THE 
 
 READER S HANDBOOK 
 
 OF THE 
 
 AMERICAN REVOLUTION; 
 
 1761-1783. 
 
 JUSTIN WINSOR, 
 
 LIBRARIAN OP HARVARD UNIVERSITY ; PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN LIBRARY 
 ASSOCIATION; FORMERLY SUPERINTENDENT OF THE 
 
 * BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY. 
 
 BOSTON: 
 
 HOUGHTON, OSGOOD AND COMPANY. 
 Cfje Ktoerstte Prees, Camfertirge* 
 
 1880. 
 
Copyright, 1879, 
 BY JUSTIN WINSOR. 
 ^- 3 3 S J~ 
 
 All rights reserved. 
 
 RIVERSIDE, CAMBRIDGE : 
 
 STEREOTYPED AND PRINTED BY 
 
 H. 0. H00GHTON AND COMPANY. 
 
A 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 I WISH the user of this Handbook to under 
 stand its purpose and limitations. It is like a 
 continuous foot-note to all histories of the Amer 
 ican Revolution. It points out sources, but it in 
 cludes also the second-hand authorities, though 
 not all of them. Its references are made because 
 the books referred to are_the- best ; or because for 
 some reason they are significant above others, 
 though perhaps in minor details ; and sometimes 
 simply because of their greater accessibility. 
 Any one disposed to follow its guidance will find 
 that, with the more common books at his com 
 mand, the course of events can be understood ; 
 while with the larger resources of our greater 
 public libraries within reach, he can compass 
 the subject much more thoroughly. Complete 
 guidance to all details would have been possible 
 by much more extensive subdivision and much 
 
iv PREFACE. 
 
 greater -analyzing of the books. The work seems 
 large enough for the purpose, as it is. I could 
 hardly have named more of the smaller general 
 histories and other books, but slightly connected 
 with the subject, except by swelling the volume 
 without proportionate gain. 
 
 The special student will, however, find here his 
 starting-point. The ordinary reader can survey 
 the field and follow as many paths as he likes. 
 
 I began the making of these notes when the 
 first fervor of the centennial period impelled a 
 good many readers at the Public Library of Bos 
 ton which at that time was in my charge to 
 follow the history of our Revolutionary struggle. 
 To aid that impulse some portions of this Hand 
 book, in a less perfect state, were printed in the 
 Bulletins of that Library. I believe it a part of 
 the duty of a public librarian to induce reading 
 and gently to guide it, as far as he can, because 
 I know that as a rule there is much need of such 
 inducement and of such guidance. I am no great 
 advocate of courses of reading. It often matters 
 little what the line of one s reading is, provided 
 it is pursued, as sciences are most satisfactorily 
 pursued, in a comparative way. The reciprocal 
 influences, the broadening effect, the quickened 
 
PREFACE. v 
 
 interest arising from a comparison of sources and 
 authorities, I hold to be marked benefits from 
 such a habit of reading. It is at once wholesome 
 and instructive, gratifying in the pursuit, and sat 
 isfactory in the results. 
 
 It is intended, if the system of this Handbook 
 proves practically useful, to follow this initial vol 
 ume, with others covering themes of History, 
 Biography, Travel, Philosophy, Science, Litera 
 ture, and Art. 
 
 JUSTIN WINSOR. 
 
 HARVARD UNIVERSITY, GORE HALL, Sept. 1879. 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 1761-1775. 
 
 In Massachusetts, 1761-1765. "Writs of Assistance. 
 
 SHORTLY after the close of the French war, 
 when the British government was no longer de 
 pendent on the friendly assistance of the colonies, 
 and revenue was to be got from enforcing the acts 
 of trade, the application of the agents of govern 
 ment for " writs of assistance " was met by James 
 Otis in his plea against the grant. Tudor s Life 
 of Otis makes that patriot the centre of interest 
 at this period, and the legal aspects of the case 
 can be studied in Horace Gray s Appendix to the 
 Reports of Cases in the Massachusetts Superior 
 Court, 1761-1772, by Josiah Quincy. The third 
 volume of Hutchinson s History of Massachusetts, 
 1750-1774, gives the governmental view, while in 
 Minot s History of Massachusetts, 1748-1765, the 
 patriot side is sustained, and this view is repre 
 sented in the Lives of Josiah Quincy, John Adams, 
 and Samuel Adams. In its broad relations, as in- 
 i 
 
2 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1761- 
 
 dicating the temper of the people, it is discussed 
 by Bancroft in his History of the United States ; 
 by Hildreth in his History ; by Frothinghain in 
 his Rise of the Republic ; by Barry in his History 
 of Massachusetts, etc. There are delineations of 
 the causes of the Revolution in many popular and 
 lesser histories, like Ridpath s, p. 285, etc. The 
 same ground is gone over in McCartney s Origin 
 and Progress of the United States, and better in 
 G. W. Greene s Historical View of the American 
 Revolution. A statement of the grounds and mo 
 tives is in J. P. Thompson s United States as a 
 Nation. There are several contemporary publica 
 tions on the existing political condition of the 
 colonies, like Almon s publication, London, 1775, 
 on the Charters of the British Colonies in Amer 
 ica, and Anthony Stokes s Constitutions of the 
 British Colonies, London, 1783 ; also see William 
 Griffith s Historical Notes of the American Colo 
 nies and the Revolution, 1754-1775. Political 
 tracts of this period are numerous. 
 
 Of the many tracts preceding the commotion of 
 1765, that of James Otis on the Rights of the 
 British Colonies asserted and proved, published at 
 Boston, 1764, is typical of the best of them. 
 
 On the general subject of taxing the colonies, 
 see the Parliamentary History, the Speeches of 
 Chatham and Burke, May s Constitutional His 
 tory of England, ii. 576, and the whig and tory 
 views as shown respectively in Massey s and Adol- 
 phus s Histories of England. 
 
1766.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 3 
 
 In the South, 1761-1765. 
 
 For the progress of events and illustrations of 
 the spirit of the people, see David Ramsay s Rev 
 olution in South Carolina ; Moultrie s American 
 Revolution ; R. W. Gibbs s Documentary History 
 of the American Revolution, 1764-1776; Dray- 
 ton s Memoirs of the American Revolution in 
 South Carolina (ending in 1776), and later histo 
 ries of that State like Simms s ; Jones s Defence 
 of the Revolutionary History of North Carolina ; 
 W. D. Cooke s Revolutionary History of North 
 Carolina; Foote s Sketches of North Carolina; 
 Martin s History of North Carolina ; Caruthers s 
 Life of Dr. Caldwell ; R. Purviance s Baltimore 
 town during the Revolutionary War. 
 
 Illustrative details will be found in the Bland 
 Papers, edited by C. Campbell ; and in later rec 
 ords like Wirt s Patrick Henry, etc. 
 
 Stamp Act, 1765-1766. 
 
 To the general authorities named in preced 
 ing sections may be added, for local coloring, the 
 chapters in the histories of Boston by Drake and 
 by Snow, and in Lossing s Field-Book of the Revo 
 lution. See also Tudor s Life of Otis, ch. 14 ; ex 
 tracts from Josiah Quincy s Diary in the Proceed 
 ings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, April, 
 1858. In the same Proceedings, June, 1872, there 
 is a fac-simile of Andrew Oliver s oath declining 
 
4 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1765- 
 
 the stamp office. There are letters of the Stamp 
 Act times in the Historical Magazine, May, 1862. 
 Cf . also files of the Boston newspapers of the day, 
 like the Boston Gazette and Evening Post. 
 
 The Examination of Franklin relative to the 
 repeal of the act was published in full, and in this 
 connection consult the Lives of him by Sparks, 
 Parton, Bigelow, etc., the latter reprinting the 
 Examination of 1767. 
 
 The Annual Register and the monthly maga 
 zines in London, like the Gentleman s, reflect the 
 phases of English public opinion about the oppo 
 sition in the colonies. The histories of England 
 for that period (typical among the later ones may 
 be taken the Pictorial History, Massey s, and Earl 
 Stanhope s), together with the lives and corre 
 spondence of the prominent political actors of the 
 day, throw light from that side. Cf. Rockingham 
 and his Contemporaries, i. 250 ; Fitzmaurice s 
 Life of Lord Shelburne, i. 319, and-ch. 7 for the 
 repeal of the act, and Protests of the Lords, ed. 
 by J. E. T. Rogers, ii. 77. 
 
 For the effect of the Stamp Act in Connecticut, 
 see Stuart s Life of Jonathan Trumbull. . 
 
 For the effect of the Stamp Act in New York 
 and Virginia, see the Magazine of American His 
 tory, June, 1877, and the Pennsylvania Magazine 
 of History, ii. 296. Consult also the Memoirs of 
 General Samuel Lamb ; and the histories of New 
 York City and State. Almon s Collection of 
 
1766.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 5 
 
 Tracts, London, 1773, gives in vol. i. the proceed 
 ings of a Congress held in New York, in answer 
 to a call from Massachusetts, which was also 
 printed separately in New York in 1845. Con 
 siderable light on the way in which New York 
 was forced into opposition to Great Britain is 
 thrown in the Collections of the New York His 
 torical Society for 1876. 
 
 A large number of political and controversial 
 tracts were printed at this time, both in the colo 
 nies and in England. Those in America will be 
 found set down in Haven s pre-r evolutionary Bib 
 liography of the American press, which is ap 
 pended to the American Antiquarian Society s 
 edition of Thomas s History of Printing. The 
 English ones are mostly enumerated from month 
 to month in the monthly magazines of the time, 
 published in London. Some part of all these are 
 to be found in the catalogue of the Sparks Col 
 lection, now in Cornell University library ; in that 
 of the library of Parliament, Toronto, p. 1421 ; 
 the catalogue of George Brinley s library, 1879, 
 No. 181, etc., 2116, etc. ; those of the library of 
 Congress, New York Historical Society, Massa 
 chusetts Historical Society, etc. 
 
 Regulators in North Carolina, 1768-1771. 
 
 Beside the general histories, see Rev. Dr. 
 Hawks s Battle of Alamance and the War of 
 the Regulation, in W. D. Cooke s Revolutionary 
 
6 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1767- 
 
 History of North Carolina. See also Caruthers s 
 Life of Dr. Caldwell ; Foote s Sketches of North 
 Carolina; Martin s History of North Carolina; 
 The New England Historical and Genealogical 
 Register, Jan. 1871; Lossing s Field-Book of the 
 Revolution, ii. There is a tale, " The Alamance," 
 by C. H. Wiley. 
 
 In General, 1767-1775. 
 
 This period and its patriotic movements, so far 
 as relates to Massachusetts, are made the special 
 theme of Frothingham s Warren and his Times ; 
 and in the same author s Rise of the Republic, 
 the action of the patriots is viewed as tending to 
 form the national spirit. A chapter in Tudor s 
 Otis is given to characterizing the people of Bos 
 ton at this time, and in the collection of contem 
 porary documents called Niles s Principles and 
 Acts of the Revolution, the spirit of the people 
 can be read in their own words. A file of Papers 
 relating to public events in Massachusetts, 1765- 
 1774, was printed a few years ago by the Seventy- 
 six Society, the originals of which are now in the 
 Massachusetts Historical Society s Cabinet. See 
 their Proceedings, Jan. 1878. Alden Bradford s 
 Massachusetts State Papers, 1765-1775, gives the 
 addresses of the Executive during this period. 
 What is known as Almon s Collection of Papers 
 also gives public documents, 1764-1775. Mercy 
 Warren was a sister of James Otis, and in her 
 
1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 7 
 
 History of the American Revolution we have 
 the characters of the most distinguished of the 
 patriots drawn by one who knew them closely. 
 Her estimate of John Adams in this work was not 
 satisfactory to Adams, and the letters that passed 
 between them thereupon are given in the Massa 
 chusetts Historical Society s Collections, 5th se 
 ries, vol. iv. Eddis s Letters from America, 1769- 
 1777, London, 1792, reflect the feelings of the col 
 onists. 
 
 The influence of the press is traced in the third 
 era of Hudson s History of American Journalism, 
 in J. T. Buckingham s Specimens of Newspaper 
 Literature, and the aspects can be studied in the 
 files of the five newspapers published in Boston 
 at that time : 
 
 Fleet s Evening Post, patronized both by the 
 whigs and the government. 
 
 The Boston Newsletter, the only paper which 
 continued to be published during the siege. 
 
 The Massachusetts Gazette, the chief organ of 
 the government. 
 
 The Boston Gazette, devoted to the patriots. 
 
 The Massachusetts Spy, devoted to the patriots. 
 
 The most important journal in Massachusetts, 
 out of Boston, was the Essex Gazette. 
 
 For the influence of the clergy, see Thornton s 
 Pulpit of the Revolution, and the Patriot Preach 
 ers of the Revolution, 1860. 
 
 As before, the lives of leading patriots must be 
 
8 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1767- 
 
 consulted: Wells s Life of Samuel Adams; the 
 Life and Diaries of John Adams ; Quincy s Life 
 of Josiah Quincy ; Austin s Life of Elbridge 
 Gerry ; Stuart s Life of Jonathan Trumbull ; 
 Bigelow s Life of Franklin, from his own writ 
 ings, and other Lives of Franklin by Sparks and 
 Parton ; and the general histories, like those of 
 the United States by Bancroft and Hildreth, and 
 those of Massachusetts by Minot and Barry, etc. 
 
 The third volume of Hutchinson s Massachusetts 
 Bay still gives the tory view, and the later Brit 
 ish estimates of the period are found in Mahon s 
 (Stanhope s) and Massey s Histories of England. 
 See also the paper on Col. Barre* and his Times in 
 Macmillan s Magazine, Dec. 1876 ; or Living Age, 
 No. 1699 ; and the Lives of Chatham and other 
 parliamentary defenders of the colonists. 
 
 For the local associations of the Province House, 
 Green Dragon Tavern, etc., see Shurtleff s De 
 scription of Boston, and Drake s Old Landmarks 
 and Historic Personages of Boston. 
 
 Some letters on the condition of things in Bos 
 ton, sent to the ministry by Bernard, Gen. Gage, 
 and Com. Hood, between Jan. 1768, and July, 
 1769, were printed in London, and drew out from 
 Samuel Adams a Vindication of the Town of Bos 
 ton, 1770. Cf . Wells s Life of Samuel Adams ; but 
 this tract has sometimes been ascribed to James 
 Otis. See Proceedings of the Massachusetts His 
 torical Society, i. 485. 
 
1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 9 
 
 Kearsley s American Gazette, London, 1768, il 
 lustrates the condition of affairs in Boston, and 
 gives a journal of transactions there. 
 
 Letters describing the state of feeling in Boston 
 were written by Gov. Hutchinson and Lt. Gov. 
 Oliver to friends in England, and these rinding 
 their way into Franklin s hands were transmitted, 
 in Dec. 1772, to the patriots in Boston, and were 
 made to support an address to the King for the 
 removal of the Governor and Lt. Governor, as 
 persons who were using their position to increase 
 the discontent. These letters, with the proceed 
 ings thereon, were printed in Boston, 1773, and 
 in London, 1774. See papers on their history in 
 the Massachusetts Historical Society s Proceed 
 ings, 1878, p. 42. There is a synopsis of these 
 letters in Parton s Franklin, i. 560. See also 
 Campbell s Lives of the Chancellors, vi. 105 ; 
 Massey s England, ii. ; Adolphus s England, ii. 
 34, for English views. Franklin s own account of 
 his connection with these letters was first printed 
 in W. T. Franklin s edition of Franklin s works, 
 1817, and is reprinted in Bigelow s Franklin, ii. 
 206 ; but see also pp. 130, 161, 193, 200. 
 
 John Dickinson of Philadelphia represented at 
 this time the responsive sympathy of the Middle 
 Colonies, and his tracts need to be considered : 
 Address to the Committee of Correspondence in 
 Barbadoes, defending the Northern Colonies, 
 1766 ; Farmer s Letters to the Inhabitants of the 
 
10 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1767- 
 
 British Colonies, 1767, arguing against the right 
 of taxation ; and his Essay on the constitutional 
 power of Great Britain over her colonies, 1774. 
 Cf. Bancroft s United States, viii. The condition 
 of affairs in New York is seen in Gov. Tryon s 
 and Lt. Gov. Colden s letters to Lord Dartmouth, 
 printed in Documents relative to the Colonial 
 History of New York, viii., and in Jones s New 
 York in the Revolutionary War, i. with notes, pp. 
 468, 502 ; and p. 506 begins a reprint of a very 
 rare volume, Proceedings of the last Provincial 
 Assembly of New York, Jan. 10 to April 3, 1775. 
 Cf. Sparks s Life of Morris, and documents in 
 Force s Archives. Parton, Life of Jefferson, de 
 picts the condition of affairs in Virginia at this 
 time. Cf. also Wirt s Patrick Henry. 
 
 The feeling of antipathy in the whigs against 
 the tories is well shown in Trumbull s Hudibras- 
 tic epic, McFingal, of which there is an annotated 
 edition by B. J. Lossing. On the origin of the 
 poem, see the Historical Magazine, Jan. 1868. 
 For the loyalist feeling of New York, see Jones s 
 New York in the Revolutionary War, published 
 by the New York Historical Society, 1879, and 
 the Life of Peter Van Schaack. The aspects of 
 southern toryism can be traced in Jonathan Bou 
 cher s Views of the American Revolution, a series 
 of discourses preached during this interval in Vir 
 ginia, and which, when subsequently published, he 
 dedicated to Washington. 
 
1770.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 11 
 
 Boston Massacre, March 5, 1770. 
 
 Frothingham, in his articles in the Atlantic 
 Monthly, June and Aug. 1862, and Nov. 1863, 
 on the " Sam Adams Regiments," traces carefully 
 the progress of events from Oct. 1768, which cul 
 minated in the massacre in March, 1770, and this 
 matter is epitomized in his Life of Warren, ch. 6. 
 Bancroft treats it in all its relations, in ch. 43 
 of his sixth volume ; and it is the subject of 
 a special monograph, The Boston Massacre, by 
 Frederic Kidder, and is described in the introduc 
 tion to Loring s Hundred Boston Orators. A con 
 temporary Short Narrative, with an appendix of 
 depositions and a folding plate of State Street at 
 the time, was printed by order of the town in Bos 
 ton and also in London in 1770. It was reprinted 
 in New York in 1849. A Fair Account published 
 in London, 1770, supplements the Short Narrative. 
 Isaiah Thomas s Massachusetts Kalendar for 1772 
 had a woodcut representation of the massacre. 
 Gapt. Preston, the royal officer who commanded 
 the soldiers, was defended at his trial by John 
 Adams and Josiah Quincy, and the Lives of these 
 patriots treat of their defense. John Adams s 
 brief, used at the trial, is in the Boston Public 
 Library. A report of the trial, taken in short 
 hand, by John Hodgson, was printed in Boston 
 the same year. Accounts of the trial are found 
 in the histories and in P. W. Chandler s Amer- 
 
12 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1770- 
 
 ican Criminal Trials, vol. i. The plan of the 
 ground used at the trial is in the possession of 
 Judge M. Chamberlain, of Chelsea. 
 
 The collection of orations delivered on succeed 
 ing anniversaries is necessary to a full under 
 standing of the event. The earliest collection of 
 these orations is that made by Peter Edes in 1785, 
 which passed to a second edition in 1807. Some 
 of these orations and other contemporary accounts 
 can be found in Niles s Principles and Acts of the 
 Revolution,. Other documents are in the Histori- 
 "caT Magazine, June, 1861. Cf. titles in the Brin- 
 ley Catalogue, Nos. 16551665. 
 
 See also Snow s History of Boston, the Lives of 
 Otis, Samuel Adams, etc., and the general histo 
 ries. There is a descriptive letter by Win. Pal 
 frey, addressed to John Wilkes, in the Proceed 
 ings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 
 March, 1863, where will also be found a letter of 
 Gov. Hutchinson. 
 
 Crispus Attucks, one of the slain, usually called 
 a mulatto, is held to have been a half-breed In 
 dian, in the American Historical Record, Dec. 
 1872. 
 
 There was published in Boston the same year 
 the Proceedings of his Majesty s Council of the 
 Province concerning what passed in consequence 
 of the unhappy affair of March 5th. 
 
1773.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 13 
 
 Khode Island. 
 
 There is a History of the destruction of the 
 schooner Gaspee in Narragansett Bay, June 10, 
 1.772, by John R. Bartlett, Providence, 1861 ; and 
 a documentary history of the event was compiled 
 in 1845 for the Providence Journal, by W. R. 
 Staples. See also the histories of Rhode Island, 
 and Parton s Life of Jefferson, ch. 14 and 15. 
 This was one of the earliest acts of violent resist 
 ance. 
 
 The Tea Party, December, 1773. 
 
 Frothingham, in his Life of Warren, ch. 9, has 
 given the details, and in his Rise of the Republic, 
 ch. 8, has shown its political significance, and has 
 again taken a general survey in his Centennial 
 paper, in the Proceedings of the Massachusetts 
 Historical Society, Dec. 1873. See also under 
 Oct. 1877, for a diary of this time and also the 
 Collections of this Society, 4th series, vol. iii. 
 
 In ch. 2 of Reed s Life of Joseph Reed, and in 
 Sparks s Washington, the relations of the patriots 
 of Boston to those of the other colonies at this 
 time can be studied. 
 
 Bancroft gives to it ch. 50 of his sixth volume ; 
 and Barry, ch. 15 of his second volume. Geo. 
 R. T. Hewes, an actor in the scenes, has given 
 an account of it in his Traits of the Tea Party ; 
 and there is a paper, " Information of Hugh Wil 
 liamson," among the Sparks MSS. in Harvard 
 
14 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1773- 
 
 College Library. There are illustrative docu 
 ments iu Force s American Archives, vol. i. ; in 
 Niles s Principles and Acts of the Revolution ; 
 and the contemporary account and records have 
 been reprinted from the Boston Gazette of Dec. 
 6, 1773, by Poole, in one of the Massachusetts 
 State Registers. 
 
 See, further, Tudor s Life of Otis, ch. 21 ; 
 Snow s Boston ; Niles s Register, 1827, vol. xxxiii. 
 p. 75, from Flint s Western Monthly Review for 
 July, 1827 ; Lossing in Harper s Monthly, vol. iv., 
 and also in his Field-Book of the Revolution, i. 
 
 A letter about the punch bowl, used by the pa 
 triots before going to the wharf, is given in the 
 Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical So 
 ciety, Dec. 1871. 
 
 Mrs. Caroline Howard Oilman printed, in 
 1874, an account of a private centennial celebra 
 tion of the Tea Party in Cambridge. 
 
 There is a chapter on the Boston Tea Ships in 
 Fitzmaurice s Life of Lord Shelburne, vol. ii. 
 
 For debates in Parliament, see The Parliamen 
 tary History ; and later views in May s Constitu 
 tional History of England, ii. 521 ; Massey s Eng 
 land, ii. ch. 18. The first accounts received in 
 England are given in the Gentleman s Magazine, 
 1774, p. 26, and are quoted in Carlyle s Frederick 
 the Great, vi. 524. 
 
 Tory views of the events of this period are 
 given in Peters s History of Connecticut, and in 
 
V; 
 
 1774.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 15 
 
 the appendix by McCormick to the reprint of it, 
 to be taken throughout with caution. Cf . the 
 article " Lying as a Fine Art " in Scribner s Maga 
 zine, June, 1878. See a foreign estimate in Hil- 
 liard d Auberteuil s Essais historiques, 1782. 
 
 Boston Port Bill, 1774. 
 
 General Gage arrived in Boston in May, to 
 put the provisions of this bill in force, June 12th. 
 Its political bearings can be traced in Bancroft, 
 and in Frothinghain s Warren, ch. 10, and in his 
 Rise of the Republic ; and the military sequel in 
 Frothingharn s Siege of Boston. See also Tudor s 
 Otis ; Wells s Samuel Adams ; Life of John 
 Adams ; Life of Josiah Quincy ; Pitkin s United 
 States, i. App. 15 ; Grahame s United States, iv. 
 358. 
 
 Illustrative documents will be found in Force s 
 American Archives, vol. ii. See the diary of 
 Thomas Newell, in Boston, Nov. 1773 to Dec. 
 1774, in Proceedings of Massachusetts Historical 
 Society, Feb. 1859, and in their Collections, 4th 
 series, vol. i. The correspondence of the Boston 
 Donation Committee, relative to the supplies sent 
 to the embargoed town from other places, is given 
 in the Massachusetts Historical Society s Collec 
 tions, 4th series, vol. iv. Col. A. H. Hoyt has 
 given, in the New England Historical and Gene 
 alogical Register, July, 1876, an account of these 
 donations during the period 1774-1777. This 
 tract was also printed separately. 
 
16 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1774- 
 
 For correspondence of the Boston patriots with 
 those of the other colonies, see Frothingham s Rise 
 of the Republic ; Reed s Life of Joseph Reed. 
 
 The Suffolk Resolves, passed at Milton, Sept. 9, 
 1774, can be found in the Appendix to Frothing 
 ham s Warren. 
 
 The Provincial Assembly of Massachusetts met 
 at Salem, Oct. 5, 1774, and A. C. Goodell deliv 
 ered an address at the centennial celebration of 
 the event. 
 
 Josiah Quincy, Jr., and others discussed the 
 political bearings in published tracts. Quincy s is 
 reprinted in his Life by his son. 
 
 For its effects in New York, see Lives of Jay 
 by Jay, i. 24, and by Flanders ; Force s Archives, 
 4th series, i. ; for results in Connecticut, Hollis- 
 ter s History, ii. ch. 6. 
 
 For the feeling in the South at this time, com 
 pare the general histories ; McRee s Life of Ire- 
 dell ; Thaddeus Allen s Origination of the Amer 
 ican Union ; McSherry s Maryland, ch. 7 ; Read s 
 Life of George Read, pp. 86, 101 ; Rives s Madison, 
 ch. 3 ; Life of R. H. Lee, i. 97 ; Randall s Jeffer 
 son, i. 85; Parton s Jefferson, 130. 
 
 Continental Congress, 1774. 
 
 This was held at Philadelphia, Sept. 5th-Oct. 
 26th, to devise plans for a redress of grievances, 
 and for the restoration of harmony. The idea of 
 a Continental Congress is said to have originated 
 
1774-1 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 17 
 
 with Franklin. Sparks s Franklin, i. 850. Cf. 
 Bancroft, vi. 508 ; vii. 40, 63. 
 
 Brief notes of the debates were kept by John 
 Adams. Cf. Works, ii. 366, 370, 382, 387, 393. 
 Also Adams s Life by C. F. Adams, Works, i. 150; 
 ii. 340, his Diary ; ix. 339, 343, Letters ; and his 
 Correspondence with Mercy Warren, Massachu 
 setts Historical Society s Collections, 5th series, 
 iv. 348. 
 
 Histories of the United States by Bancroft, vii. 
 127 ; Grahame, iv. 373 ; Hildreth, iii. ; Pitkin, i. 
 ch. 8. Frothingham s Rise of bhe Republic, 335. 
 Histories of Massachusetts by Barry ; of New 
 York by Dunlap, i. ch. 29 and 31 ; of Pennsyl 
 vania by Gordon, ch. 20 ; of New Jersey by Mul- 
 ford, p. 389. 
 
 Biographies of Samuel Adams, by Wells, ii. 
 218 ; of Patrick Henry by Wirt, p. 105; of R. H. 
 Lee by Lee, i. 106 ; of Washington by Marshall, 
 and by Irving, i. ch. 35 ; of Jefferson, by Tucker, 
 i. ch. 3, and by Parton, ch. 17 ; of Elbridge 
 Gerry by Austin, ch. 5 ; of William Livingston 
 by Sedgwick, ch. 5 ; of George Read by Read, 
 93 ; of John Jay by Jay, and by Flanders in his 
 Chief Justices, and also in the latter the Life of 
 Rutledge, ch. 5 and 6 ; of Josiah Quincy by 
 Quincy. 
 
 Documents will also be found in Force s Amer 
 ican Archives. The instructions to the Virginia 
 delegates are in Jefferson s, Writings, i. 122. The 
 
18 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1774- 
 
 relations of the Congress to the Provincial Con 
 gress of Massachusetts are set forth in Frothing- 
 ham s Joseph Warren, ch. 12. John Adams s 
 Diary gives glimpses of the state of society in 
 Philadelphia at the time. 
 
 The Declaration of Rights which the Congress 
 put forth is given in John Adams s Works, ii. 
 535, with the original draft also. 
 
 On the 28th of Sept. Joseph Galloway intro 
 duced his plan of adjustment, embracing a union 
 between Great Britain and her colonies. It was 
 printed in a pamphlet, and later, in 1779, in his 
 Rise and Progress of the American Rebellion. 
 Cf. the Lives of Washington by Marshall and 
 Sparks ; of John Adams by C. F. Adams, ii. 387 ; 
 of Samuel Adams by Wells, ii. 218 ; of Jay by 
 Flanders, 100 ; of Patrick Henry by Wirt. Also 
 cf. Franklin s Works, viii. 144, and Frothingham s 
 Rise of the Republic. 
 
 Jones s New York in the Revolutionary War, 
 edited by De Lancey, i. ch. 2, depicts the relations 
 of the loyalists to the Congress; also pp. 438, 449, 
 477, 490 for notes. 
 
 R. H. Lee drafted the Address to the People of 
 Great Britain, adopted by the Congress. Cf. 
 Lee s Life of R. H. Lee, i. 119 ; Pitkin s United 
 States, i. App. 17 ; and Jay s Life of John Jay, 
 i. App. 
 
 John Dickinson wrote the petition to the King, 
 agreed upon in the Congress. Cf. American Quar- 
 
1774.1 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 19 
 
 terly Review, i. 413 ; John Adams s Works, i. 159. 
 This paper was signed in duplicate, one copy is 
 in the State Paper Office, London ; the other is 
 mentioned in Henry Stevens s Bibliotheca Histor- 
 ica, p. 87. Franklin printed it in the App. to his 
 Account of the Proceedings of the Congress, 
 London, Jan. 1775. 
 
 The Proceedings of the Congress were printed 
 in Philadelphia, by order of Congress, and at once 
 reprinted in Boston. 
 
 The Congress was attacked in two tracts, Free 
 Thoughts on the Proceedings, and Congress Can 
 vassed by a West Chester Farmer, both by 
 Seabury, a loyalist, subsequently Bishop of Con 
 necticut. Alexander Hamilton, who was practic 
 ing his pen in criticism on the Ministry in Holt s 
 Journal, replied in A Full Vindication, 1774. 
 This was replied to in a View of the Controversy, 
 and again answered by Hamilton, in The Farmer 
 Refuted, 1775. Cf. J. C. Hamilton s Republic of 
 the United States, i. 65. 
 
 Political Agitation. 
 
 On the tory side, a writer in the Massachusetts 
 Gazette, signing Massachusettensis, now known 
 to have been Daniel Leonard, but generally sup 
 posed at the time to be Jonathan Sewall, pre 
 sented the strongest front. These papers were 
 reprinted in a pamphlet in Boston, again by Riv- 
 ington in New York, and in 1776, again in Bos 
 ton during the siege. 
 
20 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1774- 
 
 John Adams answered in the Boston Gazette, 
 signing Novanglus. Almon abridged these papers 
 and printed them in his Remembrancer as a His 
 tory of the Dispute with America. They were 
 twice reprinted before they were given at length 
 in Adams s Works. 
 
 In 1819 both of these controversial series ap 
 peared in Boston, in one volume, with a preface 
 by John Adams, in which he supposed -his op 
 ponent to be Sewall. See Quincy s Life of 
 Quincy, p. 381. Fr-othingham in his Rise of the 
 Republic says they present accurate views of the 
 arguments as the Revolution reached the stage of 
 physical force. 
 
 There has been some controversy about the 
 origin of the Committees of Correspondence, a de 
 vice for the interchange of information and en 
 couragement, and for mutual assistance between 
 the various colonies. Cf . Frothingham s Rise . of 
 the Republic, pp. 284, 312, 327; Wirt s Patrick 
 Henry, controverted in the North American Re 
 view, March, 1818 ; Randall s Jefferson, i. &0 ; 
 Tucker s Jefferson, i. 52 ; Kennedy s Memoir of 
 Wirt ; Life of R. H. Lee, i. 89 ; Wells s Life of 
 Samuel Adams, i. 509, ii. 62 ; Grahame s United 
 States, iv. 338. 
 
 The general political movement all through the 
 colonies at this time is depicted, drawing largely 
 upon fche newspapers of the day, in Frothingham s 
 Rise of the Republic, p. 396. For the feeling in 
 
1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 21 
 
 Massachusetts, see the histories of that State 
 by Bradford and Barry ; Lincoln s History of 
 Worcester, ch. 6 to 9 ; Gordon s Thanksgiving 
 Sermon in Thornton s Pulpit of the Revolution ; 
 Hancock s Oration on the Anniversary of the 
 Boston Massacre, which Wells, in the Life of 
 Samuel Adams, ii. 138, says was largely composed 
 by that patriot. Cf. Loring s Hundred Boston 
 Orators. 
 
 For the feeling in New York, see the reports 
 Governor Tryon made to the home government, 
 and other documents from the British Archives, 
 given in the Documents relative to the Colonial 
 History of New York, viii. 
 
 For sentiments prevailing in Virginia and the 
 South, see Rives s Madison, i. ; Randall s Jeffer 
 son, i. ch. 3 ; Wirt s Patrick Henry ; and various 
 papers in Force s American Archives. 
 
 Effects and Movements in Great Britain, 1767-1775. 
 
 The debates in Parliament are the best expo 
 nents of feeling at this time. Read s Life of 
 George Read, p. 76, gives a synopsis of arguments 
 for and against taxation of the colonies. The 
 Cavendish debates of the House of Commons, 
 May, 1768, to June, 1774, give reports taken at 
 the time by a member, and edited by John 
 Wright in 1841. Cf. reports in that collection 
 under Nov. 1768 ; Jan. and Feb. 1769 ; March 
 and May, 1770. Debates are also given in the 
 
22 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1767- 
 
 Parliamentary History ; and scantily in the Gen 
 tleman s Magazine and other periodicals. Sum 
 maries are in the Annual Register. Contempo 
 rary impression and hearsay accounts, tinged with 
 positive whiggism, can be found in Walpole s 
 George the Third, edited by Le Marchant, and in 
 his Last Journals, edited by Doran. 
 
 Pictures of the contestants in these debates, 
 with a tory coloring, are drawn in Adolphus s 
 History of England, ii. ch. 24, and the strong 
 ministerial sympathy which pervades Adolphus 
 can be offset by Massey s History of England, a 
 later work, with opposition views. Cf. also Camp 
 bell s Life of Loughborough, in his Chancellors. 
 Burke as a speaker is depicted in Wraxall s His 
 torical Memoirs, ii. 35 ; and in the Lives of 
 Burke, by Bisset, Prior, and Macknight. For 
 other accounts of the opposition leaders and pol 
 icy, see Rockingham and his Contemporaries; 
 Russell s Memoir and Correspondence of Charles 
 James Fox, book iii., and his Life and Times of 
 Fox, ch. 4. 
 
 The culmination of the Tory argument can be 
 traced in Dr. Johnson s tract, Taxation no Tyr 
 anny. Moore s Life of Sheridan, ch. 3, gives the 
 outline of an intended answer to Johnson. In 
 Dean Tucker s writings, we have the advanced 
 liberal views. Macknight s Life of Burke, ii. 115. 
 The writers on the American controversy are 
 characterized at some length in Grahame s United 
 
1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 23 
 
 States, iv. 320. The book-lists in the current 
 numbers of the Gentleman s and other magazines, 
 chronicle the numerous political tracts as they ap 
 peared. 
 
 Dr. Franklin was at this time maintaining in 
 London the side of the colonists. See his letters 
 on the Boston Resolutions of 1768 in Sparks s 
 Franklin, vii. 375. In vol. iv. Sparks gives 
 Franklin s different writings as they came con 
 secutively out. In 1772 the Boston Resolutions 
 against the bill for paying the salaries of the 
 judges by the Crown were reprinted in London 
 by Franklin, with a preface on the condition of 
 the colonies, which is given in Sparks s Franklin, 
 i. 350. 
 
 The news of the Tea Party in Boston had 
 reached London, Jan. 19, 1774, and the accounts 
 were printed in the London papers, Jan. 21st. 
 Lord North, on March 14th, brought in a bill to 
 remove the government from Boston to Salem, 
 and to close the port of Boston ; on the 31st it 
 received the royal assent. Cf. Parliamentary 
 History, xvii. 1163 ; Donne s Correspondence of 
 George III. and Lord North, i. 174; Annual 
 Register, xvii. 1159; Protests of the Lords, edited 
 by J. E. T. Rogers, ii. 141 ; Adolphus s History 
 of England, ii. 59 ; Massey s History of England, 
 ii. ; Pictorial History of England, Reign of George 
 III. i. 159 ; Russell s Life and Times of Fox, ch. 
 5; Life of Lord Shelburne, ii. 302; Chatham 
 
24 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1767- 
 
 Correspondence, iv. 342; Rockingham Memoirs, 
 ii. 238 ; Macknight s Burke, ii. 50. 
 
 In 1774 General Gage was impressing on the 
 King his disbelief in the colonists earnestness. Cf . 
 Donne s Letters of George III. and Lord North, 
 i. 164, and the Parliamentary History, xviii. for 
 the speeches. 
 
 In July Governor Hutchinson held an interview 
 with the King, and an account of what passed is 
 in the Massachusetts Historical Society s Proceed 
 ings, Oct. 1877. Cf. Donne s Correspondence of 
 George III. and Lord North, i. 194. 
 
 The King dissolved Parliament Sept. 30th, and 
 after elections a new Parliament assembled Nov. 
 30th. 
 
 Meanwhile Franklin was maintaining inter 
 course with Chatham and trying to arrange a 
 plan of pacification. Cf. Lives of Franklin by 
 Sparks, Bigelow, and Parton. He had deferred 
 returning to America until the results of the Con 
 gress of 1774 were known, and it devolved on 
 him to present its petition to the King. Cf. 
 Sparks s Franklin, 372 ; Quincy s Life of Quincy ; 
 Bancroft s United States, vii. 186. Walpole in 
 his Last Journals, i. 439, describes the effect of 
 this Congress upon the parties in England. 
 
 Josiah Quincy made notes of speeches he heard 
 in Parliament, Jan. 20, 1775, by Chatham, Cam- 
 den, and others. Cf. Quincy s Life of Quincy, 318, 
 335. Also see Gordon s American Revolution, i. 
 
1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 25 
 
 298 ; Force s Archives, 4th series, i. 1494 ; Wai- 
 pole s Last Journals, i. 
 
 Before leaving London Franklin wrote some 
 articles for the Public Advertiser on the Rise and 
 Progress of the Difference between Great Britain 
 and her American Colonies, which are reprinted 
 in Sparks, iv. 526. 
 
 In March, 1775, Franklin left England, and on 
 his voyage home he wrote out for his son an Ac 
 count of the recent negotiations with the British 
 Government for a reconciliation, which is printed 
 in Sparks, v. 1, and in Bigelow s Franklin, i. 256. 
 
 January March, 1775. 
 
 For the interval before the actual hostilities at 
 Concord, still follow Frothingham s Siege of Bos 
 ton, ch. 2, and consult for illustrative documents 
 Force s American Archives, vol. i., where will be 
 found De Berniere s narrative of his explorations 
 towards Worcester to get information for General 
 Gage. 
 
 For particulars of Leslie s expedition to Salem, 
 in March, see C. M. Endicott s article in the Pro 
 ceedings of the Essex Institute, vol. i., with a con 
 temporary letter, also published separately ; the 
 Life of Timothy Pickering, vol. i. ; George B. Lor- 
 ing s Speech and other addresses at the centennial 
 celebration, 1875. 
 
 The contemporary evidence relative to the ex 
 pedition to Marshfield can be found in Force s 
 American Archives. 
 
26 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1775. 
 
 E. E. Hale s popular summary, One Hundred 
 Years Ago, begins with these preliminaries of 
 war. 
 
 Lexington and Concord, April, 1775. 
 
 The best eclectic account is that in Frothing- 
 ham s Siege of Boston, and in his Appendix will 
 be found a chronological list of the principal au 
 thorities. 
 
 Paul Revere s expedition on the night of the 
 18th, to give notice of the morrow s march, which 
 is the subject of Longfellow s poem, was narrated 
 by himself, and appears in the Collections of the 
 Massachusetts Historical Society, 1st series, vol. 
 v., and more accurately in the Proceedings, Nov. 
 1878. There has been some controversy as to the 
 tower from which the lantern, which was the sig 
 nal to Revere, was shown, and on this point see 
 the pamphlet, Paul Revere s Signal, by John Lee 
 Watson, with remarks by C. Deane (see Pro 
 ceedings Massachusetts Historical Society, Nov. 
 1876) ; and one entitled Alarm of April 18, 1775, 
 by Richard Frothingham. The question is also 
 discussed by W. W. Wheildon, in his History of 
 Paul Revere s Signal Lanterns, 1878, and in H. 
 W. Holland s William Dawes and his Ride with 
 Paul Revere, vindicating Dawes s claim to be 
 considered one of the two who roused the country. 
 See, in this connection, on the escape of Hancock 
 and Adams, Loring s Hundred Boston Orators, 
 and General Sumner in the New England Histor 
 ical and Genealogical Register, vol. viii. p. 188. 
 
1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 27 
 
 The narrative and depositions ordered by the 
 Provincial Congress were printed in the Journal 
 of the third Provincial Congress, 1775, in the 
 London Chronicle, and in various Boston newspa 
 pers ; and the whole reappeared in a pamphlet, is 
 sued at Worcester, in 1775, by Isaiah Thomas, and 
 entitled A Narrative of the Incursions and Rav 
 ages of the King s Troops on the Nineteenth of 
 April ; and they are given in Force s American 
 Archives, 4th series, vol. ii. ; Shattuck s History of 
 Concord, p. 342; and portions are given in Froth- 
 ingham s Siege of Boston ; Remembrancer, 1775, 
 vol. i., etc. The original depositions were signed 
 in several copies, and some of them are in the Lee 
 Papers in Harvard College library. See the Cal 
 endar of the Lee Papers, published in the Bulletin 
 of Harvard College library. Other originals are 
 among the Lee Papers in the library of the Uni 
 versity of Virginia. Cf. Sparks s Washington, iii. 
 35. 
 
 This matter constituted the account sent by the 
 Congress to England, with the Essex Gazette, 
 which was the chief newspaper narrative, and 
 which reached London eleven days ahead of Gen 
 eral Gage s messenger ; and in this connection, see 
 the Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical 
 Society, April, 1858. Other accounts and depo 
 sitions can also be found in Dawson s Battles of 
 the United States ; in Frank Moore s Diary of the 
 Revolution. See an account of the expresses sent 
 
28 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1775. 
 
 South in Christopher Marshall s Diary, p. 18. In 
 the New England Historical and Genealogical Reg 
 ister, Oct. 1873, p. 434, is the dispatch sent April 
 19th, from Watertown, conveying tidings of the 
 conflict, to which are appended the indorsements 
 of the authorities of the towns through which the 
 express passed. An original of one of these dis 
 patches is in the Pennsylvania Historical Society s 
 library. Some of the contemporary accounts are 
 given in Niles s Principles and Acts of the Revolu 
 tion. A fragment of a diary by Dr. McClure is 
 given in the Massachusetts Historical Society s 
 Proceedings, April, 1878. Cf. Military Journals 
 of two private soldiers, 1758-1775, Poughkeepsie, 
 1855. 
 
 The Rev. William Gordon, May 17, 1775, pre 
 pared An Account of the Commencement of Hos 
 tilities, which is in Force, and this, with addi 
 tions and abridgments, forms part of his History 
 of the Revolution. A contemporary letter, prob 
 ably by Dr. Foster of Charlestown, is given in the 
 Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical So 
 ciety, April, 1870. 
 
 The Rev. Jonas Clark delivered a discourse in 
 Lexington on the first anniversary in 1776, and 
 appended to it a narrative of events, which was 
 reprinted in 1875. A brief account was also pre 
 pared by the Rev. William Emerson of Concord, a 
 witness of the events at Concord, and this was 
 printed in R. W. Emerson s Commemorative Dis- 
 
1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 29 
 
 course in 1835, which has been printed separately, 
 and in the American Historical Magazine, New 
 Haven, 1836. Other anniversary sermons were 
 delivered in Lexington, in 1777 by Samuel Cooke, 
 and in 1782 by Phillips Payson, both of which 
 are in the Boston Public Library. 
 
 Of the British accounts, Col. Smith s report 
 will be found in the Appendix to Mahon s (Stan 
 hope s) England, vol. vi. Various English ac 
 counts are given in Force, and in The Detail and 
 Conduct of the American War. General Gage 
 sent to Governor Trumbull, a "Circumstantial 
 Account," which is printed in the Massachusetts 
 Historical Society s Collections, 2d series, vol. ii., 
 while in vol. iv. will be found a reprint of a pam 
 phlet entitled General Gage s Instructions, etc., 
 originally printed, in 1779, from a manuscript left 
 in Boston by a British officer, which gives Gage s 
 instructions to Brown and De Berniere, Feb. 22, 
 1775, with an account of their journey to Worces 
 ter and Concord, and a narrative of the " Trans 
 actions " on the 19th of April. A contemporary 
 account is given in The Rise, Progress, and Pres 
 ent State of the Dispute, published at London, in 
 1775. In a work published at Dublin, 1779-1785, 
 in three volumes, entitled History of the War in 
 America, there is a large folded sheet of the num 
 bers of the killed, etc., of the British forces at 
 Concord, Lexington, and Bunker Hill. An en 
 graved likeness of Earl Percy, is given in An- 
 
30 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1775. 
 
 drews s History of the War. The third report of 
 the Commissioners on Historical MSS., in Eng 
 land, 1872, cites various papers of the Percy fam 
 ily touching the events, etc., of the American War, 
 1775-1777. 
 
 Stedman, in his American War, and the other 
 British writers claim that the provincials fired 
 first at Lexington ; and Pitcairn s side of the 
 story is given from Stiles s Diary in Frothingham, 
 and in Irving s Washington. 
 
 Late in the day General Heath exercised a gen 
 eral command over the provincials, and his mem 
 oirs can be consulted. Colonel Timothy Picker 
 ing s Essex Regiment was charged with dilatori- 
 ness in coming up, and this question is discussed 
 in the Life of Pickering, ch. 5, by his son. 
 
 The semi-centennial period renewed the inter 
 est in the matter, and the question, whether the 
 provincials returned the fire of the British troops 
 at Lexington, was discussed with some spirit. 
 This having been denied, a committee of the town 
 of Lexington authorized Elias Phinney to publish, 
 in 1825, an account of The Battle of Lexington, 
 to which was appended depositions (taken in 
 1822) of survivors to establish the point. This 
 led the Rev. Ezra Ripley and others, of Concord, 
 in 1827, to publish The Fight at Concord, claim 
 ing the credit of first returning the fire for Con 
 cord, and this was reissued in 1832. In 1835 the 
 story was again told in the interest of Concord, 
 
1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 31 
 
 in Lemuel Shattuck s History of Concord, which 
 was examined in the North American Review, vol. 
 xlii. In this account, as well as in that by Ripley 
 and others, it was claimed that the part borne by 
 Captain Davis of Acton was not fairly repre 
 sented, and Josiah Adams, in his centennial ad 
 dress at Acton, in 1835, and again in a letter to 
 Shattuck in 1850, presented the merits of Davis, 
 and gave depositions of survivors. In 1851 James 
 Trask Woodbury made a speech in the Massachu 
 setts legislature on the question of appropriating 
 money to erect a monument to Davis and his fel 
 lows, which was printed by the town of Acton. 
 The parts borne by other towns have also been 
 commemorated : for Danvers, by D. P. King, in 
 1835 ; for Cambridge, by Rev. A. McKenzie, in 
 1870 ; and also see S. A. Smith s West Cambridge 
 on the 19th of April, 1T75, Boston, 1864. 
 
 At Lexington, Edward Everett delivered an ad 
 dress in 1835 ; but see also his Mount Vernon Pa 
 pers, No. 47. There is an account of the celebra 
 tion in Niles s Register, vol. xlviii. A plan of the 
 Lexington field can be found in Josiah Adams s 
 letter, and in Moore s Ballad History of the Rev 
 olution, part 1. Compare Hudson s History of 
 Lexington, ch. 6, of which he published an ab 
 stract in 1876 ; a popular narrative in Harper s 
 Monthly, vol. xx. ; accounts in association with 
 landmarks in Lossing s Field-Book, and in Drake s 
 Historic Fields and Mansions of Middlesex. See 
 
32 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1775. 
 
 also R. H. Dana s address in 1875 ; the centennial 
 Souvenir of 1775, and A. B. Muzzey s paper, The 
 Battle of Lexington, with personal recollections of 
 men engaged in it, in the New England Historical 
 and Genealogical Register, Oct. 1877, and subse 
 quently printed separately. 
 
 At Concord, Edward Everett delivered an ad 
 dress in 1825, and much of interest in connection 
 with this anniversary was printed in the newspa 
 pers of that day ; and Lossing in his Field-Book, 
 and Drake in his Middlesex, should be consulted 
 for much illustrative of the events of 1775. Pop 
 ular narratives can be found in Frederic Hudson s 
 illustrated paper in Harper s Monthly, May, 1875, 
 and the article by G. Reynolds in the Unitarian 
 Review for April, 1875. Read George W. Cur- 
 tis s oration in 1875, and James R. Lowell s ode, in 
 Atlantic Monthly, June, 1875. Also the Rev. 
 Henry Westcott s Centennial Sermons, 1875. 
 
 The town of Concord, in 1875, printed an ac 
 count of the Centennial Celebration, giving a fac 
 simile of pages from Rev. William Emerson s con 
 temporary diary of these events, and having for 
 an Appendix an account of the literature of the 
 subject, by James L. Whitney, which was printed 
 separately. 
 
 The events of the 19th of April also form im 
 portant chapters in Bancroft s United States, vol. 
 vii. ; in Elliott s New England, vol ii. ; in Barry s 
 Massachusetts, vol. iii. ; and in other general works 
 
1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 33 
 
 on the Revolutionary period. Consult Dawson a 
 Battles of the United States; E. E. Hale s One 
 Hundred Years Ago ; and Potter s American 
 Monthly, April, 1875. The events of the day 
 make part of the story of Hawthorne s Septimius 
 Felton. 
 
 Amos Doolittle s contemporary engravings are 
 reproduced in a new edition of Clark s narrative. 
 See also Moore s Ballad History, part 1 ; and Pot 
 ter s American Monthly, April, 1875. There is a 
 view of Concord taken in 1776, in the Massachu 
 setts Magazine, July, 1794, which is fac-similed 
 in the separate issue of J. L. Whitney s Literature 
 of the Nineteenth of April. 
 
 An account of Jonathan Harrington, the last 
 survivor of the fight, is given in Potter s American 
 Monthly, July, 1875. Compare Lossing s Field- 
 Book and De Lancey s note to Jones s New York 
 in the Revolutionary War, i. 552. There is in the 
 Historical Magazine, July, 1860, an account of a 
 musket captured from a British soldier at Lexing 
 ton, which belonged to Theodore Parker, and now 
 hangs in the Senate chamber of the State House 
 at Boston. 
 
 Claims have been raised for other places as hav 
 ing been those where blood was first shed in the 
 war, for which see Potter s American Monthly, 
 April, 1875. Dawson gave a paper on the affair 
 at Golden Hill, in New York City, Jan. 19-20, 
 1770, in the Historical Magazine, iv. 233, and 
 
34 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1775. 
 
 more at length in the number for Jan. 1869. See 
 page 5 for the battle of the Alamance, and the war 
 of the Regulators in North Carolina. There is an 
 account of the Westminster Massacre in Vermont, 
 March, 1775, in the Historical Magazine, May, 
 1859. 
 
 Mecklenburg Declaration, May 20, 1775. 
 
 Whether the declaration of independence passed 
 by an assembly in Mecklenburg, North Carolina, 
 is supported by credible evidence has been a mat 
 ter of controversy. It was denied by Jefferson, 
 and J. S. Jones published a Defence of the Revo 
 lutionary History of North Carolina against the 
 aspersions of Jefferson. The alleged resolutions 
 of May 20th would seem to be the uncertain rec 
 ollection, twenty years later, of some that were 
 passed May 31st, a wrong date given them, and 
 alterations made under the influence of the conti 
 nental declaration of July 4th. Cf. Frothingham s 
 Rise of The Republic, p. 422 ; Randall s Jeffer 
 son, iii. App. 2 ; North Carolina University Maga 
 zine, May, 1853 ; J. C. Welling in North Amer- 
 cian Review, April, 1874 ; Hawks s Lecture in 
 W. D. Cooke s Revolutionary History of North 
 Carolina ; and passages in the general histories. 
 
 May and June, 1775. 
 
 The events of the interval between Concord and 
 Bunker Hill can best be studied in Frothingham s 
 Siege of Boston, and in his Life of Joseph Warren, 
 
1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 35 
 
 ch. 15. Particularly on the affair at Noddle s Isl 
 and, May 27, 1775, see Force s American Ar 
 chives, Humphreys s and Tarbox s Lives of Put 
 nam, Sumner s History of East Boston; and a 
 chapter in Dawson s Battles of the United States. 
 Letters written from Boston in May are in the 
 Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical So 
 ciety, June, 1873. 
 
 Com. F. H. Parker, in the Magazine of Ameri 
 can History, i. 209, gives an account of the cap 
 ture of the Margaretta at Machias in June. 
 
 The effects of Lexington and Concord on the 
 other colonies are depicted in Stuart s Life of 
 Jonathan Trumbull, and generally in the standard 
 histories. The news was received in New York 
 April 23d. Cf. Jones s New York in the Revolu 
 tionary War, i. 39, 487; Documents relative to 
 the Colonial History of New York, viii. 571. 
 
 A letter of Joseph Warren to his wife on the 
 day before the battle of Bunker Hill is given in 
 the Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical 
 Society, April, 1871. 
 
 Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775. 
 
 Frothingham, in an Appendix to his Siege of 
 Boston, enumerates in a chronological order the 
 chief authoritative statements regarding the bat 
 tle. Dawson devoted the whole of the June, 1868, 
 double number of the Historical Magazine, to a 
 collation of nearly all the printed accounts, au- 
 
36 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1775. 
 
 thoritative and compiled, and from his foot-notes 
 can be gleaned a full list of articles and books 
 which at that time had been published. 
 
 Earliest Accounts. The affairs of the 19th of 
 April had among other results precipitated the 
 removal of the newspapers published in Boston to 
 other places, and the number for April 24th was 
 the last of the Evening Post published in Boston. 
 Edes s Boston Gazette, which was thus removed 
 to Watertown, the seat of the Provincial Con 
 gress, gave in its issue for June 19th the earliest 
 account of the battle which appeared in print. 
 The Massachusetts Spy, which had been removed 
 to Worcester in May, had its first account in its 
 number for June 21st. That same day the Connec 
 ticut Journal had its first intelligence, and though 
 it was several days later before the New York pa 
 pers published accounts, on this same 21st a hand 
 bill with the news was circulated in New York. 
 In F. Moore s Diary of the American Revolution, 
 there will be found a list of the contemporary 
 newspapers publishing these accounts, and from 
 which he derives in part the matter of his book 
 which begins Jan. 1, 1775. Many of these ac 
 counts will be found reprinted in Dawson s His 
 torical Magazine article ; and some of them have 
 been reproduced in fac-simile in the centennial 
 memorials of 1776. Frothingham reprints that 
 of the Massachusetts Spy in his condensed narra 
 tive of the battle, and it is in fac-simile in the 
 Centennial Graphic. 
 
1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 37 
 
 Prof. Winthrop, June 2lst, sent a brief account 
 to John Adams, then in Philadelphia, which is 
 given in the Massachusetts Historical Society s 
 Collections 5th series, iv. 292. 
 
 The Rev. Mr. Thacher was a spectator of the 
 action from the north side of the Mystic River, 
 and within a fortnight afterwards, depending in 
 some measure upon Prescott s assistance, prepared 
 an account, the manuscript of which is now pre 
 served in the American Antiquarian Society s 
 collection at Worcester. This had been used by 
 Frothingham and others, but was never printed in 
 full with all its corrections indicated, till Dawson 
 included it in his Appendix in 1868. This narra 
 tive of Thacher s was made the basis of that which 
 the Committee of Safety prepared for transmission 
 to England, and this latter narrative is given with 
 much other matter in The Journal of the Third 
 Provincial Congress, 1775, and has been reprinted 
 by Ellis (in 1843), Frothingham, Swett, Dawson, 
 etc. Force s American Archives, vol. iv., is an 
 other repository of these and various other con 
 temporary accounts, several of which are copied 
 by Dawson in his Battles of the United States, as 
 well as in his Historical Magazine article ; and by 
 F. Moore in his Ballad History of the American 
 Revolution, part 2. 
 
 Colonel Prescott s own account is contained in 
 a letter dated August 25, 1775, and addressed to 
 John Adams, and this can be seen in Frothingham, 
 
38 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1775. 
 
 where it was first published, and in Dawson. What 
 is called the Prescott manuscript, which is said to 
 have been prepared in the family of the colonel, 
 and in part with his approval, was first printed in 
 full in Butler s History of Groton, p. 337, etc., 
 and it has been reprinted by Dawson, p. 437. 
 Frothingham and Sparks had the use of the manu 
 script known as Judge Prescott s (son of the 
 colonel) memoir of the battle ; but it was never 
 printed in full till it appeared in Frothingham s 
 centennial narrative, 1876. 
 
 Contemporary feelings will be found expressed 
 in the letters which passed during the war be 
 tween John Adams and his wife Abigail Adams, 
 which, having been some years ago published sepa 
 rately, were reprinted in one series by their grand 
 son, Charles Francis Adams, in 1876. 
 
 President Stiles, then of Newport, kept a diary 
 of events at this time, which js preserved at Yale 
 College. He first heard the news on the 18th, 
 and began his account on that day, to which he 
 added from day to day, as further corrected ti 
 dings reached him. This was printed at length 
 for the first time in Dawson, but has been used by 
 Sparks, Frothingham, Bancroft, etc. This diary 
 also copies the letter of Peter Brown, dated June 
 25th, to his mother, which is considered by Froth 
 ingham, who gives it, as the most noteworthy de 
 scription written by a private soldier engaged in 
 the battle, and is printed from the original in 
 
1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 39 
 
 Potter s American Monthly, July, 1875. Another 
 letter, of date June 21st, is given in the Proceed 
 ings of the Masachusetts Historical Society, Feb. 
 1870 ; under Oct. 1876, p. 108, will be found a 
 brief account from Fenno s orderly-book ; and un 
 der March, 1877, another from Thomas Boynton s 
 Journal. 
 
 Colonel Scammans s account of his court-mar 
 tial is given in the New England Chronicle, Feb. 
 29, 1776, and is reprinted in Dawson, p. 400. 
 
 Governor Trumbull in a letter, Aug. 31, 1779, 
 gave a sketch of the action, and it is printed in 
 the Massachusetts Historical Society s Collections, 
 vol. vi. See also Stuart s Life of Jonathan Trum 
 bull, ch. 16. Colonel John Trumbull, who after 
 wards painted the well-known picture of the battle, 
 was not in it, but saw the smoke of it from the 
 Roxbury lines, and in his autobiography, pub 
 lished in 1841, has an outline narrative. General 
 Heath s memoirs, published in 1798, have a brief 
 account. The narrative in Thacher s Military 
 Journal is entered as having been written in July, 
 1775. The Memoirs of General James Wilkinson, 
 printed in 1816, give in ch. 19 a "rapid sketch," 
 embodying his own knowledge and other evidence 
 which had reached him at first hand, as he went 
 over the field in March, 1776, with Stark and 
 Reed, and conferred with Major Caleb Stark. 
 
 Other testimony of eye-witnesses was gathered 
 too long after the battle to be wholly trustworthy, 
 
40 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1775. 
 
 in 1818, at the time of the Dearborn controversy, 
 later to be mentioned ; and numerous depositions 
 were taken from survivors attending the semi 
 centennial celebration, which are preserved in 
 three large volumes, but are considered by those 
 who have examined them as of little or no value. 
 The recital of the Adventures of Israel R. Potter, 
 who was a participator in the battle, and who pub 
 lished the first edition of his narrative at Provi 
 dence, in 1824, was put into literary shape by Her 
 man Melville. There is a long account in the 
 Columbian Centinel of December, 1824, and Janu 
 ary, 1825. An account by Oliver Morsman, a revo 
 lutionary soldier, was published at Sackett s Har 
 bor in 1830; and Mr. Charles Coffin published 
 at Portland, in 1835, an account compiled from 
 the narratives of Generals Heath, Lee, Wilkinson, 
 and Dearborn. Mr. Needham Maynard contrib 
 uted the recollections of a survivor, which were 
 printed in a Boston newspaper as late as 1843. . 
 
 British Accounts. Of the British accounts, the 
 entries in Howe s orderly-book are given in Ellis s 
 sketch (edition of 1843). The Gentleman s Mag 
 azine (London) of the same year gave an account 
 with a somewhat erroneous plan of the redoubt, 
 which has been reproduced in Frothingham s mon 
 ographs. General Gage s official report was printed 
 in Almon s Remembrancer, accompanied with strict 
 ures upon it, and it has been reprinted by Ellis 
 (edition of 1843 with the strictures), Force, Swett, 
 
1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 41 
 
 Frothingham ; by Dawson, in his Historical Mag 
 azine and in his Battles ; in Frank Moore s Bal 
 lad History, etc. Burgoyne saw the action from 
 Copp s Hill, and his letter to Lord Stanley, dated 
 June 25, 1775, has also been given in Fonblanque s 
 Life of Burgoyne ; in Dawson ; in Ellis, edition 
 of 1843; in the New England Historical and 
 Genealogical Register, April, 1857 ; in an appen 
 dix to Pulsifer s Sketch of the battle, and is also 
 given in Samuel A. Drake s Bunker Hill, the 
 Story told in Letters from the Battle-field, in 
 which also will be found, together with various 
 other minor British accounts, the Impartial and 
 Authentic Narration, originally London, 1775, 
 by John Clarke, " a first lieutenant of marines," 
 who gives what purports to be a speech of Howe 
 to his troops previous to the advance, which with 
 much else in this somewhat extended narrative 
 is considered rather apocryphal. This narrative 
 by Clarke was reprinted privately in 1868. The 
 compiled account in the Annual Register has been 
 thought to have been written by Burke. Cf. Wil 
 liam Carter s Genuine Detail of the Royal and 
 American Armies, with a plan of the works on 
 Bunker s Hill, London, 1784. Carter was a lieu 
 tenant of the Fortieth Foot, and there is a note on 
 the curious details connected with the book, in the 
 Brinley Catalogue, No. 1789. Force, Ellis (edi 
 tion of 1843), and Dawson, gather various contem 
 porary royalist accounts, and some particulars can 
 
42 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1775. 
 
 be found in the separate historic records detail 
 ing the careers of some of the roy^l regiments in 
 the action, like the Fourth, Fifth, Tenth Foot, etc. 
 Moorsom s Fifty-second Regiment gives a brief 
 account of its share in the battle, with plates of 
 their uniform at the time. See also Lushington s 
 Life of General Lord Harris, pp. 54-56 ; Sergeant 
 Lamb s (Welsh Fusileers) Journal of Occurrences 
 during the late American War ; and the Detail 
 and Conduct of the American War, for a letter 
 from Boston, July 5, 1775, with other English 
 reports. The British accounts first took regular 
 shape in Stedman s History of the American War, 
 published in 1794. Howe s conduct of the bat 
 tle is criticised in Lee s Memoirs of the War in 
 the Southern Department. Mahon s (Stanhope s) 
 History of England, vol. vi., represents in an ac 
 count, otherwise fair, that the Americans then 
 and since have considered the battle a victory; 
 but, when called upon to substantiate such an as 
 sertion, relied chiefly (see his Appendix) on the 
 reports of British tourists of a subsequent day. 
 A loyalist s statement of Howe s obstinacy in at 
 tacking in front, is in Jones s New York in the 
 Revolutionary War, i. 52. 
 
 See a French narrative in Hilliard d Auber- 
 teuil s Essais historiques, 1782. 
 
 Later Special Accounts. In 1858 Mr. Henry 
 B. Dawson published a popular account of the 
 Battles of the United States, giving a chapter, 
 
1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 43 
 
 based on the ordinary authorities, to Bunker Hill. 
 In 1868, in th^.- Historical Magazine, an American 
 periodical then edited by him, he gave a special 
 study of the battle, in which the " colonists " of 
 the earlier work became "insurgents," and the 
 royal troops were represented as fighting " in sup 
 port of the constitution, the laws, the king and the 
 government, and in defence of the life of the na 
 tion." Differing from other authorities, he rep 
 resents that the attack along the beach of the 
 Mystic was a preliminary attack. He has elab 
 orately collated the various contemporary and 
 later compiled accounts, and has appended numer 
 ous illustrative documents by English and Amer 
 ican writers, derived from Almon, Force, Ellis, 
 Frothingham, and others, to which he adds sev 
 eral printed for the first time. The fac-similes of 
 Page s, De Berniere s, and Dearborn s maps, which 
 are mentioned in his text as given with his ac 
 count, were never appended to it. 
 
 Of the more extended descriptions, that in 
 Frothingham s Siege of Boston is distinctively 
 marked for its dependence chiefly upon contempo 
 rary accounts, and its avoidance of the mingled 
 recollections and self-deceptions of the survivors 
 of all grades, who in 1818 furnished so many 
 depositions, over forty years after the conflict, to 
 perplex the truth-lover. These confused recollec 
 tions, added to the local jealousies of the partisans 
 of the troops of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, 
 
44 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1775. 
 
 and Connecticut, and to the facts narrated by dif 
 ferent persons as having taken place in positions 
 so disconnected as the redoubt and the rail fence, 
 have done much to render the sifting of evidence 
 very necessary ; and it all gave some ground for 
 Charles Hudson, in 1857, in his Doubts concern 
 ing the Battle of Bunker Hill (see also Chris 
 tian Examiner, vol. xl.) to attempt a logical vent 
 ure somewhat after the fashion of Whateley s fa 
 mous argument on the non-existence of Napoleon. 
 When, later, Frothingham wrote the Life of Joseph 
 Warren, he took occasion to summarize his longer 
 narrative in a chapter of that book, and his whole 
 description has again been recast in a popular 
 form in his centennial Bunker Hill, where he has 
 added much new matter, in letters, incidents, etc. 
 Anniversary addresses have often rehearsed the 
 story, occasionally adding a few details to our 
 stock of information, and the most significant 
 among them have been Webster s, in 1825 (see 
 also Analectic Magazine, vol xi.), at the laying of 
 the corner-stone of the monument ; Alexander H. 
 Everett s, in 1836, which subsequently was in 
 woven in his Life of Warren, in Sparks s series ; 
 the Rev. Dr. George E. Ellis s, in 1841, which 
 was subsequently issued in 1843, anonymously, as 
 a sketch of the battle, with an Appendix of illus 
 trative documents, some of which were printed for 
 the first time, and has again, in 1875, been recast 
 in a centennial History without the illustrative 
 
1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 45 
 
 documents (see also his account in the New York 
 Herald, June 8, 1875) ; that by Edward Everett ; 
 and that by Judge Devens in 1875. A succinct 
 narrative of the battle was also once or twice 
 printed by Alden Bradford, in connection with 
 his studies in the history of Massachusetts. A 
 New History of the Battle, by W. W. Wheildon, 
 traces two separate engagements constituting the 
 battle. Recent years have produced condensed 
 summaries, like that of Pulsifer and S. A. Drake; 
 that by James M. Bugbee, in Osgood s Centennial 
 Memorial ; an article by H. E. Scudder, in the 
 Atlantic Monthly, July, 1875 ; one by Launce 
 Poyntz, in the Galaxy, July, 1875. The story 
 also makes ch. 4 of E. E. Hale s One Hundred 
 Years Ago, and is retold in the Centennial num 
 bers of Frank Leslie s Pictorial, in the Centennial 
 Graphic, and in various other popular memorials 
 of 1875. It is gone over discursively in the illus 
 trated paper, by Rev. Dr. Samuel Osgood, in the 
 July (1875) number of Harper s Monthly. 
 
 Particular reference is given to landmarks in 
 Lossing s Field-Book of the Revolution, vol. i., 
 which account also appeared in the first volume of 
 Harper s Monthly; in S. A. Drake s Historic 
 Fields and Mansions of Middlesex. Finch, in an 
 article in Silliman s Journal, 1822, gave an ac 
 count of the traces then existing of the works of 
 the British and Americans in the siege of Boston, 
 and this has been reprinted by Frothingham. The 
 
46 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1775. 
 
 Report of the Bunker Hill Monument Associa 
 tion, 1876, gives a plan showing the position of 
 the monument and the present landmarks of the 
 neighborhood, relative to the lines of the old forti 
 fications. See also the section below on Maps and 
 Plans. 
 
 Accounts in General Histories. The battle 
 has necessarily given a subject to chapters in the 
 general histories of the war and of the State. The 
 earliest American historian of the war was Gordon 
 (see Loring on Gordon s History in Historical 
 Magazine, February and March, 1862), and he 
 followed closely the account of the Committee 
 of Safety. Ramsay s American Revolution was 
 published in 1789. Mrs. Mercy Warren s later. 
 Hubley s in 1805. Bancroft gives to it the 38th 
 chapter of his seventh volume. It is described 
 in ch. 20 of the second volume of Elliott s New 
 England ; in the third volume of Barry s Massa 
 chusetts ; and in ch. 15 of Carrington s Battles of 
 the American Revolution, with an eclectic map. 
 
 In Biographies. The biographers of Wash 
 ington, like Marshall and Irving, needed to de 
 scribe it as leading to the consolidation of the army 
 of which he took command on the 3d of July next 
 following. There is a brief account in Tudor s 
 Life of Otis. The memoirs of Heath have already 
 been mentioned, and the lives of other observers 
 and participants will give occasional minor details, 
 like the Journals of Samuel Shaw, Boston, 1847, 
 
r\cc 
 
 &V o* 
 1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 47 
 
 etc.; the lives of General Ward and Colonel 
 Knowlton, in the New England Historical and 
 Genealogical Register, July, 1851, and Jan. 1861 ; 
 the life of Deborah Sampson, called " The Female 
 Review," by Herman Mann, 1797, edited in 1866 
 by J. A. Vinton. A list of officers who were in 
 the battle, and who are named in Frothingham, is 
 given in the New England Historical and Genea 
 logical Register, April, 1873 ; and in the number 
 for July, 1874, there is an English list of the Yan 
 kee officers in the forces about Boston, June, 1775. 
 New Hampshire Troops. For the part borne 
 by them, see the memoirs of Stark by Caleb Stark 
 and Edward Everett. Stark s report to the New 
 Hampshire Congress is in the New Hampshire 
 Historical Society s Collections, vol. ii. ; in Ellis s 
 edition of 1843, etc. The Adjutant-General of New 
 Hampshire, in his report for 1866, second volume, 
 rehearses the military history of that State, and 
 gives some details regarding the troops engaged. 
 The manuscripts in the Adjutant-General s office 
 (New Hampshire), containing the rosters of 
 Stark s and Reed s regiments, have never been 
 printed in full. C. C. Coffin, in a letter in the 
 Boston Globe, June 23, 1875, epitomizes the serv 
 ice of New Hampshire troops in the battle ; and 
 details will be found in the New Hampshire Pro 
 vincial Papers, vol. vii.; in the histories of the 
 towns of Hollis (see New England Historical and 
 Genealogical Register, Oct. 1873, and July, 1876, 
 
48 - READERS HANDBOOK OF [1775 
 
 and History by S. T. Worcester, 1879, p. 146), 
 whence came Captain Dow s company of Pres- 
 cott s regiment ; of Manchester, by Potter, whence 
 came Captain John Moore s company of Stark s 
 regiment ; and of New Ipswich. See also the 
 New England Historical and Genealogical Regis 
 ter, vol. xxvii. p. 377, etc. ; and the account by 
 E. H. Derby in the number for Jan. 1877. 
 
 Connecticut Troops. For the part borne by 
 them, see lives of Putnam, Stuart s Life of Jona 
 than Trumbull, histories of Connecticut, by Hoi- 
 lister and others; Hinman s Connecticut in the 
 Revolution. 
 
 Who Commanded? The question of the high 
 est command in the battle has given rise to much 
 controversy. In many of the unofficial contem 
 porary accounts, particularly in the British ones, 
 Warren is represented as the commander. Put 
 nam is known to have been the adviser of the 
 expedition in the Council of War, and in the less 
 authoritative accounts of the time is represented, 
 as also in engravings, as the responsible director. 
 Gordon, in his history in 1788, was the earliest, 
 in print, to give the command to Prescott, follow 
 ing the Committee of Safety s account. The 
 earliest printed direct mention of Putnam as com 
 mander is in a note to the sermon preached at his 
 funeral by Rev. Josiah Whitney, in 1790, where 
 he took exception to Humphreys s statement in 
 his Life of Putnam, 1788, published while Put- 
 
1775.] TEE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 49 
 
 nam was still living, in which no mention is made 
 of Putnam having commanded. Eliot, in his bio 
 graphical dictionary, in 1809, represents Prescott 
 as commanding in the redoubt, and Stark at the 
 rail fence. The earliest reflection upon the con 
 duct of Putnam in the action appeared in General 
 Wilkinson s Memoirs, which were published in 
 1816, and were reviewed in the North American 
 Review, Oct. 1817. The Analectic Magazine for 
 Feb. and March, 1818, had articles on the bat 
 tle, following chiefly the accounts of Thacher and 
 Gordon, but with some important differences, and 
 giving documents in the latter number. 
 
 General Henry Dearborn, who was a captain in 
 Stark s regiment at the rail fence, opened a con 
 troversy, not yet ended, and which at that time 
 soon got to have a political bearing, when he 
 printed his communication in the Portfolio for 
 March, 1818, in which he aimed to show that dur 
 ing the battle Putnam remained inactive at the 
 rear, and this paper has since been reprinted sepa 
 rately, and twice in the Historical Magazine, Aug. 
 1864, and June, 1868, p. 402. A summary of 
 this Dearborn controversy is given in G. W. War 
 ren s History of the Bunker Hill Monument As 
 sociation. Colonel Daniel Putnam, the son of the 
 general, replied to Dearborn in the May number 
 of the Portfolio, and appended numerous deposi 
 tions, all of which have been reprinted in Daw- 
 son s Historical Magazine, June, 1868, p. 407. 
 4 
 
50 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1775. 
 
 This reply of Daniel Putnam led General Dear 
 born to vindicate his former statement by the pub 
 lication, in the Boston Patriot of June 13, 1818, 
 of various depositions and confirmations of other 
 participants, all of which may also be found in 
 Dawson, p. 414. At this time Daniel Webster, 
 in the North American Review, July, 1818, vindi 
 cated the character of Putnam, but, examining 
 the evidence judicially, came to the conclusion 
 that Prescott commanded the fatigue party during 
 the night, and on the subsequent day exercised a 
 general command over the field so far as he could, 
 and should be considered the commanding officer, 
 and as acting under the orders of General Ward, 
 at Cambridge, only, and to whom he made report 
 of the action after it was over. See also the Pro 
 ceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 
 for June, 1858. 
 
 Judge John Lowell next reviewed Dearborn s 
 defense of his attack on Putnam in the Columbian 
 Centinel for July 4 and 15, 1818, and strength 
 ened his points with counter-depositions of actors 
 in the struggle, all of which are again given in 
 Dawson, p. 423. Colonel Swett now entered into 
 the controversy in an Historical and Topograph 
 ical Sketch of Bunker Hill Battle, which, in Oct. 
 1818, was appended to an edition of Humphrevs s 
 Life of Putnam, and this sketch was subsequently 
 published separately and with enlargements, de 
 rived in part from conversations with the surviv- 
 
1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 51 
 
 ors who attended the semi-centennial jubilee of 
 1825, and this appeared in 1826, and again in 
 1827 (see Sparks s notice in the North American 
 review, vol. xxii.). Meanwhile, Colonel Daniel 
 Putnam, in 1825, recapitulated his views in a 
 communication to the Bunker Hill Monument 
 Association, and this document is printed in the 
 Connecticut Historical Collections, vol. i. The 
 account of Swett has been substantially followed 
 in Rand, Avery & Co. s Bunker Hill Centennial. 
 Swett s first publication was criticised by D. L. 
 Child, in the Boston Patriot, Nov. 17, 1818, who 
 claimed that Putnam was not in the battle, and 
 whose article was reprinted as an Enquiry into 
 the Conduct of General Putnam. On the other 
 hand, Alden Bradford, in his pamphlet in 1825, 
 claimed the command for Putnam. 
 
 In 1841 Ellis in his oration, and subsequently 
 in his History of the Battle in 1843, taking ad 
 vantage of intercourse with Prescott s descendants, 
 made the first extended presentation of Prescott s 
 claims, to which Colonel Swett demurred in the 
 Boston Advertiser, where also can be found Ellis s 
 rejoinder. See Judge Prescott s letter to Dr. 
 Ellis in the Proceedings of the Massachusetts His 
 torical Society, June, 1868. Prescott is assigned 
 the command in the narrative of Major Thompson 
 Maxwell, who was present in the fight, which is 
 printed in the Collections of the Essex Institute, 
 vol. vii. See also the New England Historical 
 
52 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1775. 
 
 and Genealogical Register, Jan. 1868. Cf. the 
 Report to the Massachusetts Legislature on a 
 monument to Colonel Prescott, 1852. 
 
 Again, in 1843, John Fellows, in his Veil Re 
 moved, animadverted upon Swett s views regard 
 ing Putnam, and reproduced Dearborn s state 
 ment and many others which aimed to detract 
 from Putnam s fame. 
 
 When Frothingham s Siege of Boston appeared 
 in 1849, in which the question of the command 
 was critically examined, p. 159, etc., giving that 
 authority to Prescott, Swett renewed the contro 
 versy in a critique on that work in 1850, with a 
 tract, Who was the Commander ? etc., to which 
 Frothingham replied in a pamphlet of fifty-six 
 pages, The Command in the Battle of Bunker 
 Hill, substantiating his position, and pointing out 
 the inconsistencies and seeming perversions of 
 Swett. In 1853 Irving in his Life of Washing 
 ton favored Prescott. In 1855 L. Grosvenor in 
 an address before the descendants of General Put 
 nam " exposed " (as he claimed) " the ungener 
 ous conduct of Colonel Prescott toward General 
 Putnam, the commander in the battle." When 
 Bancroft in 1858 published his seventh volume, he 
 took the ground, already foreshadowed in a lecture 
 which he had delivered, that Prescott commanded 
 the Provincials. In 1859 " Selah " of the Hart 
 ford Post, favoring Putnam, had a controversy 
 with Dawson, who held Putnam to have been a 
 
1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 53 
 
 " blusterer and swaggerer," and intimates that he 
 was also treacherous, and this was reprinted in an 
 unpublished quarto, called Major-General Israel 
 Putnam. Again, in Putnam s favor, the Hon. H. 
 C. Deming delivered a discourse before the Con 
 necticut Historical Society on the presentation of 
 Putnam s sword, and it was repeated, June 18, 
 1860, at Putnam s grave, at Pomfret, before the 
 Putnam Phalanx. The argument, as regards the 
 claims of Putnam, was presented by the Rev. I. 
 N. Tarbox, in the New York Herald, June 12 
 and 14, 1875, and in the New Englander, April, 
 
 1875, and more at length in his Life of Putnam, 
 
 1876. S. A. Drake s General Israel Putnam the 
 Commander at Bunker Hill argues on the basis of 
 military rule, and summarizes the authorities. 
 See also Hollister s History of Connecticut and 
 Hinman s Connecticut in the Revolution. Judge 
 Devens s Oration at Bunker Hill, 1875, favors 
 Prescott. Wheildon s New History favors Put 
 nam. A pamphlet, entitled Colonel William 
 Prescott, by Francis J. Parker, issued since 1875, 
 presents the case anew in favor of Prescott. 
 
 Death of Warren. In 1825, when General W. 
 H. Sumner was Adjutant- General of Massachu 
 setts, and it devolved upon him to arrange for the 
 appearance of the veterans in the celebration of 
 that year, he collected from the recitals of some of 
 them a few particulars regarding the appearance 
 and death of Warren, and held some correspond- 
 
54 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1775. 
 
 ence with Dr. Waterhouse on the subject in the 
 Boston Patriot, in August of that year. This 
 matter he reproduced in a paper in the New Eng 
 land Historical and Genealogical Register, April 
 and July, 1858. See further the accounts in Lor- 
 ing s Boston Orators ; in Mrs. J. B. Brown s 
 (Warren s grand-daughter) Stories of General 
 Warren ; in Dr. John Jeffries s (son of the royal 
 surgeon on the field) paper in the Boston Medical 
 and Surgical Journal, June 17, 1875 ; and in the 
 Life of Dr. John Warren, brother of the general. 
 See also the Eulogy on General Warren in 1776, 
 by Perez Morton, and the memorial volume on 
 the occasion of the dedication of the Warren 
 statue, and particularly Frothinghara s Life of 
 Warren. The history of Warren s sword is given 
 in the Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical 
 Society, Sept. 1866. 
 
 There is an account of the different celebrations 
 in Charlestown in the New York Herald for June 
 4, 1875 ; and of Ralph Farnham, the last survivor 
 of the battle, in the Historical Magazine, iv. 312. 
 
 There are other papers on the battle in the New 
 England Historical and Genealogical Register, and 
 Dawson s and Frothingham s notes will indicate 
 additional publications of small importance not 
 mentioned here. 
 
 Plans and Maps. The earliest of the plans of 
 the action seems to have been a slight sketch, after 
 information from Chaplain John Martin, who was 
 
1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 55 
 
 in the battle, drawn by Stiles in his diary, which 
 is reproduced in Dawson, who also, as does Froth- 
 in gham, gives the slight sketch, made with print 
 ers rules, which accompanied the account in Riv- 
 ington s Gazette, August 3, 1775. 
 
 The careful plan made by Page of the British 
 engineers, based upon Captain Montresor s survey 
 (which closely agrees with Felton and Parker s 
 survey of Charlestown in 1848), is much the best, 
 and it shows the laying out of Charlestown, the 
 position of the frigates, and the battery at Copp s 
 Hill. The successive positions of the attacking 
 force are indicated by a superposed sheet. This 
 was issued in London in 1776, and the same plate, 
 with few changes, was used in Stedman s history 
 in 1794. The original impression was reengraved 
 for Frothingham s Siege of Boston, and is also 
 given in his Centennial Narrative. 
 
 The plan by De Berniere, of the Tenth Royal 
 Infantry, on much the same scale as Page s, dif 
 fers in some points from it, is not so correct in the 
 ground plan, and is the first plan that appeared 
 in an American engraving, in the Analectic Maga 
 zine, Feb. 1818, where it is represented as from a 
 sketch found in the captured baggage of a British 
 officer in 1775. General Dearborn made some re 
 marks on this plan in the Portfolio, March, 1818, 
 which are reprinted in Dawson, p. 438. Dear 
 born s subsequent plan, as altered in red on that 
 of De Berniere, was criticised upon the field in 
 
56 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1775. 
 
 June, 1818, by Governor Brooks (who acted as 
 messenger from Fresco tt to Ward in the battle), 
 as detailed by General Sumner in the New Eng 
 land Historical and Genealogical Register, July, 
 1858. This map was made the basis of one en 
 graved by Smith, and issued in Boston, at the 
 time of the completion of the monument, in 1843. 
 
 A map of Boston, showing Charlestown and the 
 field, with Burgoyne s letter attached, was issued 
 in London, and has been reproduced in fac-simile 
 in F. Moore s Ballad History of the Revolution, 
 part 2. 
 
 There is also an English map of the eastern 
 part of Massachusetts, dated London, Sept. 2, 
 1775, in which the lines of march of the troops 
 of the different provinces are designated as they 
 assembled to the relief of Boston. This has been 
 reproduced in smaller size in the Centennial 
 Graphic, and Frothingham styles it " more curi 
 ous than valuable." In a side-sketch, of this same 
 sheet, there is a semi-pictorial plan of the battle, 
 with the whole of Boston, and this has been fac 
 similed in Wheildon s, Pulsifer s, and Bngbee s 
 sketches, and in George A. Coolidge s Centennial 
 Memorial. There is a map of New England at 
 this time in Hilliard d Auberteuil s Essais histor- 
 iques, 1782. 
 
 Colonel Swett made a plan of his own, based on 
 De Berniere s, of about the size of Page s, and it 
 was reproduced full size in Ellis s oration, 1841 ; 
 
1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 57 
 
 but the reproductions of it in Lossing s Field- 
 Book, in Ellis s New York Herald article, June 8, 
 1875, and in his History and Centennial History, 
 in Rand, Avery & Co. s Bunker Hill Centennial, 
 in George A. Coolidge s Brochure, in the Bunker 
 Hill Tiroes, June 17, 1875, and in Bugbee s sketch, 
 are reduced in size. See also Tarbox s Life of 
 Putnam. Little regard is paid in this plan to the 
 laying out of the town of Charlestown. There is 
 a plan in the English translation of Botta s His 
 tory of the War of Independence ; and lesser plans 
 are in Ridpath s United States, and are other pop 
 ular histories. 
 
 Of contemporary plans of Boston, that in the 
 Gentleman s Magazine, Oct. 1775, p. 464, shows 
 the peninsula, with " Charlestown in ruins." This 
 is drawn from the same original as that in the 
 Pennsylvania Magazine, 1775, which in the June 
 number has a plan of Boston Harbor, with only 
 one eminence delineated on the Charlestown pen 
 insula, which is marked " Bunk 8 H." The houses 
 in the town are represented as on fire, and simi 
 larly in the plan in Murray s Impartial History of 
 the American War. There is a plan of Boston 
 in the Geschichte der Kriege in und aus Europa, 
 Nuremberg, 1776. The London Magazine, April, 
 1774, has a chart of the coast of New England, 
 with a plan of Boston in the corner, and this plan 
 was inserted, enlarged, in Jeffery s Map of New 
 England, Nov. 1774, with also a plan of Boston 
 
58 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1775. 
 
 Harbor, and was again copied in Jeffery s Ameri 
 can Atlas, 1776, and a French reproduction of it 
 was published at Paris in 1778, in the Atlas 
 Ameriquain septentrional. Another chart of the 
 harbor arid plan of the town is in the Political 
 Magazine, Nov. 1782. 
 
 Views, etc. There are rude contemporary 
 views of the action, one of which appeared in 
 1775, known as Roman s, representing Putnam on 
 horseback, as in command, and was reduced in the 
 Pennsylvania Magazine, Sept. 1775, and this has 
 been heliotyped in Frothingham s Centennial 
 sketch, in Rand, Avery & Co. s, and in Coolidge s 
 memorials, and is also reproduced in Moore s Bal 
 lad History, and in the Bunker Hill Times, June 
 17, 1875. In Cooking s poem, The American 
 War, published in London, 1781, is a somewhat 
 extraordinary picture, which, with extracts from 
 the poem, has been reproduced in S. A. Drake s 
 monograph ; and the picture is also given in Bug- 
 bee s sketch, and in Coolidge s Brochure. In the 
 Gentleman s Magazine, Feb. 1790, there is a view 
 of Charlestown and Howe s encampment on the 
 hill, taken after the battle ; and in the Massachu 
 setts Magazine, Sept. 1789, is a view of Charles 
 River Bridge, showing the configuration of Bun 
 ker s and Breed s hills. 
 
 The well-known picture which Colonel Trum- 
 bull, in 1786, painted of the battle, and of which 
 a key will be found in the New England Historical 
 
1775.J THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 59 
 
 and Genealogical Register, vol. xv., and of which 
 there is a description in Trumbull s Autobiogra 
 phy, gave the command in the redoubt to Putnam, 
 and a subordinate position to Prescott, which the 
 painter is said afterwards to have regretted, as in 
 dicating views on the question of command at 
 variance with the truth. A picture by D. M. 
 Carter represents Prescott in command, and this 
 is reproduced in Coolidge s Brochure. Chappel s 
 picture of the battle is given in W. L. Stone s 
 History of New York City. There is a curious 
 engraving of a group where an eulogy is being 
 pronounced over Warren s body, in Hilliard d Au- 
 bertenil a Essais historiques, 1782. 
 
 The Monument. For accounts of the monu 
 ment, see Ellis s ed. of 1843; Frothingham s Siege 
 of Boston, and Wheildon s Life of Solomon Wil- 
 lard. A History of the Bunker Hill Monument 
 Association has been written by G. W. Warren, 
 1877. See, also, A. S. Packard s account in the 
 Collections of the Maine Historical Society, vol. iii. 
 
 In Fiction. Dr. O. W. Holmes, in his Grand 
 mother s Story of Bunker Hill Battle, rehearses 
 the events of the day in verse ; and the battle is 
 described in Cooper s novel of Lionel Lincoln. 
 
 The Siege of Boston, June, 1775 March, 1776. 
 
 The siege of Boston began with the return of 
 the British troops from Concord on the evening of 
 April 19, 1775 ; and Putnam fortified Prospect 
 
60 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1775. 
 
 Hill (now Somerville) immediately after tlie bat 
 tle of Bunker Hill ; and after Washington s tak 
 ing the command, July 3, 1775, the work of com 
 pleting the lines about the town was begun. 
 
 The fullest accounts of the events succeeding 
 the 17th of June will be found in Frothingham s 
 Siege of Boston, and in the memorial volume of 
 the Centennial Celebration, printed by the City of 
 Boston, in 1876, including an historical address 
 by Geo. E. Ellis, to which is appended a chronicle 
 of the siege by the same hand. A general survey 
 of the events will be found in Bancroft s United 
 States, vol. viii. ; and Barry s Massachusetts, vol. 
 iii. ; in Paige s History of Cambridge ; in the Me 
 moirs of Gen. Heath ; the Memoirs of Gen. Wil 
 kinson ; Greene s Life of Greene, i. 88, and other 
 accounts of the Rhode Island troops in the Rhode 
 Island Historical Society s Collections, vi. 
 
 Popular accounts can be followed in Dawson s 
 Battles of the United States; in E. E. Hale s 
 One Hundred Years Ago ; in H. E. Scudder s 
 paper on the Siege in the Atlantic Monthly, 
 April, 1876, and in the general histories. 
 
 Gordon, vol. ii., gives details from diaries of the 
 times ; and illustrative matter of contemporary 
 origin is given in Almon s Remembrancer ; in 
 Force s American Archives ; in Moore s Diary of 
 the American Revolution ; in the Collections of 
 the Essex Institute, vol. iii. ; in the diary of Gen 
 eral Heath in the camps at Roxbury and Cam- 
 
1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 61 
 
 bridge, in the Proceedings, May, 1859, of the 
 Massachusetts Historical Society, which contains 
 matter not in his Memoirs ; and the accounts in 
 Niles s Principles and Acts of the Revolution. 
 Cf. also F. S. Drake s History of Roxbury. 
 
 The letters of Washington, in Sparks s edition, 
 vol. iii., during his stay at Cambridge, are of the 
 utmost importance, as are those of Joseph Reed, 
 his military secretary. The Life of Reed con 
 tains some of Washington s letters which Sparks 
 did not print ; others are in the Rhode Island Co 
 lonial Records, vii. Consult the autobiography 
 of Col. John Trumbull, who was at this time 
 of Washington s military family ; the Revolution 
 ary Services of Gen. William Hull, ch. 2 ; and 
 the Life of Dr. John Warren, brother of General 
 Joseph Warren, and of the medical staff. A jour 
 nal of Knox s expedition in Nov. 1775, to Ticon- 
 deroga to get cannon for conducting the siege of 
 Boston, is given in the New England Historical 
 and Genealogical Register, July, 1876. Drake s 
 Life of Knox. 
 
 Of the associations of Washington with his 
 head-quarters at Cambridge, see Alexander Mc- 
 Kenzie s article in the Atlantic Monthly, July, 
 1875 ; and Charles Deane s paper in the Proceed 
 ings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Sept. 
 1872, see also June, 1858. In the Harvard 
 Book are chapters on the Old President s House, 
 by Chas. Deane ; on the Cragie House, by George 
 
62 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1775. 
 
 Dexter, and on the Washington Elm, by Alex 
 ander McKenzie. Cf. T. C. Amory s Old and 
 New Cambridge. In this connection see the 
 Centennial volume published by the City of Cam 
 bridge, 1875, which includes Rev. Dr. Peabody s 
 oration at Cambridge, July 3, 1875. There is 
 a poem, Under the Great Elm, in the Atlantic 
 Monthly, Aug. 1875, by James Russell Lowell. 
 A letter of Washington is in the Magazine of 
 American History, Feb. 1879, p. 113. Much con 
 nected with the Cambridge centre, and the left 
 wing can be learned from Drake s Middlesex; 
 and for the whole line, from Lossing s Field-Book. 
 
 The Rules and Regulations for the Massachu 
 setts army were published by order at Salem in 
 1775. 
 
 Various orderly books, contemporary letters, 
 and diaries, etc., have been printed, covering the 
 American camp life, and the experiences of the 
 troops and prisoners in Boston : 
 
 American Camp. Thacher s Military Journal, 
 the author being a surgeon in the forces on Pros 
 pect Hill, and in Boston after the evacuation. 
 Dr. Belknap s diary, Oct. 1775, at Cambridge, in 
 the Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical 
 Society, June, 1858. Paul Lunt s diary, Cam 
 bridge, May 10 to Dec. 23, 1775, in the same, 
 Feb. 1872. Ezekiel Price s diary, along the 
 American lines, in the same, Nov. 1863. Crafts s 
 journal, beginning at Cambridge, June 15, 1775, 
 
1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 63 
 
 in Collections of the Essex Institute, vol. iii. p. 
 51. The letters written by Abigail Adams to her 
 husband, John Adams. A MS. orderly-book, 
 Cambridge, July 3 to Sept. 21, 1775, is in the cab 
 inet of the Pennsylvania Historical Society. Dan 
 iel McCurlin s journal in Thomas Balch s Mary 
 land Line during the Revolution. David How s 
 diary, a soldier in Col. Sargent s regiment of the 
 Massachusetts line, printed with notes by H. B. 
 Dawson, New York, 1865. William Henshaw s 
 orderly-book, April to Sept. 1775, with notes by 
 C. C. Smith, in the Proceedings of the Massa 
 chusetts Historical Society, Oct. 1876, and re 
 printed. Glover s orderly-book, in Collections of 
 the Essex Institute, vol. v. p. 112. Col. Israel 
 Hutchinson s orderly-book, Aug. 13, 1775 to July 
 8, 1776, in Proceedings of Massachusetts Histori 
 cal Society, Oct. 1878, with notes by C. C. Smith, 
 and an introduction by Lucius R. Paige, also 
 printed separately. Jeremiah Fogg s orderly- 
 book, Winter Hill, Oct. 28, 1775 to Jan. 12, 
 1776, is preserved in Harvard College library. 
 Major William Lee s orderly-book is still in MS. 
 in the cabinet of the Massachusetts Historical 
 Society. Aaron Wright s diary, in Boston Tran 
 script, April 11, 1862. A Diary in the Histori 
 cal Magazine, Oct. 1864. Letters during Oct. 
 1775 of William Thompson of the Pennsylvania 
 line in Read s Life of George Read, pp. 112, 
 128. For the camp on Winter Hill see Amory s 
 Sullivan, p. 15. 
 
64 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1775 
 
 In Boston. The Andrews papers in the Pro 
 ceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 
 July, 1865. Letters, which had been used by 
 Frothinghain, but were not printed in full till 
 they appeared in the New England Historical and 
 Genealogical Register, April, 1857. Letters in 
 the American Historical Record, Dec. 1872. 
 Ne well s diary in Boston, in the Collections of the 
 Massachusetts Historical Society, 4th series, vol. i. 
 Letters during the occupation of Boston, edited 
 by W. P. Upham, in the Collections of the Essex 
 Institute, vol. xiii., July, 1876; and see in this 
 connection Mr. Upham s paper on the occupation 
 of Boston, in the Institute s Bulletin, March, 1876. 
 Letters written from Boston, by the Rev. Dr. 
 Eliot, in the Proceedings of the Massachusetts 
 Historical Society, Sept. 1878. Letters written 
 from Boston to Gardiner Greene, in the Proceed 
 ings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, June, 
 1873. Samuel Paine s Letter, Oct. 1775, in the 
 New England Historical and Genealogical Regis 
 ter, July, 1876. John Leach s diary during his 
 confinement in Boston as a prisoner, June 29 to 
 Oct. 4, 1775, in the same, July, 1865, also see 
 Oct. 1865. Peter Edes s diary during his con 
 finement in Boston, printed at Bangor, 1837. 
 The journal of a British officer in Boston, edited 
 by R. H. Dana, Jr., in the Atlantic Monthly, 
 April, 1877. Fonblanque s Life of Burgoyne, 
 ch. 4. Adjutant Waller s orderly-book, with the 
 
1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 65 
 
 British in Boston, never printed, in the cabinet 
 of the Massachusetts Historical Society. See 
 their Proceedings, i. 481. The log-book of the 
 British ship Preston, in Boston Harbor, April to 
 Sept. 1775, in the Maine Historical Society s Col 
 lections, Aug. 1860. An account of the contribu 
 tions sent by the Friends in Philadelphia to the 
 sufferers in Boston is given in the Pennsylvania 
 Magazine of American History, i. 168. 
 
 On the evacuation in March, 1776, there are 
 letters by Eldad Taylor, in the New England 
 Historical and Genealogical Register, Juty, 1854 ; 
 and others by Edmund Quincy, in the Proceed 
 ings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, April, 
 1858. Cf. Force s American Archives, 4th series, 
 v. and vi. ; Reed s Joseph Reed, i. ch. 8 ; Hollis- 
 ter s Connecticut, ch. 10. Dawson in his Battles 
 gives Howe s dispatch from Nantasket Roads, 
 March 21, 1776, and Washington s dispatch of 
 March 19, 1776. Washington s instructions to 
 Gen. Ward on leaving Boston for New York, are 
 given in the Heath Papers, Massachusetts His 
 torical Society s Collections, 5th series, iv. 4 ; and 
 p. 296 there is a letter of John Winthrop to John 
 Adams, after the evacuation. 
 
 Landmarks and Memorials. The appearance 
 of Boston at this time can be judged of from a 
 plate representing the landing of the British 
 troops to garrison the place in 1768, by Paul 
 Revere, which is reproduced in Rand, Avery & 
 
66 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1775. 
 
 Co. s Bunker Hill Centennial, and in the Boston 
 Evacuation Memorial, 1876. There is a view of 
 the harbor and town in the Pennsylvania Maga 
 zine, June, 1773 ; a description with a view in 
 the Columbian Magazine, Dec. 1787 ; and one of 
 the town from Breed s Hill in the Massachusetts 
 Magazine, June, 1791, and in July, 1793, a large 
 view of the Old State House, and for another see 
 Aug. 1791; in July, 1789, one of the Hancock 
 House ; in March, 1789, one of Faneuil Hall, 
 all showing the aspects of revolutionary Boston. 
 Several of these are reproduced in the Boston 
 Evacuation Memorial. A view showing Dorches 
 ter Heights is in the number for Nov. 1790, and 
 another of Boston from those heights in 1774, is 
 copied from a contemporary English print in 
 Lossing s Field-Book, i. 512 ; a view of Charles- 
 town, with the north battery in Boston in the 
 foreground, engraved by Paul Revere, is in the 
 Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical So 
 ciety, Oct. 1877. 
 
 Descriptions of the town and its society at a 
 little later date will be found in the letters of An- 
 burey, who was one of Burgoyne s officers quar 
 tered at Cambridge in 1777 ; in Abb Robin, a 
 chaplain of Rochambeau in 1781, whose account 
 is quoted by Shurtleff, and translated in the His 
 torical Magazine, Aug. 1862 ; and in Chastellux, 
 1782, vol. ii., also quoted in Shurtleff s Descrip 
 tion of Boston. 
 
1775.] :r# AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 There is a view of Gage s lines on Boston 
 in Frothingham, from a print published in 1777, 
 and a plan of them in Force s American Archives, 
 vol. iii. ; another original plan is reproduced in 
 the Centennial Graphic. An original plan of the 
 Neck defenses of the British, made within the 
 American lines, largely from information of a de 
 serter, with all the guns marked, their calibre and 
 quantity of shot given, is preserved among the 
 Lee papers in the library of the American Philo 
 sophical Society in Philadelphia. See also Penn 
 sylvania Magazine, Aug. 1775, for Gage s lines. 
 A plan of the fort erected by the British on 
 Bunker Hill proper is given in Frothingharn s 
 Siege, from one published in London in 1781. 
 William Carter s Genuine Detail of the Several 
 Engagements, etc., London, 1784, gives a plan of 
 these works at the time of their evacuation. 
 
 A gold medal given by Congress to Washing 
 ton to commemorate the Siege of Boston is pre 
 served in the Boston Public Library, and an ac 
 count of it is given in the Boston Evacuation 
 Memorial, 1876. See also Snowden s Medals of 
 Washington and Loubat s Medallic History of the 
 United States. Washington s letter to Congress 
 is given in fac-simile in Force s American Ar 
 chives, 4th series, v. 977. 
 
 Fiction. The events of the siege are worked 
 into the story of Cooper s Lionel Lincoln, and of 
 Scribe s play La Bohemienne. 
 
68 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1775. 
 
 Maps, Plans, etc. Shurtleff, in his Descrip 
 tion of Boston, ch. 6, gives a section to the 
 enumeration of maps of the town and its harbor, 
 some of which are of interest in understanding 
 the circuit of fortifications erected by the provin 
 cial forces at this time. The best for ordinary 
 consultation is the eclectic map given by Froth- 
 inghani in his Siege of Boston, p. 91. See also 
 that in Force, vol. iii., and the military maps in 
 Marshall s Washington, Sparks s Washington, re 
 peated in the Evacuation Memorial, and repro 
 duced by Guizot, in his Washington ; Carring- 
 ton s Battles of the American Revolution, p. 155; 
 Lossing s Field-Book, etc. 
 
 For contemporary maps, that in vol. i. of Al- 
 mon s Remembrancer, drawn at Boston in June, 
 1775, and published in London, Aug. 28, 1775, 
 shows for the field of battle the words " Breed s 
 pasture," which accords with the belief that that 
 eminence was not known as Breed s Hill till after 
 the battle. It is not otherwise very accurate. 
 
 The Gentleman s Magazine, Jan. 1775, gave a 
 chart of the town and harbor. 
 
 The Pennsylvania Magazine, July, 1775, gave 
 a plan of Boston, with a side-sketch of the lines 
 about the town, which has been reproduced in 
 Moore s Ballad History, and in the Centennial 
 Memorials of Rand, Avery & Co., of George A. 
 Coolidge, etc. Col. Trumbull, in his autobi 
 ography, gave a map of the lines made by himself 
 
1775.1 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 69 
 
 in Sept. 1775. A plan of the works on Winter 
 Hill is among the Washington maps in the Sparks 
 Collection. 
 
 A large map of the town, with surrounding 
 country and harbor, after Samuel Holland s sur 
 veys, was published by Des Barres in London, 
 Aug. 5, 1775. It shows no fortifications except 
 those at Copp s Hill and on the Neck. A colored 
 copy of this is in the Boston Public Library, as is 
 also a French map, 1780, Carte particuli^re du 
 Havre de Boston, r^duite de la carte anglaise de 
 Des Barres. The 1775 plate of Des Barres, with 
 out change of date, but nevertheless with changes 
 in some parts, and with the various fortifications 
 of the siege delineated, was published again in 
 1780-83 in the Atlantic Neptune, and it was 
 from Frothingham s copy of this that the repro 
 duction in Shurtleff s Description of Boston was 
 made in 1870. 
 
 Faden s map of Boston, with the intrenchments 
 of 1775, based on the observations of Page in 
 1775, was published, London, Oct. 1, 1777, and 
 in a later edition, Oct. 1778, and it has been fac 
 similed in Frothingham s Siege. 
 
 Roman s map of The Seat of Civil War in 
 America, 1775, has a rude view of the lines on 
 Boston Neck, and a plan of Boston and its envi 
 rons. 
 
 In 1776 there was published by Beaurain, at 
 Paris, a Carte du Porte et Havre de Boston, 
 
70 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1775. 
 
 which is copied from a British plan, and has in a 
 vignette the earliest known printed representation 
 of the Pine-tree banner (this vignette is copied 
 by Frothingham, who calls the map "curious but 
 not correct"). There is also a German edition 
 of the same, published in the first part of the 
 Geographische Belustigungen, Leipsic, 1776, by 
 J. C. Muller, " von dein Cheval. de Beaurin nach 
 dem Pariser original von 1776." 
 
 Henry Pelham s map of Boston and environs, 
 which is called " the most accurate " of all, was 
 published in London, June 2, 1777, shows the 
 military lines, and has been reproduced, much re 
 duced, in Moore s Diary of the Revolution and in 
 Drake s Landmarks, but is fac-similed full size in 
 the Evacuation Memorial of the City of Boston, 
 1876. 
 
 In 1777 Faden published in London a plan of 
 Boston and vicinity, showing the " Rebel works," 
 and based on Page s and Montresor s observa 
 tions. 
 
 The Impartial History of the War in America, 
 published in Boston, 1781-1785, has a plan of Bos 
 ton with Charlestown (represented in flames) and 
 the attack on Bunker Hill. The engraving is 
 marked " J. Norman, So." 
 
 The earliest of the eclectic maps, and the one 
 followed by later authorities in assigning the lo 
 cation of the military lines, was that given by 
 Gordon in his History, vol. ii., who took Page s 
 for the town, and Pelham s for the country. 
 
1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 71 
 
 The contemporary American Atlas, London, 
 contains various maps of interest in this connec 
 tion, namely : Plan of Boston and vicinity, made 
 by English engineers, Oct. 1775 (No. 16) ; maps 
 of New England (Nos. 13 and 14), and small 
 plans of Boston (Nos. 13 and 15). 
 
 See Josiah Quincy s descriptions of a map of 
 Boston and harbor, 1775, in the Proceedings of the 
 Massachusetts Historical Society, May, 1860, and 
 other accounts in the Proceedings for 1864, pp. 
 361, 474. 
 
 Burning of Falmouth, Maine, October, 1775. 
 
 Contemporary accounts are given in the Gen 
 tleman s Magazine, London ; in the Historical 
 Magazine, March, 1869 ; in Bailey s letter printed 
 in the Maine Historical Society s Collections, vol. 
 v. p. 437. See also Williamson s, ii. 422, and 
 other histories of Maine, Willis s Portland, ch. 
 19 and App. 17 to 20, Sparks s Washington, iii. 
 App., and the New England Historical and Ge 
 nealogical Register, July, 1873. The act was 
 disowned by the British government. Stan 
 hope s England, vi. 75, and Sparks s Washington, 
 iii. 520. 
 
 A plan of Falmouth is given in a Boston edition 
 of the Impartial History, vol. ii. ; and in Smith 
 and Deane s Journal of Portland, showing the 
 burnt section. 
 
72 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1775. 
 
 The Second Continental Congress, 1775. 
 
 This assembly came together at Philadelphia 
 May 10th, and their proceedings are given in 
 Journals of Congress, ii. 
 
 Illustrative accounts will be found in histories of 
 the United States, by Banqroft, vii. 353, viii. 25, 
 51 ; by Grahame, iv. 407 ; by Pitkin, i. ch. 9 ; by 
 Hildreth, iii. ch. 31 ; in Frothingham s Rise of the 
 Republic, p. 419 ; in Thaddeus Allen s Origina 
 tion of the American Union ; in histories of states, 
 like Barry s Massachusetts, Mulford s New Jer 
 sey, etc. ; in Gordon s Revolution. Documents 
 are in Force s Archives. 
 
 Compare the lives of its members, etc., like 
 those of Franklin by Sparks, i. 393, by Bigelow 
 and by Parton ; of Washington by Marshall, 
 Sparks, and Irving ; of Samuel Adams by Wells, 
 ii. ch. 37 ; of John Adams by C. F. Adams, i., 
 with Adams s diary in vol. ii. p. 408 ; of Richard 
 H. Lee, i. 140 ; of Schuyler by Lossing, i. 316 ; of 
 Jefferson, by Randall, i. ch. 4, and by Parton, ch. 
 19 ; of Jay by Jay ; of Rutledge by Flanders, ch. 
 8 ; of George Read by Read, p. 105. 
 
 For commentary on events see the letters of 
 John Adams to Abigail Adams ; the letters of 
 Silas Deane in the Connecticut Historical Soci 
 ety s Collections, ii. 129 ; the Diary of Christo 
 pher Marshall ; Frothingham s Rise of the Re 
 public, ch. ii. ; and, for the composition of parties, 
 
1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 73 
 
 the Life of John Adams, i. 212; also Magazine of 
 American History, April, 1878. 
 
 John Hancock was chosen President May 24th. 
 For the character of Hancock, not favorably drawn, 
 see Wells s Samuel Adams ; also compare Sander 
 son s Lives of the Signers of the Declaration of 
 Independence, Loring s Hundred Boston Orators, 
 and C. W. Upham s Speech in the Massachusetts 
 Legislature, March 17, 1859, on the bill for pre 
 serving the Hancock House. Sparks s Washing 
 ton, iii. 37. For Hancock s correspondence as 
 President of Congress, see Force s American Ar 
 chives, 4th series, v., and 5th series, i., ii,, and iii. 
 An account of the Hancock Papers in the cabinet 
 of the Massachusetts Historical Society is given 
 in their Proceedings, i. 271. 
 
 The address to the inhabitants of Great Britain 
 was drafted by R. H. Lee. Cf. his Life, i. 143. 
 
 For action on the nomination of Washington to 
 the command of the army, see Bancroft, vii. ch. 
 37 ; J. C. Hamilton s Alexander Hamilton, i. 110 ; 
 John Adams s Diary, in Works ii. 415 ; Frothing- 
 ham s Rise of the Republic, p. 430. Cf. also C. F. 
 Adams s paper in the Massachusetts Historical 
 Society s Proceedings, June, 1858. 
 
 The petition to the King, which was adopted 
 July 8th, is given in Force s American Archives, 
 4th series, iv. 607. 
 
 November 9th an agreement to keep all the 
 proceedings secret was signed by the members, 
 
74 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1775. 
 
 and a fac-simile of this paper is given in Force s 
 American Archives, 4th series, iii. 1918. 
 
 November 29th Congress established a Com 
 mittee of Secret Correspondence for keeping up 
 intercourse with sympathizers in Europe. Cf. C. 
 W. F. Dumas s letters in Diplomatic Correspond 
 ence, ix. ; and Force s American Archives, 5th 
 series, ii. and iii., index^ under Dumas and Secret. 
 
 Political Effects, 1775. 
 
 Sabine in his American Loyalists, i. ch. 2, 3, 
 and 4, gives the condition of parties, as does 
 Frothingham in his Rise of the Republic. The 
 effect of the Lexington fight is traced in the gen 
 eral histories, and for distant responses in feeling 
 see Lossing s Schuyler, i. 307 ; W. B. Stevens s 
 Georgia, ii. 100 ; and other local histories and bi 
 ographies. 
 
 In Massachusetts, Warren s oration on the an 
 niversary of the Massacre in March shows the 
 strong patriotic impulses of the time. Cf. Froth- 
 ingham s Warren, ch. 13 ; Magoon s Orators of 
 the Revolution ; Loring s Hundred Boston Ora 
 tors. The Provincial Congress met at Water- 
 town, in February (see Force s Archives, 4th 
 series, iii., for proceedings, and Amory s James 
 Sullivan, ch. 3), and President Langdon s ser 
 mon before it in May was the first public com 
 memoration of the Lexington fight. Cf. Thorn 
 ton s Pulpit of the Revolution. 
 
1776.J THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 75 
 
 The Proceedings of the New York Provincial 
 Congress are also given in Force ; but compare 
 J. C. Hamilton s Republic of the United States, 
 i. ch. 3 ; and the letters of Joseph Reed in his 
 Life by W. B. Reed, i. 93. 
 
 As indicative of Southern feeling, see the prog 
 ress of events in Virginia as given in Girardin s 
 continuation of Burk s Virginia, written with the 
 cognizance of Jefferson ; Rives s Madison, i. ch. 
 4 ; and Wirt s Patrick Henry, which shows the 
 somewhat exuberant pride of an ardent Virginian. 
 Cf. also under Dunmore and Virginia in the index 
 of Force s American Archives, 4th series, iii.-vi. 
 
 Late in the year the feelings engendered by the 
 refusal of the King to recognize the petitions of 
 Congress, and the burning of Falmouth, wrought 
 changes which are depicted in Frothingham s Rise 
 of the Republic, p. 447, and in Wells s Samuel 
 Adams. 
 
 Relations with the Indians, 1768-1776. 
 
 In 1768 a treaty had been made at Fort Stan- 
 wix, defining the line between the settlements and 
 the Indian territory. Accounts, with map, may 
 be found in the Documentary History of New 
 York, i. 587 ; in Documents relative to the Colo 
 nial History of New York, viii. 136. A map of 
 1771, showing the country of the Six Nations, is in 
 the Documentary History of New York, iv. 661. 
 
 In April, 1775, the Provincial Congress of Mas- 
 
76 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1768- 
 
 sachusetts had sought to establish friendly rela 
 tions with the Indians of the Mohawk Valley. 
 Stone s Life of Brant, i. 55. Amory s Life of 
 James Sullivan, p. 48, gives the letter to the Indi 
 ans to induce enlistments under an order of the 
 Provincial Congress, May 12, 1775. In May and 
 June Congress had passed orders for the employ 
 ment of Indians in certain ways. Secret Journals, 
 i. 4446. Adolphus thinks that Ramsay (ii. ch. 
 18) gives a candid account of the efforts made by 
 both sides to secure the assistance of the Indians. 
 Cf. Stone s Life of Brant, ch. 9. Sparks (Wash 
 ington, iii. 494) thinks the Americans equally cul 
 pable in intentions, though in effect the British 
 caused most misery to ensue from the policy. See 
 also v. 274. 
 
 Congress also arranged (Journals, 1775, p. 162) 
 for commissioners to meet the chiefs of the Six 
 Nations, to fix, by treaty, their neutrality. They 
 met at German Flats Aug. 15th. Cf. Force s Ar 
 chives, 4th series, iii. 473, and 5th series, i. ; Mas 
 sachusetts Historical Society s Collections, 3d se 
 ries, v. 75 ; Colonial History of New York, viii. 
 605. A loyalist s view is given in Jones s New 
 York in the Revolutionary War, i. 71. 
 
 This was followed by a conference at Albany. 
 Cf. Lossing s Schuyler, i. ch. 22. 
 
 Force s American Archives contain many docu 
 ments. Cf. 4th series, iv., under Indians and Six 
 Nations in the index ; v., under Indians ; vi., un- 
 
1776.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 77 
 
 der Six Nations and Indians ; 5th series, i. and ii., 
 under Indians. 
 
 Sir John Johnson s leaguing with the Indians 
 against the Americans is set forth in Force, 4th 
 series, vi. ; 5th series, ii. and iii. ; and in Lossing s 
 Schuyler, i. 
 
 In January, 1776, Schuyler led an expedition to 
 Johnstown to disarm the tories and intimidate the 
 Indians. Cf. Lossing s Schuyler, ii. ch. 1 ; Dun- 
 lap s New York, ii. ch. 2 ; Stone s Life of Brant, 
 i. ; Documents relative to the Colonial History of 
 New York, viii. ; and a tory view in Jones s New 
 York in the Revolutionary War, i. 71, 578, 583. 
 Accounts of Indian and tory alliances in Central 
 New York are given in Simms s Schoharie County 
 and in Campbell s Tryon County. 
 
 Accounts of the expedition against the Chero- 
 kees beyond the Blue Ridge are given in a paper 
 by D. L. Swain in the Historical Magazine, Nov. 
 1867 ; in the Chapel Hill University Magazine, 
 May, 1852 ; and in a journal in the Historical 
 Magazine, Oct. 1867. 
 
 Loyalists. 
 
 The chief contemporary authorities for the con 
 dition and vicissitudes of the loyalists are these : 
 
 New York in the Revolutionary War, by Judge 
 Jones of Long Island, who was at one time a 
 prisoner in Connecticut, and who wrote his history 
 in England, just after the close of the war. He is 
 
78 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1775. 
 
 equally severe, both upon the British Ministry, 
 their generals, and upon the Congress and its 
 generals. The MS. was printed for the first time 
 / in 1879, edited by De Lancey, and issued by the 
 New York Historical Society. 
 
 The posthumous volume of Hutchinson s His 
 tory of Massachusett s Bay. 
 
 The examination of Joseph Galloway before the 
 House of Commons was printed, and has been 
 edited by Thomas Balch for the Seventy-Six So 
 ciety. 
 
 ^The Life of Peter van Schaack has been writ 
 ten by H. C. van Schaack. 
 
 Curwen s Journal is that of a refugee in Eng 
 land, 1775-1784, recording current news and pass 
 ing judgment on it, and there are reviews of it in 
 the Southern Review, July, 1843 ; North Ameri 
 can Review, Jan. 1843, and Oct. 1844. 
 
 Much of contemporary record will be found by 
 the index under Disaffected or Suspected persons 
 and Tories, in Force s American Archives, 4th se 
 ries, iv., v., and vi. ; 5th series, i., ii., and iii. 
 
 The most important of later works is Sabine s 
 American Loyalists, which has an historical intro 
 duction, and consists of an alphabetical list of 
 such persons, with brief accounts of them indi 
 vidually. It was reviewed by C. C. Smith in the 
 North American Review, xcix. Winthrop Sar 
 gent made a collection of Loyalist Poetry. Long 
 Island was a stronghold of this class, and there 
 
1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 79 
 
 is illustrative matter in the histories of Long 
 Island by SilaarWood, 1826 ; by B. T. Thomp- 
 son, 1843 ; by N. S. Prime, 1845 ; and in Onder- 
 donk s Queens and Suffolk County. Sabine in 
 ch. 8 of his introduction gives an account of the 
 loyalists in arms, and Sparks s Washington, iv. 
 519, has a note on their service in the British 
 army. See also Massachusetts Historical Society s 
 Proceedings, 1878 ; Ellis s Life of Count Rum- 
 ford, p. 112 ; Huntington s Stamford, Connecticut, 
 ch. 17 ; and other local histories. 
 
 Capture of Ticonderoga, May 10, 1775. 
 
 This expedition, planned in Connecticut (J. H. 
 Trumbull s paper in the Hartford Daily Courant, 
 Jan. 9, 1869, subsequently privately reprinted ; 
 the documents, including the diary of Mott, edited 
 by Trumbull in the Connecticut Historical Collec 
 tions, i. 163, and Mott s letter to the Provincial 
 Congress of Massachusetts, printed in their jour 
 nal, with other papers), was strengthened in 
 Berkshire (Holland s Western Massachusetts ; 
 Barry s Massachusetts ; Smith s History of Pitts- 
 field, i. ch. 12), and at Bennington was joined by 
 Ethan Allen and his Green Mountain Boys, and 
 the whole placed under Allen s command. 
 
 Meanwhile Benedict Arnold, with a commis 
 sion from Massachusetts, went to Berkshire to 
 raise a force for the same purpose, but finding the 
 other expedition afoot, joined it, and after some 
 
80 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1775- 
 
 dispute about the command, went on as a volun 
 teer. Lossing s Schuyler, i. 310; De Laucey s 
 notes to Jones s New York in the Revolutionary 
 War, i. 546, for Allen s commission, and a letter, 
 May 14th ; Force s American Archives, 4th series, 
 iii. 
 
 Details of the capture and of events closely fol 
 lowing will be found in the following works : 
 
 Sparks s Life of Benedict Arnold. Schuyler s 
 letters in Sparks s Correspondence of the Ameri 
 can Revolution. Sparks s Life of Gouverneur Mor 
 ris, i. ch. 4. The Lives of Ethan Allen by Sparks 
 and Hugh Moore, with De Puy s Ethan Allen and 
 the Green Mountain Heroes. Lossing s Life of 
 Schuyler, i. 311 ; his Field-Book, and his article 
 in Harper s Monthly, vol. xvii. Irving s Wash 
 ington. Historical Magazine, Feb. 1869, p. 126. 
 Watson s Essex County, N. Y., ch. 9. Palmer s 
 Lake Champlain, ch. 6. De Costa in the Galaxy, 
 Dec. 1868, and his Fort George, with Hiland 
 Hall s pamphlet in reply to De Costa, Montpelier, 
 1869. Hollister s History of Connecticut, ii. ch. 
 7. Connecticut Historical Collections, vol. i. 
 Elmer s journal of the Expedition, in the New 
 Jersey Historical Society s Proceedings, ii. and iii. 
 Force s American Archives, ii. Beman s ques 
 tionable account in the Historical Magazine, May, 
 1868 ; and Col. Caldwell s narrative in the num 
 ber for Aug. 1867. L. E. Chittenden s address, 
 1872, at the unveiling of Allen s statue at Bur 
 lington, Vt., July 4, 1873. 
 
1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 81 
 
 A loyalist view of these transactions is given 
 in Judge Jones s New York in the Revolutionary 
 War, i. 47. 
 
 A plan of Ticonderoga, with its dependencies, 
 is given in John Trumbull s Memoirs, p. 33. For 
 the ruins of the fort see Harper s Monthly, vii. 
 170, and Lossing s Field-Book. 
 
 Allen figures in Thompson s Green Mountain 
 Boys, a fiction. 
 
 The Advance into Canada, 1775. 
 
 Washington in New York, June 25th, intrusted 
 Schuyler with the command in the North. Los- 
 sing s Schuyler, i. 330. Notes of the preparations 
 Schuyler made are in Jones s New York in the 
 Revolutionary War, p. 58. 
 
 Congress put forth an Address to the Canadi 
 ans. Journals of Congress, and Pitkin s United 
 States, i. App. 19. 
 
 The movements of Benedict Arnold and Ethan 
 Allen, and the action of Connecticut in dispatch 
 ing more troops (Lives of Arnold, Allen, Gov. 
 Trumbull ; Hollister s Connecticut, Lossing s 
 Schuyler), took place before Schuyler reached 
 Ticonderoga, July 18th, after which events can be 
 followed in Lossing s Schuyler, i. ch. 21 ; Pal 
 mer s Lake Champlain, ch. 6 ; Irving s Washing 
 ton, ii. 
 
 A Journal by Gen. Irvine, beginning in May, 
 is in the Historical Magazine, April, 1862; a 
 
82 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1775. 
 
 plan of cooperation in the New York State Calen 
 dar, i. 
 
 Schuyler and Montgomery pushed to the foot 
 of Lake Champlain in Sept. Lossing s Schuyler, 
 i. ch. 23. Montgomery, Sept. 18th, advanced to 
 the siege of St. John s. 
 
 Meanwhile Ethan Allen, instead of joining 
 Montgomery, started to capture Montreal by a 
 surprise, but was himself taken prisoner Sept. 
 25th. Moore s Diary of the American Revolu 
 tion, pp. 152159; Allen s Narrative of his Cap 
 tivity; Lossing in Harper s Monthly, xvii. 721. 
 
 The juncture of Gen. Wooster and his Connect 
 icut troops with the invading army perplexed 
 Schuyler with the question of Wooster s rank 
 ing officers already in the field. Cf. Lossing s 
 Schuyler and Hollister s Connecticut. Much 
 about the proceedings of Wooster in Canada will 
 be found in Force s American Archives, 4th series, 
 iv., v., vi. ; 5th series, i. 
 
 St. John s surrendered to Montgomery Nov. 
 2d. Lossing s Schuyler, i. 444 ; Sargent s Major 
 Andre*, p. 79 ; Armstrong s Life of Montgomery. 
 
 The Advance by the Kennebec, September, 1775. 
 
 Arnold, having returned to Cambridge, was 
 put in command of a force, and Washington in 
 structed him (Sparks s Washington, iii. 86) to 
 proceed by the Kennebec valley, and effect a junc 
 tion with Montgomery before Quebec. Arnold s 
 
1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 83 
 
 reports to Washington are in Sparks s Correspond 
 ence of the Revolution, i. 
 
 Accounts are given in Lossing s Field-Book of 
 the Revolution, i. ; his Schuyler, i. ch. 26 ; Ban 
 croft, viii. ; Sparks s Arnold, ch. 3 and 4 ; Que 
 bec Literary and Historical Society s Transactions, 
 1871-1872, 1872-1873, 1876-1877; Historical 
 Magazine, ii. ; New England Historical and 
 Genealogical Register, April, 1857 ; Graham s 
 Life of Gen. Morgan, ch. 4 ; Potter s American 
 Monthly, Dec. 1875. 
 
 The following journals of this march and the 
 sequel have been printed : 
 
 Melvin s, separately, and in part in the Appen 
 dix to Parton s Aaron Burr. Henry s, 1812, also 
 reprinted in 1877. Ware s, in the New England 
 Historical and Genealogical Register, April, 1852. 
 Allen s, in the Maine Historical Society s Collec 
 tions, 1831, pp. 341, 387, where are given Ar 
 nold s letters and Montresor s journal of the sur 
 vey of the route in 1760, which suggested this 
 present expedition. Meigs s, separately, and in 
 the Massachusetts Historical Society s Collections, 
 2d series, vol. ii. See Jones s account of Meigs in 
 his New York in the Revolutionary War, i. 180, 
 and the correction in note, p. 668. Senter s, in 
 Bulletin No. 1, 1845-1847, of the Pennsylvania 
 Historical Society. Thayer s, in E. M. Stone s In 
 vasion of Canada in 1775, privately printed with 
 introduction and notes, Providence, 1867. This 
 
84 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1775. 
 
 book contains a full bibliography of the subject. 
 The volume makes part of the Rhode Island His 
 torical Collections, vi. See B. Cowell s Spirit of 
 Seventy-Six in Rhode Island. A contemporary 
 map of the Kennebec region is given in the At 
 lantic Neptune. 
 
 Montreal and Quebec, November and December, 1775. 
 
 Montgomery reached Montreal Nov. 12th, and 
 sent a letter to the inhabitants, which is fac-similed 
 in Force s American Archives, 4th series, iii. 1596 ; 
 and another for the surrender, v. 312. Mont 
 gomery s letters to Schuyler as the campaign 
 went on are given in Sparks s Correspondence of 
 the Revolution, i. App., and in the same volume 
 are Schuyler s letters to Washington, repeating 
 the intelligence. The diligence and cooperation 
 of Schuyler is shown in Lossing s Life of Schuyler, 
 and in Force s American Archives, 4th series, iii. 
 and iv. and subsequent volumes, index. 
 
 Arnold crossed the St. Lawrence on Nov. 13th, 
 and finally retired up the river to await Mont 
 gomery. The two, joining, advanced to Quebec 
 Dec. 5th ; and on the 30th attempted to carry the 
 place by storm. Cf. Force s American Archives, 
 4th series, iv., v., vi. ; Remembrancer, ii. 368 ; 
 Documents relative to the Colonial History of 
 New York, viii. 663; Lossing s Schuyler, i. ch. 
 28, 29 ; Leake s Life of Gen. Lamb, ch. 7 and 8 ; 
 Bancroft s United States, viii. ch. 52-54 ; Irving s 
 Washington, ii. ch. 12 and 13. 
 
1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 85 
 
 For the death of Montgomery, see Moore s 
 Diary of the American Revolution, i. 185 ; Force s 
 Archives, 4th series, iv., index; Marshall s Wash 
 ington, i. 329 ; Read s Life of George Read, p. 141; 
 Bisset s George the Third, i. ch. 15 ; Armstrong s 
 Life of Montgomery ; Geo. W. Cullum s Sketch 
 of Montgomery, 1876 ; Wm. Smith s oration be 
 fore Congress, Feb. 19, 1776 ; Miss L. L. Hunt s 
 Notes on Montgomery ; Historical Magazine, Nov. 
 1873. An account of the sword taken from his 
 body is given in the Living Age, No. 1017, p. 428. 
 
 Arnold s letter describing the attack is in 
 Sparks s Correspondence of the Revolution, i. 116. 
 Force, 4th series, v. and vi., gives reference under 
 Arnold in the index. For other accounts of these 
 events, see the letters in the Appendix of Sparks s 
 Correspondence of the Revolution, i. ; Sparks s 
 Life of Arnold ; Lossing on Arnold in Harper s 
 Monthly, xxiii. 721 ; Ramsay s American Revo 
 lution, where the insubordinate spirit of the 
 Americans is emphasized; Irving s Washington, 
 ii. ch. 8 and 23 ; Graham s Life of Morgan, ch. 5 ; 
 Dawson s Battles of the United States, ch. 7 ; 
 Carrington s Battles of the Revolution, ch. 20- 
 21 ; Hollister s History of Connecticut, ii. ch. 9 ; 
 Garneau s Histoire du Canada, and Bell s trans 
 lation of the same, iii. 
 
 A journal of Col. Ritzema is in the Magazine of 
 American History, Feb. 1877. A paper on Que 
 bec, by Lossing, is in Harper s Monthly, xviii. 176. 
 
86 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1775. 
 
 Gen. Carleton had arrived in Canada in Sept. 
 1774, and his movements in contesting the Ameri 
 can advance can be followed in Force s Archives. 
 His account of the repulse of Montgomery and 
 Arnold, as gazetted in London, is given in the 
 Gentleman s Magazine, June, 1776. 
 
 See, further, Stedman s American War, ch. 2 
 and 10 ; Andrews s Late War, ch. 19 and 20 ; 
 Annual Register, xix. ch. 1 and 5, and xx. ch. 1 ; 
 a Journal of the Siege, London, 1824, with notes by 
 W. T. P. Short ; histories of England, by Adol- 
 phus, ii. 237, and Stanhope, vi. 76. 
 
 There are deposited with the Literary and His 
 torical Society of Quebec the following MS. : 
 
 1. Le te moin oculaire de la guerre des Baston- 
 nais durant les annes 1775 et 1776, par M. 
 Simon Sanguinet. 
 
 2. Journal con tenant le re*cit de 1 invasion du 
 Canada en 1775-1776, redige par M. Jean B. 
 Badeaux, printed in their Historical Documents, 
 3d series. 
 
 3. Journal of the siege of Quebec, kept by 
 Hugh Finlay, printed in their Historical Docu 
 ments, 4th series. 
 
 4. Journal tenu pendant le sie"ge du fort St. 
 Jean en 1776 par M. Antoine Foucher. 
 
 5. Letter from Col. Henry Caldwell, 15 June, 
 1776, on the Siege of Quebec, 1775-1776. 
 
 Maps and Plans. Contemporary maps of 
 Canada are in the American Atlas, Carver s map, 
 
1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 87 
 
 with plan of Quebec, No. 4 ; and in Hilliard 
 d Auberteuil s Essais historiques, 1782. Carver s 
 map was reengraved in Paris, 1777. 
 
 Plans of the attack on Quebec are in Stone s 
 Invasion of Canada ; in Lamb s Life and Times, 
 by Leake ; in the Atlas to Marshall s Washing 
 ton ; in Carrington s Battles. A manuscript plan, 
 by a British officer, is in the Faden Collection in 
 the Library of Congress, and a plan engraved by 
 Faden was published in London. Another plan 
 is in the Sparks Collection in Harvard College 
 Library. 
 
 Commission to Canada, Spring of 1776. 
 
 Franklin, Samuel Chase, Charles Carroll, and 
 the Rev. John Carroll were sent by Congress to 
 secure, if possible, the sympathy of the Canadians. 
 See Lives of Franklin by Sparks, Parton, and 
 Bigelow. Charles Carroll s Diary is given in the 
 Maryland Historical Society s Transactions, i. 
 Sparks s Washington, iii. 390. Sparks s Corre 
 spondence of the American Revolution, i. App. 
 Lossing s Schuyler, ii. Their instructions are in 
 the Journals of Congress, 1776, p. 100. Cf. 
 papers in Force s Archives, 4th series, iv. and v. 
 
 Beginnings of the Navy. 
 
 Most of the early documentary evidence will be 
 found in the several volumes of Force s American 
 Archives, under the index heads of Armed Ves- 
 
88 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1775. 
 
 sels, Biddle, Fleet, Hopkins, Jones (Paul), Man- 
 ley, Massachusetts Armed Vessels, Marine Com 
 mittee, Navy, Privateers, Prizes, Row Galleys, 
 Seamen, Vessels. 
 
 Sabine s Report on the Fisheries of the United 
 States, p. 198, represents the fisheries as a school 
 for the navy. Cf. Babson s Gloucester. 
 
 John Adams (Works, iii. 7) names the proceed 
 ings in Congress, Nov. 25, 1775, as "the true 
 origin and formation of the American navy." Cf. 
 Journals of Congress. The Act of Massachusetts 
 authorizing the fitting out of armed vessels will be 
 found in the Provincial laws, and in the Gentle 
 man s Magazine, Jan. 1776. See Massachusetts 
 Historical Society s Proceedings, Jan. 1809, p. 
 203, and Austin s Gerry, ch. 9. 
 
 The most considerable of the histories of the 
 navy is Cooper s. Consult also the lives of the 
 early naval heroes, like H. T. Tuckerman s Life 
 of Talbot ; Mary Barney s Memoirs of Com. 
 Barney ; Life of Capt. Manly ; Sheppard s Life 
 of Samuel Tucker, etc. 
 
 Incidental accounts of the early naval operations 
 will be found in Sparks s Washington, iii. App. 
 516 ; Arnold s Rhode Island, ii. 351, 363, 369, 
 etc. ; Letters in the Revolutionary Correspond 
 ence, Rhode Island Historical Collections, vi. ; 
 Gammel s Life of Samuel Ward ; Stevens s His 
 tory of Georgia, ii. 134, and the histories of Mas 
 sachusetts. Particulars of private armed ships are 
 
1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 89 
 
 given in Lossing s Field-Book, i. ; Caulkin s New 
 London ; Mrs. E. V. Smith s History of New- 
 buryport ; Felt s Annals of Salem; life of E. H. 
 Derby in Hunt s American Merchants, ii. 
 
 Com. Hopkins s likeness is more common in con- 
 temporary engravings than those of the other of 
 ficers. A portrait of him engraved in 1776 is re 
 produced in Preble s History of the Flag of the 
 United States. Cf. An Important History of the 
 War, London, 1780 ; Geschichte der Kriege in 
 und aus Europa, Nuremberg, 1776. 
 
 Maps of the coast are given in the Atlantic 
 Neptune. 
 
 Ithiel Town s Particular Services, etc., gives 
 the journal of a British naval officer. 
 
90 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1776. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1776. 
 
 The Retreat from Canada. 
 
 ARNOLD continued for a while before Quebec, 
 and was joined by Wooster, from Montreal, April 
 1st, who took command, while Arnold retired to 
 Montreal. Cf. Force s Archives, 5th series, i. ; 
 Lossing s Schuyler, ii. ch. 1 and 2 ; Read s Life of 
 George Read, 150. 
 
 Gen. Thomas had been appointed to the com 
 mand in Canada, and reached the camp before 
 Quebec May 1st, but a British fleet with rein 
 forcements arriving, Carleton attacked the Ameri 
 can camp, and Thomas began his retreat. Los- 
 sing s Schuyler, ii. 60 ; Force s American Archives, 
 4th series, iv., vi. ; 5th, i. ; Bancroft s United 
 States, viii. ch. 67; Irving s Washington, ii. ch. 
 20, 22. 
 
 Carleton s account of the retreat is in the Gen 
 tleman s Magazine, July, 1776. Burgoyne with 
 the Brunswick troops reached Quebec in June. 
 Cf. Fonblanque s Burgoyne, p. 211. 
 
 Subsequent events are best followed in Lossing s 
 Schuyler and Stone s Life of Brant, i. 154 ; with 
 illustrative documents, particularly for the affair 
 at the Cedars, in Force, 4th series, vi., and 5th 
 series, i. 
 
1776.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 91 
 
 Gen. Thomas having retreated to Chamblde, 
 died there June 2d, and was succeeded by Sulli 
 van. Cf. Amory s Sullivan ; Lossing s Schuy 
 ler, ii. 
 
 For the failure of Gen. Thompson at Three 
 Kivers in June, see Force s Archives, 4th series, 
 vi. ; Lossing s Schuyler, ii. 85 ; Read s George 
 Read, p. 155 ; Marshall s Washington, ii. 362. 
 
 In July Sullivan had reached Crown Point. 
 Cf. Force, 4th series, vi., and 5th, i. and ii. 
 
 In general on the campaign, see Schuyler s, 
 Sullivan s, and Arnold s letters on the retreat in 
 Sparks s Correspondence of the American Revolu 
 tion, i. ; Watson s Essex County, ch. 10 ; Dunlap s 
 New York, ii. ch. 1, 4 ; Mrs. Bonney s Historical 
 Gleanings, i. ; Marshall s Washington, ii. ch. 5 ; 
 Irving s Washington, ii. ch. 23 ; Davis s Life of 
 Burr, i. ; Sparks s Life of Arnold ; Smith s His 
 tory of Pittsfield, Mass., i. ch. 15 ; Temple and 
 Sheldon s History of Northfield, Mass. ; and other 
 local histories. 
 
 In July Gates was sent to command the troops 
 " in Canada," and as the retreat had brought the 
 forces into New York State, there arose a question 
 of command between him and Schuyler. Cf. 
 Lossing s Schuyler, ii. ; Life of Gates; Force s 
 Archives, 4th series, vi., 5th series, i., ii., iii. 
 
92 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1776. 
 
 The Campaign for the Hudson, 1776. 
 
 The Americans had early been warned of the 
 British plan to secure the line of the Hudson and 
 Lake Champlain. Journal of Provincial Congress 
 of New York, p. 172 ; Lossing s Schuyler, ii. 16. 
 
 As early as Sept. 1775, plans of intended forti 
 fications in the river passes had been made. 
 Force s American Archives, 4th series, iii. 735. 
 Washington had intrusted an examination of 
 plans to Stirling. Force, vi. 672 ; Boynton s West 
 Point, p. 29. Many documents can be found re 
 ferred to under Highlands and Hudson River in 
 the index of Force, 4th series, iv., and subsequent 
 volumes. See also for the efforts at different 
 times to place obstructions in the river, Lossing s 
 Schuyler, ii. 150 ; Boynton s West Point, ch. i. ; 
 and Ruttenber s Obstructions of the Hudson 
 River. 
 
 There is an account of the attempts to destroy 
 the British frigates threatening the ascent in 
 July, 1776, in the Historical Magazine, 1866, 
 supplement, p. 84. 
 
 Washington, after the evacuation of Boston, 
 had suspected that New York would be the next 
 point of attack, and sent Putnam ahead to take 
 the command there, with instructions, given in 
 Sparks s Washington, iii. 337. Putnam reached 
 New York April 2d. For the period of his con 
 trol, before the arrival of Washington, see Force, 
 
1776.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 98 
 
 4th series, v., index; the Lives of Putnam; 
 Heath s Memoirs, 44 ; Sparks s Gouverneur Mor 
 ris, i. ch. 5; Histories of New York; Almon s 
 Remembrancer. 
 
 Jones (New York in the Revolutionary War, i. 
 ch. 6, and notes) depicts the trials of the tories. 
 
 Washington arrived April 13th. Cf. living s 
 Washington, ii. ch. 24 ; Quincy s Journals of S. 
 Shaw ; Joseph Reed s letters during the summer, 
 in Reed s Reed, i. 
 
 For details of the tory plot in June, see Eustis s 
 letter in the New England Historical and Genea 
 logical Register, 1869, and papers in Force, 4th 
 series, vi. 
 
 On the campaign which ensued from the bat 
 tle on Long Island to the retreat of Washington 
 through the Jerseys, there is an elaborate mono 
 graph, Campaign of 1776 around New York and 
 Brooklyn, by H. P. Johnston, which enters into 
 details, and prints original documents. Other 
 works, covering with more or less fullness all the 
 military events of this interval, are Dunlap s New 
 York, ii. ch. 6 ; the histories of the City of New 
 York; Stiles s History of Brooklyn; J. C. Ham 
 ilton s Republic of the United States, i. ch. 5, 
 and other general histories like Gordon, Botta, 
 Bancroft, etc. ; Allen s Origination of the Ameri 
 can Union; Sparks s Washington, iv., and the 
 Lives by Marshall, Sparks, and Irving ; Greene s 
 Life of Greene ; Memoirs of Colonel B. Tal- 
 
94 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1776. 
 
 madge ; Quincy s Shaw ; Read s Life of George 
 Read, p. 170 ; histories of states for the part borne 
 by their troops, like McSherry s Maryland, ch. 9. 
 There are maps in Gordon, ii., Stiles s Brook 
 lyn, and in Johnston s work. 
 
 North Carolina, 1776. 
 
 The British invasion of this year is the subject 
 of a lecture by Swain, which is included in W. D. 
 Cooke s Revolutionary History of North Carolina. 
 Cf. Frothingham s Rise of the Republic, p. 502 ; 
 Sparks s Correspondence of the Revolution, ii. 
 App., as well as for other southern movements 
 during the spring and summer of 1776. 
 
 Fort Moultrie, Sullivan s Island, June 28, 1776. 
 
 This was an attempt by the British fleet and 
 troops, under Sir Peter Parker and Sir Henry 
 Clinton, respectively, to force an entrance to 
 Charleston harbor, and reduce South Carolina. 
 
 Various contemporary documents will be found 
 in Force s American Archives, 4th series, iv., v., 
 vi. ; 5th, i., ii., iii., under Charleston, Fort Moul 
 trie, Lee, and Sullivan s Island in the index. 
 Gen. Lee s report to Washington is in Sparks s 
 Correspondence of the Revolution, i. 244. A let 
 ter of Gen. Morris in the New York Historical 
 Society s Collections, 1875, p. 435. Moultrie s 
 Memoirs of the American War; Bancroft s United 
 States, viii. ch. 66 ; Irving s Washington, ii. ch. 
 
1776.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 95 
 
 29 ; Simms s South Carolina ; Garden s Anecdotes 
 of the Revolution; Lossing s Field-Book, ii. ; Daw- 
 son s Battles, ch. 10; Carrington s Battles, ch. 28; 
 Memoirs of Elkanah Watson ; Harper s Monthly, 
 xxi. 70, by T. D. English ; Flander s Life of Rut- 
 ledge, in his Chief Justices ; Wm. Crafts s Ad 
 dress in 1825, reprinted in his Miscellanies; C. C. 
 Jones s Address on Sergeant William Jasper, 
 1876, and an account of the Fort Moultrie Cen 
 tennial Celebration, Charleston, 1876. 
 
 For British accounts, see Gentleman s Magazine, 
 Oct. 1776 ; Annual Register ; History of the Civil 
 War in America, Dublin, 1779 ; Adolphus (His 
 tory of England, ii. 346) bases his narrative in 
 part on unpublished documents. A loyalist view 
 is given in Jones s New York in the Revolu 
 tionary War, i. 98. 
 
 Maps. American plans of the attack are in 
 Johnson s Traditions and Reminiscences of the 
 American Revolution in the South, and in Dray- 
 ton s Memoirs of the American Revolution in the 
 South, ii. 290. 
 
 A British plan was published by Wm. Faden, 
 Aug. 10, 1776, and is No. 37 in the American 
 Atlas. Col. James s MS. plan is in the Faden 
 Collection, Library of Congress. The Political 
 Magazine, London, 1780, has a map. 
 
96 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1776. 
 
 In England, 1775-1776. 
 
 Bancroft (United States, viii.) follows the po 
 litical aspects, and traces the movements of the 
 opposition in Parliament, before they became 
 estranged by the declaration of independence. 
 Smyth, Modern History, lectures 31 and 32, sets 
 forth the condition of parties, and in 33 he com 
 pares the American and English views as exem 
 plified in Ramsay s American Revolution, and in 
 the Annual Register, whose successive volumes 
 were " the very mirror of public sentiment." 
 
 For the movements in Parliament, see the 
 Parliamentary History, and Force s American 
 Archives. Lord North had introduced a concilia 
 tory plan, Feb. 20, 1775. Force, 4th series, i. 
 1597, and later, vi. March 22d Burke brought 
 forward a plan, and again in Nov. His March 
 speech is in his works, Boston edition, ii. 99. 
 Force, 4th series, i. 1745, and vi. 178. Mac- 
 Knight s Life of Burke, ii. 127. The index to 
 Force, vi., will show the debates of Barre*, Fox, 
 Cainden, and Chatham ; and later debates, Oct. 
 and Nov. 1776, are in Force, 5th series, iii. 961- 
 1020. Stanhope says that " in the reports of 
 Chatham s speeches in Alrnon s Register, the 
 whole spirit evaporates." Cf. Russell s Memoir, 
 and Correspondence of Fox, i. 157 ; Walpole s 
 Last Journals, ii. 7, 22 ; Campbell s Lives of the 
 Chancellors. 
 
1776.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 97 
 
 Political Movements, 1776. 
 
 We have the doings of Congress in the Journals 
 and in Force s Archives, 4th series, iv. 1625. 
 Events can also be followed in the Correspondence 
 of John Adams, Works, ix. 372 ; Frothingham s 
 Rise of the Republic ; Lee ? s Life of R. H. Lee, i. 
 161 ; Wells s Samuel Adams ; Bancroft s United 
 States, viii. ch. 60, 63 ; letters in W. B. Reed s 
 Life of Joseph Reed, i. 241, 271 ; Flanders s Life 
 of Rutledge, ch. 7, in his Chief Justices. In 
 Greene s Life of Nathanael Greene we see the 
 weakness of Congress in its executive work. 
 
 Sir William Howe, on his arrival off Sandy 
 Hook, July 12th, issued a declaration of pardon for 
 such as would return to their allegiance. For its 
 failure, see Parton s Franklin, ii. 136. He also 
 sent a letter which he had brought from an Eng 
 lish friend to Joseph Reed, and made other ad 
 vances in the character of a commissioner to 
 restore harmony. Reed sent the letter to Con 
 gress. Cf. Reed s Joseph Reed, i. 197 ; Sparks s 
 Washington. 
 
 The feeling in Massachusetts can be traced in 
 Perez Morton s Eulogy over Warren s body, April 
 8th (Loring s Boston Orators, p. 127) ; in Sam 
 uel West s Election Sermon May 29th (Thorn 
 ton s Pulpit of the Revolution) ; in the statement 
 of the principles of the Revolution as given in a 
 letter of John Adams to Mercy Warren, in 1807 
 
98 HEADER S HANDBOOK OF [1776. 
 
 (Massachusetts Historical Society s Collections, 
 5th series, iv. 338) ; in the records of the Boston 
 Committee of Correspondence, May to Nov. (in 
 the New England Historical and Genealogical 
 Register, July, 1876). Cf. Dawson s paper on 
 the act of Massachusetts assuming sovereign power 
 May 1st, in the Historical Magazine, May, 1862, 
 and Barry s Massachusetts. 
 
 Bancroft devotes a chapter (ix. ch. 15) to the 
 Constitutions which the states severally adopted, 
 beginning in 1776. On the Constitution of New 
 York, see the histories of that state, and Flan- 
 ders s Life of Jay, ch. 8, and Sparks s Life of 
 Gouverneur Morris. The movements for politi 
 cal consolidation in 1776 in Pennsylvania are de 
 scribed in Reed s Joseph Reed, i. ch. 7. For the 
 Declaration of Rights in Virginia in 1776, see 
 Rives s Madison, i. ch. 5 ; Madison s Writings, i. 
 21. Randall s Jefferson, i. ch. 6, gives an account 
 of the convention, and so does Grigby s commem 
 orative discourse in 1855. 
 
 Thomas Paine s Common Sense, published in 
 Jan. 1776, affected sensibly the current of politi 
 cal feeling through the year. Cf . Frothingham s 
 Rise of the Republic, pp. 476, 479; Barry s Massa 
 chusetts, iii. 89 ; Life of John Adams, i. 204 ; 
 Randall s Jefferson, i. 137 ; Bancroft s United 
 States, ch. 56 ; Parton s Franklin, iii. 108 ; and 
 the papers in Force s American Archives, 4th 
 series, iv. index. For an English view, see 
 
1776.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 99 
 
 Smyth s Modern History, 33d lecture ; and for a 
 tory one, Jones s New York in the Revolutionary 
 War, i. 63. 
 
 Foreign Relations, 1776. 
 
 As early as Feb. 1776, an agent of the French 
 government was secretly communing with Con 
 gress. Cf. Bancroft s United States, viii. ch. 61 ; 
 De Witt s Jefferson and the American Democ 
 racy ; and documents in Force s Archives, 4th 
 series, vi., and 5th, i., ii., iii. 
 
 Arthur Lee was now in London, having been 
 appointed agent of Congress, and was holding 
 correspondence with the Secret Committee of 
 Congress. Sparks s Diplomatic Correspondence, 
 ii., gives his instructions, Dec. 12, 1775, and let 
 ters ; also in Force s Archives, 4th series, iv. 
 Cf. Lee s Life of Arthur Lee. 
 
 The correspondence of William Carmichael is 
 in the Diplomatic Correspondence, ix. 
 
 Silas Deane had been a member from Connecti 
 cut of this and the 1774 Congress. (See his Cor 
 respondence, in the Connecticut Historical Collec 
 tions, ii. 129.) He was now sent to Paris. His 
 instructions, dated March 3, 1776, are in the 
 Diplomatic Correspondence, i. 5, and in Pitkin s 
 United States, App. 23. He reached there in 
 June. See Pitkin s United States, i. 384, and 
 App. 24, for Deane s first letter. It was arranged 
 that the secret dispatches should be written in 
 
100 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1776. 
 
 invisible ink. Jay s Life of Jay, 64. Deane s 
 letters are in the Diplomatic Correspondence, i. : 
 Force s Archives, 5th series, ii. 
 
 For Deane s proceedings in Paris see Papers in 
 Relation to the Case of Silas Deane, published 
 in 1855 by the Seventy-Six Society, in which he 
 goes over his doings from March, 1776 to March, 
 1778. His quarrel with Arthur Lee is set forth 
 in the Life of Lee; and Lee s counter narrative is 
 given in the Papers, etc., already mentioned. Cf. 
 Parton s Franklin, ii. 189 ; and later references 
 under 1778. 
 
 Bancroft (viii. ch. 61) goes over the whole story 
 of these French negotiations at this time. 
 
 For Beaumarchais connection with the agents, 
 see Lomenie s Life of Beaumarchais; Parton s 
 Franklin, ii. 167, 203 ; Pitkin s United States, i. 
 ch. 10 ; Quarterly Review, 1873 ; Lossing, in 
 Harper s Monthly, xiv. ; Hours at Home, June, 
 1870 ; Magazine of American History, Nov. 1878 ; 
 and various documents in the Diplomatic Corre 
 spondence, i. and xii. 162, 167 ; and Force s 
 Archives, 5th series, i. Later relations are given 
 in John Bigelow s Beaumarchais, the Merchant, 
 Letters of Theveneau de Francey, 1777-1780, 
 an address before the New York Historical Society, 
 1870. 
 
 In Sept. three commissioners to France were 
 appointed by Congress Lee, Deane, and Fiank- 
 lin ; and the latter proceeded to join the others 
 
1776.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION^* , 101 
 
 in Dec. Their instructions from Congress are in 
 the Diplomatic Correspondence, i. See Lives of 
 Franklin and Lee; Deane s Narrative; Journals 
 of Congress, iii. ; Force s Archives, 5th series, 
 ii. Franklin, Dec. 8, 1776, announces his arrival. 
 Diplomatic Correspondence, iii. 5. Letters, of 
 Congress to the agents, Dec. 1776 to Feb. 1777, 
 are given in Lee s R. H. Lee, App. 8. 
 
 For views upon the mission at the time, see 
 Mercy Warren s History of the Revolution ; 
 Wells s Life of Samuel Adams. 
 
 Parton, in his Franklin, ii. 248, goes into a 
 history of the different agents of Congress in 
 Europe at this time, beginning with Franklin, 
 and enlarges upon the difficulties engendered by 
 Arthur Lee s conduct; but compare Lee s Life of 
 Arthur Lee, and the Calendar of the Lee Manu 
 scripts in Harvard College Library. Also see 
 the references under 1778. 
 
 Dec. 6, 1776, an agreement was entered into 
 with Lafayette and De Kalb to serve the states. 
 Diplomatic Correspondence, i., and p. 291 for the 
 Commissioners letter, May 25, 1777, on the 
 subject. The Memoirs of Lafayette touch upon 
 the feelings rife in France when he determined 
 to go to America ; and for his arrival see Sparks s 
 Washington, v. App. Cf. Hilliard d Auberteuil s 
 Essais historiques, ii. 
 
102 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1776. 
 
 The Spirit of Independence. 
 
 The growth of this spirit is traced carefully in 
 Frothingham s Rise of the Republic, pp. 245, 291, 
 315, 369, 428, 438, 449, 452, 453, 469, 483, 489, 
 499, 506, 509. Botta, in his History of the Revo 
 lution, had represented it as rife long before the 
 outbreak, a statement that John Jay and John 
 Adams take exception to in letters printed by 
 Jeremiah Colburn in the New England Historical 
 and Genealogical Register, July, 1876, and pub 
 lished separately as American Independence : Did 
 the colonists desire it ? Cf . John Adams s 
 Works, iii. 45 ; his Letters in Massachusetts His 
 torical Society s Collections, 5th series, iv. 300, 
 465, addressed to Mercy Warren. 
 
 For intimations of the existence of the spirit 
 before it became an organized force, see Hutch- 
 inson s Massachusetts Bay, iii. 134, 264, 265 ; 
 Bancroft s United States, viii. ch. 64, 65, 68; 
 Grahame s United States, iv. 315 ; J. C. Hamil 
 ton s Republic of the United States, i. 110; 
 Barry s Massachusetts, iii. ch. 3, noting articles in 
 favor of it in Boston Gazette, April 15 and 29, 
 1776 ; Jefferson s Notes on Virginia ; Galloway s 
 Examination before Parliament ; Wells s Samuel 
 Adams, ii. 352, etc. ; Randall s Jefferson, i. 124 ; 
 Sparks s Washington, ii. App. p. 496 ; Greene s 
 Life of N. Greene, i. 122; Austin s Gerry, ch. 13; 
 Sparks s Franklin, i. 379, 380 ; Rives s Madison, i. 
 
1776.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 103 
 
 108, 124 ; Matthew Thornton s letter in Force s 
 Archives, 4th series, ii. 696; also see vi. index, 
 under Independence. 
 
 Independence declared, July 4, 1776. 
 
 On the 7th of June, 1776, a resolution was 
 offered in Congress that these United Colonies are, 
 and of right ought to be, free and independent 
 states. A fac-simile of this paper is given in 
 Force s American Archives, 4th series, vi. 1700. 
 
 Frothingham (Rise of the Republic) traces the 
 culmination of the various influences, resulting in 
 
 O 
 
 the agreement of independence ; and he shows how 
 the several colonies instructed their representa 
 tives to provide for local interests. Bancroft (ch. 
 69 and 70) follows these events. A showing of 
 the parties in Congress at this time is given in 
 Randall s Jefferson, i. 153 ; Read s Life of George 
 Read ; John Adams s Life and Works, i. 220, 
 517; ii. 31-75, 93; Pitkin s United States, i. 
 362. 
 
 Very scant records of the debates previous to 
 the passage of the Declaration are preserved. 
 John Adams claimed that from 1774 to 1778, 
 covering his period in Congress, there were no 
 records of speeches, except some by Dr. Wither- 
 spoon, delivered memoriter, which he printed, and 
 one by Dickinson against the Declaration, which 
 was afterwards printed, and seemed very different 
 to Adams from the one actually delivered. Some 
 
104 READERS HANDBOOK OF 
 
 slight notes and accounts of the debates, however, 
 have been printed in John Adams s works, i. 
 227 ; iii. 55 ; ix. 418 ; in the Madison Papers, i. 
 1 2, by Jefferson reprinted in Read s George 
 Read, p. 226 ; in Wells s Samuel Adams, ii. 413, 
 432. 
 
 General accounts will be found in the biogra 
 phies of the signers and principal political char 
 acters of the day. Wells s Life of Samuel 
 Adams, ii., shows his strenuous efforts at thwart 
 ing all plans of conciliation. Stanhope (His 
 tory of England, vi. 121) takes a low view of 
 Samuel Adams s character. Loring (Hundred 
 Boston Orators) prints a letter of Hancock. C. 
 F. Adams s Life of John Adams, ch. 4 and 5, 
 and McKean s letter to Adams, in Massachusetts 
 Historical Society s Collections, 5th series, iv. 
 506. Lives of Jefferson by Tucker, i. ch. 4 ; by 
 Randall, i. 142, 164 ; by Parton ; Jefferson s auto 
 biography in Writings, i. 12, 96, and App. p. 117. 
 Rives s Madison, i. 130 ; Lee s Life of R. H. Lee, 
 i. ch. 7 ; Read s George Read, p. 162 ; Austin s 
 Life of Gerry, ch. 13 ; the sketches of Robert 
 Morris, who opposed the Declaration. Lives of 
 Franklin by Sparks, ch. 9 ; by Parton and by 
 Bigelow. Reed s Life of Joseph Reed, i. ch. 
 8 and 9. Lives of Washington by Marshall, ii. 
 ch. 6, and by Irving. 
 
 There are contemporary notes in the Journals of 
 Congress; in Force s American Arckives, 4th se- 
 
1776.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 105 
 
 ries, iv., 5th, i., ii., iii. index ; in Niles s Principles 
 and Acts of the Revolution ; and in Sparks s Cor 
 respondence of the Revolution. The early histori 
 ans, Mercy Warren, Gordon, and Ramsay, give a 
 reflex of contemporary views. The famous letter 
 of John Adams to his wife, prophesying the con 
 tinued observance of the anniversary, is in the 
 Familiar Letters of John and Abigail Adams, 
 p. 190, dated July 3d, with a note explaining the 
 change of date to 5th when first printed. For 
 Philadelphia life at this time, see Historical 
 Magazine, Nov. 1868, and the Diary of Christo 
 pher Marshall. 
 
 Jefferson s original draft of the Declaration is 
 given in Randall s Jefferson, p. 172 ; in Niles s 
 Weekly Register, July 3, 1813; in Timothy 
 Pickering s Review of the Cunningham Corre 
 spondence, 1824 ; in Papers of James Madison, 
 1840, not always agreeing, as different auto 
 graph drafts wera followed. It is given with the 
 changes indicated as adopted in Congress, in Jef 
 ferson s Works, i. ; Russell s Life and Times of 
 Fox; Lee s Life of R. H. Lee, i. 275. Cf. John 
 Adams s Works, i. 233 ; Parton s Jefferson, ch. 
 21 ; Parton s Franklin, ii. 126. 
 
 The Declaration as adopted is given in Froth- 
 ingham s Rise of the Republic, p. 539, and in 
 various general histories and manuals. 
 
 A fac-simile of the original draft, with Adams s 
 and Franklin s changes, is given in Jefferson s 
 
106 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1776. 
 
 Writings, i. 26 ; in Randall s Jefferson ; in the 
 Declaration of Independence, quarto, issued by 
 the City of Boston, 1876, where is also a reduced 
 fac-simile of the engrossed document, as signed 
 Aug. 2d ; and a full-size fac-simile of the latter is 
 in Force s American Archives, 5th series, i. 1595. 
 Cf. also the Atlas of Guizot s Washington. Fac 
 similes of the signatures are in many places. Re 
 productions of autograph letters of the signers are 
 given in Sanderson s Lives of the Signers, and in 
 Brother-head s Centennial Book of the Signers. 
 
 There is an account of the Declaration by B. 
 J. Lossing in Harper s Monthly, iii. and vii. ; and 
 Col. T. W. Higginson tells the Story of the sign 
 ing in Scribner s Monthly, July, 1876. 
 
 For the question of the observance of the 2d or 
 4th of July, see Potter s American Monthly, Dec. 
 1875. 
 
 There are accounts of Independence Hall, by 
 John Savage, in Harper s Monthly, xxxv. ; Pot 
 ter s American Monthly, July, 1875 ; Belisle s 
 History of Independence Hall ; Col. Etting s 
 Memorials of 1776. Cf. Etting s Historical Ac 
 count of the Old State House, 1876, of which 
 there is a contemporary print in the Columbian 
 Magazine, July, 1787, taken in 1778. 
 
 The desk upon which Jefferson wrote the Dec 
 laration is now in Boston. Cf. Randall s Jeffer 
 son, i. 177 ; Massachusetts Historical Society s 
 Proceedings, 1855-1858, p. 151. 
 
1776.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 107 
 
 For the immediate effects of the Declaration, 
 see Frothingham s Rise of the Republic, p. 548 ; 
 Reed s Life of Joseph Reed, i. 195. 
 
 The Declaration was reprinted at once in Lon 
 don in the Gentleman s Magazine, Aug. 1776 ; 
 Annual Register, 1776, p. 261 ; Almon s Remem 
 brancer, iii. 258. It occasioned comments and 
 rejoinders in the Gentleman s, in Almon, and in 
 other publications. Gov. Hutchinson s strictures 
 on it, after circulating in manuscript, were printed 
 in Almon, iv. 25. Adolphus (History of England) 
 says that An Answer to the Declaration of the 
 American Congress, which appeared in London 
 the same year, is " worthy the perusal of those 
 who wish to have the means of thinking rightly 
 on the origin of the American dispute." Lord 
 Camden s views are given in Campbell s Lives of 
 the Chancellors, v. 301. Lord John Russell, in 
 his Memoirs and Correspondence of Fox, i. 152, 
 thinks the truth was warped in charging all upon 
 the King, while the fact was " the sovereign and 
 his people were alike prejudiced, angry, and wil 
 ful." Earl Stanhope s view, in his History of 
 England, was criticised by Col. Peter Force in a 
 privately printed pamphlet, 1855. Morley, in his 
 Edmund Burke, p. 125, has a chapter on the sig 
 nificance of the American passage to Independ 
 ence. 
 
108 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1776. 
 
 The Hessians. 
 
 Bancroft, viii. ch. 50 and 57, narrates the 
 efforts of the British Ministry to secure the aid of 
 Russian troops, and subsequently of the Hessians. 
 See results in vol. ix. ch. 18; x. ch. 3. The pre 
 liminaries of the negotiations are given in Donne s 
 Letters of George III. to Lord North, i. 293, 297. 
 The treaties with the German princes are given 
 in Force s American Archives, 4th series, vi. 356 
 358. Debates, Nov. 1775, on the employment 
 of mercenaries are in the Parliamentary History, 
 and in Force, vi. 88, 107, 271. See, further, in 
 Force, 5th series, i., ii., iii. index. 
 
 Eelking s Die Deutsche Hiilfstruppen in Nord 
 Amerika, gives a list of the MS. journals of the 
 officers to which he had access. Of Eelking s Life 
 of Riedesel, the German commander, there is an 
 English translation. Ewald s Feldzug der Hessen 
 nach Amerika, and Kapp s Der Soldatenhandel 
 deutscher Fiirsten nach Amerika, 2d ed. 1874, are 
 epitomized in G. W. Greene s German Element 
 in the War for Independence. Cf. Gen. Von 
 Ochs s Neuere Kriegskunst, 1817. 
 
 See also a review of Eelking in the Historical 
 Magazine, Feb. 1864 and Jan. 1866, and G. W. 
 Greene s paper in the Atlantic, Feb. 1875 ; 
 Sparks s article on Riedesel in the North Ameri 
 can Review, xxvi. ; Fonblanque s Life of Bur- 
 goyne, 213. 
 
1776.] TEE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 109 
 
 Battle of Long Island, August 27, 1776. 
 
 An elaborate study of the battle fought at 
 Brooklyn has been made by Thomas W. Field, 
 and published in the Memoirs of the Long Island 
 Historical Society, ii. He gives many contem 
 porary documents. He had previously made it 
 the subject of a lecture. Historical Magazine, 
 Nov. 1866. 
 
 Howe landed his troops at Gravesend Aug. 22d. 
 Sir George Collier commanded the fleet, covering 
 the landing. Naval Chronicle, xxxii. 
 
 Greene had done the work on the lines of de 
 fense. Greene s Greene, i. 158. 
 
 Howe s army in effective strength was double 
 that under Washington. Cf. Force s American 
 Archives, 5th series, i. ; Beatson s Naval and 
 Military Memoirs of Great Britain, vi. ; De Lan- 
 cey s note, in Jones s History of New York in the 
 Revolutionary War, i. 600. 
 
 Contemporary Accounts. Washington s dis 
 patches are given in Sparks and in Field; also 
 his letters in Sparks, iv. and App. Graydon s 
 Memoirs, ch. 6, are important. Documents in 
 Onderdonk s Revolutionary Incidents in Queens 
 County. Almon s Remembrancer, iii. Force s 
 American Archives, 5th series, i., ii., iii. Brod- 
 head s Letters in Pennsylvania Archives, v. 21. 
 Atlee s Journal in App. of Reed s Life of Joseph 
 Reed ; and in Pennsylvania Archives, 2d series, 
 
110 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1776. 
 
 i. 509 ; and p. 517 is the Journal of Col. Samuel 
 Miles. President Stiles s diary is given in John 
 ston. 
 
 Death of Gen. Woodhull. Force s Archives, 
 5th series, ii., iii. index. Jones s New York in the 
 Revolutionary War, ii. 593. Luther R. Marsh s 
 Oration. J. Fenimore Cooper and Henry Onder- 
 donk, Jr., had a newspaper controversy about 
 Woodhull s capture antT death. See Historical 
 Magazine, 1861. 
 
 Later Accounts. Mercy Warren s and Gor 
 don s Histories of the Revolution. Marshall s 
 Washington, ii. ch. 7. Irving s Washington, ii. 
 ch. 31 and 32. Samuel Ward s Lecture, 1839. 
 Johnston s Campaign of 1776, ch. 4. Dunlap s 
 New York, ii. 64. Reed s Joseph Reed, i. 222. 
 Arnory s Gen. Sullivan, p. 25. Hollister s Con 
 necticut, ii. ch. 11. Parton s Burr, i. ch. 6. Los- 
 sing s Field-Book. Dawson s Battles of the United 
 States, i. Stiles s History of Brooklyn. Williams s 
 Life of Olney. Harper s Monthly, Aug. 1876. 
 Knickerbocker s Magazine, xiii. Personal Recol 
 lections of the American Revolution, edited by 
 S. Barclay, for family experiences in the neigh 
 borhood. Thompson s Long Island. 
 
 Bancroft, ix. ch. 4, commented adversely on the 
 conduct of General Greene in the battle, and 
 Geo. W. Greene has examined that historian s 
 statements in a pamphlet, which he has reprinted 
 in his Life of General Greene, ii. In his first vol- 
 
1776.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Ill 
 
 ume, book ii. ch. 7, Greene gives his own version of 
 the battle. Greene s arraignment of Bancroft is 
 examined in the Historical Magazine, Feb. 186T. 
 See also Aug. 1867. Bancroft also in a note, ix. 
 105, controverts the statements of President Reed 
 on the question of the retreat from the island, as 
 given in W. B. Reed s Life of Reed, ch. 11. 
 
 British Accounts. Sir Wm. Howe s dispatch 
 to his government was printed in a Gazette ex 
 traordinary, Oct. 10th, and is given in Field s mon 
 ograph. It elicited a pamphlet of Remarks, with 
 the Gazette account annexed. The evidence be 
 fore Parliament is also given in Field ; and 
 Howe s Narrative of his Conduct in America 
 before the Committee of the Commons was sep 
 arately printed. Cf. Parliamentary Register, xi. 
 340, and Almon s Debates, xiii. Howe s Narra 
 tive is commented upon in the Detail and Con 
 duct of the American War. 
 
 Stedman s American War, ch. 6. Andrews s 
 History of the Late War, ch. 21, with a portrait 
 of Howe. Annual Register, xix. ch. 5. An Im 
 partial History of the late War. Stanhope s 
 England. The Popular History of England, by 
 C. Knight. Lushington s Life of Lord Harris, 
 p. 76. 
 
 A loyalist view of the opportunity lost in not 
 forcing the American lines after Howe had gained 
 his victory, is . taken in Jones s New York in the 
 Revolutionary War, i. 112. 
 
112 READERS HANDBOOK OF [i?76. 
 
 German Accounts. Eelking s Deutsche Hiilfs- 
 truppen, ch. 1 ; and other accounts in the Ap 
 pendix of Field s Battle of Long Island. 
 
 French Account. Hilliard d Auberteuil s Es- 
 sais historiques, ii. 
 
 Political Effects. John Adams s Works, ix. 
 438, etc. Stuart s Life of Jonathan Trumbull. 
 Sedgwick s William Livingston, p. 201. 
 
 In England : Donne s Corrrespondence of 
 George III. and Lord North, ii. ; Rockingham and 
 his Contemporaries, ii. 297 ; Russell s Life of 
 Fox, and his Memorials and Correspondence of 
 Fox, i. 145 ; Horace Walpole s Last Journals, 
 ii. 70. 
 
 Maps. A contemporary American plan of 
 Brooklyn, showing the American lines, is in the 
 New York City Manual, 1858. 
 
 One of New York and parts adjacent is given 
 in Gordon s History, ii. 
 
 In the large and small atlases to Marshall s 
 Washington, in Sparks s Washington, iv. 68, 
 showing the island ; and in Guizot s Washington. 
 
 Field in his monograph gives a large plan, 
 showing the projection of the modern streets over 
 lying the ancient landmarks. Full plans are 
 given in Johnston s Campaign of 1776. 
 
 Others are in Ward s Lecture, 1839; in Duer s 
 Life of Lord Stirling, ii. 162; in Carrington s 
 Battles, ch. 14 ; in "W. L. Stone s History of New 
 York City, p. 246 ; in Onderdonk s Queens Coun- 
 
1776.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 113 
 
 ty; in Ridpath s United States; in Harper s 
 Monthly, Aug. 1876. 
 
 There are British plans, as follows : Faden s 
 engraved plan, 1776, with Gen. Howe s Letter 
 to Lord George Germain, being No. 22 of The 
 American Atlas. Various MS. maps, made by 
 British officers, of the operations of this campaign, 
 are in the Faden collection, Library of Congress, 
 of which E. E. Hale printed a list in 1862. 
 
 In Gentleman s Magazine, Oct. and Dec. 1776. 
 
 A map, 15 X 17 in., published in London, 1776, 
 by Sayer and Bennett. 
 
 In Stedman s American War, which is repro 
 duced with additions in the large illustrated edi 
 tion of Irving s Washington, ii. 308. In Mackin- 
 non s Coldstream Guards, and a large map for the 
 Campaign in Hamilton s Grenadier Guards, ii. 
 
 A Hessian officer s map is fac-similed in Field s 
 monograph; and a contemporary map of Long 
 Island is given in the Geographische Belustigun- 
 gen, Leipsic, 1776. 
 
 Cf. further titles of maps in the Bibliography 
 of Long Island in the American Bibliopolist, 
 Oct. 1872, and in the Appendix to Furman s 
 Antiquities of Long Island. 
 
 Howe as a Commissioner, September, 1776. 
 
 Gen. Sullivan, taken a prisoner in the battle 
 of Long Island, was paroled by Howe, and was 
 sent to Congress with a message of conciliation. 
 
 8 
 
114 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1776. 
 
 Franklin, John Adams, and Rutledge were sent 
 to confer with Howe, and they met at Amboy. 
 
 An account of the interview is given in Frank 
 lin s Works, v. 97 ; viii. 187 ; also in Parton s 
 Franklin, ii. 141. 
 
 Journals of Congress, Sept. 1776 ; and Force s 
 American Archives, 4th series, vi. ; 5th, i., ii. 
 
 John Adams s Works, i. 237 ; iii. 73 ; ix. 440. 
 Wells s Samuel Adams, ii. 443. Amory s Sulli 
 van, 30. Reed s Joseph Reed, i. ch. 12. Read s 
 George Read, pp. 174, 189, 190. Lossing s Schuy- 
 ler, ii. 37. 
 
 Howe s report to his government is in Almon s 
 Remembrancer, viii. 250 ; Parliamentary Register, 
 viii. 249. 
 
 Washington withdraws to New York. 
 
 Washington withdrew his army from Long 
 Island by night without loss. 
 
 Gordon indicates the contemporary recognition 
 of the mistake Howe made through his inertness 
 and his failure at once to gain the rear of the 
 Americans either by the river or by the Sound. 
 See also Putnam s letter to Gov. Trumbull, Sept. 
 12, 1776. 
 
 What was done for the maintenance of a posi 
 tion in New York itself is narrated in the Corre 
 spondence of the Provincial Congress of New 
 York ; in General Lee s Memoirs ; in Booth s 
 New York, p. 493 ; in New York during the Revo- 
 
1776.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 115 
 
 lution, p. 82 ; in Johnston s Campaign of 1776, ch. 
 5; in Irving s Washington, ii. ch. 33, etc. 
 
 There is a journal of the American occupation 
 in the Historical Magazine, Dec. 1868 ; and an 
 American orderly-book, Sept. 1-13, 1776, cap 
 tured in New York, is among the Percy MSS., 
 according to the Third Report of the English 
 Commission on Historical MSS. H. B. Dawson 
 gives an account of the town at this time, in New 
 York during the Revolution. 
 
 Nathan Hale. This young Connecticut officer 
 was sent into the British camp on Long Island, 
 and being detected, was executed as a spy, Sept. 
 22, 1776. See the Histories of Connecticut, and 
 I. W. Stuart s Life of Nathan Hale. 
 
 The British occupy New York, September 15, 1776. 
 
 Washington was acting warily to avoid being 
 inclosed by the British occupying the island to 
 the north of him. Howe landed his troops at 
 Turtle Bay. Connecticut troops stationed there 
 fled precipitately. Washington s letter to Con 
 gress in his Official Letters, i. 246 ; and in Sparks, 
 iv. 94. Greene to Gov. Cooke of Rhode Island, 
 in Force s Archives, 5th series, ii. 370. Bancroft, 
 ix. 122, cites a letter of Caesar Rodney, and shows 
 how the story has grown. Gordon s American Rev 
 olution, ii. 327. Heath s Memoirs, p. 60. Davis s 
 Life of Burr, i. 100. Read s George Read, p. 193. 
 Col. N. Fish s letter in Historical Magazine, 2d 
 
116 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1776. 
 
 series, iii. 83. Baumeister s Narrative, a MS. in 
 Bancroft s possession, translated in the Magazine 
 of American History, Jan. 1877. 
 
 A considerable section of the city was burned, 
 the British charging the act upon the retiring 
 Americans as a part of a concerted plan to de 
 stroy the town. Force s Archives, 5th series, ii. ; 
 Journals of Congress, and Washington s Letters 
 (see Sparks s note in iv. 101) show that the act 
 was not authorized by the American leaders. 
 Howe s report to Lord George Germain is given 
 in Force and in Jones s New York in the Revo 
 lutionary War, with note, i. 611. Cf. J. C. 
 Hamilton s Republic of the United States, i. 
 127 ; Henry s Campaign against Quebec ; Reed s 
 Life of Joseph Reed, i. 213. 
 
 In general, on the British occupation, see 
 Fish s Letter in the Historical Magazine, Jan. 
 1869 ; Gentleman s Magazine, Nov. and Dec. 
 1776 ; a Diary in the Pennsylvania Magazine 
 of American History, i. 133; and the histories 
 of New York City. Cf. the papers on New York 
 in the Revolution in Harper s Monthly, xxxvii. ; 
 Scribner s Monthly, Jan. 1876. 
 
 Maps and Plans. The map used in the 
 campaign by the American leaders is now in the 
 Library of the New York Historical Society, and 
 is engraved in the large illustrated edition of 
 Irving s Washington, ii. 276. There are other 
 reproductions of contemporary plans of the city 
 
1776.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 117 
 
 and of the military movements in the New York 
 City Manual for 1863, 1864, and 1866; and, in 
 connection with Dawson s account, New York 
 in the Revolution. An old view of the city is 
 reproduced in Moore s Diary of the American 
 Revolution, p. 311. 
 
 There are other maps in Gordon s History ; in 
 Marshall s Washington ; in Sparks s Washington, 
 iv. 96. 
 
 A German map is given in the Geschichte der 
 Kriege in und aus Europa, Nuremberg, 1776. 
 
 British maps will be found in Stedman s Ameri 
 can War ; in Hall s Civil War in America, 2d 
 ed., London, 1780 ; in the Gentleman s Maga 
 zine, Dec. 1776 ; in the Political Magazine, Lon 
 don, Nov. 1781. Major Holland s surveys are 
 given in a contemporary map covering the coun 
 try from Sandy Hook to Haverstraw ; a chart of 
 the harbor from Sandy Hook to New York was 
 published in London, 1776, by Sayer and Bennett. 
 Montresor s plan of New York in 1775 is No. 25 in 
 the American Atlas, and No. 20 is the same officer s 
 plan of the vicinity of the town. A plan of the 
 city as surveyed by Bernard Ratzen, 1767, was 
 engraved by T. Kitchin, and reissued in 1776 
 and 1777, and is given on a reduced scale in 
 Jones s New York in the Revolutionary War. 
 Faden of London published in 1777 a map of the 
 northern part of the island, drawn by Saulthier. 
 
118 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1776. 
 
 The American Retreat, September November, 1776. 
 
 Washington withdrew up the island as the 
 British advanced. The campaign in general can 
 be followed in Johnston s Campaign of 1776 ; in 
 Bancroft, ix. ; Irving s Washington, ii. ; Greene s 
 Life of Greene, i. Washington s letters are in 
 Sparks, and in the Heath Papers, printed in the 
 Massachusetts Historical Society s Collections, 5th 
 series, iv. The Historical Magazine, Dec. 1863, 
 gives a military journal. 
 
 British Accounts. Stedman s American War ; 
 Conduct of the American War ; and the general 
 histories. 
 
 Grerman Accounts. Eelking s Deutsche Hiilfs- 
 truppen ; Schlozer s Briefwechsel, ii. 99. 
 
 The following sections give details of the 
 retreat : 
 
 Harlem Plains, September 16, 1776. 
 
 Howe landed his troops at Frog Neck, in an 
 endeavor to cut off Washington s retreat. Ir 
 ving s Washington. Heath s Memoirs. 
 
 For contemporary accounts of the action, see 
 Washington s letters in Sparks ; those in the 
 Life of Greene by Greene; Reed s in the Life of 
 Joseph Reed, i. 237 ; Gen. Silliman s in the notes 
 of Jones s New York in the Revolutionary War, 
 i. 606; Gen. Clinton s letter in New York in the 
 Revolution ; and Documents in Force, 5th series, ii. 
 
1776.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 119 
 
 Later Accounts. In the general histories ; 
 Johnston s Campaign of 1776 ; Lossing s Field- 
 Book; Dawson s Battles, and his paper in the 
 New York City Manual, 1868; the Centennial 
 Oration of John Jay before the New York His 
 torical Society, 1876 ; Lushington s Lord Harris, 
 p. 79 ; and the histories of New York City. 
 
 Map. Johnston s Campaign of 1776, ch. 6. 
 
 Bancroft, ix. 175, gives a note collating the 
 authorities on the origin of the retirement of the 
 Americans from the island of New York. 
 
 White Plains, October 28, 1776. 
 
 Heath s Memoirs gives a daily chronicle of 
 events during October. 
 
 Washington s Letters, iv., gives his daily ob 
 servations. See also Force s Archives, 5th series, 
 ii., iii. ; Marshall s Washington, ii. ch. 8 ; Irving s 
 Washington, ii. ch. 37 ; Hamilton s Republic of 
 the United States, i. 132 ; Bancroft, ix. ch. 10 ; 
 Reed s Life of Joseph Reed, i. ch. 12; General 
 Hull s Revolutionary Services, ch. 4 ; Lossing s 
 Field-Book, ii. ; Dawson s Battles, ch. 14 ; John 
 ston s Campaign of 1776, ch. 7 ; De Lancey s 
 note to Jones s New York in the Revolutionary 
 War, i. 621. A diary by Allen is in Smith s 
 History of Pittsfield, Massachusetts, i. 252. 
 
 British Accounts. In Stedman, ch. 7, and in 
 a Gazette of Dec. 30, 1776, which gave the first 
 intelligence in London, and prompted a pamphlet 
 
120 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1776. 
 
 by Israel Maudit, entitled Observations on the 
 Conduct of Sir William Howe at Whiteplains, 
 London, 1779. 
 
 There is a German account in Eelking s Hiilfs- 
 truppen, ch. 2. 
 
 Maps. The Lives of Washington, by Mar 
 shall and by Sparks; Hamilton s Republic of the 
 United States, i. 132. A plan by Saulthier, en 
 graved by Faden, 1777, is in the American Atlas, 
 No. 23 ; and there is another British plan in 
 Stedman. 
 
 Fort "Washington, November 16, 1776. 
 
 While evacuating the island of New York with 
 his main body, Washington had left, contrary to 
 his own judgment, a force to maintain this post. 
 It fell before an attack of the combined fleet and 
 army of the enemy. 
 
 Washington s letters are in Sparks s edition of 
 his writings, iv. ; but compare the Lives of Wash 
 ington by Marshall and Irving. Heath s Me 
 moirs, p. 86. G. W. Greene s Life of Nathanael 
 Greene, book ii. ch. 11, gives that general s share 
 in the affair, and in a separate tract the biogra 
 pher controverts the view taken in Bancroft, ix. 
 ch. 11. See documents in Force s Archives, 5th 
 series, iii. 
 
 Reed s Life of Joseph Reed, ch. 13; Dawson s 
 Battles, ch. 15 ; Lossing s Field-Book, ii. ; Maga 
 zine of American History, i. 
 
1776.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 121 
 
 Graydon s Memoirs, ch. 7, had intimated that 
 the success of Howe was perhaps due to informa 
 tion of an officer of the fort who deserted to the 
 enemy. De Lancey, in his notes to Jones s New 
 York in the Revolutionary War, i. 630, prints a 
 letter of William Demon t, adjutant of the com 
 mander, dated 1792, which states that he bore 
 plans of the fort to the enemy, " by which plans 
 that fortress was taken." Howe s intention of 
 attacking Washington s main force was changed 
 by this information. 
 
 Maps. Washington s Writings by Sparks, iv. 
 96, and the Atlas to Guizot s Washington and 
 Carrington s Battles, ch. 37. A large contempo 
 rary map is reproduced in the New York City 
 Manual for 1861. An account of the capture in 
 the Magazine of American History, Feb. 1877, is 
 accompanied by a fac-simile of an original map. 
 
 There is a British plan in Stedman s American 
 War. An English plan of the attack was given 
 to the New York Historical Society, in 1861, by 
 R. L. Stewart. A fac-simile of Faden s plan of 
 the attack is in the New York Calendar of His 
 torical MSS. i. 533. 
 
 There is a German map in the Geschichte der 
 Kriege in und aus Europa, Nuremberg, 1776. 
 
 General Charles Lee, 1776. 
 
 The conduct of Lee began to incite observation 
 during the movements of Washington after the 
 
122 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1776. 
 
 fall of Fort Washington, when he moved with his 
 army into New Jersey to cover Philadelphia. 
 Cf. Geo. H. Moore s Treason of Charles Lee ; 
 Heath s Memoirs, p. 88 ; Reed s Life of Joseph 
 Reed, i. 253 ; Drake s Life of Henry Knox ; J. 
 C. Hamilton s Republic of the United States, i. 
 ch. 6. 
 
 Lee was taken prisoner in his quarters, Dec. 
 13th. Cf. Sparks s Washington, iv., App. 8 ; 
 Irving s Washington; Moore s Treason of Lee, 
 p. 60 ; Charles Lee s Memoirs ; Memoirs of Mrs. 
 E. S. M. Quincy, privately printed, 1861 ; Jones s 
 New York in the Revolutionary War, i. 173 ; 
 Force s Archives, 5th series, iii. 
 
 "Washington in the Jerseys, December, 1776 January, 1777. 
 
 The letters of the commander-in-chief are in 
 Sparks s Washington s Writings, iv. Various 
 original papers are in Force s Archives, 5th se 
 ries, iii. Bancroft, ix. ch. 12, and Irving s Wash 
 ington, ii., are still the best to follow. Geo. W. 
 Greene gives a separate chapter to this retreat in 
 his Life of General Greene, and controverts Ban 
 croft on special points. See also Read s George 
 Read, p. 216 ; Reed s Life of Joseph Reed, ch. 
 14 ; Gordon s History, ii. ; Johnston s Campaign 
 of 1776, ch. 8. There is a series of minor mono 
 graphs by C. C. Haven, namely, Washington and 
 his Army in New Jersey, 1856 ; Thirty Days in 
 New Jersey Ninety Years Ago, 1867 ; Historical 
 Manual concerning Trenton and Princeton. 
 
1776.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 123 
 
 See, further, J. F. Tattle s Washington in Mor 
 ris County, in the Historical Magazine, June, 
 1871 ; Washington at Morristown, in Harper s 
 Monthly, xviii. 289, and in the Magazine of 
 American History, Feb. 1879, p. 118 ; Glimpse of 
 76 in New Jersey, in Harper s Monthly, July, 
 1874 ; Washington at Trenton and Princeton, in 
 Potter s American Monthly, Jan. 1877, and a 
 little tract by T. White, published at Charles- 
 town, Mass. 
 
 The State of New Jersey has printed the cor 
 respondence of its executive, 1776-1786. 
 
 The political aspects of the campaign can be 
 traced in Mercy Warren s History ; in Ellery s 
 letters to the Governor of Rhode Island, in Rhode 
 Island Colonial Records, viii. ; and in Wells s 
 Life of Samuel Adams, ii. The state of affairs in 
 Philadelphia is shown in R. Morris s letters to the 
 President of Congress in Pennsylvania Historical 
 Society s Memoirs, i. 50. A loyalist s view of the 
 unmilitary management of the British general is 
 in Jones s New York in the Revolutionary War, i. 
 
 The British view is given in the general his 
 tories of Stedman and Andrews ; in the Annual 
 Register, xx. ch. 1 ; in General Howe s Narra 
 tive ; in the Detail and Conduct of the American 
 War for the evidence of Cornwallis, etc. ; in Let 
 ters to a Nobleman on the Conduct of the War 
 in the Middle Colonies, London, 1779. 
 
 A contemporary tabular view of Howe s losses, 
 
124 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1776. 
 
 Aug. - Dec. 1776, is given on a folded sheet in 
 the History of the War in America, Dublin, 
 1779. 
 
 Maps of the Campaign. A reproduction of 
 that used by the American commander is given in 
 Irving s Washington, large illustrated edition, ii. 
 430. Others are in Gordon, ii. p. 524; Lives 
 of Washington, by Sparks, iv. 266, and by Mar 
 shall ; in Carrington s Battles, p. 302 ; in Loss- 
 ing s Field-Book, ii. 
 
 The British maps are in Gentleman s Magazine, 
 Sept. 1776; Stedman s American War. Faden s 
 map of New Jersey, Dec. 26, 1776 - Jan. 3, 
 1777, is in the American Atlas 1 . 
 
 Holland s map of New York and New Jersey 
 was engraved by Jefferys in 1775, and reappeared 
 as improved by Pownall in 1776. Saulthier s plan 
 of Howe s operations was published by Faden in 
 1777 ; and another of the seat of war in New 
 York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania was pub 
 lished by Almon in 1777. Faden again published 
 Ratzer and Banker s map of New Jersey in 1777, 
 and the same year a plan of the operations of 
 Washington against the King s troops, in 1776- 
 1777. 
 
 Trenton, December 26, 1776. 
 
 Washington unexpectedly crossed the Delaware 
 and surprised a camp of the Hessians. Cf. Eel- 
 king s Deutsche Hiilfstruppen, and papers in 
 Force s Archives, 5th series, iii. 
 
1776.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 125 
 
 Washington s Letters, iv. 242-246, and App. 
 541, and his account to Heath, in Massachusetts 
 Historical Society s Collections, 5th series, iv. 
 32 ; and Lives of Washington, by Marshall, ii. 
 ch. 8, and Irving. 
 
 The representations by the Committee of Con 
 gress to the Commissioners in France are in 
 Sparks s Diplomatic Correspondence, i. 246. 
 
 Bancroft, ix. ch. 13. Greene s Life of Greene, 
 book ii. ch. 13. Wilkinson s Memoirs, ch. 3. 
 Reed s Joseph Reed, i. 270. An account by 
 Major Morris in the Sparks MSS. in Harvard 
 College Library. Letter of R. H. Lee in the 
 Massachusetts Historical Society s Proceedings, 
 1878, p. 109. Drake s Life of Knox. Hull s 
 Revolutionary Services, ch. 5. Dawson s Battles, 
 ch. 16. Lossing s Field-Book, ii., and his article 
 in Harper s Monthly, vii. 445. Carrington s Bat 
 tles, ch. 39 and 40. Raum s History of Trenton. 
 C. C. Haven s Annals of Trenton, 1866. Hil- 
 liard d Auberteuil s Essais historiques, ii. H. K. 
 How s Poem on the battle, 1856. 
 
 The English historians, Adolphus, ii. 385, and 
 Stanhope, vi. 130, assign the credit of this sur 
 prise to Arnold. Gov. Try on s letters to Lord 
 George Germain, in Documents relative to the 
 Colonial History of New York, viii. 694. 
 
 Maps. Washington s Writings by Sparks, iv. 
 258, and the atlases to Marshall s and Guizot s 
 Lives of Washington ; Lossing s Field-Book, ii. ; 
 Raum s Trenton. 
 
126 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1776. 
 
 Princeton, January 3, 1777. 
 
 The Letters and Life of Washington by Sparks. 
 Irving s Washington, ii. ch. 14. Custis s Recol 
 lections of Washington, ch. 3. Wilkinson s Me 
 moirs, ch. 3. St. Glair s Narrative. Hull s Rev 
 olutionary Services. Bancroft, ix. ch. 14. Los- 
 sing s Field-Book, ii. and his paper in Harper s 
 Monthly, vii. 447. Dawson s Battles, ch. 17. 
 Stone s Life of John Howland. Reed s Joseph 
 Reed, i. 287. W. B. Reed s oration on General 
 Mercer. J. F. Hageman s History of Princeton. 
 Hollister s Connecticut, ii. ch. 13. An account 
 by a sergeant in Newark Daily Advertiser is re 
 printed in E. S. Thomas s Reminiscences, i. 283. 
 
 Bancroft, ix. 247, has a note on the authorities 
 for giving Washington the credit of the plan of a 
 roundabout march to Princeton. 
 
 Maps. Sparks s Washington, ii. 258, and 
 Lossing s Field-Book. 
 
 Arnold on Lake Champlain, October, 1776. 
 
 This was an attempt by Arnold to drive back 
 the British flotilla advancing up the lake. 
 Cooper s Naval History of the United States. 
 Wilkinson s Memoirs, ch. ii. Marshall s Wash 
 ington, iii. ch. 1. Irving s Washington, ii. ch. 39. 
 Sparks s Life of Arnold. John Trumbull s Me 
 moirs, p. 34. Lossing s Schuyler, ii. 116, 137, 
 and his Field-Book, i. Dawson s Battles, ch. 13. 
 
1776.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 127 
 
 Palmer s Lake Champlain, ch. 7. Battle of Val- 
 cour, a pamphlet, 1876. 
 
 Arnold s naval tactics are examined in the in 
 troduction to General Wayne s Orderly-Book of 
 the Northern Army, Oct. 17, 1776 - Jan. 8, 1777. 
 A new view of Arnold s escape is given in Wins- 
 low C. Watson s Naval Campaign on Lake Cham- 
 plain, in the American Historical Record, iii. 
 438-501. A contemporary sketch of the action 
 is in the Sparks MSS. in Harvard College Library. 
 Arnold s letters are in S parks s Correspondence 
 of the American Revolution, i. Appendix. Vari 
 ous contemporary reports will be found in Force s 
 American Archives, 5th series, i., ii., iii. index, 
 under Arnold, Fleet, and Lake Champlain. 
 
 Maps. A map of Lake George and the 
 southern end of Lake Champlain is in Wayne s 
 Orderly-Book ; and another map is in Palmer s 
 Lake Champlain. A map of Hudson River and 
 the communication with Canada by the lakes, by 
 Saulthier, was published by Faden, in 1776 ; and 
 the original plan by a British officer, of the action, 
 subsequently engraved, is in the Faden Collection 
 in the Library of Congress. An earlier survey of 
 the region by Brassier, made for Amherst in 
 1762, was published by Sayer and Bennett in 
 1776, who also engraved the map which is given 
 in the Military Pocket Atlas, 1776. See also 
 American Atlas, No. 21. 
 
128 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1777. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1777. 
 
 Political Aspects. 
 
 THE journals of Congress are always meagre. 
 " It is impossible to touch upon any interesting 
 incident in the history of the Congress of the 
 Revolution, and not regret," says G. W. Greene, 
 " the meagreness of the journals." Events are 
 followed in the lives of the principal members, 
 like Samuel Adams, ii. ch. 44 ; R. H. Lee, John 
 Adams, etc. 
 
 The insufficiency of Congress, and its needless 
 interference with military matters, are pointed 
 out in Lossing s Schuyler, ii. ch. 19, and in 
 Greene s Life of Greene, i. ch. 18, etc. 
 
 July 1st, Congress instructed William Lee as 
 Commissioner to Berlin and Vienna. Diplomatic 
 Correspondence, ii. 289. Pitkin s United States, 
 i. App. 25. Ralph Izard was commissioned to 
 Italy. Diplomatic Correspondence, ii. 367. Ar 
 thur Lee s Life, and Life of Samuel Adams, shows 
 Lee s proceedings in Paris ; but the negotiations 
 prompted by the surrender of Burgoyne, leading 
 to an alliance with France, will be referred to 
 under 1778. Bancroft, ix. ch. 17, traces the 
 progress of negotiations with Spain. A set of 
 
1777.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 129 
 
 diplomatic papers, beginning in 1777, and relat 
 ing to their negotiations with the United States 
 and Great Britain, has been printed by the 
 States General of the Netherlands. 
 
 Nov. 15th, articles of confederation were adopt 
 ed. Bancroft, ix. ch. 26; Life of John Adams, i. 
 269; ix. 467; Life of Samuel Adams; Pitkin s 
 United States. 
 
 The national flag of thirteen stars and thirteen 
 stripes was adopted by Congress this year. Preb- 
 le s Flag of the United States, p. 182, where 
 will also be found an account of the flags used 
 from 1766 to 1777. Of. Lossing s Schuyler, ii. 
 113 ; Schuyler Hamilton s History of the National 
 Flag ; J. F. Reigart s History of the First United 
 States Flag, and the patriotism of Betsey Ross, 
 Harrisburg, 1878 ; and documents in Force s Ar 
 chives, 4th series, iv. 
 
 The views of the Opposition in England may 
 be drawn from Burkefc Letter to the Sheriffs of 
 Bristol, in his works, Boston edition, ii. 189. 
 
 British Plans for the Campaign, 1777. 
 
 The British army, under Sir William Howe, 
 were in possession of New York, and documents 
 relating to their rule in the city will be found in 
 Valentine s New York City Manual for 1863. 
 See a picture of life in New York under British 
 rule in the Unitarian Review, Nov. 1876, by 
 Samuel Osgood, D. D. 
 
130 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1777. 
 
 March 29th, Gen. Charles Lee, then a prisoner 
 in British hands, presented a plan of campaign to 
 Gen. Howe, as calculated to thwart the American 
 purposes. George H. Moore first brought this to 
 the attention of students in his Treason of Charles 
 Lee, in which he gave a fac-simile of the docu 
 ment in Lee s handwriting, and in which he 
 traces the influence of it on the plan of the cam 
 paign as carried out by Howe. Cf. Bancroft, ix. 
 330 ; Howe s Narrative; Greene s Life of Greene, 
 i. 385 ; Lossing in Magazine of American His 
 tory, July, 1879, p. 450. 
 
 This plan of Lee seems to account in part for 
 the mistake, recognized by Gordon and others, 
 by which Howe, failing to cooperate with Bur- 
 goyne up the Hudson, subjected his troops to the 
 confinement and danger of a sea voyage in order 
 to approach Philadelphia from the Chesapeake. 
 
 Stedman (American War, i.) considers Howe 
 responsible for the failur% of the British arms in 
 this campaign. A copy of this book, annotated 
 by Sir Henry Clinton, is in the Carter-Brown 
 Library at Providence, and a transcript of Clin 
 ton s notes is among the Sparks MSS. in Harvard 
 College Library. De Lancey used these notes in 
 his Jones s New York in the Revolutionary War, 
 where a loyalist s criticism upon Howe will be 
 found. A pamphlet of Observations by Clinton 
 on Stedman s History was printed in London, 
 1794, and privately reprinted in New York, 1864. 
 
1Z77.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 131 
 
 Howe defended himself in a Narrative, and this 
 drew out Galloway s Letters to a Nobleman, Lon 
 don, 1779. Howe again replied in Observations, 
 to which Galloway gave a Reply in 1781. Papers 
 relating to the campaign are appended to a View 
 of the Evidence relative to the Conduct of the 
 American War under Sir William Howe, Lord 
 Viscount Howe, and General Burgoyne, as given 
 before a Committee of the House of Commons, 
 London, 1779. 
 
 Sparks wrote in his copy of the third edition of 
 the Detail and Conduct of the American War, that 
 " its principal object was to attack and injure the 
 characters of Sir William Howe, Lord Howe, and 
 General Burgoyne, and that the facts are every 
 where distorted, opinions perverted by prejudice 
 and a vindictive spirit, and the representations 
 extravagant and often false." 
 
 Further examination of these charges against 
 Howe and of the conduct of the campaign at large 
 will be found in Smyth s Modern History, lecture 
 34 ; Gordon s American Revolution, ii. ; An- 
 drews s Late War, ii. ch. 26 ; Murray s War in 
 America ; Adolphus s England, ii. ch. 31 ; Lives 
 of Washington by Marshall and Irving ; Histories 
 of the United States by Bancroft, ix. ch. 23, and 
 Hildreth, iii. ch. 37; Lossing s Field-Book ; Sar 
 gent s Life of Andre, ch. 7. 
 
 Bancroft, ix. ch. 16 and 18, gives an account of 
 the preparations made in England for the cam- 
 
132 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1777. 
 
 paigu of 1777. Arthur Lee writes to Congress 
 of the British plans. Diplomatic Correspond 
 ence, ii. 35. 
 
 Maps. American Atlas, No. 12, dated 1771, 
 and John Andrews s Map of the Colonies for 
 1777 in the same. Hall s American War has a 
 map of the campaign, 1776-1777. Mellish and 
 Tanner s Seat of War in America. Montresor s 
 Province of New York, Pennsylvania, etc., 1777. 
 Evans s Middle British Colonies, extended by 
 Pownall, 1776. Saulthier s Province of New York, 
 made for Gov. Tryon, 1777, published by Faden, 
 1779, is reproduced in Documentary History of 
 New York, i. Faden s Map of New Jersey, Dec. 
 1, 1777. The Gentleman s Magazine, Dec. 1777, 
 has a map of the approaches to Philadelphia. 
 Barber engraved a map showing a circuit of 
 twenty -five miles about New York, in 1777. 
 There is a map in Howe s Narrative. 
 
 Of the French maps may be named : Du Ches- 
 noy s Theatre de la Guerre, 1775-1778. Beau- 
 rain s Carte pour servir a 1 intelligence de la 
 Guerre, Paris, 1777. Brion de la Tour s Theatre 
 de la Guerre, Paris, 1777, with one by Phelip- 
 peaux, 1778, pour servir de suite. Bourgoin s 
 Theatre de la Guerre, Paris. 
 
 There is a contemporary German map in the 
 Geschichte der Kriege in und aus Europa, Nurem 
 berg, 1776. 
 
1777.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIO^, 133 
 
 Howe evacuates Jersey, 1777. 
 
 After the spring opened, the British commander 
 endeavored, without success, to draw Washington 
 into a battle, and finally withdrew all his forces 
 from the Jerseys. Irving s Washington, iii. 
 ch. 8 ; Graydon s Memoirs ; Bancroft, ix. ch. 20 ; 
 Greene s Life of Greene, i. ; Graham s Life of 
 Morgan ; Life of Timothy Pickering, i. ; Eel- 
 king s Die Deutsche Hiilfstruppen. 
 
 In Connecticut and Rhode Island, 1777. 
 
 In April an expedition under Gov. Tryon in 
 vaded Connectic^i from the Sound to destroy the 
 American storeJjat Danbury. This object was 
 accomplished, but/ the British were vigorously pur 
 sued to their ships. Leake s Life of General 
 Lamb, ch. 11, with a plan ; Teller s History of 
 Ridgefield ; Deming s Oration at the Dedication 
 of the Wooster Monument in 1854 ; Stuart s Life 
 of Jonathan Trumbull, ch. 27 ; Hollister s Con 
 necticut, ii. ch. 12 ; D wight s Travels in New 
 England, iii.; Hinman s Historical Collections; 
 Marshall s Washington, which account is exam 
 ined by E. D. Whittlesey in the New York His 
 torical Society s Collections, ii. ; Irving s Wash 
 ington", iii. ch. 5; Sparks s Washington, iv. 404; 
 Lossing s Field-Bpok, p. 407. The English ac 
 count will be found in Stedman, ch. 14, and a 
 loyalist one in Jones s New York in the Revolu- 
 
134 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1777. 
 
 tionary "War, i. Dawson, in his Battles of the 
 United States, ch. 18, gives the authorities and 
 illustrative documents. 
 
 In July the British General Prescott was cap 
 tured in Rhode Island by a party led by Lieut. 
 Col. Barton. Cf. the histories of Rhode Island ; 
 Force s American Archives, 4th series, iv. ; Di- 
 man s Address, with a map, on the centennial ob 
 servance of the event. 
 
 Burgoyne s Advance from Canada, May and June, 1777. 
 
 In the campaign of 1776, the British had ad 
 vanced up Lake Champlain to Crown Point, 
 which they held till, on the approach of winter, 
 they returned to Canada. It was already ex 
 pected that Burgoyne would conduct the next 
 campaign over the same ground. Cf. Force s 
 American Archives, index of the various volumes, 
 under Burgoyne, Canada, and Carleton. Bur 
 goyne returned to England, and drew up a plan 
 of operations, which is in the Gentleman s Maga 
 zine, April, 1778 ; and in the Appendix of Fon- 
 blanque s Burgoyne, with the King s comments 
 on it, which are also printed from a manuscript 
 in the royal hand, in Albemarle s Rockingham 
 and his Contemporaries, ii. 330. Lord George 
 Germain s instructions to Gen. Carleton relative 
 to Burgoyne s movements are in the Gentleman s 
 Magazine, Feb. 1778. 
 
 Burgoyne arrived at Quebec May 6th. Los- 
 
1777.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 135 
 
 sing s Schuyler, ii. 194. What of preparation 
 had taken place or was made up to the time of the 
 advance, is shown in the lives of Baron Riedesel 
 and the Baroness Riedesel ; Anburey s Travels ; 
 Hilliard d Auberteuil s Essais historiques, ii. ; 
 Schlozer s Briefwechsel, Th. iii. pp. 27, 321 ; Th. 
 iv. p. 288, etc. Also see Bancroft, ix. ch. 21, who 
 gives much information regarding the German 
 material among the troops, and the recruiting of 
 them in Germany, ch. 18. This matter has spe 
 cial treatment in Kapp s Der Soldatenhandel 
 Deutscher Fiirsten nach Amerika ; and in Eel- 
 king s Die Deutsche Hulfstruppen in Nord Amer 
 ika, where is a list of manuscript journals, to 
 which access was had ; and in ch. 4 there is an 
 account of these preparations in Canada. 
 
 The proclamation issued by Burgoyne June 
 23d, to induce the adhesion of the country people, 
 is given in the Appendix to Fonblanque s Bur 
 goyne ; in the Gentleman s Magazine, Aug. 1777 ; 
 in F. Moore s Diary of the Revolution ; in Riede- 
 sel s Memoirs ; in Niles s Principles and Acts ; in 
 the Proceedings of the New York Historical So 
 ciety, Jan. 1872 ; and there are accounts of it in 
 Anburey s Travels ; in Lossing s Schuyler, ii. ; 
 and in Thacher s Military Journal. 
 
 June 26th, Burgoyne reached Crown Point, 
 and, generally, for the early stages of the ad 
 vance, see Fonblanque s Burgoyne ; Riedesel s 
 Memoirs ; Lossing s Schuyler, ii. ; Bancroft, ix. 
 
136 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1777. 
 
 ch. 21 ; Irving s Washington, iii. ch. 9 ; Palmer s 
 Lake Champlain, ch. 8 ; De Costa s Lake George, 
 and his Narrative of Events at Lake George, 
 1868. 
 
 The fight at Diamond Island is described in the 
 New England Historical and Genealogical Regis 
 ter, April, 1872, p. 150. 
 
 In the meanwhile the preparations which Schuy- 
 ler was making to oppose Burgoyne are detailed 
 in Lossing s Schuyler, ii. ch. 7. The dispute of 
 command with Gates had finally resulted in 
 Schuyler s being confirmed in the charge of mili 
 tary operations in the northern department, May 
 22d, and Gates journeyed to Philadelphia to lay 
 his grievances before Congress. Irving s Wash 
 ington, iii. ch. 3. 
 
 Ticonderoga evacuated, July 6, 1777. 
 
 For the arrangements which had been made 
 for the defense, see Force s American Archives, 
 5th series, i., ii., and iii., and Lossing s Schuyler. 
 St. Clair was in command. Burgoyne seized and 
 fortified the summit of Mount Defiance, which 
 had been thought inaccessible to artillery, and this 
 movement rendering the post untenable, Ticon 
 deroga was evacuated in the night. 
 
 Burgoyne s letter on the capture was printed in 
 the Gentleman s Magazine, Aug. 1777. Fon- 
 blanque s Burgoyne, p. 248, and Dawson s Bat 
 tles of the United States. Cf. Anburey s Travels, 
 letter 30. 
 
1777.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 137 
 
 St. Clair explained the necessity he was under 
 in a letter to Washington, in Sparks s Correspond 
 ence of the Revolution, i. 400, and in ii. App. 2, 
 there are various letters from St. Clair and others. 
 Dawson also gives St. Glair s account. The dis- 
 heartenment through the colonies was general. 
 Wells s Samuel Adams, ii. ch. 45, and the letter, 
 Aug. 7th, of the Committee of Congress to the 
 Commissioners in France, in the Diplomatic Cor 
 respondence, i. 315. St. Clair .was tried by 
 court-martial and acquitted. The papers used are 
 among the Sparks MSS. in Harvard College 
 Library. 
 
 In general, on this event, see Sparks s Wash 
 ington, v. ; Heath Papers in Massachusetts His 
 torical Society s Collections, 5th series, iv. 65 ; 
 Wilkinson s Memoirs, ch. 4 and 5 ; Gen. Hull s 
 Revolutionary Services, ch. 7 ; Orderly-Book of 
 the Northern Army at Ticonderoga, with Notes, 
 published by Munsell, 1859 ; Dawson s Battles, 
 ch. 20 ; Lossing s Field-Book, and his Schuyler ; 
 Van Rensselaer s Essays ; Jay s Life of Jay, i. 
 74 ; Sparks s Gouverneur Morris, i. ch. 8 ; J. C. 
 Hamilton s Life of Hamilton, i. 79, 91, and Ham 
 ilton s Works, i. 31; Sedgwick s Livingston, p. 
 233 ; Palmer s Lake Champlain ; De Costa s Fort 
 George ; Watson s Essex County, ch. 11 ; Smith s 
 History of Pittsfield, Massachusetts, i. 282 ; His 
 torical Magazine, Dec. 1862, July, 1867, Aug. 
 1869 ; Rev. Lewis Kellogg s Historical Discourse, 
 Whitehall, 1847. 
 
138 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1777. 
 
 Maps. A large plan of the works and topog 
 raphy of the neighboring ground, at the time of 
 Abercrombie s attack, nineteen years before, is 
 given in the Documents relative to the Colonial 
 History of New York, x. 726. A copy of the 
 map used at St. Glair s trial is in the Sparks 
 Collection, Cornell University. Palmer s Lake 
 Charnplain has a map dated Aug. 1776. 
 
 Hubbardton, Vermont, July 7, 1777. 
 
 A part of the Americans, retreating from Ti- 
 conderoga, was overtaken by Generals Fraser 
 and Riedesel, and defeated. Wilkinson s Me 
 moirs, ch. 5 ; Lossing s Schuyler, ii. 223, and his 
 Field-Book, i. 145; Dawson s Battles, i. ch. 20, 
 giving the authorities ; Carrington s Battles, ch. 
 45 ; Amos Churchill s History of Hubbardton, 
 1855; Henry Clark s Historical Address, 1859; 
 and the histories of Vermont. 
 
 A journal by Enos Stone is in the New Eng 
 land Historical and Genealogical Register, Oct. 
 1861. Ebenezer Fletcher was wounded and taken 
 prisoner, and he printed at "Windsor, 1813, a Nar 
 rative of his Captivity. 
 
 Burgoyne s Narrative gives the British account. 
 
 Maps. In Burgoyne and Carrington. 
 
 Murder of Miss McCrea, July 27, 1777. 
 
 This event, as evincing the untrustworthy alli 
 ance of the Indians, whom Burgoyne had joined 
 
1777.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 139 
 
 to his army, and as being the subject of much 
 agitation in England and America, was of impor 
 tance in the progress of the war. A Life of Jane 
 McCrea, by D. Wilson, was privately printed in 
 New York, 1853, and there is an account of her 
 in Mrs. Ellet s Women of the American Revolu 
 tion, ii. Cf. Lossing s Schuyler, ii. 250, and his 
 Field-Book, i. ; Stone s Life of Brant, i. 203 ; 
 Irving s Washington, iii. ch. 14 ; Asa Fitch s 
 account in the New Jersey Historical Society s 
 Proceedings, reprinted in the Revolutionary Me 
 morials, edited by Stephen Dodd ; W. L. Stone in 
 Historical Magazine, April, 1867 ; in Galaxy, Jan. 
 1867, the last reprinted in Beach s Indian Miscel 
 lany ; and the Appendix to Stone s Burgoyne s 
 Campaign. See also Ruttenber s Hudson River 
 Indians, p. 273. 
 
 Her fate is the subject of a story, Miss Mac 
 Rea, by Hilliard d Auberteuil. 
 
 The opposition in England to the employment 
 of Indians by Burgoyne showed itself in Burke s 
 speech, Feb. 6, 1778. Cf. Parliamentary His 
 tory ; Gentleman s Magazine, March, 1778 ; 
 McKnight s Burke, ii. 213 ; Walpole and Mason 
 Correspondence, i. 335 ; Fonblanque s Burgoyne. 
 
 Fort Stanwix and Oriskany, August, 1777. 
 
 A part of the British plan of the northern cam/- 
 paign was to send a force of British, Hessians, and 
 Indians, under St. Leger, by way of Oswego, to 
 
READER S HANDBOOK OF [1777 . 
 
 capture Fort Stanwk (or Fort Schuvler, as some- 
 t-mes called), and then to follow down the Mo 
 hawk valley) hoping to un . te th Mo- 
 
 Albany For the preliminaries, see StoSlife 
 f Brant, L, and for condition of affairs, see 
 Forces Amencan Archives, 5th series, i., H , 
 C mmanded >* Stanwix, and St. 
 
 w 1 T " en -n le r, 
 
 vnth the miht.a, advanced to raise the siege, and 
 the somewhat doubtful conflict which ensu d "s 
 known as the Battle of Oriskanv, fought 
 
 JlTfsTT or 7 " 6 and EXpediti f St 
 ^eger 1 877 . Other narratives Lossing s 
 
 Schuyler, ,, 273, and Field-Boot, i. ; Hull s fifv 
 ouhonaryServ.ces, oh. 8; Irving s Washington, 
 i. eh- lo; Bancroft s United States, i x . 3T8 
 Dawson-s Battles, ch. 21, where various content 
 porary documents will be found; Benton s Her- 
 km.erCoun^ch.S; Ca.pbell s Tryon County, 
 ch. 4; Harper s Monthly, niii. 327, by T D 
 
 187 g 7 p ! w Tf M f Am6rican HistM 7 Nov. 
 E. H. Roberts s Address, 1877 
 
 British Accounts. -St. Leger s account is in 
 
1777.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 141 
 
 the Gentleman s Magazine, March, 1778, in the 
 Appendix to Burgoyne s State of the Expedition, 
 and in the Appendix to Roberta s Address. The 
 Annual Register, 1777, is followed in Andrews s 
 History. Almon s Parliamentary Debates, viii., 
 gives some details. Beatson s Naval and Military 
 Memoirs, vi. 69. 
 
 St. Leger still continued the siege, but retreated 
 on the approach of Arnold, Aug. 22d, with a force 
 dispatched by Schuyler. Lossing s Schuyler, ii. ; 
 Irving s Washington, iii. ch. 16 and 17 ; Journals 
 of the Provincial Congress, i. ; Sparks s Corre 
 spondence of the Revolution, ii. 518. 
 
 Maps. Fort Stanwix, with a topographical 
 map of the surrounding country, in 1758, is in 
 the Documentary History of New York, iv. 325, 
 326. A plan of the fort, in its relation to the 
 modern town of Rome, is given in the English 
 translation of Pouchot s Late War in North Amer 
 ica, edited by F. B. Hough, p. 207. Plans of the 
 siege will be found in Lossing s Field-Book, i. 
 249 ; Campbell s Tryon County ; Stone s Life of 
 Brant, i. 230. A copy of Lieutenant Fleury s 
 plan is in the Sparks Collection at Cornell Uni 
 versity. 
 
 Bennington, August 16, 1777. 
 
 Burgoyne, in order to secure forage and destroy 
 the stores which the Americans had accumulated 
 at Bennington, as well as to encourage the loyal 
 ists, sent a force of Hessians, under Col. Baum, 
 
142 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1777. 
 
 towards that place. He was met by Stark with a 
 force of Green Mountain, New Hampshire, and 
 Massachusetts troops, and routed. The British 
 supports under Breyman were likewise driven 
 back. 
 
 Burgoyne s original instructions to Baum are 
 preserved in the cabinet of the Massachusetts 
 Historical Society, and are printed in their Col 
 lections, ii., and in W. L. Stone s Burgoyne s 
 Campaign, App. 3. 
 
 American Accounts. Lincoln communicated 
 the first accounts to Schuyler, who transmitted 
 them to Washington. Sparks s Correspondence 
 of the Revolution, i. 425. Stark s dispatch is 
 given in Dawson s Battles. An account, by the 
 Rev. Mr. Allen, was printed in the Connecticut 
 Courant, Aug. 25, 1777, and is reprinted in App. 
 F of Smith s History of Pittsfield, Mass. 
 
 In 1848 there was delivered before the legis 
 lature of Vermont an address on the battle of 
 Bennington, by James D. Butler, which was 
 printed in 1849, together with an account of the 
 life and services of Col. Warner, by George 
 Frederick Houghton. Professor Butler s address, 
 says the author, " contains original testimonies of 
 witnesses now long dead, and notes from papers 
 since burned in the Vermont State House." 
 
 Reminiscences by participants are given in the 
 App. of W. L. Stone s Burgoyne s Campaign. 
 Documents illustrating the part taken by Ver- 
 
1777.J THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 143 
 
 mont in resisting Burgoyne s invasion are in the 
 Vermont Historical Society s Collections, 1870, 
 p. 161. Wilkinson s Memoirs, i. ch. 5. 
 
 Later Accounts. Bancroft, ix. ch. 22. Irving s 
 Washington, iii. ch. 16. Lossing s Schuyler, ii. 
 ch. 14 ; his Field-Book, i., and article in Harper s 
 Monthly, v. Dawson s Battles, A. 22, and his 
 account in the Historical Magazine, May, 1870. 
 Carrington s Battles, p. 334. Hall s and other 
 histories of Vermont. Holland s Western Massa 
 chusetts, ch. 15. Smith s History of Pittsfield, 
 Mass., i. 293. Lives of Stark, by Caleb Stark, 
 Edward Everett, and others. Jennings s Memo 
 rials of a Century. Letters in the New England 
 Historical and Genealogical Register, April, 1860. 
 Chipman s Life of Seth Warner, and the account 
 of Warner s share in the battle, in Historical 
 Magazine, iv. 268. Harper s Monthly, xxi. 325, 
 also Aug. 1877. Albert Tyler s address on Ben- 
 nington before the Worcester Society of An 
 tiquity. Noah Smith s speech at Bennington, 
 in the Vermont Historical Society s Collections, 
 1870. F. W. Coburn s Centennial History of 
 Bennington. 
 
 De Lancey (Jones s New York in the Revolu 
 tionary War, i. 685) has a note on the forces 
 engaged. 
 
 A Bennington Historical Society was formed 
 in 1876 for the purpose of commemorating the 
 battle. 
 
144 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1777. 
 
 British and Hessian Accounts. Burgoyne s 
 dispatch is given in Dawson. Cf. Fonblanque s 
 Burgoyne, p. 271, and his Narrative, with evi 
 dence as laid before Parliament. Riedesel in 
 part controverts Burgoyne s statement in his Me 
 moirs, i. 259, and in the App. p. 299, there are 
 some Recollecllbns of Bennington. Schlozer s 
 Briefwechsel. Stedman s American War, i. ch. 
 17. 
 
 Maps. In Burgoyne s Narrative; in Jen- 
 nings s Memorials ; in Lossing s Field-Book ; in 
 Carrington s Battles. There is a MS. plan among 
 the Sparks MSS. in Harvard College Library. 
 
 The Change in Command, August 19, 1777. 
 
 A check had been given to the enemy at Oris- 
 kany in the west, and he had been defeated at 
 Bennington in the east. At this juncture, when 
 Burgoyne felt the toils tightening about him, a 
 change in the command allowed Gates to reap the 
 fruits of victory. Schuyler has long since been 
 acquitted of blame for his conduct of the cam 
 paign ; but a certain imperious manner and in- 
 cautiousness of tongue had created a prejudice 
 against him among the New England troops, and 
 the change was perhaps a necessary one. The 
 movement in behalf of Gates was assi ning a 
 political significance. Wells s Samuel Adams, ii. 
 ch. 45 ; Sparks s Washington, v. 14 ; Sparks s 
 Gouverneur Morris, i. 138. Bancroft, ix., holds 
 
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 145 
 
 Schuyler in some measure responsible for the 
 misfortunes of the early part of the campaign. 
 Schuyler, however, has earnest defenders in 
 George L. Schuyler s Correspondence and Re 
 marks upon Bancroft s History of the Northern 
 Campaign, 1777 ; and in Lossing s Schuyler, ii. 
 325. Cf. Sparks s Washington, iii. 535 ; Head- 
 ley s Washington and his Generals ; American 
 Historical Record, April, 1873 ; Magazine of Amer 
 ican History, Feb. 1877, by J. W. De Peyster. 
 
 W. L. Stone has a paper on Schuyler s faithful 
 spy in the Magazine of American History, July, 
 1878. 
 
 Gates reached headquarters Aug. 19th, and com 
 municated with Washington Aug. 22d. Sparks s 
 Correspondence of the Revolution, i. 427. Cf. 
 Irving s Washington, iii. ch. 12 ; Hamilton s Re 
 public of the United States, i. 306. 
 
 A portrait of Gates, after a pencil-sketch by 
 Trumbull, is given in the Orderly-Book of the 
 Northern Army at Ticonderoga. Other contem 
 porary likenesses are in Murray s War in Amer 
 ica, ii., and in An Impartial History of the War, 
 London, 1780. 
 
 Freeman s Farm, September 19, 1777. 
 
 (Sometimes called the first battle of Semis s Heights, or the battle of 
 Stillwater.) 
 
 This was an effectual defense of the left wing 
 of the American army. General Wilkinson s Me- 
 
 10 
 
146 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1777. 
 
 moirs, i. ch. 6, gives the best account of the action 
 by any participant. Also see Head ley s Wash 
 ington and his Generals, and Lossing s Schuyler, 
 ii. ch. 19. Morgan, who, with his riflemen, had 
 been sent by Washington to join Gates, did much 
 to increase the power of the American army dur 
 ing the rest of this campaign, and his career can 
 be examined in Graham s Life of Morgan, ch. 79. 
 
 See the account in Burgoyne s Narrative; in 
 Fonblanque s Burgoyne ; in Col. Carrington s 
 Battles of the American Revolution, ch. 46. Daw- 
 son, ch. 25, treats this and the action of Oct. 7th 
 in one continuous narrative, with copious refer 
 ences and illustrations of official dispatches, etc. 
 Cf. Lossing s Field-Book. 
 
 A panoramic view of the position of Burgoyne s 
 army after this battle is given in Anburey s 
 Travels. 
 
 Bancroft, ix. 410, cites the authorities to show 
 that Arnold was not present, as often represented. 
 
 Robert Lowell read a poem, Burgoyne s Last 
 March, at the centennial celebration of this battle, 
 Sept. 19, 1877. 
 
 Maps. In Burgoyne s Narrative ; in Carring 
 ton s Battles. 
 
 Sept. 27th, Burgoyne sent Captain Scott to 
 open communication with Sir Henry Clinton, who 
 was now ascending the Hudson to cooperate. 
 Scott s journal is given in Fonblanque s Bur 
 goyne, p. 287. 
 
1777.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 147 
 
 Bemis s Heights, or Saratoga, October 7, 1777. 
 
 Burgoyne advanced with a strong force to cover 
 foraging parties and to reconnoitre the American 
 position. He was attacked sharply and driven 
 back. The Lives of Arnold indicate his important 
 share in this success. Cf. Magazine of American 
 History, May, 1879, p. 310. There is a mono 
 graph on the battle by Neilson, and in his Appen 
 dix is the story of Woodruff, an eye-witness. Cf. 
 Wilkinson s Memoirs ; Stone s Burgoyne s Cam 
 paign ; Hull s Revolutionary Services, ch. 10 ; 
 Bowen s Life of Gen. Lincoln ; Creasy s Decisive 
 Battles of the World ; Irving s Washington, iii. 
 ch. 22; Lossing s Schuyler, ii. ch. 20, and his 
 Field-Book ; A. B. Street in the Historical Maga 
 zine, March, 1858. 
 
 Silliman s account of his visit to the battlefield, 
 is given in an Appendix to Stone s Burgoyne s 
 Campaign. 
 
 Maps. In Burgoyne s Narrative ; in Fon- 
 blanque s Burgoyne ; in Stedman s American 
 War ; in the Analectic Magazine, 1818 ; in Car- 
 rington s Battles. 
 
 In the night Burgoyne withdrew across the 
 Fishkill and intrenched himself. Wilkinson s 
 Memoirs, i. ch. 8, gives fac-similes of Burgoyne s 
 letters to Gates, commending to the care of the 
 victorious general his abandoned hospital and 
 Lady Ackland, who sought her husband, Major 
 
148 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1777. 
 
 Ackland, wounded, and in the American camp. 
 The devotion of Lady Ackland is a pleasing epi 
 sode in all the accounts of this battle. See, con 
 cerning her, the Historical Magazine, ii. 121 ; 
 Ellet s Women of the American Revolution ; and 
 the portraits of her in Burgoyne s Orderly-Book, 
 and in Bloodgood s Sexagenary. 
 
 Burgoyne s Surrender, October 17, 1777. 
 
 With his retreat cut off, his supplies exhausted, 
 and an enemy much superior in numbers sur 
 rounding him, Burgoyne opened negotiations for 
 a surrender. The council of war is described in 
 Riedesel s Memoirs. The correspondence and 
 convention papers are given by O Callaghan in 
 Burgoyne s Orderly-Book, and they are also in 
 Stedman s American War, and in Dawson s Bat 
 tles, ch. 25. The original MS. of the Convention 
 is in the New York Historical Society s Cabinet, 
 and fac-similes of the signatures are given in 
 Lossing s Field-Book, i. 79. 
 
 General accounts of the surrender are in Wil 
 kinson s Memoirs, ch. 8 ; Bancroft, ix. ch. 24 ; 
 Lossing s Schuyler, ii. ch. 21 ; Irving s Washing 
 ton, iii. 22 ; Blackwood s Magazine, Ixiii. ; Blood- 
 good s Sexagenary ; Pennsylvania Archives, v. 
 
 Loubat (Medallic History of the United States) 
 describes the medal given to Gates. 
 
 Burgoyne, while the guest of Schuyler in Al 
 bany, Oct. 20th, wrote a dispatch to his govern- 
 
1777.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 149 
 
 ment, which .is given in the Gentleman s Maga 
 zine, Dec. 1777 ; in Fonblanque s Life of Bur- 
 goyne, p. 313, with other letters ; in the Brief 
 Examination of the Plan and Conduct of the 
 Northern Expedition in America, 1777, London, 
 1779 ; and in Dawson s Battles. Of. Stanhope s 
 History, vi. 207. Riedesel in his Memoirs com 
 ments on Burgoyne s dispatch. 
 
 Maps. The position of Burgoyne s army is 
 shown in Burgoyne s Narrative ; Fonblanque s 
 Burgoyne, p. 302 ; Carrington s Battles of the 
 Revolution, p. 354. 
 
 Strength of the Armies. De Lancey, in his 
 notes to Jones s New York in the Revolutionary 
 War, i. 674, examines the question of the relative 
 strength of the British and American armies in 
 this campaign, with references to the authorities. 
 The return of Gates s army, given in the Gates 
 MSS. in the New York Historical Society, at the 
 time of the Convention, shows a total of 11,098. 
 Burgoyne printed in the Appendix of his Narra 
 tive a return, which he said Gates gave him, and 
 it foots up 18,624. The difference may be ex 
 plained by the sick and fiuioughed men. Gor 
 don (American Revolution, ii. 578) gives 5,791 as 
 the number of the British at the surrender ; but 
 there are diversities in the statements, as De 
 Lancey shows. 
 
 The Convention Troops. The captured army 
 became known by this designation during their 
 subsequent detention till the close of the war. 
 
150 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1777. 
 
 They were marched to Cambridge^ Mass., under 
 escort ; and in Anburey s Travels there is a map 
 showing their line of* inarch. At Cambridge the 
 officers gave their parole to keep within defined 
 limits, the English and Germans signing separate 
 papers. The originals of these are now in the 
 Public Library of Boston. They are printed in 
 Burgoy ne s Orderly-Book. For the reception of 
 the troops, see Heath s Memoirs, p. 134. Of their 
 stay in Cambridge, there are particulars in Schlo- 
 zer s Briefwechsel, Th. iv. 341, etc. ; in Riedesel s 
 Memoirs, ii. ; in Madame Riedesel s Memoirs ; in 
 Lossing s Field-Book ; in Drake s Middlesex ; in 
 Eelking s Deutsche Hiilfstruppen, ch. 9. Nathan 
 Bowen s Book of General Orders during the so 
 journ of the troops in Cambridge was copied in 
 part by S. G. Drake, and his copy is in the Pub 
 lic Library of Boston. 
 
 Col. Henley, an American officer of the guard, 
 was accused by Burgoyne of ill-treatment of the 
 Convention troops ; and the account of Henley s 
 trial, London, 1778, shows glimpses of the camp 
 life and traits of Burgoyne s character. This trial 
 is epitomized in P. W. Chandler s American 
 Criminal Trials, ii. Various letters relating to 
 the Convention troops at this time will be found in 
 Sparks s Washington, v., and in Heath s Memoirs. 
 
 Burgoyne returned to England on parole, and 
 sat in Parliament while still unexchanged. Fon- 
 blanque s Burgoyne and Macknight s Burke, ii. 
 ch. 30. 
 
1777.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 151 
 
 The difficulties of provisioning the troops in 
 Cambridge, and the apprehension lest the British 
 should attempt their rescue, induced Congress to 
 order their removal to Virginia. Anburey gives 
 a map of their route in Nov. 1778. Accounts of 
 their sojourn in Virginia are given in Anburey, 
 Riedesel, and Eelking ; the Bland papers, edited 
 by Campbell ; Jefferson s Writings, i. 212 ; Lives 
 of Jefferson by Tucker, i. ch. 5 ; by Randall, i. 
 232, 285; and by Parton, p. 222. Howison s 
 History of Virginia, ii. 250. Cf. Pennsylvania 
 Archives, ix. ; and in vi. 162, the Report of Con 
 gress, Jan. 8, 1778, on the breach of the Con 
 vention by the British. 
 
 Charles Deane, in the Council Report of the 
 American Antiquarian Society, Oct. 1877, exam 
 ined the tortuous course of Congress in carrying 
 out the provisions of the Convention of Surren 
 der ; and this question is further discussed by G. 
 W. Greene in the Magazine of American History, 
 April, 1879. Cf. also Stanhope s History of Eng 
 land, vi. 194 ; Jones s New York in the Revolu 
 tionary War, i., with De Lancey s note, p. 698. 
 
 General Views of Burgoyne s Campaign, 1777. 
 
 American Accounts. Gen. Lincoln gives an 
 account of his experiences in a letter in Sparks s 
 Correspondence of the Revolution, ii. 533. Cf. 
 Bowen s Life of Lincoln, and the account in Head- 
 ley s Washington and his Generals. Dr. Thacher 
 
152 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1777. 
 
 was with the army, and his Military Journal gives 
 frequent records. The reminiscences of Col. Seth 
 Warner are in the Historical Magazine, July, 
 1860. The part borne by Col. Brooks of Massa 
 chusetts is shown in the Massachusetts Historical 
 Society s Proceedings, Sept. 1864 ; and there are 
 other details under Feb. 1858. F. Kidder s First 
 New Hampshire Regiment follows that regiment 
 through the campaign. Gates s own papers are 
 in the New York Historical Society s Cabinet. 
 Wilkinson was selected to carry the news of the 
 surrender to Congress, and his Memoirs give the 
 experiences and observations of a staff officer. 
 Bloodgood s Sexagenary details the experiences of 
 the country people on the line of Burgoyne s 
 march. Various papers, including Armstrong s 
 letters, are in the Sparks MSS. in Harvard Col 
 lege Library. 
 
 The correspondence of the Committee of Con 
 gress with the Commissioners in France regarding 
 the effects of the surrender, is in the Diplomatic 
 Correspondence,. i. 338, 355. Cf. Stuart s Life of 
 Jonathan Trumbull. 
 
 There are accounts, more or less full, in Gor 
 don ; Ramsay ; Bancroft, ix. ; Hildreth, iii. ch. 
 36 ; J. C. Hamilton s Republic of the United 
 States, i. ; Marshall s Washington, iii. ch. 5 ; Ir- 
 ving s Washington, iii. ; Thaddeus Allen s Orig 
 ination of the American Union ; Hollister s Con 
 necticut, ii. ch. 14 ; Dunlap s New York, ii. ch. 8 ; 
 
1777.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 153 
 
 McAlpine s Memoirs, 1788 ; Stone s Life of Brant ; 
 Mrs. Bonney s Historical Gleanings, i. 58 ; and 
 the Lives of Gates, Schuyler, Lincoln, and Ar 
 nold. 
 
 Samuel Woodruff, a participant, gave Stone 
 some reminiscences, which are included in the 
 Life of Brant, i. 475. 
 
 Neilson, son of an old resident of Saratoga, 
 contemporary with the events, and himself fa 
 miliar with the ground on which the battles of 
 Sept. 19th and Oct. 7th were fought, published a 
 monograph, Burgoyne s Campaign. 
 
 The younger W. L. Stone published, 1877, a 
 new study on The Campaign of Lieutenant-Gen- 
 eral Burgoyne, in which he gives a bibliography 
 of the subject. He has also printed a short his 
 tory of the Saratoga Monument Association. 
 
 Magazine Papers. Harper s Monthly, Iv. ; 
 Historical Magazine, Jan. 1869, by J. Watts De 
 Peyster ; Magazine of American History, May, 
 1877, by E. H. Walworth ; Galaxy, Nov. 1876, 
 by J. T. Headley, on Burgoyne s Orderly-Book. 
 
 Commemorative Addresses. N. B. Sylves 
 ter s Saratoga and Hay-ad-ros-se-ra, July 4, 1876 ; 
 George G. Scott s Saratoga County ; J. S. L Amo- 
 reaux s at Ballston Spa, July, 1876 ; Edward F. 
 Bullard s at Schuylerville, July 4, 1876 ; J. A. 
 Stevens s Burgoyne s Campaign ; Geo. W. Cur- 
 tis s Address; H. C. Maine s Burgoyne Cam 
 paign. 
 
154 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1777 
 
 Landmarks. Lossing s Field-Book, and his 
 Book of the Hudson. 
 
 British Accounts. The Gentleman s Maga 
 zine, Oct. 1777, p. 472, warned the public of the 
 difficulties Burgoyne must expect to encounter. 
 Lord Shelburne (Fitzm amice s Shelburne, i. 358) 
 intimates that Burgoyne s disaster arose from 
 Lord George Sackville s dilatoriness in not send 
 ing instructions to Howe to cooperate up the Hud 
 son. Fonblanque s Burgoyne, p. 283. 
 
 Burgoyne underwent examination, and pro 
 duced his witnesses before Parliament, May, 1779, 
 and the documents are given in the Parliamentary 
 Register. The Gentleman s Magazine chronicled 
 the progress of the examination from month to 
 month. Of. Annual Register, xxi. 168 ; Russell s 
 Life of Fox, and his Memoirs and Correspondence 
 of Fox, i. 176. Burgoyne printed his statement 
 in Parliament, with the evidence, in his State of 
 the Expedition from Canada, London, 1780. Some 
 copies have a supplement of the Orders issued by 
 Burgoyne, and these Orders were privately re 
 printed in New York in 1865. This account is 
 substantially followed in Fonblanque s Life of 
 Burgoyne, ch. 6. 
 
 Burgoyne had already defended himself in a 
 Letter to his Constituents, London, 1779, which 
 elicited a Reply, the same year. 
 
 Portraits of Burgoyne are given in the Polit 
 ical Magazine, Dec. 1780 ; Fonblanque s Bur- 
 
1777.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 155 
 
 goyne (painted 1750) ; Andrews s Late War, ii. 
 382; Murray s War in America, ii. ; Burgoyne s 
 Orderly-Book ; Bloodgood s Sexagenary. 
 
 The testimony of the Earl of Balcarras and 
 other officers is in the Conduct of the American 
 War. 
 
 Burgoyne charged the loyalists and Indians 
 with failure to support him, and this charge is 
 answered in a paper printed by De Lancey in the 
 App. of Jones s New York in the Revolutionary 
 War, i. 683 ; and pp. 198-218 will be found a 
 very good account of the campaign, with loyalist 
 sympathies, and deprecatory criticism of the mil 
 itary conduct of it on the part of the British gen 
 eral. 
 
 Contemporary Narratives. Sergeant Lamb s 
 Journal of Occurrences, the record of a subaltern 
 of the Fusiliers. An English diary in the Maga 
 zine of American History, Feb. 1878. A MS. 
 journal of Lieutenant Hadden is in the possession 
 of General Horatio Rogers of Providence. 
 
 General Histories. Stedman, i. ch. 16 ; Stan 
 hope, ch. 56 ; Pictorial History of England. 
 
 The effect of the surrender upon parties in 
 England is shown in the Debates in Parliament ; 
 Macknight s Burke, ii. 202 ; Donne s Correspond 
 ence of George the Third and Lord North, ii. 
 93, 111 ; the excerpts in Moore s Diary of the 
 American Revolution, i. 525 ; Russell s Memoirs 
 and Correspondence of Fox, i. 161 ; Fitzmaurice s 
 
156 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1777 
 
 Shelburne, iii. 12; Walpole s Last Journals, ii. 
 70; Fonblanque s Burgoyne, ch. 8; Madison s 
 Writings, i. 31 ; Curwen s Journal, p. 175 ; Ban 
 croft, ix. 478. 
 
 G-erman Accounts. Baron Riedesel, the Ger 
 man general accompanying Burgoyne, took excep 
 tions to the English commander s narrative as not 
 doing justice to the auxiliary troops ; and the Leben 
 und Wirken of General Riedesel, by M ax von 
 Eelking, translated by W. L. Stone, contains let 
 ters and reports. In Madame Riedesel s Memoirs, 
 also translated by Stone, there is an abstract of 
 her husband s account of the campaign, p. 94, etc. 
 Eelking, in his Die Deutsche Hiilfstruppen, de 
 votes two chapters to this campaign, ch. 7 and 8. 
 See also Remer s Amerikanisches Archiv. Kapp s 
 Soldatenhandel covers the organization of the 
 German auxiliaries, and George W. Greene s 
 German Element in the War for Independence, 
 epitomizes Kapp s investigations in part. 
 
 The Effect in France. Jonathan Loring Aus 
 tin, dispatched by the Massachusetts authorities, 
 carried the first intelligence. Cf. Boston Month 
 ly Magazine, July, 1826 ; Loring s Hundred Bos 
 ton Orators, p. 174; Parton s Franklin, ii. 283. 
 The Baron de Schulenberg congratulated the 
 Commissioners, writing from Berlin. Diplomatic 
 Correspondence, ii. 120 ; and for Izard s letter, 
 ii. 370. Robin s New Travels, letter 12, gives the 
 general hearsay accounts prevalent during the 
 few following years. 
 
1777.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 157 
 
 In Fiction. Gleig s Saratoga, in his Chelsea 
 Pensioners ; D. P. Thompson s Rangers. 
 
 Creneral Maps of the Campaign. Burgoyne s 
 Narrative, and also in his Orderly-Book. An- 
 burey s Travels. Gordon s American Revolution. 
 Neilson s Burgoyne s Campaign, whose map is 
 reproduced as revised in W. L. Stone s Lieut. 
 Gen. Burgoyne. Carrington s Battles, p. 312. 
 Magazine of American History, May, 1877. 
 
 Saulthier s survey of the inhabited part of 
 Canada, with the frontiers of New York, was pub 
 lished in London by Faden in 1777. A map, 
 after Saulthier s survey, showing the province of 
 New York, with the old divisions of counties, 
 manors, etc., covering the present Vermont, to 
 gether with New Jersey, was published at Augs 
 burg in 1777, and is reproduced in Jones s New 
 York in the Revolution, i. Medcalfe s map of the 
 country in which Burgoyne acted was engraved by 
 Faden. Montresor s map, made in 1775, is in the 
 American Atlas. The Faden Collection, in the 
 Library of Congress, has various contemporary 
 maps. There are maps also in Billiard d Auber- 
 teuil s Essais historiques, ii. 
 
 Clinton s Advance up the Hudson, October, 1777. 
 
 Sir Henry Clinton moved up the Hudson with 
 troops and vessels to open the navigation of it 
 and to effect a junction with Burgoyne at Albany. 
 He deceived Putnam by his strategy, and fell 
 
158 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1777. 
 
 upon and took Forts Clinton and Montgomery, 
 Oct. 6th. 
 
 American Accounts. Letters of Putnam and 
 George Clinton in Sparks s Washington, v., App. 
 p. 471 ; Correspondence of the Revolution, i. 438 ; 
 ii. 536. Leake s Life of Samuel Lamb, who was 
 a participant. Lossing s Schuyler, ii. ch. 20, and 
 his Field-Book, ii. 165. Irving s Washington, iii. 
 ch. 21. Sargent s Life of Andre*, p. 102. Ham 
 ilton s Republic of the United States, i. 321. 
 Lives of Putnam by Humphreys and Tarbox. 
 Dawson s Battles, i. ch. 28, who gives the dis 
 patches, and his paper in the National Repository, 
 ii. Carrington s Battles. 
 
 There is an account of the burning of Esopus, 
 as the British pushed up the river, in the Ulster 
 County Historical Society s Collections, i. 109. 
 
 British Accounts. Sir Henry Clinton s dis 
 patches are in Almon s Remembrancer, v., and in 
 Dawson. A letter of his is in Rockingham and 
 his Contemporaries, ii. 334. His annotations on 
 the account in Stedman s American War, ch. 18, 
 are printed by De Lancey in Jones s New York 
 in the Revolutionary War, i. 704. 
 
 Fonblanque, in his Life of Burgoyne, and other 
 defenders of that general, trace his ill-success to 
 the tardiness of this diversion. 
 
 Maps. Col. Palmer s plan of Fort Montgom 
 ery, 1776, in the New York Calendar of Historical 
 Manuscripts, i. 474, and a sketch of, the river ob- 
 
1777.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 159 
 
 structions, p. 616 ; and ii. 298, a plan of the attack 
 on the two forts, after Faden s plan. MS. plans 
 are in the Sparks Collection at Cornell and at 
 Harvard. Stedman s American War, ch. 1, follows 
 the plan by John Hills, which was first published 
 by Faden, June 1, 1784. Sparks s Washington, v. 
 92. Leake s Life of Lamb. Boynton s History 
 of West Point, with drawings of the river obstruc 
 tions. Lossing s Field-Book. Carrington s Bat 
 tles. 
 
 Howe s Campaign, 1777. 
 
 Howe s obvious movement was to proceed up 
 the Hudson and cooperate with Burgoyne ; but 
 the spring and early summer wore away, and 
 Washington was not satisfied of his intentions. 
 See his letters in Sparks s edition of his Writings, 
 iv. 442, 453, 501, 505 ; v. 42 ; and in the Heath 
 Correspondence, Massachusetts Historical Society s 
 Collection, 5th series, iv. In August, embarking 
 18,000 troops on transports, Howe sailed for the 
 Chesapeake, and, landing them at the Head of 
 Elk, he began to advance towards Philadelphia. 
 Jones s New York in the Revolutionary War, ii. 
 
 431. 
 
 General accounts of the campaign which ensued 
 for the possession of Philadelphia, will be found 
 in Gordon, Bancroft, Hamilton s Republic, i. ch. 
 10 ; in Lives of Washington by Marshall, iii. ch. 3, 
 and Irving; Histories of Pennsylvania; McSher- 
 ry s Maryland, ch. 11 ; and various biographies, 
 
160 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1777. 
 
 like Greene s Greene, Quincy s Shaw, ch. 3, etc. 
 The Minutes of the Pennsylvania Board of War, 
 March to August, are in Pennsylvania Archives, 
 2d series, i. 
 
 Brafadywine, September 11, 1777. 
 
 Washington had hastily marched his army 
 through Philadelphia to the Brandywine, where 
 he encountered Howe, Sept. llth, but was driven 
 back. 
 
 American Accounts. Washington s letters are 
 in Sparks, v. 58, and in Dawson. Marshall is full 
 on this part of Washington s career. Irving s 
 Washington, iii. ch. 18. Gordon s American Rev 
 olution. Bancroft, ix. charges Sullivan with de 
 feating Washington s plans, and Sullivan is de 
 fended in Amory s Military Services of Gen. Sul 
 livan, p. 45. For charges against and defence of 
 Sullivan, see Pennsylvania Historical Society, Bul 
 letin, i. Cf. also Sparks s Washington, v. 108 
 and App. Johnson s Life of Nathanael Greene ; 
 Greene s Greene, i. ch. 19. Muhlenberg s Life of 
 Gen. Muhlenberg, ch. 3. Pennsylvania Historical 
 Society s Proceedings, Sept. and Dec. 1846, and 
 Memoirs, i. A letter written in 1820 by C. C. 
 Pinckney, who was in Washington s military fam 
 ily at this time, is in the Historical Magazine, 
 July, 1866. J. C. Hamilton s Life of Alexander 
 Hamilton, who was at the time on Washington s 
 staff. Pickering s Life of Timothy Pickering, i. 
 
1777.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 161 
 
 ch. 10. Reed s Life of Joseph Reed, i. ch. 15. 
 Lafayette s Memoirs. Read s Life of George 
 Read. Dawson s Battles, ch. 24. Carrington s 
 Battles. Lossing s Field-Book. Hollister s Con 
 necticut, ii. ch. 16. Thaddeus Allen s Origina 
 tion of the American Union. Smith s Delaware 
 County, p. 305. Lewis s History of Chester 
 County. H. M. Jenkins in Lippincott s Maga 
 zine, xx. A pamphlet account by J. Townshend, 
 1836. Some particulars of events following the 
 battle are given in Read s George Read, p. 319. 
 
 British and Hessian Accounts. Howe s dis 
 patches are in Almon s Remembrancer, v. 409 ; 
 and in Dawson. The evidence before Parliament 
 regarding this battle is in The Conduct of the 
 American War. Stedman gives a clear account. 
 For a statement of the breech-loading rifles used 
 by the British, see Bisset s History of George the 
 Third, ch. 19 and 25. 
 
 Eelking s Deutsche Hiilfstruppen, ch. 6. Ban 
 croft quotes Ewald s Beyspiele Grosser Helden, 
 as the story of an eye-witness to the well-guarded 
 retreat of Washington ; but see, on the other hand, 
 Du Portail in Stanhope s England, vi. App. 27. 
 
 Maps. Faden published, 1778, a map of the 
 battle. MS. plans are in the Faden Collection in 
 the Library of Congress, and one is in the Sparks 
 Collection at Cornell. A large map of Pennsyl 
 vania, chiefly after Scull, 1770, was published by 
 Sayer and Bennett, 1775, and the next year they 
 11 
 
162 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1777. 
 
 issued a chart of the Chesapeake, after surveys of 
 Anthony Smith. 
 
 Later Plans of the Field. Sparks s Washing 
 ton, v. 58 ; Marshall s Washington, v. ; Duer s 
 Lord Stirling, ii. ; Lossing s Field-Book, ii. 377 ; 
 Irving s Washington, iii. ; Hamilton s Grenadier 
 Guards, ii. ; Carrington s Battles, 382 ; Bowen 
 and Futhey s Sketch of the Battle. A large plan, 
 with topography as surveyed in 1846, is in Penn 
 sylvania Historical Society s Memoirs, i. 
 
 Paoli, September 20, 1777. 
 
 Washington, on his retreat, detached Wayne 
 with a force to fall upon the enemy s rear. Howe 
 sent, as a counter-movement, Gen. Grey, who sur 
 prised Wayne s camp at Paoli, and routed his de 
 tachment. Irving s Washington, iii. ch. 19 ; Lives 
 of Wayne by Sparks and Moore ; Pennsylvania 
 Magazine of History, i. 285. 
 
 Map. Faden published, July 1, 1778, a Plan 
 of the British Camp at Trudruffrin, Sept. 18-21, 
 1777, with Grey s attack near White Horse Tav 
 ern, Sept. 20th. 
 
 Philadelphia taken. September 27, 1777. 
 
 Washington was unable to impede Howe s ad 
 vance, and the British general entered Philadel 
 phia. 
 
 American Accounts. Bancroft, ix. ch. 23. 
 Hildreth, iii. ch. 37. Lossing s Field-Book, ii. 
 
t" 1 / 
 
 1777.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTI^N^ 165 
 
 p. 302. Greene s Life of Greene, i. ch. 21. 
 Drake s Life of Knox. Letter of Thomas Paine 
 to Franklin, in the Pennsylvania Magazine of 
 History, ii. 283. Memoirs of Col. Benj. Tal- 
 madge. 
 
 Papers relating to the War, 1777-1781, in the 
 Pennsylvania Archives, 1st series, v., and 2d se 
 ries, iii., for affairs in Philadelphia during Howe s 
 advance. 
 
 British Accounts. Sir William Howe s Narra 
 tive. The Conduct of the American War. Ross s 
 Life of Cornwallis. 
 
 The catalogue of the Philadelphia Library 
 shows, p. 1553, numerous proclamations of Howe. 
 
 For the events of the British occupation, see 
 Christopher Marshall s Diary; Robert Morton s 
 Diary, in the Pennsylvania Magazine of History, 
 No. 1 ; Sargent s Life of Andre*. W. B. Reed s 
 Life of Esther Reed, p. 278. United Service 
 Journal, 1852. 
 
 The relations of the Quakers to Congress, and 
 the arrest of some of them in Philadelphia, and 
 their removal before the Americans left the city, 
 are told in Gilpin s Exiles in Virginia. Cf. Penn 
 sylvania Archives, passim. 
 
 Ifaps. Sparks s Washington, v. 66, gives a 
 map to show all the movements of this campaign. 
 See also Pennsylvania Archives, 2d series, iii.; 
 Hall s History of the Civil War, 1780; Gentle 
 man s Magazine, 1776 and 1777, and July, 1779, 
 
164 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1777. 
 
 for Fisher s Chart of Delaware River, made in 
 1776 ; Moore s Diary of the Revolution ; History 
 of the Coldstrearn Guards; Moorsom s Fifty- 
 Second Regiment. 
 
 A plan of the city following the surveys of 
 Scull and Heap was engraved by Faden in 1777 ; 
 another after Eastburn s survey of 1776, and one 
 after Hill s survey, were issued in Philadelphia in 
 1777. 
 
 There are various MS. maps in the Faden Col 
 lection in the Library of Congress. 
 
 Germantown, October 4, 1777. 
 
 While a part of Howe s force was operating on 
 the river below Philadelphia, Washington made a 
 vigorous attack on that part of it encamped at 
 Germantown, and was nearly successful. 
 
 American Accounts. Washington s letters are 
 in Sparks, v. 86, 463 ; and in the Heath Papers, 
 Massachusetts Historical Society s Collections, 
 5th series, iv. 76. Marshall was in the fight, and 
 gives a good account in his Washington, and 
 so do Sparks, L, and Irving, iii. ch. 23. Custis s 
 Recollections of Washington, ch. 4. Gordon used 
 original authorities. Bancroft, ix. ch. 25, is con 
 troverted by Amory in his Military Services of 
 Gen. Sullivan, p. 57, where a letter of Sullivan s 
 is given. Lives of Greene by Johnson and 
 Greene, i. ch. 21. Life of Timothy Picker 
 ing, i. ch. 11. A controversy, participated in 
 
1777.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 165 
 
 by Johnson, Pickering, and Sparks, can be fol 
 lowed in the North American Review, April, 
 1825, and October, 1826, and in National Intelli 
 gencer, Dec. 5, 1826, and Jan. 27 and Feb. 24, 
 1827. Wilkinson s Memoirs, ch. 11. Life of Gen. 
 Muhlen-berg, ch. 4. Armstrong s Life of Wayne. 
 Reed s Life of Joseph Reed, i. 319. Sargent s 
 Andre*, p. 112. Lossing s Field-Book, and his ar 
 ticle in Harper s Monthly, i. 448. Dawson s Bat 
 tles, i. ch. 27. 
 
 Jones in his New York in the Revolutionary 
 War gives a loyalist s view. Col. John E. How 
 ard s Narrative is among the Sparks MSS. in 
 Harvard College Library. Cf. Pennsylvania Ar 
 chives, v. 646. 
 
 The centennial observance produced two ad 
 dresses: Judge Thayer s in the Weekly Times 
 and separately, and Lambdin s in the Pennsyl 
 vania Magazine of History, i. 361. 
 
 British Accounts. Stedman s American War, 
 i. ch. 15; Hamilton s Grenadier Guards, ii. 
 
 Maps. By John Hills, published March 12, 
 1784, by Faden in London. A MS. plan by Mon- 
 tresor is in Harvard College Library. Sparks s 
 Washington, iv. 86. Guizot s Washington, atlas. 
 Johnson s Greene, 4to edition, i. Duer s Life of 
 Stirling, ii. 177. Lossing s Field-Book, ii. 314. 
 Carrington s Battles, p. 392. 
 
166 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1777. 
 
 Forts on the Delaware, October and November, 1777. 
 
 Howe detached a force to cooperate with the 
 fleet in reducing these forts and opening a passage 
 to the sea. 
 
 American Accounts. Sparks s Washington, v. 
 112, 115, 151 ; Correspondence of the Revolution, 
 ii. 12, 20 ; Marshall s Washington, i. 178 ; Irving s 
 Washington, iii. ch. 24, 25, and 26. Gordon s 
 American Revolution. Ramsay s American Rev 
 olution. Bancroft, ix. ch. 25. Life of Pickering, 
 i. 174. Greene s Greene, i. ch. 22. Leake s Life 
 of Lamb, including Knox s letter. Lee s Me 
 moirs. Williams s Life of Olney. Reed s Reed, 
 i. ch. 16. Lossing s Field-Book. Dawson s Bat 
 tles, i. ch. 29 and 30. Carrington s Battles. 
 Stone s Invasion of Canada, p. 75. Historical 
 Magazine, Feb. 1872. The Minutes of the Penn 
 sylvania Navy Board, Feb. - Sept. 1777, are given 
 in Pennsylvania Archives, 2d series, i. 73. 
 
 British Accounts. Howe s dispatches are in 
 Almon s Remembrancer, v. 499. 
 
 Particular narratives of the separate attacks 
 will be found as follows : 
 
 Red Bank, or Fort Mercer, Oct. 22, 1777. 
 Reed s Reed, i. ; Pennsylvania Archives, v. ; Smith s 
 Delaware County, p. 321; and the Hessian au 
 thorities, Count Donop being killed at the time. 
 
 Mud Island, or Fort Mifflin, Nov. 10-16, 1777. 
 Bancroft, ix. 434, cites as the principal author- 
 
1777.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 167 
 
 ities Fleury s Journal in Marshall, and in Sparks, 
 v. 154 ; Varnum s and Col. Angell s letters in 
 Cowell s Spirit of 1776 in Rhode Island. Penn 
 sylvania Archives, v. 699, vi. Lieut. Col. Lau- 
 rens s account in Frank Moore s Materials for 
 History, 1861. Life of Pickering, i. 174. Tuck- 
 erman s Com. Talbot. J. C. Hamilton s Republic 
 of the United States, i. 297. Potter s American 
 Monthly, Feb. 1877, with a view of the fortifica 
 tions. 
 
 Chastellux s Travels, English translation, i. 260, 
 gives an account. 
 
 Maps. Fisher s chart of the river below Phil 
 adelphia, 1776, printed by Sayer and Bennett, is 
 reproduced in Pennsylvania Archives, 2d series, 
 iii., and is also given in Gentleman s Magazine, 
 1778; also see 1779. Faden published a river 
 chart showing the works in 1778. Sparks s 
 Washington, v. 156. Lossing s Field-Book, ii. 
 296. Carrington s Battles. Plans of Red Bank 
 are in Smith s Delaware County, p. 321, and 
 Pennsylvania Archives, v. 
 
 MS. plans of Fort Mifflin are in the Sparks 
 Collection, Cornell University. Plans for ob 
 structing the river are given in the Pennsylvania 
 Archives, 2d series, i. 749. 
 
 The Conway Cabal, 1777. 
 
 When the surrender at Saratoga had encour 
 aged the partisans of Gates to claim for him a 
 
168 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1777. 
 
 still higher command, his alienation from Wash 
 ington showed itself in his hesitancy to return 
 to the commander-in-chief some of the troops 
 which had been sent to him in the season of his 
 necessity. Hamilton was sent by Washington to 
 urge these reinforcements. Hamilton s Works, i. 
 37; Hamilton s Life of Hamilton, i. 100-113; 
 Hamilton s Republic, i. 339; Irving s Washing 
 ton, iii. ch. 25. 
 
 The movement to prejudice the public mind 
 against Washington soon attracted attention, and 
 Gates, Mifflin, and Conway, together with abet 
 tors in Congress, seemed to be the chief spirits at 
 work. Gordon implicates Samuel Adams in the 
 conspiracy ; and J. C. Hamilton (Republic of the* 
 United States, i. ch. 13 and 14) is very severe on 
 the Adamses in this connection. Mrs. Warren, 
 however, held there was no sufficient ground to 
 connect Samuel Adams with it; and Wells. (Life 
 of Samuel Adams, ii. ch. 46) argues against the 
 connection. Sparks (Washington, v. and App.) 
 gives a series of documents elucidating the cabal ; 
 and Stanhope (History of England, vi. 243) 
 thinks Sparks " glides over too gently the par 
 ticipation of New Englanders." 
 
 Lives of Washington by Marshall, iii. ch. 6, 
 and Irving, iii. ch. 25, 28, 29, and 30. Bancroft, 
 ix. ch. 27. Sparks s Gouverneur Morris, i. ch. 10. 
 Greene s Life of Greene, i. 22; ii. 26 and 27. 
 Kapp s De Kalb. Hamilton s Life of Hamilton, 
 
1777.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 169 
 
 i. 128-163. Wirt s Patrick Henry, p. 208. 
 Austin s Gerry, ch. 16. Reed s Joseph Reed, i. 
 842. Wilkinson s Memoirs. Lossing s Schuyler, 
 and his Field-Book, ii. 336. Dunlap s New York, 
 ii. ch. 9. 
 
 Col. Robert Troup s account is among the 
 Sparks MSS. in Harvard College Library. 
 
170 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1777- 
 
 WINTER OF 1777-1778. 
 
 Washington at VaUey Forge, 1777-1778. 
 
 AFTER some desultory movements, which can 
 be followed in Simcoe s Journal of the Queen s 
 Rangers and Reed s Life of Joseph Reed, i., 
 Washington hutted his army in winter quarters 
 at Valley Forge in December. The winter s 
 manoeuvres were wholly for foraging. Greene s 
 Greene, i. ch. 24. Graham s Morgan, p. 191. 
 
 For the trials and incidents of the camp life in 
 general, see the following : Sparks s Washington, 
 v., and the narrative in the App. Irving s Wash 
 ington, iii. ch. 27 and 31. Custis s Recollections 
 of Washington, ch. 9. Sparks s Correspondence 
 of the American Revolution, ii. ; Sparks s Gou- 
 verneur Morris, i. ch. 9. Greene s Greene, i. 
 ch. 24 and 25. Life of Timothy Pickering, i. 
 200. Reed s Joseph Reed, ch. 17. Read s George 
 Read, p. 326. Bancroft s United States, ix. 
 ch. 27. T. Allen s Origination of the American 
 Union, ii. Lossing s Field-Book, ii. 331. Mrs. 
 Ellet s Domestic History of the Revolution. Gen 
 eral Hull s Revolutionary Services, ch. 12. Col. 
 T. W. Bean s Washington and Valley Forge. Col. 
 Brooks s letter in Massachusetts Historical Soci- 
 
1778.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 171 
 
 ety s Proceedings, Feb. 1874. Surgeon "Waldo s 
 Diary in Historical Magazine, May, 1861, and 
 Letters, April, 1867. Potter s American Month 
 ly, May, 1875, and July, 1878. 
 
 In January Washington addressed Congress as 
 to the organization of the army. Hamilton s 
 Works, ii. 139. Bancroft, ix. ch. 27, discloses 
 the relations of Congress to the army. Congress 
 instituted a Board of War, and its operations are 
 followed in the Life of Timothy Pickering. Steu- 
 ben, who had landed in Dec., was, May 5th, made 
 inspector-general, and his influence in disciplin 
 ing the army is dwelt upon in Kapp s Life of 
 Steuben ; and in ch. 8 Kapp examines the position 
 of foreign officers in the Continental army. For 
 Steuben, see Sparks s Washington, v. 526; Ir- 
 ving s Washington, iii. ; Wells s Samuel Adams, iii. 
 2 ; Bowen s Steuben ; Greene s German Element. 
 Stuart s Life of Jonathan Trumbull throws 
 light on the sending of supplies to the army ; and 
 Greene s Life of Greene, ii. 48, shows the begin 
 ning of that general s services as quartermaster- 
 general, having entered upon his duties in March. 
 . A scheme of sending an expedition to Canada 
 under Lafayette is examined in Sparks s Wash 
 ington, v. 530; vi. 106, 114, 149; Marshall s 
 Washington, iii. 568 ; Irving s Washington, iii. 
 334; Life of John Jay, i. 83; Stone s Life of 
 Brant, ch. 14. 
 
 While at Valley Forge, Washington received 
 
172 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1777- 
 
 a letter from the Rev. Jacob Duche*, then in 
 Philadelphia, making representation to induce 
 him to lead the country back to dependence on 
 Great Britain. Washington transmitted the let 
 ter to Congress, but Sparks could not find the 
 original in the government archives, and printed 
 it from Rivington s Gazette, in his Correspond 
 ence of the American Revolution, i. 448. See 
 also Sparks s Washington, v. App. p. 477; a 
 separate publication, entitled Washington at Val 
 ley Forge and the Duche* Correspondence ; Wil 
 son s Memoirs of Bishop White. 
 
 Maps. Sparks s Washington, v. 196. Guizot s 
 Washington, atlas. Lossing s Field-Book, ii. Car- 
 rington s Battles. Harper s Monthly, xii. 307. 
 Plans are in the Sparks Collection at Cornell 
 University. 
 
 For the landmarks of Valley Forge, see Los- 
 sing s Field-Book and the account from the Ohio 
 State Journal, in Read s George Read, p. 326. 
 
 Howe in Philadelphia, 1777-1778. 
 
 Details of the winter life of the British in 
 Philadelphia will be found in Sargent s Andre*, 
 ch. 7, 8, and 9; Irving s Washington, iii. The 
 account of the impressions of the Hessian Captain 
 Henrick, as shown in Prof. Sehlozer s Correspond 
 ence, iii., is translated in the Pennsylvania Maga 
 zine of History, No. 1. 
 
 In Jan. the Americans sent down the river 
 
1778.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 173 
 
 some torpedoes in the shape of kegs to destroy 
 the British shipping. They failed of their pur 
 pose, but gave rise to a humorous poem by Hop- 
 kinson, The Battle of the Kegs. See Lossing s 
 Field-Book, ii., and Moore s Songs and Ballads of 
 the Revolution. 
 
 In the spring various foraging parties scoured 
 the surrounding country. Cf. Simcoe s Journal 
 of the Queen s Rangers, with a map of the affair 
 at Quintin s Bridge, March 18th. Dawson s Bat 
 tles, ch. 33, etc. Lossing s Field-Book, ii. 344, 
 etc. Stedman s American War, ii. Johnson s 
 History of Salem, New Jersey. 
 
 Washington in the spring had advanced Lafay 
 ette with a corps of observation to Barren Hill, 
 and Howe endeavored to cut him off. Irving s 
 Washington, iii. ch. 33. Sparks s Washington, 
 v. 378, 545, with a map. 
 
 In May Sir William Howe returned to Eng 
 land, leaving Sir Henry Clinton in command. 
 Tory arraignments of Howe s conduct in America 
 are given in Jones s New York in the Revolution 
 ary War, i. 252, 714; in the Life of Peter van 
 Schaack, p. 167 ; and also in Galloway s Examina 
 tion before Parliament. Cf. Bancroft, x. 120. 
 
 The Mischianza. This was a festival, May 
 18th, given in honor of Howe on his departure. 
 Andre* described it. Cf. Gentleman s Magazine, 
 Aug. 1778 ; Lady s Magazine, Philadelphia, Aug. 
 1792 ; Sargent s Andre*, 165 ; Jones s New York 
 
174 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1777. 
 
 in the Revolutionary War, i. 242, 718 ; Annual 
 Register, 1778, p. 264; F. Moore s Diary of the 
 American Revolution, p. 52 ; Bland Papers, i. 90 ; 
 Watson s Annals of Philadelphia ; Lossing s Field- 
 Book, ii. 303 ; Mrs. Ellet s Domestic History of 
 the Revolution ; Smith and Watson s American 
 Historical and Literary Curiosities. 
 
 Israel Mauduit published Strictures on the Mis- 
 chianza, London, 1779. 
 
 Major Clark communicated to Washington in 
 telligence of the enemy in Philadelphia, during 
 the occupation, Oct. - Dec. 1777, and his letters 
 are in the Pennsylvania Historical Society s Me 
 moirs, i. 
 
1778.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 175 
 
 EVENTS OF 1778. 
 
 American Diplomacy in Continental Europe. 
 
 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN was the central figure ot 
 the American Commissioners in Paris, who were 
 awaiting the development of events to press an 
 alliance upon the French government. Franklin s 
 Works, i. 434; viii. 229. Sparks s Franklin, 
 ch. 10, and ch. 11 for the efforts of the British 
 emissaries to win him ; and on this latter point see 
 also Parton s Franklin, ii. 321, and John Adams s 
 Works, iii. 178, 220. Bigelow s Life of Frank 
 lin. Diplomatic Correspondence of the Revolu 
 tion, iii. Elkanah Watson s Memoirs. Thomas 
 Hughes on the English estimate of Franklin in 
 Lippincott s Magazine, July, 1879. John Adams 
 gives an equivocal estimate of Franklin s fitness 
 for his position. Adams s Works, ix. 486. 
 
 The name and fame of Franklin, however, did 
 not preserve harmony among the Commissioners, 
 and there is a sad story of their disagreements. 
 Diplomatic Correspondence of the Revolution, i. 
 John Adams s Works, iii. 123, 129, 138 ; ix. 477 ; 
 and in iii. 130, 139, Adams gives descriptions of 
 the several American commissioners and their 
 agents. Arthur Lee headed the opposition to 
 
176 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1778 
 
 Franklin. Sparks s Franklin, i. 447 ; viii. 57, 
 257, 444. Parton s Franklin takes an extremely 
 adverse view of Lee ; and on the other side his 
 position is explained in Lee s Life of Arthur Lee ; 
 also in John Adams s Works, vii. 79, 96. 
 
 Ralph Izard had been appointed Commissioner 
 to Tuscany, but had never been received at his 
 post, and lived in Paris, siding with Lee. Sparks s 
 Franklin, i. 451; viii. 250, 308, 388. Mrs. Deas s 
 Life of Izard. Diplomatic Correspondence of the 
 Revolution, ii. 367. 
 
 Silas Deane had stood by Franklin, but making 
 contracts with foreign officers for service in the 
 United States, which embarrassed Congress, he 
 had been recalled, but was still in Paris at the 
 opening of the year. On his return to the United 
 States, he in vain besought Congress for a settle 
 ment of his accounts; and Lee s enmity toward 
 him led to public recriminations. Getting no sat 
 isfaction from Congress, Deane resorted to an Ad 
 dress to the People in the Philadelphia Gazette, 
 Dec. 1778, thus making public the extent of the 
 differences among the Commissioners, and this was 
 answered by Thomas Paine in the Philadelphia 
 Packet, Jan. 2, 1779. Cf. John Adams s Diary, 
 Works, iii. 187 ; vii. 79. Wells s Samuel Adams, 
 iii. 60. Deane s own narrative was printed by the 
 Seventy-Six Society, in 1855, and the story was 
 revived in the Memorial of his heirs to Congress in 
 1835. Lom^nie s Life of Beaumarchais at a later 
 
1778.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 177 
 
 day threw such light upon Deane s transactions as 
 lifted the cloud under which he had fallen. His 
 hard fate is traced in the Diplomatic Correspond 
 ence ; in Parton s Franklin, ii. ch. 9 ; and refer 
 ence to the papers of the quarrel with Lee will be 
 found in the Calendar of the Lee MSS. in Harvard 
 College Library Bulletin. Some of Deane s man 
 uscripts were No. 2138 in the Brinley sale, 1879. 
 
 Congress had appointed John Adams to succeed 
 Deane. Diplomatic Correspondence, iv. 241. 
 John Adams s Works, i. 277; iii. 91, 121 ; vii. 5; 
 ix. 472; and his Familiar Letters to his wife. 
 Parton s Franklin, ii. 369. He afterwards ex 
 pressed his discouragement at the want of har 
 mony which he discovered on his arrival. Letters 
 to Mrs. Mercy Warren, in Massachusetts Histori 
 cal Society s Collections, 5th series, iv. 368. 
 
 Bancroft s United States, x., thoroughly sur 
 veys the varied relations of the American Con 
 gress to the several European powers, and the 
 relations with Frederick the Great are particularly 
 set forth in ch. 3. A letter of John Adams gives 
 a contemporary view. Works, vii. 99. Cf. Hil- 
 dreth s United States, iii. ch. 38 ; Lyman s Diplo 
 macy of the United States, ch. i. ; Trescot s 
 Diplomacy of the Revolution ; Journals of Con 
 gress; G. W. Greene s Historical View of the 
 American Revolution ; Stanhope s History of Eng 
 land, vi. 149. 
 
 The relations with Spain, involving the question 
 12 
 
178 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1778. 
 
 of the navigation of the Mississippi, are particu 
 larly set forth in Bancroft, x. ch. 6 and 8 ; Madi 
 son Papers, i. 64, 74 ; Pitkin s United States, ii. 
 ch. 13 and 14, and App. No. 8, for Jay s instruc 
 tions as commissioner ; Jay s Life of Jay, i. ch. 4 
 and 5 ; Flanders s Life of Jay in his Chief Jus 
 tices; George Sumner s Fourth of July Oration 
 at Boston, 1859. 
 
 The relations to Holland are explained in Ban 
 croft s United States, x. ch. 12. John Adams s 
 Works ; Correspondence of Adams and Mrs. 
 Warren, in Massachusetts Historical Society s 
 Collection, 5th series, iv. Muller, in his 1872 
 Catalogue, Amsterdam, Nos. 1637-1725, gives the 
 bibliography of the subject. 
 
 Condorcet in his Works has an essay on the in 
 fluence of the American Revolution on Europe. 
 
 The Treaty with France, February 6, 1778. 
 
 On the 6th of Feb. a treaty of alliance and a 
 treaty of commerce were signed at Paris. The 
 negotiations had begun after the reception of the 
 news of Burgoyne s surrender. Sparks s Frank 
 lin, i. 430. 
 
 French views of the situation can be found in 
 Chotteau s La Guerre de I lnddpendance ; Count 
 Segur s Memoirs ; Guizot s France, v. ch. 5. Ban 
 croft, ix. ch. 29, and x. ch. 5, claimed that Amer 
 ica had substantially gained her independence 
 before the treaty with France ; and Count Cir- 
 
1778.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 179 
 
 court translated Bancroft s account as Histoire de 
 1 action commune de la France et de 1 Ame rique 
 pour ITndependance des Etats Unis, adding an 
 Historical Review, which is translated in the Mas 
 sachusetts Historical Society s Proceedings, Oct. 
 1876. 
 
 The treaty was printed in 4to in Philadelphia 
 in 1778, and it will be found in Gentleman s 
 Magazine, Feb. 1779 ; Bancroft Davis s Notes on 
 the Treaties of the United States ; Treaties and 
 Conventions of the United States, 1871 ; Receuil 
 de Traites par Martens, ii. 587 ; Lyman s Diplo 
 macy of the United States, i. ch. 2. 
 
 The Commissioners notified Congress of the 
 signing of the treaty. Parton s Franklin, ii. 303. 
 Diplomatic Correspondence, i. 364 ; and for the 
 official papers appertaining, i. and ii. ; and iv. 
 250, for John Adams on the Treaty. Cf. Pitkin s 
 United States, ii. ch. 12 ; Marshall s Washington, 
 iii. ch. 7. 
 
 Bancroft, ix. ch. 38, describes the effect of the 
 alliance in England. 
 
 For the reception of the news of the alliance in 
 the camp at Valley Forge in May, and for the 
 effect upon the country, see Sparks s Washington, 
 v. 355; Irving s Washington; Parton s Franklin, 
 ii. 317 ; Greene s Life of Greene, ii. 72 ; Wells s 
 Samuel Adams, iii. ch. 47. 
 
 In July, 1778, Gerard arrived at Philadelphia 
 as the first French minister to the United States. 
 
180 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1778. 
 
 Diplomatic Correspondence, x. 235. John Adams s 
 Works, i. 235. The introduction to the French 
 translation of Botta s History. Lyman s Diplo 
 macy of the United States, i. 57. Hazard s Penn 
 sylvania Archives, vii. 
 
 The British Government. 
 
 The reign of George the Third in all its phases 
 is treated elaborately in the Pictorial History of 
 England, v. to viii., with a strong tory leaning. 
 This section is not included in the American re 
 print of that work. Other general histories cov 
 ering that part of the reign which spanned the 
 American Revolution are, Adolphus, likewise tory, 
 and compendious ; Stanhope, generally fair ; Mas- 
 sey, liberal ; May s Constitutional History, show 
 ing the influence of the Crown, and, of less im 
 portance, Belsharn and Bisset. Wright traces the 
 humors of the time in his Caricature History^of 
 the Georges. Knight s Popular History of Eng 
 land is perhaps the best general account of the 
 more comprehensive narratives. Buckle s History 
 of Civilization, ch. 7, dwells on the political de 
 generacy of the times. 
 
 Contemporary estimates can be found in Wai- 
 pole s Last Journals, inimical to the court party, 
 and in Wraxall s Historical Memoirs, X772-1783. 
 The Bedford, Chatham, and Rockingham Corre 
 spondence respectively show the three phases of 
 the great Whig Party. Cf. Cooke s History of 
 
1778.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 181 
 
 Party ; G. C. Lewis s Administrations of Great 
 Britain, 16 ; Almon s Debates ; Bancroft s United 
 States ; Brougham s Statesmen of George III. ; 
 and ch. 30 of Smyth s Lectures on Modern His 
 tory. 
 
 The letters which passed between George III. 
 and Lord North, 1768-1783, were used by 
 Brougham and Bancroft, and Sparks summarizes 
 them ; but the originals were published in 1867 
 as Correspondence of George III. with Lord North, 
 ably edited by W. B. Donne, who manifests lib 
 eral views in his introduction, but lays the blame 
 of the wrong-headed policy rather on the cab 
 inet and the people than upon the King. This 
 work is reviewed in the Edinburgh Review, 1867 ; 
 in the North American Review, Oct. 1867, by C. 
 C. Hazewell ; in Blackwood, June, 1867, in an ar 
 ticle, " Was George III. a Constitutional King ? " 
 and in the Quarterly Review, 1867, on " The Char 
 acter of George III." 
 
 The personal character of the King was amus 
 ingly set forth with views favorable to America, 
 by Jesse, in 1867, epitomized in the Eclectic Re 
 view, 1867, or No. 1186 of Living Age. See in 
 this connection Thackeray s lecture, or Harper s 
 Monthly, vol. xxi. ; also see vol. xxvi., and Wai- 
 pole s Letters. Scott takes a favorable view of the 
 King. Buckle (History of Civilization, i. ch. 7) 
 has a low estimate. Southey s Vision of Judgment 
 is a tribute to his memory, while Byron s answer 
 is the whig view. Brougham s sketch is brief. 
 
182 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1778. 
 
 Some of the above authorities also portray the 
 social life of this era, for which, further, see chap 
 ters in the Pictorial History, Stanhope s History, 
 and Blackwood s Magazine, 1867, or No. 1220 of 
 Living Age. 
 
 For the character of North, see the general his 
 tories above enumerated ; Earle s English Prem 
 iers; Jesse s Etonians; Brougham s Statesmen; 
 Macaulay s Chatham ; Smyth s 33d lecture ; Cor 
 respondence of Fox, i. 195 ; Adolphus s Reign 
 of George the Third, iii. 345 ; Walpole s George 
 III., ed. by Le Marchant, iv. 78. 
 
 The Conciliatory Bills, 1778. 
 
 Lord North brought forward his plans of con 
 ciliation on the 17th of Feb., and the bills passed 
 March 3d, and were signed by the King March 
 llth. The minister s speech proposing them is 
 given in the Gentleman s Magazine, Feb. 1778. 
 Parliamentary History. The account of the de 
 bates in the Annual Register, xxi. 133, is prob 
 ably by Burke. Gibbon refers to the proceedings 
 in his letter of Feb. 23, 1778. Walpole s Last 
 Journals, ii. 200, 215. Russell abridged Wal 
 pole s account in his Memoirs and Correspond 
 ence of Fox, i. 172. Life and Times of Fox, i. 
 ch. 9 and 10. Fitzmaurice s Shelburne, iii. ch. 1. 
 Donne s Correspondence of George III. with Lord 
 North, ii. 135. Rockingham and his Contempo 
 raries, ii. 346. J. E. T. Rogers s Protests of the 
 Lords, ii. 174, 178. 
 
1778.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 183 
 
 For the debates in March, see Parliamentary 
 History ; Gentleman s Magazine, March, 1778 ; 
 Walpole s Last Journals ; and a note in Donne, ii. 
 151, on the difficulties of framing a new ministry. 
 
 The American Commissioners in Paris reported 
 on the conciliatory bills to Congress. Diplomatic 
 Correspondence, i. 369, and Pitkin s United 
 States, ii. App. 2. Franklin wrote upon them 
 to David Hartley. Diplomatic Correspondence, 
 iii. 34. 
 
 The bills were received in the United States 
 in advance of the arrival of the Commissioners. 
 Wells s Samuel Adams, iii. 14. Lives of Wash 
 ington by Marshall, iv. ch. 1, and by Irving, iii. 
 ch. 32. Reed s Joseph Reed, ch. 18 and App. 
 Sparks s Life of Gouverneur Morris, p. 182. 
 Pitkin s United States, ii. ch. 11. 
 
 The Commissioners reached America in June, 
 under instructions from Lord North, printed in 
 Documents relative to the Colonial History of 
 New York, viii. 738. They landed in Philadel 
 phia just as Clinton was evacuating that city. 
 Their letters reached Congress June 13th. Al- 
 mon s Remembrancer, 1778, p. 11, and p. 127 for 
 their manifesto, and various other papers about 
 them are scattered in Almon, vi., vii., and viii. 
 Gouverneur Morris s reply on behalf of Congress 
 is in the Journals and in Almon, viii. 40. 
 
 The Commissioners threatened a greater feroc 
 ity in the conduct of the war. Cf. the letter of 
 
184 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1778. 
 
 the Commissioners in Paris to Vergennes. John 
 Adams s Works, vii. 72. Buckle (History of 
 Civilization, ch. 7) cites, for evidences of the feroc 
 ity with which the English conducted the war, 
 the following : Tucker s Life of Jefferson, i. 138, 
 139, 160 ; Jefferson s Memoirs and Correspond 
 ence, i. 352, 429 ; ii. 336, 337 ; Almon s Corre 
 spondence of Wilkes, v. 229 ; Adolphus s George 
 III., ii. 362, 391; Parliamentary History, xix. 
 371, 403, 423, 424, 432, 438, 440, 447, 487, 488, 
 489, 567, 578, 579, 695, 972, 1393, 1394 ; xx. 43 ; 
 Memoires de Lafayette, i. 23, 25, 99. Jones (New 
 York in the Revolutionary War) is not reticent 
 concerning the excesses, particularly in plunder 
 ing, of the British troops. 
 
 A later counter manifesto on the part of Con 
 gress was prepared, Oct. 30th, by Samuel Adams, 
 Cf. Wells s Adams, iii. 46. 
 
 Other Accounts. Marshall s Washington, iii. 
 ch. 10. Sparks s Washington, v. 344, 397, 401 ; 
 vi. 16, 79, 96. Sparks s Gouverneur Morris, i. 
 ch. 11. Bancroft, x. 122. Reed s Joseph Reed, 
 i. ch. 18 and App. 4. Howison s Virginia, ii. 
 230. A loyalist account in Jones s New York in 
 the Revolutionary War. 
 
 British Accounts of their Failure. Massey s 
 England, ii. 295 ; Stanhope s England, vi. 246 ; 
 Donne s Correspondence of George III. with Lord 
 North, ii. 208 ; and letters of Carlisle, one of the 
 Commissioners, in Jesse s Selwyn and his Contem 
 poraries, iii. 280, 339, etc. 
 
1778.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 185 
 
 Political Movements in England, 1778. 
 
 It was thought that if Chatham could have 
 abated his opposition to American independence, 
 a union with the Rockingham whigs might have 
 unseated the North cabinet, and restored peace. 
 Cf. Chatham Correspondence, iv. 484; Donne s 
 Correspondence of George III. with North, ii. 
 127. 
 
 The death of Chatham in May seemingly put 
 off the fall of the North ministry. Cf. Massey s 
 History of England, ii. ch. 22 ; Fitzmaurice s 
 Shelburne, iii. 40. Chatham, in his relations to 
 the American war, must be studied in Thack 
 eray s heavy and laudatory life of him; but a 
 brilliant account of his political action will be 
 found in Macaulay s two essays. Cf. the Chat 
 ham Correspondence; Fitzmaurice s Shelburne, 
 iii. ch. 1 ; Campbell s Lives of the Chancellors ; 
 Stanhope s England ; Massey s England, ii. 279 ; 
 Brougham s Statesmen; Bancroft s United States; 
 Parton s Franklin ; Earle s English Premiers ; 
 Davenport Adams s English Party Leaders ; and 
 the note in Donne s Correspondence of George 
 III. with Lord North, ii. 185. 
 
 For illustrations of the hatred which the King 
 bore towards Chatham for his liberal views, see 
 Brougham s Statesmen ; Russell s Memoirs of Fox, 
 i. 129; Adolphus s History, ii. 568; Stanhope s 
 England, vi. App. ; Grenville Papers, ii. 386 ; 
 Bancroft s United States. 
 
186 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1778. 
 
 The death of Chatham afforded a chance of a 
 coalition of the tories with some part of the op 
 position. See on this point the Rockingham Me 
 moirs; Life and Memorials of Fox; Donne s Cor 
 respondence of George III. with North, ii. 188; 
 Walpole s Last Journals, ii. 338. 
 
 Eden s account of his negotiations with Fox for 
 a compromise is printed in the Memoirs and Cor 
 respondence of Fox, i. 180. 
 
 Jonathan L. Austin was sent to London by 
 Franklin to confer with the opposition. Boston 
 Monthly Magazine, July, 1826. 
 
 Bancroft, x. ch. 5, gives a view of the state of 
 feeling in England ; and a reflex of tory opinions 
 is found in Cur wen s Journal. 
 
 For instances of the commercial distress which 
 the ministry s action had brought upon England, 
 see Stanhope, v. 133; Franklin s Correspondence; 
 Adolphus s History, ii. 261 ; Burke s Works ; 
 Parliamentary History, xviii. 734, 951, 963, 964 ; 
 xix. 259, 341, 710, 711, 1072; Walpole s Me 
 moirs of George III. ii. 218. 
 
 Hozier s Invasions of England, ii., shows the 
 concern prevailing after the alliance with France 
 became known ; and there is in Donne, ii. 176, an 
 account of the blundering efforts of the English 
 navy to intercept the French fleet, which left 
 Toulon in April. 
 
 Toward the end of the year, two pamphlets, 
 one by Sir Wm. Meredith, the other by David 
 
1778.J THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 187 
 
 Hartley, were printed in London, which had 
 marked influence, as is described in Walpole s 
 Last Journals, ii. 327. 
 
 Congress, 1778. 
 
 Bancroft, x. 349, says that though Congress 
 sat with closed doors, the French envoys conveyed 
 to their government the most complete reports of 
 their discussions which are known. They are 
 preserved in the French archives. See a repre 
 sentation of Congress at this time in the Life of 
 John Adams, i. 282. Washington wrote to John 
 Bannister, in April, his views of the political bear 
 ing of events. Sparks s Washington, v. 321. Cf. 
 Christopher Marshall s Diary; Leake s Memoirs 
 of General Lamb; Journals of Congress, and the 
 lives of its members. 
 
 The Summer s Campaign, 1778. 
 
 Washington in April had submitted to his offi 
 cers three plans of a campaign. Sparks s Wash 
 ington, v. 320. A plan of his own is among the 
 Sparks MSS. in Harvard College Library. Life 
 of Muhlenberg, ch. 5. 
 
 The expected arrival of a French fleet, which 
 might close the Delaware to succor, necessitated 
 the British evacuation of Philadelphia, and Sir 
 Henry Clinton began his march across the Jerseys 
 towards New York, June 17th. For the march 
 see Eelking s Hiilfstruppen, ch. 10 ; Magazine of 
 
188 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1778. 
 
 American History, Jan. 1879, p. 58 ; a journal of 
 Clinton s secretary in New Jersey Historical So 
 ciety s Proceedings, vi. ; Diary of Jos. Clark in 
 the same, vii. 93. 
 
 Monmoutli, June 28, 1778. 
 
 The advance of Washington s army attacked 
 the rear of the retreating British, who turned and 
 forced back the Americans under Lee ; but the 
 presence of Washington on the field, later, re 
 trieved the day. 
 
 American Accounts. Washington s letters are 
 given in Sparks, v. 422 and App. No. 18, and in 
 Dawson s Battles, ch. 37, and Kapp considers 
 Dawson s account the clearest. Lives of Wash 
 ington by Marshall, iii. ch. 8 ; and Irving, iii. 
 ch. 34 and 35. Sparks s Correspondence of the 
 American Revolution, ii. 150. Custis s Recollec 
 tions of Washington, ch. 5. 
 
 Lee was brought to trial by court-martial, July 
 14th, for misbehavior and disrespect to Washing 
 ton, under reproof. The evidence introduced is 
 of importance. It was published separately, and 
 is embodied in Dawson. Lee s defense is also 
 given in Longworthy s Memoirs of Lee, p. 23. 
 Cf. Sparks s Life of Lee ; Davis s Life of Burr, i. ; 
 and Lee s letter in Reed s Joseph Reed, i. 369. 
 
 Other Accounts. Heath s Memoirs, p. 186. 
 Gen. Hull s Revolutionary Services, ch. 14. 
 Drake s Life of Knox. Kapp s Life of Steuben, 
 
1778.J THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 189 
 
 p. 159. Quincy s Life of Shaw t ch. 4. Sargent s 
 Life of Andre, p. 187. Hamilton s Life of Alex 
 ander Hamilton, i. 194. Hamilton s .Republic of 
 the United States, i. 471. Bancroft, x. ch. 4. 
 Letters of Hamilton and Wm. Irvine in the Penn 
 sylvania Magazine of History, ii. 139. Reed s 
 Joseph Reed, ch. 17. Williams s Life of Olney, 
 p. 243. Life of Anthony Wayne. The original 
 orderly-book of Wayne is No. 2095 in the Menzies 
 Catalogue. C. King s account in the New Jersey 
 Historical Society s Proceedings, iv. Lossing s 
 Field-Book, ii. 356, and his paper in Harper s 
 Monthly, vii. 449 ; also see June, 1878. Barker 
 and Howe s Historical Collections of New Jersey. 
 J. W. De Peyster in the Magazine of American 
 History, July, 1878, and March, 1879 ; also June, 
 1879, for letters. American Historical Record, 
 June, 1874. 
 
 Carrington, in his Battles of the Revolution, 
 gives one of the most intelligible accounts. 
 
 British Accounts. Stedman, ii. ch. 22. Mur 
 ray s Impartial History, ii. 448. Stanhope s Eng 
 land, vi. ch. 58. Clinton s dispatch is riven in 
 Dawson. 
 
 Maps. Sparks s Washington, v. 430. Atlas 
 of Guizot s Washington. Hilliard d A^berteuil s 
 Essais, ii. 271. Duer s Life of Stirling, ii. 196. 
 Lossing s Field-Book, ii. 356. Carrington s Bat 
 tles. Coffin s Boys of Seventy-Six. 
 
 The Sparks Collection in Harvard College 
 
190 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1778. 
 
 Library has some MS. maps copied from others 
 belonging to Lafayette. 
 
 New York and Philadelphia, 1778. 
 
 The British retreated to Sandy Hook and 
 crossed over to New York. Sargent s Life of 
 Andre*, ch. 11. Documents relating to the occu 
 pation of that city by the British will be found 
 in the New York City Manual for 1863; and a 
 plan from the London Magazine of 1778 is repro 
 duced in the same manual for 1869. 
 
 For Arnold s career as commander in Philadel 
 phia after the city was regained, see Sparks s Life 
 of Arnold ; his Washington, vi. 514 ; Irving s 
 Washington, iv. ch. 2 ; Pennsylvania Archives, 
 vi. and vii. ; Reed s Life of Reed, ii. 48, 88, 93, 
 102. 
 
 The charges against Arnold and his answer are 
 in Almon s Remembrancer, 1778-1779, p. 349. 
 
 Indian Depredations, 1778. 
 
 Wyoming, July Ist-Atli. The irruption into 
 this valley by tories and Indians, with the fight 
 and subsequent massacre, is described in Dawson s 
 Battles, ch. 38, who gives the official documents. 
 The panic-stricken refugees from the valley, fly 
 ing eastward, crossed the Hudson at Poughkeep- 
 sie, where their exaggerated statements (Stone s 
 Brant, i. 339) were first published, and formed 
 the basis of the narratives in Thacher s Military 
 
1778.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 191 
 
 Journal, Gordon, Ramsay, Botta, etc., and they 
 have been repeated in Drake s Book of the Indi 
 ans. Marshall, in the later editions of his Life of 
 Washington, modified his earlier statements. Con 
 temporary accounts are given in Moore s Diary of 
 the American Revolution, ii. More accurate 
 views of the transactions were taken by Charles 
 Miner in his original newspaper articles, and in 
 his History of Wyoming, 1845 ; and Stone, in his 
 Poetry and History of Wyoming, followed Miner. 
 Stone, in his Life of Brant, and in his Border 
 Wars, drawn chiefly from the Life of Brant, gives 
 an account of the inroad, but contends that Brant 
 was not present. Caleb Gushing reviewed the 
 Life of Brant in the Democratic Review, claiming 
 that Stone had not proved an alibi for Brant ; but 
 Stone in his Wyoming (p. 192) reasserted his 
 statement, and pointed out Campbell s confession 
 of his error for making Brant present in the story 
 as told in his " Gertrude of Wyoming," which 
 poem is reprinted in Stone s Wyoming. See 
 Brodhead s New York Documents. Peck, in his 
 Wyoming, ch. 2, enforces Stone s argument, and 
 gives various personal reminiscences. 
 
 Chapman s Wyoming has but a hurried account. 
 Other narratives will be found in Irving s Wash 
 ington, iii. ch. 37 ; Jenkins s Historical Address, 
 July 3, 1878 ; Hollister s Connecticut, ii. ch. 15 ; 
 Harper s Monthly, xvii. 306 ; Lossing s Field- 
 Book, i. 352. Mrs. Ellet s Women of the Ameri- 
 
192 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1778. 
 
 can Revolution, ii., and her Domestic History of 
 the Revolution ; and the Appendix to Campbell s 
 Tryon County. 
 
 Mohawk Valley. The plans and actions of the 
 enemy in the Mohawk Valley are described in 
 Lossing s Field-Book, ch. 12 ; Stone s Brant, ch. 
 14 ; Campbell s Tryon County ; History of Scho- 
 harie County, ch. 9 ; Dawson s Battles, ch. 36, 
 etc. ; Harper s Monthly, July, 1877. 
 
 Cherry Valley, Nov. \\th. The slaughter at 
 Cherry Valley is particularly detailed in contem 
 porary letters in the Historical Magazine, June, 
 1866; Campbell s Tryon County, ch. 5; Daw- 
 son s Battles, ch. 45 ; Stone s Brant, i. ch. 17 ; 
 Lossing s Field-Book, p. 268 ; Dunlap s New 
 York, ii. 147, etc. 
 
 Brant. Stone s Life of Brant. Drake s Book 
 of the Indians, book v. ch. 5. New England 
 Historical and Genealogical Register, Oct. 1848. 
 Norton s Pioneer Missionaries, New York, 1859. 
 W. C. Bryant in Beach s Indian Miscellany. 
 
 Border Warfare in General. Beside Lossing, 
 Schuyler, and Stone s Brant, see De Haas s In 
 dian Wars of Western Virginia ; J. H. Perkins in 
 "North American Review, Oct. 1839, an article 
 also included in his Memoirs, ii. 281. A paper 
 on the British and Indian cooperation is in the 
 New York Historical Society s Proceedings, iii. 
 There is much illustrative matter in the New 
 York Documentary History, and in the Pennsyl 
 vania Archives. 
 
1778.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 193 
 
 Fiction. Border and Indian traits and warfare 
 during the Revolution are worked into the guise 
 of fiction in Grace Greenwood s Forest Tragedy, 
 and in C. F. Hoffman s Greyslaer. 
 
 The Rhode Island Campaign, August, 1778. 
 
 The French fleet under D Estaing arrived at 
 the Capes of Delaware in July, but the British 
 fleet had escaped to New York, whither the 
 French commander followed. He was unable to 
 pass the bar of that harbor with his larger ships. 
 Sparks s Correspondence of the Revolution, ii. 155. 
 
 Opening communication with Washington, a 
 plan was formed for an attack on the British 
 forces at Rhode Island. Irving s Washington, 
 iii. 419. 
 
 A land attack was undertaken by Gen. Sullivan 
 at the same time. Sullivan s letters are given in 
 Sparks s Correspondence of the Revolution, ii. ; 
 Rhode Island Historical Tracts, No. 6 ; Dawson s 
 Battles; Sparks s Washington, vi. Bancroft, x. 
 ch. 5, questioned Sullivan s soldierly conduct, and 
 T. C. Amory vindicated him in Massachusetts 
 Historical Society s Proceedings, Dec. 1866, and 
 in his Military Services of General Sullivan. 
 
 Shortly after D Estaing and Sullivan had laid 
 their plans by conference, Howe appeared off the 
 harbor with the British fleet, reinforced. The 
 French put to sea, but a general action was pre 
 sented by a storm, and D Estaing returned to 
 
 13 
 
194 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1778. 
 
 Newport with a shattered fleet, and sailed for Bos 
 ton to refit. Cf. A Candid and Impartial Narra 
 tive of the Transactions of the Fleet under Lord 
 Howe, London, 1779. The British army on the 
 island was now reinforced, and Sullivan retreated 
 to the main-land. The abandonment of the at 
 tempt produced effects on the country that are 
 set forth in Wells s Samuel Adams, iii. 38. The 
 charges of Sullivan against the French came near 
 disturbing friendly relations with the allies. D Es- 
 taing s papers are in the Ministerie de la Marine 
 et des Colonies at Paris. The French side of the 
 controversy is presented in Chevalier s Histoire 
 de la Marine frangaise pendant la guerre de 1 in- 
 de*pendance Ame*ricaine, ch. 3, and in an Extrait 
 du Journal d un OfBcier de la Marine, 1782, which 
 gives a likeness of D Estaing, and another will be 
 found in Andrews s History of the War. The 
 proclamation of D Estaing to the former subjects 
 of France in America, issued in October, is given 
 in the Documents relative to the Colonial History 
 of New York, x. 1165. See other authorities on 
 the French auxiliaries under 1780. 
 
 Lafayette went to Boston to confer with D Es 
 taing. Heath s Memoirs. Lafayette s letters to 
 Washington on the miscarriage of the expedition 
 are in Sparks s Correspondence of the Revolution, 
 ii. 181, 196. Lafayette s account of the campaign, 
 told by himself fifty years later, when in this coun 
 try, is in the Historical Magazine, Aug. 1861. 
 
1778.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 195 
 
 Accounts of tliis expedition, more or less full, 
 are given in the following places : Bancroft, x. 
 ch. 5. Hamilton s History of the Republic, i. 
 ch. 17. Arnold s Rhode Island, p. 419. . Green s 
 Rhode Island. Dunlap s New York, ii. Barry s 
 Massachusetts, iii. 150. Rhode Island Historical 
 Collections, vi. Moore s Diary of the American 
 Revolution, ii. 85 ; also his Songs and Ballads of 
 the Revolution, p. 231. Heath s Memoirs. Lives 
 of Washington by Marshall, iv. ; by Irving, iii. 
 ch. 36. Sparks s Washington, v. 29, 40, 45. 
 Greene s Life of Greene, ii. 100, and Greene s 
 letter in the Correspondence of the Revolution, ii. 
 188. Amory s Sullivan, p. 70. Memoirs of John 
 Trumbull, p. 51. Stuart s Life of Jonathan 
 Trumbull, ch. 32. Williams s Life of Gen. Bar 
 ton, ch. 3. Glover s Orderly-Book in Essex In 
 stitute Collections, v. Major Gibbs s Diary, Aug. 
 5th-30th, in Pennsylvania Archives, vi. J. A. 
 Stevens in Magazine of American History, July, 
 1879. Historical Magazine, iv. 145. Carring- 
 ton s Battles. S. S. Rider s Rhode Island His 
 torical Tracts, No. 6, gives the Centennial Address 
 of S. G. Arnold, and reprints contemporary ac 
 counts, including the German narrative of Max 
 von Eelking. 
 
 English Accounts. The dispatches of Gen. 
 Pigot, etc., in Gentleman s Magazine, Nov. 1778 ; 
 in Dawson s Battles; in Rider s Rhode Island 
 Historical Tracts, No. 6. Stedman s American 
 
196 HEADER S HANDBOOK OF [1778. 
 
 War, ii. ch. 23, 24. A Diary at Newport is in 
 the Historical Magazine, 1860. A loyalist view 
 in Jones s New York in the Revolutionary War, 
 ii. ch. 12. 
 
 Maps. The Massachusetts Historical Society 
 preserves a plan of the campaign ; see its Proceed 
 ings, May, 1865. The Sparks Collection at Har 
 vard College has copies of contemporary French 
 plans. There are contemporary British plans of 
 Newport and Narragansett Bay in the American 
 Atlas, Nos. 17 and 18. The Magazine of Ameri 
 can History, July, 1879, gives fac-similes of Fa- 
 den s Newport plan, 1777, made by Blaskowitz, 
 and also his Narragansett Bay, 1777. The Gen 
 tleman s Magazine, 1778, has a print of the battle 
 of Quaker Hill, Aug. 29th, which is fac-similed in 
 Lossing s Field-Book, ii. p. 83, where is also a 
 map of the campaign ; and others are in Rider s 
 Centennial volume ; in Marshall s Washington, 
 v. ; and in Carrington s Battles. There is a MS. 
 plan of attack in the Faden Collection in the 
 Library of Congress. 
 
 A subsequent British incursion at New Bedford 
 is noted in Ricketson s New Bedford, ch. 22, and 
 in the Appendix to Crapo s Centennial Address, 
 p. 58. 
 
 On Rhode Island s share in the war, at large, 
 see A. B. Gardner s Rhode Island Line in the 
 Continental Army ; B. Cowell s Spirit of Seventy- 
 Six in Rhode Island; W. R. Staples s Rhode 
 
1778.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 197 
 
 Island in the Continental Congress, published by 
 the State in 18TO; G. W. Curtis s Newport, in 
 Harper s Magazine, ix. 289. 
 
 Capture of Savannah, December 29, 1778. 
 
 A naval and military force from New York 
 attacked the small American army defending Sa 
 vannah and defeated it. Dawson s Battles, ch. 
 46. Simms s South Carolina. Stevens s Georgia, 
 ii. 160. Marshall s Washington, iv. 97. Sted- 
 man s American War, ii. ch. 26. 
 
 The Vermont Troubles. 
 
 These were disputes between the governments 
 of New Hampshire and New York as to jurisdic 
 tion over this territory, and the British govern 
 ment endeavored by emissaries to seduce the in 
 habitants of this region from their allegiance to 
 the American cause. New York Documentary 
 History, iv. 329, with map. Dunlap s New York, 
 ii. 217. Belknap s New Hampshire, ii. ch. 26. 
 Williams s History of Vermont. Madison Papers, 
 i. Lossing s Sctmyler, ii. 408. Wells s Samuel 
 Adams, iii. 144. 
 
 Naval Actions, 1778. 
 
 For accounts of the blowing up of the Randolph, 
 March 7th, see Dawson s Battles, Cooper s Naval 
 History, Clark s- Sketches of Naval History. 
 
 Paul Jones s exploits in the Ranger, and his 
 
198 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1778. 
 
 capture of the Drake, are described in the several 
 lives of Jones, and in Parton s Franklin, ii. ch. 8. 
 Dr. Ezra Green s journal of the Ranger s cruise is 
 given in the New England Historical and Genea 
 logical Register, 1875. Cf. Annual Register, xxi. 
 176. Jones s instructions from the Commission 
 ers in France are given in the Diplomatic Corre 
 spondence of the Revolution, i. 361, where are 
 also various other letters. 
 
 Galloway s Letter to Lord Howe on his Naval 
 Conduct, London, 1779, animadverts on his inac 
 tion in face of the inferior force of the colonists, 
 and gives lists of their respective fleets. 
 
 James s Naval History and the Life of Admiral 
 Keppel tell the story of the confronting of the 
 English and French fleets in European waters. 
 
 A diary of the English fleet in the summer of 
 1778 is among the manuscripts of the Percy 
 family, according to the 3d Report, 1872, of the 
 English Historical MSS. Commission. 
 
 The Northwest, 1778-1779. 
 
 Bancroft, x. ch. 8, gives an account of the ex 
 pedition, and of the bearings of this conquest of 
 the northwestern territory, as influencing subse 
 quent control by the United States. Accounts, 
 more or less extended, are given as follows : 
 
 Clark s own account, dated Nov. 19, 1779, has 
 been edited by H. Pirtle, and published by Clarke 
 of Cincinnati in 1869 ; and m the Appendix of 
 
1778.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 199 
 
 this volume will be found Patrick Henry s private 
 and public instructions to Clark, and Bowman s 
 Journal of the Expedition, Jan. 27 to March 20, 
 1779. Stone s Life of Brant, i. ch. 16. Almon s 
 Remembrancer, vi. 82. Dawson s Battles, ch. 40, 
 for the attack on Fort Boone, Aug. 8th-20th. 
 Jefferson s Writings, i. 221, and Randall s Jeffer 
 son, i. 248, 256, 273. Parton s Jefferson, p. 233. 
 Girardin s History of Virginia. Pennsylvania 
 Archives. Butler s Kentucky. Law s Colonial 
 History of Vincennes. Imlay s Western Terri 
 tory. T. M. Smith s Legends of the War of In 
 dependence, Louisville, 1855. G. W. Hill s Cap 
 tivity of Christian Fast, an episode of the Indian 
 invasion of the Northwest, in Beach s Indian Mis 
 cellany. Adventures of Daniel Boone. Dod- 
 dridge s Notes on the Indian Wars. Hecker- 
 welder s Moravian Missions. C. I. Walker s Ad 
 dress on the Northwest in the Revolution, before 
 the Wisconsin Historical Society, 1871. 
 
 There is a sketch of Col. Clark in the Histori 
 cal Magazine, June, 1857 ; another in Lewis Col- 
 lins s Historical Sketches of Kentucky, which is 
 copied in Pirtle s edition of Clark s letter to George 
 Mason. 
 
 Prisoners of "War. 
 
 For the early period of the war there is much 
 illustrative matter in the several volumes of Force s 
 American Archives. The memoirs of various suf- 
 
200 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1778. 
 
 ferers throw light upon prison experiences. Ethan 
 Allen s Narrative of his Captivity. Memoirs of 
 Andrew Sherburne. Adventures of Ebenezer 
 Fox. 
 
 Jersey Prison Ship. Dring s Recollections of 
 the Jersey Prison Ship, ed. by Albert G. Greene, 
 1829, and again by H. B. Dawson, with an App. 
 1865. Thomas Andross s Old Jersey Captive. 
 Dunlap s New York, ii. ch. 10. Prisons and 
 Prison Ships in the Revolution, privately printed, 
 45 copies, New York, 1865. History of the Inter 
 ments at Wallabout, 1808. Harper s Monthly, 
 xxxvii. 187. 
 
 Mrs. Ellet s Domestic History of the Revolu 
 tion, ch. 10, 11. Onderdqnk s Suffolk and Kings 
 Counties. George Taylor s Martyrs to the Rev 
 olution, 1855. Lossing s Field-Book, ii. 865. 
 New York Historical Society s Proceedings, Dec. 
 1861. Historical Magazine, 1866, supplement. 
 Pennsylvania Archives, passim. Moore s Diary 
 of the American Revolution, ii. index. 
 
 An account of the " Fleet Prison " kept by the 
 Americans at Esopus, on the Hudson, is given in 
 Jones s New York in the Revolutionary War, L 
 705/ 
 
 Much about the American prisoners detained 
 in England will be found in the Diplomatic Corre 
 spondence, the letters of Franklin, Lee, and John 
 Adams. Charles Herbert s Relics of the Revolu 
 tion gives experiences in the English prisons. 
 
1778.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 201 
 
 Exchanges of Prisoners. George Bancroft 
 printed, New York, 1862, A Letter on the Ex 
 change of Prisoners during the Revolution. More 
 or less details will be found as follows : Washing 
 ton s Writings, Sj^arks s edition, iv. 547, and gen 
 erally throughout his correspondence ; v. 306 ; vi. 
 508, on the vacillating policy oi! Congress; and vii. 
 3, on the unwillingness of the British to treat on 
 " national grounds." The Gentleman s Magazine, 
 177T, printed the correspondence of Howe and 
 Washington. Irving s Washington, iii. ch. 2. 
 Hamilton s History of the Republic. Graydon s 
 Memoirs, ch. 8. A report of the Commissioners 
 for settling a cartel detailing their unsuccessful 
 negotiations, was printed in Philadelphia, 1779. 
 Jones s New York in the Revolutionary War, i. 
 93, gives a loyalist view. 
 
202 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1779. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1779. 
 
 In General. 
 
 WASHINGTON was in camp at Middlebrook 
 during the winter. living s Washington, iii. 
 Greene s Greene, ii. 160. His views in January 
 are given in a letter to Congress. Sparks, vi. 158. 
 He resolved on a defensive campaign. Bancroft, 
 x. ch. 9. Heath was in command east of the 
 Hudson. Memoirs, p. 205. 
 
 Bancroft, x. ch. 10, summarizes the military 
 movements in the north, and, ch. 13, in the south. 
 Cf. Hildreth, iii. ch. 39. 
 
 The Journals and Secret Journals of Congress 
 and the Diplomatic Correspondence hardly in 
 dicate the infelicitous bickerings of Congress. 
 Greene s Historical View gives sections to Con 
 gress and to the relation of Congress to the States. 
 Bancroft, x. 208. Washington to Mason in the 
 Virginia Historical Register, vol. 96. Greene s 
 Greene, ii. 170, 175. John Adams s Works, i. 292. 
 
 For the riots in Philadelphia, and the efforts to 
 regulate prices, see Reed s Reed, ii. ch. 6. 
 
 For the British rule in New York, see the Me 
 moirs of the Baroness Riedesel ; New York City 
 Manual, 1863; Letters of Major-General James 
 
1779.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 203 
 
 Pattison, a British officer in New York, Jan. 1779- 
 Aug. 1780, in the New York Historical Society s 
 Collections, 1875 ; Memoirs of Lieut. General Sam 
 uel Graham, Edinburgh, 1862, and abstracts in 
 the Historical Magazine, Aug., Sept., Oct., and 
 Nov. 1865. 
 
 Try on in Connecticut, July, 1779. 
 
 Clinton dispatched a plundering expedition un 
 der Tryon, which invaded New Haven and de 
 stroyed Fairfield. Part of the plan was to draw 
 Washington from the Highland fastnesses. 
 
 Hinman s Historical Collections of the part 
 sustained by Connecticut in the Revolution. 
 Stuart s Life of Jonathan Trumbull, ch. 37. 
 Chauncey Goodrich on the invasion of New Ha 
 ven in the New Haven Historical Society s Col 
 lections, ii. 27. Moore s Diary of the Revolution, 
 ii. 180. Ithiel Town s Particular Services, a 
 British account. For the destruction of Fairfield, 
 Massachusetts Historical Society s Collections, n 
 103. Diplomatic Correspondence, ii. 2 
 Committee of Foreign Affairs to Lee, and, iii. 99, 
 for Lovell to Franklin. 
 
 Wayne at Stony Point, July 16, 1779. 
 
 The defenses at this post and on the opposite 
 side of the Hudson were the outworks of West 
 Point, and protected King s Ferry, the cross 
 ing below the Highlands. Before the Americans 
 
204 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1779. 
 
 had completed them, Clinton captured them in 
 June. Sparks s Washington, vi. 292. Washing 
 ton planned a surprise of the British garrison, 
 and intrusted the execution to Wayne. Arm 
 strong s Life of Wayne. 
 
 The contemporary accounts of his brilliant suc 
 cess will be found in Washington s letter to Con 
 gress, Sparks, vi. 298, and Wayne s account in 
 the Appendix of the same volume. Moore s 
 Diary, ii. 192. Pennsylvania Archives, vii. 
 
 Dawson has a special monograph on the assault, 
 and gives a chapter to it in his Battles of the 
 United States. 
 
 Marshall s Washington, iv. ch. 2. Irving s 
 Washington, iii. 465. Lossing s Field-Book, ii. 
 175. Hull s Revolutionary Services, ch. 16. 
 Reed s Joseph Reed, ii. 110. Harper s Monthly, 
 July, 18T9, by H. P. Johnston. 
 
 Steuben was interested as testing his bayonet 
 instructions. Kapp s Steuben, ch. 11. Greene s 
 review of Kapp in North American Review, vol. 
 xcix. an article reprinted in Greene s German 
 Element in the War of Independence. Eberling s 
 account of Steuben in the Amerikanisches Maga- 
 zin, 1796. J. C. Hamilton s Republic of the 
 United States, i. 443. 
 
 At the Centennial Celebration, July 16, 1879, 
 Gen. Jos. Hawley delivered an historical address. 
 
 Maps. Faden s English plan, showing also 
 the works at Verplanck s Point, after surveys by 
 
J779.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 205 
 
 Simpson and Campbell, by John Hills, published 
 in London, March 1, 1784, is fac-similed in the 
 New York Calendar of Hist. MSS. p. 347. The 
 MS. plans used in the attack are in the Sparks 
 Collection in Harvard College Library. Other 
 plans are in the atlas of Guizot s Washington ; in 
 Hull s Revolutionary Services, ch. 16 ; in Sparks s 
 Washington, vi. 304. 
 
 For an account of the medal given to Wayne 
 see Loubat s Medallic History of the United 
 States, where are also described the medals given 
 to Lieut. Col. De Fleury and Major Stewart for 
 good conduct in the assault. 
 
 Paulus Hook, August 19, 1779. 
 
 This was a brilliant advance, attack, and retreat 
 by Major Lee. This British post was where Jer 
 sey City now stands. See the general histories; 
 Marshall s Washington, iv. 87 ; Irving s Washing 
 ton, iii. 475 ; Dawson s Battles ; Quincy s Shaw, 
 p. 65; Reed s Joseph Reed, ii. 125; Duer s Stir 
 ling, p. 204; Moore s Diary, ii. 206; and S. A. 
 Green s paper in the Historical Magazine, Dec. 
 1868. 
 
 An account of the medal given to Major Lee 
 is in Loubat s Medallic History of the United 
 States. 
 
 The Neutral Ground. 
 
 This was the country in Westchester County 
 between the outposts of the British and American 
 
206 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1779. 
 
 lines. See the general histories, Irving s Wash 
 ington, histories of New York, and Bolton s West- 
 chester. For the interval of Burr s command see 
 Parton s Burr, ch. viii., and Davis s Burr. 
 
 Events that took place here are fashioned into 
 the substance of Cooper s novel, The Spy ; and 
 H. L. Barnum s Spy Unmasked collates the nov 
 elist s story with actual occurrences. See other 
 imaginative renderings in Roe s Near to Nature s 
 Heart, Gleig s Day on the Neutral Ground in his 
 Chelsea Pensioners, etc. 
 
 Sullivan s Expedition against the Indians, July Septem 
 ber, 1779. 
 
 Stone s Life of Brant, i., gives a full account of 
 the Indian depredations in the spring and early 
 summer. Washington had early given his atten 
 tion to some plan of chastising the Indians, in 
 retaliation for their incursions into Wyoming and 
 Cherry Valley. Sparks, vi. 183. His instruc 
 tions to Sullivan are in Sparks, vi. 264, and His 
 torical Magazine, Sept. 1867. Sullivan s com 
 ments in Sparks s Correspondence of the Revolu 
 tion, ii. 264. 
 
 Gordon is unfriendly to Sullivan in his account. 
 Bancroft s strictures are noticed in T. C. Amory s 
 Military Services of Gen. John Sullivan, p. 97. 
 
 Accounts of greater or less fullness may be 
 found in O. W. B. Peabody s Life of Sullivan ; 
 Stone s Life of Brant ; Marshall s Washington, 
 
1779.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIO^l 207 
 
 iv. 105 ; and tetters of Washington in Sparks s 
 edition, and in the Magazine of American His 
 tory, Feb. 18T9, p. 142 ; F. Moore s Correspond 
 ence of Henry Laurens,. and his Diary of the 
 Revolution, ii. 216 ; Pennsylvania Archives, vii. ; 
 Historical Magazine, Aug. and Sept. 1862, and 
 by N. Davis, April, 1868; Stuart s Jonathan 
 Trumbu.ll; Lossing s Field-Book, i. 272; Hamil 
 ton s Republic, i. 543 ; McSherry s Maryland, 
 p. 14 ; Miner s Wyoming ; Campbell s Annals of 
 Tryon County, ch. 6 ; Seaver s Life of Mary Jemi- 
 son, p. 278 ; and a little notice of the Campaign, 
 printed at Rochester, 1842. 
 
 There are. several other contemporary records : 
 Bleeker s orderly-book of Gen. James Clinton s 
 brigade, printed 1865, edited by F. B. Hough. 
 Major Norris s journal in Jones s New York in the 
 Revolutionary War, ii. 613, notes. Barton and 
 Elmer s diary in New Jersey Historical Society s 
 Proceedings, ii. Jabez Campfield s diary, in the 
 same, 2d series, iii. 1873, covering May 23-Oct. 
 2, 1779. Gookin s, in the New England Histori 
 cal and Genealogical Register, Jan. 1862. Hub- 
 ley s, in Miner s Wyoming, Appendix, p. 82. Rev. 
 Wm. Rogers s, with introduction and notes by 
 S. S. Rider, and map of the campaign. 
 
 Gen. Sullivan after this left the army and sat 
 in Congress for New Hampshire. His character 
 has been the subject of controversy between Ban 
 croft and T. C. Amory, the former alleging that 
 
208 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1779. 
 
 Sullivan was a pensioner of Luzerne, the French 
 minister. Amory s reply was entitled, General 
 Sullivan not a Pensioner of Luzerne. Bancroft 
 published in response the letter on which his 
 charge was founded. Cf. Massachusetts Histori 
 cal Society s Proceedings, Dec. 1866; Historical 
 Magazine, Supplement vi. of 1866. An account 
 of Sullivan and his genealogy is given in the New 
 England Historical and Genealogical Register, 
 Oct. 1865. 
 
 The Penobscot Expedition, August and September, 1779. 
 
 Massachusetts fitted out an armament, the land 
 forces under General Lovell, and the fleet under 
 Commodore Saltonstall, to dislodge the British 
 from the Penobscot region. A British reinforce 
 ment sent from New York shut the Americans up 
 within the bay, and their whole force was destroyed 
 or scattered. 
 
 Accounts more or less full are found as follows : 
 John Calef s Siege of Penobscot, with Journals, 
 London, 1781 ; this and other documents are re 
 printed in Wheeler s Pentagoet (Castine), ch. 5 
 and 6. Williamson s Maine, ii. 471. William 
 son s Belfast, ch. 12. Willis s Portland, ch. 19. 
 Various other local histories detail the connection 
 of separate sections with the expedition. Barry s 
 Massachusetts, iii. ch. 14. Bradford s Massachu 
 setts. Thomas Philbrook s Account in B. Cowell s 
 Spirit of Seventy-Six in Rhode Island. Thacher s 
 
1779.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 209 
 
 Military Journal, p. 166. Heath s Memoirs, p. 
 235. Sparks s Correspondence of the Revolution, 
 ii. 460. Ithiel Town s Particular Services. Bos 
 ton Gazette, March 18, 25, April 1 and 8, 1782. 
 Peniberton s Journal, in Massachusetts Historical 
 Society s Collections, ii. 172. Journal of the 
 Attack on his Majesty s Ships and Troops, July 
 24th, 1779, from the Nova Scotia Gazette, Sept. 
 14, 1779, reprinted in the Maine Historical Soci 
 ety s Collections, vii. 
 
 Maps. In Calef s Siege of Penobscot, and in 
 Wheeler s Pentagoet. 
 
 Briar Creek, March, 1779. 
 
 For movements in the spring in Georgia, see 
 Stevens s Georgia, ii. 180 ; Moore s Diary, ii. 138 ; 
 Lossing s Field-Book, ii. 
 
 Siege of Savannah, September 23 October 18, 1779. 
 
 Lincoln had been in command of the Southern 
 department since Dec. 1778. Sparks s Corre 
 spondence of the Revolution, ii. 241. D Estaing 
 with a French fleet approached the town by water, 
 and Lincoln marched from Charleston to invest it 
 by land. An assault failed. The fleet went to the 
 West Indies ; the army returned to Charleston. 
 
 Contemporary Accounts. Two Journals of 
 officers of the fleet, edited by C. C. Jones, Jr., and 
 published in folio. A Narrative of the combined 
 attack, edited with notes, by F. B. Hough. Col. 
 
 14 
 
210 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1779. 
 
 Crnger s narrative in the Magazine of American 
 History, Aug. 1878. Maj. Gen. Provost s Jour 
 nal of the Siege in Gentleman s Magazine, 1779, 
 p. 633. Original papers in the Historical Maga 
 zine, Jan. and Sept. 1864. A Journal in Frank 
 Moore s Correspondence of Henry Laurens. Caro 
 line Gilman s Letters of Eliza Wilkinson. Moore s 
 Diary, ii. 221. 
 
 D Estaing s orders are in the Magazine of Amer 
 ican History, Sept. 1878. 
 
 Later Accounts. Lee s Memoirs of the War, 
 ch. 12. Moultrie s Memoirs of the American 
 Revolution. Simms s South Carolina. Bowen s 
 Life of General Lincoln. Lossing s Field-Book, 
 ii. 736. Carrington s Battles, ch. 61. Stevens s 
 Georgia, ii. 200. Flanders s Life of Rutledge. 
 
 British Accounts. In Stedman s American 
 War, ii. ch. 30, and in the English general his 
 tories. 
 
 Pulaski. This general was mortally wounded 
 in the assault. See Sparks s Life of Pulaski, and 
 his North American Review articles, vol. xx. and 
 xxiii. The account of Pulaski in Johnson s 
 Greene, brought out a vindication of Pulaski by 
 Col. Bentalou, 1824, which was noticed by Sparks 
 in the North American Review, No. 47, which led 
 to Remarks, etc., by Johnson, in rejoinder. 
 
 Maps. In Stedman s American War ; Jones s 
 ed. of the contemporary Journals ; Carrington s 
 Battles ; Lossing s Field-Book, ii. 736. Moore s 
 
1779.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 211 
 
 Diary of the Revolution, ii. 221. Two contem 
 porary French MS. plans, one showing more of 
 the country around than the other, are in the 
 Boston Public Library, described in Dufosse" s 
 Americana, 1879. Dr. S. A. Green of Boston 
 has another French MS. plan. 
 
 Paul Jones in British "Waters, August and September, 1779. 
 
 Correspondence of Franklin and Jones will be 
 found in Franklin s Works, viii. See letters in the 
 Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical So 
 ciety, Oct. 1872. Cooper in his Naval History 
 takes a favorable view of Jones s character. Daw- 
 son in his Battles, vol. i., gives a full collated nar 
 rative of the action between the Bon Homme 
 Richard and the Serapis, Sept. 23d. Compare 
 Peter Landais s account in his Memorial, printed 
 in Boston in 1784, justifying his conduct, which 
 gives a plan of the action. See also Parton s 
 Franklin, ii. ch. 8; Preble s "Three Historic 
 Flags " in the New England Historical and Genea- 
 6 logical Register, Jan. 1874 ; Headley s Miscella 
 nies, ii. 
 
 A British view is taken in Allen s Battles of 
 the British Navy, and in the English histories. 
 For the effect in England of his exploits, see Al- 
 bemarle s Rockingham and his Contemporaries, ii. 
 
 381. 
 
 Of the monographs on Jones, Sherburne, who 
 had access to the archives of the United States 
 
212 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1779. 
 
 government, and possessed some of Jones s private 
 papers, particularly his correspondence with La 
 Fayette and Jefferson, published the earliest au 
 thoritative life, in 1825. Five years later, a life 
 was published in Edinburgh, based upon Jones s 
 log-books and family papers, which was decidedly 
 English in tone, and the papers used by its author, 
 being shortly after brought to this country, Robert 
 Sands had use of them and others, in preparing 
 his memoir ; while in 1840, Mackenzie made the 
 most readable narrative of all, by sifting the ma 
 terial of his predecessors. A more popular life is 
 that by J. S. C. Abbott. S. P. Waldo printed a 
 sketch of Jones in his American Naval Heroes, 
 fifty years ago. See Lossing s illustrated paper 
 in Harper s Monthly, xi. 145 ; and " Paul Jones 
 and Denis Duval " in Hale s Ingham Papers, or 
 the Atlantic Monthly, Oct. 1864 ; and in this last 
 connection see Thackeray s Denis Duval with the 
 notes appended. See a reactionary British view 
 of Jones, in All the Year Round, 1870, or No. 
 1353 of Living Age, and a biographical account 
 Fraser, April 1878. 
 
 Jones figures in Cooper s Pilot and in other 
 tales by A. Cunningham and T. Miigge. Dumas s 
 Le Capitaine Paul, is a sequel to Cooper s Pilot. 
 See also Herman Melville s Israel Potter. 
 
 An account of the medal struck in Jones s 
 honor, for his action with the Serapis, is given in 
 Loubat s Medallic History of the United States. 
 
1779.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 213 
 
 Foreign Relations, 1779-1780. 
 
 The unhappy differences between Franklin and 
 Lee and Izard still went on. Lives of Franklin 
 by Sparks, i. ch. 11 and Works, viii. 444, and by 
 Parton, ii. 379. John Adams s opinion of Franklin 
 is given in Works, i. 319. Samuel Adams held 
 a good opinion of Lee. Wells s Samuel Adams, 
 iii. 120. Correspondence of Ralph Izard, edited 
 by his daughter Mrs. Deas, one volume only pub 
 lished. 
 
 To put a stop to these disturbances, La Fayette, 
 in Feb. 1779, carried over a commission to Frank 
 lin, as sole minister plenipotentiary, when Adams 
 returned to America. Diplomatic Correspondence, 
 iv. 307. Lee still filled his position as agent to 
 Spain. 
 
 Congress was occupied with baffling the schemes 
 of France which were aimed to secure a general 
 peace, at the price of curtailing the limits of the 
 United States westward, and giving up the nav 
 igation of the Mississippi to Spain. Bancroft, 
 x. 349. Sectional differences resulted in a com 
 promise, by which John Adams was appointed a 
 commissioner to negotiate with Great Britain, and 
 John Jay with Spain, thus terminating Lee s 
 agency. The agitation which produced this re 
 sult can be traced in the following : Life of John 
 Adams, ch. 6, where the policy of France is repre 
 sented as entirely selfish ; also his diary in Works, 
 
214 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1779- 
 
 iii. 186, 229, 259 ; his official correspondence, vii. 
 119, 120, 139, etc., which is full on the European 
 complications ; his private letters, ix. 476. C. 
 F. Adams thinks the French translator of Botta 
 had access to Gerard s papers. Adams s com 
 mission and instructions are given in the Diplo 
 matic Correspondence, iv. 339, and his letters are 
 continued in vol. v. arid in his Correspondence 
 with Mercy Warren, Massachusetts Historical 
 Society s Collections, 5th series, iv. 378. Cf. 
 Parton s Franklin, ii. 394 ; Bancroft, x. 442. 
 
 For Jay s instructions and the question of the 
 free navigation of the Mississippi, see Rives s 
 Madison, i. ch. 6 and 8; Madison s Debates and 
 Correspondence, i. App. ; Writings, iv. 441 ; 
 Jay s Life of Jay ; Niles s Register, 1822 ; Ban 
 croft, x. ch. 8 and 9 ; and for his letters to Con 
 gress, the Diplomatic Correspondence, vii. 171 
 and viii. (1781) ; Francis Dana s correspondence 
 from St. Petersburg, begins Aug. 1780, in Diplo 
 matic Correspondence, viii. 239. 
 
 Lossing gives a summary of these diplomatic 
 mano3uvres, in his Field-Book, ii. supplement. 
 Condorcet, QEuvres, viii., gives a view of the in 
 fluence of the Revolution in Europe. Cf. Cape- 
 figue s Louis XVI. and contrast with Bancroft, x. 
 ch. 11 and 12. 
 
 For the combination of the northern powers in 
 an Armed Neutrality, 1778-1780, to protect them 
 selves against British interruptions of their trade, 
 
1780.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 215 
 
 see Bancroft, x. ch. 12 and 20 ; Anderson s His 
 tory of Commerce, ed. of 1790, vi. 362; note 
 in Thornton s Pulpit of the Revolution, 457 ; 
 Wells s Samuel Adams, iii. 109. 
 
 Bancroft, x. ch. 11, summarizes the abortive 
 naval movements of France and Spain against 
 England. Adams sent to Congress, 1780, a state 
 ment of Great Britain s naval losses since the be 
 ginning of the war. Diplomatic Correspondence, 
 iv. 483 ; v. 234. 
 
 Adolphus, History of England, iii. ch. 40, points 
 out the complications of England with the other 
 powers. Cf. Stanhope, the Pictorial History and 
 other general histories. The view of the expa 
 triated loyalists are given in Curwen s Journal, 
 and in Reminiscences of an American Loyalist, in 
 Notes and Queries, 1876. The year was fertile in 
 political tracts. A Short History of the Opposi 
 tion was followed by Observations on the same, 
 and again by a Defence. 
 
 The King and ministry made fresh efforts, 1780, 
 to bring about a union with the opposition. Me 
 moirs and Correspondence of Fox, i. 251. Wai- 
 pole s Last Journals, ii. 422. Donne s Corre 
 spondence of George III. with Lord North, ii. 327. 
 Stanhope s England, vii. 73. 
 
 Henry Laurens, late president of Congress, was 
 sent to Europe, armed with credentials for con 
 cluding a treaty of alliance with the Netherlands. 
 His instructions are given in the Diplomatic 
 
216 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1779- 
 
 Correspondence, ii. 453. The British captured 
 him at sea, and securing his papers, discovered the 
 complicity of the Netherlands, and declared war 
 Dec. 20, 1780, against that country. Diplomatic 
 Correspondence, ii. 461, v. 367. Donne s Corre 
 spondence of George III. with Lord North, ii. 350. 
 Fitzmaurice s Shelburne, iii. ch. 3. Massey s Eng 
 land, ii. 382. Stanhope s England, vii. 81. Adol- 
 phus s England, iii. 221. 
 
 Laurens was confined in the Tower. South 
 Carolina Historical Collections, i. Parton s Frank 
 lin, ii. 405. 
 
 John Adams s letters to the Dutch jurist, Cal- 
 koen, 1780, on the present state of affairs in 
 America, were printed by Adams in London, 
 1786; reprinted, New York, 1789, and in the 
 Correspondence of the late President Adams, 
 Boston, 1809, and in Adams s Works, vii. 265. 
 
 Winter, 1779-1780. 
 
 This was an exceptionally severe winter. Jones s 
 New York in the Revolution, i. 320 ; Greene s 
 Greene, ii. 184 ; Leake s Lamb ; Almon s Remem 
 brancer, ix. 
 
 In December Clinton went south with a force 
 for the capture of Charleston, leaving Knyphausen 
 in command in New York. The river froze, but 
 Washington was unable to take advantage of this 
 natural bridge into the town, on account of the 
 weakness and destitution of his troops, now hutted 
 
1780.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 217 
 
 at Morristown. An Orderly-Book of Capt. Parker 
 at Morristown, is in the New York Historical 
 Society s Cabinet. See Irving s Washington, iv. 
 ch. 1 and 4 ; J. F. Tuttle s Washington in Morris 
 County, in Historical Magazine, June, 1871, p. 
 364 ; and Washington at Morristown, in Harper s 
 Monthly, Feb. 1851, also Lossing s Field-Book, ii. 
 Some account of the suffering of the troops will be 
 found in Thacher s Military Journal. 
 
 Washington sent an unsuccessful expedition to 
 Staten Island. Life of Pickering, i. ch. 17. Rev 
 olutionary Correspondence in Rhode Island His 
 torical Society s Collections, p. 257. Historical 
 Magazine, i. 104. 
 
 Bret Harte s Thankful Blossom is a tale of the 
 Jerseys in 1779. 
 
218 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1780. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1780. 
 
 The Southern Campaigns in General. 
 
 UNABLE to make progress in the north, the 
 British transferred the seat of war to the south, 
 where the finally decisive conflicts of the war were 
 fought, often hardly more than skirmishes as re 
 gards numbers, but exerting a determinate influ 
 ence on the progress of political events. 
 
 / Ramsay s American Revolution is the one, 
 more particularly of the general histories, to serve 
 the reader. Cf. Bancroft, x., and Hildreth, iii. 
 ch. 40 and 41. 
 
 American Accounts. Moultrie s Memoirs of 
 the American War. Joseph Johnson s Tradi 
 tions and Reminiscences of the American Revolu 
 tion in the South, particularly concerns the upper 
 country. Garden s Anecdotes of the Revolution 
 ary War. Caruther s Revolutionary Incidents in 
 the Old North State. Graham s Lecture, on the 
 invasion of North Carolina in 1780-1781, is in 
 W. D. Cookers Revolutionary History of North 
 Carolina. McRee s Life of Iredell, ch. 13. R. 
 W. Gibbs s Documentary History of the Amer 
 ican Revolution, 1776-1782, and another volume, 
 1781-1782, chiefly concerns events in South Caro- 
 
1780.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 219 
 
 lina. W. G. Simms s South Carolina in the Rev 
 olutionary War. Johnson s Life of Greene. 
 
 G. W. Greene, in his Life of Nathanael Greene, 
 iii. ch. 1, gives a description of the country and 
 its inhabitants ; and in ch. 2 he begins a review 
 of events previous to the arrival of Gen. Greene. 
 
 Partisan Leaders. The lives of Morgan, 
 Sumter, Marion, and others, are sketched by 
 Greene in the 7th ch. of his Life of Greene. 
 Other accounts are in the Appendix of Lee s 
 Memoirs of the War ; and in C. B. Hartley s 
 Heroes and Patriots of the South. There is a 
 life of Morgan by Graham, and chapters on him 
 in Custis s Recollections of Washington, and in 
 Headley s Washington and his Generals. Sum 
 ter is depicted in Irving s Washington, iv. ch. 8. 
 Lives of Marion have been written by Weems, 
 Simms, and James; and Lossing has a paper on 
 him in Harper s Monthly, xvii. 
 
 See a journal in the southern department given 
 in the Historical Magazine, April, 1867 ; and in 
 Parton s Life of Andrew Jackson, ch. 5 and 6, 
 there is a picture of family vicissitudes in the 
 Carolinas during this period. 
 
 British Accounts. Col. Tarleton s Campaign 
 of 1780-1781, London, 1787. Roderick Macken 
 zie published the same year in London, 1787, 
 Strictures on Tarleton s Narrative, defending Corn- 
 wallis. Stedman s American War accuses Tarle- 
 ton of misstatement and exaggeration. Stanhope 
 
220 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1780. 
 
 and the other general histories. See also the 
 Cornwallis Correspondence, i., for much in illus 
 tration. 
 
 Loyalists. The narrative of Col. David Fan 
 ning, a tory in North Carolina, was privately 
 printed at Richmond, in 1861. He practiced bar 
 barities on the whigs. See the paper on a Caro 
 lina loyalist in Col. Chesney s Military and Biog 
 raphical Essays. 
 
 Maps. The American Atlas, by Mouzon and 
 others. Political Magazine, London, Nov. 1780. 
 Milliard d Auberteuil s Essais, ii. Marshall s 
 Washington, atlas. Greene s Life of Greene, iii. 
 Johnson s Life of Greene, ii. Carrington s Bat 
 tles. Ridpath s United States, p. 342. 
 
 Tarleton gives a large map, showing the 
 marches of his legion, and of the army of Corn 
 wallis. Faden published in 1787 a map of Corn- 
 wallis s marches. 
 
 Collet, governor of Fort Johnson, made a map 
 of North Carolina, which was published in Lon 
 don in 1770. 
 
 A large map of South Carolina and adjacent 
 parts is given in Ramsay s Revolution in South 
 Carolina. Cook s Province of South Carolina, 
 engraved by Bowen, was published in 1773. 
 
 A large map of South Carolina and Georgia, 
 made by Bull, Gascoigne, Bryan, and De Brahm, 
 was published in 1777, both in London and in 
 Paris; and, with additional surveys by Stuart, 
 was reissued in London by Faden in 1780. 
 
1780.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 221 
 
 Archibald Campbell s Northern Frontiers of 
 Georgia was published by Faden in 1780. 
 
 Siege of Charleston, March May, 1780. 
 
 Arbuthnot with the English fleet, and Clinton 
 with the army, advancing from Savannah, gradu 
 ally inclosed Lincoln and the American army 
 within the defenses of Charleston. 
 
 There is a monograph on the siege by F. B. 
 Ho-ugh. See also Bancroft, x. ch. 13 and 14; 
 Simms s South Carolina in the Revolution ; Mar 
 shall s Washington, iv. 135 ; Irving s Washington, 
 iv. ch. 3 and 5 ; Tarleton s History of the Cam 
 paigns of 1780-1781; Moore s Diary, ii. 269; 
 A Journal of the Siege in the Proceedings of the 
 New Jersey Historical Society, ii. ; Carrington s 
 Battles of the American Revolution, ch. 63 ; Mas 
 sachusetts Historical Society s Collections, 2d se 
 ries, iii., on Lincoln ; Bowen s Life of Gen. Lin 
 coln ; and Lincoln s letters in Sparks s Corre 
 spondence of the Revolution, ii. 401, etc., as 
 well as others from Woodford, Col. Laurens, etc. ; 
 Dawson s Battles; Sargent s Andre", p. 225 ; 
 Moultrie s Memoirs of the American War, ii. 65 ; . 
 Ramsay s Revolution in South Carolina; Flan- 
 ders s Life of Rutledge. The British gazetted 
 account is in Gentleman s Magazine, June, 1780. 
 For the political significance of this southern 
 movement of the British, see Sparks s Washing 
 ton, vii. 92. 
 
222 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1780. 
 
 Charleston in 1774 is described by an English 
 traveler in the Historical Magazine, Nov. 1865, 
 and Faden published views of Charleston in 1776, 
 drawn by Lieut. Col. Thomas James. 
 
 The tory ascendency in South Carolina at this 
 time is depicted in J. P. Kennedy s Horseshoe 
 Robinson, a novel. 
 
 Maps. An English MS. map of the siege is 
 in the Faden Collection in the Library of Con 
 gress. Faden published a plan of the town and 
 environs in 1780. A MS. plan of Charleston, by 
 Cowley, 1781, is in Harvard College Library. 
 See Ramsay s Revolution in South Carolina ; 
 Johnson s American Revolution in the South ; 
 Stedman s American War, ii. ch. 33, similar, 
 but not the same with the one published London, 
 March 1, 1787 ; Marshall s Washington, atlas ; 
 Lossing s Field-Book, ii. 765 ; Gordon s American 
 Revolution, iii. and iv., for a map of the campaign ; 
 Moore s Diary of the American Revolution, ii. 
 258. 
 
 Waxhaws, May 29, 1780. 
 
 A defeat and massacre of Buford s regiment by 
 the legion of Tarleton, who was sent out by Clin 
 ton after the capture of Charleston. See Dawson, 
 Lossing, and, on the English side, Tarleton s Cam 
 paigns. 
 
 Ramsour Mills, June 20, 1780. 
 
 A deadly encounter in North Carolina between 
 whigs and tories. See Historical Magazine, July, 
 
1780.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 223 
 
 1867, beside scanty accounts in some of the gen 
 eral histories, etc. 
 
 Springfield, New Jersey, June, 1780. 
 
 The British in New York, getting tidings of an 
 insurrection in the American camp in the Jer 
 seys, caused by want of pay, made an incursion 
 into that State. Histories of New Jersey. Ban 
 croft, x. ch. 18. Marshall s Washington. Gor 
 don s American Revolution, iii. 368. Historical 
 Magazine, i. 104. Irving s Washington, iv. 6. 
 Carrington s Battles, p. 502. Sparks s Washing 
 ton, vii. 75. Lossing s Field-Book, i. 322. Greene s 
 Greene, ii., and Greene s letters in Sparks s Wash 
 ington, vii. 506. 
 
 A tory view is given in Moore s Diary, ii. 285. 
 A Journal of a British officer in New York, and 
 in these excursions, Aug. 1779 to Nov. 1780, is 
 in the Historical Magazine, i. 103. Simcoe s 
 Queen s Rangers. The court-martial of Colonel 
 Cosmo Gordon, a British officer, for neglect of 
 duty in the action, was printed in London in 1783, 
 and gives some details. 
 
 Maps. Faden published, April 12, 1784, a 
 plan by John Hills, showing the British forces at 
 Elizabethtown Point, after their return from Con 
 necticut Farms, June 8th, giving also the works 
 erected to protect the army while passing to Stat- 
 en Island, June 23, 1780. Later maps are in 
 Carrington and Lossing. 
 
224 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1780. 
 
 Bull s Ferry, July 21, 1780. 
 
 This was an effectual attempt by Gen. Wayne 
 to assault a blockhouse (near Fort Lee, on the 
 Hudson) garrisoned by refugees. Life of Wayne. 
 Sparks s Washington, vii. 116 ; Sparks s Corre 
 spondence of the Revolution, iii. 34, 37. Sar 
 gent s Life of Andre*, who wrote in derision his 
 doggerel of " The Cow Chase," part of Wayne s 
 project being to gather cattle from the neighbor 
 hood. Lossing s Field-Book. 
 
 Summer, 1780. 
 
 During the inactivity of the northern army 
 Steuben exerted himself to reorganize the forces. 
 Kapp s Steuben, ch. 12-15. Chastellux gives an 
 account of camp life. Irving s Washington, iv. 
 ch. 13. 
 
 The British Government erected Maine into a 
 province called New Ireland, to serve as a foil to 
 the new Commonwealth of Massachusetts, now 
 reorganized under a new constitution. Bancroft, 
 x. 368. Barry s Massachusetts. Maine Histori 
 cal Society s Collections, vii. The efforts which, 
 before this, had been made to protect the frontier 
 by the force under Col. John Allan are described 
 in F. Kidder s Military Operations in Eastern 
 Maine and Nova Scotia. Cf. Journal of the Ship 
 Hunter in Historical Magazine, viii. 51, and Ithiel 
 Town s Particular Services, etc. 
 
1780.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 225 
 
 In June martial law was declared in Pennsyl 
 vania to meet the emergencies of the time. Reed s 
 Reed, ii. 208. 
 
 In July President Reed addressed Washington 
 a long letter on the condition of affairs, which is in 
 Sparks s Correspondence of the Revolution, iii. lo. 
 
 Washington s vigorous letter to Congress, in 
 August, on the evils which, through the war, had 
 arisen from short enlistments and the temporizing 
 action of that body, and the want of uniform and 
 concerted action by the States, indicates the wiser 
 feelings of the patriots. Sparks s Washington, vii. 
 156. 
 
 A number of Washington s letters, 1780-1781, 
 are printed in the Magazine of American History, 
 Aug. 1879. 
 
 In August there was a convention of delegates 
 from the several States to advise on a vigorous 
 prosecution of the war, and to provide a generous 
 reception for the French allies. The original MS. 
 of their proceedings has been edited by F. B. 
 Hough, Albany, 1867. 
 
 The French Auxiliaries, 1780. 
 
 Lafayette gives Washington an account of Hs 
 efforts to induce the French government to send 
 troops and a fleet to America. Sparks s Wash 
 ington, vii. 477. Lafayette s own arrival her 
 alded their coming. Memoirs of Lafayette. J. C. 
 Hamilton s Republic, ii. 15. The measures taken 
 
 15 
 
226 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1780. 
 
 by Washington in anticipation of their arrival are 
 detailed in Sparks, vii. Heath, July 12th, in 
 forms Washington of the fleet s arrival. Sparks s 
 Correspondence of the Revolution, iii. 12. Heath s 
 Memoirs, p. 243. Irving s Washington, iv. ch. 7. 
 Washington s first letter to Rochambeau, July 
 16th, is in Sparks, vii. 110, and in App. No. 4 is 
 Rochambeau s reply, where is also Lafayette s 
 report of his interview with the French com 
 mander, held by Washington s direction. 
 
 The French took post in Newport harbor, where 
 they were blockaded by the English fleet. 
 
 Contemporary Accounts. Rochambeau s Me*- 
 moires, and his account in Walsh s American 
 Register, ii. Letters of an aid of Rochambeau, 
 written from Newport, Aug.-Dec. 1780, in the 
 Magazine of American History, May 1879, etc. 
 Letters in Rhode Island Colonial Records, ix. 
 Luzerne s letter in Diplomatic Correspondence, x. 
 Marquis de Chastellux s Voyage de Newport a 
 Philadelphie, printed on board the French fleet in 
 Newport harbor, and afterwards published in his 
 Voyage dans 1 Ame rique Septentrionale. (Cf. 
 Bibliographical Contributions of Harvard College 
 Library, No. 6 ; the Sumner Collection, p. 8.) 
 Count Segur s Me*moires. Me*moires du Due de 
 Lauzun. The New Travels of the Abbe Robin, 
 the Chaplain. The Journal of Deuxponts, 1780- 
 1781, brought to light and edited by Dr. Samuel 
 A. Green, in French and English. An English 
 
1780.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 227 
 
 version of the Journal of Claude Blanchard, a 
 commissary of the French army, which gives 
 daily experiences. (Cf. Revue militaire franchise, 
 new series, in., and vol. ii., for 1870.) There 
 was printed at Amsterdam in 1783, another 
 French narrative, Journal d un officier de Parmde 
 navale en Amerique, en 1781-1782. New Eng 
 land Historical and Genealogical Register, Oct. 
 1873, p. 409. 
 
 G-eneral Accounts of the French Participation 
 in the War. Leboucher s^Histoire de la guerre 
 de Tinde pendance des Etats Unis. Thomas 
 Balch s Les Fran$ais en Amerique, 1872, covering 
 1777-1783. Cf. Tuckerman s America and her 
 Commentators, ch. 3. 
 
 Clinton s purpose to attack the French at New 
 port was thwarted partly by want of harmony 
 between him and the British admiral, and partly 
 by Washington s movements about New York. 
 Sparks s Washington, vii. 130, 137, and the gen 
 eral histories ; Irving s Washington. Cf. Jones s 
 New York in the Revolutionary War, i. 358, etc. 
 
 For the subsequent plan of a concerted attack 
 on New York, see Sparks s Washington, vii. 171, 
 and App. No. 6 ; Memoires de Rochambeau, and 
 the general works. The English blockaded the 
 second division of the French fleet at Brest, and 
 this caused, in August, the final abandonment of 
 the plan. The next month, September, Washing 
 ton met Rochambeau at Hartford to devise further 
 
228 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1780. 
 
 methods of cooperation. Irving s Washington. 
 J. C. Hamilton s Republic of the United States, 
 ii. 49. 
 
 Maps. The Political Magazine, London, 1780, 
 has a map of Rhode Island and surrounding 
 waters, showing the station of Admiral Arbuth- 
 not in blockading Admiral Ternay. 
 
 Charles Blaskowitz s chart of Narragansett Bay 
 and his plan of Newport were engraved by Faden 
 in 1777 ; and Almon published the same year a 
 map of Rhode Island, engraved by Lodge. 
 
 Gates in Command, June, 1780. 
 
 Gates. was sent to take command of the south 
 ern army in June. Washington, in a letter to 
 the President of Congress, traces the growth of 
 Gates s sinister feelings towards him. Sparks, 
 vi. 214. See the general histories, the lives of 
 Gates, and G. W. Greene s summary in his Life 
 of N. Greene, iii. 17. The chief original authority 
 for Gates s campaign is the Narrative of Otho 
 Williams, first published in Johnson s Life of 
 Greene. It is valuable, though controversial in 
 character. Lee s Memoirs of the War, ch. 18. 
 The Letter on Gates s Campaign, published in 
 1822, by Gen. Thomas Pinckney, who was aid to 
 Gates. Lives of Washington by Marshall, iv. 
 169, and by Irving, iv. ch. 8. 
 
1780.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 229 
 
 Camden, August 16, 1780. 
 
 Gates was confronted by Cornwallis at Camden, 
 and the American army was routed. 
 
 American Accounts. Gates s letter is in 
 Sparks s Correspondence of the Revolution, iii. 
 66, 76. Greene s letter in Rhode Island Colonial 
 Records, ix. 243. Bancroft, x. ch. 15. Hamil 
 ton s History of the Republic, ii. 120. Simms s 
 South Carolina. Marshall s Washington, iv. 181. 
 Irving s Washington, iv. ch. 8. Lives of Gates. 
 Lossing s Field-Book. Dawson s Battles. Car- 
 ringtoii s Battles, ch. 65. New England Histori 
 cal and Genealogical Register, Oct. 1873. 
 
 De Kalb was mortally wounded. Kapp s Life 
 of De Kalb. J. S. Smith on De Kalb in the 
 Maryland Historical Society s Publications, 1858. 
 
 British Accounts. Cornwallis s dispatches are 
 in the Cornwallis Correspondence, i. 492, and in 
 the Gentleman s Magazine, Oct. 1780. Rawdon s 
 letters are preserved among the Percy papers, 
 according to the third report, 1872, of the English 
 Commission on historical manuscripts. Captured 
 letters of Rawdon are in Sparks s Washington, 
 vii. 554, and Almon s Remembrancer, xi. 156. 
 Stedman s American War, ii. 210. Moore s Diary, 
 ii. 310. 
 
 Maps. A British plan is in the Faden Col 
 lection. Stedman, ii. ch. 34, the same published 
 London, March 1, 1787. Johnson s Greene, ii. 
 Carrington s Battles. 
 
230 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1780. 
 
 W. G. Simms s novel, The Partisan, covers the 
 events of this period, and for the events following 
 down to Greene s arrival, see his Mellichampe. 
 
 Arnold s Treason, September, 1780. 
 
 Arnold, who had, while in command in Phila 
 delphia, circuitously opened correspondence with 
 Clinton, also approached Robinson to secure a 
 confederate. Sabine s American Loyalists. Sar 
 gent s Andre", Appendix. He then sought from 
 Washington and obtained the command at "West 
 Point. Irving s Washington. Lossing s Schuy- 
 ler, ii. 412. Hamilton s Republic, ii. 52. 
 
 While Washington was absent, holding a con 
 ference at Hartford with Rochambeau, Arnold 
 planned to betray the garrison at West Point. 
 For arranging details, Major Andre, adjutant- 
 general of the British army, was dispatched by 
 Clinton up the river, under a flag of truce, to an 
 interview with Arnold. This over, Andre*, in 
 disguise, attempted to return to New York by 
 land. Near Tarrytown he was stopped by a party 
 of Americans ; his papers found in his boots ; and 
 word was incautiously sent to Arnold, who, find 
 ing the plan had miscarried, fled down the river 
 under a flag in a boat to a frigate of the enemy. 
 
 Contemporary Accounts. The papers found 
 on Andre s person are in the State Library at 
 Albany, and they are printed in Boynton s West 
 Point, ch. 7, and elsewhere. Correspondence in 
 
1780.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 231 
 
 Sparks s Washington, vii. 520-544, The papers 
 used by Sparks in writing his Life of Arnold are 
 in Harvard College Library. Hamilton s letter 
 to Laurens in Works, i. 172-182 ; also his letters 
 to Sears and Miss Schuyler. Pennsylvania Packet 
 quoted in Moore s Diary, ii. 333. Gen. Greene s 
 letters in Rhode Island Colonial Records, ix. 246, 
 and in the Revolutionary Correspondence in the 
 Rhode Island Historical Collections, vi. Journal 
 of General Matthews. 
 
 Clinton s official dispatches are preserved in the 
 State Paper Office, and have been used by Sparks 
 and others. His letters, Oct. llth and 12th ; his 
 report to Lord Amherst, Oct. 16th; his secret 
 letter, Oct. 30th. Extracts from his journal 
 printed in Stanhope s England, vii. App. His 
 statement, written at some length in his copy of 
 Stedman (now in the Carter-Brown Library) is 
 printed in Jones s New York in the Revolutionary 
 War, i. 737 ; in Stanhope, vi. App. ; in Sargent s 
 Andre* ; and in the New York Tribune, May 24, 
 1875. 
 
 Joshua H. Smith was brought to trial for com 
 plicity in the plot. A report of his trial, edited 
 by Dawson, was printed in New York, 1866. The 
 Gentleman s Magazine, 1780, Supplement, p. 610, 
 gave an account of the trial and printed the chief 
 documents. Historical Magazine, 1866, Supple 
 ments 1 and 2. Smith s Narrative of the Causes 
 which led to the death of Major Andre*, London, 
 
232 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1780. 
 
 1808, was written for the English public, and must 
 be cautiously used. It has been a disputed ques 
 tion if Mrs. Arnold was privy to the plot. Da vis s 
 Life of Burr, i. 219. Parton s Burr, p. 126. 
 Stone s Life of Brant, ii. 101. Reed s Joseph 
 Reed, ii. 3T3. Sargent s Andr, 220. 
 
 Washington gave in 1786 an account at a din 
 ner-table of the treason of Arnold, which is repro 
 duced in Richard Rush s Washington in Domestic 
 Life, being letters addressed to his secretary, Lear, 
 1790-1797. 
 
 The Captors. Williams and Van Wart s ac 
 count of the capture is in the Historical Maga 
 zine, June, 1865. American Historical Record, 
 Dec. 1873. Bolton s Westchester, i. Simms s 
 Schoharie County, p. 646. Quincy s Journals of 
 Samuel Shaw. Sargent s Andrd, App. 
 
 Paulding in 1817 petitioned Congress for an in 
 crease of his pension, and Judge Egbert Benson 
 vindicated the captors against aspersions of their 
 character. Analectic Magazine, x. This Vindica 
 tion was printed with documentary evidence, in 
 cluding proceedings of the Board that tried Andre*, 
 affidavits, etc. The Journals of the House, 1817, 
 give Major Talmadge s recollections. Statements 
 of one of Andre s guards, printed in the news 
 papers, 1817, are given in Jones s New York in 
 the Revolutionary War, i. 734. 
 
 Loubat s Medallic History of the United States 
 shows the medal given by Congress to the cap 
 tors. 
 
1780.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 233 
 
 H. J. Raymond delivered in 1853 an address at 
 Tarry town in commemoration of the captors. 
 
 Andr. Boynton s West Point reprints entire 
 the proceedings of a board of general officers re 
 specting Major John Andre*, Sept. 29, 1780. The 
 original MS. of these proceedings is in Washing 
 ton ; and Sargent (Life of Andre*) collated the 
 printed account with the original. 
 
 Accounts of Andrews connection with the plot 
 will be found in P. W. Chandler s American 
 Criminal Trials, ii. ; Earl Stanhope s Miscellanies, 
 2d series; Atlantic Monthly, Dec. 1860; Har 
 per s Monthly, iii. and xxiii. ; North American 
 Review, by C. C. Smith, July, 1861 ; L. M. Sar 
 gent s Dealings with the Dead ; Paulding s Paper 
 in the Historical Magazine, Nov. 1857. 
 
 Dr. Thacher furnished some Observations on 
 Andre s execution in the New England Magazine, 
 May, 1834. 
 
 On the removal of Andrews remains to England, 
 see United Service Journal, Nov. 1833; Sargent s 
 Andre* ; Stanley s Westminster Abbey ; Pennsyl 
 vania Historical Society s Memoirs, vi. 373 ; New 
 York Evangelist, Jan. 30 and Feb. 27, 1879. 
 
 Memorials of Andre. Sabin s American Bib- 
 liopolist, 1869-1870. Political Magazine, March, 
 1781. New Jersey Historical Society s Proceed 
 ings, 1876. Smith and Watson s American His 
 torical and Literary Curiosities. Galaxy, Feb. 
 1876, on Andre* and Miss Seward, and the latter s 
 
234 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1780. 
 
 monody is given in J. H. Smith s Narrative, etc., 
 and in other places. 
 
 Portraits of Andre. In Smith ; Political Mag 
 azine, March, 1781; Sargent s Andre* ; Moore s 
 Diary, etc. 
 
 Andre s fate has given rise to dramas by Cal- 
 vert, Lord, Dunlap, Haid, etc. For Arnold as 
 the subject of fictitious stories, see W. G. Simms s 
 Views and Reviews. 
 
 In G-eneral. Bancroft, x. 395, follows only 
 " contemporary documents, which are abundant 
 and of the surest character, and which taken col 
 lectively solve every question." Hildreth, iii. ch. 
 41, gives an outline. Marbois, secretary to the 
 French legation at the time, published Complot 
 d Arnold et Clinton, Paris, 1816, and G. W. 
 Greene says it is " neither so accurate nor so com 
 plete as might have been expected." Cooper s 
 Travelling Bachelor, says Sargent, gives " several 
 particulars which possess value from those [La 
 fayette, etc.] that supplied them." Thacher s 
 Military Journal and New England Magazine, vi. 
 363. Walsh s American Register, ii. 
 
 Lossing s Field-Book, ii. ch. 6, 7, and 8. Dun- 
 lap s New York, ii. ch. 13. Marshall s Washing 
 ton, iv. 274. Irving s Washington, iv. ch. 9, 10, 
 and 11. Sparks s Arnold. Sargent s Andre. 
 Leake s Life of Lamb. Gen. Hull s Revolution 
 ary Services, on Andre and Nathan Hale. Hamil 
 ton s Life of Alexander Hamilton, i. 262. Greene s 
 
1780.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 235 
 
 Life of Greene, ii. 227. Quincy s Life of Shaw, 
 p. 77. E. G. Holland s Highland Treason, in his 
 Essays. 
 
 Boynton s West Point points out the military 
 importance of that post, and gives ch. 6, 7, and 8 
 to these transactions. 
 
 Lossing s Papers in Harper s Monthly, iii., 
 xxiii., and again, May, 1876. Historical Magazine, 
 Aug. 1859; Aug. 1863; Supplement of 1866; 
 Dec. 1870. Niles s Register, xx. Southern Lit 
 erary Messenger, xi. National Quarterly Review, 
 Dec. 1862. Cf. titles in the Menzies Catalogue. 
 
 Col. Trumbull gives an account in his Memoirs 
 (pp. 69, 317) of his arrest in London as & pendant 
 to Andre*. Simcoe (Queen s Rangers, App.) of 
 fered to rescue Andre". 
 
 English Comment. Sargent, ch. 22, gives, the 
 characters of the members of the board that con 
 demned Andre*, to refute the claim, sometimes put 
 forward by English writers, of their unfitness to 
 act by virtue of their ignorance of law and prec 
 edents; and also collates the different English 
 commentators on the justice of the execution. 
 Clinton s views are given in Sargent, p. 415. 
 Adolphus (History of England, iii. ch. 39) takes 
 an adverse view of the American grounds. Stan 
 hope, in his History and in his Miscellanies, cen 
 sures Washington and the court, and his position 
 is examined by C. J. Biddle in the Pensylvania 
 Historical Society s Memoirs, vi. (cf. Allibone, iii. 
 
236 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1780. 
 
 1204), and in the Historical Magazine, July, 1857. 
 Massey (History of England, iii. ch. 25) exoner 
 ates Washington. A British estimate from the 
 Saturday Review, 1872, is given in Sabin s Amer 
 ican Bibliopolist, Oct. 1872. Cf. contemporary 
 British view in Moore s Diary of the American 
 Revolution, ii. 393. 
 
 Jones, the loyalist, in his New York in the 
 Revolutionary War, i. ch. 18, judges Arnold to 
 have played " a noble and virtuous part." 
 
 Sargent thinks a vindication of Arnold (Re 
 marks on the Travels of M. de Chastellux, Lon 
 don, 1787) was instigated by Arnold himself. 
 
 Maps. Carrington s Battles, p. 512. Los- 
 sing s Field-Book, ii. 148. Guizot s Washington, 
 atlas. Sargent s Andre*, p. 303. Marbois s Com- 
 plot has a plan of West Point. Sparks s Wash 
 ington, vii. 216, gives a map of the region. Maj. 
 Villefranche, a French engineer, made several 
 plans at this time, and they are given in fac-simile 
 in Boynton s History of West Point, viz. : map of 
 Fort Constitution, opposite West Point, p. 26; 
 map of the river and military positions, p. 45 ; 
 plan of the lower works at West Point, p. 79 ; of 
 all the works and river, p. 86. The same book 
 has a contemporary panoramic view of West 
 Point. 
 
 Note. I have been favored by the Hon. Isaac N. Arnold of 
 Chicago with the proofs of the chapter on Arnold s treason, 
 which makes part of a Life of Arnold by that gentleman, now 
 
1780.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 237 
 
 in press. He has used the Arnold and Shippen papers, and sets 
 distinctly forth the incentives to Arnold s plotting of treason. He 
 does not think Mrs. Arnold guilty of any complicity ; and defends 
 the action of the board that condemned Andre to death. Gen. 
 King, the officer who had charge of Andre immediately after his 
 capture, wrote, in 1817, a letter describing these events, which was 
 first printed in the New Haven Palladium, 1879, and copied in 
 the Boston Sunday Herald, Sept. 14, 1879. Cf. also Sargent s 
 Andre. 
 
 The Northern Invasion, 1780. 
 
 The several attempts at invasion from Canada 
 at this time are supposed, in F. B. Hough s North 
 ern Invasion, published by the Bradford Club, 
 New York, 1866, to have had connection with 
 Arnold s plot, and they are outlined in Lossing s 
 Schuyler, ii. 407. 
 
 "Washington in Camp, October and November, 1780. 
 
 An account of Washington s camp at Totowa 
 and Preakness in New Jersey, with a map and 
 view of his headquarters, is given in the Magazine 
 of American History, Aug. 1879. 
 
 King s Mountain, October 7, 1780. 
 
 Fergusson, one of Cornwallis s marauding offi 
 cers, in endeavoring to rejoin that British general, 
 was attacked by the mountain militia and de 
 feated. This checked Cornwallis s advance. Mar 
 shall s Washington, i. 397. Irving s Washington, 
 iv. ch. 14 ; Foote s Sketches of North Carolina ; 
 Lee s Southern War ; Hamilton s Republic of the 
 
238 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1780. 
 
 United States, ii. 161 ; Bancroft, x. ch. 16 ; Los- 
 sing s Field-Book, ii. 629; Carrington s Battles; 
 Dawson s Battles; Tarleton s Campaigns; Mac 
 kenzie s Strictures on Tarleton ; Moore s Diary, 
 ii. 338 ; J. W. De Peyster in the Historical Mag 
 azine, March, 1869; Ramsay s South Carolina; 
 Simms s South Carolina. J. S. Preston delivered 
 a commemorative address in Oct. 1855, which 
 was printed with a documentary appendix. 
 
 Leslie s Expedition into Virginia, October, 1780. 
 
 See the accounts in the general narratives. 
 Leslie made his way to North Carolina to cooper 
 ate with Cornwallis. Parton s Jefferson, ch. 27. 
 Sparks s Washington, vii. 269. Correspondence 
 of the Revolution, iii. 141. 
 
 Map. Political Magazine, Dec. 1780. 
 
 Greene in Command, October, 1780. 
 
 Late in the year Greene resigned as quarter 
 master-general of the army. Life of Pickering. 
 J. C. Hamilton s Republic of the United States, 
 ii. 41. Greene s Life of Greene, ch. 10. In 
 October Greene was appointed to succeed Gates 
 in command of the southern army. Washing 
 ton s instructions to Greene are given in Sparks, 
 vii. 271. Cf. Correspondence of the Revolution, 
 iii. 116, 137; Greene s Greene, ch. 12; J. C. 
 Hamilton s Republic, ii. 133, and his Alex. Ham 
 ilton, i. 308 ; and the latter s eulogy on Greene, 
 
1780.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 239 
 
 1789, in Works, ii. 481. Marshall s Washington, 
 iv. 336. Irving s Washington, iv. ch. 15. Ban 
 croft, x. ch. 22. 
 
 Steuben accompanied Greene as far as Virginia, 
 where he was left in command, with orders to 
 send forward reinforcements to Greene. See 
 Kapp s Steuben, ch. 16 ; Greene s Greene, ii. ch. 
 3 and 5 ; and the Life of General Miihlenberg, 
 who was under Steuben in Virginia. Randall s 
 Jefferson, i. ch. 8. 
 
 Greene arrived on the field in December. Cor 
 respondence of the Revolution, iii. 165. 
 
 Mrs. Sedgwick s Walter Thornley gives the 
 guise of fiction to events of this year. 
 
240 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1781. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1781. 
 
 Mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line, January, 1781. 
 
 THESE troops, under Wayne, stationed at Mor- 
 ristown, without pay and supplies, revolted and 
 marched toward Philadelphia to claim redress of 
 Congress. Wayne visited their camp to expostu 
 late. Clinton sent emissaries, whom they hung. 
 
 Wayne s letters to Washington in the Corre 
 spondence of the Revolution, iii. 192199. Life 
 of Anthony Wayne. Sparks s Washington, vii. 
 348, and the account in App. 10. Marshall s 
 Washington, iv. 393. Irving s Washington, iv. 
 195. Hamilton s Life of Alexander Hamilton, i. 
 323, and Works, ii. 147. Amory s Sullivan, 181. 
 Hildreth s United States, iii. ch. 42. Madison 
 Papers, i. 77. 
 
 Pennsylvania Archives, viii. and ix. Hazard s 
 Register of Pennsylvania, ii. 160. Bland Papers, 
 ii. Reed s Life of Joseph Reed, ii. ch. 14. 
 
 Sir Henry Clinton s report is in Almon s Re 
 membrancer, xi. 148. Jones s New York in the 
 Revolutionary War, ii. 179. 
 
 Political Aspects, 1781. 
 
 On March 1st the final ratification of the arti 
 cles of confederation was made. Journals of 
 
1781.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 241 
 
 Congress. Bancroft, x. ch. 19. G. W. Greene s 
 Historical View, p. 111. The executive business 
 was taken from committees and delegated to 
 Leads of departments. Hamilton s Republic, ii. 
 ch. 28. R. R. Livingston became head of the 
 department for foreign affairs. Diplomatic Cor 
 respondence, xi. 201. 
 
 The want of power in Congress to compel the 
 States began to be seriously felt. Rives s Madison, 
 i. ch. 10. G. W. Greene s Historical View of the 
 American Revolution. 
 
 Bancroft, x. ch. 17, traces the beginnings of the 
 abolition of slavery ; and the origin of the appor 
 tionment of five slaves as three persons is traced 
 in Rives s Madison, i. 424; Madison s Debates, 
 etc. i. 422 ; Journals of Congress, iv. 
 
 A new commission was formed to negotiate a 
 peace, and new instructions given. Life of John 
 Adams, i. 341 ; vii. 349. Rives s Madison, i. ch. 
 11. Madison Papers, i. Hamilton s Life of Alex 
 ander Hamilton. Flanders s Life of Rutledge, 
 p. 596. Franklin s Works, viii. 526 ; ix. Jour 
 nals of Congress, vii. Diplomatic Correspondence, 
 vi. 3, for John Adams s letters. See under " Ne 
 gotiations for Peace," 1782. 
 
 Lafayette s letters during his visit to Europe 
 are in the Diplomatic Correspondence, x. 
 
 16 
 
242 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1781. 
 
 Finances. 
 
 The question of the finances of the Revolution 
 has had special treatment in Bancroft, x. ch. 7 ; 
 Hildreth s United States, iii. ch. 40, 4.3 ; Greene s 
 Historical View of the American Revolution, p. 
 137 (with tables of expenses, federal and state, 
 with emission of Continental money in the Ap 
 pendix), and his Life of Greene, ii. ; Pitkins s 
 United States, ii. ch. 16; Rives s Madison, i. 
 217, 229, and ch. 14; Madison s Debates and 
 Correspondence, i. Sparks s Life of Gouverneur 
 Morris, i. ch. 13 and 14 ; J. W. Schucker s Brief 
 Account of the Finances of the Revolution, 1874. 
 
 Special or Local Aspects. Felt s History of 
 Massachusetts Currency ; Amory s Sullivan, p. 
 187 ; Reed s Life of Joseph Reed, ii. 287 ; Mul- 
 ford s New Jersey, p. 457, etc. 
 
 Continental Money. Force s American Ar 
 chives, 5th series, vol. ii. index; S. Breck s His 
 torical Sketch of Continental Paper Money in the 
 Transactions of the American Philosophical So 
 ciety, 1843; Lossing s Field-Book, i. 317, and 
 Harper s Monthly, xxvi. ; National Quarterly Re 
 view, Dec. 1875. 
 
 Depreciation of the Paper Money. Gouge s 
 Short History of Paper Money ; Greene s Greene, 
 ii. 163, 243, 248 ; Moore s Diary, ii. 422 ; Rhode 
 Island Colonial Records, ix. 282. 
 
 Loans in Europe. Diplomatic Correspondence, 
 
1781.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 243 
 
 ix. 199 ; xi. 291 ; Franklin s lives and letters ; 
 Sparks s Washington, viii. 525. Col. John Lau- 
 rens was sent in 1781 to negotiate a loan. His 
 instructions are given in Diplomatic Correspond 
 ence, ix. 199, and for his efforts and success, ix. 
 195-249; Hamilton s Republic, ii. 150. John 
 Adams secured a loan in Holland. Works, vii. 
 599. 
 
 John Adams s Relation to the Question. Works, 
 vii. 292, 355; viii. 193. 
 
 Hamilton s Views. Writings, i. 116, 150, 
 223; his Life by J. C. Hamilton, i. 241, 352; ii. 
 etc. J. C. Hamilton s Republic of the United 
 States, i. 570; ii. .80, 100, 351, and ch. 35, etc. 
 For the diverse views of Hamilton and Madison, 
 see Rives s Madison, i. 433. A charge is made in 
 the Republic of the United States, ii. 398, that 
 Madison falsified the record of Hamilton s votes, 
 which is answered in Rives, i. 437. Cf. Atlantic 
 Monthly, Nov. 1865, p. 628. 
 
 Robert Morris was made Superintendent of 
 Finance, Feb. 20, 1781, and entered upon his 
 duties in May. Diplomatic Correspondence, xi. 
 347, 431. Pennsylvania Archives, ix. Sparks s 
 Washington, viii. 136. Custis s Recollections of 
 Washington. Bancroft s United States, x. 566. 
 Franklin s Works, ix. 59, etc. Life of Morris in 
 Hunt s American Merchants. Michael bourse s 
 account of Morris, 1781-1784, in Banker s Maga 
 zine, Feb. 1860. Albert S. Bolles in the Penn 
 
244 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1781. 
 
 Monthly, Oct. 1878, on the Financial Administra 
 tion of Morris, also issued separately. Turner s 
 Pioneer History of the Holland Purchase. Pot 
 ter s American Monthly, Dec. 1T75. 
 
 Greene s Campaigns in General, 1780-1782. 
 
 Greene, leaving Steuben in Virginia late in 
 1780, pushed on and took command of the south- 
 ern army at Charlotte. His conduct of the cam 
 paign gave him a reputation second only to that 
 of Washington ; and though he never gained a 
 decisive victory, his battles were always followed 
 by the retreat of the enemy. The general works 
 on the southern campaign have been referred to 
 under 1780. The fullest record of Greene s own 
 participation in it is in the elaborate life of him 
 (1867-1871) by his grandson, George W. Greene. 
 The same writer had already furnished a sum 
 marized narrative in the Life of Greene in S parka s 
 series of American Biography. Another Life of 
 Greene, published in 1822, by Judge Johnson, 
 who had possession of Greene s papers, had re 
 flected on Gen. Lee, one of Greene s lieutenants, 
 and this drew out a vindication of Lee from his 
 son, Henry Lee, entitled The Campaign of 1781, 
 which has an Appendix of original documents. 
 G. W. Greene calls this book both " clever and 
 lively, but too controversial to be perfectly trust 
 worthy." Lee is the subject of a chapter in Cus- 
 tis s Recollections of Washington ; and he wrote 
 
1781.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 245 
 
 thirty years later, in 1809, his own recollections 
 in his Memoirs of the War in the Southern De 
 partment. 
 
 Greene s own letters are given in Sparks s Cor 
 respondence of the Revolution, iii. 207, etc. ; in 
 Reed s Life of Joseph Reed, ii. 344, etc., and in 
 the lives of him. 
 
 On the British side we have contemporary au 
 thorities in Clinton s Narrative of the Campaign 
 of 1781 ; Cornvvallis s Answer to Clinton, and an 
 other Reply to Clinton, likewise vindicating Corn- 
 wallis, all published in London, and reprinted in 
 Philadelphia, 1865-1866. 
 
 Later summarized accounts will be found in 
 Bancroft, x. ch. 22 ; Hildreth, iii. ch. 42 ; Irving s 
 Washington, iv. ; McRee s Iredell, ch. 14; Moid- 
 trie s Memoirs. 
 
 Contemporary likenesses of Greene and Corn- 
 wallis are in Andrews s History of the War and 
 in Lee s Memoirs. 
 
 Maps. Greene s Life of Greene. Carrington s 
 Battles, 540, 556. Caruthers s Incidents in the 
 Old North State in 1781, two series. Balch s 
 Les Fran^ais en Amerique. 
 
 The British in Virginia, January May, 1781. 
 
 It was the British plan for Cornwallis to move 
 north in the end and join the forces to be sent 
 from New York; to the James. Clinton had al 
 ready dispatched Leslie, who had reached Vir- 
 
246 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1781. 
 
 ginia, as already stated, Oct. 22, 1780. Arnold, 
 the traitor, was now sent with a detachment, 
 arriving Dec. 29th. Gen. Phillips arrived and 
 superseded Arnold, March 26, 1781, and dying, 
 May 13th, Arnold again took command, which he 
 held till the 20th, when Cornwallis (arriving at 
 Petersburg, as hereafter stated) ordered Arnold to 
 New York and assumed command. 
 
 General accounts of transactions in Virginia 
 during the summer, and of the inertness and un 
 prepared condition of the Virginians, can be 
 found in the histories of Virginia by Campbell, 
 p. 168, and by Howison, ch. 4. Hamilton s Re 
 public of the United States, ii. ch. 27, reflects 
 on Jefferson, at the time governor, and lives of 
 Jefferson by Tucker, i. ch. 6 ; by Randall, i. 295 ; 
 by Parton, ch. 27, need to be compared. In Jef 
 ferson s Writings, ix. 212, 220, there are extracts 
 from his diary, etc. Also Wirt s Patrick Henry ; 
 Jefferson s Notes on Virginia ; Rives s Madison, 
 i. 289 ; and Madison s Writings, i. 45. 
 
 Arnold s Military Movements. Sparks s Life 
 of Arnold. Marshall s Washington, iv. 387. 
 Sparks s Washington, vii. 347. Correspondence 
 of the Revolution, iii. 200. Irving s Washington, 
 iv. ch. 14 and 17. Bancroft, x. ch. 25. Hamil 
 ton s Republic, ii. 170. Arnold s own report in 
 Almon s Remembrancer, ii. 350. Kapp s Steuben, 
 ch. 17-19, records that officer s watch upon Ar 
 nold s movements. Lossing s Field-Book, ii. 434, 
 
1781.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 247 
 
 546. Carrington s Battles. Life of Miihlenberg. 
 Moore s Diary of the Revolution, ii. 384. The 
 Life of Arnold, now in press, by Isaac N. Arnold. 
 
 British Accounts. Simcoe s Military Journal 
 of the Queen s Rangers, privately printed, 1787, 
 and subsequently published in New York, 1843. 
 Stedman s American War. Jones s New York in 
 the Revolutionary War, ii. 177. 
 
 Washington was disappointed in not entrapping 
 Arnold by aid of the French fleet. Sparks s 
 Washington, vii. 410. This fleet encountered the 
 British squadron, which succeeded in command 
 ing the Chesapeake waters. Meanwhile, in April, 
 Lafayette reached Virginia with a detachment of 
 timps. For his movements, see Sparks s Wash- 
 irjton, viii. 118, 509; Correspondence of the 
 Revolution, iii. ; Marshall s Washington, iv. 418 ; 
 Irving s Washington, iv. ch. 21 and 23. Lafay 
 ette s Memoirs and lives of him by Regnault, etc. ; 
 Bancroft, x. ch. 21 ; Dawson s Battles ; Carring 
 ton s Battles, ch. 72 and 73 ; Kapp s Steuben, ch. 
 20, in which justice is hardly done to Lafayette ; 
 J. A^Stevens s Expedition of Lafayette against 
 Arnold, published by the Maryland Historical So 
 ciety, 1878 ; Balch s Maryland Line, published by 
 the Seventy-Six Society. 
 
 Simcoe, Stedman, and Moore s Diary. 
 
 Maps and Plans. Carrington s Battles. Sim 
 coe s Queen s Rangers. 
 
248 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1781. 
 
 Cowpens, January 17, 1781. 
 
 Cornwallis, advancing, sent Tarleton to rid his 
 flank of Morgan, who encountered Tarleton at the 
 Cowpens and defeated him. Graham s Life of 
 Morgan, according to G. W. Greene, " a full and 
 trustworthy narrative founded on authentic mate 
 rial." Morgan s papers were offered for sale in 
 New Orleans, July, 1879. 
 
 Greene s Life of Greene, iii. 139. Marshall s 
 Washington, iv. 342. Irving s Washington, iv. 
 ch. 18. Correspondence of the Revolution, iii. 
 217. Bancroft, x. ch. 22. Dawson s Battles. 
 Carrington s Battles, p. 546. Lossing s Field- 
 Book, ii. 636. Simms s South Carolina. 
 trie s Memoirs, ii. Harper s Monthly, 
 Historical Magazine, Dec. 1867. Some details 
 were picked up by Chastellux in his Travels, 
 English translation, ii. 60. New York Historical 
 Society s Collections for 1875, p. 476. 
 
 British Accounts. Annual Register. Sted- 
 man s American War, ii. ch. 41. Tarleton s His 
 tory of his Campaigns, with Mackenzie s Strictures 
 on Tarleton. 
 
 Congress gave medals to Gen. Morgan, Lieut. 
 Col. Washington, and Lieut. Col. Howard, which 
 are described in Loubat s Medallic History of the 
 United States. 
 
1781.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 249 
 
 Cornwallis and Greene. 
 
 In January Cornwallis detached a force to the 
 region of Cape Fear River, and the Political Mag 
 azine, March, 1781, gave a map of the locality. 
 
 After Cowpens, Greene and Morgan united, 
 and, Cornwallis pursuing, Greene conducted his 
 famous retreat across the Dan River, when the 
 British general in turn falling back, Greene re- 
 crossed the river in pursuit. Lives of Greene by 
 Johnson and Greene, iii. Marshall s Washington. 
 Correspondence of the Revolution, iii. 225, 233. 
 Ramsay s Revolution. Lee s Memoirs. Histories 
 of the United States by Bancroft, x. ch. 23, and 
 others. 
 
 British Accounts. Stedman, Tarleton, Lamb s 
 Journal. 
 
 Guilford, March 15, 1781. 
 
 Greene offered battle to Cornwallis at Guilford 
 Court House and was defeated. Lives of Greene 
 by Johnson and Greene, iii. 176, and Moore s 
 Diary of the Revolution, ii. 400. Sparks s Wash 
 ington and Correspondence of the Revolution. 
 Lives of Washington by Marshall, iv. 366, and 
 by Irving, iv. ch. 19 and 20. Gordon s American 
 Revolution. Bancroft, x. ch. 23. Lossing s Field- 
 Book, ii. 594, 608. Dawson s Battles. Carring- 
 ton s Battles, ch. 69. 
 
 Cornwall s letters and dispatches are in Ross s 
 Cornwallis Correspondence, i. 85, 506. Moore s 
 
250 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1781. 
 
 Diary, ii. 400. The discussion in Parliament 
 upon the battle is noted in Macknight s Burke, 
 
 11. 437. 
 
 Maps. MS. plans in the Faden Collection, 
 Library of Congress. Tarleton s Campaigns. 
 Stedman s American War, ii. ch. 41. Caruthers s 
 Revolutionary Incidents, 2d series. Greene s 
 Greene, iii. Carrington s Battles. 
 
 Greene s statement of the aspect of affairs sub 
 sequently, April 22, 1781, is given in the Rhode 
 Island Colonial Records, ix. 380 ; Revolutionary 
 Correspondence of the Rhode Island Historical 
 Collections, vi. 284. 
 
 Hobkirk s Hill, April 25, 1781. 
 
 Cornwallis, unable to profit by his victory at 
 Guilford, retreated to Wilmington, while Greene, 
 pushing by Cornwallis s left flank, carried the war 
 into South Carolina. Greene s Greene, iii. ch. 
 
 12. Lord Rawdon attacked Greene at Hobkirk s 
 Hill, near Camden, defeating him. 
 
 Greene s Greene, iii. 241. Johnson s Greene, 
 ii. 83. Gordon, iv. 81. Marshall s Washington, 
 iv. 510, following Davie s MS. Lee s Campaign 
 of 1781. Gibbes s Documentary History. Ir- 
 ving s Washington, iv. Lossing s Field-Book, ii. 
 676. Simms s South Carolina. Dawson s Bat 
 tles. Carrington s Battles. 
 
 Stedman s American War, ii. ch. 42. 
 
 Maps. Stedman, ii. 358, the same published, 
 
1781.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 251 
 
 with slight differences, by Faden, Aug. 1, 1783. 
 Greene s Greene, iii. 241. Carrington s Battles, 
 p. 576. 
 
 A series of minor reverses compelled Rawdon 
 to fall back to Charleston. Greene s Greene. 
 Bancroft, x. ch. 24. 
 
 Ninety-Six, May June, 1781. 
 
 Greene laid siege to this post, and, on the ap 
 proach of Rawdon with relief, assaulted it unsuc 
 cessfully and retired. 
 
 Greene s Greene, iii. 299. Johnson s Greene, 
 ii., which apologizes for Sumter s harassing of 
 Greene ; but see Greene s Greene, iii. 319. Mar 
 shall s Washington, iv. 524. Bancroft, x. ch. 24. 
 Lossing s Field-Book, ii. 690. Dawson s Battles. 
 
 British Accounts. Stedman, ii. ch. 43. Tarle- 
 ton and Mackenzie. Jones s New York in the 
 Revolutionary War, ii. 376. 
 
 Sparks s Correspondence of the Revolution, iii., 
 gives various letters of Greene. 
 
 Maps. Johnson s and Greene s Greene. 
 
 For Greene s camp life during the summer, see 
 Greene s Greene, iii., and his letters to Washing 
 ton in Sparks s Correspondence of the Revolu 
 tion, iii. 
 
 W. G. Simms covers the events of the siege of 
 Ninety-Six in his novel, The Scout, and the story 
 is pursued in his other tales, Katharine Wal 
 ton, Woodcraft, Forayers, and Eutaw. 
 
252 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1781. 
 
 Eutaw, September 8, 1781. 
 
 Greene, advancing towards Charleston, was suc 
 cessful at first at Eutaw, but checked towards the 
 close of the fight. Greene s Greene, iii. 384. 
 Johnson s Greene. Marshall s Washington, iv. 
 542. Irving s Washington, iv. ch. 27. Bancroft, 
 x. ch. 24. Lossing s Field-Book, ii. 698. Simms s 
 South Carolina. Dawson s Battles. Carrington s 
 Battles, ch. 71. Lee s Memoirs. Greene s Re 
 port to Congress. Stuart s Report to Cornwallis, 
 Moore s Diary, ii. 486. The medal given to 
 Greene is described in Loubat s Medallic History 
 of the United States. 
 
 Maps. Johnson s and Greene s Greene. Car 
 rington s Battles. 
 
 End of Southern Campaigns. 
 
 For final movements in South Carolina : Greene s 
 Greene, iii. ; Bancroft, x. ch. 28 ; Sparks s Corre 
 spondence of the Revolution ; and the histories of 
 Ramsay and Monltrie. Some of Greene s letters 
 are given in Reed s Reed, ii. 377, 468. 
 
 For the case of Isaac Hayne, who was hung by 
 the enemy, see Greene s Greene, iii. 356 ; Ram 
 say s South Carolina, ii. 277 ; Moultrie s Revolu 
 tion, etc. ; Lee s Campaign of 1781. 
 
 For movements round Charleston in 1782, see 
 Ellis s Count Rumford, p. 127. 
 
 Conquest of G-eorgia. Armstrong s Life of 
 
1781.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 253 
 
 Wayne ; Historical Magazine, May, 1860 ; Ste- 
 vens s Georgia, ii. 240 ; Greene s Greene, iii. 435 ; 
 Johnson s Greene ; Lee s Memoirs ; Marshall s 
 Washington. , 
 
 Siege of Penzacolal Historical Magazine, iv. 
 166. 
 
 Cornwallis in Virginia, May, 1781. 
 
 Meanwhile Cornwallis, not regarding Greene s 
 march to the south, moved north to Virginia, and 
 reached Petersburg May 20th, superseding Ar 
 nold in command, as before noted. 
 
 Bancroft, x. ch. 23-25. Marshall s Washing 
 ton, iv. 430. Irving s Washington, iv. ch. 20 and 
 21. Lossing s Field-Book. 
 
 Ross s Cornwallis Correspondence. Sparks s 
 Correspondence of the Revolution, iii., gives La 
 fayette s letters, detailing his movements in the 
 presence of the enemy. 
 
 In June, Tarleton raided to Charlottesville and 
 Monticello. Tarleton s Campaigns. Life of Jef 
 ferson by Randall, i. 337, and by Parton, ch. 28. 
 Harper s Monthly, vii. 145. 
 
 For movements about Williamsburg, see Den 
 ny s Journal in the Pennsylvania Historical So 
 ciety s Memoirs, vii. 240. 
 
 The Allies in Virginia, 1781. 
 
 Washington had contemplated a combined at 
 tack by the Americans and. French on New York, 
 and, after the scheme was abandoned, he kept up 
 
254 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1781. 
 
 the appearance of preparation to deceive the 
 enemy. Sparks s Washington, viii. 54, 130, 517. 
 
 Stuart s Jonathan Trumbull describes the plan 
 ning of the movemen to Virginia. Washington, 
 Aug. 2d, informs Robert Morris of his intentions. 
 Diplomatic Correspondence, xi. 417. Heath (Me 
 moirs, p. 298) was left in command on the Hud 
 son, and Washington and Rochambeau moved 
 south. Robin s Nouveau Voyage, translated as 
 New Travels through America, Boston, 1784. 
 There is a map of the march in Sould s Histoire 
 des Troubles de 1 Anie rique Anglaise. Lincoln 
 had the immediate command on the march. Bow- 
 en s Life of Lincoln. Life of Timothy Pickering, 
 i. 294. Journal of William Feltman. Diplo 
 matic Correspondence, xi. 462, for Washington s 
 passage through Philadelphia. 
 
 On Rochambeau and his participation, see Maga 
 zine of American History, July, 1879. The rep 
 resentatives of his family offered Rochambeau s 
 papers to Congress in 1879. 
 
 Arnold in Connecticut, September, 1781. 
 
 Meanwhile, a marauding expedition from New 
 York, under Arnold, was sent along the shore of 
 Long Island Sound. The points of attack were 
 New London, Fort Griswold, and Groton. See 
 Hollister s, ii. ch. 17, and the other histories of 
 Connecticut ; Sparks s. Arnold ; Stuart s Life of 
 Jonathan Trumbull, ch. 45; and Gov. Trumbull s 
 
1781.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 255 
 
 letter to Washington in Sparks s Correspondence 
 of the Revolution, iii. 403 ; Moore s Diary, ii. 
 479 ; Dawson s Battles ; Carrington s Battles, 
 with plan, p. 630 ; living s Washington, iv. ch. 
 25; Caulkins s New London, ch. 32; Niles s 
 Principles of the Revolution; Hinman s Historical 
 Collections. Cf. Isaac N. Arnold s Life of Gen. 
 Arnold. 
 
 MS. plans of New London and Groton are in 
 the Faden Collection in the Library of Congress. 
 
 Cf. Tuttle s address at Fort Griswold, 1821; 
 C. Griswold s address in commemoration of Led- 
 yard in 1826 ; W. F. Brainerd s, 1825 ; and Rath- 
 burn s Narrative of capture of Groton fort, and 
 of the massacre. 
 
 Off the Capes of Chesapeake, September, 1781. 
 
 De Grasse, with a French fleet, had arrived 
 within the Capes to cooperate with the American 
 land forces, when Admiral Graves with a British 
 fleet appeared off the Capes. To engage him, 
 while De Barras, expected with a smaller French 
 fleet, made the bay, De Grasse stood to sea, and 
 the two fleets partially engaged, Sept. 5th, and 
 manoeuvred for some days, till, his purpose ac 
 complished, De Grasse drew off and returned to 
 Lynn "Haven Bay, and the blockade of Cornwallis 
 was made complete. Stedman s American War, 
 ii. ch. 44, with a map. The Political Magazine, 
 1781 and 1784. John G. Sbea edited in 1864 for 
 
256 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1781. 
 
 the Bradford Club two contemporaneous journals, 
 showing the Operations of the French fleet, and 
 gave a plan. Cf. also Chevalier s Histoire de la 
 Marine franQaise pendant la guerre de 1 independ- 
 ance Ame ricaine, Paris, 1877, ch. 7. Moore s 
 Diary, ii. 476. 
 
 Siege of Yorktown, September October, 1781. 
 
 The French secure within the Capes, Corn- 
 wallis, posted at Yorktown and Gloucester, was 
 shut off from escape by water and from succor 
 from Clinton, while Washington and Rochambeau 
 opened their trenches on the land side. 
 
 Contemporary Records. Washington s Writ 
 ings, viii. ; Thacher s Military Journal ; Colonel 
 Tilghman s Diary, p. 103 ; Journal in Historical 
 Magazine, March, 1864 ; Journal of William Felt- 
 man of the Pennsylvania line; Denny s Journal 
 in Pennsylvania Historical Society s Memoirs, 
 vii. ; papers in Almon s Remembrancer, xiii. 
 
 French Accounts. Memoirs of Rochambeau, 
 Sgur, and Dumas; De Fersen s Journal in the 
 Magazine of American History, July, 1879 ; Chas- 
 tellux s Travels. Robin s New Travels. 
 
 English Accounts. Cornwallis s Correspond 
 ence. Cornwallis s letter to Clinton is in Robin s 
 New Travels, App. Moore s Diary, ii. 512. A con 
 troversy between Cornwallis and Clinton gave rise 
 to several pamphlets. Cf. Menzies s Catalogue, 
 p. 79 ; and on this point see Ross s Cornwallis, i. 
 
ff 
 
 1781.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION? 257 
 
 130; Jones s New York in the Revolutionary 
 War, ii. 464, 466. 
 
 The return of Cornwallis to England gave 
 occasion to Walpole to compare him as a general 
 with the other British leaders. Last Journals, ii. 
 499. 
 
 Stedman s American War. Tarleton s Cam 
 paigns. Simcoe s Queen s Rangers. Robertson 
 to Lord George Germain in Documents relative 
 to the Colonial History of New York, viii. 814. 
 
 Correspondence and Articles of Capitulation. 
 Sparks s Washington, viii., App. No. 8. Moore s 
 Diary, ii. 508. Ross s Cornwallis Correspondence, 
 App. 
 
 Later Accounts. Lee s Memoirs of the War, 
 Force s edition. Histories of the United States 
 by Bancroft, x. ch. 35; Hamilton, ii. 263; Hil- 
 dreth, iii. ch. 43 ; Ridpath, etc. Lives of Wash 
 ington by Marshall, iv. 472; Irving, iv. ch. 25, 
 26, and 28 ; and in the Recollections by Custis, 
 ch. 6. Lossing s Field-Book of the Revolution, ii, 
 508, and his Operations in Virginia Eighty Years 
 Ago, in the Atlantic Monthly, June, 1862, also an 
 article in Harper s Monthly, vii. 452. Dawson s 
 Battles of the United States. Carrington s Bat 
 tles of the Revolution, ch. 75. Hollister s Con 
 necticut, ii. ch. 18, etc. J. E. Cooke s Virginia in 
 the Revolution, in Harper s Monthly, June, 1876. 
 Lives of Timothy Pickering, ch. 19 and 20 ; of 
 Alexander Hamilton, by J. C. Hamilton, i. 384 ; 
 
 17 
 
258 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1781. 
 
 of Steuben, by Kapp, ch. 21 ; of Anthony Wayne ; 
 of Henry Knox, by Drake. 
 
 How the King received the news is told in 
 Wraxall s Memoirs, 2d ed. ii. 108. Cf. Donne s 
 Correspondence of George III. with Lord North, 
 ii. 390. For the effect of the news in general : 
 Walpole s Last Journals, ii. 474 ; Macknight s 
 Burke, ii. 457; Annual Register, xxv. ; Massey s 
 England, i. 407 ; Parton s Franklin, ii. 448; Fitz- 
 maurice s Life of Shelburne, iii. 123; Parlia 
 mentary History, xxii. 639, where the debate is 
 given. 
 
 Maps. The Political Magazine, Nov. 1781, 
 has a contemporary map of the campaign, and a 
 MS. one is in the Faden Collection. Hilliard 
 d Auberteuil s Essais, ii., gives a map of Virginia 
 and Maryland ; and a map by Fry and Jefferson, 
 1775, is No. 31 of the American Atlas. Sparks s 
 Washington, viii. 158. 
 
 There was a French map of this part of Vir 
 ginia published in Paris by Esnauts et Rapilly, 
 and another of the Baie de Chesapeak, with a 
 " plan de 1 attaque." A German plan was made 
 by Sotzman. 
 
 For the Siege. Soule"s Histoire des Troubles 
 de 1 Am^rique Anglaise, Paris, 1787. Gordon s 
 History of the American War, iv. Ramsay s 
 Revolution in South Carolina. Tarleton s Cam 
 paigns, ch. 7. Sparks s Washington, viii. 186. 
 Atlases to Marshall s and Guizot s Washington. 
 
1781.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 259 
 
 Hamilton s Republic of the United States, ii. 263, 
 following an English plan. Carrington s Battles, 
 p. 646. Ridpath s United States. Faden issued 
 in London, Oct. 7, 1785, a large plan of the 
 siege, made by John Hills. That in Stedman s 
 American War, ii. 412, is substantially the same 
 with one published in London, March 1, 1787, 
 but from a different plate. 
 
 Congress struck a medal in commemoration of 
 the double surrenders of Yorktown and Saratoga, 
 and it is described in Loubat s Medallic History 
 of the United States. Cf. Sparks s Franklin, ix. 
 173. 
 
 For landmarks see Lossing s Field-Book, and 
 Porte Crayon s Shrines of Old Virginia, in Lip- 
 pincott s Magazine, April, 1879. 
 
WINTER, 1781-1782. 
 
 The Situation. 
 
 THE French remained in Virginia. Parton s 
 Jefferson, ch. 29. Washington went with the 
 American troops to the Hudson. Sparks s Wash 
 ington, viii., gives successive schemes of further 
 concerted action with the French. Irving s Wash 
 ington, iv. ch. 29 and 30. Kapp s Steuben, ch. 
 23. Lossing s Field-Book, ii. ch. 5. The question 
 whether Washington was ever made a marshal 
 of France has given rise to some dispute. See 
 Historical Magazine, ii. 98 ; iii. etc. Potter s 
 American Monthly, 1876, on Washington s order 
 books. R. R. Livingston to the governors of the 
 states on the next campaign in Diplomatic Cor 
 respondence, xi. 221. Reed s letter on the condi 
 tion of affairs in Reed s Reed, ii. 371. Political 
 movements, Rives s Madison, i. ch. 10. 
 
EVENTS OF 1782-1783. 
 
 Various. 
 
 THOMAS PAINE was employed by Robert Mor 
 ris, Feb. 1782, to sustain the action of Congress 
 in the public prints. Diplomatic Correspondence, 
 xii. 95. Sparks s Washington, viii. 345. Par- 
 ton s Franklin, ii. 454. North American Review, 
 No. 120, p. 40. 
 
 In general for the connection of Paine with the 
 American Revolution, see lives of him by J. Cheet- 
 ham, an English radical, and by G. Vale, some 
 what sympathetic. In the Atlantic Monthly, for 
 Nov., 1859, there is a paper on his first appear 
 ance in this country ; for July, one on his second 
 appearance, and in that for Dec., one on his ca 
 reer in England and France. M. A. Casey s Plea 
 for a Patriot, in the Galaxy, xxi. Parton s Jeffer 
 son. Recollections of his residence in New York, 
 in the New York City Manual, 1864. Potter s 
 American Monthly, Feb. 1877. M. D. Conway in 
 Fortnightly Review, March, 1879. Allibone, p. 
 1485, gives numerous minor references. 
 
 April, 1782. A plan to capture Prince Wil 
 liam Henry, at this time in New York. Sparks s 
 
262 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1782. 
 
 Washington, viii. 262. Irving s Washington, iv. 
 Historical Magazine, Feb. 1869, p. 130. 
 
 April, 1782. Loyalists hung in New Jersey a 
 Capt. Huddy ; and Capt. Asgill, a British officer 
 and prisoner in the Americans hands, was selected 
 to suffer in retaliation. The case was one of per 
 plexity to both Carleton and Washington. Diplo 
 matic Correspondence, xi. 105, 128, 140. Sparks s 
 Washington, i. 378 ; viii. 265, 301, 336, 361. Ir 
 ving s Washington, iv. ch. 29. Correspondence 
 of the Revolution, iii. Heath s Memoirs, p. 335. 
 Franklin s Works, ix. 376. J. C. Hamilton s Re 
 public, ,ii. 282. Political Magazine, iii. 472. 
 Jones s New York in the Revolutionary War, ii. 
 232, 483. 
 
 May, 1782. Crawford s expedition against the 
 Wyandottes on the Muskingum, near Sandusky, 
 is the subject of a monograph by C. W. Butter- 
 field, 1873. 
 
 The affairs of the loyalists on Long Island dur 
 ing 1782-1783. Ellis s Memoir of Count Rum- 
 ford, 132, and Onderdonk s Queens, Suffolk, and 
 Kings Counties. 
 
 June, 1783. The mutiny of troops in Pennsyl 
 vania and their insult to Congress. Rives s Madi 
 son, i. eh. 16 ; the histories of Pennsylvania ; and 
 W. P. Hazard s edition of Watson s Annals of 
 Philadelphia and Pennsylvania, a book much im 
 proved over the original issue. 
 
1782.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 263 
 
 Fall of the North Ministry, March, 1782. 
 
 The tidings of Yorktown had reached London 
 in November. Walpole s Last Journals, ii. The 
 Life of Van Schaack, p. 267, gives the heads of 
 debate in Parliament, Dec. 11, 1781. Cf. also 
 Parliamentary History. On successive test ques 
 tions the majority of the ministry gradually de 
 creased. Parton (Franklin, ii. 452) describes the 
 British intrigues in Jan. 1782, to alienate the 
 allies. 
 
 Feb. 22, 1782. Gen. Conway s motion to put 
 an end to the war was lost by one vote. Lyman s 
 Diplomacy of the United States, i. 93. Walpole s 
 Last Journals, ii. 505. 
 
 Feb. 28. Conway s renewed motion to put an 
 end to the war prevailed, giving the first majority 
 against the ministry. Debrett s Parliamentary 
 Register, vi. 310-341. Walpole s Last Journals, 
 ii. 509. Macknight s Burke, ii. 482. 
 
 March 28, 1782, Lord North resigned. Wal 
 pole s Last Journals, ii. 521. The condition of 
 parties at this time is described in Bancroft, x. ch. 
 26. Cf. also for this period of the waning power 
 of North, Donne s Correspondence of George III. 
 with North, ii. 398, 429; Belsham s England, vii. ; 
 Stanhope s England, vii. 136 ; Massey s England, 
 ii. 414; Adolphus s England; .Pictorial History 
 of England; WraxalFs Historical Memoirs, ii. 
 148 ; Cook s History of Party ; Russell s Memori- 
 
264 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1782. 
 
 als and Correspondence of Fox, i. 281 ; Russell s 
 Life and Times of Fox, i. ch. 15 ; Fitzmaurice s 
 Shelburne, iii. 129. 
 
 Negotiations for Peace, 1782. 
 
 Rockingham s demands of concessions by the 
 King before he would consent to form a new cabi 
 net, are given in Albemarle s Rockingham and 
 his Contemporaries, ii. 452. 
 
 The party, late in opposition and now in power, 
 was divided, Rockingham, the prime minister, be 
 ing in favor of granting the United States their 
 independence ; but Shelburne, his colleague, rep 
 resented the repugnance of Chatham to dismem 
 bering the monarchy. Albemarle s Rockingham, 
 ii. ; Fitzmaurice s Shelburne, iii. ch. 5, reviewed 
 in Edinburgh Review, Jan. 1854, and in Quar 
 terly Review, Jan. 1854. Sparks (Franklin, vii. 
 303) had copies of the Shelburne papers, then in 
 Lord Lansdowne s hands, since used by Fitzmau- 
 rice. Russell s Memorials and Correspondence of 
 Fox, i. 290, 294, and Life and Times of Fox, i. 
 281. Bancroft s United States, x. ch. 27 and 28. 
 
 July 1, 1782, Rockingham died. Walpole s 
 Last Journals, ii. 544. 
 
 Meanwhile Sir Guy Carleton had arrived at 
 New York to succeed Clinton, May, 1782, and 
 had endeavored without success to open commu 
 nication with Congress as commissioner of peace. 
 Madison s Debates and Correspondence, i. ; Rives s 
 Madison, i. 331, 333. 
 
1782.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 265 
 
 On Rockingham s death Slielburne became 
 prime minister, and Fox, representing the Rock- 
 ingham party, divided the cabinet, and hoped to 
 detach America from France, in treating through 
 Grenville, his agent to Paris, while Shelburne 
 sent Oswald in August on a similar mission, with 
 the hope of inducing the acceptance of a plan 
 for a separate parliament for America under the 
 same king. Diplomatic Correspondence, iii. 373, 
 483 ; viii. 116 ; Sparks s Washington, viii. 328, 
 344 ; Rives s Madison, i. 336 ; Walpole s Last 
 Journals, ii. 549, 583, and for Shelburne s charac 
 ter, unfavorably drawn, ii. 566, 623 ; Fitzmaurice s 
 Shelburne, iii. ; Stanhope s England, vii. ch. 66 ; 
 Adolphus s England, iii. ch. 46-49; Belsham s 
 England, vii. 325 ; Memoirs of the Court and 
 Cabinet of George the Third; Russell s Memo 
 rials and Correspondence of Fox, i. 330, 343, 439, 
 and Life and Times of Fox, i. 303 ; Life of John 
 Adams, i. 362. 
 
 Congress had issued instructions to its Com 
 missioners in Europe, June 15, 1781, Diplomatic 
 Correspondence, x. 71 ; and again, Jan. 7, 1782, 
 through Secretary Livingston, Diplomatic Corre 
 spondence, iii. 268, and Franklin s Works, ix. 128. 
 See also, under 1781, " Political Aspects." 
 
 The proceedings of Congress, while the nego 
 tiations went on, are followed in their Journals ; 
 Madison s Writings, i. 61, 515 ; Rives s Madison, 
 i. ch. 12 ; J. C. Hamilton s Republic, ii. ch. 31 
 
266 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1782. 
 
 and 34 ; Diplomatic Correspondence, passim. The 
 Debates in Congress, Nov. 4, 1782, to June 21, 
 1783, are given in the Madison Papers, i. 187. 
 
 General summarized accounts of the negotiations 
 are given in Bancroft s United States, x. ch. 26, 
 27, and 28 ; Sparks s Franklin, ch. 13 ; John 
 Adams s Works, i. ch. 6 and 7 ; Pitkin s United 
 States, ii. ch. 15 ; Marshall s Washington, iv. ch. 
 11 ; Knight s Popular History of England, vi. ch. 
 29 ; Hildreth s United States, iii. ch. 43 ; Greene s 
 Historical View of the American Revolution. A 
 tory view is taken in Jones s New York in the 
 Revolutionary War, ii. 487, 491. 
 
 A correspondence had been opened between 
 Franklin and Shelburne during the Rockingham 
 administration. Bancroft, x. 535, and Lives of 
 Franklin. Oswald had had an interview with 
 Franklin April 16, 1782, and Franklin conducted 
 the negotiations for some months alone. Frank 
 lin s Works, ix. 118 ; and for his journal of the 
 negotiations, March 21 to July 1, 1782, Works, ix. 
 238-350. This journal is also in Bigelow s Frank 
 lin, iii. 66, and in the Diplomatic Correspondence, 
 iii. 376, and many of Franklin s letters are in the 
 same volume. Franklin s "Notes for Conversa 
 tion " with Oswald are in Works, and in Parton s 
 Life of Franklin, ii. 458. Franklin s unpopular 
 ity in England has sprung partly from what was 
 felt to be his excessive care for the interests of 
 America in his conduct of these negotiations. Cf. 
 
1782.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 267 
 
 Thomas Hughes in the Contemporary Review, 
 1879, or No. 1833, Living Age, p. 298. 
 
 Jay came from Spain to Paris, June 23, 1782, 
 and introduced his suspicions both of Great Brit 
 ain s sincerity and France s purposes into the 
 conduct of affairs. Diplomatic Correspondence, 
 viii. 126, 128, 129, 163. Sparks s Franklin, i. 495 ; 
 Parton s Franklin, ii. 476, 479. Madison s De 
 bates and Correspondence, i. 518. Rives s Mad 
 ison, i. 356, and App. D. Bancroft s United 
 States, x. 559. J. C. Hamilton s Republic, ii. 
 476. Jay s Life of John Jay, i. ch. 6, assumes 
 his suspicions to be well founded, and in Sparks s 
 opinion needs to be read with caution. Sparks 
 (Franklin, ix. 452) alleges the groundlessness of 
 Jay s suspicions of the French ministry. Flan- 
 ders s Life of Jay, ch. 12. Cf. C. F. Adams s Life 
 of John Adams, i. 357, for a note on British se 
 cret agents near the American Commissioners. 
 Arthur Lee at this time was holding opinions re 
 garding the French alliance which excited suspi 
 cion. Rives s Madison, i. 340. 
 
 John Adams, meanwhile, though the head of 
 the Commission, had been successfully achieving 
 treaties with Holland, one acknowledging the 
 Independence of America, April 19, 1782, and 
 the other of commerce, etc., Oct. 8, 1782. Med 
 als commemorating these are engraved in John 
 Adams s Works, vii. and viii. For the progress 
 and results, see John Adams s Works, i. 347, etc. ; 
 
268 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1782. 
 
 iii. for Diary ; vii. 501, for official correspond 
 ence ; Bancroft, x. ch. 26 ; Lyman s Diplomacy 
 of the United States, i. ch. 3 ; Treaties and Con 
 ventions of the United States, 1871, p. 607. 
 
 The Holland mission accomplished, Adams, 
 Oct. 26th, joined Franklin and Jay in Paris, and 
 his letter to Livingston, Oct. 31, 1782, opens his 
 official correspondence. Works, vii. 652, con 
 tinued in viii. Cf. his Life in vol. i. ch. 6 and 7 ; 
 his Diary, in iii. 300. Diplomatic Correspond 
 ence, vi. and vii., with extracts from his diary. 
 Parton s Franklin, ii. 486. 
 
 Laurens, released from the Tower (Madison s 
 Debates, etc., i. 175 ; Rives s Madison, 346 ; Par- 
 ton s Franklin, ii. 404), joined the other Commis 
 sioners in Paris later. Diplomatic Correspond 
 ence, ii. 
 
 The negotiations were continued with the Brit 
 ish agents, without the privity of Vergennes, and 
 directly in contravention of the instructions which 
 had been given by Congress. This was the re 
 sult of the suspicions of Jay, now strengthened 
 by Adams s views, and helped by an intercepted 
 letter of Marbois, the French secretary of lega 
 tion at Philadelphia, which the British agents 
 produced. The letter is given in Pitkin s United 
 States, ii. 528. Cf. John Adams s Works, i., 
 App. D. ; and i. 392, for Adams s views of the 
 policy of the French cabinet ; and viii. p. 11, 
 for his views of his instructions. Flassan s Dip- 
 
1782.] TEE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 269 
 
 lomatie Frangaise, vi. The whole course of the 
 diplomatic relations with France is summarized 
 in J. C. Hamilton s Republic, ii.^ch. 32. 
 
 Conclusions were easily reached but upon three 
 points : 
 
 Boundaries. The French proposal for divid 
 ing North America between the United States, 
 Spain, and Great Britain is given in Fitzmaurice s 
 Shelburne, iii. 170. A map showing the northern 
 boundary as proposed by Oswald in Oct. and 
 Nov. 1782, respectively, is given by Fitzmaurice, 
 iii. 294, who says that the map with the line 
 finally determined under the Ashburton treaty, 
 1842, is in the King s Collection in the British 
 Museum. The original map is lost, and this loss 
 led to the disputes, settled by that treaty. On p. 
 324 there is a copy of the official map, showing 
 the rival claims for the boundary of Maine, with 
 the line finally fixed in 1842, and a note on the 
 two maps bearing upon the question. Cf. John 
 Adams s Works, i. 377, arid App. C. on the Maine 
 boundary. A statement of the American view by 
 Charles Sumner was circulated in England in 1 39, 
 and printed in the Boston Courier June 4, 1839. 
 For a history of the dispute see Daniel Webster s 
 Works, vol. i. p. cxxi ; vol. v. 78 ; vi. 270 ; Gal- 
 latin s Memoir on the North Eastern Boundary, 
 with map, New York, 1843, and the public doc 
 uments of Great Britain and the United States. 
 The earliest map of the United States, as such, 
 
270 HEADER S HANDBOOK OF [1782. 
 
 with bounds defined according to the treaty of 
 1783, was published April 3, 1783, by John 
 Wallis, London, and is fac-similed in Jones s New 
 York in the Revolutionary War, ii. 313. Maps 
 showing the bounds as fixed by the treaty were 
 published at once in Philadelphia by Pursell, in 
 Paris by Lattre, in Germany by Giissefeld, and 
 in Amsterdam " d apres Mr. Bonne." See also 
 Political Magazine, Feb. 1783 ; Andrews s History 
 of the War, etc. Gen. Chamberlain s Maine, 
 Her Place in History, has a map showing the 
 bounds of 1783 and the subsequent growth of 
 the territorial limits. 
 
 The British had advanced claims as far west 
 as the Penobscot and even the Kennebec, and to 
 the territory south of the great lakes, under the 
 terms of the Quebec Act, passed at the beginning 
 of the troubles, but they were abandoned. 
 
 The whole question of the cession by Virginia 
 of the northwest territory, and of the rival claims 
 of other states and of land companies, as affecting 
 the question of boundary, is gone over in Rives s 
 Life of Madison, i. ch. 15. Cf. Journals of Con 
 gress ; Madison s Debates and Correspondence, ii. ; 
 Thomas Paine s Public Good, an argument against 
 the claims of Virginia ; Histories of Virginia and 
 of the northwestern states. 
 
 The question of the bounds and independence 
 of Vermont has already been referred to under 
 1778. Congress was again engaged with the 
 
1782.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 271 
 
 subject during the period now under considera 
 tion. Madison s Debates and Correspondence, i. 
 Rives s Madison, i. 465. Ira Allen s Political 
 History of Vermont. Stone s Life of Brant, ii. 
 199. 
 
 The Fisheries. For the right to take fish 
 on the banks of Newfoundland, etc., see John 
 Adams s Works, i. 380 ; iii. 328 ; J. C. Hamilton s 
 Republic, ii. 482 ; Sabine s Report on American 
 Fisheries ; Wells s Samuel Adams, iii. 150. 
 
 The Loyalists. The British agents endeavored 
 long to make the United States, rather than their 
 own government, indemnify the loyalists for 
 sacrifices ; but Franklin s intimation that an equi 
 table equivalent would be the British indemnifi 
 cation for ravages by their troops, stayed the claim. 
 Wilmot s Historical View of the Commission for 
 inquiry into the losses, services, and claims of the 
 American loyalists. Sabine s American Loyalists, 
 ch. 10 and 11. Jones s New York in the Revo 
 lutionary War, ii. 237, has a tory view, and in ii. 
 510, is given the New York act of forfeiture, in 
 1779. Franklin s Works, ix. 426. Wells s Sam 
 uel Adams, iii. 182. 
 
 The condition of the negotiations were some 
 what affected by the political situation of Ireland. 
 Bancroft, x. John Adams s Works, i. 379. Me 
 moirs of the Court and Cabinet of George the 
 Third, i. 66-136. Also by Rodney s defeat of De 
 
272 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1782. 
 
 Grasse and the French fleet in the West Indies. 
 Bancroft, x. ch. 27. James s and other histories 
 of the British navy. The Age of Pitt and Fox, 
 App., London, 1846. 
 
 Nov. 30, 1782, the provisional treaty was signed 
 at Paris. Lyman s Diplomacy of the United 
 States, i. ch. 4. Bancroft s United States, x. 59. 
 Hildreth, iii. ch. 45. Irving s Washington, iv. ch. 
 32. Treaties and Conventions of the United 
 States, 1871, p. 309. Stanhope s England, vi. 
 Diplomatic Correspondence, x. 109, 115. Austin s 
 Gerry, ch. 24. The Commissioners addressed Sec 
 retary Livingston concerning this preliminary 
 treaty. John Adams s Works, viii. 18. This 
 dispatch was laid before Congress March 12, 1783, 
 and for the views of Congress on the Commission 
 ers proceeding without the knowledge of the 
 French Court, see Rives s Madison, i. 352 ; J. C. 
 Hamilton s Republic, ii. 488 ; Journals of Con 
 gress. 
 
 Vergennes addressed Luzerne in Philadelphia 
 in deprecation of the want of confidence shown. 
 Sparks s Franklin, i. ch. 14 ; ix. 452. Livingston 
 sent a reproving letter to the Commissioners. Di 
 plomatic Correspondence, x. 129 ; Rives s Madi 
 son, i. 372. Several drafts of a Reply are given 
 in John Adams s Works, i. App. F. ; also see i. p. 
 375, and viii. 87, and Franklin s Works, ix. 532. 
 
 There is a correspondence of Jay and J. Q. 
 Adams on the treaty in the Magazine of American 
 History, Jan. 1879. 
 
1783.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 273 
 
 The story sometimes repeated, that Franklin at 
 the signing wore the identical suit of Manchester 
 velvet in which he was dressed when he was in 
 sulted at the Privy Council, is discredited. Sparks s 
 Franklin, p. 488. Concerning the history of a por 
 trait of Franklin, painted by Greuze, and given 
 by Franklin to Oswald, and now in the Boston 
 Public Library, see the Report of that library 
 for 1872, App., with memorandum by Charles 
 Sumner. 
 
 Jan. 20,- 1783. The provisional treaty between 
 Great Britain and France signed at Paris. Sparks s 
 Washington, viii. 407, and the histories of Eng 
 land. 
 
 The provisional treaty of Nov. 30, 1782, was 
 assailed in Parliament, and was one of the causes 
 of the dissolution of the Shelburne ministry. Van 
 Schaack s Life and Letters. David Hartley suc 
 ceeded Oswald in the further negotiations for the 
 definitive treaty. Rives s Madison, i. 497. John 
 Adams s Works, viii. 78. Eight or nine months 
 of fruitless diplomacy resulted in the terms of the 
 provisional treaty being exactly agreed upon for 
 the definitive treaty, signed Sept. 3, 1783. Con 
 gress ratified it Jan. 14, 1784; the King, April 
 9th ; and Franklin notified Congress, May 13th. 
 Works, x. 87, 95, 96. The treaty is given in 
 Jones s New York in the Revolutionary War, ii. 
 
274 READERS HANDBOOK OF [1783. 
 
 The Newburgh Addresses, March, 1783. 
 
 In Dec. 1782, the army had made representa 
 tions to Congress, setting forth its sufferings from 
 want of pay. Journals of Congress, iv. 206. 
 Madison s Debates and Correspondence, i. 256. 
 Rives s Life of Madison, i. 383. 
 
 Nothing satisfactory coming of this appeal, a 
 movement of uncertain extent to demand of Con 
 gress a redress of grievances manifested itself in 
 anonymous addresses to the army, calling for a 
 meeting, and written, as afterwards acknowledged, 
 by Maj. Armstrong, of Gates s staff. Hasty ac 
 tion was prevented by Washington s interposition. 
 The original autograph of his address is in the 
 cabinet of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 
 and a fac-simile of it was issued by that society 
 in 1876. The addresses, as written by Arm 
 strong, are given in Sparks s Washington, viii. 
 551. More or less extended accounts of the pro 
 ceedings incident to this attempt to coerce the 
 civil by the military power will be found in Pick 
 ering s Life of Timothy Pickering, i. ch. 29, 30, 
 and 31; Sparks s Washington, viii. 369, 393, 
 551 ; Marshall s Washington, iv. 587 ; Irving s 
 Washington, iv. ch. 31 ; Rives s Madison, i. 392 ; 
 Quincy s Life of Shaw, 101 ; J. C. Hamilton s 
 Republic, ii. 365, 385, and his Life of Alexander 
 Hamilton, ii. 68 ; Hildreth s United States, iii. 
 ch. 45 ; Dunlap s New York, ii. 230 ; Journals of 
 Congress, iv. 213. 
 
1783.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 275 
 
 Hostilities Cease, 1783. 
 
 Meanwhile, April 19, 1783, a publication of the 
 cessation of hostilities was made in the camp at 
 Newburgh. Sparks s Washington, viii. 425, and 
 App. 13. Heath s Memoirs. Madison s Debates, 
 etc., i. 437. Diplomatic Correspondence, ii. 319- 
 329 ; x. 121 ; xi. 320. 
 
 On Washington s headquarters at Newburgh, 
 see Lossing s Field-Book, and J. T. Headley in 
 Galaxy, xxii. 
 
 May, 1783. The Society of the Cincinnati 
 formed among the officers of the army. Kapp s 
 Steuben, ch. 26. Heath s Memoirs, p. 381. Penn 
 sylvania Historical Society s Memoirs, vi. Win- 
 throp Sargent in the North American Review, 
 Oct. 1853. Loring s Hundred Boston Orators, p. 
 184. The scheme was not approved by many. 
 Wells s Samuel Adams, iii. 202. Austin s Gerry, 
 ch. 25. Franklin s Works, x. 58. Chief among 
 the tracts in opposition was Cassius s (Judge 
 Burke of South Carolina) Considerations on the 
 Society or Order of Cincinnati, 1783. The orig 
 inal Institution and Proceedings were printed at 
 Boston, 1812. There have been various minor 
 publications about the society, and there is an ex 
 tensive History of the Massachusetts Society by 
 F. S. Drake. 
 
 June 8, 1783. The circular letter of Washing 
 ton to the governors of the states, taking leave of 
 
276 READER S HANDBOOK OF [1783. 
 
 them and expressing hopes for the future, is in 
 Sparks s Washington, viii. 439. Irving s Wash 
 ington, iv. 394. 
 
 Oct. 18, 1783. Proclamation disbanding the 
 army. 
 
 Nov. 2, 1783. Washington s Farewell Address. 
 Sparks s Washington, viii. 491. Irving s Wash 
 ington, iv. 402. 
 
 Nov. 25, 1783. New York evacuated by the 
 British. Irving s Washington, iv. ch. 33. New. 
 York during the Revolution, New York, 1861. 
 Jones s New York in the Revolutionary War, ii. 
 504. Histories of the City of New York. 
 
 Maps of the city at this time are in Moore s 
 Diary, ii. 498 ; Political Magazine, 1781 ; Dunlap s 
 New York, i. 
 
 Dec. 4, 1783. Washington parts with his of 
 ficers in New York. Lives of Washington by 
 Marshall and Irving. 
 
 In Philadelphia, Washington deposited his ac 
 counts during the war, 1775-1783, in his own 
 hand, a document now in the Treasury Depart 
 ment at Washington. A fac-simile of the MS 
 was published in 1837. 
 
 Dec. 23, 1783. Washington resigned his com 
 mission to Congress at Annapolis. Sparks s Wash 
 ington, viii. 504, and App. 14. Marshall s Wash 
 ington, iv. 622. 
 
 An account of John Gray of Mount Vernon, 
 the last soldier of the Revolution, by J. M. Dal- 
 zell, was printed at Washington, 1868. 
 
GENERAL RECORDS OF THE WAR. 
 
 Explanation. 
 
 IN the previous sections of this Handbook, 
 special points of the conflict, arranged approxi 
 mately in a chronological order, are illustrated by 
 references to monographs, more or less confined 
 in scope, and to parts of more general works. It 
 seems convenient to add a survey of the principal 
 works covering the whole period, and to indicate 
 a few of the lesser ones, as typical ; and also to 
 mark some of the chief sources of contemporary 
 information, comprehensive in their character. 
 
 American Contemporary Records. 
 
 The Journals of Congress begin Sept. 1774. 
 Henry Armitt Brown delivered, in 1874, a cen 
 tennial oration on the anniversary of the meeting 
 of this Congress. The first volume of the Journals 
 goes through 1775. After that there was a vol 
 ume each year through the struggle. The vol 
 ume for 1774-1775 was reprinted by Almon in 
 London, 1775. 
 
 The Secret Journals of Congress begin 1775, 
 when the Committee of Secret Correspondence 
 
278 READER S HANDBOOK OF 
 
 began to communicate with agents in Europe, 
 and the title of this committee was changed to the 
 Committee of Foreign Affairs, April 17, 1777. 
 These Secret Journals are concerned with their 
 proceedings down to the close of the war. G. W. 
 Greene says : " In using the Journals of Congress, 
 I have constantly had occasion to regret the awk 
 ward separation of the Secret* Journals from the 
 main collection, and the want of a new edition 
 based upon an accurate collation of the original 
 manuscript, and completed by the insertion of 
 the fragments of debates and speeches scattered 
 through the works of Adams, Jefferson, Gouver- 
 neur Morris, and other members of that body." 
 These Journals contemporaneous edition, 13 
 vols., and the reprint of 1823, 4 vols. are but a 
 selection from the originals preserved in the De 
 partment of State. There is a chapter on the 
 Congress of the Revolution, and another on its re 
 lations to the states, in G. W. Greene s Historical 
 View ; and perhaps the best account of Congress 
 from 1780 to the close of the war is found in 
 Rives s Life of Madison, i. 
 
 The letters that passed between the officers or 
 committees of Congress and its agents and min 
 isters abroad are contained in the Diplomatic 
 Correspondence of the American Revolution, 12 
 volumes, 1829-1830, edited by Sparks. After 
 Aug. 10, 1781, the correspondence on the part of 
 Congress was transferred to R. R. Livingston, the 
 
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 279 
 
 first Secretary of Foreign Affairs. Sparks used 
 this publication of the government sometimes as 
 a medium through his notes of his own arguments 
 and inferences, for which he has been criticised. 
 
 Cf. North American Review, xxxii. on the Di 
 plomatic Correspondence by Edward Everett ; 
 and xlvi. by George Bancroft, and xcii. by G. W. 
 Greene, on the Documentary History ; also the 
 latter s Diplomacy of the Revolution in his His 
 torical View, p. 173. 
 
 Washington s official letters had first been 
 printed in Boston, New York, and London, 1795- 
 1796, but Jared Sparks, in 1827, issued a pamphlet 
 describing the papers of Washington (cf. Ban 
 croft, ix. preface, p. 5.), and proposed a plan of 
 publication of them ; and between 1834 and 1837 
 he published the Life and Writings of Washing 
 ton, 12 vols., an authority of the highest impor 
 tance. Sparks s labors were great and extremely- 
 valuable, though his method of editing, in recti 
 fying and dignifying language not originally in 
 tended for publication, has been censured by Lord 
 Mahon (Earl Stanhope) and others, in 1851. In 
 his own defense Sparks published pamphlets in 
 1852 and 1853. It was shown that much of the 
 alleged tampering followed the language of Wash 
 ington s letter books, which differed from the let 
 ters actually sent, and these last at the time were 
 not accessible to Sparks, but the differences were 
 made apparent on the publication of W. B. Reed s 
 
280 READER S HANDBOOK OF 
 
 Life of Joseph Reed, in 1847, where Washington s 
 letters as sent were printed. In 1852 W. B. Reed 
 reprinted the letters in dispute with marginal 
 references, showing Sparks s omissions and changes 
 and his own. Stanhope, after Sparks s explana 
 tion, gave his final views in the Appendix of His 
 tory of England, vol. vi. 
 
 Cf. Allibone s Dictionary, iii. 1203 and 2596, 
 for reference to spurious Letters of Gen. Wash 
 ington to his Friends, 1776, published in Lon 
 don, and afterwards forming a part of Washing 
 ton s Epistles, etc., New York, 1796. 
 
 In 1854 Sparks edited the Correspondence of 
 the American Revolution, 4 vols., being chiefly 
 letters addressed to Washington during the war, 
 and a necessary complement to the letters of 
 Washington. He says in the preface, in pursuance 
 of his plan of editing, and after his controversy 
 with Mahon : " Errors of grammar and obvious 
 blunders, the result of hasty composition, have 
 been corrected." 
 
 The measure of Sparks s labors for the history 
 of the Revolution is taken in the Memoir of him, 
 prepared by George E. Ellis, D. D., for the Pro 
 ceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society. 
 Cf. also Historical Magazine, May, 1866, and the 
 references in Allibone, iii. Col. Henry Whiting 
 collected Washington s orders, 1778, 1780-1782, 
 from the papers of his father, John Whiting, and 
 published them, 1844. Ineclited letters of Wash- 
 
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 281 
 
 ington have been printed in various places, 
 Magazine of American History, Feb. 1879 ; Cath 
 olic World, Nov. 1867 (to Chastellux), etc. 
 
 In 1830 the late Col. Peter Force projected a 
 documentary history of America from 1492 to 
 1789. In 1833 Congress ordered the publication 
 of such portion of the American Archives as 
 constituted series 4th and 5th of Col. Force s plan, 
 covering 1774-1783. The 4th series as printed 
 embraced the interval, March 7, 1774, to July 4, 
 1776, 6 vols. folio; and of the 5th series only 
 3 vols. ending with Dec. 1776, were printed, Con 
 gress ceasing to vote appropriations for it. The 
 print showed a literal following of even obvious 
 errors in the originals. In 1867 the library of 
 books and manuscripts which Force had collected 
 was purchased for the Library of Congress. A 
 report of the Librarian of Congress (46th Con 
 gress, 1st session, Senate Misc. Doc. No. 34 
 May 15, 1879) represents the manuscript mate 
 rial, 1776-1789 still imprinted as covering 230,000 
 foolscap pages, enough to make 30 volumes, match 
 ing those already printed. The librarian thinks 
 it desirable to print it with " careful omissions 
 and additions." The volumes as printed take a 
 very wide scope in selection from contemporary 
 printed records and manuscripts; but the indexes 
 to each volume are very inadequate and incon 
 sistent. 
 
 Niles s Principles and Acts of the Revolution 
 
282 READER S HANDBOOK OF 
 
 is a gathering of contemporary opinions and do 
 ings, without chronological arrangement, but with 
 an index. It was reprinted in 1876. 
 
 Recitals of transactions and illustrations of views 
 and manners will be found in the Diary of the 
 American Revolution, a daily record, consisting of 
 excerpts from the public prints and other original 
 sources, compiled by Frank Moore, to which may 
 be added the same compiler s Songs and Ballads 
 of the American Revolution, and W. Sargent s 
 Loyalist Poetry of the Revolution. 
 
 Thacher s Military Journal during the Ameri 
 can Revolutionary War gives the experiences and 
 observations of a surgeon. 
 
 The Familiar Letters of John Adams and his 
 wife, Abigail Adams, with a memoir of Mrs. 
 Adams, by Charles Francis Adams, give a picture 
 of the feelings of the time, with glimpses of events, 
 that is of extreme value. Other similar illustra 
 tions will be found in H. E. Scudder s Men and 
 Manners in America One Hundred Years Ago. 
 Cf. Mrs. Ellet s Domestic History of the American 
 Revolution. 
 
 The newspapers of the day are of the first im 
 portance, and for the early stage of the conflict 
 they are carefully used in Frothingham s Rise of 
 the Republic, and Moore in his Diary of the 
 American Revolution constantly gives extracts 
 from them. The principal ones of New England 
 are named on p. 7 of this Handbook, and others 
 
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 283 
 
 can be enumerated from the references of Froth- 
 ingham and Moore. Rivington published in New 
 York the principal paper in the British interest, 
 known as The Gazetteer, 1773-1775, and as the 
 Loyal and then Royal Gazette, after 1777. Hud 
 son s Journalism in the United States. Buck 
 ingham s Specimens of Newspaper Literature. 
 Sabine s American Loyalists, 2d ed. ch. 5 of in 
 troduction. Jones s New York in the Revolution 
 ary War, i. 561. 
 
 The contemporary utterances of the pulpit are 
 traced in Thornton s Pulpit of the Revolution, 
 and in The Patriot Preachers of the Revolution. 
 Cf. Sprague s Annals of the American Pulpit. 
 J. T. Headley s Chaplains and Clergy of the 
 Revolution. 
 
 A controversy was conducted in the Historical 
 Magazine by H. B. Dawson and others, about the 
 disloyalty of the Methodists during the war. Cf. 
 the numbers for 1867, May, June, Sept. and Dec. 
 
 For the effect and traces of the eloquence of the 
 time, see the lives of Patrick Henry and the other 
 leaders ; E. L. Magoon s Orators of the Ameri 
 can Revolution ; Frank Moore s American Elo 
 quence ; Rufus Choate s Address on the Eloquence 
 of the Revolution. An "account of the various 
 conventions during the war is given in Jameson s 
 Constitutional Convention. 
 
 Joseph M. Toner printed in 1876 the Medical 
 Men of the Revolution, with a brief history of the 
 
284 READER S HANDBOOK OF 
 
 medical department of the Continental army, 
 containing the names of nearly 1,200 physicians. 
 
 Bancroft, in his prefaces, vols. vi., ix., and x., 
 indicates the chief manuscript sources, public and 
 private, in this country and in England and on 
 the Continent, upon which he depends. He says 
 of the military MSS. which he procured from Ger 
 many : " that they are, in the main, the most im 
 partial of all which have been preserved." The 
 Papers of Gov. Hutchinson of Massachusetts, Gov. 
 Trumbull of Connecticut, of Gen. Heath, and of 
 John Hancock, are in the Massachusetts Histor 
 ical Society s Cabinet. The papers of Horatio 
 Gates and Baron Steuben are in the New York 
 Historical Society s Cabinet ; those of Gen. Knox 
 are in the library of the New England Historic 
 Genealogical Society ; those of Hopkins and Fos 
 ter in the Rhode Island Historical Society s li 
 brary ; those of Arthur and Richard Henry Lee 
 are divided between the libraries of Harvard Col 
 lege, American Philosophical Society in Philadel 
 phia, and the University of Virginia ; those, both 
 originals and copies, gathered by Sparks, are in 
 Harvard College Library. The Journals of Gen. 
 Henry Dearborn are in the Boston Public Li 
 brary. 
 
 There is also a large mass of papers in the 
 government archives, in those of the original 
 states, and in the Force Collection in the Library 
 of Congress. 
 
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. > 285 
 
 The lives of John Adams, Samuel Adams, 
 Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, Joseph Reed, 
 Alexander Hamilton, Timothy Pickering, Gener 
 als Greene, Sullivan, Wayne, and other actors in 
 the struggle, are based upon papers still preserved. 
 The prefaces of such lives usually describe these 
 collections. Other manuscripts have been men 
 tioned in previous pages. 
 
 British. Contemporary Records. 
 
 A Calendar of the Journals of the Lords was 
 published in London in 1810 ; and general indexes 
 of the Journals of the Lords, before 1779, and 
 after 1780, were printed respectively in 1817 and 
 1832 ; and of the Journals of the Commons, cov 
 ering 1714-1774, and 1774-1790, respectively in 
 1778 and 1796. 
 
 The Parliamentary Register, beginning 1774, 
 was printed in London, 1775, and continued yearly 
 till 1779. 
 
 Almon s Remembrancer was begun in London, 
 June 15, 1775, but the second edition of the first 
 volume of the Remembrancer has preliminary 
 matter not contained in the earlier issue. Its 
 purpose was to gather from English and American 
 sources the fugitive and contemporary accounts of 
 transactions, remembering chiefly, says Smyth, 
 " such letters, speeches, and publications as serve 
 to display the injustice of the design and the folly 
 of the councils of Great Britain." 
 
286 READER S HANDBOOK OF 
 
 The Gentleman s Magazine, London Magazine, 
 and other periodic publications of the day follow 
 the current of events and variations of opinion, 
 and the official reports of the officers in the field, 
 when gazetted in London, were often reproduced 
 in them. u Publications like these," says Prof. 
 Smyth, lecture 26, " give the manners and opin 
 ions living as they rise, and seem to have been the 
 precursors of the more ample and regular Annual 
 Register." 
 
 Early American Histories. 
 
 There was printed in Boston, 1781-1785, An 
 Impartial History of the War in America in three 
 sections, which is in part a reprint of a work with 
 a similar title, published in London in 1780, but 
 with large alterations and additions to adapt it 
 to the American public, and with a different ap 
 pendix. 
 
 The Rev. Wm. Gordon, an Englishman, came 
 to New England in 1770, and was settled at Rox- 
 bury, Mass., and beginning to collect material as 
 early as 1777 (John Adams s Works, ix. 461), he 
 returned to England after the peace, and pub 
 lished in London, in 1788, his History of the Rise, 
 Progress, and Establishment of the Independence 
 of the United States, 4 vols., a somewhat minute 
 chronicle, and impartial in the distribution of 
 praise and blame. He is thought not to have ad 
 mitted some statements for fear of persecution in 
 
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 287 
 
 England. Bancroft, ix. 123, says that, " notwith 
 standing its faults, it is invaluable, but is by no 
 means free from tales that on examination are 
 found untrustworthy." C. F. Adams says it has 
 " a great deal of value with difficulty to be found 
 in any other quarter." W. B. Reed, Life of Joseph 
 Reed, i. 240, calls it " ponderous, curious, and ill- 
 digested ; " and says the author had " access to 
 much that was authentic, but made strange and 
 often mischievous use of it," making his work 
 " quite as much a British as an American ver 
 sion." Smyth praises him for his impartiality. 
 See an account of Gordon and his history by J. 
 S. Loring in the Historical Magazine, Feb. and 
 March, 1862. 
 
 In 1790, Ramsay, a South Carolinian, published 
 his History of the American Revolution, more 
 concisely written than Gordon, and held to be 
 superior to Gordon by Smyth. 
 
 A small History of the American Revolution, 
 by John Lendrum, was printed in Boston, in 
 1795 ; and a History of the British Empire, 1765- 
 1783, covering the war, was prepared by a " so 
 ciety of gentlemen," and printed in Philadelphia 
 in 1798. A compiled Historical Journal of the 
 American War is given in the second volume of 
 the Massachusetts Historical Society s Collections. 
 
 Mrs. Mercy Warren s History of the Revolu 
 tionary War, printed in 1805, is of interest as a 
 reflex of intelligent comment by a contemporary, 
 
288 READER S HANDBOOK OF 
 
 and intimate friend of leading patriots. She had 
 differences with John Adams regarding the esti 
 mate to be put on some of them, and their corre 
 spondence on these points has been printed in the 
 Collections of the Massachusetts Historical So 
 ciety, 5th series, iv. 
 
 Early British Histories. 
 
 Erskine May says, "No part of English his 
 tory has received more copious illustration than 
 the revolt of the American colonies." 
 
 Capt. Hall s Civil War in America, 1780, never 
 reached a second volume, and the first ends with 
 1777. 
 
 The continued narrative in successive volumes 
 of the Annual Register, beginning with vol. xix., 
 will show the course of British feeling, and these 
 accounts are largely embodied in An Impartial 
 History of the War in America, to 1779, pub 
 lished in London in 1780. The sections in the 
 Annual Register are usually ascribed to Edmund 
 Burke, and they were made into A Concise His 
 tory of the Late War in America, published in 
 the Columbian Magazine, in 1789, and separately 
 in 1790. Cf. Wells s Samuel Adams, iii. 41. 
 
 Contemporary impressions, with the usual inac 
 curacies of hurriedly compiled histories, are found 
 in Murray s War in America, 1778, and in An- 
 drews s History of the Late War, 1785-1786. 
 
 Thomas Jones, a justice of the Supreme Court 
 
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 289 
 
 of the Province of New York, and a loyalist, 
 living on Long Island during part of the war 
 within the British lines, and for another portion 
 a prisoner in Connecticut, wrote in England, just 
 after the close of the war, a History of New York 
 in the Revolutionary War, which is largely, how 
 ever, a history of the conflict generally. It re 
 mained in MS., and had never been used by any 
 historical writer when it was first printed, in 1879, 
 by the New York Historical Society, in two large 
 octavos, edited with extensive notes by E. F. De 
 Lancey. It is a valuable contribution to a his 
 tory of the war from a side which has not yielded 
 much of its kind, representing the common hear 
 say accounts at the time of many important trans 
 actions. The writer divides his condemnation in 
 nearly equal proportions between the " rebels " 
 and the ministry with their soldiers. The loyal 
 ists in his narrative are represented as abused by 
 both. Simcoe s Journal of the Queen s Rangers 
 was privately printed in 1787, and reprinted in 
 New York in 1843. It begins after the battle of 
 Brandywine in 1777. 
 
 The chief contemporary British authority is % 
 Stedman s History of the American War, 1794, 
 a valuable record by an intelligent eye-witness, 
 the author serving under General Howe, but hav 
 ing little faith in him as a general. Stedman is, 
 however, of no authority in matters not military. 
 
 19 
 
290 READER S HANDBOOK OF 
 
 It has been asserted that his work was written by 
 Dr. William Thomson. 
 
 Later American Histories. 
 
 Dr. Abiel Holmes s American Annals, 1492- 
 1805, published 1805, and improved and con 
 tinued to 1826 in 1829. It is a careful chrono 
 logical arrangement of events, with references to 
 authorities, and of importance in its day and still 
 useful. 
 
 A History of the American Revolution of little 
 value was published in Baltimore in 1822, pur 
 porting to be by Paul Allen, but said to be in 
 great part by John Neal. 
 
 Timothy Pitkin of Connecticut published in 
 1828 a Political and Civil History of the United 
 States, 1763-1797, two volumes, which Sparks 
 calls a first attempt to disconnect political events 
 from the military operations. 
 
 James Grahame s History of the United States 
 comes down only to the Declaration of Independ 
 ence. Originally published in 1836, it was . re 
 issued in this country in 1845, under the super 
 vision of Josiah Quincy, who was furnished with 
 the MS. emendations left by the author. It is a 
 well-sustained work by an ardent admirer of 
 American principles. 
 
 As coming after much had been wrought by 
 others, and as having had access to materials of 
 the highest importance, particularly as regards 
 
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 291 
 
 the European relations of the contest, the vol 
 umes of Bancroft s History of the United States, 
 covering the war, constitute the chief authorita 
 tive general narrative. Bancroft is controverted 
 on points, but such have been mentioned in the 
 progress of these notes. The original issue of 
 this work, coining out between 1834 and 1875, 
 makes ten volumes, of which vols. vii. to x. cover 
 the Revolution. The plates of the several vol 
 umes have undergone correction and revision, and 
 sets may not wholly correspond. In 1876 he re 
 issued the whole in a revised centennial edition 
 in six volumes, but this edition does not supersede 
 the original work. 
 
 Lossing s Field-Book of the Revolution takes up 
 the events, not in chronological sequence, but as 
 they arose in his travels through the country in 
 search of anecdotes and memorials of the contests, 
 and he gives particular interest to the landscape 
 and landmarks, in connection with their Revolu 
 tionary associations. 
 
 Col. Carrington s Battles of the American Rev 
 olution is a history applying the principles of 
 military criticism ; and Dawson s Battles of the 
 United States often gives the contemporary official 
 accounts. 
 
 Mention can be made of only a few of the less 
 distinctive or more condensed and popular general 
 accounts. Hildreth s United States for the events 
 of the war is too much summarized for any but 
 
292 READERS HANDBOOK OF 
 
 those wishing a mere abstract of military events. 
 Ridpath s United States is a convenient summary, 
 with maps. The histories of the United States 
 by J. H. Patton, Tucker, and J. A. Spencer ; 
 Mrs. A. S. Richardson s History of Our Coun 
 try ; C. E. Lester s Our First Hundred Years, 
 all are intended in one way or another to supply 
 popular wants. C. C. Coffin s Boys of 76 offers 
 the general reader a convenient gathering of plans 
 of the various battles. Headley s Washington 
 and his Generals was popular thirty years ago as 
 a somewhat spirited portrayal of personal charac 
 teristics. Abbott s Paragraph History is an out 
 line, something like an amplified contents-table of 
 an Extended history. 
 
 Later British Histories. 
 
 Belsham s Memoirs of the Reign of George the 
 Third, 1760-1793, was published 1795-1801, and 
 was afterwards embodied in his History of Great 
 Britain, 1806. He espouses the side of the colo 
 nists, and Smyth considers him far more reason 
 able than Adolphus, whose History of England, 
 1760-1783, was published in 1802. Adolphus 
 defends the king s ministers, and Smyth says that 
 he very fairly puts the reader in possession of the 
 opposing views of Chatham. 
 
 Beatson s Naval and Military Memoirs of Great 
 Britain, 1804. 
 
 These early narratives, however, are largely f ol- 
 
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 293 
 
 lowed by the later British historians. Earl Stan 
 hope (Mahon), in his History of England, vol. vi., 
 is not so favorable to the colonists as Massey, in 
 his History, vol. ii. Cf. Reviews of Mahon in 
 North American Review, July, 1852 (by J. G. 
 Palfrey), and Jan. 1855. The account of the 
 Reign of George III., in the Pictorial History of 
 England, has a strong tory leaning. Knight s 
 Popular History of England will show the aver 
 age British views of recent days. 
 
 There are six lectures on the American war at 
 the close of Smyth s Modern History, which ex 
 press the better British feeling of sixty years ago, 
 and they are accompanied by some advice on the 
 best methods of studying the period. In treating 
 of the preliminaries of the war he relies largely 
 upon the debates in Parliament. 
 
 Sparks, in 1841, said of Smyth : " It would be 
 difficult to find any treatise on the American Rev 
 olution confined within the compass of six lectures 
 from which so much can be learned, or so accurate 
 an estimate of the merits of both sides of the 
 question can be formed." 
 
 There are very brief statements regarding the 
 part borne by the various British regiments in 
 the series of the Regimental Historical Records. 
 
 Of the less important British histories covering 
 the war, mention may be made of Chalmers s 
 Revolt of the American Colonies, for its legal 
 bearing ; Bartlett s and Woodward s History of 
 
294 READERS HANDBOOK OF 
 
 the United States, a pictorial record distinctively ; 
 Mackay s United States ; the convenient and 
 graphic summary, Ludlow s War of American 
 Independence, in the Epochs of Modern History 
 Series ; Tancock s England during the American 
 and European Wars, 1765-1820, in the Epochs 
 of English History series; and popular histories 
 by Cassell and others. 
 
 Green, in his Short History of the English 
 People, says : " The two sides of the American 
 quarrel have been told with the purpose of fair 
 ness and truthfulness, though with a very differ 
 ent bias, by Lord Stanhope and by Bancroft. The 
 latter is by far the more detailed and picturesque ; 
 the former, perhaps, the cooler and more impar 
 tial." 
 
 French and Italian Histories. 
 
 Various histories of the war were published in 
 France, most of little value, except as reflecting 
 incidentally the French sentiments, such as Le- 
 boucher s Histoire de la Guerre de lTnde*pendance 
 des Etats Unis, which gives maps of the northern 
 and southern colonies. 
 
 Sparks, however, Washington s Writings, viii. 
 135, says of Soule s Histoire des Troubles de 
 rAmdrique Anglaise, that it is " the best written 
 and most authentic in the French language. The 
 author had access to public documents, but all the 
 particulars relating to the operations of Rochain- 
 
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 295 
 
 beau s army are taken almost word for word from 
 a narrative which had been drawn up by Rocham- 
 beau, and which was afterwards published as a 
 part of his Memoires. A large portion of Soul s 
 book was read in manuscript by Rochambeau and 
 the Minister of War." 
 
 There is a paper on the French in the American 
 Revolution in the Revue Militaire Fran^aise for 
 1870, ii. ; and various French narratives are men 
 tioned in connection with the record of their par 
 ticipation in the war in previous pages. A list of 
 French officers, appointed to the army by Con 
 gress, is given in Hilliard d Auberteuil s Essais 
 historiques, and is reprinted in the Magazine of 
 American History, June, 1879. 
 
 An Italian, Botta, published in 1809 what was 
 long accounted the best History of the American 
 Revolution. Jefferson called it the best yet writ 
 ten in his day, but took exception to the speeches, 
 which, after the manner of the ancients, are put 
 into the actors mouths. Bancroft styles it ad 
 mirable. It was translated into English by G. W. 
 Otis, of Boston, and is reviewed in the North 
 American Review, xiii., by F. C. Gray. 
 
 A French translation of it appeared, with an 
 introduction, in which the papers of Gerard, the 
 French minister to Congress, had been used. 
 
 There was published in Genoa in 1879, under 
 the editing of G. Colucci, the official correspond 
 ence of the Genoese ambassador in London during 
 
296 READERS HANDBOOK OF 
 
 the American Revolution, I Casi della Guerra 
 per 1 Indipendenza d America, two volumes, 
 with an extended preface on the thirteen colonies. 
 These dispatches, written by Francesco Ageno, 
 begin in 1770 and end in Dec. 1780. 
 
 Biographies. 
 
 Most of the lives of the principal actors, cover 
 ing but their personal experiences, can hardly be 
 classed as general works, but from his position 
 Washington has given his biographers grounds for 
 making their works in large part extended nar 
 ratives of the war. 
 
 In 1805 Marshall brought out his Life of Wash 
 ington, and he had peculiar advantages in the use 
 of Washington s papers, as well as from a per 
 sonal knowledge of him, and by reason of his own 
 participation in the conflict. He gave a sedate 
 and trustworthy character to his work, which ren 
 ders it still of prime interest, notwithstanding 
 later developments, and notwithstanding a treat 
 ment of the subject that to some will appear dull. 
 It was originally issued in five volumes, both 
 quarto and octavo, and was reissued in 1832 in 
 two volumes, without the introduction or colonial 
 history. 
 
 Sparks s Life of Washington, making vol. 1 of 
 Washington s Writings, and published also sepa 
 rately, is of excellent reputation for accuracy. Cf. 
 Allibone s references to reviews of it in his Die- 
 
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 297 
 
 tionary, iii. 2192. Guizot translated and con 
 densed Sparks s twelve volumes into six, 1839- 
 1840, and furnished a succinct and judicious in 
 troductory sketch, which preceded a life by De 
 Witt, and which has also been printed separately 
 as his Vie de Washington. C. W. Upham made 
 up an Autobiography of Washington by detach 
 ing extracts from his writings, which has been 
 successful in England, though the publication of 
 it was stopped in this country, as infringing the 
 copyright of Sparks. The most popular of the 
 lives of Washington, however, is Irving s, which 
 is gracefully written and shows respectable re 
 search. 
 
 Of the less important lives, reference may be 
 made to those by Aaron Bancroft, Ramsay, 
 Paulding, Mrs. Kirkland, Lossing, Headley, etc. 
 The life by M. L. Weems was very popular at the 
 beginning of this century, but it was worked up 
 by a shrewd book-agent to insure a sensational 
 popularity. Cf. Parton in the Magazine of Amer 
 ican History, Aug. 1879, on the True and Tradi 
 tional Washington. Of more condensed expres 
 sion, see the addresses of Everett, Webster, Win- 
 throp, etc., and the essays by Theodore Parker 
 in his Historic Americans ; by E. P. Whipple on 
 Washington and the Principles of the Revolu 
 tion, etc. Edward Everett wrote a condensed 
 life for the Encyclopaedia Britannica, which was 
 published separately as a Life of Washington. 
 
298 READER S HANDBOOK OF 
 
 Cf. his Mount Vernon Papers, and the address 
 which he delivered so widely in aid of the pur 
 chase of Mount Vernon. He tells the story of 
 this address in the Massachusetts Historical So 
 ciety s Proceedings, June, 1858. Lossing has a 
 paper on Washington s Life-guard in the Histor 
 ical Magazine, May, 1858. 
 
 Alexander Hamilton, as for a period one of 
 Washington s military family, and as the expo 
 nent of marked views in administration and 
 finance, is made the central figure of his son, J. 
 C. Hamilton s History of the Republic of the 
 United States, as traced in the Writings of Ham 
 ilton and his Contemporaries. This work has met 
 hostile criticism from its attacks on the charac 
 ters of the Adamses, Joseph Reed, Madison, etc., 
 and from the obtrusiveness of the author s as 
 sumption that all papers, preserved in Hamilton s 
 hand, but signed by Washington, were the work 
 of the secretary. Cf. W. B. Reed s Life of Joseph 
 Reed, i. 108; Sparks s introduction to Wash 
 ington s Revolutionary Correspondence. G. W. 
 Greene s Historical View, p. 385. J. C. Hamil 
 ton replied to his critics in the preface to his sec 
 ond volume. A more confined memoir of Hamil 
 ton s participation in the war is the same author s 
 Life of Alexander Hamilton. J. T. Morse s Life 
 of Hamilton, ch. 2, gives a summary of his Revolu 
 tionary career. 
 
 Joseph Reed, first Washington s secretary, then 
 
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 299 
 
 adjutant-general, and later the President of 
 Pennsylvania, was put in a central position, and 
 the Life of him by W. B. Reed, 1847, is largely 
 general. The character of Reed has given rise to 
 controversy. In 1783 he published Remarks and 
 an Address to the People of Pennsylvania, which 
 brought out, in 1787, a Reply by Gen. John Cad- 
 walader, which was reprinted in Philadelphia in 
 1848, and again in 1856, together with the " Val 
 ley Forge Letters," pronounced forgeries by W. 
 B. Reed, under the title of Nuts for Historians to 
 Crack ; and both the Reed and Cadwalader pam 
 phlets were printed in fac-simile at Albany, in 
 1863. There is also a pamphlet on this matter 
 by John G. Johnson. Bancroft, in his volumes 
 viii. and ix., took views that elicited a vindication 
 of Joseph Reed from his grandson, W. B. Reed, 
 entitled, President Reed of Pennsylvania, 1867, 
 which is reviewed unfavorably to Bancroft in the 
 Atlantic Monthly, June, 1867. Bancroft replied 
 in Joseph Reed, an Historical Essay, 1867, which 
 is rather favorably reviewed in Harper s Monthly, 
 Feb. 1867. W. B. Reed issued a Rejoinder, 1867. 
 Gen. Stryker, in his Reed Controversy, Trenton, 
 1876, showed that Bancroft had mistaken a Col. 
 Charles Read for Joseph Reed, as being under 
 British protection, and Bancroft corrects his cen 
 tennial edition, accordingly, vol. v. Cf. Pennsyl 
 vania Magazine of American History, i. 114. A 
 sharp controversy also arose between W. B. Reed 
 
300 READER S HANDBOOK OF 
 
 and J. C. Hamilton, because of some statements 
 in the latter s History of the Republic. Cf. His 
 torical Magazine, Dec. 1867, supplement; also 
 see 1866, supplement, p. 177 ; April, 1867, p. 
 249, and Jan. 1869, p. 45. See also President 
 Reed, published at Morrisania, 1867. 
 
 For the political aspects of the war the lives of 
 John Adams, Samuel Adams, Benjamin Frank 
 lin, James Madison, Gouverneur Morris, are of the 
 chiefest importance. A less careless and clumsy 
 manner had made the Lives of Richard Henry 
 Lee and Arthur Lee, both by the younger R. H. 
 Lee, of the first importance. The papers on which 
 they are based are now part in the library of 
 Harvard College, a calendar of which is now ap 
 pearing in the bulletin of that library ; part in 
 the library of the American Philosophical Society 
 in Philadelphia, bound in two volumes ; and a 
 third part in the library of the University of Vir 
 ginia. 
 
 Naval Histories. 
 
 J. Fenimore Cooper s Naval History of the 
 United States. Thomas Clark s Naval History 
 of the United States, 1814. George F. Emmons s 
 Navy of the United States, 1775-1853, a record 
 of the vessels. Lossing s Field-Book of the Amer 
 ican Revolution, L, Appendix. The lives of the 
 several American commanders as named on pre 
 vious pages. Cf. account of Com. Samuel Tucker 
 in the New England Historical and Genealogical 
 
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 301 
 
 Register, April, 1872. The records of the several 
 states show much about their different partici- 
 pancy in this service. Of., for example, the Penn 
 sylvania Archives, first and second series. 
 
 C. D. Yonge s History of the British Navy, 
 Allen s Battles of the British Navy, and other 
 special monographs on the English side. 
 
 Portraits. 
 
 Various contemporary or nearly contemporary 
 narratives have engraved likenesses of the prin 
 cipal public characters, some of which are men 
 tioned in connection with their names as they 
 occur in these notes. Such illustrated accounts 
 are : James Murray s Impartial History of the 
 American War, London, no date, giving Washing 
 ton, Franklin, Hancock, Putnam, Lee, Arnold, 
 Montgomery, George III., North, Germaine, Gen. 
 Howe, Lord Howe, Earl Percy, Gen. Gage. 
 
 An Impartial History of the War in America, 
 Boston, 1781-1785, giving Washington, Franklin, 
 Lafayette, Greene, Samuel Adams, Montgomery, 
 Knox, Lincoln, Warren, Hancock, Heath. 
 
 Impartial History of the War in America, Lon 
 don, 1780, giving Hancock, Samuel Adams, 
 Washington, Putnam, Arnold, the Howes, etc., 
 Boston Magazine, 1783-1786. 
 
 Geschichte der Kriege in und aus Europa, 
 Nuremberg, 1776, giving Franklin, Com. Hop 
 kins, Arnold, Putnam, Chas. Lee, Robert Rogers, 
 Sullivan, D. Wooster. 
 
302 READERS HANDBOOK OF 
 
 Du SimitiSre s profile likenesses of thirteen of 
 the patriots (including Arnold), engraved by 
 Reading, were published in London in 1783. 
 
 Later portraits and mementoes are given in 
 Smith and Watson s American Historical and 
 Literary Curiosities. 
 
 It is not worth while to enumerate the appear 
 ance of such likenesses in all the later histories 
 and biographies. The portraits of Washington 
 and Franklin are very many in number, and have 
 been the subject of special lists and examination. 
 
 Maps. 
 
 Contemporary. A map of the colonies accord 
 ing to a survey of 1763 was made, and an en 
 graved reduction of it appeared in London, 1766, 
 in a collection of the Charters of the Provinces 
 and the Proceedings in consequence of the Stamp 
 Act. M. A. Rocques published at London, 1765, 
 a set of plans of the country and of the forts in 
 America, from actual surveys, which has a folding 
 map of New York city. 
 
 Evans s map of the Middle Colonies, between 
 Eastern Massachusetts, Ohio, and Virginia, pub 
 lished at Philadelphia, 1755, with an essay, was 
 enlarged by T. Pownall, late governor of Massa 
 chusetts Bay, to include New England and part 
 of Canada, and published in London by Almon 
 in 1776, and was subsequently reissued, revised 
 by Major Holland. 
 
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 303 
 
 Peter Bell s map, according to the treaty of 
 1763, appeared in a History of the British Domin 
 ion in North America, 1773. The same year there 
 was a map issued at Paris, by Bonne, which was 
 reproduced at Leipsic in the Geographische Be- 
 lustigungen, 1776; and again in 1776, at Nurem 
 berg, there appeared another map of the colonies 
 in the Geschichte der Kriege in und aus Europa. 
 In 1779 a map was given in the History of the 
 War in America, published at Dublin ; and a 
 large one the next year, 1780, came out in the 
 Impartial History of the War in America, pub 
 lished at Dublin. Other maps appeared in the 
 Political Magazine, April 17, 1780 ; in Soul s 
 Histoire des Troubles de 1 Amerique Anglaise, 
 Paris, 1787, and in the German version of it ; in 
 Hilliard d Auberteuil s Histoire de 1 Administra 
 tion de Lord North et de la Guerre ; in Boucher s 
 Histoire de la Derniere Guerre, Paris, 1787 ; and 
 in Gordon s American War. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 Ben: Perley Poore s Political Register gives 
 the federal officials from 1776. A collection of 
 rosters and personal items will be found in Saf- 
 felFs Records of the Revolutionary War, New 
 York, 1858. A convenient list of the general offi 
 cers at the beginning and close of the war is 
 given in G. W. Greene s Historical View, p. 452 ; 
 and the same work has a section on the foreign 
 
304 READERS HANDBOOK OF 
 
 element in the war. The Last Men of the Revo 
 lution, by E. B. Hillard, 1864, is an account of 
 the seven Revolutionary pensioners then surviving. 
 
 Sparks s Washington, v. 542, gives a statement 
 of the effective force of the British army in Amer 
 ica, at intervals, from 1777 to 1782, as derived 
 from the State Paper Office. 
 
 A table showing the number of troops furnished 
 by the several states is printed in Niles s Register, 
 July 31, 1830 ; in G. W. Greene s Historical 
 View, pp. 454, 455 ; in Hildreth s United States, 
 iii. 441, and elsewhere. Cf. W. Sargent on the 
 Army of the Revolution, in North American Re 
 view, Ixxvii. ; a chapter in G. W. Greene s His 
 torical View of the American Revolution ; and 
 Von Bulow s criticism of the military conduct of 
 the war, in the Historical Magazine, 1865. 
 
 There are treatises on the employment of ne 
 groes as soldiers by George H. Moore and George 
 Livermore. 
 
 Judge Charles H. Warren s paper on the buff 
 and blue uniform of the Continentals is in the 
 Massachusetts Historical Society s Proceedings, 
 Jan. 1859. 
 
 There is a paper on martial law during the Rev 
 olution by A. B. Gardner in the Magazine of 
 American History, i. 
 
 For the caricatures of the period, see Parton s 
 article in Harper s Magazine, July, 1875, after 
 wards included in his History of Caricature. 
 
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 305 
 
 The spirit of the Revolution is depicted in such 
 novels as Cooper s Chainbearer, J. L. Motley s 
 Morton s Hope, L. M. Child s Rebels, J. K. Paul- 
 ding s Old Continental, John Neal s Seventy-Six, 
 S. J. Hale s Grosvenor, Miss Sedgwick s Lin- 
 woods, etc. Other novels have been referred to 
 in connection with the particular events which 
 they illustrate. 
 
 The War of the Revolution is part of the series 
 of visions that make up Joel Barlow s Columbiad, 
 1808. 
 
 The literature of the Revolution is illustrated in 
 two chapters of G. W. Greene s Historical View 
 of the American Revolution, in sections of Duy- 
 ckinck s American Literature, and in Griswold s 
 Prose Writers and Poets of America. Allibone s 
 Dictionary, under the names of writers, will fur 
 nish data and references. The Songs and Bal 
 lads have been collected by Frank Moore, and the 
 Loyalist Poetry by Winthrop Sargent. 
 
 The intellectual and material condition of the 
 Revolutionary period is considered as the start 
 ing-point of the subsequent development of the 
 country, in the conglomerate volume, by various 
 writers, The First Century of the Republic ; a 
 Review of American Progress, New York, 1876 ; 
 a series of papers, the most of which originally 
 appeared in Harper s Magazine. 
 20 
 
IJSTDEX, 
 
 *** Reference is commonly made but once to a book if repeatedly mentioned 
 in the text, but other references are made when additional information about the 
 book is conveyed. 
 
 ABBOTT, EDW., Paragraph History 
 
 Abbott, J. S. C., Life of Paul Jones 
 212. 
 
 Ackland, Lady, 147. 
 
 Adams, Abigail, letters, 282. 
 
 Adams, Davenport, English Party 
 Leaders, 185. 
 
 Adams, John, Life, Diary, and Works, 
 by C. F. Adams, 1 ; controversy 
 with Mercy Warren, 7, 287 ; as No- 
 vanglus, 20 ; Familiar Tetters, 38, 
 282 ; in Europe, 177 ; to negotiate 
 treaty, 213 ; views on finance, 243 ; 
 makes treaty with Holland, 267 ; in 
 Paris (1782), 268 ; papers, 284. 
 
 Adams, J. Q., on the treaty, 272. 
 
 Adams, Josiah, Address at Acton, 31. 
 
 Adams, Samuel, Life by Wells, 1 ; 
 Vindication of Boston, 8 ; efforts 
 and character, 104 ; and the Con- 
 way Cabal, 168. 
 
 Adams, Sam, Regiments, 11. 
 
 Adams, Samuel, papers, 284. 
 
 Adolphus s History of England, 2, 
 
 Age of Pitt and Fox, 272. 
 Ageno, Francesco, 296. 
 Alamance, battle of, 5. 
 Albemarle r s Rockingham and his 
 
 Contemporaries, 112. 
 All the Year Round, 212. 
 Allan, Colonel John, 224. 
 Allen, Ethan, 79, 82 ; his Narrative, 
 
 82 ; Life by De Puy, 80 ; Life by 
 
 Moore, 80 ; Life by Sparks, 80. 
 Allen, Ira, History of Vermont, 271. 
 Allen, Paul, 290. 
 Allen, Rev. Mr., 142. 
 Allen, Thaddeus, Origination of 
 
 American Union, 16. 
 Allen s Battles of the British Navy, 
 
 211, 301. 
 Allen ; s Kennebec journal, 83. 
 
 Allibone s Dictionary of Authors, 
 2do, 261. 
 
 Almon s Charters of the Colonies, 2 
 Collection of Tracts, 4 ; Remem 
 brancer, 27, 285. 
 
 American Annals, by Holmes, 290. 
 
 American Antiquarian Society, 37. 
 
 American Archives, Force, 10, 281. 
 
 American Atlas, 58, 71, 113, 220. 
 
 American Bibliopolist, 113. 
 
 American Colonies, Revolt of, by 
 Chalmers, 293. 
 
 American Criminal Trials, 11, 150. 
 
 American Gazette, by Kearsley, 9. 
 
 American Historical Magazine, New 
 Haven, 29. 
 
 American Historical Records, 12, 127, 
 189. 
 
 American Independence, War of by 
 Ludlow, 294. 
 
 American Journalism, by Hudson, 7. 
 
 American Naval Heroes, by Waldo. 
 212. 
 
 American Philosophical Society, 65 ; 
 Transactions, 242. 
 
 American Quarterly Review, 19. 
 
 American Revolution, Abbott s Para 
 graph History, 292 ; histories, by 
 Paul Allen, 290; by Botta, 295; 
 Views of, by Jonathan Boucher, 
 10 ; Carrington ; s Battles of, 46, 291 ; 
 Correspondence of, 80 ; Ellet s Do 
 mestic History of, 282 ; Field-Book 
 of, by Lossing, 3; Documentary 
 History, by R. W. Gibbs, 3 ; History 
 by Gordon, 28, 287; Historical View, 
 by G. W. Greene, 2 ; by Lendrum, 
 287; by Moultrie, 3; by Ramsay, 
 85, 287 ; by Mercy Warren, 7, 287 ; 
 in South Carolina, by Dray ton, 3. 
 American Union, Thaddeus Allen s 
 
 Origination of, 16. 
 
 American War, poem by Cocking, 
 58. 
 
308 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 American War, Impartial History, by 
 Murray, 57. 
 
 American War, by Stedman, 30, 289. 
 
 Amerikaniscb.es Magazin, 204. 
 
 Ambers t, Lord, 231. 
 
 Amory, T. G., Life of James Sullivan, 
 73 ; Military Services of Gen. Sulli 
 van, 206 ; Old and New Cambridge, 
 62. 
 
 Analectic Magazine, 44, 147, 232. 
 
 Anburey s Travels, 66, 135. 
 
 Anderson s History of Commerce, 215. 
 
 Andre , Major, Life by Sargent, 82 ; 
 his Cow Cbase, 224 ; relations with 
 Arnold, 230. 
 
 Andrews s History of the Late War, 
 29, 288. 
 
 Andrews, John, Map of the Colonies, 
 132. 
 
 Andrews papers, 64. 
 
 Andross, Thomas, Old Jersey Captive, 
 200. 
 
 Angell, Colonel, 167. 
 
 Annapolis, Congress at, 276. 
 
 Annual Register, 4, 286, 288. 
 
 Arbuthnot, English admiral, 221. 
 
 Archaeologia Americana, 5. 
 
 Armed Neutrality, 214. 
 
 Armstrong s Life of Montgomery. 82 ; 
 Life of Wayne, 165. 
 
 Armstrong and the Newburgh Ad 
 dresses, 274. 
 
 Armstrong s letters at Saratoga, 152. 
 
 Army disbanded, 276. 
 
 Arnold, Benedict, Life by Isaac N. 
 Arnold, 236 ; by Sparks, 80 ; at T> 
 conderoga, 79 ; expedition by the 
 Kennebec, 82 ; at Trenton, 125 ; on 
 Lake Champlain, 126 ; at Fort Stan- 
 wix, 141 ; not present at Freeman s 
 Farm, 146 ; at Saratoga, 147 ; in 
 Philadelphia, 190 ; his treason, 250 ; 
 in Virginia, 246 ; in Connecticut, 
 254. 
 
 Arnold, Mrs., and the treason, 232. 
 
 Arnold, S. G., History of Rhode 
 Island, 88, 195 ; address, 195. 
 
 Asgill, Captain, 262. 
 
 Ashburton treaty, 269. 
 
 Atlantic Monthly, 11. 
 
 Atlantic Neptune, 68. 
 
 Atlas Ameriquain septentrional, 58. 
 
 Atlee s Journal, 109. 
 
 Attucks, Crispus, 12. 
 
 Auberteuil, d , Essais historiques, 15. 
 
 Austin s Life of Elbridge Gerry, 8. 
 
 Austin, Jonathan Loring, 156, 186. 
 
 BABSON S History of Gloucester, 
 Mass., 88. 
 
 Badeaux, J. B., 86. 
 Bailey s letter on Falmouth, 71. 
 Balcarras, Earl of, at Saratoga, 154. 
 Balch, Thomas, 78 ; Maryland Line, 
 
 63, 247 ; Les francais en Anierique, 
 
 227. 
 Ballad History of the Revolution, by 
 
 Moore, 81. 
 Baltimore in the Revolution, by Pur- 
 
 viance, 8. 
 Bancroft, Aaron, Life of Washington. 
 
 297. 
 Bancroft, George, History of United 
 
 States, 290. 
 
 Bancroft and Reed controversy, 299. 
 Banker s Magazine, 243. 
 Bannister, John, 187. 
 Barbadoes, 9. 
 
 Barber s Map of New York, 132. 
 Barclay, S., Personal Recollections, 
 
 etc., 110. 
 
 Barney, Com., Memoirs, 88. 
 Barnum, H. L., Spy Unmasked, 206. 
 Barre", Colonel, 96 ; Barre and his 
 
 Times, 8. 
 Barren Hill, 173. 
 
 Barry ; s History of Massachusetts, 2. 
 Bartlett and Woodward s United 
 
 States, 293. 
 Bartlett s, J. R., Destruction of the 
 
 Gaspee, 13. 
 Barton, General, Life by Williams, 
 
 195. 
 
 Barton, Lieut. Colonel, 134. 
 Barton and Elmer, diary, 207. 
 Battle of the Kegs 173. 
 Baum, Colonel, 141. 
 Baumeister, 116. 
 Beach s Indian Miscellany, 139. 
 Bean, T.W., 170. 
 Beatson s Naval and Military Memoirs 
 
 of Great Britain, 109, 292. 
 Beaumarchais 100, 176 ; Life by John 
 
 Bigelow, 100 ; by Lomenie, 100. 
 Beaurain s Carte de Boston, 69. 
 Bedford Correspondence, 180. 
 Belfast, History by Williamson, 208. 
 Belisle s Independence Hall, 106. 
 Belknap, Jeremy, 62 ; History of New 
 
 Hampshire, 197. 
 Bell, Peter, map, 303. 
 Belsham s Great Britain, 292 ; Reign 
 
 of George the Third, 292. 
 Beman, 80. 
 
 Bemis s Heights, 145, 147. 
 Bennington, 141; History of, by F. 
 
 W. Coburn, 143. 
 Benson, Egbert, 232. 
 Bentalou, Colonel, on Pulaski, 210. 
 Benton ; s Uerkimer County, 140. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Berkshire County, Mass., 79 
 
 Bernard, Francis. 8. 
 
 Biddle, Captain, 88. 
 
 Biddle, C. J., on Andre s execution 
 
 Bigelow, John, on Beaumarchais 
 
 100; Life of Franklin, 101. 
 Biographies of the Revolution, 296. 
 
 . 
 
 , England un <ler George III 
 oo, lol. 
 
 Blackwood s Magazine, 148. 
 Blanchard, Claude, Journal 227 
 Bland Papers, 3, 151, 174, 240. 
 Blaskowitz s surveys, 196, 228. 
 Bleeker s orderly -book, 207. 
 Bloodgood s Sexagenary, 148. 
 Board of War, 171. 
 Bolles, Albert S., on R. Morris, 244. 
 Bolton s Westchester County, 206 
 
 232. 
 
 Bon Homme Richard, man-of-war, 211 
 Bonne, map by, 303. 
 Bonney, Mrs., History Gleanings, 91. 
 Boone, Daniel, Adventures of, 199. 
 Boone, Fort, 198. 
 Border Warfare, 192. 
 Boston, Committee of Correspondence 
 98 ; Description by Shurtleff, 8 ; 
 History by Drake, 3; History by 
 Snow ; massacre, 11, 21 ; Neck, 67 ; 
 Old Landmarks, by Drake, 8 ; Ora 
 tors, by Loring, 11 ; plans of, 57, 
 68 ; Port Bill, 15 ; Siege of, 59, and 
 history, by Frothingham, 15 ; and 
 medal, 67 ; Centennial celebration 
 of the Siege, 60 ; Tea-party, 13, 23. 
 Boston newspapers : Daily Advertiser, 
 51 ; Courier, 269 ; Evening Post, 4 : 
 Gazette, 4, 209 ; Medical and Surgi 
 cal Journal, 54 ; Monthly Magazine, 
 156, 186 ; Newsletter, 7 ; Patriot, 
 50 ; Sunday Herald, 237 ; Tran 
 script, 63. 
 
 Boston Public Library reports, 273. 
 Botta s History of the War of Inde 
 pendence, 57, 214, 295. 
 Boucher, Jonathan, Views of the 
 
 American Revolution, 10. 
 Boundaries at the peace, 269. 
 Bourgoin s Theatre de la Guerre, 132. 
 Bowen, F., Life of General Lincoln, 
 
 147. 
 
 Bowen, Nathan, 150. 
 Bowen and Futhey s plan of Brandy- 
 wine, 162. 
 
 Bowman s journal, 199. 
 Boynton, Thomas, journal, 39. 
 Boynton s West Point, 92, 230. 
 Boys of : 76, by Coffin, 189. 
 Bradford Club, 237, 255 
 
 Bradford, Alden, on Bunker Hill, 45, 
 51 ; History of Massachusetts, 26 : 
 Massachusetts State Papers 6 
 
 Brainerd, W. F 255. 
 
 Brandywine, 160. 
 
 Brant, Joseph, 192; and Wyoming, 
 
 Brassier s surveys, 127. 
 
 Breck, S., on Continental money, 242. 
 
 Breech-loading rifles used, 161. 
 
 Breed s Hill, 68. 
 
 Breyman, Colonel, 142. 
 
 Briar Creek, 209. 
 
 Brief Examination of the Northern 
 
 Expedition, 149. 
 
 Brinley Library Catalogue, 5, 177. 
 Brion de la Tour s Theatre de la 
 
 Guerre, 132. 
 British Dominion in North America, 
 
 British ferocity in the war, 184. 
 British Government, 180. 
 Brodhead s Letters, 109. 
 Brodhead s New York Documents, 
 
 Brooklyn, battle at, 109: Stiles s 
 
 History of, 93. 
 Brooks, John, 56 ; at Saratoga, 152 ; 
 
 at Valley Forge, 170. 
 Brotherhead s Centennial Book of the 
 
 Signers, 106. 
 Brougham s Statesmen of George 
 
 III., 181. 
 
 Brown, Henry Armitt, 277. 
 Brown, Mrs. J. B., on Gen. Warren, 
 
 54. 
 
 Brown, Peter, on Bunker Hill, 38. 
 Bryan, 220. 
 Bryan t,W.C., 192. 
 Buckingham, J. T., Specimens of 
 
 Newspaper Literature, 283. 
 Juckle s History of Civilization, 180. 
 Buford s regiment, 222. 
 Bugbee, J. M., on Bunker Hill, 45. 
 Bull, 220. 
 Bull s Ferry, 224. 
 Bullard, E. F., address, 153. 
 Bunker Hill, 35 ; the question of 
 
 command. 48 ; fort, 67. 
 Junker Hill Monument Association, 
 46, 49, 59. 
 
 unker Hill Times, 57. 
 Jurgoyne, Campaign of, by W. L 
 Stone, 140 ; Life by Fonblanque, 
 41 ; his advance, 134 ; he surren 
 ders, 148 ; his letter to his constit 
 uents, 154 ; his Orderly- Book, 148 ; 
 his portrait, 154 ; his State of the 
 Expedition from Canada, 141, 154 
 urk s History of Virginia, 74. 
 
310 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Burke, Edmund, 96; Life byBisset, 
 22 ; by MacKnight, 22, 260 ; by 
 Motley, 107 ; Life by Prior, 22 ; and 
 the Annual Register, 287 ; his 
 Speeches, 2. 
 
 Burke, Judge, 275. 
 
 Burr, Aaron, Life by Davis, 91, 206, 
 232 ; by Parton, 83, 206. 
 
 Butler, J. D., on Bennington fight, 
 142. 
 
 Butler s History of Groton, 37. 
 
 Butler s Kentucky, 198. 
 
 Butterfield, C. W., 261. 
 
 Byrou on George III., 181. 
 
 CADWALADER and Reed controversy, 
 299. 
 
 Caldwell, Life by Caruthers, 3. 
 
 Caldwell. Colonel, 80. 
 
 Caldwell, Colonel Henry, on Siege of 
 Quebec, 86. 
 
 Calefs Siege of Penobscot, 208. 
 
 Calkoens Dutch jurist, 216. 
 
 Calvert, George II., 234. 
 
 Cambridge, History by Paige, 60 ; men 
 at Lexington, 31 ; convention troops 
 at, 150 : Old and New, by Amory, 
 62. 
 
 Camden, battle at, 229, 250. 
 
 Camden,Lord,96; on the Declaration 
 of independence, 107. 
 
 Campbell, Archibald, 221. 
 
 Campbell s Lives of the Chancellors, 
 9, 185 ; Life of Loughborough, 22. 
 
 Campbell s edition of Bland Papers, 
 3, 151. 
 
 Campbell s Gertrude of Wyoming, 
 191. 
 
 Campbell s Tryon County, 77. 
 
 Campfield, Jabez, diary, 207. 
 
 Canada, history by Garneau, 85 ; his 
 tory of Invasion of, by Stone, 83, 
 166 ; advance into (1775), 81 ; com 
 mission to, 87 , retreat from, 90 ; 
 invasion of, Lafayette s scheme, 
 171. 
 
 Cape Fear River, 249. 
 
 Capefigue s Louis XVI., 214. 
 
 Carleton, Guy, general, 86: in New 
 York, 264. 
 
 Carlisle, British commissioner, 184. 
 
 Carlyle s Frederick the Great, 14. 
 
 Carmichael, William, 99. 
 
 Carrington s Battles of the Revolu 
 tion, 46, 291. 
 
 Carroll, Charles, diary in Canada, 81. 
 
 Carter, D. M., picture of Bunker Hill, 
 59. 
 
 Carter William, genuine detail, etc., 
 41, 67. 
 
 Caruthers, Life of Dr. Caldwell, 3; 
 Revolutionary incidents, 218. 
 
 Carver s map of Canada, 86. 
 
 Casey, M. A. 261. 
 
 Cassell s History of the United States, 
 294. 
 
 Castine, 208. 
 
 Catalogue of the library of Parlia 
 ment, Toronto, 5. 
 
 Catholic World, 281. 
 
 Caulkins s New London, 89, 255. 
 
 Cavendish Debates, 21. 
 
 Cedars, fight at the, 90. 
 
 Centennial Graphic, 36. 
 
 Chalmers s Revolt of American Colo 
 nies, 293. 
 
 Chamberlain s Maine, 270. 
 
 Chamble e, 91. 
 
 Champlain, Lake, by Palmer, 80 ; Ar 
 nold on, 126. 
 
 Chandler, P. W., American Criminal 
 Trials, 11, 150, 233. 
 
 Chapel Hill University Magazine, 77. 
 
 Chapman s Wyoming, 191. 
 
 Chappell s Picture of Bunker Hill, 59. 
 
 Charleston, Clinton s expedition to, 
 216 ; siege of, 221 ; in 1782, 252. 
 
 Charlestown, 66 ; survey of, 55, 57. 
 
 Charlotte, North Carolina, 244. 
 
 Charlottesville, Va., 253. 
 
 Chastellux s Travels, 66, 167, 226. 
 
 Chatham, Life by Thackeray, 185 ; 
 correspondence, 23, 180 ; speeches, 
 2, 96 ; an,d the war, 185. 
 
 Cheetham s Life of Paine, 261. 
 
 Cherokees, 77. 
 
 Cherry Valley, 192. 
 
 Chesapeake, chart of the, 162 ; British 
 fleet in the, 247. 
 
 Chesney s Military and Biographical 
 Essays, 220. 
 
 Chester County, Lewis s, 161. 
 
 Chevalier s Histoire de la Marine 
 Franfaise, 194. 
 
 Child, D. L., on Bunker Hill, 51. 
 
 Chittenden, L. E., address, 80. 
 
 Choate, Rufus, Eloquence of the Rev. 
 283. 
 
 Chotteau s Guerre de l Inde"pendance, 
 178. 
 
 Christian Examiner, 44. 
 
 Churchill, Amos, History of Hubbard- 
 ton, 138. 
 
 Cincinnati Society, 275. 
 
 Circourt, Count, 178. 
 
 Clark, Colonel George, in the north 
 west, 198. 
 
 Clark, Henry, address, 138. 
 
 Clark, Jonas, on Lexington fight. 28. 
 
 Clark, Joseph, 188. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 311 
 
 Clark. Major, in Philadelphia, 174. 
 
 Clark s Sketches of Naval History, 
 197, 300. 
 
 Clarke, J. F., Revolutionary Services 
 of General Hull, 61. 
 
 Clarke, John, on Bunker Hill, 41. 
 
 Clinton, Fort, 158. 
 
 Clinton, George, 158. 
 
 Clinton, Sir Henry, 94 ; Observations 
 on Stedman, 130 ; up the Hudson, 
 157 ; in the Jerseys, 187 ; expedi 
 tion to Charleston, 216 ; and An 
 dre", 231 ; campaign of 1781, 245. 
 
 Clinton, James, in Sullivan s expedi 
 tion, 207. 
 
 Coburn, F. W., History of Benning- 
 ton, 143. 
 
 Cocking s American War, 58. 
 
 Coffin, Charles, on Bunker Hill, 40. 
 
 Coffin, C. C., Boys of 76, 189, 292. 
 
 Colburn, Jeremiah, 102. 
 
 Colden, Lieutenant- Governor, 10. 
 
 Coldstream Guards by Mackinnon, 
 113. 
 
 Collet, 220. 
 
 Collier, Sir George, 109. 
 
 Collins, Lewis, Historical Sketches of 
 Kentucky, 199. 
 
 Colonies, maps of, 302. 
 
 Colucci, G., 295. 
 
 Columbian Centinel, 40. 
 
 Columbian Magazine, 66, 288. 
 
 Committees of Correspondence, 20. 
 
 Committee of Foreign Affairs, 27s. 
 
 Committee of Safety, 37. 
 
 Committee of Secret Correspondence, 
 277. 
 
 Common Sense, by Tom Paine, 98. 
 
 Conciliatory bills, 182. 
 
 Concord fight, 26. 
 
 Concord, History of, by Shattuck, 27. 
 
 Condorcet, 178, 214. 
 
 Conduct of the American War, 161. 
 
 Confederation ratified, 240. 
 
 Congress, accounts of, 278 ; and the 
 army, 171, 202 ; and the European 
 powers, 177 ; and the States. 202 ; 
 British Commissioners to, 183 ; de 
 bates in, 103, 187 ; Journals of, 128, 
 277 ; parties in, 72, 74 ; proceedings 
 secret, J3 ; Secret Journals of, 277 ; 
 want of power in, 241 ; weakness 
 of, 97, 128. 
 
 Connecticut, History by Hollister, 16 ; 
 by II . Peters, 14 ; in the Revolution, 
 by Hinman, 48; at Bunker Hill, 
 48 ; invaded by Try on, 203 ; in 
 vaded by Arnold, 254. 
 
 Connecticut Courant, 142. 
 
 Connecticut Farms in New Jersey, 223. 
 
 Connecticut Journal, 36. 
 
 Connecticut Historical Collections, 51. 
 
 Constitution, Fort, 236. 
 
 Constitutions of the States, 98. 
 
 Contemporary Review, 267. 
 
 Continental Congress (1774), 16; 
 (1775), 72. 
 
 Continental money, 242. 
 
 Convention troops, 149. 
 
 Conway Cabal, 167. 
 
 Conway, General, in Parliament, 263. 
 
 Conway, M. D., 261. 
 
 Cook s map of South Carolina, 220. 
 
 Cooke, J. E., Virginia in the Revolu 
 tion, 257. 
 
 Cooke, Samuel, in Lexington fight, 29. 
 
 Cooke, W. D., Rev., History of North 
 Carolina, 3, 218. 
 
 Cooke s History of Party, 180. 
 
 Coolidge, G. A., Centennial Memorial, 
 56. 
 
 Cooper s Lionel Lincoln, 59, 67 ; Na 
 val History of the United States, 88. 
 300 ; Pilot, 212 ; Spy, a novel, 206 ; 
 Travelling Bachelor 234. 
 
 Copp s Hill, Boston, 69. 
 
 Cornwallis, Life by Ross, 163 ; corre 
 spondence, 220, 249 ; answer to Clin 
 ton, 245 ; marches, map of, 220 ; in 
 North Carolina, 249 ; in Virginia, 
 253 ; besieged, 255. 
 
 Cornwallis and Clinton controversy, 
 256. 
 
 Cow Chase, by Andr<, 224. 
 
 Cowell s Spirit of Seventy-Six in 
 Rhode Island, 84. 167. 
 
 Cowley s surveys, 222. 
 
 Cowpens, 248 
 
 Craft s journal at Cambridge, 62. 
 
 Crafts, William, address, 95. 
 
 Cragie House, Cambridge, 61. 
 
 Crapo s address, 196. 
 
 Crawford s expedition, 262. 
 
 Creasy s Decisive Battles of the World, 
 147. 
 
 Crown Point, 91. 
 
 Cruger, Colonel, 210. 
 
 Cullum, General W., Sketch of Mont 
 gomery, 85. 
 
 Cunningham, A., Paul Jones, 212. 
 
 Cunningham correspondence, 105. 
 
 Curtis, G. W., 197 ; Concord oration, 
 32 ; on Saratoga, 153. 
 
 Curwen s Journal, 78, 186. 
 
 Cushing, Caleb, 191. 
 
 Custis, Recollections of Washington, 
 126. 
 
 DALZKLL, J. M., 276. 
 Dan River, 249. 
 
312 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 
 Dana, Francis, in Russia, 214. 
 
 Dana, R. II., Lexington address, 32. 
 
 Danbury, 133. 
 
 Danvers at Lexington, 31. 
 
 Davis, Bancroft, Notes on Treaties, 
 
 179. 
 
 Davis, N., 207. 
 
 Davis s Life of Aaron Burr, 91, 232. 
 Dawes, William, and Paul Revere, 26. 
 Dawson s Battles of the United States, 
 
 27, 291 ; Major-General Putnam, 43 ; 
 
 New York in the Revolution, llo. 
 De Barras, 255. 
 De Berniere s narrative, 25. 
 De Brahm, 220. 
 
 De Brett s Parliamentary Register, 263. 
 De Costa, B. F., Fort George, 80 ; Nar 
 rative of Events at Lake George, 136. 
 D Estaing, 193, 194 ; at Savannah, 209. 
 De Fersen s Journal, 256. 
 De Fleury, Lieut.-Colonel, 205. 
 De Grasse, Admiral, 255; defeated in 
 
 West Indies, 271. 
 De Ilass s Indian Wars, 192. 
 De Kalb, 229 ; engages, 101 ; Life by 
 
 Kapp, 168. 
 De Lancey, editor of Jones s New York, 
 
 etc., 78, 289. 
 
 De Peyster, J. W., 145, 153, 189, 237. 
 De Witt s Jefferson and American 
 
 Democracy, 99. 
 Deane, Charles, on Revere s Signals, 
 
 26 ; on Washington at Cambridge, 
 
 61 ; on the Convention with Bur- 
 
 goyne, 151. 
 Deane, Silas, 72, 176 ; in Paris, 99 ; 
 
 Papers in relation to, 100. 
 Dearborn, General Henry, on Bunker 
 
 Hill, 49 ; journals, 284. 
 Deas s Life of Izard, 176, 213. 
 Definitive Treaty of Peace, 273. 
 Delaware County, Smith s, 161. 
 Delaware River, 164, 167 ; forts, 165. 
 Deming, H. C., on Putnam, 53. 
 Deming s oration, 133. 
 Democratic Review, 191. 
 Demont, William, 121. 
 Denny s Journal, 253. 
 Derby, E. H., 89. 
 Des Barres s maps, 69. 
 Detail and Conduct of the American 
 
 War, 29, 131. 
 Deuxponts, 226. 
 
 Devens, Charles, on Bunker Hill, 45. 
 Dexter, George, on the Cragie House, 
 
 61. 
 
 Diamond Island Fight, 136. 
 Dickinson, John, tracts, 9, 18, 103^ 
 Diman s Address on PresccttTs capt 
 ure, 134. 
 
 Diplomacy in Continental luurope, 175. 
 Diplomacy of the Revolution, 278; 
 
 by Trescot, 177; of the United 
 
 States, by Lyman, 177. 
 Diplomatic Correspondence, 99, 278. 
 Dodd, Stephen, 139. 
 Doddridge s Notes on the Indian Wars, 
 
 199. 
 Donne s Correspondence of George the 
 
 Third, 23, 181. 
 Donop, Count, 166. 
 DoolittLe s Engravings of Concord 
 
 Fight, 33. 
 
 Doran s edition of Walpole s Last Jour 
 nal, 22. 
 
 Dorchester Heights, 66. 
 Drake, F. S., History of Roxbury, 61 ; 
 
 Mass. Society of Cincinnati, 275. 
 Drake, S. A., on Bunker Hill, 41, 53 ; 
 
 Historic Fields, etc., of Middlesex, 
 
 31 ; Landmarks of Boston, 8. 
 Drake, S. G., Book of the Indians, 191 ; 
 
 History of Boston, 3. 
 Drake, man-of-war, 198. 
 Drayton s American Revolution in 
 
 South Carolina, 3. 
 Dring s Jersey Prison Ship, 200. 
 Duch6, Rev. Jacob, 172. 
 Du Chesnoy s Theatre de la Guerre, 
 
 132. 
 
 Duer s Life of Lord Stirling, 112. 
 Dumas, C. W. F., 74. 
 Dumas s Le Captaine Paul, 212. 
 Dumas s Memoirs, 256. 
 Dunlap, 234 ; History of New York, 17 
 Dunmore, 75. 
 
 Du Portail in Stanhope s England, 161. 
 Duval, Denis, 212. 
 Dwight, Timothy, Travels in New 
 
 England, 133. 
 
 EARLE S English Premiers. 182. 
 
 East Boston, by Sumner, 35. 
 
 Eastburn s Survey, 164. 
 
 Eberling on Steuben, 204. 
 
 Eclectic Review, 181. 
 
 Eddis s Letters from America, 7. 
 
 Eden, 186. 
 
 Edes s Boston Massacre oration, 12. 
 
 Edes, Peter, diary, 64. 
 
 Edinburgh Review, 181. 
 
 Eelking s Deutsche Hulfstruppen, 
 
 108, 135 ; Leben von Riedesel, 108, 
 
 156. 
 
 Eliot, Rev. Dr., letters from Boston, 64. 
 Eliot s Biographical Dictionary, 49. 
 Elizabethtown Point, 223. 
 Ellet, Mrs., Domestic History of the 
 
 Revolution, 282 ; Women of the 
 
 Revolution, 139. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 313 
 
 Elliott s, C. W., History of New Eng 
 land, 32. 
 
 Ellis, G. E., on Bunker Hill, 37, 44, 
 67 ; Life of Count Rumford, 79, 
 252; Memoir of Sparks, 280: ora 
 tion on the siege of Boston, 60. 
 
 Elmer s Journal, 80. 
 
 Eloquence of the Revolution, 283. 
 
 Emerson, R. W., on the Concord fight, 
 28. 
 
 Emerson, William, on the Concord 
 fight, 28. 
 
 Emmons, G. F., Navy of the United 
 States, 300. 
 
 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 297. 
 
 Endicott on Leslie s expedition, 25. 
 
 England, History of, by Adolphus, 2, 
 180, 292 ; under George III., by Bis- 
 set, 85, 161 ; C. Knight s Popular 
 History of, 111, 180, 293 ; History of, 
 by Massey, 2, 180, 293 ; Constitu 
 tional History of , by May, 2, 180; 
 Pictorial History of , 4, 180, 293; 
 History of, by Stanhope, 4, 180, 292 , 
 commissioners of historical MSS., 
 30; political movements, 21, 96. 
 
 English Commission on Historical 
 MSS., 115. 
 
 English Premiers, by Earle, 182. 
 
 English, T. D., 95. 
 
 Epochs of English History Series, 294. 
 
 Epochs of Modern History Series, 294, 
 
 Esnauts et Rapilly s map. 258. 
 
 Esopus, 200 ; burned, 158. 
 
 Essex County, New York, 80. 
 
 Essex Gazette, 7. 
 
 Essex Institute, Bulletin, 64; Collec 
 tions, 51, 60 ; Proceedings, 25. 
 
 Etonians, by Jesse, 182. 
 
 Etting, Colonel, 106. 
 
 Eustis s Letter, 93. 
 
 Eutaw, 252. 
 
 Evans s Map of the Colonies, 303; 
 Middle British Colonies, 132. 
 
 Everett, A. H., on Bunker Hill, 44; 
 Life of Warren, 44. 
 
 Everett, Edward, Concord address, 
 32 ; Mount Vernon Papers, 31, 297 ; 
 Lexington address, 31; Life of Stark, 
 143 ; Life of Washington, 297. 
 
 Ewald s Beyspiele Grosser Helden, 
 161 ; Feldzug der Hessen, 108. 
 
 Exchange of prisoners, 201. 
 
 Exiles in Virginia, by Gilpin, 163. 
 
 FADEN, William, 68 ; collection of his 
 
 maps in library of Congress, 161. 
 Fairfield destroyed, 203. 
 ^,lmouth burned, 71. 
 Faneuil Hall, 66. 
 
 Fanning, Colonel D., 220. f 
 Farmers Letters, by Dickinson, 9 
 Farnham, Ralph, 54. 
 Fast, Christian, Captivity of, 199. 
 Fellows, John, Veil Removed, 52. 
 Felt, Joseph B., Annals of Salem, 89 ; 
 
 Massachusetts currency, 242. 
 Feltman, William, journal, 254. 
 Female Review, by 11. Mann, 47. 
 Fenmrs orderly-book, 39. 
 Ferguson, 237. 
 Field, T. W., battle of Long Island, 
 
 109. 
 Field-Book of the Revolution, by Los- 
 
 sing, 3, 291. 
 Finances, 242. 
 Finch on Revolutionary Landmarks, 
 
 45. 
 
 Finley s Siege of Quebec, 96. 
 Fish, Colonel N., 115. 
 Fishers Chart of Delaware River, 164, 
 
 167. 
 
 Fisheries, and the treaty of peace, 271. 
 Fitch, Asa, 139. 
 Fitzrnaurice s Life of Shelburne, 4, 
 
 154. 
 Flag adopted (1777), 129 ; History of, 
 
 by Preble, 89. 
 Flanders s Life of Jay, 16 ; Life of Rut- 
 
 ledge, 17. 
 
 Flassan s Diplomatic Francaise, 268. 
 Fleet s Evening Post, 7. 
 Fleet Prison at Esopus, 200. 
 Fletcher, Ebenezer, narrative, 138. 
 Fleury, Lieutenant, 141, 167. 
 Flint s Western Monthly Review, 14. 
 Fogg, Jeremiah, orderly-book, 63. 
 Fonblanque s Life of Burgoyne, 91. 
 Foote s Sketches of North Carolina, 3. 
 Forayers, by Simms, 251. 
 Force, Colonel Peter, on the Declara 
 tion of Independence. 107 ; Ameri 
 can Archives, 10, 28l ; his collec 
 tion, 284. 
 
 Foreign officers in the army, 171. 
 Foreign relations (1779-1780), 213. 
 Fort George, 80. 
 Fortnightly Review, 261. 
 Foster Papers, 284. 
 Foucher s Siege du fort St. Jean 86. 
 Fox, C. J., 96 ; Life and Times of, by 
 Russell, 182; Memorials and Cor 
 respondence, by Russell, 96 ; in the 
 Shelburne cabinet, 265. 
 
 treaty with, 178 ; would curtail the 
 American boundaries, 213. 
 Frank Leslie s Pictorial, 45. 
 
314 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Franklin, Benjamin, Life by Bigelow, 
 4 ; by Parton, 4 ; by Sparks, 4 ; and 
 the Stamp Act, 4 ; Proceedings of 
 the Congress, 19 ; on the Boston 
 Resolutions, 23 ; progress of the 
 difference, etc., 25 ; arrives in Paris, 
 101 ; in Europe, 175 ; in Paris, 213 ; 
 negotiates for peace, 266 ; unpopu 
 larity in England, 266 ; portrait by 
 Greuze, 273 ; suit of Manchester 
 velvet, 273 ; Works, edited bv W. T. 
 Franklin, 9; Works, edited by 
 Sparks, 18. 
 
 Fraser s Magazine, 212. 
 
 Frederick the Great, by Carlyle, 14 ; 
 his relation with the American 
 Congress, 177. 
 
 Freeman s Farm, 145. 
 
 French auxiliaries, 194, 225 ; fleet, 
 193 ; fleet in the West Indies, 209 ; 
 histories of the war, 294 ; participa 
 tion in the war, 295 ; troops in Vir 
 ginia, 253. 
 
 Friends. See Quakers. 
 
 Frog Neck, 118. 
 
 Frothingham, Richard, Alarm of April 
 18th, 26; Bunker Hill, 52; Rise of 
 the Republic, 2; Siege of Boston, 
 15 ; Warren and his Times, 6. 
 
 Fry and Jefferson s maps, 258. 
 
 Furman s Antiquities of Long Island, 
 113. 
 
 GAGE, General Thomas, 8. 
 
 Galaxy, The, 45, 233. 
 
 Gallatin s North Eastern Boundary, 
 269. 
 
 Galloway, Joseph, 78; before the 
 Commons, 78 ; Letters to a Noble 
 man, 131 ; Letter to Lord Howe, 198 ; 
 plan of adjustment, 18 ; Rise and 
 Progress of the American Rebellion, 
 
 Gammel, Life of Samuel Ward, 88. 
 
 Gansevoort, Colonel, 140. 
 
 Garden s Anecdotes of the Revolu 
 tion, 95, 218. 
 
 Gardner, A. B., Rhode Island Line, 
 196. 
 
 Garneau s History of Canada, 85. 
 
 Gascoigne, 220. 
 
 Gaspee, destruction of the, 13. 
 
 Gates, General Horatio, Life in Head- 
 ley s Washington, etc. ,91; sent to 
 Canada, 91 ; Schuyler s dispute 
 about command, 136 ; in command 
 of the northern army, 144 : and the 
 Con way Cabal, 168 ; in Carolina, 
 228 ; his relations with Washington, 
 228 ; his papers, 284. 
 
 i General Records of the war, 277. 
 i Genoese ambassador in London, 295. 
 i Gentleman s Magazine, 4, 285. 
 j Geographische Belustigungen, 303. 
 j George III., Reign of, bv Belsham, 
 292; Memoirs of his court, 265; 
 Correspondence with Lord North, 
 1 23 ; his letters, 181 ; reign of, 180 ; 
 its social aspects, 182; his charac 
 ter, 181. 
 
 Georgia, 209, 221 ; Stevens s History 
 of, 74 ; map of, 220 ; conquered by 
 Wayne. 262. 
 Gerard, the French minister, 179, 214 ; 
 
 his papers, 295. 
 German Flats, 76. 
 German town, 164. 
 Gerry, Elbridge, Life by Austin, 8. 
 Gertrude of Wyoming, 191. 
 Geschichte der Kriege in und aus 
 
 Europa, 57. 
 Gibbon, 182. 
 Gibbs s Diary, 195. 
 Gibbs, R. W., Documentary History of 
 
 American Revolution, 3, 218. 
 Oilman, Caroline, Eliza Wilkinson, 
 
 210. 
 Gilman, Mrs. C. H., on the Tea-party, 
 
 Gilpin s Exiles in Virginia, 163. 
 Girardin s History of Virginia, 75. 
 Gleig s Chelsea Pensioners, 157 ; Day 
 
 on the Neutral Ground, 206. 
 Gloucester, Mass., History by Babson, 
 
 88. 
 
 Gloucester, Va., 256. 
 Glover s orderly-book, 63, 195. 
 Golden Hill, 33. 
 
 Goodell s centennial address, 16. 
 Goodrich, Chauncey, 203. 
 Gookin s diary, 207. 
 Gordon, Colonel Cosmo, 223. 
 Gordon s History of Pennsylvania, 
 
 Gordon, William, American Revolu 
 tion, 28, 46 : his history, 286 ; com 
 mencement of hostilities, 28 ; 
 Thanksgiving services, 21. 
 
 Gouge s Paper Money, 242. 
 
 Graham, Lieut. General Samuel, 203. 
 
 Graham s Life of Morgan, 83, 219, 248. 
 
 Graham on the invasion of North 
 Carolina, 218. 
 
 Grahame s United States, 15, 290. 
 
 Graphic (newspaper) Centennial, 65. 
 
 Graves, Admiral, 255. 
 
 Gravesend, 109. 
 
 Gray, F. C.,295. 
 
 Gray, John, last soldier of the Revo 
 lution, 276. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 315 
 
 Graydon s Memoirs, 109. 
 
 Great Britain, Administrations of by 
 
 Lewis, 181; Military Memoirs, etc., 
 
 by Beatson, 292 ; treaty with 
 
 France, 273. 
 
 Green Mountain Boys, 81. 
 Green, Dr. Ezra, 198. 
 Green, Samuel A., 205, 211 ; editor of 
 
 Deuxpont s Journal, 226. 
 Green s Short History of the English 
 
 People, 294. 
 Greene, Albert G., 200. 
 Greene, Gardiner, 64. 
 Greene, G. W., German Element in 
 
 the War, 108 ; Historical View of 
 
 American Revolution, 2. 
 Greene, Nathanael, Life by G. W. 
 
 Greene, 60, 244 ; Life by Johnson, 
 
 160 ; quartermaster-general, 171 ; 
 
 at the South, 238, 244; in South 
 
 Carolina, 250 ; papers, 285. 
 Greenwood, Grace, Forest Tragedy, 
 
 193. 
 
 Grenadier Guards, by Hamilton, 113. 
 Grenville sent to Paris, 265. 
 Grenville s papers, 185. 
 Greuze ; s portrait of Franklin, 273. 
 Grey, General, 162. 
 Greyslaer, by Hoffman, 193. 
 Griffiths, William, Historical Notes of 
 
 the American Colonies, 2. 
 Grigby, H. B., 98. 
 Griswold, C.,255. 
 Griswold, Fort, 254. 
 Grosvenor, L., on Bunker Hill, 52. 
 Groton, Conn., 254. 
 Groton, Mass., History of, by Butler, 
 
 Guilford, 249. 
 
 Guizot s France, 178. 
 
 Gvissefeld, map of United States, 270. 
 
 HADDEN, Lieutenant, 155. 
 
 Hageman, J. F., History of Princeton, 
 126. 
 
 Haid, 234. 
 
 Hale, E. E., List of Faden Maps, 113 ; 
 One Hundred Years Ago, 26 ; Paul 
 Jones and Dennis Duval, 212. 
 
 Hale, Nathan, 115, 234. 
 
 Hall, Hiland, 80. 
 
 Hall s Civil War in America, 117, 288. 
 
 Hall s History of Vermont, 143. 
 
 Hamilton, Alexander, 298 ; Life by 
 J. C. Hamilton, 72, 189, 298 ; Life 
 by J. T. Morse, 298; Tracts, 19; 
 Views on Finance, 243 ; papers, 285. 
 
 Hamilton, J. C., Republic of the 
 United States, 191, 298 ; Contro 
 versy with W. B. Reed, 299. 
 
 Hamilton, Schuyler, History of the 
 National Flag, 129. 
 
 Hamilton s Grenadier Guards, 113, 162. 
 
 Hancock, John, 73 : Oration on Bos 
 ton Massacre, 2l ; House, 66, 73 ; 
 papers, 73, 284. 
 
 Harlem Plains, 118. 
 
 Harper s Monthly, 14. 
 
 Harrington, Jonathan, 33. 
 
 Harris, Lord, Life by Lushington, 42, 
 
 Hartley, C. B., Heroes of the South, 
 219. 
 
 Harkey, David, 183, 186 ; in Paris, 273. 
 
 Harte, Bret, Thankful Blossom, 217. 
 
 Hartford, Washington and Rochanv- 
 beau at, 227. 
 
 Hartford Daily Courant, 79. 
 
 Hartford Post, 52. 
 
 Haven, C. C., Annals of Trenton, 125 ; 
 Historical Manual, 122; Thirty 
 Days in New Jersey, 122 ; Washing 
 ton in New Jersey, 122. 
 
 Haven, 8. F., Jr., Bibliography of the 
 American Press, 5. 
 
 Hawks s Battle of Alamance, 5, 
 
 Hawley, General Joseph, Address, 204. 
 
 Hawthorne s Septimius Felton, 33. 
 
 Hay-ad-ros-se-ra, 153. 
 
 Hayne, Isaac, 252. 
 
 Hazard, W. P., editor of Watson s An 
 nals, 262. 
 
 Hazard s Pennsylvania Archives, 180. 
 
 Hazard s Register, 240. 
 
 Hazewell, C. C., 181. 
 
 Head of Elk, 159. 
 
 Headley f J. T., 153 ; Chaplains and 
 Clergy of the Revolution, 283 ; Mis 
 cellanies, 211 ; Washington and his 
 Generals, 145, 292. 
 
 Heath s Memoirs, 30 ; Diary at Cam 
 bridge, 60 ; on the Hudson, 202, 254 ; 
 papers, 119, 164, 284. 
 
 Heckerwelder s Moravian Missions, 
 199. 
 
 Henley, Colonel, trial of, 150. 
 
 Henrick, Captain, a Hessian, 172. 
 
 Henry, Patrick, 199 ; Life by Wirt, 3. 
 
 Henry s Kennebec journal, 83. 
 
 Henshaw, William, orderly-book, 63. 
 
 Herbert, Charles, Relics of the Revo 
 lution, 200. 
 
 Herkimer, General, 140. 
 
 Herkiiner County, by Benton, 140. 
 
 Hessians, 108, 135. 
 
 Higginson, T. W., 106. 
 
 Hill, G. W., Captivity of C. Fast, 199. 
 
 Hilliard d Auberteuil s Essais his- 
 toriques, 59 ; Administration de 
 Lord North, 303. 
 
316 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Hills, John, Plan of Fort Clinton, etc., 
 159. 
 
 Hinman, Connecticut in the Revolu 
 tion, 48, 133 ; Hist. Collections, 203. 
 
 Historical Magazine, 4. 
 
 Hobkirk s Hill, 250. 
 
 Hodgson s Report of Preston s Trial, 
 
 Hoffman, C. F., Greyslaer, 193. 
 
 Holland, E. G., Highland Treason, 235. 
 
 Holland s, H. W., William Dawes, etc., 
 26. 
 
 Holland, J. G., Western Massachu 
 setts, 79. 
 
 Holland, Major, surveys, 69, 302. 
 
 Holland, treaties with, 267. 
 
 Holland and the United States, 178. 
 
 Holland Purchase, 244. 
 
 Hollis, History of, by Worcester, 147. 
 
 Hollister s History of Connecticut, 
 80. 
 
 Holmes, Abiel. American Annals, 
 290. 
 
 Holmes, 0. W., Grandmother s Story 
 of Bunker Hill, 59. 
 
 Hood, Commodore, 8. 
 
 Hopkins, Commodore, 88; papers, 
 284. 
 
 Hopkinson s Battle of the Kegs, 173. 
 
 Hostilities cease, 275. 
 
 Hough, F. B., 141, 207, 209 ; on the 
 convention of 1780, 225 ; Northern 
 Invasion. 237 ; on the siege of Char 
 leston, 221. 
 
 Houghton, G. F., 142. 
 
 Hours at Home, 100. 
 
 How, David, diary at Cambridge, 63. 
 
 How, II. K., 125. 
 
 Howard, Colonel, J. E., 165. 
 
 Howard, Lieut. Colonel, 248. 
 
 Howe, Lord, at Rhode Island, 193 ; 
 naval conduct, 198. 
 
 Howe, Sir William, arrives, 97 , nar 
 rative of his conduct, 111 ; as com 
 missioner for peace, 113 ; contro 
 versy with Galloway, 131; evacu 
 ates the Jerseys, 133 ; Philadelphia 
 campaign, 159 ; in Philadelphia, 
 172 ; returns to England, 173. 
 
 Howison s Virginia, 151. 
 
 Rowland, John, Life by Stone, 126. 
 
 Hozier s Invasion of England, 186. 
 Hubbardton, History by Churchill 
 
 138. 
 
 Hubley s diary, 207. 
 Huddy, Captain, hung, 262. 
 Hudson, Charles, Doubts concerning 
 Bunker Hill, 44 ; History of Lexing 
 ton, 31. 
 Hudson, Frederick, on Concord fight, 
 
 32 ; Journalism in the United States, 
 7, 283. 
 
 ludson River Campaign (1776), 92 ; 
 obstructions, 92 ; Clinton s cam 
 paign on the, 157. 
 
 Hughes, G. R. T., on the Tea-party, 
 13. 
 
 Hughes, Thomas, on Franklin, 175, 
 267. 
 
 Hull, General William, Revolutionary 
 Services, 61. 
 
 Humphrey s Life of Putnam, 35, 50. 
 
 Hunt s American Merchants, 89, 243. 
 
 Hunt, L. L., Notes on Montgomery, 
 85. 
 
 Hunter, ship, 224. 
 
 Huntington s History of Stanford, 79. 
 
 Hutchinson, Colonel Israel, orderly- 
 book, 63. 
 
 Hutchinson, Governor Thomas, let 
 ters, 9; History of Massachusetts, 
 1 ; papers, 284. 
 
 IMLAY S Western Territory, 199. 
 
 Impartial History of the War in Amer 
 ica, 70, 286, 288. 
 
 Independence declared, 103 ; spirit of, 
 102. 
 
 Independence Hall, 106. 
 
 Indian Miscellany by Beach, 139. 
 
 Indian Wars, by De Haas, 192. 
 
 Indians, Book of the. by S. G. Drake, 
 191. 
 
 Indians in the War, 75, 139, 192, 199, 
 206 ; Sullivan s expedition against, 
 206 ; depredations in 1778, 190. 
 
 Iredell, Life by McRee, 16, 218. 
 
 Ireland, state of, 271. 
 
 Irvine, General, 82, 189. 
 
 Irving s Life of Washington, 17. 
 
 Izard, Ralph, 128, 176, 213. 
 
 JACKSON, Andrew, by Parton, 219. 
 
 James, Colonel, plan of Fort Moul- 
 trie, 95. 
 
 James, Thomas, 222. 
 
 James s Life of Marion, 219. 
 
 James s Naval History of Great Brit 
 ain, 198. 
 
 Jameson s Constitutional Conven 
 tions, 283. 
 
 Jasper, Sergeant William, 95. 
 
 Jay, John, Life of, by Flanders, 16 ; 
 by Jay, 16 ; minister to Spain, 178 ; 
 and the peace negotiations, 267. 
 
 Jay, John, Oration, 119. 
 
 Jefferson, Life by Parton, 16 ; by Ran 
 dall, 16 ; by De Witt, 99 ; by Tucker, 
 17 ; drafts the Declaration of In 
 dependence, 105 ; Notes on Virginia, 
 
INDEX. 
 
 317 
 
 
 102 ; Writings, 17 ; papers, 284 ; 
 
 Governor of Virginia, 246. 
 Jeffery s American Atlas, 58 ; map of 
 
 New England, 57. 
 Jeffries, Dr., on General Warren s 
 
 death, 54. 
 
 Jemison, Mary, Life by Seaver, 207. 
 Jenkins, H. M., 161. 
 Jenkins s Wyoming Address, 191. 
 Jennings Memorials of a Century, 
 
 143. 
 
 Jersey City, 205. 
 Jersey prison ship, 200. 
 Jerseys, campaign in, 122 ; evacuated 
 
 by Howe, 133. 
 TTesse s Etonians, 182; George III., 
 
 181 ; Selwyn and his Contempo 
 raries, 184. 
 Johnson, Fort, 220. 
 Johnson, Sir John, 77. 
 Johnson, Joseph, American Revolu 
 tion, 218. 
 
 Johnson, J. G., 299. 
 Johnson s Taxation no Tyranny, 22. 
 Johnson, Judge, on Pulaski,2lO; Life 
 
 of N. Greene, 160, 244. 
 Johnson s History of Salem, N. J., 
 
 173. 
 Johnson s Traditions of the American 
 
 Revolution, 95. 
 Johnston, H. P., campaign of 1776, 
 
 93 ; Stony Point, 204. 
 Johnstown, 77. 
 Jones, C. C., Jr., 209; on Sergeant 
 
 Jasper, 95. 
 Jones, Paul, 88 ; 198, 211 ; Lives of, 
 
 211. 
 Jones, Judge, 77 ; New York in the 
 
 Revolutionary War, 10, 77, 288. 
 
 KAPP S Life of De Kalb, 168 ; of 
 Steuben, 171, 204 ; Soldatenhandel, 
 108, 156. 
 
 Katherine Walton, by Simms, 251. 
 
 Kearsley s American Gazette, 9. 
 
 Kellogg, Lewis, address, 137. 
 
 Kennebec expedition (1775), 82. 
 
 Kennedy, John P., Horseshoe Robin 
 son, 222 ; Memoir of Wm. Wirt, 20. 
 
 Kentucky, History of, by Butler, 198 ; 
 Collins s Historical Sketch of, 199. 
 
 Keppel, Admiral, 198. 
 
 Kidder, Frederic, Boston Massacre, 
 11 ; Eastern Maine, 224 ; First New 
 Hampshire Regiment, 152. 
 
 King, C., 189. 
 
 King, D. P., on Danvers at Lexington, 
 31 
 
 King, General, 237. 
 
 King s Ferry, 203. 
 
 King s Mountain, 237. 
 
 Kirkland s Washington, 297. 
 
 Knickerbocker Magazine, 110. 
 
 Knight, C., Popular History of Eng 
 land, 111, 180, 293. 
 
 Knowlton, Colonel, 47. 
 
 Knox, Gen. Henry, Life by Drake, 61 ; 
 expedition to Ticonderoga, 61 ; pa 
 pers, 284. 
 
 Knyphausen, 216. 
 
 LADY S MAGAZINE, Philadelphia, 173 
 
 Lafayette s Memoirs, 101 ; engages, 
 101 ; scheme of invading Canada, 
 171 ; at Barren Hill, 173 ; and D Es- 
 taing, 194 ; and the French Govern 
 ment, 225 ; In Europe, 241 ; in Vir 
 ginia, 247, 253. 
 
 Lamb, Sergeant, Journal of Occur 
 rences, 42. 
 
 Lamb, Samuel, Memoirs by Leake, 4. 
 
 Lambdin s address, 165. 
 
 L Amoreaux s address, 153. 
 
 Landais, Peter, and Paul Jones, 211. 
 
 Langdon, President of Harvard Col 
 lege, 74. 
 
 Langworthy s Life of Charles Lee, 188. 
 
 Last Men of the Revolution, 303. 
 
 Lattre s Map of the United States, 270. 
 
 Laurens, Henry, Correspondence by 
 Moore, 207 ; captured, 215 ; in 
 Paris, 268. 
 
 Laurens, Lieut. Colonel, 167, 331 ; and 
 finance, 243. 
 
 Lauzun, Due de, 226. 
 
 Laws, Vincennes, 199. 
 
 Leach, John, diary in Boston, 64. 
 
 Leake s Memoirs of General Samuel 
 Lamb, 4. 
 
 Lear, Washington s secretary, 232. 
 
 Leboucher s Historic de la Guerre, 
 227 ; Guerre de I Inde pendunce, 294. 
 
 Ledyard, Colonel, 254. 
 
 Lee, Arthur, in London, 99; in Eu 
 rope, 175 ; in Paris, 213 ; and the 
 French Alliance, 267 ; Life of, 300. 
 
 Lee, Gen. Charles, Memoirs, 114, 121 ; 
 taken prisoner, 122 ; Treason of, by 
 Moore, ll ; 2, 130 ; court-martialed 
 for Moiimouth, 188 ; Life by Shirks 
 188 ; Life by Langworthy, 188. 
 
 Lee. llenry, 205 ; Campaign of 1781, 
 244. 
 
 Lee, Gen. Henry, Memoirs of the War, 
 42 245. 
 
 Lee, R. H., Life by Lee, 16, 300 ; drafts 
 addresV, 72. 
 
 Lee, William, Commissioner to Ber 
 lin, 128 
 
 Lee, William, orderly-book, 63. 
 
318 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Lee Papers, 284, 300 ; in American 
 Philosophical Society s library, 67 ; 
 in Harvard College library, 27. 
 
 Le Marchant s edition of Walpole s 
 George the Third, 22, 182. 
 
 Lendrum s American Revolution, 287. 
 
 Leonard, Daniel, 19. 
 
 Leslie in Virginia, 238. 
 
 Leslie s expedition to Salem, 25. 
 
 Lester, C. E., Our First Hundred 
 Years, 292. 
 
 Letters to a Nobleman, 123. 
 
 Lewis, G. C., Administrations of Great 
 Britain, 181. 
 
 Lewis s Chester County, 161. 
 
 Lexington fight, 26 ; History of by 
 Hudson, SI. 
 
 Lincoln, Gen. Benjamin, Life by 
 Bowen, 147 ; at Saratoga, 151 ; at 
 Savannah, 209 ; at Charleston, 221 ; 
 in Virginia, 254. 
 
 Lincoln s History of Worcester, 21. 
 
 Linwoods, a novel by Miss Sedgwick, 
 305. 
 
 Lionel Lincoln, by Cooper, 59, 67. 
 
 Lippincott s Magazine, 161. 
 
 Literature of the Revolution, 305. 
 
 Livermore, George, on negroes as sol 
 diers, 304. 
 
 Living Age, 8. 
 
 Livingston, R. R., 241, 260, 278. 
 
 Livingston, William, Life by Sedg 
 wick, 17. 
 
 Loans in Europe, 242. 
 
 Lomenie s Life of Beaumarchais, 100, 
 176. 
 
 London Chronicle, 27. 
 
 London Magazine, 57, 285. 
 
 Longfellow s Paul Revere, 26. 
 
 Long Island and its histories, 78 ; 
 battle of, 109 ; Furman s Antiqui 
 ties of, 113 ; loyalists, 262. 
 
 Long Island Historical Society, Me 
 moirs, 109. 
 
 Lord, 234. 
 
 Loring s, G. B., Speech at Salem, 25. 
 
 Loring, J. S., Hundred Boston Ora 
 tors, 11 ; on Gordon s historv, 287. 
 
 Lossing, B. J., Field-Book of the Rev 
 olution, 291 ; Life of Schuyler, 71 ; 
 Washington, 297. 
 
 Loubat s Medallic History of the 
 United States, 67. 
 
 Loughborough, Life by Campbell, 22. 
 
 Louis XVI., by Capefigue, 214. 
 
 Lowell, J. R., Concord ode, 32 ; Un 
 der the Great Elm, 62. 
 
 Lowell, John, on Bunker Hill, 50. 
 
 Lowell, Robert, Burgoyne s Last 
 March, 146. 
 
 Lovell, General, 208. 
 
 Loyalists, 76, 77, 155, 220, 289 ; and 
 the peace, 271. 
 
 Ludlow s War of American Indepen 
 dence, 294. 
 
 Lunt, Paul, diary at Cambridge, 62. 
 
 Lushington s Life of Lord Harris, 42. 
 
 Luzerne, French minister, 207, 226. 
 
 Ly man s Diplomacy of the United 
 States, 177, 263. 
 
 Lynn Haven Bay, 255. 
 
 MADISON, Life by Rives, 16 ; views on 
 finance, 243 ; papers, 178, 284 ; 
 Writings, 98. 
 
 McAlpine s Memoirs, 153. 
 
 Macaulay s Essay on Chatham, 182. 
 
 McCartney s Origin of the United 
 States, 2. 
 
 McClure s diary, 28. 
 
 McCormick s edition of Peters s His 
 tory of Connecticut, 15. 
 
 McCrea, Jane, Miss, murdered, 138 ; 
 Life by D. Wilson. 138 ; a tale by 
 Hilliard d Auberteuil, 139. 
 
 McCurlin, Daniel, journal at Cam 
 bridge, 63. 
 
 McFingal, by Trumbull, 10. 
 
 Mackay s United States, 293. 
 
 McKean s letter, 104. 
 
 Mackenzie, Alex., on Washington at 
 Cambridge, 61 ; Cambridge at Lex 
 ington, 31. 
 
 Mackenzie, R., Strictures on Tarleton, 
 219. 
 
 MacKinnon s Coldstream Guards, 113. 
 
 Macmillan s Magazine, 8. 
 
 McRee s Life of Iredell, 16, 218. 
 
 McSherry s History of Maryland, 16. 
 
 Magazine of American History, 4. 
 
 Magazines, value of, 286. 
 
 Magoon s Orators of the Revolution, 
 74, 283. 
 
 Mahon s History of England, 4, 292. 
 
 Maine, History of, by Williamson, 71, 
 208 : as New Ireland, 224 ; boun 
 dary dispute, 269 ; Her Place in His 
 tory, 270. 
 
 i Maine Historical Society Collections, 
 59, 224. 
 
 Maine, H. C., on Burgoyne s Cam 
 paign, 1531 
 
 Manchester, N. H., History by Potter, 
 48. 
 
 Manley, Captain, 88. 
 
 Mann, Herman, the Female Review, 
 47. 
 
 Manuscript sources, 284. 
 
 Maps of the war, 302. 
 
 Marion, Francis, 219; Life by James, 
 
INDEX. 
 
 VVoV 
 
 219 ; Life by Simms, 219 : Life by 
 Weems, 219. 
 
 Marbois, Complot d Arnold, etc.. 234 : 
 his letter intercepted, 268. 
 
 Margaretta at Machias, 35. 
 
 Marsh, L. R., on General Woodhull, 
 110. 
 
 Marshall, Christopher, diary, 28, 72. 
 
 Marshall ; s Life of Washington, 17. 
 
 Marshfield expedition, 25. 
 
 Martial law in the Revolution, 304. 
 
 Marten s Keceuil de Traite s, 179. 
 
 Martin, Chaplain, 54. 
 
 Martin s History of North Carolina, 8. 
 
 Martyrs to the Revolution, by Taylor, 
 200. 
 
 Maryland, History by McSherry, 16. 
 
 Maryland Line, by Balch, 63, 247. 
 
 Maryland Historical Society s Trans 
 actions, 87 ; publications, 229. 
 
 Mason, George, 199, 202. 
 
 Massachusetts, History of, by Barry, 
 2 ; by A. Bradford, 21 ; by Hutchin- 
 son, 1 ; by Minot, 1 ; Western, by 
 Holland, 79 ; assumes sovereign 
 power, 98 ; Constitution (1780), 224 ; 
 Currency by Felt, 242. 
 
 Massachusetts Gazette, 7. 
 
 Massachusetts Historical Society s Li 
 brary Catalogue, 5 ; Collections, 7; 
 Proceedings, 3. 
 
 Massachusetts Kalendar, 11. 
 
 Massachusetts Magazine, 33, 66. 
 
 Massachusetts Provincial Congress 
 Journals, 27. 
 
 Massachusetts State Papers, by A. 
 Bradford, 6. 
 
 Massachusetts State Register, 13. 
 
 Massachusetts Society of Cincinnati, 
 275. 
 
 Massachusetts Spy, 7. 
 
 Massachusettensis, 19. 
 
 Massey s History of England, 2. 
 
 Matthews, General, his journal, 231. 
 
 Mauduit, Israel, 174; on Sir William 
 Howe, 120. 
 
 May s Constitutional History of Eng 
 land, 2, 288. 
 
 Maynard, Needham, on Bunker Hill, 
 
 Maxwell, Major T., on Bunker Hill, 51. 
 
 Mecklenberg, Declaration of Indepen 
 dence, 34. 
 
 Medcalfe s Map, 157. 
 
 Medical Men of the Revolution, 283. 
 
 Meigs s Kennebec journal, 83. 
 
 Mellish and Tanner s Seat of War, 
 132. 
 
 Melville. Herman, 40 ; Israel Potter, 
 212. 
 
 >* 
 
 319 
 
 
 
 Melvin s Kennebec journal, 83. 
 
 Mercer, General, 126. 
 
 Mercer, Fort, 166. 
 
 Meredith, Sir William, 186. 
 
 Methodists and the War, 283. 
 
 Middlebrook Camp, 202. 
 
 Middlesex, Historic Fields of, by 
 
 Drake, 31. 
 Mifflin, Fort, 166. 
 Miles, Colonel Samuel, 110. 
 Military Journals, etc., 28. 
 Military Pocket Atlas, 127. 
 Miner, Charles, History of Wyoming, 
 
 Minot s History of Massachusetts, 1. 
 
 Mischianza, 173. 
 
 Mississippi River and its navigation, 
 
 Mohawk Valley Indians, 75, 192. 
 
 Monmouth, 188. 
 
 Montgomery, General Richard, 82, 
 85 ; Life by Armstrong, 82 ; by Gen. 
 Cullum. 85 ; oration on, by William 
 Smith, 85 ; notes on, by L. L. Hunt, 
 85. 
 
 Montgomery, Fort, 158. 
 
 Montfcello, 263. 
 
 Montreal, 82, 84. 
 
 Montresor, 164. 
 
 Moore, Frank, American Eloquence, 
 283 ; Ballad History of the Revolu 
 tion, 31; Correspondence of Henry 
 Laurens, 207 ; Diary of the Revolu 
 tion, 27, 282 ; Materials for History, 
 167 ; Songs and Ballads of the Rev 
 olution, 173, 194, 282. 
 
 Moore, George II., on negroes as sol 
 diers, 304 ; Treason of Charles Lee, 
 122, 130. 
 
 Moore, Thomas, Life of Sheridan, 22. 
 
 Moorsom s Fifty -second Regiment, 42. 
 
 Moravian Missions, 199. 
 
 Morgan, Daniel, 219 ; Life by Graham, 
 83, 146 ; with Gates, 146 ; at Cow- 
 pens, 248 ; papers, 248. 
 
 Morley, J. L., Morton s Hope, 305. 
 
 Morley s Edmund Burke. 107. 
 
 Morris, Gouverneur, 183 ; Life by 
 Sparks, 10. 
 
 Morris, Robert, financier, 104, 243. 
 
 Morris, General, letter, 94. 
 
 Morristown, 2l7 ; Wayne at, 240. 
 
 Morsman, Oliver, on Bunker Hill, 40. 
 
 Morton, Perez, on General Warren, 
 54,97. 
 
 Morton, Robert, 163. 
 
 Morton s Hope, by Morley, 305. 
 
 Mott, 79. 
 
 Moultrie s Memoirs of the American 
 War, 218. 
 
320 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Moultrie, Fort, 94. 
 
 Mount Defiance, 136. 
 
 Mount Vernon Papers, by Everett, 
 
 297. 
 
 Mouzon, 220. 
 Mud Island, 166. 
 Mtigge, T., Paul Jones. 212. 
 Muhlenberg, General, Life of , 160 ; in 
 
 Virginia, 239. 
 Mulford s History of New Jersey, 17, 
 
 242. 
 
 Muller s Americana, 178. 
 Miiller s Geographische Belustigun- 
 
 gen, 70. 
 Murray s Impartial History of the 
 
 American War, 57. 
 Murray s War in America, 288. 
 Muskingum, 262. 
 Muzzey, A. B., on Lexington fight, 
 
 32. 
 
 NARRAGANSETT BAY, plans of, 196, 
 228. 
 
 National Intelligencer, 165. 
 
 National Quarterly Review, 235. 
 
 National Repository, 158. 
 
 Naval Actions (1778), 197. 
 
 Naval Chronicle, 109. 
 
 Naval Histories, 300. 
 
 Naval losses of Great Britain, 215. 
 
 Navy, beginnings of, 87. 
 
 Neal, John, 290 ; Seventy-Six, a novel, 
 305. 
 
 Negroes as soldiers, 304. 
 
 Neilson on Saratoga, 147, 153. 
 
 Netherlands, 129 ; war with England, 
 215. 
 
 Neutral Ground, 205. 
 
 Newall s diary in Boston, 64. 
 
 Newark Daily Advertiser, 126. 
 
 New Bedford, History by Ricketson, 
 196 ; British at, 196. 
 
 Newburgh, Washington s headquar 
 ters, 275 : addresses, 274. 
 
 Newburyport, by E. V. Smith, 89. 
 
 New England, History of, by C. W. 
 ),57 ; 
 
 Elliott, 32 ; Jeffery : s map 
 of, 71. 
 
 New England Chronicle, 39. 
 
 New England Historical and Genea 
 logical Register, 6. 
 
 New England Magazine, 233. 
 
 New Englander, 53. 
 
 Newfoundland Banks, 271. 
 
 New Hampshire, History by Belknap, 
 197; Provincial Papers, 47; adju 
 tant-general s reports, 47 ; first re 
 giment, 152 ; at Bunker Hill, 47. 
 
 New Hampshire Historical Society s 
 Collections, 47. 
 
 Newhall, Thomas, diary, 13. 
 
 New Haven invaded, 203. 
 
 New Haven Palladium, 237. 
 
 New Ipswich, History of, 48. 
 
 New Ireland, 224. 
 
 New Jersey, History by Mulford, 17, 
 242. 
 
 New Jersey, Historical Collections, 
 Barker and Howe, 189. 
 
 New Jersey Historical Society s Pro 
 ceedings, 80. 
 
 New London, 254; History by Caul- 
 kins, 89. 
 
 Newport, 197 ; plan of, 196 ; the 
 French at, 226. 
 
 New York City , History by Booth, 114 ; 
 by W. L. Stone, 59 ; Campaign 
 about (1776), 93 ; Washington in 
 (1776), 114; occupied by the Brit 
 ish, 115, 202 ; burned, 116 ; in 1778, 
 190 ; French fleet at, 193 ; British 
 in, 223 ; threatened by Washing 
 ton, 227 ; evacuated, 276 ; maps, 
 117, 276, 302. 
 
 New York in the Revolution, 114. 
 
 New York in the Revolutionary War, 
 by Jones, 10. 
 
 New York State History, by Dunlap, 
 7 ; Documentary History, 74 ; Docu 
 ments on Colonial History, 10. 
 
 New York Provincial Congress, 75 ; 
 Last Provincial Assembly Proceed 
 ings, 10. 
 
 New York Constitution, 98. 
 
 New York State, Maps of the Province 
 of, 159 ; Calendar of Historical 
 MSS., 121 ; State Calendar, 82. 
 
 New York City Manual, 112. 
 
 New York Evangelist, 233. 
 
 New York Herald, 45. 
 
 New York Tribune, 231. 
 
 New York Historical Society s Library 
 Catalogue, 5 ; Collections, 5. 
 
 Newspaper Literature, by Bucking 
 ham, 7. 
 
 Newspapers of the Revolution, 282. 
 
 Niles s Principles and Acts of the 
 Revolution, 6, 281. 
 
 Niles s Register, 31, 105, 214, 235. 
 
 Ninety-Six besieged, 251. 
 
 Noddle s Island, 35. 
 
 Norman, J., 70. 
 
 Norris, Major, journal, 207. 
 
 North, Lord, 96 ; his character, 182 ; 
 his cabinet, 185; his Correspondence 
 with George the Third, 23, 181 ; his 
 ministry, fall of, 263. 
 
 North American Review, 20. 
 
 North Carolina, 94, 222, 237 ; Regu 
 lators, 5 ; Caruther s Revolutionary 
 
INDEX. 
 
 321 
 
 Incidents, 218 ; W. D. Cooke s Revo 
 lutionary History of, 218 ; Foote s 
 Sketches of, 3 ; Graham on the In 
 vasion of, 218 : Revolutionary His 
 tory by Jones, 3 ; History of, by 
 Martin, 3; Map of, 220. 
 North Carolina University Magazine, 
 
 North Eastern Boundary, 269 
 Northfield, Mass., History by Temple, 
 
 North Western Territory, 198, 270. 
 
 Norton s Pioneer Missionaries 192 
 
 Notes and Queries, 215. 
 
 Nourse, Michael, on R. Morris, 243. 
 
 Novanglus, 20. 
 
 Nova Scotia Gazette, 209. 
 
 Novels, 305. 
 
 Nuts for Historians to Crack, 299. 
 
 O CALLAGHAN S Burgoyne s Orderly- 
 Book, 148. 
 
 Ohio State Journal, 172. 
 
 Old Continental, novel by Paulding 
 305. 
 
 Oliver, Lieut. Governor, Letters, 9. 
 
 Olney, Life by Williams, 110. 
 
 Onderdonk, Henry, History of Queens 
 and Suffolk counties, 79, 262. 
 
 Orators of the Revolution, by Ma- 
 goon, 73, 283. 
 
 Oriskany, 139. 
 
 Osgood, Samuel, on Bunker Hill, 45 ; 
 New York under British rule, 129. 
 
 Oswald sent to Paris, 265. 
 
 Oswego, 139. 
 
 Otis, G. W., 295. 
 
 Otis, James, Life by Tudor, 1 ; Rights 
 of the Colonies, 2. 
 
 PACKARD, A. S., on Bunker Hill 
 Monument, 59. 
 
 Paige : s History of Cambridge, 60. 
 
 Paige s Map of Boston, 70. 
 
 Paine, Samuel, Letter from Boston, 
 64. 
 
 Paine, Thomas, 163, 176, 261 ; Com 
 mon Sense, 98 ; Public Good, 270. 
 
 Palfrey, J. G., 293. 
 
 Palmer s Lake Champlain, 80. 
 
 Palmer s Plan of Fort Montgomery, 
 
 Paoli, l62. 
 
 Paper money, 242. 
 
 Parker, Commodore F. H., on the Mar- 
 garetta, 35. 
 
 Parker, Francis J., on Bunker Hill, 53. 
 
 Parker, Sir Peter, 94. 
 
 Parker, Theodore, 33 ; Historic Ameri 
 cans, 297. 
 
 21 
 
 Parliamentary History 2 ; Journals, 
 285 ; Register, 154, 285. 
 
 Partisan leaders, 219. 
 
 Parton, James, Life of Aaron Burr 
 83 ; Life of Frauklin, 4 ; Life of An 
 drew Jackson, 219 ; Life of Jeffer 
 son, 10 ; Washington, 297 ; History 
 of Caricature, 304. 
 
 Pattison, Maj. Gen. James, 203. 
 
 Patriot Preachers of the Revolution 
 t. 
 
 Paulding, J. K., Old Continental 305 
 Washington, 297. 
 
 Paulding, Captor of Andre" 232 
 
 Paulus Hook, 205. 
 
 Peabody, A. P., oration at Cambridge, 
 
 Peabody, 0. W. B., Life of Sullivan. 
 206. 
 
 Peace, commissioners of, 241 ; nego 
 tiations for (1782), 264 
 
 Peck s Wyoming, 191. 
 
 Pelham, Henry, map of Boston, 70. 
 
 Pemberton s Journal, 209. 
 
 Penn Monthly, 244. 
 
 Pennsylvania, History by Gordon, 17 ; 
 in 1776, 98; martial law in, 225; 
 navy board, 166 ; maps of, 161 ; 
 Archives, 109, 240 ; line mutiny 
 240, 262 ; Hazard s Register of, 240. 
 
 Pennsylvania Historical Society, 28. 
 
 Pennsylvania Magazine of History, 4, 
 51, 172. 
 
 Pennsylvania Packet, 231. 
 
 Penobscot expedition (1779), 208. 
 
 Pensacola, 253. 
 
 Pentaget, 208. 
 
 Percy, Earl, 29. 
 
 Percy papers, 229. 
 
 Perkins, J. II., 192. 
 
 Peters, Hugh, History of Connecticut, 
 
 Petersburg, 253. 
 
 Philadelphia, contributions to Bos 
 ton, 64 ; campaign (1777), 130, 159 : 
 taken by Howe, 162 ; Howe in, 172 ; 
 plans of, 164 ; British evacuate, 
 , 187 ; in 1778, 190 ; riots (1779), 202. 
 Philadelphia Gazette, 176. 
 Philadelphia Library Catalogue, 163. 
 Philadelphia Packet, 176. 
 Philbrook, Thomas, 208. 
 ~ helippeaux, 132. 
 hillips, Payson, on Lexington fight, 
 
 Phillips, General, in Virginia, 246. 
 
 Phinney s Battle of Lexington, 30. 
 hysicians of the Revolution, 283. 
 ickering, Timothy, Life by Pickering 
 and Upham, 25 ; Review of Cunning. 
 
322 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 ham Correspondence, 105 ; papers, 
 285. 
 
 Pictorial History of England, 293. 
 
 Pigot, General, 195. 
 
 Pilot, novel by Cooper, 212. 
 
 Pinckney, C. C., on Brandywine, 160. 
 
 Pinckney, Thomas, 228. 
 
 Pine-tree banner, 70. 
 
 Pirtle, H., 198. 
 
 Pitkin s United States, 15, 290. 
 
 Pittsfield, Mass., History by Smith, 79. 
 
 Political aspects of the war, 300. 
 
 Political Magazine, 58, 228. 
 
 Poore, Ben : Perley, 303. 
 
 Porte Crayon s Shrines of Old Vir 
 ginia, 259. 
 
 Portfolio, 49. 
 
 Portland, History of, by Willis, 71 ; 
 Journal of Smith and Deane, 71. 
 
 Portraits, 301. 
 
 Potter, Israel R., 40. 
 
 Potter s American Monthly, 33. 
 
 Potter s History of Manchester, N. H., 
 
 Pouchot s Late War, 141. 
 
 Pownall s map, 124, 302. 
 
 Poyntz, L., on Bunker Hill, 45. 
 
 Preakness camp, 237. 
 
 Preble, G. H., History of the Flag, 89 ; 
 Three Historic Flags, 211. 
 
 Prescott, Colonel, on Bunker Hill, 37. 
 
 Prescott, General, captured, 134. 
 
 Preston, Captain, 11. 
 
 Preston, H. B. M. ship, 64. 
 
 Preston, J. S., 238. 
 
 Price, Ezekiel, diary at Cambridge, 62. 
 
 Prime, N. S., History of Long Island, 
 79. 
 
 Princeton, 126 ; History of, by Hage- 
 man, 126. 
 
 Principles and Acts of the Revolution, 
 by Niles, 6. 
 
 Printing, History of, by Thomas, 5. 
 
 Prisoners of war, 199 ; exchange of, 
 201. 
 
 Privateers, 88. 
 
 Protests of the lords, 4, 182. 
 
 Provisional treaty of peace, 272. 
 
 Provost, General, 210. 
 
 Public Advertiser, 25. 
 
 Pulaski, Count, 210 ; Life by Sparks, 
 210. 
 
 Pulpit of the Revolution, by Thorn 
 ton, 7, 233. 
 
 Pulsifer, David, on Bunker Hill, 41. 
 
 Pursell s map of United States, 270. 
 
 Purviance s Baltimore in the Revolu 
 tion, 3. 
 
 Putnam, Daniel, 49. 
 
 Putnam, Israel, by Dawson, 53 ; by 
 
 Humphreys, 35 ; by Tarbox, 35 ; 
 Whitney s sermon at death, 48 ; in 
 New York, 92 ; deceived by Clinton 
 (1777), 157. 
 
 QUAKER HILL, 196. 
 
 Quakers in the war, 163. 
 
 Quarterly Review, 100, 181. 
 
 Quebec, 84 ; Quebec Act, 270 ; Que 
 bec Literary and Historical Society s 
 Transactions, 83. 
 
 Queen s Rangers, 173, 247. 
 
 Quincy, Mrs. E. S. M., Memoirs, 122. 
 
 Quincy, Edmund, letters, 65. 
 
 Quincy, Josiah, Life of, by Quincy, 
 1 ; Reports of cases, 1 ; Diary, 3. 
 
 Quincy, Josiah, Journals of Samuel 
 Shaw, 93 ; editor Grahame s His 
 tory, 290. 
 
 Quintin s Bridge, 173. 
 
 RAMSAY S American Revolution, 85, 
 218, 287 ; Revolution in South Caro 
 lina, 3 ; Washington, 297. 
 
 Ramsour s Mills, 222. 
 
 Rand, Avery & Co. s Bunker Hill 
 Centennial, 51. 
 
 Randall s Life of Jefferson, 16. 
 
 Randolph, man-of-war, 19<. 
 
 Ranger, man-of-war, 198. 
 
 Rangers, by D. P. Thompson, 156. 
 
 Rathburn, 255. 
 
 Ratzen, Bernard, 117. 
 
 Raum s History of Trenton, 125. 
 
 Rawdon, Lord, 229 ; defeats Greene, 
 250. 
 
 Raymond, H. J., 233. 
 
 Read, Col. Charles, 299. 
 
 Read, George, Life by Read, 16. 
 
 Reading, engraver, 302. 
 
 Rebels, a novel by L. M. Child, 305. 
 
 Red Bank, 166. 
 
 Reed Joseph, 225, 298 ; Life by W. B 
 Reed, 13, 298 ; papers, 284. 
 
 Reed, W. B. controversy with J. C. 
 Hamilton, 299 ; Life of Joseph Reed, 
 280 ; on Washington s Letters, 280. 
 
 Reed and Bancroft controversy, 299. 
 
 Reed and Cadwalader controversy, 
 299. 
 
 Reed, Esther, wife of Joseph Reed, 163. 
 
 Regiments, Historical Records of Brit 
 ish, 293. 
 
 Regnault s Lafayette, 247. 
 
 Regulators in North Carolina, 5. 
 
 Reigart, J. F., History of United States 
 Flag, 129. 
 
 Remembrancer, Almon s, 285. 
 
 Remer s Amerikaniscb.es Archiv, 156 
 
 Revere, Paul, 6B ; and his lanterns, 26. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 323 
 
 Revue Militaire Francajse, 227, 295. 
 
 Reynolds, G., on Concord fight, 32. 
 
 Rhode Island, 13 ; History by Arnold, 
 88, 194 ; Colonial Records, 123 ; 
 Spirit of Seventy-Six in, 84 ; cam 
 paign (1778), 193; waters, map of, 
 228 ; in the Continental Congress, 
 197. 
 
 Rhode Island Line, by Gardner, 196. 
 
 Rhode Island Historical Collections, 
 84. 
 
 Rhode Island Historical Tracts 193. 
 
 Richardson, Abby S., History of Our 
 Country, 292. 
 
 Ricketson s New Bedford, 196. 
 
 Rider, S. S., 195, 207. 
 
 Ridgefield, Conn., Teller s History of, 
 133. 
 
 Ridpath s History of the United 
 States, 2. 
 
 Riedesel, Baron, Memoirs, 108, 135, 
 156 ; Life by Eelking, 108. 
 
 Riedesel, Baroness, Memoirs, 135. 
 
 Ripley s Fight at Concord, 30. 
 
 Rise of the Republic, by Ero thing- 
 ham, 2. 
 
 Rise, Progress, etc., of the Dispute, 29. 
 
 Ritzema, Colonel, 85. 
 
 Rives s Life of Madison, 16. 
 
 Rivington s Gazette, 55, 172, 283. 
 
 Roberts, E. H., Address, 140. 
 
 Robin s New Travels, 66, 226. 
 
 Rochambeau arrives. 226 ; in Virginia, 
 254 ; Memoirs, 226 ; papers, 254. 
 
 Rockingham, Prime Minister, 264; 
 Correspondence, 180 ; and his Con 
 temporaries, 4. 
 
 Rocques, 302. 
 
 Rodney, Admiral, defeats De Grasse, 
 271. 
 
 Rodney, Caesar, 115. 
 
 Roe s Near to Nature s Heart, 206. 
 
 Rogers, J. E. T., edition of Protests 
 of the Lords, 4, 182. 
 
 Rogers, Rev. William, Diary, 207. 
 
 Roman s Bunker Hill, 58 ; Seat of the 
 Civil War, 69. 
 
 Ross, Betsey, 129. 
 
 Ross s Life of Cornwallis, 163 ; Corn- 
 wallis Correspondence, 249. 
 
 Roxbury, History of, by F. S. Drake, 
 61. 
 
 Royal Gazette, New York, 283. 
 
 Rurnford. Count, Life by Ellis, 79, 252. 
 
 Rush, Richard, his Washington in 
 Domestic Life, 232. 
 
 Russell s Life and Times of Fox, 22 : 
 Memorials and Correspondence of 
 Fox, 22. 
 
 Russia, Dana in, 214. 
 
 Russian aid sought by Great Britain, 
 108. 
 
 Rutledge, Life by Flanders, 17. 
 
 Ruttenber s Obstructions in the Hud 
 son, 92. 
 
 SABIN S American Bibliopolist, 233. 
 
 Sabine, Lorenzo, American Loyalists, 
 73, 78 ; Report on Fisheries, 88, 271. 
 
 Sackville, Lord George, 154. 
 
 Saff ell s Records of the Revolutionary 
 War, 303. 
 
 St. Clair, 126, 137. 
 
 St. Johns, 82. 
 
 St. Leger, 139. 
 
 Salem, Felt s Annals of, 89; expedi 
 tion to, 25. 
 
 Salem, N. J., Johnson s History of, 
 173. 
 
 Saltonstall, Commodore, 208. 
 
 Sampson, Deborah, 47. 
 
 Sanderson s Lives of the Signers, 72. 
 
 Sands. Robert, Life of Paul Jones, 212. 
 
 Sandy Hook, 117, 190. 
 
 Sanguinet, Simon, 86. 
 
 Saratoga, 147 ; medal for, 259. 
 
 Sargent, L. M., Dealings with the 
 Dead, 233. 
 
 Sargent, Winthrop, Life of Major An 
 dre", 80 ; Loyalist Poetry, 78, 282. 
 
 Sargent s regiment, 63. 
 
 Saturday Review, 236. 
 
 Saulthier s maps, 117, 157. 
 
 Savage, John, 108. 
 
 Savannah captured (1778), 197 ; siege 
 of (1779) ,209. 
 
 Sayer and Bennett s maps, 113, lol. 
 
 Scammans s court-martial, 39. 
 
 Schlozer s Brief wechsel, ll8. 
 
 Schoharie County, 77, 232. 
 
 Schulenberg, Baron de, 156. 
 
 Schuyler, G- L., on Bancroft s His 
 tory, 145. 
 
 Schuyler, General Philip, Life by 
 Lossing, 71 ; controversy with Gates, 
 136 ; removed from command, 144. 
 
 Scott, G. G., 153. 
 
 Scott, Sir Walter, 181. 
 
 Scott, Captain, 146. 
 
 Scribe s La Bohe"mienne, 87. 
 
 Scribner s Magazine, 15. 
 
 Scudder, H. E., on Bunker Hill, 45 ; 
 on the Siege of Boston, 60 ; Men and 
 Manners of the Revolution, 282. 
 
 Scull s map of Pennsylvania, 161. 
 
 Scull and Heap s survey, 164. 
 
 Seabury s tracts, 19. 
 
 Seavers Mary Jemison, 207. 
 
 Sedgwick, Catharine M., Liuwood-, 
 
324 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Sedgwick, Theodore, Life of William 
 
 Livingston, 17. 
 
 Sedgwick, Mrs., Walter Thornley, 239. 
 Segur s Memoirs, 178, 226, 266. 
 Selah, 52. 
 
 Selwyn and his Contemporaries, 184. 
 Senter s Kennebec journal, 83. 
 Septimius Felton, by Hawthorne, 33. 
 Serapis, man-of-war, 211. 
 Seventy-Six, a novel by John Neal, 
 
 305. 
 
 Seventy-six Society, 6, 78, 247- 
 Sewall, Jonathan, 19. 
 Seward, Anna, 233. 
 Shattuck s History of Concord, 2/. 
 Shaw, Samuel, Journals, 46, 93. 
 Shea, John G., 255. 
 Shelburne, Life by Fitzmaurice, 4. 
 Shelburne, prime minister, 265, 2(3 ; 
 
 papers, 264. 
 Sheppard, J. H., Life of Samuel 
 
 Tucker, 88. 
 
 Sherburne, Andrew, Memoirs, 200. 
 Sherburne s Life of Paul Jones, 211. 
 Sheridan, R. B., Life by Moore, 22. 
 Short, W. T. P., on Siege of Quebec, 
 
 86 
 
 Short enlistments, 225. 
 Shucker, J. W., on Finances, 242. 
 Shurtleff, N. B., Description of Bos 
 ton, 8, 68. 
 Silliman, General, on Harlem Plains, 
 
 118 ; on Saratoga battlefield, 147. 
 Silliman s Journal, 45. 
 Simcoe : s Journal of the Queen s Ran 
 gers. 170, 247, 289. 
 Simitiere, du, 301. 
 
 Simms, W. G., History of South Caro 
 lina, 219 ; Life of Marion, 219 ; Eu- 
 taw, 251 ; Forayers, 251 ; Katharine 
 Walton, 251; Mellichampe, a novel, 
 230; The Partisan, a novel, 230; 
 The Scout, 251 ; Woodcraft, 251 ; 
 Views and Reviews, 234. 
 Simms s Schoharie County, 77, 232. _ 
 Simpson and Campbell s surveys, 205. 
 Six Nations, 75. 
 Slavery, abolishment of, 241. 
 Smith, Anthony, survey, 162. 
 Smith, E. V., History of Newbury- 
 
 port, 89. 
 
 Smith, Joshua H., 231. 
 Smith J. S., 229. 
 Smith, T. M., Legends, 199. 
 Smith, Noah, on Bennington, 143. 
 Smith, S. A. on West Cambridge at 
 
 Lexington, 31. 
 
 Smith, Wm., on Montgomery, 85. 
 Smith ; s Delaware County, 161. 
 Smith s History of Pittsfield, 79. 
 
 Smith and Deane s journal, 71. 
 
 Smith and Watson s American His 
 torical and Literary Curiosities, 174, 
 233, 302. 
 
 Smyth, lectures on Modern History, 
 96, 181, 293. 
 
 Snow : s History of Boston, 3. 
 
 Snowden s medals of Washington, 67. 
 
 Sotzmann s map of Virginia, 258. 
 
 Soule" s Histoire des Troubles, 294. 
 
 South Carolina, Gibbs s Documentary 
 History, 218 ; History of, by Simms, 
 3, 219 ; American Revolution in, by 
 Drayton, 3 ; Ramsay s Revolution 
 in, 3 ; in 1776, 94 ; Greene in, 250 ; 
 tories, 222 ; maps of, 220. 
 
 South Carolina Historical Collections, 
 216. 
 
 Southern Campaigns, 218. 
 
 Southern Review, 78. 
 
 Sou they ; s Vision of Judgment, 181. 
 
 Spain and the United States, 177 ; ne 
 gotiations with, 128 ; Jay in, 213 ; 
 Lee in, 213. 
 
 Sparks Jared, his historical labors, 
 278, 280; Memoir of , bj Ellis, 280; 
 Life of Ethan Allen, 80 ; Life of 
 Arnold, 80 ; Correspondence of the 
 American Revolution, 80 ; Diplo 
 matic Correspondence, 99 ; Life of 
 Franklin, 4 ; Life of Gouverneur 
 Morris, 10 ; Pulaski, 210 : Life and 
 Writings of Washington, 13 ; papers, 
 284 ; Collection at Cornell Univer- 
 
 Sparks and Mahon controversy, 279. 
 Sprague s Annals of the American 
 
 Pulpit, 283. 
 
 Springfield, New Jersey, 223. 
 Spy, novel by Cooper, 206. 
 Stamford, Conn., History by Hunting- 
 ton, 79. 
 Stamp Act, 3. 
 Stanhope s History of England, 4, 
 
 292 ; Miscellanies, 233. 
 Stanley s Westminster Abbey, 233. 
 Stanwix, Fort, 75, 139. 
 Staples, W. R., on the Gaspee, 13 ; 
 
 Rhode Island in the Continental 
 
 Congress, 197. 
 Stark, General John, 47, 142 ; Life by 
 
 Caleb Stark, 143 ; Life by Edward 
 
 Everett, 143. 
 Stark, Major Caleb, 39. 
 Staten Island expedition, 217, 223. 
 Statesmen of George III., by Brough- 
 
 Stedman s American War, 30, 289. 
 Steuben, 204 ; Life by Kapp, Id ; Life 
 by Bo wen, 171 ; inspector general, 
 
INDEX. 
 
 325 
 
 171; reorganizes army, 224 ; in Vir 
 ginia, 238, 246; papers, 284. 
 
 Stevens, Henry, Bibliotheca Historica, 
 19. 
 
 Stevens, J. A., 195; on Burgoyne : s 
 Campaign, 153 ; on Lafayette in 
 Virginia, 247. 
 
 Stevens, W. B., History of Georgia, 
 74. 
 
 Stewart, Major, 205 
 
 Sti leg s Diary, 30. 
 
 Stiles s History of Brooklyn, 93. 
 
 Still water, 145. 
 
 Stirling, Lord, 92 ; Life by Duer,112. 
 
 Stokes, A., Constitutions of the Col 
 onies, 2. 
 
 Stone, Enos, journal, 138. 
 
 Stone, E. M., Life of Rowland, 126; 
 Invasion of Canada, 83, 166. 
 
 Stone, W. L., life of Brant, 75 ; Bor 
 der Wars, 191. 
 
 Stone, W. L., Jr., History of New York 
 City, 59 ; campaign of Burgoyne, 
 140,153. 
 
 Stone s History of Wyoming, 191. 
 
 Stony Point, 203. 
 
 Street, A. B., on Saratoga, 147. 
 
 Stryker s Reed Controversy, 2d9. 
 
 Stuart s Life of Jonathan Trumbull, 
 4. 
 
 Stuart, I. W., Life of Nathan Hale, 
 115. 
 
 Stuart s Surveys, 220. 
 
 Suffolk Resolves, 16. 
 
 Sullivan, James, Life by Amory, 73. 
 
 Sullivan, General John, his character 
 207 ; Life by 0. W. B. Peabody, 206 
 his Military Services, by T. C. Am 
 ory , 206 ; in Canada, 91 ; sent to Con 
 gress by Howe, 113 ; at Brandywine 
 160 ; in Rhode Island, 193 ; expedi 
 tion against Indians, 206 ; papers, 
 285. 
 
 Sullivan s Island, 94. 
 
 Sumner, Charles, on the boundary, 
 269 ; on Franklin s portrait, 273. 
 
 Sumner, George, 178. 
 
 Sumner, W. H., on Hancock and 
 Adams, 26; on Bunker Hill, 53; 
 East Boston, 35. 
 
 Sumter, 219; relations with Greene, 
 251. 
 
 Swain, D. L., on the Cherokee expe 
 dition, 77. 
 
 Swett, Samuel, on Bunker Hill, 37, 
 50. 
 
 Sylvester, N. B., 152. 
 
 TALBOT, Commodore, Life by Tucker- 
 
 Talmadge, Colonel B., 94, 163. 
 
 Talmadge, Major, 232. 
 
 Tannock s England during the Ameri 
 can War, 294. 
 
 Tarbox s Life of Putnam 34. 
 
 Tarleton s Campaigns, 219 ; at Cow- 
 pens, 248 ; in Virginia, 253. 
 
 Tarry town, 230. 
 
 Taylor, Eldad, Letters, 65. 
 
 Taylor, George, Martyrs, 200. 
 
 Tea-party, 13. 
 
 Teller s History of Ridgefield, 133. 
 
 Temple and Sheldon s History of 
 Northfield, 91. 
 
 Ternay, Admiral, 228. 
 
 Thacher, Rev. Mr., 37. 
 
 Thacher s Military Journal, 39, 2S2. 
 
 Thackeray s Lectures on the Georges, 
 181 ; Dennis Duval, 212>. 
 
 Thackeray s Life of Chatham, 185. 
 
 Thankful Blossom, by Bret Harte, 217. 
 
 Thayer, Judge, 165. 
 
 Thayer s Kennebec journal, 83. 
 
 Thomas, E. S., Reminiscences, 126. 
 
 Thomas, Isaiah, History of Printing, 
 5 ; Massachusetts Kalendar, 11. 
 
 Thomas, Gen. John, 90. 
 
 Thompson, B. T., History of Long 
 Island, 78. 
 
 Thompson, D. P., Rangers, 157 ; Green 
 Mountain Boys, 81. 
 
 Thompson, J. P., United States as a 
 Nation, 2. 
 
 Thompson, General, at Three Rivers, 
 91. 
 
 Thomson, Dr. William, 289. 
 
 Thornton, Matthew, 103. 
 
 Thornton s Pulpit of the Revolution, 
 
 Three Rivers, 91. 
 
 Ticonderoga, 79 ; evacuated (1777), 
 136. 
 
 Toner, J. M., Medical Men, 283. 
 
 Tories, 77, 78, 93. 
 
 Totowa, camp, 237. 
 
 Town, Ithiel, Particular Services, 89. 
 
 Townshend, J., 161. 
 
 Travelling Bachelor, by Cooper, 234. 
 
 Treaties and Conventions of the 
 United States, 268. 
 
 Treaties of the United States, 179. 
 
 Treaty between Great Britain and 
 France, 273. 
 
 Trenton, 124; Annals of, by C. C. 
 Haven, 125 ; History by Raum, 126. 
 
 Trescott s Diplomacy of the Revolu 
 tion, 177. 
 
 Troops, effective, in either army, 
 304. 
 
 Troup, Col. Robert, 169. 
 
326 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Trudruffrin, 162. 
 
 Trumbull, Jonathan. Life by Stuart. 
 4 ; Papers, 284. 
 
 Trumbull, Col. John, Autobiography, 
 3^ ; Picture of Bunker Hal, 58 ; 
 McFingal, 10. 
 
 Trumbull, J. H., 79. 
 
 Tryon, Governor, 10, 125 ; invades 
 Connecticut, 133, 203. 
 
 Tryon County, 77. 
 
 Tucker, Dean, tracts, 22. 
 
 Tucker, Com. Samuel, 300; Life by 
 Sheppard, 88. 
 
 Tucker s Life of Jefferson, 17. 
 
 Tuckerman s America and her Com 
 mentators, 227 ; Life of Talbot. 
 88. 
 
 Tudor s Life of James Otis, 1. 
 
 Turner s Holland Purchase, 244. 
 
 Turtle Bay, 115. 
 
 Tuscany, 176. 
 
 Tuttle, J. F., Morristown, 217 ; Wash 
 ington in Morris County, 123. 
 
 Tyler, Albert, on Bennington, 143. 
 
 ULSTER COUNTY, Historical Society s 
 Collections, 158. 
 
 Uniform, Buff and Blue, 304. 
 
 Unitarian Review, 32. 
 
 United Service Journal, 163, 233. 
 
 United States, History of, by Ban 
 croft, 2, 290 ; by Bartlett and Wood 
 ward, 293 ; by Cassell, 294 ; by 
 Grahame, 15, 290 ; by Hildreth, 2, 
 291 ; by Mackay, 293 ; by J. H. Pat- 
 ton, 292; by Pitkin, 15, 290; by 
 Ridpath, 2, 291 ; by J. A. Spencer, 
 292 ; by Tucker, 292 ; United States 
 as a Nation, by J. P. Thompson, 2 ; 
 Clark s Naval History of, 300 ; Coop 
 er s Naval History, 300 ; Dawson s 
 Battles of, 27, 291 ; Diplomacy of, by 
 Lyman, 177 ; Loubat s Medallic His 
 tory, 6< ; Origin, etc., by McCart 
 ney, 2 ; Republic of , by J. C. Ham 
 ilton, 19, 298. 
 
 Upham, C. W., on Hancock, 73; Life 
 of Washington, 297. 
 
 Upham, W. P., on Siege of Boston, 64. 
 
 VALCOUB S ISLAND, 127. 
 
 Vale s Life of Thomas Paine, 261. 
 
 Valentine s New^York City Manual, 
 
 112. 
 
 Valley Forge, 170, 179. 
 Valley Forge Letters, 299. 
 Van Schaack, Peter, Life of, 10, 78. 
 Van Wart, captor of Andrt5, 232. 
 Varnum, 167. 
 Veil Removed, by Fellows, 52. 
 
 Vergennes and the Peace, 268, 572. 
 
 Vermont, History by Ira Allen, 271 : 
 by Hall, 143; by Williams, 197; 
 Bounds, 270 ; Controversy, 197. 
 
 Vermont Historical Society Collec 
 tions, 143. 
 
 Verplanck s Point, 204. 
 
 Villefranche, Major, 236. 
 
 Vincennes, History by Law, 199. 
 
 Virginia, History by Burk, 76 ; by 
 Campbell, 246; by Girardin, 75: 
 by Howison, 151, 246; Jefferson s 
 notes on, 102 ; Declaration of Rights, 
 98 ; Convention troops in, 151 ; In 
 dian wars in, 192 ; Leslie in, 238, 
 245 ; Arnold in, 240 ; Lafayette in, 
 247, 253 ; Phillips in, 246 ; Corn- 
 wallis in, 253 ; the French in, 253 ; 
 Campaign of 1781, 254 , and the N 
 W. Territory, 270 ; maps of, 258. 
 
 Von Bulow on the war, 304. 
 
 Von Ochs, Neuere Kriegskunst, 108. 
 
 WALDO, S. P., American Naval Heroes, 
 212. 
 
 Waldo, Surgeon, 171. 
 
 Walker, C. I., Address, 199. 
 
 Wallabout, interments at, 200. 
 
 Waller s orderly-book, 64. 
 
 Wallis s map of United States, 270. 
 
 Walpole s George the Third, 22, 182 ; 
 Last Journal, 22, 180 ; and Mason 
 correspondence, 139. 
 
 Walsh s American Register, 226. 
 
 Walter Thornley, by Sedgwick, 238. 
 
 Walworth, E. H., 153. 
 
 Ward, Gen. Artemas, 47. 
 
 Ward, Samuel, Life by Gammel, 88. 
 
 Ward, Samuel, Lecture on Battle of 
 Long Island, 110. 
 
 Ware s Kennebec journal, 83. 
 
 Warner, Col. Seth, 142 ; Life by Chip- 
 man, 143 ; at Saratoga, 152. 
 
 Warren, Charles H., on the Buff and 
 Blue Uniform, 304. 
 
 Warren, G. W., Bunker Hill Monu 
 ment Association, 49. 
 
 Warren, Dr. John, Life of, 54. 
 
 Warren, Gen. Joseph, Life by A. H. 
 Everett, 44 ; death of, 53 ; Oration 
 on Boston Massacre, 74 ; Eulogy 
 by Perez Morton, 54 ; Stories of, 
 by Mrs. J B. Brown, 54; and his 
 Times, by Frothingham, 6. 
 
 Warren, Mrs., American Revolution, 
 287 ; her controversy with John 
 Adams, 287. 
 
 Washington s Writings, edition by 
 Sparks, 279 ; Spurious Letters of, 
 280 ; different lives of, 2y6 ; by 
 
INDEX. 
 
 327 
 
 A. Bancroft, 297 ; by Everett, 297 ; 
 by Guizot, 67 ; by Irving, 297 ; by 
 Kirkland, 297 : by Lossing, 297 ; by 
 Marshall, 17, 296; by Paulding, 
 297 ; by Ramsay, 297 ; by Sparks, 
 296 ; by C. W. Upham, 297 ; by M. 
 L. Weems, 297 ; Custis ; s Recollec 
 tions of, 126 ; and his Generals, by 
 Headley, 292 ; Essay on, by T. 
 Parker, 297 ; Address on, by Web 
 ster, 297 ; Essay on, by E. P. Whip- 
 pie, 297 ; Address on, by Winthrop, 
 297 ; takes command, 60 ; at Cam 
 bridge, 61 ; nominated, 73 ; in the 
 Jerseys, 122, 123 ; at Valley Forge, 
 170 ; Farewell Address to Army, 
 276 ; resigns his commission, 276 ; 
 a marshal of France, 260 ; accounts, 
 276; life-guard, 298; order books, 
 260, 280 ; papers, 279. 
 
 Washington Elm, Cambridge, 61. 
 
 Washington, Fort, 120. 
 
 Washington, Lieut. Colonel, 248. 
 
 Waterhouse, Dr., on General Warren s 
 death, 54. 
 
 Watertown, Mass., Provincial Con 
 gress at, 74. 
 
 Watson, Elkanah, Memoirs, 95, 175. 
 
 Watson s, J. L., Paul Revere s signal, 
 
 Watson, W. C., Naval Campaign on 
 Lake Champlain, 127. 
 
 Watson s Annals of Philadelphia, 174, 
 262. 
 
 Watson s Essex County, N. Y., 80. 
 
 Waxhaws, 222. 
 
 Wayne, Anthony, Life by Armstrong, 
 165; Life by Moore, 162; at Paoli, 
 162 ; at Stony Point, 203 ; at Bull s 
 Ferry, 224 ; and the Pennsylvania 
 line, 240 ; in Georgia, 253 ; Orderly- 
 Book, 127, 189 ; papers, 285. 
 
 Webster, Daniel, Bunker Hill Oration, 
 44 ; on the Maine boundary, 269 ; 
 address on Washington, 297. 
 
 Weems s Life of Marion, 219 ; Life of 
 Washington, 297. 
 
 Welling, J.C., 34. 
 
 Wells s Life of Samuel Adams, 1. 
 
 West, Samuel, Election Sermon, 97. 
 
 West Indies, the French fleet in, 271. 
 
 West Point, History by Boynton, 92, 
 230 ; Arnold at, 230. 
 
 Westchester County, N. Y., 205, 232. 
 
 Westcott s Concord Sermons, 32. 
 
 Western Territory, by Imlay, 199. 
 
 Westminster Massacre, 34. 
 
 Wheeler s Pentagoet (Castine), 208. 
 
 Wheildon, W. W., on Bunker Hill, 
 
 45; Revere s signal lanterns, 26; 
 
 Life of S. Willard, 59. 
 Whig party, 180, 185. 
 WhippJe E. P.. Washington and the 
 
 Revolution, 297. 
 White, Bishop, Wilson s Memoirs of. 
 
 172. 
 
 White, T., 123. 
 White Horse Tavern, 162. 
 White Plains, 119. 
 WTiiting, Colonel Henry, 280. 
 Whitney s literature of Concord fight, 
 
 32. 
 
 Whittlesey, E. D.,133. 
 Wiley s tale, The Alamance, 6. 
 Wilkinson, Eliza, letters, 210. 
 Wilkinson, Gen. James, Memoir?, 39. 
 Willard. Solomon, Life by Wheildon, 
 
 59. 
 
 William, Henry, Prince, 261. 
 Williams, captor of Andre , 232. 
 Williams, Otho, 228. 
 Williams s Life of General Barton, 
 
 195. 
 
 Williams s Life of Olney, 110, 166. 
 Williamsburg, 253. 
 Williamson, Hugh, on the Tea-party, 
 
 13. 
 Williamson s Belfast, 208 ; History of 
 
 Maine, 71, 208. 
 Willis s Portland, 71. 
 Wilmington, 260. 
 
 Wilmofs Historical View of Ameri 
 can Loyalists, 271. 
 Wilson s Memoirs of Bishop White, 
 
 172. 
 
 Wilson, D., Life of Jane McCrea, 139 
 Winter Hill, 69. 
 Winthrop, Prof. John, 37. 
 Winthrop R. C., Address on Wash 
 ington, 297. 
 Wirt, Win., Life of Patrick Henry, 3 ; 
 
 Memoir by Kennedy, 20. 
 Wisconsin Historical Society, 199. 
 Witherspoon, Dr., 103. 
 Women of the Revolution, by Mrs. 
 
 Ellet, 139. 
 Wood, Silas, History of Long Island, 
 
 78. 
 
 Woodbury s, J. T., speech, 31. 
 Woodcraft, by Simms, 251. 
 Woodford, 221. 
 Woodhull, General, 110. 
 Woodruff at Saratoga, 147, 153. 
 Wooster, General, 82; monument, 
 
 133. 
 
 Worcester, S. T., History of Hollis, 4< . 
 Worcester, History by Lincoln, 21; 
 
 expedition to, 26. 
 
328 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Wraxall s Historical Memoirs, 22, 180, 
 
 258. 
 Wright. Aaron, diary at Cambridge, 
 
 68. 
 Wright s Caricature History of the 
 
 Georges, 180. 
 Wright s Cavendish Debates, 21. 
 
 Writs of assistance, 1. 
 Wyandottes, 262. 
 Wyoming, 190. 
 
 Yonge, C. D., History of the British 
 
 navy, 301. 
 Yorktown, siege of, 266. 
 
 
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