V. HANDBOOK OF SOCIOLOGICAL INFORMATION WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO NEW YORK CITY PREPARED FOR THE CITY VIGILANCE LEAGUE NEW YORK CITY HY WM. HOWE TOLMAN, PH.D. SECRETARY.TO THE LEAGUE AND WM. I. HULL, PH.D. A5SOC. PROFESSOR OF ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE SWARTHMORE COLLEGE, PA. Orders for the Handbook may be sent to the Secretary of the League, WM. HOWE TOLMAN, 427 West 57th Street, or to the office of the League, Room 215, United Charities Building, 105 East 22d Street, New York City. COPYRIGHT, 1894 BY WM. HOWE TOLMAN Electrotyped, Printea and Bound by Ubc fmicherbocfcer press, Hew H?orfc G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS CONTENTS. PART I. BIBLIOGRAPHY. PAGE SOCIOLOGY . 3 THE STATE 6 CIVIL-SERVICE REFORM 7 EDUCATION, COMPULSORY 8 INDUSTRIAL, AND KINDERGARTENS .... 9 UNIVERSITY EXTENSION n GOVERNMENT 13 IMMIGRATION 16 LAISSEZ-FAIRE AND STATE ACTIVITY . . . .17 THE CHURCH 19 APPLIED CHRISTIANITY 19 CHURCH UNITY 22 MISSIONS 23 THE FAMILY . . . 25 LABOR . .28 ARBITRATION 32 CO-OPERATIVE SCHEMES BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIA- TIONS . . . . . . .33 CO-OPERATION 34 PROFIT-SHARING 36 CHILD LABOR . . . . . . . . .37 . EIGHT-HOUR DAY .38 FACTORY SYSTEM .39 LABOR ORGANIZATIONS . . ' . . . . . 41 SOCIALISM, COMMUNISM, AND ANARCHISM . . .43 STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS 47 SWEATING SYSTEM- * .48 THE UNEMPLOYED 50 LABOR (Continued). WAGES . . .52 WOMEN WAGE-EARNERS 53 CHARITY AND PAUPERISM 55 GENERAL 55 ORGANIZED SOCIETIES 57 MEDICAL CHARITIES 59 OUT-DOOR RELIEF 60 PROVIDENT SCHEMES 62 SUMMER CHARITIES 63 CHILD PROBLEM .64 CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY .... 66 ECONOMICS 70 GENERAL 71 CAPITAL, INTEREST, AND PROFITS 73 FINANCE AND TAXATION 74 LAND AND RENT ........ 75 MONEY 77 LODGING HOUSES . . . . . . .78 MUNICIPAL PROBLEMS 79 PEOPLE'S CLUBS 81 THE SALVATION ARMY 83 SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS . 86 TEMPERANCE 91 TENEMENT-HOUSE PROBLEM .... 93 THE SLUMS 97 UNIVERSITY SETTLEMENTS .... 98 WOMANHOOD 101 SOCIOLOGICAL JOURNALS AND QUARTER- LIES 104 PART II APPLIED SOCIOLOGY. CHARITIES, MEDICAL: INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL MISSIONARY SOCIETY . . 109 CHARITIES, ORGANIZED: CHARITY ORGANIZATION SOCIETY no N. Y. ASSOCIATION FOR IMPROVING THE CONDITION OF THE POOR 113 PACK CHARITIES, ORGANIZED (Continued). STATE CHARITIES AID ASSOCIATION . . . .115 UNITED HEBREW CHARITIES 116 SOCIETY FOR ETHICAL CULTURE 118 CHARITIES, PENNY PROVIDENT FUND . . 119 CHARITIES, SUMMER : BARTHOLDI CRECHE 120 Tribune FRESH- AIR FUND 121 WORKING GIRLS' VACATION SOCIETY . . . .123 CHILD PROBLEM: CHILDREN'S AID SOCIETY 124 FIVE POINTS HOUSE OF INDUSTRY . . . . .126 N. Y. FOUNDLING HOSPITAL . 128 VIRGINIA DAY NURSERY 129 LIST OF N. Y. DAY NURSERIES 130 ST. JOHN'S GUILD 131 CHURCH, APPLIED CHRISTIANITY: A COLLEGE COURSE IN APPLIED CHRISTIANITY . . 133 A THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY COURSE IN APPLIED CHRIS- TIANITY 133 AMITY COFFEE-ROOM 134 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY . . 135 BROTHERHOOD OF ANDREW AND PHILIP .... 137 LOCAL UNION OF THE BROTHERHOOD FOR NEW YORK CITY 138 BROTHERHOOD OF THE KINGDOM . . . . . 139 BROTHERHOOD OF ST. ANDREW 140 CHURCH ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF THE INTERESTS OF LABOR 142 DAUGHTERS OF THE KING ...... 143 EPWORTH LEAGUE . 144 GIRLS' FRIENDLY SOCIETY 145 INDUSTRIAL CHRISTIAN ALLIANCE ...*.. 147 PEOPLE'S RESTAURANTS AND HOTELS . . . 148 KING'S DAUGHTERS AND SONS 149 N. Y. DEACONESS HOME AND TRAINING SCHOOL . . 151 N. Y. TRAINING SCHOOL FOR DEACONESSES . . .152 ST. VINCENT DE PAUL SOCIETY m VI CHURCH, APPLIED CHRISTIANITY (Continued). YOUNG MEN'S INSTITUTE 155 YOUNG PEOPLE'S SOCIETY OF CHRISTIAN ENDEAVOR . 156 LOCAL COUNCIL Y. P. S. C. E 158 N. Y. POLICE SOCIETY OF CHRISTIAN ENDEAVOR . 159 YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION .... 160 YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION . . . 162 CHURCH, INSTITUTIONAL: PARISH-HOUSE IDEA 164 ST. GEORGE'S PARISH HOUSE 164 MADISON SQUARE CHURCH HOUSE 167 COLLEGIATE REFORMED CHURCH 168 GRACE CHURCH . . . . . . . .170 CHURCH, MISSIONS: N. Y. BAPTIST MISSION 172 N. Y. CITY MISSION AND TRACT SOCIETY . . .172 N. Y. P. E. CITY MISSION SOCIETY .... 173 CHURCH, UNITY: BROTHERHOOD OF CHRISTIAN UNITY .... 174 EVANGELICAL ALLIANCE 175 CITY VIGILANCE LEAGUE 177 CIVIL-SERVICE REFORM ASSOCIATION . . 179 EDUCATION, INDUSTRIAL : BARON DE HIRSCH FUND 181 HEBREW TECHNICAL INSTITUTE 183 INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS OF THE CHILDREN'S AID SOCIETY 184 N. Y. TRADE SCHOOLS 185 TEACHERS' COLLEGE 187 EDUCATION, KINDERGARTENS: N. Y. KINDERGARTEN ASSOCIATION . . . .188 LIST OF N. Y. KINDERGARTENS 188 EDUCATION, UNIVERSITY EXTENSION IN U. S. 190 IMMIGRATION: ITALIAN BENEVOLENT SOCIETY 194 SOCIETE FRANCHISE DE BIENFAISANCE .... 195 TRAVELLERS' AID SOCIETY 196 LABOR, ORGANIZATIONS : AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR 197 KNIGHTS OF LABOR.. . . . . . . . 198 Vll LABOR, PROFIT-SHARING: CHILDREN'S DRESSMAKING COMPANY .... 199 LABOR, THE UNEMPLOYED: FREE PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT BUREAUS .... 200 WAYFARERS' LODGE OF THE C. O. S 202 LABOR, WOMEN WAGE-EARNERS: CONSUMERS' LEAGUE 203 WORKING WOMEN'S PROTECTIVE UNION . . . 205 WORKING WOMEN'S SOCIETY 206 MUNICIPAL PROBLEMS: CITY CLUB 208 GOOD GOVERNMENT CLUBS 209 CITY REFORM CLUB . 210 FABIAN SOCIETY 211 FREE FLOATING BATHS 214 FREE RAIN BATHS . . . ...".. . 215 LAVATORIES 216 LONDON REFORM UNION 219 TAMMANY SOCIETY ........ 220 PEOPLE'S CLUBS: BAPTIST BOYS' BRIGADE . 222 N. Y. ASSOCIATION OF WORKING GIRLS' SOCIETIES . 223 PEOPLE'S SINGING CLASSES 226 TEE-To-TuM . . .227 PENOLOGY : BURNHAM INDUSTRIAL FARM 228 PRISON ASSOCIATION OF N. Y. . ... . . . 229 RESCUE MISSIONS: RESCUE MISSIONS AND SHELTERS 230 RESCUE MISSIONS, OPEN EVERY NIGHT .... 231 REFUGES FOR HOMELESS WOMEN 232 FOR GIRLS 232 FOR MEN 233 FOR BOYS (UNDER EIGHTEEN YEARS) . . . 233 RESPECTABLE HOUSES WHERE LODGINGS MAY BE HAD AT Low RATES FOR MEN 233 FOR WOMEN 234 WAYFARER'S LODGE . 234 RESCUE BAND (NEW YORK) 234 Vlll RESCUE MISSIONS (Continued). SLUM POSTS OF SALVATION ARMY 236 SOCIAL PROBLEMS: NATIONAL CHRISTIAN LEAGUE FOR THE PROMOTION OF SOCIAL PURITY 237 N. Y. SOCIETY FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF VICE . . 239 SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF CRIME . . . 240 TEMPERANCE : CHURCH TEMPERANCE SOCIETY 241 LOYAL LEGION TEMPERANCE SOCIETY . . . .243 NATIONAL TEMPERANCE SOCIETY 244 WEST END PROTECTIVE LEAGUE ...... 246 TENEMENT-HOUSE PROBLEM: MODEL TENEMENTS, WATER STREET .... 247 SANITARY PROTECTIVE LEAGUE 249 TENEMENT-HOUSE BUILDING COMPANY .... 249 TENEMENT-HOUSE CHAPTER, KING'S DAUGHTERS AND SONS 251 UNIVERSITY SETTLEMENTS: COLLEGE SETTLEMENT . . . . . . . 253 EAST SIDE HOUSE , 255 UNIVERSITY SETTLEMENT SOCIETY 256 INTRODUCTION. AT the present time, when there must be reviews of reviews, and when there are bulky volumes of simply the titles in periodical literature, the busy professional man is fairly bewildered by the shoals of references set- ting toward him. From the necessity of the case he has only time to inform himself of the titles of the books which seem to fall under the scope of his line of study. It is just as much a truism as ever, that the men who are accomplishing results, are the busy men. Because they are so busy they wish to economize all the time they can with safety. It is the aim of the Bibliography, in the first place, to enable the clergy and other students of social science to familiarize themselves with the leading authorities in their special field, and secondly to present a selected list of references from the very latest writers. Accordingly, each reference contains a sufficient amount of data to enable a busy man to tell at a glance if the book in question is one which he wants, either because the treatment is along his line of study, or the price in accord with the depth of his pocket-book. In all the varying forms of municipal improvement, there is an imperative need that the workers should have some comprehension of the problem in its totality, in order that they may be able to correlate the more under- standingly their particular labors. A second need, but none the less important, although for the most part applicable to those interested in reform movements, is the conscious endeavor of devoting the main energy to construction rather than to destruction. There must be some tearing down, but the greatest energy needs to be spent on the up-building. A municipality needs to be self-conscious ; it needs to know its own resources, and it should take account of stock frequently. The great body of citizens are too busy or have no de- sire to manage the business of the city, accordingly they must hire others to do the work for them. If the public servants are paid for managing the affairs of the city, they should not object to inquiry and inspection of their methods by their masters. But an employer of servants will make a poor overseer of them, if he has no knowl- edge of what they ought to do and how they ought to do it. The rings and the bosses, with their influence and their pulls, trade on this indifference and ignorance on the part of citizens. Till the last few years the clergy and the scholars have held aloof from practical politics ; in their opinion the political arena was no place for them. But now these classes feel that if politics are to be characterized by clean and business principles, clean and business men must take a hand in them. The man who is the most dreaded by the municipal misrulers, and who has been the most active in making the virtue of our city self-cognizant, is a clergyman. Just so long as the clergy stand aloof, to that extent will good municipal government be an ideal and not a realization. This Hand Book has been prepared for the purpose of bringing together the varying forms of humanizing effort, in order that the various workers may feel that they do not stand alone, but that they are touching elbows with those who are just as much interested, yet are working in another corner of the field. By showing the situation en masse, those who may be desirous of study, can make a selection of that line of work which appeals to them and then follow it out. The Hand Book shows what is actually doing through the various societies and institutions. The time has come when students in sociology, espe- cially the clergy, must study these questions at origi- nal sources. They must see for themselves the prob- lems of the city which are pressing for immediate solution, because the pulpit should again become the standard-bearer of the religion of the home, the shop, and the street. It is with this end in view, that those who are already interested and those whose interest shall be aroused may realize that our cities are simply so many laboratories, where these vexed and vexing prob- lems may be studied. The limits of the introduction preclude any detailed acknowledgment of the courtesies which the editors re- ceived at the hands of those who have co-operated by suggestions and advice. Those who aided were busy men and women, yet they were always willing to help, a fact which has contributed toward the success of the book, and one which the editors acknowledge with hearty appreciation. WM. HOWE TOLMAN, WM. I. HULL. May, 1894. PART I. SOCIOLOGY. There is no essential difference in the meaning of the term applied when used in relation to social science and that given to it when speaking of any other science, such as mechanics, physics, chemistry, etc. Every science, in order to be such, deals with a certain class of forces producing a corresponding class of phenomena. A study of the phenomena leads to a knowledge of the laws according to which the forces act. The forces being uniform and invariable, these laws are universal within the class in question, and under like conditions identical effects will be produced. The effects, however, depend upon the conditions, and these may be varied to any required extent by the experimenter. It is clear that the effects produced by any class of forces may be either beneficial, injurious, or indifferent, in relation to man, and that it is desirable to bring as many of them as possible within the first of these three classes. This is the purpose of applied science in whatever department. It is done by modifying the con- ditions under which the forces act. The general term for this is invention, and the products of the beneficial effects of natural forces are known in a broad way as the arts, which also include all human institutions. These taken together constitute what is known as material civilization. The effect of all this upon the mechanical, physical, and inorganic forces in general is too apparent to require further mention. But the organic world is also a domain of forces, more complicated, it is true, but not so much so as to exclude invention. Biology is the science in which vital forces operate, and its applied stage embraces the great arts of agriculture, horticulture, and stock-raising, as well as the healing art, and many others. In dealing with laws that control the actions of the higher animals, the psychic forces must be encountered and their nature understood. This has been successfully accom- plished and they have been subjected to man's use. The social forces are almost exclusively psychic and of a higher 3 order than is met with in animals. They are correspondingly more complex, recondite, and difficult of study and reduction to law. But even this has been done, and government is the chief art that has resulted from this science of society. Its progress, as in the other sciences, must be proportioned to the degree of acquaintance attained with the nature and laws in this department. Using legislation as the expression for the method by which social science is applied, it is clear that all successful legislation must consist in a true process of invention, as the result of scientific, experimental study in the domain of the social forces. This is dynamic sociology or applied social science. LESTER F. WARD. WASHINGTON, D. C., January, 1894. SPENCER, HERBERT. PRINCIPLES OF SOCIOLOGY. 36 ed. New York, D. Appleton & Co, 1890, 2 vols., i2mo, pp. 883 and 693. Price $4.00. SPENCER, HERBERT. FIRST PRINCIPLES. New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1892, 8vo, 558 pp. Price $2.00. DE GREEF, GUILLAUME. INTRODUCTION A LA Socio- LOGIE. SCHAEFFLE, ALBERT. BAU UND L.EBEN DBS SOCIALEN KORPERS. i88r, 4 vols., paper. Price $[4.65. WARD, LESTER F. DYNAMIC SOCIOLOGY. New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1883, 2 vols., i2mo, 726 and 698 pp. Price $5.00. WARD, LESTER F. THE PSYCHIC FACTORS OF CIVILIZA- TION, Boston, Ginn & Co., 1893, i2mo. Price $2.00. Spencer's " Principles of Sociology " is a r/sumtfof anthropological data, generalized in accordance with the evolutionary hypotheses. The work voluminously illustrates certain "inductions," viz.: that society is an entity, not a mere dialectic term ; that society is an organism ; that society exhibits growth ; that growth is accompanied by increase of structure ; that structural complexity is accompanied by differentiation of functions ; that functions become centred in systems of organs ; that social organs are to be distinguished as the sustaining system, the distributing system, and the regulating system ; that societies may be consequently classed, according to their degrees of composition, as simple, compound, doubly compound, trebly compound, and secondarily, into the mere predominantly militant and the predominantly industrial. Spencer carries these generaliza- tions still further in the " First Principles," especially sections 107, in, 116, 122, 129, 134, 144, 154, 161, 168, and chapters XVIII- XXIV. In the earlier passages Spencer expounds the steps of in- duction by which he arrives at the formula of evolution, within which social phenomena are comprehended, viz.: "Evolution is an in- tegration of matter and concomitant dissipation of motion, during which the matter passes from indefinite incoherent homogeneity to a definite coherent heterogeneity, and during which the retained motion undergoes a parallel transformation." In the latter passages are expositions of evolution in various phases. The value of De Greef's work consists first in its sagacious criti- cisms of Spencer. De Greef decides that the advance made by Spencer upon his predecessors consists (i) in a more minute analysis of the facts ; (2) in a less vague and more organic conception of the social order ; (3) in the recognized necessity of proving the existence of a Sociology by the corresponding existence of a distinct series of phenomena ; (4) in the demonstration that social phenomena and the appropriate sciences are susceptible of classification. De Greef very justly asserts, however, that taking Spencer at his word, and accept- ing his conclusions, we thereby reach not a science of Sociology, but proof that there is no room for a science beyond Biology. For this reductio ad absurdum De Greef substitutes the argument that Soci- ology is Biology plus the regime of contract. In the elaboration of this argument his chapter on the " Social Consciousness '' discusses, with enough vagaries to keep readers on their guard, the fundamental fact of social psychology. Schaeffle's first volume may well be taken as a continuation of con- temporary Sociology from the point reached by De Greef. The latter logically but not chronologically precedes Schaeffle. It would be difficult to select a more atrociously constructed book, even in German. The first of the four volumes will nevertheless repay study, for it contains an outline of social psychology which must be epoch- making. It analyzes the social processes of " sense-perfection," "cognition," " feeling," and " willing." The whole scheme chal- lenges study of society from a point of view entirely different from that of traditional philosophies. Ward surveys the field of Anthropology after the manner of Spencer, but his conclusions are contained in a scheme of " teleo- logical progress"; not a helpless waiting for physical evolution to produce a better state of society, but the control of physical by psychical effort. Education as the ultimate leverage of progress is the keynote of the work. This theme is elaborated in a later work by the same author, " The Psychic Factors of Civilization." ALBION W. SMALL. UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, 1893. BASCOM, J. SOCIOLOGY. New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1887, i2mo, 264 pp. Price $1.50. A general survey of Sociology and its present problems. COMMONS, J. R. THE CHRISTIAN MINISTER AND SOCIOLOGY. Christian Social Union Publication, No. 4. GIDDINGS. F. H. SOCIOLOGY AS A UNIVERSITY STUDY. Political Science Quarterly, December, 1891. GIDDINGS, F. H. THE PROVINCE OF SOCIOLOGY. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, July, 1890. THE STATE. It is a very serious mistake to study the practical organization and details of government to the exclusion of theory. Theory, in this connection, is but another word for principle ; and principles, of course, have no saving efficacy except in so far as they are embodied in practice. But practice cannot get along without principle ; and the student of government who too exclusively scrutinizes the machinery and the detailed personal relationships of politics will infallibly become near-sighted and finally lose all real vision for affairs. The object of government is to establish the right in the relations of men with each other. But right, in social relationships, is a relative, not an absolute thing. It is proportioned to individual capacity and social opportunity ; it is always feasible right rather than abstract right. The best media of government are sound com- mon-sense and strong practical sagacity, illuminated and guided by deep-set righteous principle. May we be delivered alike from the self-called " practical man " and the star-gazing theorist. WOODROW WILSON. PRINCETON, January, 1894. CIVIL SERVICE REFORM. By civil service reform is meant a reform in the methods of making appointments to and removals from the government service so as to have them made solely with the view to the candidate's or office- holder's fitness or unfitness, and not with reference to his services to some particular politician or political organization. The merit method of making appointments has been introduced into the clas- sified service of the United States, covering close upon 40,000 places under the National Government. In nearly 160,000 places, however, the old spoils method of making appointments still obtains. This spoils method is that which prevailed in England under the Stuarts and the Georges, and which still prevails in Morocco, Turkey, the South American Republics, and other States not yet very far advanced towards civilization. The spoils of patronage method is utterly in- defensible from any standpoint of decency or good government. The reform system is thoroughly practical, thoroughly simple in its word- ings, and thoroughly wholesome in its effects. Its adoption means a decided improvement in the public service and, what is of far greater importance, it means an immeasurable improvement in the tone of public life. THEODORE ROOSEVELT. WASHINGTON, D. C., February, 1894. EATON, DORMAN B. CIVIL SERVICE IN GREAT BRITAIN. A History of Abuses and Reforms, and their Bear- ing upon American Politics. New York, Harper & Bros., 1879, 8vo., 483 pp. ; 1881, 4to., 82 pp. Price $2.50 ; paper, 25 cents. An excellent historical survey of the subject in Great Britain and India, together with suggestions as to the practical bearing of England's experience upon the question in the United States. LODGE, H. C. WHY PATRONAGE IN OFFICE is UN- AMERICAN. Century, October, 1890. ROOSEVELT, THEODORE. AN OBJECT LESSON IN CIVIL- SERVICE REFORM. Atlantic Monthly, February, 1891. PUBLICATIONS OF THE NATIONAL CIVIL SERVICE REFORM LEAGUE. Wm. Potts, Secretary, 56 Wall Street, New York City. Apply to G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. GOOD GOVERNMENT. A combination of the Civil Service Record of Boston, and the Civil Service Reformer of Baltimore. Published monthly in the interests of Civil Service Reform. $1.00 a year. EDUCATION COMPULSORY. Compulsory school-attendance laws are in force in twenty-nine States and Territories, as follows : Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Idaho, Illinois, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Utah, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. The Massachusetts and Connecticut laws are the most elaborate and exacting in their re- quirements, and are the most rigidly enforced. In most other States outside of the cities, enforcement is generally lax, though the moral effect of the knowledge of the existence of a compulsory law is un- doubtedly beneficial in promoting school attendance. Compulsory laws require school attendance usually of children from eight to fourteen years of age, for a period varying from twelve to twenty weeks each year. The present tendency is to lengthen the annual period of required attendance, and in Connecticut it already embraces the whole school term, in Massachusetts thirty weeks. In thirteen States compliance with the provisions of the law is an essential preliminary to employment to labor, and in ten States, em- ployment during school hours is absolutely forbidden under a certain specified age, usually twelve or thirteen years, though in New Jersey it is fourteen for girls. The age of required attendance is extended in some States in the case of illiterate or unemployed children. The compulsory law provides for the supply of free text-books to indigent children in six States, and of clothing in California and Ohio ; in three, they are excused from attendance. WM. T. HARRIS. WASHINGTON, D. C., February, 1894. JAMES, E. J. COMPULSORY EDUCATION. LALOR'S CY- CLOPEDIA. SHAW, WM. B. COMPULSORY EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES. Educational Review, August, September, 1892. WARD, L. F. DYNAMIC SOCIOLOGY. Vol. II., Chapter XIV. REPORTS OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION, 1888- 9. Vol. L, pp. 470-531. A Review of State Laws. EDUCATION INDUSTRIAL, AND KINDER- GARTENS. The words" industrial education" have unfortunately received a double meaning in this country. On the one hand, it is often con- founded with the term " manual training," an education which has for its sole object the training of the will powers, as essential an element of character as the training of the reasoning and the sensi- bilities by means of mathematics and literature. On the other side, industrial education stands for that training in the arts, sciences, and the crafts, which makes a far better workman, whatever the condition of his industrial pursuit. In Europe, this training has assumed a definite place in the edu- cational system, and while it has not accomplished all that was expected, especially in England, it has worked radical changes in France and Germany. In this country, owing to the social freedom of the people, the movement has only begun. It has for many years been a part of the instruction in evening schools, but not until recently a definite and systematic work of special day classes, planned and equipped for that special purpose. It should stand, in the educational system of America, on the same plane with all other educational agencies. F. B. PRATT. PRATT INSTITUTE, February, 1894. DOOLY, M. A. THE NEERBOSCH AND GLASGOW INDUS- TRIAL SCHOOLS, The Arena, May, 1893. 10 HUXLEY, T. H. INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION : ITS NECES- SITY IN THE STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE. Nineteenth Century, February, 1888. INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION IN NEW YORK. Science, g : 553- MACALISTER, J. MANUAL TRAINING IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF PHILADELPHIA. JAMES, E. J. and RHAWN, W. J. EDUCATION OF BUSI- NESS MEN, I.-IV. New York, American Bankers' Association, 1892-3. LUBBOCK, J. MANUAL TRAINING. Popular Science Monthly, 30 : 327. MCNEILL, GEO. E. THE LABOR MOVEMENT. Chapter XXII. : Industrial Education, by Heber R. Newton. THORPE, F. N. MANUAL TRAINING AS A FACTOR IN MODERN EDUCATION. Century, 21 : 920. WALKER, F. A. and Others. INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION IN COUNTRY SCHOOLS. Science, 9 : 365, 372. WINSHIP, A. E. THE SHOP. Boston, D. Lathrop& Co., 1889, i6mo, 78 pp. Price 6oc. ANNUAL REPORTS OF THE HEBREW TECHNICAL INSTI- TUTE, 3 Stuyvesant St., New York. REPORTS AND CIRCULARS OF INFORMATION, published by the Industrial Education Association, 21 Univer- sity Place, New York City. ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REPORTS OF THE NEW YORK TRADE SCHOOLS (Col. Richard I. Auchmuty). Apply at the schools, First Avenue, 67th and 68th Sts., New York. The fourteenth season will open in October, 1894. HALE, EDWARD EVERETT. Col. Richard I. Auchmuty. Lend a Hand, July, 1893. This contains a description of the "Auchmuty System " which has proved so practical, and for its originality has attracted considerable attention. II EDUCATIONAL MONOGRAPHS OF THE NEW YORK COLLEGE FOR THE TRAINING OF TEACHERS, 9 University Place, Vol. III., No. 2. BARNARD, HENRY. KINDERGARTEN AND CHILD-CUL- TURE PAPERS. Syracuse, N. Y., C. W. Bardeen. 800 pp. Price $3.50. A complete Enyclopedia of the kindergarten. BOWEN, H. C. FROEBEL AND EDUCATION BY SELF-AC- TIVITY. New York, C. Scribner's Sons. Price $1.00. FROEBEL, J. EDUCATION OF MAN. Translated and furnished with ample notes by W. N. Hailmann, New York, D. Appleton & Co. i2mo. Price $1.50- Froebel's " Education of Man " appeared for the first time in 1826. The political and social aspects of the time, as well as the obscurity of its publisher, hindered its diffusion and appreciation. Yet the book lived ; and twenty-five years later, it came to be recognized as the prophecy of the new educational epoch of which our children are the beneficiaries. In all directions the book sounds the keynote of a new education. It lifts all educational work from narrow, merely utilitarian standpoints, to an intensely and broadly Christian view of life ; it measures every educational activity by its influence on char- acter and full life efficiency. In all questions of system and method, Froebel places the teacher on solid ground, and indicates the way to loftiest achievements. MACKENZIE, C. FREE KINDERGARTENS. Lend a Hand, i : 603. EDUCATION UNIVERSITY EXTENSION. The purpose of the Extension is to afford the benefits of Univer- sity instruction to those who cannot attend a University. Lecture Courses are given upon any subject for which there is a sufficient popular demand, in any place easily accessible from a University. The aim of the lecturer is to make his Course of ten weekly lectures cover about the same ground a College Class would go over in ten weeks. The teaching scheme comprises Lectures, Class 12 Work, Essays, Reports, etc. An Examination (voluntary) is held at the close of each course and certificates are awarded to those who pass. Experience has shown that the best work can be done in small classes, of from thirty to fifty persons, and that an attempt to " popu- larize " a course is unwise. The end and object of the " Extension " is not to amuse but to teach. WILFRED H. MUNRO, Director University Extension Brown University. February, 1894. ADAMS, H. B. UNIVERSITY EXTENSION AND ITS LEAD- ERS (Illustrated). Review of Reinews, July, 1891. DEWEY, M. UNIVERSITY EXTENSION IN NEW YORK, Critic, 19 : 90. HENDERSON, C. H. UNIVERSITY EXTENSION. Popular Science Monthly \ 40 : i. MACKINDER AND SADLER (Secretary to the Oxford Dele- gacy). UNIVERSITY EXTENSION PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE. Philadelphia, American Society for the Extension of University Teaching, 144 pp. 6oc. WOODS. ENGLISH SOCIAL MOVEMENTS, Chapter IV. UNIVERSITY EXTENSION IN AMERICA. (Illustrated). Review of Reviews, January, 1893. FOR THE BEST EXHIBIT OF AMERICAN UNIVERSITY EX- TENSION, apply to The American Society for the Extension of University Teaching, i5th and Sansom Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. FOR NEW YORK UNIVERSITY EXTENSION, apply to University of the State of New York, Albany, N. Y. The University Extension World. A monthly journal published by the University Press of Chicago. $1.00 a year. Vol. I., 1892. University Extension. A monthly journal published by the American Society, Philadelphia. $1.50 a year. GOVERNMENT. The Aristotelian dictum which makes the aim of government to be the promotion of good life would probably be accepted by every one. But this leaves unanswered the practical question, Will this good life be best fostered by the strict limitation of governmental functions or by their increase, particularly in the industrial field ? Now that conception of government which limits its essential func- tions to the preservation of social order and the administration of justice between man and man, is certainly yielding ground to that view which, while restricting the action of government in some directions, would in general give its activities a vastly wider range. The experience of the last few centuries seems to have settled three things : (i) that the State should withdraw wholly from the religious sphere ; (2) that it should occupy at least certain portions of the educational field ; and (3) that it should enter the industrial realm by assuming strict control or absolute ownership of all those industries which in their nature are monopolistic. P. V. N. MYERS. UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI, February, 1894. BLUNTSCHLI, J. K. THEORY OF THE MODERN STATE. (Translated from the sixth German edition.) New York, Macmillan & Co., 1885, 8vo, 518 pp. Price $3-25- Admirable from both an historical and philosophical point of view. BRYCE, JAMES. THE AMERICAN COMMONWEALTH. New York, Macmillan & Co., 1893-94. Two volumes, large ramo, 741 pp. Third edition, Vol. I. now ready. Price $1.75. Vol. II. in press. This work is now so well known as hardly to need mention, and so universally praised as to require no further commendation. Its purpose is to describe the framework and constitutional machinery of our Federal and State governments, the methods by which they are worked, and the forces which move and direct them. The fulfil- ment of this purpose requires a discussion of the legislative, execu- tive, and judicial departments of the National, State, and Local Governments ; of the nature and interpretation of the National and State Constitutions ; of the political parties and their methods ; of public opinion, as manifested in the leading political ideas, habits, 14 and tendencies of the American people, and its influence on parties and government, illustrated by some instances in recent history ; of the comparative strength and weakness of democratic government as it exists in the United States; and of "certain intellectual or spiritual forces, which count fcr so much in the total life of the country, in the total impression which it makes, and the hopes for the future which it raises." CHAMBERLAIN, J. MUNICIPAL INSTITUTIONS IN AMERICA AND ENGLAND. The Forum, November, 1892. DOLE, CHARLES F. THE AMERICAN CITIZEN. Boston, D. C. Heath & Co., 1892. Crown, 8vo, 294 pp. Price 900. Contains chapters on : Beginnings of Citizenship ; the Citizen and the Government ; Economic Duties ; Social Rights and Duties ; International Duties. The primary object of the book seems to have been to afford a manual for young men not pursuing their education farther than the high schools. FISKE, JOHN. CIVIL GOVERNMENT IN X THE UNITED STATES CONSIDERED WITH SOMK REFERENCES TO ITS ORIGINS. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin, & Co., 1891. Crown 8vo, 351 pp. Price $1.00. This is an excellent treatise both for its present and historical interest, and for the numerous suggestions and topics for further study in regard to questions prominent in politics to-day. Selected refer- ences on special topics. THE GOVERNMENT OF AMERICAN CITIES. The Forum, 10 : 357- Century, September, 1891. IVINS, W. M. MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. Political Science Quarterly, June, 1887. Low, SETH. THE PROBLEM OF CITY GOVERNMENT. Johns Hopkins University Studies (Supplementary Note). Baltimore, 1889. Paper, 5c. MACY, JESSE. OUR GOVERNMENT : How IT GREW, WHAT IT DOES, AND How IT DOES IT. New York, Ginn & Co., 1890. i2mo, 289 pp. Price $1.00. A manual of civics for use chiefly in high schools and academies. PATTEN, S. N. DECAY OF STATE AND LOCAL GOVERN- MENT. Annals American Academy, July, 1890. SHAW, ALBERT. How LONDON is GOVERNED. Century, March, 1890. SHAW, ALBERT. PARIS THE TYPICAL MODERN CITY. Century, July, 1891. SHAW, ALBERT. MUNICIPAL PROBLEMS OF NEW YORK AND LONDON. Jteview of Reviews, April, 1892. THE STATESMAN'S YEAR BOOK. Published annually. Vol. I., 1864. New York, Macmillan & Co. $3.00 a volume. Valuable for facts in regard to the governments of all countries, and for bibliographies difficult of access to the general reader. STORY, MOORFIELD. POLITICS AS A DUTY AND AS A CAREER. New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1889. i2mo, 33 pp. Price 25c. A strong plea for definite political reforms, as opposed to machine politics. WHITE, A. D. THE GOVERNMENT OF AMERICAN CITIES, Forum, December, 1890. WILSON, WOODROW. CONGRESSIONAL GOVERNMENT. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin, & Co., 1885. i6mo, 333 pp. Price $1.25. A description of Congressional principles and methods. WILSON, WOODROW. THE STATE, OR ELEMENTS OF HISTORICAL AND PRACTICAL POLITICS. Boston, D. C. Heath & Co., 1890. 8vo, 720 pp. Price $2.00. This book exhibits the actual organization and administrative practice of the chief modern governments in their proper relation to the practice of government in the past, and to the general principles of jurisprudence and politics, as these have been developed by historical criticism. WILSON, WOODROW. THE STUDY OF ADMINISTRATION. Political Science Quarterly, June, 1887. PUBLICATIONS OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF Civics. Address Lock Box 430, Equitable Building, 120 Broadway, New York City. i6 IMMIGRATION. Migration has been a characteristic of human society at all periods of history and is an important fact in the study of Sociology. In early times whole tribes wandered for the purpose of seeking new pastures, or obtaining new homes by conquest. After the discovery of America, migration took on the form of colonization and the establish- ing of plantations or trading posts. Such migration was still under the auspices of the mother country. In modern times, migration is the act of the individual leaving his home for the purpose of finding a new one either in a colony of the mother country, or in a strange country. It is therefore a purely individual act, but when it takes place on a sufficiently large scale it has important social consequences. Emigration may affect the population and the economic condition of the country which the emigrants leave. Generally the loss to population is made good by additional births, and the economic loss is made up by the introduction of machinery. The effect of immigra- tion on the receiving country is much more important. It increases population, and assists the economic development. Sometimes, however, it threatens to lower the standard of living of the laboring class, to add to the burden of pauperism, and to complicate political and social development by the introduction of elements alien to the established civilization. This gives rise to the question of restriction of immigration, which is of especial importance in the United States. RICHMOND MAYO-SMITH. COLUMBIA COLLEGE, January, 1894. CHANDLER, W. E. SHALL IMMIGRATION BE SUS- PENDED ? North American Review, January, 1893. DINGLEY, F. L. EUROPEAN IMMIGRATION INTO THE UNITED STATES. Special U. S. Consular Report for 1890. 121 pp. HALE, E. E. How TO DEAL WITH OUR IMMIGRANTS. Social Economist, February, 1893. JAMES, E. J. LALOR'S CYCLOPEDIA OF POLITICAL SCIENCE: ARTICLE ON EMIGRATION AND IMMI- GRATION. MCNEILL. THE LABOR MOVEMENT. (Chapter XVI.) 17 MAYO-SMITH, R. EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. A Study in Social Science. New York, C. Scribner's Sons. 1890, 8vo, 302 pp. Price $1.50. An historical and statistical survey of the political, social, and economic effects. Bibliography appended. A standard work. MAYO-SMITH, R. CONTROL OF IMMIGRATION. Political Science Quarterly, March, June, and September, 1888. NOBLE, JOHN HAWKS. THE IMMIGRATION QUESTION. Political Science Quarterly, June, 1892. ROUND, W. M. F. IMMIGRATION AND CRIME. Journal of Social Science. [Saratoga Papers of 1889.] SCHUYLER, EUGENE. ITALIAN IMMIGRATION INTO THE UNITED STATES. Political Science Quarterly, Sep- tember, 1889. REPORTS OF THE DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR OFFICES CONCERNING EMIGRATION FROM EUROPE TO THE UNITED STATES. House Misc. Doc. 5oth Cong., ist Sess., No. 572, part 2. 157 pp. ANNUAL REPORTS OF IMMIGRATION COMMISSIONERS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK. Vol. I., 1847. REPORTS OF THE CONSULAR OFFICES OF THE UNITED STATES ON EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. Wash- ington, 1887. WEBER, JOHN B., AND SMITH, CHARLES S. OUR NA- TIONAL DUMPING GROUND, A STUDY OF IMMIGRA- TION. North American Review, April, 1892. LAISSEZ-FAIRE AND STATE ACTIVITY. The relation between industry and government presents a question which lies at the basis of all practical and economic problems. It is rather by an accident in the development of economic thought that this question presents itself under the title ' ' Laissez-faire and State Activity," a credit which the student of economy cannot appreciate until he studies this doctrine in its origin and growth. It is the economic dogma incident to that general system of natural liberty which came in with the writers of the eighteenth century, and which i8 played so important a part in both industrial and political fields in the French Revolution. There are many ways of presenting this question. Has the State an economic function ? Is the principle of competition capable of ruling justly the industrial world ? Can the judgment of man, expressing itself through the State, determine the manner in which commercial forces shall work ? But, however the question is asked, it must be answered in such a manner as to grant the student of economy a free field for the investigation of practical industrial questions and social reforms, if any progress is to be made in the development of economic theory or in the guidance of economic forces. The change which has in recent years come over economic thinking cannot be more graphically stated than by calling attention to the fact that students are seeking for some principles by which the public activity of the State and the private initiative of the individual can work together for a common end rather than searching for argu- ments by which government may be entirely excluded from the indus- trial field. HENRY C. ADAMS. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, January, 1894. ADAMS, H. C. THE RELATION OF THE STATE TO IN- DUSTRIAL ACTION. Baltimore, American Economic Association, 1887, 85 pp. Price 75c. An admirable presentation of the principles which the author con- tends should shape State regulation of industry. GRAHAM, W. SOCIALISM, NEW AND OLD (Chapters IX.-XIL). GLADDEN, W. TOOLS AND THE MAN (Chapter X.). SHAW, WM. B. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC LEGISLATION OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1892. Quarterly Journal of Economics, January, 1893. SPENCER, HERBERT. MAN vs. THE STATE. New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1884, 113 pp., i2mo, paper. Price 3oc. A plea for individualism as opposed to paternalism in government. WAYLAND, H. L. HAS the STATE ABDICATED ? Journal of Social Science, October, 1892. 19 THE CHURCH. The Church ought to be the chief agency in bringing about the Kingdom of Heaven. It sometimes seems as if the Church were in threatening danger of forgetting that, and imagining its chief concern to be self-edification. On the threshold of the twentieth century the problem which the Church faces is not the strengthening of its stakes and the lengthening of its cords, but the making of a highway for the Kingdom of God. It is the height of time for the Church to make more earnest of its Lord's law, that the only way to save one's life is to lose it. If the Church would save itself in the era just before us, it must fling itself upon the world with a divine prodigality which it has as yet hardly dreamed of. It must "let itself loose". into a sweep of service, not service of itself but of society, which will make it altogether new. The voices of the prophets are all about us. Not another church is needed but a universal movement in the churches (must it be out- side them ?), under which there will be a regenerated Christendom, a human society that will actually believe in Jesus as the Lord of human life. GEORGE A. GATES. IOWA COLLEGE, January, 1894. APPLIED CHRISTIANITY. This may be summarized briefly thus, as stating the general atti- tude of the advocates of what is termed Applied Christianity : I. While the essence of Christianity is spiritual, its manifestations are through material things. It inevitably demands and creates a material environment adapted to itself. 2. The older political economy has failed to establish itself as a science of so-called natural laws, apart from moral considerations. The principle of laissez-faire is valid as against arbitrary legislative enactments in restraint of commerce and manufacture, but not as against well established ethical principles. Again, the scope of the older economy was too narrow. It is but a part of the broader field of sociology. The proper study of mankind is man in his entirety. 3. Principles of social organization involve not only human wants, but human free agency, and the conscience directing that agency. Hence the rise of Social Ethics, in place of the doctrine of laissez-faire, and this latter receives its light and suste- nance from the vital essence of Christianity, as its manifestation chiefly within the domain of Christendom amply proves. 4. Yet Christianity formulates no dogmatic system. It is a life rather than a creed ; life, in both senses, as an inner vital principle of growth, and as an out- ward manifestation in conduct. The middle link, so to speak, between the two is knowledge, truth as discovered by the intellect and justified in experience. 5. Under this title, therefore, are included some of the more important of recent efforts to set forth these principles, as both the expression of the inner life of Christianity, and the descrip- tion of its appropriate external exemplification. LEIGHTON WILLIAMS. NEW YORK CITY, February, 1894. BRACE, C. L. GESTA CHRISTI. New York, Armstrong Co., 1882, 8vo, 5th edition. Price $1.50. DICKINSON, C. A. THE PROBLEM OF THE MODERN CITY CHURCH. Andover Review, October, 1889. EHRICH, LEWIS. A RELIGION FOR ALL TIMES. Arena, March, 1893. ELY, R. T. SOCIAL ASPECTS OF CHRISTIANITY. New York, T. Y. Crowell & Co., 1889. New edition, enlarged, 132 pp. i2mo. Price goc. CONTENTS : Statement of Fundamental Principles ; Simple Gospel of Christ ; The Christian in the World, but not of the World ; Alien- ation of Wage Workers from the Church ; the Church and the World ; Philanthropy ; Ethics and Economics. FAIRBAIRN, A. M. THE PLACE OF CHRIST IN MODERN THEOLOGY. New York, C. Scribner's Sons, 1893. 8vo, 548 pp. Price, $2.50. FLOWER, B. O. PRESENT-DAY TENDENCIES AND SIGNS OF THE TIMES. Arena, March, 1893. FREMANTLE, W. H. THE WORLD AS A SUBJECT OF REDEMPTION. New York, Longmans, Greene & Co., 1892. 8vo, 470 pp. Price $2.00 An admirable discussion of the relation of Christianity to the prac- tical problems of social science. 21 GLADDEN, WASHINGTON. APPLIED CHRISTIANITY. Bos- ton and New York, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1886. i2mo, 320 pp. Price $1.00. A study of the moral aspects of social questions : Wealth, Labor, Socialism, Social Science, Popular Amusements, Popular Education. HILL, DAVID J. SOCIAL INFLUENCE OF CHRISTIANITY, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS. Boston, Silver, Burdett & Co., 1888. 8vo, 231 pp. Its chapters discuss : What is Human Society ? What has Christi- anity done for Society ? Christianity and the Problems of Labor, Wealth, Marriage, Education, Legislation, and Repression. Each chapter is preceded by a topical analysis, and the foot-notes give numerous cross references. MILLS, C. S. THE INSTITUTIONAL CHURCH. Bibli- otheca Sacra. July, 1892. " One of the best contributions to the subject." JOSIAH STRONG. SAVAGE, M. J., HALE, E. E., GLADDEN, W. INCREASE IN THE USEFULNESS OF OUR CHURCHES. North American Review, 148 : 372. THWING, CHARLES F. THE WORKING CHURCH. New York, Baker & Taylor, 1888. i6mo, 170 pp. Price 75c. A discussion of the best methods for making Church organization effective. WOODS. ENGLISH SOCIAL MOVEMENTS (Chapter 5 : THE SOCIAL WORK OF THE CHURCH). YEAR-BOOK OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW'S CHURCH, NEW YORK CITY, 1892. Illustrated. This one has been selected because of the phototypes which illustrate the various phases of the work of St. Bartholomew's parish house. All of the larger churches are issuing these year-books, describing the varying activities of the church in question. They are usually sent on application to the clergyman of the parish. PUBLICATIONS OF THE CHRISTIAN SOCIAL UNION. Rich- ard T. Ely, Secretary, University of Wisconsin. Madison, Wis. 22 THE KING'S BUSINESS. Proceedings of the World's Convention of Christians at Work, and Seventh Annual Convention of Christian Workers in the United States and Canada. Apply to the General Offices of the International Association, 85 Orange Street, New Haven, Conn. Rev. John C. Collins, Secretary. Price $1.00. The Reports of the Christian Workers make nearly twenty-five hundred pages of the very heart of Applied Christianity. They de- scribe the various phases of Christian Sociology in its treatment of lodging houses, working girls' clubs, the slums, boys' clubs, institu- tional churches, boys' brigades, missions, the training of Seminary Students with special reference to these lines, the work of College Students in the slums, and a large number of other forms of such work. CHURCH UNITY. Church unity, or an organic union of the churches, is a question that is beset with immense difficulties. It involves such mutual con- cessions of denominational creeds and politics that much time must undoubtedly elapse before anything like a general union can be effected. The practical history is likely to begin with the union of different branches of the same denomination, as, for example, the various Presbyterian bodies. Next will come, perhaps, those whose polity and methods are similar, as is the case with the Baptist and Congregational bodies. From these the union may be gradually ex- tended till all branches of the Church of Christ are included. Yes, it is possible that the history may be quite different from this. The present status may remain with little or no change till at a cer- tain exigency a plan will be presented that all or nearly all will agree to accept. It is a remarkable indication of a new era of religious comity that a Presbyterian professor of Princeton Theological Semi- nary, Rev. Charles W. Shields, D.D., has taken the position that a modified historic episcopate is the only possible ground of organic union among the various denominations. THEODORE F. SEWARD. NEW YORK CITY, February, 1894. GLADDEN, WASHINGTON. THE CHRISTIAN LEAGUE OF CONNECTICUT. New York, The Century Co. i6mo, 192 pp. 23 SHIELDS, C. W. SOCIAL PROBLEM OF CHURCH UNION Century, 18 : 687. STEAD, W. T. CHURCH UNION. Review of Reviews, 3 : 362. STEAD, W. T., AND OTHERS. THE LAYMEN'S MOVE- MENT : A SYMPOSIUM ON CHRISTIAN UNITY. Re- view of Reviews, February, 1892. STRONG, J., AND OTHERS. RELIGIOUS CO-OPERATION, LOCAL, NATIONAL, AND INTERNATIONAL : 8 arti- cles. Review of Reviews, October, 1892. STRONG, J. CO-OPERATION OF EVANGELICAL CHURCHES. Our Day, 2 : 81 ; i : 272. Christian Unity. A Layman's Journal. The Organ of the Brotherhood of Christian Unity. Theodore F. Seward, editor. Published quarterly in New York City at 53 East icth St. Vol. I., No. i, July, 1892. The Kingdom. A monthly paper, published by Calvary Church, in the East End of Pittsburg. 500. a year. Address F. C. Kyle, 89 Third Avenue, Pittsburg, Pa. MISSIONS. City Mission work is of various kinds. Broadly speaking it may be divided into two sections, according as it deals with those who have homes, or with those who are homeless. The larger part of the work done, of necessity pertains to the former class ; the more difficult part of the work, to the latter. The hopeful part of the work in the homes lies among the children. The hopelessness of the work among the homeless arises largely from the fact of their mature years. Another division might be made into two classes called the honest and the dishonest. Here again the larger part of the work lies with the former class, but the more difficult with the latter. Reasons for this are obvious. One more division may be made into the work of prevention, and work of cure. Here again the former must take precedence, both as regards the amount of work it calls for, and its hopefulness. Prevention deals with the children ; cure, with adults. Prevention is less dramatic in its features than is cure, but it is far more effective. City Mission work may again be divided into religious and purely secular departments. The one deals with the soul, the other with the body. Rightly carried on, these two departments must be com- bined. If the spiritual be reached, the temporal will in a large measure care for itself. Thus it would be seen the true City Mission work deals with all classes and conditions of men, reaching their bodies, minds, and spiritual natures. A. F. SCHAUFFLER. NEW YORK, January, 1894. EDHOLM, CHARLTON. THE TRAFFIC IN GIRLS, AND FLORENCE CRITTENTON MISSIONS. Chicago, W. C. T. U. Press, 1893. Price $1.00. NORTH, F. M. CITY MISSIONS AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS. Methodist Review, March, 1892. OFFORD, R. M., Editor. JERRY McAuLEY : His LIFE AND WORK. New York, Mrs. Jerry McAuley, 104 West 32d St., 1885. i2mo, 227 pp. Price 50 cents. RADIN, A. M. HELPING THE FALLEN : A report to the Jewish Ministers' Association of New York. Ameri- can Hebrew, January 20, 1893. NEW YORK EVANGELICAL MISSIONARY SOCIETY OF YOUNG MEN. Andover Review, 7 : 81. REPORTS OF THE NEW YORK CITY MISSION AND TRACT SOCIETY. Published annually at the United Chari- ties Building, 105 East 22d St., New York. Contains accounts of Church work, women's meetings, sewing schools, young men's and boys' classes, lodging-house work, and libraries, in the society's field, which is New York below I4th Street. Special Reports published by the Woman's Branch of the New York City Mission and Tract Society. The New York City Mission Monthly. A. F. SCHAUFFLER, Editor. Published monthly at 105 East 22d St., New York. $1.00 per annum. ANNUAL REPORTS OF THE NEW YORK CITY MISSION SOCIETY (P. E.). Apply to General Secretary, 38 Bleecker St., New York City. The Sixty-first Annual Report, for 1891-1892 (illustrated), de- scribes the work among inmates of the public institutions on Black- well's, Ward's, Randall's, and Hart's Islands, City Ayslums and Prisons. RELIGIOUS CONDITIONS OF NEW YORK CITY. Addresses made at a Christian Conference held in New York, December, 1888. New York City below Fourteenth Street ; a detailed discussion of mission work among the foreign elements of the population ; the denomi- national missions ; the necessity of lay co-operation and Christian work ; house-to-house visitation ; the latent power of New York churches. The topics were treated by Revs. Schauffler, MacArthur, John Hall, Josiah Strong, Chas. H. Parkhurst, and others. For the city mission work of the several churches, see their respective Year-Books. THE FAMILY. Of all the primary factors and forces of society the family has been most ignored in modern civilization. In law and politics, in eco- nomics and industry, in architectural construction and municipal administration of great cities, in social usages and current literature, even in education, philanthropy, and religion, it has, until compara- tively recent years, been very largely superseded by the attention bestowed upon the individual on the one hand and upon the mass on the other. The tide began to turn twenty-five years ago when a few scholars commenced to reinvestigate its social significance in the light of modern scientific research. Like most critical processes, this investigation at first developed destructive tendencies. But the latest and best literature on the family is not only conservative but con- structive. This investiture of the family with a more fundamental significance than could ever before be so clearly recognized, invests the bibliography of its literature both with peculiar interest and with 26 the utmost importance. This practical effort to popularize the study of the family as the norm of the social organism cannot fail to promote its recognition and use as a prime factor and force in sociological thought and effort. GRAHAM TAYLOR. CHICAGO THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, February, 1894. COULANGES, FUSTEL DE. THE ANCIENT CITY (Trans- lated from the French by Willard Small). Boston, Lee & Shepard, 1874. 8vo, 529 pp. Price $1.60. A study of the laws, religions, and institutions of Ancient Greece and Rome. Valuable for its chapters on the classic family. DIKE, S. W PROBLEMS OF THE FAMILY. Century, 17 : 385. DIKE, S. W., PORTER, E. C., PALMER, ALICE, F. THE CHURCH AND THE HOME. Publication No. 3 of the National Divorce Reform League, 1893. DIKE, S. W. PROGRESS OF DIVORCE REFORM. Andover Review, n 1427. DIKE, S. W. UNIFORM LAWS OF MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE. Arena, 2 : 399. DIKE, S. W. STATISTICS OF MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE. Political Science Quarterly, 4 : 592. Andover Review, ii : 528. DIKE, S. W. PROGRESS OF NATIONAL DIVORCE REFORM. Our Day, March, 1893. POMEROY, H. S. ETHICS OF MARRIAGE. New York, Funk & Wagnalls, 1889. i2mo., 197 pp. Price $1.00. STARCKE, C. N. THE PRIMITIVE FAMILY (Translated from the German). New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1889. i2mo, 315 pp. Price $1.75. A study of the origin and development of the family in primitive times, 27 WESTERMARCK, E. THE HISTORY OF HUMAN MAR- RIAGE. London, Macmillan & Co., 1891. 8vo, 664 pp. Price $4.00. A standard authority. WRIGHT, C. D. MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE. Lend-a- Hand, 7 : 303, 377. FIFTH REPORT OF THE U. S. COMMISSIONER OF LABOR ON LAWS OF MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE IN THE UNITED STATES AND EUROPE. 1889, 1074 pp. The third edition is now ready. A compilation of the laws of the several States, with statistics on the various phases of the problem. REPORTS OF THE NATIONAL DIVORCE REFORM LEAGUE. Published annually, 1886 to date. The National Divorce Reform League was organized in 1881 by ex-President Woolsey and others interested in Divorce Reform, with Rev. Samuel W. Dike, LL.D., now of Auburndale, Mass., as Secre- tary. Its object is "to promote an improvement in public sentiment and legislation in the institution of the Family, especially as affected by existing evils relating to Marriage and Divorce." It is Christian, catholic, and scientific, regarding the various problems of the Family as so correlated to each other and to the whole social problem as to demand the broadest and most scientific treatment. This method led the League to secure the investigation whose results appeared in the report of Hon. Carroll D. Wright, U. S. Commissioner of Labor, on " Marriage and Divorce in the United States and Europe," which has been called " the most important contribution to our social phi- losophy which this country has yet produced." This work, it is hoped, will be extended here and in Europe. Careful and effective changes have been made in the marriage and divorce laws of a dozen States, while no more loose legislation has been enacted for several years. The problem of uniformity has been studied with great care. The League discouraged effort to amend the Constitution until the statistical investigation could throw its light upon the problem. The result justified its caution and prepared for the preliminary experiment, originally proposed by Dr. Woolsey, and supported by the American Bar Association and other parties, by which about a dozen States are now at work upon the subject through 28 commissions on uniform legislation. This course may bring the de- sired result, or it will demonstrate the real condition, and if it is the better method, the way will thus be opened for amendment of the Constitution of the United States. Practical work for the Home has been done, especially by direct- ing the Home to self-help. Mr. Dike began to publish studies of the problem of the country town in 1884, from a sociological point of view, and soon afterwards put the plan of the Home Department as a practical application of a scientific principle into the hands of a Sun- day-school Society for development and use. Many religious bodies have been interested in the general problem and in the possible development of the Home in religious, ethical, and educational matters. The basis of this and of future effort has been educational. For twelve years work has been constantly done by addresses, lectures, and correspondence to encourage the study of the Family and of Sociology in a scientific and practical way in all our higher educational institutions, and recently in University Extension. Within the last year or two the colleges for women have taken much interest in Sociology and the Home. Contributions to the leading reviews and other periodicals, co-operation with statisticians, active membership in the leading scientific associations, and the well-known " Sociologi- cal Group " of the Century and Forum, afford excellent avenues for the advancement of the objects of the League. In short, the League aims at comprehensive work and permanent results, and does not encourage sensational methods. SAMUEL W. DIKE. AUBURNDALE, MASS., September i, 1893. LABOR. No thoughtful observer of social conditions can doubt that of all the many problems which demand our consideration, that tangle of perplexities which we somewhat vaguely term the Labor Problem is the most imperative and the most momentous. From the standpoint of production our modern industrial organization is very satisfactory, but the concentration of capital and the minute division of labor which are the characteristic features of this efficient productive or- 2 9 ganization undoubtedly tend to draw the lines of class distinction and array capital and labor as opposing forces. The main elements which conspire to produce the present problem are the ever increasing use of machine methods which reduce the workingman to the rank of a mere adjunct of machinery, a " hand " in the literal sense ; the lack of personal relations and consequent sympathy between employer and employed, which is incident to our system of Industry ; and a divine dis- content with existing conditions on the part of the workingman which arises from increased intelligence that demands larger opportunities for mental and moral culture. Shorter hours of work, better condi- tions, and a more equitable division of the social product among the producing factors are the reasonable demands of labor ; and suc- cessful efforts toward the adjustment of the conflict of interests of capital and labor must proceed along these lines. FREDERICK W. SPEIRS. DREXEL INSTITUTE, PHILA., February, 1894. BARNS, WM. E., Editor. THE LABOR PROBLEM. PLAIN QUESTIONS AND PRACTICAL ANSWERS. New York, Harper and Bros., 1886. i6mo, 330 pp. Price $1.00. A symposium by manufacturers, workingmen, clergymen, labor commissioners, journalists, and others. BOLLP.S, ALBERT S^ THE CONFLICT BETWEEN LABOR AND CAPITAL. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1876. tamo, 211 pp. Price $1.25. BOOTH, CHARLES. LABOR AND LIFE OF THE PEOPLE. Second edition. New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons. 3 vols., 8vo, 598 pp. Price $4.20. CONTENTS : I. The Classes II. The Trades, Docks, Tailoring, Bootmaking, Furniture, Tobacco, Silk, Woman's Work III. Spe- cial Subjects. Sweating, Influx of Population, Jewish Community. Vol. II. (In two parts). Part I. London continued. CONTENTS : I. London, Street by Street II. Central London III. South and Outlying London IV. London Children V. Index to Volumes I. and II. Part II. Ap- pendix, Classification of Population, with maps. 3 BOOTH, CHARLES, Editor. LIFE AND LABOR OF THE PEOPLE IN LONDON. London and New York, Macmillan & Co., 1893. 4 vols. Price $1.50 each. Vol. I. East, Central, and South London. Vol. II. Streets and Population Classified. Vol. III. Blocks of Buildings, Schools, and Immigration. Vol. IV. East London Industries. BRENTANO, L. THE RELATION OF LABOR TO THE LAW OF TO-DAY. Translated from the German, by Peter Sherman. New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1891. i2mo, 305 pp. Price $1.50. An account of the origin and development of the labor question of to-day, and of Trades-Unions ; and an advocacy of adequate organi- zation, legislation, and arbitration in the industrial sphere. ELY, R. T. THE LABOR MOVEMENT IN AMERICA. New York, T. Y. Crowell & Co., second edition, 1890. izmo, 383 pp. Price $1.50. A brief but comprehensive review of the Labor Movements in this country, containing chapters on the Growth and Present Condition of Labor Organizations, Co-operation, Socialism, Communism, and the Internationalists. GEORGE, HENRY. THE CONDITION OF LABOR. New York, Chas. L. Webster & Co. Price 300. (paper). An Open Letter to Pope Leo XIII., with the encyclical letter of Pope Leo XIII. on the condition of labor. " The two papers of this volume are models of dispassionate, thoughtful argument " (Thf Churchman). In pleading for charity and benevolence to workmen the Pope presents the remedy for social ills most advocated by the exponents of all branches of Christianity. In his respectful and courteous reply Mr. George points out that charity and benevo- lence, unaccompanied by justice, can accomplish nothing ; that even Christian socialism is not only futile, but dangerous ; and makes the clearest and most striking presentation of the Single Tax from the moral and religious side. GIBBONS, CARDINAL. DIGNITY, RIGHTS, AND RESPON- SIBILITIES OF LABOR. Cosmopolitan, 8 : 383. GLADDEN, WASHINGTON. WORKING PEOPLE AND THEIR EMPLOYERS. New York, 1888. Second edition. i2mo, 241 pp. Price $1.00. HOBSON, JOHN A. PROBLEMS OF POVERTY. London, Methuen & Co., 1891. i2mo, 227 pp. Price $1.25. A study of the amount and intensity of poverty, with suggested causes and remedies. Valuable chapters on sweating, and the con- dition of working women. HOWELL, GEORGE. CONFLICTS OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. New York, Macmillan & Co, 1890. i2tno, 536 pp. Price $2.50. " A history and review of the Trades-Unions of Great Britain, showing their origin, progress, constitution, and objects, in their varied political, social, commercial, and industrial aspects" (Pref- ace). Also contains chapters on kindred subjects, such as co-opera- tion, profit-sharing, etc. LALOR'S CYCLOPEDIA. Article on Labor. McNsiLL, GEORGE E. [and associate authors]. THE LABOR MOVEMENT, THE PROBLEM OF TO-DAY. Boston, A. M. Bridgman & Co., 1887. Large 8vo, 615 pp. Price $3.75. A collection of historical sketches written by American economists and labor leaders. The presentation is chiefly from the laborer's point of view, but is moderate and adverse to violent measures. A store-house of facts and illustrative material. POWDERLY, T. V. THIRTY YEARS OF LABOR, 1859- 1889. Columbus, O., 1890. 8vo, 693 pp. Price $2.75- ROGERS, J. E. THOROLD. Six CENTURIES OF WORK AND WAGES. A HISTORY OF ENGLISH LABOR, 1250-1833. New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons. 8vo, 591 pp. Price $3.00. Also an abridgment in Social Science Library, No. i. New York, Humboldt Pub. Co. 160 pp. Price 25c. The standard authority. 32 TOYNBEE, ARNOLD. LECTURES ON THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY IN ENGLAND, WITH A SHORT MEMOIR BY B. JOWETT. New York, Humboldt Pub. Co., 1884. No. 37 : 263 pp. Price $1.00 ; paper 6oc. WEEDEN, WM. B. THE SOCIAL LAW OF LABOR. Boston, Roberts Bros., 1882. i2mo, 315 pp. $1.50. A series of essays on Personal Property, The Corporation, The Guild, Labor Associations, and Society New and Old. " No social system is good unless it gives to the toiling many the best oppor- tunity possible in the immediate conditions of life." ARBITRATION. I have no hesitation in giving expression to my views on the neces- sity and efficacy of arbitration as one of the methods for settling dis- putes between capital and labor. I am fully convinced of the necessity and efficacy of arbitration for the peaceful adjustment of the difficulties and disputes that now so frequently disturb the rela- tions of employer and employed, and have frequently expressed this conviction. J. CARD. GIBBONS. BALTIMORE, Md., December, 1893. ABBOTT, LYMAN. COMPULSORY ARBITRATION. Arena, December, 1892. BARN'S LABOR PROBLEM (Chapter X.). BLACK, C. F. THE LESSON OF HOMESTEAD : A REMEDY FOR LABOR TROUBLES. Forum, September, 1892. CLARK, C. W. COMPULSORY ARBITRATION. Atlantic Monthly, January, 1891. DEXTER, S. COMPULSORY INDUSTRIAL ARBITRATION. American Journal of Social Science, 28 : 86. HOWELL. CONFLICTS OF CAPITAL AND LABOR (Chap- ter XL). LOWELL, MRS. C. R. VOLUNTARY INDUSTRIAL ARBI- TRATION. American Journal of Social Science, 28: 66. 33 MCNEILL. THE LABOR MOVEMENT (Chapter XX.). WEEKS, J. D. LABOR DIFFERENCES AND THEIR SETTLE- MENT. Society for Political Education, New York, 1885 (Economic Tract No. 20). Price 2$c. WRIGHT, C. D. COMPULSORY ARBITRATION AN IMPOS- SIBLE REMEDY. Forum, May, 1893. CO-OPERATIVE SCHEMES BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS. We write of " local " associations (the so-called "nationals" are a counterfeit). The first association was formed in Philadelphia in 1831 ; there were 450 in that city in 1876 ; have made Philadelphia the " city of homes." Are most numerous to-day in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Minnesota, and Missouri ; about 6,000 in the United States, with over 1,600,000 shareholders, and over $500,000,000 of assets. Organized into State Leagues in fifteen States, and these forming the United States League, of which the motto is : " The American home the safeguard of American liberties." The most successful foim of direct co-operation yet evolved ; every association is the centre of an influence, stimulating industry, frugality, temperance, home-owning, and good citizenship. It offers a practical way for every family to buy and pay for a home. The cities of New York and Brooklyn have about 100 associations. As an institution for "savings" it is far superior to the savings banks. The "local" Building and Loan Association movement deserves the support of every lover of his country. SEYMOUR DEXTER. ELMIRA, N. Y., February, 1894. ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA. ARTICLE ON BUILDING SOCIETIES. CO-OPERATIVE BUILDING ASSOCIATIONS. American Journal of Social Science, 25 : 112. CO-OPERATIVE BUILDING ASSOCIATION. REPORT OF SPECIAL COMMITTEE. AMERICAN SOCIAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION. J ournal of Social Science, 1888, 1890. 34 DEXTER, SEYMOUR. CO-OPERATIVE SAVINGS AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS. New York, D. Appleton & Co.. 1891. i2mo, 299 pp. Price $1.25. This includes accounts of Building and Loan Associations, Mutual Savings and Loan Associations, Accumulating Fund Associations, Co-operative Banks, etc. DEXTER, S. BUILDING ASSOCIATIONS IN NEW YORK American Journal of Social Science, 25 : 139. LINN, W. A. CO-OPERATIVE HOME WINNING. Scribner's, 5:700; 7:569. LUDLOW, J. W. BUILDING SOCIETIES. Economic Review, January, 1893. NEWTON. SOCIAL STUDIES (Chapter II.). ROSENTHAL, H. S. BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS. Cincinnati, S. Rosenthal & Co., 1888. i2mo, 255 pp. Price $1.50. A manual embracing the History, Objects, Plans, Legislation, Forms, etc., of Building and Loan Associations. WOLF, HENRY W. PEOPLE'S BANKS : A RECORD OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SUCCESS. New York, Longmans, Greene & Co., 1893. 8vo, 277 pp. Price, $2.50. A description of the credit associations and loan banks of Germany, people's banks of Italy, and co-operative credit in Switzerland and France. From a discussion of experiments and movements in Europe, valuable comparative material is afforded for the study of American Building and Loan Associations. THE WORKINGMAN'S WAY To WEALTH. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott & Co. i2mo. Price 500. A treatise on Building Associations, what they are and how to use them. CO-OPERATIVE SCHEMES CO-OPERATION. COUNTY COURT, Circuit No. 9. You ask what attempt at co-operation is in my opinion most successful in Europe. On the Continent, I should name M. Godin's factory and home at Guise ; and in England there are Mr. 35 Thomson's Brownlow Fold Mill, Huddersfield, and the Nutclough Fustian Works at Hebden Bridge, the first having been founded by the generous employer, the other by the workpeople themselves. I scarcely know which to put first. .Yours very truly, THOMAS HUGHES. UFFINGTON HOUSE, CHESTER, October 30, 1893. BAERNREITHER, J. M. ENGLISH ASSOCIATIONS OF WORK- INGMEN. London, Swan, Sonnenschein & Co., 1891. BEMIS, E. W. ARTICLE ON CO-OPERATION IN APPLE- TON'S AMERICAN CYCLOPEDIA. 1888. ELY. LABOR MOVEMENT IN AMERICA (Chap. VII.). GLADDEN. TOOLS AND THE MAN (Chap. VII.). HISTORY OF CO-OPERATION IN THE UNITED STATES. Johns Hopkins University Studies, Vol. VI. Balti- more, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1888. 8vo, 540 pp. Price $3.50. A comprehensive and unique treatment of the subject. HOLYOAKE, G. J. MANUAL OF CO-OPERATION : AN EPITOME OF HOLYOAKE'S " HISTORY OF CO-OPERA- TION." New York, J. B. Alden, 1885. 78 pp., i6mo. Price 35c. HOWELL. CONFLICTS OF LABOR AND CAPITAL (Chap. XII.). HUGHES, T., AND NEALE, E. V., Editors. MANUAL FOR CO-OPERATORS. Manchester, England, Central Co- operative Board, 1881. 265 pp., i6mo. Price is. " The standard English authority, by two life-long leaders in co- operation. " BOWKER. MCNEILL. THE LABOR MOVEMENT (Chapter XXL). NEWTON. SOCIAL STUDIES (Chapter III.). POTTER, BEATRICE. THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENTS IN GREAT BRITAIN. London, Swan, Sonnenschein & Co., 1891. i2mo. Price $1.00. (Social Science Series.) 36 WALKER. THE WAGES QUESTION (Chapter XV.), WRIGHT, C. D. MANUAL OF DISTRIBUTIVE CO-OPERA- TION. Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor, 1885 and 1886. CO-OPERATIVE SCHEMES PROFIT-SHARING. In the very great majority of cases where Profit-Sharing has had a trial of any length, it has brought the employer and employees to- gether in such a real partnership of pecuniary interest and material good-will as puts an end to most labor troubles. While the system is not a panacea, nor the solution of the labor problem (there is no such one solution), it Is a natural step in the evolution of industry. It is perfectly feasible for any employer making profits, to try the plan, in such a way as he thinks best. Profit-Sharing appears to me to be the form of labor contract which will most surely lead to co-operative production, the ideal. Some 300 firms in Europe and America now practise the plan ; it seems probable that this number will largely in- crease with the return of good times. NICHOLAS P. OILMAN. BOSTON, September u, 1893. BARNS. LABOR PROBLEM (Chapter IX.). Employer and Employed. A Quarterly published by the Association for the Promotion of Profit-Sharing, G. H. Ellis, Boston, Mass. 4oc. a year. OILMAN, NICHOLAS P. PROFIT-SHARING BETWEEN EM- PLOYER AND EMPLOYEE : A STUDY IN THE EVOLU- TION OF THE WAGES SYSTEM. Boston and New York, Third Edition, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1891. i2mo, 460 pp. Price $1.75. " An elaborate, scholarly treatise on Profit-Sharing, that in a good degree will supersede all previous works on the subject." F. H. GlDDINGS. GLADDEN. TOOLS AND THE MAN (Chapter VIII.). GRONLUND, L. GODIN'S SOCIAL PALACE. Arena, i : 691. KINLEY, D. RECENT PROGRESS OF PROFIT-SHARING ABROAD. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 5 : 497. 37 PRICE. PROFIT-SHARING AND CO-OPERATIVE PRODUC- TION. Economic Journal, September, 1892. PROFIT-SHARING IN THE PILLSBURY MILLS. Review of Reviews, September, 1891. SCHLOSS, D. F. METHODS OF INDUSTRIAL REMUNERA- TION. Ne\v York, G. P. Putnam's Sous, 1892. 8vo. Price $1.50. The chief English authority on the subject. WRIGHT, C. D. PROFIT-SHARING. First Annual Re- port United States Commissioner of Labor, 1886. CHILD LABOR. The subject of child labor merits far more attention than has yet been given to it, because its effects upon all classes become more evident every day. If it is possible for labor to be performed by children, manufacturers will not pay wages sufficient for adult workers to exist upon ; consequently the number of children under sixteen years of age who are engaged in gainful occupations is constantly in- creasing, while the wages of adult workers is proportionately decreas- ing. The responsibility of the parent for the welfare of the child is apparently ignored. The period between the ages of twelve and sixteen years is a time when condition and environment make impressions which remain through life, and are transmitted too often to future generations. Accordingly we must not expect that the human race will progress while the children are forced into servitude and deprived of all oppor- tunities of development. More stringent laws regarding child labor should be enacted. ALICE L. WOODBRIDGE. NEW YORK CITY, February, 1894. CAMPBELL, HELEN, AND OTHERS. FACTORY CHILDREN : WHITE CHILD SLAVERY. Arena, i : 589. CROWELL, JOHN F. THE EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN. Andover Review, July, 1885. Rns. CHILDREN OF THE POOR (Chapter VI.). 38 WlLLOUGHBY, W. F., AND GRAFFENREID, CLARE DE. CHILD LABOR. Baltimore, American Economic Association, March, 1890. Price 75c. WlSCHNEWETZKY, FLORENCE K. OUR TOILING CHIL- DREN. Chicago, Woman's Temperance ublication Association. Price IDC. SPECIAL REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES COMMISSIONER OF LABOR, ON LABOR LAWS OF THE VARIOUS STATES. 1892. EIGHT-HOUR DAY. The desirability of shortening the working day found frequent expression in the socialistic and reform literature of the first half of the nineteenth century. The first important practical step was the British Ten Hours Bill of 1847. On the continent of Europe an eight hours law was one of the aspirations of the revolutionists of 1848. But it was Karl Marx's argument, in Das Kapital, that employers' profits are a " surplus value," extorted from laborers through prolonged hours of overtime exertion, that gave to the eight hours agitation its real strength. Under Marx's influence the Inter- national demanded an eight hours day, and the demand was reaffirmed by the International Trade Union Congress at.Paris, in 1883. Con- servative economists insist that to shorten the working day generally to eight hours would diminish production and lower real wages. The economic argument for eight hours is weak. The argument from sanitary, social, and political considerations is stronger. Eight hours are the legal working day of employees of the Federal govern- ment, and in a merely nominal sense, eight hours are a legal working day in the State of New York. FRANKLIN H. GIDDINGS. BRYN MAWR, Pa., February, 1894. GRAHAM. SOCIALISM NEW AND OLD (Chapter II.). GUNTON, GEORGE. WEALTH AND PROGRESS. A Criti- cal Examination of the Labor Problem The Natural Basis for Industrial Reform, or How to Increase Wages without Reducing Profits or Lower- ing Rents The Economic Philosophy of the Eight- Hour Movement. New York, D. Appleton & Co , 1890. i2mo., 382 pp. Price 50 cents. 39 I. The Law of Increasing Production. II. The Wages Fund Theory. III. Principles and Methods of Social Reform. " The most notable contribution to the subject since Walker's ' Wages Question.' " E. R. A. SELIGMAN. HOWELL. CONFLICTS OF CAPITAL AND LABOR (Chap- ter VI., Part II.). MCNEILL. THE LABOR MOVEMENT (Chapter XVIII.). MCNEILL, G. E. THE EIGHT-HOUR PRIMER : THE FACT, THEORY, AND ARGUMENT. POWDERLY. THIRTY YEARS OF LABOR, pp. 471-525. THREE PAMPHLETS IN THE EIGHT-HOUR LABOR SERIES, Nos. I., II., III. American Federation of Labor, 14 Clinton Place, New York City. WALKER, F. A. THE EIGHT-HOUR LAW AGITATION, Atlantic Monthly, June, 1890. THE FACTORY SYSTEM. Its essential principles are : subdivision of labor, diversification of processes and their subsequent correlation, by the aid of a series of mutually dependent and practically automatic machines. It involves the congregation of large numbers of workpeople within limited areas (factory towns), and the concentration of large amounts of capital in few hands, either single employers or firms of large wealth, or corporations acting through an agent or superin- tendent (entrepreneur). This capital and machinery cannot be effectively used and the con- gregated workers continuously and remuneratively employed, except through constantly expanding markets (i. e. , increased consumption) enabling production on a large scale. This implies a constant rise in the standard of living accompanied by increased purchasing ability on the part of the masses, who, under the factory system, not only comprise the workers but a large proportion of the con- sumers. Economically, the factory system tends toward a rise in wages ac- companied by a fall in prices. Through it, labor without training, or with limited training, is utilized, productive efficiency increased, and hours of labor reduced. The industrial and social status of the 40 working classes has been enlarged and the comforts and conveniences of life largely increased. On the other hand, the congregation of factory workers, the changed relations between employer and em- ployed, the loss of the capacity for self-employment formerly enjoyed by the workers, the enlarged employment of women and children, and the tendency to carry production beyond the limit of effective demand, involve grave social problems, some of which are transitional, but all of which require in their solution unbiased investigation and wise remedial action. HORACE G. WADLIN. BOSTON, February, 1894. HODDER, EDWIN. THE LIFE AND WORK OF THE SEVENTH EARL OF SHAFTESBURY, K. G. London and New York, Cassell & Co., 1886. 3 vols, 8vo. Price $7. 50. Popular Edition, i vol., 792 pp. Price $3.00. This is a sympathetic biography of the champion of woman and child laborers (more especially of those working in mines) and the great promoter of factory legislation which was necessitated by the Industrial Revolution. It affords, also, a vivid picture of the oppres- sion and hardships endured by the laborers of England in the first half of this century. JAMES, E. J. FACTORY LAWS. Article in Lalor's Cyclopedia. KIRKUP. INQUIRY INTO SOCIALISM (Chapter II.). ROGERS. WORK AND WAGES (Chapters XIV., XIX.). TOYNBEE. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (Chapter IX.). WRIGHT, C. D. THE FACTORY SYSTEM. Tenth Census, 1880. Vol. II. An historical account of the factory system, with illustrations of working men's homes in various countries. It also contains a selected bibliography. WYMAN, L. B. C. STUDIES IN FACTORY LIFE : THE AMERICAN AND THE MILL. Atlantic Monthly, 63 : 69. LABOR LAWS OF THE VARIOUS STATES, TERRITORIES, AND DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES COM- MISSIONER OF LABOR. Washington, 1887. SECOND SPECIAL REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES COM- MISSIONER OF LABOR. Washington, 1892. LABOR ORGANIZATIONS. The Labor Organizations of America, now having about one million members, never passed through an industrial crisis so well as they are now doing. With the return of prosperity a rapid growth is assured. Benefit features, or insurance for sickness, injury, death, and for those out of work, are being more and more adopted. Also reserve funds are being accumulated. Interest in state activity, as in the new trades-unionism in England, and the affiliation in the American Federation of Labor, and in city trade councils, of unions of all occu- pations, skilled and unskilled, are on the increase. With strength is seen a growing disposition to adopt wise and conciliatory measures when employers are willing to come half way ; but a growing bitter- ness where the "iron clad," and refusal to treat with any union of the men prevail. The best workers in most trades belong to the union of that trade. The percentage of American-born in the organizations is about the same as in the trade. The use of union labels is found very helpful. Boycotts are found most effective when few in number. Refusal to work with non-union men prevails in some trades, and is helpful in raising wages and reducing hours for even the non-union men. The worst foe of the organizations is the way some of its leaders use their position to secure political office for selfish ends. EDWARD W. BEMIS. UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, January, 1894. BEMIS, E. W. BENEFIT FEATURES OF TRADES-UNIONS. Political Science Quarterly, 2 : 274. BEMIS, E. W. LABOR ORGANIZATIONS IN AMERICA. Palgrave's Dictionary of Political Economy. 42 BEMIS, E. W. RELATION OF TRADES-UNIONS TO AP- PRENTICES. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Octo- ber, 1891. BURNETT, J. THE BOYCOTT. Economic Journal, March, 1891. DILKE, LADY E. F. S. TRADES-UNIONS FOR WOMEN. North American Review, August, 1891. ELY. LABOR MOVEMENTS IN AMERICA (Chapters III.- VI. : Economic, Educational, and Other Aspects of Labor Organizations). GOMPERS, S. AIMS, METHODS, AND ACHIEVEMENTS OF TRADES-UNIONS. American Journal of Social Science, 28 : 40. GUNTON. SOCIAL ECONOMICS (Part IV., Chapter VII.). GUNTON, G. SOCIAL INFLUENCE OF LABOR ORGANIZA- TIONS. American J ' ournal of Social Science, 20: 101. HARRISON, F. TRADES-UNIONISM AS INFLUENCED BY THE STRIKE AT THE LONDON DOCKS. Nineteenth Century, 26 : 721. HARRISON, F. THE NEW TRADES-UNIONISM. Nine- teenth Century, November, 1889. HOWELL. CONFLICTS OF CAPITAL AND LABOR (II.- V., VII., VIII., X.). HUGHES. TRADES-UNIONISM IN ENGLAND. Century, May, 1884. JENKS, J. W. TRADES-UNIONS AND WAGES. American Journal of Social Science, 28 : 48. MCNEILL. THE LABOR MOVEMENT (Chapters III.-XV., XIX.). TOYNBEE. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (Chapter XIV. : The Future of Working Classes). TRANT, WM. TRADES-UNIONS : THEIR ORIGIN AND OB- JECTS, INFLUENCE AND EFFICACY. London, Kegan, Paul & Co. Published in an abridged form by the American Federation of Labor, 14 Clinton Place, New York, 1891. 47 pp., 5th edition. Price ice. 43 WALKER, F. A. THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR. New Princelon Review, September, 1888. WEEDEN. SOCIAL LAW OF LABOR (Chapter IV.: Labor Associations). WOODS. ENGLISH SOCIAL MOVEMENTS (Chapter I. : The Labor Movement). WRIGHT, C. D. A SKETCH OF THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR. Quarterly Journal of Economics, January, 1887. WRIGHT, C. D. GROWTH AND PURPOSES OF LABOR BUREAUS. American Journal of Social Science, 25 : 10. OFFICIAL BOOK OF THE AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR. Twelfth Annual Convention, Philadelphia, December 12, 1892. New York, American Federa- tion of Labor, 1893. FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES COM- MISSIONER OF LABOR, 1886. pp. 286-289 (Advan- tages of Organization). SOCIALISM. Socialism is the social, economic, and industrial Democracy which is the natural and inevitable complement of political Democracy. The present industrial system is practically a growth of the present century. Only large landowners were able to provide the immense capital required by the introduction of machinery. As a result an enormous share of the wealth produced is at present, in all advanced industrial countries, handed over by society to a comparatively small number of men. Statisticians estimate that, setting aside all pay- ments for organizing industry and managing land and houses, from one half to two thirds of the wealth yearly produced is absorbed by rent and interest. This causes the extremes of poverty and luxury, with the physical and still greater moral evils that follow in their train. Socialism proposes that the people should prevent this enormous waste of their wealth by gradually undertaking the collec- tive ownership and use of land and capital themselves. WILLIAM SCUDAMORE. NEW YORK CITY, February, 1894. 44 BARNETT, REV. AND MRS. S. A. A PRACTICAL SOCIAL- ISM. New York, Longmans, Greene & Co., 1888. i6mo, 212 pp. Price 2s. 6J. Essays written in the light of a long experience in the East End of London by the present Warden of Toynbee Hall. BELLAMY, EDWARD. WHAT NATIONALISM MEANS. Contemporary Review, July, 1890. BROWN, T. EDWIN. STUDIES IN MODERN SOCIALISM AND LABOR PROBLEMS. New York, 13. Appleton & Co., 1886. i2mo, 268 pp. Price $1.25. An extensive bibliography appended. CLARKE, W. INFLUENCE OF SOCIALISM ON ENGLISH POLITICS. Political Science Quarterly, January, 1888. ELY, R. T. FRENCH AND GERMAN SOCIALISM IN MODERN TIMES. New York, Harper & Bros., 1883. i6mo, 274 pp. Price 75c. ; 25c. A popular and succinct summary of the lives and theories of the leading Continental Socialists and Communists. ELY, R. T. THE LABOR MOVEMENT IN AMERICA (Chapters II., VIII., XII.). GILMAN, N. P. SOCIALISM AND THE AMERICAN SPIRIT. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1893. 8vo, 376 pp. Price $1.50. The headings of its successive chapters are : Individualism and Socialism ; the present Tendency to Socialism ; the American Spirit ; the American Spirit and Individualism ; the American Spirit and Socialism ; Nationalism in the United States ; Christian Socialism ; the Industrial Future ; Industrial Partnership ; the Functions of the State ; the Higher Individualism ; Social Spirit, and the Way to Utopia. The volume closes with a select bibliography and a full index. GRAHAM, WM. SOCIALISM NEW AND OLD. New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1891. i2mo, 416 pp. Price " The object of this book is, in the first place, to give an account of contemporary Socialism, its forms and aims, its origins, and the 45 causes of its appearance and spread ; secondly, to examine how far it is desirable or practicable ; thirdly, to set forth certain measures of a socialistic character that would seem both beneficial and necessary as supplements to the present system, to adopt which there is a spon- taneous tendency on the part of the state, and to which the course of the industrial and social evolution seems to point." Preface. GRONLUND, LAURENCE. THE CO-OPERATIVE COMMON- WEALTH. Boston, Lee & Shepard ; New York, J. W. Lovell Co., 1884; 1887. i2mo ; i6mo, 278 pp. Price $1.00 ; 300. An exposition of the Socialism of to-day, from the German point of view. GUNTON, GEORGE. THE ECONOMIC BASIS OF SOCIAL- ISM : MARX'S THEORY OF SURPLUS VALUE. Political Science Quarterly, December, 1889. KAUFMANN, REV. M. CHRISTIAN SOCIALISM. London, Kegan, Paul & Co., 1888. izmo, 232 pp. Price 4s. 6d. KIRKUP, THOMAS. A HISTORY OF SOCIALISM. New York, Macmillan & Co., 1893. i2mo, 309 pp. Price $2.00. A discussion of the theories of the most eminent Socialists, and a description of socialistic movements in England, France, and Germany. KIRKUP, THOMAS. AN INQUIRY INTO SOCIALISM. Lon- don and New York, Longmans, Greene & Co., 1887. i2mo, 188 pp. Price $1.50. It is the author's aim " to bring out what is fundamental in Social- ism, both as contrasted with the prevailing social system, and with theories for which it is usually mistaken." Kirkup defines Socialism as: "Democracy in politics; unselfishness, altruism in Christian ethics ; in economics, the principle of co-operation or association." LAVELEYE, EMILE DE. THE SOCIALISM OF TO-DAY. (Translated by G. H. Orpen, together with an account of Socialism in England, by the transla- tor). New York, C. Scribner's Sons, 1885. i2mo, 331 pp. Price $2.40. " This is the work of a broad and liberal economist strongly animated by Christian sympathies." R. T. ELY. 4 6 LEE, F. W., Editor. WILLIAM MORRIS, POET, ARTIST, AND SOCIALIST. New York, Humboldt Pub. Co., 1893. Price 250. A selection from his writings, together with a sketch of the man. OSGOOD, H. L. SCIENTIFIC ANARCHISM. Political Science Quarterly, March, 1889. OSGOOD, H. L. SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM : RODBERTUS. Political Science Quarterly, December, 1886. SCHAEFFLE, A. QUINTESSENCE OF SOCIALISM. New York, Humboldt Publishing Co., 1890. 8vo, 55 pp. Price, paper, i5c. " The only publication of which I am aware that explains the scheme of collectivism, and treats it in a scientific way." DE LAVELEYE. SHAW, G. BERNARD, AND OTHERS. FABIAN ESSAYS IN SOCIALISM. London and New York, Fabian Society; Humboldt Publishing Co., 1889. 12010., 233 pp. Price, is. ; 25c. The first part criticises the economic, historical, industrial, moral, and social conditions of England, showing that tendencies now operating are socialistic. Part two describes the organization of property and industry under Socialism. The transition to social democracy and the present outlook toward that end are discussed. SPRAGUE, F. M. SOCIALISM FROM GENESIS TO REVELA- TION. Boston, Lee & Shepard, 1893. 8vo, 493 pp. Price $1.75. " This work is begun as an investigation, continued as a study, and completed as a conviction. That conviction is that some form of Christian Socialism affords the only basis of peace between the hostile forces of Society." Preface. TUCKER, BENJ. R. INSTEAD OF A BOOK. By a Man too Busy to Write One. New York, Benj. R. Tuc- ker, 1893. 8vo, 496 pp. Price $1.00. A ragmentary exposition of philosophical anarchism, composed chiefly of extracts from articles contributed by the author to Liberty ; the recognized organ of philosophical anarchism, and edited since 1881 by Mr. Tucker himself. WOODS. ENGLISH SOCIAL MOVEMENTS (Chapter II.). 47 STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS. Strikes and lockouts are weapons of war. Their use implies the failure 01" customary, peaceful methods of -securing wage con- tracts, and entails on those who are compelled to adopt them the dangers, losses, and privations of armed conflict. Trades-unions prevent a strike if it is possible ; it is a last resort, but one which laborers must have in order to get a living wage from ignorant, incompetent, or vicious employers. A lockout, by which all wage contracts are summarily terminated, is the employer's defence against arbitrary interference with industry by dictatorial and irresponsible labor leaders. To estimate the utility of either in dollars and cents is absolutely impossible. Business men who are trying to extend the market for their goods by lowering prices, and laborers who seek a portion of the increasing wealth of the community through higher wages, must each study the solidarity of social, under the conflict of class, interests, and find the social peace which shall render depend- ence on force unnecessary. ARTHUR BURNHAM WOODFORD. NEW YORK CITY, February, 1894. THE ANN ARBOR STRIKE. North American Review, May, 1893. THE BUFFALO STRIKE. North American Review, Octo- ber, 1892. THE CARNEGIE CONFLICT. Social Economist. August, 1892. HOMESTEAD STRIKE. North American Review, Sep- tember, 1892. HOWELL. CONFLICTS OF CAPITAL AND LABOR (Chap- ter IX.). STRIKES AND THEIR REMEDIES. Review of Reviews, September, 1892. THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF UNITED STATES COMMIS- SIONER OF LABOR, 1888. THE SWEATING SYSTEM. Strictly speaking, while sweating exists, there is no such thing as a Sweating System. That I may avoid misunderstanding, let me explain my meaning. At present, there seems to be no general agreement as to what constitutes sweating. Some appear to think it identical with the method of sub-contracting ; others again speak of it as inseparable from tenement-house employment. Now, if I am correct, it is neither of these. Sweating may accompany these or it may not. Each of these things may, under certain conditions, develop evils which may be deplorable, and which ought to be corrected, but these evils may not be sweating. For instance, production may go on under sub-contracting, or in unsanitary work-rooms, which, indeed, may be overcrowded, or it may proceed in apartments occupied by the family, and yet there may be no sweating in either case. Sweating, if we are to be exact in our definition, implies the continuous oppres- sion of the worker by his employer, either by underpaying him for his service, overworking him, or both. It is possible under any industrial system ; but it is not likely to occur in an aggravated form, except under conditions which place a peculiar incentive before the controller of labor (whether employer, superintendent, foreman, it matters not which) to oppress the worker to his own advantage, joined with conditions surrounding the worker which make it practically impossible to avoid such oppression. The conditions essential to sweating appear to me to be : i. Gen- erally, on the part of the employer, a superintendent (either the employer himself, or an overseer or foreman) whose pecuniary reward is directly proportionate to the amount of work which can be exacted from the workers in a given time, or to the saving in labor-cost that may be effected by paying the workers the lowest possible wage. 2. On the part of the workers, low degree of skill, undeveloped intelligence, and isolated or comparatively isolated employment, whereby organization is rendered difficult. The evils that accompany sweating are most plainly seen in the clothing industry. While the domestic method of employment has not yet been entirely superseded by factory methods in this industry, ignorant and untrained labor during recent years has been rapidly congregated in the larger cities through immigration. This labor may be conveniently employed on the cheaper grades of clothing, either in the tenements or in small adjacent workrooms. In many 49 cases, it is unacquainted with our language or customs, and must accept, temporarily at least, any employment offered. It is poor in skill, poor in purse, and accustomed to poor fare, poor lodgings, squalid surroundings, and low wages ; and it is, of course, unorganized. As a large part of the work in the clothing industry is done under contract, possibly the primary contractor, who receives a certain price for doing the work, also contracts with another, who may be willing to take a portion at a still lower price. The final contractor is, of course, bound to take every possible advantage, in order to in- crease his own margin of profit, which, in any event, must be small. He is generally of the same nationality as the people he employs, but has been in this country longer, "knows the ropes," if I may use that expression, and also knows the peculiar habits, customs, and necessities of his employees. Unscrupulous contractors, under competition, having taken the work at the lowest prices, resort to every means to realize a profit. Expenses must be reduced in every possible way. Tenement-house labor, often recently imported, alien to our customs, and contentedly living upon a plane inferior to the American standard, is seeking employment ; and, by using it, shop rent may be avoided. In these houses are found, employed either directly or through a sub- contractor, persons of both sexes, frequently entirely ignorant of our language, the entire family sometimes eating, sleeping, and working in one apartment. These are the conditions of the "sweat- ing system," so called. The work is done by the piece, and ordinary hours of labor are disregarded. The conditions lead inevitably to sweating, but it will be noticed that the only system about it is the method of sub-contract pushed to extremes, joined with the peculiar status of the workers. HORACE G. WADLIN. BOSTON, January, 1894. THE SWEATING SYSTEM IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. Journal of Social Science, October, 1892. 1. Sweating in Germany. Rev. J. G. Brooks. 2. The Sweating System in the United States. D. F. Schloss. 3. Conditions of the Labor of Women and Children in New York. Dr. Anna S. Daniel. 4. The Sweating System of Massachusetts. H. G. Wadlin. 5 5. Tenement House Workers in Boston. W. L. Hicks. 6. The Sweating System in General. Joseph Lee. 7. Legislation. Appendix. Joseph Lee. BANKS. WHITE SLAVES ; CR, THE OPPRESSION OF THE WORTHY POOR. BANKS, L. A. CRIMES AGAINST WORKING GIRLS. Our Day, October, 1891. BOOTH. LIFE AND LABOR OF THE PEOPLE (Vol. IV., Chapter X.). EVILS OF THE TENEMENT-HOUSE SWEATING SYSTEM. Report of the Congressional Committee of Investiga- tion. Boston Globe, January 21, 1893. LEE, JOSEPH. THE SWEATING SYSTEM. Charities Re- view, December, 1892. POTTER, B. SWEATING SYSTEM IN THE ENGLISH TAILOR-TRADE. Nineteenth Century, 24 : 161. Spec- tator, 6 1 : 1 1 20. POTTER, B. REPORT OF THE LORDS UPON THE SWEAT- ING SYSTEM. Nineteenth Century, 27 : 885. REPORT ON THE COMMITTEE ON MANUFACTURES ON THE SWEATING SYSTEM. House of Representatives Report No. 2309. Washington, D. C., 1893. SCHLOSS, D. F. THE SWEATING SYSTEM. Fortnightly Review, April, 1890. SWEATING : ITS CAUSE AND REMEDY. Fabian Tract No. 50. London, 276 Strand, W. C., February, 1894. Rns. How THE OTHER HALF LIVES (Chapter XL). THE UNEMPLOYED. About the only satisfactory statistical study regarding the unem- ployed of the United States was that conducted by the Massachusetts Bureau of Labor Statistics in 1885, an account of which is found in their annual report for 1887. It was estimated that in that year and that Slate, the equivalent of 78,717 years' work was lost through in- 5' voluntary idleness. The Federal Department of Labor estimated that about one million of men were out of work in the United States during the industrial depression of 1885. To prevent involuntary idleness is one of the hardest industrial problems of the present time, and the proper method of relieving the unemployed is perhaps the most difficult thing in charitable work. The plans proposed have included Friendly Inns, where men could get cleanly and honorable relief in return for work done, the opening of Free Labor Bureaus, or Labor Exchanges, both by the government and private associations, the establishment of Labor Colonies, where men could work and at the same time be trained back to habits of sobriety and industry, and the doing of public work at times of in- dustrial depression, rather than during times of general prosperity. Involuntary idleness seems to be a phenomenon of increasing im- portance, and the essential difficulty in dealing with it is the danger of transmuting it into voluntary idleness through the effect of unwise relief measures upon the unemployed. AMOS G. WARNER. LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY, PALO ALTO, CAL., January, 1894. BARNETT, S. A. TRAINING FARMS FOR THE UNEM- PLOYED. Nineteenth Century, 24 : 753. BOOTH. IN DARKEST ENGLAND AND THE WAY OUT. BOOTH, C. LIFE AND LABOR OF THE PEOPLE IN LONDON. Vol. I. pp. 149-155. BUELL, C. E. MUTUAL INSURANCE AGAINST ENFORCED IDLENESS. Lend a Hand, 4 : 571. BURNS, JOHN. THE UNEMPLOYED. Nineteenth Cen- tury, December, 1892. COMMONS, J. R. THE PROBLEM OF THE UNEMPLOYED. Charities Review, May, 1893. "FLYNTE, JOSIAH." THE AMERICAN TRAMP. Littell's Living Age, No. 2466, 1891. GEORGE. SOCIAL PROBLEMS (Chapter XIII.). GRAHAM. SOCIALISM NEW AND OLD. Pp. 327-362. 52 McCooK, J. J. A TRAMP CENSUS AND ITS REVELA- TIONS. Forum, August, 1893. McCooK, J. J. TRAMPS. Charities Review, January, 1894. McCooK, J. J. THE ALARMING PROPORTION OF VENAL VOTERS, forum, September and October, 1892. McNEiLL. LABOR MOVEMENT (Chapter XXIV.). WARNER, A. G. SOME EXPERIMENTS ON BEHALF OF THE UNEMPLOYED. Quarterly journal of Economics, October, 1890. WAGES. The wages question, in its narrower sense, asks for the principles that determine what share of the product of industrial society falls to the wage-earners. In its broader sense, the question involves every- thing pertaining to the welfare of the wage-earners, not merely under our present wage system, but under systems of profit-sharing, or co- operation, or even of a possible socialism. It involves the study of " standards of living " in different countries and under different sys- tems, the causes of differences and variations in these standards, and possible remedies for all industrial evils affecting the wage-earners. Enthusiasts find these remedies in simple means, such as the Single Tax, or the abolition of interest, or monopolies managed by society. The economist finds no single remedies, but sees many helpful means, and awaits, for the final solution of the question, the slow develop- ment of society, which yet may be somewhat hastened by intelligent action. JEREMIAH W. JENKS. ITHACA, N. Y., February, 1894. CLARK, J. B. LAW OF WAGES AND INTEREST. Annals American Academy, July, 1890. CLARK, J. B. SURPLUS GAINS OF LABOR. Annals American Academy, March, 1893. GIDDINGS, F. H. THE NATURAL RATE OF WAGES. Political Science Quarterly, December, 1887. 53 SCHOENHOF, J. THE ECONOMY OF HIGH WAGES. An inquiry into the comparative methods and the cost of production in competing industries in America and Europe. New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons. 8vo. 434 pp. Price $1.50. WALKER, F. A. THE WAGES QUESTION. A TREATISE ON WAGES AND THE WAGES CLASS. New York, Henry Holt & Co., 1886. 8vo, 428 pp. Price $2.00. WOOD, STUART. CRITIQUE OF WAGES THEORIES. An- nals American Academy, January, 1891. WOMEN WAGE-EARNERS. Penologists have raised the question of how far public health and morals are affected injuriously by forcing women into the labor market. Since women are becoming wage-earners in increasing numbers every year, the most practical way to minimize this danger to the commonwealth, is to raise the standard of their wants. Work- ing Girls' Clubs, with their educational classes and spirit of self- helpfulness ; Labor Unions, when these encourage enlightened co-operation rather than class prejudice ; popular lectures, concerts, art exhibitions, gymnasiums, trade classes all these help to give workingwomen new and better wants. A dispassionate study of the facts should precede any organized effort to improve the condition of women wage-earners. The tendency to exaggerate their woes, and drag them within the bound- aries of charitable solicitude is thoroughly vicious. A working- woman's best safeguard is her sense of independence and personal responsibility. MARY E. RICHMOND. BALTIMORE, February, 1894. BROWN, E. S. WORKING WOMEN IN NEW YORK. American Journal of Social Science, 25 : 78. CAMPBELL, HELEN. WOMEN WAGE-EARNERS. Arena, March, May, June, July, 1893. 54 CAMPBELL, HELEN. WOMEN WAGE-EARNERS : THEIR PAST, THEIR PRESENT, AND THEIR FUTURE. Bos- ton, Roberts Bros., 1893. i6mo, 314 pp. Price $1,00. DILKE, LADY. BENEFIT SOCIETIES AND TRADES-UNIONS FOR WOMEN. Fortnightly Review \ 51 : 852. DILKE, E. F. S. TRADES-UNIONS FOR WOMEN. New Review, 2 : 43, 418. FAWCETT, E. WOES OF THE NEW YORK WORKING-GIRL. Arena, 5 : 26. GRAFFENRIED, CLARE DE. THE CONDITION OF WAGE- EARNING WOMEN. Forum, March, 1893. HYSLOP, J. H. WAGES OF SHOP GIRLS. Andover Review, 16: 455- OSBORNE, E. WHITE SLAVES. Lend a Hand, 3 ; 190. VAN ETTEN, IDA M. THE CONDITION OF WOMEN WORKERS UNDER THE PRESENT INDUSTRIAL SYS- TEM. New York, American Federation of Labor, 1 891, 1 6 pp. Price SG. WADLIN, H. G. WOMEN IN INDUSTRY. REPORT OF THE MASSACHUSETTS BUREAU OF THE STATISTICS OF LABOR, 1889. WEBB, SIDNEY. WOMEN WAGE-EARNERS. Economic journal, December, 1891 ; Economic Review, 1892. WOODS, K. P. WORKING WOMEN IN NEW YORK. Cos- mopolitan, 10 : 99. WRIGHT, C: D. WHY WOMEN ARE PAID LESS THAN MEN. Forum, July, 1892. WYMAN, L. B. C. FACTORY LIFE AMONG THE WOMEN. Atlantic Monthly, 62 : 605. WORKING WOMEN IN LARGE CITIES. FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT -OF THE U. S. COMMISSIONER OF LABOR, 1888. 55 CHARITY AND PAUPERISM. Pauperism is largely a disease ; hence, the chief aim of charity, like that of medical science, should be prevention rather than cure. The causes of pauperism are : heredity, environment, physical and social ; ignorance, misfortune, and crime ; vicious economic condi- tions ; false public charity ; and indiscriminate private giving. Charity should remove these causes by preventing the propagation of certain classes ; by improving the physical and social environment through tenement-house reform, the suppression of saloons, gambling hells, and brothels, and the establishment of parks, playgrounds, and rational amusements ; by education, manual, domestic, intellectual and moral ; by the reform of industrial evils, long hours, low wages, the uncertainty of employment, and the squandering of public re- sources ; and by the abolition of false public charity and indiscrimi- nate private giving. The causes of pauperism abolished, pauperism will cease to exist, and poverty will be greatly decreased. What poverty remains and some poor will always be with us will be alleviated by true private benevolence ; not by money and giving alone, but by devotion and doing. Thus will poverty be robbed of its sting, and charity become a double blessing. WILLIAM I. HULL. SWARTHMORE COLLEGE, PA., February, 1894. GENERAL. ADAMS, H. B. NOTES ON THE LITERATURE OF CHARI- TIES. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University His- torical Series, 1887. 8vo, 48 pp. Price 250. Valuable as a summary of general charitable work, and for its bib- liographical references. BARNETT, S. A. POOR-LAW REFORM. Contemporary Review, March, 1893. THE CHURCH AND POVERTY. Lend a Hand, 7 : 338. CAMPBELL, HELEN. PRISONERS OF POVERTY : WOMEN WAGE- WORKERS, THEIR TRADES AND THEIR LIVES. Boston, RobertsBros., 1887. i2mo, 257 pp. Price 5oc. A vivid description of the lives and work of women wage-workers in New York City, based upon a personal knowledge of the facts. 56 CAMPBELL, HELEN. PRISONERS OF POVERTY ABROAD. Boston, Roberts Bros., 1890. i6mo, 248 pp. Price SOG. CAMPBELL, HELEN ; SHAW, ALBERT ; SWINTON, JOHN ; AND OTHERS. NEEDS OF THE ClTY POOR. New York Voice, December 15, 1892. CRAIG, O. THE PREVENTION OF PAUPERISM. Scribner's, July, 1893. FARNAM, HENRY W. THE STATE AND THE POOR. Po- litical Science Quarterly, June, 1888. GODARD, J. G. POVERTY, ITS GENESIS AND EXODUS. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1892. 8vo, 155 pp. Price $1.00. GOODALE, FRANCES A. THE LITERATURE OF PHILAN- THROPY. New York, Harper & Bros., 1893. i6mo, 205 pp. Price $1.00. Contains chapters on Criminal Reform, Tenement Houses, Neigh- borhood Idea, The Trained Nurse, The Society of the Red Cross, and other topics of the day. McCuLLOCH, O. C. SOCIAL DEGRADATION : TRIBE OF ISHMAEL. Lend a Hand, 3 : 636. PUBLIC CHARITIES OF NEW YORK CITY. Lend a Hand, 2 : 574, 633. SPENCER, H. PRIVATE LIFE OF THE POOR. Popular Science Monthly, July, 1893. SUGGESTIONS FOR THE USE OF WORKERS AMONG THE POOR. Publication No. 33 of the State Charities Aid Association, 105 East 22d Street, New York City. WARNER, A. G. OUR CHARITIES AND OUR CHURCHES. Report of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections, 1889. WARNER, A. G. SCIENTIFIC CHARITY. Popular Science Monthly, 35 : 488. 57 WARNER, A. G. CHARITIES : THE RELATION OF THE STATE, THE CITY, AND THE INDIVIDUAL TO MODERN PHILANTHROPIC WORK Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Studies in History and Political Science, Supplementary Note No. 7. WOODS. ENGLISH SOCIAL MOVEMENTS (Chapter VI.). NEW YORK CHARITIES DIRECTORY. Published by the New York Charity Organization Society. Fifth Edition, 1892. i2mo, 472 pp. Price, cloth, $1.00 (clergymen half price). A classified and descriptive directory of the charitable and benefi- cent societies and institutions of the city of New York. The Charities Review. A JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL SOCI- OLOGY. Published for the Charity Organization Society of the City of New York, United Charities Building, 105 East 22d Street, New York. Eight numbers yearly. Price $1.00. REPORTS OF THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF CHARITIES AND CORRECTIONS. Mrs. I. C. Barrows, Editor, 141 Franklin Street, Boston, Mass. Vol. I., 1876. Annual publications. Price $i .50 ; paper, $1.25. A valuable discussion of topics in organized charities. Consult index. REPORTS, PAMPHLETS, AND CIRCULARS OF INFORMATION. Published by the Charity Organization Societies of the various cities of the United States and England. ANNUAL REPORTS AND PAMPHLETS OF THE STATE CHARITIES AID ASSOCIATION, United Charities Building, 105 East 22d Street, New York City. CHARITY ORGANIZED SOCIETIES. The organization of charitable relief is a phrase which, as it stands, may not appear sufficiently explicit. If relief is to be organized there must be an organization of the relief-givers, and an organiza- tion of relief-givers cannot be created unless the givers accept, and are moved by, some common convictions on the subject. The broad principle, then, that underlies this work, the conviction which its promoters hold and would impart to others, is that relief- givers, if they are to be in any real sense charitable, must have regard to the well-being of the community as a whole, and must so administer relief that it shall strengthen moral obligations and a sense of duty in the family and in the community. And an organization of charitable relief will not in any true sense be an organization unless it makes this its chief aim. C. S. LOCH, Secretary. CHARITY ORGANIZATION SOCIETY, LONDON, January, 1894. BONAPARTE, CHARLES J. WHAT A CHARITY ORGANI- ZATION SOCIETY CAN Do, AND WHAT IT CANNOT. Charities Review, March, 1892. GURTEEN, S. H. HANDBOOK OF CHARITY ORGANIZATION. Buffalo, N. Y., S. H. Gurteen, 1882. 8vo, 254 pp. HANDBOOK FOR FRIENDLY VISITORS -AMONG THE POOR. New York Charity Organization Society, 1883. i6mo, 88 pp. Price, cloth, 5oc ; paper, 35c. KELLOGG, D. O. FUNCTION OF ORGANIZED CHARITY. Lend a Hand, i : 450. LOCH, C. S. CHARITY ORGANIZATION. London, Swan, Sonnenschein & Co., 1890. 106 pp. Price 2s. 6d. Mr. Loch is Secretary of the London Charity Organization Society, and speaks with the authority of practical experience. Low, SETH. MUNICIPAL CHARITIES. Lend a Hand, 3 : 40*. LOWELL, JOSEPHINE S. PUBLIC RELIEF AND PRIVATE CHARITY. New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1884. 8vo, in pp. Price 4oc. LOWELL, JOSEPHINE S. ORGANIZATION OF CHARITY. Lend a Hand, 3 : 81. Chautauquan, 9 : 80. MAYOR, JAMES. RELATION OF ECONOMIC STUDY TO PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CHARITY. Annals American Academy, July, 1893. 59 ORGANIZED CHARITY. Charities Review, April, 1893. SCHURMAN, J. G. THE GROWTH AND CHARACTER OF ORGANIZED CHARITY. Charities Review, March, 1892. WARNER, A. G. CHARITY ORGANIZATION SOCIETY. Popular Science Monthly, July, 1889. WARNER, A. G. ORGANIZED CHARITIES. Lend a Hand, December, 1892. A YEAR'S CHARITY WORK IN BALTIMORE : TENTH AN- NUAL REPORT OF THE CHARITY ORGANIZATION SOCIETY OF BALTIMORE. This report contains ad- dresses on District Nursing, Miss I. A. Hampton ; The Law of Organic Life as Applied to Charity, F. H. Wines ; Personal Philanthropy, H. B. Adams ; and some Object Lessons in Charity Methods. The Charity Organization Review. A monthly journal published by the Charity Organization Society of London. Price $1.25 a year. MEDICAL CHARITIES. The problems which present themselves to the managers of medical charitable organizations are exceedingly complex. It is unquestion- able that much harm is done by the indiscriminate distribution of medical advice without much regard as to the worthiness of the appli- cant. If we are to treat the sick poor free and of course we are bound to do so we must be guided by the same general principles which apply to all philanthropic undertakings. It is not as easy in this case, as in others, to determine who are the worthy and who the unworthy applicants for relief. The fact that sickness makes work impossible renders one test inapplicable, for example. Difficult though the question is, it is beyond doubt that the sociological aspects of medical charity have, as yet, received no attention of a scientific kind, and the methods of distribution to-day are practically unchanged from those of twenty-five years ago. J. WEST ROOSEVELT. NEW YORK CITY, February, 1894. 6o THE ADVICE GRATIS SYSTEM. The Medical Record (N. Y.), February 2 and 23, 1884. THE DISPENSARY ABUSE. N, Y. Evening Post, February 5 and 9, 1893. THE CITY DISPENSARIES. JV. Y. Evening Post, February i5, 1893. HANDBOOK FOR HOSPITALS. New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1883. i2mo, 263 pp. Price 750. MEDICAL CHARITY : ITS EXTENT AND ABUSES. West- minster Review, January, 1874. (American Edition published by The Leonard Scott Publishing Com- pany, New York.) This article is still valuable, as it contains many references, and may be regarded as fairly representing the state of affairs to-day. REPORTS AND PAMPHLETSOF THE INTERNATIONAL MEDI- CAL MISSIONARY SOCIETY, Geo. D. Dowkontt, Medical Director, 118 East 45th Street, New York. Maintains five medical dispensaries in New York City, and co-op- erates with all existing Christian agencies seeking to establish medi- cal missions at Gospel missions or mission churches. The Woman's Branch co-operates with the parent Society in many lines of chari- table work : Mrs. G. D. Dowkontt, Cor. Sec'y, 118 East 45th Street, New York. OUT-DOOR RELIEF. Topics for Study. 1. Defined : Help given to dependents outside of institutions, such as poor-houses, hospitals, etc. 2. Sources of funds may be (a) public, raised by taxation ; (b) private and voluntary, given by individuals, churches, societies ; (c) Endowments. Grounds for each. 3. Data by decades required on the following points. Statistics secured by the United States Census and even by the best State Boards are inadequate, (a) Population of the region studied, by decades ; 6i (b) Number of families aided, and the number of persons ; (c) Par- ticulars of age, sex, domestic state, place of birth, settlement, time of residence, cause of destitution ; (d) duration of relief, temporary or permanent ; (e) kind and value of relief given, support, medical, rent, burial. Items from public and voluntary sources separate. 4. The poor-laws of the region : legislation as to funds, adminis- tration, repression. 5. History and composition view of out-door relief German, French, Italian, English, American, etc. 6. Abolition of out-door official relief, and effects. 7. Workhouse alternatives. 8. Associated charities. 9. State oversight and Board. 10. Vagabondage, and almsgiving. 11. Old-age pensions as form of out-relief. C. R. HENDERSON. UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, January, 1894. BARBOUR. VAGRANCY. Proceedings of the Eighth National Conference of Charities, 1881. DEEMS, C. F. STREET BEGGING. North American Review. April, 1883. GREGORY, W. W. IN DEFENCE OF OUT-DOOR RELIEF. National Review (London), February, 1893. LAW. OUT-DOOR RELIEF IN THE UNITED STATES. Pro- ceedings of the Eighth National Conference of Charities, 1881. McCuLLOCH, O. C. THE TRIBE OF ISHMAEL : A STUDY IN SOCIAL DEGRADATION. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Conference of Charities, 1888. MILK AND COAL DEPOT IN NEW YORK CITY. Public Opinion, June, 1893. OUT-DOOR RELIEF. Pamphlet of the Charity Organiza- tion Society of London. 62 Oux-DooR RELIEF. Lend a Hand, 3: 372; 4^103. (From the Boston standpoint.) PUBLIC Oux-DooR RELIEF. Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections. Indian- apolis, 1891. WHITE, A. T. OUT-DOOR RELIEF. Lend a Hand, i, 335 5 3. 445 ; 4, 279. (From the Brooklyn stand- point.) PROVIDENT SCHEMES. Provident schemes and the spirit which they engender and promote are a bulwark against the new doctrine, urged by some labor-leaders like Hyndman of the Social Democratic Federation, who object to thrift in workingmen because it only makes them small capitalists and so buttresses the class they should supplant. This is the counsel of despair, suggested by the seemingly hopeless conditions of Europe. The American doc'rine of self-help was founded on Plymouth Rock and has been fostered by the sturdy struggle of our race for noble life, which began when the Pilgrims landed, and has created the wealth, culture, and character of their descendants. What a contrast all this is to the dangerous doctrines now coming over with the multi- tude of foreign immigrants from Italy, Russia, and other lands where working people rely on their rulers for guidance or employment ! The conflict between the American spirit of self-help and the effete old- world doctrine of reliance on rulers can be won in this country if all judicious provident schemes are thoroughly studied and vigorously promoted. ROBERT TREAT PAINE. BOSTON, March, 1894. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PROVIDENT HABITS, 1893. THE PENNY PROVIDENT FUND. RULES FOR STAMP STATIONS OF THE PENNY PROVIDENT FUND. The above may be had on application to the Charity Organization Society, United Charities Building, New York City. 03 LEWINS, W. HISTORY OF SAVINGS BANKS IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. London, C. E. Layton, 1882. 8vo, 945 pp. Price js. 6d. OBERHOLTZER, SARA L. SCHOOL SAVINGS BANKS. An- nals of the American Academy, July, 1892. POSTAL SAVINGS BANKS FOR THE UNITED STATES. Pub- lications of the New York State Charities Aid Asso- ciation, No. 41. PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS AND PRIVATE CARE. Lend a Hand, i : 637. SCHOOL SAVINGS BANKS IN ENGLAND. Educational Re- view, January, 1892. THIRY, J. H. SCHOOL SAVINGS BANKS IN THE UNITED STATES. New York, The American Banker, 1893. 8vo, 51 pp. Price 25c. A manual for the use of teachers, containing rules and regulations, with hints and suggestions for the introduction and the practical working of the School Savings Banks System. THRIFT IN GREAT BRITAIN. Economic Journal, June, 1892. WANAMAKER, J. POSTAL SAVINGS DEPOSITORIES. Char- ities Review, June, 1892. SUMMER CHARITIES. Summer charities chiefly concern disease, need, and wants that are developed by the season, especially in the case of children. Cholera infantum and other attendant diseases lay hold of the babies of those who cannot leave the crowded city for the seashore and mountain- side, and who otherwise would die were it not for fresh-air parties, country weeks, and seaside homes. The feeble, both young and old, through the medium of church and charitable organizations, are saved for themselves and given back to society better able to cope with existence through the ministrations of the summer charities. All these agencies are operative at a season which has peculiar and urgent 64 claims, so that without the active aid of summer charities a great void would be created in the lives of those who, without this aid, would be unable, with their enfeebled systems, to meet the demands of active life. JOHN P. FAURE. NEW YORK CITY, February, 1894. A SKETCH OF ALL SOULS' SUMMER HOUSE NEAR SEA CLIFF, LONG ISLAND. (Illustrated.) Pamphlet, 21 pp. Published by All Souls' P. E. Church, New York City. OILMAN, M. R. F. FRESH-AIR CHILDREN : " OUR COUN- TRY WEEKERS." Lend a Hand, 2 ; 578. HUTTON, S. K. THE FRESH-AIR FUND. Sunday Maga- zine, 16 : 763. PARSONS, WILLARD. STORY OF THE FRESH- AIR FUND. Scribner's, 9 : 515. MONTHLY BULLETIN OF ST. JOHN'S GUILD. Published by the Guild, 501 Fifth Avenue, New York. Vol. I., No. i, May, 1892. 500. a year. This describes the current work of the Floating Hospital, the Sea- side Home, and the Children's Hospital, See also Annual Reports of St. John's Guild. (Illustrated.) CHILD PROBLEM. My idea of the Child Problem, from a political point of view, is summed up in the words : " Equal citizenship with adults." Secondly, due recognition of the capacities of children, with a view to any procedure in courts which may be necessary for the enforcement of " Children's Rights." Thirdly, the creation, throughout the whole country to which a child belongs, of an institution equal to, first, the discovery of the wrongs of children ; secondly, due presentation of these wrongs to legal tribunals where necessary ; and thirdly, the provision of an adequate fund for such purpose. These points are amplified in The New Public Policy, also in the pamphlet, New National Policy, which deals with the same subject, amplifying one of its aspects. BENJ. WAUGH. LONDON, December, 1893. 65 BRACE, C. L. THE DANGEROUS CLASSES OF NEW YORK CITY. New York, VVynkoop & Hallenbeck, 1872, (Out of print.) An account of the origin and early years of the Children's Aid Society, in which Mr. Brace took such an active interest. BURT, F. P. BABY FARMING. Lend a Hand, January, 1893. CAMPBELL, HELEN. THE CHILD AND THE COMMUNITY. Chautauquan, 9 : 458. FINLEY, JOHN H. CHILD PROBLEM IN CITIES. Review of Reviews, January, 1892. FOWKES, FANNY. HOMES FOR CRIMINAL CHILDREN. Lend a Hand, 5 : 527, 607. HILL, FLORENCE DAVENPORT, AND FOWKES, FANNY. CHILDREN OF THE STATE. London and New York, Macmillan & Co., 1889. Second Edition. 8vo, 362 pp. Rns, J. A. CHILDREN OF THE POOR. (Illustrated.) Scribner's, May, 1892. Rus, J. A. THE CHILDREN OF THE POOR. (Illustrated.) New York, C Scribner's Sons, 1892. 8vo, 300 pp. Price $2.50. A description of how the children of '' the other half " live, based on a storehouse of facts derived from personal investigation and daily contact with the classes described. Most of the illustrations are from photographs taken especially for the author. Two CHAMPIONS OF THE CHILDREN. Review of Reviews, January, 1892. WAUGH, B. STREET CHILDREN. Contemporary Review, 53: 825. WAUGH, B. CHILD-LIFE INSURANCE. London, Kegan, Paul & Co., 1890. 24 pp. WAUGH, B. BABY-FARMING. Pamphlet, 19 pp., 1890. Published by the National Society for the Pre- vention of Cruelty to Children. London, Kegan, Paul & Co. 66 REPORTS OF THE NATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE PREVEN- TION OF CRUELTY TO CHILDREN-, 7 Harpur Street, Bloomsbury, London, W. C. (Illustrated.) HISTORY OF CHILD-SAVING IN THE UNITED STATES. Report of the Committee on the History of Child- Saving Work at the Twentieth National Conference of Charities and Corrections in Chicago, June, 1893. (Illustrated.) Boston, Geo. H. Ellis, 1893. 8vo, 359 PP- A symposium by specialists. CRIMINOLOGY. Criminology may be defined as a branch of sociology, which treats of those actions, thoughts, and feelings especially dangerous to society. Three divisions may be made in criminological studies : first, Gen- eral Criminology, or a summary and classification of results already known ; then Special Criminology, being investigations of individual criminals ; and third, Practical Criminology, which considers methods and institutions for the prevention and repression of crime, including police systems, reformatories, etc. The first is historical, the second scientific, and the third, as its name indicates, is the most directly related to present conditions of society. In the past, it has been the study of the crime with an idea to punishment ; at present, it is the study of the criminal to find the causes of his crime, which is a necessary preliminary to prevent the development of criminal tendencies in society. ARTHUR MACDONALD. BUREAU OF EDUCATION, WASHINGTON, D.C., January, 1894. PENOLOGY. Penology a convenient and useful word to express the scientific and exact study of the criminal classes and of the various methods of dealing with them, and the practical results. It includes answers to the following questions : What is crime ? What is the criminal ? What are the forms of legal punishment ? What is the aim of the criminal law ? What constitutes proper prison discipline ? How far 6 7 is it possible to substitute, for the punishment of crime, preventive or reformatory measures ? These questions require to be studied from the double point of view of philosophy and of history, and illustrated by statistics. Criminal anthropology, sometimes called criminology, is a subdivision of penology. Penology pays special attention to the evolution of the criminal impulse through heredity and environment, and to the causes which produce crime, whether cosmic, sociological, or individual. In criminal jurisprudence, the penologist attaches special importance to the question of judicial sentences, with a view to determining whether it is possible to measure guilt and penalty and justly apportion the one to the other. The new school of penologists developed in recent years favors indefinite rather than definite sen- tences for crime, a reformatory discipline in all penal institutions, the graded system (in which the standing of the prisoner is determined by marks), and his conditional release for a longer or shorter period as a preliminary test prior to his absolute discharge. F. H. WINES. SPRINGFIELD, OHIO, December, 1893. ANGELL, G. T. NEW ORDER OF MERCY, OR CRIME AND ITS PREVENTION. Bureau of Education, Washington, D. C. Circular of Information No. 4, 1884. BAKER, T. B. L. WAR WITH CRIME. London and New York, Longmans, Greene & Co., 1890. 300 pp., 8vo. Price $4.00. This book is an argument for the apportionment of sentences in accordance with the character of the criminal, and not in accordance with the crime. The author advocates short, light sentences for ordi- nary first offences, and indeterminate sentences for subsequent ones, the final discharge of the prisoner being left with the prison managers. BOIES, HENRY M. PRISONERS AND PAUPERS. (Illus- trated.) New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons. 8vo, 330 pp. Price $1.50. A study of the abnormal increase of criminals and the public burden of pauperism in the United States ; with a consideration of the causes and remedies. 68 DuCANE, E. F. THE PUNISHMENT AND PREVENTION OF CRIME. London and New York, Macmillan & Co., 1885. i2mo, 235 pp. Price $1.00. DUGDALE, R. L. THE JUKES. WITH AN INTRODUC- TION BY W. M. F. ROUND. New York, G. P. Put- nam's Sons, 1888. 121 pp. Price $1.00. A study in crime, pauperism, and heredity. Illustrated by personal investigation of the history of a single pauper family and its connec- tions, for a century and a half. BUTTON, S. T. EDUCATION AS A CURE FOR CRIME. Journal of Social Science, February, 1890. ELLIS, HAVELOCK. THE CRIMINAL. (Illustrated.) New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1890. 8vo, 337 pp. Price $1.25 ; $1.00. A summary of the results of studies in criminal anthropology in Italy, France, Germany, England, and the United States, together with a bibliography of the subject. Mr. Ellis asserts that western Europe has been so busy reforming its prisons, that it has neglected to reform its prisoners; and that in Great Britain in 1888, more than forty per cent, of the women committed to prison had been previously con- victed more than ten times. He, therefore, argues in favor of devot- ing more attention to the study of criminals than of crime. HARRIS, WM. T. EDUCATION AND CRIME. Atlanta Constitution, August 5, 1890. HENDERSON, C. R. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF DEPENDENT, DEFECTIVE, AND DELINQUENT CLASSES. Boston, D. C. Heath & Co., 1893. 8vo, 272 pp. Price $1.75. This book is adapted for use as a text-book, for personal study, for teachers' and ministers' institutes, and for clubs of public-spirited men and women engaged in considering some of the gravest problems of society. It shows the organic relations of the classes named ; presents, in compact and systematic form, the views of many of the most eminent specialists ; suggests the most important accessible books, and indicates where exhaustive bibliographies may be found. The author has had twenty years of almost daily contact with the 6 9 poor and fallen in efforts to help them by personal, parish, institu- tional, and governmental agencies. Me has been practically con- nected with boards of directors and trustees of various associations and institutions, arbitration boards, etc. At the present time he is Assistant Professor of Social Science in the University of Chicago. Together with such practical experience he has kept up a constant study of great writers English, French, German, and Italian in political and social science, and in medicine, sanitary, economic, ethical, and religious fields. LOWELL, MRS. C. R. INSTITUTIONAL PAUPERISM. JV. Y. Evangelist, April 30, 1891. MACDONALD, ARTHUR. CRIMINOLOGY. New York, Funk & Wagnalls Co., 1893. Second Edition. i2mo, 416 pp. Price $2.00. The result of years of expert study and research, this treatise is both scholarly and popular. A unique and very valuable feature is an extensive Bibliography of Crime, comprising a list of the chief books and articles on the subject in the various modern languages. MACDONALD, ARTHUR. ABNORMAL MAN : BEING ESSAYS ON EDUCATION AND CRIME AND RELATED SUBJECTS, WITH DIGESTS OF LITERATURE, AND A BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bureau of Education, Washing- ton, 1893. Circular of Information No. 4, 1893. MACDONALD, ARTHUR. CRIME AND ITS PUNISHMENT. Lend a Hand, February, 1893. MORRISON, W. D. CRIME AND THE PRISON SYSTEM. London, Swan, Sonnenschein & Co., 1890. 8vo, Price 2s. 6d. REEVE, C. H. PREVENTIVE LEGISLATION IN RELATION TO CRIME. Annals American Academy, September, 1892. ROUND, W. M. F. OUR CRIMINALS AND CHRISTIANITY. New York, Funk & Wagnalls, 1888. 16 pp., 8vo. Price, paper, i5c. ROUND, W. M. F. (Secretary National Prison Associa- tion). CRIMINALS NOT THE VICTIMS OF HEREDITY. Forum, September, 1893. 70 TALLACK,- WILLIAM. PENOLOGICAL AND PREVENTIVE PRINCIPLES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO EUROPE AND AMERICA, ETC. London, Howard Association, 1889. i2mo, 414 pp. " A forcible presentation of the evils of ill advised charity, of the mistake of looking at things isolated from their surroundings, of the folly of being guided by popular opinion, and finally of the good to be accomplished by the spread of religion." ROLAND P. FALKNER. WlLLOUGHBY, W. W. THE NEW SCHOOL OF CRIMINOL- OGY. American Journal of Politics, May, 1893. WINES, E. C. STATE OF PRISONS AND CHILD-SAVING INSTITUTIONS. Cambridge, Mass. J. Wilson & Son, 1880. 719 pp., 8vo. Price $5.00. WINES, F. F. ARTICLE ON PRISONS IN LALOR'S CYCLO- PEDIA. WINTER, ALEXANDER. THE NEW YORK STATE RE- FORMATORY AT ELMIRA. London, Swan, Sonnen- schein & Co., 1891. 172 pp. Price $1.00. WRIGHT, C. D. RELATION OF ECONOMIC CONDITIONS TO THE CAUSES OF CRIME. Annals American Academy, May, 1893. NATIONAL PRISON ASSOCIATION REPORTS. Secretary of the New York Prison Association, W. M. F. Round, 135 East i5th Street, New York. ECONOMICS. The study of economic theory seems at first sight difficult and obtuse, yet in reality few subjects afford more pleasure if the reader persists until the initial difficulties are removed. These difficulties consist mainly in the fact that the style of the author is influenced by his abstract reasoning and that many words are used in a seemingly arbitrary way. The terms used in economics are taken from the vocabulary of the people and given a definite meaning which they do not have in every-day life. The reader must at first watch carefully the use of terms and read enough to become ac- customed to the form of reasoning which economists use. Avoid in the beginning systematic treatises except as reference books. Being compressed and elliptical they increase largely the tendency to use abstract reasoning, while each technical term is used too rarely to have its meaning thoroughly impressed. Current literature on special topics is by far the best means of becoming acquainted with economic discussions. Every student should read some if not all of the eco- nomic journals mentioned in this Hand-Book. Leave the great authors, until familiar with current thought, and their books will be- come a delight and not a stumbling-block. SIMON N. PATTEN. UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, February, 1894. GENERAL. ANDREWS, E. B. INSTITUTES OF ECONOMICS. Boston, Silver, Burdett & Co., 1891. 121110, 227 pp. Price $1.30. A concise analysis, with copious references "to the best authorities. An admirable outline of the field of Political Economy. CLARK, J. B. THE PHILOSOPHY OF WEALTH. Boston, Ginn & Co., 1886. i2mo, 235 pp. Price $1.10. Especially valuable for chapters on the influence of moral forces in the field of Economics. " This treatise . . . presents the rare excellence of fully recognizing the influence of moral forces in economic actions while at the same time maintaining the scientific spirit in the analysis of industrial processes." H. C. ADAMS. COSSA, LUIGI. GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF POLITICAL ECONOMY (Translated from the Italian). New York, Macmillan & Co., 1893. i2mo, 587 pp. Price $2.60. 1880, i6mo, 237 pp. Price $1.25. " No introduction to the study of Economics at all approaching in character to Professor Cossa's Guida allo Studio dell' Economia Politica is to be found in the English tongue. This work pre- sents, in a compendious form, not only a general view of the bounds, divisions, and relations of the science, marked by great impartiality and breadth of treatment, but it also furnishes us with an historical sketch of the science, such as must be wholly new to English readers." W. STANLEY JEVONS. 72 ELY, R. T. PROBLEMS OF TO-DAY. New York, T. Y. Crowell & Co., 1890. 12010. Second Edition. Price $1.50. A popular discussion of protective tariffs, monopolies, and munici- pal taxation. ELY, R. T. OUTLINES OF ECONOMICS. New York, Hunt & Eaton, 1893. 8vo, 426 pp. " Chautauqua " Edition, Price $1.00 ; " College " Edition, Price $1.25. A plain and simple yet forceful and suggestive presentation of fundamental economic theories, with especial emphasis upon some of the historical and sociological aspects of the subject. The summary, questions, and references on special topics, at the end of each chapter, and the courses of reading and best subjects for essays, discussion, and debates, to be found in the appendix, add much value to the book. GUNTON, GEORGE. PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL ECONOMICS. New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1892. 8vo, 451 pp. Price $1.75. Containing chapters on Social Progress, Economic Production, Economic Distribution, and Practical Statesmanship. INGRAM, J. K. HISTORY OF POLITICAL ECONOMY. WITH A PREFACE BY E. J. JAMES. New York, Macmillan & Co., 1888. 8vo, 250 pp. Price $1.50. The opening chapters discuss the history of the subject from ancient times to the historical school of writers. " To understand their work fully and this is an essential thing for every one who would comprehend the present tendencies in economics a study of the history of economic theory is necessary. In this work no better guide is at present attainable for the English student than this book of Dr. Ingrain's." E. J. JAMES. LALOR, J. J. CYCLOPEDIA OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, PO- LITICAL ECONOMY AND THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES (3 volumes). New York, Charles E. Merrill & Co., 1884. 8vo, 847, 1055, 1 136 pp. Price $15.00. A work of reference, best indicated by the title. Many of the articles are elaborated in special treatises. The best of its kind. 73 PATTEN, SIMON N. THE PREMISES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Co., 1885. i2mo, 244 pp. Price $1.50. A re-examination of certain fundamental principles of economic science. TUCKER, W. J. SOCIAL ECONOMICS : OUTLINE OF COURSE OF STUDY. Andover Review, 1 1 : 85, 636 ; 12 : 100, 218. WALKER, FRANCIS A. POLITICAL ECONOMY. New York, Third Edition. Henry Holt & Co., 1888. 8vo, 537 pp. Price $2.00. " I have found the work particularly useful because of its vivid quality. It serves better than any other book I know of, as an intro- duction to the most modern point of view as to economical questions, to that political economy, so recently developed and still so full of promise, which essays to understand the world of actual fact. In using President Walker's book in the class-room, too, one feels that he is leading his class under the wing of a first-rate original authority." WOODROW WILSON. WELLS, DAVID A. RECENT ECONOMIC CHANGES AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBU- TION OF WEALTH AND THE WELL-BEING OF SOCIETY. New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1889. i2mo, 493 pp. Price $2.00. CAPITAL, INTEREST, AND PROFITS. The word CAPITAL originally meant a principal sum, which it was of vital importance to keep intact. In practical life it is still used in a sense closely akin to this. Economists early noted the fact that this sum really consists in commodities of a kind that assist in pro- duction, and tried to define the term, Capital, as designating such commodities. They found it impossible to avoid using the term in its practical sense, as meaning a quantity of wealth, in the abstract ; and hence they used the word in two different senses. In a recent discussion CAPITAL GOODS are defined as concrete commodities that aid production ; and PURE CAPITAL is defined as the sum of wealth invested in such goods. INTEREST is the percentage of itself that pure capital annually earns, whether it be used by an owner or by a borrower. 74 GROSS PROFIT includes interest, insurance against risk, and a further sum, which is PURK PROFIT. From the point of view of the borrower of capital interest is a cost. Pure profit is the margin of gain left in an employer's hands after he has sold a product, and defrayed all the costs of creating it. J. B. CLARK. AMHERST, February, 1894. CLARK, J. B. CAPITAL AND ITS EARNINGS. Ithaca, New York, American Economic Association, 1888 8vo, 69 pp. Price 75c. A thoughtful and suggestive treatise on the Nature, Origin, In- dustrial Functions, and Earnings of Capital. CLARK, J. B. PROFITS UNDER MODERN CONDITIONS. Political Science Quarterly, December, 1887. MARSHALL, A. BUSINESS PROFITS AND WAGES. Quar- terly journal of Economics, 3 : 109. WALKER, F. A. THE SOURCE OF BUSINESS PROFITS. Quarterly Journal of Economics, April, 1887. FINANCE AND TAXATION. In proportion as true self-government is realized, taxation ceases to be an imposition by a power alien to the taxpayer, and becomes the act of the taxpayer himself. It is his foresight which determines what shall be the scope of government undertaking, and what there- fore shall be the amount of public income needed. It is his practical good-sense which decides by what kind of taxation or other means this income shall be secured. In a complete democracy taxation would be only one form of private expenditure. Even under present conditions it is probably true that he who pays relatively the most in taxes gets a larger return for his expense than for any other equal item in his annual outlay. The practical problem in finance is, then, not to draw arbitrary lines limiting public activity, but to find sources of income which can be easily diverted into the common treasury while imposing the minimum of expense upon the people as individuals. SIDNEY SHERWOOD. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, February, 1894. 75 ADAMS, H. C. PUBLIC DEBTS : AN ESSAY ON THE SCIENCE OF FINANCE. New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1890. Second Edition. 8vo, 407 pp. Price $2.50. Part I. PUBLIC BORROWING AS A FINANCIAL POLICY. Modern Public Debts ; Political Tendencies of Public Debts ; Social Tenden- cies of Public Debts ; Industrial Effects of Public Borrowing ; When may States Borrow Money? Part II. NATIONAL DEFICIT FINANCIERING. Financial Manage- ment of a War ; Classification of Public Debts ; Liquidation of War Accounts ; Peace Management of a Public Debt ; Payment of Public Debts. Part III. LOCAL DEFICIT FINANCIERING. Comparison of Local with National Debts ; State Indebtedness between 1830 and 1850 ; Municipal Indebtedness ; Policy of Restricting Governmental Duties. COHN, GUSTAV. INCOME AND PROPERTY TAXES. Politi- cal Science Quarterly, March, 1889. ELY, R. T., AND FINLEY, J. H. TAXATION IN AMERICAN STATES AND CITIES. New York, T. Y. Crowell & Co., 1888. i2mo, 544 pp. Price $1.75. Part I. The History of Taxation, with a Comparison of Direct and Indirect Taxes. Part II. Taxation as it is ; a Study in Colonial and -State Taxes. Part III. Taxation as it should be ; a Treatment of Licenses, Taxes on Income, Inheritances and Bequests, and Savings Banks and Benevolent Institutions, and a Description of Administrative Machinery. Part IV. Constitutional Provisions, Statistical Information, and Miscellaneous Material. SELIGMAN, EDWIN R. A. THE GENERAL PROPERTY TAX. Political Science Quarterly, March, 1890. LAND AND RENT. Rent, in the economic sense of the term, is that value which attaches to land itself, irrespective of any value which attaches to buildings or other improvements on or in the land. It has thus its origin not in individual exertion but in social growth. Originating 7 6 in social growth, and increasing with social growth, it belongs properly not to individuals, but to society, and constitutes the natural or appointed source from which those social needs, which arise and increase with social growth, should be met. In the failure to take economic rent for social needs, we Single- taxers see the primary cause of that unjust distribution of wealth, which, producing monstrous wealth on the one side and degrading poverty on the other, is the root of those difficulties and dangers of modern civilization with which religion and patriotism and philan- thropy, so long as they do not address themselves to this, grapple with in vain. For : (i) Some are made unduly rich without the exertion on their part which should accompany the enjoyment of wealth. (2) To provide for needed public revenues, whose natural source is thus diverted, taxes are imposed which hamper and lessen production, violate the moral sense, and provoke fraud, perjury, evasion, and political corruption. (3) Men are tempted to grasp land and hold land, not for the purpose of using it, but that they may profit by compelling others to pay them for the privilege of using it, and thus an artificial scarcity in the indispensable element of all production and all life is brought about which makes the very opportunity to labor seem a boon, and drives the mere laborer to a cut-throat competition with his fellows, that tends constantly to force wages to the minimum of a mere existence. HENRY GEORGE. NEW YORK CITY, March, 1894. ELY, R. T. LAND, LABOR, AND TAXATION. Independent, December 1-29, 1887. GEORGE, HENRY. PROGRESS AND POVERTY, AN INQUIRY INTO THE CAUSES OF INDUSTRIAL DEPRESSIONS AND THE INCREASE OF WANT WITH INCREASE OF WEALTH. THE REMEDY. New York, Henry George & Co., 1888. ^50 pp. Price $1.00 ; paper 35c. A brilliant critique of the older economic theories, and an ingenious argument for a single tax on land values. GEORGE, HENRY. THE LAND QUESTION, WHAT IT IN- VOLVES, AND HOW ALONE IT CAN BE SETTLED. New York, Henry George & Co., 1888. i6mo, 87 pp. Price 2oc. 77 WALKER, F A. LAND AND ITS RENT. Boston, Little, Brown & Co., 1883. i6mo, 220 pp. Price 750. An excellent summary of underlying principles, and an answer to the attacks made upon them by Carey, George, and others. MONEY. Exchange could not become easy or extensive until commodities were discovered so uniformly desirable as to possess, by universal consent, a universal purchasing power that is, exchange readily everywhere for all commodities and services whatever, thus becoming money. Gold and silver have proved to fulfil most nearly these re- quirements. Long current at first by weight and test, they acquired fuller currency with the extension of authoritative coining. " A universally successful tender " is perhaps the best definition of full money or money proper. Other things are money only in so far as they constitute a successful tender for goods. F. A. Walker, Money, followed by Bastable, calls money "that which passes freely from hand to hand throughout the community in final discharge of debts and full payment for commodities, being accepted equally without reference to the character or credit of the person who offers it, and without the intention of the person who receives it to consume it, or enjoy it, or to apply it to any other use than in turn to tender it to others in discharge of debts or payment for commodities." This definition, of course, includes bank notes and greenbacks. There is no objection to this definition, only it requires that money be sub- divided into kinds, i. e., full money and partial money. Various other definitions have been given, but the above renders the subject sufficiently clear. E. B. ANDREWS. BROWN UNIVERSITY, January, 1894. JEVONS, W. S. MONEY AND THE MECHANISM OF EX- CHANGE. New York, D. Appleton & Co. ; Hum- boldt Publishing Co., 1879. 12010, 375 pp. Price $i-75 5 3 c - A popular treatise on the history, properties, and economic laws of money, by an eminent authority on the subject. Though published some years ago, it still remains a standard work. 78 SHERWOOD, S. THE HISTORY AND THEORY OF MONEY. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1892. 8vo, 426 pp. Price $2.00. A series of twelve lectures given under the auspices of the Univer- sity Extension Society of Philadelphia. Especially valuable for the full stenographic reports of discussions following each lecture. The history of money is discussed ; Money and Civilization ; Coins and Coinage ; Production of Gold and Silver ; Substitutes for Metallic Money, Credit-Money and Credit ; and the place of banks in the money system as shown in the history of the Bank of England. The concluding six lectures summarize the various theories and principles underlying the subject. A syllabus of the above course may be obtained from the American Society for the Extension of University Teaching in Philadelphia. Price 2OC. WALKER, F. A. MONEY IN ITS RELATIONS TO TRADE AND INDUSTRY. New York, Henry Holt & Co., I %79- 339 PP-> i2mo. Price $1.25. An abridgment of the author's Money, which some consider the standard American treatise on the subject. LODGING HOUSES. Society will always have its tramps, and the question, " what to do with them ? " will ever demand an answer. The Apostle Paul pro- posed the one practical plan : Let them work or starve. That plan the municipal lodging-house is to realize. It is to sift from the army of the homeless the lazy and unworthy, offering shelter and help to the unfortunate on terms that preserve their self-respect. These con- ditions the tramp will not accept. The community which offers shelter to the homeless in its police-station dens accepts, by so doing, the responsibility for them. It does not discharge that responsibility by offering that which is fit only for tramps. It is its duty to provide decent shelter, if any. The municipal lodging-house is in effect a cheap hotel, where the lodgers for a certain limited time pay for their board by work. Where the experiment has been tried, as a charitable enterprise or otherwise, it has, so far as I know, always resulted in banishing the tramps, and simplifying the problem of homelessness by eliminating the frauds. JACOB A. Rus. NEW YORK CITY, February, 1894. 79 BYRNES, INSPECTOR. NURSERIES OF CRIME. North American Review, September, 1889. HOLMES, F. M. THE FREE SHELTERS OF LONDON. Leisure Hour, February, 1893. PHILLIPS, E. M. A DOCK LODGING HOUSE. Fortnightly Review, May, 1892. REYNOLDS, M. T. HOUSING OF THE POOR IN AMERICAN CITIES. (Chap. IX.). Rns, J. A. POLICE LODGING HOUSES AND THEIR INMATES. Christian Union, January 14, 1893. THE GORDON BOYS' HOME. Monthly Packet^&mdxy,^^. THE ' LEATHER HOTEL ' AND OTHER FREE SHELTERS. Great Thoughts, February, 1893. PAMPHLETS ON LODGING-HOUSES. A. F. Irvine, City Missionary among the Lodging-houses, 61 Henry Street, New York City. WARNER, A. G. LODGING HOUSE IN WASHINGTON. Charities Reriew, March, 1893. MUNICIPAL PROBLEMS. One principal means of strengthening and elevating our municipal character is to cultivate in men a sense of the civic significance attaching to them as individuals. If a man realizes that he is made an actual integer by the simple fact of personality, regardless of any collateral considerations, he will not allow himself to become a cypher through neglect of the opportunities afforded him of making his personality felt. Such an one will have opinions upon questions of current interest, and those opinions he will give expression to ; in particular he will appreciate suffrage as the one most effective means of such expression. This will withhold him from neglecting his ballot or making merchandise of it. Civic self-respect never sells itself out ; nor will it farm out its judgments to another. A self- respecting man will allow himself to be influenced by leaders, but he will never allow himself to be managed by political manipulators. Individual sense of civic value is fatal to "bossism " ; and any man's estimate of his own worth will go far towards determining how much he is worth to his city. C. H. PARKHURST. NEW YORK, February, 1894. 8o BILLINGS, J. S. PUBLIC HEALTH AND MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. Annals American Academy, February, 1891 (Supplement). CREHORE, C. F. SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING GOOD CITIZEN- SHIP. Lend a Hand, 4 : 489. GLADDEN, W. SOCIAL ILLS, CAN THEY BE REMEDIED ? Forum, 8 : 18. HALE, E. E. CONGESTION OF CITIES. Forum, 4:526. HALSTEAD, MURAT. HAMBURG Cosmopolitan, November, 1892. JANES, L. G. SOCIAL PROBLEMS OF GREAT CITIES. Unitarian Review, 36 : 309. KING, A. B. THE POLITICAL MISSION OF TAMMANY HALL. (A Tract for the Times.) New York, 1892, 30 pp. Price ice. A discussion of the machine, and the reformation of Tammany Hall. LOOMIS, S. L. MODERN CITIES AND THEIR RELIGIOUS PROBLEMS, WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY JOSIAH STRONG. New York, The Baker & Taylor Co., 1887. i2mo, 2ii pp. Price $1.00. A discussion of the various problems of the modern city. Low, SETH. WORK OF CITIES. Lend a Hand, 4 : 255. RALPH, JULIAN. THE CITY OF BROOKLYN. Harper's, April, 1893. SHAW, ALBERT. GLASGOW: A MUNICIPAL STUDY. Century, March, 1890. SHAW, ALBERT. How LONDON is GOVERNED. Century, November, 1890. SPIELHAGEN, FRIED. BERLIN. The Cosmopolitan, March, 1893. WHITE, A. D. THE GOVERNMENT OF AMERICAN CITIES. Forum, December, 1890. WILLIAMS, LEIGHTON. THE NEED OF A POSITIVE PRO- GRAM. Arena, April, 1894. 81 PEOPLE'S CLUBS, The best advantage of People's Clubs is that they bring peopld together. One of the dangers of society is narrowness, provincialism, parochialism. Men and women get into narrow groups, and are tempted to look at their neighbors from the Pharisee's point of view, who thanked God that he was not like other men. And in these groups the people who are most privileged get by themselves, and those who are least privileged make another company by themselves ; and thus all the dough is put in one pan, and all the yeast in the other ; then foolish folk wonder why there is no bread. The People's Clubs bring all sorts of human beings together. The circle of society is widened out. It gradually becomes natural to think wider thoughts. Another allied danger is prejudice, which is a weed that grows best in the soil of ignorance. When people come to know each other, it grows more difficult to misunderstand and misrepresent. There can be no fraternity without acquaintance. Brothers must recognize brothers in the street. Nothing helps toward this good friendship like the fine old custom of dining together. In the People's Clubs the people unlearn un-Christian prejudices. GEORGE HODGES. CAMBRIDGE, February, 1894. BESANT, W. THE PEOPLE'S PALACE. Contemporary Review, 147 : 56. BISLAND, ELIZ. THE PEOPLE'S PALACE IN LONDON. (Illustrated.) The Cosmopolitan, January, 1891. CAMPBELL, H. GUILDS FOR WORKING WOMEN. Chau- tauquan, 7 : 704. CURRIE, E. H. WORKING OF THE PEOPLE'S PALACE. Nineteenth Century, 27 : 344. DODGE, GRACE H. CLUBS FOR WORKING-GIRLS. Chau- tauquan, 9 : 223. DODGE, GRACE H. A NEW YEAR'S LETTER TO THE WORKING GIRLS' CLUBS. New York, 1890. 14 pp. HOPKINS, CANON. A VILLAGE FACTORY GIRLS' CLUB. Sunday Magazine, 16 : 130, 198. 6 82 THE POLYTECHNIC (THE PIONEER INSTITUTE FOR TECH- NICAL EDUCATION) : ITS GENESIS AND PRESENT STATUS. (Illustrated.) London, The Polytechnic, 309 Regent street, W., 1892. 58 pp. Price 6d. RAINSFORD'S PLAN, DR. THE FIRST TEE To TUM. Philadelphia Times, January 15, 1893. LONDON TEE To TUMS. Review of Reviews, 3 : 368. RHINE, A. H. WORK OF WOMEN'S CLUBS IN LONDON. Forum, 12 : 519. STANLEY, MAUDE. CLUBS FOR WORKING GIRLS. Nine- teenth Century, 25 : 73. SHAW, ALBERT. LONDON POLYTECHNICS AND PEOPLE'S PALACES. (Illustrated.) Century, June, 1890. SHAW, ALBERT. A MODEL WORKING-GIRLS' CLUB. Scribner's, February, 1892. STEEL WORKS CLUB OF JOLIET, ILLINOIS. Its Purposes and Plan, as Outlined by the Trustees. Apply to Wm. Crane, Manager, Joliet, 111. TOLMAN, W. H. THE TEE To TUM CLUB. Charities Review, May, 1893. WARD, S. H. WOMEN'S CLUBS IN LONDON. Chautauguan, 9 : 410. WEEKS, H. C. CLUBS OF WORKING WOMEN. Arena, 5: 61. WENDELL, E. J. BOYS' CLUBS. (Illustrated.) Scribner's, 9 738. WORKINGMEN'S CLUBS : How TO ESTABLISH AND HOW TO MANAGE THEM. London, The Workingmen's Club and Institute Union, 1886. 31 pp. Price 4 learn that it has taken us nearly three years to build up the business and set it firmly on its feet. The first year we did a $12,000 business, the second year a $16,000 business, and this year it will be over $20,000 ; but the surplus this year must go for the deficits of the first two ; so not until January, 1894, can profits be divided. The fifteen girls with whom we started have now increased from thirty-five to forty- five, according to the season, and I hope to increase the number year by year. We give every opportunity to those girls who wish to better themselves educationally, by letting them work one-half or three-quarters time. Thus several of the original girls, as well as others who came in later, have taken positions, at much better pay, as stenographers, dressmakers, or drill teachers. The girls have all developed wonderfully, and even the most inefficient have become skilled workers. Our work- rooms are the happiest places I know ; and I can never be thankful enough for the knowledge and experience of work and working women which the last three years have brought me. VIRGINIA POTTER, President. NEW YORK CITY, December, 1893. FREE PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT BUREAUS. Public Employment Bureaus in the United States owe their origin to the Free Public Intelligence Office of France, which for some time has been one of the working institutions of Paris. At the Municipal Labor Congress held in Cincinnati, in 1889, a report was 201 made upon the Paris office, and as a result a bill was drafted, introduced in and passed by the Legislature of Ohio. This, it is believed, was the earliest Public Employment Bureau in the United States, and the plan of such bureaus has come to be known as the "Ohio Idea." The bureau has been in operation during the years of 1891, 1892, 1893, and a portion of the year 1890, and has given universal satisfaction, as proved by the reports of the Bureau of Labor statistics for the State of Ohio during these years. Employment bureaus exist in the cities of Cincinnati, Dayton, Toledo, Cleve- land, and Columbus. Among the reasons that may be urged in their favor, apart from the practical result of securing a large number of situations, the following may be stated : First : The legislation is not political, but has received in the States of Ohio, Iowa, and Minnesota, the support of both political parties ; though in the latter two States, owing to the adjournment of the Legislature, the bills introduced in them for the establishment of such State Bureaus did not become a law. Second : The duty of the State to lessen the number of the unemployed is perhaps the strongest reason for the establishment of Employment Bureaus. The un- employed tend to mass themselves in the great cities, and in these cities the facilities should be enlarged for finding employment. Third : The great difficulty in the way of many persons out of work is to be found in their inability to learn of the places where work can probably be secured. The aim of this bill is, in a measure, to meet that difficulty by exchanging lists. Fourth : The Public Employment Bureau drives out of existence the private Employment Bureaus, which are 202 usually extortion offices. In Columbus, Ohio, six private offices were supported by the credulity of the working people, and when the State office was opened, all were driven out of business. This point is particularly im- portant, in view of the efforts that are constantly made to ensnare young girls under the guise of securing them employment. Fifth : The measure is one that is decidedly in the interests of the laboring people, and has been recognized as such in many different parts of the world. Among the latest evidences of this is the adoption of the system by the British Colony in New Zealand. Much more extended arguments in support of the adoption of the system of municipal labor bureaus may be found in the reports of the Bureau of Labor statis- tics for the States of Ohio and Minnesota ; of the New Zealand Bureaus, of the Missouri Bureau of Labor Statistics, in the Message of Governor Boies of Iowa to the Legislature of that State, and in various newspaper and magazine articles, such as that of Mr. Ryan in Frank Leslie's Weekly for October 25, 1890. MORNAY WILLIAMS. NEW YORK CITY, February, 1894. THE WAYFARER'S LODGE. 516 WEST 28iH STREET. The Lodge, a four-story-and-basement brick struc- ture, twenty-five feet wide by seventy-five feet deep, with an office extension, was erected especially for the purpose, and opened November 15, 1893. In the base- ment are seven shower baths for the use of the lodgers, and four fumigating ovens where their clothing is 203 fumigated ; on the first floor are the office, the sitting- room, and dining-room, while the three upper floors are used as dormitories, with accommodation for one hundred men. The work is carried on under the direction of a committee of the Charity Organization Society. The object of the Wayfarer's Lodge is to provide a clean and wholesome temporary stopping-place for home- less and destitute men who, in return for their food and lodging, are willing to do a reasonable amount of work sawing or chopping wood by hand in the wood-yard connected with it. They are also required to behave in an orderly manner, to bathe each night, and to leave their clothing in the bath room for fumigation, a clean night-gown and slippers being furnished to each lodger. Tickets, which may be given to homeless men who seek aid, are sold in a book at ten for a dollar. Each ticket is good for two meals and a lodging in return for the required work. ROBT. W. HEBBERD, Superintendent. NEW YORK CITY, January, 1894. CONSUMER'S LEAGUE. The Consumers' League of the City of New York in its Constitution declares its object to be the following : " To ameliorate the condition of the women and chil- dren employed in the Retail Mercantile Houses of this City, by patronizing as far as practicable only such houses as approach in their conditions to the ' Standard of a Fair House ' as adopted by the League, and by other methods." 204 A Fair House is one in which equal pay is given for work of equal value, irrespective of sex. In the depart- ments where women only are employed, in which the minimum wages are six dollars per week for experienced adult workers, and fall in few instances below eight dollars, wages are paid by the week ; fines, if imposed, are paid into a fund for the benefit of the employees ; the minimum wages of Cash Girls are two dollars per week, with the same conditions regarding weekly pay- ments and fines ; hours from 8 A.M. to 6 P.M. (with three- quarters of an hour for lunch) constitute the working day, and a general half-holiday is given on one day of each week during at least two summer months ; a vacation of not less than one week is given with pay during the summer season ; all overtime is compen- sated for ; work, lunch, and retiring-rooms are apart from each other, and conform in all respects to the present Sanitary Laws ; the present law regarding the providing of seats for saleswomen is observed, and the use of seats permitted ; humane and considerate behavior toward employees is the rule ; fidelity and length of service meet with the consideration which is their due ; no children under fourteen years of age are employed. The condition of membership in the Consumers' League shall be the approval by signature of the League's object, and all persons shall be eligible for membership excepting such as are engaged in retail business in this city, either as employer or employee. The members shall not be bound never to buy at other shops. The names of the members of the Con- sumers' League shall not be made public. NEW YORK CITY, January, 1894. 205 WORKING WOMEN'S PROTECTIVE UNION. 19 CLINTON PLACE. In 1863, the condition of the working women of New York had become more than usually desperate. The effects of the pending civil war were being felt most sorely throughout the community, but by no class more severely than by those women who were dependent upon the needle and the various factory employments for their daily bread. This distress, in conjunction with the many cases of fraud and oppression practised against them by employers, stirred public interest to such a de- gree that meetings were called for the purpose of relief and organization. It was first intended to establish an organization among the working women themselves for mutual pro- tection, but their want of experience in the practical management of affairs, and other objections, made it desirable that the work should be undertaken by gentle- men who had been instrumental in starting the move- ment. The objects of the association are best expressed in the language of its constitution : (i) By securing for working women legal protection from frauds and impositions, free of expense. (2) By appeals, respectfully but urgently made to employers, for wages proportioned to the work performed and to the cost of living, and such shortening of hours of labor as is due to health and the requirements of household affairs. (3) By seeking new and appropriate spheres of labor in departments not ordinarily occupied by women. (4) By maintaining a registry by which those out of work may obtain employment. (5) By appeals 2o6 to the community for that sympathy and support which are due to the otherwise defenceless condition of work- ing women. Though the institution is supported by private contri- butions, it is in no sense a charity. It does not give away anything ; it simply helps those who desire to help themselves. Where wrongs are committed against the rights of working women which are susceptible of legal redress, it puts in motion the machinery of law neces- sary to secure it. The Union has prosecuted many thousands of cases in behalf of the working women to a successful issue, against employers seeking to defraud them, and it is believed that its existence has resulted in the prevention of much fraud and wrong that would otherwise have been perpetrated against them. JOHN H. PARSONS, Secretary. NEW YORK CITY, January, 1894. WORKING WOMEN'S SOCIETY. 27 CLINTON PLACE. The Working Women's Society was organized in 1888 for the following specified objects : To found trades organizations among women to the end of increasing wages and shortening hours ; to enforce existing laws relating to the protection of women and children, in shops and factories, and to promote legislation in their interest : to abolish tenement-house work, particularly in the clothing and cigar industries ; to establish a Labor Bureau for the purpose of facilitating a free exchange of labor between city and country ; to secure equal pay for equal work. 207 At the time of its inception, the general tendency of the working people was toward organization, and during the first year this branch of the work was in a measure successful. "Since then but little progress has been made, owing to the utter indifference of working women to their condition. The first year a bill providing for women factory inspectors was introduced in the State Legislature, and after a three-years' contest it became a law, being the first provision of the kind in the United States. In the meantime an investigation of the condition of women and children in mercantile establishments was made, with the result that a Consumers' League was formed, its object being to patronize as far as possible the shops where employees received fair treatment. For the past three years a bill providing for the regulation of employment of women and children in mercantile estab- lishments, and providing that the State Factory Inspector shall enforce the same, has been introduced in the State Legislature, but thus far has failed to become a law For four years past the Society has used every possible means to obtain a half-holiday among the Grand Street shops during July and August. At present women and children are employed until eleven and twelve o'clock on Saturday night all the year round. All the mer- chants have expressed themselves as ready to close at noon on Saturday if Ridley & Sons will close, but thus far this firm has remained obdurate. The Society is also engaged in investigating the con- dition of tenement houses and reporting to the Health and Building Departments all violations of law. A Free Employment Bureau has been established for women, and an investigation of the general condition of working women in the State is being conducted with the object 208 of eventually establishing a State Insurance or Annuity for all working women over fifty years of age. At the next session of the Legislature a bill providing for Free State Employment Offices in the large cities of the State will be framed and introduced at the instance of the Society. The membership of the Society is, with few exceptions, composed of self-supporting women, and the necessary funds for the work is obtained through contributions of those interested. ALICE L. WOODBRIDGE, Secretary. NEW YORK CITY, January, 1894. THE CITY CLUB. The failure of the Municipal League to elect its can- didate to the Mayoralty in 1891 occasioned profound discouragement amongst those desirous of obtaining good city government. It seemed to indicate that mere popular indignation or enthusiasm could not be counted upon when pitted against an organized political machine. It became clear, therefore, that if the work of improving city government was to be undertaken at all, it must be undertaken upon a permanent plan, a fact which sug- gested the organization of a Social Club, which would serve to bring together and to keep together all those interested in the organization of a municipal party built upon the principle that City Government should be sep- arated from National politics. The first meeting of the City Club was held April 13, 1892. The Constitution provided for a large number of standing committees. For example, the Committee on 200 Legislation, the duties of which are as follows: "To observe the action of the Legislature at Albany and to advance the objects of the City Club by the promotion of, or opposition to, suggested legislation so far as it may be deemed expedient." The Committee on Co-opera- tion and Affiliated Clubs, the duties of which are as fol- lows : " To secure the co-operation of all societies, whether philanthropic or political, the aim of 'which i<; to improve social conditions, and in concentrating the efforts of such societies in the direction of the purposes of the City Club, and in drawing up a plan for organiz- ing Affiliated Clubs and ultimately in carrying out such plan when approved by the Board of Trustees." EDMOND KELLY NEW YORK CITY, February, 1894. GOOD GOVERNMENT CLUBS. Perhaps the most efficient work done by the Club, or rather by the members of the Club, was the organization of the so-called Good Government Clubs in various districts of the city_ to carry out the same principals as the City Club. Their cardinal principle is the separa- tion of municipal government from national politics, and with a view of securing this, it is proposed to direct their energies to securing : i. Honest and unbiased primaries. 2. Ballot reform. 3. Separate elections. 4. Home rule. Wherever a nucleus or group of citizens can be found to adopt the views,, it is proposed to organize this group into a club, with headquarters or club house as circum- stances appear to require. The dues of the club are one dollar initiation fee and fifty cents a month, or six dollars a year. The Secretaries of the respective clubs are as follows : 10 Club A, territory N. E. of -jth Avenue and 4oth Street. EDMOND KELLY, 120 Broadway. Club B, territory N. W. of 7th Avenue and 4oth Street. THEODORE I. HAUBNER, 176 W. 95th Street. Club C, territory W. of 7th Ave. bet. 4oth and 72d Sts. LEWIS C. KING, 171 Front Street. Club D, territory S. W. of 4th Ave. and 4oth Street. CHARLES TABER, 26 Exchange Place. Club E, territory S. E. of 4th Ave. and 40 Street. CHARLES WHEELER BARNES, 54 William Street. Club F, territory 8th and pth Assembly Districts. JOHN P. FAURE, 238 W. nth Street. EDMOND KELLY. NEW YORK CITY, January, 1894. THE CITY REFORM CLUB. This Club was organized about fifteen years ago, but has never been incorporated. Originally it had a member- ship of several hundred, but it did not at that time suc- ceed in doing any great amount of work. Finally nearly all the members resigned, and those who remained, about fifteen, were elected to the Executive Committee. This number has never varied much. After this change in the membership, the Club commenced to publish an annual record of Assemblymen and Senators, which was published in large numbers about two or three weeks be- fore election day in each year. The Club also preserved all newspaper articles in relation to the actions of office holders, and various documents relating to public affairs. The Club has also appeared before the Legislature and advocated reform legislation, and has instituted several criminal proceedings against offenders of the law. For 211 about ten years it was about the only reform organization which did any amount of work in endeavoring to better the condition of the municipality. To its influence and work the present movement in New York City is largely due. The Club is prepared to take action, if necessary, but has not done a great deal during the last year. Its members are now occupying official positions in the City Club and in the various Good Government Clubs. The Club has never had anything to do with the nom- ination of candidates or the doing of purely political campaign work. W. HARRIS ROOME, President. NEW YORK CITY, May, 1894. THE FABIAN SOCIETY (LONDON). FOUNDED 1883. From the United States came the first impetus which led to the formation of the Fabian Society. A few- English thinkers were aroused by Henry George's sugges- tive, though illogical, Progress and Poverty, amongst them the founders of the Society. They were first brought together by Prof. Thomas Davidson of New York, who in 1883 expounded to some little gatherings in London his views for forming a society of the New Life. After his departure the meetings were continued, and the half-formed organization divided into two parts, the larger of which adopted the name of " Fabian," and resolved to think out for itself a practicable method of carrying into effect the as yet vaguely understood doc- trines of Socialism. 212 The first business of the Society was self-education ; and the earlier tracts, now mostly withdrawn from cir- culation, show how necessary this was. But almost from the first, one principle was adopted, which has marked out Fabian teaching from other Socialisms. Its Social- ism was deliberately home-made for home consumption. It was adapted to English political ideas and institu- tions, and methods imported from Germany or France were rejected as unlikely to prove successful in England. The Society has from its earliest days held fortnightly meetings for the consideration of social problems, and in addition for several years a few of the leading members met regularly once a fortnight to read and discuss eco- nomic and social history. The results of this study are embodied in Fabian Tracts, now fifty in number, which for the most part explain the application of the principles of Social- ism to the actual and pressing problems of politics. The Society has never attempted to form itself into a political party. It has never sought a large membership, or contemplated running candidates of its own. It has adopted the general rule that it is cheaper and more effective to write for the public press than to publish an organ of its own ; to lecture to Radical Clubs, rather than to Fabian Branch meetings ; to write programs for Liberal Associations rather than to create a new organi- zation for itself. In one recent year 119 members re- ported over 3300 lectures delivered, almost entirely to outside bodies. In 1888 the Star evening newspaper was started and, adopting Fabian ideas, became at once an enormous success. In 1889 the people of Lon- don elected their first County Council, and, to the sur- prise of everybody, the Progressive majority proved to be socialist in all its leading ideas. About the same 213 time Fabian Essays in Socialism were published, and the first edition went off like smoke, whilst of a cheaper edition soon afterwards published some 30,000 copies' have already been sold. In 1890 an active lecturing campaign was started in the country districts by the essayists, Sidney Webb, Bernard Shaw, Graham Wallas, William Clarke, Hubert Bland, and others, and in a short time nearly every large town in the country had formed a local Fabian Society affiliated with the London body. In 1892 the second London County Council election was fought on the " London Programm," written by Sidney Webb, and again the Progressives secured an overwhelming victory, in which every Fabian who ran as a Progressive was elected. In national politics the Society has not yet accomplished much. The country is not ripe for an independent Labor Party, and the efforts of Fabians and others to permeate the Liberal leaders with collectivism have been more successful in name than reality. The most recent move of the Fabians is a Manifesto published in the fortnightly Re- view, for November, 1893, pointing out the failure of the Liberal Ministry to redeem its pledges, especially in matters of administration, and calling on the great Trade Unions to run their own candidates at the next election. The object of the Society is to popularize and realize the principles of Socialism. It is a body of propagan- dists, and membership is therefore strictly confined to Socialists. Men and women enter on equal terms, and take equal part in its work. It is entirely democratic in constitution, and is managed by an Executive Committee chosen annually by ballot. But the secret of its steady force has been in the fact that half-a-dozen of the early members, who are gradually becoming known throughout England, have always worked together unitedly and 214 loyally for the good of the Society, and for the objects which it was formed to attain. EDWARD T. PEASE, Secretary. 276 STRAND, LONDON, November, 1893. There are less than a dozen members of the English Fabian Society in this country, chiefly in New York City, who work in harmony with various social organi- zations, endeavoring to influence them in a collectivist direction. It is not expected that this number will greatly increase, and an American Society in the nature of a branch of the English one is unadvisable, as the Socialism that will be equally successful here must be American, " deliberately home-made." Still, much may be learned from a careful study of the various Fabian publications. Send post-card for list and full informa- tion. Tracts bound complete, $1.50 post free. New editions and tracts sent on issue, 25 cents a year. Mem- bership and a yearly subscription of $1.50 upwards would give the further advantage of the many useful ideas and reports of the Society's work in a little monthly paper, Fabian News, printed for members only. With a view to common action in a practical Socialist direction in a new or existing organization, those in general sympathy with the Fabians in temperament and ideas are invited to communicate with WILLIAM SCUDAMORE, 508 West 23d St. NEW YORK CITY. NEW YORK'S FREE FLOATING BATHS. There are fifteen- free floating baths, berthed at con- venient locations from the Battery to i34th street, on the 215 North River, and from Market Slip, on the East River. The baths are usually open from the middle of June to October ist. They are open daily, from 5 A.M. to 9 P.M., except Sundays, when they are closed at noon. Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays are set apart for women and children, the remainder of the week being for males. The average number of persons using the baths annually is over 3,750,000. There is absolutely no charge for admission to the baths. All bathers are required to furnish themselves with bathing dresses (excepting children), and, to avoid infection, no towels or other toilet articles can be hired at the baths. Two male attendants are in charge of each bath on the days set apart for males, and two female attendants on the other days. There is also a male guard at each bath on woman's day, a policeman to keep order, and a keeper on each bath at night. Each bath has an average of sixty-three dressing-rooms, a reception and retiring room, and is lighted by gas. The baths have a supply of ice water, and are thoroughly swept, scoured, and washed down nightly. At the end of each bathing season, the baths are thoroughly repaired and cleaned. MICHAEL T. DALY, Commissioner of Public Works. NEW YORK CITY, January, 1894. FREE RAIN BATHS. The " Rain Baths," on the corner of Henry and Market Streets, are open to all upon the payment of five cents for adults, and three cents for children under five years of age. Each bather is provided with a separate apartment, which is divided into a dressing-room, with the usual 2l6 conveniences, and a bath-room, wherein a bath can be taken either standing, sitting, or lying down ; each bather is provided with soap and a Turkish bathing- towel. The temperature of the water can be regulated by each person to suit him or herself. During the past year about 50,000 persons availed of our baths. They are open from 8 A.M. until 9 P.M. on Mondays, Tues- days, Wednesdays, Thursdays ; on Fridays from 8 A.M. to 5 P.M. ; on Saturdays from sunset until 10 P.M., and on Sundays from 7 A.M. until 5 P.M. The advantages of these baths, compared with the ordinary bath-tub, are that they can always be kept scrupulously clean, and as the running water always passes over the surroundings, the danger of communi- cating disease is beyond possibility. A, S. SOLOMONS. NEW YORK CITY, February, 1894. LAVATORIES. There is one respect in which American cities are far behind those of the continent ; it touches a matter which it would seem should only be mentioned in order that its need and usefulness should be universally admitted. I refer to the public conveniences of water closets and urinals which should be provided by the city for the free use of the entire civic population men, women, and children. The English call such public conveniences of water-closets and urinals, "lavatories," hence that term will be used with the same meaning. The need of lavatories is particularly imperative in the down-town districts, as can be seen and smelt from a walk through streets lined with trucks. The menace to health is bad enough from the stench, but there is 217 the continual offence to delicacy and modesty. I would like to raise the question if it is the " pull " of the saloonist and his influence which prevents the munici- pality from making provision for these conveniences ? The saloon is a potent factor in politics. The liquor is a minor attraction of the saloon, but every saloon sees that its lavatories are clean and ample. Many of them in this city will compare favorably in this regard with many a hotel. This is done as a matter of business, because it soon becomes known that a certain saloon offers this necessity, especially in the business part of the town. The proprietor knows that the large majority who frequent his saloon for this purpose will buy his liquor, because there is a certain feeling that makes a large number of men feel mean if they receive something for nothing. There are five public lavatories in this great metropolis. Contrast these facts with those of English cities. Shall we be content that a saloon shall furnish what of right should be afforded by the city ? New Yorkers are too indifferent and lazy, but the time has come for civic manhood to assert itself in the behalf of humanity. There are individual expressions of discontent and in- justice, but what is needed is a fusion of these individual protests into a collective assertion that society has rights that a municipality must regard. Let us now compare the facts as shown by British municipalities with those of our own cities. " DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS, " NEW YORK. "January 29, 1894. " I beg to inform you that there are public urinals in City Hall Park, Washington Park, Tompkins Park, and Battery Park, each urinal being supplied with gaslight direct from gas-mains, same as city lamps. There is also a urinal in Union Square Park." 2l8 w HEALTH DEPARTMENT, BOSTON. " March 5, 1894. " I have to say that we have twenty-one public urinals." " DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY, " PHILADELPHIA. " Regarding the number of public water-closets and urinals in Philadelphia, I beg to report : there is a public urinal and water- closet in each of the following squares : Independence, Franklin, Washington, Penn Treaty, and Norris, with accommodations for five or six persons at a time. The largest public retreat is at the City Hall ; in the men's department there are twenty closets and twenty- one urinals, and in the women's department ten closets." " DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS. " CHICAGO. " February 17, 1894. " I have to inform you that the city of Chicago has no public urinals or water-closets." " SURVEYOR'S DEPARTMENT, CITY OF " BIRMINGHAM. " February 13, 1894. " The total number of urinals in the city is ninety-six, and the number of stalls therein is 437. Seventy-eight of such urinals are cleansed once each day by hand, by water delivered through a flexi- ble hose, and by scrubbing with bass brooms. Fourteen urinals in class 2 are flushed on face of divisions during the summer season by means of a continuous water supply between the hours of 6 A.M. and II P.M. Four urinals in class 3 are flushed by automatic delivery at intervals of forty-five minutes, night and day. " LIVERPOOL. "January i, 1894. " . . . There are 222 public urinals in the city of Liverpool, with an aggregate number of 595 stalls. There are also three public water-closets, and these are provided in every case with an attendant. Just recently three underground conveniences, containing an aggre- gate of nineteen stalls, have been constructed. The urinals are cleansed with hose and broom once a day and in some cases twice. 219 They are disinfected and kept perfectly sweet and clean. The ques- tion of the extension of underground conveniences with closet and urinal accommodation is now engaging the attention of the Health Committee, and a sum of ^3500 has been included in the estimates for the current year for this purpose. Are the British municipalities any more civilized than ours ; are the needs of the people any greater there than here ; or is it possible that the needs of the people are consulted, and that the cities are managed in the interest of the citizens and not of the politicians ? WM. HOWE TOLMAN. NEW YORK CITY, May, 1894. LONDON REFORM UNION. Its object is to reform the existing administration of the river, docks, and wharves, the markets, water supply, means of lighting, locomotion, police, the city funds, hospitals, and other charities ; to disseminate knowl- edge concerning the unfavorable conditions under which vast numbers of the working population live owing to defective and unsanitary dwelling and work- ing accommodation, irregular and ill-paid labor, the competition of alien immigrants, the harshness of the poor-law, the unjust incidence of taxation, the adulteration of food, and other grave disadvantages ; and to obtain for London full powers of municipal government. The Union works to obtain municipal powers for the County of London equal to those already possessed by cities like Liverpool, Manchester, Glasgow, and Leeds. To use such powers, when obtained, for the community there must be a lofty ideal of civic life, and a full knowledge of communal needs. Therefore, the Union strives to educate, help, and inspire. 220 The Union affords an opportunity to all to work for the common good, and help to make London in all municipal matters a model city, setting an example to the provinces, the colonies, and other countries. The inaugural meeting of the Union was held on December 15, 1892, under the presidency of Lord Rose- bery, in Exeter Hall, since when the Union has steadily progressed and taken deep root in London. Bound to no political party, and dealing specifically and inde- pendently with the great social problems which London presents, the Union forms, and as it continues to grow will increasingly become, an organization whose de- mands, in pressing London's claims, no Government will be able to ignore. The influence of the Union and its branches on the various governing bodies of London is also certain to become a great power for good. TOM MANN, Secretary. LONDON, January, 1894. THE TAMMANY SOCIETY. FOURTEENTH ST. The Tammany Society, or Columbian Order, was founded in May, 1789. Its founders were the original " Sons of Liberty," who flourished in the city of New York during the Revolution. After the treaty of peace, 1783, it became apparent that the Articles of Confedera- tion of 1777, under which the colonies had acted together, were insufficient to preserve the Union and insure an efficient National Government. Under these articles the old Congress was little more than a convention of dele- gates representing the different States, who had not even the power to bind their principals, and who could merely recommend the adoption by the different States 221 of such measures as they thought necessary for the gen- eral welfare. Under these circumstances it was evident that some plan of government must be devised with authority to act directly with reference to National affairs without consulting the States. The differences that arose among men of that time as to the plan of government created some feeling. Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson became the leaders of what were virtually two parties. The former was in favor of a strong government, a sort of limited monarchy, the election of a President and Senators for life. Thomas Jefferson was in favor of a government that would be more under the control of the people ; he opposed Hamilton's idea, and advocated the election of a President for a stated term, an equal number of Sen- ators from each State, and a popular branch of Repre- sentatives, based upon the population of each State. Popular feeling ran high. Hamilton had the support of the Society of Cincinnati, which had been organized after the Revolution by the officers of the Continental army, the membership of which was restricted to those officers and their descendants. The Sons of Liberty took sides with Jefferson and opposed monarchy of any kind. They looked upon the Society of Cincinnati as an organ- ization formed for the purpose of establishing an aris- tocracy, and for the purpose of counteracting it, they formed the Tammany Society, or Columbian Order. Every person becoming connected with the Society must declare himself to be a true republican and an enemy of all kinds of monarchy in this country. The Tammany Society is entirely distinct from the political organization known as the Tammany Hall Democracy. The only connection they have is that of landlord and tenant ; the Society rents the hall to the 222 political organization, and it is from this that the politi- cal body takes its name. The Society is governed by a board of thirteen sachems, representing the original thirteen States. The Council consists of a Grand Sachem, chosen by the Sachems from the body of the Society, the Sachems, the Secretary, Treasurer, Sagamore, and Wiskinkie. The Council choose a Father of the Council and a Scribe. It is a constitutional obligation that the Society meet on the Fourth day of July in each year and read the Declaration of Independence. The present officers are : Grand Sachem : Thomas F. Gilroy. Sachems : Richard Croker, Hugh J. Grant, W. Bourke Cockran, Charles M. Clancy, John J. Gorman, William H. Clark, Charles Welde, John McQuade, John H. V. Arnold, Thomas L. Feitner, Bernard F. Martin, Charles E. Simmons, Henry D. Purroy. Secretary : John B. McGoldrick. Treasurer : Peter F. Meyer. Sagamore : William H. Dobbs. Wiskinkie : Daniel M. Donegan. Father of the Council : John J. Gorman. Scribe : Maurice F. Holahan. JOHN B. MCGOLDRICK. NEW YORK, December, 1893. BAPTIST BOYS' BRIGADE. The Baptist Boys' Brigade movement of New York City and Brooklyn, was organized and developed during the year 1893. There are two regiments of twelve com- panies each in New York City, one regiment of twelve companies in Brooklyn, and the nucleus of a second. The object of the Boys' Brigade is to develop in boys ; 223 at the earliest age possible, a true Christian character. The boys are required to sign a pledge against the use of strong drink, tobacco, profane and indecent language, while they are members of the Brigade, and are pledged to join the Sunday-school connected with the church where the company belongs. A large number of boys have been brought into Sunday-school classes and attendance upon the church, in some cases into membership of the church through this specific work for boys. The boys have three parades during the year, viz. : Thanksgiving-day review, Washington's Birthday review, and Memorial-day procession. They also have a summer camp, where they receive instructions in mili- tary tactics and Bible study. This movement has spread from New York City among the Baptist denomi- nation throughout the United States. Regiments are now organized in seventeen different States, and new companies are reporting at the Baptist headquarters, Room 501, United Charities Building, corner Fourth Ave. and 226. Street, every week. M. R. DEMING. NEW YORK CITY, January, 1894. NEW YORK ASSOCIATION OF WORKING- GIRLS' SOCIETIES. The first club, an outcome of our Practical Talk Evenings, was organized in February, 1884. The scope of the work was then defined as follows : " A Working- Girl's Society or Club is an organization formed among busy girls and young women, to secure, by co-operation, means of self-support, opportunities for social inter- course, and the development of higher and nobler aims." To this end pleasant rooms were furnished, where members can pass the evening, classes organized for mutual improvement and enjoyment, circulating libraries established, and co-operative measures fostered, for the benefit of members. The distinctive characteristics are co-operation, self-government, self-reliance. Members must be over fourteen years of age. They must pay an initiation -fee of twenty-five cents, and monthly dues of twenty-five cents. Their privileges are as follows : Free use of rooms, library, piano, and writing materials ; privilege of consulting the Club physician ; access to musical drill, lectures, talks, and entertainments, sewing and embroidery classes, and Penny Provident Fund ; and by paying class fee, the privilege of joining dress- making, cooking, millinery, school extension, and other pay classes. The clubs are governed by the members for the mem- bers. Officers are chosen from the membership of the clubs, and are elected by ballot. Matters of business are presented at monthly business meetings, and decided by a majority vote. All questions arising as to the gov- ernment of the clubs are carefully discussed and settled in the same way. Many clubs have councils consisting of twelve membe'rs, including the six officers. The six members who are not officers hold office two years. These Councils have general charge and control of the funds and property of the clubs. The New York Association of Working Girls' Societies was organized February 16, 1885, eleven clubs joining as members. The Association at the start, and for a few years, had clubs in its membership from Brooklyn, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Philadelphia. Now there are associations in these several cities and states, as well as clubs scattered throughout the country. The 225 New York Association consists this year of nineteen regular and six associate members, each a club whose membership varies from 50 to 325, over 2200 indi- viduals being enrolled. There are also a large number of clubs in New York City which are not affiliated to the Association, though outgrowths from its influence. To be eligible for membership, a society or club must possess the following qualifications : It must be estab- lished on the fundamental principles of co-operation self-government (by members for members) and the effort for self-support. It must have a record of not less than six months of organized life in the City of New York, or its vicinity, and shall not be affiliated with any other organization. The following are some of the outgrowths of the Association : The Auxiliary Society of the New York Association of Working Girls' Societies was formed and incorporated in December, 1889. That year the Miller's Place, Long Island, property was deeded to the Society, and the two houses, Holiday House and Holiday Har- bor, were given. Far and Near, the monthly journal of the Association, was first issued November, 1890. The Mutual Benefit Fund was organized in 1890 ; the Alliance Employment Bureau was organized in 1891, the Choral Union in 1891. Societies and Committees within the various Clubs were organized as follows : Lend-a-Hand Bands, 1884 ; Junior Clubs, 1888 ; Three P Circles, 1889 ; Domestic Circles, 1890. Communications or questions relating to the Associa- tion can be sent to the First Director at 262 Madison Avenue, or to the Secretary (Miss Virginia Potter, 134 Lexington Avenue.) GRACE H. DODGE. NEW YORK CITY, January, 1894. 226 PEOPLE'S SINGING CLASSES. The People's Singing Classes were organized in October, 1892, on the lines expressed in the following circular : To the Working People of New York : Recognizing the fact that music contributes more than any other art to brighten and beautify our lives, and that it is the art which can be practised by the greatest number of people, since nature has furnished nearly every person with a correct ear and a singing voice, I have decided to open a course of lessons in reading music and choral singing. The classes shall be practically free, the small fee of 10 cents a lesson going only towards paying for the rent of the hall and such incidental expenses as may be necessary to the proper maintenance of the classes. The response to this call was such that it was decided to open three classes, with a total membership of about 1200 pupils. The work began with simple exercises and pro- gressed gradually to two-, three-, and four-part choruses. All work was done without any accompanying instru- ment and the results were in every respect gratifying. At the close of the season the classes sang choruses from oratorios and four- and five-part songs and madrigals by Mendelssohn, Thomas, Nurley, Barnby, and other masters, at a concert given at Carnegie Music Hall. The financial standing was excellent, inasmuch as there was left a balance in the treasury of about $1200. This season there were opened five classes, viz., four elementary classes, in Aschenbroedel Hall, 86th Street, near 3d Avenue ; Adelphi Hall, 52d Street and 7th Avenue ; Caledonia Hall, Horatio Street ; Beethoven Hall, 5th Street, near Bowery ; and an advanced class 227 composed of the members of last year's classes in Cooper Union. About 2200 pupils are enrolled. Aside from the really excellent musical work which has been done by the classes, they have shown the great possibilities of co-operation, for the ten-cent fees have more than paid for all expenses of hall rent, music, and printing. And the steady interest as shown by the attendance has enabled the members to make rapid progress. A number of smaller singing clubs and classes have been formed by the members, and music has been car- ried into many a working-man's home, giving pleasure and carrying good influences to him and his family. At the end of this season it is proposed to organize a People's Chorus which will be recruited from the Peo- ple's Singing Classes, and it is hoped that it will grow in time to such proportions that it will include nearly every working man and woman in this city. FRANK DAMROSCH. NEW YORK CITY, January, 1894. THE TEE TO TUM CLUB. 340 EAST 230 ST. The name and the idea originated in London, but the principles, slightly modified, have been brought to our city, where a Tee To Turn was opened March, 1893, at 340-4 East 23d St. A Tee To Turn is a combination of a club and a cafe ; any self-supporting and self-respect- ing working man being eligible to membership. Billiard and pool rooms, bowling alleys, card rooms, a social hall for dances and entertainments, and a library, offer all the social and recreative advantages of such an organization ; in fact, the appointments are those of 228 any other club, but minus the bar. Each Thursday evening is ladies' night, when any of the lady friends duly introduced by any of the members, are welcomed to all the privileges of the Club. The expenses are met by an initiation fee of $i, and weekly dues of 10 cents. Frequent entertainments in the social hall are given by home talent, and are one means of adding to the re- ceipts. This Club is non-sectarian, non-political, non- alcoholic, and non-gambling. The present membership is 125 ; so that the club has now out-grown the experi- mental stage and has demonstrated its usefulness. The extension of this idea will do very much towards nulli- fying the unwholesome effects of the ordinary saloon, by offering a wholesome substitute. WM. HOWE TOLMAN. NEW YORK CITY, February, 1894. BURNHAM INDUSTRIAL FARM. The Burnham Industrial Farm was organized in 1866, its object being to save unruly boys. Very many of its graduates are living honest, self-respecting, and self-sup- porting lives in different parts of the country. It was for some time under the management of the Order of St. Christopher, a non-sectarian institutional order of young men who are in training for lives of institutional usefulness. It is, however, at present in charge of the Rev. John Dooly. The aim of the founders of the insti- tution is to reach a class of boys from eight to sixteen years of age, who, having developed marked criminal tendencies, have not yet joined the ranks of professional criminals. When a boy has been convicted of a felony and associated even for a brief period with criminals, he 229 learns that certain classes of people are united by a common desire to prey upon society in order that they may lead lives of ease and pleasure without toil. A clever boy is of great assistance to them in criminal work, and the older criminals are ready and willing to supply him with money and make his life an easy one in return for such assistance, and thus criminality is rendered alluring to youths, who can see the beginning but not the end. Although they may have formed such ties and gained such knowledge, they are not considered beyond the influence of an institution like Burnham Farm. The Burnham Farm has been modelled partly after the French School at Mettray, and partly after the highly successful Rauhe Haus near Hamburg in Germany. The salient points of the system are work, drills, and recreations that will ensure a sound body, technical in- struction in some simple trade, and, most important of all, the fostering of the moral nature by careful and judicious treatment. The daily routine of study, work, and recreation begins, except in winter, at 5 A.M. Al- most the only reminder of the reformatory is the fre- quency of the roll call. This is necessary because of the absence of all restraining bolts, bars, or walls. FRED G. BURNHAM. MORRISTOWN, N. J., February, 1894. PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK. The Prison Association of New York was formed in 1844 and incorporated in 1846. Its objects as set forth by the charter are : i. The amelioration of the condition of prisoners, whether detained for trial, or finally convicted, or as witnesses. 230 2. The improvement of prison discipline, and the gov- ernment of prisons, whether for cities, counties, or States. 3. The support and encouragement of reformed con- victs after their discharge, by affording them the means of obtaining an honest livelihood, and sustaining them in their efforts at reform. It had much to do in creating the popular sentiment which led to the establishment of the State Reformatory, and has been more or less influential in other measures for improving the prison system of the State. It aims to be a centre of information on penological matters, and has a library of about twenty-five hundred volumes, which is open to all who are making a study of this specialty. Its department of aid and counsel to discharged prisoners is the largest work of the kind in this country. It keeps an agent in the Courts and a daily visitant to the Tombs to help prisoners who need counsel and advice, who are victims of any mistreatment or persecu- tion. It visits all the jails and .penitentiaries of the State at frequent intervals, and reports on their condition to the Legislature annually. It continues a moral force for better reformatory methods by a committee in every county, which is in touch with the parent organization in New York. It furnishes libraries to any county jails or penitentiaries that may need them, and has so placed thousands of books within the last few years. W. M. F. ROUND, Secretary. NEW YORK CITY, January, 1894. RESCUE MISSIONS AND SHELTERS. In the present emergency, when there is exceptional poverty and suffering in New York, the Charity Organi- 231 zation Society has prepared a list of some of the places where homeless and penniless persons may be sent for immediate relief. The Society, however, recommends to its members and to all persons who desire to ensure that such relief shall certainly be obtained, that they procure lodging and meal tickets from one or more of the respectable lodging houses, arranging to pay only for such as are used. If each benevolent person should procure a supply of such tickets from the lodging houses nearest his own home and place of business, he would be relieved from the necessity of giving money to any one, even though in evident and immediate distress. The Society advises that the name and address of every person who has a home, to whom tickets are given, should be sent at once to the Charity Organi- zation Society, in order that more effective aid may be procured for them. The night office at the United Charities Building, maintained by the Association for Improving the Condi- tion of the Poor and the Charity Organization Society jointly, is open from 6 P.M. until midnight, to receive and consider applications for relief. The Superintendent of Out-Door Poor, Eleventh Street and Third Avenue, will provide in the public institutions for all classes of the homeless. RESCUE MISSIONS, OPEN EVERY NIGHT, which, in special cases, grant relief to the destitute and homeless who attend their services : Bible and Fruit Mission 416 East 26th Street Bowery Branch Y. M. C. A 153 Bowery Bowery Mission and Young Men's Home . . 105 Bowery Catherine Mission 22 Catherine Slip 232 Five Points Mission 63 Park Street Florence Crittenton Mission* 21 Bleecker Street Galilee Mission 340 East 23d Street Madison Square Mission 430 Third Avenue Margaret Strachan Mission * 105 West 27th Street McAuley Cremorne Mission 104 West 32d Street McAuley Water Street Mission ". 316 Water Street St. Bartholomew's Mission 205 East 42d Street Seaman's Rest 665 Washington Street Temporary Shelter Home * , II Varick Place * For fallen women mainly. . REFUGES FOR HOMELESS WOMEN. Bellevue Hospital (through Department of Charities and Correction), Third Avenue and nth Street Colored Mission 135 West soth Street Day Star Industrial Home 213 West 24th Street Door of Hope * 102 East 6ist Street French Benevolent Society's Night Refuge. . . .320 West 34th Street Home for Convalescents 443 East n8th Street Hopper Home (for released prisoners) no Second Avenue House of the Good Shepherd* goth Street and the East River Magdalen Benevolent Society* i3Qth Street & North River Midnight Mission* 208 West 4&th Street St. Barnabas House 304 Mulberry Street St. Joseph's Night Refuge , 143 West I4th Street St. Zita's Home 158 West 24th Street Swiss Home 108 Second Avenue Wetmore Home Annex (for mothers and infants), 141 West 4th Street FOR GIRLS. Association for Befriending Children and Young Girls, 136 Second Avenue Elizabeth Home for Girls (Children's Aid Soc.), 307 East I2th Street Free Home for Destitute Girls (closed at 10 P.M.), 23 East nth Street House of Mercy 2o6th Street and North River Mission of the Immaculate Virgin, Lafayette Place and Great Jones Street * For fallen women, especially the young. 233 Shelter for Respectable Girls 148 West I4th Street Wetmore Home for Fallen and Friendless Girls, 49 South Washington Square FOR MEN. Bowery Branch Y. M. C. A 183 Bowery Christian Home for Intemperate Men H75 Madison Avenue French Benevolent Society's Night Refuge . . .320 West 34th Street Home of Industry for Discharged Convicts 224 West &3d Street Industrial Christian Alliance 170 Bleecker Street Sailors' Home 190 Cherry Street Swiss Home 128 Second Avenue FOR BOYS (under 18 years). Brace Memorial Lodging House (Children's Aid Society), 9 Duane Street East 44th Street " "247 East 44th Street East Side " 287 East Broadway Tompkins Square 295 8th Street West Side " "201 West 32d Street Mission of Immaculate Virgin, Lafayette Place and Great Jones Street RESPECTABLE HOUSES WHERE LODGINGS MAY BE HAD AT LOW RATES. FOR MEN. Bible and Fruit Mission Lodging House (open until midnight), 420 East 26th Street. I5c. a night. Bowery Mission and Young Men's Home (open all night), 105 Bowery. I5c. and 25c. a night Cunard House (open all night). . . .4 Rivington St. I5c. a night Delevan " " ... .143 Bowery Empire " " I23d St. and 3rd Ave. " Eureka " " ... .280 Bowery Glendon " " ...243 Bowery Hatfield " " " ... .46 Ridge St. 25c. " Old Homestead " " ... .404 Pearl St. 150. " Olive Tree Inn " " 340 East 23d St. " " South 5th Ave. Hotel " 52 South Fifth Ave. " " The Stanwix " "... .1109 Third Ave. The Washington " " 153 East 23d St. " " 234 FOR WOMEN. Colored Mission 135 West soth Street Temporary Home 219 Second Ave. 2Oc. a night Temporary Shelter Home 1 1 Varick Place Woman's Lodging House. . . .6 Rivington St. I5c. and 2oc. a night Nearly all of these lodging places will supply lodging and meal tickets to responsible persons, to be paid for as used. The Industrial Christian Alliance, 170 Bleecker Street, will supply meal tickets at 5 cents each. The Wayfarer's Lodge of the Charity Organization Society, 516 West 28th Street, will supply tickets which may be given in place of money to homeless men who seek aid. Each ticket will entitle the bearer to a lodg- ing and two meals in return for a reasonable amount of labor. These tickets will be sold to societies, churches, and private individuals in books of ten, the price of the book being one dollar. NEW YORK RESCUE BAND. One great need has been experienced by slum workers, namely, a place to which women who are willing to abandon their sinful lives can be taken without the necessity of transferring them from their various resorts to one of the Homes for Women in the city, where there is the uncertainty of being able to secure admission for them, and with great loss of time to the workers. This need impressed itself so strongly on a band of workers that they concluded there must be a place established to which these women could be taken for a night, or until a vacancy could be found in one of the various Homes where they could be received. February, 1893, two rooms were rented in the rear of 76 Mulberry Street, and 235 called " The Temporary Shelter for Women." Later two rooms were added, but the accommodations were so insufficient that larger quarters were obtained. A lady becoming responsible for one year's rent, the house at u Varick Place (Sullivan Street, between Bleecker and Houston) was secured, and the Shelter transferred to said place May, 1893. In these two shelters more than 250 women have been received, some of whom have been transferred to Homes, others to hospitals, some placed in situations, and others, unfortunately, have gone back to the old life. On April 8, 1893, THE NEW YORK RESCUE BAND was organized, its aim being, as stated, " to rescue fallen men and women from lives of sin and shame, and to lead them to Jesus Christ, who alone can save and keep from sin." The plan to be pursued by the Band is as follows : The slum portion of the city is to be divided into districts, and sub-divided into sections. A band of five is to thoroughly and systematically work in each of these sections, seeking to induce girls in the opium joints, dives, concert saloons, on the streets, or elsewhere, to leave their sinful sur- roundings and accompany the rescuers to the Shelter, from which they will be transferred to Homes, hospitals, and other places. It is hoped later to have a Home of our own in the city, and also a temporary Home in the country, to which girls can be transferred from the Shelter, and be more entirely removed from their former temptations and associates. It is also hoped to secure a Special Pavilion in connection with some hospital where these women can receive medical attention. With a Home as above stated, these girls can be taught the use of the Bible, Methods of Christian work, Housekeeping, Cooking, Laundry work, Stenography, Typewriting, Sewing, etc., and be fitted for earning an honest liveli- 236 hood. A lodging-house for women may also be opened ; missions may be started ; in fact any work in the line of rescuing and uplifting fallen men and women may be undertaken by the Band. The Rescue Band is entirely undenominational in its work, and no salary is paid to any one in connection with it. O. B. BOOTH. NEW YORK CITY, March, 1894. SLUM POSTS OF THE SALVATION ARMY. The social branch of Army work in the United States is still in its infancy, and for various reasons a consider- able time must elapse before we can put into it the force we should like to give it. Still a start has been made in New York (243 Front Street), San Francisco, and Buf- falo, with food and shelter depots for men. There are three slum posts and two slum crfahes, in New York City, two slum posts in each of the cities of Boston, Phila- delphia, and Chicago, and one each in Brooklyn and Buffalo. There are Rescue Homes in New York City, Cleveland, O., Boston, and Beulah, Cal. The main object of the officers in charge of all these places is to lead those who need their help to give up sin, and seek salvation through Jesus Christ. Love and sympathy are the chief means used, and obedience the principal thing demanded. No attempt is made to reform, merely, but it is continually insisted that nothing short of personal salvation will be of lasting benefit to anyone. Reforms follow as natural consequences. The officers and workers in this branch receive even less than those who work " in the field," because they do not have 237 to wear the same uniform, and live in the very poorest localities. No officer in the whole Army receives more than just sufficient to supply absolute needs. MRS. M. B. BOOTH. NEW YORK CITY, February, 1894. NATIONAL CHRISTIAN LEAGUE FOR THE PROMOTION OF SOCIAL PURITY. As an individual for many years previous to obtaining the Charter for the National Organization, I had been deeply impressed by the injustice of the double standard of chastity, and resolved that I would secure the co-oper- ation of as many earnest Christian men and women as possible of very mature age and experience to co-oper- ate with me in seeking to aid in establishing a single standard of Social Purity between the sexes. The League was organized in '86, but our National Charter was obtained in Washington, D.C., Oct., '89, under special act of Congress. We desire to establish a single standard of purity, or to secure the same standard of chastity for men and boys, which is required for wo- men and girls ; for we are convinced that men and women must work together, in order to accomplish any considerable good along the many lines of Social Purity work. The League strives to elevate opinion respecting the nature and claims of morality with its equal obligation upon men and women, and to secure a practical recog- nition of its precepts on the part of the individual, the family, and the nation. We also strive to enlist and organize the efforts of Christians in preventive, reforma- 2 3 8 tory, and educational work, in the interest of a higher standard of Purity. The League holds two regular meetings each month : one a prayer and business meeting the last Saturday afternoon in each month, for women ; and a general meeting composed of both men and women the last Monday night in each month, for the discussion of the various questions concerning the object and aims of the Society, and for stimulating thought along all the lines of the League's labors, in order to prompt individuals to action. The League has had several bills before the Legislature, and expects to present two more this winter : one to prevent the gift or sale of tobacco to minors in prisons ; the other to amend the code so that any person con- victed of breaking the Seventh Commandment should be imprisoned for not less than one year, and fined not less than one thousand dollars. There has been no law in the Empire State for more than forty years against the crime of committing adultery. There is often no alter- native but to sue for divorce, which many wives and mothers are unwilling to do. We also have a bill, the import of which is to secure long sentences for habitual drunkards and abandoned women, that they may be committed to an Industrial Home until they shall be- come self-supporting. Our fourth bill is to secure full political citizenship for women. The League has formed permanent homes in the country for its beneficiaries ; it has secured temporary homes for a very great variety of exceptional cases ; it has given out work for the purpose of keeping families together where it was best that they should not be sepa- rated. It has paid rent and board, furnished food, clothes, and shelter to several hundred applicants. The vital principle in giving aid, is that every person able to do any sort of work shall render some service, whether it be of any value or not, for every penny received from the treasury of the League. MRS. E. B. GRANNIS, President. NEW YORK CITY, January, 1894. THE NEW YORK SOCIETY FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF VICE. The New York Society for the Suppression of Vice was incorporated by the Legislature of the State of New York in 1873. Its object, specified by its Charter, is the enforcement of the laws for the suppression of the trade in, and circulation of obscene literature, illustrations, advertisements, and articles of indecent and immoral use, as forbidden by the State of New York and by the United States. Recognizing the fact that nearly one-third of the population of the United States are under twenty-one years of age, this Society believes that the prevention of the corruption of the youth of to-day is essential to the prosperity of this Nation. We recognize the fact that the boys and girls of to-day are to be the men and wo- men of to-morrow. As a practical result of our theories we have seized more than sixty-seven tons weight of contraband matter, and prevented it from being dis- seminated, and arrested nearly eighteen hundred per- sons. ANTHONY COMSTOCK. Secretary, NEW YORK CITY, January, 1894. 240 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF CRIME. 105 EAST 220 STREET. Upon the reorganization of the Society, consequent upon the death of Dr. Howard Crosby, who had been its controlling spirit since its formation in 1878, it was judged wise to modify temporarily, at least, the method of its operation, and to substitute general aims for the more specific ones to which for the major part it had been confining itself." Experience had shown that very little can be accomplished by the occasional closing of an isolated saloon illegally run, or by the prosecution of any single gambler or bawdy-house keeper, so long as the conditions exist which render it possible for illegal practices of the sort to maintain themselves so concert- edly, so confidently, and so defiantly. If an attempt is made to suppress a gambling-house, for instance, the prime difficulty that we have to encounter is not in dealing with the proprietor himself, but in dealing with the support which he receives from the authorities, whose sworn duty it is to detect and arrest him. Till the alliance is broken which exists between the criminals and their proper prosecutors, it is bailing out water with a sieve to attempt the extinguishment of individual gambling houses or bawdy houses. In this we are work- ing in entire consistency with the corporate purpose of the Society, one of whose objects is stated in the articles of incorporation to be " the removal of sources of crime." This is a sufficient reply to the question sometimes put, why it is that we do not co-operate with the Police Department. The very purpose of our existence as a Society forbids it. It is only because the Department is either negligent or criminal that there is any occasion 241 for our being. In our efforts to suppress crime we are occupying precisely the ground that the Police Depart- ment was legislated to occupy. If they would fight gambling, illegal liquor selling, and bawdy-house keep- ing instead of countenancing it, there would be no need of us, nothing in particular for us to do. If the Depart- ment would do what the Public pays them for doing, we would disband, and be glad to. The very existence of such a Society as ours is, properly interpreted, a stand- ing indictment of Police incompetency or criminality. We cannot work with them then, for the simple reason that we are organized to suppress crime, and the attitude of the Department is one of the greatest obstacles that we have to encounter in doing it. If the time were to come when that branch of the City government should begin to make earnest with its duty, and to deal with all sorts of crimes regardless of pecuniary considerations and the feelings of the criminals, and should then desire the co-operation of the Society for the Prevention of Crime, there is no more hearty assistance possible than that which we should be prepared to render them. C. H. PARKHURST, President, NEW YORK CITY, February, 1894. THE CHURCH TEMPERANCE SOCIETY (PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL). 105 EAST 220 STREET. The C. T. S. was established in 1881. Previous to that time the Episcopal Church had taken no prominent part in the work of Temperance Reform. It was not prepared to utter the shibboleth of " Total abstinence 242 for the individual and Prohibition for the State." The dual basis of the English Church was finally adopted. It is: "A Union on equal terms between those who temper- ately use, and those who totally abstain from, intoxicating liquors as beverages." In order to utilize the combined forces of Temperance and Total Abstinence, hitherto in hopeless antagonism, it laid down the following four main lines of action in which each of its two sections of members might cordially unite : 1. Legislative restriction. 2. Counteraction (work for non-abstainers). 3. Prevention. 4. Rescue (special work for abstainers). Each of these lines of work has been formulated to meet the conditions of the nation. - The large city was held to be the crux of the legislative problem. Much time and careful investigation were therefore given to city conditions. The location of saloons in the tene- ment-house districts, the licensing authority, the per- sonnel of the Board of Aldermen, and their confirming power over the Excise Board, were examined ; and the number and the location of churches, schools, and saloons in each ward of the City of New York were delineated on maps. With due regard to facts already ascertained, the remedy of legislative restriction was therefore formulated as follows : 1. Prohibition of sale to minors. 2. " " " intoxicated persons. 3. " " on Sundays. 4. Limitation of number of saloons to one in 1000 population. 243 5. License tax of $1000. 6. Local option for counties. In whole or in part these remedies have been applied to many of our largest cities : Boston, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Chicago, Omaha, Minneapolis, and St. Paul. Recognizing the fact that the liquor saloon met a want (in a way which intensified the evil) for which no other remedy was provided, we urged that side by side with the demand for the restriction or prohibition of the liquor saloon should march the movement for counter- action. ROBERT GRAHAM, Secretary. NEW YORK CITY, January, 1894. THE LOYAL LEGION TEMPERANCE SOCIETY OF N. Y. CITY. In 1882 about thirty boys gathered with a few young ladies in private parlors to discuss the subject of intem- perance, and learn the truth from different standpoints. In a few weeks a society was organized with the follow- ing object and platform : " It shall be the object of this Society to interest and instruct the youth of this city and others in the princi- ples of temperance by social gatherings, and by provid- ing places as counter attractions to the saloons. Our platform shall be freedom from all that can intoxicate : " i. For our own safety and happiness. " 2. That we may set a safe example for others to follow. " 3. That we may extend a helping hand to those less fortunate than ourselves." 244 In June, 1883, to another class of lads, already bread- winners, these precepts were practically presented by opening a Free Reading Room, where thousands of boys have since gathered from forlorn homes and the temptations of street and saloon, and many have been influenced to become honest, industrious citizens. Services are held on Sabbath evenings, and on Satur- day evenings a programme of music and recitations is furnished. A reception for the boys is given on New Year's Day, and a strawberry festival in June, also an excursion during the summer. A savings bank collects the pennies saved from their earnings, and allows them interest on deposits under $5.00. A total abstinence society, " The True Blue Cadets," is organized among the boys. The Society was incorporated in 1890. It holds monthly meetings during the winter in private parlors, where many phases of the temperance question are pre- sented by able speakers. The influence of these meet- ings upon the so-called better class has been most bene- ficial, besides enlisting them in the welfare of the struggling working-boys of New York. FRANCIS J. BARNES, President. NEW YORK CITY, February, 1894. NATIONAL TEMPERANCE SOCIETY AND PUBLICATION HOUSE. 58 READE STREET. The National Temperance Society and Publication House was organized in 1865 by 325 delegates from twenty-five different States, representing every Temper- 245 ance organization in the country, and all the religious denominations. It was organized for the special work of creating and circulating a sound Temperance literature ; to promote the cause of total abstinence from the use, manufacture, and sale of all alcoholic beverages ; and to unify and concentrate the Temperance sentiment of the nation against the drink and the drink traffic. The basis of the Society is total abstinence for the in- dividual, and total prohibition for the State. Its business is conducted by a board of thirty man- agers, ten of whom are elected each year, representing all the great leading religious denominations and Tem- perance organizations of the land. This Society is thoroughly non-partisan in politics and non-sectarian in religion, embracing all parties and denominations. With Vice-Presidents in every State, and agents in almost every community, its work covers the nation, and its literature permeates every part of the country. The missionary work of the Society covers the nation, but its great work is among the colored population of the South. Our missionary work consists in part as follows : 1. Work among the colored people in the South, em- ploying colored missionaries, sending literature to min- isters, churches, educational institutes, and furnishing libraries for colleges, and theological seminaries. 2. Scattering literature in prisons, hospitals, peni- tentiaries, jails, ships, army posts, and other needy localities. 3. The work in Congress for a National Commission of Inquiry, and to look after other National Temper- ance interests at the Capitol of the nation. 246 4- Holding conferences, conventions, mass meetings, Congresses, Sabbath-evening services, and other public gatherings in different parts of the country. 5. To supply special literature to pastors, editors, lec- turers, and foreign nations. JOHN N. STEARNS, Secretary. NEW YORK CITY, January, 1894. THE WEST END PROTECTIVE LEAGUE. Four years ago the number of saloons along Columbus and Amsterdam Avenues and the Boulevard were many in number and were constantly increasing. There was no organized opposition to this evil, and the owner of property, or resident, on these avenues who did not look upon a saloon near his house or his lots as a benefit, either financially or morally, found himself almost alone in his protest. In March, 1891, the League was organ- ized by a small body of property owners and residents, " to restrict as much as possible the liquor traffic on the West side above Fifty-ninth Street." It now numbers over 150 of those who, irrespective of the questions of politics or religion, are desirous of making their neigh- borhood better, cleaner, and more reputable. The management of the League is intrusted to an Executive Committee of nine. Whenever an application for a saloon in the District is made, the locality is investigated and if opposition is decided on, protests are prepared, the property owners in the vicinity notified, and the Executive Committee with its counsel attends before the Commissioners of Excise and conducts the case for the protestants. Violations of the Excise Law are reported to the Police, and during the past winter thirteen saloon 247 keepers have been indicted for such violations upon evidence obtained by the League. Since its organization the League has attended before the Excise Board on 33 applications, of which n were granted and 22 rejected. JOHN C. COLEMAN, Counsel. NEW YORK CITY, January, 1894. MODEL TENEMENTS. WATER AND ROOSEVELT STREETS. As early as 1864, Miss Octavia Hill commenced her now famous work of improving tenement houses in London.. In 1876 the papers she had contributed to some English magazines were republished in this city by the State Charities Aid Association and much interest was awakened. Soon sundry efforts in the same direc- tion were begun, but it was not until 1880 that I had the opportunity of making any such attempt. Previous experience as a manager of the Widows' Society, had shown me that much of the so-called charity work of this city is only a more or less well-devised method of undoing what mismanagement has already done. After the greatest of all sources of trouble in New York, the liquor shop, we must reckon the close and ill-lighted apartments in which the poor live. To correct this, then, is an aim of great importance. Perhaps equally important is it to provide a safe place where children can play, and this the street rarely affords. Children must have active out-door exercise if we would have them sound and healthy ; and parents, especially hard- 248 worked mothers, are in need of some relief from the continual noise that lively children make. Prompted by these ideas I began the work which has led me to accept as a guide the following general prin- ciples. Our tenement houses require, to make them decent homes, better provision of light and air, more careful supervision, and rental at more reasonable rates. To secure the first I cut off the back suites of rooms, thus providing for an open window on every stair landing, and also materially increasing the yard space. The next point was gained by employing a resident janitor, who was to be in the house by day and night. Any one who would fill this position should have more education and intelligence than the ordinary tenant, so that his constant influence shall be promotive of cleanliness and good order. His salary should enable him to give most of his time to this work. The rent should be put at so low a figure that a poor man can pay for decent rooms. He is definitely injured by being always in debt to his landlord. Yet many people find it impossible to get rooms reasonably near to their work for a quarter of their family earnings. The aim should, therefore, be to make the houses plain and sound. Fixed tubs and mantel-glasses are not neces- saries, but the means for having fresh air in bedrooms, and light enough to permit one to go up and down stairs safely, are imperatively required. Perhaps the last item is the most important of all, namely, that the landlord shall recognize his or her per- sonal responsibility in the matter of housing and dealing with the tenants as fellow-beings. ELLEN COLLINS. NEW YORK, December, 1893. 249 THE SANITARY PROTECTIVE LEAGUE. In the Spring of 1885 the Sanitary Protective League was formed to assist the authorities in case of the ad- vent of cholera. It met with hearty support from the press and public ; but fortunately the expected visita- tion did not occur. . In 1886, with the co-operation of the Woman's Con- ference, Ladies' Health Association, Academy of Medi- cine, Real Estate Exchange, Central Labor Union, and other organizations ; and with the powerful backing of the press, and especially of the Morning Journal, the League secured important amendments to the Tenement House Law, together with the passage of the Small Parks Bill, which appropriated $1,000,000 annually to convert certain tenement sections into playgrounds for the people. No pecuniary obligation is incurred by joining the League, as its work can be carried on at small outlay. What is wanted most is a large body of members, who will support, by their voice and influence, measures necessary for the preservation of the public health. CHARLES F. WINGATE. NEW YORK CITY, February, 1894. THE TENEMENT HOUSE BUILDING COMPANY. The Tenement House Building Company was organ- ized in 1885, as the result of a series of lectures deliv- ered by Professor Felix Adler. Mr. Joseph W. Drexel was President, Mr. Oswald Ottendorfer Vice-President. It was proposed to erect improved tenement houses in the worst quarters of the city, and to show that such 250 model houses would be a safe investment for capitalists, as well as a boon to the inhabitants. Six houses Nos. 338 to 344 Cherry Street were opened in 1887, at a cost for land and buildings of about $155,000. The houses contain 108 apartments in two- and three-room suites, together with a large Kindergarten room. Wide entries, running the length of the buildings, with large windows in the rear, separate the rooms. The halls and stairs are fire-proof ; the halls and closets are built with iron beams and tile floors ; the stairs are of iron and slate throughout. The roofs are of brick, guarded by iron fences, and are used as a playground by children, and as a place of recreation on warm evenings. The yards and basements are of granolikine, with separate storage closets for each tenant. There is no room or entry without a window, and no air shaft. All plumbing is exposed to view. Running water, hot and cold, is provided in each floor, and, in some of the houses, in each apartment. There are common laundries and nine bathrooms free to the tenants. The clothes can be sent up from the laundry in elevators and dried on the roof. There is a separate water-closet for each two apart- ments, constructed according to the most approved methods. In the Kindergarten room there are conducted Kin- dergarten classes, sewing classes, and boys' and girls' clubs. The dividends are limited to 4 per cent. A special feature of the company is the application of the insur- ance feature to the rent problem. Surplus earnings over 4 per cent, are put into a reserve fund, credited to the tenants in proportion to the rent paid, and applica- ble as rent for such tenants in cases of illness, age, lack of employment, or other good cause. 251 The financial results have been satisfactory, and the erection of the houses has caused a notable improve- ment in the character of the buildings erected since that time in the neighborhood. For details see the report for 1891, entitled " The Tenement Houses of New York City." EDWIN R. A. SELIGMAN, PH.D., Secretary. COLUMBIA COLLEGE, N. Y., October, 1893. THE TENEMENT-HOUSE CHAPTER OF THE KING'S DAUGHTERS AND SONS. HEADQUARTERS : No. 77 MADISON STREET. In the spring of 1890, when Mr. Jacob A. Riis went to the Headquarters of The King's Daughters to ask for help in the little flower mission which had sprung from some of his newspaper articles, and soon grown too large for his busy hands, he found a little band of earnest women ready to respond to his call, because they were already feeling that there must be some work in this direction for their great Order, some way to " lend a hand " in solving the dark problems of tenement-house work in their crowded city. Under his leadership they organized " The King's Daughters' Tenement-House Committee." They sent out appeals for clothing, flowers, fruits, and delicacies for the sick, and for money to pay the salary of a trained nurse, and offered their services to the Summer Corps of Physicians of the Board of Health, who soon gave them enough to do, and found them valuable allies. The Committee also put itself at once into communication with other charita- 252 ble societies, and adopted the plan of making inquiry at .the Charity Organization about every applicant for relief. The cordial sympathy and hearty co-operation extended to them by this Society, and by all the other charitable organizations in the city, is what has enabled them to do such effective service. A large Fresh-Air Work grew out of the doctor's cases ; and these cases, often left on their hands to be treated and looked after during the winter, made it necessary to rent a small office and engage a salaried superintendent. In two years the work had grown so that the Committee felt it should be established on a more permanent basis, and so in April, 1892, they reorganized as " The New York Tenement-House Chapter of The King's Daughters and Sons." They moved into larger quarters at 77 Madison Street, where they leased a commodious, old-fashioned house, with a large backyard, which could be used as a playground. The yard has proved a happy " King's Garden," where during the long summer season from 40 to 60 children a day have found a blessed refuge from noisy, crowded streets and stifling tenements. A Penny Provident Fund was opened, a Conference of Friendly Visitors established, and an arrangement made by which the " Annex Club " makes use of the rooms in the even- ing, thus giving the Chapter the advantage of a well- organized, efficient girls' club, as well as material aid in the payment of its rent. Later on the Chapter started a Kindergarten, a Boys' Club, and a Saturday Morning Sewing-Class, and as soon as it can raise the necessary funds and find enough volunteer workers to help, it hopes to add Mothers' Meetings, Happy Sunday Afternoons, and a Day Nursery. The object of the Chapter is " to visit, comfort, and 253 relieve the sick and needy," and its aim, " in co-opera- tion with existing agencies to secure adequate and per- manent relief for worthy cases, and to make the poor self-reliant and provident, and by every possible means to develop their spiritual life." The desire of the mem- bers is more and more to derive their support in this work from the many individuals and circles in their great Order, who are looking for some definite work, and who can here find a well-organized and efficient out- let for any amount of effort, enthusiasm, and money. CHARLOTTE A. WATERBURY, Superintendent. NEW YORK, December, 1893. COLLEGE SETTLEMENT. 95 RIVINGTON STREET. The New York College Settlement was opened in September, 1889. The Women's University Settlement in East London was the fore-runner of the Settlement here. Four graduates of one of our women's colleges were studying at Newnham, Oxford, the winter that the Women's Settlement was started in London ; and they came home full of the thought, that what English women could do in London, American women could do here. The work of the first year was modest and tentative. But with each year we have become more certain that there is a work for the Settlement to do, and the work has increased and become more definite. The first object of the Settlement has been to furnish a common meeting-ground for educated women and the less privi- leged classes ; and, consequently, the work has been largely social. There is at the Settlement a series of 254 clubs which includes all ages, from the little boys and girls of six, up to their fathers and mothers. These clubs are conducted by the seven or eight residents and helpers who come from up town. In addition to the clubs, a free circulating library and a flourishing station of the Penny Provident Fund Bank serve as oppor- tunities for becoming acquainted with the people of the neighborhood in a natural and easy way. A resident woman physician has also proved a friendly bond. During the first two years baths were sold to women and children, at ten cents a bath ; but the cramped quarters in the house and the increasing number of public bath-houses in the vicinity made it seem desirable to give up what had been a very encouraging feature of the work. The educational work has been principally in the form of classes, though this last year a free Kin- dergarten was opened in the house across the street which the Settlement leased. The classes have been industrial largely, such as cooking, dressmaking, and wood-carving ; though some instruction has been given in singing, literature, and politics. The house has never been closed during the summer, but most of the club work has been given up and the workers directed to the Summer Home. For the summer months a house is rented in Katonah, New York, and about one hundred young people enjoy a two weeks' vacation in the country. It is hard to state in words the results which the residents feel have been attained by the Settlement during its four years of work. We are sure that the people of the neighborhood have a most friendly feeling toward the house, and that any one coming /rom that house will always receive a cordial welcome in their homes. The house has become the centre of the social life of a large number of young men and women, and we trust that the tone of their intercourse has been raised. There have, of course, been countless opportunities to help the individual boy or girl ; and we believe that the fact that the Settlement has been next door to those who needed the help, and that the house has always been open, has given many opportunities which would have been missed if the workers -had not been living upon the spot. The Settlement was started with the idea that young women of the educated classes needed to know at first hand how their poorer brothers and sisters lived ; and knowing how much has been gained by the college women who have been in residence at the Settlement, we trust and believe that the help has been mutual. JEAN FINE SPAHR. NEW YORK CITY, January, 1894. THE EAST SIDE HOUSE. FOOT OF EAST y6TH STREET. On a report of a committee on social and economic questions, chosen at a meeting of the Church Club, a house was leased in June, 1891, at the foot of East 76th Street for the purpose of a Settlement, on the general plan of Toynbee Hall and the Oxford House. A Board of seven managers became incorporated under the name of the East Side House. The Settlement is located in a densely populated industrial district. A playground is fitted up for the children of the neighborhood ; a kindergarten is opened and mothers' meetings are held for the parents of the kindergarten children. There is also a library. The East Side House is particularly successful in its Working Mens' Clubs, where all the 256 advantages of the ordinary club are open to its members. It is also a part of their social work, to do as much as possible for the improvement of the neighborhood, and to establish friendly relations with its neighbors. Edu- cational classes are maintained. WILLIS B. HOLCOMBE, Resident Manager. NEW YORK CITY, January, 1894. UNIVERSITY SETTLEMENT SOCIETY. 26 DELANCEY STREET. The object of the Society is to bring men and women of education into closer relations with the laboring classes, by establishing and maintaining, in the tenement- house districts, places where all classes may meet on a common ground ; where the people of the neighborhood may come together for social and educational purposes, and where college men and others engaged in the work may have a residence. The central aim of the Society is to organize the peo- ple of the neighborhood, men, women, and children irrespective of religion or political belief, into a set of clubs to carry out, or induce others to carry out, all the local reforms, moral, industrial, educational, which the social ideal demands. The principles thus put into practice are those of self-help and co-operation. The plan is an expansion of the family idea, members of both sexes and all ages, pursuing together various aims and helping each other in the attainment of them. In accordance with these fundamental ideas, five clubs have been organized. These clubs, each govern- ing itself by its committee, and as a whole governed by 257 a central committee elected from the club members, with three representatives of the University Settlement, constitute the Neighborhood Guild. The work thus far begun comprises a kindergarten, a reading-room and a circulating library, billiard-room, lectures, classes, debates, concerts, dances, gymnasium, art exhibitions, flower shows, country excursions, sani- tary inspections, the closing of sweating-dens, and the establishment of a co-operative dairy. Until our clubs were closed in June, to give space for the loan art exhi- bition, there was an attendance at the Guild house of about 1200 every week. But we need many volunteer teachers, educated men, to give their brains and money for many schemes for the improvement of the condition of the people. The public must help us to establish small parks, baths and laundries, labor-intelligence bureaus, sick-benefit socie ties based on sound insurance principles, and other well- tested devices for advancing the character, health, and happiness of the dwellers in the Tenth Ward of New York City, the most crowded population to the square mile on the earth. STANTON COIT, Resident Manager. NEW YORK CITY, January, 1894. TF XX ' "llllllllllllf