University of California College of Agriculture Agricultural Experiment Station Berkeley, California SEASONAL LABOR NEEDS FOR CALIFORNIA CROPS ALAMEDA COUNTY Progress Report No. 1 by R. L. Adams Preliminary — Subject to Correction October, 1936 Contribution from the Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics Mimeographed Report No# 53 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2014 https://archive.org/details/seasonallabornee53adam (Farm Labor Survey — January- June , 1936) Progress Report ^1 SecvSonal Labor Needs for California Crops Alamedn County Scope of Presentation , — The following considerations govern the pre-* sentation of this progress report: 1. The data are confined to the area indicated above. 2. The data are confined solely to crops, livestock needs being ignored. 3. The findings apply only to occasional or seasonal labor requirements . as distinguished from labor contributed by farm operators and by workers employed on a year-round or regular basis of employment, 4. The presentation includes the so-called migratory transient, or roving workers which comprise an important source of help needed in connection with cer- tain tasks at "peak'* times v/hich seasonally arise in connection Vv'ith many field, truck, and fruit crops commercially produced in California. 5. This report is confined to California's need for seasonal agricultural workers because of the more pressing problems lia.blo to arise in connection therewith. A later study is planned which v/ill deal v/ith other kinds of labor involved in the production of California's many crops. Brief Description of the Are a. — Alaraeda County is one of the central coast counties of California, lying on the eastern shore of San Francic.co Bay, and about five miles east and directly across the Bay from the city of San Fran- cisco. The northern boundary is a range of hills v;hich divide it from Contra Costa County, on the east it joins Sa,n Joaquin County in the hills of the Coast Range, on the south it is bounded by Santa Clara County, (the boundary line crossing the lower end of the Santa Clara Valley extending eastv;ard into the hills of the Coast Range) and on the west by San Francisco Bay. There are two main farming districts in the County — one is along the "shore of the Bay in the southwest portion, and is about 4 by 24 miles in extent. Most of the vegetable and orchard crops are in this area. It includes the country around San Leandro, Hayward, Niles, Centerville, Irvington, and Mission San Jose. The other district includes the Livermore and Amo.dor Valleys, and is from 3 to 5 miles wide and 15 miles long. It is Itirgely used for production of barley and wheat, hay, alfalfa, wine grapes, and to a limited extent, fruit and vegetables. It surrounds the towns of Livermore, Pleasanton and Dublin, The County contains an area of 468,480 acres. The latest available esti- mates of crop acreages are as follows: Acreage *Fi8ld crops 64,570 Vegetable crops + 22,305 Orchard crops 12,222 Total 99,097 Field crop acreage in 1934 from 1935 Census - - Preliminary Report. 41 I 2. f Vegetable acrec.ge in 1934 bo.sed largely on df'-tn from I'''ederal-St'- te Crop Reporting Service, California Department of Agriculturs, Sacramento — "Acreage of Specified Vegetable Crops by Counties - 1934," C. M. Shiller, I'ith some addi-* tions by Gordon Laing, Agricultural Commissioner, Alameda County, t Orchard acreages are from Gordon Laing, Agricultural Commissioner of Alameda County, and represent conditions in 1935, The farming district in the southwest portion along the Bay lies generally below the 100 foot contour , but the adjoining hills rising to heights of several hundred feet are cultivated for peas Jind other crops » The Livermore and Amador valleys lie generally between 400 fer^- and 500 fe?t in elevation; while the surrounding hilly country is farmed tn hay and grain to an elevation of 1,000 feet or mere. Several different soils arb represented. The district along the Bay is mostly loam and clay loam v;ith some areas of clay and adobe, and are mcstly included in tv/o main soil series. The soils of the Livermore and Amador ■valleys are more varied, and range from gravelly-sandy loams to clay loams and adobe, and represent four or five different series. The soils are mostly six feet or more in depth in the valleys and three feet or more nn the hills. Crops. Acreages, and Produc t ion .-- The basis used in calculating occas- ional or seasonal need for labor in addition to that furnished by farm operators and regularly employed workers, appears in table 1, TABLE 1 Basis for Calculating Seasonal Labor Requirements — Alamedr County Crops Acreage Production Field crops: * Sugcar beets 3,326 41,460 tons Hay, other than alfalfa Grain hay 17,404 20,222 tons Wild hay 10,763 11,666 tons Other hay 185 Hay alfalfa 7,233 19,042 tons Barley 16,511 243,979 bushels Wheat 6,720 88,450 bushels Oats 1,851 32,688 bushels Corn 8 188 bushels Potatoes 569 73,140 bushels Vegetable crops r-f Beans (string) 100 Cabbage 150 Cauliflower 2,100 525,000 crates Cucumbers, pici:ling 397 1,600 tons Garlic 50 2,000 sacks Lettuce 150 22,500 crates Onions 20 4,000 sacks Peas, canning 1,000 Peas, market 9,000 500,000 hampers Rhubarb 1,479 370,000 boxes (20 lbs. 3 .ch) (Table continued on next page) 3. Tab 1 e 1 continued. Crops Acreage Production Vegetable crops (contmuea; Spinach 1,809 9,000 tons Strawberries 250 Tomatoes, canning 5,000 25,000 tons Tomatoes, market 800 2,400 tons Orchard crops : f Almonds 200 ■ — •* Apples 60 Apricots 5,100 12,000 tons — about 50 per cent of ?/hich r/ore dried Cherries 867 1,700 tons Figs 17 Grapes, wine varieties 3,390 3,400 tons Peaches, free 90 — ~ Pears, ner.rly all Bartlett 500 1,500 tons Prunes 1,500 1,500 tens (dry weight; Walnuts 436 250 tons Currants l07 10 , uUU crates Gooseberries 55 Data en field crops frcrr 1935 Census covering 1934 crop year. f Data on vegetable acreage are from report by C. M. Shlller, Federal- State Crop Reporting Service, Sacramento, with some additions by Gordon Laing, Agricultural Commissioner, Alameda County. f Acreage in fruit crops is from Gordon Laing, Agricultural Commissioner, Alameda County, Operations Requiring Seasonal Labor and Times of Need Farm operations requiring the use of seasonal or occasional la.bor for the various crops raised in Alameda County are indicated in table 2. This tabula- tion does not include the employing of shed workers needed to wash, pack and pre- pare various commodities for shipping and marketing. TABLE 2 Operations Requiring Use of Seasonal Labor Alameda County md Times of Needs by Crops Crop Operation Time of need Field crops: Alfalfa ~ Demand for seasonal labor is negligible. Most of crop is raised on dairy farms, and work done by regular employees. Possibly a fev.' men needed between April 15 and November 1 for occasional jobs, especially stacking. Grain Barley) Wheat ) Oats ) Baling - (see under hay) Harvesting by combine (40 per cent by seasonal workers) T June-— 15 per cent Juiy — 50 per cent August--30 per cent September- -5 per cent .•;:'Die continued on next paf;;eT7 i 4, Table 2 continued. Crop Operation Time of need Field crops (continued) Corn (pcreage insignifi- cant ignored) Hay, (other than al- falfa) Potatoes Sugar beets Movuing Raking Shocking Trimming Baling * Picking up, sort- ing, sn eking Thinning Hoeing -j- Topping and lording April— 10 por cent of acrerge May— 90 per cent of acreage April— 10 per cent of f-crt:agc; May— 90 per cent of acreage May May May-- 5 per cent of tonn; ge baled June —30 per cent of tonnage baled July— 30 per cent of tonnage baled August— 30 per cent of tonnage baled September— 5 per cent of ton- nage baled September — 50 per cent of r creage October— 50 per cent of acrea.ge April 15-30 — 338 P&r cent of acreage May 1-31 — 66 per cent of acre:^ge May 1-31—66 per cent of acreage June 1-15 — 33 per cent of acreage August, September, October - nd November— each 22p: per cent of crop December— 10 p^n" cent of crop l^e get able crops: Beans, Sir-C-Jl acrccge, h'/.ndled by operators and regular employees. Cabbage, Small acreage, mostly hc'-ndled by operf.tors end regulc-r eacployees. (Table continued on next poge) 5. Table 2 continued. Crop Operation Vegetable crops (cont'd) Cauliflower, practically Plr.nting ^- all work done by regu- Ip.r employees Cutting, trimming and pr eking Cucumbers (pickling) Thinning and hoe- ing Picking Garlic Planting ^ Hoeing (twice) Pull f>nd throw in piles Clip roots, tops and put in sacks Lettuce (e.creage too Thinning small to be of much importEince ) Hoeing Cutting Onions (-creage small) Hoeing (of little importance in Ic'bor dcmrnd) Harvesting (pick up, cut off top, and sack) Peas, m-,rket Hoeing (very little done in Alameda County) Time of need Aug.— "8 per cent of acreage Sept.— -50 per cent of ecreage Oct.— '30 per cent of acreage Nov,-~6 per cent of acreage Dec.-- 6 per cent of f--creage Nov. -"8 per cent of acreage Dec— 28 per cent of acreage Jan.-^'SS per cent of acreage Feb.— 22 per cent of acreage Mrr.— '3 per cent of acreage Apr.— 10 per cent of acreage May 15-31—50 per cent of rcreage .Tune 1-15— «50 per cent of acreage July 10-31—25 per cent of crop Aug. 1-31—50 per cent of crop Sept. 1-20—25 per cent of crop Dec— 50 per cent of acreage Jrn.— 50 per cent of acreage Feb,, Mar., Apr . — two-thirds of acreage each month July July February— 20 per cent of acrsagt June, July— ,80 per cent of acreage March— 20 per cent of acreage July, August-- 80 pjr cent of acreage May— 20 p^a- cent of acre5\ge Aug., Sept.,— 80 per' cent of acreage April October (Table continued on next page) Tab 1 e 2 continued. Crop Operations Time of need Vegetable crops (cont'd) Peas, market Picking April 1 — June 15 Apr.— 50 per cent of crop Majr — .42 per cent of crop Jun&— 5 per cent of crop Sept.— 1 per cent of crop Oct.— 1 per cent of crop Rhubarb Picking Mar. 1-31—50 per cent of crop Apr. 1-30—50 per cent of crop Washing e-nd packing Mar. 1-31 --50 per cent of crop Apr. 1-30 -«50 per cent of crop Peak— Mar. 15 - Apr. 15 Spinach (canning) Hoeing and thinning (on 10 per cent of acreage only) February 15-25 Picking Mar. 15-31-- 75 per cent of crop Apr. 1-5 — 25 per cent of crop Pe ak- ~Ma r . 20-25 Stra.wberries Picking May and June Tomatoes, canning and market Transplanting in beds March 1-31 Transplanting to field Apr. 15-30-*50 per cent cf acreage May I-IS— ^^0 per cent of acreage Replanting misses Tiff--, T C 'ZJ t7C' . J 1 ^ May lb- 75 per- c eiit of a cr eag e June l-5«— 25 per cent of acreage Hoeing May, June, July— 35 pur cent of ccre^-.ge each Sept. 1-30—40 per cent of crop Picking, c cannery Oct. 1--31 — 60 pcir cent of crop Peak— October 1-10 Picking, market Aug. 25 - Mov. 1 August— 9 per cent of crop Sept,~.10 per cent of crop Oct. — 80 per cent of crop Mov.— 1 per cent of crop Cutting vines 15 per cent of crop Peak— July 20 July 5-31—85 per cent of crop Aug. 1-5 — 15 per cent of crop Peak ^uly 20 July 5-31—60 per cent of crop Aug. 1-15—40 per cent of crop Mcrch— 100 per cent of crop May 15-31—25 per cent of crop June 1-30—75 per cent of crop Peak— June 5-20 Sept. 15-30—25 per cent of crop Oct. 1-31—75 per cent of crop Peak —October 1-15 Nov, 1-30 —25 per cent of acreage Dec . 1-31—25 per cent of acre:;ge Jan . 1-31—25 per cent of ncreage (Ttvble continued on next pe.ge) "• . • . ■ V ■ ' \ , • . - ' . ' " ' ' '■ '■■ ■ • \ ■i. 8.. Table 2 continued. Crop Operations Time of need Pears, Bartlett ( cont ' a) Pruning (cont'd) Feb. 1-28 — 25 per cent of acreage Hoeing and suckering Apr, 15-30—25 per cent of acreage May 1-31—50 per cent of v» rii *y f.'i Ti } fn p 1 —1 ^ mm^?^ n r* c p n t. of* acreage Picking August 1-31 Cutting for drying August 1-31 Other dry yard work August 1-31 r runes rrunmg JMOV CD pOi Ocno OI O-^jX c ; Dec..— 25 per cent of acreage Jan.— 25 per cent of acreage Feb.— 25 per cent of acre&ge r X O.K. X lifi, U |.' Atio- 1 S-^''.1 — "PS 'T'^i- font of crop Sept. 1-30 -"75 per cent of crop Walnuts Knocking and pick- ing up Sent. 15-30—20 per cent of crop Oct. 1-31 --80 per cent of cror^ Hulling Sept. 15-30—20 T->er cent of crop t * X O X ^'^0\J J-' ox OUXIO Ui \j I VJ\ Currants Pruning \lov^ 1-30, Dec, 1-31, Jf.n. 1-31 Hoeing February— 100 per cent of Picking June 1-30 100 n-r cent of acreage Gooseberries, of small imfortance. Ignored. * Probably 50 per cent of hay production is baled (including alfalfa), t Only 1/2 of sugar beet acreage is hoed. i^' Two-thirds cauliflov^er acreage r^lanted by machine; one- third cauliflower acreage planted by hctnd. About 25 per cent of tomato vines cut by hand, balrnce disked under. Very little apricot thinning done in 1935, and this wrs Practically all by regular employees. .f Findings of Seasonal Labor Needs > — Details and sumtraries of seasonal I'-.bor requirements of Alameda County agriculture are presented in table 3. The "size of job" are figures dre.wn from table 1 in terras of either acref^-ge or output in tons, crates, boxes, cr v/he.tevcr unit is commonly used. The "output per man-day" is an average figure for the entire acreage or output figured in packed crates, hampers, or boxes (in case of fruits and vegetables). If the work is of a nature that re~ quires a crew, different members of which perform different tasks (such as cutting, trimming, loading, and hauling cauliflower; trimning and crating celery, etc.); then the average shown is per man based on the entire crew. Length of day is 9 hours, November tc February; 10 hours, March tr October, unless otherwise stated. Wide variations in output occur between farm and farm, field and field, and seas-'n and season, because of differences in soil types, climatic conditions, weeds, yields and other factors influencing the amount ^^f work that a Ir.borer can 'perform in a given day. Moreover, the basis of utput is a mature, experienced male worker, with cut reference to use of v/omen, children, and more cr less inexperienced help that is sometimes used in connection with certain cf the tasks requiring use of seasona.1 workers. The cclunm headed "available days" reflects (a) lim-itations set from the period within which the work must be performed because of the nature of the task, such as transplanting, thinning, weeding, and cutting, and (b) available days as determined by weather conditions, inclement weather reducing the number of days when a required task can be performed. The "required nu.mber of individuals" is given in terms of v/orkers as noted above in connection v.'ith "output per man-day." 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