
 
 THE DEATH OF ABDULKHAN AT THE HANDS 
 OF SHIWAJI MAHARAJA. 
 
 [Abdulla Afzul Khan, generally spoken of as Afzul Khan, but called 
 Abdul Khan in the ballad, was a Beejapore noble, and the leader of the 
 first organised effort on the part of the Beejapore monarchy to subdue 
 Shiwaji. The latter corrupted the Khan's Hindu agent Puntojee Gopi- 
 nath ; the Mahomedan army was induced to move as far as Jowli, 
 where it was involved in an inextricable labyrinth of hill and jungle, and 
 Afzul Khan himself, blinded by his own pride and his contempt of his 
 foe, who overwhelmed him with assurances of submission, was seduced 
 to a personal conference below Pertapghur. There he and his atten- 
 dant were treacherously attacked and killed by Shiwaji himself and 
 Tanaji Maloosre, and the Mahomedan army, left without a leader in 
 a most difficult country, was overwhelmed and either slain or captured by 
 the Mawallees, who had been gathered round it. This occurred in 1659.] 
 
 Hail in a.]\ faith to Shivva, 
 
 God over gods supreme ! 
 The iron age grows golden, 
 
 His eyes propitious beam, 
 Whcnas the royal ensigns 
 
 And stedfast faith afford 
 Witness to Samb ^ incarnate 
 
 In Shiwaji our lord. 
 Drink from the royal fountain, 
 
 Whose living streams o'erflow; 10 
 
 Come, fellows, bathe within it. 
 
 And Shiwa's promise know. 
 A
 
 Ballads of the Marathas 
 
 Rajghur,^ the royal castle, 
 
 The fort benam'd of gore, 
 And that stronghold which first the flag 
 
 Of victory proudly bore, 
 Fair Jowlee's crown of palm-leaves, 
 
 High soaring into heaven, 
 And Mundun's clust'ring palaces 
 
 The faithful god hath given ; 20 
 
 Sonsahila, and Pertapghur, 
 
 With Rajghur's hidden gold, 
 The homes of ancient deities. 
 
 Gray forts and bastions old, 
 All, from a god propitious, 
 
 Holds Shiwaji the king ; 
 Hearken, Maratha princes. 
 
 His glorious state I sing. 
 
 Oh hearken ! bards and princes, 
 
 Young pillars of the state ; 30 
 
 The conqu'ring wiles of Shiwaji, 
 
 And wisdom I relate ; 
 How the dark world of mountains, 
 
 With every fortress grim 
 That lowers above their valleys, 
 
 Were seiz'd and rul'd by him. 
 The dying eyes of Chandra ^ 
 
 Beheld the lofty wall 
 Of Jowlee, then of Prabalghur, 
 
 And strong Panala fall ; 40 
 
 The huge and rocky castle 
 
 Which all the whirlwinds sweep ; 
 Ghosala, and the hamlets ^ 
 
 By Matunghur that sleep ;
 
 The Death of Abdulkhan 3 
 
 The lovely homes that nestle 
 
 Above the Konkan green, 
 Like the sacred lotus swimming 
 
 On the water clear and sheen ; 
 My song shall not forget you, 
 
 Nor you, the peasant's home, 50 
 
 Fair lowlands of the Konkan, 
 
 To whose twelve harbours ^ come 
 The laden keels of nations ; 
 
 Nor all the Deccan wide. 
 From Indapur to those old fanes 
 
 Where Moslem saints abide ; 
 Piecemeal by town and hamlet, 
 
 They yielded to the king ; 
 Hearken, Maratha princes, 
 
 His glorious state I sing. 60 
 
 When Kallian and Bhewndi 
 
 Were given to the sword, 
 The cry went up to Beejapore, 
 
 And Adil Shah its lord. 
 Fierce was the monarch's anger, 
 
 Like flame his summons flew 
 To the valiant Moslem nobles. 
 
 And every good Hindu ; 
 From all his wide dominions 
 
 They throng'd to the durbar ; 70 
 
 But Abdul Khan the mighty 
 
 Seiz'd the betel leaf of war. 
 A sword that gleam'd like lightning, 
 
 A stately battle steed, 
 ^ere the grateful monar 
 To the servant of his need. 
 
 Were the grateful monarch's guerdon
 
 Ballads of the Marat has 
 
 Seven hundred rocket camels 
 
 Their easier riders mount ; 
 The horse were fourteen thousand, 
 
 The footmen who could count ? 80 
 
 Forth march'd they, but near Torweh ^ 
 
 Whene'er the vanguard drew, 
 Down fell the royal standard 
 
 That o'er the cannon flew ; 
 'Alas! an evil omen,' 
 
 Said Krishna] i, 'we bring.' 
 Hearken, Maratha princes, 
 
 The raja's state I sing. 
 
 To Tooljapore and Punderpore 
 
 Slow roll'd the host along ; 90 
 
 There to the gods most holy 
 
 They wrought most grievous wrong ; 
 Bhowani's sacred image 
 
 They levell'd with the dust, 
 And into Bhiwra's^ shudd'ring depths 
 
 Great Vithoba they thrust. 
 Then rais'd the Khan a costly shrine. 
 
 That men again might pray ; 
 The outrag'd gods receiv'd it, 
 
 And his sins were wash'd away. 100 
 
 Slow rolled the Mogul army 
 
 Round Pali's ancient shrine, 
 Then Khundoba put forth his might, 
 
 And show'd an awful sign ; 
 The quaking Moslem turn'd them. 
 
 And cried a dreadful cry, 
 And full two leagues in furious rout 
 
 Like hunted deer they fly ;
 
 The Death of AbdiUkhan 5 
 
 Then straight they build a lamp tower, 
 
 That night may be as day ; no 
 
 The god appeas'd receiv'd it, 
 
 And their sin was wash'd away. 
 Towards Awoond's sacred towers 
 
 The Moslem host aspire, 
 There the great goddess Yemai 
 
 Display'd a portent dire ; 
 A holy feast the Khan proclaim'd, 
 
 And call'd the priests to pray ; 
 The goddess check'd her fury. 
 
 And his sin was wash'd away. 120 
 
 Slow rolling, widely wasting, 
 
 The Mogul army went, 
 Trouble and woe to Sambhu 
 
 When the Khana pitch'd his tent ! 
 At last at Wye he halted. 
 
 Which once his sway had known ; 
 And Krishnaji his letters bore 
 
 To the great raja's throne. 
 The Brahman stood before him ; 
 
 ' To Shivvaji be health ! 130 
 
 * Receive the Khan, and peace be thine, 
 
 ' And joy, and mighty wealth.' 
 ' What are his gifts ? ' the raja said ; 
 
 ' Were we at peace, I vow, 
 ' With four-and-forty castles strong 
 
 ' The Khan I would endow ; 
 ' In the fair halls of JowH 
 
 ' A stately pageant waits ; 
 ' There will I bide the Khan's approach, 
 
 'And greet him at my gates.' 140 
 
 He touch'd the holy Brahman's feet. 
 
 Dismissing him, and sent
 
 Ballads of the Marathas 
 
 With him the Mhaldar* Jiwaji 
 
 To seek Abdullya's '' tent. 
 With aspect blunt he greets him, 
 
 As one untaught to fear ; 
 ' If not to bow before our gods, 
 
 * Why are thy horsemen here ? ' 
 No more obeisance paid he, 
 
 But turn'd and went his way ; 1 50 
 
 And the furious Khan upstarted, 
 
 And bade his host array. 
 Straight to Rantondi's fortress 
 
 His haughty troops he led. 
 And fourteen days around it 
 
 The baffled host was spread. 
 The raja rous'd his chieftains, 
 
 They came from far and near, 
 With many a Mawul swordsman, 
 
 And many a horse and spear ; 160 
 
 In council close the leaders 
 
 Were gather'd round the king. 
 Hearken, Maratha princes. 
 
 His glorious state I sing. 
 
 'Brothers and friends,' quoth Shiwaji, 
 
 ' No stripling is our foe ; 
 ' The holy gods themselves are aw'd 
 
 ' When Abdul's name they know ; 
 ' Say, shall we hail him as a guest, 
 
 ' Or greet him with our sword ? 170 
 
 ' The captain of the fort is here, 
 
 ' Give counsel to your lord.' 
 ' O Shiwba ! ' the Gaikwar cried, 
 
 ' The coming feast is sweet ; 
 
 * Mace-Bearer. ■»
 
 The Death of Abdulkhan 7 
 
 ' But sword and spear and helm and mail 
 
 ' For such a guest are meet' 
 The counsel pleas'd ; they arm him, 
 
 And round his waist they take 
 The one-edg'd sword that coils and bites ^ 
 
 Like the deadly hooded snake ; i8o 
 
 The two-edg'd glaive by Jiwaji, 
 
 The Mhaldar stout, was borne. 
 And the curv'd steel of the tiger claws 
 
 On the raja's hand was worn. 
 O'er his snowy vest of cotton 
 
 His robe imperial flow'd : 
 He sought his mother's blessing, 
 
 She met him on his road ; 
 In a palki'' Jeeja met him, 
 
 And bless'd the goodly king. IQO 
 
 Hearken, Maratha princes, 
 
 His glorious state I sing. 
 
 * If in thy lot, my Shiwba, 
 
 ' Or woe or bale be writ, 
 ' On me let all the evil fall, 
 
 ' Towards me I conjure it.' 
 Thus pray'd his mother Jeeja, 
 
 * Be prosperous and brave, 
 ' I give thee here the betel, 
 
 ' Remember Mahadev.' 200 
 
 She spoke, low bow'd the raja, 
 
 And filial reverence paid ; 
 ' O mother ! would the Dewan's ^" hand 
 
 ' Could on my head be laid ; 
 ' Wide spread my lands and rich my halls, 
 
 ' But where is he — my sire ? '
 
 8 Ballads of the Marathas 
 
 'Son, meditate thy purpose high, 
 
 ' And fill thy soul with fire. 
 ' The blood of Sambhaji ^^ doth cry, 
 
 ' His wrong is unredress'd.' 2io 
 
 ' Mother, I go ; but tell my sire, 
 
 ' I thought of him, and bless'd.' 
 He fill'd his forts with warriors true, 
 
 And till he came agen, 
 He gave his power to Nettaji, 
 
 With full five hundred men ; 
 And with him Umaji was join'd 
 
 The royal seat to fill. 
 While Tookya's eager troops were drawn 
 
 Around Rantondi hill. 220 
 
 Then forth to Jowli's audience halls 
 
 The prudent raja far'd. 
 And there, to greet the Khan's approach, 
 
 A pageant great prepar'd. 
 Through every spacious chamber 
 
 The silken seats were spread, 
 Gay with their various borders 
 
 Of plumage blue and red ; 
 On carv'd and painted pillars 
 
 Rich wreaths of coral hung, 230 
 
 Garlands of pearls and rubies rare 
 
 From every cornice swung. 
 Bright as the glorious Sun in heaven, 
 
 Their glow the lamps enhanc'd, 
 And like the tall and graceful crane, 
 
 The fountains leap'd and danc'd. 
 A canopy of costly cloth 
 
 And curtains fine enfold. 
 Gleaming with many a diamond. 
 
 The raja's throne of gold. 240
 
 The Death of Abdulkhaii 
 
 Four stalwart Moslem marching 
 Their monarch's missive bring. 
 
 Hearken, Maratha princes, 
 The raja's state I sing. 
 
 For them no courtly greeting, 
 
 No prayer, or gift, or bribe ; 
 Rough, in the first and second courts, 
 
 The speech of guard and scribe. 
 But better far than greeting, 
 
 In the third court they found 250 
 
 A troop of lovely dancers 
 
 Approach them with a bound. 
 Rapt were the gazing Moslem, 
 
 And Abdul laughed aloud ; 
 When Shiwaji and Jiwaji 
 
 Enter'd amid the crowd. 
 * First to my guardian Mahadev, 
 
 ' To Shahji next, my sire, 
 ' Then doth the world's great mother 
 
 ' My reverence due require ; 260 
 
 ' Then to the gallant freemen 
 
 'Who guard my forts in mail ; 
 ' And last to thee, Abdullya, 
 
 ' I bow, and bid thee hail.' 
 Such was the raja's greeting, 
 
 And lofty the reply ; 
 ' Whence did a peasant's son achieve 
 
 ' To raise these halls so high ? 
 ' And whence the wealth that far outshines 
 
 ' The courts of Beejapore ? 270 
 
 ' Hence to thy wells and gardens, 
 
 ' The royal rents restore.'
 
 lo Ballads of the Marat has 
 
 'Abate thy pride,' said Shiwaji, 
 
 ' The gods alone I fear ; 
 * They rule the fates that govern 
 
 ' All issues far and near ; 
 ' For thee — thy birth and rank I know ; ' 
 
 Thus far the undaunted king. 
 Hearken, Maratha princes, 
 
 His glorious state I sing. 280 
 
 ' Back to thy father's oven ! 
 
 ' Back to thy mother's store ! 
 ' Whose toothsome sweetmeats oft delight 
 
 ' The boys of Beejapore 
 ' Shall rajas brook the insult 
 
 ' Of thee — the baker's son ? ' 
 He look'd upon Abdulla, 
 
 And knew his work was done. 
 The Moslem leap'd upon him, 
 
 His grasp was fierce and fell, 290 
 
 And how he plied the dagger 
 
 The dinted mail might tell. 
 But Shiwaji the raja 
 
 In answer made him feel 
 The twin sting of the scorpion,^- 
 
 The deadly claws of steel. 
 His entrails torn and bloody 
 
 Gap'd through the horrid wound ; 
 But Abdul was a warrior bold, 
 
 And falter'd not nor swoon'd. 300 
 
 He loos'd his girdle deftly, 
 
 Uncoil'd the sword below. 
 And dealt upon the raja's head 
 
 A fierce and furious blow. <.
 
 The Death of Abdulkhan ii 
 
 It cleft the embroidcr'd turban, 
 
 And twisted chains fourteen, 
 And the raja felt, as steed the spur. 
 
 The sword edge sharp and keen. 
 His blade leap'd out and wrapp'd the Khan, 
 
 Like the sacred thread to view, 310 
 
 Between the neck and shoulder 
 
 It struck, and clove him through. 
 He fell, down fell the Moslem, 
 
 While stedfast stood the king. 
 Hearken, Maratha princes, 
 
 His glorious state I sing. 
 
 Up leap'd the Syud Bundoo, 
 
 And rais'd his sword in haste ; 
 But the wary raja turn'd it, 
 
 And cleft him to the waist. 320 
 
 Then forward stepp'd the Brahman, 
 
 Seeing the Syud die : 
 'Turn back, turn back,' cried Shiwaji, 
 
 'Turn back, and haste to fly. 
 ' I may not smite a Brahman, 
 
 ' Lest the curse of God should sound.' 
 The raja laugh'd, and cast his sword 
 
 Down clatt'ring to the ground. 
 But Jiwaji the Mhaldar 
 
 His broad spear rais'd on high, 330 
 
 And, leaping at the Brahman, 
 
 He whirl'd, and made it fly ; 
 It met him in the navel. 
 
 The steel of Burhanpore, 
 Through the backbone it picrc'd him, 
 
 He fell and spoke no more;
 
 1 2 Ballads of the Marat has 
 
 Twice did he call on Shiwa, 
 
 And then his breath was gone ; 
 ' Forward !' exclaim'd young Kowji/^ 
 
 ' The raja's gallant son ; 340 
 
 ' Have at the palki-bearers, 
 
 ' That not a man remain,' 
 And with his sword he dash'd among 
 
 The trembling menial train. 
 They dropp'd the stately palki, 
 
 And wild with wounds they fled ; 
 While Shiwaji approach'd the Khan, 
 
 And straight smote off his head ; 
 He bore it to Bhowani, 
 
 Most like a conqu'ring king. 350 
 
 Hearken, Maratha princes, 
 
 His glorious state I sing. 
 
 To her, the world's great mother, 
 
 In Pertapghur that dwelt, 
 And bore him through victorious, 
 
 He offer'd it and knelt ; 
 ' Receive my gift, O mother, 
 
 ' This goat ^* of goodly frame ; 
 ' His teeth are as the teeth of men, 
 
 ' And Abdul is his name.' 360 
 
 Then was the signal given, 
 
 The raja's cannon spoke ; 
 Their twelvefold voice the people heard 
 
 And saw the whirling smoke. 
 Out dash'd the rapid footmen, 
 
 With weapons bare to kill, 
 They follow'd gallant Trimukh, 
 
 And crown'd Rantondi hill ;
 
 The Death of AbdiLlkhan 13 
 
 Down went the Moslem standards, 
 
 As on the swordsmen dash, 370 
 
 The elephants that bore them 
 
 Fell with an echoing crash. 
 The Moguls fear'd and turn'd them 
 
 And fled with all their force, 
 And Tookya clos'd and captur'd 
 
 Full sixty Arab horse. 
 Back march'd the host victorious, 
 
 Hanmunta at their head, 
 And to Panala's fortress 
 
 By Shiwaji were led ; 380 
 
 There the strong walls were strengthen'd 
 
 And arm'd on every side, 
 And the raging hosts of Beejapore 
 
 Victoriously defied. 
 
 The noise of war is over, 
 
 The songs of victory sound, 
 The lady Jeeja calls the chiefs, 
 
 The loyal chiefs, around ; 
 They throng the halls of Jowli, 
 
 The minstrels sing and play, 390 
 
 And, master of all melodies, 
 
 Agrindas '^ gains the day. 
 With the sweet Kadaka rhythm 
 
 A village rich he won, 
 For ever free from tax or fee 
 
 From father unto son ; 
 Two golden bracelets dcck'd him. 
 
 Gifts from the goodly king. 
 Hearken, Maratha princes. 
 
 His glorious state I sing. 400
 
 II 
 
 THE BALLAD OF TANAJI MALOOSRE. 
 
 [The hill fort of Singhur, some lo miles from Poona, was held in 
 1670 by a choice Rajput garrison under Udeban. Shiwaji was very 
 anxious to gain possession of it, and his friend Tanaji Maloosre, one 
 of the most famous of his leaders, offered to surprise it if he was 
 allowed to take 1000 Mawullis and his younger brother Sooryaji, called 
 Sooryaba in the ballad. Three hundred of the Mawullis, together with 
 Tanaji, had gained the interior of the fort before the alarm was given, 
 but a desperate conflict then ensued, in which Tanaji fell, and his men 
 would have retreated if they had not been supported by the reserve 
 under Sooryaji. Though still opposed by very superior numbers, their 
 energy and resolution were too much for the Rajputs, and the fort was 
 taken. Shiwaji was much distressed at Tanaji's death, and is said to 
 have exclaimed, ' The den is taken, but the lion slain. I have gained 
 a fort, but lost Tanaji Maloosre.' Singhur — more correctly Sinhghur — 
 means the hill or fort of the Hon.] 
 
 In Rajghur ^ rules the raja, 
 
 Jeeja in Pertapghur ; 
 In Singhur and Panala's towers 
 The sovereign Mogul's tyrant powers 
 
 Revel and rule secure. 
 His trustful eyes on Shiwa bent, 
 To conquest forth the raja went ; 
 O'er the rich Konkan's verdant plain 
 His sovereign arm was stretched amain ; 
 Before him Ghur and Mhowli fall, 10 
 
 Bhewndi and Kallian recall
 
 The Ballad of Tanaji Maloosre 1 5 
 
 His name to Beejapore ; 
 The Moslem prince sent out his posts, 
 He summoned all his armed hosts, 
 
 And rested in his power. 
 From Pertapghur's embattled height. 
 The mother Jeeja's yearning sight 
 Survey'd the alien eastward land ; 
 High on the fort she took her stand, 
 That Monday, ivory comb in hand, 20 
 
 And ardently she gaz'd : 
 Poona she saw, and Jooner dim, 
 Jejuri's pass lower'd black and grim, 
 And o'er them, bath'd in sunshine bright, 
 Round as an ^%g, and gleaming white. 
 
 The glorious Singhur blaz'd. 
 She summon'd forth her page at need, 
 ' Puntoji Kaka, hie with speed : 
 ' Within his halls my son may dine, 
 ' But bid him wash his hands in mine.' 30 
 
 The summons Shiwaji obey'd, 
 
 In royal garb his form array 'd, 
 
 And crown'd his brow with rich brocade ; 
 
 His coal-back mare he bade them brin<r. 
 
 Harness'd as fits a warrior king ; 
 
 The tiger claws he gave command 
 
 To fasten on his manly hand ; 
 
 His shield was o'er his shoulders flung. 
 
 His two-hand falchion by him swung, 
 
 With gold the blade was lacquer'd fair — 40 
 
 Shiwaji smote his coal-black mare, 
 
 She bounded from the blow, 
 On Madhca's hill her hoof-beat sounds, 
 Beyond Birwadi's circling bounds,
 
 1 6 Ballads of the Marathas 
 
 And Kolatpore below ; 
 She passed the Para ghaut like fire, 
 In Pertapghur he check'd her ire, 
 
 And bade his mother know. 
 
 Low at her feet the raja bent, 
 
 ' Why was thy hasty summons sent ? ' 50 
 
 ' Come hither, son and king,' she cries, 
 
 ' And join me in a cast of dice.' 
 
 Little forsooth the raja deem'd 
 
 Such sport with her her son beseem'd. 
 
 But still his mother's hest obey'd. 
 
 ' The game is thine, throw first,' he said. 
 
 ' Not so, my son ; no woman may 
 
 ' Precede the raja, ev'n in play.' 
 
 Three times he cast, alike in all 
 
 The dice refused to obey his call. 60 
 
 Three times his mother cast, in each 
 
 The obsequious dice obey'd her speech. 
 
 ' O Jeejabai, the game is thine,' 
 
 The raja said, 'the forfeit mine, 
 
 ' My forts are twenty-seven ; 
 ' Ask and I give, or Nassick fair, 
 ' Or Wadi breathing southern air, 
 ' Or Tung Tikona's double towers, 
 ' Laghughur - wrapped in woodland bowers, 
 
 ' Visapur piercing heaven.' 70 
 
 ' None of the forts that call thee lord, 
 ' Desire I, son, but seize thy sword ; 
 ' By Poona in the distance dim, 
 ' Beyond Jejuri black and grim, 
 
 ' Near Poorundhur I see 
 ' The unconquer'd walls of Singhur shine, 
 ' O gods of power ! if they were mine 
 
 ' Fulfill'd my life would be.'
 
 The Ballad of Tanaji Maloosre 17 
 
 No foe might daunt the raja's look, 
 
 But now his mighty spirit shook ; 80 
 
 ' Where,' cried he, ' find a mortal man 
 
 'To quell the Mogul Udebhan ? 
 
 * As demon fierce to meet his foe, 
 
 ' Strong as a god to lay him low ! 
 
 ' What chief towards the tiger's maw 
 
 ' His hand will dare to thrust for awe ? 
 
 ' O lady, all my forts are thine, 
 
 ' But ask me not what is not mine.' 
 
 ' Beware a mother's curse,' she cried, 
 
 ' Its fire shall scorch thy kingdom wide ; 90 
 
 ' Give me Singhur.' The raja rose. 
 
 And bade her on her couch repose. 
 
 Twelve stalwart youths her palki bear, 
 
 To Rajghur's royal halls they fare ; 
 
 The raja fills his throne of state. 
 
 And summons all his wise and great ; 
 
 The lamps are lit, the chieftains proud 
 
 About their warrior monarch crowd. 
 
 The task announc'd their hearts appals, 
 
 And silence quells the crowded halls. 100 
 
 Till midnight thus the hours go round, 
 And still the hero is not found ; 
 
 At last the raja spoke : 
 ' Where Pertapghur frowns darkly down, 
 ' There dwells in little Oomrath town 
 ' A chief of fifty, known to fame, 
 ' Tanaji Maloosre his name, 
 
 ' And him I now invoke.' 
 A letter, writ with hasty reed, 
 A courier sprang to bear with speed no 
 
 To Tanaji. ' And bid him heed, 
 
 i;
 
 1 8 Ballads of the Marat has 
 
 ' Ere the fourth sun we see, 
 'Twelve thousand Mawullis he bring, 
 ' Arm'd to parade before their king,' 
 
 So order'd Shiwaji. 
 
 Puntoji's steed outstripp'd the wind, 
 
 The towers of Rajghur sank behind ; 
 
 By Yetya's wealthy booths he flew. 
 
 Beyond the Doni water drew. 
 
 And came the Madhea^ ghaut unto ; 120 
 
 Birwadi, Kolatpore ^ were past. 
 
 And little Oomrath reach'd at last, 
 
 Two hours before the noon ; 
 Tanaji subhedar was there. 
 He pac'd the courtyard large and square, 
 
 And hail'd the envoy soon. 
 
 Around the envoy might descry 
 
 The signs of wedding revelry ; 
 
 The joyous rites were just begun 
 
 For Rayaba, the chieftain's son ; 130 
 
 Soon as the silver queen of night 
 
 Had shone five days with waning light, 
 
 Should go the sacred turmeric round. 
 
 The next the nuptial tie be bound. 
 
 But now the dream of love was fled, 
 
 Singhur and war loom'd stern instead. 
 
 And many a lofty lord and guest 
 
 Gather'd to learn the king's behest. 
 
 Tanaji's uncle Shelar came, 
 
 With Sooryaba, a dearer name ; 140 
 
 Ramaji, — Yerookankur — knew 
 
 To Tanaji allegiance due 
 
 In feast or fight they owed ;
 
 The Ballad of Tanaji Maloosre 19 
 
 ' Dacla, my page,' the chieftain cried, 
 ' Meesha, my squire, be near my side.' 
 
 They came and they abode. 
 The raja's missive first was read, 
 Then Shelar spoke, his crafty head 
 Full eighty years had silvered : 
 'And what of me, my kinsman? say ; 150 
 
 ' Rayaba's hope is crush'd to-day, 
 ' How shall I see thee pass away 
 
 ' To exploits fond and vain ? 
 ' Against Singhur full many a foe 
 ' Mine eyes have seen exulting go, 
 
 ' But ne'er return again. 
 ' They feasted, from the stones they threw 
 * Beneath the towers, tall mangoes grew ; 
 ' But still Singhur their arms defied 
 ' Intact, though they grew old and died. 160 
 
 ' Like theirs, alas ! thy fate shall be, 
 ' The virgin fort is not for thee, 
 ' Beware Singhur, my Tanaji.' 
 
 * Oh, say not so,' the chief replies, 
 'A Kshatri's fire illumes mine eyes, 
 ' But if it be — mine uncle, hear, 
 
 ' Shall death's cold hand a Kshatri fear ? 
 
 * I see my son approach ; O thou 
 
 ' For whom I paid the frequent vow, 
 
 ' For whom seven times I pled with heav'n, 170 
 
 * Till to my prayers an heir was giv'n, 
 ' We arm for Singhur, but for thee 
 
 ' I to my prince will bend the knee ; 
 
 ' Seven days thy marriage-rites complete, 
 
 ' I go to ask them at his feet ;
 
 20 Ballads of the Marat has 
 
 'To Rajghur's royal fort I go, 
 
 * There shall my prince his servant know.' 
 
 Twelve copies of the royal scroll 
 
 Tanaji bade his scribes enroll ; 
 
 Far off, to valley and to hill, i8o 
 
 His runners bore the raja's will ; 
 
 With stalwart men, twelve thousand all, 
 
 Six chiefs obey'd the raja's call ; 
 
 First of them all Parooche came, 
 
 Fifteen fair townships own his name, 
 
 Daspati ^ round Mokashi stood, 
 
 Small Oomrath's Sirkes, wise and good, 
 
 Nandawi's Sawunts, fierce for blood. 
 
 The Naiks of Wadghur, 
 From Silam came its Thakurs strong, 190 
 
 All these in haste to Oomrath throng, 
 
 With many a follower. 
 Rude peasants were they, short and spare, 
 Rough and unkempt their shaggy hair, 
 Coarse blankets o'er their heads they wore, 
 Sickles and bills their waistbands bore. 
 With clubs in hand, a goodly store, 
 
 But other arms were none ; 
 And how before a warrior lord 
 Send armies wanting spear and sword, 200 
 
 Powder and ball and gun ? 
 
 Thus did they ask with clamorous cry, 
 While Tanaji his thoughtful eye 
 Upon them fix'd, and rous'd his heart 
 To act a leader's nobler part ; 
 The summons his, their rights he knew,
 
 The Ballad of Taiiaji Maloosre 2 1 
 
 His chests of cane wide open threw, 
 
 Rupees twelve thousand forth he drew ; 
 
 He bade each man receive his share, 
 
 He bade him trim his beard and hair, 210 
 
 And straight to Rajghur's fortress fare. 
 
 The silver granted, forth they went 
 
 To march to Rajghur's towers content. 
 
 So seem'd it to the chief, but still 
 
 They murmur'd to obey his will. 
 
 ' Rupees I gave,' the chieftain cried. 
 
 ' Blankets we bought,' they all replied ; 
 
 ' The hungry shepherds will not cease 
 
 ' Our wives and homes to vex and fleece, 
 
 ' Thy silver's glitter scarce we saw, 220 
 
 ' It went to fill the usurer's maw.' 
 
 Tanaji turn'd and wound his horn, 
 
 His palki through the crowd was borne ; 
 
 Twelve bearers brought it to his side, 
 
 All o'er it mango-boughs'^ were tied ; 
 
 To step within one foot he rais'd, 
 
 One hand upon the roof he plac'd, 
 
 When Rayaba his son drew nigh, 
 
 The tear-drop dimm'd his large bright eye ; 
 
 ' Father, go we to Singhur so ? 230 
 
 * Must I my marriage-rite forego .-' ' 
 
 ' Fear not, my son, thy marriage-rite 
 
 * Shall be completed in my sight. 
 'But first coy Singhur must I wed, 
 
 ' Then to thy side thy bride be led.' 
 
 He bade the bearers march, and straight 
 They bore him to the village-gate ;
 
 22 Ballads of the Marat has 
 
 But, as they pass'd, by warning spell, 
 
 The boughs of mango droop'd and fell, 
 
 They fell upon the chieftain's right, 240 
 
 An omen sore to Shelar's sight ; 
 
 But Tanaji had cast his lot 
 
 On high Singhur, and heeded not. 
 
 He reach'd the village march, and there 
 
 A jay across him cleft the air ; 
 
 Then aged Shelar spake : 
 ' O Tanaji, a bode of woe ! ' 
 ' Uncle, nor omen fear nor foe, 
 ' My raja's golden fates I know, 
 
 ' Which omens cannot shake.' 250 
 
 His battle-cry he shouted proud. 
 The thunder of his horns was loud, 
 Oomrath he left, and Kolatpore 
 He reach'd and blew his horns before ; 
 Birwadi pass'd, again they sound. 
 The Madhea ghaut was quickly crown'd, 
 The Doni water next they cross'd, 
 The marts of Yetya saw the host. 
 
 Once more the horns were heard ; 
 Rajghur's high steep they mounted soon, 260 
 
 They gain'd the royal fort at noon, 
 
 And halted for the word. 
 
 The rolling cloud of dust was seen 
 By Jeeja from the tower of green ; 
 ' My Shiwaji ! behold the foe, 
 ' Let them your cannon's thunder know, 
 ' And strew them dead the fort below.' 
 
 The prince his lightning eye 
 Fix'd on the whirling dust, and knew 
 His royal standard's orange'' hue ; ^ 270
 
 The Ballad of Taiiaji Maloosre 2 3 
 
 ' My mother Jeejabai, 
 ' Our subhedar, our Tanaji, 
 ' Has come, and his the troops we see.' 
 The lady laugh'd, with heart elate, 
 While Tanaji towards the gate. 
 
 With all his men came on ; 
 He stay'd them there, and down they sate 
 
 While he advanc'd alone. 
 
 Through four fair halls the chieftain strode, 
 
 Bright as the sun in heav'n they glow'd, 280 
 
 Waist high the gorgeous cushions spread, 
 
 Rich canopies droop'd o'er his head, 
 
 The changing gleams of crystal swung 
 
 From golden lamps that round were hung ; 
 
 Within the fifth, in royal state. 
 
 His guards around, the raja sate. 
 
 The subhedar in reverence due 
 
 Bent, but his soul to anger flew ; 
 
 ' What quarrel with my prince had I, 
 
 ' His oldest, truest, best ally ? 290 
 
 ' Why should his messenger appal 
 
 ' My offspring's marriage festival ? 
 
 ' The past is past, shall days to come 
 
 ' Still bring me never peace at home? ' 
 
 ' I call'd thee not,' the prince replied, 
 
 ' My mother call'd.' She heard and sigh'd ; 
 
 ' How shall I face the indignant chief, 
 
 ' Or words that cause disgrace and grief?' 
 
 She straight withdrew, and woman's art 
 
 Call'd to her aid to tame his heart. 300 
 
 In costly gems and robes array'd. 
 
 Her guardian goddess Amba pray'd,
 
 24 Ballads of the Marat has 
 
 ' Tanaji's step is at my door, 
 
 ' Oh, grant me Singhur, I implore.' 
 
 On silver platter broad and bright. 
 
 Five lamps diffus'd their mellow light ; 
 
 She pois'd it in her hand, and said, 
 
 The while she wav'd it round his head, 
 
 ' Far from my chief be pain and grief, 
 
 ' Grant him, ye gods, a rich relief 310 
 
 ' From poverty and care ; 
 ' May all a kingdom's wealth and power 
 ' Be his who helps me in this hour ! ' 
 
 There paused the subhedar ; 
 As sway'd the lamps his anger fled, 
 He rais'd the turban from his head, 
 Gay was it deck'd with golden thread, 
 
 He laid it at her feet ; 
 ' Thy Tanaji is wise,' said he, 
 
 ' Ask what thou wilt, I grant it thee, 320 
 
 ' Lay on my head thy royal hand, 
 ' 'Tis thine to issue thy command.' 
 
 She gave him answer meet, 
 ' What should I ask, O chieftain sage ? 
 ' Give me Singhur to soothe mine age ; 
 ' My eldest son is Shiwaji, 
 ' My youngest shall be Tanaji, 
 ' For both my prayer shall weary heav'n 
 * When Singhur to my hopes is giv'n.' 
 
 A son's dear name he heard, and felt 330 
 
 The stubborn heart within him melt ; 
 
 Back to the camp he took his way. 
 
 There Shelar ask'd how pass'd the day, 
 
 ' Thou saw'st the lady, what was done ? ' 
 
 ' My uncle Shelar, she hath won ;
 
 The Ballad of Tanaji Maloosre 2 5 
 
 ' What shall I say ? What do I know 
 
 ' But this — to Singhur I must go ? 
 
 ' Go thou before the lady, say 
 
 ' Twelve thousand men are come to-day, 
 
 ' They came for thee, their food prepare, 340 
 
 ' Not to tend asses are they there.' 
 
 * My son, on thee the load doth rest 
 
 ' The fort unconquer'd to invest ; 
 
 ' Come, fortify thy limbs with food, 
 
 ' And tend thy men as chieftain should ; 
 
 ' On Rajghur's slopes their camp prepare, 
 
 ' And order all the lines with care.' 
 
 The ancient warrior wise he knew, 
 
 In order'd lines his camp he drew ; 
 
 His uncle ponder'd deep and long 350 
 
 How to supply the hungry throng ; 
 
 ' Come, subhedar, thy fame is high, 
 
 ' The Gunjawari stream is nigh, 
 
 ' Long is the road thou hast to tread, 
 
 ' Ablution due perform,' he said. 
 
 Alone, his feet and hands to lave, 
 
 Tanaji sought the cooling wave ; 
 
 Again towards the camp he bent 
 
 His heavy footsteps, ill content ; 
 
 For every man a stool was set, 360 
 
 A dish of leaves, a cup, a plate. 
 
 Food too was there a scant supply. 
 
 And loud the army's murmuring cry. 
 
 The chief survey'd the unequal dole. 
 And gathering sorrow vex'd his soul ; 
 His absent son possess'd his thought, 
 His soldiers' weal he heeded not.
 
 26 Ballads of the Marathas 
 
 But wisely spoke his uncle old, 
 
 And soothed the warrior and controll'd ; 
 
 He told the lady's hopes and fears, 370 
 
 He bade recall her eighty years ; 
 
 ' How shall one aged queen,' he said, 
 
 ' Supply twelve thousand men with bread ? ' 
 
 Meanwhile from all the hungry crowd 
 
 Discordant grew the cries and loud, 
 
 While each demands his favourite food, 
 
 Bread, pulse, or milk, with clamour rude. 
 
 Their discontent the lady knew. 
 
 And urgent in her pleadings grew ; 
 
 Her guardian power Bhowani pray'd, 380 
 
 And Mangalai,^ to give her aid ; 
 
 Satara's fort and Pertapghur 
 
 They left in haste to succour her ; 
 
 Wardani came on pinions bright, 
 
 Parwati showed her face of light. 
 
 And Heav'n's high dames, to furnish food, 
 
 In guise of nimble handmaids stood. 
 
 They heed not gibes, the meal prepare. 
 
 Trebled the soldier's wonted share. 
 
 Each feasted full, while all around 390 
 
 Superfluous dainties strew the ground. 
 
 Then Tanaji his camp doth leave 
 His king's last mandate to receive ; 
 ' Prince, for Singhur my face is set, 
 ' My son, my Raya ne'er forget ; 
 ' If fate restores me safe from fight, 
 ' I will fulfil his marriage-rite, 
 ' But if the sword o'ertake me there, 
 ' Be that my prince's grateful care.
 
 The Ballad of Tanaji Maloosrc 1 7 
 
 * Deny him not his father's fief, 400 
 ' Or jaghir to assuage his grief ; 
 
 ' Small lands for torch and oil suffice, 
 
 ' And Donja betel-nut supplies, 
 
 ' Bestow them, and Maloosrya give 
 
 ' That Raya and his sons may live.' 
 
 He spoke, his stately head he bent, 
 
 And forth to Jeeja's tower he went ; 
 
 Again he laid with reverence meet, 
 
 His broider'd turban at her feet ; 
 
 ' I go to Singhur, lady mine, 410 
 
 ' Care for my youthful son as thine.' 
 
 Her chest of cane she opened wide, 
 
 Five costly robes the chest supplied. 
 
 Around the chieftain's form she threw 
 
 A garb of honour rich and new ; 
 
 ' Return victorious, Tanaji, 
 
 ' And nobler robes I weave for thee.' 
 
 He left, and towards the army strode. 
 
 Richly his mantle gleam'd and glow'd ; 
 
 When Shelar saw the gallant sight, 420 
 
 ' Hearken,' quoth he, ' to what is right ; 
 
 ' Twelve thousand men are hither come, 
 
 * And all for thee have left their home ; 
 
 * Till all thy men are seemly clad, 
 ' Thus to bedeck thyself is bad ; 
 
 ' Return the queen her gift until 
 ' She clothe the army, if she will.' 
 
 Appall'd the queen the message stern, 
 
 'Tanaji subhedar, return ; 
 
 ' Thy men shall all n\y bounty taste, 430 
 
 ' But haste to Singhur, oh, haste ! '
 
 28 Ballads of the Marat has 
 
 She bade them ope the armoury wide, 
 
 She bade the men approach her side, 
 
 Twelve thousand swords of temper true, 
 
 Twelve thousand bucklers forth she drew, 
 
 Twelve thousand battle clubs of steel, 
 
 Fit to make stalwart foemen reel. 
 
 Twelve thousand powder-horns she gave ; 
 
 Nor lack'd they lovely things and brave, 
 
 Earrings and chains of silver white, 440 
 
 And robes of sacred saffron bright, 
 
 Of each twelve thousand ; all receive, 
 
 And every warrior walks a chief. 
 
 O brother ! hadst thou then survey'd 
 
 The pomp the marching army made ; 
 
 ' Jeeja, my mother, guard my son,' 
 
 Cried Tanaji ; the march begun, 
 
 Tanaji hail'd the garrison, 
 
 He hail'd them as he pass'd the gate, 
 
 Borne by twelve men in royal state ; 450 
 
 ' Brothers, farewell, return, I go 
 
 ' To Singhur and the Mogul foe.' 
 
 Night round the royal fortress falls. 
 
 In distance fade the massive walls ; 
 
 Sakhar^ they reach'd, through Khamgaon wound. 
 
 They pass'd by Dera's utmost bound. 
 
 At every stage the horns they sound. 
 
 But when the foot of Singhur's hill 
 
 They reach'd, the noisy horns were still ; 
 
 Nought daunted by the toilsome way, 460 
 
 The host below in ambush lay. 
 
 Tanaji call'd the leaders round. 
 And cast a blanket on the ground ;
 
 The Ballad of Tanaji Maloos7X 29 
 
 As challenge to each warrior true, 
 Thereon a betel leaf ^"^ he threw : 
 ' Who will ascend to Singhur high 
 ' The fort's best entrance to espy ? 
 ' His be a goodly steed to ride, 
 ' A lordly rank, a jaghir wide ; 
 
 * Twelve villages shall own the name 470 
 
 * Of him, and his undying fame.' 
 Of all the warriors gather'd there 
 Not one to lift the leaf would dare. 
 The loftiest head reluctant bow'd, 
 The fiercest eye its lids did shroud ; 
 Tanaji only, worthy chief, 
 
 Rais'd from the ground the betel leaf, 
 
 Within his broider'd turban plac'd, 
 
 His brother Sooryaba embrac'd, 
 
 ' Who knows,' said he, ' how I may fare ? 480 
 
 ' Be Raya's marriage still thy care.' 
 
 His robes and arms the chief laid by, 
 
 A patel's simple dress to try ; 
 
 In guise of rustic gone astray, 
 
 He enter'd on the dangerous way ; 
 
 Through forest dense his pathway lay 
 
 Of alwi and bamboo ; 
 With thorn-trees thick the ground was set, 
 The boughs close twisted groan and fret, 
 
 And hide the stars from view ; 490 
 
 Dark was the night, and sore distraught 
 With pain his road the chieftain sought ; 
 At length a lofty rock he found, 
 And there uncumber'd view'd the ground ; 
 From thence advanc'd he swift and straight, 
 And issued at the Kallian^^ gate.
 
 30 Ballads of the Marathas 
 
 Twelve men of tribe unknown, but well 
 
 Arm'd, at the gate stood sentinel ; 
 
 Soon as they saw the approaching chief, 
 
 They shouted, ' Slay ! a thief, a thief! ' 500 
 
 The subhedar replied, ' Ye fear ; 
 
 ' Ay, smite the thief, if one be here ; 
 
 ' But if an honest man I be, 
 
 ' Who will be first to injure me? 
 
 ' Bring torches, learn if I be come 
 
 ' To love your wives or rob your home.' 
 
 The oil was brought, the torches burn'd, 
 
 His stately form the guard discern'd ; 
 
 ' O blest Narayen, who art thou ? 
 
 ' Thy name and village tell us now.' 510 
 
 ' Friends,' said the subhedar, ' in me 
 
 * Sakhar's poor patel ye may see : 
 ' To Poona's palace halls I went, 
 
 * Near the Mandai, to pay my rent, 
 
 ' And home returning through the night 
 
 ' A tiger caus'd me take to flight. 
 
 ' I come for shelter, let me stay, 
 
 ' And eat my betel here, I pray.' 
 
 ' No betel leaf has fed us here,' 
 
 The guard replied, ' for many a year.' 520 
 
 A bag beneath his arm the chief 
 
 Show'd them, well stor'd with nut and leaf, 
 
 For each a luscious meal prepar'd, 
 
 With each his drugs and opium shar'd ; 
 
 The gift dispell'd their doubts and they, 
 
 Rude Kolis, Tor the chief made way. 
 
 Tanaji through the gateway came. 
 And ask'd the guard their naik's name ;
 
 The Ballad of Tanaji Maloosre 3 1 
 
 Khundoji ansvver'd, ' I am he, 
 
 ' The Koli's naik Khundoji.' 530 
 
 ' Thy pay ? ' ' But three rupees, I wot.' 
 
 In words the chieftain answer'd not, 
 
 But from his neck the chain of gold 
 
 He plac'd within the naik's hold ; 
 
 To Vithoji of silver fair 
 
 An anklet gave, an earring rare 
 
 To Maloji, and every man 
 
 Enrich'd with gifts of all the clan. 
 
 ' O father patel, may we know 
 
 * Why thus on us thy bounties flow ? ' 540 
 The Kolis ask, ' and do not fear 
 
 ' To tell us what has brought thee here.' 
 ' Whom think ye,' said the chief, ' am I ? 
 ' Pledge me your oaths to secrecy.' 
 Solemn they swore : — ' Behold in me 
 
 * A chief of Rajah Shiwaji, 
 
 ' Of fifty men my rank, my name 
 
 ' Tanaji subhedar, I came 
 
 ' The strength of Singhur to espy, 
 
 ' How long its walls, how broad, how high.' 550 
 
 Down sank the Kolis as he spoke. 
 
 They heard the raja's name and shook ; 
 
 ' No dog,' they said, * but we should fear, 
 
 ' If his, to grant admittance here ; 
 
 'Take back thy gifts, to Rajghur go, 
 
 ' The way thou camest thou wilt know.' 
 
 ' Khundoji naik, mark my word,' 
 
 Said Tanaji, 'thine oath I heard ; 
 
 ' Better keep oath than child or wife, 
 
 ' Dearer thine honour than thy life.' 560
 
 32 Ballads of the Marat has 
 
 The naik's heart was deeply wrung 
 
 By that persuasive voice and tongue ; 
 
 ' I yield,' he answer'd, ' hearken well, 
 
 ' All I can tell thee will I tell. 
 
 ' Six miles between its utmost ends 
 
 ' The fort its mighty walls extends, 
 
 ' Those walls, three miles betwixt, enclose 
 
 ' Full eighteen hundred Pathan foes, 
 
 ' Foes to thy king, men strong of hand ; 
 
 ' Udebhan ^^ Mogul holds command ; 570 
 
 ' Strong warrior he as god of old, 
 
 ' Of temper ardent, fierce, and bold ; 
 
 ' A cow, a goat, a load of rice, 
 
 ' His every meal do not suffice. 
 
 ' His harem what Hindu has seen ? 
 
 ' But there he treasures wives eighteen ; 
 
 ' His hands can bend with matchless strength 
 
 ' An iron bar, in weight and length 
 
 ' Such as the oilmen use, and twist 
 
 ' Like slender withy round his wrist, 580 
 
 ' Or like a necklace can bedeck 
 
 * With it his fairest woman's neck. 
 ' His iron strength avails to break 
 ' A square rupee of silver thick ; 
 
 ' His elephant, the Emperor's gift, 
 
 ' The world's wide orb could swing and lift ; 
 
 ' Sidi Bilal is his Diwan, 
 
 * And near in strength to Udebhan. 
 
 ' Twelve sons the Mogul chief has rear'd, 
 
 ' Each than himself is greatlier fear'd, 590 
 
 ' Each than himself more tall and stout, 
 
 ' The whole would put a host to rout. 
 
 ' Yet hearken, chieftain, wouldst thou go 
 
 ' Wisely to capture Singhur ? know.
 
 The Ballad of Tanaji Maloosre 'i^'i, 
 
 ' Of all the encircling cliffs that one, 
 ' Which faces towards the rising sun, 
 ' Donagiri we call, and there 
 ' An active foot may find a stair.' 
 
 ' My brethren, thanks, resume your watch,' 
 
 Said Tanaji ; his feet they catch, 600 
 
 The hero's boldness touch'd their heart. 
 
 And to their eyes the tear-drops start ; 
 
 ' Like thee Maharashtra ne'er did hold 
 
 ' A chief devoted, wise, and bold.' 
 
 Thus cried they, and he made reply, 
 
 ' Fear not, my brothers, for if I 
 
 * These mighty walls shall scale and seize, 
 
 * You too shall share my victories ; 
 
 * You of the fort shall rulers be, 
 
 * And lords of many a bright rupee ; 610 
 
 * To Khundoji my written word 
 
 * I give to bind what ye have heard.' 
 
 The bargain struck, the chieftain went 
 To join his soldiers, well content. 
 Shelar to greet his nephew burn'd. 
 From doubtful journey safe return'd, 
 Before him ran, and thus he said, 
 
 * To Bahiroba^^ vows I paid, 
 
 * Twelve goats I swore to give if thou 
 
 * From Singhur safely cam'st as now ; 620 
 'My oath I must fulfil, I go.' 
 
 * My uncle Shelar, say not so ; 
 
 ' Be the fort ours, then I will bring 
 
 * Double thine oath for offering.' 
 
 * To leave unpaid my vow I fear, 
 
 ' Fierce is the God.' ' My uncle, hear, 
 
 C
 
 34 Ballads of the Marathas 
 
 ' Regard not Bahiroba, heav'n 
 
 ' Its mightier gods to us hath giv'n ; 
 
 ' Three times one hundred bend their will 
 
 * The raja's waterpots to fill ; 630 
 
 ' Eternal gold from heaven is his, 
 
 ^ Lord of the Konkan's destinies.' 
 
 He gave the word, and every man 
 
 March'd to the gate of Kallian, 
 
 There halted, while their leader made 
 
 His plans the wall to escalade. 
 
 No human foot might e'er avail 
 
 The smooth and lofty height to scale, 
 
 Nathless the crafty chieftain show'd 
 
 That Tanaji could find a road. 640 
 
 Coil'd in a box his lizard ^* lies, 
 
 Oft tried and prov'd in like emprise ; 
 
 The docile beast was brought, her head 
 
 Was deck'd with pearls and pigments red, 
 
 The chief before her bent and pray'd 
 
 Now as before to give him aid ; 
 
 A chain of iron strong was bound 
 
 And firmly clamp'd her midst around ; 
 
 Her master bade her mount, and she 
 
 His hest obey'd right dexterously. 650 
 
 Now half the height achiev'd, the beast 
 Turn'd, and her upward motion ceas'd ; 
 For she the coming fate foresaw, 
 And grief relax'd her iron claw. 
 But anger and amaze possess'd. 
 Soon as she paused, the chieftain's breast, 
 He shook his sword in frenzy wild, 
 And loud the shrinking beast revil'd.
 
 The Ballad of Tanaji Maloosre 35 
 
 ' What ! seven-and-twenty castles high, 
 
 ' Have we ascended, thou and I, 660 
 
 * And never hast thou fail'd me yet, 
 
 ' Dost now thy vigorous past forget ? 
 
 ' I fear not death, a chieftain good 
 
 ' Of proud and ancient Kshatri blood ; 
 
 ' Mount or I strike ; and thou shalt feel 
 
 ' Thy fate — to furnish forth a meal' 
 
 Her master's words she heard with fright, 
 
 Seven bounds she made, and gain'd the height ; 
 
 Deep fixing there her claws she lay ; 
 
 ' Go, Shelar, go, the rope essay,' 670 
 
 Tanaji bade ; his uncle tried, 
 
 Swinging his weight from side to side. 
 
 Firmly the rope stretch'd o'er his head ; 
 
 A blanket black the chieftain spread 
 
 Before his feet, and on it then 
 
 Twelve leaves he cast to try his men ; 
 
 ' Let him who dares yon path of dread, 
 
 * Lift up a betel-leaf,' he said : 
 
 ' If here a single Kshatri stand, 
 
 'Be his yon rope to take in hand.' 680 
 
 The challenge fear'd those warriors proud, 
 
 Abash'd, aghast, their heads they bow'd ; 
 
 The subhedar with scorn beheld 
 
 His bravest followers' courage qucll'd ; 
 
 ' Strip off your arms,' he cried, ' and twist 
 
 ' A woman's bangles round your wrist.' 
 
 Rage stirr'd their hearts like fiery wine, 
 
 Shouts Mohita — •' The task is mine ! ' 
 
 ' Nay, mine,' cries Dhag, ' the task to try ! ' 
 
 ' Mine,' Mahadik, Jadhao, Gaikwar cry. 690
 
 36 Ballads of the Marathas 
 
 Subhan leaps forward with the rest, 
 1 And all the army seems possest ; 
 
 They call to join their standards straight, 
 
 The clamours pierce the massive gate ; 
 
 High o'er the walls their shoutings roll, 
 
 Within the Mogul guard patrol, 
 
 They hear the tumult, and they shout 
 
 To Khundoji, 'What noise without?' 
 
 ' Possess yourselves in peace within,' 
 
 The naik cried, ' for all the din 700 
 
 ' Is but the startled cry of men 
 
 ' And women round a cattle pen. 
 
 * A tiger through the fence has crept, 
 '■■ ' And fiercely mid the cows has leapt, 
 
 * And cows and keepers o'er and o'er 
 
 * Are tumbled in the wild uproar.' 
 
 The guard pass'd on, the chieftain then 
 Chose from his soldiers fifty men ; 
 
 * Were Shiwaji, my monarch dear, 
 
 *■ Or Ambabai, my goddess, here, 710 
 
 * They should precede me ; ' thus he said, 
 Upon the rope his hand he laid. 
 
 And foremost climb'd ; behind their lord 
 , The fifty came, with each his sword 
 Gripp'd in his teeth ; the falchions bare 
 Gleam'd, and lit up the dark night air. 
 The tow'ring wall they mounted slow, 
 Dim wav'd the jungle far below. 
 But no man's hand or courage fail. 
 And soon the topmost stone they scale. 720 
 
 The host below no longer wait 
 Their leader's task to emulate.
 
 The Ballad of Tanaji Maloosre 37 
 
 Each rushes on inspir'd by hope 
 
 Before the rest to clutch the rope ; 
 
 Unheeding of its strength, they count 
 
 Score upon score at once to mount ; 
 
 Their ardour Sooryaba leads on, 
 
 ' Men ! follow where your sire has gone.' 
 
 But from the ground scarce twenty span 
 
 Had cHmb'd the eager foremost man, 730 
 
 When, with the crowd that following strain, 
 
 The rope o'erburden'd snapp'd in twain ; 
 
 In heaps on heaps the climbers fall. 
 
 Nor hope they now to scale the wall. 
 
 Above, slow roll the moments past, 
 The impatient chieftain spoke at last, 
 ' My uncle Shelar, go, I pray, 
 Why do the army thus delay ? ' 
 The anxious veteran sought the brink. 
 And felt his heart within him sink, 740 
 
 The broken rope swung light in air, 
 But where the aids they hoped for, where ? 
 Sadly he sought the chieftain's side, 
 ' Alas ! the rope is broke,' he cried ; 
 Tanaji felt the hand of death 
 Lie on his heart and stop his breath ; 
 ' No rope of coir alone is riven, 
 ' My thread of life is reft by heaven. 
 ' Uncle, my son ! ' his eye was dim, 
 'Tell him I pcrish'd blessing him.' 750 
 
 ' Yet hearken,' Shelar said, 'we are 
 ' But fifty men, my subhedar ; 
 ' With Udcbhan Sidi Bilal 
 ' And eighteen hundred Pathans tall,
 
 38 Ballads of the Mar at has 
 
 * Strong warriors every man, and she, 
 ' The elephant Chandrawah*, 
 
 * Are gather'd, how shall fifty men 
 
 ' Prevail against them ? let us then, 
 
 ' Attempt the backward path, descend 
 
 ' The way we came, — and there an end.' ' 760 
 
 ' O worthy uncle, true, we may 
 
 ' By flying save our lives to-day ! 
 
 ' But how shall I, whose worth as foe 
 
 ' So many captur'd castles know, 
 
 * For fear of death my sword lay by ? 
 ' Fame will be ours, — I will not fly,' 
 
 He rais'd his hands to heaven and pray'd 
 
 All goddesses to grant him aid ; 
 
 Ambabai heard from Pertapghur, 
 
 Wardani's heart his pleadings stir, 770 
 
 Satara's Mangalai, and she 
 
 Who reigns in Poona, Parwati, 
 
 Flew to his aid, and swift before 
 
 Bhowani rush'd from Tuljapore. 
 
 Around their necks the cowries hung, 
 
 Fiercely the skulls about them rung ; 
 
 They laid their hands on heart and head, 
 
 ' My Tanaji, be bold,' they said. 
 
 He felt the heav'nly impulse rise. 
 
 His muscles brace, and fire his eyes, 780 
 
 The past, the future, whelm'd alike 
 
 In one fierce wild desire to strike. 
 
 ' Hearken, my Shelar, where I stand 
 
 * The might of fifty nerves my hand ; 
 
 * And fifty men combin'd a blow 
 
 ' Must strike at once to lay me low.
 
 The Ballad of Tanaji Maloosre 39 
 
 * Forward, my men, like stream in spate ! ' 
 
 They follow fast and reach the gate ; 
 
 Now, through the wicket, hush'd their din, 
 
 The cautious chieftain peep'd within : 790 
 
 Arabs, and Moguls, Moslems all. 
 
 Upon their guard hold festival ; 
 
 With drunken glee they toss the dice, * 
 
 Careless and loud their orgies rise ; 
 
 Sudden amidst the feast they feel 
 
 And hear the edge and clash of steel ; 
 
 Madly on Alla's name they shout, 
 
 While showers of blood spirt all about. 
 
 Nor did their foemen cease to slay 
 
 Till every Moslem quiet lay. 800 
 
 Near was the day dawn, dark the sky, 
 
 When they the second gate drew nigh ; 
 
 Three hundred Pathans revel there 
 
 And shout their war-cries, void of care ; 
 
 ]^ut chang'd their notes, and quav'ring rung, 
 
 When Tanaji amidst them sprung. 
 
 As tigers quell a herd of deer, 
 
 His sword destroy'd them far and near ; 
 
 The gate was won, and forward sent. 
 
 Like shot from gun, the chieftain went ; 810 
 
 With all his men the next assail'd, 
 
 Destroy'd the gatewards, and prevail'd. 
 
 Nine hundred men beneath his sword 
 
 Had perish'd of Moslem horde, 
 
 Save one,^^ the crier, and he had fled 
 
 To call the captain from his bed, 
 
 His drunken bed of lust, where he 
 
 His wives had gathcr'd amorously. 
 
 There found he stretch'd his careless lord. 
 
 About were toss'd his clothes and sword ; 820
 
 40 Ballads of the Marat has 
 
 * Udebhan Mogul, master mine, 
 
 ' Forsake thy bed, and spill thy wine ; 
 ' Singhur is lost, the fort is ta'en, 
 ' Nine hundred of thy men lie slain ; 
 
 * The foe we know not, dark the night, 
 
 * But men they are of matchless might.' 
 'And what care I ! ' the Mogul said, 
 
 ' What foe shall scare me from my bed ? 
 
 ' Fellow, begone ; and for the fray 
 
 'The elephant caparison, say ; 830 
 
 * With drugs and opium drench her well, 
 ' And fit to face a fiend of hell, 
 
 ' Then bid them drive her swift and straight 
 
 * To battle at the Kallian gate.' 
 The order learnt, the mighty beast 
 With fiery drugs her keepers feast, 
 A howdah huge upon her back 
 Firmly to bind they are not slack, 
 A wrestler sturdy wields the goad, 
 
 And spurs her on her dangerous road. 840 
 
 Tanaji, where he last had fought. 
 
 For rest and food a respite sought, 
 
 His frame exhausted ask'd relief. 
 
 And crav'd the fragrant betel leaf. 
 
 But scarce had tasted, when the sight 
 
 Call'd him again to fiercer fight. 
 
 * Whose chieftain art thou ? tell me true ; 
 
 * And who my dauntless comrades slew?' 
 Thus cried the mahout. * Behold in me, 
 
 * A chief of raja Shiwaji, 850 
 
 * My name is Tanaji, and this 
 
 * The sword that rul'd their destinies.'
 
 The Ballad of Tanaji Maloosre 41 
 
 * Brave is thy vaunt/ the Moslem said, 
 
 * Methinks a blanket fits thy head, 
 
 * A ploughman's blanket, such as wore 
 ' Thy father and his sires of yore. 
 
 ' Boor, hasten hence, a woodman's axe, 
 
 ' Or rope, thy hand or waistband lacks ; 
 
 ' Off to the woods, thy fagot bind, 
 
 ' Across thy shoulders swing behind, 860 
 
 ' And seek the Bunya's shop, and there 
 
 ' Barter for maize, thy usual fare : 
 
 ' Feed hence thy household, and untie 
 
 ' That useless falchion from thy thigh.' 
 
 Quick to retort the words of scorn 
 
 Was Tanaji ; ' O fool forlorn, 
 
 ' O pedler's son, whose task it is 
 
 ' To hide thy sire's iniquities, 
 
 ' Haste to the field, and fill with flax, 
 
 ' Thy only wealth, thine ancient sacks ; 870 
 
 ' Thence purchase rice for one rupee, 
 
 ' The chaff and husk thy meal shall be, 
 
 'Thine and thy wife's, and she shall grind 
 
 ' And sell the grain to neighbours kind ; 
 
 ' Lay by thy sword, forsake thy chair, 
 
 * Unmeet for thee, who placed thee there ? ' 
 ' I greet thee, friend,' the wrestler cried, 
 'The imperial elephant I ride, 
 
 ' Beware us both.' The chieftain said, 
 
 'For Shiwaji I draw my blade ; 880 
 
 ' Advance, attack, we do not fear.' 
 
 * O daughter,' said the wrestler, ' hear ; 
 'Shall he — his mother be dcfil'd — 
 
 * Safely asperse thy mother's child ? ' 
 
 He wav'd his sword ; the monster dread 
 Smote at the chief's unguarded head ;
 
 42 Ballads of the Marat has 
 
 Such was the stroke for weight and strength, 
 
 A stone, three spans in depth and length, 
 
 Flew shatter'd, but the wary foe 
 
 Swift leap'd aside, and 'scaped the blow. 890 
 
 ' Again ! ' the wrestler laugh'd, ' 'twere well 
 
 *To sink him to the sevenfold hell.' 
 
 Now at his back the monster tried. 
 
 Once more the chieftain slipp'd aside. 
 
 The conflict warm'd his gallant blood, 
 
 He bounded high in angry mood, 
 
 ' I come,' he said, ' I come, beware,' 
 
 And wav'd his bloody sword in air, 
 
 Fix'd on the foe his eye of flame, 
 
 And furious to the combat came ; 900 
 
 As rais'd the beast her powerful trunk. 
 
 Cleaving it through the falchion sunk ; 
 
 Again it rose, again it fell. 
 
 Fresh streams of gore the carnage swell ; 
 
 The monster rock'd from side to side, 
 
 Sank on her knees and groan'd and died. 
 
 Hurl'd through the air like stone from sling, 
 
 The wrestler's boastful soul took wing ; 
 
 His fifty men with yell and shout. 
 
 Were scatter'd all in headlong rout 910 
 
 ' Strike at their rear ! ' old Shelar cried. 
 
 And smote them flying far and wide. 
 
 The crier once more to Udebhan, 
 
 Wing'd by his fears, for succour ran : 
 
 ' Singhur is lost, the fort is ta'en, 
 
 ' The elephant and wrestler slain, 
 
 ' Fly to the outworks, master mine, 
 
 * Thy couch abandon, spill thy wine,' 
 
 'No bandit foe,' the Mogul said, 
 
 ' Shall scare thy captain from his bed ; < 920
 
 The Ballad of Tanaji Maloosre 43 
 
 * Go to the Peera gate, and call 
 ' My officer Sidi Bilal ; 
 ' Bid him to arm, and hurry straight 
 ' To battle at the Kallian gate.' 
 
 With speed the mandate to obey. 
 
 The trembling crier took his way ; 
 
 The Sidi found, and in he thrust, 
 
 (Nine wives beside him serv'd his lust), 
 
 ' The foe are here, and scale our wall, 
 
 ' Forth to the gate and save us all, 930 
 
 ' So orders Udebhan,' he said. 
 
 Lightly the Sidi left his bed. 
 
 His pliant armour round him shook, 
 
 In either hand a sword he took, 
 
 His hapless wives before him drew. 
 
 And each with one fierce stroke he slew ; 
 
 With blood his brow, a hideous sight. 
 
 He dy'd, and foaming rush'd to fight. 
 
 ' I greet thee, brother, who art thou ? 
 
 ' Thy name, thy monarch, tell us now.' 940 
 
 Answer'd the chief, ' Behold in me 
 
 * A chief of raja Shiwaji, 
 'Tanaji subhedar my name.' 
 
 * Son of a clown unknown to fame,' 
 The Moslem cried, ' a turban place 
 
 * About thy neck, and kneel for grace.' 
 
 * Nay, thou,' so Tanaji replied, 
 
 * Beneath thy shoes thy visage hide ; 
 ' And 'twixt the teeth a straw is fit 
 
 ' For curs who arm but to submit. 950 
 
 \But if thou will'st to fight with words, 
 ' Here let us sheathe our useless swords ;"
 
 44 Ballads of the Marat has 
 
 ' If not, then let thy words be iow, 
 ' And show what Sidi arms can do.' 
 
 The Sidi leap'd, and whirl'd his blade, 
 
 And round the chief like lightning play'd ; 
 
 From right to left, from left to right, 
 
 Assay'd he every trick of fight ; 
 
 But Tanaji unmov'd withstood 
 
 His efforts, strive he as he would ; 960 
 
 * Beware,' said he, ' 'tis now for thee 
 ' My ardour in attack to see.' 
 
 Loud, high, and clear his war-cry rung, 
 Fast round his head his sword he swung, 
 Down like a bolt from heav'n it came. 
 And met the Sidi's shrinking frame. 
 His helmet first the impact felt, 
 The blow descended to his belt ; 
 Cleft to the waist he reel'd and fell. 
 
 * Alia,' he scream'd and sunk to hell. 970 
 Once more to summon Udebhan, 
 
 Appall'd and faint, the crier ran ; 
 
 ' Singhur is lost, the fort is ta'en, 
 
 ' Thy elephant and wrestler slain, 
 
 ' Thy officer Sidi Bilal, 
 
 ' Cleft to the waist I saw him fall, 
 
 ' Dreadful in death — ; O master mine, 
 
 ' Forsake thy wives, and spill thy wine.' 
 
 ' No bandit foe,' the Mogul said, 
 
 * Shall scare thy daptain from his bed. 980 
 
 * Fly to my water palace, fly, 
 
 ' Where hold my sons their revelry, 
 
 ' Command them arm, and hurry straight 
 
 ' To battle at the Kallian gate.'
 
 The Ballad of Tanaji Maloosre ,45 
 
 His twelve tall sons the message heard, 
 
 And arm'd them at their father's word ; 
 
 Their arms,^*^ the sacred five, they brac'd, 
 
 And o'er their helms the corpsehoods^'' plac'd, 
 
 A token true to one and all 
 
 They came to conquer or to fall ; 990 
 
 Spear, sword, and dagger seiz'd, and fleet 
 
 Rush'd forth the assailinsf foe to meet. 
 
 ■t> 
 
 * We greet thee, brother, who art thou ? 
 
 * Thy name, thy monarch, tell us now.' 
 Answer'd the chief, ' Behold in me 
 
 * A chief of raja Shiwaji, 
 'Tanaji subhedar my name; 
 
 ' To storm your fort I hither came ; 
 ' The Mogul's sons are ye, alike 
 
 * I greet you ; be it yours to strike.' 1000 
 At once began the unequal war, 
 
 All charge at once the subhedar ; 
 Unmov'd he stood, and on his mail 
 The sword and javelin play like hail. 
 ' O Ambabai ! ' he prayed, ' be thou 
 
 * Close by my side and aid me now.' 
 Full of the goddess, like a god 
 Tow'ring and high the sand he trod ; 
 To left and right, to right and left, 
 
 Through every foe his falchion cleft ; loio 
 
 All felt the edge, and every man 
 Died of the sons of Udebhan. 
 
 When all the twelve tall sons lay dead. 
 To warn their sire the crier fled ; 
 ' Singhur is lost, the fort is ta'en, 
 ' Thy sons are mingled with the slain,
 
 ^6 Ballads of the Marat has 
 
 * The stalwart slain who died before, 
 ' Nine hundred lying in their gore, 
 
 * Sidi Bilal, thy wrestler strong, 
 
 ' Thy elephant, all stretch'd along, 1020 
 
 ' All slain for thee, O master mine, 
 
 ' And thou liest drench'd in lust and wine ! ' 
 
 The message thrill'd the father's heart, 
 
 He leap'd from couch with sudden start ; 
 
 He bid the crier return, and tell 
 
 To Tanaji that all was well, ' 
 
 That Udebhan had fled away 
 
 To Poona, and resign'd the fray ; 
 
 That victory was his, and high 
 
 The raja's standard he might fly. 1030 
 
 The soothing words of falsehood sent, 
 
 To view his foe the Mogul went ; 
 
 He sought the spacious magazine 
 
 Which near the Peera gate is seen : 
 
 From thence loose cotton, many a bale, 
 
 And oil in many a cask and pail. 
 
 At his command the soldiers drew, 
 
 The oil upon the cotton threw. 
 
 And fir'd the mass ; the blazing light 
 
 Made all the scene of battle bright. 1040 
 
 With careful eye did Udebhan 
 
 Count o'er his foemen, man by man, 
 
 And when but fifty men he found. 
 
 His fingers tingled, on the ground 
 
 He stamp'd for ire ; ' The foe I see 
 
 ' Are but a bite for such as me.' 
 
 Exulting, to his armoury gone. 
 His garb of war he bade put on
 
 The Ballad of Tanaji Maloosre 47 
 
 A cuirass many a ser in weight, 
 
 Strong greaves and helm endued he straight ; 1050 
 
 Around his helm brocade he wreath'd ; 
 
 Body and legs in silk he sheath'd ; 
 
 With hooks of steel he arm'd his hand, 
 
 And issued forth his last command. 
 
 The fierce command which bid his wives, 
 
 Hapless and weak, lay down their lives ; 
 
 Before him each in order drew, 
 
 Each with a stroke their tyrant slew ; 
 
 A breeding heifer next he made 
 
 The victim of his impious blade, 1060 
 
 And sought the Peera mosque to burn 
 
 Incense to buy his safe return. 
 
 His prayers unholy all complete. 
 
 With mace and sword he march'd to meet 
 
 The foe, ordain'd by adverse fate. 
 
 Who waited at the Kallian gate. 
 
 Nine hundred men — of all his band 
 
 They that surviv'd — behind him stand. 
 
 ' I greet thee, brother, who art thou ? 
 
 ' Thy name, thy monarch tell me now.' 1070 
 
 Answcr'd the chief, ' Behold in me 
 
 ' A chief of raja Shiwaji, 
 
 ' Tanaji subhedar my name.' 
 
 * Good friend,' said Udebhan, ' I came 
 ' No strife to urge, for well I see 
 
 ' Thy king a warrior chose in thee, 
 
 * Worthy to grace a prince's side, 
 
 ' Worthy to be an emperor's pride. 
 
 ' Would that in thee a brother dear 
 
 ' I now might find to govern here ! 1080 
 
 ' None else should be my wazir, thou 
 
 ' A nobler rank shouldst have than now,
 
 48 Ballads of the Marathas 
 
 ' Captain of this imperial hold 
 
 * Thy coffers should run o'er with gold, 
 ' And all the joys of life be thine, 
 
 ' If, left thy raja, thou wert mine.' 
 
 * Nay, Mogul small and mean of fame, 
 
 ' Change rather thou thy master's name,' 
 
 Said Tanaji, ' Singhur resign, 
 
 ' And in my train as soldier shine, 1090 
 
 ' Visit with me the raja's court, 
 
 ' And hope to rule the royal fort.' 
 
 He saw the Mogul's anger rise. 
 
 Like lightning gleam his fire-red eyes. 
 
 And pray'd his goddess, ' Amba, hear, 
 
 ' Desert not now thy servant dear.' 
 
 Swift as she rush'd his foe to awe. 
 
 The slaughter'd cow the goddess saw, 
 
 She saw its life-blood gushing wide, 
 
 And turn'd her shudd'ring steps aside, iioo 
 
 She turn'd aside, and came not near, 
 
 Then first his spirit learn'd to fear ; 
 
 Headlong he rush'd and wildly leapt. 
 
 The Mogul stern his posture kept 
 
 Unmov'd, unwounded by the attack. 
 
 Till Tanaji at last fell back, 
 
 Spent, and exclaiming, ' Udebhan, 
 
 * 'Tis thine to try what Mogul can ; 
 
 * Uncle, farewell ; my fate I see, 
 
 ' The hour supreme hath come for me ; mo 
 
 ' Remember Raya's marriage, give 
 
 * The king my greeting, may he live, 
 
 * Long may he live when I am gone, 
 
 * Victorious ; Udebhan, come on.'
 
 The Ballad of Tanaji Maloosre 49 
 
 The Mogul came with furious leap, 
 
 Vast was his falchion's hissing sweep, 
 
 The fumes of wine within his veins 
 
 Blaz'd like a fire on sun-scorch'd plains ; 
 
 With giant force his sword descended, 
 
 Tanaji and his wars were ended ! 1 120 
 
 Through helm and head the weapon sped, 
 
 Alas ! and laid the hero dead ; 
 
 His turban cleft through every fold. 
 
 His gorgeous turban lac'd with gold, 
 
 Useless defence, behind him roll'd. 
 
 With sorrow melted, chill'd with fright. 
 
 His folk bewail'd the dreadful sight ; 
 
 ' Master ! who now shall save thy men 
 
 * Deserted in the tiger's den ? ' 
 
 Shelar upon his aged knee 1 130 
 
 The corpse supports, and scorns to flee. 
 
 But Udebhan exulting cries, 
 
 ' Seize, Pathans, seize and sacrifice 
 
 * These feeble folk, your vengeance sate, 
 ' And offer to the Kallian gate.' 
 
 Once more he rais'd his sword, while they 
 Calling on God in anguish lay ; 
 Glorying the Mogul turn'd away. 
 But ev'n in death, to meet his foes 
 The subhedar's brave spirit rose ; 1 140 
 
 It rose, it stirr'd, with sudden thrill 
 It fir'd old Shelar's feeble will. 
 It brac'd with youth his ancient hand. 
 He seized the hero's fallen brand, 
 ' Turn back,' he cried, * and face again 
 ' The sword of him whom thou hast slain ; 
 ' Not all Maharashtra with him died.' 
 The Mogul turn'd him in his pride ; 
 
 D
 
 50 Ballads of the Marat has 
 
 But scarce he heard the challenge stern, 
 
 Scarcely his eyes did backward turn, 1150 
 
 When Shelar, with a single blow, 
 
 Stretch'd him above his noble foe ; 
 
 The attack, the stroke, like lightning past, 
 
 One cry to Alia was his last. 
 
 Each captain thus was reft of life, 
 
 Their followers clos'd in vengeful strife ; 
 
 Pathans nine hundred, soldiers good, 
 
 Marathas fifty, peasants rude, 
 
 Alone their leader Shelar knew 
 
 The sword to wield, and they were {q.\\\ i 160 
 
 Soon of their number half lay dead, 
 
 ' Come, seize the rest,' the Pathans said, 
 
 ' Seize, and revenge our captain's fate 
 
 ' By slaying at the Kallian gate.' 
 
 The haughty summons Amba heard, 
 
 And felt with woe her bosom stirr'd ; 
 
 Like starven corpse her form she dress'd. 
 
 About was wound a tawny vest. 
 
 The cowries rattled on her breast, 
 
 And thus, the battle to restore, 11 70 
 
 She call'd to aid her heavenly lore. 
 
 Flew to the outer gate and bade 
 
 It ope, the stubborn wood obey'd ;- 
 
 She call'd the troops outside to aid ; 
 
 Thousands at once, with mighty din, 
 
 Shouting their war-cry pour within. 
 
 First Sooryaba his uncle hail'd. 
 
 ' Shelar, hath Tanaji prevail'd ? 
 
 ' Where is my brother ? ' Shelar thought, 
 
 ' Shall I bring all our strife to nought ? 1 180
 
 The Ballad of Tanaji JMaloosre 5 1 
 
 ' Shall I declare that he is dead, 
 
 ' He of the host the soul and head ? 
 
 ' Their souls will perish with him ; nay, 
 
 ' Deceit will be the better way. 
 
 ' Our chief within the upper court,' 
 
 He cried, 'hath seiz'd the inner fort ; 
 
 ' But hasten, at the Kallian gate 
 
 ' Your arms nine hundred Pathans wait, 
 
 ' Go forth and slay, and then pursue 
 
 ' The path your chief hath op'd for you.' 1 190 
 
 They heard, their war-cry thunder'd loud. 
 
 They charg'd in one resistless crowd ; 
 
 O'erwhelm'd, confus'd, and swept along 
 
 Like driftwood when a stream is strong, 
 
 The Pathans fell, were crush'd, and died, 
 
 And lost beneath the rushing tide. 
 
 On pour the host in conquering might, 
 
 Tear down the Mogul's ensign white. 
 
 And o'er the fortress of their foes, 
 
 Their monarch's orange standard rose. 1200 
 
 And now the cannons' thunder loud 
 
 Peal'd o'er the plain the conquest proud ; 
 
 Five times they spoke in flame and smoke. 
 
 And Rajghur's distant towers awoke ; 
 
 ' Singhur is ours,' proclaim'd the king. 
 
 And bid ten guns his answer ring. 
 
 Meanwhile old Shclar led the way 
 
 (No more would Sooryaba delay) 
 
 Where low on earth the hero lay. 
 
 From Sooryaba the sword he took ; 12 10 
 
 And bade him on his brother look ;
 
 Ballads of the Mar^athas 
 
 He raised the scarf all stain'd with red 
 
 Which hid from sight the gallant dead, 
 
 He look'd upon the face, and high 
 
 Rose on the air his wailing cry : 
 
 * O brother dear ! what father now 
 
 ' Can bless thy Raya's marriage-vow ? ' 
 
 Next from the gate the Kolis brave, 
 
 Who to the chief admittance gave, 
 
 Approach'd and cried, ' Who now will pay 1220 
 
 ' The price for which we gave him way ? ' 
 
 ' Brothers,' said Sooryaba, ' fear not, 
 
 ' Nor deem his death has chang'd your lot ; 
 
 ' I will redeem his vows ; I go, 
 
 ' And Shiwaji your worth shall know ; 
 
 ' And he shall grant before I sleep, 
 
 ' This fort to you to guard and keep.' 
 
 Spices were brought and perfumes fair, 
 
 The corpse, embalm'd with love and care, 
 
 Rais'd in a palki from the ground, 1230 
 
 With silken scarves was swath'd and bound, 
 
 Twelve soldiers strong the palki bore. 
 
 Trumpet and cymbal peal'd before. 
 
 Behind them came the gallant host 
 
 Who fought beneath the leader lost ; 
 
 With songs of triumph and of grief. 
 
 They march'd behind their silent chief, 
 
 And, mingling still the trump and drum, 
 
 To Rajghur's royal towers they come ; 
 
 A moment halt the fort below, 1240 
 
 Tanaji's signal horns they blow. 
 
 Then mount the steep, and pass the gate, 
 
 And enter with their mournful freight.
 
 The Ballad of Tanaji Maloosre 53 
 
 From far the mother Jeeja spied 
 
 The chief within his palki ride, 
 
 Nor rise, descend, or leave his seat, 
 
 The raja and the court to greet. 
 
 Should thus ev'n such a chief neglect 
 
 To pay his monarch due respect ? 
 
 She came with speed, the dead man saw, 1250 
 
 And sank o'erpower'd with grief and a^ve ; 
 
 The scarf remov'd, she saw his face, 
 
 ' No worthier chief of Kshatri race,' 
 
 'Twas thus she wail'd, 'e'er drew a sword 
 
 ' Before the armies of his lord. 
 
 ' Shiwaji, son and king, to-day 
 
 ' Thy goodliest limb is lopp'd away.' 
 
 Nor less the monarch to his chief 
 
 The tribute paid of royal grief 
 
 He bade take up the mournful load, 1260 
 
 With cover'd head he took the road : 
 
 With sound of trumpet and of drum, 
 
 To Oomrath's lowly walls they come. 
 
 His chieftain's children first to greet 
 
 The sorrowing monarch turn'd his feet. 
 
 The music Raya heard with glee, 
 
 ' My father has return'd,' said he ; 
 
 ' He comes my marriage to complete ; ' 
 
 With speed he ran his sire to greet. 
 
 And saw his sire ; 'Alas! alas! 1270 
 
 ' How shall my marriage come to pass ? 
 
 'Who now, O lord bclov'd, shall call 
 
 'The minstrels to the marriage hall ? ' 
 
 Silent no more the king might rest, 
 
 The child he gathcr'd to his breast;
 
 54 Ballads of the Mar at has 
 
 ' Oh cease thy tears, my son,' said he, 
 
 ' A father thou shalt find in me.' 
 
 For twelve slow days the rites resound 
 
 Of mourning through the country round, 
 
 Then, duly all fulfill'd, they cease, 1280 
 
 And sleeps the mighty dead in peace. 
 
 l^ut yet in Oomrath rested still, 
 
 His chief's last wishes to fulfil. 
 
 The grateful prince ; with anxious care. 
 
 He sought a noble maid and fair, 
 
 For Raya ; Darkar's line supplied 
 
 A damsel meet to be his bride. 
 
 Deck'd o'er with mango boughs, a hall 
 
 Rose richly for the festival ; 
 
 There, when the marriage-rites were done, 1290 
 
 The monarch call'd his chieftain's son, 
 
 And, seated there his throne before. 
 
 Gave all his sire had ask'd and more. 
 
 He granted all his father's fief, 
 
 Of fifty men he made him chief, 
 
 Donaj he gave for torch and oil, 
 
 A jaghir rich in trees and soil 
 
 For betel leaf, and gave beside 
 
 Maloosrya to feed his bride. 
 
 The raja summon'd then his train, 1300 
 
 With Rayaba return'd again 
 
 To Rajghur ; on his throne of state 
 
 Most like a conquering prince he sate, 
 
 And gave command, ' My page, array 
 
 ' Thy steed, to Poena haste away, 
 
 ' There, near the Mandai, seek and bring 
 
 ' Tulshidas^^ Shahir to the king.'
 
 The Ballad of Tanaji Maloosre 55 
 
 Puntoji swift his steed array'd, 
 
 With speed the royal hest obey'd, 
 
 Tulshidas Shahir found, and brought i 3 10 
 
 The poet to his prince's court ; 
 
 There to his tambourine and lyre 
 
 Sweetly he sang and did not tire ; 
 
 In Katibhanda rhythm pure, 
 
 The hero's feats shall long endure ; 
 
 With tears the raja lieard the bard, 
 
 And dower'd him with a rich reward. 
 
 And ye, Marathas brave ! give ear, 
 
 Tanaji's exploits crowd to hear. 
 
 Where from your whole dominion wide 1320 
 
 Shall such another be supplied ? 
 
 O'er seven and twenty castles high 
 
 His sword did wave victoriously. 
 
 The iron years are backward roll'd, 
 
 His fame restores the age of gold ; 
 
 Whene'er this song ye sing and hear, 
 
 Sins are forgiv'n, and heaven is near.
 
 Ill 
 
 SONPUT PANIPUT 
 
 [The Raja Shao was the son of Sambhajee Raja and grandson of 
 Shiwaji Raja. His real name was Shiwaji, but Aurangzib, in whose 
 court his boyhood was passed after his father's execution, gave him the 
 nickname of Sahoo, which, changing it to Shao, he retained for the rest 
 of his life. He was written of by the Enghsh as 'the Sow Roger.' 
 His reign was a long one, and saw the rise of the Peshwas to practical 
 supremacy. He died in 1750, Balaji Bajee Rao being then Peshwa. 
 The battle of Paniput was fought in 1761. The Marathas were com- 
 manded by the Peshwa's first cousin, Sadashivrao Chimnaji, commonly 
 called the Bhao Sahib, or the Bhao. This, like Bala Sahib, Nana Sahib, 
 Dada Sahib, is a respectful diminutive. They were opposed to the 
 Afghans under their king, Ahmed Shah Abdallee, who was invading 
 Northern India for the third time. The principal Maratha leaders 
 under the Bhao Sahib were Viswasrao, the Peshwa's son ; Shumsher 
 Bahadur, the Peshwa's half-brother ; Bulwantrao Gunput Mendlee' ; 
 Damaji Gaikwar ; Jankoji Sindia ; and Mulharrao Holkar. The 
 Marathas were, after a long and doubtful struggle, defeated with 
 immense loss. Viswasrao was killed in the battle. Jankoji Sindia was 
 wounded and taken, and murdered in cold blood by the conqueror. 
 Shumsher Bahadur was also wounded, but escaped, only to be massacred 
 by the peasantry. Damaji Gaikwar and Mulharrao Holkar were more 
 fortunate, and escaped altogether. Bulwantrao was killed in a skirmish 
 before the battle. The fate of the Bhao Sahib is not accurately known, 
 but no doubt he fell in the battle. The defeat was the most terrible one 
 which the Marathas ever suffered as an united nation, but the Afghan 
 losses were also immense, and after the battle Ahmed Shah Abdallee 
 retired to Afghanistan and never again interfered in Indian affairs.] 
 
 The Raja Shao was weary, 
 
 He sought his home of rest, 
 He call'd his chiefs around him, 
 
 And spoke his last behest ;
 
 SonpiU Paniput 57 
 
 To guard the realm he charg'd them, 
 
 Eight statesmen grave they were ; 
 The Peshwa stood among them, 
 
 And the noble Bhao was there. 
 He straightly charg'd the Peshwa, 
 
 And gave his royal seal, 10 
 
 ' Nana, with thee the power shall be 
 
 *To watch the common weal.' 
 Yet all the land was trembling, 
 
 And never a foe was seen ; 
 So far had flown Maratha wings 
 O'er cities and o'er thrones of kings, 
 
 So deep the fear and keen. 
 O lord of princely presence ! 
 
 Than our own life more dear, 
 Why hast thou left us } tell us why ; 20 
 
 Return, and bid thine anger fly, 
 
 O noble Bhao ! appear. 
 
 Like the noble Bhao ^ no hero 
 
 The ancient minstrels told ; 
 He broke the throne of silver. 
 
 Of diamonds and of gold. 
 And Viswasrao, he lodg'd him 
 
 Within the Mogul hall ; 
 The gods impell'd him onward. 
 
 And fate is lord of all. 30 
 
 The mints pour'd forth their mohurs. 
 
 Rupees in lacs appcar'd. 
 Each man recciv'd a portion, 
 
 And all the troops were cheer'd, 
 O lord of princely presence ! 
 
 Than our own life more dear, 
 Why hast thou left us } tell us why ;
 
 58 Ballads of the Maralhas 
 
 Return, and bid thine anger fly, 
 O noble Bhao ! appear. 
 
 The dying Shao foreheard it, 40 
 
 A mighty sound of fear, 
 Twelve years had reign'd the Peshwa, 
 
 And the coming woe was near. 
 Whence was the witch that brought it? 
 
 May the curse of God on high 
 Wither the hand and blast the land 
 
 That made Marathas fly. 
 Far, wide o'er all the Deccan 
 
 Went out the summons loud, 
 The yeomen and the nobles 50 
 
 Came gath'ring in a crowd ; 
 The Bhao gave forth his orders. 
 
 The kettledrums were strook, 
 The host roil'd on to Delhi, 
 
 And the Mogul throne they shook. 
 The Bhao drove in a warpost,"^ 
 
 He drove it strong and deep, 
 And many a bloody field he fought, 
 And many a deed of fame he wrought, 
 Oh ! be those fields as sacred thought 60 
 
 As Kashi, ye that weep ! 
 O lord of princely presence ! 
 
 Than our own life more dear. 
 Why hast thou left us ? tell us why ; 
 Return, and bid thine anger fly, 
 
 O noble Bhao ! appear. 
 
 Around the walls of Delhi 
 
 The battle first was join'd. 
 The archers went out foremost, 
 
 Mail'd warriors march'd behind. 70
 
 Sonpiit Paniput 59 
 
 The hostile troops were scatter'd 
 
 Like leaves the wind has spread, 
 The conquerors seiz'd on Kootub 
 
 And lopp'd his tow'ring head. 
 Men fear'd the Deccan hero, 
 
 And saw his lame increase ; 
 The Abdallee heard and trembled. 
 
 And humbly begg'd for peace. 
 O lord of princely presence ! 
 
 Than our own life more dear, 80 
 
 Why hast thou left us? tell us why ; 
 Return, and bid thine anger fly, 
 
 O noble Bhao ! appear. 
 
 For peace the weary foemen. 
 
 For peace their leader pray'd ; 
 Two crores of coined silver 
 
 Before the Bhao were laid. 
 But ruin dogg'd his footsteps. 
 
 His ears were deaf to prayer ; 
 ' Slaves,' said he, ' haste to fly my war, 90 
 
 ' Wait my approach in Kandahar, 
 
 ' And bring your offrings there.' 
 On the fertile banks of Jumna 
 
 He drove the warpost in, 
 Then did the deadly skirmish, 
 
 And duel fierce begin. 
 Where fought the mighty Pandus, 
 
 In ages long gone by. 
 The camp was pitch'd, and warriors vow'd. 
 With brandish'd sword and gesture proud, lOO 
 
 To slay the foe or die. 
 O lord of princely presence!
 
 6o Ballads of I he JMarathas 
 
 Than our own life more dear, 
 Why hast thou left us ? tell us why ; 
 Return, and bid thine anger fly, 
 
 O noble Bhao ! appear. 
 
 To guard the camp from danger, 
 
 And vex the frighten'd foe. 
 Wide round the swarming squadrons 
 
 The circling earthworks go. i lo 
 
 Deep was the moat around them, 
 
 And keen the eyes that scann'd 
 The slave-girl's 3 murd'rous progeny 
 
 Marauding through the land. 
 He sprang as springs the lion, 
 
 But like the deer he flew. 
 And twice the pangs of terror 
 
 The baffled Gilcha knew. 
 O lord of princely presence ! 
 
 Than our own life more dear, 120 
 
 Why hast thou left us ? tell us why ; 
 Return, and bid thine anger fly, 
 
 O noble Bhao ! appear. 
 
 The Bhao was pressed by famine, 
 
 The hour extreme was nigh, 
 The soldiers crowded round him, 
 
 And rais'd their voice on high ; 
 He ordered all things duly, 
 
 And nam'd the fatal day, 
 And fourscore thousand warriors 130 
 
 With joy his hest obey. 
 They shout his name with rapture. 
 
 And strike on all their drums 
 The rattling roll that stirs the soul 
 
 When the Bhugwa Zenda comes.^
 
 Sonput Paniput 6i 
 
 O lord of princely presence ! 
 
 Than our own life more dear, 
 Why hast thou left us ? tell us why ; 
 Return, and bid thine anger fly, 
 
 O noble Bhao ! appear. 140 
 
 Fierce was the hero's onset, 
 
 Then brave Bundela^ fell ; 
 Against the Bhao with all his force 
 The Gilcha urged two myriad horse, 
 
 They used their weapons well. 
 Bulwunt no more could bear the sight. 
 He burst into the thickest fight, 
 
 And battled hilt to hilt, 
 Unmark'd his leader's voice of might. 
 
 His gallant blood was spilt. 150 
 
 O lord of princely presence ! 
 
 Than our own life more dear, 
 Why hast thou left us ? tell us why ; 
 Return, and bid thine anger fly, 
 
 O noble Bhao ! appear. 
 
 But Viswasrao the hero, 
 
 Young hope of all the state, 
 His valour and his fortune, 
 
 Ah ! how shall bard relate ? 
 The whistling shot rain round him, 160 
 
 Whole armies fall in front, 
 Vainly the Gilcha leaders 
 
 In the midmost bear the brunt. 
 Vainly the Bhao would turn him 
 
 From the path of fear and pride, 
 The fatal bullet struck him, 
 
 ' Har ! Har ! ' ^ he call'd and died.
 
 62 Ballads of the Alarathas 
 
 O lord of princely presence ! 
 
 Than our own life more dear, 
 Why hast thou left us? tell us why ; 170 
 
 Return, and bid thine anger fly, 
 
 O noble Bhao ! appear. 
 
 Now mounted gallant Jankoji, 
 
 The chief of Sindia's name, 
 To save Maratha honour 
 
 With fiery speed he came ; 
 Loudly the Bhao besought him. 
 
 And his high heart was stirr'd, 
 As pealing o'er the tumult 
 
 His leader's voice he heard ; 180 
 
 But the Gilcha's steel wax'd stronger 
 
 With unrelenting sway, 
 And the heads of many a captain 
 
 To their king they bore away. 
 O lord of princely presence ! 
 
 Than our own life more dear. 
 Why hast thou left us ? tell us why ; 
 Return, and bid thine anger fly, 
 
 O noble Bhao ! appear. 
 
 Brave Sonji then and Manji, 190 
 
 In glittering armour bright, 
 Spurr'd on their foaming chargers 
 
 Amid the thickest fight ; 
 With Damaji the Gaikwar, 
 
 And Holkar strong of hand, 
 Round the corpse of fallen Tukoji 
 
 Like walls of fire they stand. 
 But the furious foe o'erflow'd them. 
 
 The trumpets wail retreat,
 
 So7ip7(f Paniput 6'i^ 
 
 Press'd on all sides, a nation reels, 200 
 
 The event the Almighty will reveals, 
 
 But who forctokl defeat? 
 O lord of princely presence ! 
 
 Than our own life more dear, 
 Why hast thou left us ? tell us why ; 
 Return, and bid thine anger fly, 
 
 O noble Bhao ! appear. 
 
 The Peshwa's glorious progeny, 
 
 A gem of lustre rare. 
 Brave Shumsher'' hears the drumbeat, 210 
 
 And does what man may dare. 
 With broadsword and with buckler. 
 
 He bears a squadron's force. 
 Rules the affray, and holds at bay 
 
 Full thirty Gilcha horse. 
 But his noble blood was streaming 
 
 From many a grievous wound, 
 Or e'er he reach'd the Bhao and sank 
 
 In death upon the ground. 
 O lord of princely presence ! 220 
 
 Than our own life more dear. 
 Why hast thou left us ? tell us wh}^ ; 
 Return, and bid thine anger fly, 
 
 O noble Bhao ! appear. 
 
 Full fiercely rag'd the battle, 
 
 Full fiercely and full long ; 
 To strike, be struck, to kill, and die, 
 
 The desperate soldiers throng ; 
 But the Gilchas wax'd more furious, 
 
 Theirs was the bloody day, 230 
 
 And the great host of Marathas 
 
 In rout was swept away ;
 
 64 Ballads of the Marat has 
 
 Or singly or in squadrons, 
 
 They turn, and fight, and fly ; 
 The palkis crowd, but the leader proud 
 
 On the field was left to die. 
 O lord of princely presence ! 
 
 Than our own life more dear, 
 Why hast thou left us ? tell us why ; 
 Return, and bid thine anger fly, 240 
 
 O noble Bhao ! appear. 
 
 ' Friends,' said the sad survivors, 
 
 And hush'd their tones in awe, 
 ' The noble Bhao and Jankoji 
 
 ' Is any man that saw ? 
 ' How far'd it with our leader ? 
 
 'The NanaS who shall tell 
 ' Whether he lives, or whether 
 
 ' On the ridge of fight he fell ? 
 * We saw him erst surrounded 250 
 
 ' By thirsty swords and keen, 
 ' And none was near to aid him, 
 
 ' But more we have not seen.' 
 O lord of princely presence ! 
 
 Than our own life more dear, 
 Why hast thou left us } tell us why ; 
 Return, and bid thine anger fly, 
 
 O noble Bhao ! appear. 
 
 They left him not who lov'd him, 
 
 But fighting round him died ; 260 
 
 While traitors, with their spoils secure. 
 
 Towards the Deccan ride. 
 May the curse of God o'ertake them, 
 
 With ruin, pain, and woe.
 
 Sonpid PaniptU 65 
 
 They filch'd from us the victory, 
 
 And gave it to the foe. 
 The hearts of all the Deccan 
 
 Turn'd where the warrior slept ; 
 'Mid young and old, and rich and poor, 
 
 Was not an eye but wept. 270 
 
 O lord of princely presence ! 
 
 Than our own life more dear. 
 Why hast thou left us ? tell us why ; 
 Return, and bid thine anger fly, 
 
 O noble Bhao ! appear. 
 
 The tidings reach'd the Nana, 
 
 He read the fatal scroll, 
 And fell as one death-stricken. 
 
 For anguish touch'd his soul. 
 ' The hand of God is o'er us, 280 
 
 ' Ruin assails the state ! ' 
 Loud wept the lady Gopika, 
 
 And mourn'd the awful fate. 
 The Nana turn'd him homeward, 
 
 From Oojein's shelter sweet. 
 And through his mourning squadrons 
 
 The kettles sound retreat. 
 O lord of princely presence ! 
 
 Than our own life more dear. 
 Why hast thou left us ? tell us why ; 290 
 
 Return, and bid thine anger fly, 
 
 O noble Bhao ! appear. 
 
 For the hero who had fall'n 
 
 The mourning days were kept, 
 The beasts of earth, the birds of heav'n, 
 
 All things created wept. 
 E
 
 66 Ballads of the Marat has 
 
 The parrot hush'd his joy-note, 
 
 The maina's song was marr'd, 
 And the ring-dove's mournful melody 
 
 Drew sorrow from the bard. 300 
 
 Where is the beauteous warrior 
 
 Who master'd every heart ? 
 An evil dream assail'd him, 
 
 And all our joys depart 
 The riches of the wealthy 
 
 Were melted into air ; 
 The shelves of the purveyors, 
 
 The bankers' bags were bare ; 
 The palace reel'd in tumult, 
 
 And Brahmans saw appear 310 
 
 On the brow of mighty Parwati 
 
 The dew of wrath and fear. 
 O lord of princely presence ! 
 
 Than our own life more dear, 
 Why hast thou left us ? tell us why ; 
 Return, and bid thine anger fly, 
 
 O noble Bhao ! appear. 
 
 Where art thou, O our hero ? 
 
 The darling of the state. 
 In whom the holy gods combin'd 320 
 
 All fortunes pure and great. 
 We cast the world behind us, 
 
 And seek the ascetic's cave, 
 For all its joys and pleasures 
 
 We choose a living grave. 
 If thou indeed hast left us ;^ 
 
 But if again we meet, 
 With what a rapturous heartburst 
 
 Thy presence shall we greet !
 
 Sonput Panipiit 6^ 
 
 ' Our conqu'ring powers are broken,' 330 
 
 Sings Mahdoo, bard sublime. 
 * O generous soul ! I truly wait,' 
 Says Rama Satwa, ' at thy gate, 
 
 * To learn thy lofty rhyme.' 
 O lord of princely presence 
 
 Than our own life more dear, 
 Why hast thou left us ? tell us why ; 
 Return, and bid thine anger fly 
 
 O noble Bhao ! appear.
 
 IV 
 
 THE BALLAD OF RAMABYE, WIFE OF 
 MADHOORAO THE ELDER 
 
 [Ramabye, the wife of Madhoorao I., generally known as Thorela or 
 the elder Madhoorao, immolated herself on her husband's funeral pyre. 
 The latter died of consumption at Theoor, 13 miles from Poona, in 
 November 1771.] 
 
 Hearken ! I sing the witness 
 
 Which former times afford, 
 How cherish'd patient Ramabye 
 
 Her god-descended lord, 
 And how the righteous Nana^ 
 
 The laws of heav'n ador'd. 
 
 Hearken ! the gods had bless'd him 
 
 With gems beyond compare, 
 Viswasrao, Madhoorao, and he — 
 Narayenrao — made up the three, 10 
 
 Who dree'd a direful destiny, 
 
 A cluster rich and rare ; 
 And 'twixt the younger two so strong 
 The love, their story might belong 
 To those two lords of ancient song. 
 
 Whom the same mother bare. 
 How was the double emerald spilt ? 
 I know not, nor can mortal wit 
 
 The secret dark declare. 
 Madhoorao on his throne of state, 20 
 
 A peaceful prince, in Poona sate ;
 
 The Ballad of Ramabye 69 
 
 No armies muster'd, but his hand 
 
 Unsworded stretched o'er all the land. 
 
 The foeman shrank before his fame, 
 
 Vast tribute to his treasury came ; 
 
 Surat, and Bassein's lofty wall 
 
 Beneath his lordly mandate fall ; 
 
 Kolaba seiz'd, before him flee 
 
 The banners of the Portuguee ; 
 
 The Angrias' sails were torn, and they, 30 
 
 The captive chiefs, in Poona lay ; 
 
 Madhoorao's fame transcends the stars. 
 
 They vainly gnaw their prison-bars. 
 
 Hearken ! I sing the witness 
 
 Which former times afford. 
 How cherish'd patient Ramabye 
 
 Her god-descended lord, 
 And how the righteous Nana 
 
 The laws of heav'n ador'd. 
 
 Deep as the ocean's depth profound, 40 
 
 Which shipman's plummet may not sound, 
 
 The prince's judgment pass'd the ken, 
 
 His deeds the power, of mortal men : 
 
 Skill'd leader of his horse was he ; 
 
 He march'd for Theoor merrily, 
 
 The rattling kettles clang'd with glee 
 
 Behind him and before. 
 In howdah ceil'd with royal state. 
 And fram'd with glittering glass, he sate ; 
 
 An elephant upbore 50 
 
 The stately load, and stepp'd along 
 Majestic through the armed throng, 
 While sounded shrill, and loud, and long, 
 
 The trumpet's deaf ning roar.
 
 70 Ballads of the Mar at has 
 
 Hearken ! I sing the witness 
 
 Which former times afford, 
 How cherish'd patient Ramabye 
 
 Her god-descended lord, 
 And how the righteous Nana 
 
 The laws of heav'n ador'd. 60 
 
 The prince from Poona with his spouse 
 
 To Theoor came to pay their vows : 
 
 Before the god Gunputti there 
 
 The lady promise plied, and prayer ; 
 
 The sacred image to enfold 
 
 She vow'd with pure and solid gold, 
 
 His coronet with gems should shine 
 
 A crest of gold should crown his shrine, 
 
 * If, heavenly lord, thou give 
 ' To me the bracelet dower,^ and deign 70 
 
 ' One year prolong my husband's reign, 
 
 ' But one year let him live.' 
 So pray'd she, and the turbans set 
 With work of gold, and gemm'd aigrette, 
 
 Or pearl or emerald plume 
 She offer'd, and with weeping eyes, 
 Implord the mercy of the skies, 
 
 To dissipate her gloom. 
 That night an answer came in sleep, 
 A dream disturb'd her slumber deep, 80 
 
 And Gunputti stood by : 
 * Not mine the power, or mine the deed 
 ' Thy husband's life to spare or speed, 
 
 ' On Shreeputti rely : 
 ' Count me but lord of Modaks,^ child : ' 
 The vision vanish'd as she smil'd, 
 
 And so the night went by.
 
 The Ballad of Ramabye 71 
 
 Hearken ! I sing the witness 
 
 Which former times afford, 
 How cherish'd patient Ramabye 96 
 
 Her god-descended lord, 
 And how the righteous Nana 
 
 The laws of heav'n ador'd. 
 
 Next day — that Wednesday dark and drear — 
 
 The lady left her anxious bed, 
 She sought her lord, his tent was near, 
 
 Alas ! her noble lord was dead ! 
 Yet never tear bedimm'd her eye. 
 The lovely lady Ramabye ; 
 
 With firm and rapid step she trod lOO 
 
 Her vow once more before the god, 
 
 Her latest vow to pay ; 
 Thorough the glowing gate of fire 
 That open'd from her husband's pyre, 
 
 To tread the darksome way. 
 Far through the land the rumour went 
 Of pious Ramabye's intent. 
 And east and west the call was sent, 
 
 And speeded south and north ; 
 With sacred basil* haste to deck IIO 
 
 Her friends their lady's graceful neck ; 
 Cast off the gauds of worldly pride, 
 Her final garb she bade provide, 
 
 For that dread journeying forth. 
 She yielded to Gopika's^ prayer, 
 Narayenrao to summon there, 
 Her husband's brother and his heir. 
 
 And Raghoba^ they call : 
 How youthful prince may best behave 
 She taught with many a precept grave ; 120
 
 T2. Ballads of the Marat has 
 
 And Raghoba with solemn word 
 
 She charg'd his nephew's throne to guard, 
 
 Word that should fruitless fall ! 
 Calmly she check'd the tears that fell, 
 Calmly she bade her last farewell ; 
 And while the assembled crowds proclaim 
 Their Madhoorao's beloved name, 
 And shout thro' heaven his glorious fame, 
 Calmly she went to meet the flame, 
 
 And bless'd them one and all. 130 
 
 Hearken ! I sing the witness 
 
 Which former times afford, 
 How cherish'd patient Ramabye 
 
 Her god-descended lord, 
 And how the righteous Nana 
 
 The laws of heav'n ador'd. 
 
 Thus Ramabye prepar'd to tread 
 The footsteps of her husband dead ; 
 In showers the leaves of gold were flung, 
 In every ear the drum-beat rung, 140 
 
 While all the air was dim and sweet 
 With spiced powders, as was meet. 
 And all the Peshwa's host array'd 
 The sad and solemn scene survey'd. 
 On Moola's bank the lady stood. 
 High by the pyre, absorb'd of mood ; 
 Worshipp'd the gourds, on Kashi's shore 
 With Gunga's sacred stream brimm'd o'er. 
 Then, while all people held their breath. 
 She mounted on the stone of death,'' 150 
 
 And clapp'd her hands : the signal giv'n, 
 Fierce rush'd the roaring fire to heav'n. 
 And forth her spirit soar'd ;
 
 The Ballad of Ramabye j^ 
 
 In Indra's ark divine upheld — 
 Such boon her piety compell'd — 
 Like Sulochana,^ side by side 
 She grac'd the heav'nly portals wide 
 With her beloved lord.
 
 V 
 THE DEATH OF NARAYENRAO PESHWA 
 
 [Balajee Bajeerao Peshwa (the Nana Sahib) had three sons. The 
 eldest, Viswasrao, fell at Paniput. The second, Madhoorao, succeeded 
 him, but died of consumption at Theoor in 1771 {vide Ballad IV. on the 
 Suttee of Ramabye). He was succeeded by his brother Narayenrao, 
 who was murdered the year after his accession. There is no positive 
 proof that his uncle, Ragoonathrao or Raghoba, was accessory to the 
 crime, though he was and is generally suspected of having been so. It 
 is nearly certain that his infamous wife, Anundi Bai, was the instigator 
 of it. Narayenrao was only 18 when he was assassinated.] 
 
 Ere Madhoorao the throne forsook, 
 
 And ere his thread was riv'n, 
 What princely eye his glance could brook ? 
 
 How tower'd his might to heav'n ! 
 But what avail'd the tribute sent 
 
 From Delhi's marble towers ? 
 The moment came, his thread was rent, 
 
 To Dada ^ fell his powers. 
 When on the fatal bed he lay, 
 
 ' Narayenrao, my hest obey, 10 
 
 ' With kind and kinglike eye survey 
 
 ' The guardian that I give ; 
 ' His heart be thine; and, Dada, thou 
 * With loyal hand and open brow, 
 ' Protect him, watch him, then as now.' 
 
 He said and ceas'd to live. 
 The light that o'er the Deccan shone 
 
 Is quench'd in showers of gore. 
 The glorious gem we gaz'd upon 
 
 Vanish'd for evermore. 20
 
 The Death of Narayenrao Peshzva 75 
 
 Fraudful the heart, unleal the sword 
 That fell on thee, our murder'd lord. 
 
 When all the mourning rites were done. 
 
 The prince and guardian sought the throne, 
 
 Which, in Satara's fortress high. 
 
 The monarch of a race gone by, 
 
 Fill'd by an empty pageantry ; 
 
 By him the robes and seal bestow'd, 
 
 The Peshwa trod the homeward road ; 
 
 Loud beat the drums ; he went to lave 30 
 
 His soul in Nassick's sacred wave ; 
 
 But thence, to Poona's halls return'd. 
 
 With jealous fears his bosom burn'd. 
 
 On Dada fix'd a watchful eye, 
 
 And lent his ear to whisp'ring spy ; 
 
 Fast mov'd the scouts, and false surmise 
 
 Wove round the prince its web of lies. 
 
 Yet not the less that prince could feel. 
 
 And labour for his people's weal ; 
 
 A bridge o'erleap'd the Moota wide, 40 
 
 And crowded folk had room to stride ; 
 
 In branching pipes the water clear 
 
 Obey'd the busy engineer ; 
 
 That Poona might be safe from foes, 
 
 He bid encircling walls enclose 
 
 Her bounds, but ere their strength arose, 
 
 The light that o'er the Deccan shone 
 
 Was quench'd in showers of gore. 
 The glorious gem we gazed upon 
 
 Vanish'd for evermore ; 50 
 
 Fraudful the heart, unleal the sword 
 That fell on thee, our murder'd lord.
 
 "]() Ballads of the Mar at has 
 
 Three hours had pass'd since Monday noon, 
 The month was Bhadrapad, the moon 
 For thirteen days had wax'd and shone,^ 
 
 When Summer Sing, the guard, 
 With sword unsheath'd, and kutar wide, 
 And faithful Mahmood by his side, 
 
 The palace gate unbarr'd. 
 To take his lord's commands, he swore, 60 
 
 Therefore his arms of state he wore ; 
 But loud the warning cry of fear 
 Smote on the sleeping Peshwa's ear, 
 
 He started from his bed ; 
 Distracted, through his halls he ran. 
 Nor help, nor succour found from man. 
 
 And last to Dada fled. 
 The light that o'er the Deccan shone 
 
 Is quench'd in showers of gore, 
 The glorious gem we gaz'd upon 70 
 
 Vanish'd for evermore ; 
 Fraudful the heart, unleal the sword 
 That fell on thee, our murder'd lord. 
 
 When fled the Rao with paces fleet. 
 Guard Summer Sing his flying feet. 
 
 With other soldiers, trac'd ; 
 And loudly all the passers-by, 
 Who saw their lord and Peshwa fly. 
 
 The traitorous quest embrac'd ; 
 What while the Rao, with fingers claspt, 80 
 
 Dada implor'd, ' Forget the past, 
 ' Awake not wrath, protect me now, 
 ' Grant me my life ; ' and deign'd to bow 
 
 On Dada's breast his head. 
 Dada stretch'd forth a saving hand.
 
 The Death of Narayenrao Peshwa yy 
 
 He felt the force of nature's band, 
 Awhile relax'd his dark command, 
 
 And, ' Spare the child,' he said. 
 The light that o'er the Deccan shone 
 
 Is quench'd in showers of gore, 90 
 
 The glorious gem we gaz'd upon 
 
 Vanish'd for evermore ; 
 Fraudful the heart, unleal the sword 
 That fell on thee, our murder'd lord. 
 
 Said Summer Sing, * Dost thou protect? 
 
 ' Forgetfulness is hard ; reflect ; 
 
 ' As in an oil-press crush'd the seed, 
 
 ' Our lives and thine are lost indeed ; 
 
 ' Dost now desire thy life should end ? ' 
 
 Thus too spoke Toolaji, his friend. 100 
 
 Dada remov'd his hand, and smote 
 
 The shoulder cow'ring near his throat. 
 
 The fatal sign was won ; 
 One stroke suffic'd, his throne was bought, 
 The drum proclaim'd the murder wrought. 
 
 And Dada's reign begun ; 
 What hope or help ? None else was there 
 To be the slaughter'd Peshwa's heir. 
 And she who plann'd the project base. 
 Her stealthy step was near the place ; 1 10 
 
 Oh ! whence should vengeance fall ? 
 For that which was ordain'd to be, 
 Who could resist it, he or she? 
 
 For fate is lord of all. 
 The light that o'er the Deccan shone 
 
 Is quench'd in showers of gore. 
 The glorious gem we gaz'd upon 
 
 Vanish'd for evermore ;
 
 "j^) Ballads of the Marathas 
 
 Fraudful the heart, unleal the sword 
 
 That fell on thee, our murder'd lord. 120 
 
 Yet think not all the menial horde 
 Like these were traitors to their lord. 
 Brave Chapaji the spot had gain'd, 
 His arms his falling lord sustain'd, 
 
 A worthy servant he ; 
 The naik too strove, and fought, and died, 
 Visram fell wounded by his side ; 
 
 Praise to the faithful three ! 
 Vainly they fell around their chief ; 
 Who could assuage his widow's grief? 130 
 
 Young Gungabai uprais'd her song. 
 Her sobs the mournful notes prolong : 
 ' O royal gem ! whose keepers vile 
 ' Have dimm'd thy glorious fire by guile ; 
 ' O princeliest monarch of the stall ! 
 ' Whose cruel dam has wrought thy fall ; 
 ' Narayenrao is gone ! the power 
 
 * And pomp of thrones were his an hour. 
 
 * The battle-steed of paces proud, 
 
 ' The palki 'mid the adoring crowd, 140 
 
 ' The wealthy hall, the armed host, 
 
 'All seen, desir'd, and touch'd, and lost ! ' 
 
 No more ; the royal blood was spilt, 
 
 A mighty funeral pile was built 
 
 Of timber massive, firm, and straight, 
 
 A candy of Bombay its weight ; 
 
 Of sandalwood eight maunds they bring, 
 
 The scent shall soothe the murder'd king ; 
 
 The wood is heap'd, the fire applied, 
 
 Narayenrao has lived and died. 1 50
 
 The Death of Narayenrao Peshwa 79 
 
 The light that o'er the Deccan shone 
 
 Is quench'd in showers of gore, 
 The glorious gem we gaz'd upon 
 
 Vanished for evermore ; 
 Fraudful the heart, unleal the sword 
 That fell on thee, our murder'd lord. 
 
 Dupe to a woman's impulse fine, 
 
 Dada ! the kingdom now was thine. 
 
 Treason and falsehood walk'd abroad. 
 
 Not Kashi harbours mightier fraud. 160 
 
 The royal robes and seal to bring 
 
 Went Amrit herald to the king ; 
 
 With him the Brahman, priest and saint, 
 
 Preach'd Dada's right, and check'd complaint : 
 
 ' Shiwa the prince to power hath led, 
 
 * And pour'd his blessings on his head ; 
 ' Mighty the worship Dada wins, 
 
 * The reign of righteousness begins 
 
 ' By Shiwa's power, and every breast 
 
 * With holy awe is now possest. 170 
 ' The standard of his might unfurl'd 
 
 * Shall float for ever o'er the world,' 
 
 Thus far the bard Makanda sings 
 The glories and the crimes of kings, 
 And prays that Dada's kingdom may 
 Prevail till all has past away. 
 The light that o'er the Deccan shone 
 
 Is quench'd in showers of gore. 
 The glorious gem we gaz'd upon 
 
 Vanish'd for evermore ; 180 
 
 Fraudful the heart, unleal the sword 
 That fell on thee, our murder'd lord.
 
 VI 
 THE BATTLE OF KHARDA 
 
 [The battle of Kharda, often wrongly called Kurdla, was fought on 
 nth March 1795 between the Nizam and the Marathas. Kharda is in 
 the Ahmednagar district, on the borders of ' the Mogulai,'— that is, the 
 Nizam's territory. The forces on both sides were very great, and the 
 defeat of Nizam Ali was complete, but not more than 200 men fell in 
 the battle on both sides. This was the last occasion on which all the 
 chiefs of the Maratha nation assembled under the Peshwa. The real 
 head of affairs at this time was Nana Furnavis. The Peshwa Madhoo- 
 rao II. was young and in subjection. The Maratha commander on the 
 field of battle was Pareshram Bhao. The young Peshwa, being asked 
 after the battle why he looked sad, replied, ' I grieve to observe such 
 ' degeneracy as there must be on both sides, when such a disgraceful 
 ' submission has been made by the Moguls, and our soldiers are vaunting 
 ' of a victory obtained without an effort.' But Grant Duff adds that 
 in his time one of the great boasts of the old Silladars in the Maratha 
 villages was that they were present at \h^ glorious field of Kharda !'\ 
 
 O Nizam Alt ! curst by fate, 
 Why do the royal riders wait, 
 With harness'd camels, at thy gate ? 
 Why do thy councillors of state 
 
 From secret council rise, 
 And ply their pens thy hest to write 
 To every Soobha : ' Arm for fight, 
 ' Haste to collect your utmost might,' 
 
 Shall Poona be thy prize ? 
 
 Through all his wide dominions cease 10 
 
 The voices and pursuits of peace ;
 
 The Battle of Khar da %i 
 
 At Poona aim'd, the countless tramp 
 Of warriors crowd to Beder's camp, 
 
 Where, many a mile in length, 
 Mooltani tents in goodly show, 
 And mighty ordnance, row on row, 
 
 Display the Nizam's strength. 
 By God and by his Prophet swore 
 
 The Nizam, o'er the Deccan fair 
 That Hindu prince should rule no more, 20 
 
 Or Hindu lances shine in air; 
 And therefore, gath'ring foot and horse, 
 Forth launch'd he all his kingdom's force, 
 And, therefore, fir'd with ardour strong, 
 By march on march they roll'd along, 
 Nor blood, nor threat, nor promise spar'd 
 To rush on Poona unprepar'd. 
 
 Vain was the dream ! for wide and far 
 
 Flew rumours of the impending war. 
 
 And day by day the breathless post 30 
 
 The numbers of the Mogul host, 
 
 The marches made, the rivers crost, 
 
 To watchful Nana ^ told ; 
 And no disorder'd hurry vex'd, 
 Or ignorance, or fear perplex'd 
 
 The Brahmans sage and bold. 
 By Shreemunt's ^ will they nightly sate 
 Each liegeman's duty to debate. 
 And gave the banner of the state 
 
 To Haripunt to hold, 40 
 
 And first the bodyguard they chose, 
 Men who had never flinch'd from foes, 
 F
 
 82 Ballads of the Marat has 
 
 Marathas all, and Vishwas brave, 
 
 And Pureshram his sword 
 Seiz'd, eager for the fight, and gave 
 
 His homage to his lord. 
 Poorundaray and Rastay came, 
 Dhanderay, Pansay, chiefs of fame ; 
 The plain before the walls was white 
 When all their tents were spread to sight ; 50 
 Their vassals throng'd each chief's durbar, 
 But others led them back from war. 
 
 The Mankurees,^ with Daphalay, 
 Rao Rambha, Sardas Panduray, 
 Jadhow, Chowan, and Ghorepaday, 
 
 And Ghatgay, and their men. 
 The Gaikwar, lover of the field, 
 Wasoday, skill'd the bow to wield, 
 To meet the Mogul, rank on rank, 
 Their followers rang'd on either flank, 60 
 
 Beneath their prince's ken. 
 There many a Moslem, side by side 
 With stout Marathas, might be spied ; 
 P'ull thirty thousand Pathans strong. 
 With keen-edg'd sabres, march'd along, 
 Arabs and Seedees swell'd the throng 
 
 Of foot that went to fight. 
 Before them league on league sped out 
 From fiery Scindia many a scout, 
 
 Pindharees swift and light, 70 
 
 Rockets and arrows, shell and ball. 
 Came from the Peshwa's arsenal, 
 And well-fed camels, many a score. 
 To battle these munitions bore.
 
 The Battle of Khar da 8 
 
 o 
 
 Through all the land the terror spread, 
 
 The terror of the Mogul force, 
 From home the startled peasants fled 
 
 For refuge to the Peshwa's horse. 
 Two and fifty squadrons stood 
 To guard the prince from wounds and blood. 80 
 Seven hundred guns 'neath Scindia strong 
 Like rattling thunder roll'd along, 
 Pindharees dreadful to the foe 
 With Holkar came, and many a bow 
 
 With Bhonslay from Nagpore ; 
 And countless noble chieftains came ; 
 How shall I sing each warrior's name ? 
 Great in their valour and their fame, 
 
 But Scindia went before, 
 Doulutrao Scindia led the van, 90 
 
 With Jiwaba the artilleryman. 
 And, chief and leader, Shreemunt sway'd, 
 Him all the mighty hosts obey'd, 
 
 Three lakhs they were and more. 
 
 To Raja Shao the glory be, 
 
 Who gave the power to Balajee, 
 
 First of the noble Peshwas he ; 
 
 His spirit all the army fir'd. 
 
 And Nana's cunning breast inspir'd. 
 
 Like heroes who, in days of old, 100 
 
 Follow'd the great Kshatriya kings, 
 The ninety-six by minstrels told, 
 
 In songs that sing of ancient things, 
 Who bore the flag of red and white 
 Before them as they went to fight, 
 The host, far winding o'er the plain, 
 Recall'd those mighty days again.
 
 34 Ballads of the Marat has 
 
 The army halts, the envoys go 
 
 With Nana's message to the foe. 
 
 Swiftly, the camp and prince to guard, 1 10 
 
 Long lines of cannon stand prepar'd, 
 
 In battle's shock to watch and ward 
 
 And save the prince from harm, 
 Was charge to Pureshram assign'd. 
 Kindled the ardour of his mind. 
 
 And brac'd his stalwart arm. 
 For ^ Savai Madhoorao till then 
 Had seen no strife of armed men, 
 
 And now 'twas his to win 
 On fame's steep height the earliest stone, 120 
 And honour for his honour'd throne, 
 
 In noble battle-din. 
 While doubtful omens seem'd to lower, 
 And frown upon the fateful hour, 
 And warriors fierce to Vithul pray'd, 
 And Haridev, with heavenly aid. 
 Their fortune and their prince to speed. 
 Noble should be the conqueror's meed, 
 And high the dower of gallant deed. 
 
 Meantime no pause the Mogul knew, 130 
 
 But nearer still his army drew, 
 
 His camp beneath Purada lay. 
 
 The attack was fix'd for break of day. 
 
 When either host drew out. 
 Three hours ere noon in shock of strife, 
 The foemen met for death and life. 
 
 With myriad yell and shout. 
 The Pathans led the first attack, 
 The ardent Moguls drove them back ;
 
 The Battle of KJiarda 85 
 
 Sore wounded, scarce withdrew 140 
 
 Their leaders from the bloody fra}% 
 Pureshrambhao, and Phadakay, 
 
 And Appa Bulwant too. 
 A messenger on camel fleet 
 The Peshwa warn'd of dire defeat, 
 And terror spread ; but Nana bold 
 The quaking souls around controll'd. 
 His calm commands the chieftains heard, 
 And rallied at his wakening word ; 
 ' Doulutrao Scindia, march with speed,' 150 
 
 So order'd Nana; ' Bhonslay, go, 
 * Lightly thy Nagpore bowmen lead, 
 
 ' With noble Holkar, towards the foe.' 
 
 To check the foe they swiftly went, 
 
 A shower of shafts before them sent ; 
 
 The Peshwa bade his guardsmen mount, 
 
 Two-and-fifty troops by count ; 
 
 Next the Pindharees, swift and light. 
 
 Were muster'd to sustain the fight ; 
 
 They scent the prey and joyous come, 160 
 
 Incessant rolls their kettledrum ; 
 
 Command and threat and loud appeal 
 
 Rallied the host to meet their foes, 
 Edg'd the Marathas' failing steel ; 
 
 And fiercelier still the combat rose. 
 
 A soldier's glance around him threw 
 
 Jiwaba, and the juncture knew. 
 
 tn flame and smoke his cannon woke, 
 
 And ruin to the Moguls spoke ; 
 
 On both his shelter'd flanks advanc'd, 170 
 
 His musketeers' quick flashes glanc'd ;
 
 86 Ballads of the Marat has 
 
 The Bhonslay's arrows flew like hail, 
 
 His rockets hiss'd like serpents dire, ' 
 Melted the Moguls' fence of mail, 
 
 And all their host was wrapp'd with fire ; 
 The Nizam shook with fear and ire, 
 With fury and dismay, 
 As, driv'n against his wav'ring force. 
 The batt'ring shock of charging horse 
 
 Swept his loose lines away. i8o 
 
 No longer on the bloody plain 
 Might the Nizam the fight sustain ; 
 He gave his steed the scourge and rein, 
 
 And bade his host retreat ; 
 But no relief in flight they found, 
 Helpless, confus'd, they yielded ground, 
 The fierce Pindharees gallop'd round 
 With lances red ; and bated not 
 The scathing storm of shaft and shot 
 
 Like fiery rain to beat. 190 
 
 They fled, their camp deserted lay, 
 Treasure and baggage cast away 
 
 The plunderers did greet : 
 In headlong terror swept along. 
 At last in Kharda's fortress strong 
 
 Halted their flying feet. 
 
 Sweet the relief, but short the rest 
 
 Within its succouring walls they found, 
 
 Jiwaba's guns the fort invest. 
 
 And Bhonslay's archers scour the ground ; 200 
 
 And east, and west, and south, and north, 
 
 To watch the Moguls' sallying forth,
 
 The Battle of Kharda 87 
 
 They circle round and round. 
 Their general's orders bid them strive 
 To seize the great Nizam alive, 
 
 But not to slay or wound. 
 
 From Nana swift the orders go 
 
 To straiten the beleaguer'd foe ; 
 
 To cut the stream that should supply 
 
 Water for his necessity, 210 
 
 To watch the passes toward the plain, 
 
 And seize each bullock-load of grain. 
 
 The injunction all the host obeys ; 
 
 He warms their hearts with words of praise ; 
 
 'The hero great, beneath your hand 
 
 ' Who cowers upon the redden'd sand, 
 
 ' The gods and fate have giv'n 
 ' As prisoner to your prince's lance ; 
 ' Be bold, be wary, conquer chance, 
 ' Sharpen your swords, your posts advance, 220 
 
 ' And rest for aid on Heav'n.' 
 The words like brazen clarion rung. 
 And each Maratha's heart was strung. 
 
 And brighten'd every eye ; 
 And deeply all the soldiers swore 
 To quell and crush the Mogul power, 
 
 Or on that spot to die. 
 
 All round the fort the iron line 
 
 Was drawn, the Mogul to confine ; 
 
 The iron line of sword and spear, 230 
 
 Of cannon, gun, and bow ; 
 And thirst and hunger add to fear, 
 
 And weary out the foe ;
 
 88 Ballads of the Marat has 
 
 For fell starvation soon began 
 
 To sap the strength of beast and man ; 
 
 Camel, horse, soldier, side by side, 
 
 By thousands they fell down and died ; 
 
 ' Peace ! peace ! ' was all the cry. 
 To Nana fast the heralds ride, 
 The terms of treaty to decide, 240 
 
 And grant his victory. 
 
 Short the debate ; the treaty made, 
 
 The conqueror's wasting hand was stay'd, 
 
 Mushrum Moolmoolukha ^ was sent 
 
 As hostage to the Peshwa's tent. 
 
 From fort and palace all his power 
 
 Nana withdrew the self-same hour ; 
 
 And forth the Moguls came, and fast 
 
 Helm, shield, and arms away they cast ; 
 
 The Nizam following in their train, 250 
 
 They fled to Beder's camp again ; 
 
 Nor dar'd they stop, nor might he sta}-, 
 
 Till safe within its walls they lay ; 
 
 Nor seek they Poona now, nor boast 
 
 Of victories o'er the Peshwa's host. 
 
 Such hopes lie slain on Kharda's plain. 
 
 Where all their power was tried in vain. 
 
 Glory around the Peshwa's throne, 
 Caught from the scene of victory, shone ; 
 
 And many a gallant sword 260 
 
 Drew fresh renown from Kharda's field. 
 But all to Nana's wisdom yield. 
 
 And own him prowest lord. 
 With pomp of cymbal, pipe, and drum. 
 To Poona back the conquerors come ;
 
 The Battle of Kharda 89 
 
 The giant kettledrums they pound, 
 
 And shake beneath the thunderous sound 
 
 The elephants that bear ; 
 While high the royal standard shines, 
 Advanc'd before the shouting lines, 270 
 
 And trembles all the air. 
 The chiefs before the Peshwa go 
 Greeting to pay, and homage low ; 
 Nor fails he guerdon to bestow, 
 
 Or robe of honour fair. 
 His soldiers cover'd all the land, 
 As locusts countless, but his hand 
 
 Was liberal to all : 
 The poor made rich, the debtors freed. 
 The vows they made in time of need 280 
 
 Paid to the gods who made them speed 
 
 At Shimga festival. 
 
 For victory to Hari pray'd 
 Chimunrao Raghunath, and made 
 
 This song when victory came. 
 The Peshwa laid the Nizam low 
 Beneath him, and the dreadful blow 
 
 Patunday gave to flame. 
 Khundoo P'akeer the song doth sing, 
 
 The Gondhalees are there ; 290 
 
 Ranoo — Guddaji — lead the ring 
 
 In front, the wandering pair ; 
 Fullnath Gosavi beats the drum, 
 And such the lovely notes that come, 
 The sweetest songsters linger round. 
 Nor dare approach the charmed ground.
 
 VII 
 
 GUNGADHUR SHASTRI AND THE BATTLE 
 
 OF KIRKEE 
 
 [The last of the Peshwas, Bajeerao, the posthumous son of the mur- 
 dered Narayenrao, had for his confidant a rascal named Trimbukji 
 Danglia, who in 1815 procured the assassination of Gungadhur Shastri, 
 the envoy of the Gaikwar, whose safety had been guaranteed by the 
 British Government. The latter demanded and obtained the surrender 
 to them of Trimbukji, who was confined in the fort of Thana, from 
 which he escaped in September 18 16. After long and troublesome 
 negotiations, the Resident at Poona, Mr. Mountstuart Elphinstone, 
 demanded the surrender of Trimbukji, and the immediate delivery of 
 the forts of Singhur, Raighur, and Poorundhur. They were delivered 
 up, but subsequently restored. For some months the Peshwa actively 
 pushed his schemes against the British, and the wish of the latter that 
 he should join in the operations then going on against the Pindharees 
 afforded him an excellent excuse for increasing the forces under his 
 general, Bapoo Gokla. On ist November the European regiment, the 
 ' Old Toughs,' now known as the 103rd of the line,* having joined, 
 Mr. Elphinstone moved all the troops at his command to Kirkee, three 
 or four miles from Poona, and on the other side of the rivers Moota 
 and Moola, which unite at Poona. On 5th November the battle of 
 Kirkee was fought, and, in spite of its preponderance of force, the 
 Peshwa's army was utterly routed. Colonel Burr, though suffering 
 under an incurable malady, commanded the British forces with 'his 
 wonted coolness and firmness' (Grant Duff). The historian. Major 
 Grant Duff, who was then an assistant to Mr. Elphinstone, was present 
 at the battle.] 
 
 No Peshwa of the Deccan 
 
 E'er felt so dire a blow. 
 The stroke that slew Gungadhur 
 
 Their empire too laid low. 
 
 * 2nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusileers.
 
 Gtingadhur Shastri and the Battle of Kirkee 9 1 
 
 Dark was the crime, and darker 
 The imperial doom of woe. 
 
 I sing to those who wonder 
 
 Why war again upsprung, 
 Why round the Peshwa's palace 
 
 The English bullets sung, lO 
 
 The story of the Shastri 
 
 Whose sacred blood was spilt, 
 And how the English madden'd 
 
 To learn the tale of guilt ; 
 And how, their fury to appease, 
 The Peshwa bid his guardsmen seize 
 Trimbukji Danglia ; and the keys 
 
 Of Thana on him turn'd. 
 There, in an English fortress strong 
 Coop'd up, the agent of the wrong 20 
 
 With sullen anger burn'd. 
 Six months pass'd by, his crafty head 
 Devis'd a scheme, the villain fled ; 
 Men mock'd the English power, and said 
 
 Their friendship might be spurn'd. 
 No Peshwa of the Deccan 
 
 E'er felt so dire a blow, 
 The stroke that slew Gungadhur 
 
 Their empire too laid low. 
 Dark was the crime, and darker 30 
 
 The imperial doom of woe. 
 
 His servant's freedom to achieve 
 
 Strong forts, wide lands, and lordships great. 
 Thus vow'd the Peshwa, should receive 
 
 The hand that burst his prison gate.
 
 92 Ballads of the Marat has ■ '■ 
 
 Full little reck'd that cunning lord 
 Of ang'ring thus his foes abhorr'd, 
 
 Though well their will knew he ; 
 He dubb'd them tyrants, and he swore 
 That Bassein's chiefship rich should dower 40 
 
 The hand that set him free. 
 Vast promise thus the Peshwa made, 
 Nor spar'd resort to holier aid ; 
 To Punderpore went he, and pray'd 
 
 In humble pilgrim guise : 
 From Vithoba to Mhowlee sped, 
 There once again he bow'd his head 
 
 To supplicate the skies. 
 Keen and more keen he grew each day 
 His servant dear to win away ; 50 
 
 Govindrao Kaleh lent his aid ; 
 Long plann'd, at last the effort made 
 
 Triumph'd, and won the prize. 
 No Peshwa of the Deccan 
 
 E'er felt so dire a blow. 
 The stroke that slew Gungadhur 
 
 Their empire too laid low. 
 Dark was the crime, and darker 
 
 The imperial doom of woe. 
 
 To Gokhleh's ears the tidings flew, 60 
 
 His hour the gallant leader knew. 
 
 From Poona forth his host he drew. 
 
 Trembled beneath their marching feet 
 
 The island where the waters meet ; 
 
 Thence, where the foe had pitch'd his tent 
 
 On Kirki's plain, they forward went ; 
 
 One moment face to face they stood, 
 
 Then clos'd in tumult, dust, and blood.
 
 -> 
 
 Gungadlmr Shastri and the Battle of Kirkee 9 
 
 While shook the earth and heav'n. 
 His vanguard Bapoo Gokhleh led, 70 
 
 Forward he rush'd, and round his head 
 
 The death-shot hiss'd like lev'n. 
 The English guns fir'd fast and well, 
 And many a gallant soldier fell ; 
 
 On both sides lay the dead. 
 And still undaunted, youth and eld 
 Charg'd desperate, and the carnage swell'd, 
 
 And for their country bled. 
 No Peshwa of the Deccan 
 
 E'er felt so dire a blow, 80 
 
 The stroke that slew Gungadhur 
 
 Their empire too laid low. 
 Dark was the crime, and darker 
 
 The imperial doom of woe. 
 
 In Poona's walls the self-same day 
 
 Two regiments of the English lay. 
 
 At early dawn they march'd and tore 
 
 The Peshwa's flag from Gharapore,^ 
 
 Thence, led with skill, they circled round 
 
 And gain'd their comrades' battle-ground. 90 
 
 There, on Ashwin eleventh,^ befell 
 
 The dreadful fight of which I tell, 
 
 And thence the thirteenth day was lost 
 
 The honour of the Peshwa's host. 
 
 No Peshwa of the Deccan 
 
 E'er felt so dire a blow, 
 The stroke that slew Gungadhur 
 
 Their empire too laid low. 
 Dark was the crime, and darker 
 
 The imperial doom of woe. 100
 
 94 Ballads of the Mar at has 
 
 The English general saw the foe 
 In confidence and number grow, 
 And many a line of guns drawn out 
 By cannoneers with yell and shout ; 
 And Elphinstone was there and saw ; 
 They bade their troops and guns withdraw 
 Back to the hills, and there they found 
 A stronger and securer ground. 
 No Peshwa of the Deccan 
 
 E'er felt so dire a blow, i lo 
 
 The stroke that slew Gungadhur 
 
 Their empire too laid low. 
 Dark was the crime, and darker 
 
 The imperial doom of woe. 
 
 To call the English Colonel Burr^ 
 
 A horseman rode with bloody spur. 
 
 That Colonel through the Ghauts pursued 
 
 And smote Pindharees fierce and rude ; 
 
 But, summon'd now to worthier fight, 
 
 He march'd for Kirkee day and night, 120 
 
 His men forgot their weary plight 
 
 And swept the field with fire. 
 Oh ! then as diamond shining bright, 
 Or emerald dazzling all men's sight, 
 Unmatch'd in valour and in might. 
 
 Did Gokhleh's fame aspire. 
 Lone as the moon which, far on high, 
 Majestic rolls through midnight sky. 
 While never a lesser light is nigh, 
 And gods in heav'n his praises cry, 130 
 
 His single force upheld 
 His master's throne, his country's fame 
 While — lakhs on lakhs — oh ! day of shame, 
 
 His feeble hosts were quell'd.
 
 Gnngadfnir S/iastri and the Battle of Kirkee 95 
 
 The craven prince had boasted loud 
 To lead his men to victory proud, 
 
 But soon he turn'd his head, 
 And fast to Mhowlee fled away, 
 While Gokhleh still maintain'd the day, 
 
 And vainly fought and bled. 140 
 
 No Peshwa of the Deccan 
 
 E'er felt so dire a blow, 
 The stroke that slew Gungadhur 
 
 Their empire too laid low. 
 Dark was the crime, and darker 
 
 The imperial doom of woe. 
 
 All day through Poona's streets there pour'd 
 A panic-struck and hurrying horde ; 
 
 Unhonour'd life they gain. 
 Behind, some turn and face the foe ; 150 
 
 Hero and craven — both lie low 
 
 On Kirkee's fatal plain. 
 The gallant spearmen sternly stood, 
 And perished like Marathas good ; 
 While wide the dismal wail outspread 
 Of fathers, sons, and brothers dead, 
 
 And tears fell down like rain. 
 The moon is quench'd, the sunlight dim, 
 And this, the nation's requiem, 
 Sagan and Bibichana hymn, 160 
 
 In melancholy strain. 
 No Peshwa of the Deccan 
 
 E'er felt so dire a blow, 
 The s*troke that slew Gungadhur 
 
 Their empire too laid low. 
 Dark was the crime, and darker 
 
 The imperial doom of woe.
 
 VIII 
 HOLKAR'S RAID 
 
 [This is a ballad on the devastation, principally in the Khandesh and 
 Poona districts, caused by "Veshwantrao Holkar in 1802 after his defeat 
 of the joint forces of the Peshwa Bajirao and Doulutrao Sindia. Partly 
 owing to this and partly to the failure of the periodical rains, 1803 and 
 1804 were years of scarcity and even famine in the Deccan. In April 
 1803 General Wellesley wrote that in the country to the south-east of 
 Poona Holkar could not possibly maintain an army. They had not left 
 a stick standing within 150 miles of Poona. They had eaten the forage 
 and grain, pulled down houses and used the materials as firewood. 
 The people had fled with their cattle. Between Miraj and Poona, 
 except in one village, not a human being had been seen ( Wellingtotis 
 Despatches, I. 143). Later on he wrote that the entire Maratha territory 
 was unsettled and in ruins. Owing to Holkar's plunder and extortion, 
 whole districts were unpeopled and the towns destroyed. Every man 
 was a plunderer and a thief ; no man who could seize or steal would till 
 {WelliJigtoii's Despatches, I. 240). The original ballad is by Ram Joshi. 
 7/ide Introduction, p. xxxi.] 
 
 My spouse took up arms for the cause of the right 
 
 When Holkar and Sindia purpos'd to fight ; 
 
 They clos'd ; far and wide o'er the battle-field spread, 
 
 Like pots roll'd and clatter'd the skulls of the dead. 
 
 With one hand men struck, with the other they spoil'd, 
 
 Till before the Pathans all the soldiers recoil'd ; 
 
 The host that was broken fell feeble and weak, 
 
 And quarter and mercy they abjectly seek ; 
 
 But on like a famine the conquerors roll'd, 
 
 And caskets of jewels, and jars full of gold, 10 
 
 And all that was goodly of copper and brass 
 
 They seiz'd, and left iron to gladden the ass.
 
 Holkar s Raid 97 
 
 They stayed not to weigh or to measure their spoil, 
 They stripp'd off the grain from the sheaves on the soil ; 
 Not Chandi was safe, nor Gunputti the wise, 
 Nor Shiwa the ruler of destinies : 
 His Pindi ^ was broken, then who could expect 
 That the pots of the housewife a god would protect ? 
 No order was left, every rank was confus'd. 
 Preceptor and pupil were robb'd and abus'd ; 20 
 
 Every villain, and traitor, and rebel came forth. 
 And stirr'd up revolt from the south to the north ; 
 From the south to the north, from the east to the west. 
 From the sea to the Ganges the land they infest ; 
 The gold of the rich, and the rags of the poor 
 They strip, and the Brahmans they seize and secure ; 
 They bind them in prison, and sentinels stand 
 Around them, and tramp on each road in the land. 
 No escape ! from the wife of the peasant they tear 
 The pearl-studded jewel that fastens her hair ; 30 
 
 From the peasant they wrest all his hoarded rupees. 
 The grain from his grain-pits, the food off his knees ; 
 If any delays or refuses to give. 
 He tastes such a beating that scarce he will live. 
 But alas ! for the soldiers that fled from the field ; 
 They were dragg'd from the shelters that held them conceal'd ; 
 In three days or less all their lives were bereft, 
 While the Brahmans unloos'd in their prisons were left. 
 Through all the broad land death was marching in state, 
 The disorder and anarchy who shall relate? 40 
 
 O Shrirang Almighty ! is this then the day 
 When the world shall in torrents be all swept away .'* 
 Fierce bands of arm'd Moslem are harrying our home, 
 The Indus disgorges their squadrons like foam ; 
 The Hindoo with the passion of plunder is mad. 
 He has mounted his horse and in armour is clad, 
 
 G
 
 98 Ballads of the Marat has 
 
 His spear on his shoulder, broadsword by his side, 
 
 And archery, sabre, and javelin beside. 
 
 From the ruin that wasted from river to sea 
 
 Telinga and Kanara only were free, 50 
 
 Till Goa pour'd out all its infidel scum, 
 
 With glitter of weapon and clangour of drum, 
 
 And they wasted the land till a corn-blade of green 
 
 By the eye of an eagle could nowhere be seen. 
 
 The Brahmans like coolies were driven to bear 
 
 Loads of flesh and of liquor, the infidels' fare ; 
 
 And knew, what long time they had heard from afar. 
 
 The tyranny, fury, and horrors of war. 
 
 But my spouse has return'd with his dog and his steed, 
 
 O lov'd one ! thy comfort and presence I need ; 60 
 
 Like a garland of flowers my poet is dear, 
 
 He went out to fight and behold he is here.
 
 IX 
 
 THE STORY OF A SANYASEE 
 
 [This is not taken from any one Marathi original, but from a number 
 
 of fragments.] 
 
 From the peak of Hurreechunder/ when the early sunlight 
 
 falls 
 On the dewy woods, the torrents, and the mighty mountain 
 
 walls, 
 From the peak of Hurreechunder on the distant sea I gaze. 
 And the rich flats of the Konkan, all quiv'ring in the haze ; 
 The sea that in the morning, when the mists are spread 
 
 abroad. 
 Is lifted o'er the skyline like the golden shield of God, 
 The Konkan rich with rice-fields, and diadem'd with palms, 
 Link'd to its mother ocean in tempests and in calms : 
 Here the Maratha rider, there the Maratha keel 
 O'er earth and ocean mastery bear for the common weal ; lo 
 And as bright Soorya's ^ chariot goes flaming up the heav'n. 
 And the streaming robes of Neesha^ by his fiery shafts are 
 
 riv'n, 
 I raise faint hands to Mahadev, and bow my head, and pray 
 That the dawn of my country's triumphs may never fade 
 
 away, 
 That her sun may climb the zenith to a noon of glorious 
 
 might, 
 And remain undimm'd by tempest, or the conqu'ring shades 
 
 of night. 
 I am but a poor Sanyasee,* and what have I to do 
 With the thoughts that trouble mortals in the world beneath 
 
 my view ?
 
 lOO Ballads of the Marathas 
 
 All day I roll in ashes, or in flames that scorch my skin, 
 But they are but summer breezes to the fire that burns 
 
 within ; 20 
 
 All night I fight with demons, and their eyes are fiery red, 
 And around them crowd and gibber fierce shadows from the 
 
 dead. 
 By prayer and fast and penance I fain would reach the height 
 Where Indra greets the spirits that are pure in Yama's sight; 
 I fain would fix on heav'n the thoughts that wander yet 
 Far back through years of sorrow to days I would forget ; 
 From earth and the cares that bind it I would be for ever 
 
 free, 
 And the hopes and fears of mortals, what are they to me ? 
 But I once was a free Maratha, and like one rode afield 
 With a spear, a steel-lac'd turban, and a blue-bull leather 
 
 shield ; 30 
 
 My arm was first in battle, and in the hurrying chase 
 No steed in all the pagah ^ like mine could press the pace ; 
 And when the fray was over, my voice the first would be 
 Call'd in the soldier council around the peepul tree ; 
 My wife was true and faithful, my children good and fair. 
 And my home by silver Neera, the smile of heaven was 
 
 there. 
 I knew the joys of battle, and the valiant man's delight 
 Who bears the sword of freedom through the fierce and 
 
 headlong fight ; 
 I knew the laugh of children, and woman's whisper low. 
 When I rode in Shahji's pagah, fifty years ago. 40 
 
 Of three young bright-ey'd daughters she was my 
 
 chiefest pride, 
 My eldest girl Yamooni, who had just been made a bride ; 
 Not yet to her husband's dwelling had she turn'd her 
 
 maiden feet, 
 But well Mulharee lov'd her, and long'd her step to greet ;
 
 The Story of a Sanyasee loi 
 
 A youth strong, true, and gallant, in all the country near 
 Few back'd a braver war-horse, or pois'd a readier spear ; 
 Cunning he was in warfare, in foray or retreat, 
 On many a Mogul convoy had dash'd his courser fleet, 
 And many a Mogul horseman, in gorgeous armour bound, 
 Had panted on his traces, like an ox behind a hound ; 50 
 I lov'd him, and I led him, and he rode beside my rein 
 When the Duss'ra call'd to warfare from the mountain to 
 
 the plain. 
 When to the flag of Shahji the gath'ring spearmen came. 
 And with swords around young Shiwaji the Mavvuls were 
 
 aflame. 
 And from spurs to highest summits, from rivers unto rills, 
 Through sounding Maharashtra the fire was on the hills ; 
 Then rode we forth together, and the village cheer'd and 
 
 wept, 
 As towards the camp at Ashtee the pagah through it swept; 
 Our hearts were high and gallant, but yet my eyes were 
 
 dim. 
 And the forms of wife and children in mist appear'd to 
 
 swim, ^o 
 
 My soul was with my country, but my home was near it 
 
 still. 
 The house my fathers dwelt in, the fields they used to till. 
 The well with the drooping peepul, the bullocks in the 
 
 shade, 
 Chewing the fresh jowaree Yamooni's hands had laid ; 
 That fair domestic vision then vanish'd from my sight, 
 And around my gloomy future clos'd the coming shades of 
 
 night. 
 When next the bud and blade began to wake the wilder- 
 nesses. 
 And the fiery eyes of Jesht" were quench'd in Ashad's 
 
 dripping tresses.
 
 I02 Ballads of the Marathas 
 
 When the hills were loud with thunder, and dim with blind- 
 ing rain, 
 And Neera raving hoarsely toss'd high his yellow mane, 70 
 When the thatch was new on the roof-tree, and the kine 
 
 were hous'd with care. 
 And in every field the ploughman was singing o'er the share, 
 Once more I reach'd my dwelling ; eight months of warlike 
 
 toil 
 Had redden'd on my spear point, and fill'd my hands with 
 
 spoil. 
 Much talk was in the village, for the troops of Beejapore 
 Had raided all the frontier, with marks of fire and gore ; 
 Around our earthen ramparts their horsemen had been seen. 
 And about our wells and gardens the fighting had been 
 
 keen. 
 But the Moslem band was routed, for the patel's gallant son 
 Had captur'd its young leader ere the fray had scarce 
 
 begun ; • 80 
 
 He held him now for ransom, for his father's lands lay wide 
 About the towers of Mundroop, and beyond the Seena side ; 
 A youth of noble presence, stalwart he was and tall, 
 Truly to no one cordial, but gracious unto all ; 
 His was a form and feature a maiden to beguile. 
 Like the glad light of the morning was the brightness of his 
 
 smile. 
 But his lips were firm and fearless, and a courage stern and 
 
 high 
 
 Spoke in his calm demeanour, and his bright and stedfast 
 
 eye; 
 Yet fiercer passions dwelt there, for license, lust, and scorn, 
 Scorn selfish, prideful, sensual, their deeper lines had worn ; 90 
 On his broad breast the kinkob, round his princely throat 
 
 the pearls. 
 Like a peacock in his plumage he daz'd our simple girls ;
 
 The Story of a Smiyasee 103 
 
 I had seen their bright eyes glancing, and their shrouded 
 
 features gleam, 
 When his stately step went by them, at the well or at the 
 
 stream, 
 As they cluster'd with their pitchers, or drove the lowing 
 
 kine ; 
 And their pure young hearts were heated, like water mixed 
 
 with wine. 
 So I went to Rama patel, a brave old man was he, 
 His grandsons in the doorway were playing round his knee, 
 Near him the village elders were ling'ring on their way 
 Home with the weary oxen from field at close of day. 100 
 There too was the Koolkurnee,^ a Brahman good and wise, 
 Brave to command the village guard, and sober to advise ; 
 And I told them all my boding, — 'A maiden's heart will 
 
 move 
 ' Light to the hollow promise and the tinkling tones of love ; 
 ' The eagle in the mountains the vulture doth not fear, 
 'Yet he will not leave his eyrie while the bird obscene is 
 
 near ; 
 ' Unclean may be the Moslem, but noble, fair, and proud, 
 ' And he shines by the poor Maratha like the sun beside a 
 
 cloud, 
 ' Beware lest a maiden's honour be blighted in the glare, 
 ' Dismiss the Khan, or slay him, or again I say beware.' no 
 ' This day is signed the sunnud,' the patel grave replied ; 
 ' And ere the third day's dawning the gallant Khan will 
 
 ride ; 
 Large lands in the Mundroop petta, and a patel's hukks^ 
 
 are giv'n 
 To my son, who yields to Maruti '•* the portion due to heav'n. 
 Twelve annas for the patel, for our holy patron four, 
 < For — praise to mighty Maruti ! — he is rich, and needs no 
 
 more ;
 
 1 04 Ballads of the Marat lias 
 
 ' So sleep in peace, my brother,' he said. I went my way, 
 And peace and rest flow'd o'er me with the quiet close of 
 
 day. 
 Why should I tell my sorrows till all my sorrows cease, 
 And kindly Yama brings me another night of peace ? 120 
 That night in this existence was the very last I spent 
 With heart and home unbroken, in undisturb'd content. 
 No more the song of children, or the gladsome smile of 
 
 wife. 
 The unutter'd joy and gentleness, shall cheer my lonely 
 
 life; 
 Till the river of blood is travers'd,^"^ and on the farther shore 
 I see the blest immortals, I shall know a home no more. 
 Bright o'er the moisten'd landscape the following morning 
 
 sprung. 
 Gay o'er the streaming fallows my bell-decked bridle rung. 
 As I rode to a distant village to knit a league of war, 
 Methought the bare blue heavens were bright as Indra's 
 
 car; 130 
 
 And my heart was high uplifted, and ancient men and gray. 
 The swordsmen and the spearsmen, hearken'd my hest that 
 
 day. 
 I linger'd there in converse till the round moon was hieh. 
 Then left to travel homeward beneath the midnight sky, 
 No haste I made, for on me the pleasant night air blew, 
 In the east the day was breaking when my village gate I 
 
 knew. 
 The gateward open'd swiftly, and ' why so slow ? ' said he, 
 'The gods that guard thy threshold are clamouring for 
 
 thee.' 
 
 What meant the bode I wist not, but forward rode, and then 
 I wondering saw the chowri beset by eager men '; 140 
 
 The gray-hair'd patel sat there ; and, starting as in pain, 
 He quickly rose, and stay'd me, his hand upon my rein.
 
 The Story of a Sanyasee 105 
 
 ' Nay, brother, nay,' he vvhisper'd, ' to-day thy home forbear, 
 ' They are not there to greet thee who should thy meal 
 
 prepare.' 
 He drew me to the chowri, and made the crowd retreat, 
 And motion'd on the cushion by him to take my seat. 
 ' Narayen help us ! ' cried he, ' my brother, thou dost know 
 ' The Khan has paid his ransom and won our leave to go ; 
 ' At yesternoon he left us, he gave my son his sword, 
 ' A goodly weapon truly, fit for a mighty lord ; 1 50 
 
 ' The horse he rode thou knowest, the true Bhimthuree ^^ 
 
 breed. 
 No Moslem noble ever mounted a better steed, 
 
 ' Nor ' ' Bhugwan seize the charger, good pateljee,' I said, 
 
 ' How doth thy Khan concern me ? ' * Yamooni too hath fled.' 
 
 I star'd, but understood not, and then the patel told 
 
 How — Bhugwan's curse upon him — the Moslem us'd his 
 
 gold. 
 How his servants for their master, that freshly he might ride, 
 Full twice the steeds he needed did heedfully provide. 
 On every stage to Hortee, where his king's battalions lay. 
 How my child — she once was innocent — had stol'n herself 
 
 away, 160 
 
 And how — I heard no longer, dark was the tale to tell. 
 Wild thoughts of bloody vengeance on my furious spirit fell ; 
 I rose, I reach'd the doorway, ' Mulharee, where is he?' 
 ' Where thou wouldst be, my brother, if the chance was 
 
 given to thee ; 
 ' Though scarce they hope to seize him, respite the Khan may 
 
 lack, 
 ' For ten Maratha horsemen go like fire upon his track, 
 ' And at their head Mulharee ; rest thou, for all is done, 
 ' Comfort thy kind Anundee ;' so rov'd the old man on. 
 An aged man and kindly : but I bid him let me go, 
 For till I saw Mulharee no comfort I might know. 170
 
 io6 Ballads of the Marathas 
 
 The dreadful day went slowly, another night pass'd by, 
 Ere we heard the tramp of horses approaching wearily ; 
 I rush'd to clasp Mulharee : ' Vain was the chase,' he said, 
 ' Though closer, ever closer we foUow'd as they fled, 
 ' At every stage, my father : yet they gained the Moslem host ; 
 ' We saw the camp receive them, and I knew that she was 
 
 lost ; 
 ' The plain was set with lances as a river-bank with reeds, 
 ' When on the ridge at Hortee ^- we rein'd our foaming steeds, 
 ' And he was safe among them, but yet a day may be 
 ' When the gods shall grant a meeting alone to him and 
 
 me.' 1 80 
 
 Thenceforth my home was desolate ; ere another Duss'ra 
 
 came 
 My wife died broken-hearted for sorrow and for shame ; 
 Then Devi ^" leap'd upon us, and her mood was fierce and 
 
 wild, 
 And she laid her bloody fingers on each remaining child ; 
 But me she spar'd ; I doubt not full well the goddess knew 
 That by murder or by battle I had yet her work to do. 
 The years pass'd slowly onward, and now the third was 
 
 come 
 Since I rais'd a spear in warfare, or heard my captain's drum ; 
 When a hurrying scout from Shahjee announc'd a Moslem 
 
 force 
 Advanced beyond the Seena of full a thousand horse, 190 
 With footmen and with cannon ; and the leader who but he 
 Who wrought the desolation that wreck'd my home and me? 
 Wide flew our captain's summons, and swift with sword and 
 
 spear 
 The fierce Maratha horsemen gather'd from far and near ; 
 Four thousand soon were muster'd, while careless on the 
 
 shore 
 Of Seena, camp'd and rested the swine of Beejapore.
 
 The Story of a Sanyasee 107 
 
 We had thirty kos ^^ to travel, but soon we let them know 
 
 How far and fast to battle Maratha horse can go. 
 
 Among the foremost rode I, Mulharee at my side, 
 
 Once more, for never after together should we ride. 200 
 
 At fall of eve we halted, short respite for our foes, 
 
 To breathe our gallant horses until the moon arose. 
 
 Then once again we mounted, and through the hours of 
 
 night 
 March'd quickly to the southward, to storm the camp ere 
 
 light. 
 For many a mile before us the land was rich and black, 
 And ring on ring of woodland was scatter'd on our track ; 
 The moon was pale and sinking, the morning streak'd the sky, 
 'Twas the hour when guards are careless that we drew the 
 
 camp anigh. 
 Like panthers softly moving we left the woodland shade, 
 And join'd our long limbs softly where the hostile host was 
 
 laid; 210 
 
 Then, ere the nodding sentries had caught the chargers' 
 
 tramp. 
 With the hundred arms of Vishnoo we clasp'd the silent 
 
 camp. 
 'Har ! Har ! ' then all together, and the thund'rous battle-cry 
 RoU'd o'er the startled Moslem, and the lances, tossing high. 
 Like the flame of a flick'ring fire went rushing through the 
 
 gloom, 
 Foreboding to the sleepers the bale-lights o'er a tomb. 
 I saw him leap out foremost, a noble sight to view, 
 I saw Mulharee meet him, the loyal, brave, and true, 
 I saw the war-axc lifted, I saw Mulharee fall, 
 I heard the shout of triumph, and the dying battle-call, 220 
 And my heart leap'd up within me as I clos'd upon my foe. 
 And drove the long spear through him, and heard his 
 
 ' Allaho ! '
 
 io8 Ballads of the Marathas 
 
 ' Akbar ' was lost in silence, but if it left his tongue, 
 Perchance his prophet heard it and the houris fair and 
 
 young. 
 I left his writhing carcass, and gallop'd to the tent 
 Where the horde of purchas'd harlots who serv'd his lust 
 
 was pent. 
 A score of shrinking women within its walls I found, 
 Who writh'd, and shriek'd, and trembled, and grovell'd on 
 
 the ground ; 
 But one there was who shrunk not, who stood nor turn'd 
 
 aside. 
 With hands tight claspt and quiv'ring, and eyes dilated 
 
 wide ; 230 
 
 I knew her ; god ! I knew her ; shame and remorse had 
 
 wrung 
 Her limbs to horrid stillness, and paralys'd her tongue : 
 I rais'd my reeking spear point, I lower'd it and said, 
 And as I spoke she trembled, and the hair stirr'd on her 
 
 head : 
 
 * O pure Maratha maiden ! arise, come forth, behold 
 
 ' Where in his bloody armour thine husband's corpse is 
 
 roll'd ; 
 ' To-night, to-night we burn him, and thou with him shalt 
 
 burn, 
 ' And through the fire thy spirit to the grand old faith 
 
 return; 
 ' Strip off, strip off thy jewels, the gauds of guilt and shame, 
 ' Busk for the better bridal which frees thee through the 
 
 flame. 240 
 
 ' Come hither, friends,' I shouted, ' behold her, she is blest, 
 
 * For Sut^^ hath come upon her, and her spirit shall have 
 
 rest.' 
 Their praises rose around us, but I — I could not brook 
 The terror, and the horror, and the anguish of her look ;
 
 The Story of a Sanyasee T09 
 
 She swoon'd not, wept not, pray'd not, I did not hear her 
 
 speak. 
 But oh ! for a thousand yogas shall I forget her shriek? 
 Her shriek of fear and anger, how little like the voice 
 That erst in my happy homestead had made my heart 
 
 rejoice ! 
 And yet, like a far-off echo, faint, faint I seem'd to hear 
 Fall on my inmost heart-strings the tone that once was 
 
 dear. 250 
 
 Yet paus'd not more the Brahman, whose fatal hand was laid 
 To lead her forth and deck her for the sacred last parade, 
 The pageant where her husband should ascend her funeral 
 
 pyre. 
 And their souls and mortal texture commingle in the fire. 
 
 How pass'd the day I know not, for I was worn with woe, 
 I slept, and did not waken until the sun was low. 
 And then meseems remembrance was dead, or dull'd by pain, 
 And vague and misty fancies were wrought within my brain. 
 I sat beneath a horse-cloth by three cross'd spears upheld, 
 My hands upon my forehead where the beating pulses 
 
 swell'd ; 260 
 
 A vision dim of battle, of the flash of spear and sword, 
 Of soldiers slain, and women lamenting for their lord, 
 Confus'dly mix'd with memories of happy times gone by, 
 Old scenes, and dead affections, and contests brotherly ; 
 Till up I rose bewilder'd, and wander'd from the tent, 
 And pass'd toward the river, unheeding where I went. 
 And there I halted musing, forsooth I knew not why, 
 Nor why on a mighty woodpile was fix'd my troubled eye, 
 Nor why the camp behind me, with music and with shout. 
 Was thronging on my footsteps, with golal ^* cast about. 270 
 They came, my merry comrades, the horns were screaming 
 
 loud, 
 A litter and a palki were borne amid the crowd,
 
 no Ballads of the Mai'athas 
 
 And a corpse was on the litter, to me methought unknown, 
 And when they reach'd the woodpile they set the litter 
 
 down, 
 And rais'd the dead man from it ; and then alas ! I knew 
 My boy it was, Mulharee, whom the cruel Moslem slew. 
 Then again I saw the battle, but broken^ and in part. 
 His fall, and my spear of vengeance through the cursed 
 
 Moslem's heart ; 
 And while I strove and labour'd to clear my clouded 
 
 thought. 
 My eyes saw near the woodpile the gilded palki brought. 280 
 They laid him on the pyre, his feet toward the north,^'^ 
 And open'd then the palki, and drew a woman forth ; 
 With the speed of a flash from heaven the clouds were 
 
 roll'd away, 
 The nightmare vanish'd off me, and my mind broke into 
 
 day; 
 The woman was Yamooni, the dead man was my son, 
 The pyre, the shouts, the music — I knew what I had done. 
 She was wreath'd with sacred basil, and dress'd in gar- 
 ments gay, 
 And her arms were hung with garlands she fain would cast 
 
 away, 
 But the Brahman's hand restrain'd her ; she mov'd as if in 
 
 sleep. 
 Or drugg'd perchance with opium to stupor still and 
 deep. 290 
 
 Wide-ey'd she gaz'd around her, and knew not what she 
 
 saw, 
 And I shrunk before her vision, distraught with fear and 
 
 awe ; 
 But when her eye fell on me, it woke, and fill'd with light, 
 And a shiv'ring thrill shot through her, and she rais'd her- 
 self upright,
 
 The Stoiy of a Sanyasee 1 1 1 
 
 And stretch'd her arms towards me, and I sprang towards 
 
 her — I, 
 But the love of child and father was quicken'd but to die ; 
 The truth rush'd back upon her, her face grew fierce and wild, 
 She curs'd — she curs'd the father that sacrific'd his child. 
 Ay, by the blest Narayen ! no fiction I rehearse, 
 In every ear around us there rang the Suttee's curse ! 300 
 All gaz'd on me and shudder'd, and I was chill'd with 
 
 dread ; 
 They forc'd her from me struggling, and bound her to the 
 
 dead. 
 Quick they applied the torches, the crackling flame leap'd 
 
 high. 
 And shriek on shriek broke from it of woful agony. 
 I clos'd my ears, but vainly ; I brook'd to hear no more. 
 The torment of my spirit was worse than what she bore ; 
 I turn'd, I fled, but ever mine eyes were telling where 
 They saw the writhing figure, and flame-uplifted hair ; 
 And still above the drum-beat and horns that fiercely blew, 
 I heard in tones of anguish a voice that well I knew ; 310 
 That sight and sound shall never within me cease to dwell 
 Till mighty Yama calls me hence to a kindlier hell. 
 
 I fled on wings of madness, I reach'd the camp and found 
 My noble Deccan charger, and speedily unbound ; 
 I leap'd upon him madly, and rode into the night. 
 And then for ever vanish'd a warrior's life from sight. 
 I rode, I rode at random, but ever toward the west. 
 Nor paus'd for food or water, nor gave my charger rest, 
 Until he fell beneath me ; but onward still I sped. 
 With twenty following demons about my whirling head, 320 
 And dancing wild and chasing through every glowing vein, 
 Till I came to where the mountains descend upon the plain ; 
 And still I climb'd to scale them, o'er crag and cliff I bore, 
 By watercourse and jungle I heard the tiger roar.
 
 1 1 2 Ballads of the Marat has 
 
 But all things living shunned me, and I was all alone, 
 
 Till I reach'd this gloomy cavern, and they dash'd me on 
 
 the stone. 
 For fifty years my dwelling within these caves has been, 
 And the world of living mortals has pass'd me by unseen. 
 But the fiends that dragg'd me hither they never shall de- 
 part 
 While the memory of the Suttee has place within my 
 
 heart. 330 
 
 Now fade the fires of summer, the loaded west winds blow. 
 And the cliff's deep bosom gathers the heavy clouds below. 
 Cool from the sea the breezes are pour'd around my head, 
 But o'er the world of mountains a fiery curse is sped ; 
 Black o'er the grim Sahyadris impends the thund'rous gloom, 
 Through every valley wave on wave is roU'd the smoth'ring 
 
 spume. 
 From fire-tipp'd hill to hill-top the lightning leaps and 
 
 glows. 
 The roll of the stamm'ring thunder on its broken footsteps 
 
 goes; 
 Like troops of truant spirits, in flowing robes of white, 
 Along the sharp dark edges the hurrying clouds take 
 
 flight ; 340 
 
 Wide o'er the southward ocean the sable wings expand 
 Of the storm the voice of Indra sends rolling on the land. 
 Moan the huge trees, towards them the cattle pack and fly. 
 And the dust like the smoke of battle is whirl'd about on 
 
 high, 
 The gray rain sweeps beneath it, as on the tempest comes, 
 With heav'n's artillery crashing, its cymbals, and its drums ; 
 It strikes the clifl" beneath me, its iron ancient foe. 
 And the baffled clouds recoiling rise surging from below ; 
 Now mixing, now dividing, they boil around my feet. 
 But through the formless masses I see one shadow fleet, 350
 
 The Story of a Sanyasee 1 1 3 
 
 One fair frail shadow fleeting, the arms are toss'd abroad, 
 Dim as through smoke and fire I see them stretch'd to God ; 
 Night falls, and in the blackness my tortur'd eyes are blind, 
 But the wailing of a woman goes wide upon the wind : 
 Thus every sound around me, or storm or whisp'ring breeze, 
 Voices the ancient sorrow which robs my soul of peace. 
 No son shall light my pyre, no pyre shall burn for me, 
 The vulture and the jackal at my dying bed shall be ; 
 But oh ! were I stretch'd upon it, and such servitors were 
 
 near. 
 With Yama's eyes beyond them, I would greet them with- 
 out fear ; 360 
 For the gods are good ; I have sufl"er'd ; I have purchas'd 
 
 heav'n ; and yet 
 Let the fires of hell receive me, — so I may at least forget.
 
 X 
 
 THE BALLAD OF SULOCHANA 
 
 [The original of this ballad is the favourite of Marathi women, sung 
 in almost every family. The legend is part of the Ramayana. Sulo- 
 chana was the wife of Indrajita, son of Rawan, king of Lanka (Ceylon), 
 who had carried off Rama's wife, Sita. She was the daughter of 
 Shesha, the thousand-hooded serpent king of Patala, the lower regions, 
 said to mean America.] 
 
 On the field of Nikambala the fatal arrow flew. 
 
 The bow of Luxmun wing'd it ; it pierc'd the hero through, 
 
 The hero Indrajita ; his gentle wife at home 
 
 In joyous peace was waiting to see her husband come. 
 
 While ponder'd Sulochana — 'tis so the poets tell — 
 
 Before her startled eyesight a sever'd arm there fell. 
 
 The arm of a mighty hero ; she knew the shapely limb 
 
 That erst had circled round her, the messenger from him. 
 
 She fell as thunderstricken ; with melting heart she lay. 
 
 As melts the hail new fall'n in crystal drops away. lO 
 
 ' O lord,' she cried, ' my hero, from whom the gods have 
 
 fled, 
 ' Tell me what woe has fallen, and where to seek my dead.' 
 
 Within the lifeless fingers she laid her husband's reed. 
 Paper and ink she added, and pray'd them to proceed ; 
 The lifeless fingers seiz'd them, they rais'd the pen, and 
 
 wrote, 
 ' On the field of Nikambala I was stricken thro' the throat 
 ' By the swift shaft of Luxmun, my head was severed sheer, 
 ' And my body cleft in fragments by arrows broad and clear.
 
 The Ballad of Snlochana 1 1 5 
 
 ' My head was borne to Rama : I wait thee ; mind thee well 
 ' Of the words that pass'd between us before this woe 
 
 befell.' 20 
 
 She read and comprehended, and bade her maids appear ; 
 ' My friends,' said Sulochana, ' our end is drawing near ; 
 ' The arm of my lord has beckon'd ; he stands and waits 
 
 for me ; 
 ' He calls ; oh ! hasten, hasten, that late I may not be.' 
 The treasure-chests were open'd, jewel and pearl and gold 
 Pour'd like a fountain's water among the poor and old ; 
 The cages all were open'd, and captive birds releas'd, 
 And the groaning, and the mourning, and the wailing never 
 
 ceas'd ; 
 The frescoed forms of heroes that deck'd the palace wall, 
 From them came sounds of sorrow, and tears were seen to 
 
 fall ; 30 
 
 ' Indrajita, thou hast left us, thy lov'd one leaves us too, 
 'Dark will these halls of joyance become bereft of you.' 
 
 With the arm of Indrajita in a litter by her side, 
 
 She travell'd fast to Lanka, King Rawan's city wide. 
 
 When he saw the arm and writing. King Rawan smote his 
 
 brow, 
 ' My son, my wealth, has vanish'd, and nought is left me now.' 
 Mandodari, the mother, defil'd her lips with sand. 
 And shriek'd, ' O fatal morning, when Rawan gave command 
 * To seize the wife of Rama ; ' but Sulochana spoke, 
 ' O king, ten-headed Rawan, give order that they yoke 40 
 ' My car for hill Suwela where Rama's camp is spread, 
 ' To bend my knee before him, and ask my husband's head.' 
 
 The mournful prayer was granted : she took her way 
 
 content. 
 And with her bards and minstrels and myriad demons went.
 
 1 1 6 Ballads of the Marathas 
 
 As she came to hill Suwela, the monkeys saw from far, 
 
 The wondrous apes of Rama who muster'd for his war, 
 
 They cried, ' Behold, 'tis Sita, King Ravvan sends her home.' 
 
 But 'No,' said Bibishana, 'no Sita yet has come, 
 
 "Tis the wife of Indrajita, 'tis Sulochana chaste, 
 
 ' To die on her husband's pyre she speeds her way in 
 
 haste, 50 
 
 ' She comes to ask his head of Rama ; ' and behold 
 Before the feet of Rama on the earth the suppliant roll'd ; 
 Her head beneath his sandals she laid, and sweetly then 
 She prais'd the king, and pray'd him, as the first of gods 
 
 and men : 
 
 ' O Rama, brave and gentle, reject not my appeal, 
 
 ' The lord of gods, the prop of heaven, the spring and source 
 
 of weal ; 
 ' Master of many avatars, a woman's tongue may fail 
 ' To measure all thy greatness, but still let it avail ; 
 'The tongues of my father Shesha, his thousand tongues 
 
 have striv'n 
 ' To praise thee, and grew weary, and his tongues were torn 
 
 and riv'n ; 60 
 
 ' The lotus which bore Brahma, that lotus came from thee, 
 ' For by thy feet mine eyesight is purg'd and I can see, 
 ' I the fair-ey'd, Sulochana, I can read the ancient song, 
 ' And Rama will not wrong me, for he cannot do me 
 
 wrong.' 
 
 The bowman Rama listen'd, his heart was inly mov'd. 
 Whence came, he ask'd her, tidings of the death of him 
 
 she lov'd. 
 Of the sever'd arm she told him and how it wrote the tale. 
 But Rama's monkeys chatter'd that the shift would not 
 
 avail ;
 
 The Ballad of Sulochana 1 1 7 
 
 'Fetch the husband's head,' they clamour'd, 'let it smile 
 here in our sight ; 
 
 ' Then, king, believe the lady that his sever'd arm could 
 write.' 70 
 
 The monkey warrior Vrishaba straight, at the king's com- 
 mand, 
 
 Brought forth the head and plac'd it in Sulochana's hand ; 
 
 Full tenderly she rais'd it, she touch'd the rigid brow, 
 
 And words of love and pleading with tears began to flow. 
 
 ' Lord of my heart, beloved, what could not be has been, 
 
 ' I deem'd you all invincible and me a glorious queen ; 
 
 ' The god of death shrank from you, his captive now you go ; 
 
 ' Speak, be no longer silent, lest shame increase my woe. 
 
 ' Why did I send you from me unaided to the war } 
 
 ' Why sent I not my father, great Shesha, in your car } 80 
 
 ' To avenge your aunt your quarrel with Luxmun first began, 
 
 * Luxmun who wrong'd and maim'd her in distant Janas- 
 
 than ; * 
 ' Were Shesha there 'twas Luxmun had drunk the bitter 
 
 draught.' 
 As she spoke the words — a marvel — the lifeless features 
 
 laugh'd. 
 Much wonder'd all who saw it, save Rama, and he said 
 To her and those who listen'd and saw the sever'd head : 
 
 ' You err, O Sulochana, to wish for Shesha's sword ; 
 ' In Luxmun's shape 'twas Shesha himself who slew your lord.' 
 Much griev'd the noble Luxmun, but Rama said, ' Refrain, 
 ' Your fate was thus : to turn it, or mourn the event is vain. 90 
 ' Daughter, depart with blessing, weary your task has been.' 
 She took the head, and turn'd her, and thank'd him like 
 a queen ; 
 
 * Nasik.
 
 1 1 8 Ballads of the Marathas 
 
 * Restrain your army, Rama, that I may go in peace, 
 ' Go to my lord in heaven, and all my sorrow cease,' 
 
 Swift travell'd Sulochana till she reach'd the fatal field, 
 She rais'd her husband's body, and laid it on his shield ; 
 Then in a litter plac'd it, and hasten'd on before 
 Where a mighty pyre of sandal was builded on the shore, 
 Of sandal and the bel tree ; the flame roar'd up on high ; 
 It touch'd the clouds above it, and redden'd all the sky. loo 
 At the joining of the rivers she bath'd her as was meet, 
 And richly dower'd the Yakshas' wives who crowded to her 
 
 feet ; 
 Mandodari and Rawan, and many myriads more, 
 From the golden town of Lanka, were gather'd to the shore. 
 
 The pious Sulochana uprais'd her heart to God, 
 The comforter in sorrow, ere the final path she trod ; 
 To her royal kinsfolk bending, she wav'd a lamp around, 
 And circling thrice the pyre she measur'd off the ground. 
 Then leaving life behind her while yet she drew her breath, 
 She stay'd and stepp'd upon it, the sacred stone of death ; i lo 
 That instant to her eyeballs immortal sight was giv'n, 
 And she saw the arcs of glory which spann'd the dazzled 
 
 heav'n. 
 And the glorious gods that fiU'd them, and all their wives 
 
 divine 
 Benignant bent towards her, and showing for a sign 
 In their midst slain Indrajita, the lord for whom she died, 
 With a frame of heav'nly radiance, who beckon'd to his 
 
 bride. 
 She stretch'd her arms towards him, and call'd on Shiwa's 
 
 name, 
 And to peace and bliss eternal she leap'd into the flame.
 
 NOTES 
 
 No. I. 
 
 1 Same is Shiwa, i.e.^ one with Amba ; H sa, with, and Amba, j^^f, 
 the wife of Shiwa. Shiwa gave half his body to his wife, who is called 
 Devi, Amba, Bhowani, Amba Bhowani, and a score of other names. 
 Shiwaji was and is believed by Marathas to have been an incarnation 
 of Shiwa. 
 
 2 Rajghur, not to be confounded with Raighur, is a small hill fort in 
 the Bhore State. Shiwaji took it when he was only twenty years old, 
 and made it his headquarters or capital, till he removed to Raighur. 
 
 ^ The murder of Chandradevrao More, raja of Jowli, was one of 
 Shiwaji's worst actions. He held the Ghat Matha or hilly tracts of the 
 West Deccan under the king of Beejapore from the Kirshna to the 
 Warna. As he would not join Shiwaji, the latter compassed his assassi- 
 nation by emissaries, who pretended to wish to negotiate a marriage 
 between Shiwaji and Chandrarao's daughter. Shiwaji had assembled 
 his troops in the wild hills and jungles, and, on hearing of the murder, 
 attacked and took Jowli and subdued the whole of Chandrarao's 
 dominions. 
 
 * The ' twelve harbours ' of the Konkan are Alibag, Revdanda, Bankot, 
 Harnai, Dabhol, Jaygad, Ratnagiri, Jaytapur, Vijyadroog, Devgad, 
 Malwan, Vingorla. 
 
 ^ Torweh is a suburb of Beejapore. 
 
 ' Bhivra, the Bheema. 
 
 "^ This is a familiar form of Abdulla, intended by the writer to be 
 contemptuous. 
 
 ** The sword called Firangi is spoken of as having been twisted round 
 the waist in the copy of the poem from which the translation is taken, 
 and which differs in some details from that which was published by 
 Mr. Shaligram and myself in 1S91. 
 
 ^ It was a good omen to meet the raja in a palki. The sight (darshana) 
 of a horse, elephant, or palki at the time of starting on an expedition is 
 considered very auspicious {vide Dharma Sindhu, p. 516).
 
 I20 Ballads of the Marathas 
 
 ^" 'The Diwan' means Shahji, Shiwaji's father. He seized the 
 rejj^ency of the Nizam Shahi dominions in 1634, and seems to have kept 
 the title of Diwan ever since. 
 
 '1 Sumbhaji was Shiwaji's elder brother. He was killed in the 
 Carnatic in 1653 in an expedition against the killedar of Kanikgeeree. 
 
 '2 The bichhu, or scorpion, is a double-bladed dagger, two curved 
 blades about half an inch apart, and parallel to each other, projecting 
 from the same handle. 
 
 ^^ The copy from which the translation is taken calls Kowji the son 
 of Shiwaji ; the published copy says correctly Sambhaji, the son of 
 Kowji. He was a devoted Maratha follower of Shiwaji, who, with 
 Ragoo Bullal, was principally instrumental in the assassination of 
 Chandrarao More. 
 
 ^* The usual offering to Bhowani was a goat or a buffalo. 
 
 1^ This is an evident corruption of Adnyandas (3T3T^^TO), which is 
 the name given in the published copy of the original. It was Agrindas 
 in the copy from which the translation was made, and which was 
 obtained some years before the other. 
 
 No. 11. 
 
 1 I was at first inclined to believe that this was a mistake for Raighur, 
 and so throughout the ballad. Shiwaji certainly made Raighur his 
 capital in 1664, and Singhur was escaladed and taken by Tanaji in 
 1670. Grant Duff speaks of the expedition as having been organised 
 in, and having started from, Raighur. Nevertheless, after a careful 
 study of the geography of the ballad, it is clear to me that the author 
 meant what he said in writing Rajghur. The course taken and villages 
 passed by Shiwaji in proceeding from Rajghur to Pertabghur, by his 
 herald or messenger Puntoji in going from Rajghur to Oomrath, and 
 by Tanaji and his forces in marching from Oomrath to Rajghur, 
 are given with sufficient distinctness, and I have been able, by the 
 kind assistance of Mr. W. Porteous, I.C.S., Collector of Poona and 
 Political Agent of Bhore, and of Mr. J. W. DuBoulay, I.C.S., Assistant 
 Collector of Kolaba, to identify most of them. Shiwaji went to 
 Pertabghur from Rajghur by the Madhea Ghaut, Birwadi, and Kolatpore. 
 He would probably pass Birwadi and Kolatpore (Poladpore) in going 
 from Raighur, but he would not go near the Madhea Ghaut, which is a 
 pass from the Bhore State (in which Rajghur lies), to the Kolaba 
 district, in which Birwadi and Kolatpore are. Kolatpore is undoubtedly 
 Poladpore, and Mr. DuBoulay tells me it is still so called by the Kunbis. 
 Puntoji, in proceeding from Rajghur to Oomrath, passes the 'mercantile 
 booths of Yetya,' and 'the Doni Water,' before he gets to the Madhea
 
 Notes 
 
 121 
 
 Ghaut. The former, ' Yetya's peth,' more often called by the Kunbis 
 'Yelya's peth,' is identical with the village Wehelasi peth (Wehela or 
 Vehada, a myrabolam tree) between Rajghur and Doni, and is now the 
 seat of one of the Mahal Kacheris of the Bhore State. ' Doni Water,' 
 further on, and only three or four miles from the Madhea Ghaut, is a 
 well-known spring renowned for the purity and coldness of its water, 
 which is collected in a trough chiselled out of the rock. Doni means a 
 trough. It is obvious that neither of these places would be passed 
 between Raighur and any village in Kolaba. Tanaji's course in 
 marching from Oomrath, after he had passed Kolatpore and Birwadi, 
 led him to the Madhea Ghaut and then past the same two places, Doni 
 and Yetya. I have had some difficulty in identifying Oomrath, but Mr. 
 DuBoulay has no doubt it is the village spelt ' Oombrat ' in the Revenue 
 Survey Map of the Mahad Taluka of Kolaba (in which also Birwadi 
 and Kolatpore are situated) and Umbrat in the Deccan and Konkan 
 Topographical Survey Map, sheet 46. ' It is a small village at the end 
 ' and at the foot of a spur of the ghauts jutting out into the Mahad 
 ' Taluka, from a point between the Chandraghur and Pertabghur forts.' 
 It has been somewhat of a surprise to me that there should have been 
 so much difficulty as I have found in identifying the residence of a 
 chieftain so famous in tradition as Tanaji Maloosre. Mr. DuBoulay 
 writes to me : ' It seems that Shiwaji had a good deal of trouble with 
 ' a caste called Donguri Kolis who lived in that neighbourhood (a few 
 ' are still to be found) and made their living by depredation. He 
 ' accordingly appointed Tanaji Maloosre, a native of Godowli, a village 
 'at the foot of the Panchgani Hills in the Wai Taluka of Satara, as 
 ' Soobhedar of the Kondwi petha, which included the south-cast portion 
 ' of the present Mahad Taluka, to keep these Donguri Kolis in order. 
 ' Shiwaji also appointed Yesaji Kank, a native of Rajghur, to assist 
 ' Tanaji in this duty. Tanaji had a daughter or a sister — it seems to be 
 ' doubtful which--who was married to a resident of Oomrath, and for 
 ' that reason he made this village his headquarters. There is a tradition 
 ' that a merchant, owing to the constant rolDberies to which his class was 
 ' subjected, by means of Tanaji's good offices entered into a compact 
 ' with the Donguri Kolis, by which, on condition of paying certain black- 
 ' mail, and once a year inviting one member of every household of these 
 ' Kolis to a big feast, he was to be allowed to keep a shop in one of the 
 ' neighbouring villages without molestation. This compact was carried 
 ' out for several years, but on one occasion, at Tanaji's instigation, the 
 ' merchant invited tlie whole of the Donguri Kolis without exception. 
 ' The food supplied was poisoned, and the caste was very nearly ex- 
 ' tirpated.' 
 
 Returning to the geographical ciuestion, there can be no doubt that 
 Rajghur is advisedly, and not mistakenly, mentioned in the ballad ; and 
 I am inclined to think the historians have been wrong in naming Raighur 
 at all as the base of the expedition against Singhur. Rajghur is much
 
 12 2 Ballads of the Marat has 
 
 more convenient for any such purpose, being only about 15 miles from 
 it, while Raighur is double the distance. Grant Duff says, and it is 
 generally believed, that the stormers of Singhur, after the capture, set 
 fire to a thatched hut or huts on Singhur to signal the news to Raighur, 
 and the writer of the ballad says the signal was made by cannon. 
 Either expedient was possible if the place to be signalled to was 
 Rajghur, but not if it was Raighur, which is invisible from Singhur. 
 
 - Laghughur. This is certainly a mistake for Lohghur or Lohaghur, 
 a fort near Lanowli at the head of the Bhore Ghaut. Visapur is close 
 by it. These two forts, which are generally mentioned together, com- 
 manded the upper end of the Bhore Ghaut. 
 
 3 The Madhea Ghaut is one of the passes of the Sayadris leading 
 from the Kolaba district into the Bhore State. It is a few miles from 
 Birwadi in the Kolaba district. Up to 1826 it was hardly passable for 
 pack-cattle, though it is so now. A horseman might cross it. 
 
 * Kolatpore. This is no doubt Poladpore, a small town or kusbeh 
 seven miles from Birwadi {vide Note i). 
 
 " Daspati is said to be the title of a group of villages in the Ratnagiri 
 district to the south. Nandawi, or Nandwi, is a village in the Mangaon 
 taluka of Kolaba. There is still a family of Sawunts there. Wadghur is 
 not far from it. Silam is probably identical with Shilim, a village near 
 the two last named. I can throw no light on the identity of Parooche of 
 the fifteen villages. The Gondhali from whom I obtained the ballad 
 was a resident of Wadghur, and he was brought to my notice by Dajirao 
 Sirke, or Shirke, a resident of the neighbourhood. 
 
 ^ There are five sacred trees according to the Shastras — Mango, 
 Jamboo, Mudhook, Peepul, Wur. 
 
 " I have related in the Introduction the history of the adoption of 
 the orange banner by Shiwaji. 
 
 s Mangalai, or Manglai, is the guardian goddess of the hill fort which 
 towers above the city of Satara, and which is called Manglai Devi. 
 
 Wardani is the guardian goddess of the Par Ghaut. 
 
 The hill-temple of Parwati is one of the most conspicuous objects 
 near Poona. All the above goddesses — Mangalai, Wardani, Parwati, 
 Bhowani — are different forms of the great goddess Devi, the wife of 
 Shiwa. 
 
 ^ Sakhar is a village two miles from Rajghur on the way to Singhur, 
 and Khangaum about eight miles further. I cannot identify Deve or 
 Devi.
 
 Notes 123 
 
 ^^ The casting down of the betel-leaf was the usual invitation or 
 challenge to a high emprise, but it must not be mistaken as an equiva- 
 lent to the casting down of a glove, as it was not a defiance. The act 
 or challenge was called 7XT!\^\ I^3r, or the pledge of victory. It was a 
 very solemn formality, and to take up the betel-leaf, and thereby under- 
 take the accomplishment of the task, bound the person who did it to 
 conquer or die. 
 
 " The Kallian gate frequently referred to in the ballad is so named 
 after the village of Kallian two or three miles away, and not after the 
 town of Kallian in the Konkan. It retains the name to this day. 
 
 1- Udebhan was, in point of fact, a Rahthor Rajput, though a staunch 
 adherent of the Mogul emperor. The name should be spelt Udeban. 
 His slaughter of a heifer and worship at a mosque must be regarded as 
 the embellishments of an enemy. 
 
 ^^ Bahiroba is a very favourite village god in the Deccan. He is the 
 same as the Brahman Kala Bhairao, and is represented by a hideous 
 black stone image. 
 
 1* The tradition still exists that Singhur was escaladed in the manner 
 related in the ballad. There is nothing in it which is in the least dis- 
 cordant with popular belief in the powers of the iguana or gRtrs. 
 Every district officer must have had proof this. On at least half a 
 dozen occasions I have, as a magistrate, heard of burglaries, where a 
 wall has been climbed in an incomprehensible way, being accounted 
 for by the police and others in exactly the same manner, viz., by the 
 hypothesis that the burglar sent up an iguana with a rope tied to it by 
 which he hauled himself up when the animal had fixed itself on the top 
 of the wall. I remember once that a Brahman chief constable, a man of 
 education, strongly urged this theory. 
 
 ^^ I cannot help being reminded of Ingoldsby's lines : — 
 'Twenty and three, of high degree, 
 ' Lay stiff and stark on the crimson'd lea, 
 'All — all save one, and he ran up a tree !' 
 
 But this is a true Maratha idiom. They do not say, 'all the 900 but 
 'one were killed,' but first make the statement 'all the 900 were killed,' 
 
 and then add 'only one escaped.' Thus Tf^^ rrfg- :g'^T^) W^\ ^ <5jr' 
 TTf^o^ — The whole village was burnt, only two houses remained. 
 
 1" trtif?aTT, the five weapons. Among both Rajputs and IMarathas 
 he was considered a good soldier who could wield the five weapons — 
 sword, shield, bow, gun, and spear. The Sikhs had the same notion, 
 though the arms were different. All of them regarded this fivefold 
 panoply as sacred, and worshipped it when taking it on or oflf or when
 
 124 Ballads of the Marat has 
 
 going into battle. Tlie mention of it shows that the sons of Udeban, 
 and therefore, of course, Udeban, were Rajputs. 
 
 ^^ TTUIT^T '^T^ng', dead-clothes. This probably refers to the Rajput 
 practice of wrapping a saffron-coloured robe round them when they 
 went forth to conquer or die. Innumerable instances of the practice 
 are on record. 
 
 ^** It is not impossible that the person referred to was the well-known 
 poet Tulshidas, who wrote extensively in the Brij language. The 
 ballad itself is certainly the work of a Gondhali, but it is by no means 
 impossible that Tulshidas may have been at this time in Poona, and 
 have been sent for by Shiwaji to celebrate the event, and that the 
 writer of the ballad refers to this, instead of inserting his own name as 
 is usually done. Tulshidas Shahir means Tulshidas the Singer. The 
 Mandai is the vegetable bazaar still so called and used at Poona. 
 
 No. III. 
 
 ^ The Bhao Sahib, as a millitary commander, was arrogant and 
 foolish, and particularly so in abandoning the traditional habits of 
 Maratha warfare for a pitched battle. He occupied Delhi, 'defaced 
 'palaces, tanks, and shrines, tore down the silver ceiling of the hall of 
 'audience which was coined into 17 lacs of rupees, and seized on the 
 'throne, no longer so precious as of old, and on all other royal orna- 
 ' ments. He even proposed to proclaim Visvvasrao' (the Peshwa's son 
 and heir-apparent) 'emperor of India' (Elphinstone). The famous pea- 
 cock throne, said to have been worth six millions sterling, had been 
 seized in 1739 by Nadir Shah. 
 
 ^ ' There was a large post erected between the camps by the Bhao, 
 ' where challenges and duels constantly took place' (Grant Duff). This 
 was not an uncommon practice, such a post being called a Run-Khamb 
 
 (tutt^t^)- 
 
 ^ I do not know why Ahmed Shah is called the son of a slave-girl. 
 It is probably an empty insult. His descent and early history are well 
 known, and he was the son of Zeman Khan, the hereditary chief of the 
 Abdallis, whose name Ahmed changed to Durani. The Marathas 
 always speak of Afghans as Gilchas, or Gilzyas, a corruption, of course, 
 of Ghilzye, the name of one of the great clans of Afghanistan. 
 
 * The Bhugwa Zenda was the ascetic's orange banner, the national 
 flag of the Marathas {vide Introduction, p. xxvii). It is said that the 
 Bhao had in the field not only the Bhugwa Zenda, but two of the more 
 gorgeous and ostentatious flags known as Zuree Putkas. 
 
 ^ Govind Punt Bundele.
 
 Notes 1 2 5 
 
 " ' Har, Har,' or ' Har, Har Mahadev,' is the national battle-cry of 
 the Marathas. They are names of the god Shiwa. ' Har, Har, Maha- 
 ' dev Dongaras lavila deva' — 'O Mahadev, the fire has lit the hills,' is, 
 I think, hardly a battle-cry, as Meadows Taylor says, so much as a 
 summons to arms. I have not come across the expression myself. It 
 
 sounds like a verse of a pawada — f T ^T JTff^^T I if^TT^T 'F>^^^^Th^ \^T I 
 
 '' Shumsher Bahadur was the Peshwa's half-brother, the son of the 
 former Peshwa Bajeerao by a Mahomedan concubine. Hence the 
 Mahomedan name Shumsher or a sword. 
 
 ^ The Nana or Nana Sahib is the Peshwa Balajee Bajeerao. He 
 died of a broken heart shortly after the battle. Gopikabai was his 
 wife. Nana is a corruption of Narayen, and generally added as a term 
 of respect. 
 
 ^ The Bhao no doubt fell in the battle, but his body was never 
 positively identified, and accordingly legends sprung up about his fate, 
 resembling those concerning King James who fell at Flodden. 
 
 No. IV. 
 
 1 Nana or Nana Sahib, i.e. the Peshwa Balajee Bajeerao, had three 
 sons. The eldest, Viswasrao, fell at Paniput ; the second, Thorela 
 Madhoorao, died at Theoor, as already stated ; and the third, Nara- 
 yenrao, was murdered {vide Ballad V.). The 'two lords of ancient 
 ' song' are the mythical heroes of the Ramayana — Rama and Luxmon. 
 
 2 'The bracelet dower,' ^%^:7, chude dan, from chuda, a bracelet, 
 
 and dan, a gift. This is a term applied by a woman to one who has 
 saved her husband's life. Bracelets are the sign of existing married 
 life, like the kunku or red mark on the forehead, or the glashri or 
 wedding necklace of black beads, and hence Sfi^R JTfttjt, to ' demand 
 
 'the bracelet dower,' always means a prayer or request for the life of the 
 husband. The bracelets are more precious in the eyes of a Hindoo 
 woman whose husband is alive than the wedding-ring to an European 
 woman. 
 
 3 Modaks, sweetmeat balls. The god Gunputti is supposed to be 
 fond of them. Cf. the following extract from a Bhupali or morning 
 hymn — 
 
 ' I salute the handsome god Gunputti whose head is ornamented with
 
 126 Ballads of the Mai'athas 
 
 ' red lead, who holds in his hand a dish of modaks, and whose forehead 
 ' is marked with musk.' 
 
 * The sacred basil, or tulsi, is the most sacred of all Hindu plants. 
 Every pious Hindu's house has a small plant of sacred basil growing in 
 the courtyard or verandah on a small pedestal of earth or masonry 
 called the tulsi brindavan, and every morning, after bathing, this plant 
 is worshipped by both male and female members of the household, by 
 the latter with special devotion. The legend on the origin of the cult 
 will be found in a paper read by me before the Bombay Anthropolo- 
 gical Society on 29th January 1890 {vide Journal of the Society, vol. ii., 
 No. 2). 
 
 ^ Gopikabai was her mother-in-law, the widow of Nana Sahib. 
 
 " Raghoba, the usual name of Ragonathrao, the uncle of Madhoorao 
 and Narayenrao '^vide Ballad V.). 
 
 '^ Stone of death— Dharma Shila, «a§f?r3o, the stone on which a suttee 
 places her foot in order to ascend the pyre and the first step to the gate 
 of heaven. 
 
 8 Sulochana {vide Ballad X.). 
 
 No. V. 
 
 1 Dada or Dada Sahib is Ragonathrao, more commonly known as 
 Raghoba, the uncle of the dying Peshwa and of his successor. He had 
 been imprisoned by Madhoorao and was again imprisoned by Narayen- 
 rao. He was a weak, rather than a bad man, and dominated by his 
 wife Anundibai, an unscrupulous and violent woman, between w^hom 
 and Gopikabai, the mother of Narayenrao and Madhoorao, the bitterest 
 hostility existed. 
 
 2 That is to say, Bhadrapad Shood Triyodashi (5Tr?TT^ ^<:j wm^^), 
 the thirteenth day of the bright half of the month Bhadrapad (August- 
 September). The Hindus reckon by lunar months, divided into two 
 halves each of 15 days, one ' shood,' when the moon is waxing, the other 
 ' wud,' when the moon is waning, or the bright and dark halves of the 
 month. 
 
 No. VI. 
 
 1 Nana Furnavis. His real name was Balajee Janardhun. 
 
 2 Shreemunt simply means noble or rich or illustrious, but is here 
 used to designate the Peshwa. 
 
 3 Mankuree literally means a great man, but it was originally the 
 name by which those Marathas who had been munsubdars (holders of 
 rank^dependent on the number of horse commanded, as of 500, 1000,
 
 Notes 1 2 7 
 
 5000, and so on) under the Mahomedan dynasties of the Deccan 
 were distinguished. Latterly every Maratha who had a body of horse 
 under him assumed the title. 
 
 * Savai Madhoorao. The second Madhoorao was called Savai to 
 distinguish him from the first or Thorela Madhoorao. It is a term of 
 flattery. 
 
 ^ That is, Musheer-ool-Moolk, the Nizam's Minister, who had 
 insulted the Marathas by proclaiming in open durbar before the Nizam, 
 while discussions were going on with the Maratha envoys, that Nana 
 Furnavis should be made, if necessary, to come to 'the presence' — that 
 is, appear before the Nizam. The cacophony of his name might well 
 confound a Gondhali into the extraordinary corruption Mushrum Mool- 
 moolukha. 
 
 No. VII. 
 
 ^ There were two battalions of Native Infantry (Vlth and Vllth), 
 and two guns, under the command of Colonel Burr at Garpir, on the 
 right bank of the Mutha river, close to the present site of the Collector's 
 office. On the 1st November 1817 these troops, with the Bombay Euro- 
 pean Regiment, which had joined the day before, quitted Garpir, leaving 
 one company to guard the cantonment and 250 men to reinforce the 
 Resident's escort, and, crossing the Mutha, marched to Kirkee. 
 
 "- The bard is not very clear in his dates or descriptions. The battle 
 was fought on 5th November 1S17. 
 
 ^ There is apparently some confusion between Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Burr, who commanded the brigade at Garpir and subsequently the 
 British forces in the battle of Kirkee, and the Commandant of the 
 Bombay European Regiment, which had been sent for in great haste, 
 and was able, by great exertions, to join in time for the battle. 
 
 No. VIII. 
 1 Pindi — the Phallic emblem. 
 
 No. IX. 
 
 ^ More correctly Harischandra. A full description of this old hill 
 fortress, with its caves and temples, will be found at pp. 717-719 of 
 Vol. xvii. of the ' Bombay Gazetter' — Ahmednagar District. The fort 
 is 4700 feet above sea-level. On the west a horse-shoe cliff over 2000 
 feet in height falls towards the Konkan. The phenomenon called the 
 Circular Rainbow is often observable from the brink of this stupendous 
 precipice, when the ' Konkan fog stratum ' rises, boiling up from below, 
 as far as the summit of the cliff, without spreading over the tableland. 
 The caves are Brahmanical, and date probably from the loth or iith 
 century A.D. Below them is a large reservoir. 
 
 - The sun.
 
 128 Ballads of the Marat has 
 
 ^ The night. 
 
 ■* A religious ascetic. Strictly the word is applicable to a Brahman 
 ascetic of the fourth order, the three previous orders being Brahmachari, 
 Grihastha, and Wanaprastha. Before a high-caste Hindu can become 
 a sanyasee, he must abandon everything — wife, children, property, 
 etc. 
 
 ^ A pagah is a body of horse under one commander. 
 
 *> Jesht and Ashad (May-June and June-July) are taken as respec- 
 tively the last month of the hot weather and the first of the rains. 
 
 ^ The koolkurnee is the hereditary village accountant of the Maratha 
 Deccan, maintained out of rent-free land attached to the office, as the 
 patel or head of the village also is. The latter is almost always a 
 Maratha by caste, and the former, who must, of course, be an educated 
 man, a Brahman. The hereditary office or wuttun of patel or kool- 
 kurnee is very highly valued. 
 
 ^ The 'hukk,' or right, of a patel, means the possession of the 
 hereditary office of patel, or headman, of a village, which in this case 
 was conferred by the Mahomedan upon his captor. 
 
 " Maruti is the popular Marathi name for the monkey-god Hunoo- 
 man, the favourite deity of the Maratha ryot. 
 
 1*^ The river of blood, Vyeturnee, is the Styx of Hindoo mythology. 
 The waters of this agreeable stream, which is several miles in width, 
 consist of boiling blood and other more offensive ingredients. 
 
 11 Bhimthuree in the Poona district was, with other parts of the 
 Deccan, famous for its breed of the small hardy horses which mounted 
 the Maratha cavalry. 
 
 12 Hortee is a village between the Seena river and Beejapore, where 
 the road crosses a high defensible ridge of hills. 
 
 1^ Small-pox. The name is that of the wife of Shiwa, who was, 
 among other attributes, goddess of small-pox. 
 
 1* A kos in this part of the Deccan is two miles. 
 
 15 By certain acts of self-sacrifice, the human being attains to Swerga 
 or paradise. ' Of such self-sacrifices, that of the suttee is the most 
 ' remarkable, as it has also been the most common. The wife who 
 ' burns with the corpse of her lord lives with her husband as his consort 
 ' in paradise ; she procures admission also to that sacred abode for 
 ' seven generations of her own and his progenitors, even though these 
 ' should have been consigned, for the punishment of their own misdeeds, 
 ' to the abodes of torture over which Yama presides. . . . Sometimes,
 
 Notes 1 29 
 
 ' instead of joining in the ring of mourners, the wife of the deceased sits 
 ' awhile stern and silent. Presently, with wildly rolling eye and frantic 
 ' gesture, she bursts forth into exclamations of " Victory to Amba ! 
 ' " Victory to Runchor ! " It is believed that " Sut has come upon her," 
 ' that she is inspired, or rather has already assumed the nature of those 
 ' who dwell in Swerga. The hands of the new Devee are impressed in 
 ' Vermillion upon the wall of her house as an omen of prosperity,' &c. — 
 (Forbes's Rasmala^ 2nd ed., p. 690). 
 
 Cf.- 
 
 Her face unveil'd, in rich attire 
 She smites the stone with fingers red ; 
 ' Farewell the palace ! to the pyre 
 'We follow, widows of the dead.' 
 
 (Sir a. Lvall.) 
 
 The compulsory immolation of Yamooni on Mulharee's funeral pyre 
 cannot be strictly compared with a voluntary suttee, but once it had been 
 declared that ' Sut had come upon her,' a woman would have very little 
 option left. Compulsory suttees were certainly not uncommon. The 
 suttee of Sukwarbye, the widow of the raja Shao, was practically com- 
 pulsory, though I believe the intrigue which led to it is generally con- 
 demned by Marathas. 
 
 "' This is the red powder used now at the Holi and other occasions : 
 it is obtained from several plants. 
 
 ''' The corpse of a Hindu is placed on the pyre with the feet to the 
 north and head to the south. The south is the quarter over which 
 Yama, the god of the dead, presides, and hence the practice. 
 
 Printed by T. .iiid k. Constable, Printers to Her Majesty 
 at the Edinburgh University Press
 
 H Classifieb Catalogue 
 
 OF WORKS IN 
 
 GENERAL LITERATURE 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO. 
 
 39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON, E.G. 
 
 AND 15 EAST i6th street, NEW YORK. 
 
 1894. 
 
 INDEX OF AUTHORS. 
 
 Page 
 
 2, 13 
 10 
 10 
 
 ■2 
 21 
 
 13 
 
 14, 22 
 
 15 
 13 
 10 
 2 
 14 
 
 0-7 
 
 Abbott (Evelyn) - 
 
 --(T. K.)- - 
 
 — (E. A.)- 
 Acland (A. H. D.) 
 Acton (Eliza) 
 /?isch\Ius 
 Allingham (W.) - 
 
 Anstcy (F.) - - - 
 Aristophanes 
 
 Aristotle . - - 
 Armstrong (E.) - 
 
 (G. F. Savage) - 
 
 (E. J.) - - 5, 14, 
 
 Arnold (Sir Edwin) 6, 14, 20 
 
 (Dr. T.) - - 2 
 
 Ashley (\V. [•) - - 12 
 
 Astor(J.J.)- - - 15 
 Atelier du Lys (Author of) 20 
 
 Bacon - - - - 5, 10 
 
 Bai^ehot (Walter) 5, 12, 22 
 
 BaL'well (K.) - - 2 
 
 Bain (Alexander) - - 10 
 
 Baker (James) - - 15 
 
 (Sir S. W.) - - 6, 8 
 
 Ball (J. T.) - - - 2 
 
 Baring-Gould (S.) - 22 
 Barnett (S. A. and Mrs.) 12 
 
 Battyc (.\ubyn Trevor) 22 
 
 Baynes (T. S.) - - 22 
 
 Beatonstield (Earl of) - 15 
 
 Beaufort (Duke of) - 8 
 
 Becker (I'rof.) - - 13 
 
 Bell (Mrs. Hugh)- - 14 
 
 Bent (J. Theodore) - 6 
 
 Besant (Waller) - - 2 
 
 I'ljornsen (B.) - - 14 
 
 lioase (C. W.) - - 3 
 
 lioedder (B.) - - 11 
 
 I'.oolhby (Guy) - - 6 
 
 i'.oyd (A. K. H.) - 5, 22, 24 
 
 lassey (Lady) • - 6 
 
 — (Lord) - - 2, 8. 12 
 
 Wa% (C. and Mrs.) - to 
 
 • right (J. F.) - - 2 
 
 I'-ryden (H. A.) - - 7 
 
 Hiickle (H. T.) - ■ 2 
 
 i'.ull (T.) - - - 21 
 
 lUirrovvs (Montagu) - 3 
 
 llury (Viscount - - 8 
 
 l.utler (E. A.) - - 17 
 
 -■ (Samuel) - - 22 
 
 Campbell-Walker (A.)- 9 
 Cholmondclcy-Pennell(H.) 8 
 
 ("icero - - - - 13 
 
 Clarke (R. F.) - - 11 
 
 Cloggd.T.) - - 15 
 
 Clodd (Edward) - - 13, 18 
 
 Cluttcrbiick (W. [.) - 7 
 
 Corny n (L. N.) - - 20 
 
 Cochrane {.\.) - - 14 
 
 Conington (John) - 13 
 Cony bcarc (W . J .) H ow- 
 
 son (J. T.) - - 20 
 
 Cox (Harding) - - 8 
 
 Crake (A. D.) - - 19 
 
 Creighton (Bishop) - 2, 3 
 
 Cro.ner (]. B.) - - ib 
 
 Curzon (Hon. G. N.) - 2 
 
 Cutts (E. L.) - - 3 
 
 Dante - - - - 14 
 
 Davidson (W. L.) - 10, 12 
 
 De la Saussaye (C.) - 24 
 
 Deland (Mrs.) - - 15, 20 
 
 3. 5 
 
 Dent (C. T.) 
 Dc Salis (Mrs.) - 
 De Tocqueville (A.) 
 Devas (C. S.) 
 DougalUL.)- 
 Dowell (S.) - 
 Doyle (A. Conan) 
 Ewald (H.) - 
 Falkener (E.) 
 Farnell (G. S.) - 
 Farrar (Archdeacon) 
 Fitzpatrick (W. J.) 
 Fitzwvtrram Sir F. 
 Ford (H.) - 
 Forster (F.) - 
 Fowler (J. K.) 
 Francis (Francis) 
 Francis (H. R.) - 
 Freeman (Edward A.) 
 Froude (James A 
 Furneaux (\V.) 
 Gardiner (Samuel R.) - 
 Gilkcs (A. H.) - 
 Gleig (G. R.) 
 Goethe - - - - 
 Graham (G. F.) - 
 Granville (H., Countess) 
 Graves (R. P.) - 
 Green (T. Hill) - 
 GreviUe (C. C. F.) 
 Grey (Mrs. W.) - 
 Haggard (H. Rider) - 16 
 HalliwcU-Phillipps (J.) 
 Harrison (Jane E.) 
 Hart(A. B.)- 
 Harte (Bret) 
 
 Hartwig (G.) - - 17 
 
 Hassall (A.) . 
 Hawker (Col. Peter) - 
 Hearn (W. E.) - - 3 
 Hcalhcote(J.M.&C.G.) 
 Hclinholtz (Hermann von) 
 Hodgson (Shad. H.) 
 Hooper (G.) - - - 
 Hornung (E. W.) 
 Howard'(B. D.) - 
 Howitt (William) 
 Hullah(lohn) 
 Hume (l)avid) 
 Hunt (W.) - 
 Hutchinson (Horace G.) 
 Huth (A. H.) 
 Ingclow (Jean) - 14 
 James (C. A.) 
 Jefferies (Richard) 
 "Johnson (J. cS: J. H.) 
 Johnstone (L.) 
 Jones (E. E. C.) - 
 Jordan (W. L.) - 
 Joyce (P. W.) 
 Justinian . . - 
 Kalistjh (M. M.) - 
 Kant (I.) 
 
 Kendall (May) - 
 Killick (A. H.) - 
 Kitchin (G. W.) - 
 Knight (E. F.) - - 7 
 Ladd (G. T.) 
 Lang (Andrew) 
 
 3, 8, 13, 14, 16, ig 
 Lascelles (Hon. G.) 
 Lear (H. L. Sidney) - 
 Lecky (W. E. H.) - 3 
 
 Page 
 
 21 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 12, i5 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 22 
 
 16 
 17 
 
 3 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 20 
 20 
 
 5 
 13 
 
 3 
 16 
 18 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 18 
 
 10, 22 
 
 5 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 23 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 8 
 
 13 
 20 
 
 23 
 21, 23 
 
 23 
 10 
 10 
 12 
 
 3 
 10 
 
 24 
 10 
 
 14 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 7.21 
 
 II 
 
 23 
 .9 
 22 
 
 14 
 
 19. 
 
 Lees (J. A.) - 
 ( Leonard {A. G.) - 
 Leslie (T. E. C.) - 
 : Lewes (G. H.) - 
 Levton (F.) - 
 : Lod'^e (H, C.) - 
 Loftie (W. J.) - 
 Longman (C. J.) - f 
 Longman (F. W.) 
 Lubbock (Sir John) 
 Lyall (Edna) 
 Lytton (Earl of) - 
 Macaulay (Lord) - 4, 
 Macdonald (George) - 
 Macfarren (Sir G. A.) - 
 Mackail (]. W.) - 
 Macleod (H. D.) - 
 Macpherson (H. A.) 
 Maher (M.) - 
 Marbot (Baron de) 
 Marshman (J. C.) 
 Martin (A. P.) - 
 Martineau (James) 
 Maskelyne (J. N.) 
 Maunder (S.) 
 Max Muller (F.) - 11, 
 May (Sir T. Erskine) - 
 Meade (L. T.) 
 Melville (G. J. Whyte) 
 Mendelssohn (Felix) - 
 Merivale (Dean) - 
 Mill (James) 
 
 (John Stuart) 
 
 Milner (G.) - 
 Molesworth (Mrs.) 
 Monck (W. H. S.) 
 Montague (C.) 
 Montagu (F. C.) - 
 Murdoch (W. G. Burn) 
 Nanscn (F.) - - - 
 Nesbit (E.) - 
 O'Brien (W.) 
 Oliphant (Mrs.) - 
 Osbourne (L) 
 Parr (Mrs.) - 
 Payn (James) 
 Payne-Gallwey (Sir R.) 
 Peary (J. and R.) - 
 Pcrring (Sir P.) - 
 Philli))ps-Wolley (C.) - 
 Piatt (S.& J.J.) - 
 Plato - - - - 
 Pole (W.) - 
 Pollock (W. H.) - 
 Poole (W.H. and Mrs.) 
 Prendergast ([. P.) 
 Pritchett (R. T.) - 
 Proctor (R. A.) - 
 Raine (James) 
 Ransomc (Cyril) - 
 Rhoades (J.) 
 Rich (A.) 
 Richardson (Sir B. W.) 
 Rickaby (John) - 
 — (Joseph) 
 Rilev (J. W.) 
 Rockhill (W. W.) 
 Koget (Peter M.) - 
 Romanes (G. J.) - 
 Roberts (C. G. D.) 
 Ronalds (A.) 
 Roosevelt (T.) - 
 Rossetti (M. F.) - 
 
 9. 
 
 13. 
 
 Page 
 
 
 Page 
 
 7, 21 
 
 Saintsbury (G.) - 
 
 9 
 
 23 
 
 Scott-Montagu (J.) 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 Seebohm (F.) 
 
 4, 5 
 
 II 
 
 Sewell (Eliz. M.) - 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 Shakespeare 
 
 5. 15 
 
 3 
 
 Shand (A. J. I.) - 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 Sharpe (R. R.) - 
 
 4 
 
 , 9. 23 
 
 Shearman (M.) 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Sheppard (Edgar) 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 Shirres (L. P.) - 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 Sidgwick (Alfred) 
 
 II 
 
 15 
 
 Sinclair (A.) - 
 
 8 
 
 15. 21 
 
 Smith (R. Bosworth) - 
 
 4 
 
 24 
 
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 7 
 
 23 
 
 Sophocles - 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 Southey (R.) 
 
 23 
 
 12, 21 
 
 Stanley (Bishop) - 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 Steel (A. G.) 
 
 8 
 
 II 
 
 (J. H.) - - - 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 Stephen (Sir James) - 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 Stephens (H. Morse) - 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 Stevenson (R. L.) 15, 
 
 17,20 
 
 2t 
 
 Stock (St. George) 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 ' Stonehenge ' 
 
 7 
 
 19 
 
 Stuart- Wortley (A. J.) 
 
 9 
 
 12, 2+ 
 
 Slubbs (J. W.) - 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 Sturgis(J.) - 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 
 Suffolk and Berkshire 
 
 
 16 
 
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 S 
 
 23 
 
 Sullivan (Sir E.) - 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 Sully (James) 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 Sutherland (A. and G.) 
 
 3 
 
 II, 12 
 
 Suttner (B. von) - 
 
 17 
 
 23 
 
 Swinburne (A. J.) 
 
 II 
 
 20 
 
 Symes (J. E.) 
 
 12 
 
 II 
 
 Theocritus - 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 Thomson (Archbishop) 
 
 II 
 
 4 
 
 Todd (A.) - 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 Toynbee(A.) 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
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 15 
 
 Trollo'ie (Anthony) 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
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 13 
 
 16 
 
 Verney (Francis P.) - 
 
 
 
 . 17 
 
 Virgil - - - - 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 Von Hohnel (L.) - 
 
 7 
 
 16 
 
 Wakeman (H. O.) 
 
 5 
 
 8.9 
 
 Walford (Mrs.) - 
 
 6, 17 
 
 7 
 
 Wallaschek (R.) - 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 Walker (Jane H.) 
 
 22 
 
 8, 16 
 
 Walpole (Spencer) 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 VValsingham (Lord) - 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 Walter (J.) - 
 
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 Watson (A. E. T.) 
 
 8,9 
 
 8 
 
 Webb (S. and B.) 
 
 12 
 
 22 
 
 Webb (T. E.) 
 
 II 
 
 4 
 
 Weir (R.) - 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 West (B. B.) 
 
 ■7.23 
 
 18,23 
 
 (C.) - - - 
 
 22 
 
 3 
 
 Weyman (Stanlev) 
 
 17 
 
 2 
 
 Whately (Archbishop)- 
 
 II 
 
 15. 16 
 
 (E.J.) - . - 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 Whishaw(F. J.) - 
 
 7 
 
 23 
 
 Wilcocks (J. C.) - 
 
 9 
 
 II 
 
 Wilkins (G.)- 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 Willich (C. M.) - 
 
 19 
 
 15 
 
 Wilson (A. J.) - 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 Wishart (G.) 
 
 5 
 
 12, 19 
 
 Wolff (H.W.) - 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 Woodgate (W. B.) 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 Wood (J. G.) 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 Wylie (J. H.) 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 Youatt (W.) - 
 
 7 
 
 21, 23 
 
 Zeller (E.) ■ 
 
 II
 
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 i8 MESSRS. LONGMANS &- COrS STANDARD AND GENERAL WORKS. 
 
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 20 MESSRS. LONGMANS &- CO/S STANDARD AND GENERAL WORKS. 
 
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