EN 0^"E1 :S'H I ¥3M mmvl it ''!lilM!si:i'!H i i m ^^ GIFT OF PROGKESSIYE STUDIES IN ENGLISH BY FRANCES EPPINGERr-RAYMOND GRADUATE AND POST-GRADUATE, COOK COUNTY NORMAL SCHOOL, CHICAGO; CRITIC TEACHER AND CURATOR, CHICAGO NORMAL SCHOOL, 1900-1, 1901-2 ; FORMERLY A MEMBER OF THE FACULTY OF CHICAGO INSTITUTE (SCHOOL OF EDUCATION, UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO); MEMBER OF'THE FACULTY, GREGG SCHOOL, CHICAGO CHICAGO THE GREGG PUBLISHING COMPANY 57 Washington Street 1903 Copyright, 1903, by John R. Gregg ■ \ .V ^ R. DONNELLEY & SONS COMPANY CHICAGO CONTENTS. PAGE Language -------- 1 Nouns - - - - - - - 3 Number ..------ 8 Gender ...-..- 13 The Sentence - - - - - - - 15 Adjectives ------- 18 Articles -------- 19 Predicate ------- 24 Verbs ----.--. 24 Mode - - - - ... . 32 Participles - - - - - - 39 Tense -------- 44 Verbs, Regular and Irregular - - - - 50 Personal Pronouns ..... 56 Conjugation ---...- 64 Adverbs ._.-... 74 preposition3 - - - - - - - 80 Conjunctions ...... 87 Interjections - - - - - - - 89 Case -------- 92 Common Errors in English (Compiled from Reports Sent in by Schools) - - - . . 107 Appendix — Practice Work - - . - - m r^ JM M y^ jTxM PREFACE. This book is a text-book written for learners, not for the learned. It is suggestive only, and is so planned that the teacher shall not be hampered by excessive de- mands on his limited time, or the student prevented from taking the initiative. The student comes to us with habits formed, and it is our function as teachers to prove to him by example and rule that his oral or written speech is poorly constructed, and that there is a right way to build language, even as there is a right way to build a house. Experience proves that the fundamentals are overlooked and crowded out in the usual text-book. Too much time is given to the ornamentation, and too little to the founda- tion, hence we have not tried to build a literary style until we have laid the foundation of established facts or principles. This book has been compiled in harmony with the spirit of the times, which demands directness, compactness, and brevity. We have been assisted in the preparation of this work by Minnie Drouillard Stockwell, Lewis-Champlin School, Chicago, to whom we make grateful and public acknowledgment of her valuable co-operation. vi PREFACE. Our desk has been for many years the home of the best text-books, and we have made daily use of them in our school room until much of their contents has become a part of our intellectual life and power. It is probable that we have used in this book a thought, a sentence, a paragraph, without formal recognition, and our excuse is, that we have written from a memory stored with the wealth of many writers. To all those who have so assisted us and our students we acknowledge our indebtedness and extend our thanks. We beg the privilege of acknowledging a special indebt- edness to the authors of "Graham's English Synonyms," "New Practical Grammar and Correspondence," "Williams' New England Grammar," "Everyday English," "Buehler's Practical Exercises in English," "Essentials of Grammar," "Metcalfs Grammar," "Collar and Daniell's First Year in Latin," "Maxwell's Grammar," "Essentials of English," "Correct English," "Plain English." THE AUTHOR Chicago, June 8, 1903. PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. Give me of every language, first my vigorous English Stored with imported wealth, rich in its natural mines; Grand in its rhythmical cadence, simple for household employ- ment; Worthy the poet's song, fit for the speech of a man; Fitted for every use, like a great majestical river. Blending thy various streams, stately thou flowest along, Bearing the white-winged ship of Poesy over thy bosom. Laden with spices that come out of the tropical isles, Fancy's pleasuring yacht with its bright and fluttering pennons, Logic's frigates of war and the toil-worn barges of trade. How art thou freely obedient unto the poet or speaker. When, in a happy hour, thought into speech he translates; Caught on the word's sharp angles flash the bright hues of his fancy, Grandly the thought rides the words, as a good horseman his steed. — W. W. Story. CHAPTER L LANGUAGE. 1. The true function of language is to com- municate thought. The function of grammar is to indicate those forms of language by which thought is most clearly expressed. 2. Use is the law of language, and usage Function regulates the grammatical construction of sentences. The careful use of correct forms will preserve 2 PROGEESSiyE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. language in its purity. Each of us should be the guardian of correct speech. . 3. Before we can master any art, we must first under- stand not only the rules and principles, hut also their proper application. It is utterly useless to learn rules unless we learn to apply them, _. ^ r 4. All the words in the English language Parts of ... ^. ^ ^ Snpprh ^^^ classified into divisions which are called PAETS OF SPEECH. The usc that is made of any particular word determines the part of speech to which it belongs. 5. A PART OF SPEECH is a word having one limited and definable office in speech or in the practical use of language. There are eight parts of speech, all of which we shall consider as they grow nat- urally out of the day's doings and our needs and interests. CHAPTER 11. / NOUNS. 6. The basis of every thought is a mental picture; the central object in the picture is either a person, place, or thing. The word used to name the person, place, or tiling is a noun. 7. The spoken word "horse" calls up in the mind of each of you a particular picture, differing from that in the mind of every other person; but the central object in each picture would be the same. This name- word, "horse," is common to each of a class of objects, and is therefore a common noun. 8. But if I should say "Black Beauty," nam- ^ ing a particular horse well known to each of you, although you might have mental pictures differing in detail each from the other, yet the image of the horse would remain the same "Black Beauty." When a par- ticular name of a person, place, or thing is used, the word is a PKOPER NOUN. 9. If I call up the mental picture of a great Collective . . i.- i, i x? i plam on which are several groups of horses, I speak of each group as a "drove"; of a number of sheep as a "flock"; of a collection of ships as a "fleet"; e 4 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. of a mass of people as a "crowd." These group-names are COLLECTIVE NOUNS. 10. In my mental picture of a horse I may- Verbal 1 • ^- 1 see him m action as running, jumping, leap- ing, trotting, kicking, biting, eating. These names of actions are verbal nouns. 11. The various mental pictures of the horse are distinguished by some quality or charac- teristic, as strength, height, gentleness, swiftness, docility; these words are abstract nouns. These are abstract nouns because they name something abstracted from the object. 12. A NOUN is a word used as the Recapitulation , . ^t • i. ^ name or a person, place, or thing : horse, Chicago, Black Beauty. a, A COMMON NOUN is the name that may be applied to any one of a class of objects: boy, town, year. h. A proper noun is the particular name of a person, place, or thing: Lucia, Peru, April. c. A collective noun is a name applied to a group of objects: family, school, committee. d. A VERBAL NOUN is the name of an action: leaping, standing, eating, seeing. e. An ABSTRACT NOUN is the name of a quality or condition: weakness, kindness, poverty. PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 13. [NAME THE N0U:NS, AXD CLASS TO AVHICH EACH BELONGS: 1. The Hudson is an important river of New York. 2. The river was deepened by dredging. * 3. England has the largest merchant marine in the world. 4. Her strength lies in her navy. 5. Her ships number seven thousand six hundred and fifty- four. 6. The growth of America's industries has been enormous. 7. Crowds of immigrants reach New York daily. 8. The singing of the nightingale is a great treat. 9. The Spanish Armada was the most famous fleet in history. 10. The roaring of Victoria Falls, on the Zambesi River, in Africa, is heard at a great distance. 11. The ingenuity of Scotch operatives is well known. 12. James Watt invented the steam-engine. 13. Clark's and Coats' thread are manufactured at Greenock, Scotland. 14. Thoughtfulness and gentleness are stored away with heed- lessness in a noisy boy. 15. The supplying of Glasgow with water from Loch Katrine was a great feat. 16. The length of the conduit was twenty-six miles. 17. The beauty and romance of Lake Katrine have been sung in poetry and prose. 18. It is the scene of " The Lady of the Lake." 19. This picture is based on truth. 20. The poverty of the miners is their weakness in the social strife. 21. Francis E. Clark organized the first Society of Christian Endeavor. 22. The uprising of the Boxers in China occasioned the death of the German minister. 23. The committee made an unfavorable report. 6 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 24. The honesty of Cyrus W. Field won for him the respect of his countrymen. 25. The Epworth League takes its name from tlie home of John Wesley, the founder of Methodism. 26. The teaching of the deaf was begun by Dr. Samuel Howe. 27. Nursing was ennobled by Florence Nightingale. 28. The bravery of the '-Light Brigade" was sung by Lord Tennyson. 29. A covey of quail hid in the tall grass. 30. Goodness and intelligence were the characteristics of the first trained nurse, Florence Nightingale. 31. The simplicity of Abraham Lincoln was an element in the grandeur of his character. 32. The congregation listened with delight to the preacher's eloquence. 33. Patriotism does not always advocate peace. 34. The joy of acquiring knowledge is a compensation for the necessary labor. 35. Lincoln's education was obtained by the reading of good books. 36. Adversity overcome brings success. 37. The choir sang " Elijah." 38. Diligence is the mother of good fortune. 39. The fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, long-suffering, gentleness, goodness, meekness, faith, and self-control. 40. The Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers passed a resolu- tion commending the action of the Association. 41. The innocence of Mary, Queen of Scots, is a debated ques- tion. 42. The Tissot collection of pictures was shown in the Art Institute. 43. The brachen of Scotland blooms in January. 44. An organization of box-makers went on a strike. 45. The turning of the bridge delayed the passengers. 46. A multitude of people attend the Derby each year. 47. Health, strength, and prosperity are blessings. PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 7 48. A school of fish was seen by the sailors. 49. Company F was in Sherman's famous march to the sea. 50. The doing of that brave deed cost his life. 51. The laying of the Atlantic cable required years of strenuous work and unswerving perseverance. 52. The landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth Rock changed the history of America. 53. I saw a flock of seven thousand sheep in the Rocky Moun- tains. 54. The intelligent have a right over the ignorant. 55. A brigade of soldiers sweltered on the velts of South Africa. 56. A party of Burghers watched them in stolid wonder. 57. The synod voted for a revision of the creed. 58. The Century Club of New York is composed of distin- guished men. 59. The army of Napoleon was noted for its loyalty. 60. The Convention nominated General U. S. Grant for presi- dent. 61. General Custer's detachment was surprised and killed by a band of Indians. 62. Avoid petulancy and nervousness if you desire commenda- tion. CHAPTEE III. NUMBEE. 14. In my mental picture I may have the image of one horse; in a second picture I may see two or more : this variation of form to indicate one, or more than one, is number. Singular number means one. Plural number means more than one. 15. RULES FOR FORMING THE PLURAL OF NOUNS. P - - a. Most nouns form the plural by adding s to Plural ^^ singular; as, horse, horses. h. Nouns ending in a hissing sound, as 5, ch, sh, z, form the plural by adding es to the singular: hiss, hisses; latch, latches; sash, sashes; adz, adzes. c. Nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant change y into i and add es: jelly, jellies; sky, skies. d. Nouns ending in y preceded by a vowel do not change their form : valley, valleys; chimney, chimneys. e. Nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant usually form their plural by adding es; as, tomato, tomatoes ; cargo, cargoes. /. Nouns ending in o preceded by a vowel form their plural by adding s: studio, studios; cameo, cameos; nun- cio, nuncios. PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. g. CompouDd words are made plural by pluralizing the principal word in the compound; as, father-in-law, fathers- in-law; attorney-at-law, attorney s-at-law. h. Letters and figures are made plural by adding an apostrophe and s; as, A's, 2's. i. Some nouns have two plurals that differ in meaning : brothers (same family) brethren (same society) cloths (kind of cloth) clothes (garments) shots (number of times fired) shot dies (stamps) fishes (individuals) geniuses (men of genius) heads (of bodies) indexes (table of contents) pennies (pieces of money) sails (pieces of canvas) peas (individually) y. Some nouns are always singular in form; as, deer, pear, sheep, grouse. k. Some nouns are always plural in form; as, scissors, news, politics, molasses. I. Many nouns form the plural irregularly; as, man, men ; goese, geese ; woman, women. m. Nouns of foreign origin have a peculiar number form, as: crisis crises desideratum desiderata nebula nebulae shot (number of balls) dice (small cubes) fish (quantity) genii (spirits) head (cattle) indices (algebraic signs) pence (value in pennies) sail (vessels) pease (collectively) 10 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. memorandum memoranda beau beaux thesis theses stratum ' strata seraph seraphim datum data erratum errata synopsis synopses alumnus alumni radius radii amanuensis amanuenses analysis analyses axis axes basis bases ellipsis ellipses hypothesis hypotheses metamorphosis metamorphoses oasis oases synthesis syntheses parenthesis parentheses Some nouns ending in / and some ending in fe, form their plurals by changing/ to v and adding es; as, beef, beeves; half, halves; self, selves; thief, thieves; knife, knives. Most nouns in / and fe form their plurals regularly; as, beliefs, dwarfs, proofs, safes, mischiefs. All nouns in ff form their plurals regularly : bluffs, cliffs, muffs. PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 11 16. FORM THE PLURAL OF THE NOUNS IN THIS LIST. vortex theory country radius lunch whiflf gulf axe aide-de-camp lady beef embargo match 2 goose-quill fairy hanger-on gas dwarf folio quality staff donkey muff lily loaf guy proof sex brush watch T piano bench hero man-of-war valley index relay canto grief salvo coach daisy monkey handkerchief lash sister-in-law bay army money penalty trio knight-templar march porch peach wife key grotto ally life turkey roach hoof bunch octavo proviso roof son-in-law patch volcano gash journey man-servant ditch wharf inch vanity catch reproof spy glass chief cameo duodecimo day attorney-at law court-martial industry memento torso belfry duty billet-doux fox company fly beauty 12 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. chimney cherry X I potato lasso bravado study fish county motto halo mulatto story quarto scarf mosquito brief calico m} stery tyro reef portico junto tornado forty solo cuff negro zero toy sympathy cargo penny echo box domino glory leaf city topaz mouse buffalo fancy foot Madam Mr. Miss fiistory countryman society layman library century alumnus Beaux-Arts chorus species intaglio Zulu workman vagary paradox trolley jockey cartridge-box CHAPTER IV. Gender nor female. Masculine Feminine GENDEE. 17. The central object in my mental picture may be either male or female, or neither male 18. The MASCULINE GENDER names the ob- jects of the male sex. 19. The FEMININE GENDER names the objects of the female sex. 20. The masculine gender is distinguished from the feminine in three ways : a. Different words: man woman father mother uncle aunt drake duck king queen lord lady earl countess husband wife son daughter sir madam gander goose brother sister ram" ewe monk nun boy girl nephew niece wizard witch bachelor spinster h. Prefixing or affixing distinguishing words: man- servant, maid-servant ; he-goat, she-goat ; sales-man, sales- woman. 13 14 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. c. Different endings: lion, lioness ; emperor, empress; actor, actress; prophet, prophetess; Jew, Jewess; heir, heiress ; host, hostess ; patron, patroness. Note. — There are certain words derived from the Latin which do not come under any of the above rules; as, executor, executrix; testator, testatrix. 21. Common gender names objects which are either male or female. Examples: child; Common parent. Neuter 22. Neuter gender names objects of no sex, or without life. Examples: desk; table. 23. A PERSONIFIED NOUN names an inan- e ^jj^^i^g being, and speaks of it as if it pos- sessed life; as: The sun moves on his mighty course. The moon sheds her beams on the quiet town. The ship lost her anchor. 24. When a singular noun is used to imply persons of both sexes we use the masculine gender. A collective noun is in the neuter gender unless the individuals composing it are meant. 25. COPY THE FOLLOWINCx MASCULINE NOUNS AND ADD THE FEMININE. sir tiger gentleman widower youth male bachelor emperor monk bridegroom drake negro earl lord nephew duke hero son CHAPTER V. SENTENCE. ^ 26. I may wish to speak of the central ob- Sentence ■ , , , i • . ject 01 my mental picture as m action, 'or as in repose, or I may desire to assert some quality pertain- ing to it. Examples : The horse runs. The horse stands. The horse is gentle. In order to express this action, this repose, this quality, etc., I must use certain words which supplement and com- plete the mental picture. This group of words is a SENTENCE. ^ ^ 27. To state or declare something about Declarative ,, ^ i i.- i. t the central object 1 use a declarative SENTENCE. Example: The river overflows its banks. 28. To ask a question I use an interrog- n erroga ive^^^^^ sentence. Example : Has John returned from New York? 29. To express a command or entreaty I use an imperat Shut the door. Listen to me. Imperative t- *^ use an imperative sentence. Examples: _ , 30. To express surprise or any strong Exclamatory ^. -. ^ *^ *" •^ emotion i use an exclamatory sentence. Examples : Alas ! I shall perish ! How kind you are ! 15 16 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 31. The words representing the central object of my mental picture, with its modifiers, is the SUBJECT of the sentence. ,^ ,.^ 32. A MODIFIER is a word or a group of words Modifiers . . .. . i i • . • . ^ makmg the central object m my mental picture more complete. Examples: The tall man. The tall man from Chicago. The tall man from Chicago, who carried the flowers. 33. NAME THE KIND OF SENTENCE. UNDERLINE THE SUBJECT. 1. Hondo is the largest island of Japan. 2. Come unto me all ye that labor and are heavy laden. 3. Commodore Perry opened Japan to foreigners in 1854. . 4. Is the Pacific cable completed to Japan? 5. Japan produces raw silk in great quantities. 6. Study your lesson diligently. 7. The ship sails gayly over the bright blue sea. 8. Could Japan cope with Russia? 9. Rice is the chief food of the Japanese. 10. Who was Confucius? 11. Japan took Formosa from China in 1894. 12. How many are greedy of public applause ! 13. Porto Rico is a valuable acquisition. 14. Launch out into the deep and let down your net for a draught. 15. Formosa is famous for the production of tea and camphor. 16. Suffer the little children to come unto me and forbid them not. 17. The mulberry is an important tree of eastern Asia. 18. Its leaves furnish food for the silk-worm. 19. Neglect no opportunity of doing good PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 17 20. His mate feels the eggs beneath her wings, and the heart in her dumb breast flutters and sings. He sings to the wide world, and she to her nest — in the nice ear of Nature which song is the best? 21. The bamboo is an extremely graceful tree. 22. Where is the true man's fatherland? 23. Strive to enter in at the strait gate. 24. Tokio is the capital of Japan. 25. Oh, Superstition! what evils follow in your train. Alas! Thy victims are often found among the helpless little ones. 26. The summer monsoons bring life and joy to southern Asia. 27. Chinese homes are bare and comfortless. 28. The furniture consists of a brick bed and a furnace. 29. Who wrote the Emancipation Proclamation? 30. Oh! lost hours and days in which we might have been happy. 31. Nobleness enkindleth nobleness. 32. Lo ! as he turned to depart Priscilla stood beside him. 33. The Grand Canal connects the Yellow and Yangtse rivers. 34. Are not these green nooks empty of misfortune? 35. Loess is a fine clay. 36. It was made by a glacier passing over the plateau of Thibet. 37. The wind and the rivers carried it to the lowlands of China. 38. It is a fertile soil. 39. Oh! Cromwell, we are fallen on evil times! 40. The Yellow River has built the northern part of the plain of China. 41. This river has changed its course eleven times. 42. Bright star ! would I were steadfast as thou art. 43. Hark ! For the message cometh from the king. 44. A thing of beauty is a joy forever. 45. Hark! what dreadful sound is that? 46. God sends his teachers unto every age, to every clime and every race of men. 47. King Alfred was a sublime character. 48. Julius Caesar conquered England 50 B. C. CHAPTER VL ADJECTIVES. 34. The words used to point out or to make ^ ^ more complete the central object of my men- tal picture are adjectives. 35. The words that express qualities are Descriptive ^^^led descriptive adjectives or qualify- ing ADJECTIVES. Examples: A red sunset. A sweet apple. A young girl. 36. Adjectives not only express quality, but JMumera i^^mber. These latter are called numeral ADJECTIVES. Examples: Two houses. So7ne pupils. 37. Certain adjectives are used to point out ^ objects without describing them. These are called' DEFINITIVE ADJECTIVES. Examples: This man. Yonder house. The horse. 38. Some adjectives are derived from proper proper nouns. These are called proper adjectives. They must always begin with a capital. Examples: The American people; she had an Indian basket; the Philippine question. 18 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 19 ARTICLES. 39. The words a, an, and the, when used before nouns to limit their meaning, are called ARTICLES. These words are classed as adjectives because, like adjectives, they are used as modifiers of nouns. 40. A and an, two forms of the same word, " ^ ^^ ^ are called the indefinite article. They point out, indefinitely, the object named by the noun. Examples: A man. An apple. 41. The is called the definite article be- cause it points out an object somewhat defi- nitely. Example: John is the boy I prefer. 42. A quality in one object may be com- ^ pared with the same quality in a second and a third object, thus expressing degrees of quality. Examples: Ralph has a sweet apple. Robert has a sweeter apple. Frances has the sweetest apple. 43. The first degree of comparison is called ^ POSITIVE, the second comparative, the third SUPERLATIVE. 44. The COMPARATIVE degree is formed ^ by adding er to the positive or by prefix- ing more or less. Examples: light, lighter; beautiful, more beautiful; cheerful, less cheerful. 20 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 45. The COMPAKATIVE DEGREE may be used only in comparing two persons or things. Examples: Lucia is taller than Margaret. This book is larger than that book. . 46. The SUPERLATIVE degree is formed by ^ adding est to the positive or prefixing most or least. Examples: tall, tdllest; extravagant, most ex- travagant; frightful, least frightful. 47. The SUPERLATIVE degree may be used only in com- paring more than two persons or things. Examples: Jeannette is the smallest girl in school. The Himalayas are the highest mountains in the world. 48. A few adjectives have no regular form lilC^Ulrti ^^ comparison. These are in very common use and must be learned : Examples : good 1 , ^ ,, \ better well j best many ) much I more most j later ( latter latest last near nearer I nearest next bad ^ far farther farthest evil y worse worst old \ 1 [ older oldest ill J [ elder eldest little less least forth further furthest Some adjectives do not admit of comparison: square, first, all, infinite. PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 21 49. SELECT ALL THE ADJECTIVES. TELL WHY THEY ARE ADJECTIVES. TELL HOW EACH DESCRIBES OR LIMITS THE NOUN TO WHICH IT REFERS. NAME CLASS TO WHICH EACH BELONGS AND THE DEGREE OF COMPARISON. , 1. American cotton has the longest staple. 2. Two small islands of Japan produce the most tea. 3. Ezo, the most northern island of Japan, contains the great- est amount of coal. 4. Those three dark-eyed savages live in yonder wretched hut. 5. The largest cotton crop in the world is produced in China. 6. She buys immense quantities from us. 7. The beautiful green field bordered the river bank. 8. The loftiest, loneliest region in the world is the cheerless plateau of Thibet. 9. A sacred burden is this life. 10. A foolish son is the heaviness of his mother. 11. A gracious woman retaineth honor and strong men retain riches. 12. The sweet children play in the fragrant orchard. 13. This ploughed field will bloom with many varieties of exquisite roses. 14. Dutch cheeses are the favorite relish of English epicures. 15. Some parts of Finland are covered with virgin forest. 16. Few of the older inhabitants have much education. 17. The elder brother was the last member of his family to join the little band of pilgrims. 18. Forty-two choice plants were ruined by the frightful winter blast. 19. Every seventh year was held sacred by the Hebrew nation. 20. Each German common road is lined with choice fruit trees. 21. This unpopular movement was inaugurated by the wisest man of this pleasant village. 22. The prettiest and most considerate girl in the class met with a serious accident. 22 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 23. The unkind speech met with angry response. 24. The snow-topped peaks of the Himalayas pour their grate- ful floods on the parching plains of India. 25. The Sixth Regiment of the Gordon Highlanders held a perilous position under most distressing circumstances. 26. The robust farmer brought the five squealing pigs to the recent county fair. 27. The rough boy has become a m.ost polite gentleman. 28. The fearless soldier met the frightful onslaught with the most deliberate, manly courage. 29. The angry father was appeased by the pathetic pleading of his little son. 30. This particular man is honest, sincere, and discreet. 31. The grotesque appearance of the cunning creature pro- voked the greatest merriment in the happy crowd. * 32. The third incident of that joyous day is cherished in every heart. 33. The first Christian missionary in Alaska began her work as the only white woman in that immense territory. 34. The genial, life-giving Japanese current saves Alaska from the dreary, desolate condition of Greenland. 35. The latest news from Morocco teems with evil tidings. 36. The Alaskan coast line is longer than the Atlantic and Pacific coast combined. 37. This child is more beautiful than her sister, but she is the smallest one in her family. 38. The Yukon River has three thousand miles of navigable waters. 39. Mount St. Elias is the highest peak on the western conti- nent. 40. The Alaskan fisheries are the most extensive and produc- tive in America. 41. Edith is the better girl of the two. 42. The Esquimos are stolid and stupid dwarfs. 43. The student received the highest prize in the gift of the College. PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 23 44. Will you go to yonder house and ask that man to bring those horses? 45. The blue mountain-bordered lake reflected the hoary peaks in its placid depths. ' 46. The sparkling, dancing, purling rivulet is a tireless, inces- sant worker. 47. The fifteen decisive battles of the world mark the greatest epochs of history. 48. That distressed little child lives in the Ghetto. 49. This road is straighter than the other. 50. Omar is taller than any other boy in the class. 5L. The greatest pleasure I know is to do a good action by stealth, and to have it found out by accident. 52. He only is advancing in life whose heart is getting softer, whose blood warmer, whose brain quicker, whose spirit is entering into living peace. 53. From the lowest depth there is a path to the loftiest height. 54. A simple, guileless, childlike man, Content to live where life began 50. CONNECT EACH OF THE FOLLOWING WORDS, AS AN ADJECTIVE, WITH TWO OR MORE SUIT- ABLE NOUNS, AND TELL OF EACH ADJECTIVE WHETHER IT DENOTES QUALITY, NUMBER, OR PLACE : rough these exacting vigorous good sound common expressive rattling brave shattered thick-set handsome crabbed fair shaggy few industrious Scottish various enormous gentle dingy small some grand yonder stately those any low aged opposite near many full-grown towering narrow brown more showy two distant large all gloomy countless diligent pleasant one CHAPTER VIL PEEDICATE. 51. What we say of the central obiect in Predicate our mental picture is the predicate of the sentence; this contains the verb, its complement and modifiers. VEEB. 52. A verb is a word which expresses action, state, or being. Examples: The girl jumps the rope. The window is open. Girls are diligent. 53. There are two uses of verbs, transitive and INTRANSITIVE. Verb Use 54. When the subject is represented as act- ing upon some object, the verb expressing the action is transitive, and the word representing the person or thing which receives the action is the object. Example : The dog hit the cat. 55. An INTRANSITIVE VERB represents action, being, or state not received by any person or thing. Examples: The boy walks. Water is a fluid. 56. Intransitive verbs that require a complement are called ATTRIBUTIVE or COPULATIVE VERBS. 24 Predicate Noun Predicate Adjective PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 25 57. An ATTRIBUTIVE VERB not only makes IV ^^ assertion, but it indicates what is asserted of the subject; as, Terror reigned = Terror is reigning. 58. Copulative verbs simply join the sub- i^opu a ive j^^^ ^^ some attribute, which is made more emphatic by asserting it in this way. Examples : The man is a sailor. The man is good. 59. The attribute which expresses an identity is called the predicate noun. The man is a sailor, 60. The attribute which expresses a quality is called the predicate adjective. The man is good. 61. The most common incomplete intransi- ^. . tive verbs are the followino^: Be (is, am. Intransitive , ., , , , ^ , are, was, were), seem, become, look, sound, appear, feel, taste, smell, continue, remain. 62. " The verb be has a peculiar value. In the sentence, ' Tom is industrious,' the adjective industrious is what is said of Tom, and the verb is really says nothing; it expresses neither an act nor a state. Yet without the 'is we have no sentence; 'Tom industrious' makes no statement about Tom. Thus we arrive at the true value of be. It enables us to make an assertion out of a noun or an adjective, though it contains no meaning of itself. In 'Tom works,' works is a verb, expressing an act; in 'Tom is industrious,' is is a verb, giving the form of assertion, but asserts nothing until it is completed by the word that tells us what Tom is. Because of its office of connecting the subject with the essential predicate, it is often called the copula, and the word that completes the predicate is called the complement. 26 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. "Other verbs that have this copulative function are seem, become, and, sometimes, many other verbs, such as appear, look, feel, taste, grow, turn. These verbs differ from he in having a certain meaning of their own, but are like it in requiring some other word to make a complete predicate. Thus in 'Arnold turned traitor,' turned denotes action, but is not complete with- out the noun traitor, and, in so far, serves as copula between Arnold and traitor. " The complement after these verbs always refers to the sub-^ ject, and is carefully to be distinguished from the object of a transitive verb. In ' Caesar was consul,' consul is not the object of was, for was denotes no action, and can therefore have no object. Nor is traitor, in the example above, the object of turned, for turned does not here represent an action as going over to anything else. The noun or pronoun complement after these verbs is in the same case as the subject, the nominative, and is therefore called the Predicate Nominative. Adjectives so used are said to be in the predicate construction, or are called simply Predicate Adjectives. The verb, of course, is always intransitive. "Some transitive verbs also take besides the object a com- plementary noun or adjective, which, with the verb, gives a differ- ent meaning from that of the simple verb. Thus in ' He made the stick straight,' we do not mean that he made the stick, but that he straightened it. Stick, then, is the object, not of made, but of the whole verb-notion expressed by made and the complementary adjective straight. Similarly in ' Your generosity makes all men your friends,' men is the object, not of makes, but of makes your friends. The complementary word in this construction always refers to the object; whence it is called the Objective Complement, and, if a noun or pronoun, is always in the objective case. "Point out the verbs: 1. The window is open. 6. These apples are ripe. 2. The cake was brown. 7. The soldiers were weary. 3. The ground looks wet. 8. Roses smell sweet. 4. The dog seems lame. 9. London is a city. 5. Shakespere was a poet. 10. Sugar tastes sweet. PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 27 11. The trees were full of fruit. 15. George feels hurt. 12. The wind is cold. 16. His voice sounds harsh. 13. The fire is low. 17. James grew worse. 14. The ground was hard. 18. The sky became cloudy." — A School Grammar of the English Language, by Edward A . A lien. 63. A transitive verb whose subject repre- ,, . sents the doer of an action is in the active Voice VOICE. Example: The man built the house. ^ . 64. A transitive verb whose subject repre- Passive . sents the person or thing receiving the action is in the passive voice. Example: The house was built by the man. Intransitive verbs have active voice only. 65. NAME THE VERBS. TELL WHETHER TRAN- SITIVE, INTRANSITIVE, OR COPULATIVE, AND WHETHER IN ACTIVE OR PASSIVE VOICE. NAME PREDICATE NOUNS, PREDICATE ADJEC- TIVES, AND OBJECTS OF VERBS. 1. Mencius was a Chinese sage. 2. Columbus discovered America in 1492. 3. The sewing-machine was invented by Elias Howe. 4. Rubber is one of the most valuable commercial products. 5. Charles Goodyear discovered the method of vulcanizing rubber. 6. The first steamboat was built by Robert Fulton in 1807. 7. Reading maketh a wise man. 8. Yatching is pleasant. 9. Wilhelmina is the Queen of Holland. 10. Two noticeable features of the Dutch landscape are wind- mills and canals. 11. Very pleasant is the memory. 28 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 12. A diligent student will gain the respect of his teacher. 13. The Chinese women bind their feet. 14. The Dutch harness the wind. 15. Mountains which once reared their heads above the clouds have been gnawed down by the tooth of time. 16. The Father of Waters seizes the hills in his hands and drags them down to the ocean. 17. The land was tilled by the French peasants. 18. The Norwegian immigrants are a sturdy, industrious class. 19. Linen is manufactured at Belfast, Ireland. 20. I seized the opportunity. 21. The sled was bought by John. 22. Her path was strewn with flowers. 23. Edward VII. is the King of England. 24. Sugar tastes sweet. 25. The private became a captain. 26. The table feels hard. 27. James was struck by Dick. 28. He telleth the number of the stars. 29. Niagara Falls looks sublime in winter. 30. She is my friend. 31. The society of Bar Harbor seems refined and wealthy. 32. The weather continues cold. 33. There was a seven-inch fall of snow in Yellowstone Park. 34. The enemy was driven fx-om its post of vantage. 35. Our forefathers purchased liberty with their lives. 36. A tart temper never mellows with age, and a sharp tongue is the only edged tool that grows sharper with constant use. 37. The sleeping fox catches no poultry. 38. My friend is a woman of strong character. 39. John has become a skilled mechanic. 40. Caesar was killed by Brutus. 41. Hermann was the earliest German hero. 42. A scorner seeketh wisdom and findeth it not. 43. How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is to have a thank- less child. PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 29 44. The German Crown Prince served his time in the army. 45. The Queen of Italy is a most versatile linguist. 46. French peasants are most prosperous. 47. The German laborer is poorly paid. 48. Irish peasants rent farms of less than one acre. 49. The American laborer receives high wages. 50. Chestnuts constitute the food of the Apennine peasants. 51. Three important trees of southern Europe are the olive, cork, and mulberry. 52. Vesuvius is a volcano near Naples. 66. IN THE FOLLOWINCt SENTENCES, CHANGE THE ACTIVE FORM OF THE VERB TO THE PASSIVE, AND THE PASSIVE FORM TO THE ACTIVE: 1. Marco Polo visited China in the fourteenth century. 2. The real route to India was discovered by Vasco de Gama in 1497. 3. California produces five hundred carloads of honey annually. 4. Kerosene was first used for lighting by Americans in 1826. 5. An automatic pistol has been invented by Lieutenant Hino of the Japanese infantry. 6. Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States in 1803, for $15,000,000. 7. St. Louis, Mo., celebrated, in 1904, the hundredth anniver- sary of this purchase. 8. The Boston tea-party is now regarded as a riotous demon- stration by unprejudiced historians. 9. The Ganges River brings down and distributes in its valley silt sufficient to fill a string of freight cars which, placed end to end, would encircle the globe at the equator. 10. The Island of Malta was ceded to the English in 1814. 11. The English use Malta primarily as a coaling station. 12. Envelopes were first used in 1838. 13. Plants take poisonous gas from the air and give in return the gas which we need for life and health. 30 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 14. The first watches were made by the Germans at Nuremburg in 1477. 15. Over half a milHon dollars' worth of sponges are now obtained by the government from the Florida coast. 16. The government is planting sponges in these grounds. 17. A new device to prevent locomotive wheels from slipping magnetizes the drivers so that they stick to the rails. 18. The man struck the horse. 19. This bucket was made in that factory. 20. A twenty-story building was erected on State Street by the Masons. 21. The fall of the elevator crushed two men. 22. The Suez canal was built by De Lesseps. 23. The natives cultivate tea on the lower slopes of the Hima- laya Mountains. 24. Luther translated the Bible into German. 25. The Duke of Wellington won the battle of Waterloo. 26. The use of the compass was known to the Chinese before the time of the Crusades. 67. The PREDICATE says or asserts ^ something about that which the subject represents : Birds sing ; you read. Note. — Either the subject or the predicate, or both, may be enlarged to any extent by the addition of qualifying words and expressions, called modifiers: My sister's small birds sing sweetly in the morning. A VERB is a word use to declare or assert something about a person or thing : I ride ; you laugh ; the leaf falls. A TRANSITIVE VERB is a verb that in the active voice requires an object to complete its meaning: The boy strikes the ball; the cat catches a mouse; the farmer sows his seed ; a rolling stone gathers no moss ; " Middle- PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 31 march" was written by George Eliot; a soft answer turneth away wrath. An INTRANSITIVE VERB is a verb that do3s not admit an object: Birds fly; I walk; the girl runs; the snow falls; the dog sleeps ; wine is a liquor. Note. — Certain verbs may at one time be transitive and at another intransitive: The wind blew the snow into our faces; the wind blew furiously. The boy plays ball; the boy plays. The man walked his horse; the man walked. The girl ran a splinter in her foot; the dog ran away. John speaks Spanish; he speaks fluently. The sense determines tvhether the verb is transitive or intransitive. An ATTRIBUTIVE VERB makes an assertion and indicates what is asserted of the subject. A COPULATIVE VERB joins the subject to some attribute. A verb is in the active voice when it represents the subject as acting (or being): James struck John; in the PASSIVE VOICE when it represents the subject as acted upon: John was struck by James. Intransitive verbs are used only in the active voice. Mode CHAPTER VIII. MODE. 68. Mode is the manner in which I state the action or being of the central object of my mental picture. 69. If I state the action or being as a fact, the manner in which I express this fact is the INDICATIVE MODE. Examples: The man arrived. The woman is a seamstress. Interrogative sentences are always in the Indicative Mode. 70. An action may be expressed as possible or probable, or as a duty or obligation. Examples : Tlie man may come. He should come. This manner of using the verb is the potential mode. May means, "I am allowed to do so"; Can ^ means, ''I am able to do so." Examples: May I leave the room ? Answer, You may. Can I lift this load? Answer, If it is not too heavy, you can. Note. — The potential mode is falling out of use in the past and past perfect tenses; any supposition founded on fact is regarded as in the indicative mode, while in the subjunctive mode the supposition implies a denial. Examples: Indicative Mode. — If 32 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 33 the ocean is 10,000 feet deep, the soundings will show it. Sub- junctive Mode.— If the ocean were fresh, sailors need never suffer from thirst. 71. To express a supposition about an event u jun ive ^^ ^j^r^^Q Qf things that is contrary to facts, a future contingency, or a wish, use the subjunctive mode. Examples: If she know her Latin, she will translate it. Unless the day be pleasant, I shall remain at home. If I were learned, I should write the essay. A verb in the subjunctive mode is usually preceded by one of the conjunctions if, thaty till, unless, except, though, lest, whether. When the conjunction is omitted before a subjunctive clause, the subject follows the verb or the first auxiliary. Examples : Had I cared, he could not have done it. Were I to go, the home would be broken up." If a niche in the temple of fame be mine, it may be filled with kindly deeds. The Subjunctive Mode uses he instead of am, are, and is; and loere instead of was. Examples: If the water he cold enough, ice will form. Till he come, the work must wait. Though he tvei^e deceitful, I must try to save him. Except ye become as little children, ye cannot enter into the kingdom of heaven. Whether he he black or white, he should receive recognition. Take heed lest ye fall. Judge not that ye he not judged. 72. The central object in my mental picture Imperative . , -. *^ may be represented as expressing a com- mand, or an entreaty, or a mere request. This manner 34 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. of using the verb is the imperative mode. Examples: Leave the room. Pray give me my freedom. Come here, my child. The subject of a verb in the Imperative Mode is omitted except where emphasis is desired; as, Yoic shut the door. 73. The name of any action of the central object is expressed by the verb preceded by the sign to, and is the infinitive mode. Examples: To walk. To run. To live. To be believed. To have seen. This sign is omitted after the action verbs hid, dare, feel, let, see, make, need, hear, and sometimes after have, please, and keep, and after any equivalent of the verb see. Examples: Bid him run. I dare make the attack. Let the ship float. We see the billows rise and fall. Do not make him stand. When we need not go out-doors, we are content to have it rain. Hear the hail beat on the roof. We feel the music thrill through us. We will have him go to school. Will you please keep me ? He helped me move on May 1st. The Infinitive is used as a noun, as the sub- ject, as the predicate noun, or as the object of a verb. Examples: To prevaricate is a sin. To pray is to work. I like to walk. It may be used as an adjective. Ex- As an Adjective ^^^^i^. Corn to plant is scarce. PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 35 It may be used as an adverb. Examples: As an Adverb ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^.^^ ^^ lives to do good. The Infinitive may be used in depend- Independently ^^^jy Example: To he honest, I do not care for you. " The present infinitive should be used to denote an action that is not complete at the time represented by the finite yerb in the sentence. Verbs expressing hope, expectation, or intention, and those used to convey commands, require present infinitives after them. " The present perfect infinite should be used to denote an action that is completed at the time represented by the finite verb in the sentence. "Although we speak of the present and present perfect forms of the infinitive, the infinitive does not properly express time, but depends upon the finite verb in the sentence for whatever it may represent with regard to time." — Williams's English Grammar. 74. GIVE CORRECT FORM OF THE INFINITIVE IN EACH OF THE FOLLOAVING SENTENCES: (if both are correct, show difference in meaning.) 1. He expected (to see, to have seen) his brother. 2. I hoped (to have seen, to see) you do better. 3. They believed him (to be, to have been) insane. 4. I n^ant (to see, to have seen) you yesterday. 5. I intended (to call, to have called) for you. 6. It would have been wrong (to go, to have gone) on with the ceremony. 7. He did not seem (to know, to have known) how (to do, to have done) the work. 8. It was his duty (to assist, to have assisted) our friend. 36 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 9. It was not my intention (to insist, to have -insisted) upon your complying with the request. 10. There was nothing left but (to obey, to have obeyed). 75. TELL THE MODE OF THE VERBS IN THE FOL- LOWING: 1. General Grant commanded the army. 2. He dare not act otherwise. 3. Were he sick, he could not make the ascent of Mount Hood. 4. Turn to private life for real heroism. 5. If the season be agreeable, the man may come. 6. We may breath the air of freedom once again. 7. Monsoons bring plenty to India. 8. If they fail, famine ensues. 9. O, winds, waft your riches o'er us. 10. To err is human, to forgive divine. 11. To speak plainly, I wish to see the last of you. 12. Go to bed. 13. If he brood too long on the subject, it will be his undoing. 14. I wish to walk through the Black Forest. 15. Were it the wish of the Czar to promulgate peace, he would disarm his large army. 16. He may banish Tolstoi for his advanced ideas. 17. The king of Italy favors journalism. 18. King Humbert said, "If I were not a king, I should be a journalist." 19. We may see a revolution of the laboring classes. 20. Sir Thomas Lipton hoped to win the international yacht race. 21. Impulse and common sense make a good working team. 22. If we show negligence in small matters, we endanger our success in larger affairs. 23. There is a fine but distinct difference between the stenog- rapher who is helpful and the one who is officious: one attends to business, the other meddles with business. PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 37 24. Self-preservation prompts men to move in the line of least resistance. 25. Have you had a kindness shown, pass it on. 26. If thou art blest, let the sunshine of thy gladness rest on the dark edges of each cloud that lies black in thy brother's sky. 27. If it rain to-morrow, we cannot go to the picnic. 28. If it is raining (now), put on your rubbers. 29. Though he study his lesson, he cannot gain the reward. 30. Though the boy climb the tree, he will not catch a glimpse of the Pfesident. 31. Though he climbs the tree, he will not catch a glimpse of the President. 32. Had I gone, he could not have been lost. 33. I wish I were good. ; . 76. Mode is that property of a verb P which indicates the mood, or state of mind, of the speaker. ^^ Mode is the tone of affirmation, the manner in which a verb says something of its subject, regardless of whether the predica- tion is a fact or not a fact. " Mode is sometimes confounded with the meaning of the verb, with which vfiode has nothing to do. To call ' can go ' the poten- tial mode, because potentially lies in the meaning of can^ is to obscure hopelessly any right conception of mode. In ' I am able to walk ' and * I can walk ' the mode is the same. If rnode had to do with the meaning of the verb, there would be no end to modes. For instance, we might call ' I will go ' the volential mode; ' I beg you to go,' the deferential mode; ' I am sorry I went,' the peni- tential mode, and so on. In ' I doubt it,' doubt is expressed, but the mode is indicative." — A School Grammar of the English Language, by Edward A. Allen. A verb is in the indicative mode when it states a fact or is used in a question : Roses bloom. Why do you smile ? 38 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. The POTENTIAL MODE asserts the power, liberty, possi- bility, or necessity of the action or being ; as, We may play. We can walk. We must go. A verb is in the subjunctive mode when it asserts something doubtfully or conditionally. It is used in sub- ordinate clauses, and is usually introduced by if, though, and the like: If he were here, I should be glad. ''Though he slay me, yet will I trust him." A verb is in the imperative mode when it expresses a command or an entreaty: Draw your swords. "Give me of thy bark, birch tree." The subject of the imperative (thou or you) is seldom expressed. The INFINITIVE may be used as a subject, To sing is a pleasure; as an object, She likes to sing; as a predicate noun. Her pleasure is to sing; as an adjective, A desire to sing was shown; as an adverb, He came to sing. CHAPTER IX. PARTICIPLES. 77. I wish to represent myself as performing ^ an action which is incomplete or continuing. Example : I am riding. I do this by annexing ing to the root ride, and thus form a participle. The participle is so called because it partakes of the nature of a verb and of an adiective or noun. T he boy riding the wheel is my brother. As an adjective, riding modifies the noun boy; as a verb, it takes the object wheel. 78. Eiding the wheel is a favorite exercise of . . my brother. Biding, as a noun, is the subject ^ of the sentence ; as a verb, it takes the object wheel. This form of the participle, which denotes con- tinuance, is the PRESENT PARTICIPLE. 79. The PAST PARTICIPLE is formed regularly by adding ed to the root. It may be used as an adjective. Example : T he man threatened by his neighbors decided to move. Threatened is an adjective and modifies man. The past participles of transitive verbs have a passive force, that is, the noun modified is the receiver of an 39 40 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. action; as, The man threatened by his neighbors decided to move. 80. Tlie PERFECT PAKTiciPLE expresses action Perfect .... just completed or still continuing in its effect; as, Saving written the letter, he was anxious to go. Participles are often used as adjectives of quality; as, The talking machine was very expensive. 81. Participles may be classified as follows : Present Past Perfect Active Voice writing ■ having written Passive Voice being written written having been written 82. The name of the action is expressed by the root with the word to prefixed, and is the INFINITIVE. Example: To ride a wheel is pleasant exer- cise. To ride is a noun, the subject of the sentence. As a verb, it takes the object wheel. He wishes to ride a wheel. In this sentence to ride is the object of the verb wishes, and as a verb takes the object wheel. The man appears to he dead. In this sentence to he is a predicate noun, and as a verb it is completed by the predicate adjective dead. The Infinitive has two forms : To write. To have written; and in the case of transitive verbs has forms for both the active and the passive voice. The Infinitives may be classified as follows: Present Perfect Active Voice to write to have written - Passive Voice to be written to have been written PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH.' 41 83. NAME PARTICIPLES AND INFINITIVES, AND TELL HOW USED. 1. Whispering the name is not sufficient. 2. An invitation bidding me to a wedding requires an acknowledgment. 3. Camping. is a pleasant pastime. 4. To jvork the machine required skill. 5. The book was to have been written last year. 6. To be believed com^s'from always being true. 7. Planting perennials is the work of the gardener. 8. She wants to jump the rope. 9. The purpose is t o set forth the truth. 10. You do not need to supersede her or to take her house- keeping out of her hands. 11. Few mothers wish j q resign the headship of their homes. 12. To have a vacat ion urged upon you and extended to you by your employer is to_ be des ired. 13. Do not try t^Utalk^for talk's sake. 14. Have something to say . 15. Tc Lcrown comfort with beauty is the daughter's province. 16. T g_ prevent the great trusts from doing public harm is the present problem. 17. Homer is supposed to havebeen born in Smyrna. 18. A good habit to f orn^ early in life is t o turn fr om irritating things. 19. We do not fear to die , we only fear to sin. 20. To punish c rime quickly and severely is the best policy. 21. What you wish t o be you must begin to be now. 22. The hard alternative, to swim out or to go over the falls, presented itself. 23. A letter expressin g gratitude is usually welcome. 24. The aim of the teacher was to lead the child upward. 25. The discipline was firm but loving 26. To be we ll born is the right of all. 42 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 27. The horse had to drink from the turbid stream. 28. He would like t o be o ut in the world. 29. The right course is to listen to Nature. 30. Thft boy roarnjnpr ahmit. HigrTnvprf^rl the graceful flower. 31. They have decided to move. 32. Robert, losing hi^jTositinn at home, entered a house in the city. 33. The bride wore a white gown trimmejd with Irish point-lace. 34. ^sop is believed tqjiave lived/in the sixth century. 35. I began to read the book yesterday. 36. The general purpose of our conference will be to frame this bill. 37. To be at home with Nature is a liberal education. 38. He is to be one of the chief personages at the banquet. 39. The gifts received by the bride were valuable. 40. He means to treat his work as part of the universal order. 41. The toil necessitated by this work was too arduous. 42. To have written Thanatopsis was to have gained fame. 43. To compel corporations to disclose their business is a part of the new law. 44. To sop up gravy with a bit of bread is a breach of the rules of table etiquette. 45. Be above noticing pin-pricks of neglect. 46. Ten minutes a day for reading will accomplish much. 47. You will be expected to consider your friend's welfare at this time. 48. A pretty way to spend May Day is to imitate the children's picnic. 49. One may begin to work too early in life. 50. Few girls will take kindly to weeding by hand. 51. The prettiest way of trimming the dress is the simplest. 52. Don't forget to thank the little ones. 53. The running of Tommy was excelled by none. 54. Her desire is to sing well. 55. I like to walk. 56. We have decided to offer four prizes. PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 43 57. Sailing is a delightful pastime. 58. That noise is the knocking of the woodmen's axes in the deep forest. 59. The merchant was told to return soon. 60. The government of the United States has oflPered to pay large sums for the Danish West Indies. 61. The governor is reported to have signed the law. 62. His duty shall be to report promptly any distress. 63. He desired to aid all indigent persons. 64. I disliked to go without you. 65. I was trying to find you. 84. A PARTICIPLE is a word derived ^ from a verb and partaking of the nature of a verb and of an adjective or noun. The PRESENT PARTICIPLE ends in ing, and is also called the IMPERFECT PARTICIPLE, because it represents the con- tinuance of an action, being, or state. The PAST PARTICIPLE ends in dyox takes an irregular form ; as, sunk, thought, etc. T he PERFECT P ARTICIPLE i^J ormed by placing heing or ha vinfi before a Past Partici ple. T he Participle ^ may bp thp ^q^uiVal^rit^^frin infinitive; as. The orator commenced speaking at two o'clock. The orator commenced to speak at two o'clock. Tense CHAPTER X. TENSE. 85. I may represent the central object of my mental picture as in action at the present time, or as having completed an action, or as contemplating an action at some future time. Examples: The horse runs. The horse ran. The horse will run. The different forms of the verb which show difference in time are tenses. 86. The PRESENT TENSE represents the action or event as taking place now. Example: Present I walk. Past I walked. 87. The PAST TENSE represents the action or event as completed or finished. Example: Future 88. The FUTURE TENSE represents the action or event as taking place in the future. Example: I shall walk. 89. In modern English the verb expres ses Inflection ^^^^ a. By a change of form; as, I teach, I taught. h. By the aid of auxiliaries; as, I may teach, I shall teach. 44 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 45 c. By its ending; as, I loved. With the exception of the verb to he, there are but two inflections to indicate the number and person of the verb. In Metcalf s English Grammar is given the following explana- tion of the present tense: " It may be well for us to study more closely the root of the verb, and the form in s, taking for example the verbs 7nove and write. " The sentence, She moves gracefully, does not necessarily mean that she is actually moving now, but that when she moves the act is graceful. So, also, when I say, You write beautifully, I may mean, not that you are writing now, but that whenever you write the writing is beautiful. "If I wish to assert that the writing is going on now, I am more likely to say. You are writing beautifully.^^ 90. Verb forms in English have few in- flections or changes in spelling. Owing to this lack of inflection, it is necessary to use other words to help in expressing the various forms necessary in Voice and Tense ; these helping words are called auxiliaries. These auxiliaries are: do {does, did), shall, will, may, can, must, might, could, would, should, have (has, had), be (is, am, are, was, were, being, been). 91. The future tense is formed by prefixing shall or will to the root. 92. To express futurity with regard to some Shall and 4.- i? • t i. ^i t \A7*ll action ot mine, 1 must use the auxiliary shall with the root form. Example : I shall go. To express futurity with regard to your action or that 46 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. of some third person, I must use the auxUiary will. Examples : You will go. He will go. On the other hand, to express determination not only in the future but in the present, I must say of my own action, I will write; of yours, You shall write; of a third person, He shall write. In asking questions, shall (never will) is used with the the subject / or we. Examples : Shall I go to the train ? Shall we take a trip ? With other subjects, the same auxiliary (whether shall or will) is used that is expected in the answer. Exam- ples: Shall I go to New York? Answer, I shall. Will you call for me ? Answer, I ivill. " In the first person simply shall foretells ; In will a threat or else a promise dwells. Shall, in the second and third, does threat; Will, simply, then, foretells the future feat." Should and would are past forms of shall and ivill, and are, in general, governed by the same rules. 93. 1. I will utter wbat I believe to-day, if it should contradict all I said yesterday. 2. You will go, will you not? (Future.) 3. You should study your lesson. 4. He will go with us. (Future.) 5. We shall go abroad next spring. (Future.) 6. He would go every day for his mail. 7. You will hear from us frequently. (Future.) 8. They will build a new house. (Future.) 9. I will go, you shall not prevent me. (Resolution.) 10. You shall not go. (Command.) PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 47 11. He shall be paid. (Promise.) 12. He shall suffer for this. (Threat.) 13. I should like to see him. 14. Shall I serve? 15. I shall return home now, but will come again next week. 16. I shall enjoy a correspondence with you, and I will write at least once a week. 17. I would never give my consent. 94. INSERT THE PROPER AUXILIARY (WILL, SHALL) IN EACH BLANK IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES: 1. Wherever you lead, general, we soldiers follow. 2. I be killed, nobody help me. 3. That we die, we know. 4. The president has agreed that the contest be held. 5. I remember that. 6. It does not yet appear where we lodge. 7. He be free when navigation closes. 8. I ■ not give you food. 9. I am determined that you not see her. 10. we be in time? ' 11. I not see her. 12. We persevere to the end. 13. He go with you. 14. I not talk to her. 15. He has gone to Louisville, where he live. 16. I suppose there be trouble about it. 17. Unless you bridle your tongue you not succeed. 18. By and by the conditions improve. 19. he inflict this trial upon us? 20. You find me at any time. 21. This be more fully discussed in the next edition. 22. I be glad to do all I can. 23. — you have luncheon with me to-morrow? 24. I look into their very faces? 25. Do you think that you live in the annals of history? 48 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 95. To express an action as completed but rTesent connected in sense with the present time, we Perfect use the auxiliary have (has) before the per- fect participle of the verb. This is the Present Perfect Tense. Example: I have recited my lesson to-day. He has been to St. Louis this week. 96. To express an action as completed at or before a past time^ we use the auxiliary had Perfect ^.^^^ ^^^^ perfect participle. This is the past PERFECT TENSE. Example : I had finished my dress before dinner. I had written the paper before the teacher asked us to do so. 97. To express an action that will be com- r uture pleted before some other future act mentioned, we use the auxiliaries shall have or will have with the perfect participle of the verb. This is the future PERFECT TENSE. Examples : I shall have written the paper before the man calls for it. He will have eaten his dinner before train time. 98. NAME THE TENSE OF THE VERBS IN THE FOL- LOWING SENTENCES, AND TELL HOW THEY ARE FORMI^^ 1. He hadjntedjiis hands over his head and had cried out in agony. ^ -^ ^^_ 2. He will hav e painted the picture before the exhibition is given. ^ Q^^ 3. He has varnish ed the woodwork to-day. 4. Sha hl^ ^r^wn pet dream of college glory. 5. I ha*^6u^t the land which they inherited. PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 49 6. Before the Christmas tide some happy incidents will have informed us what th^ washed. 7. The birds ha ve flow n northward. 8. In, twenty years the channel of the Mississippi River will h aveclian^e d beyond recognition. -^ ^ (p_j 9. Soon ourpl^aes in the world will have beelg t aken by others. 10. I haac ofnpiei'ed the first book of Caesar when school closed. 11. I shall have sold this stock before the new one comes. 99. Tense is that modification of the Recapitulation ^^^^ ^j^.^^ expresses the time of the action or being. The PRESENT TENSE denotes the action or being as present. The PA.ST TENSE denotes the action or being as past. The FUTURE TENSE denotes the action or being as yet to come. We express future time by using shall or will with the root. In declarative sentences, shall in the first person, and will in the second and third, denote futurity : they denote what is likely to happen. On the other hand, will in the first person, and shall in the second and third, denote not only future time, but present determination. The PRESENT PERFECT TENSE denotes the action or being as completed at the present time. The PAST PERFECT TENSE denotes the action or being as completed at some time past. The FUTURE PERFECT TENSE denotes the action or being to be completed at some future time. CHAPTER XL YEEBS EEGULAE AND lEEEGULAR 100. The principal parts of the verb are the present, past, present participle, perfect participle. Present— walk. Past — walked. Present Participle — walking. Perfect Participle — walked. 101. A verb whose past tense and perfect participle are formed by the addition of d or ed to the root is regular. Verbs Regular and Irregular Principal Parts Regular 102. All other verbs are irregular, and ^ must be learned or we shall make grave errors. _ The past is not used with an auxiliary. Present Tense Past Tense Perfect Participle arise arose arisen abide abode abode awake awoke awaked be or am was been begin began begun bear (to bring fo: rth) bore born 50 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 51 bear (to carry) bore borne beat beat beaten or beat bid bade, bid bidden, bid bite bit bitten, bit blow- blew blown break broke broken chide chid chidden, chid choose chose chosen cleave cleft, clove cleft, cleaved, cloven come came come do did done draw- drew drawn drink drank drunk drive drove driven eat ate eaten fall fell fallen fly flew flown freeze froze frozen forbear forbore forborne forget forgot forgotten, forgot forsake forsook forsaken give gave given go went gone grow grew /H^rown get got gotten, got hide hid hidden, hid have had had know knew known 52 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. lie (to recline) lay lain ^^^ lay (to put) laid laid /^ ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen run ran run see saw seen shake shook shaken shrink shrank, shrunk shrunken^-shrunk sing sang, sung sung sink sank, sunk sunken slay slew slain set set set sit sat sat speak spoke spoken steal stole stolen swim swam ^Wttmr- — smite smote smitten slide slid slidden, slid spring sprang, sprung sprung stride strode stridden strike struck stricken, struck strive strove striven swear swore sworn take took taken tear tore torn throw threw thrown tread trod trodden, trod PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 53 wear wore worn weave wove woven wake woke, waked waken write wrote written 103. LIE AND LAY Lie means " to rest, to recline." Lay means " to cause to rest, to lie." Principle parts of lie are : Present Present Past Participle lie lay lying Principle parts of lay are: Present Present Past Participle lay laid laying LIE 1. I am going to lie down. 2. 1 lay down yesterday. 3. I was lying down. 4. He is lying down. 5. I had just lain down when you called. Perfect Participle lain Perfect Participle laid LAY 1. I will lay the book where I found it. 2. We laid the money on the table. 3. He is laying the carpet. 4. I have laid the books on the shelf. 104. SIT AND SET. SIT (INTRANSITIVE VERB). Present Perfect Present Past Participle Participle sit sat sitting sat 54 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. SET (TKANSITIVE VERB). Present Perfect Present Past Participle Participle set set setting set Examples : 1. He told her to sit down and she sat down. 2. The sun is setting. 3. The hen is sitting on her eggs. 4. He told her to set the child down. 5. She set the table. — Adapted from " Correct English^ 105. IN THESE SENTENCES SUPPLY LIE, LAY; SIT, SET; LEARN, TEACH; RISE, RAISE; FALL, FELL. 1. Did the bread ? 2. the book on the table. 3. The man on the chair. 4. I shall down. 5. I down yesterday. 6. I have in bed two weeks. 7. The book on the table. 8. I have the book on the table. 9. The bread has 10. She the bucket from the well. 11. She her lesson. 12. She will the lesson to the child. 13. down. 14. I have in this place two hours. 15. He has the trap. 16. He a poor example. 17. When will the court again? 18. They are posts for the fence. 19. the ruler on the table. PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 55 20. by your money for a "rainy day.'* 21. Did you the money? 22. Each one in favor of this motion his right hand. 23. Do you think the river will ? 24. The teacher will her subject so that she may the pupils. 25. He the tree. 26. The of stock created a panic. 27. the table. 106. The PRINCIPAL PARTS of a verb Recapitulation ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^ p^^,^^ are derived. They are the Present, Past, Present Participle, and the Perfect Participle. A REGULAR VERB is a verb that forms its past tense and perfect participle by the addition of d or ed to the present : Present love, past loved, perfect participle loved. An IRREGULAR VERB is a verb that does not form its past tense by the addition of d or ed to the present; as, present give, past gave, perfect participle given. Note.— An auxiliary verb is a verb that is used in the conjuga- tion of other verbs: I am loved; Do you love? He has given. An impersonal verb is one that is used only in the third person singu- lar, having no personal subject: It rains; It snows. CHAPTER XIL PEESONAL PEONOUNS. 107. In speaking of myself or any one else, I should find the constant repetition of names awkward; as, John's hat is in John's hand instead of on John's head. In order to avoid this, I must use a class of words called pronouns. A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. John's hat is in his hand instead of on his head. My hat is in my hand. 108. Pronouns, have various forms to dis- tinguish the person speaking, the person spoken to, or the person spoken of. Those that are inflected to show different persons are personal pronouns. 109. The pronouns representing the speaker are said to be in the first person; the person spoken to, in the second person; the person spoken of, in the third person. 110. Pronouns, like nouns, have person, number, gender, and case. 111. Pronouns of the first and second person are inflected for case only, as the gender is always supposed to be known. 56 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 57 Personal Nom. Pronouns poss. Declined ObJ, Singular I my or mine me Plural we our or ours us Nom. Poss. ObJ. thou thy or thine thee SECOND PERSON. you your or yours you The third person is inflected for gender as well as case. Masculine Nom. he Poss. his Obj. him Feminine she her her Neuter it its it Plural they their or theirs them "The forms mine, thine, ours, yours, theirs, and sometimes his and hers, though possessive in form, have come to be used only in the nominative and objective cases. They are in reality substi-, tutes for a noun and its possessive modifier. This book is mine. Yours is larger. Do you like this hat of mine'^ ''—MaxwelVs Grammar. Compound Personal Pronouns 112. The compound personal pronouns are: myself ourselves thyself yourselves himself themselves herself itself 113. The ANTECEDENT of a pronoun is the Antecedent pronoun stands. Examples: The boat lost her rudder, word or group of words for which the 58 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. but she drifted ashore. "Honesty is the best policy," is a favorite saying, but it is not a subhme sentiment, The antecedent may be expressed or understood; as, They heard the cry and gave the alarm. 114. Pronouns referring to a singular antecedent must also be singular, and vice versa. Examples: Each one sees his own heart. Every one has his day from which he dates. You can commit no greater folly than to sit by the roadside until some one comes along and invites you to ride with him to wealth or influence. I like to see a person who knows his own mind and sticks to it. 115. GIVE THE CASE OF THE PRONOUNS IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES: 1. Who did you say called? 2. He supposed it to be me. 3. Here is the man who they said would buy the house. 4. He is a man whom all men consider just. 5. I like to confide in one who I know will never betray my confidence. 6. The greatest men of a nation are those whom it puts to death. 7. He who has most of heart knows most of sorrow. 8. They are never alone who are accompanied by noble thoughts. 9. Whom did you understand it to be? 116. An INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN is a ^ pronoun used in asking a question. The Interrogative Pronouns are vjIio, ivMch, ivhat, and ivliether PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 59 Who refers only to human beings, and is the only one inflected : Singular Pluarl Norn. who V Nom. who Poss. whose Poss. whose Obj. whom ObJ. whom This horse is mine, that horse is yours. TJiis and that are demonstrative adjectives. I may say, This is mine, that is yours. So used, this and that are now demonstra- tive pronouns. This and these point out things that are near, and that and those things more distant. 117. Indefinite pronouns point out objects indefinitely. All^ any, each, neither, few, many, none, one, other, another, some, several, such. One and its compounds, somebody and the like, other and another, either and neither, have a possessive case : One's business; somebody's hat. 118. Every (with its compounds everyone, everybody), neither, both, no one, anyone, either one, neither one, not one, one or the other, are always singular pronouns. Examples : Each of the boys is decorated with a medal. Either of the men is anxious to join the union. Neither of the women wished to do so. 119. Some as a pronoun may be either singular or plural. When representing quantity it is singular. Example: Some of the milk was spilled. 60 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. When it refers to number it is plural. Example: Some of the roses were scattered on the ground. 120. NAME THE PRONOUNS IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES : 1. All of these soldiers have been in the Philippines. 2. Louis Pasteur was one of the benefactors of his age. 3. Many are the benefits he conferred. 4. Some must work while others play. 5. None can ever estimate the influence of a good life. 6. Who did you say would deliver the oration? 7. Whom-did you meet at Chautauqua? 8. Several have bought the new encyclopedia. 9. This will last longer than that. 10. Many are called, but few are chosen. 121. The CONJUNCTIVE or relative pro- ^ NOUN connects a clause, of which it forms a part, to some word which the clause modifies. 122. The conjunctive pronouns are vjhoy which, what, that, and as. As i^ only a conjunctive pronoun after such, many, and same. Example: We are such stuff as dreams are made of. Who is the only conjunctive pronoun that is inflected, and who is inflected only for case. Nominative Possessive Objective who whose whom VFho, which, and that are singular or plural, according to the number of the antecedent; what is always singular. 123. Who is used for persons only, which for animals, PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 61 plants, and things without life. Examples: Which do you prefer, the dog or the cat? Which room is' painted blue? Who goes there? 124. Which may represent a collection of persons, when no special reference is made to the persons compos- ing the collection. Example: The fourth army corps, which lacked sufficient ammunition, retreated. Which may also be used to refer to a statement or a mere name. Examples: He calls me great, which shows his lack of judgment. Porto Eico, which the Americans acquired from Spain, is very valuable. 125. Thcit may be used in speaking of either persons or things, and must be used when the antecedent refers both to persons and things. Examples : 'Tis the prettiest little parlor that ever you did spy. The man and the horse that went into tlie jungle never returned. That is preferred usually after an adjective in the superlative degree. Example: He was the youngest boy of all that attended the school. 126. UNDERLINE THE CONJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS. 1. Booker T. Washington, who is the benefactor of his race, was a slave. 2. The horse that balked was sold at a low price. 3. The Queen of England, who was a Danish princess, was thoroughly trained in housekeeping. 4. The man from whom we get our butter lives in the country. 5. The roses which bloom in southern gardens are large and fragrant. 62 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 6. The house to which he carried the letter was closed. 7. He said that he would call. 8. The sweetest music that a mother hears is the prattle of her little child. 9. He that would succeed must work. 10. The factory which burned belonged to my brother. 127. IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES SUPPLY THE CORRECT PRONOUN OR PRONOUNS: 1. The man said it is . 2. I know it is . 3. She invited Mrs. R. and to go driving. 4. Between and there is no friendship. 5. May Jack and go to the circus? 6. Who is it? Only . 7. and wrote the letter. 8. It was who called to you. 9. I can play as well as . 10. and friends have been here. 11. Yes, it was -. 12. If were would you go? 13. was a better scholar than . 14. Fred and are twins. 15. is as good as . 16. and come after . 17. girls will be there. 18. Bring the news to boys. 19. Besides , the two oldest will be there. 20. Our friends and are going out to-night. 21. This is between and . 22. This is for and . 23. All kinds of things. 24. Neither nor were at home. 25. There were many people besides . PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 63 128. A PRONOUN is a word used to take Recapitulation ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^^^^ , j^ ^^^^ j^-^^^ ^^^.^^ who. ' Note. — The noun for which a pronoun stands is called its ante- cedent. Thus, in John goes to school, but lie does not study, the noun John is the antecedent of the pronoun he. A PERSONAL PRONOUN is a pronoim that shows by its form whether it stands for the speaker, /, wc, etc., that is, the first person; for the person spoken to, thou, you, etc., that is, the second person; or for the person or thing spoken of, he, she, it, they, etc., that is, the third person. Note. — Nouns are almost always in the third person. An INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN is a pronoun that is used to ask a question: Who is there? What shall we do? The interrogative pronouns are who, ivhich, and what. A RELATIVE (or CONJUNCTIVE) PRONOUN is a pronoun that connects a subordinate clause, in which it stands, with the antecedent: "The evil that men do lives after them." Relative pronouns are who, ivhich, vjhat, mid' that. An INDEFINITE PRONOUN is a pronoun that points out an object indefinitely : some, 07ie, any, other, all, etc. Note.— A Reflexive Pronoun is a pronoun that refers back to the subject: He hurt himself. A Demonstrative Pronoun is a pronoun that points out an object definitely: this, that, these, those. CHAPTER XIII. CONJUGATION. 129. If we give all the forms and parts of ^ ^ the verb, Person, Number, Tense, Voice, Mode — systematically arranged — we conjugate the verb. Note. — A verb must agree with its subject in person and number. THE VERBS HAVE, BE, DO. (ACTIVE VOICE.) Indicative Mode. VERB HAVE. Principal Parts.— Pres., have; Past, had; Perf . Part., had. PRESENT TENSE. Singular Plural I have We have You have You have He has They have PAST TENSE. I had We had You had You had He had They had FUTURE TENSE (sign, shall OR WILL). I shall have We shall have You will have You will have He will have They will have PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 65 , PERFECT TENSES. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE (SIGN, HAVE). Singular Plural 1 have had * We have had You have had You have had He has had They have had PAST PERFECT TENSE (SIGN, HAD). I had had We had had You had had You had had He had had They had had FUTURE PERFECT TENSE (SIGN, SHALL HAVE OR WILL HAVE). I shall have had We shall have had You will have had You will have had He will have had They will have had 130. VERB BE. Principal Parts.— Pres., , be or am ; Past, was; Perf. Part., been, PRESENT TENSE. Singular Plural I am We are You are You are He is They are PAST TENSE. I was We were You were You were He was They were FUTURE TENSE (SIGN, SHALL OR will). I shall be We shall be You will be You will be He will be They wHl be 66 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. PERFECT TENSES. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE (SIGN, HAVE). Singular Plural I have been We" have been You have been You have been He has been They have been PAST PERFECT TENSE (siGN, HAD). I had been We had been You had been You had been He had been They had been FUTURE PERFECT TENSE (SIGN, SHALL HAVE OR WILL HAVE). I shall have been We shall have been You will have been You will have been He will have been They will have been 131. VERB DO. Principal Parts.— Pres., do; Past, did; Perf. Part., done. PRESENT TENSE. Singular Plural I do We do You do You do He does They do PAST TENSE. I did We did You did You did He did They did FUTURE TENSE (SIGN, SHALL OR WILL). I shall do We shall do You will do You will do He will do They will do PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 67 PERFECT TENSES. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE (SIGN, HAVE). Singular Plural I have done We have done You have done You have done He has done They have done PAST PERFECT TENSE (SIGN, HAD). I had done We had done You had done You had done He had done They had done FUTURE PERFECT TENSE (SEGN, SHALL HAVE OR WILL HAVE). I shall have done We shall have done You will have done You will have done He will have done They will have done 132. * Imperative Mode. The imperative mode is used only in the present tense, second person, and the only form is the root. Singular Plural f Have or have thou Have or have ye or you Person \ ^^ ^^ ^^ thou Be or be ye or you ( Do or do thou Do or do ye or you 133. Subjunctive Mode. VERB HAVE. PRESENT TENSE. If I have If we have If you have If you have If he have If they have 68 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. Singular If I had If you had If he had PAST TENSE. Plural If we had If you had If they had PAST PERFECT TENSE. If I had had If you had had If he had had If I be If you be If he be If I were If you were If he were If we had had If you had had If they had had VERB BE. PRESENT TENSE. If we be If you be If they be PAST TENSE. If we were If you were If they were PAST PERFECT TENSE. If I had been If you had been If he had been If we had been If you had been If they had been VERB DO. PRESENT TENSE. If I do If you do If he do If we do If you do If they do PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 69 Singular If I did PAST TENSE. Plural If we did If you did If he did If you did If they did PAST PERFECT TENSE. If I had done If we had done If you had done If you had done If he had done If they had done Infinitives. Pres. To have Perf. To have had To be To have been To do To have done Pres. Having Being Participles. Compound Perf. Perf. Had Having had Been Having been Doing Done Having done 134. THE VERB DRIVE (PROGRESSIVE AND PASSIVE). Indicative Mode. Singular Prog. I am You are driving driven He is driving driven PRESENT TENSE. driving driven Plural Prog. Pass. We are driving driven You are driving driven They are driving driven 70 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. PAST TENSE. Singular Plural I was driving driven We were driving driven You were driving driven You were driving driven He was driving driven They were driving driven FUTURE TENSE. I shall be driving driven We shall be driving driven You will be driving driven You will be driving driven He will be driving driven They will be driving driven PRESENT PERFECT TENSE. Singular Prog. Pass. I have been driving driven You have been driving driven He has been driving driven Plural We have been driving driven You have been driving driven They have been driving driven PAST PERFECT TENSE. - Singular I had been driving driven You had been driving driven He had been driving driven Plural We had been driving driven You had been driving driven They had been driving driven PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 71 FUTURE PERFECT TENSE Singular Prog. Pass, I shall have been driving driven You will have been driving driven He will have been driving driven Plural Prog. Pass, We shall have been driving driven You will have been driving driven They will have been driving driven Infinitives. ' Present Progressive To be driving Present Passive To be driven Perfect Progressive To hav^e been driving Perfect Passive To have been driven Participles. Passive Progressive Being driven Perfect Active or Passive Driven Compound Perfect Progressive Having been driving Compound Perfect Passive Having been driven 135. Subjunctive Mode. The progressive and the passive forms of the three tenses of the subjunctive mode are now known, since 72 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. Pass, driven driven driven they are made by adding the imperfect and the passive participle to the subjunctive forms of be. Thus: Prog. Present If I be driving Past If I were driving Past Perf. If I had been driving The voice of a perfect participle cannot be deter- mined from its form; but when it is used in a sentence, or even in a verb-phrase, an infinitive, or a compound participle, the voice is at once evident. In the active voice, the perfect participle is used in combination with HAVE, to form the three perfect tenses and the compound participle. When used without an auxiliary, or in com- bination with some form of be, it is passive. Examples : I have driven the horse ten miles. (Active.) The son, crowned with blessing, took his leave. (Pass.) He was driven to his cage by the keeper. (Pass.) — Adapted from Metealfs English Grammar. 136. Conjugate the following words: Present sit catch speak strike take know begin grow Past sat Perfect Participle sat caught caught spoke struck spoken struck, stricken took taken knew known began begun grew grown PROGKESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 73 smg sang sung go went gone lay laid laid come came come fly flew flown 137. The verb is parsed by telling whether it is regu- lar or irregular, and why; by giving its principal parts; telling whether it is transitive or intransitive, and, if transitive, stating its object and its voice; stating its mode, tense, number, and person; and the reason in each case. PARSE THE VERBS IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES: 1. What is he, whose grief bears such an emphasis? 2. In full-blown dignity see Wolsey stand, Law in his voice and fortune in his hand: To him the church, the realm, their power consign, Through him the rays of regal bounty shine. Turned by his nod the stream of honor flows, His smile alone security bestows. 3. Milton! thou shouldst be living at this hour. 4. I came not to steal away their hearts. 5. In an hour I shall have finished my book. 6. I could lie down and rest. 7. To every man upon this earth Death cometh soon or late. 8. I have called to ask Mary to John's party. 9. Long before the sound of the report can roll up the river, the whole pent-up. life and energy which has been held in leash, as it were, for the last six minutes, is loosed, and breaks away with a bound and a dash which he who has felt it will remember for his life, but the like of which will he ever feel again? 10. It was dangerous to trust the sincerity of the emperor; to seem to distrust it was still more dangerous. CHAPTER XIV. ADVEEBS. 138. The central object of my mental picture Adverbs n .• • may periorm an action m a certam manner, which is indicated by a class of words called adverbs. Example : The man walked quickly, slowly, softly, heavily, etc. ^ 139. I may indicate the time of the action by other adverbs. Examples: T\iQ m.dj\. now ^ , came. He then opened the door. He will be here soo7i. Under adverbs of time we may place adverbs of number; once, twice, firstly, secondly. 140. Adverbs used in asking questions ^ ^ are often called interrogative adverbs. Examples: Where may he be found? Why is he here ? I may wish to modify the meaning of a quality ; as, He ^ is an EXTREMELY had boy; he is only slightly crippled. Adverbs modify adjectives. In like manner adverbs may be modified by adverbs; as. This was very ^vell done. 141. A CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB is an abverb •^ that modifies the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb in a subordi- PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 75 nate clause, and also connects that clause with the prin- cipal clause. Comparison of Adverbs of comparison, Positive badly ill well much little far forth 142. Some adverbs are compared like adjectives. Some have more and most, less and least, joined to them to denote degrees A few are compared irregularly. Comparative Superlative worst worse better more less farther further best most least farthest furthest Adverbs His horse travels fast. Light moves faster than sound, ing. He spoke longest. 143. "Illiterate persons often forget that adjectives go with nouns and pronouns, but adverbs with verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Even cultivated persons are sometimes in doubt whether to use an adjective or an adverb after certain verbs; as, grow, look, sound, smell, taste, "If the added word applies to the subject of the verb, it should be an adjective; if to the verb, it should be an adverb. We say, 'We feel warm,* when we mean that we are warm; we say, *We feel warmly on this subject,' when we mean that our feeling is Examples : Adjectives He owns a fast automobile. I shall go on a faster train. The longest lane has a turn- 76 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. warm. As a rule, it is proper to use an adjective whenever some form of the verb 'to be' or 'to seem' may be substituted for the verb, an adverb when no such substitution can be made. Thus, 'He looked angry; He spoke angrily.'' Sometimes we may use either adjective or adverb with no difference in meaning; as, 'We were sitting quiet {quietly) round the fire.' " — Buehler's English. 144. Note. — a. Do not split an infinitive. He preferred not to walk, is correct. He preferred to not walk, is incorrect. h. Adverbs should be so placed that there will be no doubt as to the words they modify. "I wish only to order fifty books," implies that I do not wish to deliver them or do anything else with them than order them; whereas, if it is desired to restrict the number ordered to fifty, it should be, " I wish to order only fifty books. c. When two negatives are used the sentence is equivalent to an affirmative. I never said nothing (I did say something). d. The position of the adverb should not be such as to make the wrong verb negative; as, "I do not think I shall go." The speaker does think that he will not go, and the sentence should therefore read, "I think I shall not go." 145. SELECT THE ADVERBS, TELL THE KIND AND WHAT THEY MODIFY. 1. Now comes the race. 2. The train moves so slowly that it will probably stop. 3. He is always here once a year. 4. He seldom comes back early. 5. He will certainly return. 6. The sailor afterward threw the rope. 7. She fell heavily from the carriage yesterday. 8. Why did you leave the room so suddenly? 9. She is always truly grateful. 10. The deed was very gracefully done. 11. Your paper was written neatly and carefully. 12. He worked rapidly but painfully. PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 77 13. He rarely fails. 14. The captain was entirely wrong. 15. Speak distinctly, and not so rapidly. 16. He gladly obeyed the summons. 17. She gently kissed the sick child. 18. The hammock swayed slowly in the breeze and the leaves lightly fluttered to the ground. 19. We boldly walked forth into the darkness. 20. Micawber never worked regularly. 21. They thus marched out. 22. Speak gently to every one. 23. People now travel faster than formerly. 24. A very fine hotel safely sheltered the visitors. 25. The fields will soon be ploughed. 26. Your letter should be mailed now. 27. He always keeps his word. 28. He usually rings the bell then. 29. Herein is the solution of the problem. 30. Hither comes the procession. 31. He has recently returned from South Africa. 32. He often spe^s glibly. 33. He will soon be very proficient in stenography. 34. The door was partly open. 35. The message came too late. 36. I will finish, perhaps in an hour. 37. John is quite well. 38. "The hare ran much faster than I did," said the tortoise, "but I gained the race quite easily." 39. The ancients were entirely wrong in their belief that the earth is flat. 146. MAKE SENTENCES IN WHICH THE FOLLOWING WORDS SHALL BE USED AS ADVERBS: now here least rather always probably truly less somehow thus often hence 78 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. once seldom out rarely soon back almost well greatly less so perhaps not otherwise yonder certainly afterward everywhere early where nowhere ever enough when 147. TELL WHAT ADVERB IS DERIVED FROM EACH OF THE FOLLOWING ADJECTIVES : 148. slow sad quick firm bright steady meek pretty stupid close mean rude ready mild dreadful rough angry bad frank sleepy able glad real dreary keen polite loose happy light kind sharp harsh simple spiteful smooth straight . COMPARE THE FOLLOWING ADVERBS: often hastily quickly miserly freely seldom simply suddenly prudently abundantly nearly sincerely Recapitulation 149. An ADVERB is a word used to modify the meaning of a verb, an ad- jective, or another adverb : He walks swiftly; the orange is very large ; he talks too fast. An ADVERB OF PLACE answers the question ivhere? — as, here, there, away, yonder. An ADVERB OF TIME answers the question when? — as, now, then, soon, often, recently. PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 79 An ADVERB OF MANNER answers the question lioiv? — as, justly, hravely, neatly, thoroughly. An ADVERB OF DEGREE answers the question to what extent? — as, much, greatly. Many adverbs are compared like adjectives ; as, soon sooner soonest wisely more wisely most wisely well better best CHAPTER XV. PEEPOSITIONS. 150. My mental picture may contain P several boys occupying various relations to an old wagon. In designating each boy, I may refer to liim as follows : The boy under the wagon. The boy in the wagon. The boy beside the wagon. The boy above the wagon. The boy beyond the wagon. The boy behind the wagon. The boy on the wagon. These words showing the relationship of the things represented by the nouns are prepositions. A noun may be related to some action ; as, The bird flew ove7' the river. Or to some quality; as, The man was bright in mathematics. 151. The list of prepositions is: about after amidst athwart above against among at aboard along amongst before across amid around behind 80 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 81 below beneath beside between betwixt beyond but by down during ere except for from in into of on over past round through under underneath until unto up 4^^ throughout upon till with to within toward without Special Words Requiring Special Prepositions 152. Prepositions must be appropriate to the words to which they relate. Good use requires special prepositions (^QH t- • with certain words. Acquit of. Abhorrence of. Adapted to (a thing), for (a purpose), from (an author). Absolve from (a crime). Accord with (a person). Appropriate to (ourselves), for (a charity), from (an author). Attend to (listen), upon (wait). Bestow upon (persons), in (places). Bathe in (sea), for (cleanliness), with (water). Besiege in (positions), with (weapons). Befriend in (need), with (money), for (love). Correspond to or with (a thing), with (a person). Change for (a thing), with (a person). 82 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. Confer on (give to), with (talk to). Confide in (to place confidence), to (interest). Converse with (persons), about (subjects). Conform to (in conformity with or to). V Differ from or with (in opinion). Disappointed of (what we have). Disappointed in (what we have). Dependent on (but independent of). Employ in (to occupy). Employ for (a reason). Enter into (agreements). Enter upon (duties). Enter in (a record). . Enter at (a given point). Familiarize to (scenes), with (a business). Martyr for (cause), to (connections). Part from (friend), with (money). Reconcile to (friend), with (condition). 153. USE THE PROPER PREPOSITIONS WITH THESE WORDS zealous grief taste (noun) abhorrence affinity part (verb) kind embark obliged absolve conform reed (noun) accommodate question free yield converse profit (verb) accord believe glad argue correspond vexed necessity differ change write martyr dissent (verb) PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 83 154. INSERT THE PROPER PREPOSITION IN EACH BLANK. 1. They will acquit him stealing. 2. The teacher had an abhorrence cheating. 3. This composition was adapted that author. 4. He was adapted his position. 5. The machine was adapted this purpose. 6. He will be absolved this crime. 7. The boy was accord his instructor. 8. We will appropriate ourselves this money. 9. The mayor appropriated a large sum the small parks. 10. Mr. Carnegie will bestow millions worthy boys who desire an education. 11. He has bestowed large sums Pittsburg. 12. I will attend carefully the lecture. 13. I will attend the king. 14. This date corresponds the previous one. 15. I correspond her. 16. The committee will confer him a gold medal. 17. The general will confer the emperor. 18. The child will confide her mother. 19. I will confide the purse you. 20. He entered business any capital. 21. The children play the street. 22. He is zealous good works. 23. He is zealous this enterprise. 24. Moses received the laws the people on Mount Sinai. 25. Evangeline died Philadelphia. Phrases 155. Phrases are classified as: 1. Pre positio nal 2. P articipia l 3. Infinitive 84 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 156. A phrase may be used as a noun, adjective, or a n adverb. 157. The noun which is related to some other word by the preposition is the object of the preposition. The pre- position and its object form the pkepositional phkase. 158. Prepositional Phrases must be ^ placed so as to show clearly what words they modifiy. He went to town taking, his _ hor se with him in^a private car, should read, He went to town in a private car, taking his horse with him. 159. A phrase modifying a noun is an adjective PHRASE. Example : The man from Chicago is an artist. 160. A phrase modifying a verb, an adjective, or an adverb is an adverbial phrase. Examples: He came from Arizona. He was bright in language. 161. Phrases containing participles are often ^ used as adjectives or nouns. Examples: My girls enjoy ^playing in the yard. (Object.) A letter was received calling him to his home. (Adjective.) Truth, crushed to earth, shall rise again. (Adjective.) 162. The infinitive phrase is often used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Examples: He wished to read the letter. (Object of the verb.) I have something to do. (Adjective.) He went to reap the harvest. (Adverb modifying a verb.) He was anxious to learn. (Adverb modifying an adjective.) PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 85 163. POINT OUT THE PHRASES. NAME KINDS. TELL WHAT THEY MODIFY. NAME PART OF SPEECH BY WHICH EACH PHRASE IS INTRODUCED. 1. The people of London were delighted ^t^the^epeal qf^e SJampAct. 2. In 1858 Senator Douglas was a candidate for je-eIection _to tl ^e Senat e, and the Republicans of Illinois put forward Abraham Lincoln as a rival candi date. 3. TTnflTVli^t o fiRR his way, he waited through thenight. 4. That mountain ii ^^ll v iew is Mount Shasta. 5. At the ti me ot ^he Sepoy re bellion a famous Hindoo chief was captured by the English^ " 6. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. 7. Se^ingthe bandit brought the startled soldiers to a sense of their peril. H. To capture the enem y required all the bravery o f the brigade^ 9. He hates tp give a penny t;^_aubeneyolent cause. 10. Good to forgive, best to forget. 11. The lady singing in the choir glanced at the poor little child and sang with great sweetness for him alone. 12. The man dreaded to receive the news of the loss of his ship. 13. For the past four years the attitude of the German govern- ment toward us has been not only kind, but friendly. 14. It is unnecessary to announce that our navy can whip the Kaiser's with one hand tied behind its back. 15. The two kings conferred with each other for two hours. 16. Harvard has conferred on my father the degree of Master of Arts. 17. We make this offer to our friends in acknowledgment of their courtesy in introducing us into society. 18. We are within seven miles of Evanston. 19. Many people feel an abhorrence for spiders. 20. He divided his estate among his children. 21. Much of the tin of commerce comes from the island of Singapore. 86 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 22. Commodore Perry forced the Japanese to open their ports to foreigners. P - - 164. Be careful of inserting prepositions Prep'lI'siUons ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^• STRIKE OUT THE REDUNDANT PREPOSITIONS. 1. He met a girl b| about ten years old. 2. Napoleon stood pondering ttpon what he should do. 3. They went oi^ to the train. 4. Look out 6C the door. 5. A workman fell off Oi^the roof. 6. We must examine intQ this statement more carefully. 7. That child copies scHox her teacher. 8. Where is she ^? 9. Where are you going ta^ 10. He is a young man dfsfrom twenty to twenty-five years of age. 165. A PHRASE is a group of words Recapitulation ^^^^ subject and predicate) used as a single part of speech. A PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE consists of a preposition and its object. A PARTICIPIAL PHRASE is introduced by the participial form of the verb. An INFINITIVE PHRASE is introduced by the infinitive form of the verb. An ADJECTIVE PHRASE modifies a noun. An ADVERBIAL PHRASE modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. CHAPTER XYL CONJUNCTIONS. 166. A CONJUNCTION is a word used to onjunc ions ^Qj^j^g(3|^ words, phrases, or sentences that are alike in grammatical use or construction. 167. POINT OUT CONJUNCTIONS IN THE FOLLOW- ING SENTENCES: 1. Do not despair, neither give up your high aim. 2. He will begin early, so the children will be here at eight. 3. The men brought the rich pearl, consequently the judge discharged them. 4. You must return the book, or I shall lose the lesson. 5. He chose the poorer, yet he is accounted sensible. 6. He has succeeded beyond his expectations, still he is struggling on without rest." 7. The general was captured, however he would never own defeat. 8. Either you will go or I shall resign. 9. The man caught the tlsh, because he was an adept at angling. 10. The forest was gloomy, moreover the rain began to fall. 11. The young man was taken for a thief, whereas he was the popular orator. 12. You are as tall as I. 13. This is as sweet as honey. 14. No, 'tis not so deep as a well, nor as wide as a church door. 87 88 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 168. Some co-ordinate conjunctions are Correlatives -, . . , , ,, ^ p used m pairs to connect the parts of a sentence. They are then called correlative. 169. The chief correlatives are either — or, neither — nor, both — and, not only — but also, as well — as, as — so, so — that. 170. Each number of a pair of correlatives is placed before the same part of speech. Example: I regret not only my impatience, hut also the impatience of others. The list below includes those most frequently used : accordingly neither and notwithstanding also nor both so because still but so then consequently thus either than else therefore farther otherwise however wherefore Examples : 1. He was neither rich nor poor. 2. He was not only talented, but also rich. 3. The boat was stanch as well as beautiful. 4. Both the ties of family and the love of country induced him to return. 5. He is not so strong as ambitious. PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 89 INTERJECTIONS. 171. There are a few words that are ^ sometimes used in sentences to make exclamations, or express some strong feeling; such as, ! oh ! ah ! pshaw 1 hello ! hurrah ! halleluliah ! These are called interjections. The name interjection signifies something that is m^er- jectecl, or thrown into the midst of something else; and this something else is the sentence as made up of the other parts of speech. Though it is proper enough, because convenient, to call the interjection a part of speech, they are not in the same sense as the others. Each interjection is, in a certain way, an undivided sentence, put in the language of feel- ing rather than in tliat of reason. 172. The following couplets have Recapitulation of o. i c ^ - - ^ ^-2 • ^ , ^ r^ , otten proved useful m mdentifymg Parts of Speech ,, ^ ^ , ^ ^ the parts or speech: Three little words we often see, Are Articles, a, an, and the. A Noun's the name of anything; As school or garden, hoop or swing. Adjectives tell the kind of noun ; As great, small, pretty, white, or brown. Instead of nouns the Pronouns stand; His head, her hat, your arm, my hand. 90 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. Verbs tell of something being done ; As read, write, spell, sing, jump, or run. How things are done the Adverbs tell; As slowly, quickly, ill, or well. They also tell us where and when; As here and there, and now and then. A Preposition stands before - A noun ; as in or through a door. Conjunctions join the words together; As rain and sunshine, wind or weather. Conjunctions sentences unite; As kittens scratch and puppies bite. An Interjection shows surprise; As, Oh! how pretty! Ah! how wise! 173. The part of speech is determined by its use in the sentence. Example: Forward march! (Adverb.) Forward 'the letter. (Verb.) The forward movement will benefit many. (Adjective.) The "Forward" is an interesting paper. (Noun.) TELL THE USE OF EACH WORD ITALICIZED IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES: 1. Bear ye one another's burdens. 2. The hear hibernates in the winter. 3. The hear skin lay on the floor. 4. The flag waved over the fort. 5. They flagged the train. PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 91 6. This is 'pungent flag root. 7. A little child shall lead them. 8. Little was expected of the delicate child. 9. That unwise student sleeps little. 10. He belittled the action. 11. The blue sky was gemmed with stars. 12. Blue is a favorite color. 13. The laundress blued the clothes. 14. The prisoner paid his fine. 15. Fine feathers do not make fine birds. 16. The man was fined two hundred dollars. 17. The hoj did finely. 18. John is head of the firm. 19. Who heads the expedition? 20. The Atlantic liner weathered the gale. 21. The weather was cold for June. 22. The sailor must keep his weather eye open. 23. She was light hearted, 24. The town was well lighted. 25. The electric lights illumine the streets. 26. He spoke too lightly of the solemn subject. 27. Bishop Spalding is an eminent divine, j?8. The hand that made us is divine. 29. He divined the meaning instantly. 30. She was divinely fair. CHAPTER XVII CASE. 174. A noun or pronoun used as the sub- omina ive ^^^^ ^^ ^ sentence is in the nominative case. Example: The Shamrock is a sailing-vessel. The predi- cate noun is also in the nominative case. Example: The man is a cohhler. Direct Address to me. 175. A noun may be used independently, and is then in the nominative case, by DIRECT ADDRESS. Example: John, come 176. The meaning of a noun is often made ^^ more clear by another noun which explains or emphasizes it. A noun used in this way is said to be in APPOSITION to another noun. Example : John, the sailor, came. This man was Elliot, the photographer. They loved Mary, Queen of Scots. 177. An APPOSITIVE must be in the same case as the noun or pronoun which it represents. 178. A noun denoting ownership is in the Possessive possessive case. Nouns in the singular number form the possessive by adding apostrophe and s ('s). 92 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 93 Nouns in the singular, ending in s, usually add only the apostrophe. Example : Moses' rod became a serpent. Many good writers show a preference for using both the apostrophe and s. Example : James's brother is here. 179. When the plural ends in s the apos- Possessive trophe only is added. In case of irregular formation of plural, the apostrophe and 5 are added. Example : The children's dresses are finished. 180. Compound words take the possessive sign at the end. Example : My sister-in-law's hat blew off. 181. Of two or more nouns indicating common owner- ship, the last only takes the possessive sign. Example : Brown and White's store was burned. 182. If no common possession is implied, each noun in a series must have the possessive sign. Example: He lost John's, Mary's, and James's addresses. 183. Possession may often be more elegantly expressed by a phrase. Example: Grant's victory — The victory of Grant. 184. Names of inanimate objects, when not personified, seldom take the possessive form. Example: The color of the grass; not the grass's color. 185. Although the preposition of is frequently used in place of the apostrophe and s, to express possession, still it sometimes happens that, to avoid ambiguity, both are used in the same Direct and Indirect Objects 94 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. sentence; as, This sketch of my son^s pleased me. (Preferably, my son's sketch.) The expression. This sketch of my son, may have two meanings. What are they? 186. The object of a transitive verb or jcc ive preposition is in the objective case. 187. The subject of an infinitive is in the object- ive CASE. 188. A few verbs in the language may be followed by two objects, one called the DIRECT and the other the indirect object. Example: My mother pro7nised me the money. Me and money both appear as objects of the verb, but if the sentence is rearranged : My mother prom- ised the money to me. ' Me is the object of the preposi- tion to, while money is the object of the verb. The object following the preposition, expressed or understood, is in such examples the indirect object of the verb ; the other IS the DIRECT object. 189. Among the verbs that may be followed by two objects are: Allow, ask, bring, buy, deny, forgive, gain, get, give, make, obtain, offer, pay, prepare, procure, promise, provide, refuse, sell, send, show, teach, tell, write, yield. Some good grammarians regard the indirect object as an adverbial modifier of the verb. PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 95 190. REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES SO AS TO SHOW THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECTS. 1. Will you allow me lawful interest on the note? 2. He asked me two questions. 3. The boy will bring his mother a shawl. 4. The father bought the child a locket. 5. Do not deny him the pleasure. 6. Forgive us our debts as we forgive our debtors. 7. He promised me a reward. 8. He taught the child a much-needed lesson. 9. The teacher gave the child sufficient instruction. 10. The farmer sent me two bushels of apples. 191. Verbs of making, creating, appointing, ^, . choosing, etc., are said to take not only direct Object u- ^ t . •^ objects, but factitive objects. 192. The factitive object is said to denote the pro- duct of the action denoted by the verb; as. We made him president. Metcalf caHs the factitive object, the objective attribute; Maxwell calls it the supplement. 193. This FACTITIVE OBJECT expresses some attribute of the DIRECT OBJECT, and may be a noun or an adjective. 194. When the verbs in such sentences are used in the passive voice, the factitive object becomes a predicate noun or adjective. Example: He painted the house red. Here red is the attribute of the direct object, and is therefore the factitive object. In the passive voice it becomes the 96 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. predicate adjective. Example :^ The house was painted red. This construction must, however, be distinguished from that in such a sentence as, They saw him alive. Here alive is an appositive adjective modifier of him, but does not become so through the help of the verb. Examples : They made the automobile noiseless. The university created him a Doctor of Laws. The president appointed him consul. The judge adjudged him insane. The people elected him senator. The committee called Ellis chair- man.- They made the order outrageous. Few considered Wilkes Booth sane. Many regard Cowper a great poet. They left me unhappy. 195. Nouns and pronouns joined with parti- ciples to form an adverbial phrase are said to be used absolutely. Example: The cashier, having absconded, the bank wa^ closed; which is equivalent to: The bank was closed because the cashier absconded. 196. GIVE THE CASE OF THE FOLLOWING NOUNS: 1. A clever girl has written of the dainty presents made to her classmate at graduation time. 2. The birthplace of the Rhine is wrapped in mystery. 3. My son, improve your opportunities. 4. Dr. Morrison, correspondent for the London Times, wrote an interesting account of the siege. 5. The art of making cheap steel was discovered by Henry Bessemer. 6. Dr. Pepper, of Philadelphia, was a public benefactor. 7. Paul, a servant of God, an apostle of Jesus Christ, salutes you. PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 97 8. The president called for Jones, the lawyer. 9. The astronomer g^zed at the star, Sirius, flashing low down in the southwest. 10. Herschel, the astronomer, displayed more energy than any scientist of his age. 11. No kingdom in Europe has been subjected to so many misfortunes as has the Polish monarchy. 12. Have mercy upon me, O God, according to thy loving- kindness. 13. The fool hath said in his heart, "There is no God." 14. A great feature in the history of England, during the reign of Victoria, was the astoxiishing improvement made to abridge human labor. 15. The present Emperor of Japan was once confined in his palace and worshiped as a god. 16. He called for Riley, the poet. 17. The Yankees admired the Confederate general, Stonewall Jackson. 18. On the fall of the second French Empire, the Italian Government took possession of Rome, and the people were invited to choose between the rule of Pope or King. 19. Blessed is he that considereth the poor. 20. The Emperor Alexander, an absolute sovereign, ruling a population of 85,000,000, spread over 9,000,000 of square miles, a territory of greater extent than all Europe, was not so great a tyrant as his predecessor, Nicholas. 21. The perils of the Empire compelled the young Emperor to make concessions to his discontented subjects. 22. A fifth, William H. Crawford, was nominated by the con- gressional caucus. 23. Why art thou cast down, O my soul? and why art thou disquieted within me. 24. A Scotchman, Robert Owen, founded the community. New Harmony. 25. Just one year after the memorable fights at Concord and Lexington, the colonies declared their independence. 98 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 197. Case is that modification of a ecapi u a ion ^^^^ ^^ pronoun which denotes its office in the sentence. The NOMINATIVE, used as the subject of a sentence : He sings the song. As the predicate noun : The woman is a seamstress. In direct address : Charles, please go to the store. The POSSESSIVE, used to denote possession or owner- ship : The boy has John's hat. The OBJECTIVE, used as the object of a transitive verb or a preposition. A few words may be followed by two objects, one called the DIRECT, and the other the indirect. CHAPTER XVIII. SENTENCES. 198. We have learned that sentences may be used to state or declare a fact, declarative; to ask a question, interrogative ; to express a commaDd or entreaty, imperative. This classification is made with regard to their use. Sentences are classified with regard to their structure as SIMPLE, COMPLEX, and compound. 199. A simple sentence is a group of words ^ expressing a complete thought, with one sub- ject or predicate, either of which may be compound. Examples: The boy went to the city. The boy and the man came and went. 200. A complex sentence consists of a simp le Coniplex se ntenceT^ ed thepri ncipal^p ^^I^nd j ^m edifying claus g Example : The man who came was my brother. The clause is dependent on the principal proposition for its meaning, and cannot express a statement when standing alone. Noun and 201. The noun and adjective clauses are Adjective usually introduced or connected by a CON- Clauses junctive or relative pronoun. 99 100 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 202. Adverbial clauses are introduced by con- junctive adverbs of 'place \ as, where, whither , whence, wherever. Example : Whither he went no one knew. 203. By conjunctive adverbs of time; as, when, while, whenever, hefore, after, since, ere, until, as soon as. Example: Before the dinner hour arrived the guest left the hotel. 204. By conjunctive adverbs of manner. Example: We paint this picture as we have been taught. 205. By conjunctive adverbs of degree. Example: The man is not so rich as we thought. 206. The clause may be used as an adjective. The Clause Example : The rivers which overflow their ^^ f"^ . banks form flood plains. As an adverb: ^ The Hindoos suffer from famine when the monsoons do not bring moisture. 207. That the Eads jetties have been a success Subject .g ^^^^ known. 208. The poet said: "The winds against the ^Dject stormy sky their giant branches tossed." Predicate ^^^ His motto is: "Dare to do right." Noun 210. The story that we have moved is In Apposition ^^^ ^^^^ jj^ ^^^ ^^ overwhelming desire that we may go. PROGRESSIVE STUDIES L;^ ENGLISH. lO-l 211. Compound sentences consist of two or uompoun j^^j.^ simple or complex sentences joined by a conjunction. Examples: Yasco de Gama found the real route to India, but Columbus gave to the world its better half. When the army arrived the prisoners were released, and when they reached home joy flowed like a river. 212. When we separate a sentence into its ^ principal parts, subject and predicate, and name the modifiers of each and the complement of the verb, we analyze a sentence. 213. Order of Analysis : E ntire subject , e ntire predicate, subjec t (n oun or p ronoun), m odifiers of subject, predicate verb, modi fier s ^ and att ribute. 214. ANALYZE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES: 1. The sea which washes three continents is again a highway of commerce. 2. In the thirteenth century, when money was becoming a medium of exchange, the towns increased in importance. 3. When the Jews return to Palestine the most important events will ensue. 4. The question that he asked himself was, might not the fulfillment of his dreams lie in that direction. 5. Chloroform, which was first used in England in 1847, was discovered by Guthrie in America in 1831. 6. You know that you will be unhappy without friends. 7. Leaving Honolulu, the train, which is composed of tine American cars, passed through algerobe forests, and rice and taro fields. 1-02 FROGRSJ^SWi^;- STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 8. Hawaii yearns for the white farmer, that is, the working, plodding farmer. 9. A philosopher has said that a man's enemy, who calls his attention to his weaknesses, is in reality his friend. 10. Sugar will be the mainstay of the Hawaiian Islands, but a diversity of interests is needed. 11. When one realizes that half of his life is spent in bed he must regard that necessary article with due respect. 12. The liberal party says there will be no opposition. 18. The bill provides that no child under sixteen years of age shall be employed unless he can read and write 14. It is announced that the association had raised a small sum of money. 15. I have been young and am now old, yet have I not seen the righteous forsaken nor his seed begging bread. 16. Edmund Gosse declares that Sir Walter Raleigh never set foot in America. 17. It is a curious fact that a woman's gown of the eleventh century might not be out of place in a modern drawing-room. 18. This was a spectacle that will be remembered by thou- sands. 19. That young people learn most surely by example is con- ceded by all. 20. The number of people that have written their names large in literature who were the children of clergymen is no mere coinci- dence. 21. Let us hope that he always knew what he was trying to explain. 22. William said, " Coleridge was the only great man whom he had met." 23. That the wealthy and influential class should fear change is certainly to be expected. 24. We are the sons of God, and it doth not yet appear what we shall be. 25. They think that the club will disband soon. 26. Emerson profoundly says: " When the maker of the universe PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 103 has points to carry in his government, he impresses his will in the structure of minds." 27. Where are your fathers, who sleep at Shiloh and Gettys- burg? 28. Every mind hath suffered some injury, and every heart is. heavy with some pain. 29. Beethoven tells us his polished symphony is but an empty echo of the heavenly music he heard in his dream. 30. We joyfully confess there is more happiness in virtue than in vice, in culture than in ignorance. 31. Man's thoughts outnumber the sands and his hopes exceed the stars. 32. Is the wild grape nature, or is nature that grape after it has gone up into the Concord? 33. We see that science also has become a prophet of faith. 34. Learn to be industrious and practice economy. 35. I believe that the teachings of history and the results of every-day observation should convince us that we shall make our most enduring progress in the ownership of the soil. 36. Six thousand young men and women have been graduated from Tuskegee, and they are scattered over all parts of the South, laboring for the elevation of the black man. 37. A business man would be bound to declare that we are devoting too much money to our criminal courts and too little to our schools. 38. The nineteenth century has been a home-making century, because it has been the century of the spelling-book and the open Bible. 39. If we are not doing the works of the Master, we have little reason for calling ourselves Christians. 40. It is not a heresy to the rising thought of the age to see in Lincoln a type of greatness superior to that of Washington. 41. Thou shalt know erelong what 'tis to suffer and be strong. 42. The quality of mercy is not strained; it droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven upon the place beneath. 43. It blesseth him that gives and him that takes. 104 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 44. An earthly power doth then show like God's when mercy seasons justice. 45. Great men are they who see that spiritual is stronger than material force. 46. The mountain and the squirrel had a quarrel, and the former called the latter "Little Prig." 47. Every ship that comes to America received its chart from Columbus. 48. He who aims high must dread an easy home and popular manners. 49. Every carpenter who shaves with a plane borrows the genius of a forgotten inventor. 50. Nature is loved by what is best in us. 215. A SIMPLE SENTENCE is a sentence P containing but one statement; that is, one subject and one predicate: The boy bats the ball. A COMPLEX SENTENCE is a sentence containing one independent (principal) and one or more dependent (sub- ordinate) statements: We hastened home | when the clouds began to gather. Note. — A dependent or subordinate statement is one that qualifies or limits another in some way; thus the dependent state- ment, ivJieji the clouds began to gather, limits the verb hastened^ telling when we hastened. A COMPOUND SENTENCE is a Sentence containing two or more independent statements: It rains, and the wind is never weary. Note. — An independent statement is one that can stand alone; it does not depend upon (qualify or limit) another statement. The separate statements in a compound or complex sentence are called clauses, and, as has already been PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 105 seen, they may be either independent (princi;pal) or DEPENDENT {suhordiiiate). a. Dependent or subordinate clauses are named from their use adjective clauses: A man who is lionoraUe is respected; adverbial clauses: We go in v^lien it rains; or SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES: That my friend has lost his watch is certainly true. h. The independent clause of a complex sentence is called the principal clause. Any clause that has another dependent upon it may be called a principal clause. c. Connected clauses that are of the same rank, both independent or both dependent, are said to be co-ordinate. 216. A SHORT SCHEME OF PARSING. Noun. — Case and reason for it. Pronoun. — Personal. Case and reason for it. Relative. Case and reason for it. Give antecedent. Interrogative. Case and reason for it. Demonstrative. Describes what noun or pronoun. Adjective or Adverb. — Describes what word, phrase, or clause. If other than positive degree, give the degree of its comparison. Preposition. — Governs what noun or pronoun. Conjunction. — Joins what word, phrase, or clause. Verb. — Regular or irregular. If irregular, give the prin- cipal parts. Transitive or intransitive. Tense, mode, voice, person, number, and agrees with its subject 106 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. according to the rule: A verb must agree with its subject in person and number. (It must be remembered that participles and infinitives do not have subjects or person and number.) CHAPTER XIX. 217. COMMON EEKOES IN" ENGLISH. Common Errors compiled from reports sent by schools. Misuse : Lay for lie ; laid for lay ; set for sit ; bring for take; lend for borrow; am for are; and vice versa. Ain't I ? I are sick. Shall and will (shall is rarely used incorrectly) ; hurt for wrong ; was for were — If I was you; has went for has gone; have been for went — I have been to the city yesterday; I ain't got no pen; have got for have; I hadn't ought for I ought not; are took for are taken ; learn for teach ; is for has ; can for may, in asking permission. Tense : Done for did; eat for ate; run for ran ; seen for saw; have saw for have seen; says for said — I says; have broke for have broken; froze for frozen; rang for rung — Has the bell rang^. Number: Singular for plural, and vice versa. Was you? for, Were you? Non-agreement of verb with subject: (a) When verb is separated from subject by an adjective phrase — Every one of the boys are here; (b) when subject is modified by a noun used as an adjective — Our two weeks' vacation are over. By for to — I went by my aunt's ; to and by Prepositions ^^^ ^^_j b^^gj^^ ^^ hj (to) the market; to 107 108 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. for into; on for from or of — He won six games on me; of for with — What's the matter of you ? in back of for be- hind — She sits in hack of me; use of and for to — I shall come and see you, for, I shall come to see you. Don't for doesn't — Don't this please you? Contractions ^.^,^ ^^^ .^^,^. ,^^.j^,^ ^^^ -^ .^ ^^^ Case: Us for we, and vice versa] me for I, and ^ vice versa — He gave to Amy and /; he for him, and vice versa — I want you and he; that is him; (objective for predicate nominative;) who for whom, and vice versa — Who did you speak to ? It was whom / The man who I met. If I was her, for. If I were she. Order: I, Harry, and you, for. You, Harry, and I. Misuse: What for who, that, or which — The man what I saw, etc.; them for those — Them roses are beauties; hisself for himself; hern, hisn, etc., for hers, his, theirs. Pronoun following a noun — Gen. Ross, he. Number: Use of plural for singular antecedents — Everybody were there; one of the causes were; non-agree- ment with noun — These sort of men; those kind of apples. No for any — He hasnt got no more; use of Adjectives g^(^JQ(.|3iygs instead of adverb — He writes good, for. He writes well; she can sew as good (well) as Mary. Comparison: Use of superlative instead of comparative degree — Mary is the tallest of the two; a more milder climate. PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 109 Adjective instead of adverb, and vice versa: She wrote heaittiful; it looks nicely. Adverbs used after pronouns superfluously: That there man; this here boy. A used before a noun beginning with a vowel: I have a old book, etc. Double Negative Pronunciation I didn't have no time. I never learned nothing. Th: Dis for this, dat for that, tink for think, wit for with, de for the, tought for thought. Wh: Wen for when, wite for white, wich for which, wip for whip. Acrosst for across, onct for once, git for get, bust for burst, fond for found, ketch for catch, hull for whole, bring for brought, trun and thrun for threw; toward, sword; dropping of g at end of word ; as, ridin', etc. Their, there, they're; two, too, to; reign. Homonyms ... -, . , i •^ rem, ram; piece and peace ; here and hear; are for our; no, know; so, sew; new, knew; pail, pale; mail, male; sail, sale; veil, vale; bear, bare; steak, stake. S added to form plural of nouns like deer, sheep, etc. Use of many small sentences instead of using relative pronoun and clauses. 110 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. It is only a little ways for a short distance; misuse 01 ^^^^ nice for very or rather nice; between ^ . 'many men for among, etc.; just like for as -J. , — He works just like I do; where do you Idioms, etc. "^ live at? like for as if or as though^He jumped like he was shot; a whole lot for a great many; dassent; 1 am going for to get it; all the time for always — He is all the time talking; it stands in the paper; use of would in clauses commencing with if instead of had — If he would have hurried. Showing Words Most Frequently Mis- ^ ^ SPELLED : Ancient, answer, always, appearance, break, business, belief, beginning, building, banana, com- merce, commence, course, coarse, council, counsel, conso- nant, collecting, coming, circle, cousin, celery, children, does, declarative, deceive, every, friend, goes, grammar, guess, group, government, governor, glacier, hottest, huge, hit- ting, hundred, height, innocent, imperative, island, imagine, just, jest, kerosene, knife, knives, ladies, length, hbrary, many, martial, modifies, mayor, manufacture, moi&ture, neither, oyster, onion, principal, principle, possession, pieces, piano, president, particles, plural, particular, receive, receipt, republic, said, separate, since, source, stopped, sign, shears, scissors, singular, syllable, swords, several, till, thought, though, through, thoroughly, threw, until, universal, uncle, united, very, vapor, violence, which, whether, world, wholly, whole, wheat, where, wear, yield. CHAPTER XX. APPENDIX— PKACTICE WOEK. 218. Nouisrs. 1. Courtesy compels a return of courtesy. 2. Suppress your own temptations to complaint and fau4t- finding. 3. The Ainu women in Japan tatoo their faces. 4. We hear much about borrowing trouble, but who lends it? 5. An uncontrolled voice is always rude and the exhibition of temper an unpardonable discourtesy. 6. Princess Charles of Denmark is King Edward^s youngest daughter. 7. The reading of Milton will cultivate a fine taste. 8. The brilliancy of cut glass attracts the housekeeper. 9. Regard quarreling as the height of vulgarity. 10. The southeastern part of Spain is a desert. 11. Valencia exports twenty million oranges annually. 12. Marseilles is the greatest coffee port of Europe. 13. A fleet of Japanese ships hovers near the shores of Corea. 14. The Sunday-school Union gives an annual reception at the Auditorium in May. 15. The Association of Drivers has declared a strike. 16. The growing of a coarse grass for the manufacture of paper is carried on in Spain. 17. Flocks of sheep are driven from north to south at different seasons. 18. Apart from love itself there is no greater helper in pro- ducing harmony in the household than the observance of the rules of good breeding. Ill 112 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 19. A great struggle for the mastery of the world may at some time come between Russia and the English-speaking nations. 20. Four hundred million dollars' worth of gold has been taken from the mines of Montana. 219. ADJECTIVES. 1. The rough gale swept over the village. 2. The shattered intellect of the financier caused enormous loss in business circles. 3. Few people realize how narrow-minded they are. 4. The dingy brown cottage was the home of the vigorous Norwegian peasant. 5. The eminent preacher delivered an eloquent sermon. 6. Those crabbed, exacting persons rarely utter a pleasant word. 7. ThatTiind of talk is beneath you. 8. Indian curios are prized by European antiquarians. 9. Each furnace is filled with ten tons of iron ore. 10. Seven acres of the finest yellow cedar are beyond that swamp. 11. The first President was gentle, vigorous, brave, and good. 12. They bought fourteen head of cattle. 13. The wisest philosopher of Greece was the most unpopular. 14. The printers had made several mistakes in arranging the indexes. 15. All kinds of fish may be seen in the government aquaria. 16. This road is straighter than the other. 17. Youth is often more beautiful than wise. 18. It required fifteen shots to kill the eagle. 19. This one page may be arranged for newspaper clippings. 20. Japanese embroideries are almost always worked flat, with long diagonal stitches. 21. The. most fashionable and effective are done in several colors. PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 113 22. Wide and various are the uses of these Japanese em- broideries. 23. This speaker gave a plain statement of those facts. 24. Great bodily fatigue is the result of bad air. 25. The best thing to do is not always the most agreeable. 220. VERBAL ADJECTIVES. 1. The conference to be held in St. Louis is of great impor- tance. 2. The crowd remaining in the street was quiet and orderly. 3. The Monitor, tied up at the foot of Olive Street, attracted crowds of visitors. 4. The joint committee appointed by the President met to-day. 5. The first man to see the possibilities in an ocean cable was Cyrus W. Field. 6. Stars supposed to be new have from time to time blazdd out of the heavens. 7. News interesting to all was then heard. 8. Others appease their restlessness as traveling salesmen. 9. The Liberal Arts Building, to be the scene of imposing ceremonies, was opened to day. 10. All laws prohibiting the obstruction of mails give mail trains the right of way. 221. VERB. 1. The last social season at the White House was extremely brilliant. 2. Spain was originally a high plateau. 3. Mr. Theodore Roosevelt is the most versatile and democratic of Presidents. 4. The wheat of India interferes with the sale of the American product. 5. The mistake was quite natural. 6. Prince Henry, of Portugal, was an eminent navigator. 7. The man dashed the water on the burning building. 114 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 8. Every flower in the bouquet is perfect. 9. The Boers are a sturdy people. 10. The character and ability of the members of the Philippine Commission justify our acceptance of their report. 11. A large quantity of butter is made in Vermont. 12. Animal fats are often impure. 13. Milton wrote "Paradise Lost." 14. A life of Lincoln was written by his private secretary. 15. Baron Von Ketteler was assassinated in Pekin. 16. The old oaken bucket is picturesque but undesirable. 17. Alphonso of Spain was succeeded by his infant son. 18. The little child seems very happy. 19. A brave act was performed by Sergeant Jasper at Fort Moultrie. 20. The natives of the Hebrides islands were transformed from a state of cannibalism to peaceful farmers by the influence of John Paton. 21. His voice was tense. 22. The coffee tree was transplanted from its native home, Java, to Brazil. 23. The cinchona has been transplanted from South America to Java. 24. The man's nature has become soured. 25. He often appears very sad. 222. PRONOUNS. 1. I know that it was (her, she). 2. I know it to have been (her, she). 3. You thought it was (he, him). 4. You thought it was to be (he, him). 5. (Who, whom) did you see? 6. Was it (he, him) or (her, she)? 7. I know (whom, who) it is for. 8. They knew (whom, who) it was. 9. I took it to be (he, him). PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 115 10. We were sure that it was (her, she). 11. Do you suppose it to be (them, they)? 12. Do you suppose that it is (them, they)? 13. John or James will favor us with company. 14. Each day and each hour brings changes. 15. No thought, no word, no action, can escape judgment whether be good or evil. 16. Let every man and every woman do best. 17. A parent's care for children is not always rewarded. 18. Every person and every thing was in proper place. 19. It is and not whom you wish to see. 20. A tree is known by fruit. 21. All that a man hath will give for life. 22. Neither he nor they trouble . 23. Those seek wisdom will certainly find her. 24. It is the best situation can be obtained by . 25. The lady and the lap-dog we saw at the window have disappeared. 223. ADVERBS. 1. He writes badly now, then he wrote well. 2. He is much farther along than she thought. 3. Sound moves rapidly, but light travels faster. 4. He is slowly but steadily gaining ground. 5. He seldom truly calculates his liabilities. 6. He certainly has written enough now. 7. He simply but politely refused to speak spitefully of the proceedings. 8. The weather is less severe on the Pacific coast than on the Atlantic. 9. He is often improperly quoted. 10. Once he was angrily rebuffed. 11. How could you ever do it? 12. The women formerly wore hoop-skirts. 13. The proceedings were formally conducted.* 116 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 14. Here he was gladly received, there he was unkindly repulsed. 15. Somehow the soldier was quickly overcome. 16. The officials receive courtesies only. 17. Only the officials receive courtesies. 18. Yonder is the man who is abundantly able to correct the evil. 19. He was very nearly killed. 20. You are not so tall as I. 21. Can you tell me where they went? 22. How slowly he read. 23. Now and then he went into the city. 24. They greeted us very cordially. 25. The house is much too large. 26. He preferred not to sing. 27. The bridge has not been condemned yet. 28. I have never said anything of the kind. 29. I not only never said so, but I never thought so. 30. Be he ever so wise. 31. I can go no farther in this direction till I have further instructions. 32. It is almost done. 224. PREPOSITIONS. 1. The ship from Glasgow was wrecked some time during the month. 2. The boy at the bow saw the crocodile rising out of the river. 3. India is the home of various kinds of wild animals. 4. In the Himalaya Mountains many severe avalanches occur. 5. Tigers roam through the jungles. 6. Above his head rose the snow-capped peaks. 7. The boys quarreled about their game. 8. Behind any success much steady work existed. 9. He waited before the door for two hours. 10. The garden was fragrant with the odor of sweet violets. 11, He left the city within two days of his release. PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 117 12. His sister lives across the sea. 13. Withoiit daily toil no one can hope for success. 14. The soldiers marched from place to place. 15. Unto thee I turn in this dark hour. 16. Down the stream floated the canoe of Marquette, freighted big with destiny. 17. Victor Hugo declared that he should live beyond the grave. 18. He walked around the room. 19. After the storm the trees and flowers appeared more beauti- ful than ever. 20. The clouds concealed the bright sun beneath their soft folds. 21. The river rushed down between the hills on its way to the sea. 22. Our little boat struggled against the tide. 23. Opposite the house was the historical elm. 225. ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES. 1. To him who in the love of nature holds communion with her visible forms, she speaks a various language. 2. All that tread the globe are but a handful to the tribes that slumber in her bosom. 3. Modesty is one of the sweetest and most desirable qual- ities one can possess, and yet too much modesty hinders advance- ment. 4. The English Bible was popular, in its broadest sense, long before it was recognized as one of our noblest English classics. 5. The famous North Sea island of Heligoland, which is little more than a mile long, is slipping away from Germany. 6. The cause is geological, however, instead of political. 7. The forests of Nicaragua are found to contain three hun- dred distinct varieties of trees. 8. The temper of the mind in which we meet the hundred and one tiny circumstances of every hour determines our happi- ness far more than what those circumstances are. 118 PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 9. So live, that when thy summons comes to join The innumerable caravan which moves To that mysterious realm where each shall take His chamber in the silent halls of death, Thou go not, like the quarry-slave at night. Scourged to his dungeon, but sustained and soothed By an unfaltering trust, approach thy grave Like one that wraps the drapery of his couch About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams. 10. Let us devote ourselves anew to the service of good will. 11. We are not sent into this world to do anything into which we cannot put our hearts. 12. Shine martial Faith, and Courtesy's bright star, Through all the wreckful storms that cloud the brow of War. 13. It takes a hot fire to purify gold. ' 14. That man is very poor who can put all his possessions in an iron safe. 15. Love is very inventive in its service for others, and it will surely overcome all difficulties. 16. Nearly all the Chinamen in the United States come from a single province of China, whose capital is Canton. 17. It is not so much what we put in our pockets as what we take out that makes us rich. 18. Charcoal making is a forest industry which employs not a little capital and a great many workmen. 19. Another world! another life! we cry, yet squander teeming treasures as we sigh. 20. No man is quite godless who has a sense of honor. 21. When the Constitution was framed it was the first written Constitution establishing popular representative government. 22. He sang of hope, when hope was low within his own poor, tired heart. 23. There is still opportunity for heroism in the world, and there are still men willing and able to perform it. 21. The anthracite coal supply of the United States would last, at the present rate of consumption, for three hundred years. PROGRESSIVE STUDIES IN ENGLISH. 119 25. Ocean cables are now so common that the public forgets how much they do to keep the countries of the world in touch with one another. 26. An earnest effort is now being made to save and to restore the fast-disappearing forests of the United States by spreading scientific ideas and information through educational centers. 27. Every man owes it to society not only to earn bread, but to be an intelligent citizen with ideas on life and knowledge of affairs. 28. Reports from the colleges last year showed that women students and graduates enjoyed better health than their sisters without college training. 29. San Francisco is to-day getting electrical power made two hundred miles away. 30. A cheery laugh goes a long way in this world, said the father. 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