THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND 
 MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID 
 

 HAKDY ELOWEKS. 
 

 
* ." 
 
 a I 
 
 II 
 
HARDY FLOWERS 
 
 DESCRIPTIONS OF .UPWARDS OP THIRTEEN HUNDRED OF THE 
 MOST ORNAMENTAL SPECIES, 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CULTURE, ETC 
 
 " Daffodils 
 
 That come before the swallow dares, and take 
 The winds of March with beauty : violets dim, 
 But sweeter than the lids of Juno's eyes 
 Or Cytherea's breath; pale primroses, 
 That die unmarried, ere they can behold 
 Bright Phcebus in his strength: .... 
 
 bold oxlips and 
 
 The crown-imperial; lilies of all kinds." 
 
 SHAKESPEARE. 
 
 BY 
 
 W. KOBINSON, F.L.S., 
 
 FOUNDER AND EDITOR OF "HIE GARDEN ;" 
 AUTHOR OF "ALP1ME FLOWERS FOR ENGLISH GARDENS," "THE WILD GARDEN." 
 
 THIRD AND CHEAPER EDITION. 
 
 LONDON: 
 MACMILLAN AND CO. 
 
 1878. 
 
LONDON : 
 
 PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, 
 STAMFOttD STREET AND CHAKING CROSS. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Introduction 1 
 
 PART I, 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 The Mixed Border for Hardy Flowers 5 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 Hardy Flowers in the Mixed Shrubbery Border ,..,... 7 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 Beds and Groups of Hardy Perennials, etc 11 
 
 CHAPTER IV, 
 Isolation of Hardy Plants .15 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 Hardy Perennials and Alpines as Bedding Plants .,,... 17 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Hardy Alpine and Perennial Plants in the Rock-garden, in the Wild- 
 garden, in Water, and in Boggy Ground 20 
 
 M363557 
 
vi CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 PAGJ 
 
 Hardy "Florist's Flowers" . 23 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 Hardy Flowers in the Spring-garden 25 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 The Culture of Hardy Flowers 27 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 The Propagation of Hardy Flowers 32 
 
 PART II. 
 
 Alphabetical Arrangement of the most Ornamental Hardy Flowers, 
 
 with Descriptions, Culture, Suitable Positions, etc . . . 41 to 264 
 
 ADDENDA. 
 
 New Species, or those omitted in preceding Part 265 to 274 
 
 PART III. 
 
 SELECTIONS OF HARDY FLOWERS FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES. 
 
 A Choice Selection of the very finest Herbaceous Perennials . . . 277 
 A Selection of the finest Hardy Bulbs, including Rhizomatous 
 
 Plants like the Irises and Hardy Orchids 280 
 
 A Selection of Choice Alpine and Rock Plants suitable for the mar- 
 gins of Mixed Borders, etc 281 
 
 A Selection of the most Ornamental Annual and Biennial Plants . 283 
 
 A Selection of the finest Hardy Flowers that Bloom in Spring . . 284 
 
CONTENTS. vii 
 
 PAGE 
 
 A Selection of Autumn-blooming Hardy Flowers 28-5 
 
 A Selection of Edging Plants 286 
 
 A Selection of Plants for forming " Carpets " beneath larger subjects 289 
 
 Hardy Plants with Silvery or Yariegated Foliage 291 
 
 A Selection of Hardy Flowers suitable for Naturalization in Woods, 
 Copses, Hedgerows, on Euins, Rocky Banks, and in various 
 
 other Wild or Half- wild Places 293 
 
 A Selection of Fragrant Hardy Plants , . . . 295 
 
 A Selection of Herbaceous Plants; etc., that will grow beneath the 
 
 Shade of Trees, and in Copses, etc 296 
 
 A Selection of Hardy Perennials, etc., suitable for Exhibition when 
 
 Grown in Pots 297 
 
 A Selection of Ornamental Aquatic Plants 299 
 
 A Selection of Plants thriving in Marshy or Boggy Ground . . . 299 
 Herbaceous and Alpine Plants, etc., that may with advantage be 
 
 Raised from Seed 300 
 
 List of Dwarf Hardy Perennials and Alpine Plants with Fern-like 
 or Graceful Leaves, and suitable for Association with those dis- 
 tinguished by Beauty of Flower in Borders, the Rock-garden, etc. 301 
 A Selection of Hardy Perennials affording the finest effects in the 
 
 Picturesque or " Subtropical " Garden 302 
 
 A Selection of Hardy Plants of Vigorous Habit and Distinct Cha- 
 racter, suited for Planting in Semi- wild places, in Pleasure* 
 
 grounds, or near Wood-walks , 302 
 
 A Selection of Ornamental Grasses 303 
 
 Selection of Alpine and Rock Plants of Prostrate or Drooping Habit 
 suited for placing so that they may Droop over the Brows of 
 
 Rocks and like Positions 304 
 
 Trailers, Climbers, etc., for Covering Bowers, Trellises, Railings, 
 
 Old Trees, Stumps, Rockwork, Banks, etc. / 305 
 
 Selection of Alpine and Rock Plants for Growing on Old Walls, 
 
 Ruins, Chalk-pits, Stony Banks, etc. . -. 306 
 
 List of Ferns that may be Grown with Advantage away from the 
 
 Fernery Proper .,... 307 
 
viii CONTENTS. 
 
 HARDY FLOWERS CLASSED ACCORDING TO THEIR COLOURS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 A Selection of Hardy Plants with White Flowers ...... 308 
 
 A Selection of Hardy Plants with Red, Crimson, Scarlet, or Pinkish 
 
 Flowers 309 
 
 A Selection of Hardy Plants with Bine, Blnish, or Purplish Flowers 311 
 A Selection of Hardy Plants with Yellow Flowers, in Various 
 
 Shades, or in which Yellow Predominates 311 
 
 Index to the Natural Orders of the Plants named in Part II. 313 to 322 
 A Concise Glossary of the Descriptive Terms used in this Work 323 to 332 
 Index to English Names 333 to 341 
 
HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION, 
 
 IN " Alpine Flowers " I treated of the most interesting classes of 
 Lardy plants, and the only ones with which there is the slightest 
 difficulty as to cultivation, etc., but besides the true alpine flora 
 there are many natives of the low hills, plains, and prairies which 
 are not considered " alpine " either from a horticultural or a 
 botanical point of view, and the best of these, with all the true alpine 
 plants, are included here. The book comprises the cream of all the 
 ornamental, hardy, herbaceous, alpine, and bulbous plants at every 
 elevation, from sea shore to snowy peak, that are now to be had in 
 cultivation. The descriptions are more technical than those in 
 " AlpinS Flowers," as it was thought desirable to give the reader 
 some means of identifying any plant of which he might have doubts 
 as to the name. Though the number of species selected is large 
 (between thirteen and fourteen hundred), weedy subjects, or those 
 unsuitable from any other cause, have been carefully excluded. 
 
 In the selection of these plants for ornamental purposes more care 
 is required than is the case with any other class, and there is 
 nothing more calculated to add beauty and interest of the highest 
 order to the British garden than the spread of knowledge as to the 
 really ornamental kinds. 
 
 That many perennials are very beautiful every person who knows 
 a Pseony, or a Delphinium, or a Phlox must be aware ; but that a 
 vastly greater number of them are very ragge'd and weedy-looking 
 is not less true ; and it is this fact that explains why they have been 
 so much driven from cultivation of late years. The variation in the 
 aspects of plants, even of the same family, is as great as the contrast 
 presented by their properties, which range from the deadliest of 
 poisons to the most grateful, fragrant, and nourishing of products. 
 Look through the vast and not odoriferous order Composite, and 
 what a way you have to wade through groundsels and fetid and 
 
 * 
 
2 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 gawky weeds, before you meet a plant that can be called pretty. It 
 is so all over the world. Doubtless many people think, from the 
 fascinating banks of orchids shown at our floral exhibitions, that 
 these favoured plants are gloriously beautiful wherever they are 
 found; but, on the contrary, there are many unattractive plants in 
 the family, many of them large-growing and noble looking, but 
 bearing inconspicuous flowers, not half so beautiful as some of the 
 poorest of our own little meadow orchids ; and so it is with many a 
 tropical family of plants of which only the gorgeous representatives 
 are seen at our flower shows. But, of course, being tropical we have 
 little opportunity of knowing the least ornamental kinds. Moreover, 
 collectors do not bring them home, knowing them to be worthless, 
 and if they are brought home by chance they are soon thrown away 
 as useless. But in the case of the hardy plants of Europe and 
 America it is very different. They are often seen in fact, as often 
 as we go among the fields, or hills, or wilds of those continents ; 
 often gathered and brought home, and once home they, like ill 
 weeds, grow apace and soon become so conspicuous that the really 
 beautiful hardy flowers are unseen among them, or exterminated by 
 them. Most persons will understand what I mean when they 
 remember the many mixed borders they have seen overgrown with 
 weedy asters, Golden Rods, Lysimachia vulgaris, and like plants, 
 which should never be planted except in rough and semi-wild 
 places. 
 
 In garden books and garden journals it is not uncommon to see 
 lists of those plants given, composed in some cases of the poorest 
 weec l s the ground ivy and Moschatel, to wit. These are, of course, 
 written by persons with a very slender knowledge of the subject, 
 who supplement that little with the knowledge to be gained from 
 lists in botanical books ; and being unable to distinguish the kinds 
 which are beautiful from those which are merely interesting in a 
 botanical point of view, they have had considerable influence in 
 retarding improvement in this direction. 
 
 It is to me a cause of surprise that while we find persons going to 
 great expense to build a glass box wherein to preserve a little of the 
 pretty vegetation of New Holland and other warm climates, and 
 which is of necessity always in a condition less beautiful and less 
 satisfactory than vegetation flourishing in the free air, we may seek 
 in vain in their gardens for a group of the noble hardy Lilies, for 
 the vividly-coloured and beautiful early spring flowers of northern 
 
INTEODUCTION. 
 
 and temperate climes, or for any interesting- and beautiful hardy 
 vegetation. We live in a country which is, on the whole, better 
 calculated for the successful culture of the most beautiful vegetation 
 of northern and temperate climes than any on the face of the earth, 
 and at present we take as much advantage of it as if we lived in one 
 where, from extremes of some sort, such vegetation could not exist, 
 and where extraordinary and expensive artificial means were 
 requisite for the enjoyment of a little vegetable beauty. That the 
 natives of cool latitudes are of an inferior degree of beauty cannot 
 be admitted. Travellers who love many aspects of vegetation give the 
 palm, I believe, to that of the meadows, heaths, and uplands of cool 
 countries and the high mountain sides near the line of perpetual snow, 
 and certain it is that the finest Orchids of our stoves do not surpass 
 in beauty Lilies and Irises, that are as easily grown as the common 
 Seakale. The reason sometimes urged against the free use of 
 hardy perennials, that they do not remain so long in flower as what 
 are called bedding plants, is a groundless objection, or if not, 
 why not apply it to the contents of the greenhouse and stove ? 
 There it would be sad to think that any one aspect of vegetation 
 should prevail for months at a time, ana why should not the same 
 taste be exercised in some select spot in the open garden ? The fact 
 is that when rightly understood the very fugacity of the most tran- 
 sient kinds will not be considered objectionable ; fortunately, however, 
 a great number of species remain a sufficiently long time in bloom 
 for their beauty to be thoroughly enjoyed. 
 
 The culture of the finest hardy perennials need not interfere in 
 the slightest degree with that of bedding plants, or anything else 
 indeed, it would enhance the beauty of all ; and in almost every 
 garden there is, goodness knows, an abundance of room for improve"- 
 inent of this kind. To discuss the subject from the basis of the 
 t( mixed border," is completely to beg the question, and in most 
 cases when people discuss this question, the old mixed border seems 
 to represent their ideal of the highest beauty to be attained by the 
 use of the hardy herbaceous and alpine flora of our gardens. To me 
 it has a very different and a very much wider and nobler aspect. I 
 have been somewhat surprised that people have spoken so encourag- 
 ingly of the matter, considering their point of view. During the past 
 eight or nine years I have sought after hardy plants of all kinds un- 
 remittingly, and previous to that I had seen a few good old-fashioned 
 mixed borders ; but at no time have I ever seen anything in this way 
 
HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 that displayed a tithe of the beautiful plants which it might have 
 had, or that was in any way worthy of a beautiful garden. Assuredly 
 a well-arranged mixed border would be one of the most interesting 
 thing's ever seen in a garden. But it is not alone in that way that 
 the plants under discussion may be made available. Many combina- 
 tions of the utmost beauty, and which have not yet been attempted 
 in gardens, are quite possible with them, and very few have any 
 idea of the many diverse ways in which they may be cultivated, so 
 as to attain the happiest results. I will in the following chapters 
 proceed to describe these various ways in which the flora of northern 
 and temperate climes may be grown and arranged with best effect 
 in our gardens, and by which we may, to a great extent, be deli- 
 vered from the appalling monotony and vacant formality now dis- 
 played by the majority of them. 
 
 It is an every-day occurrence to see hardy plants placed in positions 
 where there is no possibility of their surviving but for a very short 
 time. Therefore at the risk of being a little monotonous at times, 
 the culture and suitable positions for every species are given. This 
 portion of the work is the result of my own observation of the 
 plants in nearly all public and private gardens in these islands 
 where a good collection is grown, and of their habitats in a wild 
 state both on the continent of Europe and in America. By far the 
 greater number of the plants have been described from personal 
 knowledge of them in a living state. 
 
 I am greatly indebted to the owners of nearly all the good collec- 
 tions in the nurseries and private gardens near London, and in 
 various other parts of the country, for specimens of a large number 
 of the kinds named in the book. In a work dealing with such a 
 number of plants from so many diverse climes, references to many 
 books had to be made, principally to the following: Walper's 
 "Annales" and " Eepertorium ;" De Candolle's "Prodromus;" 
 Grenier and Godron's "Flore de France;" Vilmorin's "Fleurs 
 de pleine terre;" Duchartres' Jacques et Herincq's " Manuel des 
 Plantes ;" Gray's " Manual of the Botany of the Northern United 
 States;" Pursh's "American Flora;" Torrey and Gray's "Flora 
 of North America;" Wood's "Tourist's Flora;" Don's "System 
 of Gardening and Botany;" Kunth's "Enumeratio Plantarum;" 
 "Nouveau Jardinierj" Syme's "English Botany," and Miller's 
 " Dictionary." 
 
PAET I. 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE MIXED BORDER FOR HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 THERE are several other ways of arranging hardy plants in a more 
 beautiful, natural, and pleasing- manner, but the mixed border forms 
 a sort of reception room for all comers and at all times. On its 
 front margin you may place the newest Sedum or silvery Saxifrage ; 
 at the back or in the centre the latest Delphinium, Phlox, or 
 Gladiolus; and therefore it is, on the whole, the most useful 
 arrangement, though it should as a rule be placed in a rather iso- 
 lated part of the garden, where the extent of the place permits of 
 that. Not that a mixed border is not sufficiently presentable for any 
 position; but, having many more suitable things to offer for the 
 more open and important surfaces of the garden, this had better be 
 kept in a quiet, retired place, where indeed its interest may be best 
 enjoyed. If no better situation be offered than the kitchen- gar den, 
 make a mixed border there by all means. The little nursery depart- 
 ment, if there be one, will also suit; but best of all, in a large 
 place, would be a quiet strip in the pleasure-ground or flower- 
 garden, separated, if the garden be in the natural style, by a thin 
 shrubbery, from the general scene of the flower-garden. It is vain 
 to lay down any precise rules as to the position or arrangement of 
 this or anything else ; for, even if we succeeded in having them 
 adopted, what a sad end would it not lead to every place like its 
 neighbour ! That, above all others, is a thing to be avoided. In 
 old times the borders on each side of the main walk of the kitchen- 
 garden were mostly appropriated to herbaceous plants ; and, if well 
 done, this is a good practice, especially if the place be small. A 
 border arranged in this way in a small villa garden will prove a 
 very attractive feature, especially if cut off from the vegetable and 
 fruit quarters by a trelliswork completely covered with good strong- 
 growing varieties of Roses on their own roots. 
 
 The mixed border is capable of infinite variation as to plan as 
 well as to variety of subjects. The most interesting variety is that 
 
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MIXED SHRUBBERY BORDER. 
 
 composed of choice hardy herbaceous plants, bulbs, and alpine 
 plants. Another of a very attractive description may be made by 
 the use of bedding 1 plants only, from Dahlias and Gladioli to the 
 smallest kinds, but in this case we will confine ourselves to the old- 
 fashioned sort made with hardy plants alone. There is a symmetrical 
 system, which must be entirely kept clear of that of placing 
 quantities of one thing 1 , good or bad, as the case may be, at regular 
 intervals from each other. The very reverse of that is the true 
 system for the best and most interesting kind of mixed border. In 
 a well-arranged one no six feet of its length should resemble any 
 other similar space of the same border. Certainly it may be desi- 
 rable to have several specimens of a favourite plant; but any 
 approach to planting the same thing in numerous places along the 
 same line should be avoided. I should not, for instance, place one 
 of the neat Saxifrages along in front of the border at regular inter- 
 vals, fine and well suited as it might be for that purpose, but, on 
 the contrary, attempt to produce in all parts a totally distinct yet 
 high type of vegetation. The Cannas may be used to diversify the 
 mixed border, a plant here or there having a fine effect. 
 
 The accompanying plan shows a small portion of what I conceive 
 to be an approach to a tastefully arranged mixed border, so far as 
 size and quality of the plants are concerned. Each of the dwarf 
 plants in front should be allowed to grow into a strong spreading tuft. 
 
 The borders should be deeply prepared, and of a fine free texture 
 in short, of good, rich, sandy loam. That is the chief point in 
 the culture. It is a great mistake to dig among choice hardy plants, 
 and therefore no amount of pains should be spared in the prepara- 
 tion of the ground at first. If thoroughly well made then, there 
 will be no need of any digging of the soil for a long time, though 
 it will require cleaning, and may with advantage be lightly forked 
 from time to time. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE MIXED SHRUBBERY BORDER. 
 
 No practice is more general, or more in accordance with ancient 
 custom, than that of digging shrubbery borders, and there is none 
 in the whole course of gardening more profitless or worse. When 
 
HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 winter is once come, almost every gardener, although animated with 
 the best intentions, simply prepares to make war upon the roots of 
 everything in his shrubbery border. The generally accepted practice 
 is to trim, and often to mutilate, the shrubs, and to dig all over the 
 surface that must be full of feeding roots. Delicate half-rooted 
 shrubs are often disturbed ; herbaceous plants, if at all delicate and 
 not easily recognised, are destroyed ; bulbs are often displaced and 
 injured ; and a sparse depopulated aspect is given to the margins, 
 while the only " improvement" that is effected by the process is the 
 annual darkening of the surface by the upturned earth. Walk 
 through gardens in winter and spring, and observe the borders 
 round masses of shrubs, choice and otherwise. Instead of finding 
 the earth covered, or nearly covered, with vegetation close to the 
 margin, and each individual developed into something like a respec- 
 table specimen of its kind, we find a spread of recently- dug ground, 
 and the plants upon it with an air of having recently suffered from 
 a whirlwind, or something or other that necessitated the removal of 
 mutilated branches. Rough-pruners precede the diggers, and 
 bravely trim in the shrubs for them, so that nothing may be in the 
 way ; and then come the delvers, who sweep along from margin to 
 margin, plunging deeply round and about plants, shrubs, or trees. 
 The first shower that occurs after this digging exposes a whole net- 
 work of torn-up roots. There is no relief to the spectacle ; the same 
 thing occurs everywhere in a London botanic garden as well as 
 in our large Westrend parks ; and year after year the process is 
 repeated. While such is the case, it will be impossible to have an 
 agreeable or interesting margin to a shrubbery j albeit the impor- 
 tance of the edge, as compared to the hidden parts, is pretty much 
 as that of the face to the back of a mirror. Of course all the labour 
 required to produce this unhappy result is worse than thrown 
 away, as the shrubberies would do better if left alone, and merely 
 surface-cleaned now and then. By utilizing the power thus wasted, 
 we might highly beautify the positions now so very objectionable. 
 
 If we resolve that no annual manuring or digging is to be per- 
 mitted, nobody will grudge a thorough preparation at first. The 
 planting should be so arranged as to defeat the digger. To graduate 
 the vegetation from the taller subjects behind to the very margin of 
 the grass is of much importance, and this can only be done 
 thoroughly by the greater use of permanent evergreen and very 
 dwarf subjects. Happily, there are quite enough of these to be 
 
MIXED SHRUBBERY BORDER. 
 
 had suitable for every soil. On light, moist, peaty, or sandy soils, 
 where such things as the sweet-scented Daphne Cneorum would 
 spread forth their dwarf cushions, a better result would ensue than, 
 say, on a stiff clay ; but for every position suitable plants might be 
 found. Look, for example, at what we could do with the dwarf green 
 Iberises, Helianthemums, Aubrietias, Arabises, Alyssums, dwarf 
 shrubs, and little conifers like the creeping cedar (Juniperus squa- 
 mata), and the tamarix-leaved Juniper ! All these are green, and 
 would spread out into dense wide cushions, covering the margin, rising 
 but little above the grass, and helping to cut off the formal line 
 which usually divides margin and border. Behind them we might 
 use very dwarf shrubs, deciduous or evergreen, in endless variety ; 
 and of course the margin should be varied also. 
 
 In one spot we might have a wide- spreading tuft of the prostrate 
 Savin pushing its graceful evergreen branchlets out over the grass ; 
 in another the dwarf little Cotoneasters might be allowed to form 
 the front rank, relieved in their turn by pegged-down Roses ; and so 
 on without end. Herbaceous plants, that die down in winter and 
 leave the ground bare afterwards, should not be assigned any 
 important position near the front. Evergreen alpine plants and 
 shrubs, as before remarked, are perfectly suitable. But the true 
 herbaceous type, and the larger bulbs, like Lilies, should be " stolen 
 in" between spreading shrubs rather than allowed to monopolize the 
 ground* By so placing- them, we should not only secure a far more 
 satisfactory general effect, but highly improve the aspect of the 
 herbaceous plants themselves.. The head of a white Lily, seen 
 peeping up between shrubs of fresh and glistening green, is in- 
 finitely more attractive than when forming one of a large batch of 
 its own or allied kinds, or associated with a mass of herbaceous 
 plants. Of course, to carry out such planting properly, a little 
 more time at first and a great deal more taste than are now employed 
 would be required ; but what a difference in the result. In the kind 
 of borders I advocate, nearly all the trouble would be over with the 
 first planting, and labour and skill could be successively devoted to 
 other parts of the place. All the covered borders would require 
 would be an occasional weeding or thinning, <fec., and perhaps, in 
 the case of the more select spots, a little top-dressing with fine soil. 
 Here and there, between and amongst the plants, such things as 
 Forget-me-nots and Violets, Snowdrops and Primroses, might be 
 scattered about, so as to lend the borders a floral interest, even at 
 
10 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 the dullest seasons ; and thus we should be delivered from digging 
 and dreariness, and see our ugly borders alive with exquisite 
 plants. 
 
 Assuming that one did not sufficiently esteem hardy flowers to go 
 even to the trouble of adapting the margin of a shrubbery to them, 
 it may not be amiss to point out that the beds of Rhododendrons 
 and American plants generally offer the finest positions that can be 
 desired for the making of the most charming and satisfactory kind 
 of mixed borders. 
 
 The culture of Rhododendrons has for many years been so popular 
 in this country that there are few places that do rot possess beds or 
 masses of them, or in which fertile masses of peaty soil have not 
 been gathered for their reception. The Rhododendron bush, how- 
 ever fine in flower, has at all times a flattish, formal outline, and 
 this is often disagreeably apparent where large masses are planted, 
 as is now the custom in many places. The soil suited to the 
 Rhododendron is also perfectly suited to the most beautiful and 
 fastidious of all fine perennials. The bold and tall heads of Lilies 
 standing above the flat green of the Rhododendrons in summer, 
 sometimes, as in L. tigrinum Fortunei and L. superbum, in magnificent 
 candelabra-like heads, are the very things to relieve these masses in 
 the most effective way. Then again the Lilies themselves will be 
 seen to much greater advantage ; the bases of their stems, being 
 hidden by their surroundings when withering, will not be an eyesore, 
 as they often are when in a border, so that an impatient gardener 
 might want to cut them down before their time, or have something 
 else in their place. The very open spaces which long remain 
 between Rhododendrons, &c., in consequence of their somewhat 
 compact and slow-growing habit, encourage the kind of arrange- 
 ment suggested. It would be desirable to treat various classes of 
 plants in this way, as, for instance, the Lilies, the Gladioli, Sparaxis 
 pulcherrima, Tritomas, Crocosmia aurea, &c., none of which need be 
 disturbed after being planted, though tall and graceful subjects 
 are undoubtedly best suited for it. 
 
 But even round the edge such comparatively dwarf subjects 
 as the Solomon's Seal and the beautiful Lilium longiflorum might be 
 placed with the happiest results. In the case of some of the 
 American Lilies, like L. superbum, this plan is not merely a good 
 one for growing the plants, but it is better than any hitherto pursued 
 with them, the peat soil and the partial shelter enabling them to 
 
BEDS AND GROUPS OF HARDY PERENNIALS. It 
 
 attain their true dimensions and highest beauty, whereas as com- 
 monly grown they are starved, and rarely bloom. Another advan- 
 tage of this mode is the succession of bloom from the same surface. 
 As a rule, once the blush of early summer bloom has passed from 
 the American plants, they present an uninviting surface for the 
 season afterwards; whereas varied in the way described the beds 
 would be most attractive at other seasons. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE forming of bold groups and beds of the finest perennials, not 
 as part of the flower-garden scheme, but here and there on the 
 quiet grassy bays of a shrubbery, or in any other quiet green or 
 half- wild spot, is one of the most excellent ways of enjoying the 
 nobler perennials, and one of which I hope the advantages will be 
 clear to every reader of the following pages. 
 
 As, in the case of the properly made mixed border, one prepara- 
 tion is all that we require, no sensible person will begrudge the 
 labour necessary in the first instance. Care should be taken that 
 the far-searching roots of trees do not get to the soil of the beds 
 and rob the plants of their nutriment. In a word, though the beds 
 or groups will be the better for being associated with handsome 
 shrubs and trees, they must never be so placed as to become mere 
 troughs of rich food for trees with voracious appetites. As the kind 
 of arrangements I recommend give little trouble after the first plant- 
 ing, they should get the best attention at first, and then they are 
 finished for years. It is a most unsatisfactory and to some extent 
 contemptible mode of gardening, that of continually " muddling" 
 over the same ground, spring after spring and autumn after autumn. 
 Doubtless it is necessary to do this for some subjects, and may 
 always be so to some extent ; but to have all the skill and labour 
 thrown away upon fleeting things is really stupid, and totally 
 opposed to any permanent or dignified work being done in the 
 garden. The best and highest pleasure to be derived from our 
 gardens will soon be found to lie in those things which, when once 
 well done, we may leave alone for years, and in some cases for the 
 
12 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 course of our natural lives and the lives of those who come 
 after us. 
 
 No. 1. First, then, for a noble circular bed in an isolated place, 
 say on some little glade of grass where there is a recess in a shrub- 
 bery, and where you perhaps never thought of putting anything. 
 Have a bed thoroughly well prepared in the first instance, say 8 ft., 
 10 ft., or 12 ft. wide, according to the size of your place, or the 
 nook in which you plant. What I mean by well prepared is, that 
 the soil should be rich, free, well drained, and 3 ft. deep, if possible. 
 Place a good plant of the very tall and late-flowering Tritoma 
 grandis, and then around it a circle of the excellent and somewhat 
 smaller T. glaucescens. Follow that with a ring of the beautiful 
 white Anemone Honorine Jobert and the showy and splendid 
 Rudbeckia Newmanni, mixed plant for plant ; and outside of that 
 again place a circle of the fine herbaceous Sedum spectabile (sold 
 and known as S. fabaria). This Sedum will form a grand edge to 
 the bed, and flowers, like its companions, finely in autumn j while im- 
 mediately outside of it, and between it and the grass, might be 
 planted a line of Snowdrops, or Scilla bifolia, or both mixed. These 
 would flower, ripen their leaves, and perish before the stronger 
 margins started up. The above would form a grand autumn bed, 
 and a noble object from any point of view its aspect all through 
 the spring and early summer being fresh, healthy, and in every way 
 unobjectionable* 
 
 No. 2. This shall be a grand bed of Lilies. Unhappily, the fine 
 hardy kinds of Lilies are anything but as plentiful as they should 
 be, though in a free rich soil they increase readily enough. Few 
 may have them sufficiently plentiful for some time to make beds of 
 them, but when once people know how truly fine they are when 
 seen well-arranged in a large bed in an isolated place, they will 
 hardly rest content without such glorious garden ornaments. With 
 such kinds as Lilium testaceum and tigrinum Fortunei in the centre, 
 surrounded by the queenly candidum, burnished croceum, spotted 
 canadense, pomponium, colchicum, vivid chalcedonicum, and 
 gradually worked down to the edge with dwarf but beautiful kinds 
 like eximium, longiflorum, and tenuifolium, a large circular or 
 oval bed might be made on the grass, in some isolated spot, which, 
 for the highest beauties of colour, form, and fragrance for, in fact, 
 almost every quality by which vegetable beauty endears itself to 
 us could not be surpassed by any arrangement of indoor or out- 
 
BEDS AND GROUPS OF HARDY PERENNIALS. 13 
 
 door plants. The only precaution that need he mentioned is, that 
 to grow Lilies well they should have three feet, or nearly that, of 
 free loamy earth, with a good dash of vegetable mould in it. Even 
 now such kinds as L. tigrinum, longiflorum, candidum, croceum ; 
 bulbiferum, &c., are to be had pretty cheap although the chief 
 thing that gardeners have been doing with the hardy Lilies for 
 some time past has been to throw them on the rubbish heap, to 
 make way for such glorious " stuff" as the yellow Calceolaria and 
 the red Geranium. 
 
 No. 3. This shall be an evergreen bed, highly suited for a position 
 near small clumps of choice shrubs, or indeed anywhere that a 
 place may be found for it. In the centre a healthy, g-ood young 
 plant of Yucca gloriosa, and around it a ring of Yucca filamentosa 
 and flaccida mixed. These two kinds flower regularly and well. 
 If among them you could insert a few roots of Gladiolus in early 
 summer, they would add very much to the effect of the white flowers 
 of the Yuccas. Around the Yuccas place a ring of Iberis correaefolia, 
 and around that a ring of that capital little spring plant, Erica 
 carnea. Finally, if there be room and if you have your bed in an 
 isolated spot, you can of course make it as wide as you like put a 
 little cushion of the beautiful Aubrietia purpurea all round your 
 Erica carnea ; and if you have a few Crimean or common Snow- 
 drops, or Scilla bifolia to spare, drop them here and there between 
 the Erica and the Aubrietia, and the effect will be all the better. 
 
 No. 4. A mixed bed, carefully arranged as to the height, and 
 tastefully as to the quality and disposition of the contents. In this 
 kind of bed I should have no band or circle whatever, but simply a 
 careful following out of the mixed principle. We could scarcely 
 find a better centre for this type of bed than a good kind of Perpetual 
 Rose, grown upon its own roots, or worked very low, or trained as a 
 pyramidal bush, say 4 ft. high, more or less according to taste and 
 the subjects to be grouped in the bed. ]$o weedy subject should 
 occur in a bed of this kind, but, on the contrary, everything of the 
 most distinct beauty. You may employ in such a bed anything, 
 from a tuft of Campanula carpatica bicolor on its outer edge to the 
 choicest Pink, Phlox, or Picotee, the newest Delphinium, or the oldest 
 spring flower. To specify a few choice things for such a bed, I may 
 name for the central parts and around the central subject, Platy- 
 codon autumnale,or P. grandiflorum, Delphiniums (some of the newer 
 and better varieties), Aconitum variegatum, Achillea filipendulina. 
 
14 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 Phloxes, Campanula persicifolia alba and C. coronata, Iris jacquesiana, 
 pallida, and De Bergii, with a host of others equally good. For 
 the middle region of the bed such plants as Dielytra spectabilis, 
 Trollius napellifolius, Armeria cephalotes, Hoteia japonica, Pent- 
 stemon in its best forms, double Wallflowers, Achillea Ptarmica 
 fl. pi., etc., would do charmingly ; while near the margin such dwarf 
 beauties as Cheiranthus alpinus, Ranunculus amplexicaulis, Achillea 
 tomentosa, the Iberises, the dwarf Phloxes, a few of the better 
 Sedums and Sempervivums, neat variegated or silvery plants, and 
 even little tiny shrubs like the charming Gaultheria procuinbens, 
 will prove quite attractive. This kind of mixed bed admits of 
 infinite variety and much interest. 
 
 No. 5. A bed of beautiful hardy foliage plants, interspersed with 
 good bulbs or other spring-growing nowering things which will 
 show above the foliage and amongst it. In this way we may have 
 two distinct styles one of dwarf, neat objects ; and one of tall or 
 strong-growing ones. In the centre of the bed, which need not be 
 more than six feet wide or so, I would not put anything higher than 
 a well-grown plant of Arundo Donax versicolor. This Arundo is 
 fine when it is strong enough to make six or seven shoots, and has 
 been protected through the winter by a little pile of cocoa fibre or 
 something of the sort. It only pushes between two and three feet 
 high, in consequence of its variegation, and therefore is very suitable 
 for choice mixed beds. Around it I should place either a complete 
 line of some pretty green-leaved plant like specimens of Rhus glabra 
 laciniata, a little shrub with elegant leaves, or Achillea aegyptiaca or 
 both mixed, the Achillea with the flowers pinched off ; or say a line 
 of the two Santolinas, viridis and Chamsecyparissus, mixed plant for 
 plant, and outside of that one of the variegated Jacob's Ladders the 
 flower-stems of this last to be pinched off as soon as they show 
 themselves, or rather to be nipped out altogether and mixed 
 with it the fern-like Thalictrum minus. There are dozens of both 
 silvery-leaved and other plants which would edge such an arrange- 
 ment charmingly from young plants of the fine Salvia argentea to 
 Alyssum spinosum, or Antennaria tomentosa ; if, indeed, it would 
 not be better to have a mixed planting of dwarf and elegant little 
 plants all round. In most of the interspaces of such a bed the 
 judicious cultivator might, if he chose, plant bulbs, &c. say a 
 sprinkling of Gladioli towards the centre, a few Tulips about the 
 middle distance, and any choice and delicate spring bulbs about the 
 
ISOLATION OF HARDY PLANTS. 15 
 
 margin. These would in most cases come up and flower ere the 
 foliage plants were vigorous. Where they do not do so early, as in 
 the case of the Gladioli, the result is none the less beautiful, 
 inasmuch as the effect in autumn of these magnificently coloured 
 flowers among the rich and elegant foliage will prove simply superb. 
 Arrangements like these might be multiplied without end, wher- 
 ever there is a stock of plants and a little taste. In forming 
 combinations of this kind, and particularly in those in which no 
 repetition or formal grouping is attempted, instead of having a 
 formal margin to the bed or groups, it would be better to allow the 
 turf to flow over, so to speak, and conceal it, and then carpet over the 
 surface of the bed with the Lawn Pearlwort, a dwarf green 
 Saxifrage, a Sedum, or some other dwarf carpeting plant. This 
 brings us to an equally beautiful and very desiraole way of arrang- 
 ing the nobler perennials. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 ISOLATION OF HARDY PLANTS. 
 
 ONE of the most useful and natural ways of diversifying a garden, 
 and one as yet almost unknown to our gardeners, consists in placing 
 really distinct and handsome plants alone upon the grass, to break 
 the monotony of clump margins and of everything else. To follow 
 this plan is necessary wherever great variety and the highest beauty 
 are desired in the ornamental garden, and among the very best 
 materials for it are many of the finer perennials. Nothing, for 
 instance, can look better than a well-developed tuft of the broad- 
 leaved Acanthus latifolius, springing from the turf not far from the 
 margin of the walk through a pleasure-ground ; and the same is 
 true of the Yuccas, Tritomas, and other things of like character and 
 hardiness. We may make attractive groups 'of one family, as the 
 hardiest Yuccas ; or splendid groups of one species like the Pampas 
 grass not by any means repeating the individual, for there are 
 about twenty varieties of this plant known on the Continent, and 
 from these half a dozen really distinct and charming kinds might be 
 selected to form a group. The same applies to the Tritomas, which 
 we usually manage to drill into straight lines, but which, in an isolated 
 group in a verdant glade, are seen for the first time to best advantage. 
 
16 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 And what might not be done with these and the like by making 1 
 mixed groups, or letting each plant stand distinct upon the grass^ 
 . perfectly isolated in its beauty ! 
 
 Let me again try to illustrate the idea simply. Take an important 
 spot in a pleasure-ground a sweep of grass in face of a shrubbery 
 and see what can be done with it by means of these isolated plants. 
 If, instead of leaving it in the bald state in which it is often found, 
 we try to place distinct things in an isolated way upon the grass, 
 the margin of shrubbery will be quite softened, and a new and 
 charming feature added to the garden. 
 
 If one who knew many plants were arranging them, and had a 
 large stock to select from, he might have no end of fine effects. In the 
 case of the smaller things, as Yucca filamentosa and the variegated 
 Arundo, four or five good plants would be used to form an effective 
 tuft, and, generally speaking, everything should be perfectly distinct 
 and isolated, so that a person could freely move about amongst the 
 plants without touching them. In addition to such arrangements, 
 two or three individuals of a species might be placed here and there 
 upon the grass with the best effect. For example, there is at present 
 in our nurseries a great Japanese Polygonum (P. cuspidatum), which 
 has never as yet been used with much effect in the garden. If any- 
 body will select some open grassy spot in a pleasure-garden, or 
 grassy glade near a wood -some spot considered unworthy of 
 attention 'as regards ornamenting it and plant a group of three 
 plants of Polygonum cuspidatum, leaving fifteen feet or so between the 
 stools, a distinct aspect of vegetation will be the result. The plant 
 is herbaceous, and will spring up every year to a heig'ht of from six 
 feet to eight feet if planted well ; it has a graceful arching habit in 
 the upper branches, and is covered with a profusion of small bunches 
 of pale flowers in autumn. It is needless to multiply examples j the 
 plan is capable of infinite variation, and on that account alone 
 isolation should be welcome to all true gardeners. But the best way 
 to show the beauty of any really fine and distinct hardy plant, is to 
 isolate it on the turf, shaven or unshaven. It is a peculiarly useful 
 method for the exquisitely graceful umbelliferous plants, many of 
 which lose their leaves before the heats of summer are past. When 
 planted in an isolated manner they are little missed when they fade 
 away from before the margin of a shrubbery, whereas if grouped 
 with subjects the foliage of which is more permanent, awkward 
 gaps are left when they fade away. 
 
PERENNIALS AND ALPINES, AS BEDDING PLANTS. 3.7 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 HARDY PERENNIALS AND ALPINES, AS BEDDING PLANTS. 
 
 THE desirability of using- as many hardy plants as possible in our 
 " bedding" arrangements is beginning to be fully recognised. That 
 the practice will save horticulturists some trouble and much expense 
 there can be no doubt, and still less of its adding much to the 
 interest and variety of the flower garden. We have as yet merely 
 dipped into the rich mine of hardy plants with a view to finding fit 
 subjects for bedding-out; what has been done seems merely the 
 result of chance, and doubtless a full examination of the qualities of 
 the great number of hardy herbaceous and Alpine plants that may 
 be grown with ease in our climate at all seasons, will yield a good 
 result. There is one fact that I wish particularly to point out to all 
 who are interested in hardy bedding plants (and who is not?), and 
 that is, that not a few of them bloom much longer much more like 
 bedding plants, in fact if fresh planted every year. The fact that 
 a plant is quite hardy does not justify us in leaving it alone for years, 
 if by a contrary course we may produce an end that many desire 
 long continued bloom. Much, or nearly all, of the continuity of 
 bloom displayed by ordinary bedding plants, is the result of the 
 fresh planting of young subjects every year. Suppose our climate 
 suffered Geraniums, Calceolarias, &c., to live through the winter, 
 would their second year's bloom be anything like what we are now 
 accustomed to ? I think not. Their bloom would " come to a head," 
 and perish quickly, much like that of many herbaceous plants. 
 Therefore, if we expect hardy plants to give us a long continued 
 bloom, we must treat them, in a great number of instances, pretty 
 much the same as tender " bedding plants," i.e., plant afresh every 
 season. This particularly applies to such things as Viola cornuta, 
 which has proved itself so useful as an ornamental bedding plant. Of 
 course it will best apply to subjects that grow and root quickly, and 
 that flower in proportion to the vigour and continuity of their growth. 
 Therefore the way to succeed with hardy perennial bedding plants is, 
 as a general rule, to take them up when the tender bedding plants 
 are removed in autumn, and divide and put them in stock in some snug 
 nursery beds of finely -pulverized earth, where they may remain till 
 the following spring, when they may be put in the positions designed 
 
18 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 for them. And what a luxury will it not prove to have one's best 
 bedding plants so arranged during winter that a thought need not 
 be bestowed upon them after being planted in their nursery. Of 
 course such plants as the variegated Arabises, the beautiful Pole- 
 monium cseruleum variegatum, Dactylis glomerata variegata, the 
 silvery Saxifragas, Gnaphaliums, and Cerastiums, the new Poa, the 
 variegated Daisies, the dwarf Antennaria tomentosa, and the several 
 kinds of Pansies, are among the best bedding plants in existence. By 
 making free use of what hardy bedding materials we are alreadv 
 acquainted with, the judicious gardener may save himself mucn 
 trouble. By the way, the Cliveden Pansies, so famous for the 
 spring garden, will be found equally useful for the summer season, 
 ir propagated in autumn, and planted out in spring. The blue, 
 for instance,, will be found quite as good as Viola cornuta, and the 
 other colours are equally valuable in their way. It is very likely 
 the blue one would prove even better than cornuta during a dry 
 season in ordinary soils. Of course there are hardy flower-garden 
 plants that will not bear the annual removal that I advise for the 
 free- growing and flowering kinds the Tritomas, for instance, and 
 some of those above enumerated when a particular end is desired ; 
 and the flowering kinds will require the change much more 
 frequently than those grown for the beauty of their leaves. Others, 
 again, will prove best during the second year of their blooming, and 
 oi these I may mention two of the finest plants in existence for 
 autumal gardening the fine white variety of Anemone japonica, 
 and Rudbeckia Newmanni. These furnish a long-continued bloom, 
 and on rich soils are truly fine for positions that require rather tall- 
 growing subjects. 
 
 The hardy succulent alpine plants are capable of affording beau- 
 tiful and distinct effects in the flower-garden from their neat foliage 
 and habit alone, and the introduction of them is one of the most 
 rapidly growing improvements now taking place in our flower- 
 gardens. A few years ago they could only be found in very few 
 gardens ; now they may be seen in abundance in Battersea Park, 
 and many other places about London where flower- gardening is well 
 carried out ; and, a demand having arisen for them, they may be 
 seen in great variety in some of our London nurseries. The term 
 " succulent " may not be familiar to every reader. It is applied to 
 plants with stems or leaves of a very fat and juicy texture, and in 
 which soft cellular tissue greatly predominates. Usually in botanic 
 
PERENNIALS AND ALPINES, AS BEDDING PLANTS. 19 
 
 gardens the term is applied to the Cactuses, Aloes, Agaves, Mesem- 
 bryanthemums, and plants of like character, so very different from the 
 types of vegetation we are accustomed to in this country. Thus the 
 house in which these plants, chiefly from South Africa, South 
 America, Mexico, and various warm parts of the world, are gathered 
 together at Kew, is called the "succulent house." It would be 
 difficult to find anywhere a house more worthy of a visit or more 
 remarkably striking than this, containing, as it does, a vast collec- 
 tion of the plants that to our eyes seem the most singular of all that 
 exist on our world [at its present stage. But there are many other 
 succulent plants besides those mostly well-armed and spiny monsters 
 from hot countries. The little spider-webbed Sempervivum, that 
 clothes the rocks on many a wild and cold alpine slope, is a succulent 
 as well as the enormous cactus (Cereus giganteus) which, rising like a 
 great branching pillar to a height of from forty to nearly sixty feet, 
 gives such an " unearthly" character to the mountain ridges of New 
 Mexico. Many of the dwarf plants with which the Alps and Pyre- 
 nees and other mountain chains are clothed are succulent. They 
 are as hardy and as easily grown as the common Houseleek, which 
 is an example of a northern succulent that must be familiar to all. 
 
 The way in which these plants have hitherto been found most 
 useful in flower-gardens is in the making of edgings, borders, &c. ; 
 but when people begin to be more familiar with their curiously 
 chiselled forms, they will use them abundantly for making small 
 mosaic beds. Their great value as border and rock plants need not 
 be spoken of here, as we are now merely considering them in relation 
 to the bedding system, from which till very recently they were com- 
 pletely excluded. In addition to the making of neat little panels, 
 borders, edgings, and beds, they may be employed for forming 
 carpets to act as a setting for larger subjects a very pretty way of 
 using them. 
 
 The ways of arranging these plants so as to secure the most 
 satisfactory effects vary much : they make the most exquisite little 
 geometrical gardens yet seen, and may also be used with charming 
 effect in the English or natural style of garden. As edgings these 
 hardy succulents, from silvery Saxifrages to grey Houseleeks, may be 
 considered the very jewellery of plant life. 
 
 A selection of suitable kinds is given at the end of the book. 
 
20 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 IN THE WILD-GARDEN, IN WATER, AND IN BOGGY GROUND. 
 
 THE rock-garden, the most interesting and beautiful of all 
 known modes of enjoying hardy plants, has been the most 
 misunderstood and neglected, not only in private but in public 
 gardens. Are these plants not to be seen in our botanic 
 gardens ? They are to some slight extent, but, as a rule, 
 they are stowed away in some old frame or pit, the whereabouts 
 of which is only known to those in charge of it, or if not in an old 
 frame, on a miserable stony bank, misnamed a rockwork. It is so in 
 the Botanic Gardens of the United Kingdom. They are slightly 
 protected in winter, and slightly shaded in summer. Is this neces- 
 sary ? About as much so as for an oak sapling. Those who have 
 travelled in alpine countries well know that the dwarf and exquisite 
 vegetation of such the Gentians, and Primulas, and Androsaces, 
 and hundreds of others far surpasses in loveliness any other aspects 
 of the earth's floral beauty. Would it not be possible to have a glint 
 of this in some of our public gardens ? Judging from present 
 appearances, the majority of horticulturists could only answer this in 
 one way that it is impossible. And what else could they say when, 
 if they searched them all, they could not find a healthy plant of 
 Gentiana verna (which grows freely wild in England), or any 
 of the very cream of the alpine flora ? Why, even if they be grown 
 to perfection in pots, the surroundings of such are generally sufficient 
 to destroy all the wild native beauty that these plants exhibit when 
 tastefully arranged on suitable rockwork ; but the fact is they do 
 twice as well when planted out in the open air, and could be grown 
 to perfection in a London square. 
 
 In private gardens nearly everybody has attempted some sort of 
 rockwork or other on a small scale; and it is certain that if the 
 " rockworks" we are now in the habit of seeing satisfy the tastes of 
 their owners, those constructed on a true and sensible principle will 
 afford them the highest delight. Rockwork ! why almost every 
 absurd conglomeration of bricks and burrs and stones that one sees 
 exposing its dry sides to the view, is dignified by the term ! The 
 object of a properly- construe ted rockwork is, or ought to be, to pro- 
 
HARDY PLANTS IN THE ROCK-GARDEN, ETC. 21 
 
 vide a suitable soil and position for growing- and exhibiting the beauties 
 of tiny and interesting 1 plants that in a wild state live in very 
 rocky and stony places, seeking a subsistence where fat and leafy 
 vegetation [would have no chance; and of those beautiful moun- 
 taineers that grow away green and bright far above the limit of 
 shrubby and herbaceous vegetation, where the fierce blast and bitter 
 cold prevent them raising their tiny heads more than an inch or so 
 from mother earth. Now such situations can of course only be 
 imitated on a very lilliputian scale indeed in gardens, but the con- 
 ditions in which the plants delight may be produced to perfection 
 even in the suburban or the town garden ; and they must be brought 
 about by first demolishing all the notions about rockwork which 
 have given birth to those half-wall, half-heap- of- rubbish abortions so 
 prevalent in gardens. 
 
 Every person interested in rockwork, or alpine plants, should 
 understand that, as a rule, high-pointed and loosely-thrown-together 
 masses of rockwork with large surfaces exposed to evaporation, are 
 much inferior to broad and less ambitious ones with comparatively 
 slight exposure at the sides. In piling up loose mounds and almost 
 wall-like banks of stone, we, instead of imitating the conditions 
 in which plants are found in high, moist, and cool regions, simply 
 make provision for drying winds quickly killing all the plants 
 worth preserving on our " rockwork." A little rockery, four or five 
 feet high and ten feet broad, is incomparably better for growing 
 choice plants than one ten feet high and ten feet broad, and so on in 
 proportion. And it should be distinctly borne in mind that the great 
 majority of alpine plants will thrive much better on the level ground 
 in ordinary sandy loam, than on the ugly banks on which they have 
 been hitherto arranged. 
 
 This subject is, however, so extensive and interesting that space 
 forbids its being fully dealt with here. In my " Alpine Flowers," 
 everything in connexion with the subject wil] be found fully treated 
 of and illustrated by numerous engravings. 
 
 HARDY FLOWERS NATURALIZED. Many beautiful hardy plants 
 besides the natives of our own country will thrive better and look 
 better running wild in shrubberies, copses, and half- wild places than 
 in gardens ; and indeed, many perennials are only fitted for use in 
 this way. I know of nothing more interesting than selecting and 
 planting various sorts of those suitable to whatever rough spots may 
 happen to be available. This subject is however fully discussed in 
 
22 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 my "Wild Garden/' to which I refer all those who have opportunities 
 for carrying out this system to any extent. In the descriptive part 
 of the present volume it is always stated when a subject is useful in 
 this way, and a selection of the "most suitable kinds will be found at 
 the end. 
 
 HARDY PERENNIALS, ETC. IN WATER AND IN BOGGY GROUND. 
 A great deal of beauty may be added to the margins, and here 
 and there to the surface, of ornamental water, by the use of a good 
 collection of hardy aquatics arranged with some taste, but, so far 
 as I have seen, this has not yet been fairly attempted by any designer 
 of a garden or piece of water. Usually you see the same mono- 
 tonous vegetation all around the margin if the soil be rich ; in some 
 cases, where the bottom is of gravel, there is little or no vegetation, 
 but an unbroken ugly line of washed earth between wind and water. 
 In others, water-plants accumulate till they are a nuisance and an 
 eyesore I do not mean the submerged plants like Anacharis, but 
 such as the Water Lilies, when they become matted. Where the soil 
 is not such as will permit the growth of aquatics, a few loads of 
 earth might be thrown in here and there, and in this way one could 
 arrange to have the plants exactly in the positions one requires 
 them, whereas, when there is a rich muddy bottom all round, the 
 common kinds usually manage to crop up everywhere, and to pro- 
 duce a monotonous effect A carefully drawn up selection of aquatic 
 plants is given in Part III., and the culture and arrangement 
 of all the valuable kinds are described in the alphabetical arrange- 
 ment. 
 
 Even more interesting than the culture of aquatic plants, but 
 very rarely practised, is that of bog-plants. Varied as is the flora 
 of the streamlet and lake margin, it is small indeed compared to 
 that of the bogs and marshes, which to a great extent cover the 
 surface of all wild countries, and indeed of old and long-cultivated 
 ones. Although I had enjoyed such plants as Rhexia virginica 
 grown to perfection in an artificial bog* in a British garden and 
 knew many of the beautiful plants worthy of a place with it, I had 
 not the faintest conception of the enormous extent and importance 
 of the marsh and bog Flora of northern countries till I visited 
 America, where, in the northern parts, one sometimes travels for 
 days through wet or boggy ground, often ornamented with very 
 beautiful plants. A carefully compiled selection of bog-plants occurs 
 in Part III., and the subject is exhaustively treated for the first 
 
HARDY FLORISTS' FLOWERS. 
 
 time in the second edition of " Alpine Flowers," now in preparation; 
 a carefully prepared illustration showing the effects that may be 
 obtained. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 HARDY FLORISTS' FLOWERS. 
 
 THESE are usually perennial or alpine plants that have varied much 
 under the hand of man, and no lover of hardy flowers should fail to 
 have a good supply of them. Like the herbaceous and alpine plants, 
 they have been too much neglected of late years. We may assign 
 some cause why many interesting plants and classes of plants have 
 gone out of cultivation ; but there is one thing that can hardly be 
 accounted for, and that is, why the fragrant, beautiful, and neat 
 classes of hardy florists' flowers from elegantly laced Picotees to 
 richly stained Polyanthuses should have almost disappeared from 
 our gardens, and be now in want of the least advocacy from me. In 
 them we have flowers of unimpeachable merit, equally worthy of 
 admiration in garden of peer or cottager. They are as hardy as our 
 native plants, require no steaming in houses at any time of their 
 lives, are generally pleasing in habit, whether in or out of flower, 
 sometimes useful for the spring garden, and in nearly all cases 
 among the very best plants which the gardener can grow for cutting 
 from ; and yet, with all these undoubted merits, where are they ? 
 Generally speaking, fallen into " the abyss of things that were." 
 
 There are enough of true florists yet left in the country to take 
 care of the choicest of their favourites, but it is especially to be 
 desired that people generally would grow free and vigorous kinds 
 for the embellishment of borders, and many other positions in which 
 they would not receive any but ordinary attention. 
 
 As for the choicer and newer kinds, the best way is to devote a 
 special little department to them in a pleasant part of the kitchen or 
 nursery garden ; or, failing either of these, an isolated spot, where 
 the flowers may be agreeably tended and enjoyed at all seasons. 
 Such arrangements may be made a source of great enjoyment to 
 owners and gardeners ; but for all practical purposes they are un- 
 known in our gardens, though there is scarcely a kitchen garden in 
 
24 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 which a capital one might not be made. The hest way would be to 
 select a border or strip with a good aspect, throw it into neat beds, 
 edge them neatly, and, if a strip, surround it with a dwarf edge say 
 of Lavender Cotton, which bears clipping well. But anything like 
 an approach to the farming system of growing such things should be 
 avoided. Being somewhat more precious than mangold wurzel, 
 they should not be treated on the same principle, or a dirtier one, as 
 they are by some few gardeners, who are sagacious enough to em- 
 ploy them for cutting for indoor decoration and for this purpose no 
 flowers are better than Picotees, Carnations (from Cloves to the 
 richest florist's or ordinary seedling variety), the Pinks, and not a 
 few others. In such a place the cultivator might enjoy, in addition 
 to the plants just named, his bed of good and distinct Pansies ; the 
 little groups of perpetual mule and clove-scented Pinks; the 
 splendidly coloured perennial Lobelias, if no other place were found 
 for them ; the Mimulus, in its more beautiful varieties ; the choicer 
 Pentstemons, Phloxes, Pyrethrums, and choice Antirrhinums ; bulbs 
 of sorts a little too precious to use for general decoration j the 
 Eanunculus, in its fascinating as well as rich and decided tints ; the 
 Anemones ; the Gladiolus, for which there are, however, various more 
 important uses ; the Belladonna lily, in perfection if the place be 
 warm and the soil good, deep, and light ; the rich and pretty double 
 Primulas, now very rarely seen in good condition; the Polyan- 
 thus, in its many lovely varieties; not to speak of various 
 other flowers allied to these in interest, but for which a suit- 
 able place may not be found in the flower garden proper. In 
 the same place small beds of the newer Geraniums and bedding and 
 other plants might be planted out for trial ; and, in fact, the whole 
 affair made a most useful as well as most interesting thing. Here, 
 also, some of the finer annuals, like the Stocks and everlasting 
 flowers, might be grown ; here such charming things as Clintonia 
 pulchella might be employed for covering the beds containing plants 
 that lose their leaves in early summer ; here a selection of graceful 
 ornamental grasses might be grown for indoor decoration. Many 
 things requiring attention, noting, or collecting at a certain time, 
 would be under the eye at all times, and the whole would prove one 
 of the most enjoyable divisions ever added to a garden. In addition 
 to it, we should fully employ all such plants for the general decora- 
 tion of the pleasure and flower-garden wherever they could be intro- 
 duced with correct taste knowing well that the Carnation or Pink 
 
HAEDY FLOWERS IN THE SPRING GARDEN. 25 
 
 which is robust enough to take care of itself on rock or border, 
 differs, after all, but very little from the choicest border variety, and 
 is perhaps a more useful and beautiful plant for the gardening public 
 generally. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 HARDY FLOWERS IN THE SPRING GARDEN. 
 
 THE garden depends as much for its beauty in Spring on hardy 
 flowers as the Spring does for its life on the sun. How the earth is 
 embellished witn plant beauty at this season must be apparent to all 
 who can get a glimpse at her where yet even a little free. For 
 countless ages the flowers of Spring have been the joy of man. From 
 the time ot our first great poet, Chaucer, who forsook his book 
 and his devotion to walk in the mead, to see the flowers " against 
 the sunne" spread," to Milton's " vernal flowers," and Shakspeare's 
 "violets dim, but sweeter than the lids of Juno's eyes, or Cytherea's 
 breath," "pale primroses," "lilies of all kinds," and the "flower de 
 luce," their beauties have been sung by our greatest poets. But 
 beautiful as are our own wildings, we may enjoy a host of continental, 
 American, North Asian, and other plants, which being as hardy and 
 as easily grown as our own, would make the margins, so to speak, 
 of our gardens, paradisiacal enough to inspire a horticultural Burns. 
 How snowy white, how thoroughly hardy, and how pretty and 
 useful even as tiny evergreen shrubs, are the Iberises ! How they 
 live on or in anything thrive on rockwork, and luxuriate on the 
 level ground, even if wet and heavy enough to kill some of their 
 pretty allies ! Many and beautiful are the spring-flowering plants 
 of the same order, which would thrive if only granted a spot in some 
 outlying half- wild place, and would doubly repay in one spring day 
 the very slight trouble of obtaining and planting them. Where will 
 the Aubrietias not thrive if let alone, and what more beautiful ? The 
 numerous beautiful Narcissi strong, rampant-growing too how 
 lovely are they, and how effective in Spring ! How sweet is odorus, how 
 pale and graceful tortuosus, how golden and showjmaarimus! Is there any 
 spring-flower that can surpass in beauty or interest poeticus or ornatus, 
 which is very like the Poet's Narcissus, but a week or two earlier in 
 flower ? These will all grow in the wildest of shrubbery margins if 
 
26 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 only permitted to develop their leaves in peace. In many other 
 orders are there things of beauty suited for the sort of gardening I 
 am advocating : however, it is needless to mention the many plants 
 that may be used in the spring and early summer garden, as that is 
 done in the body of the work. But is there any of this beauty to 
 be seen in eight out of ten of the gardens of England of the beauty 
 of either choice British or exotic hardy plants ? Very little ! A 
 chance spray here and there has escaped the incursions of the 
 Vandals, and though people write and talk a good deal of spring 
 flowers and spring gardening, yet, speaking generally, there is no 
 such thing as spring-gardening to be seen in English gardens. I do 
 not call the display of a few Forget-me-nots, Wallflowers, etc., stuck 
 in in the autumn to produce a few faint and abortive flowers in 
 spring, and perhaps to be torn up before they have time to open 
 them fully, " spring gardening." 
 
 Leaving out all the fine hardy subjects introduced into botanic 
 gardens during the last twenty years, where are the Anemones 
 of sorts, the double Eockets, the pretty double white Ranun- 
 culus, the fine double Wallflowers of sorts, and the numerous 
 " good things " with which our fathers used to make a garden 
 pleasant during the sweetest months of the year ? Frequently 
 thrown away, or so neglected that persons with large gardens, and 
 who spend much money on them, have, during the sweetest months 
 of the year, not half so many floral charms around them as the peasant 
 who happens to live in a good wild-flower district ! 
 
 But, by the judicious use of the spring and early summer-flowering 
 subjects described herein, the surroundings of almost every country 
 or even suburban house, may be made delightfully attractive at 
 these seasons. To this end they may be used in mixed borders, and 
 in beds in the flower-garden proper, and removed in time to plant 
 out the bedding subjects in early summer. In this way the dwarf 
 Phloxes, Iberises, Daisies, Pansies, etc. are used with very good 
 effect, and when removed in early summer, are taken to nursery 
 beds, where they remain till the season arrives for placing them in 
 the flower-garden again. It may, however, be well to tell those 
 who have not proved it for themselves, that it is impossible to see 
 our best spring and early summer hardy plants in all their beauty, 
 if treated on the autumn-plant- and- spring-root-up principle, and 
 perhaps, the prettiest way of all is to naturalize the numerous spring- 
 nowering exotics in shrubberies, by wood-walks, etc., as pointed out 
 
CULTUEE OF HARDY FLOWERS. 27 
 
 fully in my book on the " Wild Garden." The rock- garden may 
 also be easily rendered most attractive in spring- and early summer, 
 as many of the most brilliant rock and alpine plants flower in 
 those seasons. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 THE CULTURE OF HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 THE only phase of the culture of the subjects embraced by this 
 book that requires any elucidation from me, is the culture in pots, 
 a way in which but few persons will grow them. But, for 
 the reputation of these plants, it is very desirable that they should 
 not be shown in the wretched condition in which they are usually 
 seen at our shows. Anything that really requires to be stated as to 
 the general culture of hardy perennials in the open air, in borders, 
 etc., will be found under the head of the Mixed Border ; while the 
 culture of the fastidious alpine plants is fully described in " Alpine 
 Flowers." 
 
 We are pre-eminently great at exhibiting; our pot-plants are far 
 before those of other countries ; specimens are to be seen at every 
 show which are models not only as regards beauty, but as showing 
 a remarkable development of plant from a very small portion of 
 confined earth exposed to many vicissitudes ; yet in one respect 
 we have made no progress whatever, and that is, in the pot-culture 
 of alpine and herbaceous plants for exhibition purposes. 
 
 Prizes are frequently offered at our flower-shows for these plants, 
 and usually awarded, but the exhibitors rarely deserve a prize at 
 all, for their plants are usually badly selected, badly grown, and 
 such as never ought to appear on a stage at all. In almost every 
 other class, the first thing the exhibitor does is to select appropriate 
 kinds distinct and beautiful, and then he makes some preparation 
 beforehand for exhibiting them ; but in the case of our haray subjects, 
 anybody who happens to have a rough lot of hardy miscellaneous 
 rubbish, exhibits it, and thus it is that I have seen such beauties as 
 the following more than once exhibited : a common Thrift with the 
 unremoved dead flower-stems drooping over the green leaves; a 
 plant of Ardbis albida out of flower ; the Pellitory-of-the-wall, which 
 has as little beauty in flower as out of it : not to speak of a host of 
 worthless things not in themselves ugly, but far inferior to others in 
 
28 HARDY FLO WEES. 
 
 the same families. What would become of our shows if the same 
 tactics were carried out in other classes ? Even the most successful 
 exhibitors are apt to look about, a day or so before a show, for the 
 best flowering cuttings of such things as Iberis correcefolia, and, 
 sticking four or five of these into a pot, present that as a " specimen." 
 Now, what is so easily grown into the neatest of specimens as an 
 Iberis ? By merely plunging in the ground a few six-inch pots 
 filled with rich soil, and putting in them a few young cutting plants, 
 they would, " left to nature," be good specimens in a short time, 
 while with a little pinching, and feeding, and pegging-down, they 
 would soon be fit to grace any exhibition. So it is with many other 
 things of like habit and size the dwarf shrubby Lithospermum 
 prostratum, for example ; a little time and the simplest skill will do 
 all that is required. Such subjects as the foregoing, with tiny 
 shrubs like Andromeda tetragona and A.fastigiata, the Menziesias and 
 GaultheriaprocumbenSj the choicer Helianthemums and dwarf Phloxes, 
 and many others enumerated in the selections of exhibition plants at 
 the end of this volume, might be found pretty enough to satisfy 
 even the most fastidious growers of New Holland plants. 
 
 The very grass is not more easily grown than plants like Iberises 
 and Aubrietias, yet to ensure their being worthy of a place, they 
 ought to be at least a year in pots so as to secure well-furnished 
 plants. Such vigorous subjects, to merit the character of being well 
 grown, should fall luxuriantly over the edge of the pots, and in all 
 cases as much as possible of the crockeryware should be hidden. 
 The dwarf and spreading habit of many of this class of plants would 
 render this a matter of no difficulty. In some cases it would be 
 desirable to put a number of cuttings or young rooted plants into 
 six-inch pots, so as to form specimens quickly. Pots of six inches 
 diameter suit well for growing many subjects of this intermediate 
 type ; and with good culture, and a little liquid manure, it would be 
 quite possible to get a large development of plant in such a compa- 
 ratively small pot; but if very large specimens were desired, a size 
 larger might be resorted to. 
 
 To descend from the type that seems to present the greatest 
 number of neat and attractive flowering plants to the cultivator, we 
 will next deal with the dwarf race of hardy succulents, and the 
 numerous minute alpine plants that associate with them in size a 
 class rich in merit and strong in numbers. These should, as a rule, 
 be grown and shown in pans : they are often so pretty and singular 
 
CULTURE OF HARDY FLOWERS. 29 
 
 in aspect, as in the case of the little silvery Saxifrages, that they 
 will be very attractive when out of flower, while the flowers are none 
 the less beautiful because the leaves happen to be ornamental in an 
 unusual way. Many plants of a like size, as Erpetiwi reniforme and 
 Mazus Pumilio, must be shown in good flower. All these little plants 
 are of the readiest culture in pans, with good drainage and light 
 soil. The quickest way to form good specimens of the most dimi- 
 nutive kinds is to dot young plants over the surface of the pot or pan 
 at once. 
 
 Some few alpine plants are somewhat delicate or difficult to grow; 
 and amongst the most beautiful and interesting of these are the 
 Gentians, and certain of the Primulas. There are many who will of 
 course be ambitious to succeed in cultivating them, but, in a general 
 way, it would be better to avoid at first all such difficult subjects, 
 since a failure with them is apt to be disheartening. I believe that 
 a more liberal culture than is generally pursued is what is wanted 
 for these more difficult kinds, and such as are usually considered 
 impossible to cultivate. The plants are often obtained in a delicate 
 and small state ; then they are, perhaps, kept in some out-of-the- 
 way frame, or put where they receive but chance attention ; or, 
 perhaps, they die off from some vicissitude, or fall victims to slugs, 
 which seem to relish their flavour, considering how clean they eat 
 off some kinds j or, if a little shaky about the roots, are interred by 
 earth-worms, whose casts serve to clog up the drainage and thus 
 render the pot uninhabitable. With strong and healthy young plants 
 to begin with, good and more liberal culture, and plunging in the 
 open air in beds of coal-ashes through the greater part of the year, 
 the majority of those supposed to be unmanageable would soon 
 flourish beautifully. I have taken species of Primula, usually seen 
 in a very weakly and poor state, divided them, keeping safe all the 
 young roots, put one sucker in the centre, and five or six round the 
 side of a thirty-two-sized pot, and in a year made t( perfect speci- 
 mens" of them, with, of course, a greater profusion of bloom than if 
 I had depended on one plant only. Annual or biennial division is 
 an excellent plan to pursue with many of these plants, which in a 
 wild state run each year a little farther into the deposit of decaying 
 herbage which surrounds them, or it may be into the sand or grit 
 which is for ever being carried down by natural agencies. In our 
 long summer some of the Primulas will make a tall growth and 
 protrude rootlets on the stem a state for which dividing and 
 
30 HAEDY FLOWERS. 
 
 replanting firmly, deep down to near the collar, is an excellent 
 remedy. 
 
 There are many plants which demand to be permanently esta- 
 blished, with which an entirely different course must be pursued, 
 Spigelia marilandica^ Gentiana vema, G. J)avarica } and Cypripedium 
 spectdbiUj for example. The Gentians are very rarely well grown, 
 and yet few will fail to grow them if they procure in the first instance 
 strong- established plants ; pot them carefully and firmly in good 
 sandy loam, well drained, using bits of grit or gravel in the soil ; 
 plunge them in sand or coal-ashes to the rim, in a position fully 
 exposed to the sun, and give them abundance of water during the 
 spring and summer months, taking, of course, all necessary precau- 
 tions against worms, slugs, and weeds. And such will be found to 
 be the case with many other rare and fine alpine plants. The best 
 position in which to grow the plants would be some open spot near 
 the working sheds, where they could be plunged in coal-ashes, and 
 be under the eye at all times. And as they should show the public 
 what the beauty of hardy plants really is, so should they be grown 
 entirely in the open air in spring and summer. To save the pots 
 and pans from cracking with frost, it would in many cases be desi- 
 rable to plunge them in shallow cold frames, or cradles, with a 
 northern exposure in winter ; but in the case of the kinds that die 
 down in winter, a few inches of some light covering thrown over the 
 pots, when the tops of the plants have perished, would form a 
 sufficient protection. 
 
 Alpine and herbaceous plants in pots, and kept in the open air 
 all the winter, are best plunged in a porous material on a porous 
 bottom, and on the north side of a hedge or wall, where they would 
 be less liable to change of temperature, or to be excited into growth 
 at that season. 
 
 For growing the Androsaces and some rare Saxifrages a modifica- 
 tion of the common pot may be employed with a good result. It is 
 effected by cutting a piece out of the side of the pot, one and a half 
 or two inches deep. The head of the plant potted in this way is 
 placed outside of the pot, leaning over the edge of the oblong 
 opening, its roots within in the ordinary way, among sand, grit, 
 stones, &c. Thus water cannot lie about the necks of the plants to 
 their destruction, which undoubtedly is an advantage for delicate 
 tufted plants liable to perish from this cause. I first observed this 
 method in M. Boissier's garden, near Lausanne, in 1868. The pots 
 
CULTURE OF HARDY FLOWERS. 31 
 
 used there were taller proportionately than those we commonly 
 use, so that there was plenty of room for the roots after the rather 
 deep cutting had been made. 
 
 A yet more desirable mode than the preceding- is that of elevating 
 the collar of the plant somewhat above the level of the earth in the 
 ordinary pot by means of half-buried stones, as shown by figures in 
 my " Alpine Flowers." 
 
 In this way we not only raise the collar of the plant so that it is 
 less liable to suffer from moisture, but, by preventing evaporation, 
 preserve conditions much more congenial to alpine plants, and keep 
 the roots firm in the ground j besides, the small plants look more at 
 home springing from and spreading over their little rocks. It should, 
 however, be distinctly understood that no such attention is required 
 by the great majority of alpine plants. 
 
 No matter in what way these plants may be grown in gardens, 
 it is desirable to keep the duplicates and young stock in small pots 
 plunged in sand or fine coal-ashes, so that they may be carefully 
 removed to the rockwork, or sent away at any time. It is impos- 
 sible to keep up and increase an interesting collection of perennial 
 and alpine plants without having small specimens in nursery beds 
 for filling up blanks or effecting exchanges. In the bottom of beds 
 of this kind there should be half a dozen inches of coal-ashes, so 
 as to prevent worms getting into the pots, in which they always 
 prove very injurious. Sand, or grit, or fine gravel, from its clean- 
 liness and the ease with which the plants may be plunged in it, is 
 to be preferred, but finely sifted coal-ashes will do if sand cannot 
 be spared for this purpose. 
 
 Such beds should always be in the full sun, near to a good supply 
 of water, and, if several or many are made, should be separated 
 by gravelled alleys of about two feet wide. The watering is very 
 important. In a large nursery it should be laid on and given with 
 a fine hose. This certainly is the most convenient and economical 
 way. 
 
 The larger type of alpine and herbaceous plants, beginning with 
 such as the Aquilegias, and rising to the finer Phloxes, Pent- 
 stemons, <fec., have not yet, any more than the preceding classes, 
 been seen at our shows in anything approaching to proper condition, 
 though the cultivator who can grow a good specimen of the Chrys- 
 anthemum should have no difficulty with them. The will, and a 
 little timely preparation, are all the requisites j but as the grower of 
 
32 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 the most quickly-raised specimen of a soft-wooded plant must 
 devote thought to his work at least twelve months before he stages 
 his plant, so must he who wishes to succeed with the chief beauties 
 of the hardy class prepare in time. Imagine an exhibitor busy at 
 work the day before the show, putting flowering cuttings of Ixoras 
 or Heaths into large pots. This is precisely what even our best 
 growers do with many soft-growing perennials which are peculiarly 
 adapted for growing into the neatest of specimens in a short time, 
 and with but little trouble. 
 
 There is no class which offers to the tasteful exhibitor more beautiful 
 or more varied subjects than the one under discussion^-none that 
 will better reward the enthusiastic cultivator. It is quite a new 
 field, and almost an inexhaustible one. The judicious exhibiting of 
 the finer alpine and herbaceous plants would really show to the 
 million what treasures are within their reach, and help to spread 
 more quickly the growing taste for them. There is no doubt that a 
 more widely- spread knowledge of them would do more good than 
 that of any other class of plants, because they may be grown by 
 all, and enjoyed by all, more than any other known class of plants. 
 Therefore, apart from any honour or pecuniary advantage to be 
 had, those who would grow them and show them well, would be 
 doing a real good. 
 
 Selections of the best kinds for exhibition are given in Part III. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE PROPAGATION OP HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 A LARGE number of alpine and herbaceous plants may be raised 
 from seed, and in every place where there is a collection, it is 
 desirable to sow the seeds of as many rare and new kinds as are 
 worth raising in this way. A good deal will depend on the appliances 
 of the garden as to the precise way in which they are to be raised ; 
 but whether there be greenhouses on the premises or not even a 
 glass hand-light, alpine plants and choice perennials may be raised 
 there in abundance. Supposing we are supplied with a good selection 
 of seeds in early spring, and have room in frames and pits to spare, 
 some time might be gained by sowing in pans or pots, and by placing 
 
PROPAGATION OF HARDY FLOWERS. 33 
 
 them in those frames, or by making- a very gentle hotbed in a frame 
 or pit, covering it with four inches or so of very light earth, and on 
 that sowing the seeds. If this mode be adopted, they may be sown 
 in March ; and, thus treated, many will flower the first year. In 
 gardens without any glass they may be raised in the open air. 
 About the best time to sow in the open air is in April, choosing 
 mild open weather, when the ground is more likely to be in the 
 comparatively dry and friable condition so desirable for seed-sowing. 
 But it should be borne in mind that they may be sown at any con- 
 venient time from April to August, as it is not till the year after 
 they are sown that they display their full beauty or perhaps flower 
 at all ; and, therefore, should a packet or more of choice seed come 
 to hand during the summer months, it is always better to sow it at 
 once than to keep it till the following spring, as thereby nearly a 
 whole season is lost. Those who already possess a collection of good 
 hardy flowers may find a choice perennial ripening a crop of seed in 
 May, June, or July say, for instance, an evergreen Iberis, a Cam- 
 panula, or a Delphinium. Well, suppose we want to increase it as 
 | much as possible, the true way is to sow it at once instead of keeping 
 i it over the winter, as is usually done. By winter the seedlings will 
 1 be strong enough to take care of themselves, and be ready to plant 
 out for flowering wherever it may be desired to place them. 
 
 But to the immediate subject of raising them in the open air. 
 Well, the seeds we will suppose provided, and the month of April 
 to have arrived. If not already done, a border or bed should be 
 prepared for them in an open, airy, and warm position, and 
 where the soil is naturally light and fine, or made so by artificial 
 means. It would be as well to prepare and devote two, three, or 
 more, little beds to this purpose of raising hardy flowers. They 
 would form a most useful nursery-like kind of reserve ground, from 
 which plants could be taken at any time to fill up vacancies, to 
 exchange with those having collections, and to give away to friends j 
 for assuredly it is one of the greatest pleasures of gardening to be 
 able to give away a young specimen to a friend who happens to see 
 and admire one of our "good things" in flower j and by raising 
 them from seed we can always do this with ease. I have said that 
 the seed-bed should be in a warm position, but let it, if possible, be 
 in or near what is often called the reserve garden in large places, or, 
 in smaller ones, in the kitchen- gar den anywhere but in the portion 
 of the gardens devoted to ornament. If the ground happen not to be 
 
 D 
 
34 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 naturally fine, light, and open, make it so by adding- plenty of sand 
 and leaf mould, and then surface the ground with a few inches of 
 fine soil from the compost-yard or potting-shed. The sifted refuse 
 of the potting-bench will do well. Then level the beds nicely for 
 the reception of the seed, and let them be each about four feet wide, 
 with a little footway or alley between them about fifteen inches 
 wide, and let them run from the back to the front of the border, not 
 along it. Make the little drills across the beds, and, instead of 
 making these drills with a hoe or anything of the kind, simply take 
 a rake handle, a measuring rod, or anything straight that happens 
 to be at hand, and, laying it across the little bed, press it gently 
 down till it leaves a smooth impression from a quarter of an inch to 
 one inch deep, according to the size of the seed to be sown. Do this 
 at intervals of about six inches, and then your little nursery bed is 
 ready for the seed. From these smooth and level drills the seed- 
 lings will spring up evenly and regularly. 
 
 Before opening the seed packets, it is necessary to have a number 
 of wooden labels at hand on which to write the name of each 
 species, so that there may be no confusion when the plants come up. 
 These labels should be about eight or nine inches long, and an inch 
 wide, and the name should be written as near the upper end as 
 possible, so that it may not be soon obliterated by contact with the 
 moist earth. The labelling process is usually performed at the time 
 of sowing the seeds, but a very much speeouer and better way is to 
 lay out all the seeds on a table some wet day when out-of-door work 
 cannot be done, and there and then arrange them in the order of 
 sowing. Write a label for each kind, tie it to the packet of seeds 
 with a piece of matting, and then, when a fine day arrives for sowing 
 them, it can be done in a very short time. In sowing, put in at the 
 outer end of the first little drill the label of the kind to be sown 
 first, then sow the seed, inserting the label for the following kind at 
 the spot to which the seed of the first has reached, and so on. 
 Thus there can be no doubt as to the name of a species when the 
 same plan is pursued throughout. Near at hand, during the sowing, 
 should be placed a barrow of finely sifted earth ; with this the seeds 
 should be covered more or less heavily according to size, and then 
 well watered from a very fine rose. Minute seed like that of Cam- 
 panula will require but a mere dust of the sifted earth to cover it. 
 
 Once sown, the rest may be left to nature, save and except the 
 keeping down of weeds ; the seeds of which abound in the earth in 
 
PROPAGATION OF HARDY FLOWERS. 35 
 
 all places, and will be pretty sure to come up among- the young- 
 plants. But these being in drills, we can easily tell the plant from 
 the weed, and nothing- is required but a little persevering weeding. 
 In these little beds the finest perennials will come up beautifully, 
 and may be left exactly where sown till the time arrives for trans- 
 planting them to the rockery, spring-garden, or mixed border. This 
 is a better way than sowing in pots, where they are liable to much 
 vicissitude, and from which they require to be "potted off." Of 
 course in the case of a very rare or admired kind, the seedlings 
 might be thinned a little and the thinnings dibbled into a nursery 
 bed, but by sowing rather thinly the plants will be quite at home 
 where first sown till the time arrives for planting them out finally. 
 
 I am convinced that in finely pulverized earth, with, if convenient, 
 an inch or so of cocoa fibre and sand between the drills to prevent 
 the ground getting hard and dry, much better results will be 
 obtained than by sowing in pots. In the open air they come up 
 much more vigorously, and never suffer from transplantation or 
 change of temperature afterwards. Nevertheless, as few will ven- 
 ture the very finest and rarest kinds of seed in the open air, how to 
 treat them in frames is of some importance, and the following 
 observations on this matter are by Mr. Niven, of the Hull Botanic 
 Garden, one of the most successful cultivators of alpine plants, who 
 possesses, chiefly in pots, one of the most complete collections ever 
 made. They were communicated to the " Gardener's Chronicle." 
 
 " Much disappointment is often experienced in raising the seeds 
 of perennial plants, and blame is attributed to the vendor of the 
 seeds, that ought, in reality to be awarded nearer home. Presuming 
 that the selection of the seeds is made, and that the seeds themselves 
 are in the hands of the purchaser, the operation of sowing should 
 \ take place as early as may be practicable in March. First of all, 
 the requisite number of five-inch or six-inch pots should be obtained, 
 so that each seed packet can have a separate pot for itself. Some nice 
 light soil, with a fair amount of sand and' leaf-mould therein (if 
 obtainable), should be prepared and passed through a coarse sieve, 
 keeping a sharp eye after worms, and at once removing them j the 
 rough part which remains in the sieve should be placed above the 
 drainage in the bottom of the pots to the extent of two-thirds of 
 the depth, filling the remaining third with the fine soil ; the whole 
 should then be well pressed down, so that the surface for the recep- 
 tion of the seed should be half an inch below the brim of the pot, 
 
 D2 
 
36 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 and tolerably even. Each packet of seed should then be sown, and 
 covered with a sprinkling of fine soil, which is to be pressed down 
 by means of a flat piece of wood, or, what will be perhaps more 
 readily available, by the bottom of a flower-pot. 
 
 " The best guide as to the thickness of covering' required is to 
 arrange so that no seeds shall be seen on the surface after the 
 operation. If the seeds are minute, a very small quantity will be 
 required to attain this end ; if they are large, more will be requisite. 
 This completed, and each pot duly labelled with the name of the 
 plant and height of growth, the pots should then be placed in a cold 
 frame tolerably near the glass, taking care that each pot is set level 
 or as nearly so as practicable. 
 
 " In preparing the frame for their reception, it is desirable to 
 have a good thickness of lime rubbish in the bottom, say from nine 
 to twelve inches, as a protection against worms. 
 
 " Many seeds come up a long time after others ; in fact, seed-pots 
 are often thrown away in the supposition that the seeds are dead, 
 when they are perfectly sound j and some will come up a year or so 
 after being sown. All that is necessary with the seeds that do not 
 come up during the spring is to give them an occasional watering, 
 and to guard against the growth of the Lichen-like Marchantia. 
 This is frequently a great pest in damp localities, and is only to be 
 kept in check by carefully removing it on its first appearance, for if 
 allowed to make too much headway, any attempt at removal carries 
 away the surface soil, and with it the seeds. In the month of 
 October each pot should be surfaced with a sprinkling of fine soil, 
 well pressed down; in fact, the process before described after sowing 
 should be repeated. The pots may remain in the frame till the 
 spring, nor should they be despaired of altogether till May or June, 
 or in some instances later. 
 
 " To those who may not have the advantage of a cold frame to 
 carry out the foregoing instructions, I would still recommend the 
 use of flower-pots rather than sowing in the open ground ; but under 
 these circumstances I would say sow one month later ; place the 
 pots in a warm, sunny corner, and arrange some simple contrivance 
 so that you can shade with mats during hot sunshine, and also cover 
 up at night, in order to keep off heavy rains ; the same care in 
 watering should be observed, and the same watchful eye after snails, 
 woodlice, and other depredators, should be maintained. 
 
 " So much for the seeds in their seed-pots. Now a word or two 
 
PROPAGATION OF HARDY FLOWERS. 37 
 
 as to the treatment of the plants afterwards. My practice is to pot 
 off, as soon as they are sufficiently strong to handle, as many as are 
 required, in three-inch or four-inch pots, say three in each pot. There 
 they will grow well during- the summer, and become thoroughly 
 rooted, ready for consigning to their final habitat, be it rockery, 
 border, or shrubbery, in the early part of spring, after the borders 
 have been roughly raked over; thus giving them ample time to 
 establish themselves before autumn arrives, and their enemy, the 
 spade, is likely to come in their way. Failing a supply of pots 
 sufficient for all, some of the stronger-growing ones may be planted 
 in a sheltered bed of light soil, care being taken to shade them 
 for a few days after being planted; or a few old boxes, five or six 
 inches deep, may be used with even greater advantage for the same 
 purpose, as they may readily be moved from the shady side of a wall 
 to a more sunny locality after they have recovered sufficiently the 
 process of transplanting ; and, finally, they may receive the shelter 
 of a cold frame as soon as winter sets in. This recommendation 
 must not be considered as indicative of their inability to stand the 
 cold weather, but as a precaution against the mechanical action of 
 frost, which, in some soils especially, is apt to loosen their root-hold, 
 and force the young plants, roots and all, to the surface. 
 
 " In the case of the smaller-growing alpines, such as the Drabas, 
 Arabises, etc. I generally find that they stand the first winter best 
 in pots of the smallest size, and in this form they may be the more 
 readily inserted in the interstices of a rockery, where they will per- 
 manently establish themselves." 
 
 With by far the largest proportion of herbaceous and alpine plants, 
 however, propagation is a matter of the very simplest kind, as they 
 spread into masses of many crowns and roots. To increase these, 
 all we have to do is to dig them up any time during the autumn, 
 winter, or early spring, divide into as many pieces as are necessary, 
 and replant at once. Where, in the case of rare plants, and those 
 that may not be readily increased otherwise, it is necessary to resort 
 to cuttings, these may be inserted under shaded lights, in the open 
 air, or in cold frames. If inserted in early spring, a gentle heat will 
 suit them best, or just such treatment as that given to ordinary 
 bedding plants at that season. Some, however, such as the dwarf 
 Andromedas and Rhododendrons the amateur gardener had better 
 purchase in nurseries, as they are of much slower growth, and 
 require much patience and special means of culture. 
 
S3 HAEDY FLOWERS. 
 
 As regards the propagation of the rare and new plants that the 
 cultivator will from time to time be glad to add to his collection, I 
 should advise every amateur and every gardener to have a good rich 
 border in which to plant his first stock of each. In this it would 
 increase with rapidity, and become ready for any use that might be 
 designed for it. Of course we may plant them in borders, and take 
 them up and divide them ; but much the best way is to have a border 
 of rich and light, but deep sandy earth, in which they may be planted 
 in rows, and where all the new and rare hardy plants may be looked 
 after conveniently. Many a new subject gets an undeservedly bad 
 character from 'being placed among established plants, which shade 
 or otherwise injure it. When a new plant arrives, the grower 
 should at once see if there be a possibility of dividing it, and in nine 
 cases out of ten it will be found possible to do so. Then let him 
 carefully pull the roots apart, save every shoot or division, however 
 small, and place them in a line in a border of good soil, and thus get 
 each bit to make a good plant, as quickly perhaps as the com- 
 plete root would make one if planted undivided indeed, often more 
 so, for young plants of this kind frequently grow faster than old 
 tufts. 
 
PART II; 
 
 ALPHABETICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 OP THE 
 
 MOST ORNAMENTAL HARDY FLOWERS, 
 
 WITH 
 
 DESCEIPTION, CULTUEE SUITABLE POSITIONS ETd 
 
HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 Acaena microphylla (Rosy-spvned A.) 
 Synonym, A. Novae Zealandice. A 
 minute creeping evergreen herb, 1 to 
 2 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; in- 
 conspicuous, in close heads furnished 
 with long crimson spines so as to 
 appear like globes of beautiful spines. 
 Leaves, pinnate, 1 in. long ; leaflets in 
 from 2 to 6 pairs, about i in. long, 
 
 toothed. New Zealand. Rockwork 
 
 and margins of borders ; best in very 
 fine and cool sandy soil. Forming a 
 dense low and compact turf it is well 
 suited for carpeting the ground be- 
 neath taller plants. It is readily in- 
 creased by division. 
 
 Acaena myriophylla (Fern-leaved A .) 
 A small fern-like herb, 6 to 8 in. 
 high. Flowers, in summer and au- 
 tumn; small and dull, in rounded 
 spikes. Leaves, pinnate ; the leaflets 
 deeply cut into narrow pointed seg- 
 ments, slightly downy, light greyish, 
 
 green beneath. Chili. Edgings to 
 
 flower-beds, or tufts on the margins of 
 mixed borders, in ordinary soil. Divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Acantholimon glumaceum (Prickly 
 Thrift). Statice Ararati.A. dwarf, 
 tufted evergreen herb, 6 in. high. 
 Flowers, in summer; rose, a little 
 more than | in. across, in two ranks 
 on spikes much longer than the 
 leaves. Leaves, crowded, narrow, with 
 sharp - pointed spines at the ends. 
 Armenia. Forms fine tufts on rock- 
 work or slightly raised banks, and 
 
 also on the front margin of the mixed 
 border, in ordinary soil, but thrives 
 best in light sandy loam. Careful 
 division of tufts and by cuttings. 
 
 Acanthus latifolius .(Stately Bear's 
 Breech). This is a noble variety of 
 A. mollis, larger in all its parts, with 
 leaves more leathery, rigid, broader, 
 and less cut; the flowers on stems 
 sometimes 5 ft. high; when in rich 
 ground more intense in colour, and the 
 leaves, when well established, form- 
 ing noble tufts of deep glossy green a 
 yard high and several ft. in diameter. 
 
 Fine as isolated tufts in warm 
 
 sheltered parts of the flower-garden, 
 pleasure-ground, or subtropical garden, 
 and also as a border plant, thriving best 
 in very rich, deep, and moist ground. 
 
 Acanthus longifolius (Long-leaved A.) 
 A fine distinct and new species, 
 3 to 44 ft. high. Flowers, in June 
 and July ; wine-red, in the axils 
 of bracts which are oval, acuminate, 
 spiny, veined with green and of a 
 reddish hue on the top; forming 
 a spike of about 14 in. long. Leaves, 
 radical, very long (2^ ft.)> narrow 
 (4 or 4^ in.), numerous, erect, then 
 inclining and forming a sheaf of fine 
 effect; bright green, smooth above, 
 paler and rather pubescent under- 
 neath ; pinnatifid with lozenge -shaped 
 oval lobes. Roots abundant, but not 
 running ; distinguished from A . mollis 
 (to which it is allied) chiefly by the 
 length and narrowness of its leaves. 
 
42 
 
 ACANTHUS ACHILLEA. 
 
 Native of forests of Dalmatia and S. 
 Ettrope. Borders, margins of shrub- 
 beries, and isolation in semi- wild 
 places, in deep ordinary soil, the richer 
 the better. Division and seed. 
 
 Acanthus mollis (Common Bear's 
 Breech). A well known vigorous peren- 
 nial 3 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 white, rose, or lilac, sessile in the 
 axils of deeply toothed bracts, the in- 
 florescence forming a remarkable look- 
 ing spike half the length of the stem. 
 Leaves, large, nearly 2 ft. long by 1 ft. 
 broad, heart-shaped in outline, cut 
 into angular toothed lobes. S. Europe. 
 
 Same positions and uses as for 
 
 the preceding. Increased by division 
 of roots in early spring. 
 
 Acanthus spinosissimus (Armed 
 Bear's Breech}. A handsome and dis- 
 tinct plant, about 3^ ft. high when in 
 bloom, Flowers, late in summer ; rosy 
 flesh-colour, stalkless, arranged in a 
 very handsome spike, and accom- 
 panied with acute, recurved, and 
 very spiny bracts. Leaves, growing in 
 a tuft, pinnatifid, leathery, almost 
 smooth, excessively spiny on all parts, 
 and with deeply pinnatifid divisions. 
 
 Native of S. Europe. Much less 
 
 common in gardens than A. mollis. 
 Thrives equally well in the worst and 
 coldest kind of soil, but as the plant 
 depends for its attractions a good deal 
 on its leaves, it is best to secure the 
 development of these by planting in 
 rich warm ground. Division in early 
 spring. 
 
 Acanthus spinosus (Spiny Bear's 
 Breech}. Another ornamental kind, 
 2 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 purplish,in spikes; calyx spiny. Leaves, 
 pinnatifid, deeply and regularly cut, 
 each division terminated by a sharp 
 
 spine. S. Europe. Borders, tufts 
 
 isolated on grass, among hardy fine- 
 leaved plants, by woodwalks, or on the 
 margins of shrubberies, in good garden 
 soil. Increased readily by division. 
 
 Achillea eegyptiaca (Egyptian Tar- 
 row}. A very silvery fern-like 
 plant, 12 to 18 in. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; fine yellow, in corymbs 
 at the top of the stalks. Leaves, pin- 
 nate; leaflets obtusely lance-shaped, 
 serrate-toothed. Egypt and Greece. 
 
 Rockwork, among the taller 
 
 plants in sunny sheltered positions; 
 as an edging to beds of subtropical 
 plants, on warm borders and dryish 
 banks. This plant is not fastidious as 
 to soil, but thrives best in a deep and 
 well-drained sandy loam. Division. 
 
 Achillea asplenifolia (Asplenium- 
 leaved A.) Flowers, in summer; small, 
 rose-coloured, in a compound corymb ; 
 involucrum obovate-oblong, smooth, 
 the scales having a very narrow red- 
 dish-brown margin. Leaves, lower ones 
 stalked, pinnatifid, with pinnate lobes ; 
 upper ones pinnate ; segments of the 
 leaves more obtuse than in the rose- 
 coloured var. of the common yarrow. 
 Long cultivated under the name of A. 
 Millefolium var. rosea. Native country 
 unknown. Borders and naturaliza- 
 tion, in any soil. Division. 
 
 Achillea Clavennse (Silvery Yarrow). 
 A dwarf, white -leaved, distinct plant, 
 6 to 10 in. high, not rampant like 
 some of the other kinds. Flowers, 
 in early summer; white, in neat 
 heads standing well above the foliage. 
 Scales of the calyx rather hairy. Leaves, 
 pinnatifid; segments linear, obtuse, 
 slightly toothed at the tip, and, like 
 the whole plant, hoary. Alps of Swit- 
 zerland, Austria, and Carinthia. A 
 
 good and easily grown rock plant, and 
 also an excellent subject for the front 
 rank of the mixed border, where the 
 soil is not too cold and stiff. On 
 congenial soils it might be used as an 
 edging plant for the sake of variety. 
 Increased by division of the tufts. 
 
 AcMllea filipendula (Nolle Yarrow). 
 A noble and showy perennial, 3 to 
 5 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; yellow, 
 
ACHILLE A ACONITUM. 
 
 43 
 
 in dense, convex, compound co- 
 rymbs of many heads. Leaves, pin- 
 nate, pubescent, somewhat rough. 
 A variety, A. Eupatorium, has bright 
 yellow flowers in broad flat corymbs. 
 Native of the eastern parts of the 
 
 Caucasus. Mixed borders and in 
 
 groups of the most showy herbaceous 
 plants, in ordinary soil. It is quite 
 strong enough to be well able to take 
 care of itself in woods and semi-wild 
 spots. Division and seed. 
 
 Achillea Millefolium (Common Yar- 
 row). A native herb, attaining a 
 height of from 1 to 3 ft. in garden soil. 
 Flowers, in summer; white or pink, in 
 numerous small ovoid heads. Leaves, 
 strap -shaped in outline, finely divided 
 into very narrow segments. Europe, 
 
 Asia, and America. The fine 
 
 rose-coloured variety is the only one 
 worth cultivation, and it is useful as a 
 border plant, growing freely in any 
 kind of soil. Division at any season. 
 
 Achillea Ptarmica (Sneezewort). 
 Ptarmica vulgaris. A well known 
 British plant, 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, 
 in summer; white, in terminal corymbs, 
 flower-heads not numerous. Leaves, 
 strap -shaped, regularly toothed. The 
 double variety, A. Ptormicafl.pl., is a 
 
 very handsome border plant. In 
 
 ordinary soil. It is very useful for 
 cutting where white flowers are much 
 in demand. Division. 
 
 Achillea serrata (Serrate-leaved 
 Achillea). A handsome plant, with 
 an erect simple stem nearly 2 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; large, white, 
 numerous, in small corymbose clusters 
 forming a somewhat spreading ter- 
 minal panicle. Leaves, sessile, par- 
 tially clasping, ascending, lance- 
 shaped, with the margins deeply 
 serrated: the double kind only is 
 worthy of culture. European Alps. 
 
 Borders, margins of shrubberies, 
 
 and naturalization in any soil. Divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Achillea tomentosa (Woolly Yar- 
 row). A handsome and showy moun- 
 tain herb, 6 to 12 in. high. Flowers, all 
 summer ; bright yellow, in repeatedly 
 compound corymbs. Calyx smooth, 
 rather shining. Leaves, woolly, bipin- 
 natifid; segments crowded, linear, 
 acute. Europe. Rockwork, mar- 
 gins of borders or on bare banks, in 
 ordinary soil. Easily increased by 
 division. 
 
 Achillea umbellata (Dwarf Silvery 
 Yarrow). Ptarmica umbellata (Sibth.) 
 A very neat, silvery berb, 4 in. or 
 6 in. high. Flowers, in June ; white, 
 about the size of those of A. Ptarmica, 
 6 or 8 in a simple umbel. Scales of 
 involucrum membranous, with a green 
 line through the middle and a blackish 
 margin, inner scales largest. Leaves, 
 clearly and regularly lobed, small, 
 chiefly about the lower part of the 
 stem; divisions obovate, entire, co- 
 vered, as are the stem and pedicels, 
 with very short, fine, whitish wool. 
 Said to be allied to A. Clavennce. 
 
 Mountains of Greece. Edgings, 
 
 tufts on rockwork, or margins of 
 mixed borders, in ordinary sandy 
 garden soil. Division or cuttings. 
 
 Acis autumnalis (Autumnal Acis). 
 Leucojum autumnale. A pretty little 
 autumn-flowering bulb, 3 to 4 in. high. 
 Flowers, white, delicate pink at the 
 base, 2 to 3 on a stem, appearing be- 
 fore the leaves. Leaves few, very 
 slender, sheathing the stems at the 
 base, sometimes not appearing till 
 spring. Bulb thick for the size of thf 
 plant, covered with a whitish mem- 
 brane. Southern Europe. Hock- 
 work or raised borders, always in 
 a warm, well-drained, and carefully 
 shaded position, and in very sandy 
 soil. Increased by division every 
 second or third year. 
 
 Aconitum autumnale (Autumn Monks- 
 hood). Afinespecies, about 3|ft. high. 
 Flowers, from August to November ; 
 
ACON1TUM. 
 
 large, of a pale blue tinged with lilac. 
 Leaves, alternate, palmate-3-cleft, pale 
 underneath. Southern Europe. Re- 
 sembles A. japonicum, but is something 
 taller in habit, and its flowers are of a 
 
 lighter hue. Borders, and fringes of 
 
 shrubberies, in ordinary light garden 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Aconitum chinense. A large and 
 stately species, 4 ft. to 6 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; large, showy, of an 
 intense and very bright blue, in large 
 compound racemes ; pedicels slightly 
 hairy above ; upper flowers with small 
 bracts. Leaves, lower ones large, 
 deeply cut into three wedge-shaped 
 segments tapering at the base ; upper 
 leaves sessile, gradually becoming more 
 
 entire. China. Warm borders in 
 
 sandy loam. Division. 
 
 Aconitum japonicum (Japan Monies- 
 hood). A noble late-flowering kind, 
 2 ft. to over 3 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 autumn; large, of a deep blue or lilac, 
 in a dense short spike rarely branch- 
 ing; helmet with a small point; 
 upper petals with a broad, swollen 
 tube ; spur thick, bent, almost rolled. 
 Leaves, alternate, somewhat thick, of 
 a pale green underneath, palmate- 
 3-cleft; lateral lobes 2-cleft, middle 
 lobe 3-cleft, all obtuse, toothed ; teeth 
 
 rounded with a point. Japan. 
 
 Borders, and here and there among 
 rather low shrubs in fine, deep, sandy 
 soil, or in peat. Division. 
 
 Aconitom lycoctonum ( Wolfs-bane 
 Aconite). An interesting and vi- 
 gorous perennial, with a stout, 
 twisted, and angular branching stem 
 3 ft. to 4 ft. high. Flowers, late in 
 summer ; pale creamy yellow, in dense 
 elongated clusters at the ends of the 
 branches. Leaves, palmate, with from 
 5 to 7 deeply incised and toothed 
 segments ; lower leaves nearly 1 in. 
 across, almost reniform in outline, 
 long-stalked; stem, branches, and 
 leaf-stalks covered with very fine, 
 
 soft, short down. Alps of Europe. 
 Margins of shrubberies, and natu- 
 ralization in woods and semi-wild 
 places in any soil. Division. 
 
 Aconitum Napellus (Common Monk- 
 hood). A very common plant in 
 gardens, 2 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; dark blue, on erect stalks, 
 forming a handsome terminal raceme 
 1 to 2 ft. long. Leaves, darkish green, 
 smooth or slightly downy, divided to 
 the base into 5 or 7 deeply- cut, 
 narrow, pointed segments. There are 
 several varieties. Britain, Europe, 
 and Virginia. Borders, or natu- 
 ralization by wood-walks and in wild 
 places; but it is such a frightfully 
 poisonous plant that many will rather 
 destroy than cultivate it. It should 
 never be grown in a vegetable garden 
 of any sort. Thrives in ordinary soil, 
 and is very easily increased by divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Aconitum paniculatum (Panicled 
 MonJcshood). A tall and handsome 
 kind, 34 to 5 ft. high. Flowers, late 
 in summer ; blue or variegated with 
 white; end of the helmet greenish- 
 blue ; spur short and recurved ; ar- 
 ranged in wide-spreading and branch- 
 ing panicles ; sepals smooth or slightly 
 downy. Leaves, smaller than those of 
 A. Napellus, palmate, with segments 
 twice 3-cleft, incised-dentate, lozenge- 
 shaped. Root tubercular; stem fre- 
 quently bent zigzag, always more or 
 less branching at the top. South of 
 
 France. Borders and groups of the 
 
 bolder and handsomer herbaceous 
 plants. It prefers peat. Division. 
 
 Aconitum septentrionale (Northern 
 MonJcshood). A distinct late-flower- 
 ing kind, about 3 feet high. Flowers, 
 late in summer; reddish lilac or wine- 
 coloured, arranged in panicled clusters 
 at the summit of the stems. Leaves, 
 alternate, of a deep green. Siberia. 
 Borders and fringes of shrub- 
 beries. It prefers peat soil. Division. 
 
ACONITUM ADENOPHORA. 
 
 45 
 
 Aconitum variegatum. (Variegated- 
 flowered A.) A handsome, and when 
 well grown, stately perennial, about 
 4 ft. high. Flowers, late in summer; 
 large, closely -packed, sky-blue varie- 
 gated with white, in an irregular 
 panicle. Leaves, alternate, glistening, 
 deeply divided. Native of most parts 
 
 of Europe. Borders, groups of the 
 
 finer herbaceous plants, and naturali- 
 zation. This plant is excellent for 
 forcing, and is readily increased by 
 division in autumn, winter, or spring. 
 
 Acorus Calamus (Sweet Acorus). A. 
 very hardy marsh plant, supposed to 
 have been originally introduced from 
 India, but now naturalized in most 
 parts of Europe. Flowers, in midsum- 
 mer ; small, of a greenish yellow, in- 
 significant in appearance, borne on a 
 cylindrical spadix 4 to 6 inches long. 
 Leaves, sword-shaped, erect, striated, 
 about 3| ft. in length. Rhizome cylin- 
 drical, channelled and very fragrant. 
 A variety has gold-striped leaves 
 (A. japonicus foliis aureo - striatis). 
 
 A. Calamus is fond of rather 
 
 stiff moist soil, and may be planted 
 either on the margins of pieces of 
 water, or in the water itself. Easily 
 multiplied, like the Iris, by division. 
 The variegated variety deserves pot 
 culture in cool houses. 
 
 Acorus gramineus (Grass-leaved A.) 
 A species with a slender, creeping 
 rhizome covered with numerous 
 narrow linear leaves, and a slender 
 stem nearly as long as the leaves, 
 which are from 4 to 6 in. in length. 
 Flowers small, numerous, sessile, 
 and of a pale yellow. China and 
 Japan. A variety with white-streaked 
 leaves (A.g. variegatus) is more tender 
 than the type, and enjoys protection 
 
 in winter. Thrives out of as well 
 
 as in the water, but requires a cool 
 and even moist soil, peat being the 
 most suitable. Both kinds are pro- 
 pagated by division, and are useful 
 
 for edgings to beds with a north or 
 half-shady aspect. They also look 
 pretty on the margins of fountain- 
 basins, etc. 
 
 Adenophora denticulata (Toothed A.") 
 A somewhat showy herb, 1 to 14 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in early summer; dark 
 blue, in a branched leafy panicle; 
 segments of the calyx ovate, sharply 
 toothed; style hardly appearing be- 
 yond the tube. Leaves, of stem some- 
 what ovate; of root, heart-shaped, 
 deeply serrated. Siberia. Bor- 
 ders, in dry open positions, in sandy 
 loam. Division or seed, which does 
 not ripen readily unless the seed 
 vessel is fertilized artificially. 
 
 Adenophora Lamarckiana (Lamarck's 
 A.) An interesting perennial, about 
 1 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; pale 
 sky-blue, bell-shaped, with pointed 
 divisions, about \ in. across, and a 
 long protruding style, in loose spikes. 
 Leaves, irregularly alternate, those of 
 the stem oval, pointed, serrate, nearly 
 sessile ; radical leaves renif orm, coarsely 
 toothed. Siberia. The rock-gar- 
 den, or mixed borders, in sandy loam. 
 Seed or division. 
 
 Adenophora liliifolia (Lily -leaved A.) 
 Campanula liliifolia. An interest- 
 ing and pretty perennial, 1 to 1 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; pale blue, 
 numerous, sweet-scented, in loose 
 pyramidal panicles ; lobes of the calyx 
 somewhat erect, triangular, slightly 
 toothed ; style half as long again as 
 the corolla. Leaves, alternate ; of root 
 stalked, somewhat heart-shaped, cre- 
 nately toothed; of stem stalkless, ovate- 
 lanceolate, coarsely serrated. Europe, 
 
 Siberia. Borders and slightly 
 
 raised banks, in good warm loam. 
 Division or seed. 
 
 Adenophora suaveolens (Sweet A .) A 
 handsome perennial, about 2 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer; bell-shaped or fun- 
 nel-shaped, numerous, pale blue, ar- 
 
46 
 
 ADONIS AGAPANTHUS. 
 
 ranged in a pyramidal panicle. Leaves, 
 alternate, smooth or slightly hairy ; the 
 radical leaves stalked, roundish-oval, 
 cordate, dentate ; stem leaves stalk- 
 less, oval-lanceolate, largely-toothed, 
 Native of Siberia. Similar treat- 
 ment and positions to preceding kinds. 
 
 Adonis vernalis (Spring Adonis). 
 A very showy plant, with fmely-cut 
 leaves, and from 8 to 15 in. high. 
 flowers, in spring; yellow, solitary 
 at the tops of the stems, 2 to 4 in. 
 across; petals 10 to 12, oblong. 
 Leaves, lower ones abortive or reduced 
 to somewhat sheathing scales; upper 
 ones stalkless, much divided, lobes 
 entire. There are several varieties. 
 
 Southern Europe and Siberia. 
 
 Rockwork, sunny spots on borders, 
 margins of shrubberies, or naturaliza- 
 tion on bare banks, or in thin woods. 
 Grows in almost any soil, but thrives 
 best in a rich and moist sandy loam. 
 Division in autumn or winter. 
 
 JEthionema coridifolium (Iberis ju- 
 cunda). Lebanon Candytuft. A little 
 novelty in leaf and flower, distinct 
 from any other kind hitherto in culti- 
 vation. Flowers, early in summer; 
 rather large, of a pleasing flesh- 
 colour prettily veined with rose, in 
 small dense clusters. Leaves, numerous, 
 oblong-linear, or linear obtuse, ending 
 in a minute brownish point, and at- 
 tenuated at the base, a little more 
 than ^ in. long, and about a line broad. 
 When in flower it resembles ^Ethio- 
 nema pulcheilum, but is distinguished 
 by the greater size of its flowers, the 
 shortness of its leaves, and its boat- 
 shaped narrowly-winged seed-vessels. 
 
 Mount Lebanon, in calcareous soil. 
 
 This class does not possess the rude 
 vigour of our evergreen Iberises, 
 among which it is placed by some 
 authors, but it is none the less valuable 
 for being unlike them, and is fitted for 
 association with a dwarfer and more 
 select class of subjects. It should be 
 
 planted on warm and sunny parts of 
 the rock-garden, in well-drained sandy 
 loam. Increased by cuttings or seed. 
 .ffithionema membranaceum (Broad- 
 podded ^E.} A neat alpine plant, 
 with wiry prostrate simple stems, 
 6 to 8 in. high. Flowers, late in 
 summer; handsome rose, in small, 
 dense, terminal heads. Leaves, oblong- 
 linear, obtuse, of various sizes, cloth- 
 ing the stem rather thickly from the 
 base up. Pods overlapping each other, 
 roundish, with a very broad mem- 
 branous margin deeply notched at the 
 top. Mountains of Persia. The rock- 
 garden or the margin of borders, in a 
 sandy loam. Seed. 
 
 JEthionema saxatile (Rock ^E.) A 
 plant much resembling the preceding, 
 6 to 10 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 lilac-rose, in flat, crowded racemes 
 terminating the round, thread-like 
 stems. Pods, 2-celled, many-seeded; 
 style very short. Leaves, lance-shaped, 
 obtuse, upper ones pointed. S. 
 
 Europe. The rock-garden and the 
 
 margins of mixed borders, in sandy 
 loam. Seed. 
 
 Agapanthus nmbellatus (African 
 Lily). A beautiful old border and 
 green-house plant, 2^ to 3 ft. high. 
 Flowers, late in summer ; delicate 
 blue, tubular bell -shaped, divided 
 into 6 reflexed segments, arranged 
 in a magnificent umbel of from 30 
 to 120 blossoms, borne on pedicels 
 about 2 in. long. At the base 
 of the umbel is a spathe with two 
 scarious bracts. Leaves, all radical, 
 linear, narrow, smooth, flat, re- 
 flected, of a deep green colour. 
 Root-stock, oblique, tuberous, with 
 numerous fleshy roots. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. Borders, raised banks, the 
 
 lower flanks of rockwork, etc., in deep, 
 well- drained light soil with plenty of 
 peat or leaf mould. In the S. and 
 Mid. parts of England and Irelaud 
 only; and even in these parts the 
 
AGROSTEMMA ALLIUM. 
 
 47 
 
 roots require to be protected by a few 
 inches of leaf mould or like material 
 in winter. Division. 
 
 Agrostemma coronaria (Rose Cam- 
 pion). Lychnis Coronaria. A woolly- 
 leaved herb, 1 to 2 ft. high ; biennial 
 in some soils. Flowers, in summer ; 
 red- crimson ; stems erect, forked ; pe- 
 duncles lengthened, 1 -flowered; calyx 
 somewhat bell-shaped; petals notched. 
 Leaves, lance-shaped, very broad, and 
 of a leathery texture. There are 
 two varieties of this plant sometimes 
 met with in cultivation, one having 
 white and the other double red flowers. 
 
 S. Europe. Borders or banks, in 
 
 common soil. It is long-lived and gayest 
 in flower on dry hill-sides, and in such 
 places is worthy of being naturalized 
 on wild banks and in thin copses. 
 
 Ajuga genevensis (Geneva Bugle). 
 A dwarf, hairy herb, without runners, 
 6 to 12 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 blue, in whorls forming handsome 
 spikes; calyx very hairy; tube of 
 corolla straight, projecting. Leaves, 
 oblong, hairy, narrowed at the base, 
 coarsely toothed. A . pyramidalis is a 
 variety of the preceding, found in 
 Britain, not at all ornamental, but 
 curious from the floral leaves being 
 crowded into quadrangular or pyra- 
 midal leafy spikes. Europe. Borders 
 
 and fringes of shrubberies, in ordinary 
 light soil. Division. 
 
 Ajuga reptans (Creeping Bugle). A. 
 smooth, creeping herb, with runners, 
 4 to 8 in. high. Flowers, nearly all 
 summer ; blue, rarely white, in whorls 
 in the axils of the leaves, on erect 
 stems. Leaves, entire, ovate. Com- 
 mon everywhere in Britain. The 
 
 variegated and darkest leaved forms of 
 this plant are not unf requently used as 
 edging and rock plants under various 
 false names. They are easily grown 
 in any ordinary soil and quickly in- 
 creased by division. 
 
 Alfredia cernua (Nodding A.) A 
 vigorous, thistle-like perennial herb, 
 4 to 7 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 yellowish ; the stem sending out 
 several small branches, each termi- 
 nated by one large head of flowers. 
 Leaves, of root 1 ft. long and 6 in. 
 wide in the middle, heart-shaped at 
 the base, tapering gradually to a point; 
 the stalks margined, the margins cut, 
 and ending in spines ; deep green on 
 the upper side, and white beneath, 
 sharply serrate ; lower stem-leaves 
 heart-shaped, half clasping ; those near 
 the top longandnarrow, sharp-pointed. 
 Siberia. Among vigorous peren- 
 nials, by wood- walks or in wild places, 
 in ordinary soil. Division or seed. 
 
 Allium azureum (Azure A.) Dis- 
 tinguished at once by its handsome 
 deep blue heads, 1 to 2 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer; deep sky-blue, 
 with a dark line through the middle 
 of each division, arranged in a dense, 
 almost globular umbel, longer than 
 the spathes which envelop them before 
 expanding. Leaves, triangular, from 
 
 6 to 12 in. long. Siberia. Borders. 
 
 A little tender, and requires a warm, 
 well-drained soil. Division or seed. 
 
 Allium flavum (Yellow A.) A 
 slender, somewhat delicate -looking 
 species, with grass-like and rather 
 greyish leaves, about 1 ft. high. 
 Mowers, in summer; yellow, bell- 
 shaped and somewhat drooping, in 
 pretty umbels; scape leafy at base. 
 Leaves, round, not hollow, flattish 
 above the 'base. Italy, Tyrol, and 
 
 S. Europe generally. Borders, in 
 
 collections of hardy bulbs, or on warm, 
 dry banks, in light sandy soil. Divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Allium fragrans (Sweet-scented A.) 
 Nothoscordon fragrans. A tall and 
 vigorous species, with slightly glau- 
 cous leaves, 15 to 24 in. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; white, with a bar of very 
 
48 
 
 ALLIUM ALSTR^EMERIA. 
 
 pale lilac on the outer side of each 
 petal, in umbels of from 6 to 20 flowers, 
 Leaves, linear-lance-shaped. Bulb 
 ovate, whitish tinged with buff. 
 N. America, Africa, and E. Indies. 
 
 Naturalization in semi -wild 
 
 places, and also on borders, for which 
 however it is scarcely attractive 
 enough, though not disagreeably 
 scented like other Alliums. Division. 
 
 Allium Holy (Golden A.} A showy 
 old border plant, 10 to 15 in. high. 
 Flowers, in early summer; bright 
 yellow, numerous, in compact umbels ; 
 stem sub,-cylindrical. Leaves, few, 
 lance-shaped. Hungary and the Py- 
 renees. Borders, or bare banks, or 
 
 naturalization among hardy bulbs, in 
 any soil. Division. 
 
 Allium neapolitanum (Daffodil A.) 
 A stout and very handsome kind, 
 with bloom resembling that of a pure 
 white Narcissus; 15 to 20 in. high. 
 flowers, in early summer ; white, with 
 green stamens, numerous, in a loose 
 umbel, on stems longer than the 
 leaves; pedicels much longer than 
 the flowers. Leaves, 2 or 3, sheathing 
 the flower-stem, strap-shaped, some- 
 times more than an inch across, but 
 
 usually smaller. S. Europe. Under 
 
 south walls, on borders, and natura- 
 lization, in warm soils. Division in 
 autumn or winter. 
 
 Allium nigrum (Black A.) A. 
 magicum. Remarkable for the vigour 
 of its habit and luxuriance of its in- 
 florescence ; 24 to 3 J ft. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; very numerous, dull violet, 
 rose, or whitish, with a green vein, 
 in a large umbel. Leaves, thick, 
 broadly lance-shaped, acute, ciliated, 
 toothed at the edges, at first erect and 
 glaucescent, afterwards green and 
 spreading, much shorter than the 
 stem; bulb large, egg-shaped, with 
 
 tawny coats. South of France. 
 
 Borders and semi-wild places in ordi- 
 nary sandy garden soil; most fitted 
 
 for the botanical or curious collection. 
 Separation of the bulbs and by seed. 
 
 Allium paradoxum (Quaint A.) An 
 odd-looking but rather pretty plant, 
 9 to 14 in. high. Flowers, in spring ; 
 paper white, gracefully pendulous, 
 borne on long footstalks springing 
 from little nests of yellow bulbils. 
 Leaves, 1, sometimes 2, as long as the 
 scape, linear-lanceolate, acute, keeled, 
 striated, smooth, | in. broad, droop- 
 ing and recurved; bulb roundish, 
 
 whitish. Caucasus and Siberia. 
 
 Borders and banks, in ordinary soil. 
 It increases very rapidly from the 
 bulbils. 
 
 Allium roseum (Rose-coloured A.) 
 Another interesting kind, bearing bul- 
 bils at the base of the umbels, 12 to 
 16 in. high. Flowers, in summer; 
 pale lilac-rose, large, in umbels of 10 
 or 12 ; stamens white and very short, 
 petals notched ; stems round, rather 
 longer than the leaves. Leaves, 
 strap-shaped, channelled, rolled in- 
 wards at the top, not hairy. S. 
 
 Europe. Warm borders, or sunny 
 
 nooks on the flanks of rockwork, in 
 deep sandy loam. Division. 
 
 Allium triquetrum (Keeled A.) A 
 pleasing kind, with the leaves keeled 
 in such a marked manner that they 
 seem triangular, 9 to 12 in. high. 
 Flowers, in summer; white, some- 
 what bell-shaped, with a narrow streak 
 of pure green down each petal, in a 
 loose slightly drooping umbel, on 
 erect triangular stems shorter than 
 the leaves. Leaves, green, broadly 
 strap-shaped, somewhat like those of 
 the Bur-reed, folded and keeled, some- 
 times very long. Mediterranean region 
 from Spain to Greece, and in the 
 
 Channel Islands. Borders, and 
 
 naturalization on warm banks, in 
 ordinary soil. Division. 
 
 Alstraemeria aurantiaca (Orange A.} 
 A. aurea. A vigorous species, 2 
 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer 
 
ALSTK^MERIA ALYSSUM. 
 
 49 
 
 and autumn ; orange, two upper petals 
 lanceolate, streaked with red, ar- 
 ranged in a 5 to 6 -stalked umbel, 
 bearing 10 to 15 blooms. Leaves, 
 numerous, linear-elliptical, glaucous, 
 twisted and turned back at the base, 
 about 44 in. long. Native of Chili and 
 
 the Island of Chiloe. Capital plant 
 
 to naturalize wherever a vegetable 
 soil occurs. I have seen it running 
 through shrubberies and thriving 
 there as luxuriantly as the Willow- 
 herb. Division. 
 
 Alstrsemeria chilensis (Chili A.) 
 A. hcemantha. A handsome and much 
 varied kind, 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, 
 in summer and autumn ; large, blood- 
 red, the 2 upper interior petals longer 
 and narrower, variegated with yellow 
 lines, in pairs on a 5- to 6- stalked 
 umbel. Leaves, scattered, obovate, 
 spathulate ; upper ones lanceolate, 
 twisted at the base, minutely fringed 
 on the edges, glaucescent. jRootevery 
 long, thread-like, with oblong, soft, 
 white tubercles. There are many 
 varieties, varying in colour from a rosy 
 
 white to a deep orange. Warm 
 
 banks and borders in sheltered posi- 
 tions, in deep, light, sandy loam or 
 peaty soil thoroughly drained. The 
 roots should be planted at least a foot 
 deep, which will render them less 
 likely to suffer from frost, and if in 
 congenial soil and situation they need 
 not be disturbed oftener than every 
 fourth year. Careful division in early 
 spring, or by seeds sown in spring or 
 early summer. 
 
 Alstraemeria versicolor (Variously- 
 coloured A.) A valuable species, and 
 among the hardiest ; 6 in. high. 
 Flowers, late in summer ; yellow with 
 purple marks, lowest petal the broad- 
 est; in an umbel of 2 to 3 blooma. 
 Leaves, linear - lanceolate, stalkless, 
 scattered. Root with oblong, greenish- 
 white, very soft tubercles. On dry, lofty 
 hills in Chili. Similar positions 
 
 and treatment to those recommended 
 for A. chilensis. 
 
 Althaea ficifolia (Fig-leaved A.) A 
 stout and vigorous herb, 6 to 10ft. 
 high, with hand-shaped leaves. Flowers, 
 in summer ; red or orange-coloured, 
 large, in terminal spikes. Leaves, 
 deeply cut into 6 or 7 lobes or 
 parts ; lobes oblong, obtuse, irregu- 
 larly toothed. Double varieties are 
 
 sometimes met with. Siberia. In 
 
 shrubberies, or naturalization in 
 woods or copses, in ordinary soil. 
 Division or seed. 
 
 Althaea narbonnensis (Narlonne A.) 
 A vigorous herb, 4 to 6 ft. high, 
 with leaves somewhat downy on both 
 sides. Flowers, late in summer ; 
 pale red ; peduncles axillary, many 
 flowered, loose, longer than the leaves. 
 Leaves, alternate, stalked, serrate ; 
 lower ones bluntish, 5- or 7-parted ; 
 upper ones acute, 3 -parted, with the 
 lobes lance-shaped. France and Spain. 
 
 Naturalization in woods, or copses, 
 
 in ordinary soil. Division or seed. 
 
 Althaea rosea (Common Hollyhock.) 
 A well-known plant, 6 to 12 ft. or 
 more high, the parent of the culti- 
 vated Hollyhocks. Flowers,lsAe in sum- 
 mer; various colours, axillary, some- 
 what spiked at the top. Leaves, rough, 
 heart-shaped, cut at the extremity 
 into 5 or 7 angles. There are, as 
 everybody knows, numerous varieties. 
 
 Borders or shrubberies, in rich 
 
 cool soil. Cuttings or seed. 
 
 Alyssum alpestre (Alpine A.) A 
 neat, greyish, evergreen plant, 3 to 
 5 in. high. Flowers, in early sum- 
 mer; yellow, in corymbose racemes 
 at the ends of the branches. Leaves 
 roundish, attenuated at the base 
 silvery white beneath ; stems woodj 
 at the base. High Alps of Europe. 
 . Exposed sunny spots on rock- 
 work, or on the margins of borders, 
 in rather dry, sandy loam. This would 
 
50 
 
 ALYSSUM AMARYLLIS. 
 
 do well in chinks in old ruins, etc. 
 Division or seed. 
 
 Alyssum montanum (Mountain A. ) 
 A spreading, tufted, evergreen alpine 
 plant, 2 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in 
 early summer ; rich yellow, in simple 
 racemes. Leaves, alternate, small, 
 green, or but slightly hoary, rough 
 with stellate hairs, dotted ; stems pu- 
 bescent, spreading. Alps and Pyre- 
 nees. Rockwork, borders, or natu- 
 ralization on dry and bare sunny 
 banks, in well-drained soil. Seed, 
 cuttings, or careful division. 
 
 Alyssum olympicum (Hort.) (Fra- 
 gile A.) An interesting alpine herb, 
 2 to 3 in. high, with slender, 
 wiry, decumbent branches. Flowers, 
 in summer ; small, deep yellow, in 
 roundish corymbose heads. Leaves 
 greyish, very small, spoon-shaped, 
 
 sessile. Northern Greece. The 
 
 rock-garden, in any soil not saturated. 
 Division or cuttings. 
 
 Alyssum saxatile (Golden Tuft.) 
 A showy alpine herb, somewhat 
 shrubby at the base, about 1 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in April or May ; bright 
 yellow, freely, produced, in loose pani- 
 cles. Leaves, numerous, lance-shaped, 
 entire, hoary. A. saxatile variegatum 
 is a variegated form, sometimes used 
 as an edging plant, and also useful 
 for the rock-garden, or for borders. 
 Southern Russia. Rockwork, bor- 
 ders, beds and vases in the spring 
 garden ; naturalization on ruins, rocky 
 places, or bare banks, in ordinary soil. 
 Seed or cuttings. 
 
 Alyssum spinosum (Spiny A.) A 
 minute silvery bush, 4 to 8 in. high. 
 Flowers, in early summer; small, 
 white, and inconspicuous, in small 
 clusters at the ends of the branches. 
 Leaves, lance-shaped, very small and 
 hoary. Branches spiny when old. 
 Southern Europe. Rockwork, edg- 
 ings, or margins of borders, in ordi- 
 nary soil. Scarcely ornamental in 
 
 nower, but pleasing from its silvery 
 leaves. Seed and cuttings. 
 
 Alyssum Wiersbeckii ( Wiersbeck's 
 A.) A hardy herbaceous perennial, 
 about \\ ft. high, with rigid, erect, 
 unbranching stems. Flowers, in 
 summer ; deep yellow, in large close 
 corymbose heads, about 1^ in. across. 
 Leaves, 2 in. long, oval-oblong-pointed, 
 sessile, attenuated at the base, covered 
 with rough prominences and fine hairs, 
 almost erect and overlapping, densely 
 covering the stem from the base to 
 
 the top. Asia Minor. Rough 
 
 borders, margins of shrubberies, and 
 naturalization. Seed. 
 
 Amaryllis Belladonna (Belladonna 
 Lily). A noble hardy bulb, 1 to 3 ft. 
 high, lowers, late in summer, or in 
 autumn ; delicate silvery rose, very 
 sweet, 5 to 12 issuing from a two-cleft 
 sheath, each as large as a white lily 
 bloom, in 6 divisions, on naked stems. 
 Leaves, smooth, channelled, obtuse, 
 10 to 12 in. long, appearing in spring. 
 Bulbs very large, pear-shaped, with 
 brownish coats. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 In borders on the sunny side of 
 
 glass-houses and walls, and on the 
 southern flanks of rockwork, in deep 
 sandy and well-drained loam, the 
 bulbs to be planted a foot deep. Pro- 
 pagated by division of the roots every 
 fifth or sixth year, replanting them 
 immediately, not nearer than a foot to 
 each other, and so deep that from 
 4 to 6 in. of soil may be left above the 
 apex of the bulbs. 
 
 Amaryllis blanda is a variety of 
 the preceding, with much larger bulbs 
 and general development, bearing 
 noble umbels of white blossoms, turn- 
 ing to pale rose, not scented, blooming 
 in summer. There are several other 
 varieties all worthy of cultivation in 
 similar positions. Where the ground 
 is not naturally suitable for their 
 growth, it is well worth while to pre- 
 pare a deep bed of loam, peat, leaf- 
 
AMMOBIUM ANDROMEDA. 
 
 51 
 
 mould and sand, in which they would 
 attain a fine development, if placed 
 in sunny sheltered spots. Division. 
 
 Ammobium alatum (Winged A.) 
 A handsome "everlasting," covered 
 with soft, silky, silvery hairs, 20 to 
 40 in. high. Flowers, from May to 
 September; white, with a yellow 
 conical disk about an inch across, 
 very numerous, in loose corymbose 
 panicles. Leaves, oblong - lance- 
 shaped ; those of the root in a tufted 
 rosette ; stem-leaves narrower. Stems 
 
 winged. New Holland. Borders, 
 
 in sandy dry soil, in which it becomes 
 perennial. On some heavy clay soils 
 it must be treated as an annual or 
 biennial. Seed. 
 
 Amsonia salicifolia ( Willow-leaved 
 A.) An interesting but not showy 
 perennial, 20 to 32 in. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; light blue, in terminal 
 corymbose cymes; corolla small, 
 funnel-shaped, with a rounded tube ; 
 throat whitish, bearded ; limb divided 
 into 5 spreading, almost oblique, seg- 
 ments. Leaves, smooth, alternate, 
 
 lance-shaped, acute. Carolina. 
 
 Borders, in peaty soil, in a half-shady 
 position in borders or fringes of shrub- 
 beries. It is scarcely suited for any 
 but large or botanical collections. 
 Division. 
 
 Amsonia Tabernsemontana (Erect A .) 
 A plant of more erect habit than 
 A. salicifolia, 20 to 32 in. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; pale blue, in 
 cymes ; corolla with lance-shaped, 
 acute segments, slightly hairy on the 
 outside; sepals also lance-shaped, 
 acute. Leaves, oval-lance-shaped, 
 acute, slightly pointed at the base. 
 
 Carolina. Same soil and position 
 
 as for A. salicifolia. Division. 
 
 Anchusa hybrida (Hybrid Alkanet). 
 A showy perennial, 1 to 3 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; purple, in axil- 
 lary spikes a foot or more long ; 
 pedicels shorter than the bracts ; tube 
 
 longer than the calyx ; calyx divided 
 to about the middle. Leaves, lance- 
 shaped, unevenly toothed, stiff, rough, 
 6 or 7 in. long, | in. broad at the top, 
 and about 2 in. broad at the base. 
 
 Italy. Borders, margins of shrub- 
 
 - beries, or naturalization in semi -wild 
 places, in ordinary soil. Division. 
 
 Anchusa italica (Italian Alkanet). 
 A handsome vigorous and showy plant, 
 3 to 4 ft. or more high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; beautiful blue or purple, in 
 panicled racemes ; calyx divided nearly 
 to the base; lobes acute, shorter than 
 the tube of the corolla, spreading 
 when in fruit. Leaves, lance-shaped, 
 entire, shining; those of root some- 
 times 2 ft. long. France and Italy. 
 Borders and margins of shrub- 
 beries, or naturalization in copses, 
 in any soil. Seed and division. 
 
 Anchusa sempervirens (Evergreen 
 A.} A British plant, H to 2 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer; rich blue, in short 
 axillary spikes, generally leafy at the 
 base; calyx very hairy. Leaves, broadly 
 ovate, stalked ; stem ascending or 
 erect. Britain and Western Europe. 
 
 Scarcely attractive enough for 
 
 general culture as a border plant, but 
 worthy a position in woods and semi- 
 wild places. Seed and division. 
 
 Andromeda fastigiata (Himalayan 
 A.)Cassiope fastigiata. A remark- 
 ably neat little shrub, with its leaves 
 closely imbricated along the stems. 
 Flowers, in summer ; of a waxy white, 
 produced a<t the top of each little 
 branchlet, and turning down bell- 
 fashion. Leaves, small, closely over- 
 lapping each other, and having a white, 
 thin, chaffy margin, terminating in a 
 small point (which distinguishes it 
 from A . tetragona), and with a deep and 
 
 broad keel. Himalayas. Kockwork, 
 
 in a deep, moist, but well-drained 
 peat or very sandy loam, but carefully 
 guarded against drought in the warm 
 season. It also thrives in beds and 
 2 
 
52 
 
 ANDROMEDA ANDEOSACB. 
 
 borders of silvery peat in moist dis- 
 tricts. Cuttings, careful division, or 
 seed. 
 
 Andromeda hypnoides (Mossy Andro- 
 meda). Cassiope hypnoides. A minute, 
 spreading, moss-like shrub, with wiry, 
 much divided branches, 1 to 4 in. 
 high. Flowers, in summer; white, 
 5-cleft, with reddish calyces, droop- 
 ing, on slender reddish flower-stems, 
 one on each. Leaves, bright green, 
 flat and needle-like. N. Europe and 
 N. America. On rockwork, in ele- 
 vated, cool and moist districts, in 
 sandy or gritty, moist, but well- drained 
 peat, freely exposed to the sun and 
 air, but kept thoroughly moist in dry 
 weather. Seed or cuttings. As yet 
 very rarely grown or increased in this 
 country. 
 
 Andromeda tetragona (Square-stem- 
 med A.) Cassiope tetragona. A neat 
 and diminutive shrub, rarely growing 
 more than 6 to 12 in. high. Flowers, 
 in spring ; white, bell-shaped, some- 
 what contracted near the mouth, and 
 resembling those of the lily of the 
 valley ; they are produced singly, but 
 rather freely. Leaves, opposite, imbri- 
 cated, in four rows, the margins rolled 
 back, minutely ciliated, blunt. N. 
 
 Europe and America. Rockwork, 
 
 or margins of beds of choice dwarf 
 shrubs, in fine and moist sandy peat. 
 Division, wherever it grows freely. 
 
 Androsace carnea (Rose-coloured A.) 
 A brilliant little evergreen alpine 
 plant, distinguished from its fellows 
 Dy its small pointed leaves not being 
 produced in rosettes, but regularly 
 clothing a somewhat elongated stem, 
 3 in. high, flowers, in early spring ; 
 of a lively pink or rose, with a yellow 
 eye, produced in umbels of from 3 to 
 7, on hairy stalks. Leaves, awl-shaped, 
 smooth. Summits of the Alps and 
 
 Pyrenees, in exposed positions. 
 
 It succeeds on rockwork, and should 
 have a mixture of sandy loam and peat 
 
 at least a foot deep, so that the roots 
 may descend and be less likely to 
 suffer from vicissitudes. Thorough 
 watering should be given in the dry 
 season. Seed, sown as soon as gathered, 
 or careful division in early spring. 
 
 Androsace Chamaejasme (Rock Jas- 
 mine). A beautiful alpine plant, 2 to 
 5 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; 
 white at first, with a yellow eye, 
 which eventually changes to deep 
 crimson, the outer part becoming a 
 delicate rose ; in umbels, borne on 
 stout little stems ; divisions of calyx 
 linear -lanceolate. Leaves, fleshy, lance- 
 shaped, acute, attenuated towards 
 the base, and arranged in large 
 rosettes, not forming dense cushions 
 as the other kinds often do, but often 
 a little distance from each other. 
 Plant covered with long spreading 
 
 hairs. Tyrolese and Swiss Alps. 
 
 Rockwork, in deep and well-drained 
 rich light loam, the surface to be 
 covered with pieces of broken rock or 
 stone, to prevent evaporation and to 
 preserve the plant from injury. It 
 may also be grown in pots plunged in 
 sand in an exposed position. Division 
 or seed. 
 
 Androsace ciliata (Ciliated A.} A 
 very handsome species, forming dense 
 cushions, 2 or 3 in. high. Flowers, 
 in early summer; pink or rose- 
 coloured, with crimson throat, rising 
 a little above the leaves ; divisions of 
 calyx 5, lanceolate-linear acute, pubes- 
 cent. Leaves, lanceolate-oblong, smooth 
 on both sides, and fringed with hairs 
 on the edges, imbricated or overlap- 
 ping each other, but not so closely set 
 as to give the stem a columnar or 
 
 cylindrical appearance. Pyrenees. 
 
 On fully exposed parts of the rock- 
 garden, in gritty or sandy soil, deep 
 and moist. Division and seed. 
 
 Androsace cylindrica (St. Bertrand 
 A.) A very rare kind, confined to 
 one locality, where it is found grow- 
 
ANDROSACE. 
 
 ing from the rocks in large pendent 
 tufts 2 to 6 in. in length. Flowers, 
 in July and August ; small, white, 
 solitary, on long slender footstalks, 
 covered with hairs, which are often 
 hooked and stellate ; sepals lanceo- 
 late-acute, with a prominent green 
 vein. Leaves, narrowly linear-lanceo- 
 late, more or less obtuse, very closely 
 set in deep somewhat cylindrical 
 rosettes, and covered with simple and 
 stellate hairs. Central Pyrenees, on 
 the calcareous rocks of St. Bertrand. 
 
 Same treatment and positions as 
 
 those recommended for A. pubescens. 
 
 Androsace glacialis (Glacier A.} 
 A. alpina. A rather rare species, 
 growing in compact sheets, about 
 2 in. high. Flowers, in June; pale 
 purplish-rose, with yellow throat and 
 tube, solitary, on stalks about in. 
 long ; divisions of the calyx acute, 
 longer than the tube of the corolla. 
 Leaves, closely crowded, small, tongue- 
 shaped, narrowed at the base, pubes- 
 cent, as are the flower-stalks and 
 calyces, with very short, scattered, 
 stellate hairs, and forming small 
 rosettes at the ends of the stems ; 
 main stems slender, tinged with red. 
 Alps of Switzerland, the Tyrol, 
 
 Styria, and Carinthia. The same 
 
 treatment and the same positions as 
 those for A. pubescens. 
 
 Androsace helvetica (Swiss Andro> 
 sace). A very attractive kind, form- 
 ing dense cushions of diminutive 
 ciliated leaves, about 1 in. high, com- 
 pact and hard to the touch. Flowers, 
 in spring and early summer ; white, 
 with a yellowish eye, almost twice as 
 large as the little rosettes of leaves on 
 each stalk, nearly sessile ; segments of 
 calyx somewhat acute ; valves of ripe 
 capsules erect. Leaves, closely im- 
 bricated, lance-shaped, obtuse. Alps 
 
 and Pyrenees, on very high rocks. 
 
 It requires considerable nicety of cul- 
 tivation, and should have a fully ex- 
 
 posed well- drained position on rock- 
 work, and be placed between and 
 tightly pressed by stones about the size 
 of the tist ; in rich sandy loam and 
 peat. Seed and careful division,. 
 
 Androsace imbricata (Silvery A.) 
 A. argentea. A species differing 
 from the other Pyrenean and Swiss 
 Androsaces by having the rosettes of 
 a beautiful silvery white instead of 
 greenish ; 1 to 2 in. high. Flowers, in 
 summer; white, stalkless, so 5 * freely 
 produced as often to overlap each 
 other; divisions of calyx acute; valves 
 of capsules at last spreading or re- 
 flexed. Leaves, densely imbricated, 
 lance-shaped, oblong, covered, espe- 
 pecially at the tip, with short hairs. 
 Pyrenees, Alps of JDauphiny, Switzer- 
 land, and North Italy. Rockwork, 
 
 in narrow well-drained fissures, in 
 rich loamy soil with grit or sand. 
 Seed and division. 
 
 Androsace lactea (Milk-white A.) 
 Rather a free -growing kind, 2 to 4 in. 
 high. Flowers, in summer; large, pure 
 white with yellow throat and heart- 
 shaped petals ; arranged in an um- 
 bel; scales 10. Leaves, numerous, nar- 
 row, almost linear, of a lively green, 
 arranged in rosettes, sometimes scat- 
 tered along the elongated branches, 
 and frequently fringed at the end and 
 on the sides with short hairs ; the old 
 leaves of a deep red. Alps and Pyre- 
 nees. On rockwork in deep calca- 
 reous soil. Seed or division. 
 
 Androsace lanuginosa(.Z7i malayan A .) 
 A beautiful and very distinct kind 
 at once easily distinguished by its 
 spreading and, when in good health, 
 long stems, 6 to 9 in. high. Flowers, 
 in summer; delicate rose, in umbels. 
 Leaves, nearly an inch long clothed 
 
 with long silky hairs. Himalayas. 
 
 On rockwork in ledges in a mixture of 
 sandy peat and loam, and in warm 
 positions. I have seen it grow into vi- 
 gorous wide-spreading tufts, in borders 
 
54 
 
 ANDROSACE. 
 
 of moist and deep sandy loam on the 
 sunny side of one of the hothouses in 
 the College Gardens of Dublin. Cut- 
 tings and seed. Where it perishes in 
 winter it is worthy of being annually 
 propagated. 
 
 Androsace obtusifolia (Blunt-leaved 
 A.} Allied to A . Chamcejasme ; 2 to 
 6 in. high. Flowers, in spring ; white 
 or rose, with yellow eye, in umbels ; 
 stems numerous, covered with short 
 down ; divisions of calyx oval, lanceo- 
 late and pointed. Leaves, in rosettes, 
 larger and firmer than those of 
 A. Chamcejasme, lance-shaped, or some- 
 what spoon-shaped, blunt, stalkless, 
 smooth. Widely distributed over the 
 
 European Alps. Similar treatment 
 
 to that for A . Chamcejasme. 
 
 Androsace pubescens (Downy A.) 
 Distinguished from its fellows by 
 a small swelling on the stem close 
 to the flower. Flowers, in spring or 
 early summer; white with yellow 
 centre, on stalks shorter than the 
 leaves, the unopened buds looking 
 like pearls set in tiny five-cleft cups, 
 and scarcely rising above the dense 
 cushion of foliage. Leaves, spoon- 
 shaped, ciliated, the surfaces clothed 
 with simple or (rarely) forked hairs, 
 and forming densely packed hoary 
 
 rosettes. Pyrenees and Alps. Not 
 
 difficult to cultivate in sunny fissures 
 planted in sandy or gritty peat mixed 
 with fibry loam. 
 
 Androsace pyrenaica (Pyreneean A.) 
 Resembling A. helvetica, often less 
 than an inch high. Flowers, in sum- 
 mer ; white with yellow eyes, on 
 smooth incurved stems, longer than 
 the leaves ; segments of calyx blunt. 
 Leaves, downy, having a keel at the 
 back, recurved, narrow-oblong, cili- 
 ated, forming diminutive pincushion- 
 like tufts. Very high mossy rocks on 
 the Pyrenees. Rockwork, in fis- 
 sures between large stones, with 
 
 plenty of sandy loam and peat be- 
 tween them, or on level exposed parts 
 with small stones on the surface. 
 Division or seed. 
 
 Androsace villosa (Shaggy A.) 
 A very pretty kind, with the flowers 
 in umbels and the little stems in- 
 clined to creep a good deal, 2 to 4 
 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; 
 white or pale rose, with purplish ot 
 yellowish eyes, in umbels. Leaves, 
 narrow, oblong, covered with soft 
 white hair or down, mostly on the 
 under side. Alps, Pyrenees, and moun- 
 tains of Dauphiny. Ledges in the 
 
 rock-garden, or on level spots, planted 
 between pieces of limestone. Care- 
 ful division and seed. 
 
 Androsace Vitaliana (Yellow A.) 
 Aretia Vitaliana. Distinguished at 
 once by its clear yellow flowers, and 
 rarely growing more than an inch high, 
 except in rich moist soil, where it some- 
 times reaches two inches or a little 
 more. Flowers, in summer ; rich yellow, 
 large for so small a plant, scarcely 
 rising above the leaves, the throat 
 much more dilated than in the other 
 kinds, and the tube elongated. Leaves, 
 very narrow, sharp pointed, greyish ; 
 
 stems numerous. Alps of Europe. 
 
 Hockwork, where it should be abun- 
 dantly supplied with water during 
 the dry months, or on the level 
 border in suitable districts, surrounded 
 by stones half plunged in the ground, 
 to prevent evaporation, in free, sandy, 
 and moist soil. Careful division or 
 
 Androsace Wulfeniana (Wulfen's A.) 
 A very rare dwarf free-growing 
 species, forming dense rigid tufts of 
 deep green leaves 2 in. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; vivid rosy or purplish 
 crimson, larger than those of any other 
 species. Leaves, oval, pointed, in close 
 
 rosettes. Styria. Eockwork in 
 
 peaty loam and grit. Seed or division. 
 
ANDRYALA ANEMONE. 
 
 55 
 
 Andryala lanata ( Woolly A.} Like a 
 woolly Hieracium, 1 ft. high. Flowers, 
 in summer; yellow, like those of a 
 Hieracium, steins having a leaf at each 
 joint. Leaves, thick, very woolly, 
 oblong-ovate, entire or slightly toothed 
 near the base ; lower ones stalked and 
 blunt ; upper ones stalkless, pointed. 
 
 Southern Europe. In collections of 
 
 woolly-leaved and variegated plants, 
 in ordinary soil. Seed and division. 
 
 Anemone alba (White A.) Resem- 
 bling A. sylvestris, but dwarfer, 4 to 
 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 white, like those of Clematis montana, 
 rising 1 to 2 in. above the leaves, on 
 single stalks ; sepals 5, obovate, con- 
 cave. Leaves, ternate or quinate, 
 purple on the under side, close to the 
 ground ; segments deeply toothed at 
 top; those of the involucre stalked. 
 Roots creeping aud librous. Dauria, 
 
 Russian Asia, and the Crimea. 
 
 Borders, or among the stouter plants 
 on rockwork, in deep fibry loam. 
 Division or seed. 
 
 Anemone alpina (Alpine Wind/lower). 
 A noble species, 6 to 18 in. or 2 ft. 
 high, distinguished at a glance by 
 its large and much-cut leaves, and 
 the very soft down on the exterior of 
 its flowers. Flowers, in early summer ; 
 white or yellowish, sometimes bluish 
 or purple at" the back, erect; sepals 6, 
 spreading, very variable in size, some- 
 times but not always as large as those 
 of A. coronaria. Leaves, biternate ; 
 segments pinnate and deeply serrated ; 
 bracts like the leaves, stalked, some- 
 times smooth and sometimes sparingly 
 pilose. A . sulphurea is a variety with 
 yellow flowers, paler on the outside, 
 and with the leaves clothed with long 
 loose hairs. Sloping pastures and 
 mountains in Central Europe, and on 
 the Rocky Mountains in North 
 
 America. Amongst low shrubs and 
 
 the largest alpine plants on rockwork, 
 or borders, in sandy loam. Propa- 
 
 gated either by division or by seed, 
 which should be sown as soon as pos- 
 sible after it is gathered. 
 
 Anemone angulosa (Large Hepatica]. 
 Hepatica angulosa. A beautiful 
 plant allied to the Common Hepatica, 
 but fully twice the size of that species 
 in all its parts, 6 to 12 in. high. 
 Flowers, in spring ; of a fine sky-blue, 
 more than 2 in. across, with numerous 
 black anthers surrounding a tuft of 
 yellow styles. Leaves, 3 in. broad, 
 distinguished by their 5 lobes from 
 A. Hepatica ;ihe lobes coarsely notched. 
 
 Transylvania. Rockwork, border, 
 
 margins of beds of shrubs, and 
 naturalization in copses y etc. Divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Anemone apennina (Apennine Wind- 
 flower). A well-known old favourite, 
 4 to 9 in. high. Flowers, in spring ; 
 bright sky-blue, V$ to 2 in. across, 
 1 on each stem ; style linear, and 
 equalling the younger seed-vessels in 
 length ; sepals more or less rough on 
 the outside with adpressed hairs. 
 Leaves, of stem in whorls of 3, ternate, 
 with long blunt lobes, all somewhat 
 pubescent ; root-leaves biternate. 
 Roots tuberous, irregular, elongated, 
 blackish. The double variety is not 
 so ornamental as the single one. South 
 
 Europe. Rockwork, naturalization 
 
 in half-shady places, in pleasure- 
 grounds, by wood- walks, and borders 
 in any soil, but best in a sandy loam 
 or peat, and in a somewhat shady 
 position. Division. 
 
 Anemone-blanda (Blue Winter ^.) 
 Very like the last species. Flowers, 
 in early spring ; deep sky-blue ; sepals 
 9 to 14, oblong-linear, smooth on 
 the outside; seed-vessels pubescent, 
 tipped with a short black pointed 
 style. Leaves, 3-parted or cut ; seg- 
 ments stalked or sessile, 3-parted, cut 
 or slashed; those of the involucre 
 stalked, deeply cut. Southern Europe 
 and Asia Minor. Rockwork, or 
 
56 
 
 ANEMONE. 
 
 warm and sunny banks and borders, 
 or naturalization on sheltered banks 
 among short grass. Thrives in sandy 
 loam, or peat and loam, and is in- 
 creased readily by division. 
 
 Anemone coronaria (Poppy A.) The 
 most popular and varied of cultivated 
 Anemones, 6 to 9 in. high, flowers, 
 in spring, early summer, and often 
 throughout the winter; red, white, 
 and purple in variety ; sepals 6, oval, 
 rounded. Leaves ternate, deeply cut ; 
 segments numerous, narrow, pointed ; 
 bracts stalkless, divided. There are 
 a great many varieties both double 
 
 and single. S. Europe. Rockwork, 
 
 the spring garden, or borders, or 
 naturalization in semi-wild places, in 
 a rich deep loam. Propagated by seed 
 or division. The roots of the more 
 select named kinds should be taken 
 up when the leaves die down, and 
 planted at intervals to secure a con- 
 tinuity of bloom. The best bloom 
 is obtained by planting in September 
 or October. 
 
 Anemone elegans (Pale Japan A.) 
 This plant differs from A. japonica in 
 being less pubescent, being generally 
 taller (2 ft. to3 ft.), having broader 
 leaves, and particularly in having 
 flowers of a paler rose-colour, more 
 than 3 in. across. It also seems to 
 grow more in a tuft, and to run rather 
 less at the root than the common A. 
 japonica, of which it is probably a 
 
 variety or sub-species. Japan. 
 
 Similar treatment and positions to 
 those for the Japan Windflower. 
 
 Anemone fnlgens (Scarlet Wind~ 
 flower). A noble kind, about 1 ft. 
 nigh, conspicuous for its brilliant scarlet 
 flowers. Flowers, early in summer; 
 large, solitary, of a dazzling vermilion 
 or scarlet, sometimes with a light- 
 coloured ring round the stamens, 
 which forma jet-black centre. Leaves, 
 3-lobed, incised-dentate, of a lively 
 green. Native of the South of Europe. 
 
 Borders, rockwork, beds in the 
 
 spring garden, and when sufficiently 
 plentiful may be scattered about in 
 half -wild places, in calcareous clay, or 
 rich loam. Propagated by division or 
 by seed. 
 
 Anemone Hepatica (Common Hepa- 
 tica) Hepatica triloba. A well- 
 known old spring -flower, 3 to 6 in. 
 high, with 3-lobed leaves. Flowers, 
 February to April; usually blue, 1 
 on each stalk ; stalks numerous and 
 hairy ; involucre consisting of 3 entire 
 leaves. Leaves, heart-shaped, 3-lobed ; 
 lobes entire, ovate, acute. There 
 are many varieties of this plant ; the 
 principal of which are the single 
 blue, double blue, siDgle white, single 
 red, double red, single pink (carnea), 
 single mauve purple (Barlowi}, crimson 
 (splendens), and lilacina. The double 
 varieties continue longer in bloom 
 than the single. A native of many 
 
 hilly parts of Europe. Borders, 
 
 edgings to beds of American plants, 
 or rockwork. It grows freely in good 
 garden soil, but loves best a rich 
 stiff loam, and a half- sheltered posi- 
 tion. Propagated by division or seed, 
 the double ones by division only. 
 
 1 Anemone japonica(/apan Windflower) 
 A noble perennial, about 3 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in autumn ; numerous, rosy- 
 carmine and downy on the inside, 
 pale rose without, 2 to 2| in. across, 
 on long footstalks which spring from 
 a whorl of 3 or 4 leaves ; anthers, 
 golden yellow. Leaves, ternate, with 
 unequally lobed, toothed segments. 
 
 Native of Japan. Borders, and 
 
 naturalization in almost any posi- 
 tion, the plant having a vigorous con- 
 stitution. Division of root, almost 
 every particle of which is capable 
 \ of forming a plant. A noble variety 
 with pure white flowers is known in 
 gardens as Anemone Honorine Jobert ; 
 it is one of the finest perennials we 
 
ANEMONE. 
 
 57 
 
 have, and is suitable for the same 
 positions as A. japonica. 
 
 Anemone montana (Mountain Pasque- 
 flower) Differs from A. Pulsatilla only 
 in having its leaves less finely cut, and 
 its flowers more drooping, less open, 
 and of a black and velvety violet, 
 which looks red when seen against the 
 light. On the seacoast near Trieste, and 
 
 in S. Tyrol near Botzen. Rockwork 
 
 and borders, in light well-drained soils. 
 
 Anemone narcissiflora (Narcissus- 
 flowered A.) A distinct looking kind, 
 8 in. to 1 ft. high. Flowers, in early 
 summer; whitish, sometimes purple 
 on the outside, in umbels. Leaves, 
 stalked, palmately divided ; the lobes 
 deeply toothed; leaves of the root 
 somewhat hairy. In calcareous moun- 
 tain pastures in many parts of Europe, 
 
 and Siberia. Borders, rock work, 
 
 or on banks in a calcareous or sandy 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Anemone nemorosa (Wood A.) A 
 well-known native plant, 4 to 8 in. 
 high. Flowers, in spring ; white, soli- 
 tary ; sepals 6, oval, veined, silky out- 
 side ; involucre consisting of 3 stalkless 
 leaves, deeply cut into narrow seg- 
 ments. Leaves, of root on long stalks, 
 covered with silky hairs when young, 
 and divided 2 or 3 times into long 
 narrow segments. There are double 
 varieties, and occasionally flowers of 
 lilac, blue, reddish and purplish tones 
 are to be met with. Common in woods 
 throughout Europe and North America 
 from Canada to Carolina. In Eng- 
 land this is best seen in a wild state, 
 but some of its varieties are desirable 
 for the rock-garden and the border. 
 
 Anemone palmata (Cyclamen-leaved 
 A). A remarkable and showy kind, 
 6 to 8 in. high. Flowers, in early 
 summer; glossy golden-yellow, only 
 opening in sunshine; bracts trifid, 
 stalkless ; sepals 10 to 12, oblong, 
 blunt. Leaves, heart-shaped, roundish, 
 blunt, 3 to 5-lobed, slightly toothed 
 
 and hairy. Roots, tuberous. There is 
 a double variety, A. palmata, fl. pi. , 
 and a white one, A. palmata alba, both 
 now rare. North Africa, Spain, and 
 other places on the shores of the Medi- 
 terranean. On rockwork, planted in 
 
 deep turfy peat, or light fibrous loam 
 and leaf-mould, with plenty of mois- 
 ture in summer. Division or seed. 
 
 Anemone pavonina (Peacock A.} 
 Closely allied to the common garden 
 Anemone, but haA T ing very acute petals ; 
 6 to 8 in. high. Flowers, in early 
 summer ; rich red, smaller than those 
 of the commoD garden Anemone, usu- 
 ally very double from the great num- 
 ber of petals filling up the centre of 
 each blossom ; central petals green, 
 lance -shaped, and very acute. Leaves, 
 3-parted ; lobes wedge-shaped, deeply 
 
 toothed. S. Europe. Borders, 
 
 rockwork, or edgings for beds of spring 
 and early summer flowers, in light, 
 warm, and well-drained soil. Division 
 or seed. 
 
 Anemone Pulsatilla (Pasque-flower}. 
 A well-known old native border 
 plant, 3 to 12 in. high. Flowers, in 
 spring; purple, solitary, slightly 
 drooping, spreading; segments 6, 
 pointed, clothed with long silky hairs 
 on the outside. Leaves, 2-pinnate; 
 leaflets deeply cut, with linear lobes ; 
 involucre deeply cut into numerous 
 linear segments. There are several 
 varieties, red, lilac, and white ; also a 
 double one. Dry hills and exposed 
 places throughout Europe and Siberia. 
 Rockwork or borders, in a well- 
 drained light, but deep, soil. Division. 
 
 Anemone rannnculoides ( Yellow 
 Wood A.) A dwarf species, with 
 flowers somewhat resembling those of 
 the lesser Celandine (Ficaria ranuncu- 
 loides), 4 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in 
 spring ; clear golden" yellow, either 
 solitary or in pairs ; sepals 6, elliptical. 
 Leaves, of root 3 to 5-parted ; leaflets 
 somewhat trifid, deeply toothed ; 
 
58 
 
 ANEMONE ANTENNAR1A. 
 
 those of the involucre scarcely 
 stalked, 3-parted, deeply toothed. 
 There are two varieties, one with 
 purple, and the other with white 
 flowers. Middle and Northern Europe. 
 Rockwork and borders, and natu- 
 ralization in calcareous soil, or well- 
 drained, sandy loam. Division. 
 
 Anemone stellata (Star A.} A. hor- 
 tensis. A pretty kind, with star-like 
 flowers springing from the much dis- 
 sected leaves ; 8 to 10 in. high. Flowers, 
 in early summer; red, purple, rose, 
 or whitish ; sepals 10 to 12, oblong, 
 bluntish. Leaves, 3-parted; lobes 
 wedge-shaped, deeply toothed, of 
 the involucre stalkless, oblong, 
 entire, or a little toothed. Southern 
 
 Europe. On rockwork, borders, 
 
 and in the choice spring-garden in 
 warm and sheltered positions, and 
 sandy, well -drained soil. Division. 
 
 Anemone sylvestris (Snowdrop Ane- 
 mone.} A handsome species, with 
 drooping flower-buds, 6 to 18 in. high. 
 Flowers, in early summer ; pure white, 
 solitary, sometimes as large as a crown 
 piece when opened; sepals 6, ellip- 
 tical. Leaves, ternate or quinate, 
 hairy beneath ; segments deeply 
 toothed at top ; those of the involucre 
 
 stalked. Europe and Siberia. 
 
 Borders, on the lower parts of rock- 
 work, by wood-walks and in half -wild 
 spots, shrubberies, etc., in ordinary 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Anemone trifolia (Three-leaved A.) 
 Nearly allied to the Wood Anemone ; 
 4 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in spring or 
 early summer ; white ; sepals 5, ellip- 
 tical, blunt. Leaves, all stalked, ter- 
 nate ; segments ovate-lance-shaped, 
 acute, toothed. On woody hill-sides 
 of Piedmont, the Tyrol, and Siberia. 
 
 Borders, or naturalization with 
 
 our own Wood Anemone. It grows in 
 any soil. Division. 
 
 Anemone vernalis (Shaggy Anemone}. 
 A singular and interesting kind, 2 to 
 
 8 in. high. Flowers, early in summer ; 
 solitary, terminal, bell- shaped, with 
 5 to 6 almost erect, oval divisions, 
 whitish inside, violet and covered 
 with silky down outside. Leaves, 
 small, downy, winged, with one or two 
 pairs of leaflets, oval -rounded, or 
 wedge-shaped at the base, 2- to 3-cleft 
 at the point. Whole plant covered 
 with long tawny hairs. Alps and 
 Pyrenees. Rockwork and borders 
 in well-drained, moist, sandy soil or 
 peat; in borders surround the plant 
 with stones. Division and seed. 
 
 Anemone vitifolia ( Vine - leaved 
 Windflower). Resembles the Japan 
 Windflower in habit ; 8 to 10 in. high. 
 Flowers, in summer; few, white, 
 each blossom 2 in. or more across ; 
 petals oval ; sepals oval - oblong, 
 thickly covered with silvery down on 
 the outside. Leaves, almost all radical, 
 stalked, 3- or 5-lobed ; lobes unequally 
 incised- dentate. Whole plant velvety. 
 
 Borders and the rougher parts of 
 
 the rock garden, thriving best in peat 
 soil. Where it thrives it is worthy of 
 naturalization, but it is not so vi- 
 gorous as the Japan Windflower. 
 
 Anomatheca cruenta (Bloody A.) A 
 pretty and distinct little bulbous 
 plant, 6 to 12 in. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; rich carmine-crimson, three 
 lower segments marked at the base 
 with a dark spot ; tube of flower long 
 and whitish. Leaves, two-ranked, nar- 
 row, sword-shaped, spreading above ; 
 bulb ovate, rather large. Native of 
 
 S. Africa. Warm slopes of rock- 
 
 work, in very sandy dry soil, or on 
 warm borders among the smaller and 
 choicer bulbous plants ; the bulbs to 
 be planted rather deep. Increased by 
 separating the bulbs, or by seed. 
 
 Antennaria dioica (Mountain Everlast- 
 ing}. Gnaphalium dioicum. A dwarf 
 greyish herb, 4 to in. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; whitish, inconspicuous, 
 in heads, several together in a corymb. 
 
ANTENN ARIA ANTIRRHINUM. 
 
 59 
 
 Leaves, mostly smooth on the upper, 
 silvery on the under side r lower ones 
 spoon-shaped; stem - leaves lance 
 or strap-shaped. Britain, Northern 
 Europe, and America. The varieties 
 called A. dioica rosea and A. d. minima 
 with rose-coloured flowers, are by far 
 
 the best worthy of cultivation. 
 
 Rockwork and tufts on the margin of 
 the mixed border, also as an edging 
 plant to beds of alpines, in well-drained 
 sandy soil. Increased by division of 
 the tufts in early spring. 
 
 Antennariatomentosa (Hort.) (Silvery 
 A.) A very dwarf and very silvery 
 plant, scarcely 1 in. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; small, insignificant, in 
 corymbs like those of a Gnaphalium. 
 The chief attraction of the plant is its 
 foliage, which is dwarf, dense, spread- 
 ing, and of a silvery whiteness, forming 
 a carpet of rare and exquisite beauty. 
 
 Native of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Rockwork, borders, edgings, or form- 
 ing silvery carpets in the flower- 
 garden. It thrives in most garden 
 soils, but perishes on cold clay ones in 
 winter. Division. 
 
 Anthemis Chamomilla fl. pi. (Chamo- 
 mile). A dwarf perennial, 6 to 
 10 in. high. Flowers, late in summer ; 
 white, double, nearly 1 in. across. 
 Leaves, much divided into linear, 
 almost thread-like segments; stem 
 
 slightly downy. Garden variety. 
 
 Borders, in which it will prove as orna- 
 mental as the other double-flowering 
 composites. Division. 
 
 Anthericum Hookeri (Hookers A.) 
 Chrysobactron Hookeri. A showy 
 perennial, with fleshy fibrous roots, 
 1 ft. to 20 in. high. Flowers, in early 
 summer ; bright yellow, nearly in. 
 across, freely produced in racemes, 
 3 to 5 in. long. Leaves, linear, 
 sheathing at the base, 8 to 12 in. long, 
 and 4 in. to rather more than 1 in. broad. 
 
 New Zealand. Borders; thriving 
 
 in ordinary soil, but only forming fine 
 
 specimens in that which is deep and 
 moist. Division and seed. 
 
 Anthyllis erinacea (Rushy A.) 
 A singular -looking, much branched, 
 tufted, spiny, almost leafless shrub, 
 about 1 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 few, purplish, closely set, so as almost 
 to form heads, stalked, and furnished 
 with bracts. Leaves, very few, oval 
 or oblong, scattered. Spain and Bar- 
 
 bary. Borders and rock work, in 
 
 ordinary sandy or calcareous soil. 
 Division or seed. 
 
 Anthyllis montana (Mountain A.) 
 A dwarf, prostrate and very ornamen- 
 tal rock plant, about 6 in. high. Flowers, 
 in early summer ; pink, in close heads, 
 on long stalks, with a leafy involucre. 
 Leaves, pinnate ; leaflets 15 to 19 pairs, 
 oval-oblong, acute, small and entire, 
 silky and hoary on both sides. There is 
 a variety with white flowers, but it is 
 
 rare. Southern Europe. Borders, 
 
 rockwork, and naturalization on bare 
 banks, thriving in the worst and cold- 
 est soils, though it grows more freely 
 in deep sandy loam. Division and seed 
 
 Antirrhinum Asarina (Heart-leaved 
 A.) A greyish clammy herb, with the 
 trailing habit of some of the Linarias^ 
 and the spurless flowers of theAntirrhi* 
 nums ; 3 or 4 in. high. Flowers, in sum- 
 mer ; pale yellow, tube longer than in 
 the Greater Snapdragon ; segments of 
 the calyx, linear- lance -shaped, acute, 
 hairy. Leaves, on long stalks, 5-nerved, 
 opposite, heart-shaped, crenated. S. 
 
 Europe. Sunny borders, or sunny 
 
 sheltered spots on rockwork, in warm 
 well-drained sandy loam. It is scarcely 
 ornamental enough for the select col- 
 lection. Seed. 
 
 Antirrhinum majus (Great Snap- 
 dragon}. A well-known old plant> 
 the companion of the wallflower on 
 old walls and ruins ; 1 to 3 ft. high. 
 Flowers, nearly all summer ; varying 
 from white to deep red or purple, 
 in a many-flowered raceme ; peduncles 
 
60 
 
 ANTIRRHINUM AQUILEGIA. 
 
 short and very hairy; corolla above 
 an inch long. Leaves, u arrow, lance- 
 shaped, smooth, entire. There are 
 many beautiful varieties. Mediter- 
 ranean regions, and abundantly 
 
 naturalized elsewhere. Borders, 
 
 margins of shrubberies, or naturaliza- 
 tion on old walls, ruins, and rocky or 
 stony places, in common soil. Seed 
 or cuttings. 
 
 Antirrhinum rupestre (Linaria), 
 (Rock Snap-dragon). A pretty and in- 
 teresting prostrate kind, 6 to 12 in. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; dull rosy- 
 lilac, in few-flowered loose racemes ; 
 spur awl-shaped, nearly straight, 
 shorter than the corolla. Leaves, 
 scattered, somewhat linear, acute. 
 
 Native of the Caucasus. Rockwork 
 
 or borders, in light soil. Seed. 
 
 Aphyllanthes monspeliensis (Mont- 
 pettier A.) A rush -like plant, forming 
 dense, erect tufts, 1 ft. or more high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; deep blue, about 
 f in. across, with a membranous im- 
 bricated brown calyx, solitary, on 
 slender scapes as long as the leaves. 
 Leaves, very slender, pointed, with 
 membranous sheaths at the base ; root 
 
 fibrous. South of France. Borders, 
 
 in light soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Apios tuberosa (Tuberous A.) An 
 interesting climbing perennial, with 
 a tuberous root. Flowers, late in sum- 
 mer ; dull brownish purple, sweet- 
 scented, in axillary racemes; corolla 
 like that of the Pea; calyx bell- 
 shaped. Leaves, unequally pinnate. 
 
 Pennsylvania to Carolina. So far 
 
 as I have seen, this is only suited for 
 a botanic garden, but my experience 
 with it has been on very cold soil. 
 Separation of the tubers. 
 
 Apocynum androssemifolium (Border 
 Fly-trap}. A pretty and curious 
 plant, 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, late in 
 summer ; pale red with darker stripes, 
 freely produced in terminal and lateral 
 cymes ; tube of the corolla much 
 
 longer than the calyx. The flowers 
 emit a grateful odour and entrap 
 numbers of flies. Leaves, oppo- 
 site, ovate, smooth on both sides 
 
 pale beneath. North America. 
 
 Borders and margins of shrubberies, 
 or naturalization in moist, slightly 
 boggy spots in woods. It does not 
 like a dry soil. Division. 
 
 Aponogeton distachyon (Floating A.} 
 A very ornamental water-plant, the 
 leaves and flowers of which float on 
 the surface. Flowers, in spring, sum- 
 mer, and autumn ; deliciously fragrant. 
 The petals are wanting, but are replaced 
 by oval, entire, whitish bracts, ar- 
 ranged in a forked spike from 2 to 
 44 in. long. At the base of each 
 bract are produced from 6 to 12 sta- 
 mens and 2 to 5 pistils ; anthers 
 of a purple brown. Leaves, entire, 
 oblong, of a lively green, on stalks long 
 in proportion to the depth of the water. 
 It is a native of the Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. To establish it, pot some 
 
 plants in a small rough basket 
 allowing them to become strong in a 
 fountain, basin, tank, or water in 
 which they will not meet with acci- 
 dents. In spring these baskets should 
 be dropped into the desired positions 
 in ornamental water, if at first near 
 a spring, so much the better, in water 
 about 18 in. or 2 ft. deep. They will 
 soon root through the baskets into the 
 soil beneath. This plant is a lovely 
 object in a greenhouse or conservatory 
 tank, flowering abundantly during 
 the winter months. 
 
 Aquilegia alpina (Alpine Columbine). 
 A beautiful mountain perennial 
 from 9 in. to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 early summer ; blue ; stem leafy, two 
 or three flowered ; spur slightly in- 
 curved, half as long as the petals. 
 Leaves, biternate, segments deeply 
 divided into linear lobes. It is hand- 
 somest when the centre of the 
 | flower is white. Higher parts of the 
 
AQUILEGIA. 
 
 61 
 
 Alps of Europe. Rockwork, bor- 
 ders, or among the choice alpine 
 plants in pots ; in light sandy and 
 moist loam. Careful division, or seed. 
 
 Aquilegia caerulea (Rocky Mountain 
 A.) A beautiful and singular kind, 
 9 to 15 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 blue and white, spurs green-tipped, 
 slender, about 2 in. long, with a ten- 
 dency to twist round each other ; 
 styles and stamens shorter than the 
 corolla. Leaves, biternate. Rocky 
 
 Mountains. Margin of the mixed 
 
 border, or on rock work, in a well- 
 drained sandy loam. Seed or divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Aquilegia canadensis (Canadian 
 Columbine}. A showy herb, 12 to 
 18 in. high. Flowers, early in summer; 
 scarlet outside, yellow inside, droop- 
 ing ; spur straight, much longer than 
 the limb ; sepals ovate or oblong, 
 a little longer than the petals. Leaves, 
 mostly biternate ; leaflets wedge- 
 shaped, crenately lobed, smooth. 
 
 North America. Mixed borders 
 
 and rough rockwork, in rich light 
 loam. Seed. 
 
 Aquilegia fragrans (Sweet Colum- 
 bine). A handsome, much branch- 
 ing, bushy kind, 2 to 2^ ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; large, light flesh- 
 colour, or lilac, agreeably fragrant, 
 slightly downy; sepals ovate -lance- 
 shaped, acute ; spur curved inwards, 
 twice as long as the truncated petals. 
 Leaves, upper ones downy, somewhat 
 glandular, as are also the ovaries ; 
 lower ones 3-cleft, with segments 
 reaching beyond the middle. Hima- 
 layas. The rock-garden, in moist, 
 
 sandy, well- drained soil. Seed and 
 division. 
 
 Aquilegia glandulosa (Glandular 
 Columbine] . One of the most beautiful 
 of alpine perennials, 8 to 12 in. high. 
 Flowers, in early summer ; fine blue, 
 tips of the petals white ; sepals dark 
 blue, large, nearly oval, with a long 
 
 footstalk ; spur much shorter than the 
 limb. Leaves, biternate, leaflets having 
 numerous lobes. Altai Mountains. 
 Rockwork, or borders, in well- 
 drained sandy loam. Seed, or very 
 careful division in spring. 
 
 Aquilegia pyrenaica (Pyrenean Co- 
 lumbine). Allied to A. alpina, but 
 smaller in all its parts ; 6 to 9 in. high. 
 Flowers, in early summer; blue, smaller 
 than those of A. alpina ; spur nearly 
 equalling the petals in length ; stem 
 1 to 3-flowered, nearly naked. Leaves, 
 1 or2-ternate ; segments linear. Pyre- 
 nees. Rockwork, front margin of 
 the mixed border, or cultivated in 
 pots, in a moist sandy loam. Seed 
 or division. 
 
 Aquilegia Skhmeri (Skinner's Colum- 
 bine). A noble species 2 to 3 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer; red, with the tips 
 of the petals golden yellow ; spurs 
 straight, spreading, about 2 in. long ; 
 sepals lance-shaped, twice as long as 
 the limb of the petals ; stamens pro- 
 jecting. Entire plant glabrous. Pacific 
 coast of the southern parts of N. 
 
 America. Borders, or beds of the 
 
 finer perennials, in warm sandy loam. 
 Division and seed. 
 
 Aquilegia truncata (Large Scarlet 
 Columbine). A. californica. A. 
 eximia. A noble kind, 2 to 3| ft. 
 high. Flowers, late in summer and 
 early in autumn ; of an orange-scarlet 
 throughout; petals truncate, almost 
 wanting ; sepals oblong-lanceolate, 
 reflexed, spreading; spur straight, 
 thick, | in. long. Leaves, in tripartite 
 segments, somewhat obtuse at the 
 
 ends, incise-dentate. California. 
 
 Borders, in fine deep and well-drained 
 sandy loam. I have never seen this 
 plant in such perfection as in the 
 Edinburgh Botanic Gardens. Seed 
 and careful division. 
 
 Aquilegia vulgaris (Common Colum- 
 bine). A well-known inhabitant of 
 gardens, 1 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 
62 
 
 ARABIS AR ALIA. 
 
 early summer ; variously coloured, 
 single or double ; spurs incurved ; 
 stem leafy, many-flowered. Leaves, 
 biternate, nearly smooth. A. Fervain- 
 eana is a variety with variegated or 
 mottled leaves ; and there are many 
 other forms. A native of Britain and 
 
 most parts of Europe and Japan. 
 
 Borders, margins of shrubberies, and 
 naturalization in ordinary soil. Seed 
 or division. 
 
 Arabia albida (White RocTc Cress). 
 A dwarf free-flowering tufted ever- 
 green herb, very common in gardens, 
 6 to 9 in. high. Flowers, in favour- 
 able seasons, soon after Christmas, 
 continuing in bloom till March, April, 
 or May; pure white, in terminal 
 racemes ; petals two or three times 
 larger than calyx ; stalks longer than 
 calyx. Leaves, hoary, few-toothed ; 
 of root obovate-oblong, of stem heart- 
 shaped, clasping. Tauria and Cau- 
 casus. Rockwork, borders, on bare 
 
 banks, or naturalized in rocky or stony 
 places. The variegated forms are 
 often used as edging plants. In 
 ordinary soil. Seed, cuttings, or divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Arabis Androsace (Rosette A.) A 
 neat species, growing in very dense 
 tufts, and resembling an Androsace ; 
 about 2 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 white, with ovate petals 2^ times 
 longer than the calyx, in corymbose 
 racemes. Leaves, small, entire; those 
 of the root linear-oblong, or lanceolate- 
 obtuse, in compact rosettes ; those of 
 the stem sessile, linear, or linear- 
 ovate, sometimes feebly toothed. 
 Pods erect, about in. long, com- 
 pressed, attenuated at the end into 
 the short style ; seeds wingless. Asia 
 Minor on Mt. Taurus, at an elevation 
 
 of 7500 ft. to 8000 ft. Rockwork, 
 
 or margin of the mixed border, in 
 sandy or calcareous soil, and asso- 
 ciated with dwarf and compact 
 alpine plants. Seed and division. 
 
 Arabis blepharophylla (Rosy Rock 
 Cress). Like the White Rock Cress in 
 leaves and habit, but with very showy 
 rosy purple bloom ; 3 to 4 in. high. 
 Flowers, in early summer ; rosy-purple, 
 petals roundish, narrowing to the 
 base, with slender claws. Leaves, 
 naked, except the margins, which are 
 fringed with very stiff hairs ; root- 
 leaves spoon - shaped, stem - leaves 
 
 oblong, stalkless. California. The 
 
 rock-garden or the raised border, in 
 sandy loam ; as it often perishes in 
 winter, the plant should be raised 
 annually and put out in spring. 
 
 Arabis lucida (Shining -leaved A.) 
 A dwarf, shining-leaved evergreen 
 herb, 4 to 6 in.. high % Flowers, in 
 summer; white, in terminal corymbs; 
 petals entire, narrowed at the base, 
 twice as long as the calyx. Leaves, 
 clasping the stem, obovate, thickish. 
 There is a variegated variety which is 
 extensively used as a winter edging 
 
 plant. Hungary. The green form 
 
 is not at all ornamental, but the 
 variegated one is worthy of a place 
 among silvery -leaved and variegated 
 plants, in moist and very sandy loam. 
 Division. 
 
 Arabis procurrens (Spreading A.) 
 A creeping, tufted, evergreen herb, 
 with shining leaves, 3 to 6 in. high. 
 Flowers, in summer, densely pro- 
 duced ; white, not ornamental ; petals 
 double the length of the calyx ; 
 the limb obovate or wedge - shaped. 
 Leaves, smooth, ovate, quite entire, 
 those of root narrowing into the stalk ; 
 stem-leaves stalkless, pointed. Hun- 
 gary. Rough parts of rockwork, or 
 
 on bare banks, in any soil. There is a 
 brilliant variegated variety which is 
 useful as an edging, or for association 
 with variegated plants. Division and 
 seed. 
 
 Aralia edulis (Edible A.) A stately 
 herbaceous plant, 4 to 6 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer; numerous, 
 
ARALIA ARENARIA. 
 
 white, in globose umbels, which 
 spring from the axils of the leaves, 
 and the summit of the stem, and 
 are united into simple or com- 
 pound racemes. Lower leaves, simply 
 pinnate, with 5 leaflets, or 3 -pinnate, 
 with divisions of 3 to 5 leaflets. Upper 
 leaves more frequently simple, with 
 stalked leaflets, having a roundish or 
 heart-shaped base, ovate, acute, 
 finely -toothed, downy; stem herba- 
 ceous, pubescent, spineless. Native 
 of Japan. Associated with peren- 
 nials grown for the effect of their 
 foliage, or isolated by wood-walks, 
 always in rich deep soil. Divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Aralia nudicaulis (Naked-stalled A. ) 
 A vigorous perennial, 3 ft. to 
 4 ft, high, flowers, in summer ; 
 greenish- white ; stems bearing three 
 round umbels ; the pedicels slender. 
 Leaves, radical, the divisions pinnately 
 5- foliate ; leaflets oblong-oval, with a 
 long tapering point, serrate ; root 
 very long, horizontal. N. America. 
 Rich deep loam. Similar posi- 
 tions and treatment to those for 
 Aralia edulis. Division. 
 
 Aralia racemosa ^Spikenard). A 
 vigorous, widely spreading perennial, 
 3 to 6 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 small, greenish-white, in numerous 
 small umbels, forming doubly com- 
 pound racemose panicles ; fruit small, 
 dark purple. Leaves, very large, de- 
 compound ; leaflets heart - shaped- 
 ovate, with a long tapering point, 
 doubly serrate, slightly, pubescent ; 
 root large and thick; the plant is 
 
 strongly aromatic. N. America. 
 
 Isolated tufts by wood-walks, or 
 grouped with vigorous perennials, in 
 rich deep loam, Division. 
 
 ArctostaphylosTJva-ursi(ear5em/). 
 A neat evergreen mountain shrub, 
 1 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer; 
 delicate rose, in clusters at the ends of 
 the branches, of an oval-conical shape 
 
 and divided into five blunt segments ; 
 producing berries about the size of 
 those of the Holly, and red when ripe 
 in autumn. Leaves, resembling those 
 of Box, leathery, entire, obovate. 
 Abundant in hilly places in Europe 
 
 and N. America. Borders and 
 
 rough rock work, especially for hang- 
 ing over the brows of rocks. It grows 
 in any soil, but prefers a moist one. 
 Division or layers. 
 
 Arenaria balearica (Balearic Sand- 
 wort). A fragile creeping evergreen 
 herb, 1 to 3 in. high. Flowers, in 
 early summer ; white, freely produced, 
 1 on each stalk ; sepals ovate, bluntish, 
 much shorter than the petals. Leaves, 
 ovate, rather fleshy, shining, with 
 scattered hairs on the edges. Corsica 
 and the Balearic Islands. The rock- 
 garden, in which it runs over the faces 
 of the stones and rocks. Division. 
 
 Arenaria ciliata (Fringed Sandwort}. 
 A procumbent, tufted, evergreen 
 herb, 2 or 3 in. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; white, usually solitary, on 
 slender stalks \ to \ in. long ; petals 
 obovate, much longer than the sepals. 
 Leaves, small, ovate, fringed with a 
 few stiff hairs near the base. High 
 
 mountains of Europe and Britain. 
 
 Rockwork, in sandy loam. Division 
 or seed. 
 
 Arenaria graminifolia (Grass-leaved 
 A.) A tufted, evergreen, grass- like 
 plant, 6 to 10 in. high. Flowers, in 
 summer; white, on erect stems ; petals 
 obovate, five or six times longer than 
 the blunt sepals. Leaves, long, thread- 
 like, rough on the edges. Caucasus. 
 
 Rougher parts of rockwork, or on 
 
 bare banks, in sandy loam. Division, 
 
 Arenaria laricifolia (Larch-leaved A.") 
 A dwarf evergreen perennial, 6 in. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; white, 1, 
 3, or 6 borne on rather rough ascending 
 stems ; sepals linear- oblong, 3-nerved ; 
 petals twice as long as sepals. Leaflw, 
 awl-shaped, denticulately ciliated. 
 
ARENARIA ARMERIA. 
 
 Alps of Switzerland and France. 
 
 Borders, rougher parts of rockwork, or 
 naturalization on bare banks, in sandy 
 loam. Division. 
 
 Arenaria montana (Mountain Sand- 
 wort], A handsome spreading plant, 3 
 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in early summer; 
 white, large, 1 on each stalk ; sepals 
 ovate, acute, shorter than the petals. 
 Leaves, oblong-lance-shaped, very 
 narrow, on wiry, slightly downy, 
 procumbent stems. France. Rock- 
 work, front margin of the mixed bor- 
 der, or on bare banks, in sandy soil. 
 Seed and division. 
 
 Arenaria purpurascens (Purplish- 
 flowered A.) A closely tufted dwarf 
 evergreen herb, 2 or 3 in. high. 
 Flowers, in summer; purplish, abun- 
 dantly produced. Leaves, smooth, 
 ovate-lance-shaped, acuminate, stalk- 
 less. Abundant on the Pyrenees. 
 Among free - growing dwarf- 
 plants on rockwork, or on borders 
 or naturalized on bare banks, in 
 sandy loam. Division or seed. 
 
 Arenaria tetragona (Square- stem- 
 med A.) A singular-looking evergreen 
 tufted herb, with the leaves disposed 
 in four rows ; 6 in. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; white, in heads, with nar- 
 row leaves between them ; sepals stiff, 
 acute, about the same length as the 
 petals. Leaves, ovate, with a white 
 cartilage along the margin, fringed at 
 the base. France and shores of the 
 
 Mediterranean. The rock-garden, 
 
 or borders. Seed and division, 
 
 Arenaria verna ( Vernal Sandwort}. 
 A prostrate, tufted evergreen herb, 
 1 to 3 in. high. Flowers, in spring ; 
 white, with greenish centres, abun- 
 dantly produced; sepals shorter 
 than the petals. Leaves, awl-shaped, 
 father stiff, upper ones shorter 
 and broader. A native plant, and 
 widely distributed over Europe, 
 Asia, and America. Rockwork or 
 
 borders, associated with very dwarf 
 plants. Division. 
 
 Argemone grandiflora (Large-flowered 
 A.) A handsome poppy-like plant, but 
 very delicate in colour, 2 to 3 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer; white, large, in 
 numerous-flowered panicles ; petals 4 
 to 6 ; calyx smooth ; capsules bluntly 
 4-angled. Leaves, large, smooth, wavy, 
 spiny-toothed, nerves smooth. A 
 native of Mexico. Borders, in well- 
 drained sandy loam. I have not seen 
 this plant live more than a year, but 
 it is said to be a true perennial. 
 Seed. 
 
 Aristolochia Sipho (Siphon A.} A 
 vigorous, climbing, deciduous, large- 
 leaved shrub, attaining a height 
 of 20 feet or more in this country. 
 Flowers, in early summer ; yellowish- 
 brown, l^ in. long, and nearly 1 in. 
 broad at the base ; tube shaped like a 
 siphon. Leaves, heart-shaped, stalked, 
 about 6 in. across, and tapering to a 
 point, entire. A. tomentosa is a variety 
 with the mouth of the tube of a deep 
 purple, and border of the corolla much 
 more deeply divided. North America. 
 
 Excellent for covering bowers, 
 
 stumps, railings, cliffs, etc. Suckers, 
 or seeds, which last are rarely pro- 
 duced in this country. 
 
 Armeria cephalotes (Great Thrift). 
 A very handsome perennial, 4 to 
 20 in. high. Flowers, in summer; 
 deep rose, in a large roundish head on 
 round, erect stalks ; petals obtuse. 
 Leaves, broadly lance-shaped, smooth, 
 entire, pointed, on channelled petioles 
 sheathing at the base. North Africa 
 
 and Southern Europe. In warm 
 
 positions among the taller plants on 
 rockwork, and the mixed border, in 
 well-drained, deep sandy loam. Seed 
 and careful division. 
 
 Armeria vulgaris (Common Thrift) 
 Statice Armeria Armeria maritima. 
 A well-known evergreen herb, with 
 tufted grass-like leaves, 3 or 4 in. high. 
 
ARONICUM ARTEMISIA 
 
 65 
 
 Flowers, in early summer, and con- 
 tinuing a long time ; lilac, white, or 
 deep rose, in a roundish head, on 
 stems 3 to 6 in. or more high. Found 
 on the shores of the British Isles, and 
 on the tops of the Scotch mountains 
 
 and the Alps of Europe. The deep 
 
 rose is the best variety, and it is 
 useful as an edging in the spring 
 garden, for bare banks or margins of 
 shrubberies, and for rockwork, in ordi- 
 nary soil. Increased by division, which 
 is desirable every two or three years, 
 as old plants do not bloom so freely as 
 young ones. 
 
 Aronicum scorpioides (Scorpion A}. 
 A somewhat showy but not very 
 ornamental perennial, 6 in. to 1 ft. 
 high, flowers, in summer; yellow, 
 large, solitary, 1 to 3 on a stem. 
 Leaves, pale green, toothed ; radi- 
 cal leaves on long stalks, broadly 
 oval; the lower stem-leaves shortly 
 stalked, stem - clasping, with two 
 incise-dentate lobes, the upper ones 
 sessile. South of France and the 
 
 Pyrenees. Rockwork and borders, 
 
 in ordinary garden loam. Seed and 
 division. 
 
 Artemisia alpina (Alpine Worm- 
 wood). A dwarf, very tufted kind, 
 6 to 10 in. high, flowers, in summer ; 
 solitary, yellow, button-like, on long, 
 slender stalks; scales of the invo- 
 lucrum lanceolate. Leaves, covered 
 with whitish silky'hairs, pinnate; the 
 lobes linear, entire, seldom divided. 
 Southern Italy, in gravelly places on 
 
 mountains. The rock-garden and 
 
 borders, in ordinary soil. Division. 
 
 Artemisia anethifolia (Dill-leaved A). 
 A graceful perennial, with a simple 
 stem, branching at the top, from 3 to 
 4 ft. high. Flowers, late in summer; 
 small, whitish, very numerous, in an 
 immense panicle nearly 2 ft. long. 
 Leaves, very much divided into fine, 
 thread-like segments of a greyish green 
 colour, and growing chiefly on the 
 
 upper part of the stem ; stem woody 
 at the base, nearly smooth. Siberia. 
 
 Among fine-foliaged hardy, plants. 
 
 Division. 
 
 Artemisia cana (Hoary A.) A dis- 
 tinct-looking and rapid growing peren- 
 nial, 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, not 
 ornamental, ovate, small, in a close 
 spiky panicle ; stem ascending ; 
 branches erect. Leaves, silky, hoary ; 
 root-leaves wedge-shaped, sharply 3- 
 cleft ; stem- leaves, linear-lanceolate, 
 3-nerved. Rocky Mountains, and in 
 
 plains near the Columbia River. 
 
 Desirable only from the silvery tone 
 of its foliage and stems. Borders, and 
 naturalization, growing in the com- 
 monest soil. Division. 
 
 Artemisia frigida (Silky Wormwood}. 
 A very silvery, dwarf, creeping 
 herb, 6 to 12 in. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; dull yellow, not ornamental ; 
 heads small, roundish, racemose-pani- 
 culate. Leaves pinnately divided ; seg- 
 ments narrow. North America. 
 
 Rockwork or margins of borders, in 
 ordinary soil ; only worthy of a place 
 for its foliage. Division. 
 
 Artemisia gracilis (Graceful Worm- 
 wood). A tall and graceful perennial, 
 3 to 5 ft. high. Flowers, in autumn; 
 small, whitish, very numerous, in a 
 dense broad panicle, about lft. long. 
 Leaves, very much divided into very 
 fine hair-like segments ; lower branches 
 
 of the stem very slender. Useful 
 
 in the subtropical garden, or in bor- 
 ders in ordinary garden soil. Seed 
 and division.: 
 
 Artemisia maritima (Sea Worm- 
 wood). A dwarf native undershrub, 
 with much branched decumbent or 
 erect stems, which with the leaves are 
 more or less downy, 1 to 2 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in autumn ; yellowish, erect, 
 or drooping. Leaves, 2-pinnate, ob- 
 long in outline, sometimes kidney- 
 shaped, leaflets narrow, linear. There 
 are varieties differing in stem, leaves, 
 
66 
 
 ARTEMISIA ARUNDO. 
 
 branches, and flowers. Europe, gene- 
 rally near the sea-coast. Borders, 
 
 rough rockwork, fringes of shrubbery, 
 or arid banks. Division and cuttings. 
 
 Artemisia Stelleriana (Steller'sA.) 
 A hoary vigorous herb, ]. ft. to 2 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; yellowish, 
 in hemispherical, somewhat erect 
 heads, not at all ornamental. Leaves, 
 silvery white, (lower ones spathulate- 
 incised, those of the middle of the 
 stem pinnatifid with obtuse lobes, the 
 end lobes often confluent), few, 
 scarcely 2 in. long including the leaf- 
 stalk, covered with white wool under- 
 neath ; stem also woolly. Siberia. 
 
 Rough rockwork and borders, or 
 
 fringes of shrubberies, in any soil. 
 Division or cuttings. 
 
 Artemisia tanacetifolia (Tansy- 
 leaved A.) An interesting perennial. 
 18 in. high. Flowers, in summer; yel- 
 lowish, in terminal, simple racemes ; 
 stem sometimes branching at the 
 base, herbaceous. Leaves, bipinnate, 
 somewhat downy, with the lobes 
 linear-sublanceolate, pointed, entire, 
 forming handsome fern-like foliage. 
 
 S. Europe. Borders and banks, 
 
 in ordinary light garden soil. 
 
 [A few other species of Artemisia 
 are in cultivation, for the most part 
 not ornamental, scarcely so much so 
 as the Common Wormwood and Southern- 
 wood.] 
 
 Arum crinitum (Dragon's Moutli). 
 A very remarkable plant, 12 to 20 in. 
 high. Leaves, pedate ; lateral seg- 
 ments lanceolate, intermediate one 
 hastate. Flowers much larger than 
 those of A. Dracunculus; also remark- 
 ably fetid, and quite startling in their 
 aspect ; spadix and inside of the 
 spathe covered with hairs. Native of 
 Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Syria, and 
 
 Mesopotamia. In borders and warm 
 
 banks, among low shrubs in warm good 
 soil. Separation of tubers. I have not 
 seen it seed in this country. 
 
 Arum Dracunculus (Dragon's A.) 
 Dracunculus vulgaris. An old and 
 very curious plant, nearly 3 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer. Leaves, pedate, 
 in 5 lanceolate segments, broadly 
 veined, the middle ones the largest ; 
 stem and petioles marbled with black 
 like the belly of a viper; spathe 
 furrowed on the inside, slightly ven- 
 tricose at the base, with a widely 
 dilated limb of a pale green exter- 
 nally, and a deep dull violet purple 
 on the inside ; spadix smooth on the 
 top. Native of S. Europe and the 
 
 Canary Islands. At the warm side 
 
 of walls, in borders, or among low 
 shrubs in half-shady spots, grow- 
 ing best in light sandy soil or peat. 
 Separation of tubers. 
 
 Arum italicum (Italian A.} Re- 
 markable for its strikingly variegated 
 leaves, 9 to 15 in. high. Flowers, in 
 spring. Leaves, appearing in the pre- 
 ceding winter, with long stalks, cor- 
 date-hastate, acute, the lobes at the 
 base large and spreading, shining 
 dark green, veined and often spotted 
 with white, sometimes also spotted 
 with black. Spathe greenish, very 
 much dilated above, shorter than the 
 leaves ; spadix club-shaped, yellowish. 
 Native of Europe and N. Africa. 
 
 Borders, banks, rough rockwork, 
 
 or the margins of shrubberies, thriving 
 in almost any soil, but attaining 
 greatest size and beauty in that which 
 is rich, light, and deep. Division. 
 
 Arundo conspicua (Silvery Arundo}. 
 A noble plant, the largest of the 
 New Zealand grasses, with some 
 resemblance to Gynerium argenteum, 
 3 to 8 ft. high. ; growing in dense 
 tussocks, from which rise a pro- 
 fusion of long curving leaves, and 
 erect, slender culms, with large white, 
 silky panicles, from 1 to 2 ft. long ; 
 branches drooping. Leaves, leathery, 
 narrow, smooth, or slightly rough. 
 Northern and middle islands of New 
 
ARUNDO ASCLEPIAS. 
 
 67 
 
 Zealand. This plant, though not 
 
 so hardy as the Pampas grass, does 
 well in the southern counties of Eng- 
 land in warm sheltered positions. 
 Grown in small tubs or large pots, 
 richly fed and freely watered, it will 
 flourish luxuriantly, and prove one 
 of the most distinct and beautiful 
 ornaments of the winter-garden, or 
 large conservatory. Seed or division. 
 
 Arttndo Donax (Great Reed}. A 
 noble and giant grass, 7 to 13 ft. 
 high, sometimes more. Flowers, in 
 autumn ; in numerous spikelets, form- 
 ing a large compact panicle, 1 ft. to 
 16 in. long, at first of a reddish colour, 
 afterwards becoming whitish. Leaves, 
 large and handsome, alternate, ribbon- 
 like, lanceolate-acute, smooth on the 
 edges, of a glaucous green, grace- 
 fully arching. The variegated form 
 A. Donax versicolor, is an exceedingly 
 handsome plant, and is somewhat 
 tenderer than the ordinary form. 
 Native of Southern Europe. Iso- 
 lated tufts in the pleasure-ground, or 
 grouped with other striking hardy 
 plants in deep thoroughly drained 
 sandy loam. It often perishes in 
 winter on the London clay. The 
 variegated form should be slightly 
 protected in winter with coal-ashes 
 or some like material. Increased by 
 division of well-established plants ; 
 the variegated form, by the stems, 
 which, if cut off and thrown into 
 water, send out young plants freely 
 from the joints. 
 
 Asarum europseum (Asarabacca), 
 A very dwarf plant, with roundish- 
 heart-shaped leaves 1 to 3 in. broad. 
 flowers, in summer; of a greenish- 
 brown colour, and about ^ in. long, 
 on very short stalks close to the 
 ground, under the leaves. The Vir- 
 ginian and Canadian species are also 
 in cultivation, but none worthy of 
 a place, except in botanical collec- I 
 tions or perhaps occasionally as j 
 
 edgings. They grow in ordinary soil, 
 and are easily increased by division. 
 
 Asclepias Cornuti (Silk-weed). 
 A. syriaca. A vigorous herb, with 
 stout simple stems 3 ft. to 5 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; pale purple or 
 light rose, sweet scented, numerous, 
 in dense umbels ; hoods of the crown 
 ovate, obtuse, with a lobe, or tooth, 
 on each side of the short and stout 
 claw-like horn. Leaves, opposite, oval- 
 oblong, 4 to 8 in. long, contracted at 
 the base into a short footstalk, pale, 
 covered with a fine down underneath, 
 as are also the flo wer- stalks ; pods 
 ovate, and woolly, covered with weak 
 spines. Native of N. America in 
 
 rich ground everywhere. Borders, 
 
 and naturalization in moist, rich soil, 
 also in tufts in shrubberies and copses. 
 Division. 
 
 Asclepias Douglasii (Douglas's Ascle- 
 pias}. A vigorous-growing, handsome 
 plant, with thick, woolly, simple 
 stems, 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in. 
 summer ; large, waxy, purplish-lilac, 
 sweet-scented, in many-flowered um- 
 bels. Leaves, opposite, oval-heart- 
 shaped, pointed, 64 in. long by 5 in. 
 or more in width, smooth above, 
 downy underneath, on short stalks. 
 N. America. Borders, and natu- 
 ralization, in sandy loam. Seed and 
 division. 
 
 Asclepias incarnata (Flesh-coloured 
 A.} A showy and stout perennial, 
 with erect stems, branching at the 
 top, 2 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer*; deep rose, or purple, having 
 a delicious scent, in umbels usually 
 in pairs, terminating each branch. 
 Leaves, opposite, lance-shaped, slightly 
 woolly on both sides. Swamps and 
 
 river-banks in North America. 
 
 Borders, or margins of shrubberies, or 
 naturalization on river banks, in a 
 deep and moist soil. Division. 
 
 Asclepias tuberpsa (Orange A.} A 
 handsome tuberous-rooted perennial, . 
 f 2 
 
68 
 
 ASPARAGUS ASTER. 
 
 with erect hairy stems, branched at 
 the top, 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; bright orange, in umbels, 
 disposed in a terminal sub-corymb. 
 Leaves, scattered, oblong-lance-shaped, 
 
 hairy. North America. Borders, 
 
 or margins of shrubberies, in peaty, 
 or light sandy soil. Division or seed, 
 which sometimes ripens in this 
 country. 
 
 Asparagus Broussoneti (Giant A.} 
 A climbing asparagus, 10 ft. high. 
 flowers, in summer ; inconspicuous, 
 followed by small red berries ; 
 stem tapering, streaked, shrubby. 
 Lower leaves solitary, the others 
 ternate, an inch long, needle-shaped, 
 persistent, distant from each other, 
 glaucescent : stipules with reflected 
 spines at the base ; root fasciculate, 
 with oblong, white tubers. Canary 
 
 Islands and North Africa. For 
 
 rustic bowers, stumps, poles, etc., in 
 deep soil. Division. 
 
 Asperula odorata (Sweet Woodruff}. 
 A dwarf perennial, with erect stems, 
 6 to 12 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 white, small, in terminal corymbs. 
 Leaves, mostly 8 in a whorl, (some- 
 times, but rarely, 6, 7, or 9,) lance- 
 shaped, smooth, slightly rough at the 
 edges. Fruit roundish, and very hairy. 
 The plant has a delicious hay-like 
 odour when dried. Europe, Siberia, 
 
 and plentiful in Britain. Margins 
 
 of shrubberies, in ordinary soil. Divi- 
 sion in autumn or winter. 
 
 Asphodelus luteus (Yellow A.) Pro- 
 bably the finest of its family, 2 to 4 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; yellow, 
 fragrant, in a dense, very long, straight, 
 slender cluster, in the axils of buff- 
 coloured bracts, nearly as long as the 
 flowers. Leaves, numerous, awl- 
 shaped, triangular, furrowed, smooth, 
 glaucescent, dilated at the base into a 
 membranous sheath ; root-leaves united 
 in a tuft. Root, fibrous, yellowish. 
 
 Native of S. Europe and N. Africa. 
 There is a variety with double flowers. 
 Borders and fringes of shrub- 
 beries, in ordinary good garden soil, 
 but best and strongest in deep and 
 dry sandy loam. 
 
 Asphodelus ramosus (Great A.) A 
 bold and striking tuberous -rooted pe- 
 rennial, 3 to 5 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; large, white, with a reddish- 
 brown line in the middle of each petal, 
 springing from the axils of oval-lan- 
 ceolate bracts, and in very long dense 
 clusters. Leaves, sword-shaped, stiff, 
 keeled, spreading, of a dull green, 
 about 2 ft. long. Root, fasciculate, 
 tuberous. Native of S. Europe, N. 
 
 Africa, and the Canary Islands. 
 
 Similar positions and treatment to 
 those for the preceding kind. 
 
 Aster alpinus (Blue Daisy}. A pu- 
 bescent or hairy minute species, the 
 single blue heads of which scattered 
 over the grass in high alpine meadows 
 look like blue daisies. In gardens it 
 grows larger, and forms vigorous leafy 
 tufts from 6 to 10 in. high. Flowers, in 
 early summer ; blue, 1 to 2 in. across. 
 Leaves, entire, somewhat spoon-shaped, 
 rough with hairs. Alpine ranges of 
 northern hemisphere. There is a 
 white var. Mixed borders and rock- 
 work ; it is occasionally used as a 
 bedding plant on the Continent. An 
 interesting subject for naturaliza- 
 tion in an upland meadow. Division 
 and seed. 
 
 Aster altaicus (Great-floivered Aster). 
 A dwarf, very pubescent species, with 
 mauve-coloured flowers, nearly 2 in. 
 across, and with a yellow disk f in. in 
 diameter. Flowers, in early summer ; 
 few, in partial or imperfect corymbs. 
 Upper leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, 
 ciliated. Native of the Siberian part 
 
 of the Altai Mountains. Borders 
 
 and rough rockwork, or banks, in ordi- 
 nary soil. Division and seed. 
 
ASTER. 
 
 69 
 
 Aster Amellus (Italian Starwort}. 
 A handsome kind, 15 to 24 in. high, 
 with stems growing in large clusters 
 from the root, branching at the top, 
 each terminated by a single flower. 
 Flowers, in late summer and autumn ; 
 blue with yellow disk. Leaves, oblong- 
 lance-shaped, entire, rough. The 
 variety bessardbicus very much re- 
 sembles the type, but has oblong- 
 obtuse leaves, narrowed at the base, 
 and obtuse scales of the involucrum. 
 
 Europe. Borders and banks, in any 
 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Aster catmlicus (Indian Aster], A 
 tall, fine species, very handsome and 
 free-flowering, with a stem about 3 ft. 
 high, branching above. Flowers, in 
 autumn ; f in. across, blue with bright 
 yellow centre, in a large branching 
 panicle. Leaves, entire, lance-shaped, 
 smooth, sessile, clasping; the lower 
 ones 4 in. long, gradually diminishing 
 in size towards the top of the stem. 
 N. India. Borders, and naturaliza- 
 tion in ordinary soil. Division. 
 
 Aster cordifolius (Heart-leaved Star- 
 wort}. A tall, graceful kind, with 
 stems often zigzag below, and inflores- 
 cence slightly drooping, 3 to 4^ ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer and au- 
 tumn ; pale violet, or nearly white, 
 turning deeper ; heads small, mostly 
 crowded into racemes on the short 
 spreading branches. Leaves, heart- 
 shaped, acute, often hairy beneath, 
 rough above ; root and lower stem- 
 leaves gradually pointed, sharply 
 serrate, on slender stalks, the upper 
 ones egg-shaped or lance-shaped, stalk- 
 less, or with short margined stalks, 
 often entire. North America and 
 Northern Asia. Borders, shrub- 
 beries, and naturalization. Division. 
 
 Aster (Galatella) dracunculoides. 
 A very pleasing kind, with light green 
 stems and branches, 2 ft. or more in 
 height, branching above ; branches 
 nearly erect. Flowers, in autumn ; 
 
 1 in. or more across, purplish-blue, 
 with dull yellow centre, in dense 
 cymose, level clusters. Leaves, linear, 
 pointed, sessile, about 1 in. long, 
 chiefly on the upper part of the plant. 
 
 South of Russia. Borders, by 
 
 wood- walks, and naturalization, ID 
 common soil. Division. 
 
 Aster dumosus (Bushy Aster). A 
 very dense bushy species, forming 
 thick branching tufts, 9 to 12 in. high. 
 Flowers, in autumn; pale lilac-blue, 
 about 4 in- across, in broad clusters 
 on the tops of the branches. Leaves, 
 about 2 in. long, lance-shaped, pointed, 
 sessile; upper ones much smaller. 
 
 N. America. Borders, rockwork, 
 
 and naturalization on bare slopes, etc., 
 in ordinary soil. Division. 
 
 Aster elegans (Elegant Starwort}. 
 A tall and graceful kind, with slightly 
 drooping inflorescence, 3 to 5 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in autumn ; pale purple or 
 approaching to white, small, in a con- 
 tracted corymb. Leaves, narrow, 
 lance-shaped, stalkless, pale, rather 
 rough, particularly at the margins, 
 somewhat 3-nerved; stems clothed 
 with erect leaves, 1 to 2 in. long, and 
 ^ to ^ i n - wide, becoming gradually 
 smaller towards the top. Plains of 
 Oregon, and on the Blue Moun- 
 tains, N. America. Excellent for 
 
 borders, and for associating with large 
 autumn-flowering subjects ; ordinary 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Aster fragilis (Fragile Starwort). 
 A bushy kind, with numerous brittle 
 stems, 2 ft. to 24 ft. high. Flowers, 
 in autumn ; small, white at first, 
 with a yellow disk, changing after- 
 wards to light flesh -colour, then to 
 rosy white with a purplish disk. 
 Leaves, alternate ; lower ones oblong- 
 lance-shaped ; upper ones smaller, 
 often tinged with red. N. America. 
 
 Borders and banks, in any soiL 
 
 Division. 
 
70 
 
 ASTER. 
 
 Aster grandiflorus (Christmas Daisy). 
 A peculiarly handsome- flowered 
 species, with somewhat stiff and wiry 
 stems, but with little of the vigour 
 or coarseness of the other kinds ; 2 4 
 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in October, 
 November, and December ; large, 
 violet, terminating the branches. 
 Leaves, of the branches alternate, 
 lance-shaped, hairy and rough to the 
 touch, about the size of those of 
 Hyssop ; lower ones I to 2 in., those 
 of the branches often less than ^ in. 
 long. Southern United States, in 
 
 elevated parts, and in warm soils. 
 
 Except on very warm soils and 
 favourable situations this plant should 
 be trained against a low south wall, 
 on which the flowers would be seen to 
 perfection. Division. 
 
 Aster laevis, var. laevigatus (Smooth 
 Aster). A variable and elegant 
 kind, smooth throughout, 1^ to 2 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in autumn ; about 
 1 in. across, purplish-blue with yellow 
 centre, in a large, close panicle. 
 Leaves, thickish, oblong-lance-shaped, 
 pointed, scarcely, if at all, glaucous, 
 the upper ones more or less clasping 
 by an auricled or heart-shaped base ; 
 scales of the involucrum lance-shaped 
 or linear, with narrow and acute green 
 tips tapering down on the mid-nerve. 
 The variety cyaneus is glaucous, has 
 thicker leaves, and the scales of the 
 involucrum are broader and more 
 leathery, with shorter and abrupt tips. 
 N. America.- Borders, naturaliza- 
 tion, and margins of shrubberies, in 
 any soil. Division. 
 
 Aster laxus (Loose-branched Aster). 
 * A very fine and pleasing species, 
 with a slender stem upwards of 2 ft. 
 high. Flowers, early in autumn ; pale 
 purplish -blue, about I in. across, in 
 loose, irregular clusters. Leaves, oval- 
 lance-shaped, pointed, sessile, partially 
 clasping ; the lower leaves about 3 in. 
 long. N. America. Borders and 
 
 naturalization by wood-walks, etc., in 
 any soil. Division. 
 
 Aster longifolius (Long-leaved A.)~- 
 A very variable and showy species, 
 with smooth, branched stems, 1 to 
 5 ft. high. Flowers, in autumn ; 
 bright purplish- blue, nearly 1 in. 
 across, in dense corymbose panicles. 
 Leaves, lance-shaped or linear, taper- 
 pointed, shining above, entire or 
 sparingly serrate in the middle. The 
 varieties of this species are multiform. 
 N. America. Borders and natu- 
 ralization, in ordinary soil. Divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Aster multiflorus (Many-flowered 
 Starwort). A. ericoides. A densely 
 bushy species, 3| to nearly 4 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in autumn ; numerous, small ; 
 florets of the ray pure white ; disk 
 very small, yellowish- white ; arranged 
 in an elongated corymb, forming a 
 very large bouquet. Leaves, alternate, 
 small, linear, like the leaves of certain 
 heaths ; those at the top of the 
 branches reflected. N. America. 
 
 Borders and naturalization, in any 
 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Aster Novae- An gliae (New England 
 Starwort.} A very tall and robust 
 perennial, 5 to 8 ft. high, with pur- 
 pled, hairy stems, and usually covered 
 with a viscid pubescence in the upper 
 parts. Flowers, late in summer and 
 autumn ; violet - purple, sometimes 
 rose-coloured ; heads in a thyrsus or 
 corymb, or compound somewhat 
 paniculate corymbs. Leaves, nume- 
 rous, lance-shaped, auriculate, clasp- 
 ing, entire, sharp -pointed, clothed 
 with a rough pubescence. North 
 
 America. Among the tallest plants 
 
 at the back parts of the mixed border, 
 in warm soils and positions. It grows 
 any where but in cold soils and positions 
 often blooms only in time to be de- 
 stroyed by frosts. Naturalized in sunny 
 sheltered positions in woods and 
 copses, it would probably be seen to 
 
ASTER. 
 
 71 
 
 greater perfection than in a garden, 
 and it would form a good covert. Di- 
 
 Aster Novi-Belgii (New 
 Starwort.} A smooth, herb, with stout 
 stems ; the branches upright, racemose, 
 or somewhat corymbose, 3 to 5 ft. 
 high. Floivers, in autumn ; blue, either 
 solitary on short branchlets, or in 
 crowded racemes at the tops of axillary 
 branches. Leaves, thickish, pale, and 
 smooth, or slightly rough on the 
 margins and upper surface, some- 
 what lance-shaped, serrate, tapering 
 to each end, acute, the lower ones 
 partly clasping by the narrow base, 
 the others short, clasping by a broader 
 base, often entire. North America. 
 
 Position, soil, etc., the same as 
 
 recommended for A. Novce Anglice. 
 
 Aster obliquus (Oblique Starwort.} 
 A plant deserving of notice for its 
 luxuriant and prolonged flowering, 
 and growing in immense tufts, nearly 
 5 ft. high. Flowers, in autumn ; nu- 
 merous, florets of the ray white, disk 
 purplish. Leaves, alternate, lower 
 ones linear-lance-shaped, oblique ; 
 upper stem-leaves much smaller. 
 North America. Borders and semi- 
 wild places in any soil. Division. 
 
 Aster patens (Spreading A.) A very 
 fine kind, with procumbent stems, 
 1 to 2 ft. long. Flowers, in autumn ; 
 purplish-blue, about 1 in. across, soli- 
 tary, on long spreading stalks, clothed 
 with very minute clasping leaves. 
 Leaves, over 1 in. long, rough, oval, 
 pointed, with a broad, clasping base. 
 North America. Borders, rock- 
 work, and naturalization on bare 
 banks, etc., in ordinary soil. Divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Aster pendulus (Pendulous Aster.} 
 A pretty kind, about 2^ ft. high. 
 Flowers, in autumn ; small, very hand- 
 some, pure white at first, becoming 
 rose-coloured afterwards ; disk small 
 and changing in colour, like the florets 
 
 of the ray. Leaves, oval, lance -shaped, 
 those at the top of the stem much 
 
 smaller. North America. Border 
 
 or shrubbery margins, in any soil. Di- 
 vision. 
 
 Aster puniceus (Purple- stemmed A .) 
 A very tall and stout species, with 
 rough, hairy stems, 3 to 6 ft. high, 
 usually purple below, panicled above. 
 Flowers, late in autumn ; lilac-blue, 
 with yellow centre, an inch across, in 
 a very large pyramidal panicle. Leaves, 
 oblong-lance-shaped, clasping at the 
 base, sparingly serrate in the middle, 
 rough above, nearly smooth under- 
 neath, pointed. North America. 
 
 Borders, naturalization, and shrub- 
 beries, in any soil. Division. 
 
 Aster pyrenaeus (Pyrenean Star- 
 wort.} A very large, handsome, and 
 early autumn-flowering kind, 2 to 
 3 ft. high. Flowers, large, lilac- blue 
 with yellow disk, in a short corymb 
 of 3 to 5 heads, sometimes solitary. 
 Leaves numerous, rather firm, but not 
 fleshy, rough on both sides with small 
 hairs, which issue from glands ; those 
 of the stem, oblong-lanceolate, acute, 
 half embracing the stem, sharply 
 toothed on the upper part. Pyrenees. 
 
 Borders, fringes of shrubberies, 
 
 and naturalization on banks, copses, 
 etc., in any soil. Division. 
 
 Aster Reevesi (Hort.} Beeves 's A. 
 A dwarf species, with slender, branch- 
 ing stems, 9 to 12 in. high. Flowers, 
 in autumn ; small, white, with yellow 
 centre, very numerous, forming a 
 dense pyramidal panicle. Leaves, very 
 small, linear, acute. North America. 
 Borders and rockwork, in ordi- 
 nary soil. Division. 
 
 Aster rubricaulis (Red-stemmed Star- 
 wort}. A. very distinct species, 3j to 
 nearly 4 ft. high. Flowers, in au- 
 tumn ; few, large ; florets of the ray 
 narrow, of a lilac-blue ; disk yellow. 
 Leaves, alternate, oblong-lance-shaped, 
 of a glaucous green colour ; stems of 
 
72 
 
 ASTER ASTILBE. 
 
 a reddish hue. North America. 
 
 Borders and banks, in common soil. 
 Division. 
 
 Aster sericeus (Silky Starwort). 
 A greyish herb, with numerous 
 slender stems, 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, 
 late in summer and in autumn ; deep 
 blue, about 1 in. across, usually 
 terminating the short branchlets. 
 Leaves, lance- shaped, silky, about 
 an inch long, obscurely 3-nerved, 
 crowded on the branches, those of the 
 root about 3 in. long, distinctly 3- 
 
 nerved. North America. Borders, 
 
 in warm, well-drained soil, or on 
 sunny banks. Division. 
 
 Aster Shortii (Short's Aster). A 
 very pretty species, with a slender, 
 spreading, nearly smooth stem, 2 to 
 4 ft. high. Flowers, in autumn; pur- 
 plish-blue, about 1 in. across, nume- 
 rous, in long racemose panicles. Leaves, 
 lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, elon- 
 gated, gradually tapering to a point, 
 3 to 5 in. long, all but the uppermost 
 more or less heart-shaped at the base. 
 N. America. Borders, and natu- 
 ralization, in ordinary soil. Division. 
 
 Aster tardiflorus (Late Starwort). 
 A very free-flowering kind, about 
 3 ft. high. Flowers, in autumn ; 
 florets of the ray light rosy lilac ; disk 
 at first yellow, afterwards purplish. 
 Leaves, alternate, oblong- lance-shaped, 
 of a deep green ; upper stem-leaves 
 
 very small. N.America. Borders, 
 
 in any soil. Division. 
 
 Aster Tradescantii (Michaelmas 
 Daisy). A very late-flowering kind, 
 3 to nearly 5 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 October ; florets of the ray white ; 
 disk at first yellow, afterwards pur- 
 plish. Leaves, alternate, oval-lance- 
 shaped, acute, of a handsome green, 
 sometimes tinged with red ; the lower 
 ones often toothed in the middle. 
 
 N. America. Naturalization in 
 
 semi- wild places, in any soil. Divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Aster turbinellus (Mauve Starwort}. 
 A fine showy kind, with smooth 
 stem and paniculate branches, 2 to 
 3 ft. high. Flowers, late in summer 
 and in autumn ; delicate mauve, in 
 panicles; involucre top-shaped, scales 
 overlapping each other. Leaves, lance- 
 shaped, smooth, entire, with fringed 
 margins, tapering to each end, slightly 
 stem-clasping, those of the thread- 
 like branchlets awl-shaped. North 
 
 America. Borders, with groups of 
 
 handsomer autumn-flowering peren- 
 nials, and naturalization. Grows freely 
 anywhere, but is worthy of good soil. 
 Division. 
 
 Aster versicolor (Various-coloured 
 Starwort). A dwarf neat species, the 
 branches often prostrate from the 
 crowd of flowers at their apex, 9 to 
 15 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; very 
 showy, white at first, changing into 
 pink or purple. Leaves, smooth, 
 oblong-lance-shaped, tapering to a 
 point ; lower ones serrate in the 
 middle, upper ones stem-clasping, en- 
 tire. Said to have been found in 
 N. America, but not recorded by recent 
 
 American botanists. Front of the 
 
 mixed border, in sandy loam ; on the 
 rougher part of rockwork, or on banks 
 in sandy loam, and in sunny positions. 
 Division. 
 
 Astilbe rivularis (Rivulet A.} A 
 vigorous, handsome Spircea-like peren- 
 nial, 3 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; greenish-yellow, in spiked 
 racemes. Leaves, alternate; leaflets 
 ovate, doubly serrate, hairy beneath, 
 
 as are also the stalks. Nepal. As 
 
 isolated specimens in the subtropical 
 garden or pleasure-ground, among 
 vigorous herbs, by wood- walks or mar- 
 gins of shrubberies, in sandy loam. 
 Division. 
 
 Astilbe rubra (Red Astilbe). An 
 ornamental species ; as yet rare 
 in gardens, 4 ft. to 6 ft. high. 
 Flowers, late in summer and in 
 
ASTRAGALUS. 
 
 73 
 
 autumn ; rose-coloured, numerous, on 
 short pedicels, in short dense panicles 
 arranged in a long spike. Leaves, 
 biternate, with adnate, half -sheathing 
 stipules; leaflets 1 to 2 in. long, ob- 
 lique, cordate, serrate. N. America, 
 Japan, and Mountains of N. India. 
 
 Grouped with hardy subtropical 
 
 plants, or in isolated tufts on banks, 
 and in semi-wild places in good deep 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Astragalus alpinus (Alpine A.) A 
 prostrate hairy herb, with branching 
 stems varying from a few inches to a 
 foot in length, flowers, in summer ; 
 bluish - purple, sometimes whitish, 
 drooping, in short racemes about \ in. 
 long. Leaves, divided into from 8 to 
 12 pairs of ovate or oblong leaflets, 
 with an odd one. Mountains of 
 Northern Europe and Russian Asia, 
 
 also in Britain, though rare. 
 
 Rockwork, or margins of borders, in 
 ordinary soil. Division. 
 
 Astragalus dasyglottis (Clover A.) 
 A low and pleasing species, nearly 
 allied to A. hypoglottis, but not so tall 
 nor so hairy, with the stipules united, 
 and oblong-obovate bracts nearly as 
 long as the tube of the calyx. Flowers 
 purple, resembling those of a Clover. 
 Leaflets, elliptical-oblong, sometimes 
 emarginate. Flower-stems a little 
 longer than the leaves ; root creeping. 
 The Siberian parts of the Altai Moun- 
 tains. Rockwork and borders, in 
 
 sandy loam. Division. 
 
 Astragalus hypoglottis (Pwrple A.) 
 A hairy prostrate herb. Flowers, 
 in summer ; bluish-purple, in large 
 roundish heads on stalks longer than 
 the leaves ; calyx covered with black 
 and white hairs. Leaves, composed of 
 8 to 10 pairs of oblong dark-green 
 leaflets. There is a white-flowered 
 variety. Europe, Britain, and North 
 
 America. Level spots on rockwork, 
 
 in well-drained sandy loam, or a 
 chalky soil. Seed or division. 
 
 Astragalus galegiformis (Galega-like 
 A.) A hardy plant of large size, re- 
 sembling Galega officinalis, 3 ft. or 
 upwards in height. Flowers, in sum- 
 mer ; very numerous, yellowish-white, 
 in long axillary clusters. Leaves, re- 
 sembling those of Galega officinalis, 
 with lanceolate pointed leaflets. Si- 
 beria and the East. Association 
 
 with the coarser perennials in wild 
 or rough places. Division. 
 
 Astragalus monspessulanus (Mont- 
 pettier A.) A vigorous prostrate species 
 with leaves a span long. Flowers, in 
 early summer ; deep crimson before 
 opening, and pale rosy-lilac when 
 open, with bars of white on the upper 
 petals, in racemes from 2 to 5 in. long, 
 on stalks 6 to 12 in. highf according to 
 the strength of the plant. Leaves, com- 
 posed of 12 to 20 pairs of ovate-acute 
 leaflets, the outer ones the smallest. 
 
 South of France. Front of borders or 
 
 rougher parts of rockwork, or planted 
 so that the shoots may droop over the 
 edge of banks, etc. It thrives in com- 
 mon soil, and is increased by seed and 
 careful division. 
 
 Astragalus Onobrychis (Saintfoin- 
 like A.} A very showy pubescent 
 species, in some varieties dwarf and 
 spreading, in others erect and growing 
 to a height of 18 in. Flowers, in early 
 summer ; purplish-crimson, in oblong- 
 ovate spikes, on stalks longer than the 
 leaves. Leaves, of 7 to 12 or more 
 pairs of oblong leaflets. There are 
 several varieties, alpinus, moldavicus, 
 and microphyllus, all of which are 
 prostrate in habit, and major, an erect 
 growing one. There are also white 
 forms of all the varieties. Europe and 
 
 Siberia. The dwarf varieties are 
 
 admirably adapted for rockwork, and 
 the tall one for borders, or the rougher 
 parts of the rockwork, in a good 
 sandy loam. Division or seed. 
 
 Astragalus pannosus (Shaggy Milk 
 Vetch}. A singular and attractive 
 
74 
 
 ASTRAGALUS ATHAMANTA. 
 
 kind, from its very silvery and woolly 
 pinnate leaves, growing in compact 
 tufts about a span high. Attracted 
 by its appearance, when I saw the 
 plant in cultivation in Switzerland, I 
 brought home some seeds, from which 
 plants have been raised by Mr. W. 
 Bull and Mr. Jas. Backhouse. I have 
 not yet seen it in flower, but from the 
 beauty of its leaves alone it is likely 
 to prove an excellent rock-garden 
 plant, and probably a valuable bedding 
 and edging one. ft is easily increased 
 from seed. 
 
 Astragalus ponticus (Pontic A.) A 
 very stout perennial, 2 to 3 ft. or more 
 high, with erect hairy stem and large 
 handsome leaves. Flowers, in sum- 
 mer ; yellow, sessile, in roundish 
 heads ; segments of the calyx linear, 
 much shorter than the tube of the co- 
 rolla. Leaves, smoothish ; leaflets ob- 
 long; stipules lance-shaped. Tauriaand 
 Bessarabia Among vigorous peren- 
 nials on margins of shrubberies and in 
 wild places, in any soil. Division or 
 seed. 
 
 Astragalus Tragacantha (Goat's 
 Thorn A.) A. dwarf spiny shrub, 1 to 
 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; pale 
 violet, sessile, 2 to 5 together in the 
 axils of the leaves; calyx downy, 
 cylindrical. Leaves, hoary, having 7 
 to 1 1 pairs of leaflets ; stalks becoming 
 spiny when old. Native of the Levant. 
 
 Rockwork, among dwarf shrubs or 
 
 on banks. It grows in any soil, but does 
 not flower so freely in stiff soils as in 
 fine sandy ones, and is more fitted for 
 the botanic garden than the select 
 collection. Seed or cuttings. 
 
 Astragalus vaginatus (Sheathed A.) 
 A handsome species with erect, 
 pubescent stem, about 1 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; rosy-purple, with 
 white- tipped wings; calyx somewhat 
 inflated, tinged with rose-colour, and 
 thickly covered with soft white and 
 black hairs; flowers each about an inch 
 
 long, arranged in dense spikes on 
 stalks longer than the leaves. Leaves, 
 of 7 or 8 pairs of leaflets and an odd 
 one; leaflets elongated- oblong, with a 
 very short point at the apex, and 
 covered on both sides with short, 
 silvery, adpressed hairs, distinctly ar- 
 ranged in the direction of the length 
 of the leaflet ; young stipules joined 
 together and opposite the leaves. 
 
 Siberia and N. America. Borders 
 
 or rockwork, in sandy loam. Seed or 
 division. 
 
 Astragalus vimineus (Silvery A.) 
 A very handsome plant, 6 to 8 in. 
 high. Flowers, in May ; standard 
 purplish rose, 1| times longer than the 
 wings, which are of a pure white, as 
 is also the keel, arranged in short 
 spikes, which are nearly capitular in 
 form, on stalks longer than the leaves. 
 Leaflets, linear - lance - shaped, acute, 
 marked with 5 or 6 ridges. Native of 
 Iberia, the Caucasus, and the neigh- 
 bourhood of Odessa. Rockwork 
 
 and select borders, in very sandy loam, 
 thoroughly drained, and in a sunny 
 position. Seed and division. 
 
 Astrantia major (Greater A.) One of 
 the most distinct and ornamental of 
 hardy umbelliferous plants, 1 to 2 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer; pinkish, 
 striped, in umbels. Leaves of root, 
 5 -partite, segments ovate-lance-shaped, 
 toothed ; those of involucre linear- 
 lance-shaped, entire, 15 to 20 in num- 
 ber, about the same length as the 
 
 umbel. Europe and Caucasus. 
 
 Borders, rough rockwork or banks, 
 shrubberies and naturalization in 
 copses in any soil. Division. 
 
 Athamanta Matthioli (MatthiolVsA.) 
 A dwarf graceful perennial, 1 tc 
 2 ft. high, with finely-cut fennel-like 
 leaves. Flowers, in summer; white, 
 12 to 25 in an umbel. Leaves, 3- to 4- 
 ternate ; leaflets narrow, thread-like ; 
 both stem and leaves smooth. Alps 
 
AUBKIETIA B AMBDSA. 
 
 of Carinthia and Carniola. Among 
 
 fine-leaved plants, in borders, or 
 groups, or naturalization on banks, in 
 ordinary soil. Division or seed. 
 
 Aubrietia deltoidea (Deltoid A.") 
 A very valuable dwarf, slightly hoary, 
 evergreen herb, 2 to 4 in. high. 
 flowers, in early spring ; lilac or 
 purplish, in clusters of 3 or 4 blooms, 
 so freely produced as to nearly hide 
 the leaves; petals twice the length 
 of the calyx, with long claws. Leaves, 
 obovate-lance-shaped, nearly entire, 
 with 1 or 2 teeth, rough with short 
 
 hairs. Southern Europe. Front 
 
 margin of the mixed border, rock- 
 work, ruins, or sloping bare banks, in 
 dry soil. Division, seed, or cuttings 
 which root readily. 
 
 Aubrietia purpurca (Purple A.) 
 Closely allied to A. deltoidea, but 
 somewhat taller, flowering a fortnight 
 later in spring, and continuing longer 
 in bloom, flowers, larger, and of a 
 fine violet. Leaves, broader, with 
 from 2 to 5 teeth. Stems more leafy, 
 branching, and erect. Asia Minor. 
 
 To this species (the A. macrostyla 
 
 of Boissier) belong A. grandiflora, 
 A. grceca, and the fine variety A. 
 Campbelli. These are all well worthy 
 of culture, as are the variegated forms. 
 Similar positions and soil to those for 
 the preceding. 
 
 Bahia lanata (Woolly Bahia).A. 
 greyish herb, mostly much branched 
 from the base of the stem, 6 to 15 in. 
 high, flowers, in summer; one on 
 each stalk, yellow, in great abun- 
 dance. Leaves, slightly downy be- 
 neath, alternate, lower ones some- 
 times opposite, deeply divided, 
 often strap - shaped and entire. 
 
 America. Borders or banks, in 
 
 light, sandy, well -drained loam, on 
 which, flowering much more abun- 
 dantly, it is a much more ornamental 
 plant than when on cold clay soils. 
 Seed, or more readily by division. 
 
 Bambusa aurea (Yellow-stemmed 
 Bamboo}. A shrubby perennial, hardy 
 and graceful, 6| to 10 ft. high, 
 differing but slightly from B. viridi- 
 glaucescens in size, habit, and elegance. 
 
 into a yellowish hue, and finally be- 
 coming of a straw yellow when fully 
 grow r n. The leaves differ from those 
 of B. viridi-glaucescens in having their 
 under surface less glaucescent ; and 
 the sheath is always devoid of the long 
 
 silky hairs. China. In sheltered 
 
 and warm but not shady spots in the 
 pleasure-ground, and, till more plenti- 
 ful, usually as an isolated specimen. 
 It delights in well- drained, deep, and 
 good loamy soil, enriched with vege- 
 table matter, and with plenty of 
 moisture in summer. Careful division 
 of strong established tufts. 
 
 Bambusa falcata (Common Hardy 
 Bamboo}. The only kind at present 
 much planted with us ; 7 to 20 ft. 
 high. Stem woody, twisted, smooth, 
 of a yellowish-green or straw-colour, 
 knotty, bearing on one side of each of 
 the knots a bundle of -small branches 
 equally knotty and twisted. Leaves, 
 linear -acute, alternate, in two rows, 
 sheathing, ribbon-like, of a fine, deli- 
 cate green, from 4 to 6 in. long, on short 
 stalks. Native of the Himalayas, 
 at elevations of from 7500 to 10,000 ft., 
 where, according to Royle, "its 
 annual stems are yearly beaten down 
 by the falls of snow, which protect its 
 perennial roots from excessive frost." 
 
 It is hardy over the greater part of 
 
 England and Ireland, but only attains 
 full development in the south and 
 west. I have seen it attain great 
 luxuriance in Devon, and nearly 
 20 ft. high in Mr. Smith-Barry's place 
 near Cork, where I had the pleasure of 
 seeing a large plantation of it a few 
 
 days before Christmas, 1870. In 
 
 sheltered nooks in the pleasure- 
 ground, with best effect as an isolated 
 
76 
 
 B AMBUSA BAPTISIA. 
 
 specimen. Where it thrives it might 
 be used in the flower-garden with fine 
 effect ; where it does not thrive freely, 
 it is not worth planting. It loves a 
 deep, sandy, and rich soil, and plenty 
 of moisture when growing fast, and is 
 propagated by careful division of 
 established plants. 
 
 Bambusa Fortune! (Fortune's Bamboo) . 
 A pretty dwarf variegated species, 
 of which I have not seen the green 
 form in cultivation, with a half 
 shrubby, very dwarf, slender, branch- 
 ing, hollow stem, with very short 
 internodes, and seldom growing more 
 than 18 in. high. Leaves, linear- 
 lanceolate, abruptly pointed, some- 
 what rounded at the base, on very 
 short hairy stalks, serrated and often 
 fringed with long hairs on the margin, 
 downy on both sides, and distinctly 
 variegated, the transverse veins being 
 often of a bottle-green colour. Native 
 
 of Japan. This has proved hardy in 
 
 our gardens ; but it has not the charm 
 of grace possessed by the taller kinds, 
 and is chiefly desirable in collections 
 of variegated and edging plants. 
 
 Bambusa japonica (MetaJce Bamboo) 
 B. Metake. A large - leaved and 
 rather dwarf species, 4 to 7 ft. 
 high. Stem, entirely concealed by the 
 sheaths of the leaves, thickly tufted, 
 with erect branches. Leaves, lance- 
 shaped, dark green, persistent, with a 
 very sharp point, narrowed into a 
 short leafstalk, and nearly a foot 
 long. Spikes with from ten to twenty 
 flowers, narrov, often somewhat 
 
 cylindrical. Japan. 1 have seen 
 
 this thrive very freely in the late Mr. 
 Borrer's garden in Sussex, and in one 
 or two other places; but, unfortu- 
 nately, it, unlike many of the other 
 kinds, goes to seed so freely that it is 
 rarely ornamental. Loves a peat 
 soil or a very free moist and deep 
 loam, and runs a good deal at the 
 root. 
 
 Bambusa nigra (Dark-stemmed 
 Bamboo). A rather compact-growing 
 kind. Stems, smooth, bushy, about 
 7 ft. high, of a light green, dotted and 
 striped with purple when young, 
 changing to a glistening black when 
 fully grown ; branching very much at 
 the top, and sometimes from the base 
 up. Leaves, shortly stalked, oval- 
 oblong-acute, with a hard, dry, per- 
 sistent sheath. China. As isolated 
 
 specimens near the margins of shrub- 
 beries in the pleasure-ground, in 
 warm, sunny, and sheltered posi- 
 tions, in deep, sandy, and well-drained 
 soil. 
 
 Bambusa viridi-glaucescens (Greyish 
 Bamboo.') This has been proved very 
 hardy and free in the Paris gardens, 
 and will probably make a more vigo- 
 rous growth, and prove a more beauti- 
 ful object than any other kind, in 
 warm parts of our islands. Stems, 
 7 to 12 ft. high, of a light yellowish 
 green, branching from the base, each 
 branch again branching very much. 
 Leaves, pale green, bluish underneath, 
 sheathing the stem for a considerable 
 length. China. As isolated speci- 
 mens in sheltered warm glades in the 
 pleasure-ground, or in snug, open 
 spots near wood- walks, in very deep, 
 rich, and light, well-drained soil. 
 
 The following kinds are also known 
 in French gardens : B. edulis, B. Si- 
 monii, B. mitis, B. scriptoria, B. 
 verticillata, B. graminea, B. violacea, 
 B. Duquilioi. Of these, some are 
 not yet sufficiently proved ; the 
 first two are the best, and would, 
 like the others, thrive well in the 
 South of England and Ireland. 
 
 Baptisia alba (White B.)An in- 
 teresting perennial, 2 to 3 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in early summer ; white, in 
 racemes about a foot long, on stalks 
 springing from the root. Leaves, 
 stalked, smooth, somewhat like those 
 
BAPTISIA BORAGO. 
 
 77 
 
 of the Laburnum. North America. 
 
 Borders, in deep loamy soils. 
 
 Seed or division. 
 
 Baptisia australis (Southern B.} A 
 handsome plant, with spreading, 
 branched, smooth stems, 2 to 3ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; dark - blue or 
 purple, in few- flowered racemes shorter 
 than the branches ; calyx with 4 di- 
 visions, lower one blunt. Leaves, 
 stalked, smooth; leaflets oblong- 
 wedge-shaped, blunt. Banks of rivu- 
 lets in North America. Borders, 
 
 margins of shrubberies, or naturaliza- 
 tion in any soil. Division or seed. 
 
 Baptisia exaltata (Tall B.)A fine, 
 showy perennial, with erect stem, 3 to 
 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; deep 
 blue, scattered in many-flowered ra- 
 cemes, longer than the branches ; 
 calyx with 4 divisions, lower one 
 acute. Leaves, ternate ; leaflets lance- 
 shaped - obovate. North America. 
 
 Borders, by wood- walks, margins 
 
 of shrubberies, or naturalization in 
 ordinary soil. Division or seed. 
 
 Barnardia scilloides (Squill-like B.} 
 A pretty squill-like bulbous plant, 
 about 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 pale blue, green on the outside, with 
 yellow anthers, numerous in dense 
 terminal racemes. Leaves, linear, 
 channelled, pointed, 6 in. long; bulb 
 
 tunicated. Macao. Rockwork, in 
 
 light sandy loam, and on warm bor- 
 ders. Division. 
 
 Begonia Veitchii (Veitch's B.} A 
 brilliant and large-flowered, hardy 
 kind, resembling Saxifraga ciliata in 
 habit, 8 in. to 1 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 autumn ; 2 to 2 4 in. across, of a vivid 
 vermilion cinnabar-red, usually 2 on 
 each stem. Leaves, of a rich, glossy, 
 dark green, nearly circular, about 
 3 in. across. Found near Cuzco, in 
 Peru, at an elevation of upwards of 
 12,000 feet, and proved in this country 
 sufficiently hardy to withstand seven 
 degrees of frost without the least in- 
 
 jury. Rockwork, or slightly raised, 
 
 choice borders, in rich, light, and 
 very well-drained soil. Division and 
 seed. 
 
 Bellis perennis (Daisy.} It is need- 
 less to describe this well-known na- 
 tive plant, but the handsome double 
 varieties, from the quilled white 
 and the double red, to the sin- 
 gular aucuba -leaved one, with its 
 leaves so richly stained and veined 
 with yellow, and the quaint hen-and- 
 chicken variety, are among the most 
 effective and easily- managed subjects 
 we can use for the spring and early 
 
 summer garden. They grow best in 
 
 rich garden soil, and may be increased 
 rapidly by dividing them into small 
 pieces in April. 
 
 Betonica grandiflora (Large-flowered 
 B.) A dwarf, hairy, erect perennial, 
 12 to 18 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 purplish, in whorls of from 10 to 20 ; 
 corolla 3 times as long as the some- 
 what bell-shaped calyx. Leaves, 
 stalked, broadly-ovate, blunt, heart- 
 shaped at the base ; floral ones stalk- 
 less, stem-clasping. Siberia. Bor- 
 ders, margins of shrubberies, or natu- 
 ralization in common soil. Division. 
 
 Bocconia cordata (Heart-shaped B.) 
 Macleya. A stately perennial, 
 4 to 8 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 brownish, in large panicles. Leaves, 
 roundish-heart-shaped, whitish be- 
 neath, shortly lobed. China. In 
 
 borders or in isolated tufts in the turf 
 of the pleasure-ground. This attains 
 greatest vigour and beauty in deep, 
 warm, sandy loam, and in a sheltered 
 and sunny position. Division of well- 
 established plants. 
 
 Borago orientalis (Early Borage) 
 Borago cordifolia. A somewhat 
 coarse but pleasing herb, 8 in. to 15 in. 
 high. Flowers, early in spring ; bluish, 
 with five reflected ovate-obtuse divi- 
 sions longer than the tube, in panicled 
 clusters ; stamens projecting very far 
 
78 
 
 BOUSSINGAULTIA BRODLEA. 
 
 from the mouth of the flower. Leaves, 
 nearly all radical, heart-shaped, set 
 with rigid hairs. This runs very much 
 at the root, which is thick and blackish 
 on the outside. Found about Constan- 
 tinople. Naturalization in lanes, on 
 
 banks, etc., in any soil, but best 
 in sunny spots, as it is an early 
 flowerer. Division. 
 
 Boussingaultia baselloides (Trailing 
 B.) A very luxuriant trailing plant, 
 16 to nearly 20 ft. long, sometimes 
 more. Flowers, late in autumn ; small, 
 white, fragrant, becoming black as 
 they fade, disposed in clusters 2 to 
 4 in. long, which spring from the axils 
 of the leaves at the ends of the 
 branches. Leaves, of a fine green, 
 alternate, cordate, smooth, shining, 
 fleshy, slightly wavy; stems very 
 twining, tinged with red, growing 
 with extraordinary rapidity, and pro- 
 ducing numerous tubercles. Root 
 fibrous and long. Native of Quito. 
 
 Prefers a rich vegetable soil and 
 
 sunny aspect, although it will grow 
 in almost any soil and position. It is 
 only suited for dry banks and chalkpits, 
 associated with climbing and trailing 
 plants. Propagated with the greatest 
 facility by means of the tubercles of 
 the stem ; these are extremely brittle, 
 and break with the least shock, but 
 the smallest fragment will vegetate 
 as well as the entire tubercle. 
 
 Briza media (Common Quaking-grass). 
 An erect-growing ornamental grass, 
 9 to 15 in. high. Flowers, in early 
 summer ; in loose panicles 2 to 4 in. 
 long ; spikelets two on each slender 
 branch, roundish at first, heart-shaped 
 afterwards, smooth, shining, usually 
 variegated with green and purple, but 
 sometimes white. Leaves flat, 2 to 4 in. 
 long, and g in. broad, few, except at the 
 bottom of the stem. Asia, Europe, 
 and Britain. Borders, and natu- 
 ralized on bare banks and slopes. Seed 
 and division. 
 
 Broidsea coccinea (Crimson-flowered 
 B.) A very beautiful bulbous plant 
 of the lily family, with a flower- scape 
 from 2 to 3 ft. in height. Flowers, in 
 summer ; about 14 in. long, tubular- 
 campanulate, with six recurved seg- 
 ments of a pea-green colour, the re- 
 mainder of the flower being of a rich 
 magenta crimson. The three exterior 
 stamens are petal-like and greenish- 
 white. The flowers are nodding, and 
 borne in a terminal umbel of from 5 to 
 12, or even 15 to 20 flowers, when esta- 
 blished and vigorous. Leaves, linear, 
 channelled, lax, nearly as long as the 
 flower-scape. Trinity Mountains, Ca- 
 lifornia. Select warm spots on 
 
 rockwork, and mixed border among 
 select plants, in warm sandy loam. 
 Division and seed. 
 
 Brodiaea congesta (Allium-Wce B.} 
 A rather handsome AUium-like bulb, 
 8 to 20 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 of a fine blue, with the crown paler ; 
 in an umbel of 6 to 8 blooms ; petals 
 cleft at the top. Leaves few, long, 
 slender, and grooved on the inside. 
 Bulb, small, roundish, and much 
 wrinkled. Native of the N.W. coast 
 of N. America. A peculiarity of the 
 flowers of the plants of this species is 
 that some of the stamens are meta- 
 morphosed into fleshy scales, which 
 adhere to the mouth of the corolla, 
 and in this state bear anthers. Bor- 
 ders in light soil. Division. 
 
 Brodisea grandiflora (Large-flowered 
 B.} A handsome bulbous plant, 8 in. 
 to 1 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 bluish-purple, with entire pointed 
 petals, in an umbel of 2 to 7 flowers. 
 Leaves, 2 or more, linear, pointed, 
 slender, grooved on the inside, fur- 
 nished with a few membranous scales. 
 Bulb, small, roundish, dry and 
 wrinkled. Native of N.W. coast of 
 N. America. Choice borders, rock- 
 work and bulb-garden, in light, sandy, 
 deep and well-drained soil. Division. 
 
BROMELIA CALANDRINIA. 
 
 79 
 
 Bromelia sphacelata (Hardy JB.) A 
 rough plant, forming tufts of harsh, 
 rigid, spiny leaves I ft. to 2 ft. high. 
 flowers, in summer; purple, sessile, 
 crowded and overlapping each other, 
 in axillary spikes. Leaves, numerous, 
 erect, sword-shaped, long-pointed, 
 fringed with stiff spines pointing up- 
 wards. Chili. The rock-garden 
 
 and warm borders, in light, perfectly- 
 drained soil. This plant has stood out 
 of doors for several winters past, 
 and will probably prove quite hardy 
 on rockwork in the southern coun- 
 ties. 
 
 Bryanthus ereetns (Hybrid B.} 
 A dwarf evergreen bush, 8 in. to 1 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in April ; pinkish, about 
 ^ in. across, cup-shaped with 5 broad 
 pointed segments, arranged on thin, 
 wiry, hairy stalks about 1 in. long, in 
 erect corymbose groups on the tops of 
 the stems ; style twice as long as the 
 flower, projecting; calyx of 5 broad 
 oval-acute segments, tinged with red, 
 and with a very narrow membranous 
 margin. Leaves, linear-lanceolate, ob- 
 tuse, keeled, with reflexed margins, 
 smooth, leathery, erect, crowded 
 densely and overlapping on the upper 
 parts of the branches, few and scat- 
 tered on the lower parts of the stem ; 
 stem and branches very rigid. Said 
 to be a hybrid between Rhododendron 
 
 Chamcecistus and Kalmia glauca. 
 
 Rockwork and choice border, in sandy 
 peat soil. Division and cuttings. 
 
 Bulbocodium vermim (Spring Mea- 
 dow Sa/rori).A.very early handsome 
 bulb, 4 to 6 in. high. Flowers, very 
 early in spring ; whitish at first, 
 changing to purplish -violet, with a 
 white spot on the claw, long, tubular, 
 funnel-shaped, 2 or 3 from each bulb, 
 appearing before the leaves. Leaves, 
 generally three in number, strap- 
 shaped, broad, concave, and sur- 
 rounded at the base by well-developed 
 membranous sheaths. Bulb t black, 
 
 oblong, resembling that of a Colchicum. 
 Native of Switzerland, Hungary, and 
 
 S. transalpine Europe generally. 
 
 Borders, the rock-garden, the bulb- 
 garden, and naturalization on bare 
 slopes and banks, with a good aspect. 
 It thrives in almost any soil, best in a 
 moist loam perhaps, and is increased 
 by separation of the bulbs. 
 
 Calamagrostis argentea (Silvery C.) 
 A rather ornamental grass, forming 
 tufts of long glaucous leaves, and send- 
 ing up flower-stems about 3 ft. high. 
 The inflorescence consists of close 
 spiked panicles, 8 or 9 in. long ; the 
 spikelets presenting a feathery ap- 
 pearance from the extreme narrow- 
 ness of the glumes and paleae. Leaves, 
 upwards of 1 ft. long and about in. 
 across, finely channelled on the back, 
 and roiigh with very minute teeth. 
 South of Europe. 'Borders, in ordi- 
 nary soil. Division. 
 
 Calamintha glabella (Tom Thumb 
 Calamint). A very charming minute 
 herbaceous plant, forming compact 
 and neat little tufts about 3 in. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; lilac-purple, tubu- 
 lar, scented, very numerous and large 
 for the size of the plant. Leaves, linear- 
 lance-shaped, sessile. The rock- 
 garden, in sandy loam, and among the 
 very dwarf est plants. Division and 
 seed. 
 
 Calandrinia umbellata (Brilliant (7.) 
 A very dwarf evergreen herb, with 
 much- branched stems, half shrubby 
 at the base v 3 to 4 in. high. Mowers, 
 in summer ; magenta-crimson, in a 
 terminal corymb, on erect, naked 
 stems. Leaves, very narrow, hairy, 
 
 acute. Chili. Rockwork, margin 
 
 of the mixed border, small beds, or 
 edgings ; always in a fine sandy or 
 peaty soil. It is better to sow it every 
 year, as young plants flower more 
 continuously than old established 
 tufts. 
 
80 
 
 CALCEOLARIA CALTH A. 
 
 Calceolaria Kellyana (Kelly's C.) 
 A handsome hardy hybrid, with 
 twice-branching downy stems, 6 in. to 
 9 in. high. Flowers, in summer; nearly 
 f in. across, deep yellow with nume- 
 rous small brown dots, two or three 
 together on the top of the stems. 
 Leaves, all radical, in a rosette, almost 
 spathulate in shape, with an irregular 
 toothed margin, and more or less 
 covered on both sides with soft white 
 
 hairs. Rockwork and borders, in 
 
 well-drained sandy loam. Division. 
 
 Calla palustris (Bog Arum}. A very 
 interesting and ornamental trailing bog- 
 plant, 3 to 8 in. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; spadix yellow, half as long 
 as the spathe, which is persistent, 
 flat, oval - obtuse, with a terminal 
 point, pure white on the inside, and 
 greenish externally. Leaves , all radical, 
 oval or heart-shaped, stalked, the 
 stalks sheathing the stem at the base. 
 Rhizome, thick, creeping, jointed. 
 Marshes in the N. E. of France, N. 
 Europe, N. Asia, and N". America. 
 
 Grows freely in every kind of 
 
 bog, natural or artificial, and by the 
 margins of ponds and lakes. I have 
 never seen it so luxuriant as on beds 
 of rich soft mud. Easily increased 
 to any extent by division of the long 
 creeping rootstock. 
 
 Calliprora lutea (Yellow C.) A 
 rather pretty bulbous plant. Flowers, 
 in early summer ; yellow ; divisions 
 purplish-brown in the middle on the 
 outside. Leaves, linear-sword-shaped, 
 pointed, grooved, longer than the 
 flower-stem; bracts sheathing, sca- 
 rious, much shorter than the pedicels, 
 
 Native of N. California. The bulb 
 
 border, or a well- drained spot on the 
 lower flanks of rockwork, in dry sandy 
 soil. Separation of the bulbs. 
 
 Callirhoe digitata (Finger-leaved C.) 
 A glaucous herb, 2 to 3 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; reddish purple ; 
 peduncles long, axillary, 1 -flowered. 
 
 Leaves, subpeltate, 6 to 7 -parted ; seg- 
 ments, linear, entire or 2-parted ; up- 
 per ones more simple. North America. 
 
 Borders, or rough rockwork, in 
 
 richfibry loam. Seed, or careful division. 
 
 Callirhoe involucrata (Crimson Mal- 
 va). A very handsome procumbent 
 herb, 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer, 
 crimson, 14 to 2 in. across, in a loose 
 panicle ; sepals lance -shaped, very 
 hairy ; stalks erect, 1 to 2 in. long. 
 Leaves, divided nearly to the base, 3 
 to 5-parted ; segments narrow, lance- 
 shaped, 3 to 5-toothed, hairy on both 
 sides ; stem clothed with spread- 
 ing hairs. Valley of the Loup, Fork 
 
 of the Platte, N. America. Sunny 
 
 borders, or rockwork, in good sandy 
 loam. Seed. 
 
 Calluna vulgaris (Common Ling). 
 Erica vulgaris. --A well-known spread- 
 ing evergreen shrub, 1 to 2 ft. high 
 or more. Flowers, in summer ; pur- 
 plish-pink, small, in long, terminal, 
 spiked racemes. Leaves, 3 -cornered, 
 small and short, opposite, blunt at the 
 
 point, arrow-shaped at the base. 
 
 Few of us would think of giving a 
 place to the common Ling, but several 
 of its dwarf and highly - coloured 
 forms deserve a place on the rougher 
 parts of the rockwork, or in beds in 
 tufts, or as edgings, in a peat soil. 
 
 Calopogon pulehellus (Pretty C.} A 
 very attractive tuberous- rooted orchi- 
 daceous plant, about 1 ft. high. 
 Flowers, late in summer ; purple, with 
 a handsome pale- ye] low beard or tuft 
 of hairs growing from the lip. Leaves 
 few, radical, grassy. Native of all 
 parts of the United States, in wet 
 prairies, or the edges of pine woods. 
 
 Well suited for a good position on 
 
 the rockwork, or for an open spot in 
 the hardy fernery. I have had no expe- 
 rience of the mode of propagating it. 
 
 Caltha palustris (Marsh Marigold]. 
 A well-known native plant with 
 slightly branched stems, 6 to 12 in. 
 
CALYPSO CAMPANULA. 
 
 81 
 
 high. Flowers, in spring, continuing 
 until early summer; bright golden- 
 yellow, large ; peduncles furrowed. 
 Leaves, roundish, kidney - shaped, 
 roundly crenate, on long stalks. There 
 is a double variety and a smaller- 
 flowered one, the double one excellent 
 for gardens. Marshy places, moist 
 meadows and margins of rivers, brooks, 
 etc., throughout Europe, Western 
 
 Asia, and North America. The 
 
 double var. is a first-class plant for 
 moist soils and the artificial bog : the 
 single one always looks well by the 
 side of ponds and streams. Division. 
 
 Calypso borealis (Northern C.} A 
 handsome and very interesting orchid, 
 about 1 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 rose - coloured, resembling those of a 
 Cypripedium, solitary on the end of 
 a slender, sheathed stem. Leaves, one 
 only, thin, many-nerved, either ovate 
 or cordate. Native of the Northern 
 parts of Europe, Asia, and A.merica, 
 in woods, especially of Firs. The 
 plant' appears to be nearly related to 
 Ccelogyne, and particularly to the sec- 
 tion Pleione. Half -shady spots on 
 
 the margins of the rock-garden or 
 artificial bog, or in a select spot in 
 shrubberies, in light, moist vegetable 
 soil mulched with cocoa fibre or other 
 material to keep the surface open. 
 
 Calystegia dahurica (Dahurian C.) 
 Convolvulus daJturicus A very 
 showy twining perennial. Flowers, in 
 summer ; rosy purple ; peduncles axil- 
 lary, I -flowered ; sepals, lance-shaped, 
 2 outer ones broadest. Leaves, some- 
 what heart-shaped, smooth; margins 
 and veins of the under surface downy ; 
 stems downy. Hoots, creeping. Cau- 
 casus. Excellent for covering 
 
 bowers, railings, stumps, cottages, 
 etc., and also for naturalization in 
 hedgerows and copses. It grows in 
 almost any kind of soil, and, like its 
 relation the bind-weed, is readily in- 
 creased by division of the root. 
 
 Calystegia pubescens plena (Double 
 C. A handsome twining plant, 3 
 to 6 ft. high. Flowers, in summer 
 and autumn ; large, of a flesh rose- 
 colour, changing to bright rose, very 
 double, on stalks from 2| to 34 in. 
 long. Leaves, alternate, hastate, 
 
 downy. China. Likes a light soil 
 
 and warm aspect, and is useful for the 
 same positions as the preceding though 
 not so vigorous. Grown in large pots 
 and tubs, I have seen it used with 
 good effect in London for forming 
 small bowers, etc. on balconies. 
 Division of the root, which runs very 
 much. 
 
 Camassia esculenta (Quamash-roof). 
 A handsome and distinct bulbous 
 perennial, 1 to 2^ ft. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; dull violet - blue, 6 to 
 10 in a lax spike. Leaves, linear, 
 grooved on the inside, streaked, some- 
 times glaucescent. Bulb, of moderate 
 size, egg-shaped, whitish. Native of 
 N. W. America and the valleys of the 
 
 Rocky Mountains. Borders and 
 
 bulb-garden, attaining greatest vigour 
 and beauty in free and deep sandy 
 loam, well drained. Separation of the 
 bulbs every third or fourth year. 
 
 Campanula alpina (Alpine Harebell). 
 A dwarf herb, covered with stiff down, 
 and with nearly simple, furrowed 
 stems, 5 to 10 in. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; deep blue, scattered in a 
 pyramidal manner along the stems; 
 lobes of the calyx nearly as long as 
 the corolla: Leaves, oblong - linear, 
 woolly, those of the root crowded and 
 narrowed at the base. Transylvania and 
 
 the Carpathian Mountains. The 
 
 front margin of the mixed border, or 
 rockwork, in sandy loam. Division 
 or seed. 
 
 Campanula autumnalis (Autumn C.} 
 Platycodon autumnale. A handsome 
 perennial, 20 in. to 2 ft. high. Flowers, 
 in autumn; of a vivid blue, glistening 
 
 fl 
 
82 
 
 CAMPANULA. 
 
 on tlie outside, arranged in a length- 
 ened panicle. Leaves, alternate, oval- 
 acute, toothed, often tinged with red. 
 There are several varieties : one with 
 single white flowers, another with 
 double blue, another with double 
 light-blue or lilac, and another with 
 
 double white. China. This kind 
 
 differs from Q. grandiflora by its pyra- 
 midal habit, its stem being more 
 branching, with slenderer branches, 
 and covered with leaves up to the top. 
 
 Mixed borders, in warm sandy 
 
 loam, and in a warm position, or as 
 isolated clumps near the fringes of 
 shrubberies, in the picturesque garden. 
 Division and seed. 
 
 Campanula barbata (Bearded Hare- 
 bell.) A distinct kind, with rough, 
 shaggy leaves, and round, nearly 
 simple stems, 6 to 18 in. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; pale sky-blue, nearly 1| 
 In. long, drooping gracefully, and with 
 a long beard at the mouth, in a few- 
 flowered raceme, 1 on each stalk ; 
 calyx hairy, about one quarter of length 
 of corolla. Leaves, nearly entire ; radical 
 ones crowded, lance - shaped ; stem- 
 leaves few, strap-shaped. France, Swit- 
 zerland, North Italy, and Austria. 
 
 Mixed borders, or the rougher parts 
 of rockwork in sandy soil. Seed. 
 
 Campanula csespitosa (Tufted Hare- 
 bell). Campanula pumila, Hort. A 
 very dwarf alpine herb, long known 
 in our gardens, 3 to 6 in. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; deep blue, 1 to 
 4 on each stem, drooping ; divisions of 
 the calyx narrow, erect, one- third 
 the length of the corolla. Leaves of 
 root crowded, on short stalks, obovate 
 or kidney -shaped, those of stem nar- 
 rower, toothed. There is a white 
 variety, equally common. Central 
 Europe, on mountains. Front mar- 
 gin of the mixed border, rockwork, or 
 as edging to beds, growing in almost 
 any soil, but thriving best in a moist 
 one. Division. 
 
 Campanula carpatica (Carpathian } 
 Harebell). A dwarf, but noble kind, 
 6 to 15 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 large and handsome, blue, about the size 
 of those of the Peach-leaved Campa- 
 nula, in loose panicles, on long stalks ; 
 divisions of the calyx nearly erect, two- 
 thirds shorter than the broadly bell- 
 shaped corolla. Leaves, smooth ; lower 
 ones somewhat kidney-shaped, toothed, 
 and on long stalks ; upper ones on 
 short stalks, ovate-acute. There is a 
 variety with white flowers, C. carpa- 
 tica alba, and a light blue and white 
 one, C. carpatica bicolor. The rock- 
 garden, mixed border, as an edgiug 
 and bedding plant, and for naturaliza- 
 tion in any soil. Seed and divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Campanula cenisia (Mont Cenis 
 Harebell). A very dwarf tufted peren- 
 nial, a few inches high, running much 
 at the root. Flowers, in summer ; 
 blue, solitary, somewhat funnel- 
 shaped, but open, and cut nearly to 
 the base into 5 divisions ; divisions of 
 the calyx about half as long as the 
 corolla. Leaves, entire ; radical ones in 
 rosettes, obovate, obtuse; stem-leaves 
 ovate - oblong. Alps of Europe, at 
 
 high elevations. Rockwork, in 
 
 gritty or sandy soil. I have no expe- 
 rience of this as a border plant. In 
 its native haunts it did not seem a 
 very attractive kind. Division and 
 seed. 
 
 Campanula Elatines (Elatine Hare- 
 bell). A dwarf downy kind, with 
 ascending branching stems, 3 to 6 in. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; pale 
 bluish-purple, freely produced in loose 
 racemes or panicles; divisions of 
 calyx spreading, linear-lanceolate, 
 about half as long as the corolla. 
 Leaves, lower ones roundish ; upper 
 ones heart-shaped and more pointed 
 all coarsely toothed. In shady rocky 
 
 places on the Mountains of Italy. 
 
 Rockwork, borders, old ruins, etc., in 
 
CAMPANULA. 
 
 83 
 
 dryish or calcareous soils. Seed and 
 division. 
 
 Campanula fragilis (Fragile Hare- 
 bell}. A free-blooming and valuable 
 dwarf kind, 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; pale blue, in loose 
 corymbs, or panicles ; corolla broadly 
 bell-shaped, about as long as the divi- 
 sions of the calyx. Leaves, of root 
 roundish - heart - shaped, toothed, on 
 long stalks; stem-leaves smaller, some- 
 what lance-shaped, and on shorter 
 stalks. C. fragilis fiirsuta is a variety 
 clothed with long hairs on all parts. 
 
 South of Italy. Rockwork, borders, 
 
 stony banks, old ruins, etc., in lightish 
 soil, dry in winter. Seed and division. 
 
 Campanula garganica (Gargano 
 Harebell). Another excellent dwarf 
 species, with somewhat of the habit 
 of the Carpathian Harebell, but smaller, 
 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 bluish-purple with whitish centres, in 
 loose racemes ; corolla flat, 5-parted ; 
 divisions of calyx spreading, unequal. 
 Leaves, of root kidney-shaped ; of stem 
 heart-shaped, all toothed and downy. 
 
 Italy. In interstices of the most 
 
 vertical parts of rockwork, or borders 
 in warm and well- drained positions ; 
 in a deep sandy loam. Seed or divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Campanula glomerata (Clustered C.) 
 A showy native perennial, 1 to 2 
 feet high or more. Flowers, in summer ; 
 blue or violet, sessile, in terminal 
 clusters on the branches and stem; 
 r corolla funnel-shaped, ^ in. or more 
 long ; divisions of calyx awl-shaped, 
 obtuse, half the length of corolla. 
 Leaves, ovate or heart-shaped ; lower 
 ones stalked ; upper stem - leaves 
 sessile. There are several varieties, 
 the best being C. glomerata alba, a 
 white one, and C. glomerata plena, a 
 double one. Europe, Asia, and 
 Britain. Borders, margins of shrub- 
 beries, by walks, in any soil. Division 
 or e-ecd. 
 
 Campanula grandiflora (Noble Hare 
 bell). Platycodon grandiflorum. A 
 stately, smooth, glaucous plant, 20 in. 
 to 2 ft. or more high. Flowers, late 
 in summer ; large, cup-shaped, deep 
 blue, glistening as if varnished, in a 
 very long panicled cluster, containing 
 a few flowers, each flower 2 to 24 in. 
 across, erect, solitary, on a long naked 
 stalk. Leaves, alternate or nearly 
 opposite, stalkless, rather long, oval- 
 acute, coarsely serrated ; upper ones 
 
 much the smallest. Siberia. 
 
 Borders, and warm banks, in deep 
 sandy loam. Careful division, or 
 seeds, which do not ripen readily in 
 this country. 
 
 Campanula grandis (Great Bell- 
 flower}. A very distinct and hand- 
 some species, with a simple, furrowed 
 stem, 1J to 2ft. high. Flowers, early 
 in summer ; pale violet-blue, broadly 
 bell-shaped, with large pointed divi- 
 sions, axillary and alternate on the 
 upper part of the stem. Leaves, long, 
 sessile, lance-shaped, pointed, finely 
 serrate, attenuated towards the base, 
 and most numerous in the middle part 
 of the stem. Siberia and Asia Minor. 
 Mixed border, margins of shrub- 
 beries, and naturalization among the 
 medium, sized herbaceous plants, long 
 grass, etc. Division and seed. 
 
 Campanula hederacea (Ivy Harebell). 
 Wahlenbergia hederacea. A very 
 small, graceful, creeping kind, with 
 almost thread-like branchlets. Flowers, 
 in summer* and autumn ; faint bluish- 
 purple, less than ^ in. long, on long 
 slender stalks, drooping in the bud, 
 and nearly erect when fully open; 
 corolla 5-lobed, four times as long as 
 the divisions of the calyx, Leaves, 
 on long stalks, roundish-heart-shaped 
 in outline, 5 to 7-lobed. Europe, 
 America, and Britain in moist and 
 
 boggy places. In the artificial bog, 
 
 or in moist spots near the rockwork 
 or hardy fernery. Division. 
 
 G2 
 
84 
 
 CAMPANULA. 
 
 Campanula isophylla (Ligurian Hare- 
 bell). C. floribunda. A free-flower- 
 ing and showy dwarf kind, 3 to 6 in. 
 high. Flowers, in summer; pale 
 bright blue, with whitish centres, 
 very numerous, erect, disposed in 
 corymbs ; style protruding ; corolla 
 flat, twice as long as the divisions of 
 the calyx. Leaves, stalked, roundish- 
 heart-shaped, crenately toothed, all 
 
 about the same size. Italy. The 
 
 rock-garden, borders in light and 
 calcareous soil, old chalk-pits, ruins, 
 etc., in sunny spots. Seed or divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Campanula lactiflora (Milk-flowered 
 C.} A vigorous and handsome herb, 
 with branching stems, 2 to 4 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer; milk-white, 
 tinged with blue, rather large, and 
 produced in loose leafy panicles ; divi- 
 sions of the calyx very broad, acute, 
 half as long as the corolla, which opens 
 wide, and has a short tube. Leaves, 
 sessile, ovate - lanceolate, sharply 
 serrated, pale underneath. Caucasus 
 
 and Siberia. Borders, fringes of 
 
 shrubberies, or naturalization in any 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Campanula latifolia (Broad-leaved 
 C.) A large and handsome native 
 species, 3 to 6 ft. high, with simple 
 stems and leaves, often 6 in. long and 2 
 in. broad. Flowers, in summer ; blue, 
 axillary, forming a leafy raceme ; 
 peduncles erect, 1 -flowered; divisions 
 of the calyx, tapering, broad at the 
 base, 3 times shorter than the large 
 bell-shaped corolla. Leaves, ovate- 
 lance-shaped, pointed and toothed; 
 root leaves stalked, upper ones stalk- 
 less, all narrowed at the base. 0. 
 macrantha is a variety with larger 
 flowers, and with stem and leaves 
 more hairy. There is also a whit 3- 
 flowered variety. Europe, Britain, 
 
 and Central Asia. Among the 
 
 taller plants in the mixed border, on 
 the margins of shrubberies, and by 
 
 wood - walks, in auy soil. Divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Campanula muralis ( Wall Bell-flower). 
 A very distinct and charming dwarf 
 species, 6 to 9 in. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; pale violet-blue, f in. long 
 and 4 in. across, abundantly produced 
 in racemes; corolla funnel-shaped, 
 three times as long as the divisions of 
 the calyx. Leaves, nearly equal in 
 size, roundish-heart-shaped, toothed, 
 
 stalked. On walls in Dalmatia. 
 
 The rock-garden, in positions where 
 it may spread, like ivy, up the face of 
 a steep part of the stone-work. In 
 such a position only it is seen to best 
 advantage. Division and seed. 
 
 Campanula nitida (Shining Harebell). 
 A slow-growing, stiff, and dwarf 
 kind. Flowers, in summer ; blue or 
 white, resembling those of the Peach- 
 leaved Campanula, but smaller and on 
 very stiff stems, from 3 to 9 in. high. 
 Leaves, in rosettes, leathery, very 
 dark and shining green, oblong, cre- 
 nate ; those of the stem lance- shaped, 
 almost entire. There is a double 
 
 variety. North America. Borders 
 
 and the rock-garden in free and open, 
 but moist and firm soil. Division. 
 
 Campanula nobilis (Long-flowered 
 Harebell) . A very noble an d large-fl o w- 
 ered species, 1 to 1 4 ft. high. Flowers, 
 whitish or reddish, crowded towards 
 the ends of the branches, pendent, of 
 an elongated bell-shape, smooth on 
 the outside, hairy within. Leaves, 
 hairy, serrate, green on both sides ; 
 the radical leaves on long stalks, 
 deeply heart-shaped-ovate ; the stem- 
 leaves sessile, lanceolate. China. 
 
 Borders and the rougher parts of 
 rock work, and naturalized on banks 
 or slopes. Division and seed. 
 
 Campanula persicifolia (Peach-leaved 
 (7.) One of our handsomest tall peren- 
 nials, 1 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in sum- 
 mer ; blue, glistening, very large, 
 broadly bell-shaped, terminal and 
 
CAMPANULA. 
 
 85 
 
 axillary, 1 on each stalk. Leaves, 
 smooth, stiff, 3 or 4 in. long and about 
 4 in. broad ; root-leaves lance-shaped, 
 obovate ; those of the stem linear-lance- 
 shaped, stalkless. There are several 
 varieties double and single, both blue 
 
 and white. Europe and Siberia. 
 
 Borders, fringes of shrubberies, and 
 naturalization in ordinary soil. Divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Campanula pulla (Dark-coloured C.) 
 A very charming dwarf alpine 
 plant, 3 to 6 in. high, flowers, in 
 summer ; very dark purple, terminal ; 
 corolla bell- shaped, large for the 
 size of the plant. Leaves, smooth; 
 lower ones on short stalks, ovate- 
 roundish ; upper ones stalkless, ovate- 
 acute. Alps of Central Europe. 
 
 The rock-garden in small carpets near 
 the eye, margins of the choice mixed 
 border, or in pans in light sandy 
 loam or peaty soil. Division or seed. 
 
 Campanula pyramidalis (Pyramidal 
 Harebell). A noble and remarkable 
 kind, 4 to 6 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; pale blue, the stem sending 
 out numerous flowering - branches 
 from the bottom to the top, and form- 
 ing quite a pyramidal raceme; co- 
 rolla bell- shaped. Leaves, glandularly 
 toothed, smooth ; lower ones some- 
 what heart-shaped, on long stalks ; 
 upper leaves stalkless, ovate lance- 
 shaped. There is a white variety. 
 
 Carniola and Dalmatia. Borders, 
 
 among the most stately and orna- 
 mental perennials, in sandy loam ; it 
 is also grown largely in pots. Seed. 
 
 Campanula Eaineri (Rainer's Hare- 
 bell). A very pretty, and as yet rare 
 dwarf Harebell, 2 to 4 in. high. 
 Flowers, in early summer ; blue, erect, 
 1 to 3 on each branch ; corolla funnel- 
 shaped. Leaves, almost stalkless ; lower 
 ones the smallest, obovate ; upper ones 
 ovate, remotely serrated. Alps of 
 
 Southern Europe. The rock-garden 
 
 on warm ledges, or the margin of the | 
 
 choice mixed border, in fine sandy 
 soil, and in a warm position. Division 
 or seed. 
 
 Campanula rotundifolia (Harebell). 
 A beautiful and well-known native 
 plant, 6 to 18 in. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; deep blue, on stalks either 
 one- or few-flowered, in a loose raceme 
 or panicle ; corolla bell-shaped, grace- 
 fully drooping. Leaves, of root roundish - 
 heart-shaped, toothed, mostly dying 
 away by the time of flowering; of 
 stem narrow, lance-shaped, entire. 
 There is a white variety also well 
 worthy of cultivation. Common in 
 
 most Northern regions. Borders, 
 
 the rougher parts of the rock-garden, 
 slopes, and banks in any soil. Division 
 and seed. 
 
 Campanula soldanellaeflora (Solda- 
 nella-flowered C.) A pretty and cu- 
 rious kind, with simple slender stems 
 about 1 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 semi-double, pale-blue, turbinate, with 
 shallow marginal divisions very 
 acutely pointed, axillary on thread- 
 like stalks near the top of the stem. 
 Leaves, long, linear, acute, sessile, 
 distant. The rock-garden, or bor- 
 ders in ordinary free soil. Division 
 or cuttings. 
 
 Campanula speciosa (Showy Hare- 
 bell). Somewhat like the clustered 
 Harebell, but with larger flowers, and 
 9 in. to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 deep blue, or purplish, sometimes red- 
 dish outside, funnel-shaped, in large 
 clustered heads. Leaves, of root heart- 
 shaped, dn long stalks ; those of stem 
 stalkless ; stem hairy, square, two 
 
 sides grooved. Siberia. Borders, 
 
 fringes of shrubberies, and naturaliza- 
 tion in ordinary soil. Division and seed 
 
 Campanula Traehelium (Nettle- 
 leaved C.) A vigorous and handsome 
 species, with coarsely- toothed leaves, 
 which when young resemble those of 
 the common Nettle, and angled sterna, 
 3 or 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 
CAMPANULA CARDAMINE. 
 
 blue, large, in terminal leafy racemes, 
 2 or 3 together, sometimes solitary ; 
 calyx very hairy. Leaves, lower ones 
 heart-shaped, on long stalks ; upper 
 ones oblong, stalkless. There are three 
 desirable varieties in cultivation C. 
 Trachelium alba, single white, C. Tra- 
 chelium alba plena, double white, and 
 C.Trackelium plena, the double variety 
 of the common form. Europe, Britain, 
 
 and Asia. Borders and shrubberies, 
 
 in any soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Campanula turbinata ( Vase Hare- 
 Mi). A. sturdy little kind, 3 to 8 in. 
 high with very handsome flowers, huge 
 for the size of the plant. Flowers, in 
 summer ; deep purple, nearly 2 in. 
 across, cup-shaped. Leaves, rigid, of 
 a greyish green, toothed and pointed, 
 with heart-shaped bases, in stiff tufts, 
 2 to 3 in. high. Mountains of Tran- 
 sylvania. The rock-garden, mar- 
 gins of mixed borders, and naturaliza- 
 tion on bare sunny banks and slopes 
 in light soiL Seed and division. 
 
 Campanula Wanneri( Wanner' s ffare- 
 Je$). A distinct and handsome Hare- 
 bell, 6 to 10 in. high. Flowers, in 
 May ; handsome dark blue, tubular- 
 bell-shaped, 14 in. -long, drooping, 
 with very short, apiculate segments ; 
 peduncles long, 1-flowered, axillary 
 and terminal; sepals 4 m - l D g 
 widely separated, triangular, pointed, 
 ciliated. Leaves, lanceolate, unequally 
 toothed, the lower ones decurrent on 
 long leaf-stalks. Native of Transyl- 
 vania and the Banat Alps. The 
 
 rock-garden till more plentiful; at 
 present it is very seldom seen. It will 
 probably prove an excellent border 
 plant. Seed and division. 
 
 Campanula Zoysii (Zoysi's Hare- 
 lell). A small tufted herb, with erect 
 stems, 4 to 9 in. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; pale blue, bell-shaped, 
 drooping, 1 to 3 on each stem. Leaves, 
 entire, those of the root crowded, 
 stalked, ovate blunt, stem-leaves obo- 
 
 vate-lance-shaped and linear. Alps of 
 
 Styria, Carniola and Carinthia. The 
 
 rock-garden and borders, in sandy soil. 
 Seed and division. 
 
 Cardamine latifolia (Broad-leaved C.) 
 Resembling our Cuckoo Flower ; 8 
 to 16 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 large, lilac, in corymbs ; sepals oval, 
 loose, one-third the length of the petals. 
 Leaves, rather thick, usually fringed, 
 pinnate, all having a very large, 
 roundish, terminal segment, sinuated, 
 and frequently heart-shaped at the 
 base ; lateral segments oval or rounded, 
 gradually diminishing, 6 or 8 in num- 
 ber on the leaves of the middle of the 
 stem, and only 2 on the upper leaves. 
 Pyrenees and South of France, on the 
 
 banks of streams. The bog-bed, 
 
 moist spots near rockwork, and on 
 borders. Division and seed. 
 
 Cardamine pratensis (CucTcoo flower). 
 One of our commonest and most 
 admired wild-flowers, 9 to 18 in. high. 
 Flowers, in spring and early summer ; 
 pink, white, or purplish, in a terminal 
 cluster. Leaves, pinnate ; divisions of 
 the lower ones roundish ; of stem ones 
 narrow, lance- shaped, entire. There 
 is a double variety. Europe, Northern 
 Asia, and America, also common in 
 
 Britain. The single kind is too 
 
 common to need cultivation ; the 
 double kind is a pretty subject for 
 the spring garden and for borders. 
 Division. 
 
 Cardamine rotundifolia (Round- 
 leaved C.) Six inches high. Flowers, 
 in early summer ; white, small, in a 
 terminal raceme. Leaves, smooth, 
 roundish, slightly toothed, stalked ; 
 stems procumbent. On rocks by 
 rivulets on the high mountains of 
 
 North America. Borders, in any 
 
 soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Cardamine trifolia (Three-leaved C.) 
 A dwarf plant, with neat trifoliate 
 leaves and creeping runners, 3 to 6 in. 
 high. Flowers, in spring ; white, in 
 
CARDUUS CENTAUREA. 
 
 87 
 
 a terminal cluster, on nearly naked 
 stems. Leaves, smoothish, ternate ; 
 leaflets, rhomboid-roundish, toothed. 
 On shady parts of mountains in Cen- 
 tral Europe. Borders, the rougher 
 
 parts of the rock-garden, and natura- 
 lization on bare banks. It thrives 
 anywhere, but flowers best in a moist 
 peaty or fine sandy soil. Division. 
 
 Carduus acaulis (Dwarf Thistle} 
 Cnicus acaulis. A nearly stemless 
 thistle. Flowers, in summer ; purple, 
 in large heads, stalkless, or rarely on 
 stalks a few inches long. Leaves, very 
 prickly, smooth, pinnatifid. Europe 
 and Britain. Margins of shrub- 
 beries, or bare banks in semi-wild 
 places, in ordinary soil. Seed. 
 
 Carduus eriophorus ( Woolly Thistle] . 
 A noble thistle, growing 3 to 4 ft. 
 high, very stout and much-branched. 
 Flowers, in summer ; purple, in very 
 large and handsome globular heads. 
 Leaves, downy and cottony under- 
 neath, hairy and green above, the 
 narrow lobes fiercely armed with 
 Vrickles ; lower ones, 1 to 2 ft. long. 
 A native of Southern England and 
 
 many parts of Europe. In open 
 
 spots in woods, by wood-walks, mar- 
 gins of shrubberies, or among vigorous 
 herbs in the subtropical garden, in 
 any soil. Seed and division. 
 
 Carlina acanthifolia (Stemless C.) 
 Resembling the Dwarf Thistle, but 
 differing from that species by being 
 quite stemless, and with leaves larger, 
 more cottony, and less cut. Flowers, 
 in summer; yellow, very large, soli- 
 tary. Leaves, stalked, pinnatifid ; 
 segments spiny, toothed. Alps of Car- 
 
 n iola. By wood-walks, margins of 
 
 shrubberies, or naturalization on warm 
 sunny banks, in sandy loam. Seed. 
 
 Cassia marilandica (American Sen- 
 na }. A noble-looking herbaceous 
 plant, 3| ft. to 6 ft. high. Floioers, in 
 autumn ; bright yellow, in axillary 
 clusters ; petals 5, narrowly- obovate, 
 
 about \ in. long ; sepals 5, unequal, 
 nearly free ; stamens 10. Leaves, 
 alternate, pinnate ; leaflets opposite 
 equal, oval - oblong, acute. N. Ame- 
 rica. The back portions of borders 
 
 among the taller perennials, and in 
 isolated tufts in the pleasure-ground , 
 thriving best in a deep warm loam. 
 Seed or division. 
 
 Catananche caerulea (Blue C.} A 
 handsome border - plant, about 2 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; fine blue, 
 each stalk being terminated by a 
 single head; rays indented at the 
 ends ; scales of the involucre ovate. 
 Leaves, hoary, narrow, lance-shaped, 
 with one or two little teeth on each 
 side sometimes pinnatifid at the base. 
 South of France and Italy. Bor- 
 ders, margins of shrubberies, or natu- 
 ralization, in a well-drained warm 
 soil. Seed. 
 
 Centaurea babylonica (Babylonian 
 <7.) A very tall and stately peren- 
 nial, with silvery leaves, growing from 
 6 to 10 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; 
 yellow, close to the tall stem. Leaves, as 
 white as those of C. ragusina ; of root, 
 lance -shaped-ovate, stalked and with 
 a few small teeth; stem-leaves nar- 
 rower, lance-shaped, decurrent. The 
 
 Levant. Borders and margins of 
 
 shrubberies, or in groups of silvery- 
 leaved plants. It is chiefly valuable 
 for the effect of its large silvery leaves, 
 and it may be well, to improve these, 
 to prevent it from flowering. Allowed 
 to .flower, it is fitted for association 
 with the tallest and most vigorous 
 perennials; in half -wild places. Seed. 
 
 Centaurea dealbata (Whitened (J). 
 A very hardy perennial with graceful 
 and somewhat silvery leaves, 15 to 
 18 in. high. Flowers, in summer; rose- 
 coloured. Leaves, smooth above and 
 covered with white hairs under- 
 neath ; radical leaves stalked, pin- 
 nate, with obovate lobes, coarsely 
 toothed, often auricled at the base; 
 stem - leaves pinnate, with oblong- 
 
88 
 
 CENTAUREA CERASTIUM. 
 
 lanceolate lobes. Mountain pastures 
 of the Caucasus. Borders, or natu- 
 ralization in any soil. Division. 
 
 Centaurea macorcephala (Great- 
 hearted C.) Rather a coarse perennial. 
 Flowers, late in summer ; yellow, larger 
 than a hen's egg; scales of involu- 
 crum jagged. Stem simple, hollow 
 and thickened under the flower. 
 Leaves, oblong-lanceolate, shortly de- 
 current, undivided, rough, somewhat 
 serrated, ending in a short abrupt sharp 
 point. Iberia, on hills and moun- 
 tains. Naturalization in any soil. 
 Division or seed. 
 
 Centaurea montana (Mountain C.} 
 A handsome border plant, 1 to 2 ft. 
 high, with slightly cottony leaves, and 
 flowers resembling those of the Corn 
 blue-bottle (C. Cyanus], but larger. 
 Flowers, in early summer ; blue, large 
 and handsome; florets deeply cut 
 into 4 or 5 segments, 12 or 13 in each 
 head. Leaves, lance- shaped, entire, 
 decurrent ; stem mostly simple, but 
 sometimes with a branch or two. 
 There is a white and a red variety in 
 
 cultivation. Europe. Borders, 
 
 margins of shrubberies, or naturaliza- 
 tion in any soil. Division and 
 seed. 
 
 Centaurea uniflora (One-flowered C.) 
 A distinct and ornamental mountain 
 plant, as yet not common in our gar- 
 dens, 9 to 15 in. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; purple, roundish, terminal, 
 nearly sessile among the upper leaves, 
 the unopened heads seeming covered 
 with a dark net-work, from being 
 overlapped with the hairy points of 
 the scales. Leaves, small, white and 
 downy ; lower ones oblong-laDceolate, 
 toothed ; upper ones, lanceolate, entire. 
 
 Mountain pastures in S. Europe 
 
 Borders and the rock-garden, or natu- 
 ralization on slopes, in sandy or gritty 
 soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Centranthus ruber (Red Valerian). 
 A showy and usefuj. perennial, 1 to 
 
 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; red, 
 in dense cymes forming a handsome 
 corymbose panicle. Leaves, lance- 
 shaped, smooth, entire, and of a glau- 
 cous hue ; stem somewhat shrubby at 
 the base. There is a variety with 
 
 white flowers. S. Europe. Banks, 
 
 on which the plant lives long and 
 flowers freely, on borders, margins of 
 shrubberies, stony places, etc., in any 
 soil. Seed. 
 
 Cerastium alpinum (Alpine C.) An 
 interesting native alpine plant, with 
 stems 2 to 4 in. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; white, rather freely pro- 
 duced on somewhat hairy stalks, 1 or 
 2 on each ; calyx hairy ; petals twice 
 as long as the calyx. Leaves, ovate, 
 small, nearly smooth, or clothed with 
 long woolly hairs. A very variable 
 species, sometimes green, and at others 
 quite hoary. Pyrenees and Britain. 
 
 Rockwork, and among the smallest 
 
 flowers in borders, in ordinary free 
 garden soil. Division. 
 
 Cerastium Biebersteinii (Bieberstein's 
 C.) A silvery-foliaged mountain 
 plant, now pretty well known in gar- 
 dens, 6 in. high. Flowers, in early 
 summer ; white, larger than those of 
 C. foment osum ; stalks erect, dicho- 
 tomous. Leaves, woolly, ovate-lance- 
 shaped ; stems branching. The higher 
 
 mountains of Tauria. Borders, 
 
 edging, rootwork, rough rockwork, 
 and naturalization on banks and slopes, 
 in any soil. Division. 
 
 Cerastium Boissieri (Boissler's C.) 
 A handsome new silvery kind, 4 in. 
 to 1 ft. high. Flowers, large, arranged 
 in a rather regular dichotomous cyme 
 on the top of the stem ; anthers yellow ; 
 bracts oblong-lanceolate, scarious on the 
 margin, often ciliated. Leaves, all sessile, 
 generally ovate-lanceolate (more rarely 
 linear), acute, entire. Rhizome, creep- 
 ing extensively, emitting numerous 
 roots from the under side of its joints, 
 and stems from the upper side. A 
 
CERASTItJM CHELIDONIUM. 
 
 89 
 
 species containing many forms, and 
 found in hilly parts of Spain. Use- 
 ful for the same purposes as our now 
 common silvery Cerastiums, but till 
 plentiful it should be grown in the 
 rock-garden, or choice border, in well- 
 drained soil. Division. 
 
 Cerastium grandiflorum (Large- 
 flowered C.) Like C. tomentosum, but 
 less hoary, and with leaves narrower 
 and more acute, and a profusion of 
 flowers ; stems 6 in. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; white, large, and showy, 
 7 to 15 on erect stalks. Leaves, 
 narrow, acute, hoary, or woolly, with 
 somewhat revolute margins. Hungary 
 
 and Iberia. Rough rockwork, 
 
 borders, naturalization on banks, and 
 among dwarf vegetation in open 
 spaces, in any soil. Division. 
 
 Cerastium tomentosum (Common 
 Woolly C.) A silvery plant, very 
 well known in gardens ; 6 in. high. 
 Flowers, in early summer ; white, in 
 forked cymes, on erect stalks. Leaves, 
 obloug-spathulate, upper ones lance- 
 shaped. Southern Europe. Largely 
 
 used in many places as an edging to 
 the summer flower-beds, and highly 
 useful for borders, running over rough 
 rockwork, bare banks, or naturaliza- 
 tion amongst dwarf vegetation, in any 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Cheiranthus Cheiri (Common Wall- 
 flower). A sweet old plant long cul- 
 tivated in our gardens, and natu- 
 ralized on old ruins, walls, etc., 1 to 
 2 ft. high. Flowers, in spring and 
 early summer ; variable in colour. 
 Leaves, lance-shaped, quite entire. 
 Abundant in many parts of Europe, 
 
 on old walls, and stony places. 
 
 Borders, banks, slopes, etc., par- 
 ticularly the various handsome double 
 kinds, which become shrubby on 
 banks and dry slopes. Seed or cut- 
 tings, the choice double kinds by 
 cuttings. 
 
 Cheiranthus Marshallii (Marshall's 
 C. ) A half -shrubby plant, with erect, 
 angular branches, clothed, like the 
 leaves, with adpressed forked hairs, 
 1 to 1 \ ft. high. Flowers, in spring or 
 early summer; nearly f in. across, 
 deep clear orange at first, becoming 
 rather paler, rather freely produced in 
 a terminal raceme ; petals, with a 
 roundish spreading limb. Leaves, 
 crowded at the lower part of the 
 stems, more distant upwards, and on 
 the flowering stems ; upper ones 
 narrowly lance-shaped, with a few 
 teeth ; lower ones tapering downwards 
 into a narrowly-winged, stalk-like 
 base, becoming more or less spoon- 
 shaped. This is said to be a hybrid 
 between Cheiranthus ochroleucus and 
 
 Erysimum Peroffskianum. Borders 
 
 and the rock-garden, in light, well- 
 drained soil. It is increased by cut- 
 tings, and a young stock should be 
 kept up as it is not perennial, and is 
 apt to peiish in winter. 
 
 Chelidonium japonicum {Japan C.] 
 A poppy-like plant, handsomer than 
 our allied Greater Celandine, 1 to 2 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in early summer ; 
 yellow, large, axillary, stalked ; calyx 
 smooth ; corolla rather larger than the 
 calyx. Leaves, pale underneath, ovate, 
 pinnate ; leaflets ovate-oblong, acute, 
 
 on very short stalks. Japan. 
 
 Borders, margins of shrubberies, or 
 naturalization, in ordinary soil. Divi- 
 sion and seed. 
 
 Chelidonium majus (Greater Celan- 
 dine}. A well-known native plant, 
 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, throughout the 
 summer; yellow, 3 to 6 together in 
 a loose umbel ; peduncles hairy with a 
 roundish bract at the base. ^Leaves, 
 thin, pale underneath, pinnate ; 
 leaflets roundish, coarsely toothed. 
 There is a cut-leaved variety very 
 distinct in aspect from the common 
 one. Britain and Europe generally. 
 Only worthy of a place among 
 
90 
 
 CHELONE CICHOEIUM. 
 
 wild plants, on the margins of ditches, 
 stony places, etc. Division or seed. 
 
 Chelone Lyoni (Lyoris C.) A very 
 showy perennial, allied to C. obliqua, 
 and differing chiefly by being slightly 
 covered with hairs, with an erect, 
 slightly-branched stem, 3 to 4 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer; purple, 
 in dense terminal spikes. Leaves, 
 stalked, cordate- ovate, serrated, 
 slightly ciliated at the margin. Upper 
 
 Carolina and Georgia. A fine plant 
 
 for borders, in sandy loam. Divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Chelone obliqua (Oblique C.) 
 Another handsome plant, but not so 
 vigorous as C. Lyoni, 2 to 3 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; purple, large, in 
 close terminal spikes. Leaves, stalked, 
 opposite, ovate - lance - shaped, un- 
 equally serrated, very smooth. Banks 
 of rivers and swamps in North 
 America. Similar uses and treat- 
 ment to the preceding. 
 
 Chimaphila maculata (Spotted C.) 
 A dwarf, and handsome, little 
 shrubby evergreen, with leathery, 
 shining leaves pleasingly variegated, 
 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 whitish, on slender red stems, bearing 
 2 or 3 flowers. Leaves, stiff, lance - 
 shaped, 2 to 3 in. long, and 4 in. 
 broad at the base, ending with acute 
 points, the margins rigidly serrate, 
 red on the under side, and beautifully 
 veined with white on the upper one. In 
 shady, sandy, or gravelly woods, from 
 
 Canada to Carolina. Half shady 
 
 and moist nooks, in or near the 
 rock-garden or hardy fernery, in 
 moist, fibry, vegetable earth. Careful 
 division. 
 
 Chimaphila umbellata (Umbellated 
 C.) A dwarf, slightly shrubby ever- 
 green, 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in 
 summer; greenish- white, tinged with 
 red, 5 or 6 in an umbel ; stems pu- 
 bescent. Leaves, opposite, or in whorls, 
 wedge-shaped, or lance shaped, nar- 
 
 row at the base, serrate, shining, stiff, 
 dark green on the upper, and pale 
 green on the under side. Europe, 
 
 Asia, and North America. The 
 
 same positions and treatment as for G. 
 maculata. 
 
 Chrysocoma latifolia (Broad-leaved 
 C.} A vigorous-growing plant, with an 
 angular, furrowed, downy stem, 3 4 ft. 
 high, branching above. Flowers, in 
 autumn ; bright golden-yellow, nu- 
 merous, in large terminal corymbose 
 clusters. Leaves of the stem oval- 
 oblong, pointed, rough, sessile; radical 
 leaves very large, oval-oblong, obtuse, 
 on long, furrowed stalks, which over- 
 lap each other at the base. S. Africa. 
 
 Borders, and naturalization in 
 
 ordinary soil. Division. 
 
 Chrysopsis Mariana (Golden Aster). 
 A showy composite, 6 in. to 1 ft. high. 
 Flowers, late in autumn ; aster-like, of 
 a rich, deep yellow, arranged in a 
 simple corymb. Leaves, sessile, ob- 
 loug-elliptical, the lower ones nearly 
 ovate, obtuse, distantly toothed, co- 
 vered with a loose, somewhat silky 
 down, growing in dense tufts. Found 
 in dry, sandy places in Carolina and 
 
 Georgia in the United States. 
 
 Borders, in sandy loam. Division 
 and seed. 
 
 Cichorium Intybus (Chicory.) A 
 well-known native plant, a good deal 
 used in commerce and as a salad, 2 to 
 5 ft. high. Flowers, in July and 
 August ; numerous, handsome, bright 
 blue, axillary, sessile, 1 to 1 1 in. across, 
 growing in pairs, or three together. 
 Leaves, lower ones oblanceolate, run- 
 cinate, pinnatifid, or dentate ; upper 
 stem-leaves lanceolate, half stem- clasp- 
 ing, broadly toothed or entire, all 
 glandular, ciliated. Britain and va- 
 rious parts of Europe, in waste places, 
 
 on a gravelly or chalky soil. Is 
 
 worth introducing as a wild plant in 
 districts where it is not found native. 
 Division and seed. 
 
CINERARIA CLEMATIS. 
 
 Cineraria macrophylla (Great-leaved 
 C.) Ligularia macrophylla. A 
 stately plant, 4 to 6 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer; yellow, numerous, 
 in an elongated, crowded, leafless, 
 branching panicle ; florets of the ray 2 
 to 3 ; florets of the disk 6 to 7 ; pedicels 
 rather scaly. Lower leaves elliptical, 
 narrowed into an ovate, margined 
 footstalk, from I^to2 ft. long includ- 
 ing the footstalk, and 5 to 9 in. broad, 
 indented with cartilaginous teeth ; 
 upper leaves clasping the stem, 
 glaucous. Altai Mountains. Asso- 
 ciated with the finer and stronger 
 hardy foliage - plants in rich, deep 
 soil ; also as an isolated specimen 
 in the turf, by wood-walks. Seed and 
 careful division. 
 
 Cineraria maritima (Silvery C.) 
 A half -shrubby, silvery plant, 18 in. 
 to 24 ft. high. Flowers, late in sum- 
 mer ; yellow, in compound panicled 
 corymbs ; involucrum with a few small 
 bracts at the base. Leaves, stalked, 
 smooth above, covered with white 
 down underneath, pinnatifid, with 
 from 4 to 6 oblong, obtuse, three- 
 lobed segments on each side. Stem 
 downy, like the under side of the 
 leaves. South of France. A new 
 variety with broader foliage (C. acan- 
 
 tldfolia), is now in cultivation. 
 
 Borders, fringes of shrubbery, rough, 
 rocky places, etc. ; it is much used as 
 an edging and bedding plant. Cuttings 
 and seed. 
 
 Clematis calycina (Winter Clematis.} 
 C. balearica. A very elegant, 
 hardy climber, attaining a height of 
 12 ft. or more. Flowers, cream- colour, 
 about 2 in. across, very numerous, 
 growing in pairs from the axils of 
 the many- jointed stems, and ap- 
 pearing in mild districts, through 
 the winter and spring. Leaves, 
 trifoliate, stalked, in partial whorls at 
 the joints of the stem ; leaflets vari- 
 ously lobed. Island of Minorca. 
 
 Bowers, trellises, clambering over 
 rough shrubs and hedges, and also on 
 rough rock work. Division, cuttings, 
 or seed. 
 
 Clematis campaniflora (Bell- flowered 
 C.) A free and graceful climbing 
 plant, growing 6 to 12 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in early summer; delicate 
 light purple; sepals half -spreading, 
 widening at the base; peduncles 1- 
 flowered. Leaves, biternately decom- 
 pound, leaflets entire or 3-lobed. Por- 
 tugal. Creeping over old stumps, 
 
 bowers, arches, and naturalization in 
 hedgerows, on banks, and in very 
 rough rocky places, in any soil. Seed 
 and division. 
 
 Clematis erecta (Erect C.) An her- 
 baceous perennial, with a straight, 
 erect, furrowed, light-green stem, 
 about 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 large, white, on long fine stalks, in 
 terminal umbel-like clusters. Leaves, 
 opposite, large, pinnate ; leaflets 
 stalked, oval - acute, with downy 
 petioles. Austria. Borders, mar- 
 gins of shrubberies, naturalization in 
 semi- wild places, in any soil. Divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Clematis Flammula (Sweet C.) A 
 vigorous climbing shrub, the stems 
 attaining in cultivation a length of 
 from 12 to 30 ft. Flowers, in summer 
 and autumn; white, very fragrant, 
 in panicles; peduncles sometimes 
 simple and sometimes branched. 
 Leaves, pinnate, smooth ; leaflets, en- 
 tire or 3-lobed, roundish, oval, or 
 linear, somewhat acute. Southern 
 
 Europe and Northern Africa. 
 
 Similar positions to the preceding, 
 and worthy of universal culture. 
 Seed or layers. 
 
 Clematis integrifolia (Entire-leaved 
 C.) A very ornamental dwarf herb, j 
 with entire leaves, 1 to 2 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer; purple; peduncles 
 long, terminal, usually I -flowered, 
 sometimes branched in the upper 
 
92 
 
 CLEMATIS. 
 
 axils; sepals leathery; anthers long, 
 yellow ; stamens forming a kind of 
 pitcher-shaped centre. Leaves, oppo- 
 site, smooth, ovate - lance-shaped ; 
 margins hairy ; stem slightly fistulose. 
 
 Hungary and Germany. Borders, 
 
 banks or slopes, in good sandy loam. 
 Seed or division. 
 
 Clematis lanuginosa (Woolly C.) 
 A noble species, 3 to 6| ft. high. 
 flowers, early in summer; of a lilac- 
 blue, 6 to 7 inches across, with 4 to 6 
 spreading sepals. Leaves, simple or 
 with three almost leathery leaflets, 
 quite woolly when young, and con- 
 tinuing so on the under side when 
 fully grown. The flower-stalks and 
 buds are also woolly. There is a 
 variety, 0. I. pallida, with paler and 
 
 still larger flowers. China. Against 
 
 south walls, on sunny banks, and in 
 the rock-garden, planted so that its 
 shoots may fall over the faces of 
 sunny rocks, in rich light and deep 
 but thoroughly- drained soil. Seed 
 and layers. 
 
 [The numerous fine hybrids lately 
 raised rival this (from which most 
 of them are descended) in size, 
 and are worthy of universal culture, 
 placed and treated as recommended 
 for C. lanuginosa. They may be most 
 effectively used as bedding plants, and 
 trained over supports of various kinds, 
 but they will be seen to greatest ad- 
 vantage in the large rock-garden and 
 on slopes and banks in very deep, 
 good soil, the shoots being allowed to 
 trail freely and naturally down.] 
 
 Clematis montana (Mountain C.) 
 A very ornamental, free-flowering, 
 climbing shrub, with stems 10 to 20 ft. 
 long. Flowers, in early summer; 
 white, large, resembling in size and 
 form those of Anemone sylvestris, seve- 
 ral borne together, or one upon each 
 slender upright stalk. Leaves, ter- 
 nate or trifid, smooth ; leaflets oblong, 
 pointed, toothed. Himalayan Moun- 
 
 tains. For covering walls, bowers, 
 
 old stumps, trailing over rude wig- 
 wams with a framework of rough 
 branches, and naturalization on wild 
 slopes, hedgerows, etc. Layers, and 
 seed. Easily obtained in nurseries. 
 
 Clematis tubulosa (Tubular (7.) A 
 singular kind, 2 ft. to 32 in. high. 
 flowers, in autumn; blue, with a 
 long slender tube, of a deeper colour 
 than the divisions of the flower, very 
 much resembling in shape the flower 
 of a common Hyacinth. Leaves, broad, 
 with three broadly oval - rounded 
 leaflets ; stem erect, almost woody. 
 Native of China. Borders, or mar- 
 gins of shrubberies ; of most in- 
 terest in the botanical or curious col- 
 lection. Multiplied only by division 
 or cuttings. 
 
 Clematis Viorna (Leathery -flowered C.) 
 A climbing shrub, attaining a height 
 of 8 to 12 ft. flowers, in summer ; 
 dark blue, or purple outside, yellow 
 within, large, drooping, bell-shaped ; 
 peduncles 1 -flowered ; sepals leathery, 
 pointed, and turned back at the apex ; 
 stamens scarcely appearing beyond the 
 sepals. Leaves, smooth, pinnate ; leaf- 
 lets entire, oval - lance-shaped, 3- 
 lobed or ternate; floral ones entire. 
 Hedges and copses, Virginia and Caro- 
 lina. Borders, rockwork, etc., also 
 
 naturalization in copses, hedge-rows, 
 and on wild banks. Seed and divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Clematis Viticella (Vine-lower C.) 
 A climbing shrub, with very slender 
 branching stems, growing to a length 
 of 12 or 15ft. flowers, in summer; 
 blue or purple ; peduncles longer than 
 the leaves, 1 -flowered; sepals blunt, 
 thin. Leaves, entire, or ternately 
 decompound ; leaflets entire. There 
 are several varieties in cultivation, the 
 white one and the double one being 
 the most distinct from the ordinary 
 
 form. S.Europe. Similar uses, etc. 
 
 to those for the preceding kind. 
 
COLCHICUM CONVALLARIA. 
 
 93 
 
 Colchicum alpinum (Alpine Meadow 
 Saffron). An interesting and pretty 
 alpine bulb, a little over 1 in. high. 
 Flowers, in autumn ; bell - shaped, 
 of a deep rose-colour, one bloom from 
 each bulb. Leaves, linear, erect, 2 to 
 24 in. long, narrowed at the base, ap- 
 pearing in February and March. Bulb 
 
 small. Alps of Europe. The rock- 
 
 and choice bulb - garden, in deep 
 sandy loam ; also for the margins of 
 the mixed border, and as edgings in 
 the spring garden, when sufficiently 
 plentiful. Separation of the bulbs, and 
 seed. 
 
 Colchicum Bivonae (Bivoncts 0.) A 
 pretty and at present uncommon kind. 
 flowers, in autumn; radical, elegantly 
 marked with alternate chequers of 
 white and purple, chess-board fashion ; 
 petals elliptical- oblong. Leaves, linear, 
 grooved, not wavy at the edges. 
 Native of Sicily, the kingdom of 
 
 Naples, Greece, and Portugal. The 
 
 rock- and choice bulb-garden, at least 
 till more plentiful, and in deep sandy 
 loam. Separation of the bulbs, and 
 seed. 
 
 Colchicum autumnale (Meadow Saf- 
 fron.} A well-known plant. Flowers, 
 in autumn ; numerous, bright purple, 
 with very long tubes, appearing before 
 the leaves. Leaves, erect, lanceolate, 
 dark green, smooth, 1 ft. long, and 
 often an inch or more broad. Bulb, 
 large, egg-shaped, dark brown on the 
 outside. There are numerous varieties 
 of this plant. Many parts of Europe, 
 
 in moist meadows. Borders, and 
 
 as edgings to beds of autumn flowers, 
 and occasionally dotted over the grass ; 
 it may be often seen in a wild state. 
 It does best in a moist soil, but thrives 
 in all ordinary garden soils. Separa- 
 tion of bulbs. 
 
 Colchicum byzantinum (Byzantine C.) 
 A fine species. Flowers, in autumn ; 
 larger than those of C. autumnale, of a 
 pale rose-colour, with elliptical-oblong 
 
 segments, 12 to 15 from each bulb. 
 Leaves, broad, undulating, plaited, dark 
 green, 4 or 5 innumber. Bulb, very large, 
 roundish, depressed. The Levant, in 
 
 the vicinity of Constantinople. 
 
 Borders, and the bulb- and rock-gar- 
 den, in good deep soil. This, like 
 the preceding and following kinds, is 
 very suitable for association with the 
 autumn -blooming crocuses and other 
 plants flowering at that season. Sepa- 
 ration of the bulbs, and seed. 
 
 Colchicum variegatum ( Variegated 
 Meadow Saffron). C. Agrippince. A 
 prettily chequered kind. Flowers, in 
 autumn; rose-colour, marked with 
 purple-violet chequers like 0. Bivonce ; 
 petals lanceolate, acute. Leaves, 
 oblong-lanceolate, grooved, wavy on 
 the edges. Bulb similar to that of C. 
 autumnale. Native of the Islands of 
 the Archipelago, and also found in 
 Asia Minor, in the neighbourhood of 
 
 Smyrna. Borders, edgings, and the 
 
 lower parts of the rock-garden. This 
 thrives everywhere as freely as the 
 common Meadow Saffron. Separation 
 of the bulbs. 
 
 Commelina coelestis (Blue Spider- 
 wort}. A very pretty vividly-coloured 
 plant, l^ to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; small, of a deep sky-blue, 
 grouped on the ends of axillary foot- 
 stalks, and enveloped by a rather in- 
 flated leafy spathe, from which they 
 issue in succession ; the unequal petal 
 oval or roundish, almost sessile, and 
 frequently falling before the other 
 two. Leaves, oval-lanceolate-acute, 
 sheathing at the base, sessile, fringed 
 at the edges. Root, tuberous, swollen, 
 fasciculate. There are two pretty 
 varieties, Q. c. alba and C. c. variegata. 
 
 Mexico. Sunny borders, in very 
 
 light, warm soil, or on slopes and banks 
 having the same advantages. Division 
 and seed. 
 
 Convallaria bifolia (Two-leaved C.) 
 Smilacina bi/olia. A pretty and 
 
94 
 
 CONVALLARIA CONVOLVULUS. 
 
 interesting little plant, 6 to 8 in. high. 
 Flowers, in summer; small, with re- 
 flexed segments, white, fragrant, on 
 long pedicels, in a rather dense, ter- 
 minal raceme, resembling a spike. 
 Leaves, 2, on short stalks, oval, deeply 
 heart-shaped, pointed, marked with a 
 fine tracery of nerves and veins. 
 Berries, yellow, with brown spots. 
 Native of most parts of Europe, in 
 
 low meadows and damp w^ods. 
 
 Borders, or the rock-garden, in almost 
 any kind of soil. Occurring only in 
 one or two places in Britain, it is well 
 worthy of being naturalized in our 
 pleasure-grounds and woods, either in 
 open shady or half -shady places. 
 Division. 
 
 Convallaria majalis (Lily of the 
 Valley). A well-known and favourite 
 old plant, 6 in. to 1 ft. high. Flowers, 
 in spring ; small, white, bell-shaped, 
 very fragrant, hanging in a graceful 
 raceme at the end of an arching flower- 
 stem. Leaves, 2, radical, on long 
 stalks, elliptical -oblong, marked with 
 a delicate tracery of nerves and veins. 
 Native of most parts of Europe, 
 Siberia, Caucasus, and N. America, 
 in woods and thickets. The principal 
 varieties are, one with gold striped 
 leaves, one with pink, and one with 
 
 double flowers. Borders, fringes of 
 
 shrubberies, etc., best in sandy loam. 
 The Lily of the Valley is worthy of 
 being abundantly planted in our plea- 
 sure-grounds and woods, where it 
 does not already occur wild, and in all 
 sorts of positions. Division. 
 
 Convolvulus althaeoides (Mallow 
 Bindweed). A climbing perennial, 
 with stems about 3 ft. long, and 
 silvery leaves. Flowers, in summer; 
 pale rose ; peduncles 2 - flowered. 
 Leaves, heart-shaped, lower ones entire, 
 upper deeply cut into narrow spreading 
 segments, shining and soft. S. Europe. 
 
 Naturalized on dry sandy slopes 
 
 and banks, as a border plant trained 
 
 over stakes, or on rootwork or rough 
 rockwork ; always in light soil. Di- 
 vision. 
 
 Convolvulus bryonisefolius (Bryony- 
 leaved Bindweed). A climbing peren- 
 nial, with leaves very hairy on both 
 sides. Flowers, in summer ; dark 
 rose or reddish purple, large ; pe- 
 duncles axillary, 1 -flowered ; sepals 
 ovate, acute. Leaves, varying in shape 
 but mostly heart-shaped, divided into 
 7 unequal lobes, the centre one the 
 largest ; the stalks usually as long as 
 the leaves and channelled on the up- 
 per side. China. Similar uses and 
 
 positions to those for the preceding 
 kind. Division or seed. 
 
 Convolvulus cantabricus (Canta- 
 Irian Bindweed.) A graceful kind, 
 1 ft. to 16 in. high. Flowers, in sum- 
 mer; numerous, rose, pale pink, or 
 flesh-coloured, silky on the outside, 
 on long, leafy, loosely -panicled stalks. 
 Leaves, sessile, linear-lanceolate, acute, 
 1 to 1| in. long. Stem ascending, 
 not twining, branching, covered 
 with long, spreading, whitish hairs ; 
 seed vessel hairy. South of France. 
 Scarcely hardy on cold soils Bor- 
 ders, warm banks, or in the wilder 
 parts of the rock-garden, in sandy, 
 light, dry soil. Seed. 
 
 Convolvulus Cneorum (Silvery Bind- 
 weed.) A white-leaved, small, ever- 
 green shrub, 1 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; pale rose, hairy outside, 
 produced in clusters at the ends of 
 the short stalks. Leaves, silky, lance- 
 shaped-obovate, blunt, about 2 in. 
 long, and in. broad. Southern 
 Europe. Sunny parts of the rock- 
 garden, and on warm banks, or old 
 chalkpits, always in light, warm soil. 
 This pleasing plant perishes in winter, 
 on cold soils. Seed and cuttings. 
 
 Convolvulus lineatus (Pigmy Con- 
 volvulus). A very diminutive and 
 pretty plant, 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, 
 in summer; deep rose or flesh-coloured, 
 
CONVOLVULUS COREOPSIS. 
 
 95 
 
 more than an inch across ; stalks axil- 
 lary, solitary, mostly 2-flowered. 
 Leaves, lance-shaped, stalked, acute, 
 
 very silky. Southern Europe. 
 
 The rock-garden, in level spots, near 
 or beneath the eye, the margins of the 
 mixed border, or naturalization on 
 very bare banks. It will live in the 
 coldest clays, but thrives and flowers 
 best in a very free sandy loam. Di- 
 vision. 
 
 Convolvulus mauritanicus (Blue 
 Rock Bindweed.} A prostrate, twin- 
 ing plant, with very slender, almost 
 thread-bike stems. Flowers, in sum- 
 mer ; small, blue, with a white throat 
 and yellow anthers, handsome, about 
 an inch across, borne one to three on 
 each flower-stalk ; calyx villous, with 
 5 linear oblong divisions, two of them 
 a little smaller than the rest. Leaves, 
 nearly round, or ovate, especially the 
 lower ones, never cordate, 1 to 1^ in. 
 long, alternate, in two rows, on very 
 short stalks ; whole plant covered 
 with soft white hairs, scarcely per- 
 ceptible to the naked eye. North 
 Africa, near Constantine. The rock- 
 garden, and raised borders, always in 
 sunny, somewhat raised positions, and 
 in sandy, well-drained soil. Division 
 or cuttings. 
 
 Convolvulus Soldanella (Sea Bind- 
 weed.} A distinct - looking trailing 
 kind, with roundish fleshy leaves. 
 flowers, in summer ; pale red, large, 
 handsome, and freely produced on 
 angled stalks. Leaves, small, thick, 
 broadly rounded, or kidney-shaped, 
 entire, or slightly angled. Europe, 
 Britain and Tauria. The rock- 
 garden, planted so that its shoots may 
 droop over the brows of rocks. It 
 will also thrive and look very well in 
 borders, in ordinary soil. Division. 
 
 Coptis trifolia (Goldthread.) A 
 dwarf, neat and pretty evergreen 
 bog-plant, 3 to 4 in. high, flowers, 
 early in summer; white, 1 on each 
 
 slender stalk, springing from the root. 
 Leaves, trifoliate, shining ; leaflets 
 wedge-shaped, rounded at the end, 
 about 1 in. long, toothed, obscurely 
 3-lobed. It derives its common name 
 from its long, bright-yellow, fibrous 
 roots. Northern parts of Europe, 
 
 Asia, and America. Moist peat or 
 
 very sandy, moist soil, on the margins 
 of beds of American plants ; in moist 
 spots on rock work, or in the artificial 
 bog. Propagated by division. 
 
 Coreopsis auriculata (Eared 0.) A 
 showy perennial, 16 in. to 2 ft. high. 
 flowers, in summer ; solitary, on long 
 stalks; florets of the ray yellow, 
 marked with a few purple or reddish- 
 brown spots on the claw, toothed ; 
 disk yellow. Leaves, sometimes entire, 
 sometimes 3-lobed, the two lower 
 lobes being auricled ; the flower-stems 
 are also furnished with a circlet of 
 small, oval, acute, spreading leaves. 
 
 N. America. Borders in ordinary 
 
 good garden soil. Division or seed. 
 
 Coreopsis grandiflora (Large-flowered 
 (7.) A showy perennial, with deeply 
 cut leaves, 3 to 4 ft. high, flowers, in 
 summer ; bright yellow, 1 on each 
 lengthened peduncle ; florets of the 
 ray, 5- toothed, so deeply cut as to give 
 them a fringe-like appearance. Leaves, 
 opposite, connate, nearly stalkless, 
 fringed with hair at the base. North 
 
 America. Borders, in ordinary soil. 
 
 Division or seed. 
 
 Coreopsis lanceolata (Lance-leaved 
 C.) A handsome kind, 1 to 3 ft. high, 
 lowers, nearly all the summer ; bright 
 yellow, 2 to 3 in. across, mostly one 
 on each long stalk ; florets of the ray 
 4- toothed. Leaves, lance-shaped, entire, 
 fringed with hairs; upper ones slightly 
 connate at the base ; stem sometimes 
 branched at the base. N. America. 
 Borders, or margins of shrub- 
 beries, in light, well-drained soil. 
 Division or cuttings. 
 
96 
 
 COREOPSIS CORONILLA. 
 
 Coreopsis prsecox (Early <?.) A very 
 charming plant, seldom seen in 
 cultivation, 2 ft. or upwards in 
 height. Flowers, in summer; large, 
 orange-yellow, arranged in a corym- 
 bose panicle. Leaves, opposite, entire 
 or ternate, with narrow linear leaflets 
 of a vivid green colour. N. America. 
 Borders, in good free soil. Divi- 
 sion and seed. 
 
 Coreopsis tenuifolia (Slender-leaved 
 C.} A very graceful and ornamental 
 plant, with a furrowed branching 
 stem, from 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, 
 in summer; rich golden yellow, 1 in. 
 across, numerous, terminal, erect, 
 solitary on the ends of the many sub- 
 divisions of the branches. Leaves, 
 very much divided into narrow linear 
 segments, and produced in whorls at 
 the joints of the stem and branches. 
 
 N. America. Borders, and margins 
 
 of shrubberies, in sandy loam. Divi- 
 sion or seed. 
 
 Coreopsis verticillata ( Whorled-leaved 
 <7.) A slender but showy species, 
 2 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 bright yellow, 2 to 3 in. across ; florets 
 of the ray entire. Leaves, slender, 
 in whorls, stalkless, divided in- 
 to three very narrow, linear seg- 
 ments. N. America. Borders, in 
 
 sandy loam. Division. 
 
 Coris monspeliensis (Montpellier C.) 
 A rather pretty dwarf branching 
 plant, about 6 in. high, usually 
 biennial in our gardens. Flowers, in 
 summer; bright lilac, with orange 
 anthers, in elongated terminal heads. 
 Leaves, linear, acute, with revolute 
 margins, sessile, patent, rather close 
 together, and clothing the stem from 
 the base to the top. South of France. 
 
 Dry and sunny parts of rockwork, 
 
 in dry sandy soil, and among dwarf 
 plants. Seed. 
 
 Coraus canadensis (Dwarf Cornel}. 
 A pretty miniature shrub, the shoots 
 of which are tipped with white bracts, 
 
 tinted with rose at the points, 4 to 
 6 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; 
 purplish-white, in an umbel much 
 shorter than the leaves of the in- 
 volucre. Leaves, about 1^ in. long 
 and 1 in. broad, nearly stalkless, 
 ovate, acuminate, entire, veined, in 
 whorls of 4 or 6 at the top of each stalk, 
 
 Berries globose, red, ripe in July. 
 
 The rock-garden, mixed border, and 
 bog-bed, in almost any soil, but 
 thriving best in a moist sandy, or 
 peaty one. Division. 
 
 Cornus suecica (Dwarf Cornel). An 
 interesting British plant, with simple 
 stems, 4 to 6 in. nigh. Floivers, in 
 early summer ; purple, small, 20 or 
 more in a simple terminal umbel, sur- 
 rounded by an invohicre, consisting of 
 4 large white petal-like leaves, tinged 
 with red. Leaves, opposite, stalkless, 
 ovate, entire, veined almost from the 
 base, about 1 in. long. Berries small, 
 red when ripe, sweetish. Britain, 
 N. Europe and Asia. The rock- 
 garden, in moist, sandy, or peaty soil. 
 Scarcely worthy of culture except in 
 a botanical collection. Division. 
 
 Coronilla iberica (Iberian C.) A 
 smooth, dwarf, showy, but tiny 
 shrub, with ascending stems, 6 or 8 in. 
 high. Flowers, in summer; yellow, 
 large, seven or eight in an umbel. 
 Leaves, pinnate ; leaflets 9 to 11, ob- 
 cordate, ciliate. Iberia and Cappa- 
 
 docia. The rock-garden, and among 
 
 the dwarf est plants in the mixed 
 border, in sandy loam. Division. 
 
 Coronilla juncea (Rusk-stemmed C.) 
 A low evergreen shrub of rather 
 pleasing aspect, forming a neat bush 
 with branching stems, from 1 to 3 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; clear 
 yellow, small, in terminal and axillary 
 clusters. Leaves, trifoliate, few, and 
 
 distant. Stem striated. France. 
 
 Among neat shrubs on the rougher 
 parts of rockwork, in warm sandy 
 loam. Division and seed. 
 
CORONILLA CORYDALIS. 
 
 97 
 
 Coronilla minima (Least C.) A 
 diminutive evergreen, a few inches 
 high, flowers, in summer ; small, 
 rich yellow, freely produced, 6 to 
 12 in each head. Leaves, pinnate ; 
 leaflets 7 to 13, ovate-roundish, ob- 
 tuse or retuse ; stipules opposite the 
 leaves, 2-toothed at the apex. France 
 and Southern Europe. The rock- 
 garden and among the smallest sub- 
 jects in the mixed border ; in sandy 
 soil. Division or seed. 
 
 Coronilla montana (Mountain C.) 
 An erect, free -flowering, slightly 
 glaucous perennial, 15 to 18 in. high. 
 flowers, in summer; yellow, 15 to 
 20 in each umbel. Leaves, pinnate; 
 leaflets 7 to 9, ovate, mucronate. 
 Brightly-coloured forms frequently 
 occur. Mountains of Southern Eu- 
 rope. Mixed border, rougher 
 
 parts of the rock-garden, margins 
 of shrubberies, and naturalization, in 
 ordinary garden soil. Division or 
 
 Coronilla varia (Rosy C.) A very 
 handsome, free, and graceful trailing 
 herb, bearing a profusion of rose- 
 coloured flowers. The shoots some- 
 times attain a length of 4 or 5 ft. 
 flowers, in summer ; from 1 6 to 20 in 
 each umbel, on stalks about as long as 
 the leaves. Leaves, pinnate ; leaflets 
 9 to 13, small, oblong, mucronate. 
 The flowers vary in colour from deep 
 rose to nearly white. Europe and 
 
 Tauria, in fields and meadows. 
 
 Behind some bare rock, so that it 
 may hang down over the face of it ; 
 in borders, on chalky banks, running 
 amongst trailing shrubs, or for natu- 
 ralization in semi- wild places, in ordi- 
 nary soil. Seed. 
 
 Cortusa Matthioli (Alpine Sanicle). 
 Resembling Primula cortusoides, 
 with large leaves like those of the 
 tender Primula mollis. Flowers, in 
 early summer ; deep purplish-crimson, 
 on stems from 9 to 15 in. high, ar- 
 
 ranged in a loose umbel; corolla 
 funnel-shaped. Leaves, roundish-heart- 
 shaped, lobed, sharply toothed. Alps 
 of Piedmont and Germany. Shel- 
 tered nooks in the rock-garden, in 
 moist loam or peat, or on sheltered 
 borders. Division and seed. 
 
 Corydalis lutea (Yellow C.)fuma- 
 ria lutea. A graceful perennial, with 
 fern-like but somewhat glaucous 
 leaves, forming close tufts abundantly 
 dotted with yellow flowers, 12 to 18 in. 
 high. Flowers, most of the summer ; 
 yellow, in racemes ; bracts linear awl- 
 shaped, one-third the length of the pe- 
 dicel. Leaves, 3-ternate ; leaflets, wedge- 
 shaped with roundish lobes. A native 
 of Southern Europe, and naturalized 
 on old walls in various countries. 
 Borders, old ruins, walls, stony 
 
 B'aces or bare banks, in any soil, 
 ivision. 
 
 Corydalis Marschalliana (MarschaWs 
 C.) A dwarf tuberous-rooted peren- 
 nial, 8 to 10 in. high, flowers, in 
 April or May; sulphur-coloured, in 
 short racemes ; spur straight or 
 scarcely incurved, blunt. Leaves, 2, 
 situated above the middle of the stem, 
 2-ternate ; lobes oval, entire, or bifid. 
 Tauria and the mountains in the 
 
 Ukraine, under trees. Borders, 
 
 and the rougher parts of the rock- 
 garden, in sandy loam. Division. 
 
 Corydalis nobilis (Noble C.) The 
 stoutest and handsomest kind in cul- 
 tivation, 10 to 12 in. high, flowers, in 
 spring and early summer; rich yellow 
 when opened ; the unopened ones at 
 the apex forming a light green rosette , 
 borne in massive heads on stout leafy 
 stems, double the size of those of 
 0. solida, all turned the same way ; 
 spur long, blunt and incurved at the 
 point. Leaves, bipinnate; segments 
 wedge-shaped, cut at the top; bracts 
 
 acute, entire or cut. Siberia. 
 
 Borders, or the lower flanks of rock- 
 work, in deep sandy loam. Division. 
 
98 
 
 CORYDALIS CREPIS. 
 
 Corydalis solida (Solid C.) Fumaria 
 "bulbosa. A compact, free - flowering 
 kind, now becoming popular among 
 spring flowers, 4 to 6 in. high. 
 flowers, in spring; purplish-rose, a 
 little whitish underneath, borne in a 
 dense, somewhat one sided cluster, 
 which becomes elongated as the flower- 
 ing advances, each flower springing 
 from the axil of a much-divided bract. 
 Leaves, few, twice-ternate, with glau- 
 cous, wedge-shaped leaflets, divided 
 at the end ; stems scaly at the base ; 
 bulb or tubercle roundish, solid, about 
 the size of a small hazel-nut, with 
 fibrous rootlets issuing from the lower 
 part only. Europe and Asia. Bor- 
 ders, edgings, the spring garden, and 
 naturalization among dwarf plants in 
 bare places. Division. 
 
 Corydalis tuberosa (Tuberous C.) 
 C. cava. Resembling C. solida, but 
 with the small floral leaves quite 
 entire, 4 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in 
 spring ; white, in a loose, slightly uni- 
 lateral cluster, each flower springing 
 from the axil of an entire bract. 
 Leaves, much cut, twice-ternate, with 
 wedge-shaped segments ; stem not 
 scaly ; bulb or tubercle egg-shaped, 
 hollow, with rootlets issuing from 
 every part of its surface. France and 
 
 the Pyrenees. Borders, naturalized 
 
 among spring and early summer 
 flowers, in almost any position. Divi- 
 sion of established tufts. 
 
 Cotyledon Umbilicus (Wall C.) 
 Umbilicus erectus. A distinct-looking 
 plant, with creeping fleshy roots and 
 erect flower-stems, 6 to 12 in. high. 
 flowers, in summer ; yellowish-green, 
 in a longish raceme ; corolla about 
 in. long, cylindrical. Leaves, fleshy, 
 roundish, more or less peltate, den- 
 tately crenated,on long stalks. Britain 
 and Southern and Western Europe, 
 
 in damp places. The rougher 
 
 parts of rockwork and in hardy fer- 
 neries. Division or seed. 
 
 Cousinia Hystrix (Spring (7.) A 
 singular plant. Flowers, purplish, 
 about the size of those of the Cotton- 
 thistle, in solitary, somewhat glo- 
 bose, woolly heads. Leaves, pinnatifid 
 or pinnate, with spiny teeth, covered 
 on both sides with a cob web -like 
 down ; those of the stem decurrent ; 
 stem branching at the top. Mountain 
 pastures in the eastern parts of the 
 Caucasus, and adjoining regions of 
 Persia. Borders, or banks, in well- 
 drained sandy soil. Division, and 
 
 Crambe cordifolia (Heart-leaved C.) 
 A noble perennial with huge leaves 
 and small honey-scented flowers, ap- 
 pearing in dense multitudes ; 4 to 
 6 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; 
 white, in much-branched, smooth, 
 leafless panicles ; stamens forked. 
 Leaves, stalked, toothed ; lower ones 
 heart-shaped ; upper ones ovate, nearly 
 smooth, as is the stem. Caucasus. 
 
 Isolated, near the margin of 
 
 shrubberies in the picturesque garden, 
 or grouped with hardy plants having 
 fine leaves, or naturalized in glades in 
 almost any position or soil. It is, 
 however, worthy of a very deep and 
 good soil, in which it becomes much 
 larger and handsomer. Division or 
 
 Crambe juncea (Rushy C.) Smaller 
 than the preceding kind, 3 to 4 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer; whitish. 
 Leaves, lyrate, with toothed lobes, the 
 terminal lobe the largest ; leaf-stalks 
 and stem rough with recurved hairs. 
 Native of Iberia, near Tiflis. Not so 
 fine a species as C. cordifolia, having 
 smaller and less divided leaves ; those 
 of the stem very few and small, and 
 
 scarcely any on the branches. 
 
 Similar uses to the preceding, but 
 being inferior, it is suited chiefly for 
 botanic gardens. Division or seed. 
 
 Crepis aurea (Golden C.\ A pretty 
 little composite plant, 4 in. to 1 ft. 
 
CRINUM CROCUS. 
 
 99 
 
 high. Flowers, late in summer ; 
 orange, seldom more than one bloom 
 on each stem ; involucrum and stem 
 covered with long black hairs, mingled 
 with a few small, white, woolly 
 ones. Leaves, all radical, or as 
 long as the stem, spoon-shaped, ob- 
 long, dentate, or runcinate, of a lively 
 green, smooth and shiny, disposed 
 in a rosette. Root fibrous, without 
 runners or tubercles. Elevated pas- 
 tures on the Alps of Southern Europe. 
 
 Borders, and naturalized on bare 
 
 banks and slopes, in any common 
 sandy soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Crinum capense (Cape Crinum).A 
 noble, fragrant, and perfectly hardy 
 bulb, from 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, 
 late in summer ; very large and funnel- 
 shaped, white, sometimes tinged with 
 red, in a terminal umbel of ten to 
 fifteen blooms, producing large heads 
 of curious, fleshy, irregularly-sized 
 seeds, by which the plant is readily 
 increased. Leaves, ribbon-like, long 
 and narrow, grooved, rough on the 
 margins, glaucous. There are several 
 varieties, the most remarkable being 
 riparium, fortuitum, and striatum 
 the first has dark purple, the second 
 fine white, and the third striped 
 
 flowers. Cape of Good Hope. As 
 
 isolated tufts or small beds in the 
 pleasure-ground, arranged with groups 
 of hardy fragrant plants, or with the 
 nobler herbaceous subjects, particu- 
 larly those that flower in late summer 
 and early autumn ; also, for grouping 
 and massing on small islands or parts 
 of islands on which a distinct and 
 choice type of vegetation is sought, 
 and near the margin of water. Few 
 plants repay better for a sheltered and 
 warm position, and deep, very rich 
 noil, with abundance of water in sum- 
 mer, though it exists in ordinary soil. 
 In very oold situations a little pile of 
 leaves may be desirable over the roots 
 in winter, but I have known the plant 
 
 withstand the most intense frosts, 
 and by planting the top of the bulba 
 half a foot beneath the surface there 
 need not be any fear of injury from 
 this cause. Separation of the bulbs 
 and from seed. 
 
 Crocosmia aurea (Golden C.} Tri- 
 tonia aurea. A bulbous perennial, 
 2 ft. high. Flowers, late in summer or 
 in autumn ; few, brilliant orange-red, 
 in a loose spike. Leaves, sword - 
 shaped, pointed, about a foot long and 
 ^ in. broad, sheathing the base of the 
 stem for about a foot. Stem slightly 
 
 winged. South Africa. Borders, 
 
 margins of beds of Rhododendrons, 
 etc., in peaty or very sandy soil. 
 Division. 
 
 Crocus Bory anus (White Autumn C.) 
 A very pretty autumn-flowering 
 Crocus, as yet rare in gardens, 3 to 
 4 in. high. Flowers, late in autumn ; 
 creamy white, throat orange-yellow, 
 the base of the segments sometimes 
 marked externally with dull purple 
 lines ; anthers white ; stigmas orange - 
 scarlet. Leaves, narrow, smooth, ap- 
 pearing a little earlier than the flowers. 
 Corm covered by two smooth, soft, 
 persistent, reticulated coats. Asia 
 Minor, the Morea, and the Greek 
 
 Islands. The rock-garden, bulb 
 
 garden, and choice borders, in fine 
 deep sandy soil. Separation of the 
 bulbs and from seed. 
 
 Crocus Cartwrightianus (CartwrighPs 
 C.) A very dwarf free -flowering 
 species, about 3 in. high. Flowers, in 
 autumn; fragrant, usually white, more 
 or less stained inside with purple 
 lines, sometimes pure white, often of 
 a pale and sometimes a pretty rich 
 purple; the throat is never yellow. 
 Leaves, appearing before the flowers, 
 narrow, with the reflexed margin, 
 and the dorsal rib densely ciliate j 
 veins very slightly grooved. Corm 
 covered with softly-membranous, reti- 
 culated fibrous coats. Greek islanda, 
 H2 
 
100 
 
 CROCUS. 
 
 Teno and Scyro. The positions and 
 
 treatment recommended for Crocus 
 Orphanidis will also suit this. 
 
 Crocus Imperati (Imperati's Crocus). 
 Nearly allied to C. versicolor, but 
 much handsomer, 3 to 6 in. high. 
 flowers, in very early spring ; sweet- 
 scented, of a lilac -purple on the inside ; 
 external divisions If in. long and 
 f in. broad, of a creamy white on the 
 outside, marked with three longitu- 
 dinal dark purple lines, of which the 
 two outer ones and the end of the 
 middle one are feathered with short 
 lines of the same colour. Leaves, 
 appearing before the flowers, longer 
 than tlte flower-stem, linear, thick, 
 recurved, with a distinct white line in 
 the middle of the concave inner side, 
 and enveloped for 2 or 3 in. from the 
 base with a series of three or four 
 opposite, deeply furrowed, obtuse, 
 membranous sheaths. Corm roundish, 
 irregular, about the size of a small 
 nutmeg, partially covered at the base 
 and sides with brown fibres. Found 
 on the mountains of Calabria at 3000 
 
 to 6000 ft. of altitude. Borders, 
 
 the rock-garden, edgings, and natu- 
 ralization, on warm, sunny banks and 
 slopes, in ordinary soil. Separation 
 of the bulbs. 
 
 Crocus luteus (Common Yellow C.) 
 The common yellow Crocus of our 
 gardens. Flowers, early in spring, 
 appearing at the same time as the 
 leaves ; of a bright yellow, two on a 
 stem. Leaves, linear ; sheaths wide. 
 Corm covered with veined tunics. 
 Native country uncertain, but sup- 
 posed to have been introduced from 
 
 the Levant. Borders, edgings, or 
 
 naturalized in grass, in almost any 
 position and in any soil. Separation 
 of the bulbs. 
 
 Crocus nudiflorus (Naked-flowered C.) 
 C. multifidus. A beautiful late 
 "blooming species. Flowers, in autumn ; 
 
 pale bright purple, with the tube 3 to 
 10 in. long, and the segments 1^ to 
 2 in. long. Leaves, appearing very 
 early in spring, very slender, with a 
 narrow white line in the centre. 
 Corm flowers when about the size of a 
 pea, sending out stolons in spring, the 
 thickened apices of which form fresh 
 conns. S. W. Europe, but abun- 
 dantly naturalized in meadows about 
 Nottingham, Derby, Halifax, and 
 
 Warrington. Borders, edgings to 
 
 beds of autumnal flowers, the lower 
 parts of the rock-garden, or naturalized 
 in the grass, in open sunny spots near 
 wood-walks, in ordinary soil. Separa- 
 tion of the bulbs. 
 
 Crocus Orphanidis (Orphanides 1 (7.) 
 A rare and recently introduced 
 kind, flowers, in autumn; soft lilac - 
 blue with yellow throat, 2 \ in. in 
 diameter. Leaves, appear with the 
 flowers, exceeding them in length and 
 getting much longer afterwards. 
 Corms unusually large, nearly 2 in. 
 long, closely covered with a bright 
 chestnut-brown tissue. A native of 
 
 Greece. The rock-garden and 
 
 choice border, in deep sandy loam, 
 and in sunny, warm, and sheltered 
 positions. When more plentiful it 
 will doubtless prove useful in various 
 other ways. Separation of the bulb 
 every second year, soon after the 
 leaves have died down, replanting the 
 bulbs at once, and rather deeply. 
 
 Crocus pulchellus (Mount Athos C.) 
 A rare and pretty late-blooming 
 kind, 4 to 5 in. high, flowers, in 
 autumn ; large and showy, pale bluish- 
 pearl colour, with darker veins, the 
 throat orange-yellow ; anthers white. 
 Leaves, broad, smooth, green with a 
 white streak. Corm covered with a 
 membranous coat, having a ring at 
 the base ciliated with fibres. Nativo 
 of Belgrade, the east side of the 
 
 Bosphorus, and Mount Athos. 
 
 The positions and treatment recom- 
 
CROCUS CRUCIANELLA. 
 
 101 
 
 mended for the preceding will suit 
 this. 
 
 Crocus reticulatus (ClotTi of Gold O.) 
 C. susianus. A very early blooming 
 kind. Flowers, early in spring ; of a 
 rich golden colour, brownish-black on 
 the outside. Leaves, very narrow, 
 smooth, grooved and veined on both 
 sides, appearing with the flowers. 
 Corm covered with a reticulated tunic. 
 
 Levant. Commonly used in the 
 
 spring garden and in borders, and well 
 worthy of naturalization, on very bare 
 and sunny banks, where its flowers 
 would prove very attractive in early 
 spring. Separation of the bulbs. 
 
 Crocus sativus (Saffron Crocus). 
 The plant from which the saffron of 
 commerce is obtained, which consists, 
 in fact, of the dried filaments of the 
 flowers. Flowers, in autumn ; of a 
 pale violet with deeper coloured veins, 
 the tube of the flower long, exhaling 
 a sweet and delicate odour. Leaves, 
 very narrow, slightly ciliated, appear- 
 ing soon after the flowers. Corm 
 rather large, globular, usually de- 
 pressed, covered with a fibrous 
 greyish tunic. Native country uncer- 
 tain, but probably comes from the 
 Eastern shores of the Mediterranean. 
 
 Sunny sheltered nooks in the 
 
 rock-garden, or on slightly raised 
 warm and sunny banks or slopes, 
 always in perfectly drained and very 
 sandy soil. It is very shy of blooming 
 in cold soils. Separation of the bulbs 
 every third or fourth year, soon after 
 the leaves have withered. 
 
 Crocus speciosus (Large Autumn C. ) 
 Perhaps the handsomest and lar- 
 gest of the late - blooming kinds. 
 Flowers, in autumn; bluish violet, 
 striped internally with deep purple 
 lines, which are deeper at the base of 
 the divisions. Leaves, appearing almost 
 with the flowers, very narrow, erect. 
 Corm of medium size, nearly round, 
 with tunics formed of reticulated fibres. 
 
 Native of the Caucasus. The rock- 
 garden, borders, edgings to beds of 
 autumn flowers, clumps on warm 
 fringes of shrubberies, and naturali- 
 zation on sunny banks and slopes. 
 Separation of the bulbs every second 
 or third year, and about the period 
 when the leaves decay. 
 
 Crocus vernus (Spring Crocus}. The 
 parent of most of the blue, white, and 
 striped kinds generally cultivated in 
 our gardens. Flowers, in spring ; lilac, 
 violet, white, bluish, or streaked with 
 white and violet ; inside of the throat 
 hairy. Leaves, grooved with veins, 
 appearing soon after the flowers. 
 Corm solid, fleshy, generally roundish, 
 depressed, sometimes slightly pear- 
 shaped or elongated, covered with 
 reticulated coats. Alps and Apennines. 
 
 Edgings, borders, beds in the 
 
 spring garden, naturalization, etc. The 
 beautifully striped varieties are well 
 worthy of being naturalized in the 
 grass on warm slopes, in the rougher 
 parts of pleasure-grounds and parks. 
 Separation of the bulbs. 
 
 Crocus versicolor (Various- coloured 
 C.) Flowers, in spring ; white, richly 
 striped with purple, the throat some- 
 times yellow, sometimes white, smooth 
 on the inside, by which it can be 
 readily distinguished from C. vernus, 
 which has the inside of the throat 
 hairy. Leaves, grooved, with a double 
 opaque spathe, without neryes, ap- 
 pearing at the same time as the 
 flowers. Native of the South of 
 France. Similar positions and 
 treatment to those for C. Imperati. 
 
 Crucianella stylosa (Long-styled (7.) 
 A pretty dwarf procumbent herb) 
 with leaves arranged in whorls, 9 to> 
 12 in. high. Flowers, in summer; 
 pale rose, small, but freely produced 
 in dense terminal heads ; style much- 
 protruding. Leaves, 8 to 9 in a whorl, 
 hispid, as are also the stems. Rocks 
 ami barren places in Persia and th 
 
102 
 
 CUCURBITA CYCLAMEN. 
 
 Caucasus. Borders, rockwork, or 
 
 bare banks, in sandy or calcareous 
 soil. Division or seed. 
 
 Cncurbita perennis (Perennial Cu- 
 cumber). A remarkable-looking trail- 
 ing plant, with large hoary leaves. 
 Flowers, in summer; pale yellow; 
 lobes of calyx awl-shaped ; fruit 
 roundish, smooth, almost sessile. 
 Leaves, triangularly heart- shaped with 
 
 undulating margins. Associated 
 
 with fine-leaved hardy plants, gourds, 
 etc., in very deep and rich soil, in 
 which it will attain great vigour. It 
 may be trained over stakes or stumps, 
 or allowed to trail over undulating 
 banks ; but it is chiefly valuable for 
 the botanical or curious collection. 
 Seed and careful division. 
 
 Cyananthus lobatus (Lobed C.} 
 A brilliant and remarkable Himalayan 
 rock plant, about 4 in. high. Flowers, 
 in August and September ; purplish- 
 blue with a whitish centre, few, soli- 
 tary, usually terminal, about an inch 
 across, funnel-shaped, with 5 spoon- 
 shaped lobes; throat covered with 
 numerous soft, long, whitish hairs; 
 calyx 5-cleft, large, roundish, thickly 
 set with short blackish hairs. Leaves, 
 lozenge- shaped, small, fleshy, alter- 
 nate, deeply and irregularly notched 
 or lobed, greyish underneath. Stems 
 branching but little, procumbent or 
 ascending, spreading loosely about. 
 
 Himalayas. The rock-garden in 
 
 sunny chinks. It grows best in a 
 mixture of sandy peat and leaf -mould, 
 with plenty of moisture during the 
 growing season. Increased freely by 
 cuttings. The seed requires a dry, 
 favourable season to ripen it ; in wet 
 weather the large, erect, persistent 
 calyx becomes filled with water, 
 which remains and rots the included 
 seed vessel. 
 
 Cyclamen coum (Round-leaved C.) 
 Distinguished by its rounded leaves. 
 Flowers, December to March ; reddish 
 
 purple, darker at the mouth, where 
 there is a white circle ; inside striped 
 with red ; corolla short, closed at the 
 mouth. Leaves, roundish-heart-shaped, 
 divided at the base, the lobes 
 overlapping. C. vernum of Sweet 
 (" Brit. Fl. Gard.," vol. i. t. 9), is a 
 variety with the leaves marked, or 
 zoned, with an unequal band of white 
 between the margin and the centre, 
 and flowers similar to the best va- 
 rieties of C. coum. Tuber round, 
 depressed, fibres issuing from under- 
 side only. C. coum album is a variety 
 raised by Mr. Atkins, of Pains wick, 
 with white flowers, having a dark 
 
 mouth. Greek Archipelago. The 
 
 rock-garden, or choice warm sheltered 
 borders, in fibry vegetable soil. 
 
 Cyclamen europseum (European C.) 
 Flowers, from June to November, or 
 if slightly protected till the end of the 
 year ; reddish-purple, very fragrant ; 
 petals rather short and stiff; mouth 
 of the corolla pentagonal, not toothed 
 Leaves, appear in early summer, and 
 remain the greater part of the year ; 
 they vary considerably in outline, the 
 markings of the surface, and the colour 
 beneath ; but they are always more or 
 less toothed, those from more northern 
 habitats more so than those from loca- 
 lities south of the Alps, where they 
 assume, in a measure, the rounder 
 form and more delicate markings of 
 C. persicum. Tuber of medium size 
 and very irregular form, sometimes 
 roundish, depressed, or knotted, at 
 others lengthened out sometimes more 
 than a foot. The rind is thin, smooth, 
 yellowish, sometimes "scabby." The 
 southern varieties have flowers much 
 longer and of a more delicate colour, 
 often approaching peach- colour; pure 
 white ones are rare, but pale ones not 
 
 uncommon. Central Europe. The 
 
 rock-garden, or warm borders in rich 
 light earth. This, like the Ivy-leaved 
 C. t may be naturalized in parks and 
 
CYCLAMEN CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 103 
 
 pleasure-grounds amidst short grass, 
 mosses, and other small plants. Seed. 
 
 Cyclamen hederaefolium (Ivy -leaved 
 C.) A beautiful tuberous perennial, 
 happily perfectly hardy. Flowers, in 
 late summer and autumn ; purplish 
 red, frequently with a whitish stripe 
 down the petals; mouth or base of 
 the corolla 10-toothed, pentagonal. 
 Leaves, variously marked, the greater 
 number appearing after the flowers, 
 4 to 6 in. long and 4 to 54 in. in dia- 
 meter. Tuber not unfrequently a foot 
 in diameter, covered with a brownish 
 rough rind, which cracks irregularly, 
 so as to form little scales. There is a 
 pure white variety and one white with 
 pink base or mouth of corolla, both of 
 which come true from seed. There 
 are also, according to Mr. Atkins, 
 valuable and distinct varieties from 
 the Greek Isles, that flower later and 
 continue longer in bloom. Their leaves 
 are thick, shining, and wax - like, 
 rising with or before the majority of 
 the flowers, being both stronger and 
 larger than the ordinary type, with 
 more decided difference of outline and 
 markings on the upper surface, the 
 under surface being frequently of a 
 beautiful purple. C. grcecum is a 
 very near ally if more than a variety ; 
 the foliage is more after the persicum 
 type, the shape of the corolla and 
 toothing of the mouth the same. 
 South of Europe and Northern Africa. 
 
 The rock - garden, borders, or 
 
 naturalization in half - shady bare 
 places, in light vegetable earth. Seed. 
 
 Cyclamen vernum (Spring <?.) 
 C. repandum. A valuable kind. 
 flowers, from April to end of May ; 
 from a delicate peach to deep red 
 purple, the last-named colour being 
 very rare ; corolla long ; petals some- 
 what fleshy, twisted; mouth round, 
 not toothed. Leaves, appearing before 
 the flowers, generally more or less 
 marked with white on the upper sur- 
 
 face, and often purplish beneath, 
 semi-transparent when young. Tuber 
 round, somewhat depressed, rough or 
 russety on outer surface ; fibres issu- 
 ing from one point on the under 
 
 side only. Southern Europe. The 
 
 rock - garden and sheltered mixed 
 border, in sunny sheltered spots, in 
 light, rich, well-drained soil. Seed. 
 
 Cynara Scolymus (French Artichoke}. 
 A noble plant, 3 to 6 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in autumn ; purple, very 
 large, surrounded by an involucrum 
 of oval-obtuse, sometimes emarginate, 
 downy scales. Leaves, long, some- 
 what spiny, nearly pinnatifid, covered 
 underneath with white cottony down. 
 
 South of Europe. Well known in 
 
 the vegetable garden. This is one of 
 the most striking plants when seen 
 isolated on the grass, in the pic- 
 turesque flower garden, or occasionally 
 in the shrubbery. It loves rich 
 soil, and sometimes perishes if not pro- 
 tected in winter. Seed and division. 
 
 Cypripedinm Calceolus (Lady's Slip- 
 p r ). Our largest-flowered British or- 
 chid, now nearly or quite exterminated, 
 Ito 14 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 usually solitary, or two, large ; sepals 
 1 to 1 4 in- long, dark brown ; petals 
 dark brown, narrower than sepals ; 
 lip 1 in. long, inflated, yellow, netted 
 with darker veins. Leaves, large, 
 ovate, pointed, veined, generally 3 or 
 4 in number. Native of N. Europe, 
 
 in dense woods; very rare. The 
 
 rock-garden, in sunny nooks sheltered 
 by small bushes, etc., in calcareous 
 soil. Careful division of established 
 tufts. 
 
 Cypripedium candidum ( White Lady's 
 Slipper}. A small-flowered kind, the 
 lip of which reminds one of a small 
 bird's egg ; 8 to 15 in. high. Flowers, in 
 May and June ; solitary ; lip about the 
 size of a sparrow's egg, white, marked 
 with rose-coloured dots on the inside, 
 flattish laterally, convex above ; petals 
 
104 
 
 CYPRIPEDIUM DELPHINIUM. 
 
 and sepals greenish, not much longer 
 than the lip ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 
 two of them united into one piece 
 under the lip. Leaves, lanceolate- 
 oblong, acute, slightly pubescent. 
 Bogs of Central and W. New York 
 (rare) to Kentucky and Wisconsin. 
 
 The artificial bog, or in moist peaty 
 
 spots near the rock-garden. Best suited 
 for the botanical or the curious collec- 
 tion. Careful division. 
 
 Cypripedium guttatum (Spotted C.) 
 A very handsome, rare kind. 
 Flowers, in summer ; rather small, 
 but beautiful, of a purplish-violet 
 tint, spotted with white, the lip 
 also edged with white ; the upper 
 sepal very large, pointed ; the lower 
 one cleft; petals oval, abruptly 
 pointed ; lip longer than the sepals, 
 nearly round, with the orifice ex- 
 panded and flattened. Leaves 2, 
 alternate, oval-elliptical, pointed, 
 fringed. Native of Canada, N. Europe, 
 near Moscow, N. Asia, in dense 
 forests (dry in summer) amongst the 
 roots of trees, in black, moist vege- 
 table mould, in parts completely shaded 
 from the sun. Of the successful cul- 
 ture of this plant little is as yet 
 known. It is best to try it in shady 
 and half-shady situations, in vegetable 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Cypripedium spectabile (Noble Lady's 
 Slipper). Perhaps the handsomest of 
 this handsome family, from 15 in. to 
 2 ft. high. flowers, in summer ; 
 large, handsome, white, slightly tinged 
 with rose; lip of a bright rosy car- 
 mine, longer than the petals, inflated, 
 slightly furrowed ; sepals oblong, 
 obtuse, undivided, longer and broader 
 than the petals which are lanceolate 
 and flat; 1 or 2 blooms on a stem. 
 Leaves, oval - pointed, pubescent, 
 veined. Native of N. America from 
 Canada to Carolina, in marshy places. 
 
 The artificial bog, moist borders, 
 
 at the foot of north walls, among low 
 
 shrubs, etc., always in deep moist 
 peat or vegetable soil. Division of 
 well-established tufts. 
 
 Daphne Cneorum (Garland Flower) 
 A very neat evergreen shrub, bearing 
 a profusion of rosy -lilac flowers, the un- 
 opened buds being crimson, 6 to 12 in. 
 high. Flowers, often twice a year, in 
 April and September ; in dense termi- 
 nal umbels, deliciously fragrant. Leaves, 
 smooth, lance-shaped, mucronate. A 
 native of most of the great mountain 
 
 chains of Europe. Rockwork, front 
 
 margin of the mixed border, or as edging 
 to beds of choice low shrubs. Thrives 
 best in sandy peaty soil, kept rather 
 moist in summer. Layers. 
 
 Datisca cannabina (Hemp-like D.) 
 A tall and graceful perennial, 3 to 6 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; yellow, 
 in long, loose, axillary spikes at the 
 tops of the stems. Leaves, pinnate, 
 alternate ; leaflets in 3 pairs and an odd 
 one, about 2 in. long and in. broad, 
 acutely pointed, deeply serrate. Both 
 the male and female forms should be 
 grown, as, though both are graceful, 
 the fertilized female plant is the most 
 so, and continues much the longest in 
 
 a green state. Candia. Associated 
 
 with fine-leaved hardy plants, or as 
 isolated specimens in the pleasure- 
 ground, in deep good soil. Seed and 
 division of well- established plants. 
 
 Delphinium elatum (Bee Larkspur). 
 D. exaltatum. A stately perennial, 4 
 to 6 ft. high in gardens. Flowers, in 
 summer ; blue or white, middle size, 
 in straight racemes; spur straight, 
 as long as the calyx ; limb of lower 
 petals bifid. Leaves, flat, hairy when 
 young, but becoming smooth when 
 old, cleft beyond the middle into 3, 
 5, or 7 parts : lobes wedge-shaped, tri- 
 fid or jagged, acuminated at the 
 apex; stem, smooth, somewhat branch- 
 ing. Mountains of Virginia and 
 Carolina. Borders and fringes of 
 
DELPHINIUM. 
 
 105 
 
 plantations, in good rich soil. Division 
 
 Delphinium elegans (Elegant Lark- 
 spur). A neat border plant, 1 to 2 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer; dark 
 blue, smaller than those of D. grandi- 
 fiorum, in loose, few-flowered racemes ; 
 petals shorter than the calyx; spur 
 curved, shorter than the sepals ; limb 
 of lower petals bifid. Leaves, smooth, 
 5-parted, with 3- to 5- cleft lobes, and 
 linear-lance-shaped acute lobules; 
 stalks scarcely widening at the base. 
 There is a double variety. N. Ame- 
 rica. Borders in good soil. Division 
 
 and seed. 
 
 Delphinium formosum (Showy D.) 
 A very handsome kind, 18 in. to 
 3 ft. high, flowers, in summer and 
 autumn; a fine azure blue, shaded 
 with indigo; spur of a violet blue, 
 rather long, two-cleft, and having 
 a rumpled appearance ; petals shorter 
 than the sepals. Leaves, alternate, of a 
 greyish-green, palmate with unequal 
 segments, the lower ones stalked, the 
 upper ones sessile and simply tripar- 
 tite. Native country unknown. 
 
 Borders and fringes of shrubberies in 
 good soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Delphinium grandiflorum (Large- 
 flowered D.) One of the handsomest 
 kinds, 1 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; from June to September, 
 blue, very large, in spreading few- 
 flowered racemes ; petals shorter than 
 the calyx ; limb of lower ones entire, 
 somewhat orbicular. Leaves, smooth, 
 light green above, hoary beneath, 
 palmately divided into many narrow 
 lobes. There is a fine double variety 
 (D. g. plenum). D. sinense, is a variety 
 differing chiefly in having a stiffer and 
 more erect stem than the species, and 
 the two lower petals bearded with 
 yellow hairs. There are several other 
 varieties, both double and single, 
 varying in colour from deep blue to 
 white. The best of these are one 
 
 with white flowers (D. g. Jl. alb.), 
 another dwarf kind (D. g. pumilum 
 cceruleum) with blue flowers, and one 
 (D. g. pumilum album) with white 
 flowers. Siberia and Dauria. Bor- 
 ders and fringes of shrubberies in good 
 soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Delphinium intermedium (Interme- 
 diate D.) 4 to 8 ft. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; in glaucous racemes ; 
 sepals blue ; petals very hairy, almost 
 black, the limb of the lower ones 
 bifid ; pedicels, bracts, calyx, and 
 ovaries smooth. Leaves, heart-shaped, 
 5- to 7-cleft, upper ones 3-lobed, all 
 deeply serrated. There are several 
 
 varieties of this species. Europe. 
 
 Borders, in good soil. Division or seed. 
 
 Delphinium nudicaule (Dwarf Red 
 D.) A singularly brilliant and re- 
 cently introduced dwarf kind, 10 to 
 18 in. high. Flowers, early in summer, 
 in a loose raceme; vivid red, inclining 
 to orange, the petals clear yellow, 
 lower ones spoon-shaped, with a 2- 
 cleft, fringed limb ; upper ones elon- 
 gated, prominent, hairy at the ends ; 
 spur nearly twice as long as the 
 smooth calyx. Leaves, fleshy, some- 
 what peltate, 3-parted, with numerous 
 subdivisions, which in the lower leaves 
 are obcordate with notched lobes, and 
 in the upper ones oblong entire. 
 
 California. On warm flanks of the 
 
 rock-garden, or on warm banks or 
 borders till plentiful, in light, well- 
 drained, sandy loam. Increased by 
 seeds. This plant is as yet rare, and 
 few have had any experience of its 
 culture, but as it grows on the hills 
 and plains near San Francisco, in 
 gravelly and very sandy places, it 
 certainly will be the better of a sandy 
 and thoroughly drained loam in this 
 country. 
 
 [Hybrids and varieties of Delphi- 
 nium, of the highest order of beauty, 
 have been raised in such abundance 
 that they are now of greater impor- 
 
106 
 
 DENTAKIA DI ANTHUS. 
 
 tance than tlie species. Additions are 
 being yearly made to the number by 
 nurserymen who cultivate florists' 
 flowers, and have usually a good selec- 
 tion of fine kinds. These Delphiniums 
 are of the highest importance in the 
 flower-garden, where they may be 
 used in lines and in mixtures, in the 
 mixed border of which they are some 
 of the finest ornaments, and, in a 
 word, for every use to which the 
 most beautiful perennials may be put. 
 They thrive best in rich light soil ; 
 and if, after flowering in summer, 
 they are cut down to near the ground, 
 they will again bloom vigorously by 
 autumn. All are easily increased by 
 division in winter, or early spring. 
 The following are excellent kinds : 
 Alopecuroides, Belladonna, Barlowii, 
 Hendersoni, La Belle Alliance, Scha- 
 myl, Wheeleri, William Pfitzer, Ranun- 
 culceflorum, Delight, Hyacinthiflorum, 
 Magnificum,Keteleeri, Heine des Delphi- 
 niums, Madame Chate, Hebe, and Bicolor 
 grandiflorum. 
 
 Dentaria bulbifera (Bulb-bearing D.) 
 An interesting perennial, bearing 
 bulbils in the axils of its leaves, as in 
 I/ilium bulbiferum ; 1 to 2 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in spring ; purple, sometimes 
 nearly white, rather large, produced 
 in a raceme at the top of the stem. 
 Leaves, lower ones pinnate, with 5 or 
 7 segments ; upper ones undivided or 
 with few segments ; segments 1 to 2 in. 
 long, lance-shaped, toothed or entire, 
 tapering at the base. Europe, Asia, 
 
 and Britain. Borders, and fringes 
 
 of shrubberies in half-shady positions, 
 and in sandy vegetable soil. Divi- 
 sion and seed. 
 
 Dentaria digitata (Showy Toothwort.) 
 A very handsome dwarf kind, 
 about 12 in. high. Flowers, in April; 
 rich purple, in flat racemes at the top 
 of the stem. Leaves, stalked, pal- 
 mately cut into 5 oblong-lanceolate, 
 pointed, deeply serrated segments. 
 
 France, Italy, and Switzerland, in 
 
 shady woods. Half-shady borders, 
 
 margins of beds of American plants, 
 or among low shrubs near rockwork, 
 in rich light and moist soil. Divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Dentaria pinnata (Pinnate D.) A 
 stout species at once distinguished by 
 its pinnate leaves ; 14 to 20 in. high. 
 Flowers, from April to June ; large, 
 pale purple, lilac, or white, in a 
 terminal cluster. Leaves, few, near 
 the top of the stem, alternate, stalked, 
 pinnate ; leaflets 5 to 7, lance-shaped, 
 acute, smooth, irregularly toothed, 
 pale underneath. Switzerland, in 
 
 mountain and sub-alpine woods. 
 
 Fringes of shrubberies and half-shady 
 spots, in rich light earth. Careful 
 division of the thick scaly roots. 
 
 Dianthus alpinus (Alpine Pink). A 
 rare and beautiful mountain pink, 
 3 or 4 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 deep rose spotted with crimson, large, 
 solitary on each stem, so freely pro- 
 duced as to hide the leaves ; petals 
 crenated. Leaves, green, oblong- 
 linear, obtuse. Alps of Austria. 
 
 The rock-garden, in exposed spots, in 
 light, fibry, gritty, or sandy loam. 
 Where plentiful enough, and where it 
 thrives freely, it should be used on 
 the margin of the choice border. I 
 have seen it attain great beauty as an 
 edging to small beds of American 
 plants, in sandy peat. Seed and care- 
 ful division. 
 
 Dianthus barbatus (Sweet William). 
 One of our most popular old garden 
 flowers, 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; variously coloured, from dark 
 purple to white, in dense cymes; petals 
 bearded ; scales of the calyx ovate, 
 awl-shaped, about equalling the tube. 
 Leaves, broadly-lance-shaped, nerved. 
 There are many varieties, both single 
 and double. Various parts of Central 
 and Southern Europe. Borders, 
 
DIANTHUS. 
 
 107 
 
 margins of shrubberies ; the finer kinds 
 in beds, with the florists' flowers. It 
 is a biennial in cold soils, but a 
 perennial in warm ones. Seed. 
 
 Dianthus caesius (Cheddar Pink}. A 
 dwarf, very glaucous, densely tufted 
 kind, 6 to 8 in. high. Flowers, in 
 early summer; delicate rose, very 
 fragrant, generally solitary ; scales of 
 calyx roundish, short ; petals crenated, 
 pubescent. Leaves, very glaucous, 
 short, with rough margins. On 
 mountains in Europe, and in England 
 on limestone rocks at Cheddar, in 
 
 Somersetshire. The rock-garden, 
 
 old walls and ruins, and dry, sandy, 
 or calcareous borders. Seed and 
 careful division. 
 
 Dianthus Caryophyllus (Carnation). 
 The parent of our Carnations, Pi- 
 cotees, and Clove Pinks ; 1 to 3 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; all colours 
 except blue, solitary; scales of the 
 calyx 4, very short, ovate, rather 
 mucronate ; petals, broad and beard- 
 less ; stem branched. Leaves, linear- 
 awl - shaped, channelled, glaucous. 
 
 Europe and England. The finer 
 
 named kinds in beds, with the florists' 
 flowers ; in the kitchen-garden, grown 
 for the sake of their cut flowers, 
 or in borders, in various ways. It 
 prefers a sound loam, with sharp 
 sand, and decomposed manure. 
 Where there are old ruins and the 
 like, the single forms might be 
 established upon them with good 
 effect. Layers, cuttings, and seed. 
 
 Dianthus cruentus (Blood-scarlet 
 Pink). A slender kind, with deeply 
 coloured flowers, many in a head ; 1 to 
 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; 
 small, numerous, of a bloody-scarlet 
 colour, arranged in contracted, many- 
 flowered, somewhat globose cymes ; 
 petals, 3 in. long, toothed, bearded 
 towards the base with scattered red- 
 dish - violet hairs ; calyx tubular, 
 reddish-violet above, streaked, and 
 
 ending in 5 very acute teeth. Leaves, 
 linear-lanceolate, very acute, those 
 of the stem in 3 or 4 pairs, connate 
 for the space of | in., 3- nerved under- 
 neath, much shorter than the inter- 
 nodes ; lower leaves growing in tufts ; 
 all smooth, and scarcely glaucescent ; 
 stems slightly squared in the upper 
 
 part. Native country unknown. 
 
 Borders, banks, or the rougher parts 
 of rockwork, in free soil. Seed. 
 
 Dianthus deltoides (Maiden PinJc).-~ 
 Forms dense, almost grassy tufts, 
 with flowering- stems 6 to 9 in. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; bright pink with 
 a dark circle, sometimes white ; scales 
 of the calyx 4, ovate-lance-shaped, 
 acute ; stem ascending, branched, 1- 
 flowered. Leaves, lower ones oblong, 
 obtuse ; upper ones narrower, acute, 
 pubescent. D. deltoides glaucus is a 
 variety with the stem and leaves 
 slightly glaucous, and white flowers 
 with a dark circle. Europe, Asia, and 
 
 Britain, but not found in Ireland. 
 
 Borders and rockwork in ordinary 
 garden soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Dianthus dentosus (A moor pink). 
 A dwarf but sturdy and large-flowered 
 species, 5 or 6 in. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; more than an inch across, of 
 a fine violet -lilac, with a regular dark 
 spot formed of purple streaks at the 
 base of each petal, producing a dark 
 eye in the centre of the flower; the 
 petals toothed at the margin, and 
 bearded at the base. Leaves, linear, 
 rather broad, sometimes slightly un- 
 dulated, glaucous, tinged with a 
 reddish hue, especially in autumn, 
 spreading into broad tufts. Southern 
 Russia and E. Siberia. The rock- 
 garden and borders, in sandy well- 
 drained loam. Seed. 
 
 Dianthus Fischer! (Fischer's Pink.) 
 A beautiful kind, as yet rare, 7 to 
 10 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 light rose, with the petals much cut 
 or feathery at the edges, numerous, in 
 
108 
 
 DIANTHUS. 
 
 closely-set fascicles ; scales oval, 
 pointed, twice as long as the tube of 
 the calyx. Leaves, lance- shaped, stiff, 
 with a single vein on the upper side. 
 
 Russia. The rock-garden, at least 
 
 till more plentiful, and in moist sandy 
 or gritty loam. Seed. 
 
 Dianthus glacialis (Glacier Pink). 
 A brilliant kind, allied to D. neglectus, 
 2 or 3 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 solitary, rose-coloured ; petals notched, 
 one and a half times longer than the 
 calyx; divisions of the calyx lance- 
 shaped, awned ; awn linear, awl- 
 shaped, herbaceous, longer than the 
 tube. Leaves, linear, obtuse, 1- 
 nerved, attenuated towards the base. 
 Granitic Alps of the Tyrol, Salzburg, 
 
 and Carihthia. The rock-garden, 
 
 in exposed spots, in moist sandy loam. 
 Seed and division. 
 
 Dianthus neglectus (Grass Hose). 
 Resembling the Alpine Pink in its 
 large and handsome blossoms, but 
 with narrower and more pointed grass- 
 like leaves ; 2 to 4 in. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; deep rose ; calyx striped, 
 scales of the calyx 2, as long as the 
 tube ; petals serrated ; stems erect, 
 tufted, short, generally 1-flowered. 
 Leaves, green, linear, acute, serrulated. 
 Alps of Dauphiny, Pyrenees, Switzer- 
 land, and North of Italy. The rock- 
 garden, in exposed spots, and the 
 margin of the choice mixed border, 
 in fine sandy loam. It is much more 
 easily grown than the Alpine Pink, 
 and in many soils will thrive in any 
 exposed spot, the plant or group of 
 plants being surrounded by a few 
 half -buried stones. Seed and divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Dianthus petrseus (Rock Pink)* 
 Forms compact tufts, in poor soil, 
 little more than 1 in. high ; flower- 
 stems about 6 in. high. Flowers, in 
 summer; fine rose, usually solitary 
 on the stems, which are very freely 
 
 produced ; scales of the calyx obovate, 
 mucronate ; petals beardless, multi- 
 fid. Leaves, smooth, awl-shaped, 
 
 entire, nerved. Hungary. The 
 
 rock-garden, or borders, in ordinary 
 light soil. This is easy to grow and 
 much less liable to suffer from wire- 
 worm than most of the other kinds. 
 Division or seed, but if grown near 
 other kinds the seedlings are apt to 
 vary very much. 
 
 Dianthus plumarius (Garden Pink). 
 This is considered the parent from 
 which all our varieties of pinks have 
 sprung. Flowers, in early summer ; 
 white, purple, spotted, or variegated, 
 double or single ; stems 2- or 3- 
 flowered ; scales of calyx ovate, short ; 
 teeth obtuse ; petals bearded, jagged. 
 Leaves, linear,, margins rough. Europe. 
 
 The finer named kinds in beds of 
 
 rich sandy loam, with the florists' 
 flowers, or in borders, fringes of shrub- 
 beries, or on banks. The wild single 
 kind thrives best on old walls and 
 ruins, and also in the rock-garden and 
 borders, frequently however perishing 
 in winter in cold soils. Cuttings or 
 seed. 
 
 Dianthus ramosissimus (Busk Pink). 
 A hardy, dwarf, free-flowering spe- 
 cies, forming dense and branching 
 tufts ; about 6 in. high. Flowers, late 
 in summer ; purplish-rose, very nu- 
 merous, solitary, on wiry steins. 
 Leaves, linear, painted, flat, sessile. 
 
 Tartary. The rock-garden, and the 
 
 margin of the mixed border, in sandy, 
 well-drained loam. Seed. 
 
 Dianthus suavis (Sweet Pink). A 
 pretty and sweet kind, 6 in. high. 
 Flowers, in summer; pink, petals 
 bearded, deeply serrated ; scales of the 
 calyx 4, acute, short. Leaves, linear, 
 spreading, glaucous ; stem generally 
 1-flowered. Native country unknown. 
 
 The rock-garden and borders, in 
 
 light soil. Seed and division. 
 
DIANTHUS DICENTKA. 
 
 109 
 
 Dianthus superbus (Fringed Pink}. 
 A handsome and fragrant species, dis- 
 tinguished by its petals being cut into 
 lines or strips for more than half their 
 length ; 9 to 18 in. high. Flowers, 
 after midsummer ; rose- coloured or 
 reddish ; petals divided beyond the 
 middle, feathery, bearded at the base ; 
 scales of the calyx short, ovate, mu- 
 cronate. Leaves, resembling those of a 
 narrow-leaved Sweet William, bright 
 green, linear- lance-shaped, acute, 
 entire ; stem smooth, many-flowered. 
 The plant is a biennial in some 
 soils, but a perennial in light, well- 
 drained ones. Many parts of Europe. 
 
 Borders, and the less important 
 
 parts of the rock-garden. It will 
 grow in any kind of soil for a time, 
 but thrives best in light, rich ones, 
 well drained. Seed. 
 
 Diapensia lapponica (Lapland D.) 
 A sturdy, but very dwarf, evergreen 
 shrub, 1 to 2 in. high. Flowers, in 
 early summer ; white, salver- shaped, 
 about 4 in. across ; mostly solitary, on 
 erect stalks ; stamens yellow. Leaves, 
 very narrow, closely packed, linear- 
 spoon - shaped, smooth. Northern 
 
 Europe and North America. The 
 
 rock-garden, in moist sandy peat, and 
 in well exposed positions. As yet, 
 this plant has been but very rarely 
 seen even in our best collections. 
 Careful division of well-established 
 tufts. 
 
 Dicentra (Dielytra) chrysantha. 
 (Yellow-flowered D.) A very orna- 
 mental, bushy, herbaceous plant, 3 to 
 5 ft. high. Flowers, in autumn ; full 
 golden yellow, in erect racemes. 
 Leaves, very finely cut, glaucous, 
 resembling those of the Rue. Cali- 
 fornia. Borders, in rich, deep, and 
 
 well-drained loam. Seed. 
 
 Dicentra cucullaria (Hooded D.) 
 Fumaria cucullaria. A graceful 
 and interesting, but not very con- 
 spicuous little plant, about 3 in. high. 
 
 Flowers, in early summer ; white, with 
 yellow tips ; produced in simple 
 racemes on naked stalks; spurs 
 2, straight, acute. Leaves, tri-ter- 
 nate, smooth, slender. Hoot, tube- 
 rous, about the size of a large 
 
 hazel nut. North America. The 
 
 rock - garden, in quiet, half-shady 
 nooks, amid dwarf plants, or on the 
 margins of beds of shrubs, in peat 
 soil. It is very uncommon in gardens, 
 and is not likely to be popular, not 
 being so ornamental as the following 
 kinds. Division. 
 
 Dicentra eximia (Plumy Dielytra}. 
 Combines the grace of a fern with 
 the blooming qualities of a first-class 
 perennial ; 9 to 18 in. high. Flowers, 
 in spring and throughout the summer ; 
 reddish purple, drooping, oblong, in 
 a compound raceme; spurs short, 
 blunt, somewhat incurved; wings of 
 the inner petals projecting beyond the 
 summit; stigma 2- angled. Leaves, 3 to 
 8, or more, growing from the crown 
 of the roots ; stalks channelled, 
 widened at the base ; divisions of the 
 blades variable, but mostly oblong. 
 Clefts of rocks on the mountains of 
 
 Virginia and North Carolina. 
 
 Borders, or rockwork ; grows in any 
 soil, but thrives best in a deep, sandy 
 loam. Division. 
 
 [D. formosa, of Nuttall, is by some 
 considered a distinct species, known 
 by the "wings of the inner petals 
 scarcely projecting, the stigma tri- 
 angular and entire, the flowers broadly 
 ovate, and the spurs short, and very 
 obtuse." The plants grown under this 
 name in gardens are, from a horticul- 
 tural point of view, not distinct from 
 the preceding, require the same treat- 
 ment, and are suitable for the same 
 positions.] 
 
 Dicentra spectab'ilis (Dielytra). 
 One of our most beautiful and graceful 
 hardy flowers ; 9 in. to 2 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in spring and early summer j 
 
110 
 
 DICTAMNUS DIGITALIS. 
 
 large, rosy- crimson, about aninch long, 
 produced in a graceful raceme on a 
 leafy stem ; spurs 2, short, very blunt. 
 Leaves, stalked, much divided ; seg- 
 ments obovate- wedge- shaped, cut. 
 There is a pale variety. Siberia and 
 
 China. Borders, and margins of 
 
 shrubberies, mixed groups, rough 
 rockeries or banks in a half-natu- 
 ralized state. It grows in any soil, 
 but perhaps attains greatest vigour in 
 a deep peat or fine sandy soil. Division. 
 
 Dictamnus Fraxinella (Fraxinetta). 
 A showy border-plant, covered with 
 glandular hairs exuding a strongly 
 scented and inflammable oily resin ; 
 1 to 2 ft. high, flowers, in early 
 summer; pale purple, in long ter- 
 minal racemes ; petals 5, unequal. 
 Leaves, pinnate, resembling those of 
 the Ash ; leaflets in 4 or 5 pairs, heart- 
 shaped at the base, acute at the apex, 
 finely serrulated. There is a white 
 variety. Southern Europe. Bor- 
 ders, in any soil, but usually best in a 
 dry one. Where it grows vigorously, 
 it would be worth placing in isolated 
 tufts, in the grass near the margins of 
 shrubberies, in uiimown spots. Divi- 
 sion or seed, which should be sown 
 when gathered. 
 
 Digitalis grandiflora (Large-flowered 
 Foxglove). 3 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; very large (nearly 2 in. long 
 and i in. broad), yellow, bell-shaped, 
 pubescent, glandular, very open at the 
 mouth (which is streaked with lines 
 of a deeper tint) and arranged in a long 
 unilateral spike. Leaves, lanceolate, 
 or oval- lanceolate, pubescent on the 
 margin and on the prominent nerves, 
 tlie lower leaves narrowed into a short 
 winged leaf -stalk ; the upper ones 
 sessile, half clasping the stem ; the 
 whole plant more or less set with soft 
 jointed hairs. There are two varieties, 
 I), acutiloba and D. obtusiloba; the 
 former has the lower lip of the corolla 
 acute, and the latter has the same 
 
 part obtuse. France, Alps, and Pyre- 
 nees. Borders and naturalization, 
 
 in ordinary soil. Seed. 
 
 Digitalis lanata ( Woolly D.) This 
 species, D. lutea, and D. ochroleuca, 
 are perhaps scarcely brilliant enough 
 for very select ornamental collections ; 
 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 white, delicately veined with pinkish 
 lines,in dense, terminal, many-flowered 
 racemes ; corolla roundish-ventricose, 
 downy ; lip ovate, naked, sometimes 
 purplish. Leaves, oblong, deep green, 
 ciliated with woolly hairs. Hungary. 
 
 Borders and naturalization in, 
 
 almost any soil. Seed. 
 
 Digitalis lutea ( Yellow Foxglove). 
 1^ to .3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 pale yellow, small, produced in 
 dense racemes ; corolla funnel-shaped, 
 smooth or downy towards the top ; 
 segments ovate, bearded ; lower bracts 
 longer than the flowers. Leaves, lance- 
 shaped, toothed, smooth ; stem simple, 
 angular. There are several varieties. 
 
 Southern Europe. Borders, and 
 
 naturalization, in ordinary soil. Seed. 
 
 Digitalis mariana (Sierra MorenaD.) 
 A handsome plant resembling our 
 common Foxglove; 1| ft. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; rose-coloured, bearded on 
 the lower part inside with long white 
 hairs, and marked in the same place 
 with brownish-red white-edged spots ; 
 in a unilateral raceme of 10 to 20 
 blooms. Leaves, mostly radical, co- 
 vered on both sides with a very soft 
 greyish down, ovate or ovate-oblong ; 
 stem-leaves smaller, acute, nearly 
 sessile. Sierra Morena in S. of Spain. 
 
 Borders, fringes of shrubberies, 
 
 and naturalization in copses, etc., in 
 light or well-drained soils. Seed. 
 
 Digitalis ochroleuca (Cream-coloured 
 D.) A rather showy herb, with both 
 stem and leaves villous; 2 to 3 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer; yellow reticu- 
 lated with brown, in a terminal 
 raceme ; corolla, oblong-ventricose. 
 
DIGITALIS DODECATHEON. 
 
 Ill 
 
 villous; segments ovate, acute; lip 
 bearded. Leaves, ovate - lanceolate, 
 acuminated, toothed. Central Europe. 
 
 Borders, and naturalization in 
 
 ordinary soil. Seed. 
 
 Digitalis purpurea (Common Fox- 
 glove). Our well-known native Fox- 
 glove ; 2 to 5 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; large, purple, marked inside 
 with deep spots which are edged with 
 white, in a dense terminal raceme, all 
 nodding in the same direction ; seg- 
 ments ovate - oblong ; peduncles 
 straight, about equal in length to the 
 calyces. Leaves, very rough, oblong, 
 crenate, on short winged stalks. There 
 are many beautifully spotted forms as 
 well as a white one. Britain and 
 
 many other parts of Europe. The 
 
 prettily spotted varieties deserve to 
 be abundantly grown in shrubberies 
 and copses. Seed. 
 
 Digitalis Thapsi (Mullein-like D.) 
 A handsome plant allied to the 
 common Foxglove, but somewhat 
 smaller, and a true perennial ; 2 to 
 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; 
 purple, with pale throat dotted with 
 blood-red spots, smaller than those of 
 D, purpureum, and like them pro- 
 duced in a dense raceme ; peduncles 
 arched, much longer than the calyx. 
 Leaves, oblong, rough, crenated, 
 undulated, decurrent. S. Europe. 
 
 Borders, fringes of shrubberies, 
 
 and naturalization in copses, etc., in 
 light, well- drained soil. Seed. 
 
 Diotis maritima (Sea Cottonweed). 
 A dwarf cottony herb, with hard, 
 almost woody, stems branching at the 
 base; 8 to 10 in. high. Flowers, in 
 late summer or autumn ; bright 
 yellow, in dense terminal corymbs. 
 Leaves, alternate, oblong, or almost 
 Bpoon-shaped, entire, or slightly 
 toothed, sessile, about 1 in. long, 
 quite white on both sides with cottony 
 down. On sea-shore sands of the 
 EOiitiiern half of Great Britain, in St. 
 
 Ouen's Bay, Jersey, and also S. 
 
 Europe. Borders, grouped with 
 
 plants having silvery and variegated 
 foliage, or as a rock plant, in sandy 
 soil. Cuttings and seed. 
 
 Diphylleia cymosa (Cymose-flowered 
 D.) A smooth herb with somewhat 
 the habit of Podophyllum, 1 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in early summer; white, in 
 large loose heads or cymes ; petals 6, 
 naked on the inside; stamens 6; 
 berries roundish, bluish-black. Leaves, 
 2, very large, alternate, umbrella- 
 like, glaucous, kidney-shaped, usually 
 2-cleft. Native of North America, on 
 the borders of rivulets and on moun- 
 tains. Peat borders and fringes of 
 
 beds of American plants in the moistest 
 spots. Propagated by division in spring. 
 
 Diplopappus rigidus (Rigid D.} A 
 dwarf hardy Aster-like shrub with 
 prostrate stems, and ascending flower- 
 bearing branches ; about 1 foot high. 
 Flowers, in autumn; 1| in. across, 
 sky-blue with yellow centre, terminal, 
 solitary. Leaves, numerous, linear- 
 acute, sessile, rigid, with a prominent 
 
 dorsal keel. N. America. Borders, 
 
 in ordinary free soil. Seed and division. 
 
 Dodecatheon integrifolium (Entire- 
 leaved D.) Allied to the American 
 Cowslip, but dwarfer and more 
 brilliant in bloom; 4 to 6 in. high. 
 Flowers, in early summer ; deep rosy 
 crimson, smaller than those of D. 
 Meadia, and produced in small few f 
 flowered umbels ; the base of each 
 petal white, springing from a yellow 
 or dark orange cup. Leaves, oval or 
 spoon- shaped, entire. In shady woods 
 near rivers, on the Alleghany Moun- 
 tains, and also the Rocky Mountains 
 
 in N. America. The rock-garden, 
 
 in rich soil. Seed. 
 
 Dodecatheon Jeffreyannm (ffort.) (Jef- 
 frey's American Cowslip). A .very vigo- 
 rous kind, easily recognised when 
 above ground by its large leaves, with 
 
112 
 
 DODECATHEON DORONICUM. 
 
 very thick reddish midribs; 15 in. to 
 2 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer; 
 purplish-rose, the petals 4 in number, 
 reflexed as in the other species, and 
 with a yellowish spot at the base. 
 Leaves, 4 to 10 in., sometimes more, in 
 length, narrowly- spoon-shaped, taper- 
 ing very much towards the base of 
 the very thick midrib. Rocky Moun- 
 tains. Borders, low and sheltered 
 
 portions of the rock-garden, or here 
 and there amid dwarf shrubs, always 
 in rich, light, and deep soil. It 
 would also thrive very well in the 
 drier parts of the bog-bed, associ- 
 ated with such plants as Trillium, 
 grandiflorum and Cypripedium spec- 
 tabile. Easily increased by careful 
 division of the root in autumn. 
 
 Dodecatheon Meadia (American Cow- 
 slip). A beautiful perennial, 10 to 
 16 in. high, flowers, in April or 
 May; purple, inclining to the colour 
 of the peach-blossom, freely produced 
 in a loose umbel on smooth naked 
 stems, each blossom drooping elegantly. 
 Leaves, oblong-oval, smooth, unevenly 
 toothed, waved, 6 or 7 in. long and 
 from 2 to 3 in. broad, erect when first 
 appearing, but afterwards spreading. 
 There are several varieties, all of 
 which are worthy of cultivation. 
 
 Rich woodlands in N. America. 
 
 Borders, and the rock-garden, thriving 
 best in light, sandy or vegetable, 
 earth. Division, or seed sown soon 
 after being gathered. 
 
 Dondia Epipactis (Epipactis). 
 Hacquetia Epipactis. A singular and 
 pleasing little herb, 3 to 6 in. high. 
 Flowers, in spring ; greenish-yellow, in 
 a simple umbel ; involucre of 5 or 
 6 ovate leaves, toothed at the apex, 
 exceeding the umbel. Leaves, radical, 
 ternate or 3-parted, serrated. Root 
 black on the outside. Carinthia and 
 
 Carniola. Margins of borders, in 
 
 the spring-garden, or occasionally in 
 the rock-garden, or naturalized on 
 
 very bare banks and slopes, where 
 such a small and unobtrusive plant 
 may be seen. Division. 
 
 Doronicum austriacum (Austrian D.) 
 A very showy -flowered and neatly- 
 tufted perennial; 1 to 1 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in spring and early summer ; 
 yellow, large, 1 to 5 on each stem. 
 Leaves, dentate, those of the root 
 heart-shaped, stalked; lower stem- 
 leaves ovate-spoon-shaped, abruptly 
 narrowed at the base; upper ones lance- 
 shaped, cordate, clasping the stem. 
 Whole plant rather hairy. Sub- 
 alpine woods of Hungary, Bohemia, 
 Austria, Carinthia, Central France, 
 
 and the Pyrenees. Borders, or 
 
 naturalized on rough rocky ground, or 
 banks. It thrives in any soil, and is 
 readily increased by division. 
 
 Doronicum caucasicum (Caucasian 
 Leopard" s-bane). A showy peren- 
 nial, about 1 ft. high. Ffavers, 
 in spring ; yellow, 1 in. across, 
 solitary, terminal and axillary. Leaves 
 of the stem, oval, pointed, with a 
 broad clasping base and toothed mar- 
 gin; radical leaves reniform, with 
 deeply - toothed margins. Neck of 
 the rhizome more or less covered with 
 silky down; seed-vessels of the ray 
 quite smooth, without pappus. Cau- 
 casus. The same positions and 
 
 treatment as for the last. Division. 
 
 Doronicum Columnae (Columna's D.) 
 Very like the preceding ; 1 to 1 \ ft. high. 
 Flowers, early in spring and sum- 
 mer; yellow, large. Leaves, den- 
 tate, softly and shortly downy ; those 
 of the root almost kidney-shaped, 
 stalked ; lower stem -leaves auricled ; 
 middle ones cordate-spoon-shaped, or 
 simply cordate ; upper ones ovate- 
 lance-shaped, clasping the stem. Dis- 
 tinguished from D. caucasicum by the 
 absence of silky down at the neck of 
 the rhizome, and by the seed-vessels 
 of the ray being slightly downv. 
 S. Europe. Similar positions 
 
DORONICUM DRABA. 
 
 115 
 
 and treatment to those recommended 
 for D. austriacum. Division. 
 
 Doronicum Pardalianches (Leopard's- 
 lane). A coarse perennial, 1^ to 3 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in spring and early 
 summer ; yellow, usually 3 to 5 on 
 each stem ; rays numerous, very nar- 
 row. Leaves of root heart-shaped, 
 hairy, stalked ; of stem, few, ovate, 
 lower ones stalked, upper sessile and 
 clasping. Hoots fleshy, forming at 
 intervals small tubers about the size 
 
 of a bean. Central Europe. 
 
 Suitable for rough and wild places 
 only, under trees or otherwise, and 
 in any soil. Division. 
 
 Doronicum plantagineum (Plantain 
 D.) A vigorous herb allied to the 
 previous species, but with larger 
 flowers, and leaves not heart-shaped, 
 but varying, either entire or irregularly 
 toothed ; 2 to 3 ft. high, flowers, in 
 spring and early summer; yellow, 
 usually solitary on a terminal 
 peduncle, sometimes, though very 
 rarely, 2 or 3 on a stem. Leaves, of 
 root, ovate or oval, stalked, un- 
 evenly toothed; stem-leaves nearly 
 entire, lance-shaped, narrower than 
 those of the previous species. Central 
 
 and Southern Europe. Like the 
 
 preceding, not desirable for any but 
 semi- wild spots. Division. 
 
 Draba aizoides (Seagreen D,) A 
 brilliant dwarf rock plant, 2 to 3 in. 
 high. Flowers, in spring ; bright 
 yellow, in terminal racemes ; stamens 
 about as long as the petals; scapes 
 naked, smooth. Leaves, narrow, 
 lance-shaped, keeled, ciliate, arranged 
 in neat rosettes. It rarely ripens 
 seeds. Found in one locality in South 
 Wales, and on rocky and gravelly 
 spots on mountains in Central Europe. 
 
 The rock-garden, in gritty soil, 
 
 crevices in mossy old walls and ruins ; 
 occasionally, in very tine and well- 
 drained sandy soils, it thrives very 
 well in borders, but in this case 
 
 it ought to be protected from the 
 encroachments of coarser plants. 
 Division and seed. 
 
 Draba Aizoon (Evergreen D.) Allied 
 to the previous species, but a more 
 vigorous grower, with the leaves 
 broader and of a darker green, 
 arranged so as to form a large and 
 complete rosette, from which spring 
 the flower-stems, about 5 or 6 in. 
 high. Flowers, in spring ; pale yellow, 
 produced in terminal racemes ; scape 
 naked, villous. Leaves, linear, acutish, 
 keeled, stiff, ciliated. It ripens seed 
 
 freely. Mountains of Carinthia. 
 
 The positions and treatment recom- 
 mended for the preceding species will 
 suit this also. 
 
 Draba alpina (Alpine D.) An arctic 
 species, 2 to 3 in. high. Flowers, in 
 spring; yellow, rather smaller than 
 those of D. aizoides, in terminal 
 racemes ; scape naked, pubescent. 
 Leaves, lance-shaped or ovate, dark 
 green, flat, smooth. N. Europe and 
 
 N. America. A somewhat delicate 
 
 subject, and best adapted for pot cul- 
 ture, or well-drained chinks in rock- 
 work, in sandy loam. Seed or division. 
 Draba ciliaris (Large Yellow D.} 
 One of the largest-flowered and finest 
 of the yellow Drabas, 3 to 4 in. high. 
 Flowers, in spring and early in sum- 
 mer ; yellow. Leaves, densely clothed 
 with soft spines, in rosettes. Probably 
 
 a variety of D. cuspidata. Alps. 
 
 Eockwork. Seed or division. 
 
 Draba ciliata (Ciliated Draba). 
 One of the finest of the white-flowered 
 kinds, and resembling a miniature 
 plant of Arabis albida.; 2 in. high. 
 Flowers, early in summer ; white, few, 
 closely set ; sepals, green, oval. Leaves, 
 somewhat leathery, smooth, with a 
 cartilaginous margin, slightly toothed 
 and fringed with stiff hairs ; those of 
 the rosette obovate, shortly pointed ; 
 those of the stem oblong, usually two 
 or three in number. Pods linear; 
 I 
 
114 
 
 DEABA DR ACOCEPHALUM. 
 
 stems and flower-stalks very smooth. 
 Croatia and Carniola. The rock- 
 garden, among the dwarfest plants, in 
 tufts or small sheets near the level of 
 the eye, in light, moist soil. Seed and 
 division. 
 
 Draba cinerea (Grey D. ) The most 
 effective, perhaps, of the white - 
 flowered species ; 3 to 6 in. high. 
 Flowers, in early spring; white, in 
 terminal racemes, on simple, leafy, 
 somewhat pubescent stems. Leaves, 
 oblong- linear, entire; stem-leaves 5 or 
 
 6 in number, scattered. Siberia. 
 
 Rockwork in well-drained sandy loam. 
 Seed or division. 
 
 Draba cuspidata (Pointed-leaved 
 D.) A pretty dwarf species, 3 in. 
 high, with a thick woody stem, and 
 closely resembling Z>. ciliaris. Flowers, 
 in spring ; yellow, in terminal racemes ; 
 scapes naked, villous. Leaves, linear, 
 acutish, keeled, ciliated, in dense 
 rosettes. Mountains in Tauria and 
 
 Spain. Rockwork, old walls and 
 
 ruins, and front margin of mixed 
 border, in warm sandy loam. Seed, 
 which is sparingly produced. 
 
 Draba glacialis (Glacier D.) A 
 very minute kind, forming dense little 
 cushions, 1 to 2 inches high. Flowers, 
 in earliest springy yellow. Leaves, 
 linear, pointed, smooth, stiff, fringed 
 on the edges with rigid hairs. Very 
 much resembling a small specimen 
 of D. aizoides, and considered by 
 Koch to be merely a variety of that 
 species growing at a higher elevation. 
 It differs from it by having a 
 few-flowered stem, pedicels shorter 
 than the pod, and a short style. 
 
 Granitic Alps of Switzerland. 
 
 The rock-garden in exposed spots, in 
 moist and very gritty or sandy soil, 
 and associated with the dwarfest 
 alpine plants. Seed or very careful 
 division. 
 
 Diaba rupestris (Rock D), A dwarf, 
 compact-growing species, 2 to 3 in. 
 
 high. Flowers, in summer; white, 
 few, small, on almost leafless stems. 
 Leaves, crowded, lance-shaped, almost 
 entire, pilose. Norway, Scotland, and 
 
 North America. Rockwork, in 
 
 sandy loam. Seed. 
 
 Draba tridentata (Three-toothed' 
 leaved D.) Easily distinguished by 
 its 3 -toothed leaves ; 2 to 4 in. high. 
 Flowers, in spring ; golden yellow, in 
 terminal racemes ; scapes naked, 
 smooth. Leaves, dark green, obovate, 
 narrowed at the base into the stalk, 
 hairy. Mountains of Southern Russia. 
 
 The rock-garden, in light moist 
 
 soil. Seed and division. 
 
 Dracocephalum argunense (Argunsk 
 D.] A handsome perennial allied to 
 D. Ruyschianum, but with larger 
 flowers, and smooth calyces ; 1 to 
 14 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; blue, 
 in whorled spikes; calyx quite 
 smooth ; upper lip semi-trifid, lower 
 one narrowly bipartite. Leaves, linear- 
 lanceolate, entire, smooth, nearly 
 sessile, 2 or 3 in. long; floral ones 
 wedge-shaped-elliptic, acute ; stems 
 
 smooth. Dahuria. A fine border 
 
 plant, especially in warm soils. In 
 cold ones it would be better on raised 
 borders, or on the rockwork. Seed 
 or division. 
 
 Dracocephalum austriacum^ ustrian 
 D.) Another fine kind, with the 
 habit of D. Ruyschianum, but with 
 divided leaves; about 1 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; blue, in whorled 
 spikes, each bloom being more than 
 4 in. long; upper teeth of calyx ovate, 
 lower ones lance-shaped ; corolla about 
 3 times as long as the calyx. Leaves, 3- 
 or 5-parted ; segments linear; margins 
 revolute ; floral ones trifid, and with 
 long fine spines ; stems rather pilose. 
 Most of the great mountain chains of 
 
 Europe. Positions and treatment 
 
 the same as for the preceding. 
 
 Dracocephalum grandiflorum (Be- 
 tony -leaved D.) A very dwarf and 
 
DRACOCEPHALUM DYCKIA. 
 
 115 
 
 distinct species, somewhat resembling 
 a Betonica in habit, 3 to 12 in. high. 
 Flowers, in summer; fine blue, in 
 whorled oblong spikes, 2 or 3 in. long ; 
 segments of calyx equal ; corolla 
 nearly 2 in. long, 3 times the length of 
 calyx. Leaves, of root, oblong, obtuse, 
 heart-shaped at the base, on long 
 stalks; stem-leaves ovate, on short 
 stalks ; floral leaves oblong, deeply 
 toothed. Siberia, frequent on the Al- 
 taian Alps. The rock-garden or the 
 
 margins of borders, always in good 
 sandy loam, and in a thoroughly well- 
 drained soil. This plant is now, and 
 has long been, very uncommon in 
 gardens, and deserves a favourable 
 position till sufficiently increased. 
 Careful division and seed. 
 
 Dracocephalum peregrinnm (Twin- 
 flowered JD.) A decumbent species, 
 with bracts and leaves furnished 
 with sharp-pointed teeth ; about 1 
 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; blue, 
 1 to 14 in- long, in pairs both turned 
 the same way, in few-flowered 
 whorls ; corolla about 3 times as long 
 as the calyx. Leaves, lance-shaped, 
 resembling those of Hyssop or .Rose- 
 mary, somewhat hoary beneath, about 
 an inch long, deeply toothed; floral 
 leaves linear-lanceolate, somewhat 
 
 spiny. Siberia. Borders, and the 
 
 rougher parts of the rock-garden, in 
 light well-drained soil. Seed and 
 division. 
 
 Dracocephalum Ruyschianum (Hys- 
 sop-leaved D.) A handsome species, 
 12 to 18 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 purplish, blue, about an inch long ; 
 about 6 flowers at the top of each 
 stem ; calyx pubescent, half as long 
 as the corolla. Leaves, linear-lanceo- 
 late, entire, smooth, 1 to 2 in. 
 long ; floral leaves ovate-lanceolate ; 
 stems branched from the base, 
 pubescent. Europe and Russian Asia. 
 
 Borders, and the rock-garden, in 
 
 light warm soil. Seed and division. 
 
 Dryas Drummondi (Drummond'a 
 Avens). A dwarf, hardy, evergreen 
 trailer, with flower- stems from 3 to 
 8 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; golden 
 yellow, about 1 in. across ; calyx 
 densely covered with blackish glandu- 
 lar hairs. Leaves, oval, scalloped on the 
 margin, stalked, white and downy 
 
 underneath. North America. 
 
 A pretty rock plant, easily grown in 
 any free soil, and also suited for the 
 margins of borders, edges of beds of 
 American plants, etc. It is very un- 
 common in gardens, but thrives quite 
 as well in sandy soil as the common 
 Mountain Avens. Division. 
 
 Dryas octopetala (Mountain Avens). 
 A prostrate or creeping evergreen 
 herb, forming dense spreading tufts. 
 Flowers, in summer ; white, with 
 yellow stamens, an inch or more 
 across, on erect peduncles, 3 to 8 in. 
 high ; fruit with a feathery appendage 
 an inch long, like those of Anemone. 
 Leaves, oblong, green, smooth and 
 shining above, white and downy be- 
 neath, deeply crenate, about ^ in. 
 long. Europe, Britain, and North 
 
 America. Borders and edgings, in 
 
 peaty or very sandy soil, or on 
 rockwork, in somewhat moist spots. 
 It looks very pretty, drooping over 
 the brows of rocks. Division. 
 
 Dyckia rariflora (Hardy DycUa). 
 An interesting plant of a tropical 
 family (Bromelia), which, Major Trevor 
 Clarke informs me, has lived out of 
 doors and flowered in his garden for 
 some years ; 2 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; orange-coloured, and very 
 showy, in panicles, with spiny bracts, 
 Leaves, radical, lance-shaped, pointed, 
 narrow.markedwithlongitudinallines, 
 whitish underneath, and disposed in 
 
 a rosette. Brazil. Warm, sheltered, 
 
 and dry nooks of the rock-garden, 
 in well-drained, sandy loam. Seed. 
 
 Echinacea angustifolia (Narrow* 
 eaved .#.) A perennial of distinct 
 I 2 
 
116 
 
 ECHINACEA EDR AIANTHUS. 
 
 aspect, 2 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; light purple or rose, 4 to 6 
 in. across. Leaves, lance - shaped, 
 hairy, entire, 3-nerved, 4 to 8 in. 
 long, and about in. broad; stem 
 hairy below, nearly smooth above 
 the middle. Root perpendicular. North 
 America. The positions and treat- 
 ment, etc. recommended for E. pur- 
 purea will suit this perfectly. 
 
 Echinacea purpurea (Purple K) 
 Rudbeckia purpurea. A rigid, stout, 
 and remarkable-looking perennial, 3 
 to 4 ft. high, or more, in very rich, 
 warm soils. Mowers, late in summer 
 and in autumn ; dull purple, 4 or 5 
 inches across. Leaves of root oval- 
 lance-shaped, on reddish stalks ; stem- 
 leaves more lance-shaped, taper- 
 ing into a winged stalk, or nearly 
 stalkless ; all somewhat rough. Stem 
 smooth. E. serotina is a variety of 
 this, with hairy and rougher leaves ; 
 the rays usually shorter and broader. 
 Southern and Western United States 
 
 of America. Associated with the 
 
 Tritoinas, Eryngium amethystinum, 
 or plants of like stature and merit, in 
 mixed borders, or as strong, isolated 
 tufts, in warm spots in the subtropical 
 garden or pleasure-ground, always in 
 rich, deep soil. Propagated by seed or 
 division of the root in autumn, or very 
 early spring; the plants not to be 
 often disturbed for this purpose. 
 
 Echinops bannaticus (Hungarian 
 E.) A plant of stiff, slightly 
 branching habit, 2 to 3 ft. high or 
 more. Flowers, in summer; blue, in 
 spherical heads. Leaves, roughish, 
 pubescent above, downy underneath ; 
 radical ones pinnate, upper ones pin- 
 natifid; lobes oblong, acuminate, spiny, 
 somewhat sinuated, and having a 
 spinous fringe. Hungary and Southern 
 
 Tauria. Borders and edges of 
 
 woods, naturalization in copses, or in 
 groups with the bolder perennials, 
 in any soil. Division. 
 
 Echinops exaltatus (Tall E.} A 
 vigorous species, 5 to 7 ft. high. 
 Flowers in summer ; whitish, in large 
 spherical heads ; stem rather simple, 
 covered with glandular hairs and 
 cob web -like down. Leaves, pinnatifid, 
 rough on the upper side with thinly- 
 set hairs, covered underneath with 
 ash-coloured down, and set with small 
 spines on the margin; scales of the 
 involucrum smooth, pointed, shortly 
 ciliated ; pappus crown -shaped. Aus- 
 tria. Scarcely worthy of a posi- 
 tion in the borders, not being nearly 
 so ornamental as the following 
 species, but worthy of being natu- 
 ralized amongst the most vigorous 
 perennials in half -wild places, in any 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Echinops ruthenicus. The hand- 
 somest species I am acquainted with, 
 34 to 4 ft. high ; the heads of bloom 
 being of a fine blue. Flowers, late 
 in summer ; blue, collected in spheri- 
 cal clusters on the tops of the branches, 
 those on the summit of the clusters 
 opening first, and all resting on a 
 common receptacle ; each flower-head 
 is surrounded by an oblong, angular 
 involucrum, formed of linear-awl- 
 shaped bluish scales. Leaves, alter- 
 nate, leathery, pinnatifid, with toothed 
 and spiny divisions, like those of 
 some Thistles, of a dull green above, 
 white and cottony underneath ; stem 
 also covered with a cottony down of 
 silvery whiteness. Southern Russia. 
 
 A first-rate border plant ; also 
 
 excellent for groups, and for naturali- 
 zation in open glades, near wood- 
 walks, in ordinary soil. Division. 
 
 Edraianthus Pumilio (Silvery Hare- 
 bell). A singularly pretty and minute 
 rock-plant, allied to the Campanulas, 
 with foliage resembling that of a 
 dwarf tufted Pink ; about 3 in. high. 
 Flowers, early in summer ; of a pure, 
 purplish blue, about 1 in. long, termi- 
 
EMPETEUM EPILOBIUM. 
 
 117 
 
 nal, solitary, barely rising above the 
 leaves, cup-shaped, cut into segments 
 for about one -third of their length ; 
 tube of the calyx obconical, smooth. 
 Leaves, linear, entire, hoary and 
 silvery, with adpressed hairs on the 
 upper side, very finely ciliated at the 
 edges, and quite smooth on the under 
 side, which is of a dark, shining green. 
 Dalmatia, on elevated parts of Mount 
 Biocovo. A gem for the rock- 
 garden, thriving in moist loam, with 
 abundance of sand or grit ; well suited 
 for association with the alpine Forget- 
 me-not, and other dwarf, choice May- 
 flowering rock-plants. Seed. 
 
 Empetrum nigrum (Black Crow- 
 lerry)* A small, creeping, much 
 branched, heath-like shrub, forming 
 thick tufts, 1 ft. high. Flowers, in spring; 
 purplish, small, with a whitish calyx, 
 sessile, axillary, near the ends of the 
 branches. Leaves, crowded, linear- 
 oblong, about i in. long ; margins 
 rolled back so as to nearly meet. 
 Berries black, clustered, resembling 
 those of the Juniper. N. Europe and 
 
 Britain. This may occasionally be 
 
 thought worthy of a place in the rock- 
 garden, or in collections of dwarf 
 shrubs, in peaty or very sandy soil. 
 Division. 
 
 Epigaea repens (Ground Laurel). A 
 very handsome, creeping, tufted, ever- 
 green shrub ; 6 in, high. Flowers, in 
 early summer ; white, tinged with red, 
 in small clusters, exhaling a sweet and 
 spicy fragrance ; corolla cylindrical. 
 Leaves, roundish-heart-shaped, quite 
 entire, covered with russety hairs ; mar- 
 gins waved. North America. Peat 
 borders, or the rock-garden, in half- 
 shady spots, in sandy peat, or natu- 
 ralized in sandy woods or copses, in 
 which it would look as much at home 
 as in its native woods, Careful divi- 
 sion of established tufts. 
 
 Epilobium angustifolium (French 
 Willow). Perhaps the most showy 
 
 perennial that blooms in the middle 
 of summer 3 to 6 ft. high. Flowers, 
 crimson, in spiked racemes, each flower 
 with a bract. Leaves, lance-shaped, 
 undulated, nearly stalkless, smooth; 
 stems erect, nearly simple. There is a 
 pure white variety. Mountain woods 
 and pastures in Europe and Siberia, 
 
 and in many parts of Britain. This 
 
 fine plant, which runs so quickly in a 
 border as to soon become a most 
 troublesome weed, is magnificent 
 when allowed to run wild in a rough 
 shrubbery or copse, where it may 
 bloom along with the Foxgloves, 
 etc. Division. 
 
 Epilobium angustissimum (Narrow- 
 leaved E.} A medium-sized perennial, 
 with a reddish stem, from \ to 2 ft. 
 high. Flowers, late in summer ; rose- 
 coloured, more than an inch across ; 
 flower- buds covered with a white 
 mealy bloom. Leaves, lance-shaped, 
 sessile, attenuated at both ends. 
 European Alps. Borders, in ordi- 
 nary soil. Division. 
 
 Epilobium Dodonaei (Dodonceus's E.) 
 
 A showy herb, with rosemary -like 
 
 leaves; 1 to 1 ft. high. Flowers, 
 
 in summer ; deep rose, terminal. 
 
 Leaves, very narrow, lance-shaped, 
 
 j nearly entire, smooth ; stem almost 
 
 ! smooth, ascending, branched at the 
 
 ! apex. Piedmont and Dauphiny. 
 
 Borders, fringes of shrubberies, or 
 naturalization in open copses, in ordi- 
 nary soil. Division or seed. 
 
 Epilobium hirsutum (Hairy E.)A. 
 handsome and common species, 3 to 
 6 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 purple or flesh-coloured, somewhat 
 I bell-shaped, in a leafy, corymbose 
 cluster; petals cloven, twice the 
 length of calyx. Leaves, lower ones 
 opposite ; upper ones alternate, ovate- 
 lance-shaped, hairy, toothed; stems 
 branched, hairy. Britain, Europe and 
 
 Siberia, in wet places. Only useful 
 
 by the margins of streams, poiids, 
 
118 
 
 EPILOBIUM EPIMEDIUM. 
 
 etc., associated with the Loosestrife 
 and like plants, in any soil. Division 
 or seed. 
 
 Epilobium rosmarinifolium (Rose- 
 mary French Willow). A graceful 
 plant growing in bushy tufts, 2 to 
 3 ft. or more in height. Flowers, in 
 summer; purplish -rose, about 1 in. 
 across, in a loose spike ; petals obovate ; 
 tube of calyx 4- sided. Leaves, 
 alternate or opposite, linear, of a 
 lively green, very closely set, often 
 crowded together at the joints of 
 the stem, not veined, narrowed for 
 a short distance at both ends, entire 
 or faintly wavy, denticulated, and ter- 
 minated by a pointed and deciduous 
 
 callosity. Europe. Borders, and 
 
 fringes of shrubberies, in ordinary 
 soil. A first-rate and easily grown 
 perennial, not at all sufficiently culti- 
 vated. Division, seed, or cuttings. 
 
 Epimedium alpinum (Alpine Barren- 
 Wort). A dwarf evergreen herb, with 
 handsome foliage and slender creeping 
 rootstock, which scarcely penetrates 
 the ground; 6 to 9 in. high. Flowers, in 
 spring ; purplish, yellow on the inside, 
 in a loose terminal raceme, about 6 in. 
 long ; petals 4 ; stamens 4 ; sepals 
 red, 4 to 6. Leaves, bi-ternate; leaflets 
 heart- or lance-shaped, acuminated, 
 serrated. Woods and coppices in the 
 North of England, France, and 
 
 Southern Europe. The rock-garden, 
 
 borders, or fringes of beds of shrubs, 
 planted in peat soil. Division. 
 
 Epimedium diphyllum (Two-leaved 
 K) Aceranthus diphyllus. Seldom 
 exceeds 3 or 4 in. in height. Flowers, 
 in April and May ; numerous, small, 
 white ; rootstock running a little. 
 This species is distinguished from all 
 the others by its dwarfness, and espe- 
 cially by the absence of the spur from 
 the corolla, and by the flower-stalks 
 branching only once, and bearing only 
 two lozenge-shaped leaflets, smaller, 
 
 and narrower than those of the other 
 
 species. Japan. The rock-garden, 
 
 in sheltered nooks, and in tufts 
 towards the margins of beds or groups 
 of minute shrubs, in moist sandy 
 peat. Division. 
 
 Epimedium Muschianuin. (Muschi's 
 K) A tufted erect and compact- 
 growing kind, 1 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 May ; few, of a dull white ; nectaries 
 longer than the petals ; style thread- 
 like, almost central; stigma some- 
 what lobed. Leaves, ternate. Japan. 
 
 Not of much beauty or interest 
 
 in the presence of the other kinds, 
 but worthy of a place where there is 
 much room, in peat borders for plants 
 of this kind. Division. 
 
 Epimedium macranthum (Large- 
 flowered E.) E. grandiflorum. A 
 handsome species, 10 to 15 in. high. 
 Flowers, in late spring or early 
 summer, and occasionally in au- 
 tumn: large, white, drooping, nume- 
 rous, in panicles not branching much; 
 stamens yellow ; spurs straight, about 
 ^ in. long ; flower-stems with 1 to 3 
 leaves on each ; lobes at the base of 
 the leaflets rounded, while the mar- 
 gins are fringed with hairs. E. niveum, 
 is a var. of E. macranthum, from which 
 it differs in having much smaller 
 
 leaves and flowers. Japan. Peat 
 
 borders and the less exposed and less 
 important parts of the rock-garden. 
 Division. 
 
 Epimedium pinnatum (Large Yellow 
 E.) So far as I have seen, the 
 strongest grower and the handsomest 
 species; 8 to 24 in. high. Flowers, 
 late in spring, or early in summer ; 
 large, bright golden yellow, in an 
 elongated cluster. Leaves, all radical, 
 stalked, tripinnate, with stalked, oval- 
 acute, toothed segments, pubescent 
 when young, leathery when mature ; 
 stem also pubescent, creeping. Persia. 
 
 Borders, the rougher parts of the 
 
 rock-garden, the fringes of shrubberies, 
 
EPIMEDIUM EQUISETUM. 
 
 119 
 
 and beds of American plants. It thrives 
 well in ordinary sandy loam, but attains 
 its greatest dimensions and beauty in 
 a deep, moist, and very sandy loam or 
 peat. It is the kind best suited for 
 naturalization, and forming in shel- 
 tered nooks dense tufts of handsome 
 foliage, and is peculiarly well suited 
 for associating with the smaller shrubs. 
 Division. 
 
 Epimedium purpureum (Purple E.) 
 Flowers, in May ; purplish on the 
 outside, brownish-yellow within, twice 
 as large as those of E. alpinum, from 
 which it is also distinguished by its 
 rootstock not running so much, and 
 by the larger divisions of its leaves. 
 
 Japan. Fringes of shrubberies, and 
 
 beds of American shrubs, borders, 
 rockwork, or banks; always in peat 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Epimedium violacenm (Violet &) 
 Resembles E. macranthv/m in habit 
 and stature. Flowers, in May ; large, 
 numerous, violet. Rootstock not run- 
 ning. Japan. Seems to differ from 
 E. macranthum, only in the colour of 
 its flowers, and its leaflets not being 
 regularly fringed with hairs ; the spurs 
 of the petals also are not half as long 
 as those of that species, being, in 
 
 fact, not longer than the sepals. 
 
 Similar positions and treatment to 
 those recommended for the preceding 
 kind will suit this. Division. 
 
 Epipactis palustris (Marsh E.) A 
 somewhat showy orchid, 1 to 1^ ft. 
 high. Flowers, late in summer ; droop- 
 ing ; arranged in a loose spike of 6 to 
 1 2 on a stem ; petals and lip white, 
 tinged with purple; calyx purplish- 
 green. Leaves, lanceolate, erect, 
 sheathing the stem at their base, 5- 
 nerved. Stem, pubescent in the upper 
 part. Native of all parts of temperate 
 and southern Europe, in moist grassy 
 
 places. The artificial bog, or moist 
 
 spots near a rivulet, in soft peat. In 
 moist districts it thrives very well in 
 
 peat beds away from the water. 
 Division of established tufts. 
 
 Equisetum scirpoides (Dwarf Horse- 
 tail). A minute and interesting kind, 
 2 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in spring. 
 Stems, in very dense tufts, almost 
 thread-like, not rigid but somewhat 
 contorted, usually 6 -grooved ; sheaths 
 
 3-toothed. North America. Peat 
 
 borders, among minute plants, on the 
 rockwork in moist peaty spots, or 
 in the hardy fernery. Division. 
 
 Equisetum sylvaticum ( Wood Horse- 
 tail). A little plant of the most ex- 
 quisite grace when well grown ; 8 to 
 15 in. high. Flowers, in spring; spike 
 blunt. Sterile and fertile stems simi- 
 lar, 12 to 18 in. high, with about 12 
 furrows, and many whorls of slender, 
 compound, spreading or deflexed, solid 
 branches ; sheaths lax, ending in 3 or 
 4 blunt lobes. Sheaths of the branches 
 with 3 long acute teeth, each 1 -ribbed 
 up to its tip. North Europe and Britain, 
 
 in wet shady places. In the hardy 
 
 fernery, in shady moist spots near 
 the rock-garden, rocky fringes of rivu- 
 lets or cascades. It also looks very 
 graceful grown in pots in cold frames. 
 Division. 
 
 Equisetum Telmateia (Qiant Horse- 
 tail). A plant of much nobility of 
 port as well as grace of character when 
 well - developed ; 2 to 6 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in spring. Sterile stem 3 to 
 6 ft. high, occasionally bearing a small 
 terminal spike, furnished from top to 
 bottom with whorls of slender branches 
 which have 4 angles, each with a 
 longitudinal furrow and 4-toothed 
 sheaths, the lowest joint and sheath 
 exceeding the stem- sheath. Fertile 
 stem stout, 1 ft. or more high, with 
 many pale-brown sheaths with 30 to 40 
 teeth each ; spike large. Europe and 
 
 Britain, in wet places, In the 
 
 hardy fernery, artificial bog, shady 
 peat border, near cascades, or among 
 
120 
 
 EQUISETUM ERICA. 
 
 shrubs growing in moist hollows, in 
 vegetable soil. Division. 
 
 Equisetum variegatum (Variegated 
 Horsetail). A simple-stemmed and 
 somewhat slender species, 8 to 20 in. 
 high. Spike, short, egg-shaped, 
 pointed. Stems, simple or slightly 
 branched, growing in tufts, of a pale 
 green, very rough, with 4 to 10 
 furrows ; sheaths slightly enlarged 
 upwards, green below, black above ; 
 teeth blunt, each tipped with a deci- 
 duous bristle, persistent, ovate, black 
 in the centre, with a white membra- 
 nous margin. Europe and Britain. 
 
 In wet places or in water, by the mar- 
 gins of ponds or streams. Division. 
 
 Eranthis hyemalis ( Winter Aconite). 
 A small plant, with yellow flowers, 
 surrounded by a whorl of shining- 
 green divided leaves, and a short, 
 blackish underground stem, resembling 
 a tuber ; 3 to 8 in. high. Flowers, from 
 January to March ; calyx of from 
 
 5 to 8 oblong, petal-like sepals ; petals 
 
 6 to 8, very short and tubular; sta- 
 mens numerous. Leaves, deeply 
 divided ; involucre composed of 3 
 deeply-cut leaves growing together. Eu- 
 rope. This is seen to best advan- 
 tage in a wild state, under deciduous 
 trees or shrubs, on slopes in half- wild 
 places, etc., though it is occasionally 
 worthy of a place among the earliest 
 border flowers. It grows in any soil 
 and is most easily increased by di- 
 vision. 
 
 Eremostachys laciniata (Jagged K) 
 A very distinct- looking subject, 12 
 to 30 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 purplish, in whorls of from 10 to 20 ; 
 calyx downy, widely tubular -cam - 
 panulate, with 5 prominent ribs. 
 Leaves, pinnate ; leaflets oblong- 
 lance-shaped or linear, deeply jagged ; 
 root-leaves 6 in. long or more ; stem- 
 leaves the same shape but smaller; 
 stems nearly simple. Levant and 
 
 Eastern Caucasus. Borders,in warm 
 
 sandy loam. It is also useful in groups 
 of the bolder perennials, and in warm 
 soils might be naturalized on sunny 
 banks or slopes, amidst other tall 
 perennials. Division or seed. 
 
 Eremostachys iberica (Iberian E.) 
 Phlomis iberica. Differs from K 
 laciniata in having leaves less hairy, 
 and flowers yellow, with the limb not 
 so open or gaping. Georgia, near the 
 
 Caucasus. Similar positions and 
 
 treatment to the preceding. 
 
 Erica carnea (Winter Heath). A 
 brilliant, dwarf, very early-flowering 
 shrub, 6 to 9 in. high. Flowers, from 
 March to May; red, axillary, droop- 
 ing, disposed in racemes ; corolla 
 conical, 5 to ^ in. long ; bracts remote 
 from the calyx. Leaves, linear, smooth, 
 3 to 4 in a whorl. Stems and 
 branches prostrate. Germany, Swit- 
 zerland, and Britain. Borders of 
 
 all kinds, in tufts or as edgings, the 
 rock-garden, or naturalized among our 
 own wild heaths. It thrives in ordi- 
 nary garden soil, but, like most of its 
 family, grows best in peat or in fine 
 moist sandy soil. Division. 
 
 Erica ciliaris (Ciliated Heath). 
 A somewhat straggling evergreen 
 shrub, readily known by its very 
 showy racemes of flowers, as large as 
 those of St. Daboec's Heath ; 1 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in early summer ; pale 
 red ; corolla ovate, oblique at the 
 mouth, nearly f in. long ; sepals small, 
 ciliated. Leaves, 3 in a whorl, ovate, 
 glandular, ciliated, spreading. Western 
 
 Europe. Beds, with the smaller 
 
 shrubs, on the margins of shrubberies, 
 and in the rougher parts of the rock- 
 garden in peat soil. Division. 
 
 Erica cinerea (Scotch Heath). A 
 dwarf evergreen shrub, allied to E. 
 Tetralix, but easily distinguished by 
 its flowers not being in terminal 
 heads, and by its deep green hue ; 6 
 to 12 in. high. Flowers, in summer 
 
ERICA ERINUS. 
 
 121 
 
 and autumn ; purple, changing to blue 
 when fading, in showy terminal 
 racemes; corolla ovate -urceolate, about 
 5 of an inch long. Leaves, usually 3 
 in a whorl, linear. There are several 
 varieties, one being white. Britain 
 
 and Northern Europe. Similar 
 
 treatment and positions to those re- 
 commended for the preceding kind, 
 
 Erica Tetralix (Cross-leaved Heath). 
 A species with leaves shorter and 
 less pointed than those of the Scotch 
 Heath; 6tol2in. high. Flowers, rather 
 late in summer; pale red, about the size 
 of those of the Scotch Heath, in ter- 
 minal heads or umbels ; corolla ovate- 
 globose, downy at top. Leaves, 4 in 
 a whorl, ciliated. The plant is often of a 
 greyish hue, from a short whitish down 
 that clothes the branches and upper 
 leaves. Northern Europe, and plenti- 
 ful in Britain. There are several 
 
 varieties, some of them very pretty. 
 The treatment and positions advised 
 for E. ciliaris will suit this. 
 
 Erica vagans (Cornish Heath), A 
 neat bushy kind, not so ornamental in 
 bloom as some of the preceding ; 1 ft. 
 or more high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 pinkish, rather small, but very 
 numerous, on slender pedicels, usually 
 in pairs, forming terminal oblong 
 racemes ; corolla bell-shaped when it 
 first expands, but afterwards nearly 
 globular. Leaves, 3, 4, or 5 in a 
 whorl, linear, smooth ; stems smooth. 
 There are several varieties enumerated 
 in catalogues. Southern Europe and 
 Britain (in Cornwall), and on the south 
 
 coast of Ireland. Peat beds and 
 
 fringes of shrubbery. Cuttings or 
 layers. 
 
 Erigeron grandinorus(ar#e-/owera2 
 Fledbane). A small rigid herb, 4 to 6 
 in. high. Flowers, late in summer; 
 purple or whitish, very large for the 
 size of the plant, on stems bearing one 
 head each. Leaves, of root, oblong- 
 spoon-shaped ; of stem oval-lance- 
 
 shaped. Summits of the Rocky 
 Mountains, North America. Mar- 
 gins of mixed borders, or the rock- 
 garden, in ordinary moist but well- 
 drained soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Erigeron Roylei (Royle's Flealane). 
 A very ornamental species, 4 to 8 
 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; large, 
 2 in. across, bluish purple, with yellow 
 disk, arranged in a loose corymb. 
 Leaves, oblong- spathulate, smooth, 
 ciliated. Stems hairy, glandular. 
 
 Himalayas. The same treatment 
 
 and positions as for the preceding kind. 
 
 Erigeron speciosus (Shoivy Fleabane). 
 Stenactis speciosa. A tall showy 
 perennial with erect stem, smooth 
 below, much branched and slightly 
 hairy above, leafy to the summit; 
 about 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 violet -purple, 2 in. or more across, 
 in corymbose heads, terminating the 
 leafy branchlets. Leaves, lance-shaped, 
 acute, entire, slightly stem-clasping, 
 often somewhat smooth except at the 
 margins, 2 to 4 in. long ; root-leaves 
 spoon- shaped and tapering into a 
 
 stalk. North America. Borders, or 
 
 naturalization in shrubberies or on 
 banks. It thrives in any soil and is 
 easily increased by division. 
 
 Erinus alpinus (Alpine E.} A 
 beautiful mountain plant, 3 to 6 
 in. high. Flowers, early in summer ; 
 small, purple-violet, in sub-corymbose 
 racemes ; corolla funnel-shaped, with 
 the limb divided into 5 segments, 
 notched at the end; calyx bell- 
 shaped; sepals 5, lanceolate-acute. 
 Leaves, about in. long, and | in. 
 broad, oblong, toothed, obtuse at the 
 end, those of the root in rosettes ; 
 stem-leaves alternate. E. hirsutus is a 
 variety larger and more vigorous in 
 all its parts than the type, and covered 
 with a long whitish pubescence. There 
 is also a white variety. Alps of 
 Switzerland, the Tyrol, and the Pyre- 
 nees. Walls, ruins, or the rock- 
 
122 
 
 EEITRICHIUM ERODIUM. 
 
 garden, in any soil. No plant is more 
 easily established on walls or ruins, 
 or more beautiful and long-lived on 
 them. Seed. 
 
 Eritrichium nannm (Fairy Borage}. 
 A dwarf Alpine gem, growing in 
 dense tufts ; 2 or 3 in. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; of a brilliant sky-blue 
 with small yellow eye, very much 
 resembling those of Myosotis alpestris, 
 but larger and of a lighter hue, just 
 appearing above the foliage. Leaves, 
 oblong, or oblong-obovate, covered, as 
 are the flower- stalks and calyx, with 
 long, silky, white hairs; the lower 
 leaves forming dense rosettes above 
 the withered and persistent foliage of 
 former years ; the upper ones smaller 
 and not so closely set. Root woody, 
 simple, blackish, generally of extra- 
 ordinary length. Granitic Alps of 
 Switzerland and France. The rock- 
 garden, in the most select spots, and 
 among the choicest and dwarfest 
 alpine plants, in moist, sandy, or 
 gritty loam, deep, and kept thoroughly 
 moist in summer. The plants should 
 be in a fully exposed position, and 
 closely surrounded by half-buried 
 stones, if not planted immediately 
 against the sides of rocks or stones. 
 Seed. 
 
 Er odium alpinnm (Alpine K) This 
 has the habit and general character of 
 E. Manescavi, but is smaller ; 6 to 8 
 in. high. Flowers, continuously from 
 spring to autumn; of a handsome vio- 
 let reddish or carmine, about an inch 
 across, arranged in umbels of 6 to 10 
 flowers each ; petals obtuse ; calyx 
 small, with long-pointed sepals. Leaves, 
 smooth, twice pinnatind, with a 
 toothed midrib. South of Europe. 
 The rock-garden and borders in sandy 
 loam. Seed or division. 
 
 Erodium caruifolium (Caraway- 
 leaved E.) A hardy, herbaceous pe- 
 rennial, with erect, leafless flower- 
 atems ; 6 to 10 in. high. Flowers, in 
 
 spring and early summer ; red, about 
 4 in. across ; in umbels of 9 or 10 
 blossoms. Leaves, very graceful, 8 or 
 9 in. long, alternately pinnate ; leaflets 
 very deeply cut, twice divided ; midrib 
 and under side of leaves covered with 
 
 soft, white, downy hairs. Spain. 
 
 The rock-garden, or margins of borders 
 in light or calcareous soil. In this kind 
 of soil it might also be naturalized in 
 bare places. Division or seed. 
 
 Erodium hymenodes (Pelargonium 
 E.} Somewhat like a cut- leaved Pe- 
 largonium in appearance ; 6 to 15 in. 
 high. Flowers, all spring and summer ; 
 pinkish, the upper petals having a 
 reddish-brown spot at the base ; stalka 
 many-flowered. Leaves, somewhat 3- 
 lobed, very blunt, deeply-toothed ; 
 stipules and bracts ovate; stem 
 shrubby at the base, erect, branched, 
 clothed with soft hairs. In fis- 
 sures of rocks on Mount Atlas. 
 
 Borders, very rough rock work, or natu- 
 ralization in chalk-pits, etc., in any 
 dryish soil. It is scarcely worthy of 
 a place in any but a botanical collec- 
 tion. Seed or cuttings. 
 
 Erodium macradenum (Black-eyed E.) 
 Nearly allied to E. petrceum ; 2 to 6 
 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; of a 
 delicate flesh colour, veined with 
 purplish rose ; the two upper petals 
 marked with a large, blackish spot ; 2 
 to 6 blooms on each stem. Leaves, 
 twice divided, forming graceful little 
 tufts, and possessing a peculiar and 
 
 aromatic fragrance. Pyrenees. 
 
 The rock- garden, in dry chinks and 
 ledges, or in borders, where the soil 
 is dry and warm. Division or seed. 
 
 Erodium Manescavi (Showy Heron's- 
 Mil). A very large and handsome 
 species, 10 in. to 2 ft. high, with nu- 
 merous long, much - divided leaves, 
 and flower-stems bearing 5 to 15 
 handsome flowers, each more than an 
 inch across. Flowers, in summer ; 
 and in young plants for a long time in 
 
ERODIUM ERYNGIUM. 
 
 123 
 
 succession, purplish-red, in umbels ; 
 bracts few, broad. Leaves, pinnate ; 
 leaflets oblong, deeply cut; rach is with- 
 out teeth ; lower leaflets opposite 
 and rather larger than the others. 
 Pyrenees. Borders and the rock- 
 garden, in good soil. It is also a fine 
 plant for naturalization on banks or 
 slopes. Seed and division. 
 
 Erodium petrseum (Rock Herorfs- 
 bill). A graceful and pretty little 
 rock-plant ; 3 to 6 in. high, flowers, 
 in early summer ; lively rose, or white 
 and veined, but not spotted ; pedun- 
 cles many-flowered, and with the 
 pedicels hairy ; petals retuse, twice as 
 long as the calyx. Leaves, smoothish, 
 pinnate, with deeply divided segments, 
 and lance-shaped or linear lobes ; ra- 
 chis-toothed ; lower leaflets opposite, 
 and rather larger than the others. 
 Pyrenees, on rocks. The rock- 
 garden, in dry warm fissures or ledges, 
 in sandy well-drained loam. Seed 
 or careful division. 
 
 Erodium Reichardi (Fairy Heron's- 
 bill). A minute, tufted, stemless herb, 
 with little heart-shaped leaves, that 
 rest upon the ground, and flower- 
 stems that attain a height of only 2 or 
 3 in. Flowers, from early summer 
 often till autumn ; white, faintly 
 veined with pink ; solitary, rather 
 large for the size of the plant; 
 petals larger than the calyx. Leaves, 
 small, heart-shaped, crenated, obtuse, 
 smoothish. Majorca. The rock- 
 garden, in tufts, or carpets, in any soil. 
 It is also a neat subject for growing 
 in pans. Division. 
 
 Erodium romanum (Roman Heron's- 
 bill). A species with gracefully-cut 
 leaves, allied to the British E. cicu- 
 tarium, but differing by having larger 
 flowers, and by being a perennial; 
 6 to 9 in. high. Flowers, in spring 
 or early summer ; purplish ; peduncles 
 many- flowered ; petals equal, longer 
 thau the calyx ; bracts numerous. 
 
 Leaves, pinnate ; leaflets ovate, deeply 
 cut ; rachis without teeth. Root thick, 
 red within. South Europe Bor- 
 ders, in ordinary dry soils. Seed. 
 
 Erodium trichomanefolium (Fern- 
 leaved E. ) A very graceful little kind, 
 with leaves so deeply cut as to re- 
 semble a fern ; 4 to 6 in. high. Flowers, 
 in early summer ; flesh-coloured, with 
 darker veins ; peduncles 4 -flowered ; 
 petals blunt, a little longer than the 
 calyx. Leaves, bipinnate, hairy; lo- 
 bules oblong-linear. Mount Lebanon. 
 
 The rock-garden, in warm chinks 
 
 and ledges, in well- drained very 
 sandy loam. I have not yet seen this 
 species with us, but noticed it thriv- 
 ing in the botanic garden at Geneva, 
 a year or two since. Seed or careful 
 division. 
 
 Erpetion reniforme (New Holland 
 Violet}. Viola hederacea. A charm- 
 ing, but somewhat tender little plant ; 
 about 2 in. high. Flowers, through- 
 out the summer ; blue and white, one 
 on each stalk ; petals reflexed, the 
 two side ones furnished with a beard 
 on the upper side; sepals lance- shaped. 
 Leaves, small, crowded, kidney- shaped, 
 unevenly toothed, dotted. New Hol- 
 land about Port Jackson. The 
 
 rock-garden, and occasionally as a car- 
 pet plant in beds or borders. Except 
 in very mild districts, it will perish 
 in winter, but even if it did so every- 
 where, it is worthy of being annually 
 propagated, to plant out every May. 
 In light soil. Division. 
 
 Eryngium alpinnm (Alpine Eryngo). 
 An interesting and handsome pe- 
 rennial, the flowers of which are 
 surrounded with an azure blue invo- 
 lucre; 14 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; blue, sometimes white, with 
 green anthers, in oblong heads ; bracts 
 12 to 20, soft, rather longer than the 
 head of flowers ; outer ones pinnatifid ; 
 inner deeply serrato-ciliate. Leaves, 
 root and lower stem ones on long 
 
124 
 
 EEYNGIUM ERYSIMUM. 
 
 stalks, heart-shaped, toothed, undi- 
 vided; stem-leaves clasping, palmately 
 lobed. Mountains of Central and 
 
 Southern Europe. A noble border 
 
 plant, thriving in almost any soil. 
 This would prove a fine subject for 
 naturalization among our choicer 
 perennials, as it is so very distinct in 
 port. Division and seed. 
 
 Eryngium amethystiimm (Amethys- 
 tine E.) A very handsome species, 
 with the upper part of the stem and 
 the heads of flowers of a beautiful 
 amethystine blue ; 1 to 2 \ ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; heads globose ; 
 bracts 7 or 8, lance-shaped, with a 
 few teeth at the base, exceeding the 
 heads in length. Leaves, heart-shaped 
 in outline ; root-leaves divided into 
 several segments ; segments cut, spiny; 
 stalks sheathing, entire at the base ; 
 stem-leaves smaller, and more divided; 
 stems smoothish, corymbose. Dalma- 
 tia and Croatia. Borders, in ordi- 
 nary soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Eryngium Bourgati (BourgatPs E.) 
 An interesting glaucous kind ; I to 
 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; light 
 blue, in large heads ; bracts 10 to 12, 
 lance-shaped, prickly, exceeding the 
 ovate head, with 1 or 2 teeth on each 
 side. Leaves, of root nearly circular, 
 on long stalks, 3-parted ; lobes cut, the 
 lower part of each quite entire ; stalk 
 of lower stem-leaves short, not sheath- 
 ing ; stems simple, a little branched 
 
 at the apex. Pyrenees. Borders, 
 
 rough rockwork or banks, in sandy 
 loam. Careful division. 
 
 Eryngium bromeliaefolium (Pine- 
 Apple-leaved E.) This has Yucca-like 
 leaves, spiny at the margins ; 2 ft. high 
 or more. Flowers, in summer ; white ; 
 bracts 10, lance-shaped, acute, exceed- 
 ing the heads. Leaves, with parallel 
 veins, bearing large awl- shaped teeth ; 
 root-leaves very long, broadly lance- 
 shaped or linear. Native of Mexico . 
 
 Dry borders, or warm banks, in 
 
 deep sandy loam. Seed and division. 
 
 Eryngium giganteum (Giant Eryngo). 
 The largest kind ; 3 to 4 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; blue ; heads 
 ovate, surrounded by 8 or 9 large, ovate 
 or lance-shaped, deeply - cut, spiny 
 bracts. Leaves, heart-shaped ; lower 
 ones entire, roughish, pubescent or 
 smooth beneath, with reticulated 
 veins, crenate -toothed, and with long 
 stalks; stem-leaves clasping, deeply 
 lobed, spiny; stems dichotomously 
 branched, blue at the top. Cau- 
 casus, Armenia, and Iberia. 
 
 Borders, in good sandy loam. Divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Eryngium maritimum (Sea Holly}. 
 A well-known coast plant, with 
 grey, roundish, leathery leaves, spiny 
 at the edges ; 1 to 1^ ft. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; whitish - blue ; heads 
 roundish ; bracts 5 to 7, ovate, stiff, 
 spiny or toothed. Leaves, of root 
 stalked, nearly circular, heart-shaped 
 at the base, more or less 3-lobed, 
 veined and bordered by prickly teeth ; 
 upper stem-leaves clasping. On sandy 
 shores of Britain, and many parts of 
 Europe. Borders, in any soil. Di- 
 vision. 
 
 Eryngium planum (Flat-leaved E.) 
 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 blue ; heads round; bracts 6 or 7, blue, 
 lance-shaped, remotely spiny-serrated, 
 about equalling the heads in length. 
 Leaves, of root oval, heart-shaped at 
 the base, flat, crenated, undivided, 
 on long stalks ; stem-leaves stalkless, 
 middle ones undivided, upper 5-parted, 
 serrated ; stem whitish, bluish at top. 
 
 Eastern Europe. Warm borders, 
 
 in deep sandy soil. Division. 
 
 Erysimum Barbarea (Yellow Rocket}. 
 Barbarea, vulgaris. In its ordinary 
 form not a very attractive object; 9 to 
 18 in. high. Flowers, in spring ; 
 yellow, crowded, in erect terminal 
 
EE YSIMUM EUPATOEIUM. 
 
 125 
 
 racemes ; pedicels bractless ; calyx 
 green ; petals longer than the calyx. 
 Leaves of root, lyrate, terminal lobe 
 roundish ; upper ones obovate,toothed. 
 This is only mentioned here on account 
 of its double variety, K Barbarea, 
 ft. pL, which is a pretty border 
 plant. Moist waste places nearly 
 throughout Europe and common in 
 
 Britain. Borders, in ordinary soil. 
 
 Division. 
 
 Erysimum ochroleucum (Alpine Wall- 
 flower). Okeiranthus alpinus. A beau- 
 tiful dwarf evergreen perennial, 4 to 
 12 in. high. Flowers, in summer; 
 large, fragrant, pale-yellow. Leaves, 
 green, linear-lanceolate, narrowed for 
 some distance into the footstalk, 
 covered with small hairs ; lower leaves 
 entire, upper ones slightly and dis- 
 tantly toothed. Alps and Pyrenees. 
 
 Borders and the rock-garden, in 
 
 sandy loam, on level ground. This 
 plant is the better of frequent divi- 
 sion, at least in some soils. Divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Erysimum pumilum (Fairy Wall- 
 flower). Nearly allied to E. ochroleu- 
 cum, but much dwarfer, and with more 
 fragrant flowers ; 1 to 3 in. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; pale sulphur, 
 nearly as large as those of E. ochroleu- 
 cum, appearing just above the foliage. 
 Leaves, narrow, linear-lanceolate, en- 
 tire, of a dull greyish green, the lower 
 ones closely set around the base of 
 the flower-stems ; stem-leaves 3 to 5 
 in number ; stem of a brownish colour, 
 not branching, rather thick for the size 
 
 of the plant. Eastern Pyrenees. 
 
 The rock-garden, associated with the 
 dwarf est and choicest alpine flowers, 
 in moist sandy or gritty loam. Seed 
 and careful division. 
 
 Erythraea littoralis (Sea-shore E.) 
 A very dwarf, handsome biennial, 
 forming neat dense tufts, 2 to 4 in. 
 high. Flowers, in summer; pure and 
 brilliant lilac-rose, very numerous, 
 
 covering the plant with a mass of 
 bloom. Leaves, opposite, lance-shaped, 
 obtuse, sessile ; lower leaves some- 
 what broader. Britain. The rock- 
 garden. Seed. 
 
 Erythronium americanum (Yellow E.) 
 A pretty bulb; 3 to 6 in. high. 
 Flowers, in spring ; of a bright yellow ; 
 the divisions of the flower oblong- 
 lanceolate, obtuse; anthers yellow, 
 dotted at the base. Leaves, elliptical- 
 lanceolate, turned inwards at the top, 
 dotted and marbled with violet and 
 white ; style club - shaped, three- 
 cornered. A variety has brown spots 
 at the base of the flower. North 
 America, plentiful in the Central 
 Park, New York. The rock- 
 garden, beds in the spring garden, 
 the mixed border and bulb-garden, 
 in deep loam or peat. Separation 
 of the bulbs every third or fourth 
 year. 
 
 Erythronium Dens-canis (Dog's- 
 tooth Violet). A beautiful old border 
 plant ; about 6 in. high. Flowers, in 
 spring ; large, solitary, drooping, 
 purplish rose-colour on the outside, 
 white or pale-rose within. Leaves, 
 radical, stalked, broadly-oval, rounded 
 at the base, pointed at the tip, 
 marbled with spots of a brownish 
 red. Bulbs oblong, solid, white, 
 elongated, somewhat resembling teeth. 
 There are two or three varieties with 
 white, rose, and flesh, - coloured 
 flowers. Native of S. Europe and also 
 
 of Siberia. The same positions and 
 
 treatment as recommended for the 
 preceding. 
 
 Eupatorium ageratoides (Nettle- 
 leaved E.) A vigorous branching 
 perennial ; 3 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; pure white, very numerous, 
 in compound corymbs, 12 to 20 in each 
 head, emitting a somewhat unpleasant 
 odour. Leaves, opposite, on long 
 stalks, rounded at the base, ovate, 
 sometimes slightly heart-shaped, 3- 
 
126 
 
 EUPATORIUM FERULA. 
 
 nerved, coarsely toothed. North 
 
 America. Borders, naturalization 
 
 in woods, margins of shrubberies, or 
 by wood- walks, in any soil. Division. 
 
 Eupatorium aromaticum (Aromatic 
 Hemp Agrimony). Another stout 
 kind, 3 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, late 
 in summer ; pure white, in loose 
 corymbs, 8 to 20 in a head, mostly 12 
 to 15. Leaves, opposite, on short 
 stalks, sometimes almost stalkless, 
 rounded, narrowed towards the stalk, 
 with blunt teeth, 3 -nerved. There is 
 usually considerable variety in the 
 form of the leaves, length of stalks, 
 etc. , of this species. North America. 
 
 Borders, margins of shrubberies, 
 
 or naturalization in copses, etc., in 
 any soil. Division. 
 
 Eupatorium purpureum (Purple 
 Hemp Agrimony). A stout, usually 
 simple stemmed kind, 3 to 6 ft. high. 
 Flowers, late in summer ; purplish, in a 
 corymb, 5 to 9 in each head. Leaves, 
 3 to 6 in a whorl, rough, of a very 
 dark greeu, somewhat ovate or lance- 
 shaped, more or less stalked, pointed, 
 slightly downy beneath, unequally 
 
 toothed. North America. Moist 
 
 borders, and naturalization by the 
 banks of rivulets, etc. Division. 
 
 Euphorbia Cyparissias (Cypress 
 Spurge). A distinct and pleasing- 
 looking perennial, 1 to 1 or 2 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in spring or early 
 summer; yellow, produced in umbels ; 
 rays once or twice forked ; leaves of 
 the involucre about twenty, semi- 
 circular, broader than long, often 
 yellow ; glands of the involucre some- 
 what heart-shaped and rather pointed. 
 Leaves, linear, quite entire, somewhat 
 crowded; those of the branches very 
 narrow. Barren fields and roadsides 
 
 in Central and Southern Europe. 
 
 Borders, banks, and fringes of shrub- 
 beries, or naturalized on rough rocky 
 ground or wild slopes, in any soil. 
 Division. 
 
 Euphorbia Myrsinites (Glaucous 
 Spurge}. A prostrate kind, with 
 handsome, whitish, fleshy leaves. 
 Flowers, in early summer ; yellow, in 
 an umbel of from 5 to 9 rays, sur- 
 rounded by an involucre of as many 
 ovate, sharp leaflets narrower than 
 the leaves ; calyces serrate about the 
 edges. Leaves, concave, sea-green, 
 stalkless; the upper ones turned back. 
 
 Southern Europe. Borders, and 
 
 occasionally in the rock-garden, in 
 almost any soil. Seed. 
 
 Euphorbia portlandica (Portland 
 Spurge}. A dwarf species with stems 
 rather shrubby, ascending or decum- 
 bent, cylindrical, smooth, and red, 
 especially in winter ; from a few 
 inches to a foot high. Flowers, in 
 summer; in terminal umbels of 5 
 forked rays ; leaves of the involucre 
 broadly heart-shaped. Leaves, pale 
 green or glaucous, linear- obovate, 
 pointed, smooth, crowded, spreading ; 
 stem-leaves narrower. Europe and 
 
 Britain. Worth a place in the wild 
 
 garden for the sake of its coloured 
 stems. Propagated by division or 
 seed. 
 
 Ferula asparagifolia (Asparagus-like 
 F.) An elegant perennial, with very 
 graceful and finely-cut leaves ; 4 to 5 
 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; yellow, 
 borne in umbels, of which the central 
 one is rather shortly stalked. Radical 
 leaves, 1 ft. to 2 ft. long (including 
 the leaf stalk), broadly ovate in out- 
 line, 4 times pinnate, the divisions 
 very narrow, linear, pointed, and set 
 with hairs ; upper stem -leaves reduced 
 to short sheaths, the lowest of them 
 bearing a short pinnate limb, the 
 upper ones oblong, hooded; leaves, 
 both of the partial and the general 
 involucrum numerous, oblong-lanceo- 
 late, acute, reflexed. Asia Minor, 
 near Smyrna, Budja, and Magnesia. 
 Borders, groups of fme-foliaged 
 
FERULA. 
 
 127 
 
 perennials, and isolated in the grass 
 near the margins of shrubberies. It 
 and all the species grow in ordinary 
 soil, but attain greatest perfection in 
 deep, rich, and sandy ones. Seed, to 
 be sown soon after it is gathered, or 
 careful division of well - established 
 tufts. 
 
 Ferula communis (Common Giant 
 Fennel). A noble species, with much- 
 divided, spreading, shiny green leaves ; 
 6 to 10 ft. high or more. Flowers, in 
 summer ; yellow, in a large compound 
 terminal umbel, the central umbel 
 nearly sessile,- the side ones stalked ; 
 involucre wanting. Leaves, repeatedly 
 subdivided ; segments linear-seta- 
 ceous, flaccid ; sheaths of upper ones 
 very large ; lower ones spreading more 
 than two feet each way. Hills on the 
 
 Mediterranean coast. The same 
 
 positions and treatment as for the 
 preceding. This, however, being much 
 more easily procured, should be 
 naturalized here and there, as its 
 foliage, starting up before the earliest 
 spring flowers, produces a finer effect 
 than the choicest ferns. 
 
 Ferula Ferulago (Broad-leaved F.) 
 This has leaflets nearly as broad as 
 those of F. tingitana, but longer and 
 of a darker green ; stems striped, 6 to 
 8 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer; 
 yellow, in a large terminal umbel. 
 Leaves, many times divided; leaflets 
 pinnatifid, spreading ; segments 
 linear, somewhat acute. Hills and 
 exposed places in the Mediterranean 
 
 Islands. The cultural remarks, 
 
 etc., applied to F. asparagifolia^ suit 
 this equally well. 
 
 Ferula glauca (Glaucous Giant 
 Fennel). Another valuable and im- 
 posing kind, 4 to 6 ft. high or more. 
 Flowers, in summer ; yellow, in a 
 terminal compound umbel ; central 
 umbel stalked; side ones on longer 
 stalks ; involucre wanting. Leaves, 
 supra-decompound, shining above, 
 
 glaucous beneath ; segments linear, 
 lengthened, flat ; stalks of upper leaves 
 
 widened. Southern Europe. The 
 
 same treatment and positions as for F. 
 asparagifolia. 
 
 Ferula persica (Persian Asafcetida). 
 Like the other species mentioned, 
 has very handsome foliage, but 
 with a very powerful asafcatida-like 
 odour ; 3 to 6 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 early summer ; in umbels ; the invo- 
 lucre and involucels wanting. Leaves, 
 ternately supra-decompound j leaflets 
 rather distant; segments lance- 
 shaped, widening and cut at the apex ; 
 stem tapering gradually upwards, 
 glaucous. Persia and the Caucasus. 
 
 This may be used for the sake of 
 
 its leaves, like the other kinds, while 
 it is also interesting for the medicinal 
 garden. I only remember seeing it in 
 cultivation in the College Botanic 
 Gardens at Dublin. Division. 
 
 Ferula sulcata (Furrowed F.) A 
 somewhat slender species with an angu- 
 lar, furrowed stem, 2 ft. high. Leaves, 
 supra- decompound ; segments pinnati- 
 fid ; lobes linear, pointed ; leaflets of in- 
 volucrum very numerous, oblong-linear, 
 reflexed. On sunny hills of Genoa, 
 
 Naples, Sicily, and North Africa. 
 
 Borders, and on grassy banks, in 
 warm sandy soil. Division. 
 
 Ferula tingitana (Tangier F.) 
 Another noble hardy "foliage plant," 
 6 to 8 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; in 
 umbels, the terminal ones on short 
 stalks ; side ones few, on longer 
 stalks; involucre wanting. Leaves, 
 repeatedly subdivided, shining; seg- 
 ments broader than in any other 
 kind, oblong or lance-shaped, deeply 
 toothed. Spain and North Africa. 
 
 Like F. glauca and F. communis, 
 
 this would form a splendid object 
 naturalized in half wild places, where 
 its great fern-like vegetation would 
 look superb among the earlier flowers, 
 while it may be used in the garden 
 
128 
 
 FICAEIA FUNKIA. 
 
 proper in the same manner as F. aspa- 
 ragifolia. 
 
 Fiearia grandiflora (Great Pilewort). 
 Ranunculus calthcefolius. Allied 
 to our common Pilewort or Lesser 
 Celandine, but much larger and finer ; 
 8 in. to 1 ft. high. Flowers, early in 
 spring ; large, solitary, of a glistening 
 yellow, nearly 2 in. across. Petals 
 oblong ; sepals 3 to 5, of a yellowish 
 white, marked with veinings, oval, 
 concave ; scale of the petals oval, 
 emarginate, covering the nectary. 
 Leaves, broad, all stalked, oval- 
 rounded, heart-shaped at the base, 
 where the lobes meet and sometimes 
 cross each other in the lower leaves. 
 Root formed of oblong or club-shaped 
 tubers, arranged in a bundle mixed 
 with fibres. Native of South of France, 
 near Toulon, Hyeres Islands, Nizza. 
 
 1 brought this plant from the 
 
 Paris garden a couple of years ago. It 
 is as yet very scarce in this country, 
 and till more common, should have a 
 place on the rockwork or choice border, 
 in light loam. Division or seed. 
 
 Ficaria ranunculoides (Lesser 
 Celandine) . Ranunculus Ficaria . 
 A very common British herb, with 
 smooth shining leaves, and stems 
 bearing a single flower and one or two 
 small leaves ; 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, 
 in early spring ; golden yellow ; petals 
 8 or 9 ; sepals 3. Leaves, heart-shaped, 
 mostly springing from the root. 
 Rootstock small, knotted. It is so 
 very common that it would not have 
 been mentioned here but for its double 
 and white varieties, which are very 
 desirable little plants. Europe and 
 
 Western Asia. Borders, in any 
 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Fragaria indica (Rock Strawberry). 
 An interesting little trailer, bearing 
 an abundancejof deep red berries. Flow- 
 ers, late in summer ; yellow, small, 
 axillary ; segments of calyx flat, with 
 tridentate bracts at the points. 
 
 Leaves, alternate, hairy, three-lobed; 
 lobes oboval, indented, on stalks with 
 lance-shaped stipules. Stem rooting, 
 emitting very long runners. Fruit 
 not fleshy, red, without odour or 
 
 taste. Nepaul. Borders, and rough 
 
 rockwork, in any (not over wet) soil. 
 Division. 
 
 Frankenia Isevis (Sea Heath). A 
 prostrate, much-branched, evergreen 
 nerb, with crowded smooth leaves. 
 Flowers, in summer; pink, either in 
 little terminal heads or short axillary 
 spikes, sessile among the upper leaves ; 
 petals small, wedge-shaped. Leaves, 
 small, fleshy, linear, appearing almost 
 cylindrical from the edges being rolled 
 down. Stems rooting. Marshes by 
 the seaside in many parts of Europe, 
 the Canary Islands, and on the eastern 
 
 coast of England. The rock-garden 
 
 or occasionally in borders, in dry light 
 soil. The flowers being very small, it 
 is chiefly of interest in botanical or 
 very full collections. Division. 
 
 Funkia albo-marginata ( White-mar- 
 gined F.) A variegated perennial. 
 16 to 20 in. high. Flowers, in sum- 
 mer ; lilac, streaked with white and 
 purplish-red, funnel-shaped, droop- 
 ing, accompanied with oval silver- 
 edged bracts about twice as long as 
 the pedicels of the flowers, which grow 
 in a long loose cluster. Leaves, broadly- 
 oval-lanceolate, of a lively green 
 edged with white, on long foot-stalks ; 
 those of the root numerous, somewhat 
 concave in the middle and wavy at the 
 
 edges ; stem-leaves small. Japan. 
 
 Borders and edgings, in ordinary gar- 
 den soil. Division. 
 
 Funkia cserulea (Blue Funkia). 
 Hemerocallis ccerulea. F. ovata. A 
 handsome perennial, 16 in. to 20 in. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; violet-blue, 
 in an arching group of unilateral blos- 
 soms, which become pendent after 
 expansion. Leaves, in tufts, of a deep 
 and shining green, especially on the 
 
FUNKIA GALANTHUS. 
 
 12ft 
 
 underside; radical leaves on long 
 stalks, broadly oval, somewhat heart- 
 shaped at the base, pointed at the tip, 
 regularly folded, and decurrent on the 
 stalk, which is grooved; stem -leaves 
 alternate, small, and nearly sessile. 
 
 Native of Japan. Borders and 
 
 edgings, in ordinary soil. Division. 
 
 Funkiajaponica (Sweet F.) Hemero- 
 callis japonica F. grandiflora. A 
 beautiful and delightfully fragrant 
 plant, 1 ft. to 16 in. or more in 
 height. Flowers, from July to Septem- 
 ber, numerous, large, funnel-shaped, 
 curved, milk-white, with an odour 
 like that of orange-blossoms, slightly 
 inclining to one side, nearly 4 in. long 
 and 2 in. across, accompanied by oval 
 leafy bracts longer than the pedicels. 
 Leaves, of a lively or light green, glis- 
 tening, especially on the upper-side, 
 large, oval-heart-shaped, pointed, with 
 marked parallel veins. The young 
 leaves are a favourite prey of slugs 
 
 and snails. Japan. Borders of all 
 
 kinds, the rock-garden, and naturalized 
 in groups on sunny slopes and banks 
 where there is a warm soil. About 
 Paris this plant is grown in vast quan- 
 tities as an edging plant, etc., but with 
 us it does not appear to flower regu- 
 larly unless in sunny spots and in 
 warm, well-drained, and very sandy 
 loam. Division. 
 
 Funkia Sieboldi (Sieboltfs F.) A 
 graceful and noble plant, remarkable 
 for the elegance of its foliage ; 1 ft. to 
 16 in. high. Flowers, in summer; 
 large, bluish, or light lilac, in a 
 crowded group of unilateral pendent 
 blossoms growing from the axils of 
 lanceolate bracts, of which the lower 
 ones are longer than the accompany- 
 ing flowers. Leaves, large, broadly- 
 ovate-acute, heart-shaped ; at the base 
 glaucous, slightly waved, elegantly 
 and regularly veined or figured. 
 
 Japan. Borders, groups or beds of 
 
 fine perennials, and even as isolated 
 
 specimens on grass when fully deve- 
 loped. It thrives best in, and is well 
 worthy of, a deep peat soil or a free 
 loam well enriched with vegetable 
 matter. Division. 
 
 Gaillardia aristata (Bristly Gaillar- 
 dia). A handsome perennial, growing 
 from 1 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in sum- 
 mer ; yellow, 1 to 3 in. across. Leaves, 4 
 to 6 in. long ; lower ones lance-shaped, 
 tapering into slender stalks, sinuately 
 pinnatifid ; upper ones stalkless, en- 
 tire. North America. Borders, in 
 
 well-drained soil. Seed or division. 
 
 Gaillardia lanceolata (Lanceolate G.) 
 G. perennis. 1 ft. to 1 ft. high. 
 Flowers, late in summer ; about 2 in. 
 across ; disk purplish ; florets of the 
 ray saffron-yellow marked with a 
 purplish spot at the base ; scales of the 
 head hairy on the outside. Leaves, 
 alternate, lanceolate, sometimes en- 
 tire, sometimes cut. Stem, branching, 
 tufted. A variety, sometimes called 
 the Golden-fleece G., has very large 
 slightly fragrant blooms, with florets 
 of the ray of an almost uniform yellow 
 with faint reddish furrows towards 
 the claw ; florets of the disk orange- 
 yellow changing into red. North 
 
 America. Borders, in ordinary soil. 
 
 Division. 
 
 Gaillardia loiseli (Loisel's G.) A 
 hardy herbaceous perennial, with a 
 simple, furrowed, woolly stem, about; 
 l^ ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 3^ in. 
 across ; petals trifid, brilliant orange - 
 red for three-quarters of their length, 
 the extremities clear yellow. Leaves, 
 lance-shaped, pointed, with a very 
 broad base, sessile, rough, striated, 
 and covered with a fine down. North 
 America. Borders, in good well- 
 drained soil. Division. 
 
 Galanthus Imperati (Imperati's Snow- 
 drop) G.plicatus, Tenore. Resembles 
 G. nivalis, but is double the size in all 
 its parts, and flowers later; external 
 divisions of the flower ovate-oblong, 
 
130 
 
 GALANTHUS GALEGA. 
 
 one of them larger than the other. 
 Fruit, roundish (in G. nivalis, oblong or 
 obovate). Native of mountains in the 
 
 kingdom of Naples. 1 am not sure 
 
 if this plant is in cultivation; I 
 failed to obtain it from Italy. Till 
 more plentiful it ought to have a place 
 with the choicest and rarest ornaments 
 of the bulb- or rock-garden, in deep 
 sandy soil. 
 
 Galanthus nivalis (Snowdrop). The 
 common Snowdrop ; 4 to 6 in. high. 
 flowers, early in spring ; solitary ; ex- 
 ternal divisions pure white, oval, con- 
 cave ; internal divisions much shorter, 
 cleft at the top, with a small green 
 wavy mark at the ends on the outside, 
 and longitudinal green ridges on the 
 inside, surrounded by a narrow white 
 margin, gracefully pendent from a 
 membranous spathe at the summit of 
 the stem. Leaves, 2, rarely 3, linear, 
 obtuse, of a glaucous green, shorter 
 than the stem, and sheathing it at the 
 base. Bulb, small, egg-shaped, black 
 or brown. Native of the temperate 
 and southern parts of Europe in 
 
 thickets. It is needless to mention 
 
 here the many positions in gardens 
 which this plant is fitted to adorn ; 
 but its fitness for naturalization in 
 grass, and even grass that must be 
 mown very early in the year, cannot 
 be too much spoken of. Division. 
 
 Galanthus plicatus (Crimean Snow- 
 drop}. Similar to 0. nivalis, but 
 larger in all its parts, except the 
 flower, which is sometimes even 
 smaller and of a more greenish hue. 
 The leaves also have a longitudinal 
 fold on both sides near the edge, from 
 which the specific name is derived. 
 The Crimea, Caucasus, and neigh- 
 bouring countries. Till more plen- 
 tiful this should be in positions where 
 it may be free from accident, and in 
 deep loam, where it will increase 
 rapidly. When plentiful it will be 
 found to suit much the same positions 
 
 as the common one, and it is easily 
 naturalized in free soil and in half- 
 shady positions. It must not be sup- 
 posed, however, that it is so pretty as 
 the common Snowdrop, though more 
 than this has often been claimed 
 for it. Division. 
 
 Galatella hyssopifolia (Hyssop- 
 leaved G.} A pretty Aster -like plant ; 
 1 4 ft. high. Flowers, in autumn ; 
 florets of the disk yellow ; of the 
 ray elongated, white tinged with pur- 
 pie. Leaves, lanceolate-linear, acute, 
 entire, three-nerved, rough ; those of 
 the branches linear-awl -shaped ; scales 
 of the involucrum pointed. North 
 America from New Jersey to Carolina, 
 
 in sandy fields and woods. Borders, 
 
 or naturalization, in any soil. Division. 
 
 Galega officinalis (Officinal Goat' 8- 
 rue). A very handsome and abun- 
 dantly blooming perennial ; 3 to 4 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; pink, or 
 white, in axillary, simple racemes ; 
 stipules broad, lance-shaped. Leaves, 
 imparipinnate ; leaflets in 5 to 7 pairs 
 or more, lance-shaped, mucronate, 
 smooth. G. officinalis alba is a showy 
 white variety, and there is a variety 
 with 'a closer truss of lilac flowers, 
 better than either the ordinary or 
 the white form, and which, but very 
 seldom seeding, flowers much longer. 
 This form I have only seen in culti- 
 vation about Paris. Southern Europe, 
 Barbary, and Tauria, in stony places. 
 Borders, groups, or beds, asso- 
 ciated with the largest and handsomest 
 perennials, or naturalized in any 
 position or soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Galega orientalis (Oriental Goafs- 
 rue). An ornamental plant, though 
 not so much so as the preceding, and 
 easily distinguished by its simple zig- 
 zag stem and creeping roots ; 2 to 4 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; purplish, 
 small, but freely produced in axillary 
 simple racemes ; stipules broad-ovate. 
 Leaves, imparipinnate ; leaflets ovate, 
 
G AULTHERIA GENTIANA. 
 
 131 
 
 acuminated, smooth ; roots creeping. 
 Caucasus and all the Eastern moun- 
 tains. The same positions and 
 
 treatment as for the preceding kind. 
 
 Gaultheria procumbens (Creeping 
 Wintergreen). A very small and neat 
 evergreen shrub, with gaily coloured 
 berries; 4 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in 
 summer; white, drooping, solitary, 
 terminal, succeeded by red berries 
 about the size of peas. Leaves, smooth, 
 leathery, obovate, acute at the base, 
 finely ciliated. Stems, procumbent ; 
 branches erect, naked at the bottom, 
 crowded with leaves at the top. In 
 sandy places and cool damp woods, 
 
 from Canada to Virginia. The 
 
 rock-garden, borders, or as edgings to 
 beds of small American plants. It is 
 said to prefer peat, but I have seen it 
 thrive perfectly in moist clay soils, 
 fully exposed to the sun. Division. 
 
 Gaura Lindheimeri (White Gaura). 
 A slender perennial, 3 to 4^ ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer and autumn ; pure 
 white and rose, slightly drooping, 
 numerous, arranged in long, slender 
 spikes. Leaves, alternate, oval- lanceo- 
 late, toothed, often spotted with red- 
 dish-purple, those of the stem linear- 
 lanceolate; stems branching, slender, 
 
 tapering, erect. Texas. Borders, 
 
 in sandy loam. Division and sjeed. 
 
 Genista pilosa (Hairy Genista}. A 
 dwarf British shrub, with nume- 
 rous procumbent, branched, striped, 
 knotted, leafy stems. Flowers, in early 
 summer ; bright yellow, smaller than 
 those of G. tinctoria, solitary, axillary, 
 on short stalks ; calyx and stalks silky ; 
 legumes pubescent, 3 or 4-seeded. 
 Leaves, lance-shaped, obtuse, clothed 
 with silky down beneath. Europe and 
 
 Britain. On sandy slopes and banks, 
 
 or occasionally as a border plant, or 
 in collections of British wild flowers. 
 Seed or cuttings. 
 
 Genista prostrata (Prostrate Genista). 
 A prostrate shrub with spreading 
 
 stems, and angular, striped, and hairy 
 branches. Flowers, in early summer; 
 yellow, axillary, on erect stalks, three 
 times the length of calyx ; corolla 
 smooth ; legumes hairy ; calyx and 
 stalks covered with spreading hairs. 
 Leaves, ovate-oblong, somewhat hairy 
 beneath. Alps of Jura and Burgundy. 
 The rougher parts of the rock- 
 garden, or on banks or borders. In 
 the last position it looks well planted 
 on the tops of small mounds. Seed or 
 cuttings. 
 
 Genista sagittalis (Arrow-pointed 
 Broom). A curious -looking kind, the 
 winged branches of which at first 
 sight remind one of a diminutive 
 Epiphyllum ; 6 in. high. Flowers, in 
 early summer ; yellow, in an ovate, ter- 
 minal, leafless spike ; corolla smooth, 
 with a villous line on the back of 
 the keel. Leaves, ovate- lance-shaped, 
 sessile, placed singly at the joints of 
 the stem and branches. Native of 
 
 mountain pastures of Europe. The 
 
 rougher parts of the rock-garden, or 
 borders, in any soil. Also well fitted 
 for naturalization in unmown places, 
 with any aspect, and either on slopes 
 or the level ground. Seed, cuttings, 
 and division. 
 
 Genista tinctoria (Dyer's Genista). 
 A neat native shrub, with nearly 
 upright spreading stems, that form 
 compact tufts; 12 to 18 in. high. 
 Flowers, in early summer ; yellow, 
 smooth, in terminal spiked racemes, 
 each flower springing from the axil of 
 a small leaf or bract ; legumes smooth. 
 Leaves, lance-shaped, sessile, usually 
 smooth and shining; branches up- 
 right, striped, round. Europe, not 
 uncommon in England, but rare in 
 
 Scotland or Ireland. Banks, slopes, 
 
 rough rocky ground, or grouped with 
 the smaller shrubs in beds or borders, 
 in any soil. Seed or division. 
 
 Gentiana acaulis (Gentianella). j 
 One of the noblest of its brilliant : 
 K 2 
 
132 
 
 GENTIANA. 
 
 family, with great vase-like flowers 
 opening on a carpet of shining 
 leathery leaves; 1 to 3 in. high. 
 Flowers, in summer; fine blue, with 
 dotted throat, often 2 in. long, soli- 
 tary, bell-shaped, 5 to 10-cleft ; seg- 
 ments obtuse, mucronate. Leaves, 
 of root in rosettes, ovate-lance-shaped. 
 Stem short, quadrangular, with one or 
 two pairs of leaves. Genliana alpina 
 is a variety with shorter but broader 
 leaves, and there are several other 
 
 varieties. Alps and Pyrenees. 
 
 The rock-garden, borders, edgings ; 
 preferring a moist deep loam. It is 
 also well suited for naturalization in 
 moist and somewhat bare upland 
 pastures. Division or seed. All the 
 Gentians may be grown from seed, 
 but are raised very slowly and with 
 difficulty in this way. The seed 
 should always be sown soon after 
 being gathered. 
 
 Gentiana Andrews!! (Andrews' 's G.} 
 An erect and peculiar kind, with 
 handsome deep blue clusters ; about 1 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in autumn ; dark blue, 
 about I in. long, closed at the top, in 
 clusters near the head of the stem. 
 Leaves, ovate-lanceolate, acute, nar- 
 rowed at the base, rough at the edges. 
 North America, from Carolina to Lake 
 
 Huron. Borders, and with the 
 
 choicer medium-sized perennials, such 
 as the finer Aquilegias, in the rougher 
 parts of the rock-garden, in ordinary 
 sandy garden soil. Division. 
 
 Gentiana asclepiadea (Asclepias-liJce 
 G.} A handsome herbaceous kind, 
 with simple, willow-like, erect stems 
 swollen at the joints, from 15 in. to 
 2 ft. high., and bearing numerous 
 flowers for a considerable portion of 
 their length. Flowers, in summer ; 
 rather large, purplish-blue, with dark 
 dots inside, arranged in numerous 
 pairs, axillary, nearly sessile ; corolla 
 bell-shaped, 5-cleft, Leaves, ovate- 
 lanceolate, 5-nerved, about 2 in. long 
 
 and | in. broad at the base, sessile. 
 
 European Mountains. Borders, or 
 
 fringes of shrubberies, in almost any 
 soil, but best in a very fine deep and 
 moist sandy loam. Division. 
 
 Gentiana bavarica (Bavarian G.) 
 An exquisite kind, resembling the 
 Vernal Gentian in size and flowers, but 
 with blunter and smaller box-like 
 leaves of a yellowish-green tone ; 3 in. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; beautiful 
 blue, large, and freely produced, on 
 simple 1 -flowered stems ; corolla 5- 
 cleft, tube long, cylindrical ; throat 
 naked ; segments ovate, not fringed. 
 Leaves, small, obovate, very blunt, 
 attenuated ; lower ones crowded. 
 High Alps of Europe. The rock- 
 garden, in very moist, deep loam, in 
 very wet ground, near the margin of a 
 rivulet, or in pots of loam, plunged 
 nearly to their rims in a tank of water. 
 Careful division. 
 
 Gentiana lutea (Yellow G.} A 
 robust perennial, with somewhat the 
 habit of a Vcratrum ; 3 to 4 ft. high or 
 more. Flowers, in summer ; yellow, in 
 whorls at the upper joints ; corolla 
 rotate, veined and spotted, 5 or 6- 
 parted ; segments lance-shaped, acu- 
 minate. Leaves, large ; root-leaves 
 ovate-oblong, with 5 large veins on the 
 back ; stem leaves sessile, ovate, acute, 
 a pair at each joint. Alps of Mid- 
 dle Europe. Scarcely ornamental 
 
 enough for the border, it will grow 
 as well in rough grassy places with us 
 as it does on the high meadows of the 
 Alps. It grows finest in a deep loam 
 and should have a place in all botani- 
 cal collections. Division of established 
 tufts. 
 
 Gentiana Pneumonanthe (Marsh G.) 
 A lovely dwarf kind, as beautiful in 
 the lowland marsh as the Vernal and 
 Bavarian species are on the uplands 
 and Alps ; 6 to 12 in. high. Flowers, 
 in summer; tubular, 14 in. long or 
 more; deep-blue within, with greenish 
 
GENTIANA GERANIUM. 
 
 133 
 
 dotted belts without ; the lobes of the 
 mouth short and spreading ; blossoms 
 in opposite pairs in the axils of the 
 upper leaves. Leaves, smooth, H in. 
 long, and \ in. broad ; linear or spoon- 
 shaped, obtuse, sessile ; all rather 
 thick; the lower ones shorter and 
 broader. There is a variety with 
 white flowers. Siberia, Europe, and 
 
 Britain. The artificial bog, rock- 
 
 garden, or the choice border, in deep 
 soil, and in very moist spots. Careful 
 division. 
 
 Gentiana pyrenaica (Pyrenean 0.) 
 Allied to the Vernal Gentian, but dif- 
 fering by the corolla being nearly 
 regularly 10-cleft, and by its narrow, 
 sharp-pointed, imbricated leaves ; 1 to 
 3 in. high. Floivers, in early summer; 
 terminating the branches, solitary ; 
 corolla funnel-shaped, pale-green out- 
 side, deep-blue within ; calyx half as 
 long as the corolla, 5-cleft ; segments 
 lance-shaped, acute, edges pale. Leaves, 
 lanceolate-linear ; stein procumbent, 
 branching at bottom; sterile branches 
 
 densely leafy. Pyrenees. Suited 
 
 for the same positions, and requiring 
 the same treatment as Gentiana verna. 
 
 Gentiana septemfida (Crested G.) 
 A curious species, with erect, simple 
 stems ; 6 to 12 in. high. Flowers, in 
 early summer ; in clusters, cylindrical, 
 blue and white inside, greenish brown 
 outside, and having, between each 
 of the larger roundish segments, a 
 smaller one finely cut. Leares, ovate- 
 lanceolate, 3- nerved, decussate, crowd- 
 ed. Caucasus, The rock-garden 
 
 and choice borders, in fine sandy loam. 
 Division. 
 
 Gentiana verna (Vernal G.) One of 
 the most brilliant, and perhaps the 
 most admired by travellers of all 
 alpine flowers ; 1 to 3 in. high. 
 Flowers, in spring ; beautiful blue, 
 solitary, on simple terminal stems ; 
 corolla salver-shaped, 5-cleft, with 
 live small, bifid, accessory segments. 
 
 Leaves, ovate, somewhat acute ; those 
 of the root crowded ; stem-leaves in 
 about 3 pairs. Mountain pastures on 
 the Alps of Southern and Central Eu- 
 rope, and in one or two places in the 
 
 British Isles. The rock-garden, 
 
 choice borders, and in pots, or deep 
 pans, plunged in SP-<! in the open air. 
 Sandy or gritty loam, with abundance 
 of water in summer, and full exposure, 
 are the essential conditions of success. 
 In borders, the plant should be sur- 
 rounded by half-buried stones. It 
 might be easily naturalized in moist, 
 iipland pastures. Careful division. 
 
 Geranium argenteum (Silvery Crane' 's- 
 bill). A beautiful, dwarf, alpine pe- 
 rennial, with silvery- white leaves, and 
 large handsome flowers on stalks, 
 rarely more than 2 in. high, usually 
 nearly prostrate. Flowers, in early 
 summer ; pale rose, with darker veins, 
 1 to 2 in. across; petals notched; 
 stalks 2 -flowered, almost springing 
 from the roots. Leaves, on long stalks, 
 hoary, or silky on both surfaces, 5 to 
 7-parted; segments linear. Alps of 
 
 Dauphiny and the Pyrenees. The 
 
 rock-garden, and margins of borders, 
 in light friable loam. This might, 
 with advantage, be grown in pots, 
 wherever it is an object to show 
 alpine or herbaceous plants in pots. 
 Propagated by division or seed, which 
 is sparingly produced. 
 
 Geranium cinereum (Grey Crane's- 
 bill}, A. very beautiful plant, allied 
 to the silvery Crane's-bill, but with 
 leaves less Silvery and not so deeply 
 divided, and attaining a height of 5 or 
 6 in. Flowers, in summer ; pale red, 
 with darker stripes ; petals notched ; 
 stalks 2-flowered, almost springing from 
 the root. Leaves, stalked, almost all 
 radical, clothed with a slightly glau- 
 cous pubescence, 5 to 7-parted ; lobes 
 trifid, wedge-shaped. Pyrenees. 
 Treatment and positions the same aa 
 for G. argenteum. Seed or division. 
 
134 
 
 GERANIUM. 
 
 Geranium ibericum (Iberian Crane' s- 
 "bill.) A very showy large-flowered 
 kind, with deeply-cut leaves and 
 villous, erect, forked stems ; about 1ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; violet, 
 large, very handsome ; petals obcordate; 
 calyces very villous. Leaves, villous, 
 5 to 7 -parted, with deeply-cut lobes, 
 and toothed minor divisions. Iberia. 
 
 Borders and naturalization in any 
 
 soil. This and some of the other free- 
 growing and showy kinds would 
 grow very freely on rough rockwork, 
 which, however, should, as a rule, be 
 reserved for subjects that do not 
 thrive so well in ordinary soil on the 
 level ground. Division. 
 
 Geranium Endressii (Endress's Crane's- 
 "bi.ll). A plant of greyish-green aspect, 
 covered with a feeble pubescence ; 1 ft. 
 to 16 in. and upwards in height. 
 Flowers, in summer ; of a light rose, 
 veined and streaked with a darker 
 shade, borne two on each flower- 
 stalk ; flower-stalks axillary ; petals, 
 oblong- obovate, entire, fringed at the 
 base ; filaments densely feathery ; 
 calyx downy, J the length of the 
 petals. Leaves, opposite, stalked, 
 palmate-lobed ; the upper ones 3-lobed, 
 lower ones 5-lobed ; lobes acute, in- 
 cised-serrate. Root-stock elongated, 
 very much branched, almost running. 
 
 Pyrenees. Borders in any ordinary 
 
 garden soil. Division. 
 
 Geranium Lamberti (Lambert's 
 Crane's-bill). A handsome Crane's- 
 bill, about 18 in. high. Flowers, early 
 in summer; bright lilac, nearly as 
 large as those of G. ibericum. Leaves, 
 heart-shaped in outline, deeply 5- 
 cleft ; lobes wedge - shaped, with 
 yellowish spots near the margin, and 
 clothed with soft woolly hairs ; stems 
 
 of a reddish colour. Nepaul. 
 
 Borders, and fringes of shrubberies, 
 banks in pleasure-grounds, etc., in 
 good ordinary soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Geranium macrorrhizum(Z/ongr-? < oo^ecZ 
 G.) A dwarf species, with large, 
 thick, permanent stems; 1 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in early summer ; deep-red 
 or bright-purple ; stalks 2-flowered ; 
 petals entire, a little turned back ; 
 calyces globose. Leaves, on long stalks, 
 5-parted; deeply and irregularly- 
 lobed; lobes toothed at the apex, 
 the margins on both sides being of 
 a reddish-brown colour. There is 
 a variegated variety. Italy and 
 
 Southern Europe. Borders, or 
 
 naturalization on warm sunny banks. 
 Division. 
 
 Geranium platypetalum (Broad- 
 petalled G.) One of the handsomest 
 plants of its family ; 1 to 2 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; numerous, more 
 than 1 in. across, deep violet, with 
 streaks of a darker, almost reddish, 
 hue ; petals lobed ; calyx rough with 
 hairs. Leaves, alternate or opposite, 
 long-stalked, with 5 to 7 deeply-cut, 
 irregularly - fringed, incised - dentate 
 lobes. Georgia near the Caucasus. 
 Borders, or naturalization, in ordi- 
 nary soil. Division. 
 
 Geranium pratense (Meadow G.) A 
 handsome native kind, 2 to 3 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in early summer ; blue-purple, 
 large, somewhat corymbose ; petals en- 
 tire, twice as long as the sepals. Leaves, 
 palmately 7-lobed ; lobes sharply cut, 
 linear ; stems round, erect, downy. A 
 rather common native plant, men- 
 tioned here for its double varieties, 
 G. pratense fl. pi- ; the double blue, 
 and G. p. ft. 'pi alba the double white 
 one, both of which are handsome.^ 
 
 Europe and Britain. Borders, in 
 
 any soil. Division. 
 
 Geranium sanguineum (Blood-red G.) 
 A native species with roundish, 
 deeply- cut leaves, forming neat, spread- 
 ing tufts ; 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; deep crimson-purple, about 
 14 in. across, freely produced on one- 
 
GERANIUM GILLENIA. 
 
 135 
 
 flowered stalks ; petals notched, twice 
 as long as the sepals. Leaves, kidney- 
 shaped in outline, 5- to 7-parted; 
 segments divided into linear lobes. G. 
 lancastriense is a variety of this, with 
 pink flowers veined with red. Bor- 
 ders, and fringes of shrubberies ; also 
 in semi-wild places here and there. It 
 is perhaps on the whole the handsomest 
 species we have, and were it not a 
 common native, would probably have 
 a prominent place on every rockwork. 
 The var. lancastriense is not so free as 
 the common form, and should have 
 better and lighter soil. Division. 
 
 Geranium striatum (Striped G.) A 
 pretty old kind ; 12 to 18 in. high. 
 flowers, in early summer; white, 
 finely striped with small red veins ; 
 stalks 2-flowered ; petals obtuse, deep- 
 ly indented at top. Leaves, broad, yel- 
 lowish-green, each of the divisions 
 having a blackish spot at the base ; 
 lower leaves 5-lobed, upper ones 3- 
 
 lobed. Southern Europe. Borders, 
 
 rough rockwork or rootwork, and 
 naturalization, in any soil but a cold 
 clay. Division and seed. 
 
 Geranium subcaulescens (Dwarf 
 Crane's-bill). G. asphodeloides. A 
 short- stemmed and very ornamental 
 kind. Flowers, in summer ; few, 
 purplish- violet, sometimes, but rarely, 
 of a pale hue ; petals obovate, often 
 truncate, twice as long as the calyx ; 
 sepals shortly pointed, covered with 
 close adpressed down interspersed 
 with longer hairs. Leaves, roundish, 
 divided into five wedge-shaped, 3-cleft 
 segments ; those of the root long- 
 stalked, all covered with closely ad- 
 pressed down, and frequently ash- 
 coloured underneath ; stems sometimes 
 leafless. This plant varies very much 
 in the division of its leaves, the shape 
 of the lobes, and in its downy cover- 
 ing. Mount Parnassus, and other 
 mountains of Greece, also in Dalmatia. 
 -The rock-garden, and margin of 
 
 the choice border, in free and well* 
 drained soil. Seed and division. 
 
 Geum chiloense (CliMoe Avens}. A 
 very showy perennial, 1 to 2 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in early summer ; scarlet, in 
 erect panicles. Leaves, downy, pinnate; 
 leaflets crenate-serrated, terminal one 
 large, roundish-heart-shaped, lobed 
 and crenated; stem-leaves 3 -parted, 
 
 deeply cut. Native of Chiloe. 
 
 Borders, in good ordinary soil, also 
 suitable for naturalization on warm 
 open spots. Seed or division. 
 
 Geum montanum (Mountain Geum). 
 A dwarf, compact, and showy kind, 
 with large flowers, and simple erect 
 stem ; 9 to 18 in. high. Flowers, in sum- 
 mer; yellow, solitary, 1 in. across; 
 petals obcordate, notched; segments of 
 calyx undivided, shorter than the pe- 
 tals. Leaves of root, interruptedly 
 pinnatifid; terminal leaflet ovate, ob- 
 scurely lobed and veined, 2 or 3 in. 
 long and broad, the others becoming 
 gradually smaller; stem-leaves undi- 
 vided, stalkless. Alps of Europe. 
 
 The rock-garden and borders, in 
 
 ordinary free soil. It would be easy 
 to naturalize this on high hills or 
 mountains. Seed or division. 
 
 Geum reptans (Creeping Avens).- - 
 Another valuable dwarf kind, with 
 the barren stems creeping, the flower- 
 ing ones erect; about 6 in. high. 
 Flowers, in summer; yellow, larger 
 than those of G. montanum, solitary 
 on the top of the stem ; segments of 
 the calyx lengthened, usually trifid at 
 the apex. -Leaves of root, uninter- 
 ruptedly pinnate, larger leaflets obo- 
 vate, toothed at the apex, smaller ones 
 ovate, entire or 3-toothed at the apex, 
 the terminal one not much larger than 
 the others ; stem-leaves 3-lobed. Alps 
 
 of Europe. Similar positions to 
 
 those for the preceding kind. Division. 
 
 Gillenia trifoliata (Three-leaved G.) 
 A rather pretty but not showy 
 perennial, 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 
136 
 
 GLADIOLUS GLOBULARIA. 
 
 early summer; whitish-red, in loose 
 terminal or axillary panicles, on slen- 
 der stalks ; petals 5, linear-lanceolate, 
 rather unequal, spreading ; calyx 
 tubular or bell-shaped. Leaves, mostly 
 trifoliate, sometimes single or in pairs ; 
 leaflets stalked, serrated, about l| in. 
 long, and ^ in. broad, acutely pointed, 
 bright green above, pale beneath. In 
 shady woods and bogs, from Florida to 
 Canada. Borders, chiefly in medi- 
 cinal or botanical gardens, in any free 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Gladiolus communis (Foxglove 0.} 
 A pretty old inhabitant of our gardens ; 
 16 to 20 in. high. Flowers, in sum- 
 mer ; bright rose, flesh-coloured, or 
 even white in some varieties, 6 to 8 
 in a unilateral spike ; tube short ; limb 
 almost two -lipped, with the upper 
 segments approaching, larger than the 
 lower ones, the three internal seg- 
 ments being almost of equal size, 
 oblong-spoon-shaped ; anthers half 
 the length of the filaments ; seeds flat 
 or angular, winged. Leaves, sword- 
 shaped, stiff, smooth. Bulb, roundish 
 or depressed, with reticulated tunics. 
 Native of the South of France and 
 South of Europe, in fields. Bor- 
 ders, and naturalized, in any light soil. 
 Separation of the bulbs. 
 
 Gladiolus segetum (Cornfield Gla- 
 diolus). This is often confounded 
 with G. communis, but is distinguished 
 from it by having its rose-coloured 
 flowers in two rows; the lower seg- 
 ments unequal, each marked with a 
 long, narrow, white spot ; the anthers 
 longer than the filaments, and finally 
 by its seeds being nearly round and 
 not winged. Native of France and 
 Southern Europe. This, like Gla- 
 diolus communis, will grow freely in 
 borders or rough places in all rich soil. 
 Separation of the bulbs. 
 
 Glechoma hederacea (Ground Ivy). 
 Nepeta Glechoma. A well-known, 
 much-creeping British plant, almost 
 
 too common to deserve notice heie, 
 but that it has one or two varieties 
 finely variegated that are quite worthy 
 of a place. Flowers, in summer ; blue, 
 nearly an inch long, in axillary whorls. 
 Leaves, roundish, crenated, heart- 
 shaped at the base. Abundant in 
 
 Britain, and throughout Europe. 
 
 In beds of plants with variegated 
 leaves, on the edges of raised borders, 
 rockwork, etc. The variegated forms 
 only are worth growing ; the common 
 green form has been recommended for 
 cultivation, but is best seen in its 
 native hedge-banks. Division. 
 
 Globularia cordifolia (Heart-leaved 
 G. ) A neat and very trailing shrub ; 
 6 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; 
 blue ; heads small, globular, solitary 
 at the ends of the branches, on stalks 
 that are nearly naked. Leaves, stalked, 
 heart-shaped, small, gradually widen- 
 ing from the base, notched at the apex, 
 sometimes with a little tooth there. 
 Stems shrubby, prostrate, much 
 branched. Central and Southern 
 
 Europe. The rock-garden, in light 
 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Globularia nana (Thyme-leaved G.) 
 A dense trailing, dwarf shrub, 
 forming a fine mass of thyme-like ver- 
 dure; 1 to 2 in. high. Flowers, in 
 summer; numerous, bluish-white, in 
 globular heads nearly half-an-inch 
 across, barely rising above the foliage. 
 Leaves, fleshy, glistening, narrowly- 
 obcordate-wedge-shaped, forming ro- 
 settes at the base of the flower-stalks. 
 Stems very branching and woody, 
 creeping and rooting, lying close to 
 the ground. It is by some considered 
 a variety of G. cordifolia, but is suf- 
 ficiently distinct. Eastern Pyrenees. 
 
 The rock-garden, in moist free 
 
 soil ; or as a dwarf border plant in 
 moist districts. Division. 
 
 Globularia nudicaulis (NaTced-stalked 
 G.} An interesting perennial, not de- 
 void of beauty when well-developed 
 
GLOBULARIA GYPSOPHILA. 
 
 137 
 
 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; blue ; 
 heads larger than those of G. cor- 
 difolia, on naked stalks. Leaves, ob- 
 long, crenate, round at top, thickish, 
 larger than those of G. cordifolia ; 
 stems herbaceous. Alps and Pyrenees. 
 Margins of borders, and the rock- 
 garden, in light soil. This and its 
 family are rarely seen to advantage 
 in cold clay soil. Division or seed. 
 
 Globularia trichosantha (Hair- 
 powered G.}A species distinguished 
 by its glaucescent foliage, and finely- 
 divided petals ; from 6 to 8 in. 
 high. Flowers, in summer; flower- 
 heads sky-blue, large, many-flowered, 
 very similar in shape to those of Erige- 
 ron alpinus: divisions of the corolla 
 thread-like, twice the length of the 
 tube ; divisions of the calyx four times 
 as long as the tube. Radical Jeaves 
 1- nerved, spathulate, sometimes tri- 
 dentate; stem-leaves nearly linear, 
 mucronate ; stem herbaceous, leafy, 
 bearing one head ; root many-crowned ; 
 entire plant very glabrous and glau- 
 cescent. Asia Minor. The same 
 
 positions and treatment as for the 
 preceding kind. 
 
 Gnaphalium margaritaceum (Pearl 
 Cudweed). The well-known old bor- 
 der Everlasting, flowers, in summer ; 
 white with yellow disk, numerous, in 
 flat terminal corymbs. Leaves, nume- 
 rous, sessile, linear-lanceolate, entire, 
 dark green above, white and cottony 
 beneath, and often on both sides. 
 Stems, extremely downy, branched at 
 
 top. North America. Borders, in 
 
 any soil. Division. 
 
 Gymnadenia conopsea (Fragrant 
 Orchis). A sweet-scented orchid, 6 in. 
 to nearly 2 ft. high. Flowers, late in 
 summer; pale purple, in a dense, 
 cylindrical, tapering spike, 1 to 4 in. 
 long, not unilateral. Leaves, oblong- 
 strap-shaped, or strap-shaped-lanceo- 
 late, acute, 2 to 6 in. long or more ; 
 folded down the middle and keeled on 
 
 the back ; more or less recurved, the 
 lower ones much larger than those on 
 the upper part of the stem. Root-knobs, 
 two, palmately cleft, compressed, 
 
 Britain and Ireland. In grassy 
 
 places, drier parts of the bog-bed, or bor- 
 ders ; worth growing for its fragrance 
 only. Separation of the root-knobs. 
 
 Gynerium argenteum (Pampas grass). 
 The noble and now well-known 
 Pampas grass, 4 ft. to 14 ft. high, ac- 
 cording to the strength of the plant. 
 Floivers, in autumn ; in a very large 
 dense panicle, from I to 2 ft. long ; 
 formed of spikelets of about six flowers 
 each., distant, covered with silky sil- 
 very hairs. Leaves, very long, linear, 
 very rough on the edges, of a glaucous 
 green, forming huge dense tufts, 4 
 to 6 ft. high, and as much or more 
 across. The Pampas, or prairies, of 
 S. America, chiefly in Paraguay. 
 Isolated specimens in the pleasure- 
 
 ground, flower-garden, or woods; or 
 grouped with other fine perennials. 
 It will be found to attain greatest 
 vigour in light rich deep loam, and 
 where sheltered. Division and seed. 
 
 Gypsophila arenaria (Sand G.) A 
 neat perennial, 1 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; pale red, in dense long co- 
 rymbs ; petals rarely notched. Leaves, 
 linear, flat, smooth, rather fleshy. 
 Sandy or gravelly soil in Hungary and 
 
 Volhynia. Borders, in ordinary 
 
 soil. Seed and division. 
 
 Gypsophila paniculata (Panicled G.) 
 A very handsome herbaceous plant, 
 forming a dense compact bush, 3 ft. 
 or more in height and as much across. 
 Flowers, from midsummer to the end 
 of August ; small, white, exceedingly 
 numerous, arranged on thread-like 
 stalks in much-branched panicles, with 
 the light, airy, graceful effect of cer- 
 tain ornamental grasses. Leaves, few, 
 linear-lanceolate, opposite, sessile. 
 Stems knotty, smooth and glistening, 
 very much branched, slender, fragile, 
 
138 
 
 GYPSOPHILA HELENIUM. 
 
 spreading. Siberia and Sicily. 
 
 Borders, and naturalization in any 
 dryish soil. Seed or division. 
 
 Gypsophila repens (Creeping G.} A 
 dwarf and neat species ; 3 to 6 in. high. 
 Flowei-s, in summer ; reddish, few, on 
 bifid or trifid stalks ; segments of the 
 calyx with a dark green purple line 
 along the middle, and a white edge ; 
 petals flat, slightly narrowed towards 
 the base and notched. Leaves, glau- 
 cous, lanceolate-linear-acute, thick, 
 stalkless, not quite an inch long, and 
 narrow. Stems creeping, branched ; 
 with simple, erect branches, reddish at 
 
 the j oints. Alps of Europe. Borders, 
 
 the rock-garden, or ruins, in ordinary 
 soil. Seed and division. 
 
 Gypsophila scorzoneraefolia (Scor- 
 zonera-leaved G.) 1 to 3 ft. high. 
 Flowers, from July to August and 
 sometimes later; numerous, white, a 
 little larger than those of 0. panicu- 
 lata, and in less diffuse panicles, the 
 ramifications of which are slightly vis- 
 cid. Leaves, lanceolate-acute, half stem- 
 clasping, with 3 to 5 veins. The Crimea. 
 
 Borders, or naturalization, in any 
 
 dryish soil. Seed or division. 
 
 Gypsophila Steveni (Steven's G.} 
 Somewhat resembling G. paniculata, 
 but of much smaller dimensions, and 
 of a rather glaucous hue ; 1 ft. to 20 in. 
 high. Flowers, from July to August, 
 and sometimes later ; white, some- 
 what larger than those of G. paniculata, 
 but not so numerous, in a slightly 
 spreading, almost corymbose, panicle. 
 Leaves, almost all radical, linear- 
 lanceolate. Stems branching chiefly 
 
 at the top. Germany. Borders, 
 
 in ordinary soil. Division. 
 
 [Other hardy species of interesting 
 habit, and producing a profusion of 
 small white flowers, are : G.dichotoma, 
 G. glauca (acutifolia), G. saligna, and j 
 G. sabulosa. All flourish in ordinary, i 
 dry, light or calcareous soil.] 
 
 Hedysarum coronarium (French 
 Honeysuckle). A handsome and popu- 
 lar old garden plant ; 3 to 4 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; fine red, in ovate 
 spikes, crowded; legumes smooth, 
 with prickly joints. Leaves, impari- 
 pinnate ; leaflets in 3 to 6 pairs, 
 roundish, downy beneath and on the 
 margins. Stems spreading, hollow, 
 
 smooth. There is a white form. 
 
 Borders, in ordinary soil. It is usually 
 a biennial, but comes up abundantly 
 from self-sown seed. Seed. 
 
 Hedysarum obscurum (Creeping' 
 rooted H.} A brilliant and compact 
 perennial ; 6 to 12 in. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; showy, purple, about 
 | in. long, on short stalks, produced 
 in racemes ; bracts longer than flower- 
 stalks ; legumes pendulous, smooth. 
 Leaves, imparipinnate ; leaflets in 5 to 9 
 pairs, ovate, smooth, on short stalks. 
 Stems erect. Alps from Austria to 
 Provence. The rock-garden, bor- 
 ders, and naturalization, amongst 
 vegetation not more than a foot high, 
 chiefly on banks and slopes, in sandy 
 loam. Division or seed. 
 
 Helenium atropurpureum (DarJc- 
 purple H.} A richly-blooming peren- 
 nial ; 24 to 34 ft. high. Floivtrs, 
 late in summer ; of a purplish black, 
 variegated, somewhat like those of 
 Calliopsis tinctoria marmora'a, loosely 
 arranged in heads of medium size, 
 exhaling an agreeable odour. Leaves, 
 alternate, linear - lanceolate. Texas. 
 
 Borders, or in beds or groups of the 
 
 finer perennials, in light, rich well' 
 drained soil. Division or seed. 
 
 Helenium autumnale (Smooth H.) 
 A showy perennial, 4 to 6 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in August, continuing till de- 
 stroyed by frost ; yellow, resembling 
 those of a Sun-flower, but smaller; rays 
 long, deeply cut into 4 or 5 segments. 
 Leaves, smooth, lance-shaped, on sub- 
 decurrent or winged stalks, 3 or 4 in. 
 long and 4 in. broad in the centre. 
 
HELENIUM HELIANTHEMUM. 
 
 139 
 
 Stem branching at top. On the banks 
 of rivers, ponds, and ditches in North 
 America. Borders, and naturaliza- 
 tion in woods and copses, or by 
 the margin of streams. Division or seed. 
 
 Helenium Hoopesii (Hoopes's H.) 
 A showy but somewhat coarse peren- 
 nial, with a simple stem ; about 2| ft. 
 high. Flowers, early in summer ; bright 
 orange, about 2 in. across ; segments 
 of involucre long, narrow, and pointed. 
 Leaves, lance- shaped, pointed, smooth, 
 clasping the stem ; upper part of stem 
 
 slightly downy. Rough borders, in 
 
 any soil. Division or seed. 
 
 Helianthemum formosum (Beautiful 
 H.} A very attractive rock-rose ; 
 1 to 34 feet high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 yellow, large and handsome, with a 
 dark spot at the base of each petal ; 
 sepals 3 ; calyces and peduncles 
 villous. Leaves, tomentosely-villous, 
 younger ones hoary, on short stalks, 
 lance-shaped, 3-nerved. Stems erect, 
 branched. Portugal. The rock- 
 garden, on sunny warm slopes, or 
 raised and warm borders, in light 
 sandy or calcareous soil. Seed or 
 cuttings. 
 
 Helianthemum ocymoides (Basil-like 
 H.) Cistus algarvensis. Another 
 fine kind, with hoary branches ; 1 to 3 
 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; bright 
 yellow, with a dark purple eye, nearly 
 14 in. across ; sepals 3, much pointed ; 
 peduncles long, branched, paniculate; 
 pedicels opposite, somewhat umbel- 
 late. Leaves, from 1 to 1^ in. long, 
 narrow and pointed ; stem-leaves obo- 
 vate, 3-veined, almost stalkless, green; 
 those of the branches stalked, turned 
 back at the top, and hairy on both sides. 
 Dry rocky hills, in Spain and Portu- 
 gal. Similar positions and treat- 
 ment to those for the preceding. Seed 
 or cuttings. 
 
 Helianthemum Pilosella (Downy 
 H.) An interesting dwarf kind 
 with a woody . prostrate stem and 
 
 ascending branches ; about 6 in. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; small, yellow, in 
 short terminal clusters. Leaves, oval- 
 elliptical, entire, downy on both sides, 
 whitish underneath, with a prominent 
 
 dorsal vein. Pyrenees. The rock. 
 
 garden and margins of dry borders, 
 in ordinary soil. Seed and cuttings. 
 
 Helianthemum rosraarinifolium 
 (Rosemary-leaved IT.) A neat erect 
 little bush ; about 1 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; white, on very short 
 axillary stalks, bearing each from one 
 to three flowers. Leaves, linear-oblong, 
 rolled back at the margin, dark green, 
 whitish underneath. North America. 
 
 The rock-garden and borders, in 
 
 sandy well-drained loam. Cuttings 
 and seed. 
 
 Helianthemnm Tuberaria (Truffle 
 Sunrose). This differs completely 
 in aspect from the shrubby species, 
 and is second to none in beauty; 6 to 
 12 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; re- 
 sembling a single yellow rose, with 
 dark centre, 2 in. across, drooping 
 when in bud ; pedicels disposed in 
 something like a panicle, furnished 
 with bracts at the base ; calyx smooth, 
 shining. Leaves, of root, ending in 
 the foot-stalk, ovate-oblong, tomen- 
 tosely hairy, greyish ; under surface 
 nerved, upper surface furrowed ; stem- 
 leaves lance-shaped, stalkless, almost 
 
 smooth. Southern Europe. The 
 
 rock-garden on warm ledges, in well- 
 drained sandy or calcareous soil. 
 When sufficiently plentiful it should 
 be used in the mixed border. Seed 
 and careful division. 
 
 Helianthemum venustum (Showy 
 Sunrose). A hardy evergreen trailer, 
 with ascending stems, about 6 in. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; deep red, 
 about | in. across, in terminal clusters. 
 Leaves, opposite, oval-oblong, short- 
 stalked, slightly reflexed, and finely 
 toothed on the margin. South of 
 Europe. The rougher parts of the 
 
140 
 
 HELIANTHEMUM HELI ANTHUS. 
 
 rock-garden, and on borders or fringes 
 of shrubbery, best in a light or cal- 
 careous soil. Division, cuttings, and 
 
 Helianthemum vulgare (Common 
 Sunrose). A dwarf spreading ever- 
 green undershrub, with much- 
 branched stems and numerous flowers, 
 8 to 15 in. high. Flowers, nearly all 
 summer; bright yellow, produced in 
 loose racemes ; petals spreading, about 
 ^ in. long and broad. I/eaves, shortly 
 stalked, ovate-lanceolate, green above, 
 and somewhat hoary beneath, smooth 
 or slightly hairy. Europe and Britain 
 
 in dry hilly places. There are many 
 
 very pretty varieties of this in various 
 colours, sometimes supposed to be 
 distinct species. The finer varieties, 
 which may be raised from seed in 
 abundance, are excellent for rough 
 rockwork, banks, edgings, etc., grow- 
 ing in any soil, but showing to greatest 
 advantage in a calcareous one. Seed 
 or division. 
 
 Helianthus atrorubens (Dark-red 
 Sunflower). A vigorous perennial with 
 dull purple stems, rough from whitish 
 hairs, 2 to 3 ft high or more. Flowers, 
 in autumn ; disk dark red or purple ; 
 rays yellow, marked with a few lines, 
 pointed and entire ; flowering branches 
 scattered. Leaves, of root flat, hairy ; 
 stem-leaves twisted and waved, 
 rough with hairs (the lower ones 
 particularly so) and small tubercles. 
 
 Pennsylvania to Carolina. Borders, 
 
 in sandy loam. Division and seed. 
 
 Helianthus multifiorus (Many- 
 flowered #.) A fine showy perennial, 
 4 to 6 ft. high. Flowers, late in 
 summer and autumn ; yellow, at the 
 end of the branches, the largest some- 
 times 8 to 9 in. in diameter, the side 
 ones gradually smaller. Leaves, al- 
 ternate, sometimes opposite, lower ones 
 heart -shaped, upper ones ovate, rough. 
 H. multiflorusfl.pl. is a double variety 
 oftener met with than the single 
 
 form. Said to be a native of America, 
 but American botanists say they have 
 not found it there. Borders, asso- 
 ciated with the taller plants, and in a 
 semi-wild state in shrubberies, in any 
 soil. May be seen flowering abun- 
 dantly in some of the London squares. 
 Helianthus orgyalis (Graceful Sun- 
 flower]. A tall graceful, somewhat 
 willow-like herb, 6 to 8 ft. high. Flow- 
 ers, in autumn ; yellow, on long 
 stalks. Leaves, alternate, rather small, 
 stalkless, 3 to Gin. long, and about 1 in. 
 across, very numerous and narrow, 
 much recurved, so as to give the tips 
 of the shoots a very graceful appear- 
 ance, lower ones slightly toothed. 
 
 North America. Among groups of 
 
 fine-leaved hardy plants in the sub- 
 tropical garden or pleasure-ground, 
 margins of shrubberies, or wood- 
 walks. The tips of the shoots for a 
 length of 15 in. or so, cut off and 
 placed in water indoors, are as orna- 
 mental as the most graceful or delicate 
 young Palm or Dracaena. As the plant 
 throw up a great number of shoots, 
 they should be thinned out when 
 young. Division. 
 
 Helianthus rigidus (Rigid Sun- 
 flower}. Harpalium rigidum. A re- 
 markably showy and rapidly-growing 
 perennial, 3 to 4 ft. high. Floivers, in 
 summer ; a pleasing golden yellow, 3 to 
 4 in. across ; disk darkish brown about 
 an inch in diameter. Leaves, of stem 
 opposite, very thick, lance-shaped ; 
 root-leaves oval, blunt, 3-nerved; 
 stem rough, sometimes exuding a 
 small quantity of resin. Root spread- 
 ing about very much. North America. 
 
 Borders, in which from its 
 
 rapidly-spreading habit, it will require 
 annual division. It is a capital plant 
 for naturalization among the finer 
 perennials in almost any position or 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Helichrysum arenarium ( Yellow 
 Everlasting] . Gnaphalium arenarium, . 
 
HBLICHR YSUM HELLEBORUS. 
 
 141 
 
 A bright and lovely plant, with 
 leaves quite white with down on 
 both sides; 4 to 10 in. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; bright golden yellow, in a 
 compound corymb. They are much 
 used on the Continent for Immortelles 
 and ornaments. Leaves, lance-shaped, 
 entire, nearly stem -clasping, blunt 
 and recurved at the points, with 
 re volute edges ; stem upright, 
 downy, not branching, clothed with 
 leaves to the top. Central and Southern 
 
 Europe. Excellent for rock work 
 
 and the margins of borders, always in 
 very sandy, warm, and well-drained 
 Boil. Division. 
 
 Helichrysum Stoechas (Stcechas H.} 
 A neat perennial, with very 
 branching spreading stems, about 
 1 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 yellow, in terminal corymbose heads, 
 closely crowded together, on short 
 stalks. Leaves, sessile, linear, ob- 
 tuse, silvery underneath ; stems and 
 branches covered with silvery down. 
 South of Europe. Margins of bor- 
 ders, and the rock-garden, in lightish 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Heliopsis Isevis (Smooth H.} A 
 vigorous smoothish herb, 3 to 6 ft. 
 high. Flowers, late in summer ; yel- 
 low ; heads about 3 in. across, on long 
 stalks, terminating the stem. Leaves, 
 oval-lance-shaped, abrupt at the base, 
 or tapering abruptly into the stalks, 
 coarsely serrate. H. gradlis is a 
 variety of this species, with a slender 
 stem, clothed with fine down at the 
 top, and much smaller in all its parts, 
 with lance-shaped, rough leaves, acute 
 at the base. H. scabra is another variety 
 with stem and leaves rough, and the 
 involucre slightly downy. United 
 States of North America. Natu- 
 ralization among strong herbs in com- 
 mon soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Helleborus abchasicus (Abchasian 
 Christmas Rose). An interesting but 
 uncommon kind of Christmas rose, 
 
 about 1 ft. high. Flowers, in spring ; 
 green, usually nodding ; anthers yel- 
 lowish-white ; petals 18 to 24 in num- 
 ber; sepals obovate- oblong, pointed, 
 waved at the margin, not overlapping 
 each other, of a purplish hue. Leaves, 
 mostly radical, somewhat pedate, with 
 5 to 7 spathulate-lanceolate, widely- 
 spreading, smooth, distantly-toothed 
 leaflets, continuing through the winter. 
 Region between the Caucasus and the 
 
 Black Sea. Sheltered and sunny 
 
 banks, or borders, in warm well- 
 drained soil. Division. 
 
 Helleborus atrorubens (Dark-purple 
 H.} Stem about 18 in. high, pro- 
 ducing branches with 2 or 3 series of 
 forkings. Flowers, in March or April ; 
 deep purple in bud, when first ex- 
 panded violet purple, the edges and 
 centre green, afterwards changing to 
 dull purple. Leaves, pedate, variable 
 in form, 5- to 9-parted, never assuming 
 the lobed condition of H. purpurascens, 
 nor are the lobes united half way up, 
 but distinct almost to the base, except 
 in the side ones. Woods and thickets 
 
 in Southern Europe. Sheltered 
 
 borders, banks, and fringes of shrub- 
 beries, in deep good loam. Division. 
 
 Helleborus fcetidas (Fetid H.) A 
 hardy native plant, very distinct and 
 striking in habit, and well worthy of 
 cultivation for the sake of its handsome 
 winter foliage. In a wild state it 
 forms luxuriant tufts, about 2 ft. 
 high, and in gardens has attained a 
 height of 3 ft. or more. Flowers, early in 
 spring ; globose, greenish, tipped with 
 purple, drooping, in panicled cymes. 
 Leaves, alternate, persistent, leathery, 
 of a dull green colour, the lower ones 
 divided into from 7 to 1 1 lance-shaped 
 serrated segments, pedately arranged. 
 
 Britain and Europe. Borders, 
 
 or fringes of shrubberies, in ordinary 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Helleborus niger (Christmas Rose). 
 A well-known old garden plant ; 6 
 
142 
 
 HELLEBORUS. 
 
 to 15 in. high. Flowers, 1, 2 or 3 on 
 a stem, the unopened buds suffused 
 with faint rose, gracefully curved 
 downwards ; when fully expanded 
 pure white, 3 to 4^ in. in diameter, 
 with a bunch of yellow stamens an 
 inch or more across ; usually with two 
 concave, shell - like, heart - shaped 
 bracts just behind the flower. Leaves, 
 pedate, quite smooth ; leaflets 5 to 10, 
 lance -shaped, serrate in the upper 
 part, stout and leathery. H. niger 
 maximus is a variety much larger in 
 all its parts, flowering considerably 
 earlier ; attaining, when well-grown, 
 a height of 2 ft., and bearing 2 to 7 
 flowers, from 34 to 5^ in. across, on 
 branched stems ; the leaflets more 
 oblique and irregular in outline. H. 
 niger minor is a variety much smaller 
 than the type, with leaflets distantly 
 and irregularly toothed, the teeth 
 resembling small lobes, and with 
 sepals narrower and more pointed. 
 Europe. Perhaps the best posi- 
 tions for the Christmas Hose and its 
 varieties are on warm and sheltered 
 grassy banks, where they would have 
 better drainage, and where the flowers 
 would be kept from splashing by the 
 surrounding grass ; but they are so ex- 
 cellent that they may with advantage 
 be used in almost any other position 
 in which they may be desired in or- 
 dinary soil. They should be naturalized 
 where there is space for this interesting 
 phase of gardening. Division. 
 
 Helleborus odorus (Sweet H.) A 
 rare and interesting kind, I ft. high. 
 flowers, in March and April, some- 
 times in February; greenish, sweet- 
 scented, drooping, nearly 2 in. across ; 
 3 to 5 flowers on the top of each stem. 
 Leaves, pale green, veined with white ; 
 those of the root stalked, pedate, with 
 6 to 8 lanceolate, regularly toothed 
 divisions ; near the top of the stem 
 there is a single, almost sessile, leaf 
 with from 3 to 5 divisions. Hungary. 
 
 Does best on declivities with a 
 
 shady northern aspect, in substantial 
 loam, mixed with peat. Division. 
 
 Helleborus olympicus (Olympian H.) 
 A handsome species ; 12 to 15 in. 
 high. Flowers, in spring ; purplish ; 
 petals about 13 in number ; anthers 
 of a yellowish white ; 2 or 3 blooms on 
 each stem. Leaves, digitate -pedate, 
 or palmate, with 5 to 7 linear-oblong, 
 smooth, dentate-serrate lobes rather 
 close together. Mount Olympus, in 
 
 Greece. Warm sheltered borders 
 
 and banks, the margins of beds of 
 early-flowering shrubs, or in sunny 
 nooks on the lower flanks of the rough 
 rockwork, in good soil. Division. 
 
 Helleborus orientalis (Oriental Helle- 
 tore.} A very fine kind, allied to the 
 Christmas Rose, but distinguished 
 from it by its leaves, which are annual 
 and appear with the flowers ; 8 in. to 
 2 ft. high. Flowers, from February to 
 April ; large, rose-coloured. Leaves, 
 very much divided, large, somewhat 
 downy when young; stem-leaves 
 sessile and palmate. Greece and 
 
 Syria. A number of intermediate 
 
 varieties have been obtained by cross- 
 ing this plant with the Christmas 
 Rose, and also perhaps with H. pur- 
 purascens. These varieties are gene- 
 rally more vigorous than either of the 
 types, and bear large open flowers 
 with slightly waved petals more or 
 less white or rose-coloured. The most 
 remarkable of them is H. atrorubens 
 hybridus. Borders, fringes of shrub- 
 beries, grassy banks and slopes, etc., 
 in good garden soil. Division. 
 
 Helleborus purpurascens (Purple- 
 flowered H.} A dwarfer species than 
 H. atrorubens, with violet-coloured 
 stems, 6 to 10 in. high, surrounded at 
 the base by a membranous sheath. 
 Flowers, in March ; purplish- red, with 
 white stamens ; broadly vase shaped, 
 nearly 2 in. across, drooping, 1 to 2 
 on each stem. Leaves, of a greyish- 
 
HELONIAS HERACLEUM. 
 
 143 
 
 green colour, with from 6 to 9 oval- 
 lance-shaped, toothed divisions ; the 
 floral leaf nearly sessile, with 5 or 6 
 
 divisions. Native of Hungary. 
 
 Similar positions and treatment to 
 those given for preceding kinds. 
 
 Helonias bullata (Spiked H.) H. 
 latifolia. A distinct and handsome 
 bog perennial ; 12 to 16 in. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; small, very 
 handsome, purplish-rose, arranged in 
 an oval spike, the lower blossoms 
 only accompanied by linear-lanceolate 
 bracts. Leaves, all radical, oblong- 
 lanceolate, acute, veined, much shorter 
 than the flower-stems. Root tuberous, 
 fleshy. Native of marshy places in 
 
 N. America. In the artificial bog, 
 
 or in moist ground near a rivulet. In fine 
 sandy and very moist soils it thrives 
 well as a border plant. I have 
 never seen it so fine as at Edinburgh, 
 except in the bogs of New Jersey. 
 Division. 
 
 Hemerocallis disticha (Two - rowed 
 Day-lily). A handsome tuberous 
 perennial ; 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, 
 in summer; large, yellowish on the 
 outside, reddish within ; segments 
 lanceolate, wavy, acute, spreading or 
 reflected, the three external ones 
 broader. Leaves, linear, arranged in 
 two rows, keeled. There is a variety 
 with double flowers. Native of Japan, 
 
 China, and Nepaul. Borders, 
 
 fringes of shrubberies, and naturalized 
 in ordinary free soil. Division. 
 
 Hemerocallis Dumortieri (Dumor- 
 tier's Day-lily). Resembles H. gra- 
 minea ; 1 ft. to 16 in. high. Flowers, 
 in May and June, and sometimes 
 again at the end of summer ; large, 
 reddish-orange, tinged with brown on 
 the outside, usually 1 to 3 on each 
 stem. At the base of each flower is a 
 keeled bract, of a brownish or reddish- 
 green tinge. Leaves, very narrow, in 
 two rows, similar to those of H. yra- 
 n>inea f from which plant it is not 
 
 easily distinguished. Japan. Bor- 
 ders and fringes of beds of American 
 shrubs in peat, or the rougher parts 
 of the rock-garden. Division. 
 
 Hemerocallis flava (Yellow Day- 
 lily). A showy and vigorous kind ; 2 
 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 orange-yellow, very fragrant, erect, 
 with 6 flat pointed divisions, resem- 
 bling those of a Lily. Leaves, 
 numerous, narrow, 2 to 24 ft. long, 
 keeled, of a shining green, in a strong 
 tuft. Root fasciculate, half-fibrous 
 and half-tuberous. Native of Hun- 
 gary, Illyria, Carniola, and Switzer- 
 land. Borders and shrubberies, or 
 
 groups of perennials, or in isolated 
 tufts in the grass, or naturalization, in 
 any soil. Division. 
 
 Hemerocallis fulva (Tawny Day- 
 lily}. Another strong and showy 
 kind; 2 4 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; large, about 4 in. wide, very 
 open, of a buff-yellow, scentless, ar- 
 ranged in a lax cluster ; segments 
 almost obtuse. Leaves, broad, very 
 long, keeled, numerous, in a large tuft. 
 France, about Pau, Tarbes, and Bor- 
 deaux. Similar positions and treat- 
 ment to those for the preceding kind. 
 
 Hemerocallis graminea (Grass-leaved 
 H.) A small and graceful kind ; 8 
 to 14 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 yellow, slightly tinged with green ; 
 smaller and less fragrant than those of 
 ff. flava, with the 3 internal segments 
 wavy. Leaves, very narrow, keeled 
 through their entire length, pointed, 
 of a lively green. Native of Siberia. 
 Borders, the rock-garden, or na- 
 turalized where the vegetation is not 
 too strong, in peat or very sandy loam. 
 Division. 
 
 Heracleum flavescens (Austriacum). 
 (Yellowish Cow-parsnip). A. vigorous 
 perennial, with deeply-furrowed his- 
 pid stems, and convex green leaves ; 
 5 to 6 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 yellowish, in large umbels ; petals 
 
144 
 
 HER ACLEUM HEUCHER A. 
 
 bent in, not notched ; pedicels rough. 
 Leaves, rough from hairs, pinnate ; 
 leaflets ovate or oblong, serrate. 
 
 Dauphiny to Siberia. Banks of 
 
 rivers and ponds, where effective foli- 
 age is desired, in ordinary soil. Seed, 
 to be sown as soon as ripe ; most of the 
 kinds come freely from self-sown 
 
 Heracleum persicum (Persian Cow- 
 parsnip.) 6 ft. high and upwards. 
 flowers, in summer ; small, whitish, 
 numerous, in regular umbels of enor- 
 mous size ; the upper ones being 16 in. 
 across, and sometimes more ; petals 
 very small, oboval, faintly notched. 
 Leaves, of the root very large, slightly 
 downy underneath, smooth above, 
 pinnate, with 3 to 4 pairs of lanceo- 
 late-acute distant segments, of a 
 dark-green hue, afterwards brownish ; 
 stem-leaves smaller, with broadly- 
 sheathing stalks. Persia. Similar 
 
 positions to those for the preceding, 
 but in drier soil. Seed. 
 
 Heracleum pubescens (Downy Cow- 
 parsnip). Still larger in its propor- 
 tions than the foregoing kinds ; 6 4 ft. 
 to nearly 10 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; small, yellowish-white, in 
 umbels, about 1 ft. in diameter. 
 Leaves, very large, smooth above, 
 somewhat rough underneath, pinnate, 
 with oval, pointed, closely-placed seg- 
 ments ; the intermediate segments 3- 
 
 lobed. Caucasus and Tauria. In 
 
 rich bottoms, or by margins of water, 
 or wherever very imposing foliage is 
 desired. Seed and division. 
 
 Heracleum Wilhelmsii ( Wilhelm's 
 Cow-parsnip) . An imposing kind, 6 \ ft. 
 and upwards in height. Flowers, in 
 summer; whitish, in large umbels, 
 10 in. to 1 ft. in diameter. Leaves, 
 very large, downy and wrinkled when 
 young, pinnate ; lateral segments lan- 
 ceolate-acute, distant ; terminal one 
 
 entire and larger. Siberia. Similar 
 
 uses to the preceding. 
 
 Hesperis matronalis (Dame's Violet) 
 A popular old garden plant, with 
 spear-shaped leaves indented at their 
 edges, and erect, slightly-branched 
 stems, 1 to 2 ft. high or more. Flowers, 
 in early summer ; deep purple, sweet- 
 scented, produced in terminal ra- 
 cemes ; petals roundish, notched at 
 the tops. Leaves, 2 or 3 in. long, 
 ovate-lanceolate, toothed. There are 
 several double kinds, white, purple, 
 and streaked, all sweet and very hand- 
 some border - flowers. Europe, and 
 said to be a native plant, but probably 
 
 not truly so. The single kind is 
 
 only fitted for naturalization, and will 
 grow anywhere ; the double ones are 
 among the most valuable ornaments 
 of the mixed border ; they love a good 
 sandy moist loam, and will be found 
 to thrive best if divided and carefully 
 replanted in fresh soil every second 
 year soon after flowering. The single 
 kind grows very freely from seed ; the 
 double ones are increased by careful 
 division and cuttings. 
 
 Hesperis tristis (Night - scented 
 Rocket). A. quaint-looking, interest- 
 ing kind ; 9 in. to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 spring or early summer ; varying from 
 a dirty-white to a dull dark-purple, 
 sweet-scented in the night, in termi- 
 nal racemes ; petals oblong, oblique ; 
 pedicels long, spreading, rigid. Leaves, 
 of root, stalked ; stem-leaves sessile, 
 ovate, acute, entire or toothed, smooth 
 orpubescent, pale-green, 2to 4 in. long. 
 Austria, Hungary. Russia, and Tauria. 
 
 This may be established on old 
 
 ruins, in chalk-pits, etc., by sowing 
 the seed in mossy or earthy chinks ; 
 on the level ground it is tender. 
 
 Heuchera glabra (Smooth ff.) 
 A dark-foliaged dwarf perennial, 
 12 to 18 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 small and not ornamental. Leaves. 
 roundish -heart-shaped, acutely 5- tc 
 V-lobed, toothed; staiks amooun, 
 
HEUOHERA HIPPOCREPIS. 
 
 145 
 
 root - leaves on long - stalks ; stem- 
 leaves more deeply lobed, and on 
 
 shorter stalks. North America. 
 
 See cultural remarks, etc. on follow- 
 ing kind. 
 
 Heuchera ribifolia (Currant-leaved 
 H.} Panicle oblong-conoidal ; limb of 
 calyx oblique, lobes nearly triangular ; 
 petals obtuse, and about as long as the 
 calyx. Leaves, obtuse, 5 -lobed, smooth 
 above ; leaf-stalks smooth, polished ; 
 stems rough, with very short muri- 
 cated points, 1- to 3-leaved. North 
 
 America. Borders, and as edgings, 
 
 the peculiarly dark tone of its leaves 
 making it of some value for the last- 
 named use. In bloom, the Heucheras 
 are not attractive ; they thrive on any 
 soil, and are readily increased by di- 
 vision. 
 
 Hibiscus militaris (Showy H.)A 
 splendid perennial, 3 to 4 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; rose with a darker 
 centre ; in a lengthened few-flowered 
 raceme ; corolla about 2^ in. long, 
 hairy on the outside near the base. 
 Leaves, smooth, hastate-lobed, some- 
 what heart-shaped, tapering to a point, 
 serrate, 3 to 5 in. long. North Ame- 
 rica. Borders, groups of tall peren- 
 nials, or as isolated specimens in the 
 subtropical garden or pleasure-ground, 
 in deep sandy loam, and in warm and 
 sheltered positions. Division. 
 
 Hibiscus Moscheutos (Mallow Rose). 
 A vigorous perennial with stems 
 3 to 5 ft. high. Flowers, late in sum- 
 mer ; light rose-colour, sometimes 
 nearly white, with a crimson centre ; as 
 large as those of the common Holly- 
 hock ; petals inverted-ovate, the tips 
 slightly hollowed, style projecting. 
 Leaves, about 5 in. long and 3 wide, 
 ovate, tapering to a point, usually 
 5-nerved, serrate, clothed with whitish 
 down beneath and rough pubescence 
 above, somewhat remarkable from the 
 flower often springing from the leaf- 
 stalk. United States, by the borders 
 
 of marshes. Moist borders, among 
 
 bog-plants, or in isolated tufts by the 
 sides of lakes, in ordinary soil. Divi- 
 sion or seed. 
 
 Hibiscus palustris (Marsh H.) 
 This plant has often been confounded 
 with H. Moscheutos, but is quite dis- 
 tinct ; grows 3 to 5 ft. high. Flowers, 
 late in summer; large, purple, on 
 long axillary stalks. Leaves, broadly - 
 ovate, obtusely serrated, faintly 3- 
 lobed, 3- nerved, downy and whitish 
 underneath. Swamps and marshes 
 
 from Canada to Virginia. Similar 
 
 positions and treatment to those di- 
 rected for H. Moscheutos. Seed or 
 division. 
 
 Hibiscus roseus (Rosy IT.) Another 
 very attractive kind, 4 to 6 ft. high. 
 Flowers, late in summer; showy rose, 
 4 in. across; petals with straight 
 deeply -coloured veins; pedicels axil- 
 lary, 1-flowered, jointed about the 
 middle. Leaves, heart-shaped, toothed, 
 somewhat 3-lobed, clothed with down 
 beneath. France, on the banks of the 
 
 river Adour. See cultural remarks, 
 
 etc., for H. Moscheutos. 
 
 Hieracium aurantiacum (Orange H.) 
 A pleasing and easily grown peren- 
 nial, distinct among dwarf composite 
 plants from its deep orange colour ; 
 1 to 1| ft. high. Flowers, in early 
 summer ; orange-red, 8 or 10 borne in 
 a panicle ; pedicels short. Leaves, 
 grass- green, obovate-lanceolate, quite 
 entire, obtuse, narrowing into the 
 stalk ; those of the stem sessile; stem 
 simple, bearded with slender hairs, 
 which are black in the upper part. 
 
 Western Europe. Borders, in any 
 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Hippocrepis comosB,(fforse-shoe Vetch). 
 A minute, prostrate, Coronilla-like 
 British evergreen herb, about 6 in. high. 
 Flowers, in spring and summer; yel- 
 low, 5 to 8 being borne together in 
 a crown, and resembling those of 
 the common Bird's-foot Trefoil, but 
 L 
 
146 
 
 HOTEIA HYACINTHUS. 
 
 paler and rather smaller ; legume 
 curved, uneven on both sides. Leaves, 
 composed of from 9 to 15 pairs of 
 small, oblong or linear, smooth leaflets. 
 Europe. The rock-garden ; and bor- 
 ders, in any soil. Seed and division. 
 
 Hoteia japonica (White ff.) 
 Spircea japonica. A fine herbaceous 
 plant of tufted habit, covered, espe- 
 cially at the base of the stems and leaf- 
 stalks, with long, scattered, semi-trans- 
 parent, reddish hairs ; 1 ft. to 16 in. 
 high. Flowers, early in summer; 
 numerous, silvery white, in a panicled 
 cluster, the ramifications of which, as 
 well as the pedicels and bracts of the 
 flowers, are also white. Leaves, of the 
 root numerous, in tufts, with 3-cleft 
 footstalks, which are swollen at the 
 commencement of the first forking : 
 those of the stem alternate, stalked, 
 thrice-pinnate ; divisions oval, toothed 
 and fringed, of a glistening green on 
 
 the upper side. Japan. Warm 
 
 borders, fringes of shrubberies, rough 
 rockwork, etc., in peat or sandy soil. 
 It is now much grown in pots for 
 forcing. Division. 
 
 Hottonia palustris (Water Violet). 
 A beautiful British water-plant, with 
 bright green, deeply cut, submerged 
 leaves and stems ; from 9 in. to 2 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in early summer ; pink 
 or pale lilac with a yellow eye, in 
 whorls at intervals one above the 
 other, forming a handsome spike; calyx 
 and corolla divided into five segments ; 
 pedicels short, with a small bract at 
 the base of each. Leaves, pinnatifid ; 
 
 leaflets linear, narrow. Europe. 
 
 Lakes, ponds, and fountain-basins; 
 also on the soft and wet muddy banks 
 of streams. Division, or seed, which 
 should be sown in autumn. 
 
 Houstonia caerulea (Bluets]. A very- 
 minute and charming evergreen herb, 
 with small pointed leaves, forming low 
 cushions on the ground, from which 
 spring the slender stems about 2 in. 
 
 high. Flowers, in early summer ; 
 beautiful blue or white; the stems 
 dividing into 2, or sometimes 3, thread- 
 like branches or peduncles, each being 
 terminated by a single flower. Leaves,oi 
 root spoon-shaped ; stem-leaves, some- 
 what lance-shaped. North America, 
 
 from New England to Florida. The 
 
 rock-garden, on well- drained spots in 
 very fine sandy or peaty soil. It fre- 
 quently perishes in winter, and should 
 be grown in small pans in cold frames 
 in peat soil. Careful division or seed. 
 Humulus Lupulus (Common Hop). 
 A very common, well known, and 
 vigorous twining perennial. Flowers, 
 in summer ; greenish yellow, the males 
 in loose panicles in the axils of the 
 upper leaves ; females in shortly- 
 stalked, axillary, roundish spikes or 
 heads. Leaves, opposite in pairs, 
 stalked, broadly heart-shaped, deeply 
 3- or 5-lobed, sharply toothed, rasplike 
 to the touch. Europe, Asia, and 
 
 Britain. Admirable for covering 
 
 bowers, etc., especially where vegeta- 
 tion that disappears in winter is de- 
 sired ; also when allowed to run wild 
 among shrubs, etc., in almost any 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Hutchinsia alpina (Alpine Hutchin- 
 sia) A very pretty and diminutive 
 alpine plant, with shining green leaves 
 and hosts of small white flowers ; 2 or 
 3 in. high. Flowers, in spring, and, 
 when planted in spring, for a long 
 period ; pure white, abundantly pro- 
 duced, in clusters. Leaves, smooth, 
 shining, deeply cut into comb-like 
 lobes, and resembling pinnate leaves. 
 Mountain chains of Central and 
 
 SouthernEurope. The rock-garden, 
 
 and the margin of choice borders, in 
 sandy soil. Division or seed. 
 
 Hyacinthus amethystinus (Amethyst 
 H.) A beautiful bulb, 4 in. to 1 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in early summer ; hand- 
 some blue, drooping, nearly unilateral, 
 arranged in a loose cluster of 4 to 12 
 
HYACINTHUS IBERIS. 
 
 147 
 
 blooms, accompanied with bracts as 
 long as the pedicels. Leaves, narrow, 
 linear, smooth, longer than the flower- 
 stem. Native of S, Europe, and 
 especially of the Pyrenees. Bor- 
 ders, the rock-garden, and the bulb- 
 firden ; best in deep sandy soil, 
 eparation of the bulbs. 
 Hyacinthus orientalis (Common 
 Hyacinth}. The parent of our popular 
 Hyacinths ; 8 in. to 1 ft. high. Flowers, 
 in spring ; very fragrant, blue in the 
 original type, but varying much in 
 colour under cultivation, in a cluster 
 of 6 to 15 blooms. Leaves, lanceolate, 
 grooved, of a dark green. Bulb round, 
 of medium size. Native of S. Europe 
 
 and the Levant. The varieties 
 
 deserve to be much more commonly 
 grown in the open air, as they are 
 perfectly hardy. Planted deeply, the 
 crown of the bulb 6 or 8 inches or 
 more under the surface, they flower 
 strongly year after year if in good 
 sandy loam. 
 
 Hypericum calycinum (Great-flowered 
 H.) A well known and very showy 
 low trailing shrub ; about 1 ft. high. 
 Flowers, nearly all summer; bright 
 yellow, 3 or 4 in. across, 5 or 6 in a 
 corymb; sepals about ^ i n l n g 
 roundish ; stamens long and slender. 
 Leaves, nearly stalkless, large, ovate 
 or oblong, blunt, smooth, when young 
 they are of a pale green, but when 
 old of a very dark green, and some- 
 what glaucous at the back. Southern 
 Europe, naturalized in several parts 
 of Britain. Best suited for natu- 
 ralization ; it grows freely and in- 
 creases rapidly in any ordinary soil. 
 
 Hypericum Coris (Heath-leaved H.) 
 A dwarf evergreen shrub with a 
 slender branching stem ; 4 to 6 in. 
 high. Flowers, in summer; bright 
 yellow, f in. across ; margin of calyx 
 dotted with small black prominences. 
 Leaves, very small, linear, with revo- 
 lute edges, sessile, in closely- set 
 
 whorls. Cape of Good Hope. The 
 
 rock-garden, in well-drained soil. Cut- 
 tings and division. 
 
 Hypericum nummularium (Money, 
 wort H.} A diminutive perennial, 
 forming neat, compact tufts, with 
 very slender stems ; 3 in. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; yellow, f in. 
 across ; margin of calyx toothed and 
 tinged with purplish red. Leaves, op- 
 posite, nearly round, almost sessile, 
 about \ in. broad, close together. 
 Root long and wiry, much branched 
 and very fibrous. South of Europe. 
 
 The rock-garden, in well-drained 
 
 soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Iberidella rotundifolia (Round-leaved 
 I.) Thlaspi rotundifolium. A dwarf 
 evergreen herb, with prostrate or as- 
 cending stems, and smooth, thick, 
 leathery leaves of a glaucous olive 
 green ; 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in 
 early summer ; rosy - lilac, sweet- 
 scented, freely produced, in terminal 
 racemes. Leaves, somewhat fleshy, 
 quite entire ; lower ones stalked, obo- 
 vate ; those of the stem almost stalk- 
 less, ovate-oblong. A native of the Alps 
 of Switzerland, Savoy, and Austria. 
 
 The rock-garden, among the 
 
 dwarfest alpine plants, in any lightish 
 soil. Seed or division. 
 
 Iberis Bubani(.Z?M&an,'s Candytuft). 
 A neat dwarf plant, forming compact 
 tufts, nearly 6 in. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; pink, in corymbose clusters. 
 Leaves, spathulate, lobed, very deep 
 glossy green, forming dense rosettes, 
 covered with a profusion of branching 
 
 flower - stems. Pyrenees. The 
 
 rock-garden, in well-drained soil, and 
 among dwarf plants. Division or seed. 
 
 Iberis corifolia (Coris-leaved I.) 
 The neatest and dwarfest of the 
 Iberises, very near or perhaps a dwarf 
 form of /. saxatilis, 3 or 4 in. high. 
 Flowers, in early spring ; white, in 
 corymbs. Leaves, linear, entire, blunt, 
 smooth ; stems decumbent ; tufts 
 L2 
 
148 
 
 IBERIS INULA. 
 
 very dwarf and densely-cushioned. A 
 
 native of Sicily. Borders, the 
 
 rock-garden, or edgings, in ordinary 
 soil. Division, cuttings, or seed. 
 
 Iberis correaefolia (Late White Iberis). 
 /. gibraltarica (Sort. ) /. coriacea, 
 The finest kind we have, more shrub- 
 like than /. saxatilis ; 6 to 15 in. high. 
 flowers, in May, later than the other 
 common evergreen Iberises ; large, 
 pure white, in close corymbs. Leaves, 
 oblong - spathulate, entire, almost 
 sessile, about 1 in. long and | in. 
 broad at the widest part, gradually 
 attenuated towards the stem. Seeds 
 produced very sparsely. This plant 
 is probably a hybrid, between 
 /. semperflorens and the Rock Iberis or 
 one of its forms, and was first distri- 
 buted from the Botanic Garden at 
 Bury St. Edmunds. One of the most 
 valuable of all plants for rockwork, 
 borders, or banks, growing freely in 
 any soil or position, but preferring 
 spots well exposed to sun and air. 
 Cuttings, seed, and division. 
 
 Iberis gibraltarica (Gibraltar I.) 
 The largest, showiest and most strag- 
 gling kind, 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, 
 in early spring; large, white, often 
 suffused with red, in close heads. 
 Leaves, about 2 in. long, and 4 in. 
 wide, oblong-spoon-shaped, fleshy, 
 distinctly toothed at the top, slightly 
 
 ciliated. Southern Spain. The 
 
 rock-garden, borders, and banks, in 
 well-drained sandy loam. Seed or 
 cuttings. 
 
 Iberis saxatilis (Rock Candytuft). 
 A small evergreen shrub, the com- 
 monest and one of the most useful of 
 the evergreen Candytufts ; 6 to 12 in. 
 high. Flowers, in spring or early 
 summer ; white, in corymbose heads. 
 Leaves, linear, entire, rather fleshy, 
 acute, ciliated. Native of Southern 
 
 Europe. Borders, the rock-garden, 
 
 edgings, and naturalization on rocky 
 
 places or bare banks in any soil. 
 Division, seed, or cuttings. 
 
 Iberis semperflorens (Window Candy- 
 tuft}. A fine kind, common in 
 Southern France and Italy ; 12 in. to 
 2 ft. high. Flowers, from October to 
 May ; very numerous, large, and of 
 a pure and dazzling white. Leaves, 
 broad, thick, spathulate, of a fine 
 
 green colour. A native of Persia. 
 
 It seldom seeds in this country, and 
 must be propagated by cuttings, for 
 which summer is the best time. Suc- 
 ceeds as a rock plant only in mild 
 parts, and in those near the sea. 
 I have seen it thrive well on the rock- 
 work in the College Botanic Garden at 
 Dublin, but our winters prevent it 
 from blooming as early as it does in 
 the south of Europe. 
 
 Iberis Tenoreana (Tenor Js /.) A 
 showy species, resembling I. gibral- 
 tarica, but smaller, with rather fleshy, 
 toothed leaves, and ascending stems, 
 shrubby at the base ; 3 to 6 in. high. 
 Flowers,in early summer ; white, chang- 
 ing to purple, freely produced, in close 
 heads. Leaves, lower ones abovate, nar- 
 rowed at the base ; upper ones oblong- 
 linear, both leaves and stem hairy. This 
 plant does not survive our winters on 
 heavy soils, but is quite hardy on 
 
 light well- drained ones. Naples. 
 
 The rock-garden, or borders, in very 
 sandy dry soil. It is rarely healthy 
 or long-lived on clay. Seed. 
 
 Inula Helenium (Elecampane"). A 
 vigorous native herb, with the lower 
 leaves a foot long, and 4 in. broad in 
 the middle, narrowing into a stalk ; 2 
 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; 
 yellow, in large solitary heads,- termi- 
 nating the branches ; rays linear, about 
 1| in. long, with three sharp teeth at 
 the end. Leaves,oi root oblong, stalked ; 
 of stem ovate or oblong, clasping, al- 
 most smooth above, clothed with soft 
 whitish hairs beneath ; those of invo- 
 lucre bluntly-ovate, downy; stem 
 
INULA IRIS. 
 
 149 
 
 striped, downy, branching at the top. 
 Europe, Caucasus, Japan. This in- 
 mate of the kitchen-garden is worth 
 a place among perennials, grown for 
 the sake of the effect of their foliage, 
 in ordinary soil. Division. 
 
 Inula Oculus Christ! (Hoary /.) A 
 hardy herbaceous perennial, 14 to 2 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; orange, 
 3| in. across ; petals very narrow ; di- 
 visions of the involucrum covered with 
 a thick, soft, dark - brown down. 
 Leaves, broadly lance-shaped, obtuse, 
 almost entire, or with a few small and 
 distant teeth, and covered, as is the 
 stem, with a feeble whitish down. 
 
 Austria. Borders, or naturalization, 
 
 in warm sandy soil. Division or 
 seed. 
 
 Iris amo&na (Pleasing /.) A deli- 
 cately tinted and elegant species, 1^ 
 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; 
 whitish at the base, rayed and veined 
 with pale violet outside ; the upper 
 part and internal divisions white, 
 tinged with blue, and veined with 
 violet ; yellowish at the base inside, 
 dotted and rayed with violet ; lamina 
 of the stigma white. Central and 
 
 South Europe. Borders, or beds of 
 
 Irises and other fine perennials that 
 flower in early summer, in light, deep, 
 sandy soil. Division. 
 
 Iris cristata (Crested Iris}. A 
 charming and very dwarf kind, 6 in. 
 high, somewhat like /. pumila, but 
 easily recognised by its rhizome creep- 
 ing well above the ground, looking as 
 if it had grown too far out of it. 
 Flowers, in May; generally solitary, 
 eict, pale purplish -blue ; external divi- 
 sions drooping, obtuse, blue, with 
 deeper blue spots, and three elevated 
 wavy ribs, variegated with orange and 
 yellow ; internal divisions narrower, 
 pointed, erect, uniform in colour. Leaves 
 numerous, short, equitant, sword- 
 shaped, curved at the top, with a pale 
 membranaceous margin; stem very 
 
 slender, small at the base, and gradually 
 thickening as it ascends. N. America. 
 
 On margins of borders, edges of 
 
 beds of mixed flowers, or flat, low 
 parts of the rock-garden, always in 
 light, rich, sandy soil. Division. 
 
 Iris flavescens ( Yellowish I.} This 
 plant resembles /. germanica in its 
 habit, leaves, and rhizome. Flowers, 
 early in summer ; external divisions 
 yellow, reticulated with purplish-red 
 on the lower half, spathulate-oboval, 
 with a beard of bright yellow ; internal 
 divisions deep yellow, wedge-shaped, 
 obovate, very obtuse, having the claw 
 furnished with yellow hairs ; limb of 
 the stigma yellow, spathulate-oblong. 
 
 Native country uncertain. Borders, 
 
 beds, or naturalization, in any soil. 
 Division. 
 
 Iris florentina (Florentine /.) A de- 
 licately-coloured and very desirable 
 kind, very like /. germanica in its rhi- 
 zome, stem, and leaves; 1^ to 3ft. 
 high. Flowers, in spring; very fra- 
 grant, white slightly tinged with blue, 
 with a bright yellow beard ; exterior 
 divisions wedge-shaped-spathulate, in- 
 dented, covered with yellow hairs ; in- 
 ternal divisions oboval, indented at the 
 top, wavy at the edges, a little wider 
 than the exterior divisions. Native 
 
 of Italy and S. Europe. Mixed 
 
 borders, margins of shrubberies, or na- 
 turalization, in almost any kind of 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Iris fcetidissima (Gladdon},k well- 
 known but undeservedly neglected 
 British plant ; 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, 
 in summer; lead-coloured or bluish, 
 rarely yellow ; exterior divisions 
 marbled with violet on the claw, and 
 having an oval wavy limb veined with 
 the same colour; interior divisions 
 streaked with faint blue. Leaves, lance - 
 shaped, stiff, dark -green, when bruised 
 emitting an odour somewhat like that 
 of cold roast beef. Britain and most 
 parts of Europe, in damp woods and 
 
150 
 
 IRIS. 
 
 thickets. A variety with variegated 
 
 leaves forms a very pleasing addition 
 to our list of variegated border plants, 
 and is also an excellent house plant. A 
 graceful-leaved and pleasingly striped 
 plant, seen in many Parisian houses, 
 is perhaps rarely suspected to be 
 this variegated form. The com- 
 mon green form is well worthy of 
 being grown in semi-wild places for 
 the sake of the effect of its brilliant 
 coral- red seeds. Division. 
 
 Iris germanica (Common Iris). The 
 well-known large violet Iris, which 
 may be seen blooming abundantly 
 in small gardens in some parts 
 of London; 1 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, 
 early in summer ; large, irregular, and 
 fragrant, four or five on each stem; 
 exterior divisions deep violet, broad, 
 spathulate - wedge - shaped, blunt, 
 curved backwards, with a yellowish 
 beard ; internal divisions same colour, 
 very broadly spathulate, erect, ellipti- 
 cal or oblong, blunt, with wavy edges ; 
 limb of the stigma streaked with lilac 
 and rosy- white. Leaves, in two rows, 
 sword- shaped, slightly arching, of a 
 glaucous green, shorter than the stem. 
 Rhizome creeping, fleshy and knotty. 
 Native of Southern Europe. A va- 
 riety, named /. germanica alba, has 
 the external divisions bluish- white ; 
 internal, pure white. Another (/. g. 
 ccerulea) has the external divisions 
 
 violet ; internal, sky-blue. Borders 
 
 or naturalization in semi- wild places. 
 It does best in well-drained soil in a 
 warm aspect, but will thrive in almost 
 any soil or position. There are many 
 beautiful varieties, all readily in- 
 creased by division. 
 
 Iris gramineus (Grass-leaved I.) 
 Intermediate in stature between the 
 dwarf and the tall kinds, and with dis- 
 tinct-looking foliage. Flowers, early in 
 summer; solitary, slightly fragrant; ex- 
 ternal divisions with a claw 2 in. long, of 
 a violet-lilac veined with blue, and a 
 
 yellow band in the middle ; limb half 
 the length of the claw, nearly round, 
 obtuse, wavy, streaked and veined 
 with white, yellow, and blue ; in* 
 ternal divisions of a uniform violet- 
 blue, lanceolate - oblong, indented, 
 Leaves, nearly linear, streaked, 
 straight, stiff, and erect, of a bright 
 green, glossy on one side only. Rhi- 
 zome slender. Native of South 
 
 Europe. Borders, and fringes of 
 
 shrubberies, in any soil Division. 
 
 Iris iberica (Iberian 7.) Oncocy- 
 dus ibericus. A remarkably striking 
 Iris, reminding one of /. susiana, but 
 quite distinct in leaf and flower ; 4 to 
 16 in. high. Flowers, in summer; 
 solitary ; external divisions roundish, 
 clawed, of a dull-red, marked with 
 tawny streaks, with a few hairs on 
 the upper part, and an oval, velvety, 
 black, purple -edged spot in the mid- 
 dle, recurved, and with slightly 
 reflected edges ; internal divisions 
 roundish, clawed, larger, erect, spread- 
 ing, of a very pale purple, with streaks 
 of a darker hue, veined and spotted 
 about the base ; blade of the stigma, 
 yellowish, dotted with purple. Leaves, 
 linear, arched, almost curled, folded 
 lengthwise. Iberia, on hills near Tiflis. 
 On the warm flanks of the rock- 
 garden, or in choice beds in good sandy 
 soil, at least till more plentiful. It 
 is but recently introduced. 
 
 Iris juncea (Rush 7.) 7. lusitanica. 
 A brilliant kind in the way of the 
 Spanish and English Irises ; 1 ft. to 2 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in spring ; usually one 
 on a stem ; external divisions of a 
 bright yellow, streaked and veined 
 with violet on the claw ; internal divi- 
 sions spathulate-oblong, pointed, in- 
 dented, of the same length and colour 
 as the external divisions ; limb of the 
 stigma yellow, about 2 in. long. 
 Leaves, longer than the flower-stem, 
 linear-lanceolate, narrow, glaucous, 
 rather flaccid. Native of Spain, For- 
 
IRIS. 
 
 151 
 
 tugal, Barbary. Warm sandy bor- 
 ders, or grouped in beds with the 
 English and Spanish Irises. Separa- 
 tion of the bulbs every second or third 
 year. 
 
 Iris longipetala (Long-petalled I.) 
 A very distinct and fine species, 2 
 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; 
 white, and regularly flaked through- 
 out their whole length with rather 
 broad and even bands of bluish- lilac. 
 
 Leaves, sword-shaped. California. 
 
 Borders, fringes of shrubberies, etc., 
 in sandy loam. Division. 
 
 Iris Monnieri (Golden /.) A bright 
 and noble-flowered kind, quite dis- 
 tinct from any other in cultivation; 
 2 to 3 ft. high. 'Flowers, in summer ; 
 large, fragrant, bright orange yellow ; 
 tube short; external divisions 3 in. 
 long, roundish, indented, wavy ; in- 
 ternal divisions spathulate-oblong, 2- 
 lobed at the top, shorter than the 
 external divisions ; limb of the stigma 
 of a brilliant golden yellow. Leaves, 
 lance - shaped, about 24 ft. long. 
 
 Native of the Levant. Borders, 
 
 margins of shrubberies, and in tufts in 
 open glades by wood-walks, in rich 
 and rather moist soil. Division. 
 
 Iris nudicaulis (Naked-stemmed I.) 
 A very dwarf, sturdy, and hand- 
 some kind, 4 to 10 in. high. Flowers, 
 in early summer ; 4 to 7 on each stem, 
 violet-blue, large ; external divisions 
 spathulate-oboval, blunt, seldom wavy ; 
 internal divisions oval, a little longer 
 than the external divisions; limb of 
 the stigma violet. Leaves, lanceolate, 
 arching ; stem-leaves very short, re- 
 sembling spathes. Native of Southern 
 
 Europe. Suited for association with 
 
 the dwarf Flag, the crested Iris, and 
 other select plants on level parts of 
 the rock-garden, in the front rank in 
 the choice mixed border, and as edg- 
 ings or tufts on margins of beds of 
 choice dwarf shrubs. Division. 
 
 Iris ochroleuca ( Yellowish I.) A 
 tall, erect, distinct-looking sort ; 1 
 to 34 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 with a short greenish tube ; external 
 divisions 2 in. to 44 in. long, white, 
 marked on the claw with a yellow 
 band and yellow veins ; limb oval, in- 
 dented, yellow at the base ; internal 
 divisions much longer than the ex- 
 ternal ones, and of a deeper yellow 
 on the upper side, spathulate-oblong, 
 indented ; limb of the stigma white ; 
 Leaves, straight, stiff, striated, 14 to 
 2 ft. long. Native of South Russia. 
 Borders, among the taller herba- 
 ceous plants, and in tufts two or three 
 feet within the margin of shrubberies ; 
 best in rather moist soil; only when 
 sheltered in the last position have I 
 seen it attain a growth of over three 
 feet high. Division. 
 
 Iris pallida (Pale-flowered 7.) A 
 tall, and noble species, 2 to 34 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in early summer ; pale 
 blue; external divisions wedge-shaped, 
 oboval, obtuse, with a whitish yellow 
 beard ; internal divisions rather longer 
 than the external, oboval -roundish, 
 obtuse, or indented ; five to nine on 
 each stem, with the odour of orange- 
 blossoms. Leaves, shorter than the 
 stem, very glaucous. Central and 
 
 South Europe. Mixed borders, 
 
 fringes of shrubberies, in strong tufts 
 by wood- walks, and any position in 
 which the common /. germanica may 
 be found useful. Division. 
 
 Iris Pseudacorus (Marsh 7.) 7. 
 Pseudo-Acorus. The common Flag, 3 
 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; large, 
 almost without odour ; external divi- 
 sions yellow, with a round spot at the 
 base of a brighter yellow, veined with 
 violet ; internal divisions pale yellow. 
 Leaves green, erect, sword-shaped, about 
 24 ft. in length. Native of most parts 
 
 of Europe. Margins of ponds, etc. ; 
 
 the variegated form is the only one 
 likely to be required for garden use, as 
 
152 
 
 IRIS. 
 
 the green one is found on the margin 
 of almost every piece of water. 
 
 Iris pumila (Dwarf Flag). The best 
 known of the smaller Irises, though far 
 from being as common as it deserves ; 
 14 to 8 in. high. Flowers, in spring, 
 and frequently a second time in au- 
 tumn ; small, of a deep violet, one or 
 two on each stem ; external divisions 
 broad, oblong : internal divisions spa- 
 thulate, and wavy on the edges ; 
 Leaves, narrow. There are varieties 
 with light blue, whitish, and yellowish 
 
 flowers. Southern Europe. Well 
 
 adapted for edgings, rockwork, 
 and tufts on the margins, of borders, 
 and thrives best in rich, light, and well- 
 drained soil. The finest plants I have 
 seen were on very sandy, deep, well- 
 drained peat. Readily increased by 
 division. 
 
 Iris reticulata (Early Bulbous /.) 
 One of the most singularly beautiful 
 of early flowers ; 4 to 6 in. high. 
 Flowers, in spring ; one on each stem, 
 deliciously fragrant, about 3 in. long ; 
 external divisions concave, oblong- 
 spathulate, of a rich violet-purple, 
 veined and reticulated with a darker 
 shade of the same colour, and a deep 
 and brilliant orange stain in the mid- 
 dle; internal divisions blunt, 2 in. 
 long, of a uniform violet hue, narrower 
 than the limb of the stigma. Leaves, 
 erect, slender, pointed, hollow, irregu- 
 larly four-angled, glaucous, 5 to 18 in. 
 long. Bulb, small, egg-shaped, brownish. 
 
 Caucasus. In select sunny nooks 
 
 in the rock-garden, in a deep and 
 thoroughly drained bed of rich and 
 light soil, or in the same descrip- 
 tion of soil on a bank or slightly raised 
 border, always in a sunny, warm posi- 
 tion. I have seen this plant thrive 
 when fully exposed, where the soil 
 was of a fine sandy character and well 
 drained, but recommend positions 
 which will encourage its early- 
 blooming character, and also, as it is 
 
 scarce, prevent its suffering from the 
 destruction of its leaves by storms. 
 Separation of the bulbs, every second 
 or third year when the stems are 
 nearly withered. 
 
 Iris ruthenica (Russian I.) A 
 very small kind, with grassy leaves ; 
 14 to 4 in. high. Flowers, in spring, 
 fragrant ; external divisions spathu- 
 late-obtuse, yellowish above, streaked 
 underneath with yellow, white, and 
 violet ; internal divisions linear- spa- 
 thulate, indented, bluish or violet, 
 half the length of the external divi- 
 sions ; limb of the stigma violet-blue. 
 Leaves, 8 to 13 in. long, lanceolate- 
 linear, some erect, others curving a 
 little, streaked, green and shining on 
 one side, glaucous on the other. South 
 
 Russia and Siberia. Borders, in fine 
 
 free moist soil. Division. 
 
 Iris sambucina (Eider-scented I.) 
 A vigorous and rather tall kind, 14 to 
 34 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; large, 
 with the odour of Elder-flowers ; ex- 
 ternal divisions spathulate-oblong, 
 rounded and somewhat jagged above, 
 yellow, with brown or violet rays and 
 veins, and a dense bright yellow beard ; 
 internal divisions elliptical- oblong, 
 very obtuse, wavy, of a buff yellow 
 tinged with violet, turned back under- 
 neath. Leaves, curving, glaucous. 
 
 Native of South Europe. Mixed 
 
 borders or beds, margins of shrub- 
 beries, or naturalization, in any rich 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Iris sibirica (Siberian /.) A tall 
 kind with slender leaves ; 1 1 to nearly 3 
 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; external 
 divisions 2 in.long,spathulate-obovate; 
 limb rather wavy, variegated with 
 white and blue, veined with violet; 
 claw of abrownish yellow streaked with 
 violet, having a wide white band in 
 the middle ; internal divisions lanceo- 
 late-oblong, nearly blunt, entire, violet- 
 blue, with a whitish claw veined with 
 violet; limb of the stigma streaked 
 
IRIS. 
 
 153 
 
 with lilac and violet, 2 to 6 on each 
 stem, having a faint scent of Hya- 
 cinths. Leaves, straight, erect, 6 to 
 13 in. long; stem hollow. Vars. /. s. 
 longifolia, with long leaves ; /. s. 
 ftexuosa, with white flowers ; /. s. 
 ochroleuca, with yellowish flowers ; 
 /. s. hcematophylla (or sanguinea), with 
 purplish-violet leaves. Siberia, Aus- 
 tria, and Switzerland. Naturaliza- 
 tion, or borders, in any soil. It 
 thrives vigorously in the worst clay 
 soils, where most of the other kinds 
 grow badly or perish. Division at 
 any season. 
 
 Iris spuria (Spurious I.) An ele- 
 gant kind, ] to 2 ft. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; large ; external divisions 
 with a roundish bright blue limb, 
 veined at the base with violet, and a 
 whitish claw veined with violet, and 
 having a broad yellow band in the 
 middle ; internal divisions of a deep 
 blue, inclining to violet, wavy, rather 
 concave. Leaves, sword-shaped, very- 
 pointed, glaucous ; lower stem-leaves 
 much shorter than the stem, upper 
 ones inflated. Rhizome tolerably thick, 
 covered with rusty - brown scales. 
 
 South Europe. Borders, or beds, in 
 
 good rich loam. Division. 
 
 Iris squalens (Squalid 7.) Very 
 closely allied to /. sambucina, of which 
 it maybe a variety ; 1| to 2^ ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer; external divisions 
 spathulate - obovate, very obtuse, 
 erose above, of a violet blue, with a 
 bright yellow beard; internal divisions 
 pale blue, tinged with yellow, ellip- 
 tical, very obtuse, rather wavy, in- 
 dented ; limb of the stigma streaked 
 with yellow and dull violet. Leaves, 
 similar to those of /. sambucina. 
 
 South Europe. Similar positions, 
 
 etc., to those for the Elder-scented I. 
 
 Iris subbiflora. A sturdy, rather 
 dwarf, and stout species, 10 to 
 15 in. high. Flowers, in summer; 
 large, violet, with a yellow beard; 
 
 external divisions 2 in. long, spa- 
 thulate - oboval, slightly undulating 
 at the margin ; internal divisions 
 elliptical-oboval, roundish above, in- 
 dented, and as if gnawed on the wavy 
 margin, a little longer and broader 
 than the external divisions ; limb of 
 the stigma spathulate-oblong, 2 in. 
 long, violet. Leaves, straight, those 
 of the stem short, and resembling 
 
 sheaths. Native of Portugal. 
 
 Mixed borders, or beds of herbaceous 
 plants, or the rougher parts of the 
 rock-garden, also for naturalization, 
 though not amidst vigorous vegeta- 
 tion, in sandy loam. Division. 
 
 Iris susiana (Mourning 7.) One 
 of the most singular of all the flowers 
 of temperate and northern climes ; 
 14 to 2 1 ft. high. Flowers, in early 
 summer ; very large, densely spotted 
 and striped with dark purple on a grey 
 ground; external divisions oval, wavy, 
 with a violet beard ; internal divi- 
 sions wedge-shaped-obovate ; limb of 
 the stigma violet. Leaves, narrow, 
 lanceolate- acute, glaucous. Native of 
 
 Asia Minor and Persia. In sunny 
 
 nooks in the rock-garden, or on shel- 
 tered banks or borders, always in 
 light, warm, and thoroughly drained 
 soil. In mild and warm parts of the 
 south and west it may be easier to 
 cultivate than about London ; in any 
 case it is one of the most interesting 
 plants grown in the open garden, and 
 deserves our best attention. In cold 
 districts or on heavy soil the protec- 
 tion of a handlight would be desirable 
 in winter. Increased by division. 
 
 Iris Swertii (Swert's 7.) 1 to 2 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; very fra- 
 grant, milk-white, veined with violet 
 on the edges, with a beard yellow at 
 the base and bluish at the ends ; ex- 
 ternal divisions spathulate - obovate, 
 indented, obtuse ; internal divisions 
 obovate, indented, truncate at the 
 ends, wavy, glabrous. Leaves, usually 
 
154 
 
 IRIS JASIONE. 
 
 straight, glaucous ; spathes whitish, 
 tinged with violet. Native of South 
 
 Europe. Borders, in ordinary rich 
 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Iris tuberosa (Snake's Head).rA.-o. 
 interesting but dull-coloured kind, 12 
 or 13 in. high. Flowers, in spring ; 
 small; external divisions brownish- 
 green, streaked with yellow, with a 
 purplish-brown tinge on the upper 
 part, round and entire ; internal divi- 
 sions yellowish, very small, covered 
 with hairs. Leaves, 4 -angled, pointed, 
 longer than the stem, of a pale green ; 
 tubers usually two, white, sending 
 
 out runners. South Europe. Not 
 
 worthy of a place in the garden, but 
 where admired it may be naturalized 
 in light soil. Division. 
 
 Iris variegata (Variegated I.) 
 A handsome richly-toned kind, 1 to 
 2 ft. high, flowers, in summer ; 
 slightly fragrant ; external divisions 
 spathulate - oblong, roundish, and 
 rather indented and wavy above, yel- 
 low, streaked with brown or violet, 
 with a dense bright yellow beard ; 
 internal divisions elliptical - oblong, 
 very obtuse, wavy, of a bright yellow 
 finely veined with violet, folded back 
 underneath ; limb of the stigma bright 
 yellow, not veined. Leaves, straight, 
 turned inwards at the point, glauces- 
 ceut. /. De Bergii, supposed to be a 
 variety of this, is a richly-coloured 
 and very ornamental kind. Austria 
 
 and Hungary. Borders or beds, in 
 
 ordinary garden soil. Division. 
 
 Iris Xiphioides (English I.) I. An- 
 glica. A handsome popular plant, long 
 grown in our gardens, 1 ft. to over 2 ft. 
 high. Flowers,^ June and July ; 2 to 3 
 on each stem, large, sky-blue, veined 
 with a darker shade of same colour, 
 with a broad yellow spot or band in the 
 middle of the external divisions, which 
 are deflected at the base, and abruptly 
 narrowed there into a broad concave 
 claw, and have a roundish, indented, 
 
 emarginate limb; internal divisions 
 rather shorter, wedge-shaped-oboval, 
 wavy. Leaves, long, linear, chan- 
 nelled, glaucous. Bulb, of an elon- 
 gated egg-shape, with brownish coats. 
 Many varieties exist, differing chiefly 
 in shades of colour, from which how- 
 ever the yellow hue is absent in a 
 remarkable degree. Spain and the 
 
 Pyrenees. Borders and groups of 
 
 the finer perennials, thriving best in 
 deep sandy soil. Separation of the 
 bulbs. 
 
 Iris Xiphium (Spanish I.) 
 Another handsome bulbous Iris, 1 ^ to 
 24 ft. high. Flowers, in May and 
 June ; fragrant ; external divisions 
 2 in. long, pale blue veined with 
 violet, with a roundish limb shorter 
 than the claw ; internal divisions 
 usually of a violet-blue, not veined, 
 lanceolate-oblong, acute, wavy, a little 
 longer than the external divisions. 
 Leaves, longer than the stem, linear- 
 lanceolate, narrow, awl-shaped at the 
 end, rather flaccid. Bulb, egg-shaped, 
 yellow or brown, narrowed and often 
 compressed at the base. Spain and 
 
 Portugal. The same treatment and 
 
 positions as for the preceding kind. 
 There are numerous varieties. 
 
 Isopyrum thalietroides (Meadow- 
 rue I.) A graceful plant, with 
 leaves resembling those of a Thalic- 
 trum, the stems attaining a height of 
 from 10 to 14 inches. Flowers, in 
 early summer; white, with a faint 
 green tinge, stalked ; sepals blunt ; 
 petals 5, sometimes 6, obtuse. Leaves, 
 ternate, stalks widening at the base 
 into membranous ears ; leaflets 3-lobed 
 or cut, stalked. Pyrenees and Moun- 
 tainous parts of Greece, Italy, and 
 
 Carniola. Borders, in any soil, and 
 
 as a graceful fern-like edging plant, 
 the flower-stems in this case to be 
 pinched off as they appear. Division. 
 
 Jasione humilis (Small Jasione). A 
 modest and pretty - looking minute 
 
JASIONfc LAMIUM. 
 
 alpine herb, 1 to 3 in. high. Flowers, in 
 summer; blue, in heads | to f in. 
 across ; calyx hairy, with linear, hair- 
 like segments. Leaves, linear-obovate, 
 bluntish, flat, entire ; radical ones set 
 closely together in rosettes ; stem- 
 leaves scattered; bracts ovate-acute, 
 entire or dentate ; whole plant downy. 
 Elevated pastures of the Pyrenees. 
 
 The rock-garden, in moist, gritty, 
 
 or sandy loam. Division. 
 
 Jasione perennis (Perennial /.) A 
 pleasing-looking perennial, 6 to 12 in. 
 high. Flowers, in early summer ; blue, 
 in terminal, large, roundish heads, 4 
 to f in. across, on naked stalks. Leaves, 
 narrow, rather hairy; those of root 
 obovate ; stem-leaves oblong-linear, 
 flat ; stems smooth or hairy, erect, 
 simple, or branched from the base, 
 clothed with leaves to about half their 
 
 height. Pyrenees and Dauphin y. 
 
 Borders, in sandy soil. Division or 
 seed. 
 
 Jeffersonia diphylla (Twinleaf). A 
 very interesting dwarf plant, allied to 
 the Blood-root and the Duck's-foot ; 3 
 to 10 in. high. Flowers, in early spring ; 
 white, about 1 in. across, with 8 
 yellow stamens in the centre ; petals 
 8, stalks 1 -flowered; the seed-vessel 
 after the petals have fallen, resembling 
 that of the Poppy. Leaves, distinctly 
 divided into 2 lobes. Moist places in 
 
 Tennessee and Virginia. Margins 
 
 of beds of shrubs in peat soil, or in 
 peaty places in the rock-garden, or 
 the drier portions of the artificial bog. 
 Division and seed, which should be 
 sown as soon as ripe. 
 
 Kitaibelia vitifolia (Vine-leaved K.) 
 A vigorous, robust, Mallow-like 
 herb, with dark-green leaves ; 6 to 8 ft. 
 high. Flowers, late in summer ; small, 
 white, with yellow stamens, axillary ; 
 calyx 5-parted ; involucels 7- or 9- 
 parted. Leaves, 5-lobed, acute, toothed, 
 Bhaped like those of the Vine. Hun- 
 gary. Naturalization in rough 
 
 places in any soil. Propagated by 
 division. 
 
 Lachenalia serotina (Late-flowering 
 L.) Uropetalum serotinum. A some- 
 what singular-looking bulbous plant, 
 1 to 14 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; 
 external divisions of a dirty-brown, 
 marked with a purplish streak ; in- 
 ternal divisions of the same colour 
 tinged with red, and whitish on the 
 inside, arranged in spike-like, many- 
 flowered racemes, nearly secund. 
 Leaves, linear, pointed, channelled, 
 erect, nearly the length of the flower- 
 stem. Native of Spain, Portugal, 
 
 Teneriffe, and North Africa. 
 
 Mixed borders, or lower parts of rock- 
 work, in sandy loam ; in severe 
 frosts it will require to be covered ; 
 scarcely ornamental enough for the 
 choice collection. Division. 
 
 Lactuca sonchifolia (Blue Dande- 
 lion). An interesting and uncommon 
 perennial, with smooth, erect stem, 
 1 ft. to 20 in. high. Flowers, late in 
 summer ; sky-blue, larger than those 
 of L. perennis, in racemose panicles, 
 with bracts on the flower-stalks. 
 Leaves, runcinate - pinnatifid, with 
 lance - shaped, somewhat recurved, 
 finely-toothed lobes. South of Russia, 
 and about Constantinople. Bor- 
 ders, in sandy soil. Seed or division. 
 
 Lamium garganicum (Gargano Dead 
 Nettle). A. pretty Dead Nettle, 1 ft. 
 to 18 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 purplish, in dense, imperfect whorls of 
 10 to 20 blossoms each ; corolla four 
 times the length of the calyx ; tube 
 straight, smooth inside, velvety with- 
 out ; throat very wide ; upper lip 
 broadly notched ; side lobes angular, 
 or forming two very short teeth ; 
 anthers very hairy ; calyx villous, with 
 awl-shaped pointed teeth; bracts 
 very short. Leaves, heart - shaped, 
 wrinkled, covered on both sides with 
 soft down ; stems ascending, clothed 
 with dense, lone, white hairs. Found 
 
156 
 
 L AMIUM LATH YEUS. 
 
 on Mount Gargano, in the south- 
 east of Italy. Naturalization, or 
 
 borders, in any soil. Division. 
 
 Lamium xnaculatum (Spotted L.)A 
 native plant, common in gardens, with 
 leaves veined or blotched with white ; 
 about 1 ft. high. Flowers, in spring 
 and early summer ; purplish-red, about 
 10 in a whorl ; tube of corolla re- 
 curved; upper lip oblong. Leaves, 
 heart-shaped, acute, doubly toothed, or 
 slightly cut, hairy and blotched. L. ma- 
 culatum album is a variety with showy 
 white flowers. Europe, North Africa, 
 and Middle Asia. The white va- 
 riety is a neat and pretty plant for 
 borders, and naturalization on banks, 
 thriving in any soil. Division. 
 
 Lamium Orvala (Red Dead Nettle). 
 A large and distinct Dead Nettle, with 
 erect stems, 1 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 early summer ; deep red, in axillary 
 whorls from 6 to 14 flowers in each; 
 corolla about 1 J in. long ; tube straight, 
 with a ring of hairs inside. Leaves, 
 large, broadly- ovate, unequally ser- 
 rated, stalked, smooth and shining 
 above, often red beneath. France and 
 
 Italy. Borders, in ordinary soil, 
 
 - and only in large or botanical collec- 
 tions. Division. 
 
 Lathyrus californicus (Oalifornian 
 Everlasting Pea). A handsome climb- 
 ing perennial, from 2 to 4 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; with a lilac- 
 purple standard, and white keel and 
 wings, in many-flowered clusters, as 
 long as the leaves. Leaves, of from C 
 to 10, oval-oblong, mucronate, glau- 
 cous leaflets ; stipules half - arrow- 
 shaped. California. Borders, and 
 
 the rougher parts of the rock-garden, 
 in sandy loam. Division and seed, 
 
 Lathyrus grandiflorus (Large-flowered 
 L.) A very handsome, hairy, climb- 
 ing herb, with blooms larger than 
 those of the common Everlasting Pea ; 
 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; very 
 
 large, rose-coloured ; stalks axillary, 
 2- or 3-flowered, longer than the 
 leaves. Leaves, with 1 pair of large 
 ovate, blunt leaflets ; stems 4-angled, 
 
 winged. Southern Europe. Banks 
 
 and hedges, in which it will run freely 
 through low bushes, etc. ; also in 
 borders on low trellises, on rootwork, 
 or large rockwork; allowed to fall 
 over precipices in isolated tufts, or 
 planted beneath low specimen trees and 
 shrubs, and allowed to run through 
 their foliage. It prefers a deep sandy 
 loam, or warm soil. Division. 
 
 Lathyrus latifolius (Everlasting Pea). 
 A beautiful climbing plant, common 
 in gardens ; 6 ft. high. Flowers, nearly 
 all the summer; bright-rose; stalks 
 many- flowered, axillary, longer than 
 the leaves. Leaves, with 1 pair of 
 elliptic, slightly glaucous, 3- to 5- 
 nerved, mucronate leaflets ; stipules 
 broadly-ovate ; stems winged. There is 
 a fine white variety. Europe, in woods, 
 and naturalized in some parts of 
 Britain. Suitable for the same pur- 
 poses as L. grandiflorus. The white 
 variety is very fine. Not seeding so 
 freely as the common forms, it blooms 
 longer, and nothing can look finer 
 than strong isolated specimens of it 
 allowed to grow untrained and un- 
 supported on banks. Division and 
 seed. 
 
 Lathyrus palustris (Marsh Vetch- 
 ling}. A seldom seen but very graceful 
 native plant, 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, 
 in June and July ; bluish -purple, in 
 clusters of 3 to 5 flowers on each 
 peduncle. Leaves, composed of two 
 or three pairs of linear-lanceolate, 
 acute leaflets; stipules small, lanceo- 
 late, half-arrow-shaped, and sharp - 
 pointed at both ends ; stem winged ; 
 pods linear-oblong compressed. Britain 
 and other parts of Europe in boggy 
 
 meadows, rare. Allowed to trail 
 
 among American and other shrubs, 
 in moist soil. Seed and division. 
 
LATHYEUS LEUCO JUM. 
 
 157 
 
 Lathyrus rotundifolius (Round-leaved 
 Vetchlirtg). A small but handsome 
 Everlasting Pea, 1^ ft. high. Flowers, 
 from June to August ; bright rosy- 
 purple, arranged in long clusters 
 rising above the leaves. Leaves, com- 
 posed of a single pair of greyish-green 
 oval-roundish leaflets with from 3 to 5 
 nerves; stipules half-arrow-shaped, 
 sometimes toothed. Stem, narrowly- 
 winged, branching. The Caucasus 
 
 and South Russia. Borders, at the 
 
 foot of walls or houses, or naturalized, 
 where its somewhat delicate but very 
 free-blooming shoots may trail over 
 low shrubs, etc. It thrives best in 
 sandy loam, but is not fastidious as to 
 soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Lathyrus tuberosus (Tuberous L.} 
 A pretty small Everlasting Pea, 2 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in early summer; rose- 
 coloured ; stalks 3- to 6 -flowered, 2 or 3 
 times the length of the leaves. Leaves, 
 with one pair of oblong-elliptic, 
 slightly pointed leaflets; stipules 
 nearly arrow-shaped, narrow; stems 
 4-ang]ed ; roots creeping, throwing out 
 irregular brown tubers. Europe and 
 
 Britain. Borders, rough rockwork, 
 
 and copses, or fringes of shrubberies, 
 in ordinary soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Lavatera unguiculata (Samian L.) 
 A vigorous-growing perennial with a 
 dark-green, woody, branching stem, 
 about 4 ft. high. Flowers, in autumn ; 
 light rosy-lilac, about 3 in. across, 
 showy, nearly sessile, solitary, 
 axillary. Leaves, slightly downy, large, 
 the upper ones with 3-pointed lobes ; 
 the lower ones 5-lobed. Island of 
 
 Samos. Borders, or naturalization, 
 
 in light or calcareous soil. Seed and 
 cuttings. 
 
 Leiophyllum buxifolium (Sand 
 Myrtle). Ledum thymifolium. A 
 pretty dwarf evergreen shrub, forming 
 compact bushes 4 to 6 in. or more 
 high. Flowers, in May or June; 
 pinkish- white, when open; the un- 
 
 opened buds a delicate pink; freely 
 produced in terminal corymbs. Leaves, 
 small, oval, smooth, shining. Sandy 
 pine-barrens in New Jersey, and the 
 
 Mountains of Carolina. Among 
 
 dwarf shrubs in peat beds, and oc- 
 casionally in the rock-garden in 
 similar soil, and as'an edging. Layers^ 
 
 Leontop odium alpinum (Lion's- foot). 
 A very hoary alpine herb, with simple 
 stems, 4 to 8 in. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; pale yellow ; inconspicuous, 
 in a crowded head ; surrounded by an 
 elegant star-like whorl of oblong, 
 spreading, densely woolly leaves. 
 Leaves, oblong, very woolly. High 
 sloping pastures on many of the great 
 
 Continental mountain ranges. 
 
 Eockwork on exposed spots, in moist 
 sandy soil. Careful division. 
 
 Leptinella scariosa (Creeping L.} 
 A very dwarf composite plant, 1 or 
 2 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; small, 
 yellow ; peduncle scape-like, shaggy. 
 Leaves, rather smooth, linear at the 
 base, lyrate-pinnatifid in the upper 
 part. Stem, prostrate, rooting, leafy, 
 
 shaggy. Native country unknown. 
 
 Suited for creeping about on rock- 
 work, in any soil. Division. 
 
 Leucanthemum arcticum (Arctic L.) 
 Chrysanthemum arcticum. A dwarf 
 smooth alpine herb, 6 to 12 in. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; white, sometimes 
 reddish, with yellow centre, 1 to 2 in. 
 across. Leaves, lower ones wedge- 
 shaped, toothed at the apex ; upper 
 ones mostly strap-shaped and entire. 
 
 Northern Europe and America. 
 
 Eockwork, or borders, in ordinary 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Leucojum sestivum (/Summer Snow- ] 
 flaTce). A handsome and graceful j 
 plant, somewhat like a tall and . 
 vigorous Snowdrop ; 1 to 1 ^ ft. high. 
 Flowers, in spring and early suumer ; 
 later than L. vernum or L. Hernandezii ; 
 pure white, the tip of each petal being 
 marked with green both inside and 
 
158 
 
 LEUCOJUM LTATR1S. 
 
 out, drooping, in a cluster of four to 
 eight blooms, each about an inch 
 long. Leaves, daffodil-like, shorter 
 than the flower-stem, appearing in 
 winter before the flowers. A. native 
 of Central and South Europe, but 
 
 naturalized in Britain. This plant, 
 
 found on the banks of the Thames 
 about Woolwich and Greenwich, and 
 in a few other places, is deserving of a 
 place in every garden, either as a 
 border plant or naturalized with the 
 more vigorous kinds of daffodils in 
 grassy places. It grows freely in 
 almost any soil, and is easily increased 
 by separation of the bulbs. 
 
 Leucojum Hernandezii (Small 
 Summer Snowflake). This is the kind 
 commonly grown in gardens as S. 
 pulchellum. It grows from 1 to 1^ ft. 
 high, and blooms in summer, three 
 weeks or a month earlier than L. 
 cestivum. Flowers, white, with oblong- 
 obtuse divisions, having the tips 
 marked with a green spot, and about 
 half an inch long, or half the size of 
 those of L. cestivum, 1 to 3 on each 
 stem. Leaves, linear, about i in. 
 broad, flat, blunt at the end, nearly as 
 long as the flower- stem. Native of 
 mountains near Lluch, in Majorca; 
 
 found also in Minorca. This plant, 
 
 which has been supposed by some to 
 be a form of L. cestivum, -differs from it 
 in having leaves one- third narrower, 
 flowers only half the size, spathe with 
 only from 1 to 3 flowers, germen 
 oblong, and in flowering three or four 
 weeks earlier. Not being so handsome 
 as the Summer Snowflake, nor very- 
 distinct from it in appearance, it is 
 not worthy of a place except as a 
 naturalized plant in rough places. 
 
 Leucojum vernum (Spring Snow- 
 flake). A very handsome spring 
 flower, resembling the Snowdrop in 
 stature, and somewhat in grace, but 
 larger in all its parts ; from 4 to 6 in. 
 high. Flowers, in spring ; white with 
 
 a green spot on the tips of the petals, 
 solitary, drooping, and fragrant. 
 Leaves, few, linear, ribbon- like. Native 
 of Central Europe ; lately discovered 
 to be a native of Britain also, ' ' on the 
 Greenstone heights in the neighbour- 
 hood of Britford." Grows freely in 
 
 any good sandy loam, but till more 
 plentiful should be treated well, i.e., 
 planted in deep and very sandy loam, 
 in a sheltered sunny position. It 
 deserves to be made almost as plenti- 
 ful as the Common Snowdrop, being 
 admirably suited for the rock-garden, 
 borders, and naturalization on grassy 
 banks in the pleasure-ground, or in 
 semi- wild spots in sandy loam. Separa- 
 tion of the bulbs ; where scarce, its 
 seed should be saved and sown. 
 
 Liatris elegans (Button Snake-root}. 
 A showy herb, 2 to 4 ft. high. 
 Flowers, late in summer ; purplish, in 
 spikes a foot or more long. Leaves, 
 spotted, smooth ; root-leaves spoon- 
 shaped, 3- to 5-nerved ; upper stem- 
 leaves strap-shaped, short, of ten having 
 a short spine at the points. North 
 
 America. Borders, or margins of 
 
 shrubberies, in sandy loam. Division 
 or seed. 
 
 Liatris pyenostachya (Dense - spiked 
 L. )^ A stout species with very leafy 
 stems, and thick and dense spikes, 
 
 3 to 5 ft. high. Flowers, late in sum- 
 mer ; pale purple, in a dense cylin- 
 drical spike, about 2 ft. long, some- 
 what leafy below. Leaves, rigid, 
 stalkless, partly clasping at the base ; 
 lower ones narrow, lance-shaped, blunt, 
 5- to 7 -nerved; upper ones usually 
 short and much crowded, narrowly- 
 strap-shaped,pointed. North America, 
 
 Borders, or grouped with the bolder 
 
 perennials, in ordinary soil. Division. 
 
 Liatris spicata (Spiked Button Snake- 
 root}. A handsome perennial, 3 to 
 
 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; pale 
 purple, almost stalkless, in spikes, 
 6 to 15 in. long j involucre somewhat 
 
LIATRIS LILIUM. 
 
 159 
 
 resinous, the scales oblong or oval 
 adpressed. Leaves, strap - shaped, 
 acute, fringed at the base, the nerves 
 
 frequently hairy. North America. 
 
 Borders, or margins of shrubberies, in 
 moist, deep loam. Division. 
 
 Liatris squarrosa (Scaly Button 
 Snake-root). A showy herb, 2 to 3 ft. 
 high. Flowers, late in summer ; bright 
 purple, in rough heads, with short 
 stalks, on downy stems, having many 
 alternate leaves ; the scales of the in- 
 volucre with elongated and leaf-like 
 spreading tips. Leaves of root, long, 
 4 in. wide, 3- to 5 -nerved ; those of 
 stem strap-shaped, rigid. Root, tube- 
 rous. North America. Borders and 
 
 margins of shrubberies, in ordinary 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Libertia ixioides (Tall L.)A tall 
 perennial, with somewhat the aspect 
 of a narrow-leaved Iris, but of a very 
 dark-green hue ; 3 to 4 ft. high. Flow- 
 ers, in summer ; white, with pale-yel- 
 low stamens, numerous, arranged in 
 closely - packed heads one above 
 another. Leaves, sword-shaped, about 
 4 in. broad, 18 to 24 in. long, in close 
 
 tufts. Native of Chili. Grows 
 
 freely in peaty soil or sandy loam, but 
 is not on the whole, a pretty, effective, 
 or first-class plant, and should there- 
 fore be confined to unimportant posi- 
 tions. Careful division. 
 
 Libertia magellanica (Dwarf L.} 
 An attractive species, 15 to 18 in. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; pure 
 white, arranged in heads much closer 
 together than those of L. ixioides. 
 Leaves, 12 to 15 in. long, narrow, 
 sword-shaped. Native of the southern 
 part of South America. Very suit- 
 able for cutting for bouquets of white 
 flowers, and pretty in borders, or in 
 rockwork, in peaty or fine sandy soil, 
 and in warm positions. Division. 
 
 Lilium auratum (Gold-striped Lily). 
 One of the noblest of its race, with 
 enormous flowers on very slender 
 
 stems, from 3 to 7 ft. high. Flowers, 
 late in summer ; 4 in. or more in 
 length, 7 to 10 in. across ; white, with 
 a golden stripe running longitudinally 
 through each petal on the inside, 
 which is also more or less densely 
 marked with oval purplish spots ; 1 to 
 100 blooms on each stem, according to 
 age of plant, exhaling a powerful and 
 peculiar odour. Leaves, narrow, lanceo- 
 late, on short stalks. Various forms, 
 differing much in colour, are now in 
 our nurseries. Native of Japan or the 
 
 Corea. Borders, or in tufts among 
 
 shrubs, in peat or light, sandy, well- 
 drained soil. Increased by separation 
 of the small bulbs, and also by stem- 
 scales and bulbils. This Lily is per- 
 fectly hardy. 
 
 Lilium Brownii (Brown's Lily]. A 
 noble Lily resembling L. longifolium, 
 but attaining a height of 3 or 4 ft. 
 Flowers, in summer ; bell - shapedt 
 very large, somewhat long and droop- 
 ing, 1 to 4 on a stem ; pure white on 
 the inside, dashed or streaked on the 
 outside with lines of a dark violet or 
 purple ; with reddish-brown anthers. 
 Leaves, of stem reflected, the upper 
 ones wider, and lance - shaped, on 
 stems rigid, erect, and spotted with 
 purple, especially towards the base. 
 Bulb, rather large, top-shaped, with 
 numerous scales, which are acute, 
 loosely-overlapping ; the external ones 
 as high as the internal, all of a rosy 
 hue on the inside. Probably from the 
 Corea or Japan, but native country 
 
 uncertain. Amoog low shrubs, 
 
 where it will be sheltered, in deep 
 sandy well -drained peat, or in a col- 
 lection of choice lilies, on a warm 
 sheltered border. The bulbs should 
 be planted not less than 7 in. deep. 
 Propagated by separation of the small 
 bulbs given off by the matured ones. 
 
 Lilium bulbiferum (Bulb - bearing 
 Lily)- A sturdy, richly -coloured 
 species, 2J to 4 ft. high. Flowers, 
 
160 
 
 LILIUM. 
 
 early in summer ; large, deep saffron - 
 yellow or bright orange-red, with one 
 large spot of a paler colour and nume- 
 rous brown dots ; arranged in an um- 
 bellated panicle, 2 to 10 on each stem. 
 Leaves, alternate, linear - lanceolate, 
 almost quite smooth, bearing in their 
 axils the bulbils whence the plant 
 derives its specific name. Bulb, large, 
 pear-shaped, with very fleshy com- 
 pressed scales, white on the outside, 
 rosy within. Central and Southern 
 
 Europe. Isolated plants and small 
 
 groups in beds of dwarf evergreens, 
 in mixed borders, and grouped with 
 other kinds, in deep sandy loam. 
 Increased by the bulbils and by sepa- 
 ration of the bulbs. 
 
 Lilium canadense (Canadian Lily). 
 A prettily - spotted medium - sized 
 kind, with whorled foliage ; 2 to 4 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer; of an 
 orange - yellow at the top, yellow 
 spotted with purple in the middle, 
 with lanceolate divisions curving 
 "backwards a little ; 1 to 10 on each 
 stem. Leaves, numerous, in distant 
 whorls, ovate - lanceolate, smooth 
 above, slightly villous underneath. 
 Bulb resembling that of L. Martagon, 
 but smaller and whiter. Native of N. 
 
 America. Suitable for beds of lilies 
 
 and mixed borders, in very sandy soil. 
 Separation of the bulbs. 
 
 Lilium candidum (White Lily). The 
 well-known White Lily of our cottage 
 gardens, 3 to 5 ft. high, flowers, in 
 summer ; pure white with yellow 
 anthers, of an elegant bell-shape, 
 smooth on the inside, standing nearly 
 erect or horizontal, emitting an 
 agreeable but powerful odour; 4 to 
 20 on a stem. Leaves, gradually dimi- 
 nishing in size from the base upwards ; 
 those of the base wedge-shaped, the 
 upper ones linear - lance - shaped. 
 Bulb, large, pear-shaped, with loose 
 scales of a greenish- white on the out- 
 side, and a light flesh-colour within ; 
 
 in anitumn the external scales develop 
 themselves into small leaves. A very 
 fine variety, L. candidum striatum. 
 has the flowers handsomely spotted 
 and striped with purplish-red. A 
 double white variety is often sold, 
 but it has none of the beauty, grace, 
 or purity of colour of the ordinary 
 single form, and is not worthy of cul- 
 tivation. There is also a variety with 
 variegated leaves. Syria and Persia. 
 
 Borders, margins of shrubberies, 
 
 or naturalization, in ordinary soil, the 
 deeper and lighter the better. In- 
 creased by separation of the bulbs. 
 
 Lilium carniolicum (Lily of Car- 
 niola). At present an uncommon 
 kind, 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in sum- 
 mer ; scarlet-red or orange - yellow, 
 with greenish base, marked on the 
 lower part with a great number of 
 prominent tawny - purple lines, the 
 divisions being turned back as in the 
 Turban Lily, pendulous, 1 to 6 on 
 each stem. Leaves, almost patent, at 
 regular distances from each other, 
 lanceolate-acute, rough and downy on 
 the edges, diminishing in size as they 
 approach the top of the stem. Car- 
 niola. Among the dwarf and me- 
 dium-sized kinds, in light soil. Sepa- 
 ration of the bulbs. 
 
 Lilium carolinianum (Carolina Lily}. 
 Allied to L. superbum ; 2 to 3 ft. and 
 upwards high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 of an orange-yellow spotted with deep 
 purple in the throat, generally in 
 threes, on thick flower-stalks bent 
 downwards. Leaves, for the most part 
 in whorls, wedge-shaped-lanceolate, 
 or oboval. Divisions of the perianth 
 lanceolate, very acute and very much 
 reflected. Native of North America. 
 
 In beds or groups, in moist deep 
 
 peat. Separation of the bulbs. 
 
 Lilium Catesbaei (Southern Red Lily). 
 A very distinct kind ; 16 in. to 
 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; open 
 bell-shaped, erect, usually solitary, 
 
LILIUM. 
 
 161 
 
 oometimes 2, 3, or 4, growing from the 
 same point on the top of the stem, 
 scarlet, spotted with dark purple, 
 greenish-yellow outside, and yellow 
 within, long-clawed, wavy on the 
 margins, and recurved at the summit. 
 Leaves, linear-lanceolate, scattered. 
 
 North America. Borders and beds, 
 
 in deep peaty, or very sandy soil. 
 Associated with the dwarfer Lilies. 
 Separation of the bulbs. 
 
 Lilium chalcedonicum (Scarlet Mar- 
 tagon). The well - known Scarlet 
 Martagon, 2^ to 4 ft. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; the colour of a 
 thoroughly ripened Tomato, the 
 inside rough with small blackish 
 protuberances, pendulous, with revo- 
 lute petals ; seldom more than 6 on 
 each stem. Leaves, smooth, twisted, 
 linear-lanceolate, blunt at the point, 
 rough at the edges, suddenly dimi- 
 nishing in size about the middle of the 
 stem, and becoming very narrow to- 
 wards the top. Bulb, large, round, 
 with pointed, closely - overlapping 
 scales, yellowish on the outside. Asia 
 
 Minor. In beds of lilies grouped 
 
 with the taller kinds, borders, and 
 small groups on margins of shrub- 
 beries, in ordinary garden soil. In- 
 creased by separation of the bulbs. 
 
 Lilium croceum (Orange Lily). A 
 well-known plant, with numerous gay 
 flowers on a stiff, furrowed stem, from 
 1 i to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 of a deep saffron or orange, with nu- 
 merous very small black spots, ar- 
 ranged in a kind of panicle, 3 to 15 on 
 each stem, over a whorl of 3 to 5 leaves 
 larger than the rest. Leaves, scattered, 
 numerous, of a bright green, spreading 
 or arched, rarely upright, linear-lan- 
 ceolate. Bulb, large, round, broader 
 than deep. There are, under the name 
 of Lilium umbellatum, some varieties 
 of this plant, varying chiefly in tone 
 from a more or less orange or ochre- 
 yellow to a deep vermilion-red, and 
 
 with brown punctuations on the divi- 
 sions of the flowers. Italy. 
 
 Borders, beds, margins of shrubberies, 
 or naturalization in copses, etc., in 
 common soil, though the more highly 
 manured it is the finer will be the 
 blooms and the larger the bulbs. In- 
 creased by separation of the bulbs ; 
 when growing in gardens, it should bft 
 raised every three years, as the flowers 
 from the crowded bulbs are small. 
 
 Lilium eximiura (Transparent Trumpet 
 Lily). Closely allied to L. longiflorum, 
 probably a variety of it ; 10 to 18 in. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; resembling 
 those of L. longiflorum, but with wider, 
 thicker, and less reflected divisions of 
 a transparent white colour. The midrib 
 is also white throughout ; in L. lonyi- 
 florum it is greenish a* the base of the 
 divisions inside the flower. Native of 
 
 Japan. For culture, etc., see Lilium 
 
 longiflorum. 
 
 Lilium gigantenm (Giant Lily). A 
 huge Lily, quite different in aspect 
 from any other in cultivation ; 74 to 
 94 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; 
 greenish-white outside, tinged with 
 violet on the inside, large, 6 to 7 in. 
 long, funnel-shaped, with divisions 
 slightly reflected, fragrant, pendulous, 
 8 to 15 (sometimes 20) on each 
 tall and stout stem. Leaves, very 
 broad, those of the root and lower 
 part of stem stalked, oval-acute, with 
 a heart-shaped base ; the upper stem- 
 leaves nearly stalkless, with a roundel 
 base, and diminishing in size. Bulk, 
 very large, conical, with scales which 
 are very broad at the base and narrow 
 at the top, very fleshy, not compressed, 
 of a greenish-white colour. Native of 
 
 Nepaul. Occasionally grown in 
 
 greenhouses, but hardy, though only 
 flowering under favourable conditions 
 in the open air. I have seen it flower- 
 ing vigorously on deep and fine 
 sandy soil in mild districts. A well- 
 drained position, good, deep, and very 
 
162 
 
 LILIUM. 
 
 sandy soil, are indispensable. The 
 best position for it is isolated a few 
 feet within the margin of a shrubbery, 
 with a warm exposure. Also suitable 
 for association with hardy subtropical 
 plants and the like. Separation of bulbs. 
 
 Lilium japonieum (Japan Lily). 
 Allied to L. longiflorum About 2 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; whitish 
 inside, purplish outside, very large, 
 funnel-shaped, about 8 in. long, stand- 
 ing horizontally, terminal, solitary. 
 Leaves, alternate, few, and distant 
 from each other; very long, lanceolate, 
 pointed, smooth. Native of Japan, 
 
 China, Nepaul. Similar positions 
 
 etc. to those for L. longiflorum. 
 
 Liliumkamtchatcense (Black Lily). 
 Fritillaria kamtchatcensis. A very sin- 
 gular species, though not brilliant or 
 ornamental like the other kinds ; 8 to 
 16 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; so- 
 litary, bell-shaped, with oval -lanceo- 
 late divisions of a deep dull purplish- 
 red, paler towards the base, which is 
 marked with small purplish dots. 
 Sepals furnished with a nectary at the 
 base, leaves, lanceolate, the lower ones 
 whorled, the upper opposite or solitary. 
 Bulb, used as food by the poor 
 inhabitants of Kamtchatka, by whom 
 it is called serenna, or sarana. This 
 plant varies much in the number of 
 its leaves and flowers. Native of 
 
 Kamtchatka. Chiefly interesting 
 
 for botanical or curious collections. It 
 should be planted in sandy and deep 
 moist loam. Separation of the bulbs. 
 
 Lilium longiflorum (Trumpet Lily). 
 Combines dwarf ness of habit, purity 
 and size of flower, and sweetest odour, 
 more than any other known lily; 10 to 
 20 in. high, flowers, in summer ; 
 funnel-shaped, 4 to 6 in. long, with 
 the extremities of the divisions turned 
 back, pure white, with greenish sta- 
 mens terminated by handsome yel- 
 low anthers, and a greenish stigma ; 
 exceedingly fragrant ; 2 to 5 on 
 
 each stem, set almost horizontally. 
 Leaves, scattered, lanceolate-acute, 
 narrowed towards the foot-stalk, 
 spreading or bent downwards, of a 
 bright green. Bulb, of medium size, 
 top-shaped, with fleshy yellowish- 
 white scales. Japan. In small 
 
 clumps on the margins of beds and 
 masses of shrubs, as an edging to beds 
 of lilies in borders, or in beds or groups 
 of fragrant flowering plants, and among 
 the larger and more vigorous subjects 
 on the lower flanks and outskirts of 
 the rock-garden ; in all cases in deep, 
 thoroughly drained fine sandy earth ; 
 the bulbs to be planted rather deeply. 
 Increased by separating the young 
 bulbs from the matured one. 
 
 Lilium Martagon (Martagon Lily). 
 A kind frequently seen, not brilliantly 
 coloured like most cultivated lilies, 
 but graceful and attractive in some of 
 its forms ; 1 to 3i ft. in height. Flow- 
 ers, in summer ; dull rosy-violet, 
 deeply marked on the inside, and par- 
 ticularly towards the base, with car- 
 mine dots, with 6 oblong-lanceolate 
 thick divisions, villous on the out- 
 side, arching backwards, exhaling 
 a disagreeable odour, drooping, 3 
 to 20 on each stern. Leaves, in 
 whorls or alternate, lanceolate ellip- 
 tical, acute. Bulb, of medium size, 
 nearly pear-shaped, with yellowish 
 scales, not fleshy, lanceolate-acute. 
 There are numerous varieties with 
 white, yellow, red, and double flowers. 
 Native of Central and Southern Eu- 
 rope and Siberia. Naturalization 
 
 in the wilder parts of the pleasure- 
 grounds, in copses, etc. , in any soil. 
 
 Lilium monadelphum. An orna- 
 mental species very rarely seen in our 
 gardens ; 3 to f ft. high. Floivers, in 
 summer ; citron-yellow marked with 
 red dots, in size and form resembling; 
 those of L. album, pendulous, 2 to 6 
 on each stem. The stamens are united 
 at the base, whence the specific name 
 
LILTUM. 
 
 163 
 
 of the plant. Leaves, lanceolate, pu- 
 bescent underneath, veined, the lower 
 one wider. Bulb, pear-shaped or oval- 
 oblong, large, covered with very nume- 
 rous loose, whitish - yellow, or flesh- 
 coloured scales. The Caucasus. On 
 
 warm borders, m beds of lilies, and in 
 open spots on the sunny fringes of 
 the choice shrubbery, in deep, well- 
 drained, very sandy soil. Well grown 
 in the Botanic Garden at Edinburgh. 
 Separation of the bulbs. 
 
 Lilium Pomponium (Turban Lily). 
 Somewhat like the Martagon Lily in 
 shape ; 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, early 
 in summer ; red, orange, or vermilion, 
 dotted with black inside, and covered 
 with protuberances for nearly half 
 their length, with long lanceolate-acute 
 divisions rolled back like a turban ; 
 4 to 6 on each stem. Leaves, scattered, 
 numerous, three-veined, the lower 
 ones linear-lanceolate, acute ; the upper 
 linear, standing close together, almost 
 in whorls, all much fringed, ciliated 
 on the margin and on the midrib un- 
 derneath. Bulb, the size of a large 
 walnut, with scales of a yellowish 
 white. There is a variety with yellow 
 flowers, called the Yellow-flowered 
 Martagon Lily, or Yellow Duke. Si- 
 beria. Borders, among the dwarf er 
 
 kinds in beds, and in beds of American 
 plants, in deep sandy peat. Separa- 
 tion of the bulbs. 
 
 Lilium speciosum (Spotted Lily). L. 
 lancifolium. A beautifully - marked 
 Lily, often grown in pots, but per- 
 fectly hardy ; 2 to 4 ft. high, some- 
 times more. Flowers, late in summer 
 and autumn ; large, 4 to 5 in. in dia- 
 meter, rosy-white, spotted with car- 
 mine-red or purple, and covered on the 
 internal surface with irregular protu- 
 berances which are frequently of a 
 deeper purplish-red, pendulous or in- 
 clining, very fragrant, 1 to 10 on each 
 stem. Leaves, scattered or alternate, 
 rather wide, narrowing to a point, and 
 
 rounded at the base. Bulb, almost 
 round, sometimes rather depressed, at 
 others somewhat elongated, with very 
 fleshy scales, of a blood-red hue. There 
 are many varieties, chiefly differing in 
 colour, some of them not uncommon in 
 our greenhouses. Native of the Corea 
 
 and Japan. In the open air this 
 
 may be associated with the finest 
 autumn-flowering herbaceous plants ; 
 also planted in very small groups in 
 isolated beds, near the margin of 
 masses of shrubs, and towards the 
 outer edge of beds of mixed kinds of 
 lilies, always in well-drained sandy 
 soil, and in as sheltered a position as 
 is convenient. Separation of bulbs. 
 
 Lilium superbum (Great American 
 Lily). A very tall kind, 5 to 9 ft. 
 high, with slender stems and leaves, 
 and a profusion of flowers. Flowers, 
 late in summer ; in a pyramidal ra- 
 ceme, very numerous, according to 
 the strength of the plant, with divi- 
 sions curving backwards, of a light 
 mahogany-red or cochineal on the out- 
 side, yellow, spotted with violet- 
 purple on the inside, in a pyramidal 
 cluster of from 10 to 40 on each stem. 
 Leaves, linear - lanceolate, the lower 
 ones in whorls, the others alternate. 
 Bulb, white, rather large, with whitish 
 
 scales. North America. In groups 
 
 here and there between tall American 
 shrubs, always in deep sandy peat. 
 I have never seen this plant so 
 finely developed as in Mr. Antony 
 Waterer's nursery at Woking, under 
 and at the very base of Magnolia trees. 
 It is seen to greatest perfection when 
 growing among shrubs from 6 to 10 ft. 
 high, which will also help to shelter 
 it. Probably a form of this is the plant 
 grown in the Dublin Botanic Garden 
 under the name of Lilium Michauxii. 
 Increased by separation of the bulbs. 
 
 Lilium tenuifolium (Tomb Thumb 
 Lily). A very dwarf and slender- 
 leaved kind, but with all the glory of 
 
 xi 
 
164 
 
 LILIUlVr. 
 
 colour of the Scarlet Martagon ; 8 to 
 16 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; very 
 deep scarlet-red without spots, pendu- 
 lous, 1 to 6 on each stem. Leaves, 
 scattered, linear, almost grass-like. 
 Bulb, pear-shaped, of the size of a 
 walnut, with rather compressed white 
 
 scales. Native of the Caucasus. 
 
 On the warm flanks of roekwork, on 
 the margins of very select borders, or 
 in the little nursery or warm border 
 devoted to choice bulbs ; in all cases 
 in fine sandy loam thoroughly drained. 
 Increased by seed, by separation of 
 the bulbs, and also from the scales. 
 
 Lilium testaceum (Buff Lily). L. 
 excelsum. A tall and very stout kind, 
 44 to 64 ft. high, at once distinguished 
 by its colour and the vigour of its 
 stems. Flowers, in summer ; of a 
 nankeen or very bright buff, with 
 small dots of orange-red and a few 
 protuberances, on very long flower- 
 stalks, I to 5 on each stem. Leaves, 
 shining, of a fine green, slightly un- 
 dulating, edged with a whitish down ; 
 the lower ones in clusters, lanceolate ; 
 the upper, or stem-leaves, linear- 
 lanceolate. Bulb, large, roundish, with 
 oblong-obovate or oblong-acute scales 
 loosely overlapping each other, the 
 exterior as long as the interior ones, 
 all of a rosy flesh-colour. Native 
 country uncertain, but believed with 
 good reason to be a hybrid between 
 the common White Lily and L. chalce- 
 
 donicum. Somewhat within the 
 
 margins of shrubberies, or on borders, 
 in deep good soil. Propagated by 
 separation of the bulbs. 
 
 Lilium tigrinum (Tiger Lily). The 
 well-known Tiger Lily, 3 to 54 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer; orange-scarlet, 
 and dotted with dark purple on the 
 inside, the divisions curving back- 
 wards and covered with brownish 
 protuberances, villous on the outside ; 
 2 to 18 on each stem. Leaves, scat- 
 tered or alternate, linear-lanceolate, 
 
 of a dull green, the upper or floral 
 leaves solitary, oval - heart - shaped. 
 Bulb, rather large, pear-shaped, with 
 compressed, fleshy-white scales, over- 
 lapping each other in a very regular 
 manner. Native of the Corea and 
 Japan. Fringes of shrubberies, bor- 
 ders, mixed beds of lilies, and groups 
 of the finer summer-flowering plants, 
 in sandy loam. 
 
 Lilium tigrinum Fortune! (Fortune's 
 
 Tiger Lily). A magnificent variety 
 
 of the preceding, or perhaps a distinct 
 species, has been lately introduced 
 into our gardens under the name of 
 L. tigrinum Fortunei. It differs from 
 the common type in growing very 
 much taller, attaining a height of 
 from 6 to 10 ft. ; in bearing a superb 
 branched pyramid of flowers (often 
 40 on one stem), and in being much 
 more hairy. No plant yet introduced 
 presents a more noble appearance 
 when seen growing singly or in small 
 
 rups amidst shrubs about 6 ft. high, 
 is sufficiently hardy and vigorous 
 for naturalization in half- wild places, 
 and is so easily propagated from 
 the bulbils, which appear in great 
 numbers on the stems, as well as by 
 separation, that those who have it 
 should soon be able to spare some bulbs 
 of it for trial in this way. A noble sub- 
 ject for the centre of a bed of lilies. 
 
 Lilium venustum (L. Thuribergi- 
 ctnum). Allied to the Orange and 
 Bulb-bearing lily, but very dwarf ; 1 
 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 very numerous, of an orange-red, bell- 
 shaped, very open, with the edges 
 slightly turned outwards, arranged in 
 a pyramidal cluster, 1 to 10 on 
 each stem. Leaves, linear-lanceolate, 
 smooth; floral leaves shorter, sub- 
 ovate. Bulb small, nearly conical, 
 with compressed scales, rosy on the 
 outside, white or light flesh-colour on 
 the inside. Native of Japan. As- 
 sociated with the dwarf kinds on the 
 
LINARIA. 
 
 1C5 
 
 margins of beds of lilies, in borders, 
 or in the rock-garden, in sandy loam. 
 
 Linaria alpina (Alpine Toadflax}. 
 A pretty dwarf plant, forming dense 
 tufts of a bluish silvery tone ; 6 in. 
 high. Flowers, in Slimmer ; bluish- 
 violet with a rich golden centre, in 
 form, like those of the Snapdragon, 
 but much smaller, in a close raceme 
 at the top of the stems. Leaves, 
 smooth, glaucous, linear - lanceolate, 
 entire, \ to f in. long ; the lower ones 
 in whorls of 4. Alps and Pyrenees. 
 
 The rock-garden and the margins 
 
 of borders, in sandy or fine gravelly 
 soil. It may be naturalized in moist 
 districts, in bare, or nearly bare, sandy 
 or gravelly places. Seed or division. 
 
 Linaria crassifolia (Thick - leaved 
 Toadflax}. A small and pretty, though 
 not very showy species, 3 to 6 in. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; fine blue, with a 
 yellow deeply-channelled throat ; upper 
 lip erect, with rounded lobes ; lower lip 
 roundish - wedge - shaped, with flat, 
 close, emarginate divisions; in loose 
 racemes. Leaves, fleshy, ovate, nar- 
 rowed into the leaf-stalk, without 
 veins ; stem branching at the base, 
 glandular-pubescent. Southern Spain, 
 
 near the town of Chiva. This plant 
 
 resembles L. oriyanifolia, and, in the 
 dried specimen, is hardly to be dis- 
 tinguished from it, but the living 
 plants present a marked difference. 
 The rock-garden, walls, ruins, borders, 
 or in pans, in light, sandy soil. IHvi- 
 sion and seed. 
 
 Linaria Cymbalaria (Try L.) A 
 very common and elegant trailer, 
 with small, roundish, or kidney-shaped 
 leaves, in outline somewhat resembling 
 those of Ivy. Flowers, all summer; pale 
 blue or lilac, small, with short spurs, on 
 recurved stalks. Leaves, stalked, shin- 
 ing, broadly 5-lobed ; slightly marked 
 with hand-shaped veins ; lobes rounded 
 or wedge-shaped. There is a variety 
 with white flowers, and another with 
 
 variegated leaves, both very pretty, 
 and well worthy of culture. On old 
 walls and stony places, in several 
 parts of Europe, and apparently wild 
 in Britain, but probably only natu- 
 ralized. Walls and rough rock- 
 work or rootwork, in any soil, or 
 without soil on dry walls. It usually 
 establishes itself. Seed. 
 
 Linaria dalmatica (Large Yellow 
 L.} A vigorous - growing peren- 
 nial, 3 to 5 ft. high. Flmvers, in 
 summer ; large, handsome, light- 
 yellow, in branching spikes. Leaves, 
 sessile, oval, pointed, entire, glaucous ; 
 leaves of the branches much smaller, 
 narrower, and more pointed ; stem 
 
 smooth. Dalmatia and Levant. 
 
 Borders, in well - drained, ordinary 
 soil. Seed and division. 
 
 Linaria genistaefolia (Broom-leaved 
 L.) A tall, smooth, erect, glaucous 
 herb, with branching stems ; 2 to 4 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer; pale 
 yellow, a little smaller than those of 
 L. vulgaris, in loose racemes ; mouth 
 of corolla yellow; spur nearly straight, 
 equal in length to the corolla. Leaves, 
 somewhat clasping, 1 to 2 in. long, 
 lance- shaped, acute, 3- or 5-nerved. 
 
 Central Europe and Caucasus. 
 
 Borders, in sandy soil, and naturalized 
 in stony or gravelly places, or on old 
 walls or ruins. Seed. 
 
 Linaria origanifolia (Marjoram- 
 leaved L.) A dwarf kind, allied to 
 L. crassifolia. Flowers, in summer ; 
 bluish- violet, with yellow throat ; 
 rather small, in the axils of the upper 
 leaves forming a loose raceme. Leaves, 
 oblong, on short stalks, lower ones 
 opposite ; upper ones alternate. Py- 
 renees and South of France, on walls 
 
 and rocks. The rock-garden, old 
 
 walls, in pans, or on the margin of the 
 mixed border, in sandy loam. Propa- 
 gated by seed or division. 
 
 Linaria purpurea (Purple L.} An 
 erect, rather tall kind, 1 to 3 ft. high 
 
166 
 
 LINARIA LINUM. 
 
 Flowers, in summer ; in long loose 
 racemes, purplish - blue ; mouth of 
 corolla bearded with white hairs ; 
 tube striped with purple ; spurarched, 
 ao long as the corolla. Leaves, slightly 
 glaucous, 1 to 1^ in. long, linear; 
 lower ones in whorls of from 4 to 9 ; 
 upper ones 3 in a whorl ; stems pur- 
 plish-green. Southern Europe. 
 
 Ruins, walls, or stony places. Seed. 
 
 Linariavulgaris (Common Toadflax}. 
 A handsome native herb, with 
 smooth glaucous stems, 1 to 3 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer and autumn ; 
 pale yellow; large, in a handsome 
 terminal panicle ; mouth of corolla 
 bright orange or copper-coloured ; spur 
 long and pointed. Leaves, crowded, 
 narrow, lance - shaped, 1 to 1^ in. 
 long. L. vulgaris Peloria is a singular 
 variety, with a 5 - spurred corolla. 
 Found throughout Europe, and plen- 
 tiful in Britain. The variety 
 
 Peloria is the only one generally 
 worthy of garden culture, in conse- 
 quence of the prevalence of the com- 
 mon form, which thrives in any soil. 
 Division or seed. 
 
 Lindelofia spectabilis (Long-flowered 
 L.} Cynoylossum lonyiflorum. A 
 rather showy perennial, 1^ ft. high. 
 Flowers, in early summer ; sky-blue, 
 with obtuse petals, and a purplish 
 tube, nearly 4 in. long, without bracts, 
 in racemes ; lobes of calyx oval-ob- 
 tuse. Leaves, oblong, pointed; the 
 radical ones narrowed into a footstalk, 
 those on the middle of the stem ses- 
 sile, and those on the upper part 
 
 clasping. Northern India. Borders, 
 
 in sandy loam. Division. 
 
 Linnsea borealis (Twinflower). A 
 very graceful and interesting native 
 trailing evergreen, with opposite, 
 roundish leaves. Flowers, in sum- 
 mer ; pale pink, gracefully drooping, 
 fragrant, bell-shaped, 5-parted, about 
 4 in. long, borne in pairs. Leaves, 
 small, round- oval, tapering into the 
 
 stalks, slightly toothf d at the top ; 
 the plant more or Iws clothed with 
 a minute down, sometimes smooth. 
 Europe and America, and also in Scot- 
 land and the north of England. 
 
 Shady moist parts of the rock-garden 
 and hardy fernery, and in the artificial 
 bog, or in pans or pots of moist peat. 
 Division. 
 
 Linosyris vulgaris (Goldilocks). 
 Chrysocoma Linosyris. A showy 
 native herb, with smooth, erect, stiff 
 stems, 1 to 2 ft. high, densely clothed 
 with long, narrow, pale green leaves. 
 Flowers, in late summer and autumn ; 
 bright yellow, in a compact terminal 
 head ; florets tubular, 5-cleft. Leaves, 
 linear, entire, dotted, smooth. Native 
 of Europe and the Caucasus, and of 
 the western and southern coasts of 
 
 England. Rough places or borders, 
 
 in any soil. Division. 
 
 Linum alpinum (Alpine Flax). A 
 handsome dwarf blue flax, 3 to 8 in. 
 high. Flowers, in summer; dark 
 blue, large, slightly corymbose; sepals 
 oval, outer ones acutish ; inner ones 
 blunt. Leaves, awl-shaped, entire, 
 stalkless, the upper ones nearly up- 
 right. Alps, Pyrenees, and hilly parts 
 of Europe. Borders, and the rock- 
 garden, in sandy loam. It is also de- 
 sirable for naturalization among small 
 plants, on sandy banks, slopes, or rather 
 bare grassy places. Seed and division. 
 
 Linum arboreum (Evergreen Flax). 
 A handsome, low- spread ing, ever- 
 green shrubby species, with smooth, 
 grey-green leaves ; I ft. high. Flowers, 
 in early summer ; clear yellow, large, 
 14 in. across ; sepals oval or lance- 
 shaped, finely pointed. Leaves, wedge- 
 shaped, obtuse, alternate, recurved. 
 A native of hilly parts of South-east 
 Europe, Asia Minor, and South Africa. 
 
 The rock-garden, borders, and 
 
 fringes of beds of dwarf shrubs, in any 
 lightish soil. Cuttings. 
 
 Linum flavum (Yellow herbaceous 
 
LINUM LITHOSPERMCTM. 
 
 167 
 
 Flax). A showy perennial, with 
 stems slightly woody at the base ; 1 to 
 14 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; 
 golden -yellow, in corymbs, opening 
 most in the morning when the sun 
 shines ; petals blunt. 3 times as long 
 as the calyx. Leaves, narroW'lance- 
 shaped, acute, stalkless, about 1^ in. 
 long, smooth, thickish. Austria and 
 
 Hungary. Borders, in sandy loam. 
 
 Division or seed. 
 
 Linum narbonnense (NarbonneFlax). 
 A beautiful and large kind, gene- 
 rally continuing a long time in flower, 
 with erect stems, 1 to 1^ ft. or more 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; light sky- 
 blue, with violet-blue veins, large, in 
 a kind of umbel ; sepals tapering to 
 a long point ; anthers 3 times as long 
 as broad. Leaves, alternate, distant, 
 narrow- lance -shaped, very acute, 
 rather stiff; stems branching almost 
 from the bottom, glaucous. S. Europe. 
 
 Warm borders,in well-drained and 
 
 deep sandy loam. Division or seed. 
 
 Linum perenne (Perennial Flax). 
 A pretty native species, forming tufts 
 12 to 18 in. high. Flowers, in sum- 
 mer; bright cobalt-blue ; more than 
 1 in. in diameter; sepals blunt, 
 petals overlapping each other at the 
 edges. Leaves, small, narrow-lance- 
 shaped, entire. There is a white 
 variety, and one with the flowers 
 variegated with white, known in 
 gardens as L. Lewisii variegatum, but 
 this marking is not conspicuous nor 
 constant. Found in the eastern coun- 
 ties of England. Borders and banks, 
 
 in ordinary soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Linum salsoloides (Heath L.) 
 A hardy, dwarf, half-shrubby kind, 
 somewhat like a dwarf Heath, with 
 the stem twisted at the base ; 3 or 4 
 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; white 
 with a slight tinge of blue, nearly 
 4 in. across. Leaves, linear, smooth, 
 scattered, the lower ones shorter and 
 almost imbricated. South of Europe. 
 
 The rock-garden, in sandy soil, 
 
 and on the margins of well- drained 
 borders where sufficiently plentiful. 
 Seed or cuttings. 
 
 Linum viscosum (Viscid Flax). 
 A neat kind, with half-shrubby, 
 slightly branching downy stems ; about 
 1 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; rich 
 lilac, with deeper veins, nearly 1 in. 
 across. Leaves, alternate, lance-shaped, 
 acute, covered with viscous glands, 
 and a feeble whitish down. Pyrenees. 
 
 The rock-garden, in moist sandy 
 
 loam. Seed, and division. 
 
 Lithospermum Gastoni (Gaston's L.) 
 A rare and beautiful species, with 
 erect, herbaceous stems ; 1 to 1 4 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; bright sky- 
 blue, twice the size of those of L. 
 prostratum, in terminal clusters. Leaves, 
 obovate - lance - shaped, numerous, 
 slightly rough with adpressed hairs. 
 
 Central Pyrenees. Borders, or the 
 
 rougher parts of rockwork, in rich, 
 well-drained loam. Seed or division. 
 
 Lithospermum petrseum (Rock Grom- 
 well). A charming dwarf rock-shrub, 
 6 to 8 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 tubular, funnel-shaped, violet-blue, 
 with protruded anthers of a deep 
 orange-red, in dense, small, oblong 
 heads ; lobes of calyx silky, lanceo- 
 late-acuminate. Leaves, linear-oblong, 
 obtuse, somewhat turned back at 
 the edges, and covered with very 
 short, silky, whitish, adpressed hairs. 
 
 Dalmatia and Southern Europe. 
 
 Sunny warm ledges in the rock- 
 garden, in well- drained sandy soil. 
 Cuttings, and seed if obtainable. 
 
 Lithospermum prostratum (Gentian 
 L.) A dwarf, brilliantly-blooming, 
 trailing evergreen, with prostrate 
 spreading stems slightly shrubby at 
 the base. Flowers, in early summer ; 
 fine blue with reddish -violet stripes, 
 axillary, stalkless, freely produced, 
 about 4 -in. across ; corolla with a 
 
168 
 
 LITHOSPERMUM LOISELEURIA. 
 
 straight tube and a shortly 5-lobed 
 limb. Leaves, small lance-shaped, or 
 linear, stalkless and hispid ; stems 
 pilose, branched. Spain and South of 
 
 France. The rock-garden, borders, 
 
 fringes of shrubberies, and among 
 dwarf shrubs; best in a deep and 
 sandy loam. Cuttings. 
 
 Lithospermum pttrpureo-caeruleum 
 (Creeping Gromwell). A pretty British 
 perennial, with barren stems creeping, 
 flowering ones erect; 1 tol ft. high. 
 Flowers, in early summer ; reddish at 
 first, afterwards blue, in short, twin, 
 terminal racemes. Leaves, dark green, 
 rough, lance -shaped-acute, gradually 
 tapering at the base, with the mar- 
 gins rolled back, 1 to 2 in. long, 
 stalkless, or nearly so. "Woods and 
 bushy places on chalk and limestone, 
 from Southern England to Sicily, 
 Phrygia, and the Caucasus. Bor- 
 ders, and rougher parts of rockwork, 
 ferneries, etc., or in a semi-wild state 
 in shrubberies, copses, and half- 
 shady positions. I have not found 
 this plant to thrive on clay soil ; in- 
 deed it seems to quite die out on the 
 London clay. Division and seed. 
 
 lobelia cardinalis (Cardinal-flower 
 L.) A brilliant perennial, long culti- 
 vated in our gardens ; 1 to 3 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; fine scarlet, in 
 one-sided terminal racemes ; corolla 
 tubular, divided on the upper side ; 
 limb 5 -parted ; segments of the lower 
 lip obtuse. Leaves, smooth, oblong- 
 lance-shaped, toothed, about 3 in. long 
 and 1 1 broad, purplish beneath ; stems 
 erect, smooth. Native of N. America. 
 Borders, in rich moist soil. Gene- 
 rally this plant will require to be taken 
 up and stored during the winter, 
 though in some districts it survives it. 
 Division. 
 
 Lobelia fulgens (Glowing Z.) 
 Closely resembling the previous one, 
 but differing chiefly by being more 
 downy ; 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 
 summer ; splendid scarlet, iu a ter- 
 minal raceme ; corolla about 1 in. 
 long, downy outside ; segments of the 
 lower lip lance shaped. Leaves, 3 to 
 6 in. long, lance-shaped, toothed, 
 downy, the margin turned back ; 
 
 stems downy, reddish. Mexico.-: 
 
 The same treatment, etc., as for the 
 preceding kind. 
 
 Lobelia syphilitica (Tail-Hue L.} 
 A large species, 1 to 2 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; blue, forming a 
 long leafy raceme ; corolla angular, 
 with almost equal segments ; stalks 
 hairy. Leaves, stalkless, rather rough, 
 ovate or oblong, tapering at both ends, 
 unequally serrated ; stems erect, sim- 
 ple, hairy. There is a white-flowered 
 
 variety. North America. In tufts 
 
 round the margins of shrubberies, in 
 moist soil, or naturalized near the 
 margins of rivulets or in wet soil. 
 In America it seemed to me much 
 more ornamental and vigorous when 
 in wet places. Division. 
 
 Lobelia Tupa (Tupa L.} Tupa Feu- 
 illei. A noble kind, very rarely 
 seen ; 4 to 5 ft. high. Flowers, late in 
 summer ; reddish, in a terminal spiked 
 raceme ; corolla large, and with the 
 stalks and calyces downy. Leaves, 
 ovate-lance-shaped, stalkless, covered 
 with soft white down ; stems erect, 
 simple, thick, somewhat shrubby at 
 the base, leafy. Native of Chili and 
 
 Peru. A magnificent plant in rich 
 
 light soil in mild districts, and fine 
 for association with the Tritomas and 
 finer herbaceous plants, but not hardy 
 in cold inland districts or on heavy 
 cold soils. Division. 
 
 Loiseleuria procumbens (Trailing L.) 
 Azalea procumbens. A very smaP 
 trailing evergreen shrub, from I to 
 6 in. high. Flowers, in spring ; red- 
 dish, small, in short terminal clus- 
 ters ; corolla short, bell-shaped, 5- 
 lobed. Leaves, about % in. long, oppo- 
 site, numerous, smooth, oblong, the 
 
LOPH ANTHUS LYCHNIS. 
 
 169 
 
 margins rolled back. Europe, Ame- 
 rica, and Britain, on mountains. 
 
 The rock-garden, in peat beds, among 
 diminutive shrubs ; always in moist 
 sandy peat. Layers. 
 
 Lophanthus urticaefolius (Nettle- 
 leaved L. ) A hardy herbaceous peren- 
 nial, 3 or 4 ft. high, with an almost 
 smooth, square stem. Flowers, late in 
 summer; purple (sometimes white, 
 with pink sepals), with long protrud- 
 ing stamens and petals, in dense ob- 
 long spikes, more than 2 inches long. 
 Leaves, opposite, oval-heart-shaped, 
 broadly crenate on the margin, stalked, 
 
 pointed. North America. Borders, 
 
 or naturalization, in ordinary soil. 
 Division. 
 
 Lotus corniculatus (Common L.} 
 A well-known native herb, with 
 creeping stems. Flowers, all summer ; 
 bright yellow, the upper part often 
 red on the outside, 5 to 12 in an 
 umbel, on axillary stalks much 
 longer than the leaves. Leaves, 
 pinnate ; leaflets differing in form 
 from bluntly-ovate to narrow-lance- 
 shaped ; stipules resembling the leaves 
 but more pointed ; stem and leaves 
 both glaucous. There are several 
 forms of this species. Abundant 
 throughout Europe and Asia, also in 
 
 Australia. Too common to be 
 
 much used in gardens, yet few plants 
 are more beautiful. Plants allowed 
 to become fully developed on slopes, 
 etc. , are very fine. Seed and division. 
 
 Lunaria rediviva (Perennial Honesty). 
 A vigorous hairy herb, with erect 
 branching stems, 2 to 3 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in early summer ; purplish, 
 sweet-scented, large, showy, in ter- 
 minal racemes ; petals nearly entire. 
 Leaves, heart-shaped, deeply-toothed, 
 on long stalks, 8 or 9 in. long, and 3 or 
 4 in. broad; lower ones opposite; upper 
 alternate. Native of mountain woods 
 
 in Europe. Borders in half -shady 
 
 places, in light soil. Division or seed. 
 
 Luphms macrophyllus (Large-leaved 
 Lupine). A tall and robust hairy 
 herb, allied to L. polyphyllus, but 
 larger in all its parts ; 3 or 4 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; purplish-blue, 10 
 to 15 in a whorl, forming a dense 
 raceme 9 to 12 in. long ; calyx with 
 both lips entire, lower one lance- 
 shaped, acute, as long again as the 
 upper one. Leaves, large, on large 
 slender stalks, composed of from 12 to 
 15 lance-shaped acute leaflets ; stem 
 straight, cylindrical. Native of North 
 
 America. Cultivation and position 
 
 the same as for L. polyphyllus,lo-a.t, being 
 much scarcer, it deserves good rich soil. 
 
 Lupinus polyphyllus (Perennial L.) 
 A fine showy perennial, 2 to 4 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; bluish- 
 purple, arranged in whorls on a hand- 
 some spike ; lips of calyx quite entire. 
 Leaves, pinnate, with from 11 to 15 
 lance-shaped leaflets, hairy beneath ; 
 stems hairy. There is a white form 
 and various others distinct in colour 
 from the common one. North Ame- 
 rica. Borders, in ordinary garden 
 
 soil. A fine plant for naturalization. 
 Seed or division. 
 
 Lychnis alpina (Alpine L.) A di- 
 minutive form of Lychnis Viscaria, but 
 smooth and not viscid, and attaining 
 a height of only a few inches. Flow- 
 ers, in spring and early summer ; pink, 
 in close heads ; petals narrow, deeply 
 bifid ; calyx short. Leaves, narrow- 
 lance-shaped, slightly fringed; lower 
 ones in a tuft. Found in Cumberland, 
 and on the summit of Little Kilrannock 
 in Forfarshire, and in various parts 
 of Northern Europe. The rock- 
 garden, in sandy or gritty soil, in 
 well- drained chinks. Division and 
 seed. 
 
 Lychnis chalcedonica (Scarlet L.) 
 A well-known old border plant, 
 1| to 34 ft. high. Flowers, in sum- 
 mer ; scarlet, in corymbose clusters ; 
 calyx, round, clubbed, ribbed* 
 
170 
 
 LYCHNIS. 
 
 Leaves, lance-shaped, slightly heart- 
 shaped at the base, pilose, clasp- 
 ing the stem; the plant somewhat 
 clammy. There are the following 
 varieties in cultivation, the single 
 white, double white, and double 
 scarlet ; the best is the double scarlet. 
 
 S. Russia and Japan. Borders, in 
 
 light rich loam. Division and seed. 
 
 Lychnis diurna (Red Campion). 
 Silene diurna. A common hedge plant, 
 1 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 purplish - rose ; calyx very hairy. 
 Leaves, opposite ; lower ones obovate- 
 spoon-shaped, middle ones oval-ellipti- 
 cal, acute ; upper ones lanceolate. 
 Whole plant covered with long, soft 
 hairs, not glandular. Britain, and 
 
 other parts of Europe. The double 
 
 variety is a handsome border plant, 
 increased by division, and thriving 
 best in rich deep soil. Division. 
 
 Lychnis Flos-cuculi (Ragged Robin). 
 Agrzstemma Flos-cuculi. A well- 
 known British plant, 1 to 2 ft. high. 
 Flowers, early in summer ; red, scent- 
 less, in loose terminal panicles ; petals 
 cut into 4 narrow lobes, the middle 
 ones the longest ; calyx bell-shaped, 
 with 10 ribs, and 5 short teeth. Leaves, 
 few, narrowly lance- shaped ; those 
 stem connate, of root stalked. The 
 plant is so abundant in Britain that 
 it would not have been mentioned 
 here, were it not for its double variety 
 L. Flos-cuculi, fl. pi., which is a very 
 ornamental border plant. Europe and 
 
 Russian Asia. Borders, and in 
 
 moist spots, in ordinary soil. Division. 
 
 Lychnis Flos-Jovis (Umbellate L.) 
 , Agrostemma Flos-Jovis. A whitish- 
 leaved species, 12 to 15 in. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; purple or scar- 
 let, in umbellate heads ; calyx 
 cylindrical, clubbed; petals 2-lobed. 
 Leaves, lance-shaped, stem-clasping, 
 clothed with a white silky down. 
 
 Switzerland. Borders, rockwork, 
 
 or on bare banks, in sandy loam. Seed. 
 
 Lychnis fulgens (Brilliant L.) A 
 very showy plant, 6 in. to 1 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in early summer; brilliant 
 vermilion, large and handsome, in 
 corymbs; petals 2- divided, outer di- 
 visions awl-shaped ; calyx cylindrical, 
 woolly. Leaves, ovate - lanceolate, 
 greyish; stems hairy. Siberia. Bor- 
 ders, in sandy loam. Seed and division. 
 
 Lychnis grandiflora (Large L.) L. 
 coronata. A remarkably handsome 
 plant, 8 in. to 1 ft. high. Flowers, 
 from June to August ; of a brick-red 
 or scarlet colour, sometimes nearly 
 2 in. across ; limb of the petals ele- 
 gantly cut and spreading, 1 to 3 
 Hewers at the top of each flower-stem ; 
 calyx swollen, marked with longitudi- 
 nal lines. Leaves, almost sessile, op- 
 posite, oval-acute, smooth, of a delicate 
 
 green. China. Warm borders, in 
 
 sandy loam. Seed and division. 
 
 Lychnis Haageana (Shaggy L.) 
 Remarkable for its very large and 
 brilliant flowers and shaggy stems, 1 
 to If ft. high. Flowers, in summer; 
 of a splendid scarlet, nearly, and 
 sometimes quite, 2 in. across, 2 or 3 
 on each of the very shaggy stems ; 
 petals broadly obovate, indented on 
 the top and furnished with 2 long 
 teeth at the side ; calyx shaggy, in- 
 flated and angular. Leaves, large, 
 lanceolate, acuminate, hairy and pur- 
 plish-brown below. Native country 
 unknown, probably a hybrid. Bor- 
 ders, in sandy soil. Seed and division. 
 
 Lychnis Lagascae (Rock L.) A bril- 
 liant alpine plant, about 3 ic. high. 
 Flowers, early in summer ; bright rose- 
 colour, with white centres when young, 
 each about fin. across. Leaves, obovate 
 or oblong, somewhat leathery, and 
 slightly glaucous. Sub- alpine region 
 
 of the Western Pyrenees. The 
 
 rock-garden, in any position. A few 
 specimens should be on high points as 
 it is effective a long way off; it is also 
 a capital border plant, and for grow- 
 
LYCHNIS LYCOPODIUM. 
 
 171 
 
 ing in pots or pans for exhibition. 
 Seed and division. 
 
 Lychnis Preslii (PresVs L.} An in- 
 teresting and little known kind, with 
 glabrous foliage and tufted habit, 1 ft. 
 to 20 in. high. Flowers, in summer; 
 purplish or carmine-rose, nearly 1 
 in. across, numerous, scentless, open- 
 ing in the daytime, arranged in fork- 
 ing panicled clusters, and accompanied 
 by reddish bracts ; corona fringed, of a 
 satiny rose-white,notclosingthethroat; 
 calyx reddish, very much swollen, 
 with five short teeth, closely adpressed 
 against the tube of the corolla, and 
 shorter than it. Leaves, of the root 
 numerous, stalked or narrowed into a 
 stalk, oval - lanceolate or obovate, 
 pointed, decurrent, arranged in ro- 
 settes ; stem-leaves oval, abruptly 
 pointed, all entire, and very much 
 veined, smooth, and of a lively dark 
 
 green colour. Poland. Rockwork 
 
 or borders in half-shady positions, in 
 light well-drained soil. Division and 
 seed. 
 
 Lychnis pyrenaica (Pyrenean L.) 
 A small and pretty, but not showy 
 kind, 3 or 4 in. high. Flowers, in 
 early summer, pale flesh-colour, more 
 than i in. across, in forked bundles, 
 with a single flower in each fork, 
 which stands on a long stalk ; petals 
 slightly notched ; calyx bell-shaped, 
 lobes short. Leaves, glaucous, opposite, 
 leathery those of the root on long 
 stalks, spoon-shaped ; of the stem heart- 
 shaped, stalkless. Pyrenees. The 
 
 rock-garden, in ordinary soil. Seed. 
 
 Lychnis Sieboldi (Siebold's .) A 
 handsome kind, about 1 ft. high. 
 flowers, in summer ; large, pure white, 
 few, in a contracted terminal cyme ; 
 limb of the petals wedge - shaped, 
 irregular, jagged on the margin, 
 slightly 2-lobed. Leaves, sessile, lower 
 ones very closely set, spathulate- 
 oblong ; middle and upper ones ovate- 
 oblong, acute, entire, slightly undu- 
 
 lating, soft and downy on both sides. 
 
 Japan. Warm borders, in sandy 
 
 loam. Seed and division. 
 
 Lychnis vespertina (White L.} 
 Silene pratensis. A common native 
 perennial, with loosely branched stems, 
 1 to 3 ft. high, flowers, in summer ; 
 white, slightly scented, in loose 
 panicles, opening in the evening; 
 petals bifid ; calyx nearly f in. long, 
 hairy, ribbed, with 5 lance-shaped 
 teeth. Leaves, opposite, connate, oval- 
 oblong, pointed, tapering at the base, 
 hairy, slightly nerved, upper ones 
 without stalks, lower ones stalked ; 
 stems purplish, swelling at the joints, 
 the upper branches forked ; plant 
 more or less glutinous. There is an 
 ornamental double variety. Abun- 
 dant in Britain and throughout 
 Europe. The double variety, gene- 
 rally known as L. dioica fl. pi., is a 
 handsome border flower, thriving well 
 in rich, free soil. Division. 
 
 Lychnis Viscaria (German Catchfly). 
 A showy and gracefully tufted ever- 
 green herb, with erect stems, very 
 viscid in the upper parts, 10 to 18 in. 
 high. Flowers, in early summer ; rosy- 
 red, in close, showy heads; petals 
 slightly bifid ; calyx tubular, narrow, 
 about 4 in: long, purplish. Leaves, 
 opposite, grass-like, about 3 in. long, 
 and scarcely \ in. wide, with a 
 reddish tip. There are several va- 
 rieties, the most worthy of cultivation 
 being splendens, a variety with brighter 
 flowers ; alba, a charming white one, 
 and the double ones, which have fine 
 rocket-like flowers. Found in Wales 
 and near Edinburgh, and freely dis- 
 tributed over Europe and Asia. 
 
 Arid rough slopes of the rock-garden, 
 in any soil, or in borders, or in a semi- 
 wild state on slopes or banks. Divi- 
 sion or seed. 
 
 Lycopodium dendroideum (Ground 
 Pine}. A club-moss, in habit like a, 
 Lilliputian pine - tree. The sterna, 
 
172 
 
 LYSIMACHTA. 
 
 growing to a height of 6 to 9 in. from 
 a creeping root, are much branched 
 and clothed with small, bright, shin- 
 ing green leaves. Fruit- cones yellow, 
 long, cylindrical, and, like the stem, 
 erect. A native of moist woods in 
 North America, and high mountains 
 
 of the Southern United States. 
 
 "Well adapted for the embellishment 
 of rockwork, where it should be estab- 
 lished in a deep bed of moist, sandy 
 peat, fully exposed to the sun. Careful 
 division and spores, which should be 
 sown in a moist spot, in a half -shady 
 position, the soil being made level and 
 firm, and surfaced with a little silver 
 sand. 
 
 Lysimachia angustifolia (Narrow- 
 leaved L.} A graceful kind (a va- 
 riety of L. lanceolata), with smooth, 
 branching stems, 12 to 18 in. high. 
 Flowers, in early summer ; pale yellow, 
 small, drooping, in short terminal 
 racemes ; divisions of the corolla 
 oblong. Leaves, dotted, long, linear. 
 
 North America. Borders, in sandy 
 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Lysimacliia Ephemerum (Willow- 
 leaved L). A distinct kind, of grace- 
 ful habit, and with sea-green leaves ; 
 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 white, in handsome upright racemes ; 
 corolla wheel-shaped, divisions blunt, 
 spreading; stamens projecting. Leaves, 
 linear- lance-shaped, stalkless, smooth, 
 entire. Stem smooth, round, hollow. 
 A native of several parts of Southern 
 
 Europe. Naturalized in copses or 
 
 woods, or occasionally in borders in 
 light soil. Division. 
 
 Lysimachia Leschenaultii (Carmine 
 L.} A very interesting kind, about 
 1 ft. high. Flowers, late in autumn ; 
 of a brilliant carmine. Leaves, lanceo- 
 late, acute, sometimes opposite or ter- 
 nate, sometimes alternate. Stem, 
 herbaceous, branching, tufted. Mala- 
 bar. This is too tender to be re- 
 commended for general cultivation, 
 
 but is worth a place in the rock- 
 garden, in sandy soil, in warm spots in 
 the southern counties. Division. 
 
 Lysimachia Nummularia (Creeping 
 Jenny). A well-known creeping 
 plant. Flowers, in summer and 
 autumn ; bright yellow, large and 
 very handsome, freely produced on 
 axillary stalks snorter than the leaves ; 
 corolla rotate, nearly 1 in. across, 
 deeply divided into 5 ovate, pointed 
 lobes. Leaves, opposite, roundish, on 
 short, broad stalks, smooth, somewhat 
 veined. There is a variety with the 
 
 leaves blotched with yellow. Ditch 
 
 banks, etc., borders, vases, and rock- 
 work, in any soil. Division. 
 
 Lysimachia thyrsiflora (Tufted L.) 
 A semi-aquatic kind, with erect 
 stems, 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; yellow, smaller than those 
 of the Common L., in dense racemes ; 
 stalks many-flowered, shorter than 
 the leaves ; corolla wheel-shaped, 
 deeply divided into narrow lobes ; 'seg- 
 ments of calyx narrow. Leaves, about 
 3 in. long, and nearly f in. broad at 
 the base, lance-shaped, acute, entire, 
 slightly pubescent beneath, stalkless, 
 many together at the top of the stern. 
 Britain, Europe, and Northern Asia 
 
 and America. Margins of streams 
 
 and ponds. Division. 
 
 Lysimachia vulgar is (Common Z>.) 
 A British plant, with erect branching 
 stems, 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; yellow, in short terminal 
 leafy panicles ; peduncles many- 
 flowered ; corolla bell-shaped, lobes 
 broad ; calyx 5-divided ; divisions 
 lance-shaped, varying in breadth, 
 ciliated at the edges. Leaves, rather 
 large, mostly in whorls of 3 or 4, ovate, 
 pointed, entire, but slightly waved at 
 the edges ; stems rather hairy at top, 
 
 smooth below. England, Ireland, 
 
 and Scotland, but less frequent in the 
 latter ; also in other parts of Eui ope 
 and Asia. Best suited for wild places, 
 
LYTHRUM MALYA. 
 
 173 
 
 tliough it is not unfrequently seen in 
 borders, in moist ordinary soil. Division. 
 
 Lythrum alatum ( Winged-stemmed 
 L.) An elegant half- shrubby, smooth 
 herb, 2 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer; fine purple, small, solitary 
 in the axils of the leaves, almost stalk- 
 less ; petals 6 ; stamens 6. Leaves, 
 opposite, ovate-oblong, acute, slightly 
 heart-shaped at the base, stalkless, or 
 on very short stalks ; branches twiggy, 
 tetragonally winged. Southern parts 
 
 of N. America. Borders and fringes 
 
 of shrubbery, in sandy soil. Division. 
 
 Lythrum Salicaria (Loosestrife). 
 A vigorous native herb, with erect, 
 slightly - branched, reddish stems ; 
 smooth, 4-angled below, pubescent, 
 and 5-angled above ; 2 to 5 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; reddish-purple, 
 almost stalkless, in whorls in the axils 
 of the leaves, forming a handsome, 
 long, leafy, terminal spike; petals 
 6-7 oblong, about 4 in. long, stamens 
 12-14. Leaves, about 3 in. long, 
 lance-shaped, entire, Willow-like, op- 
 posite, 3 or sometimes 4 in a whorl, 
 clasping the stem at the base. Europe 
 
 and Britain. The finely-coloured 
 
 variety known in gardens as L. roseum- 
 superbum is, well-worthy of a place by 
 the margin of every stream and lake ; 
 it also thrives in borders, in any soil. 
 Division. 
 
 Lythrum virgatum (Twiggy Purple L. ) 
 Allied to the previous species but 
 smoother, of a looser habit, and with 
 the flowers in threes ; 2 to 3 ft. high or 
 more, flowers, in summer ; purple, in 
 spikes about the same size as those of 
 the common L. Leaves, opposite, entire, 
 smooth, lance-shaped, gradually ta- 
 pering at the base, 1^ to 2 in. long. 
 Austria, Germany, Siberia, Russia, 
 
 and North America. Borders, in 
 
 sandy loam. Division. 
 
 Malva Alcea (Hollyhock Mallow). 
 A vigorous -growing perennial, up- 
 wards of 3 ft. high. Flowers, in sum- 
 
 mer ; pale rosy-purple, about 2 in. 
 across, in terminal and axillary 
 clusters. Leaves, palmate, with in- 
 cised divisions, long - stalked, light 
 green, thinly overspread, as are the stem 
 and leaf-stalks, with a short roughish 
 
 down. France. Borders, margins 
 
 of shrubberies, and naturalization, in 
 sandy loam, or ordinary calcareous 
 dry soil, in almost any position. Seed 
 or division. 
 
 Malva campanulata (Bell - flowered 
 Mallow). An interesting kind, with 
 ascending stems from 1 to 1^ ft. high. 
 Flowers, late in summer ; small, about 
 | in. across, bell-shaped, light pur- 
 plish rose-colour, in a long, lax, ter- 
 minal spike. Leaves, large, irregular 
 in outline, deepty lobed ; lobes twice 
 subdivided ; both leaves and stem 
 covered with very short thin down. 
 
 Chili. The rock-garden, or banks, 
 
 in well-drained sandy soil. It perishes 
 on the level ground in winter, and is 
 probably only hardy in the mildest 
 parts of Southern England. Seed or 
 cuttings, 
 
 Malva Morenii (Moren's Mallow}. 
 An herbaceous perennial, 2 to 3 fb. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; very 
 large (nearly 2\ in. across) ; pink-rose, 
 axillary, solitary, and in terminal and 
 axillary clusters. Leaves, 3-lobed, 
 variously cut and toothed, for the 
 most part resembling the leaves of the 
 common Oak in appearance and colour. 
 
 Italy. Borders, or naturalization, 
 
 in ordinary soil. Seed or division. 
 
 Malva moschata (Music Mallow). A 
 vigorous native perennial, 2 to 2| ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer; showy, 
 delicate rose-colour (sometimes white), 
 about 2 in. across, in terminal and 
 axillary clusters. Leaves, of the lower 
 part of the stem roundish, incised ; the 
 upper ones much divided, all with a 
 strong musky odour. The white 
 variety is very fine. Britain and 
 Europe in calcareous and gravelly 
 
174 
 
 MAZUS MELISSA. 
 
 soil. Same positions and treatment 
 
 as for M . Alcea. 
 
 Mazus Pumilio (Divarf M.) A very- 
 dwarf herb, creeping underground, 
 quickly forming dense tufts that 
 rarely reach more than an inch in 
 height, flowers, in summer ; pale 
 violet, with white centres, 1 to 6 on 
 slender stems, scarcely rising above 
 the leaves ; corolla about ^ in. across ; 
 lower lip, 3-cleft ; upper one 2- cleft ; 
 calyx bell-shaped, 5-parted. Leaves, 
 bundled, spreading, I or 2 in. long, 
 stalked, narrow-spoon-shaped, obtuse, 
 entire or lobulate, smooth or slightly 
 hairy. Australia and New Zealand. 
 
 The rock-garden, and borders, in 
 
 ordinary soil. Division. 
 
 Meconopsis aculeata (Prickly Poppy). 
 A beautiful species, with an erect, 
 furrowed, prickly stem, from 14 to 
 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; fine 
 purple, like shot-silk, solitary or ter- 
 minal in panicles. Leaves, on long 
 stalks, oblong, decurrent, somewhat 
 pinnate, with obtuse divisions. Seed- 
 vessels oblong, sharp on both sides, 
 densely covered with prickles. Hima- 
 layas. The lower and sunny flanks 
 
 of the rock-garden, in well-drained 
 sandy soil. Seed. 
 
 Meconopsis cambrica( Welsh Pappy}. 
 A handsome Poppy-like herb, form- 
 ing, when established, large pale 
 green tufts of rather hairy, divided 
 leaves; 1 ft. high. Flowers, in early 
 summer ; sulphur - yellow, largish, 
 erect, drooping in bud, on long 
 smoothish stalks. Leaves, pinnate, 
 glaucous beneath; leaflets ovate or 
 lance-shaped, toothed, lower ones on 
 long stalks, upper ones smaller and on 
 shorter stalks. Europe and some of 
 the Western counties of England, 
 
 Wales, and Ireland. On rocky 
 
 places or banks in peaty soil this plant 
 usually grows and looks best, taking 
 care of itself in a semi-wild state. 
 Seed or division. 
 
 Medicago falcata (Sickle Medick). 
 A vigorous British herb, with trifo- 
 liate leaves and prostrate stems, 2 to 
 4 ft. long. Flowers, in summer ; yel- 
 low, in short, close, axillary racemes, 
 on stalks longer than the leaves. 
 Leaves, pinnate, on short stalks ; leaf- 
 lets oblong or linear, smooth, toothed 
 at top, entire at base; stipules awl- 
 shaped, entire. Europe, Asia, and 
 the Southern and Eastern counties of 
 
 England. Banks or slopes, on 
 
 which its wide-spreading masses may 
 be seen to advantage, borders, or very 
 rough rock or rootwork, so planted 
 that its long shoots may fall over the 
 brows of rocks. It thrives in any 
 soil. Division or seed. 
 
 Melianthus major (Large Honey - 
 flower). A half -shrubby plant, with 
 very handsome and distinct grey, 
 pinnate leaves ; 4 to 6 ft. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; chocolate - brown, in 
 longish spikes springing from the 
 axils of the upper leaves. Leaves, 
 clasping the stem, having broadish 
 stipules sheathing the petiole, smooth 
 on both sides ; leaflets, 4 or 5, large, 
 deeply cut into acute divisions ; stems 
 hollow, woody at base. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. Hardy in sunny nooks on 
 
 sheltered banks, in well-drained soil. 
 The stems are usually cut down by 
 frost, but the plants look all the 
 better for this when they come up the 
 following summer. Seed and division. 
 
 Melissa omcinalis (Common Balm}. 
 A well-known old garden plant, 
 with a very grateful odour when 
 bruised ; 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; white or pale yellow, in 3- 
 to 6 - flowered whorls ; corolla twice 
 the length of calyx. Leaves, broadly- 
 ovate, blunt or heart-shaped at the 
 base, hairy above and smooth beneath ; 
 lower ones on longish stalks. There 
 is a variegated variety. Southern 
 Europe and Caucasus. The varie- 
 gated form is sometimes used as an 
 
MELITTIS MENZIESIA. 
 
 175 
 
 edging plant, and the common kind 
 might be naturalized in any position 
 or soil by those who admire fragrant 
 plants. Division. 
 
 Melittis Melissophyllum (BalniM.) 
 31. grandiflora. A very ornamental 
 native plant ; 1 to 2 ft. high, flowers, 
 in early summer; reddish- purple and 
 white, 2 to 6 in axillary whorls, on 
 hairy stalks, scarcely so long as leaves ; 
 corolla with a broad tube, nearly 
 1 in. long; upper lip slightly con- 
 cave ; lower one the largest, spread- 
 ing, 3-lobed. Leaves, about 2 in. long, 
 heart - shaped, stalked, opposite, 
 toothed, clothing the stem to the 
 apex, slightly hairy. Europe, Asia, 
 
 and Southern England. Margins of 
 
 shrubberies, in a wild state, among 
 shrubs, etc., in peaty soil. Division. 
 
 Mentha Kequieni (Requietfs Penny- 
 royal). Thymus corsicus. A very 
 minute creeping herb, quite smooth, 
 having the odour of Peppermint. 
 Flowers, in summer ; pale purple, in 
 loose, few- flowered whorls ; calyx 
 somewhat 2 -lipped, smooth ; throat 
 villous inside. Leaves, small, stalked, 
 roundish, almost entire ; stems spread- 
 ing at the base, much branched; 
 branches thread-like, ascending. Na- 
 tive of Corsica. The rock-garden, 
 
 allowed to trail about among the 
 Pearlworts and other minute plants 
 which usually make themselves at 
 home on all parts of this structure. 
 Division. 
 
 Mentha rotundifolia variegata. 
 A variegated variety, about 1 ft. 
 high. Flowers, late in summer ; very 
 small, whitish, numerous, in dense 
 cylindrical spikes. Leaves, opposite, 
 sessile, roundish, notched, wrinkled 
 on the upper surface, covered with a 
 cobweb-like down underneath, ele- 
 gantly variegated with green and light 
 yellow, which becomes darker with 
 
 age. Europe. Edgings, in ordinary 
 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Menyanthes trifoliata (BucTcbean). 
 A beautiful British aquatic herb, with 
 trifoliate leaves. Flowers, in early 
 summer ; corolla white inside, tinged 
 with red outside, beautifully bearded, 
 bell-shaped, 5-lobed; segments nar- 
 row, pointed. Leaves, on long stalks, 
 consisting of 3 oblong leaflets, 1 to 
 2 in. long, smooth, veined, edges 
 wavy. Common in Europe and North 
 
 America. Margins of lakes, ponds, 
 
 and streams, or in the artificial bog. 
 Division. 
 
 Menziesia ceerulea (Yew -leaved M.) 
 A small prostrate, evergreen, Heath- 
 like, much-branched shrub ; 4 to 6 in. 
 high. Flowers, in late summer and 
 autumn ; pinkish-lilac, in small termi- 
 nal, umbellate clusters, on glandular 
 stalks; corolla between } and | in. 
 long, bell-shaped with a contracted 5- 
 toothed mouth ; divisions of the calyx 
 5, tapering to a point. Leaves, crowded, 
 linear, obtuse, with very minute teeth 
 at the margins. Native of northern 
 and arctic parts of Europe, Asia, and 
 America, and on the Sow of Atholl in 
 Perthshire, Scotland. The rock- 
 garden, in moist peat. Division of 
 healthy tufts, or cuttings. 
 
 Menziesia empetriformis (Empetrum- 
 like M.)A small creeping Heath -like 
 evergreen shrub, allied to the previous 
 species ; seldom exceeding 6 in. high. 
 Flowers, in early summer; brilliant 
 rosy -purple, in clusters, on slightly 
 glandular stalks ; corolla bell-shaped ; 
 divisions of calyx ovate, obtuse. 
 Leaves, linear, obtuse; margins toothed. 
 North America, on the Rocky Moun- 
 tains, and near the mouth of Columbia 
 
 River. The rock-garden, in moist, 
 
 sandy peat, or in choice borders, where 
 it thrives on the level ground. Care- 
 ful division of established tufts, or 
 layers. 
 
 Menziesia yolifoli&ffi.Daboec's Heath). 
 A spreading, bnshy, evergreen, 
 Heath-like shrub ; 12 to 20 in. high. 
 
17G 
 
 MERENDERA MEUM. 
 
 Flowers, in summer ; crimson -purple, 
 in a graceful, one - sided, drooping 
 raceme; corolla oval, inflated, about 
 \ in. long; mouth 4- toothed; divisions 
 of calyx 4. Leaves, small ; lower ones 
 elliptic, upper ones narrow, clothed 
 with white down beneath ; margins 
 rolled back when young, but becoming 
 flat when older. There is a white 
 variety sold sometimes under the name 
 of M. globosa, more rare than the com- 
 mon form, and equally beautiful. 
 France, Spain, England, Ireland, and 
 
 Scotland. In beds of low shrubs, 
 
 fringes of shrubberies, among the 
 bolder plants in the rock-garden, in 
 peat soil, or naturalized in heathy 
 places. Division, layers, or cuttings. 
 
 Merendera Bulbocodium (Autumn 
 M.} Colchicum montanum. Very like 
 Hulbocodium vernum, but flowering in 
 autumn. Flowers, in autumn ; large 
 and handsome, of a pale pinkish-lilac, 
 with narrow, oblong segments. The 
 flower-stem remains under ground 
 during the period of flowering, then 
 commences to grow, and ultimately 
 bears the seed-vessel at a height of 
 about 4 in. Leaves, 4 or 5, appearing 
 soon after the flowers, linear, chan- 
 nelled, without veins, 5 to 6 in. long, 
 arching and finally spreading on the 
 ground. Bulb, nearly round, brownish, 
 the size of a hazel-nut. Native of 
 alpine meadows in the Central Pyre- 
 nees. The rock-garden and bulb- 
 garden, till plentiful enough to be used 
 in borders, and for naturalization, 
 in deep sandy loam. Separation of the 
 new bulbs, and seed. 
 
 Mertensia maritima (Oyster Plant}. 
 Pulmonaria maritima. A trailing 
 evergreen, smooth, glaucous herb, 
 with branching stems; 3 or 4 in. 
 high. Flowers, in spring and summer ; 
 beautiful purplish-blue, erect, in a ter- 
 minal raceme ; corolla 2 or 3 times the 
 length of the calyx ; limb nearly bell- 
 ahaped; pedicels about in. long. 
 
 Leaves, ovate, bluntish, fleshy, eutiro ; 
 lower ones stalked, upper ones stalkless. 
 Found on the sea- shore in several parts 
 of Britain, and also in Northern Eu- 
 rope. An open spot in the rock- 
 garden, protected from snails and slugs 
 which are very fond of the plant, and 
 will quickly destroy it if permitted, 
 in free sandy or gritty earth (sea sand, 
 if obtainable, to be preferred). In- 
 creased by seeds, gathered and sown 
 as soon as they ripen. 
 
 Mertensia virginica ( Virginian Cow- 
 slip). Pulmonaria virginica. A hand- 
 some and graceful perennial, with 
 smooth, slightly glaucous leaves ; 10 
 to 18 in. high. Flowers, in April, May, 
 and June ; a beautiful purple-blue, 
 tubular, about 1 in. long, in clusters 
 rather gracefully drooping. Leaves, 
 lanceolate - ovate ; lower ones 4 to 
 6 in. long, and 2 to 3 in. broad, on 
 short footstalks ; upper ones of the 
 same shape, gradually diminishing in 
 size, stalkless. In its native country 
 it is said to vary with white and flesh- 
 coloured flowers, but I have not seen 
 any but the blue form in cultivation. 
 North America, on mountains, and 
 
 gravelly shores of rivers. Mixed 
 
 borders, margins of clumps of Ameri- 
 can plants, the lower parts of the rock- 
 garden, associated with the Aquilegias 
 and other taller alpines, or natu- 
 ralized in wood or copse ; in all cases 
 in a sheltered position, and in light, 
 rich, and well-drained soil. Division 
 in autumn, and seeds sown soon after 
 they ripen. 
 
 Meum athamanticnm (Spignel). A 
 very graceful British plant, with finely 
 divided Fennel-like leaves ; 1 to 2 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer; white, 
 tinged with green, in not very large 
 compound, terminal umbels ; petals 
 entire. Leaves, deep green, much cut 
 into thread-like segments ; those of the 
 root in a tuft ; of the stem, few, smaller, 
 less cut; stems channelled, slightly 
 
MICHAUXIA MIRABILIS. 
 
 177 
 
 brancliing. Found in the Highlands 
 of Scotland, North of England and 
 Wales, and in various parts of Wes- 
 tern Europe. Borders, banks, and 
 
 the rougher parts of the rock-garden, 
 used for the sake of its graceful leaves, 
 in any soil. Division. 
 
 Michauxia campanuloides (Harebdl- 
 liJce M.) A remarkable Campanula- 
 like plant ; 3 to 8 ft. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; white, tinged with purple 
 on the outside, drooping, in a panicle ; 
 corolla wheel-shaped, 8-parted, 3 or 
 4 inches across, the petals curled 
 back, showing the broad filaments ; 
 calyx and stigma 8-parted. Leaves, 3 
 to 5 in. long, clothed with stiff hairs ; 
 root-leaves heart-shaped, irregularly 
 lobed, stalked ; stalks margined and 
 lobed; stem-leaves lance-shaped, acute, 
 half embracing ; stems branching at 
 top, clothed with stiff hairs. Native of 
 
 the Levant. Borders, in deep 
 
 sandy loam. Seed. 
 
 Mimulus cardinalis (Cardinal M.) 
 A showy perennial, clothed with long, 
 whitish, glutinous hairs, allied to the 
 common Musk; 1 to 1^ ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; red or scarlet ; 
 corolla large, lobes notched at the 
 ends ; calyx tubular, scarcely plaited, 
 sharply toothed. Native of California. 
 
 Borders, in moist soil. Division 
 
 or seed. 
 
 Mimulus cuprseus (Coppery Monkey- 
 flower). A dwarf, very free-blooming 
 kind; 8 in. to 1 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; coloured, both on the inside 
 and out, with yellowish - copper, or 
 reddish-brown almost bordering on 
 crimson, with reflexed, velvety, and 
 somewhat transparent margins ; lower 
 lip prominent and plaited near the 
 throat, which is dotted with purplish 
 crimson. Leaves, opposite, usually 
 tinged with red ; the lower ones 
 wtalked, attenuated towards the 
 utalk, oval-lance-shaped, toothed ; the 
 upper ones sessile. Andes of Chili. 
 
 Borders, or the margins of beds of 
 
 American plants, in light moist loam 
 and peat. Division or seed, from 
 which it varies much. 
 
 Mimulus luteus (Yellow Monkey- 
 flower). A smooth herb, with coarsely- 
 toothed leaves ; 6 to 10 in. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; yellow ; calyx 
 ovate, when in a fruiting state bell- 
 shaped, teeth ovate, acute, upper one 
 largest. There have been numerous 
 hybrids raised from this species, with 
 flowers varying much in size and 
 colour. A native of Chili. Natu- 
 ralization, in moist or boggy places. 
 Division or seed. 
 
 Mimulus moschatus (Common Musk). 
 One of our most popular plants. 
 Flowers, in summer ; yellow, small, 
 corolla spreading ; upper lip 2-lobed, 
 lower one trifid; calyx tubular. Leaves, 
 somewhat clammy, hairy, on little 
 stalks, ovate, or ovate - lanceolate, 
 slightly toothed, rounded at the 
 base. Found near the Columbia River 
 on the north-west coast of America. 
 
 Borders, and naturalization in 
 
 moist places. Division. 
 
 Mirabilis Jalapa (Marvel of Peru). 
 A handsome bushy herb ; 2^ to 3 4 
 ft. high. Flowers, late in summer ; 
 funnel - shaped, nearly 2 in. long ; 
 of various colours, red, white, or 
 yellow, 3 to 6 in a terminal cluster, 
 opening only at night ; each blossom 
 is surrounded by a tubular, bell- 
 shaped calyx, with five divisions, 
 which continues to grow after the 
 flower has fallen. Leaves, alternate, 
 smooth, or finely ciliated, oval, acute, 
 with an obtuse, or almost heart-shaped 
 
 base. Native of Peru. Borders, 
 
 or in beds with the finer perennials, 
 in warm, deep, sandy loam. The tube- 
 rous roots frequently perish in winter, 
 and should therefore be taken up in 
 autumn and stored, as we store 
 Dahlias in winter. Seed and divi- 
 sion. 
 
178 
 
 MODIOLA MULGEDIUM. 
 
 Modiola geranioides (Geranium-like 
 M.} A hardy, tuberous-rooted, trail- 
 ing Malvaceous plant, 4 or 5 in. 
 high. Flowers, late in summer ; rich 
 rosy - purple, marked with a dark 
 line in the centre, solitary, 1 ID. or 
 more across, supported on very long 
 and slender flower-stalks, springing 
 from the axils of the leaves. Leaves, 
 cut into three very deep lobes, which 
 are again deeply cut, on stalks about 
 1 in. long, distant from each other. 
 
 North America. The rock-garden, 
 
 and easily grown in the margins of 
 borders in well-drained sandy soil. 
 Division. 
 
 Moehringia muscosa (Mossy M.) 
 A very dwarf evergreen herb, 2 or 3 in. 
 high, with prostrate, thread-like stems, 
 clothed with very narrow leaves, like 
 those of an Arenaria. Flowers, in 
 early summer ; white, small, axillary, 
 solitary ; divisions of calyx flat, lance- 
 shaped, acute. Leaves, linear, connate. 
 Europe, on the margins of woods, in 
 
 humid parts of mountains. The 
 
 rock-garden and borders, in fine, very 
 sandy loam. Division and seed. 
 
 Molopospermum cicutarinm (Cicuta- 
 like M.} A large and handsome Fern- 
 like plant, with dark-green shining 
 leaves ; 3 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; yellowish- white, in umbels ; 
 terminal ones large, fertile ; side ones 
 small, sterile. Leaves, large, of a lively 
 green, ternately decompound ; leaflets 
 lance-shaped, lengthened, deeply cut 
 into acute points ; stems large, hollow. 
 There is a form with leaves variegated 
 with yellowish - white and green. 
 
 S. Europe. In groups of fine-leaved 
 
 hardy plants, isolated in the grass, in 
 the picturesque garden, in borders, or 
 naturalized in half -wild places. Where 
 used in groups, or isolated in the kept 
 portion of the ground, it will be better 
 to pinch off the flowering, stems as 
 they appear. In good and deep soil. 
 Seed sown when ripe, and division. 
 
 Monarda didyma (Bee Balm}. A 
 fine strong perennial, with smooth, 
 acutely 4- angled stems ; 2 to 3 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; bright 
 scarlet, in distinct whorls, either soli- 
 tary or in pairs ; corolla widened, quite 
 smooth ; lips nearly equal, upper one 
 erect, entire, or notched ; lower one 
 spreading, mostly with three short 
 teeth at the apex ; calyx tubular, 5- 
 toothed, incurved, striped, scarlet, 
 throat almost naked ; bracts coloured. 
 Leaves, smooth, 2 to 4 in. long, broadly 
 lance-shaped, deeply serrate. North 
 America. Borders and naturaliza- 
 tion in copses, or anywhere in the 
 spaces among low shrubs, etc. Division. 
 
 Monarda fistulosa (Wild Bergamot}. 
 Allied to M. didyma, but with 
 hairy, obtuse-angled stems ; 2 to 4 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; pale red 
 or purple, mostly in solitary whorls ; 
 corolla villous ; calyces rather in- 
 curved, scarcely coloured ; throat his- 
 pid inside; bracts slightly coloured. 
 Leaves, oblong-lance-shaped, serrate, 
 flat, villous, green or greyish, on long 
 ciliated stalks. Common in hedges 
 and woods from Canada to Carolina. 
 
 The same positions and treatment 
 
 as for M. didyma. 
 
 Morina longifolia (Whorl Flower}. 
 Singular in aspect and ornamental 
 both in leaf and flower ; 2 to 3 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer; white in the 
 bud and when first opening, after- 
 wards changing to a handsome rose- 
 colour, which passes into a lively car- 
 mine, in crowded whorls in the axils 
 of the upper leaves ; corolla long, 
 tubular, spreading. Leaves, about a 
 foot long, 1 in. wide, pinnatifid, with 
 wavy margins, somewhat spiny-cili- 
 ated; stem tapering, not furrowed. 
 
 Nepaul. Borders, and in groups or 
 
 beds of the finer perennials, in good 
 deep soil. Seed. 
 
 Mulgedium alpinum (Blue Sow-this- 
 tle}. A tall blue composite plant, 3 to 
 
MULGEDIUM MUSCARI. 
 
 179 
 
 4 ft. high. Flowers, late in summer ; 
 deep blue, arranged in a corymb-like 
 cluster. Leaves, alternate, those of 
 the root lyrate-toothed, on long stalks 
 which are widely dilated at the base ; 
 stem furrowed almost simple. Alps. 
 
 Among tall perennials by wood- 
 walks and in semi-wild places, in dry 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Mulgedium Plumieri (Plumier'sM.) 
 Like the preceding but larger ; 6 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; purple, in 
 panicles almost like corymbs, with 
 short bracts. Leaves, broad, pinna - 
 tifid-runcinate, glaucous underneath. 
 
 South of France. Similar uses, etc. 
 
 to those for the preceding. 
 
 Muscari botryoides (Sky - blue 
 Grape Hyacinth}. A charming bulb, 
 6 in. to 12 in. high. Flowers, in 
 spring ; of a lovely deep sky-blue, with 
 six diminutive white teeth or seg- 
 ments, arranged in a short, dense, 
 almost globose cluster, afterwards 
 elongated on short drooping pedicels, 
 which become horizontal as the fruit 
 ripens. Leaves, linear, channelled, 
 stiff, erect, slightly glaucous. Southern 
 Europe. Borders, in all sorts of po- 
 sitions, in sandy loam. It is readily 
 increased by division, and will be the 
 better for being raised and divided 
 every third or fourth year. 
 
 Muscari commutatum (Changeable 
 Grape Hyacinth). Nearly allied to 
 M. racemosum, 6 in. to 10 in. high. 
 Flowers, in spring ; pitcher-shaped, at 
 first bluish, afterwards changing to 
 reddish -purple, in a very short ra- 
 ceme ; teeth of corolla inflexed, ap- 
 proaching. Leaves, linear, channelled, 
 flaccid, longer than the flower-stem. 
 
 Native of Sicily and Apulia. 
 
 Borders, in sandy soil. Division. 
 
 Muscari comosum. monstruosum 
 (Feathery Hyacinth) . Hyacinthus mon- 
 struosus. A singular and ornamental 
 plant, 12 to 18 in. high. Flowers, 
 in early summer ; bluish - violet or 
 
 amethyst-blue, all-sterile, composed 
 of slender, twisted, wavy, frizzled and 
 scaly divisions or filaments, and ar- 
 ranged in a large cluster 5 or 6 in. 
 long or more ; the clusters frequently 
 becoming so heavy, in proportion to 
 the sustaining power of the stem, that 
 they fall to the ground and require to 
 be propped up. Leaves, linear, ribbon- 
 like, channelled, toothed at the edges, 
 longer than the flower- stem. Bulb, 
 of medium size, covered with light 
 flesh-coloured or rosy, sometimes 
 brownish, coats. Southern Europe. 
 The variety named plumosum, differs 
 only in having the divisions of the 
 
 petals finer and more feathery. 
 
 Borders, fringes of shrubbery, or beds 
 in the spring-garden ; best in peat or 
 sandy loam. Division. 
 
 Muscari Heldreichii (Greek Grape 
 Hyacinth}. A beautiful long-spiked, 
 and as yet rare, kind. Flowers, in 
 spring ; of a fine blue, somewhat like 
 those of M. botryoides, but nearly twice 
 as large, and arranged in a longer 
 
 r'ke. Leaves, flat, like those of 
 commutatum, but not open at th 
 top like those of that plant. Greece. 
 The rock-garden and choice bor- 
 ders, at least till more plentiful, and 
 in deep sandy soil. Division. 
 
 Muscari luteum( Yellow G. Hyacinth}. 
 A large yellow and fragrant kind, 
 about 6 in. high. Flowers, in spring ; 
 large, deliciously fragrant, of a dull, 
 dirty purple as they open, and chang- 
 ing slowly .to a clear waxy sulphur ; 
 about 20 blooms to a stem. Leaves, 
 
 channelled, 8 to 10 in. long. 
 
 Borders, and sunny banks, or the 
 bulb-garden, in sandy soil. Division. 
 
 Muscari moschatum (Musk Hya- 
 cinth). Inconspicuous and dull-co- 
 loured but very sweet ; 8 to 10 in. high. 
 Flowers, in spring; purplish when 
 they first appear, but gradually be- 
 coming of an unattractive greenish- 
 yellow, slightly tinged with violet, 
 
180 
 
 MUSCARI MYOSOTIS. 
 
 deliciously fragrant and arranged in a 
 dense, nearly globose cluster about 
 2 1 in. long. Leaves, alternate, linear, 
 concave, about as long as the flower- 
 stem, of a tender green, spreading on 
 the ground. Bulb, of medium size, 
 
 elongated, yellowish. The Levant. 
 
 Borders, or naturalized on warm sunny 
 banks among the violets and early 
 spring flowers, in sandy soil. Division. 
 
 Muscari racemosum (Grape Hya- 
 cinth). The commonest kind, frequent 
 in cottage and old gardens, 4 to 8 in. 
 high. Flowers, in spring ; deep blue, 
 whitish at the ends, smelling strongly 
 of plums, arranged in a close cylin- 
 drical cluster. Leaves, few, linear, 
 rush-like, spreading, about 8 to 10 in. 
 long. Bulb, egg-shaped, small, whitish. 
 Southern and Central Europe and Bri- 
 tain. Borders, or naturalized in any 
 
 bare positions, in any soil. Division. 
 
 Myosotis alpestris (Alpine Forget- 
 me-not}. M. rupicola. An exquisite 
 alpine plant, 2 or 3 in. high. Flowers, 
 in early summer ; handsome blue, 
 with a very small yellowish eye, 
 sweet-scented in the evening. Leaves, 
 dark green, hairy, alternate, sessile, 
 oblong - Ian ce - shaped, in very dense 
 tufts close to the earth. North of 
 England and Scotland. It is distinct 
 from the Myosotis alpestris of Conti- 
 nental botanists. The rock-garden, 
 
 or the margins of the choice mixed 
 border, among the choicest plants, 
 either in fully exposed or somewhat 
 shady positions, in sandy or gritty 
 loam, kept moist in summer. Seed. 
 
 Myosotis azorica (Azorean Forget-me- 
 not). A beautiful kind, known at 
 once by its deep blue blooms not 
 having an " eye" of another colour in 
 the centre ; 6 to 10 in. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; rich purple when they 
 first open, afterwards of a fine indigo - 
 blue throughout ; about 4 in- across, 
 in dense racemes without bracts; 
 throat yellow ; calyx deeply divided ; 
 
 Leaves, hairy, upper ones oblong-ob- 
 tuse ; lower ones oblong-spoon-shaped. 
 
 Azores Islands. Warm and moist 
 
 nooks in the rock-garden, or half- 
 shady spots in borders, in moist peat 
 or sandy loam with leaf -mould. It 
 does not long endure, and is some- 
 what tender, so that some seed should 
 be sown every year in spring or sum- 
 mer, some of the seedling plants to be 
 kept over the following winter in 
 frames. Seed. 
 
 Myosotis dissitiflora^arfy Forget-me- 
 fiot). M. montana. A very early- 
 flowering beautiful plant, 6 in. to 
 1 ft. high. Flowers, very early in 
 spring ; large, handsome, deep sky- 
 blue, numerous, continuing to bloom 
 till the middle of summer ; resembling 
 those of M. sylvatica more than any 
 other, but standing more apart from 
 each other on the spike. Leaves, oblong- 
 lanceolate, gradually pointed. Alps, 
 
 near the Vogelberg, Borders, the 
 
 rock-garden, beds in the spring- garden, 
 or naturalized here and there in copses, 
 woods, or shrubberies, in any (not too 
 cold or heavy) soil. In some moist 
 districts it sows itself abundantly ; 
 and it may be readily increased by 
 division and cuttings. 
 
 Myosotis palustris (Forget-me-not). 
 The well-known Forget-me-not; 6 to 
 12 in. high or more. Flowers, all the 
 summer, in one-sided racemes, either 
 simple or forked ; corolla rather 
 large, bright blue with a yellow 
 throat, limb flat, longer than the tube, 
 calyces 5-parted, not below the 
 middle, obtuse, spreading, on pedicels 
 about twice their length. Leaves, 
 smooth or hairy, obovate-lance-shaped, 
 obtuse ; stems creeping at base. Com- 
 mon in wet ditches, and by the sides 
 of streams and canals throughout 
 
 Britain. Although a common wild 
 
 plant, this well deserves a place in the 
 garden, among shrubs in peat beds, or 
 even as edgings, or used as a carpet 
 
MYOSOTIS NARCISSUS. 
 
 181 
 
 beneath taller subjects ; or in small 
 beds or borders in moist soil. Division. 
 Myosotis sylvatica (Wood Forget- 
 me-not). Now popular in conse- 
 quence of being used for flower- 
 beds in spring ; 1 ft. high. Flowers, 
 in spring and early summer ; blue, with 
 yellow throat, as large as those of M. 
 palustris, in long loose racemes ; limb 
 of corolla spreading out flat, longer 
 than the tube; calyx rather shorter 
 than pedicels, cut nearly to the base 
 into narrow segments. Leaves, oblong- 
 lanceolate, bluntish, clothed with soft 
 hairs. There is a white, a rose-coloured, 
 and a striped variety. Europe, and in 
 the North of England and Scotland. 
 
 In beds in the flower-garden in 
 
 spring, and should be grown in a wild 
 state abundantly by wood-walks in 
 copses, etc. It sows itself freely in 
 woods ; for garden -use it should 
 be sown in beds in August every 
 year. 
 
 Myrrhis odorata (Sweet Cicely). A 
 graceful-looking plant with a peculiar 
 but grateful odour, and with sweet- 
 tasted stems ; 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 spring and early summer; white, in ter- 
 minal compound umbels; involucre 
 wanting; leaves of involucels lance- 
 shaped, finely ciliated. Fruit from to 
 nearly an inch long, with 5 very promin- 
 ent ribs, often clothed with minute stiff 
 hairs. Leaves, rather villous beneath, 
 ternately decompound; leaflets deeply 
 divided and toothed. Root fusiform. 
 Britain and several parts of Middle 
 and Southern Europe. By wood- 
 walks, and in semi-wild places in any 
 soil, or occasionally used among fine- 
 leaved perennials. Division. 
 
 Narcissus bicolor (Two-coloured 
 Daffodil). Somewhat like the Com- 
 mon Daffodil, but handsomer and 
 distinguished from it by having the 
 tube of the flower of the same length 
 as the ovary, and the limb of the petal 
 of a pure white, expanding nearly 
 
 horizontally, the crown being of a 
 handsome yellow, with 6 very short 
 lobes, notched at the edges, and 
 swollen at the base. Flowers, in early 
 spring. Southern Europe, chiefly 
 
 in the Pyrenees. Borders, fringes 
 
 of shrubberies, and naturalization, in 
 grassy places. Division. 
 
 Narcissus Bulbocodium (Hoop-petti- 
 coat Narcissus). A very beautiful 
 and distinct Daffodil, now too seldom 
 in our gardens; 4 to 10 in. high. 
 Flowers, in spring ; 1 on eacb 
 stem ; rich golden yellow, with the 
 crown or cup usually erect, gradually 
 and regularly widening from the base 
 to the margin and longer than the divi- 
 sions. Leaves, erect, half round, dark 
 green, and somewhat rushy-looking, 
 in tufts. Native of Southern France, 
 Spain, and Portugal. There are two 
 varieties, viz. , lobulatus and serotinus. 
 On sunny spots in the rock- 
 garden, or warm borders devoted to 
 choice hardy flowers. It is not 
 sufficiently plentiful, or I should re- 
 commend it to be naturalized on snug 
 banks in the pleasure-ground. It' 
 should always have well-drained and 
 free sandy soil. Division. 
 
 Narcissus incomparabilis (Tncompar- 
 dbleDaffodil). Anne showy kind, most 
 frequently seen in the double form, 
 in which it is often called "butter and 
 eggs ;" 12 to 16 in. high. Flowers, in 
 spring; solitary, slightly fragrant; 
 outer divisions spreading, slightly 
 overlapping, 1 in. long, 4 or f in, 
 broad, usually of a paler hue than the 
 crown, which is orange yellow, about 
 4 in. deep and f in. wide, nearly 
 erect, much plaited at the throat, and 
 furnished with 6 deep imbricated 
 lobes. Leaves, 3 or 4 to each flower- 
 stem, about 1 ft. long and 4 in. broad, 
 bluntly keeled, greyish. Bulb pear- 
 shaped, 1 to ijin. thick, with light 
 
 brown coats. Southern Europe. 
 
 Borders, fringes of shrubberies, and 
 
182 
 
 NARCISSUS. 
 
 naturalized by wood- walks in ordinary 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Narcissus Jonquilla (Jonquille). A 
 favourite old plant, slenderer and 
 more delicate than the other garden 
 kinds, and with blooms almost as 
 sweet as orange-blossoins ; 9 to 15 in. 
 high. Flowers, in spring; 2 to 6 
 on a stem ; outer divisions a bright 
 yellow, spreading horizontally when 
 fully expanded, f in. to ^ in. long, 
 slightly imbricated, lance - shaped, 
 broader towards the end and pointed ; 
 crown saucer-shaped, not more than a 
 line deep, about the same colour as 
 the outer divisions, the edge faintly 
 and bluntly notched, about fin. across. 
 Leaves, 1 to 2 to each flower-stem, 
 deep glossy green, 8 to 12 in. long, 
 rush- like, semi-cylindrical, channelled 
 down the face, about a line in thick- 
 ness. Bulb roundish, pear-shaped, but 
 variable, less than 1 in. thick. There 
 is a variety with double flowers. Na- 
 tive of S. Europe. On warm sunny 
 
 borders, and sheltered nooks in the 
 rock-garden ; always in sandy and 
 thoroughly drained soil. Division. 
 
 Narcissus juncifolius (Rush-leaved 
 Daffodil). A beautiful little Daffodil, 
 recently introduced into cultivation ; 
 about 6 in. high. Flowers, in spring ; 
 outer divisions bright yellow, spread- 
 ing | to ^ in. long, | in. broad, 
 pointed, overlapping each other ; 
 crown same colour as divisions, nar- 
 rowing towards the base, slightly 
 notched, about 5 in. deep, and nearly 
 ^ in. across the mouth; one, two, 
 rarely three, to a stem. Leaves, 3 to 
 4 to each flower -stem, of a bright 
 green, quite cylindrical and rush-like 
 in shape, 4 to 6 in. long. Bulb egg- 
 shaped, about 4 in- thick. Native of 
 
 Spain and the South of France. 
 
 Level spots in the rock-garden in 
 very sandy soil, also in select borders; 
 or for naturalization in very bare and 
 rocky places, when sufficiently plen- 
 
 tiful to be spared for this pur- 
 pose. Division. 
 
 Narcissus maximus (Golden Daffo- 
 dil). A noble, hardy plant, by some 
 not considered a species, but the 
 finest variety of the Common Daffodil; 
 12 to 16 in. high. Flowers, late in 
 spring ; of a very bright golden-yellow, 
 with spreading, somewhat wavy, outer 
 divisions ; crown very large and deep, 
 with deeply- notched spreading lobes, 
 uniform in colour with the outer divi- 
 sions. Leaves, nearly flat. Bulb of 
 medium size, elongated pear-shaped, 
 of a light brown colour. Native of 
 S. Europe and some parts of France. 
 
 Borders, fringes of shrubberies, 
 
 and naturalization on grassy slopes 
 and in glades in half -wild places, in 
 ordinary soil. Division. 
 
 Narcissus minor (Least Daffodil). 
 A most interesting and diminutive 
 kind ; 4 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in 
 spring; outer divisions sulphur -yellow; 
 crown orange-yellow, bell - shaped, 
 with 6 -toothed, fringed lobes, much 
 longer than the outer divisions, one 
 bloom on each stem. Leaves, erect, 
 greyish, strap - shaped, about 4 in. 
 long. Bulb very small, round, dark- 
 brown, with thin coats. Native of 
 the Pyrenees and other parts of Spain 
 
 and Portugal. Select borders 
 
 among dwarf plants, or among like 
 subjects in level parts of the rock- 
 garden, always in fine, sandy, well- 
 drained soil. In consequence of its 
 dwarfness, it is better to allow a 
 carpet of some very diminutive plant, 
 like the Lawn Pearlwort, or Sedum 
 glaucum, to spread over the spot where 
 it grows. This will prevent the 
 flowers from being soiled by earthy 
 splashings. Division. 
 
 Narcissus odorus (Large Jonquille). 
 A fragrant, beautiful, and distinct 
 Daffodil, 12 to 15 in. high. Flowers, 
 in spring, sweet-scented ; outer divi- 
 sions bright yellow, oblong - lance- 
 
NARCISSUS NERTERA. 
 
 183 
 
 shaped, acute, very slightly paler than 
 the crown, which is about ^ in. deep, 
 slightly plaited ; usually two blooms 
 on a stem. Leaves, 3 to 4 to each 
 stem, nearly 1 ft. long ; not flat or 
 strap-shaped like most of the common 
 kinds, but concave on the face and 
 convex on the back, and usually 
 bright green. Bulb egg-shaped, gene- 
 rally more than 1 in. thick. Native 
 of S. France, Spain, Italy, and Dal- 
 
 matia. Borders, fringes of beds of 
 
 shrubs, the rougher parts of the rock- 
 garden, in sandy well-drained soil. 
 Also suitable for naturalization on 
 sunny sheltered banks in half-wild 
 places. Division. 
 
 Narcissus poeticus (Poet's Narcissus). 
 A beautiful and well-known garden 
 flower, sold abundantly in the 
 streets of London in May; 12 to 
 16 in. high. Flowers, late in spring 
 and in early summer ; one, rarely two, 
 blooms to a stem ; outer divisions 
 pure white, broadest towards the 
 point, slightly overlapping each other ; 
 crown about a line deep, saucer- 
 shaped, very much crisped, with a 
 bright scarlet edge. Leaves, flat, with 
 a blunt keel, greyish, of about the 
 same length as the flower-stem. Bulb 
 egg-shaped, more than 1 in. thick 
 when well grown. Southern Europe, 
 from France to Greece. N. angusti- 
 folia, and one or two other kinds 
 resemble this ; N. poetarum is 
 
 the larger variety. Suitable for 
 
 borders, fringes of shrubberies, and 
 any position in which the Common 
 Daffodil will grow, in almost any soil. 
 This plant deserves to be abundantly 
 naturalized in grassy places, by wood- 
 walks, and on sunny banks and slopes 
 where the grass is not mown till late 
 in summer, or not at all. Division. 
 
 Narcissus tenuior (Slender Narcissus}. 
 A slender species, about 8 in. 
 high. Flowers, late in spring ; 1 \ in. 
 across, light yellow, usually in pairs, 
 
 with a shallow deep orange cup ; tube 
 1 in. long. Leaves, few, grass -like, 
 about 7 in. long. Native country 
 
 unknown. Rockwork and front 
 
 margin of borders, in sandy soil. Di- 
 vision. 
 
 Narcissus tortuosus (Twisted Daffo- 
 dil). A. graceful, distinct kind ; 9 to 
 12 in. high. Flowers, early in spring ; 
 external divisions, whitish, nearly 1 in. 
 broad, and twisted or wavy ; crown 
 lemon-colour, fading late and imper- 
 fectly to sulphur white, and longer 
 than the exterior divisions. In other 
 respects it does not differ much from 
 
 N. bicolor. The Pyrenees. Borders 
 
 and naturalization on slopes, banks, 
 etc., in light deep soil. Division. 
 
 Narcissus triandrus (Three-stamened 
 N.) A charming kind ; from 6 to 
 
 9 in. high. Flowers, late in spring ; 
 solitary or in pairs, pale yellow, with 
 a bell-shaped cup of the same colour, 
 and reflexed petals. Stem tolerably 
 thick. Leaves, few, grass-like, 8 to 
 
 10 in. in length. Portugal. Rock- 
 work and front margin of mixed bor- 
 ders, in well-drained sandy soil. Di- 
 vision. 
 
 Nepeta Mussini (Bedding N.) A 
 somewhat downy plant, of a whitish- 
 green colour, and having a powerful 
 aromatic odour ; about 1 ft. high . 
 Flowers, in summer ; small, of an 
 azure blue, the lower lip being of a 
 deeper shade, in a long loose spike or 
 cluster; calyx velvety, and tinged 
 with violet. Leaves, opposite, stalked, 
 oval-obtuse; crenate. Caucasus. 
 A very free and vigorous plant, in 
 any soil. It is best suited for natura- 
 lization in rough places, not being 
 quite ornamental enough for the choice 
 border, though much used in bedding. 
 Division. 
 
 Nertera depressa (Fruiting Duck- 
 weed). A minute plant, resembling a 
 duckweed in the aspect of its leaves, 
 but with numbers of small round 
 
184 
 
 NIEREMBERGIA NUPHAR. 
 
 orange fruit. Flowers, in summer ; 
 white, very small and inconspicuous, 
 sessile, solitary in the axils of the 
 leaves, succeeded by a profusion of 
 bright red berries. Leaves, broadly 
 ovate, blunt or acute, from \ to i in. 
 long, rather fleshy ; stems 4 -angled, 
 tufted, creeping and rooting, 6io 12 in. 
 long. New Zealand, and the Andes of 
 
 South America. The rock-garden 
 
 in moist spots, or in pans. Division. 
 
 Nierembergia frutescens (Tall N.} 
 A very elegant plant, naturally of 
 somewhat shrubby habit, but with 
 us usually cut down by frosts in 
 winter; 12 to 18 in. high. Flowers, 
 in early summer ; delicate blue shad- 
 ing to white at the edges, about I in. 
 across when well-grown, densely pro- 
 duced on the much-branched, flax-like 
 stems. Leaves, linear, 1 to 2 in. 
 long. Easily distinguished from all 
 other cultivated species by its tall 
 
 and half -shrubby habit. Chili. On 
 
 warm borders or banks, or lower parts 
 of the flanks of the rock-garden, in per- 
 fectly-drained, light, rich soil. Very 
 quickly increased by cuttings put in a 
 gentle hot-bed. 
 
 Nierembergia rivularis (White Cup}. 
 A handsome plant, with slender, 
 smooth, creeping, rooting stems, much 
 branched and matted ; 4 or 5 in. high. 
 flowers, in July ; bell-shaped, white, 
 with a yellowish, and sometimes a 
 rosy tinge ; corolla about 1 in. across 
 with 5 broadly-obtuse, spreading lobes, 
 and a very slender tube, from 1 in. 
 to 24 in. long ; calyx to f in. long, 
 cylindrical, with 5 slightly spreading, 
 oblong - lanceolate, pointed lobes. 
 Leaves, very variable in size, 1 to 3 in. 
 long, including the stalk, which is 
 long and slender ; blade of leaf oblong 
 or oblong- spoon -shaped, obtuse, mem- 
 branous, almost without nerves. La 
 
 Plata. The rock-garden, and the 
 
 margins of borders, in moist, sandy 
 loam. Division. 
 
 Nuphar ad vena (Yellow American 
 Water-lily) . Nymphcea advena. 
 A noble aquatic plant, with heart- 
 shaped leaves, rising considerably 
 above the surface of the water. Flow- 
 ers, in summer ; yellow, with red 
 anthers, large, on round stalks, 
 rising above the surface of the water ; 
 petals numerous, small, never exceed- 
 ing the stamens ; calyx of 6 sepals, 
 purple within, and green without. 
 Leaves, erect, heart - shaped - oblong, 
 more narrowed towards the top thau 
 those of N. lutea, on half-round stalks. 
 Native of lakes, ponds, and ditches, 
 
 from Canada to Carolina. Lakes 
 
 and ponds, associated with our White 
 and Yellow Water-lilies, and other 
 fine aquatic plants. Division. 
 
 Nuphar Zalmiana (Small Yellow 
 Water - lily}. A small - flowered 
 species. Flowers, in summer : yellow, 
 floating. Leaves, heart-shaped, slightly 
 margined ; lobes nearly meeting ; leaf- 
 stalks almost round ; calyx with 5 
 
 divisions. N. America. Quiet 
 
 clean bays in lakes or ponds, or foun- 
 tain basins. Division. 
 
 Nuphar lutea (Common Yellow Water- 
 lily). A well-known inhabitant of 
 our rivers and ponds. Flowers, nearly 
 all the summer ; yellow, on stalks 
 rising a little above the surface, much 
 smaller and less expanding than those 
 of the White Water-lily, emitting a 
 brandy -like scent ; petals very nu- 
 merous; sepals 5, roundish, blunt, 
 erect, about twice the length of the 
 petals. Leaves, oval or heart-shaped, 
 smooth, flat, turning up a little at 
 the margins, 8 to 12 in. across, on 
 smooth 3-sided stalks. N. pumila is 
 a variety smaller in all its parts, 
 found in a few localities in Scotland. 
 Europe and Britain in slow streams, 
 
 pools, and ditches. Lakes, ponds, 
 
 or streams, associated with the White 
 Lily, Villarsia, and other good aqua- 
 tic plants. Division. 
 
NUTTALLIA (ENOTHERA. 
 
 185 
 
 Nuttallia pedata (Eird's-joot-leaved 
 N.) An erect, bushy, glabrous, 
 branching plant; 2 to 4 ft. high. 
 flowers, late in summer; handsome 
 reddish-violet with a white centre, in 
 panicles. Leaves, alternate, laciniately- 
 pedate, toothed, upper ones trifid. 
 
 North America. By wood-walks, 
 
 margins of shrubberies, or naturali- 
 zation, in ordinary soil. Division, or 
 seed. 
 
 Nymphaea alba (White Water-lily}. 
 One of the most beautiful of all 
 hardy plants. Flowers, in summer; 
 white, scentless, lying on the surface 
 of the water, 4 to 6 in. across ; sepals 
 4, smaller than the outer petals, about 
 2 in. long and 1 in. wide, smooth, 
 yellowish-green outside, white within; 
 petals from 16 to 24, in two or three 
 rows, the outer ones having a green 
 streak along the back. Leaves, deeply 
 heart-shaped, entire, smooth, larger 
 than those of the Yellow Water-lily ; 
 
 stalks round. Europe. In lakes. 
 
 ponds, or streams. It looks much 
 better as an isolated plant or group 
 than when the whole surface of the 
 water is covered densely with its 
 crowded leaves, as is not unfrequently 
 the case. Division. 
 
 Nymphaea odorata (Sweet-scented 
 Water-lily). A fine sweet-scented 
 kind. Flowers, in summer; white, 
 nearly 6 in. across when fully ex- 
 panded, very sweet-scented, opening 
 at early morn and closing in the after- 
 noon; petals blunt. Leaves, roundish, 
 entire, cut at the base into blunt 
 spreading lobes, 6 to 9 in. across, 
 notched at the apex. This species 
 varies with reddish or pink-tinged 
 flowers. N. minor is a variety with 
 much smaller leaves and flowers. In 
 
 ponds, North America. In ponds, 
 
 fountain basins, and slow - flowing 
 waters. Division. 
 
 (Enothera fruticosa (S'undrops). 
 One of the most ornamental species, 
 
 I to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 pale yellow, scarcely fragrant, erect 
 before expanding ; petals broadly 
 obcordate ; corymb peduncled, naked 
 below, lengthened in fruit ; tube of 
 the calyx much longer than the ovary. 
 Leaves, lance-shaped, or oblong-lance- 
 shaped, unevenly toothed, sessile or 
 slightly stalked ; stem simple, or 
 branching above, erect, purplish, stiff 
 but not shrubby. (E. serotina is a 
 variety having sessile leafy corymbs. 
 
 North America. Borders, margins 
 
 of shrubberies, or naturalization in 
 thin woods or copses, in sandy loam. 
 Division and seed. 
 
 (Enothera Jamesii (James's (E.)-A. 
 vigorous and showy species about 3 ft. 
 high with a decumbent stem. Flowers, 
 in summer ; very large, fine yellow, 
 in panicles at the ends of the branches ; 
 petals not much longer than the 
 drooping stamens. Leaves, oblong- 
 lance-shaped, acute, dentate. Canada, 
 
 by river-sides. Borders, in sandy 
 
 loam. Seed or division. 
 
 (Enothera linearis (Narrow -leaved 
 (E.) A neat kind, 10 to 15 in. high or 
 sometimes more. Flowers, in summer ; 
 yellow, somewhat corymbose, on the 
 tops of the branches, scarcely fragrant, 
 erect before expansion, unchanged in 
 fading ; tube of the calyx slender,longer 
 than the ovary but scarcely exceeding 
 the segments. Leaves, linear or nar- 
 rowly-lance-shaped, rather blunt, re- 
 motely toothed or entire, sometimes 
 linear-oblong, tapering at the base, 
 and slightly stalked ; stem slender, 
 often branched. N. America. Bor- 
 ders, margins of shrubberies, and bare 
 banks, in sandy loam. Division. 
 
 (Enothera marginata (Large Evening 
 Primrose). A magnificent kind ; 
 9 to 12 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 very large and handsome, whitish turn- 
 ing to rose-colour, deliciously fragrant ; 
 petals large ; tube of the calyx longer 
 than the segments. Leaves, lance- 
 
186 
 
 (ENOTHERA ONOBRYCHIS. 
 
 shaped, on long stalks, deeply jagged 
 or toothed towards the base, about 
 the length of the calyx -tube. North 
 
 America. Borders, beds, and the 
 
 rock-garden, in light rich soil. Seed. 
 (Enothera missouriensis (Missouri 
 CE.) (Enothera macrocarpa. A hand- 
 some prostrate species, 9 to 12 in. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; light yel- 
 low, with orange veins, axillary, very 
 large ; corolla 4 to 6 in. across ; 
 petals, roundish-fan-shaped; tube of 
 the calyx often more than 4 in. long. 
 Leaves, thick, lance-shaped, acute, 
 tapering into a short stalk, greyish 
 when young, obscurely toothed. Mis- 
 souri, on dry hills, and on the Canadian 
 
 River. Borders, or rockwork, in 
 
 sandy loam. Seed, division, or cuttings. 
 
 (Enothera riparia (Rock Evening 
 Primrose}. A showy useful kind, 2 to 
 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; large, 
 yellow,in a somewhat leafy lengthened 
 raceme ; scarcely fragrant, erect be- 
 fore expansion, unchanged in fading ; 
 petals slightly obcordate. Leaves, 
 linear -lance-shaped, remotely toothed 
 or entire, rather thick, mostly blunt, 
 2 to 4 in. long, and pubescent along 
 the midrib and margins ; stems slen- 
 der, often twiggy, branched. North 
 
 America. Borders, or margins of 
 
 shrubberies, in ordinary soil. Divi- 
 sion or seed. 
 
 (Enothera speciosa (Tall White Even- 
 ing Primrose}. A very distinct, hand- 
 some, erect-growing kind, varying from 
 6 in. to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 white, large, fragrant, drooping before 
 expansion, turning to rose when fading ; 
 in a lengthened spike. Leaves, lance- 
 shaped or oblong-lance-shaped, taper- 
 ing at the base ; root- and lower stem- 
 leaves twice divided or pinnately 
 toothed near the base, the uppermost 
 ones denticulate or remotely toothed, 
 varying considerably in the degree of 
 division, as well as in the pubescence ; 
 stems often slightly woody at the 
 
 base, erect or ascending, branching. 
 South parts of North America. 
 Borders, in sandy soil. Division and seed. 
 
 (Enothera taraxacifolia (Dandelion- 
 leaved (E.) A popular and beautiful 
 prostrate plant. Flowers, in summer ; 
 large, white, changing to red when 
 fading; tube very long, petals large, 
 obovate, entire, 5-nerved; tube of 
 calyx cylindrical, widened at the 
 apex. Leaves, pubescent, alternate, 
 pinnatifid, sinuately toothed, but en- 
 tire at the apex ; stem lengthened, 
 branched, prostrate. Chili. Bor- 
 ders,^ good soil. Some of this should 
 be annually raised from seed, as it is 
 useful for surfacing beds containing 
 larger subjects. 
 
 Omphalodes verna (Creeping Forget- 
 me-not), Resembling a handsome 
 Forget-me-not, but with creeping 
 shoots ; 6 in. high. Flowers, in early 
 spring ; blue, in shape like those of 
 Borage, but smaller, about | in. across, 
 in few-flowered racemes, on erect, sim- 
 ple, smooth stems emitting stolons at 
 their base. Leaves, on long slender 
 stalks, bright green; root- leaves heart- 
 shaped ; stem - leaves broad - lance- 
 shaped, or oval ; rhizome creeping 
 underground. Southern Europe, in 
 
 woods. Naturalized in woods and 
 
 shrubberies, and also in borders or on 
 rockwork, in sandy loam. Division. 
 
 Omphalodes Lucilise (Rock 0.} An 
 exquisite perennial, with glaucous 
 leaves ; 4 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; broadly -funnel-shaped, fine 
 lilac-blue, nearly ^ in. across ; twice, 
 or more than twice, as large as those 
 of 0. verna. Leaves, oblong-obtuse, 
 those of the root narrowed into a long 
 footstalk, those of the stem sessile, 
 the upper ones ovate. Asia Minor. 
 
 The rock-garden, in warm spots, 
 
 in fine sandy soil, and in beds of dwarf 
 shrubs, etc. Seed and division. 
 
 Onobrychis montana (Mountain 0.} 
 A pleasing, almost decumbent, rock- 
 
ONONIS ONOSMA. 
 
 187 
 
 plant; 6 to 12 in. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; purplish rose-coloured, 
 in short compact heads ; keel longer 
 than the standard ; wings shorter than 
 the calyx ; back of the pod toothed, 
 sides wrinkled, downy. Leaflets, 
 Ian ceol ate- wedge- shaped, obtuse, mu- 
 cronate, smooth ; stipules united. 
 Elevated pastures of the Alps and 
 
 Pyrenees. The rock-garden, and 
 
 the margins of the mixed border, in 
 sandy loam. Division and seed. 
 
 Ononis arvensis (Hairy Rest-harrow). 
 A variable perennial, sometimes 1 
 ft. or 18 in. high, but generally a low, 
 spreading, much - branched under- 
 shrub, thinly clothed with soft hairs, 
 more or less glutinous. Flowers, in 
 summer and autumn ; pink, the upper 
 ones deeper, either solitary on short 
 axillary stalks, or forming a short 
 leafy raceme ; corolla rather longer 
 than the calyx. Leaves, pinnately 
 trifoliate ; leaflets oblong, side ones 
 smallest ; branches often ending in a 
 thorn. There is a variety smoother, 
 more thorny and erect, sometimes 
 called 0. campestris ; and 0. arvensis 
 alba is a white variety. Very common 
 in Britain and throughout Europe. 
 
 The white variety is a pretty 
 
 border plant, and the other kinds, if 
 too common in some parts to permit 
 of their garden use, look very pretty 
 naturalized in rough places. Division 
 or seed. 
 
 Ononis fruticosa (Shrubby Rest-har- 
 row). A very ornamental low shrub, 
 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in early 
 summer ; purple, nodding, mostly on 
 3 -flowered stalks, forming a handsome 
 raceme; calyx 5-parted; segments 
 equal, linear. Leaves, trifoliate ; leaf- 
 lets stalkless, smooth, lance-shaped, 
 shining, unequally serrated. Hills 
 and mountains in Southern Europe. 
 
 Beds of dwarf shrubs, isolated 
 
 specimens on grass, or on the lower and 
 rougher parts of the rock-garden. Seed. 
 
 Ononis Natrix (Ram Rest-harrow). 
 A downy viscid plant, exhaling an un- 
 mistakeably rammish odour; about 
 20 in. high. Flowers, in summer, and 
 sometimes a second time in autumn ; 
 yellow, veined with red ; standard 
 almost round, notched at the top ; 
 keel elongated, as long as the wings ; 
 calyx bell-shaped, irregular, with 5 
 divisions, of which the lower one is 
 the largest. Leaves, alternate, tri- 
 foliate, with oval-oblong or oboval 
 toothed leaflets; the upper leaves 
 sometimes simple, all accompanied 
 with lanceolate-acute stipules. South 
 
 of Europe. Banks and borders, in 
 
 sandy soil. Division or seed. 
 
 Ononis rotundifolia (Round-leaved 
 Rest-harrow). A somewhat shrubby 
 species, readily distinguished by its 
 roundish leaflets; 12 to 20 in. high. 
 Flowers, in early summer; rose- 
 coloured, with the standard veined 
 with crimson, usually in pairs, in the 
 axils of the upper leaves. Leaves, tri- 
 foliate; leaflets toothed, margined 
 with triangular teeth, and thickly 
 clothed with gland-tipped, slightly 
 viscid hairs. The Pyrenees and Alps 
 
 of Europe. Margins of shrubberies, 
 
 and naturalized, in sandy soil. Seed 
 and division. 
 
 Ononis viscosa (Clammy Ononis). A 
 handsome perennial with downy-vis- 
 cid stems from 15 in. to 3 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; yellow, the back 
 of the standard striped with purple, 
 numerous, in long panicled spikes. 
 Leaves, of the lower part of the plant 
 trifoliate, the middle leaflet larger 
 than the others ; upper leaves simple, 
 ovate, toothed, all with pointed sti- 
 pules. South of France. The rock- 
 garden or border, in ordinary free soil. 
 Described as an annual plant, but is 
 certainly perennial in some soils, 
 Division or seed. 
 
 Onosma taurica (Golden Drop). 
 A fine evergreen perennial, quite dis- 
 
188 
 
 OPHIOPOGON ORCHIS. 
 
 tinct in appearance from anything 
 else in cultivation ; 6 to 8 in. high. 
 Flowers, in spring and early summer ; 
 fine yellow, arranged in clustering 
 cymes ; corolla wide above, twice 
 as long as the calyx. Leaves, linear- 
 lance-shaped, acute, hispid, rolled 
 
 back at the edges. Caucasus. 
 
 Borders and the rock-garden, in warm 
 positions and in well -drained sandy 
 loam. Seed and cuttings. 
 
 Ophiopogon spicatus (Spliced Snakes 
 Beard). A fibrous-rooted herbaceous 
 perennial, about 1^ ft. high. Flowers, 
 late in summer and in autumn ; very 
 numerous, small, lilac ; in spikes from 
 2 to 5 in. long, with a tendency to 
 branch at the end . Leaves, flat, thin, 
 and furrowed underneath, about 2 ft. 
 
 long, by 4 in. broad. China. Borders 
 
 or margins of shrubberies, in sandy 
 loam. Scarcely ornamental. Division. 
 
 Ophrys apifera (Bee Orchis). An 
 interesting native Orchid, the bloom 
 of which resembles the body of a bee ; 
 6 in. to 1 ft. or more high, flowers, 
 in early summer ; few, large, rather 
 distant; sepals whitish, tinged with 
 purple; lip velvety-brown with yel- 
 low markings, convex, bearing some re- 
 semblance to a bee. Leaves, few, glau- 
 cous near the ground. Native of various 
 parts of England and Ireland, on cal- 
 careous soils. This interesting 
 
 plant may be grown without difficulty 
 in the rock-garden or border, or in a 
 small bed devoted to Orchids in cal- 
 careous well-drained soil. The only 
 way we can add to the stock in our 
 gardens is by gathering the plant in 
 a wild state, taking up the roots very 
 carefully. 
 
 Ophrys muscifera (Fly Orchis}. 
 Smaller than the Bee Orchis, 1 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in early summer ; 
 petals very narrow, purple;- sepals 
 green ; lip brownish- purple, with a 
 somewhat square, bluish, central spot. 
 Leaves, elliptical, 2 to 5 in. long; 
 
 fewer and narrower at the base than 
 those of any other species. Native of 
 damp calcareous thickets and pastures 
 
 in England and Ireland. Easily 
 
 grown with the treatment advised for 
 the preceding kind. 
 
 Opuntia Rafinesquiana (Hardy 0.) 
 A dwarf spreading Cactus, forming 
 clusters of thick, ovate, very green 
 stems, each 3 or 4 in. long, and about 
 3 in. broad, studded with small tufts 
 of minute, sharp-pointed, reddish, 
 hair-like spines. Flowers, in summer ; 
 bright sulphur -yellow. Fruit said to 
 be edible "like a gooseberry." North 
 
 America. This has been proved 
 
 hardy in England. Its most appropri- 
 ate positions are on dry banks or 
 borders, rough rock-work, old walls, 
 or ruins. Division and cuttings. 
 
 Orchis foliosa (Leafy 0.) A 
 showy handsome Orchid, from 1 
 to 2^ ft. high. Flowers, in May ; 
 numerous, purple, in an ovate or ob- 
 long-ovate spike, about 9 in. long and 
 3 in. broad ; sepals erect, ovate, ob- 
 tuse, palish-purple ; petals similar in 
 form, but narrower and smaller, nearly 
 erect, dark purple ; lip pendent, 
 very broad, roundly- wedge- shaped, 
 3-lobed (middle lobe smallest), purple, 
 with darker blotches of same colour ; 
 spur much shorter than the lip ; bracts 
 leafy, generally shorter than the flow- 
 ers. Leaves, unspotted, oblong, lower 
 ones blunt. Madeira, on rocky 
 banks. The rock-garden, in shel- 
 tered nooks in deep, light soil, or 
 grown in pots, in which way it haa 
 been frequently shown in London. 
 
 Orchis latifolia (Marsh 0.} A very 
 ornamental native kind ; 1 to 1 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; sepals dull 
 purplish-crimson; lip of the same 
 colour, paler at the base, and spotted 
 and lined purple; the middle lobe 
 usually not longer than the lateral 
 ones. Leaves, oblong- elliptical, broad- 
 est near the middle, usually spotted 
 
ORCHIS OROBUS. 
 
 189 
 
 with purplish-black. Bogs and marshes 
 in most parts of Great Britain and 
 Ireland. There is a fine large variety 
 recently introduced into cultivation. 
 
 The bog - bed, associated with 
 
 Cypripedium spectabile, and like plants. 
 This may be increased by division of 
 established tufts. 
 
 Orchis laxiflora (Guernsey 0.) A 
 showy-flowered species, 1 to 3 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; of a very 
 rich crimson-purple, in a very lax 
 spike 3 to 9 in. long ; bracts 3- to 5- 
 nerved, generally tinged with crimson. 
 Leaves, lance-shaped, or linear-lance- 
 shaped, 3 to 6 in. long, not collected 
 in a radical rosette, but distributed 
 over the stem. Root-knobs globular, 
 undivided, from the size of a black- 
 currant to that of a damson plum. 
 Channel Islands, in meadows and 
 
 bogs. The rock-garden in a moist 
 
 spot, or the artificial bog ; it may also 
 be naturalized. Division. 
 
 Orchis macnlata (Spotted Hand 0.) 
 A delicately - coloured native 
 species ; 1 to 1 4 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; in an ovate spike, after- 
 wards elongated, pale purple, more or 
 less streaked with a darker hue. Lip 
 usually flat, deeply 3-lobed; lateral 
 lobes rounded ; middle lobe longer and 
 narrower. Leaves, usually spotted 
 with purple ; lower ones blunt or rarely 
 acute, broadest towards their top ; up- 
 per ones linear-lanceolate, resembling 
 
 bracts. Europe and Britain. This 
 
 plant does thoroughly well if carefully 
 placed in moist deep loam, in a some- 
 what shady border, forming large and 
 very handsome tufts. It may also be 
 grown with the other hardy Orchids in 
 almost any position. Division. 
 
 Ornithogalum narbonnense (Nar- 
 lonne 0.)Star of Bethlehem. A hand- 
 some bulbous plant ; 12 to 16 in. high. 
 Flowers, early in summer ; milk-white, 
 marked with a narrow green stripe on 
 .the outside of each petal, very nume- 
 
 rous, arranged in a cluster 4 to 8 in. 
 long, lax at the base and dense at the 
 top. Leaves, broadly-linear or sword- 
 shaped, deeply channelled, longer than 
 the flower-stem. Bulb, egg-shaped. 
 S. Europe, N. Africa, and the Cau- 
 casus. Borders, or naturalization 
 
 in sandy soil. Division. 
 
 Ornithogalum pyramidale (Tall Star 
 of Bethlehem). A tall and noble kind ; 
 1 4 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 of a pure white, marked with a green 
 stripe on the back of each petal, ao 
 companied with coloured bracts, and 
 arranged in a conical cluster, 6 to 8 in. 
 long. Leaves, linear, flat, of a soft 
 tissue, generally withering before the 
 plant has ceased to flower. Bulb 
 tolerably large, pear-shaped, slightly 
 flattened, somewhat resembling a Hya- 
 cinth-bulb. Native of the South of 
 
 Europe. Although this will grow 
 
 in almost any soil, its spikes will be 
 very much finer in deep, rich loam. 
 It is a fine border bulb, and might be 
 planted here and there in shrubberies 
 with advantage. Division. 
 
 Ornithogalum umbellatum (Star of 
 Bethlehem) . A popular cottage-garden 
 plant; 4 to 12 in. high. Flowers, 
 early in summer; of a satiny white 
 on the inside, and green striped with 
 white without, arranged in an umbel 
 on long stalks. Leaves, broadly -linear, 
 channelled, with a whitish streak 
 through the middle, usually withering ' 
 at the time of flowering. Bulb, under 
 the medium size, white, pear-shaped, 
 rather irregular in figure. South 
 Europe, North Africa, and the Cau- 
 casus. The flowers of this species 
 
 exhibit the peculiarity of opening 
 about 11 o'clock, a.m., and closing 
 about 3 o'clock p.m., whence the 
 French popular name of Dame d'onze 
 heures. Borders, in any soil. Division. 
 
 Orobus aurantius( Orange 0.) From 
 18 in. to 2 ft.high. lowers, early in sum- 
 mer; orange-yellow; peduncles shorter 
 
190 
 
 OROBUS. 
 
 than the leaves ; calyx hairy, with 5 
 teeth, 2 very short, the lower one very 
 long. Leaves, of 4 or 5 pairs of broadly- 
 oval pointed leaflets, with divergent 
 
 veins. Stems angular. Iberia. 
 
 Borders, in ordinary soil. Division. 
 
 Orobus atropurpureus (Dark-purple 
 0.) A Vetch-like herb ; 1 to 14 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in early summer ; pur- 
 ple, drooping ; stalks many-flowered, 
 1 -sided, forming a dense raceme at the 
 top ; corolla lengthened ; teeth of 
 calyx short, nearly equal, blunt. 
 Leaves, with one or several pairs of 
 smooth, narrow, acute leaflets ; sti- 
 pules semi-arrow-shaped, very narrow, 
 awned ; stems nearly simple, striped. 
 
 Mediterranean region. Borders, in 
 
 sandy loam. Division or seed. 
 
 Orobus cyaneus (Blue Bitter Vetcli). 
 Platystylis cyaneus A handsome 
 dwarf Vetch-like herb ; 6 to 12 in. 
 high. Flowers, in spring ; blue when 
 first opening, changing to purple, large, 
 handsome ; stalks few-flowered ; seg- 
 ments of calyx lance-shaped, hardly 
 as long as the tube ; style very broad, 
 a character which Sweet thought 
 sufficient to separate it from the genus 
 Orobus. Leaves, composed of 2 or 3 
 pairs of closely-set, narrowly lance* 
 shaped, acute leaflets ; stem simple, 
 striped. Caucasus. The rock- 
 garden and borders, in deep and 
 well - drained sandy loam. Divi- 
 sion and seed. 
 
 Orobus lathyroides (LatJtyrus-like 0. ) 
 A showy species with broad, smooth 
 leaflets, and black roots ; 1 ft. to 1 ft. 
 high. Flowers, early in summer ; fine 
 blue, small, numerous, in close spikes, 
 3 or 4 in number, springing from the 
 axils of the upper leaves; teeth of 
 calyx shorter than the tube. Leaves, 
 composed of two leaflets, which are 
 nearly 2 in. long and 1 in. across, 
 oval-lanceolate, acute, with straggling 
 nerves ; stipules half -arrow- shaped, 
 toothed at the base. Stem rigid, bent 
 
 near the top, slightly winged, not 
 
 branching. Siberia. Borders, in 
 
 ordinary soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Orobus lu teiis (Yellow 0.) A 
 good but not showy kind, 1 to 
 1-4 ft. high. Flowers, early in sum- 
 mer ; yellowish, the back of the 
 standard purplish-brown, in axillary 
 clusters of from 6 to 8 blooms. Leaves, 
 usually of 4 or 5 pairs of oval, pointed 
 leaflets, which are about 1 4 in. long, and 
 nearly 4 in. broad ; stipules large, half - 
 arrow-shaped, toothed near the base. 
 Siberia. Borders and naturaliza- 
 tion in ordinary soil. Division or seed. 
 
 Orobus variegatus ( Variegated Bitter 
 Vetch}. An attractive perennial, with 
 two firm and opposite wings on its 
 wiry, zigzag stems, which ascend to 
 about 1 ft. in height. Flowers, in 
 early summer; small, beautifully 
 variegated, the standard a fine rose 
 with a network of purplish-crimson 
 veins, the points of the side petals 
 being blue ; segments of calyx narrow, 
 acute, as long as the tube. Leaves, with 
 2 or 3 pairs of lance- shaped leaflets, 
 with almost parallel nerves ; stipules 
 ovate, en tire, acute, much smaller than 
 the leaflets. Southern Italy and Cor- 
 sica. Borders, in ordinary garden 
 
 soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Orobus vernus (Spring Bitter Vetch). 
 The most beautiful of its family at 
 present known to us ; 10 in. to 14 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in spring ; purple and 
 blue, with red veins, the keel tinted 
 with green, the whole changing to 
 blue ; freely produced on one-sided, 
 nodding stalks, shorter than the 
 leaves ; segments of the calyx broad, 
 hardly as long as the tube, lower one 
 longest. Leaves, with 2 or 3 pairs of 
 shining ovate leaflets ; stipules semi- 
 arrow-shaped, entire ; stems zigzag. 
 Boots black ; 0. flaccidus is a variety 
 with very narrow flaccid leaflets. 
 
 Southern and Central Europe. 
 
 Borders, fringes of shrubberies, etc., in 
 
OTHONNA OXALIS. 
 
 191 
 
 any soil, but best in a deep, rich, and 
 moist loam. It thrives perfectly 
 either in exposed, shady, or half -shady 
 places, and is eminently suitable for 
 naturalization in almost any position. 
 Division and seed. 
 
 Othonna cheirifolia (Barbary Rag- 
 wort). A low - spreading evergreen 
 perennial, with pleasing, glaucous 
 foliage ; 8 to 12 in. high. Flowers, in 
 early summer ; rich yellow, about 
 14 in. across, on thick succulent stalks, 
 at the ends of the branches ; rays 
 sharp-pointed, rather longer than the 
 calyx, which is cut equally into eight 
 segments. Leaves, greyish, thick, 
 lance - shaped, 3-nerved, stalkless, 
 narrow at the base, broad and rounded 
 at the apex ; stems half - shrubby, 
 
 spreading. N. Africa. Borders 
 
 and rocky banks, in any soil. In 
 cold soils it rarely flowers, in warm 
 loams it does so abundantly. Divi- 
 sion or cuttings. 
 
 Ourisia coccinea (Scarlet 0. ) A 
 handsome creeping plant, with flower- 
 stems from 6 to 8 in. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; scarlet, axillary, pendent, 
 in panicled clusters. Leaves, almost 
 all radical, oval or oblong, notched. 
 
 Chili. Rockwork, in half -shady 
 
 positions, in moist, well - drained, 
 peaty soil. Division. 
 
 Oxalis atropurpurea(^Tor^) (Purple- 
 leaved 0.) A densely - tufted, dark- 
 leaved plant ; 3 in. .high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; small, golden -yellow, in 
 an umbel. Leaves, of 3 obcordate 
 
 leaflets, purplish. South Europe. 
 
 Edgings, tufts, in borders, and as a 
 bedding plant, best in light, sandy 
 soil. Seed and division. 
 
 Oxalis Bowiei (Bowie's Wood Sorrel), 
 A brilliant dwarf bulbous perennial 
 6 to 10 in. high. Flowers, in autumn ; 
 fine rose-red, yellowish at the base 
 inside ; large and handsome, in umbels 
 on peduncles about equal in length to 
 tbc leaves. Leaves, of 3 obtuse leaflets, 
 
 almost sessile, handsome green above, 
 slightly pubescent underneath, ci- 
 liated. Cape of Good Hope. Warm 
 
 flanks of the rock-garden or on sunny 
 borders. In cold soils this seldom or 
 never flowers ; on warm well-drained 
 aud very sandy ones it does so abun- 
 dantly, and where this is the case it 
 may be used with effect as an edging- 
 plant round beds of autumn-blooming 
 plants. Division. 
 
 Oxalis floribunda (Many -flowered 0.) 
 A tufted,abundantly -blooming kind. 
 Flowers, in summer, continuously; 
 rose-coloured, with dark veins ; scape 
 many-flowered ; sepals obtuse, grey- 
 ish, roundish- egg-shaped, concave at 
 the apex, and hairy ; root tuberous. 
 There is a variety with white flowers. 
 
 Native of South America. Borders, 
 
 in ordinary sandy soil. Division. 
 
 Oxalis lasiandra (Woolly - stamen ed 
 0.) A singular and handsome species, 
 9 to 1 8 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 large, developed in succession, crim- 
 son, especially on the inside, the out- 
 side paler and finely pubescent, borne 
 in umbels of about twenty flowers ; 
 sepals linear-elliptical, blunt, green, 
 hairy, and marked with 4 orange- 
 coloured lines, which meet at the 
 apex. Leaves, all radical, digitate ; 
 leaflets 3 in. long, and 1 in. broad, 
 7 to 9 in number, on the top of the 
 stem, oval-spoon-shaped, wavy at the 
 edges, dark green, paler underneath, 
 and spotted with crimson. Mexico. 
 
 Borders, and the rock-garden, in 
 
 warm, sandy ^oil. Division. 
 
 Oxalis Valdiviana (Chilian Wood- 
 sorrel). A handsome species, with 
 a very branching stem, forming low 
 tufts about 6 or 8 in. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; deep yellow with a red- 
 dish streak particularly on the outside, 
 very much resembling those of Linunt 
 flavum, in small clusters on the ends 
 of very long flower-stalks. Leaves, 
 trifoliate; leaflets heart-shaped re- 
 
192 
 
 OXYTEOPIS P^EONIA. 
 
 versed, with very rounded lobes. Chili. 
 
 This plant in good soils and 
 
 favourable positions is perennial, but 
 when exposed is liable to be cut off in 
 winter. Rockwork, front margin of 
 mixed border, or naturalization on bare 
 banks, in well-drained sandy loam. 
 Seed. 
 
 Oxytropis campestris (Field 0.) A 
 dwarf stemless herb allied to the Milk 
 Vetch, but differing by the keel having 
 a fine point at its extremity ; about 
 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; yel- 
 lowish tinged with purple, erect, in a 
 dense, short, oblong spike ; point of 
 keel short, straight and erect ; scapes 
 hairy, about equal in length to the 
 leaves. Leaves, with many pairs of 
 lance-shaped leaflets, more numerous, 
 narrower, and much less silky than 
 those of the Purple Oxytrope. Europe, 
 
 America, and in Scotland. Borders 
 
 and the rock-garden, in sandy loam. 
 Seed and division. 
 
 Oxytropis fcetida (Fetid 0.) A 
 dwarf Vetch-like viscous fetid plant, 
 from 4 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in 
 summer; large, lemon-coloured, in 
 loose roundish-oval heads. Leaves, 
 of 15 to 20 pairs of linear or oblong 
 hairy leaflets with revolute edges. 
 
 Mont Cenis. Rockwork, and the 
 
 margins of the mixed border, in rich 
 loam. Seed or division. 
 
 Oxytropis pyrenaica(Py?gweaii 0.) 
 A handsome rock-plant 4 to 6 in. high. 
 Flowers, in summer; sky-blue, erect, 
 9 to 15 in a short crowded raceme 
 which afterwards becomes elongated- 
 oval ; bracts oblong ; calyx very hairy, 
 with short lance-shaped teeth. Leaf- 
 lets, lance-shaped or oblong, pointed, 
 somewhat concave, covered with long 
 silky hairs ; flower-stems set with 
 
 stellate hairs. Central Pyrenees. 
 
 The rock-garden, and among dwarf 
 plants in borders, in sandy loam. 
 Seed and division. 
 
 Oxytropis uralensis (Purple 0.) 
 
 An elegant little perennial, resem- 
 bling 0. campestris in habit, but more 
 densely clothed with soft silky 
 hairs in every part ; about 6 in. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; bright purple, in 
 dense round heads ; point of keel same 
 as in 0. campestris. Leaves, with 10 
 to 15 pairs of ovate, acute leaflets, 
 and an odd one. Scotland and other 
 
 parts of Europe. The rock-garden 
 
 and borders, in moist sandy loam. 
 Division and seed. 
 
 Paeonia albiflora (White-flowered 
 Paiony). A fine showy species, allied 
 to P. officinalis; 1 to 3 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in early summer ; white ; 
 petals 8, large, oval, concave; carpels 
 recurved, smooth. Leaves, ternate, 
 alternate ; leaflets 3-parfced, ovate- 
 lance-shaped, smooth, shining; differs 
 chiefly from P. officinalis by its stems 
 being nearly round, scarcely grooved, 
 and more slender, and by its larger 
 leaves. There are numerous varieties 
 of this species. Native from Siberia 
 to China. Beds, borders, naturali- 
 zation, groups on the grass in the 
 picturesque garden, or isolated speci- 
 mens in the same position, in rich, 
 deep, sandy loam. Division. 
 
 Paeonia arietina (Ram Pceony.) A 
 distinct kind, 2 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; purple. Leaves, with three- 
 lobed pinnatifid segments, decurrent, 
 oval-oblong, flattish, hairy under- 
 neath. There are 2 varieties : P. An- 
 dersonii which has deep rose-coloured 
 petals, less crisp than in the type ; and 
 P. carnea with flesh-coloured ragged- 
 edged petals. Supposed to be a native 
 
 of the East. Borders or fringes of 
 
 shrubberies, in deep rich soil. Division. 
 
 Paeonia edulis (Edible P.) A very 
 ornamental species, 2^ to 3| ft. high. 
 Flowers, in May and June ; rosy- flesh- 
 colour in the bud, pure white when 
 expanded, 1 to 7 on each stem, th<i 
 terminal one being the largest; fra- 
 grant with a rose-like odour; caly* 
 
P^ONIA PANICUM. 
 
 193 
 
 with 6 divisions, the 3 interior ones 
 larger than the others, entire or 
 notched; the outer one ending in a 
 leafy point. Leaves, alternate, ter- 
 nate, or biternate, with irregular 
 division, plane or concave, oval- 
 lanceolate, of a deep glistening green 
 on the upper side ; stems often tinged 
 with violet, slightly branching above. 
 There are many varieties of this 
 
 species. China. The same positions 
 
 and treatment as for P. albiflora. 
 
 Paeonia lobata (Loled P.) A com- 
 pact kind, 20 in. to 2 ft. high. Flowers, 
 in May ; deep rose, handsome. Leaves, 
 numerous ; segments nearly linear, 
 smooth, decurrent, pinnate, three- 
 lobed at the point. Seed-vessels 
 woolly, somewhat erect. Native of 
 
 Spain and Portugal. Treatment 
 
 the same as for P. albiflora. 
 
 Pseonia officinalis (Officinal Pceony). 
 A showy and popular kind ; 1 to 
 3 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer ; 
 red or crimson ; carpels recurved, 
 tomentose. Leaves, composed of seve- 
 ral unequal lobes, which are cut into 
 various segments, hairy beneath ; 
 stems unevenly 6- or 7-grooved. 
 There are several varieties, one (P. 
 corallina), considered as a species by 
 some, is naturalized in the rocky 
 clefts of the " Steep Holme" Island in 
 the Severn. Native of many parts of 
 
 Europe. The same positions and 
 
 treatment as for P. albiflora. 
 
 Paeonia tenuifolia (Fine - leaved 
 Pceony}. Very distinct in aspect, from 
 its fine thin leaflets ; 12 to 18 in. high. 
 Flowers, in early summer ; fine dark 
 red, nestling among the finely-divided 
 upper leaves ; petals 8, oval, spread- 
 ing ; carpels tomentose, spreading. 
 Leaves, alternate, divided into narrow 
 many-parted leaflets, smooth, on round 
 stalks, channelled above; stems round, 
 obscurely grooved, smooth, naked at 
 the bottom. The double form is the 
 one most frequently seen in gardens. 
 
 Siberia and Tauria.- The same 
 
 positions and treatment as for P. albi- 
 flora. 
 
 Pancratium illyricum (Illyrian P.) 
 A fine hardy bulbous perennial ; 
 16 in. to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer; very fragrant, of a dull 
 white colour, with a greenish - yel- 
 low tube, numerous, 6 to 12 issuing 
 from a 2-valved spathe at the top 
 of the stem. Leaves, oblong, ribbon- 
 shaped, glaucous. Bulb, very large, 
 pear - shaped, with an elongated 
 neck, 10 in. or 1 ft. long, and 
 covered with numerous, close, stri- 
 ated, glistening, brownish- black coats. 
 
 Southern Europe. Borders, in deep 
 
 sandy loam. Division in autumn; 
 replanting immediately. 
 
 Panicum altissimum (Tall P.) 
 Resembles P. virgatum, and though of 
 more elegant habit, is often con- 
 founded with it ; 20 in. to 6^ ft. high, 
 according to the climate, soil, etc. 
 Flowers, from late in summer until the 
 first frosts, in large branching pani- 
 cles, which, as they become old, 
 change to a dark red or maroon hue. 
 Leaves, linear, arching, with finely- 
 toothed edges. West Indies, Tropical 
 America, and West Coast of Africa. 
 Borders, groiips, or beds of peren- 
 nials, or isolated near the edges of 
 shrubberies, etc., in deep rich soil, 
 and in sunny positions. Division in 
 spring, or from seed; the former 
 method is preferable. 
 
 Panicum bulbosum (Bulbous P.) 
 An elegant grass; 3 to 4 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; panicle com- 
 pound, oblong, about a foot long, com- 
 posed of numerous, alternate, or op- 
 posite, erect, somewhat adpressed, 
 spikelets ^ in. long. Leaves, linear, 
 pointed, flat, striated, smooth on the 
 outside, hairy within, rough at the 
 edges ; sheaths striated, very smooth. 
 Root, bulbous, with thickish fibres. 
 There is a variety with pubescent 
 
 
194 
 
 PANICUM PAP AVER. 
 
 sheaths, and narrower leaves. Native 
 
 of S. America. Soil, positions, etc. 
 
 the same as those for the preceding 
 kind. 
 
 Panicum virgatum (Twiggy P.) A 
 very ornamental grass, growing in 
 large, handsome, lively-green tufts ; 
 upwards of 3 ft. high, in good soil. 
 Flowers, from late in summer, up to 
 the first frosts ; in panicles, which are 
 at first narrow and slender, and after- 
 wards spread and branch very exten- 
 sively. Leaves, linear, flat, 1 ft. or 
 
 more in length. North America. 
 
 The same positions and treatment as 
 for P. altissimum. 
 
 Papaver alpinum (Alpine Poppy). 
 A beautiful mountain Poppy ; 3 to 
 6 in. high, or more. Flowers, in sum- 
 mer ; white, with yellow centres, 
 solitary, on stalks springing from the 
 roots ; sepals pilose ; capsule roundish, 
 prickly. Leaves, smooth or hairy, 
 bipinnate; segments finely cut into 
 acute lobes. This plant varies a good 
 deal, there being white, scarlet, and 
 yellow forms in cultivation. P. a. albi- 
 florum is a variety with white flowers 
 spotted at the base, and P. a. flaviflo- 
 ru,m is one with showy orange flowers, 
 and hairy leaves and stem, growing 
 about 4 in. high. The higher Alps of 
 
 Europe. The rock-garden, in moist 
 
 sandy soil, and in cool spots. Seed. 
 
 Papaver croceum (Golden P.) Re- 
 sembles Meconopsis cambrica in habit, 
 but is not so hardy ; 8 to 1 5 in. high. 
 Floviers, in summer ; large, orange - 
 yellow, sometimes saffron ; petals 
 slightly waved at the margin. Leaves, 
 all radical, erect, of a delicate green 
 on the upper side, glaucous under- 
 neath, rough, as is the stem, with 
 spreading hairs ; sepals equally hairy. 
 Altai mountains in Siberia. Bor- 
 ders, and the rougher parts of the 
 rock-garden in sandy loam. Seed. 
 
 Papaver lateritium (Orange Poppy). 
 A handsome and large kind, densely 
 
 clothed with rigid white hairs, lg to 
 2 ft. high. Flowers, in May ; bright 
 orange ; rather more than 2 in. across ; 
 petals obovate, sepals covered on the 
 back with long yellow hairs. Leaven, 
 linear-elliptical, pinnatifid at the base ; 
 those of the root densely crowded 
 together, 6 to 12 in. long (including 
 the leaf -stalk), and from 4 i n - to 
 nearly 1 in. broad ; lower segments 
 much divided; upper ones few and 
 coarsely serrated ; stem-leaves much 
 smaller and nearly sessile. Valley of 
 the river Tscharuck, which separates 
 Armenia from the mountains of Pon 
 
 tus. Borders, or naturalization, in 
 
 ordinary soil. Division or seed. 
 
 Papaver nudicaule (Iceland Poppy). 
 Allied to P. alpinum, 12 to 15 in. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; rich yel- 
 low, scented somewhat like those of 
 the Jonquil, especially in the morning 
 and evening ; solitary on naked stems 
 springing from the root; sepals 2, 
 beset with bristles; petals 4, two 
 inner ones rather smaller than the 
 outer ones ; capsules roundish or ob- 
 long, hairy. Leaves, pinnately-lobed ; 
 lobes cut or toothed, acute. There 
 are several varieties. Siberia and the 
 
 northern parts of America. The 
 
 rock-garden, in cool moist spots, in 
 sandy loam or peat. Seed. 
 
 Papaver orientale (Oriental Poppy}. 
 The most showy of all perennials, 
 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in early 
 summer ; 6 in. or more across, one on 
 each stem, deep scarlet, usually with 
 a dark purple spot at the base of each 
 petal ; calyx of 3 sepals (not 2, as in 
 other Papavers); capsules smooth, 
 somewhat globose. Leaves, pinnately- 
 parted, about 1 ft. long, clothed with 
 white bristly hairs ; stem rough and 
 leafy. P. bracteatum, from the Cau- 
 casus, by some considered a distinct 
 species, is a variety of this differing 
 by the hairs of the calyx and flower- 
 stalks being adpressed and not spread- 
 
PAP AVER PAROCHETUS. 
 
 195 
 
 ing, by the bracts under the flowers, 
 and by flowering rather earlier. 
 
 Armenia. Borders, in ordinary 
 
 soil, and naturalization in open spots 
 in woods, copses, etc. Division or seed. 
 
 Papaver pilosum (Pilose Poppy). 
 A showy species, distinguished by 
 its very hairy stems and pale green 
 foliage ; 1 to 2 ft. high. Floivers, in 
 summer; brick-red or deep orange, 
 with a whitish spot at the base of 
 each petal ; equal in size to those of 
 P. lateritium, solitary on the tops of 
 the naked stalks ; sepals pilose. Leaves, 
 of the root oblong ; stem-leaves ovate- 
 oblong with serrated lobes, pilose on 
 both sides, cut, stem- clasping ; stem 
 densely, clothed with spreading hairs. 
 
 Bithynia, on Mount Olympus. 
 
 Borders, in sandy soil. Division and 
 
 Paradisia Liliastrum (St. Bruno's 
 Lily). Czackia. Anthericum. An 
 elegant alpine meadow plant, with 
 blooms large, pure, and white, like 
 small white lilies, 1 to 1| ft. high. 
 Flowers, early in summer ; fragrant, of 
 a transparent white, with a delicate 
 green spot on the point of each divi- 
 sion, about 2 in. long, funnel-shaped, 
 with six regular divisions, and ar- 
 ranged in a loose spike, from 5 to 10 
 blooms on each stem. Leaves, long, nar- 
 row and grooved, about 1 ft. long and 
 6 or 8 in number. Root fibrous, rather 
 fleshy, white. Abundant in the mea- 
 
 T dows of the Alpine Valleys of Pied- 
 mont, and many other mountainous 
 
 } parts of Central and Southern Europe. 
 Well suited for tufts on the lower 
 
 : parts of the rock-garden, or for the 
 choice mixed border, in good sandy 
 loam, and for naturalization in parts 
 of the pleasure-ground or open glades 
 in woods where the grass is not cut 
 early in the year, or at all. It should 
 be carefully protected from slugs. 
 Division and seed. 
 
 Parnassia asarifolia (Asarum-leaved 
 Grass of Parnassus). A beautiful 
 marsh perennial, with larger leaves 
 and flowers than those of the British 
 species; 6 in. to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; white ; petals 5, abruptly 
 contracted into a claw at the base. 
 Leaves, of the root kidney-shaped, 
 those of the stem- roundish, heart- 
 shaped. North America. The arti- 
 ficial bog, very moist spots near the 
 rock-garden in peat, or in pots plunged 
 nearly to their rims in water. Division 
 and seed. 
 
 Parnassia caroliniana (Large Grass 
 of Parnassus). Like the preceding, 
 but with heart-shaped leaves, 9 in. 
 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 from 1 to 14 in. across; white, with 
 green or pale-purple veins ; petals 
 sessile ; sterile stamens 3 in each set, 
 instead of 9 to 15 as in P. palustris. 
 Leaves, thick, leathery, roundish - 
 heart- shaped ; stem-leaves ovate, 
 
 stalkless. North America. Soil, 
 
 position, etc., the same as for the pre- 
 ceding. 
 
 Parnassia palustris (Grass of Par- 
 nassus). An interesting native bog 
 or moist meadow plant, 4 to 12 in. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; white ; 
 an inch or more across, marked very 
 distinctly with greyish veins ; petals 
 slightly scalloped at the edges and 
 notched at the apex ; stamens only 
 half as long as the petals. Leaves, 
 from 4 to l^ in. long, smooth, those of 
 the root heart-shaped, on grooved 
 stalks about 1^ in. long, bright green 
 above, greyish beneath ; stem with a 
 single embracing leaf below the mid- 
 dle. Britain and many other parts of 
 
 Europe. Positions and treatment 
 
 as for A . asarifolia. 
 
 Parochetus communis (Shamrock 
 Pea) . A beautiful creeping perennial, 
 with Clover-like leaves, 2 to 3 in. high. 
 Flowers, ia spring; handsome blue, 
 solitary, oolong stalks ; standard. two-, 
 o2 
 
196 
 
 PARONYCHIA PENTSTEMON. 
 
 lobed, drooping ; keel blunt, covered 
 by the wing ; each flower like a hand- 
 some blue Pea-flower. Leaves, trifo- 
 liate, like those of the common Sham- 
 rock; leaflets truncate, dentate -ser- 
 rate. Nepaul . The rock-garden 
 
 and choice borders in warm positions, 
 in light vegetable soil. Division or 
 seed. 
 
 Paronychia serpyllifolia (Thyme- 
 leaved P.) An interesting little creep- 
 ing plant, 1 to 2 in. high. Flowers, in 
 summer; white, small, in terminal 
 heads, hidden among the roundish 
 bracts ; sepals obtuse. Leaves, opposite, 
 ovate, stipulate, rather fleshy, smooth, 
 with ciliated margins ; stipules in 
 pairs ; stems prostrate, knotted, 
 branched. Southern Europe, in arid 
 
 E laces. The rock- garden, in any 
 ght soil. Division. 
 
 Pelargonium Endlicherianum (End- 
 licher's P.) The only hardy Pelar- 
 gonium, and a handsome plant ; 1 to 
 1 4 ft. high. Flowers, late in summer ; 
 large, rose-coloured, veined with a 
 darker shade, arranged in an umbel ; 
 the two upper petals only are fully 
 developed, the three lower ones being 
 almost rudimentary. Leaves, lower 
 ones roundish, notched and toothed, 
 of a greyish -green colour ; those of the 
 stem more or less deeply divided into 
 from 3 to 5 lobes. Taurus mountains 
 
 in Asia Minor. Warm nooks on 
 
 the lower flanks of the rock-garden, 
 warm borders or banks, in well- 
 drained, very sandy loam. Division 
 and seed. 
 
 Pentstemon argutus (Graceful Pents- 
 temon). A half- shrubby perennial, 
 covered with a short pubescence ; 3 to 
 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; bright 
 purple; tips of the divisions of the 
 lower lip sky-blue. Leaves, opposite, 
 nearly connate ; upper ones lanceolate ; 
 lower ones spoon - shaped, obtuse, 
 much and irregularly -serrated, dark 
 green on the upper side, paler beneath. 
 
 Mexico. Borders, in good, sandy 
 
 loam. Division and seed. 
 
 Pentstemon barbatus (Bearded P.) 
 A tall and brilliant perennial, 2 to 
 6. ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 showy scarlet outside, white within, 
 drooping, in long loose panicles ; 
 lower lip of the corolla 3-parted, 
 bearded with yellow hairs; sterile 
 filaments smooth. Leaves, con- 
 nate, narrowly lance-shaped, glau- 
 cous, very long, entire, channelled ; 
 root-leaves crowded, spoon-shaped ; 
 stems branched. There are several 
 varieties, P. Torreyi being a very 
 
 large and tall one. Mexico. 
 
 Borders, in sandy loam. Division, 
 cuttings, or seed. 
 
 Pentstemon campanulatus (Bell- 
 flowered P.) A very leafy, tufted 
 plant ; 16 in. to 2 ft. and upwards, in 
 height. Flowers, from May to the 
 first frosts ; light rose-colour, some- 
 what dull on the outside ; light flesh- 
 colour veined with violet-carmine 
 within, the lower lip having a few 
 scattered hairs ; corolla tubular, 
 swollen ; flowers grouped unilaterally, 
 in twos and threes, in the axils of the 
 leaves, and forming spike-like pani- 
 cles. Leaves, opposite, sessile, linear- 
 lanceolate or acute, serrated, the 
 upper ones slightly downy and viscid. 
 
 Mexico. Borders, in sandy loam; 
 
 one of the kinds, from which some of 
 our finest varieties have sprung. Seed 
 and cuttings. 
 
 Pentstemon Digitalis (Foxglove P.) 
 A handsome free -growing perennial; 
 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 white, downy, in racemose panicles ; 
 corolla large, nearly bell-shaped; the 
 upper lip shorter than the lower one, 
 which is 3 lobed and widened; sterile 
 stamen longer than the others, and 
 bearded about half way down with 
 white hairs. Leaves, smooth, glossy, 
 slightly toothed, and covered with 
 numerous small dots; root -leaves 
 
PENTSTEMON PETASITES. 
 
 197 
 
 oblong-lance-shaped, gradually taper- 
 ing at the base, and running down 
 the stalk, strongly nerved beneath, 
 and channelled above ; stem -leaves 
 heart-shaped, taper-pointed, stalkless. 
 
 Arkansas. Borders, in ordinary 
 
 soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Pentstemon gentianoides (Common 
 P.] P. Hartwegi. A beautiful and 
 well-known kind ; 2 to 3 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; purplish-red, in 
 panicles ; peduncles bearing from 1 to 
 3 flowers each ; corolla downy out- 
 side ; tube short, throat large ; upper 
 lip 2-lobed, lower one trifid, beard- 
 less ; sterile stamen smooth. Leaves, 
 lance-shaped, about 4 in. long, and 4 
 to f in. broad, smooth, entire ; stem 
 downy, slender in the upper part. 
 There is a white and numerous 
 coloured varieties of this species. 
 
 Mexico. Borders, in rich sandy 
 
 loam. In cold soils it perishes in 
 winter; in warm ones in mild dis- 
 tricts it is perennial, and forms full 
 handsome bushes, when in flower. 
 Seed and cuttings. 
 
 Pentstemon glaber (Dwarf-Blue P.) 
 A beautiful dwarf alpine species ; 
 6 to 12 in. high. Flowers, early in sum- 
 mer; exquisite blue-purple, varying 
 in hue, in terminal racemes ; corolla 
 nearly bell-shaped ; segments of calyx 
 roundish, tapering to a point ; sterile 
 filament slightly bearded. Leaves, 
 lance-shaped, entire, smooth, sessile, 
 the margins slightly undulated ; stems 
 mostly decumbent, but occasionally 
 more or less erect. P. speciosus is now 
 considered a variety of this, growing 
 taller and more erect, and P. cyanan- 
 t/ius is another form. North America. 
 
 The rock-garden, in sandy or 
 
 peaty soil, and in well- drained warm 
 spots, and on the margin of the choice 
 mixed border, in well- drained free 
 soil. Seed, cuttings, and division. 
 
 Pentstemon Jaffrayanus (Gentian- 
 Wue P.) A. handsome, slightly - 
 
 shrubby plant; 1 ft. to 16 in. high. 
 Flowers, from July to August ; hand- 
 some gentian-blue, bell -shaped, with 
 a very wide tube and reflected lobes ; 
 anthers purplish ; I to 2 flowers on 
 each pedicel, arranged in an irregular 
 cluster, 4 to 8 in. long. Leaves, op- 
 posite, glaucous, oblong-lanceolate ; 
 the lower ones narrowed into a foot- 
 stalk ; the upper ones stem- clasping 
 and broader ; stems tinged with a 
 
 reddish hue. California. In warm 
 
 lower parts of the rock-garden or on 
 warm borders, in well-drained very 
 sandy loam. This plant is somewhat 
 tender. Cuttings and seed. 
 
 Pentstemon procerus ( WhorledP.} 
 A very pretty, hardy, dwarf and spread- 
 ing kind; 8to 15in. high. Flowers, early 
 in summer ; pale blue veined with 
 purple, small, very freely produced in 
 little racemes, that stand so close to 
 the stem as to seem in whorls ; sterile 
 stamen bearded at top. Leaves, lance- 
 shaped, entire ; lower ones stalked ; 
 upper ones stalkless, sub-connate. 
 North-west America and the Eocky 
 
 Mountains. Flourishes freely in 
 
 borders, in almost any soil, and suit- 
 able also for the rock-garden, among 
 the more easily grown plants, and 
 also as an edging. Division. 
 
 Pentstemon Scouleri (Scouler's P.) 
 A neat shrubby kind; about 1 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; pale lilac- 
 purple, in racemes ; stalks one- 
 flowered ; corolla ventricose, nearly 
 2 in. long, spreading at the mouth ; 
 anthers downy; calyx downy, seg- 
 ments taper- pointed. Leaves, nar- 
 row, obovate-lance-shaped, sharply 
 notched ; upper ones entire ; stems 
 suffruticose ; branchlets pilose. North 
 
 West America. The rock-garden, 
 
 or borders, in free well- drained soil. 
 Cuttings and division. 
 
 Petasites fragrans (Winter Helio- 
 trope). A weedy-looking plant, 4 to 
 12 in. high. Flowers, in December 
 
198 
 
 PETASITES PHLOMIS. 
 
 and January, unless the weather be 
 very severe ; pale dingy lilac, in 
 a rather short racemose panicle, 
 deliciously fragrant. Leaves, round, 
 with a deeply heart-shaped base, 4 to 
 8 in. across, usually appearing early 
 in January. Rootstock creeping. N. 
 
 Europe and Great Britain. Unfit 
 
 for garden culture, as it runs very 
 much at the root, and becomes a per- 
 fect weed, but may be planted in 
 semi-wild places, lanes, and hedges, 
 as it is very useful for bouquets in 
 winter. Division, 
 
 Petasites vulgaris (Common Butter- 
 lur). Tussilago Petasites. A native 
 herb, closely allied to the common 
 Coltsfoot, but with great Rhubarb- 
 like foliage, 2 to 24 ft. high. Flowers, 
 in spring ; appearing before the leaves, 
 dull pinkish- purple, in a compound 
 raceme, on stems 6 to 12 in. high ; 
 flower-heads tubular. Leaves, very 
 large, heart-shaped, pointed, irregu- 
 larly toothed, downy beneath, on long 
 fleshy footstalks. Rather common in 
 England and other parts of Europe. 
 
 Exotic plants with less effective 
 
 leaves than this have been lately much 
 used with us ; it however should not 
 be allowed to come nearer to the gar- 
 den than the margins of some adjacent 
 stream, or in a moist bottom among 
 other large-leaved herbaceous plants. 
 Division. 
 
 Petrocallis pyrenaica (Rock Beauty). 
 A small and beautiful alpine plant, 
 when not in flower resembling a mossy 
 Saxifrage ; 2 or 3 in. high. Flowers, 
 in April ; pale lilac faintly veined, 
 sweet-scented, in short few-flowered 
 racemes. Leaves, small, wedge-shaped 
 at the base, cut into three short nar- 
 row lobes at the apex ; the lower ones 
 often cut into 5 lobes ; stems shrubby 
 at the base, dividing into many small 
 branches. Native of Northern Italy, 
 the Tyrol, and other parts of Southern 
 Europe The rock-garden, in light 
 
 moist sandy soil, and among the 
 choicest alpine plants. Careful divi- 
 sion and seed. 
 
 Phlomis ferruginea (Rusty P.) A 
 half -shrubby plant, with branches 
 clothed with rusty purple loose wool ; 
 1 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, early in 
 summer; yellow, downy on the out- 
 side, in partial whorls of 12 to 20 
 blossoms, with rough lance-shaped 
 bracts ; calyx tubular, velvety, with 
 long hairs at the throat, and short, 
 stiff, awl-shaped teeth. Leaves, 2 or 
 3 in. in length, oblong-lance-shaped, 
 obtuse, very much wrinkled, heart- 
 shaped at the base, green and velvety 
 on the upper side, covered with woolly 
 down underneath. Naples. Bor- 
 ders, and fringes of shrubberies, in 
 sandy loam. Cuttings and seed. 
 
 Phlomis fruticosa (Jerusalem, Sage). 
 A distinct-looking shrubby plant, 
 with branches clothed with a yel- 
 lowish down, 2 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; yellow, rather showy, in 
 whorls of 15 to 30, either solitary or 
 in pairs, at the tops of the branches ; 
 bracts broad. Leaves, lance-shaped, 
 acute, greenish, ciliated, oval or ob- 
 long, entire or more or less crenated. 
 Found in dry exposed places on moun- 
 tains on the Mediterranean coast. 
 
 Borders, fringes of shrubberies, or 
 banks, in ordinary soil. Cuttings and 
 seed. 
 
 Phlomis Herba-venti (Wind-herb P.) 
 A handsome, neatly - spreading, 
 large perennial, with erect green or 
 purplish stems, clothed with long 
 hairs ; 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; purplish- violet, in whorls of 
 from 10 to 20 ; corolla downy outside ; 
 calyx hairy, with awl-shaped, stiff, 
 spreading teeth; bracts awl- shaped, 
 ciliated, prickly, longer than the 
 calyx. Leaves, often 6 or 8 in. long, ob- 
 long-lance-shaped, crenated, rounded 
 at the base, leathery, green on both 
 eides, or greyish beneath, the upper 
 
PHLOMIS PHLOX. 
 
 surface shining, rough ; stem square, 
 much -branched. Southern Europe on 
 
 the Mediterranean coast. Borders, 
 
 shrubberies, or rocky banks in ordi- 
 nary soil. Division or seed. 
 
 Phlomis Eusselliana (RusseWs P.) 
 A vigorous herb, with nearly simple 
 stems, the branches being clothed 
 with a loose white down ; 3 to 5 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer; yellow, 
 from 30 to 50 in a whorl ; calyx 
 green, pubescent ; bracts narrow, very 
 acute, ending in a rather prickly 
 point. Leaves, of root large, 6-8 in. 
 long, ovate, deeply heart-shaped at 
 the base, wrinkled, green above and 
 covered with greyish tomentum be- 
 neath. Syria. Borders, fringes of 
 
 shrubberies, wild banks, etc., in ordi- 
 nary soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Phlomis Samia (Samian P.) Allied 
 to P. Eusselliana, but with less tomen- 
 tose stems ; 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 early summer ; greenish cream-colour 
 on the outside, and thickly set with 
 hairs ; pinkish inside, lower lip also 
 pinkish inside with numerous darker 
 coloured veins or streaks ; in axillary 
 and terminal whorls sometimes of 1 
 to 1 5 flowers each ; corolla tomentose ; 
 bracts numerous, linear, very acute, 
 prickly, as long as the calyx. Leaves, 
 heart-shaped, acute, crenated, wrin- 
 kled, green above and clothed with 
 grey tomentum beneath, on hairy 
 stalks; root-leaves about 3 in. 
 long and 1| in. broad at the base; 
 stem- leaves smaller; stems hairy, 4- 
 cornered, erect. Island of Samos and 
 Barbary. Borders, or naturaliza- 
 tion, in ordinary soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Phlomis tuberosa (Tuberous P.) A 
 handsome and vigorous perennial, 3 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer; purplish- 
 rose, overlaid with a downy hoariness, 
 very numerous, in dense whorls ; 
 upper lip very hairy, and margined 
 with a delicate white fringe ; lower 
 lip perfectly smooth ; bracts nume- 
 
 rous with long, thin, pointed divisional 
 irregularly set with hairs. Leaves, of 
 the root on long stalks, which are 
 deeply furrowed on the upper side, 
 oval-obtuse, deeply heart-shaped, 
 notched, wrinkled, and rough with 
 short hairs ; stem -leaves opposite, de- 
 cussate, oblong-lanceolate, growing 
 from the base of the whorls. Eastern 
 parts of Europe. Borders, or natu- 
 ralization in copses and shrubberies, 
 in ordinary soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Phlox Carolina (Carolina, P.) A. 
 smooth species, with stems ascending 
 often from a prostrate base ; 6 in. to 
 2 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer ; 
 pinkish or purple, in crowded corymbs ; 
 corolla about 1 in. long, and the limb 
 1 in. broad ; lobes round, entire ; 
 teeth of calyx short, triangular- lance- 
 shaped. Leaves, ovate-lance-shaped, 
 sometimes heart-shaped at the base, 
 
 attenuated. North America. 
 
 Borders, in light-soil. Division and 
 cuttings. 
 
 Phlox decnssata (Cross-leaved P.) 
 A beautiful kind, the parent of many 
 of our dwarfer garden varieties ; 20 to 
 30 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 numerous, red, arranged in pyramidal 
 corymb-like panicles; calyx with 
 short, acuminate, bristle-like teeth. 
 Leaves, opposite, oblong, or oval -lanceo- 
 late, acuminate, downy or whitish 
 underneath, the upper ones faintly 
 jagged at the base. There are nume- 
 rous varieties, one of which has varie- 
 gated leaves. North America. 
 
 Borders, and beds, in deep sandy 
 loam. Division and cuttings. 
 
 Phlox divaricata (Straggling P.) 
 P. canadensis. Intermediate in size 
 between the dwarf and tall kinds ; 9 
 to 16 in. high. Flowers, in spring and 
 early summer ; pale lilac or bluish, in 
 forked corymbs ; lobes of corolla ob- 
 cordate, notched at the end, equalling 
 or longer than the tube; calyx 5- 
 parted; teeth slender awl-shaped. 
 
200 
 
 PHLOX PHYGEL1US. 
 
 Leaves, oblong or ovate, opposite, 
 stalkless ; lower ones about 1| in. 
 long ; upper ones alternate ; stems 
 downy, spreading, or ascending from 
 a prostrate base. North America. 
 Borders and rockWork, in ordi- 
 nary light soil. Division. 
 
 Phlox ovata (Ovate-leaved P.] A 
 dwarf, neat perennial, considered by 
 some to be a variety of P. Carolina ; 
 1 ft. high. Flowers, from July to 
 August ; few, large, fine rose-colour, 
 with a short tube, which is much ex- 
 ceeded in length by the sepals. Leaves, 
 opposite, broadly-oval, pointed, sel- 
 dom heart-shaped at the base, some- 
 times tinged with red. North 
 America. Borders, and the rock- 
 garden, in well-drained, fine sandy or 
 peaty ground. Division. 
 
 Phlox paniculata (Panlded P.] A 
 showy and noble kind, the parent of 
 many of our garden varieties, with 
 smooth, erect stems ; 2 to 4 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; very fragrant, 
 varying from pale purple to white, in 
 a pyramidal panicled corymb ; lobes 
 of the corolla entire, rounded ; teeth 
 of calyx awn-pointed. Leaves, oppo- 
 site, broadly - lance - shaped, smooth, 
 pointed, tapering at the base, 3 in. 
 long, and 1 in. wide in the centre, 
 the upper ones often heart-shaped at 
 
 the base. North America. Borders 
 
 and beds, in good sandy loam. Divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Phlox procumbens (Procumbent P.) 
 A dwarf, hardy alpine perennial, 
 forming straggling tufts ; 4 or 5 in. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; about 
 f in. across, lilac, with violet marks 
 near the eye, in clusters of 3 or 4 
 blooms on the upper part of the stems. 
 Leaves, small, opposite, linear-lanceo- 
 late, sessile ; stems slightly downy. 
 
 North America. Rock work, front 
 
 margin of mixed border, in sandy 
 loam. Division. 
 
 Phlox reptans (Creeping P.) P. 
 verna, P. stolonifera. A neat, dwarf, 
 creeping, very showy kind ; 4 to 8 in. 
 high. Floivers, in spring, showy, 
 reddish - purple, in few - flowered 
 corymbs ; tube of corolla 1 in. long ; 
 limb about 1 in. broad. Leaves, of 
 root roundish - ob ovate, somewhat 
 smooth and thick ; those of the flower- 
 stems oblong or ovate, obtuse, often 
 
 clammy. North America. Borders, 
 
 the rock-garden, edgings, in tufts, 
 round beds of shrubs, etc., in any 
 rather moist soil. Division. 
 
 Phlox subulata (Moss;/ P.) A 
 pretty dwarf kind, with creeping, tufted 
 stems, densely clothed with narrow 
 moss-like leaves. Flowers, in April 
 and May, in great profusion ; pinkish 
 purple, with a darker centre, (some- 
 times white), in few-flowered corymbs ; 
 lobes of corolla wedge-shaped, notched, 
 rarely entire ; tube of corolla arched. 
 Leaves, from i to 4 m - lng, awl- 
 shaped, or narrow - lance - shaped, 
 fringed on the edges, pubescent, rigid. 
 A variety, P. setacca, has smaller 
 flowers, with a straight tube, and a 
 paler centre ; its leaves also are not 
 ciliated on the margin ; the white - 
 flowered form is grown under the 
 name of P. Nelsoni. North America. 
 
 The rock - garden, borders, in 
 
 tufts, on the edges of beds of low 
 shrubs, in the small rings at the base 
 of standard Roses, and in many 
 like positions, in rather moist, sandy 
 loam. Division. 
 
 Phygelius capensis (Cape P.) A 
 tall and showy perennial ; 1^ to 3 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer and au- 
 tumn ; numerous, pendent, with a 
 vermilion, elongated, rather curved 
 tube, and a yellowish throat ; limb of 
 the corolla very oblique, divided into 
 5 small rounded lobes. Leaves, oval, 
 or oval-lance-shaped, notched, resem- 
 bling those of Scrophularia nodosa. 
 Cape of Good Hope. Borders, on 
 
PHYSALIS PHYTEUMA. 
 
 201 
 
 the south sides of houses, walls, etc. 
 It is generally rather tender, but 
 thrives very freely in mild districts, 
 in light, sandy loam, or vegetable 
 soil ; in warmer countries it thrives 
 on walls, and stony or gravelly places. 
 Division. 
 
 Physalis Alkekengi ( Winter Cherry}. 
 A curious perennial, bearing scarlet 
 berries in winter ; 12 to 18 in. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; dull white, soli- 
 tary, on slender stalks, springing from 
 the axils of the leaves ; corolla rotate; 
 calyx ovate, coloured, enclosing the 
 berries, which are the size of a small 
 Cherry, smooth, and round. Leaves, 
 in pairs, entire, acute, of various 
 shapes, some ovate, others angled, on 
 long footstalks; stem slightly branched 
 at bottom; root creeping. Southern 
 
 Europe. In warm borders, among 
 
 low shrubs, etc., in sandy soil. Divi- 
 sion and seed. 
 
 Physostegia denticulata (Toothed P.] 
 A handsome perennial ; 1 to 1 1 ft. 
 high. -Flowers, in autumn ; rosy- 
 purple, spotted with red on the lower 
 lip, arranged in opposite pairs ; throat 
 inflated. Leaves, opposite, decussate, 
 obovate-lanceolate, distantly toothed. 
 North America. Borders, in ordi- 
 nary soil. Division. 
 
 Physostegia imbricata (Imbricate 
 P.] A tall and handsome perennial ; 
 3 to 6 ft. high. Flowers, in autumn ; 
 pale purple, the lower lip of a lighter 
 colour, marked with purple spots ; 
 upper lip much arched ; throat open ; 
 calyx globular and inflated when in 
 fruit. Leaves, of the root oval-lance- 
 shaped, toothed, reddish underneath, 
 stalked, arranged in rosettes ; stem 
 leaves opposite^ sessile, lance-shaped, 
 acute ; distinguished from P. vir- 
 giniana by its stems being higher and 
 slenderer, its leaves broader, its calyx 
 globular, and not egg-shaped, and its 
 Sowers of larger size, and of a deeper 
 
 colour. Texas. Borders and natu- 
 ralization, in sandy loam. Division. 
 
 Physostegia virginiana (Virginian 
 P.) A smooth perennial, with erect 
 stems, 1 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; flesh-coloured or purple, 
 showy, crowded in terminal racemes ; 
 corolla 1 in. long, upper lip slightly 
 arching, nearly entire, lower one 3- 
 lobed, spreading, the middle lobe 
 broadest, notched ; calyx inflated 
 when the fruit is ripe. Leaves, stalk- 
 less, lance-shaped, acute, or oblong- 
 ovate, very sharply toothed or nearly 
 
 entire. North America. Borders, 
 
 or naturalization, in moist loam. 
 Division. 
 
 Phyteuma comosum (Rock P.) A. 
 dwarf distinct alpine plant, with sea- 
 green leaves and flattish heads of 
 flowers, very large for the size of the 
 plant ; 2 to 8 in. high. Flowers, in 
 summer; blue, on very short stalks, 
 in simple terminal umbellate heads; 
 bracts very large, oboval, coarsely 
 toothed. Leaves, of the root, round- 
 ish - heart - shaped, on long stalks ; 
 stem-leaves short-stalked, oval-lanceo- 
 late, acute; stems smooth, procumbent, 
 spreading. The Alps. The rock- 
 garden, in dry sunny spots, in well- 
 drained, very sandy or calcareous soil. 
 I have seen this plant growing from 
 small chinks in arid cliffs, where pro- 
 bably no other plant could exist. Seed. 
 
 Phyteuma orbiculare (Round-headed 
 P.) A dwarf perennial, with small 
 flowers in dense heads, 6 in. to 1 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; numerous, 
 small, blue, in heads which are at first 
 spherical, but become egg-shaped in 
 the course of flowering. Leaves, alter- 
 nate, leathery, smooth, or velvety, 
 notched, obtuse; the lower ones 
 stalked, almost heart-shaped, lanceo- 
 late or oval-oblong; the upper ones 
 sessile, lanceolate, narrow. Southern 
 
 Europe. Borders, in ordinary soil. 
 
 Division and seed. 
 
202 
 
 PHYTEUMA PLUMBAGO. 
 
 Phyteuma spicatum (Spiked P.) A 
 species variable in the colour of its 
 flowers and the smoothness or pubes- 
 cence of its leaves and stems ; 1 ft. to 
 20 in. high. Flowers, in summer; 
 numerous, white in lowland districts, 
 blue on the mountains, in a lengthened 
 egg-shaped spike which often becomes 
 somewhat cylindrical. Leaves, smooth 
 or pubescent ; root and lower stem- 
 leaves stalked, oval-acute, broad, and 
 heart-shaped at the base, notched ; 
 the upper ones narrower, some of 
 them nearly linear. South of Europe, 
 
 in woods and meadows. Borders, 
 
 in ordinary soil. Division. 
 
 Phytolacca decandra (Pigeon Berry}. 
 A very vigorous and remarkable- 
 looking plant, with a rather unplea- 
 sant odour, and a large fleshy root, 
 often as thick as a man's leg ; 3 to 
 10 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 white, with green ovary, in terminal 
 racemes, succeeded by a long raceme 
 of dark purple berries which ripen in 
 autumn. Leaves, ovate, nearly 6 in. 
 long, and about 2 in. broad, changing 
 to purple in autumn ; stem often pur- 
 ple, erect, divided at top. Native of 
 Southern Europe, Barbary, and North 
 
 America. Naturalization in woods, 
 
 copses, and coverts, and also as iso- 
 lated plants, or in groups in pleasure 
 grounds, in deep sandy loam. Division. 
 
 Pinguicula grandiflora (Irish But- 
 terwort) . A very handsome dwarf bog 
 herb, the flower-stems attaining a height 
 of from 3 to 6 in. Flowers, in early 
 summer; fine violet-blue, on leafless 
 stalks springing from the root ; corolla 
 1 in. or more long, and about 1 in. 
 wide, spurred like those of the Horned 
 Violet, with a broad open mouth. 
 Leaves, in rosettes, light green, fleshy, 
 and glistening, oval or oblong, obtuse, 
 broadest in the middle. Bogs and 
 wet heaths in the South-West of Ire- 
 land. Moist, half -shady spots, in 
 
 the rock-garden, the artificial bog, or 
 
 in pots or pans in a moist and cool 
 frame, in peat or moist vegetable soil. 
 Increased by means of small green 
 bulb-like buds, which are thrown off 
 freely at the bottom of the stem. 
 
 Pinguicula longifolia (Long-leaved 
 P.) A very ornamental variety of P. 
 grandiflora, with flower- steins from 
 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in sum- 
 mer ; large, violet (rarely rose), soli- 
 tary, terminal, usually larger than 
 those of the type. Leaves, all radical, 
 elongated-elliptical, 4 to 5 in. long, 
 attenuated towards the base, of a 
 yellowish -green colour, fleshy and mu- 
 cilaginous. Central Pyrenees. 
 
 Rockwork, on slopes and ledges with 
 a northern aspect, in a slightly shaded 
 position, in peat and grit, wet, but well- 
 drained. Seed. Sows itself freely. 
 
 Pisum maritimum (Sea Pea). La- 
 fhyrus maritimus. An interesting and 
 ornamental native prostrate plant, 
 with sharply 4-angled stems ; 14 
 to 2 ft. long. Flowers, in summer ; 
 bluish-purple, in clusters of 6 or 8 on 
 axillary stalks. Leaves, alternate, 
 composed of 5 or 6 pairs of oval, ob- 
 tuse, entire, sessile leaflets ; stipules 
 2 together, acute, toothed at the base, 
 smaller than the leaves. Southern 
 coasts of England, of Kerry, in Ire- 
 land, and many other sea-coasts in 
 Europe, Asia, and America. Bor- 
 ders and fringes of shrubberies, in 
 deep sandy soil. In the College 
 Botanic Gardens, at Dublin, this forms 
 a very free and handsome plant, per- 
 haps from its proximity to the sea, 
 and from its being rooted in a rich 
 marine deposit. Division and seed. 
 
 Plumbago Larpentae (Hardy Blue P.) 
 A very ornamental perennial; 1 
 to If ft. high. Flowers, in autumn; 
 deep blue, changing to violet, in dense 
 bouquets on the summit of the stem, 
 and in the axils of the leaves ; bracts 
 oval, smooth, shining, ciliated. Leaves, 
 oboval, pointed, attenuated at the base, 
 
PODOPHYLLUM POLYGALA. 
 
 203 
 
 finely fringed, covered with very small 
 scales on both sides. Northern China. 
 
 Borders and the rock-garden, in 
 
 ordinary soil. It thrives everywhere 
 and in any soil, but to fully enjoy 
 its flowers where the soil is heavy, it 
 is better to plant it in sandy loam and 
 in a sunny position. Division. 
 
 Podophyllum Emodi (Himalayan 
 May Apple). A remarkable plant; 
 about I ft. high. Flowers, in spring ; 
 cup-shaped, whitish, 1 in. or more 
 across, not showy. Leaves, folded in 
 bud, roundish in outline, from 6 to 
 12 in. across, cut in 3 great lobes ; 
 the lateral lobes again divided in 2, 
 and the middle lobe in 3, all serrated. 
 Fruit, very large, edible, about 2 in. 
 long, bright coral red, fleshy inside, 
 irregular in outline. Himalaya Moun- 
 tains. In moist, deep, peaty soil, in 
 
 warm and slightly sheltered positions. 
 A fine plant for the margin of beds of 
 American plants, and also in bog-beds 
 associated with such plants as Cypri- 
 pedium spectabile, etc. Division and 
 seed. 
 
 Podophyllum peltatum (May Apple). 
 A curious plant with large leaves 
 and flowers like those of small single 
 Camellias, succeeded by round pale- 
 yellow berries ; 6 to 9 in. high. Flow- 
 ers, in May ; white, 1 4 to 2 in. across, 
 solitary between the two leaves; petals 
 9, rounded at the top, plaited at the 
 edges. Berry, about the size of a good 
 cherry, green at first, becoming yellow 
 when ripe. Leaves, opposite, peltate, 
 smooth, light green, irregularly 7- to 
 
 9-parted. North America. In shady 
 
 peat borders, or naturalized in woods, 
 in moist vegetable soil, and in shady 
 or half-shady positions. Division. 
 The horizontally-spreading roots are 
 the source of the now popular medi- 
 cine, Podophyllin. 
 
 Polemonium caeruleum (Jacob's Lad- 
 der). A well-known old border peren- 
 nial ; 1C in. to 2 ft. high. Flowers, 
 
 in early summer ; blue, in terminal 
 corymbs or panicles ; corolla with a 
 short tube, and a 5-lobed limb ; calyx 
 bell-shaped, hairy, 5-cleft. Ltaves, 
 pinnate, with from 11 to 21 lance- 
 shaped entire leaflets ; root-leaves 
 forming a dense tuft; stem-leaves few, 
 and smaller ; stems erect, stiff, smooth. 
 There are several varieties of this spe- 
 cies. P. cceruleumvariegatumis one with 
 beautifully variegated leaves, so grace- 
 ful that it might be mistaken for a 
 " variegated fern. " Of other varieties 
 the white-flowered one is perhaps the 
 most worthy of culture. Siberia and 
 Northern Europe, and apparently wild 
 in several parts of Britain. Bor- 
 ders, in ordinary soil. The variegated 
 form is used for edgings, and also has an 
 excellent effect here and there in the 
 mixed border. It may be increased 
 readily by the division of well-estab- 
 lished tufts in early autumn j the 
 common form by seed also. 
 
 Polemonium reptans (Creeping P.) 
 A low spreading kind; 6 to 8 in. 
 high. Flowers, in early summer ; 
 varying from blue to white, in a loose 
 panicled corymb ; lobes of corolla 
 wedge-shaped ; lobes of calyx rather 
 shorter than tube. Leaves, pinnate ; 
 leaflets 7 to 11, ovate, acute, of a 
 darker green than those of P. cceru- 
 leum ; stems leafy, weak. N. America. 
 Borders and the rock-garden, in 
 
 sandy soil. Division or seed. 
 
 Polygala calcarea (Chalk MilJcwort). 
 A veiy pretty, small, half-shrubby 
 plant, 4 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; blue, in terminal racemes. 
 Leaves, large, obovate, blunt, chiefly 
 in an irregular, large terminal rosette ; 
 those of the flower-stem short, smaller, 
 lanceolate. Chalk hills in the South- 
 east of England, rare. The rock- 
 garden, in sunny spots, in calcareous 
 soil. It is the easiest to cultivate of 
 the British kinds, and well established 
 tufts of it look very pretty among 
 
204 
 
 POLYGAL A POL YGONUM. 
 
 early summer flowering alpine plants. 
 Easily increased by careful division. 
 
 Polygala Chamaebuxus (Box-leaved 
 Milkwort}. A small, neat, evergreen 
 shrub, with Box-like leaves, attaining 
 a height of nearly a foot, or even 
 more, in fine, rich, moist soils, but in 
 poor ones not more than an inch or 
 two. Flowers, in early summer ; cream- 
 coloured or yellow, tipped with pur- 
 ple, emitting a pleasant odour, in few- 
 flowered racemes springing from the 
 axils of the upper leaves. Leaves, 
 oblong- lance-shaped, sharp-pointed, 
 stiff, smooth, and shining, closely 
 arranged on the stems. Alps of Aus- 
 tria and Switzerland, and other parts 
 of Europe. Borders, the rock- 
 garden, or beds of small shrubs, best 
 in peat or very sandy loam, kept moist 
 throughout the growing season. Divi- 
 sion of established tufts. 
 
 Polygala paucifolia (Fringed P.) 
 An interesting and handsome pe- 
 rennial, 3 to 4 in. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; rosy- purple, sometimes, 
 though rarely, white, large and hand- 
 some, about f in. long, 1 to 3 on 
 stems springing from the slender 
 prostrate shoots which also bear con- 
 cealed flowers. Leaves, of root small, 
 scale-like ; stem-leaves crowded at the 
 tops of the stems, ovate, acute, smooth. 
 
 North America. The rock-garden, 
 
 in leaf- mould and sand, associated 
 with such plants as Linncea borealis, 
 Trientalis, Mitchella, etc., in half- 
 shady places. Division. 
 
 Polygonatum multiflorum (Solomon's 
 Seal). A very graceful well-known 
 plant, 20 to 26 in. high. Flowers, early 
 in summer ; small and numerous ; pen- 
 dent, white, spotted with green in the 
 throat and bearded on the end of each 
 of the 6 divisions of the corolla. Leaves, 
 oval-oblong or elliptical, rather obtuse, 
 glaucous underneath, sheathing the 
 stem. Europe and Britain, in woods 
 and stony places. Thrives in almost 
 
 any position in sandy loam, and is 
 worthy of a place in the choicest 
 border or group, but is, perhaps, seen 
 to greatest advantage when leaning 
 forth from beneath shrubs or low trees 
 on the margin of a shrubbery or grove. 
 It should be abundantly grown as a 
 wild plant in woods. Division. 
 
 Polygonum Brunonis (Indian Knot- 
 weed). A dwarf perennial, 6 in. to 
 1 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; 
 handsome rose, in dense spikes, 2 or 
 3 in. long. Leaves, oblong-lance- 
 shaped, acute, narrowing into the 
 stalk, slightly turned back along the 
 margin, and curiously marked there 
 with cartilage, so as to present the 
 appearance of being hemmed with 
 white thread; stem -leaves small, al- 
 ternate, shortly stalked, and marked ; 
 ocrese large, completely surrounding 
 the stem, brown and scarious in the 
 
 upper half. Himalaya. Borders, 
 
 in ordinary soil. Division. 
 
 Polygonum cuspidatum (Giant Knot- 
 weed}. P. Sieboldi. A very large 
 perennial of noble port, 3 4 to 8 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in late summer and 
 autumn; white, disposed in slender 
 axillary clusters, forming a kind of 
 panicle, succeeded by very handsome 
 pale rosy fruit. Leaves, alternate, in 
 two rows, stalked, broadly-oval or 
 oval-oblong, acute, truncate at the 
 base ; stems erect at first, afterwards, 
 when laden with leaves and flowers, 
 
 gracefully arched. Japan. This is 
 
 most effective when planted as an 
 isolated specimen in the pleasure- 
 ground, or in groups of two, three, or 
 five tufts. It would also do well for 
 association with the more vigorous, 
 herbaceous plants in rough places, in 
 deep rich soil. Division. 
 
 Polygonum vaccinifolium (Rock Knot- 
 weed}. A neat half-shrubby plant, 
 with prostrate, woody, much-branch- 
 ing stems, 6 in. high. Flowers, late in 
 summer and in autumn ; bright rose, 
 
PONTEDBRTA POTENTILLA. 
 
 205 
 
 freely produced in nearly round spikes. 
 Leaves, smooth, ovate, or elliptical, at- 
 tenuated at both ends, the margin 
 slightly rolled back, netted with nu- 
 merous prominent nerves, bright 
 green, sometimes tinged with red 
 above, pale beneath. Mountains of 
 
 Northern India. Borders, and the 
 
 rougher parts of the rock-garden, in 
 ordinary soil. Division. 
 
 Pontederia cordata (Pickerel-weed}. 
 An erect aquatic plant, 14 to 2 ft. 
 high, with shining leathery leaves and 
 spikes of blue flowers. Floivers, in 
 summer and autumn ; numerous, 
 small, of a handsome sky-blue, some- 
 times white, with a greenish spot on 
 the inside of the upper lobe, arranged 
 in a bold spike. Leaves, thick, long 
 stalked, erect, oval - oblong or elon- 
 gated-heart-shaped, of a lively green, 
 on stalks dilated and sheathing at the 
 
 base. Mexico and Brazil. Margins 
 
 of ponds, streams, etc., in any soil. 
 Division. 
 
 Potentilla alba ( White-flowered Gin- 
 quefoil). A prostrate herb, 4 to 6 in. 
 high. Flowers, in early summer ; 
 white, strawberry-like, with a dark 
 orange ring at the base, nearly 1 in. 
 across ; petals obcordate, longer than 
 the calyx. Leaves, green and smooth 
 above, silvery with dense silky down 
 underneath ; lower ones quinate, up- 
 per ones ternate; leaflets oblong, 
 closely serrated at the apex ; stems 
 branched. P. Vaillantii is a variety 
 of this species with petals twice as 
 
 long as the calyx. European Alps. 
 
 Naturalization among dwarf plants, 
 in ordinary sandy soil. Division. 
 
 Potentilla alpestris (Alpine Cinque- 
 foil). A rare native plant, allied 
 to P. verna, but with leaves of a 
 paler green and on footstalks twice as 
 long, 6 to 12 in. high. Flowers, in 
 early summer; bright yellow, about 
 1 in. across; petals heart-shaped; 
 segments of the calyx acute. Leaves, 
 
 of root on stalks about 6 in. long, cut 
 into 5 wedge-shaped divisions, notched 
 at the top, rather hairy ; stem-leaves 
 ternate ; stems ascending. Found on 
 ledges of rocks and elevated slopes in 
 Scotland and Northern England, and 
 also in Switzerland, Lapland, and Den- 
 mark. The rock-garden and bor- 
 ders, in moist sandy loam. Division 
 and seed. 
 
 Potentilla atrosanguinea (Blood 
 Cinquefoil). A large showy kind, 
 clothed with silky hairs, 1^ to 2 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; beautiful 
 dark crimson, petals obcordate, longer 
 than the calyx. Leaves, ternate, 
 stalked ; leaflets obovate, deeply 
 notched, clothed with white tomen- 
 tum beneath ; stipules ovate-lance- 
 shaped, entire or 2-lobed; stems de- 
 cumbent. There have been numerous 
 splendid hybrids raised from this 
 species. Nepaul. Borders, in or- 
 dinary soil. Division. 
 
 Potentilla calabra (Calalrian Cinque- 
 foil). A very silvery kind, from 4 to 
 10 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; 
 lemon-yellow, about f in. across, 
 petals longer than the calyx. Leaves, 
 divided into 5 wedge-shaped'segments, 
 tomentose, particularly on the under 
 sides ; leaflets much cut into narrow 
 segments ; stem prostrate. Native 
 
 of Italy and Southern Europe. 
 
 Borders, and naturalized on rather 
 bare banks, in sandy soil. Division 
 and seed. 
 
 Potentilla. fruticosa (Shrully P.) 
 A low shrubby plant, growing 
 in tufts, with reddish, downy stems, 
 from 10 to 20 in. in height. Flowers, 
 all the summer ; small, yellow, nu- 
 merous, in terminal bouquets. Leaves, 
 shortly-stalked, of from 5 to 7 oval- 
 acute leaflets, very downy underneath, 
 
 erect. Pyrenees and Britain. 
 
 Among small shrubs, in rougher parts 
 of the rock-garden, or naturalization, 
 in sandy loam. Division. 
 
206 
 
 POTENTILL A PRIMULA. 
 
 Potentilla nitida (Shining Cinque- 
 foil). A neat small-tufted plant; 2 
 or 3 in. high. Flowers, in early sum- 
 mer ; delicate rose, the green sepals 
 showing between the petals with a 
 pretty effect ; petals nearly oval in 
 outline, notched at the apex, longer 
 than the calyx. Leaves, ternate ; 
 leaflets obovate, or wedge- shaped, 
 toothed at the apex, clothed on both 
 surfaces with shining, silvery, silky 
 down ; stems ascending. Alps of 
 
 Dauphiny. The rock-garden and 
 
 borders, in sandy soil. Division. 
 
 Potentilla pyrenaica (Pyrenean 
 Cinquefoil). A fine showy species; 
 8 to 16 in. high. Flowers, in autumn ; 
 large, deep golden yellow ; petals very 
 round and overlapping, twice as long 
 as the calyx. Leaves, the radical ones 
 on long stalks, velvety, or nearly 
 smooth, with oblong leaflets, toothed 
 towards the end for about f of their 
 length ; stem-leaves 3- to 5-lobed, 
 shortly -stalked, the upper ones entire; 
 stipules united to the petiole for al- 
 most their entire length, the free part 
 obtuse. The plant is sometimes very 
 much covered with adpressed hairs, 
 and sometimes almost smooth. Eastern 
 
 and Central Pyrenees. Margins of 
 
 borders, and the rock-garden, in sandy 
 loam. Division and seed. 
 
 Potentilla verna (Spring Cinquefoil). 
 A British plant, with short tufted 
 stems, procumbent at the base, and 
 ascending to the height of 6 or 8 in. , 
 sometimes prostrate. Flowers, in 
 spring ; bright yellow, in irregular 
 panicles at the end of the stems ; 
 petals obcordate, longer than the 
 calyx. Leaves, rigid, somewhat 
 leathery, smooth, and marked with 
 lines, which, with the stems, turn 
 red as the season advances ; lower 
 ones on long stalks, with 5 or 7 oblong 
 or wedge-shaped, toothed leaflets ; 
 upper ones quinate, or rarely ternate, 
 nearly stalkless. The plant varies 
 
 much in size and hairiness, and alsa 
 in the size of the flowers. Found on 
 rocks and dry banks in many parts of 
 England and Scotland, but not plen- 
 tifully. Borders and the rock- 
 garden, in sandy loam. Division and 
 seed. 
 
 [The many fine varieties of Poten- 
 tillas now to be had in nurseries, are 
 of more importance to the general cul- 
 tivator of border flowers than any 
 of the species. Lists of the best kinds 
 will be found in the nurserymen's 
 catalogues.] 
 
 Primula altaica (Altaic Primrose}. 
 A handsome free-growing Primrose; 
 3 to 5 in. high. Flowers, numerous, 
 large as those of Common Primrose, 
 mauve or purplish crimson, with 
 yellow centre. Leaves, obovate, 
 younger ones lanceolate, sinuate-cre- 
 nate, or nearly entire, obtuse, marked 
 with narrow veins, and slightly mealy. 
 
 The rock-garden, and choice, 
 
 mixed borders, in moist, deep, sandy 
 loam. Division and seed- 
 Primula amoena (Caucasian Prim- 
 rose). A handsome early kind, with 
 somewhat the appearance of the Oxlip, 
 and leaves somewhat like those of 
 P. denticulata; 6 to 7 inches high. 
 Flowers, in early spring ; purple, larger 
 than those of P. denticulata, in many- 
 flowered umbels ; limb of corolla 
 smooth ; tube longer than the ovate 
 or oblong, angled calyx ; involucre 
 awl-shaped. Leaves, spoon-shaped or 
 oblong, wrinkled, crenately toothed, 
 
 hairy, woolly beneath. Caucasus. 
 
 In the rock-garden, or warm borders, 
 in deep loam and leaf -mould. Divi 
 sion or seed. 
 
 Primula Auricula (Common Auri- 
 cula). A well-known old garden- 
 plant. Flowers, in spring ; in various 
 colours ; stalks many-flowered, about 
 the length of the leaves; tube of 
 corolla gradually widening upwards, 
 nearly 3 times the length of the bell- 
 
PKIMULA. 
 
 207 
 
 shaped calyx. Leaves, succulent, obo- 
 vate, smooth, serrated, mealy at the 
 edges. There are a great number of 
 
 varieties. Alps of Switzerland. 
 
 Borders, in moist, open, rich soil. 
 The fine variety, known as " alpine" 
 in gardens, deserves to be abundantly 
 grown on rockwork, and on the 
 margins of the mixed border. Division 
 and seed. 
 
 Primula cortusoides (CortusaP.)-A. 
 rather tall and distinct kind; 6 to 
 10 in. high ; with leaves like those of 
 Cortusa. Flowers, in early summer; 
 deep rose, in umbels. Leaves, large 
 aud soft, heart-shaped, almost lobed, 
 crenated, wrinkled, on stalks 2 to 
 
 4 in, long. Siberia. Borders, and 
 
 the rock-garden, in sheltered posi- 
 tions, or among low shrubs and ever- 
 green herbs, where it may not suffer 
 much from winds, and in light vege- 
 table soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Primula denticulata (Toothed Prim- 
 rose). A pleasing and distinct kind, 
 not unfrequently seen cultivated in 
 pots, but less so in the open air ; 8 in. 
 to 1 ft. high. Flowers, in spring and 
 early summer ; numerous, bright lilac, 
 small, in neat, dense umbels; divi- 
 sions of the calyx blackish. Leaves, 
 oblong-lanceolate, wrinkled, toothed, 
 hairy on both sides, and densely so 
 underneath, where they are also more 
 or less covered with a white mealiness. 
 Mountains of Nepaul. The rock- 
 garden, in well-drained deep loam, 
 and leaf -mould ; also in pots in cold 
 frames, for early blooming in the 
 greenhouse. Division. 
 
 Primula erosa (Fortune's Primrose}. 
 P. Fortunei. Nearly related to P. 
 denticulata, but distinguished from 
 it by the smoothness of its leaves; 
 8 to 12 in. high. Flowers, in spring ; 
 purplish, with yellow eyes, in 
 flattish heads, borne on stems 
 usually very mealy, as is also the 
 calyx. Leaves, obovate - lanceolate, 
 
 obtuse, quite smooth and shining, 
 generally without mealiness. Native 
 
 of Nepaul. The same treatment 
 
 and positions as those for the preced- 
 ing kind. 
 
 Primula farinosa (Bird's-eye Prim- 
 rose). A charming native species, 
 with silvery leaves, in small rosettes, 
 and flower-stems from 3 to 12 in. 
 high, sometimes more. Flowers, in 
 early summer; lilac-purple, with a 
 yellow eye, in a compact umbel, on a 
 stalk longer than the leaves ; corolla 
 small, tube about equalling the mealy 
 calyx ; lobes narrow, deeply notchedl 
 Leaves, obovate-lance-shaped, broadest 
 near the top, toothed, small, often 
 not more than 1 in. long, smooth 
 above, and clothed beneath with a 
 white, mealy down. P. farinosa, 
 acaulis is a diminutive variety of the 
 preceding, with the flowers nestling 
 down in the hearts of the leaves. 
 
 Northern England and Scotland. 
 
 The rock-garden, or artificial bog, in 
 moist peat, or fine sandy loam. It 
 may also be grown to perfection in 
 pots, plunged in sand, in the open 
 air in fully exposed positions, supplied 
 with plenty of water all through the 
 spring and summer months. Division 
 and seed. 
 
 Primula glutinosa (Glutinous P.} 
 A very beautiful and distinct species, 
 deciduous in winter, growing about 
 4 in. high. Flowers, early in summer ; 
 brilliant bluish-purple, in clusters, 
 nearly sessile. Leaves, lanceolate- 
 wedge-shapSd, erect, obtuse, smooth, 
 margin serrated from the middle up- 
 wards. Styria, Carinthia, and the 
 
 Tyrol. Rockwork, in rich, moist, 
 
 well-drained loam and grit ; also in 
 pots in cold frames, or plunged out of 
 doors in beds of sand. Seed or divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Primula integrifolia (Entire-leaved 
 P.) A neat kind, with glistening 
 leaves, in rosettes close to the ground. 
 
208 
 
 PRIMULA. 
 
 Flowers, in spring and early summer ; 
 rose, from 1 to 3 on stems 2 or 3 in. 
 high, often so large as to hide the 
 foliage ; corolla deeply lobed ; tube 
 longer than the calyx. Leaves, elliptic 
 or oblong, entire, smooth, shining, 
 ciliate at the edge ; margin of leaves 
 and flower-stem villous. European 
 
 Mountains. The rock-garden, in 
 
 moist, fibry loam ; also in pots. Di- 
 vision and seed. 
 
 Primula involucrata (Creamy Prim- 
 rose). A distinct and easily grown 
 kind, 5 to 7 in. high. Flowers, in 
 spring ; of a creamy white, with a 
 yellowish eye ; lobes of the corolla 
 roundish. Leaves, erect, oblong-lan- 
 ceolate, of a bright green, narrowed 
 into the leaf-stalk, disposed somewhat 
 in the form of a rosette ; stem sur- 
 rounded near the top by a membra- 
 nous, much-divided involucrum under 
 
 the umbel of flowers. Nepaul. 
 
 Moist spots in the rock-garden or bog. 
 bed, in peat. This kind thrives freely 
 in pots, plunged half way in water. 
 Division. 
 
 Primula japonica (Japan Primrose). 
 A noble species recently introduced 
 from Japan. Flowers, in May ; deep 
 crimson-rose with a wall-flower co- 
 loured ring round the mouth of the 
 tube, arranged in whorls, many flowers 
 in each, and from 3 to 6 whorls on a 
 firm straight stem, from 12 to 20 in. 
 high. Leaves, oval, obtuse, attenuated 
 at the base, 6 to 10 in. long, and 3 to 
 44 in. broad, thickly but somewhat 
 irregularly toothed, hairless ; midribs 
 of leaves broad, succulent ; veins very 
 
 prominent below. Japan. In the 
 
 rock-garden, not among minute alpine 
 species, but grouped with subjects 
 growing a foot high or more, and in 
 sheltered positions where its fine 
 foliage would not be injured by harsh 
 winds ; also on warm sheltered bor- 
 ders and among dwarf shrubs, in 
 
 sandy loam and leaf -mould, 
 and division. 
 
 Seed, 
 
 Primula latifolia (Broad-leaved P.) 
 A stout and handsome species, with 
 from 1 to 20 flowers in an umbel, less 
 viscid, larger, and more robust than 
 P. viscosa ; 4 to 8 in. high. Flowers, 
 in early summer ; violet, throat mealy, 
 calyx also mealy. Leaves, obovate or 
 oblong, sometimes 4 in. long, and 
 nearly 2 in. broad ; serrately toothed 
 from the middle upwards, ciliate, and 
 sprinkled with hairs on both sides. 
 Pyrenees, Alps of Dauphiny, and other 
 mountain chains in Southern Europe. 
 
 The rock-garden, in moist sandy 
 
 loam mixed with leaf -mould ; also in 
 pots, either in frames or plunged in 
 sand in the open air. Division. 
 
 Primula longiflora (Long-flowered P.) 
 Closely allied to the Bird's-eye 
 Primrose, but readily distinguished by 
 its much longer flowers, which are 
 also of a deeper colour than those of 
 that species ; about 4 in. high . Flowers, 
 in early summer ; purplish with white 
 eye, 5 or 6 in a drooping umbel ; tube 
 of corolla 1 to 1 ^ in. loag, 3 times the 
 length of the calyx ; lobes narrower 
 than in those of P. farinosa. Leaves, 
 oblong or obovate, smooth, slightly 
 crenate, pale but not mealy beneath. 
 
 Mountains of Austria and Italy. 
 
 The rock-garden, in moist places, in 
 free loam. Division and seed. 
 
 Primula marginata (Margined Prim- 
 rose). Readily known by the white 
 margins to its silver-grey leaves, 2 to 
 4 in. high. Flowers, in spring ; violet- 
 rose ; scape many-flowered; throat of 
 corolla mealy; calyx bell-shaped, 
 slightly spreading, mealy within and 
 on the margin. Leaves, oblong or 
 obovate, deeply and unequally toothed, 
 margins silvery from a bed of mealy 
 dust lying on them. Alps of Tauria 
 and Dauphiny. There is a very fine 
 variety known as P. maryinata major. 
 
PRIMULA. 
 
 209 
 
 deeper in colour and larger in all its 
 parts. The rock-garden and bor- 
 ders, in moist sandy loam. Division. 
 
 Primula minima (Fairy Primrose). 
 A most diminutive species, with 
 very large and handsome flowers ; 
 about \k in. high. Flowers, in early 
 summer ; rose-coloured or sometimes 
 white, large for the size of the plant, 
 being often nearly 1 in. across, gene- 
 rally one on each short stem, but occa- 
 sionally two. Leaves, about ^ in. long, 
 smooth and shining, wedge-shaped, 
 nearly square at the ends, stalkless, 
 with 5 or 7 sharp teeth at the top, 
 quite entire at the sides. P. floerkiana 
 is very nearly allied to this, if any- 
 thing more than a variety, differing 
 chiefly by the flower-stems bearing 
 2, 3, or more flowers, and by the leaves 
 being roundish at the ends and toothed 
 down the edges for a short distance. 
 
 Mountains of Southern Europe. 
 
 The rock-garden, in rich moist loam, 
 associated with JEritrichium nanum, 
 lonopsidion acaule, the Bavarian and 
 other small Gentians, and like plants. 
 Division. 
 
 Primula Munroi (Munro's Primrose). 
 Nearly allied to P. involucraf.a ; G to 
 8 in. high, flowers, in spring and 
 early summer ; white with a yellowish 
 eye ; corolla inflated about the middle, 
 and with rounded, two-cleft lobes; 
 calyx oblong, narrowed at the base, 
 with 5 small teeth. Leaves, on long 
 stalks, nearly heart-shaped, obtuse, 
 slightly indented, smooth. Mountains 
 of Nepaul, in the vicinity of water. 
 
 Same treatment, positions, etc., 
 
 as those for P. involucrata. 
 
 Primula nivea (Snowy Primrose). 
 A neat kind, considered by some to be 
 a variety of P. viscosa ; 4 to 6 in. high. 
 flowers, in spring ; pure white, freely 
 produced in large trusses on stems as 
 high again as the leaves ; lobes of 
 corolla obcordate ; involucre small. 
 Leaves, obovate or spathulate, ciliated, 
 
 smooth, flat, sharply and irregularly 
 toothed, rarely entire. Native of the 
 
 Alps. The rock-garden, choice bor 
 
 der, or grown in pots in a cold frame, 
 in light moist soil. Division. 
 
 Primula Palinuri (Large-leaved Prim- 
 rose). A vigorous kind, quite removed 
 from all the other Primulas, inasmuch 
 as it seems to grow all to leaf and 
 stem; 6 to 9 in. high, flowers, in 
 April and May; bright yellow, in 
 a drooping umbel at the top of 
 the powdered stem ; corolla funnel- 
 shaped ; calyx mealy, segments acute. 
 Leaves, broad, spoon-shaped, smooth, 
 sharply and unequally toothed, of a 
 bright pale green, almost as large as 
 those of young cabbages. Native of 
 
 Southern Italy. Borders, in deep 
 
 soil, and also in the rock-garden, but 
 not associated with the dwarf alpine 
 kinds. Division. 
 
 Primula purpurea (Purple Primrose}. 
 Allied to P. denticulata, but more 
 ornamental ; 6 to 10 in. high, flowers, 
 in spring and early summer ; of an 
 exquisite dark purple, in umbels about 
 
 3 in. across ; mouth of the corolla very- 
 much dilated. Leaves, lanceolate, ob- 
 tuse, very smooth, covered underneath 
 with a yellow mealiness, notched and 
 wavy on the margin; leaf -stalk 
 winged, dilated at the base, rough, 
 somewhat sheathing. High mountains 
 
 of Nepaul. Sheltered nooks in the 
 
 rock-garden, at the base of large rocks 
 and stones, in deep loam and leaf- 
 mould. Division. 
 
 Primula scotica (Scotch Bird's-eye P.) 
 An exquisite kind, like the Bird's- 
 eye P., but smaller and neater; 2 to 
 
 4 in. high, flowers, in April or May ; 
 rich purple with yellowish eye; tube 
 of the corolla about equalling the ca- 
 lyx and twice as long as the lobes. 
 Leaves, obovate-lance-shaped, broadest 
 near the middle, shorter and less in- 
 dented than those of P.farinosa ; very- 
 powdery on the underside. In damp 
 
210 
 
 PRIMULA. 
 
 pastures in the counties of Caithness 
 and Sutherland, and also the Orkney 
 
 Isles. The rock-garden, in moist 
 
 sandy loam, in mossy spots, and in 
 pots or pans. Seed ; it frequently 
 comes up from self-sown seeds in 
 mossy places. 
 
 Primula sikkimensis (SiJcTcim Cow- 
 slip}. Like a tall and noble Cowslip, 
 l^ to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 pale yellow, nearly I in. long and 
 more than 4 in. across ; in large um- 
 bels sometimes containing more than 
 five dozen flowers each. Leaves, rough, 
 wrinkled, obovate-oblong, obtuse, 
 twice dentate, attenuated into a foot- 
 stalk of equal length. Sikkim, Hima- 
 layas. Moist deep soil, in the rock- 
 garden; and when plentiful enough it 
 should be tried as a border plant, and 
 also in rich moist soil near the mar- 
 gins of streams or ponds. Division. 
 
 Primula Stuartii (Stuart's Primrose). 
 A vigorous, handsome, and very 
 rare Primrose, about 16 in. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; rich golden yel- 
 low, numerous, in umbels ; stem mealy 
 at the top. Leaves, nearly 1 ft. long, 
 broadly - lanceolate, mealy below, 
 smooth above, and sharply serrated. 
 
 Native of Northern India. The 
 
 rock-garden, in good light and deep 
 soil. Till more plentiful it should be 
 given favourable positions in the lower 
 parts of the rock-garden, and where it 
 would not be liable to suffer from 
 strong cold winds. Division. 
 
 Primula Veitchii (Veitch's Prim- 
 rose). P. cortusoides amcena, Hook. 
 A handsome plant, allied to P. cor- 
 tusoides, but distinct, and much lar- 
 ger and handsomer ; 8 to 12 in. high. 
 Flowers, in April and May ; fine deep 
 rose with white eye, but varying a 
 good deal, the white in some forms 
 spreading nearly over the petals, 1 to 
 If in. across, 6 to 10 in an umbel. 
 Leaves, ovate, the larger ones some- 
 what heart shaped at the base, coarsely 
 
 and irregularly toothed, 2 to 3 in. 
 long, and 1 to more than 2 in. across, 
 sometimes larger when grown under 
 glass ; seed-vessel grooved ; seed 
 roundish, flattened. Root creeping. 
 Japan. As this plant is quite dis- 
 tinct, both in a botanical and horti- 
 cultural point of view, from P. cortu- 
 soides, I venture to name it after its 
 introducer, the late John Gould 
 
 Veitch. In the rock-garden, on 
 
 sheltered sunny places where the 
 plant will escape injury from winds, 
 and also in sheltered borders, and 
 among dwarf shrubs, etc., in light, 
 rich, sandy loam with leaf -mould. 
 Seed and division of established tufts. 
 
 Primula veris (Cowslip). Our well- 
 known old friend of the early summer 
 meadows ; 4 in. to 1 ft. high. Flowers, 
 in spring and early summer; bright 
 yellow, in terminal umbels, hanging 
 more or less to one side. Leaves, gene- 
 rally smaller than those of the Prim- 
 rose, contracted immediately below 
 the broadest part, and thickly pubes- 
 cent with short stiff hairs. Europe 
 and Britain. The numerous va- 
 rieties of this plant, usually known as 
 Polyanthuses, and many of which may 
 be raised so easily from seed, are of 
 great beauty, and should be grown 
 abundantly, not only in beds in the 
 flower-garden, but naturalized in semi- 
 wild places. The Polyanthuses 
 
 thrive best in a rich, light, and moist 
 soil, but do well in ordinary garden 
 earth. Division and seed. 
 
 [The true, or Bardfield Oxlip (P. 
 elatior} is readily distinguished by its 
 funnel- (and not saucer-) shaped corolla, 
 which is also quite destitute of the 
 bosses which are present in the Prim- 
 rose and Cowslip. The common Ox- 
 lip (P. officinali-vulgaris} is a hybrid 
 from P. vulgaris and P. officinalis, 
 and differs from P. elatior in having 
 larger flowers on much longer pedicels, 
 triangular calyx -teeth, the limb of the 
 
PRIMULA PULMONARI A. 
 
 211 
 
 corolla of a brighter colour and more 
 spreading, the segments much broader 
 and rounder, and the throat somewhat 
 contracted, with 5 bilobed bosses, as 
 in the Primrose and Cowslip. The 
 Common Oxlip and its varieties are 
 well worthy of being encouraged in the 
 rougher parts of our pleasure-grounds, 
 copses, etc. The Bardneld Oxlip is 
 not so ornamental.] 
 
 Primula viscosa (Viscid Primose). 
 P. villosa. A very handsome Primrose, 
 very common on the Alps ; 2 to 4 in. 
 high. Flowers, in early summer; 
 rosy-purple, with white eye, in um- 
 bels, on viscid stems ; lobes of corolla 
 heart-shaped, gashed ; tube twice as 
 long as the bell-shaped calyx. Leaves, 
 obovate or suborbicuiar, with closely- 
 set teeth, dark green, covered with 
 glandular hairs, and viscid on both 
 sides. The two handsome purple 
 Primroses, known in gardens as P. 
 ciliata and P. ciliata purpurca, are 
 varieties of this, the latter said to be 
 a hybrid between it and an Auricula. 
 Alps and Pyrenees. The rock- 
 garden and choice borders, in moist 
 rich soil. It will be the better of being 
 divided and replanted every autumn, 
 or at least every alternate autumn. 
 Division. 
 
 Primula vulgaris (Common Primrose). 
 Our common Primrose ; 3 to 6 in. 
 high. flowers, in spring ; yellow, 
 large, solitary, on peduncles, appa- 
 rently radical, but which really spring 
 from an umbel, the stalk of which is 
 hidden by the base of the leaves. 
 Leaves, obovate or oblong, tapering to 
 the base, veined and wrinkled, smooth 
 above and hairy beneath. There are 
 many varieties of various colours, all 
 of which are well worthy of cultiva- 
 tion. Very abundant in Britain. 
 
 It is needless to say in how many 
 ways this beautiful native plant may 
 be grown in wild- wood or in garden. 
 The charming coloured varieties now 
 
 obtainable shotild be abundantly natu- 
 ralized in pleasure-grounds, and the 
 lovely old double kinds should be in 
 every garden. They enjoy partial 
 shade, and light, rich, moist soil, and 
 are easily propagated by division. 
 
 Prunella grandiflora (Great Self- 
 heal). A showy perennial ; 6 to 
 12 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 violet or purple, in 6-flowered whorls, 
 densely spiked ; corolla large, more 
 than an inch long, above twice the 
 length of the calyx ; tube a little con- 
 tracted at the throat ; calyx tubularly 
 bell -shaped, somewhat 10-nerved. 
 Leaves, rather soft, ovate, entire or 
 toothed ; lower ones about 2 4 in. long 
 with channelled footstalks longer 
 than the leaves ; upper ones smaller, 
 pinnatifid, and on footstalks shorter 
 than the leaves. There is a white- 
 flowered variety. Europe. Bor- 
 ders, in sandy loam, and naturaliza- 
 tion in copses, etc. This plant fre- 
 quently perishes in winter on stiff clay 
 soils. Division and seed. 
 
 Prunella pyrenaica (Pyrenean Self- 
 heal). Allied to the preceding, and 
 considered a variety of it ; 8 in. to 
 1 ft. or more high, flowers, in sum- 
 mer ; larger than those of P. grandi- 
 flora ; of a beautiful violet - purple 
 above, somewhat lighter within and 
 white beneath^ in large terminal cylin- 
 drical heads ; upper part of the calyx 
 deep purple. Leaves, hastate, irregu- 
 larly lobed ; radical ones nearly entire, 
 oval-obtuse in outline, with a truncate 
 base; lower stem-leaves often arrow- 
 shaped, sometimes toothed at the 
 base ; upper ones oval, entire, toothed 
 
 or pinnatifid. Pyrenees. The same 
 
 positions and treatment as those re- 
 commended for the preceding kind. 
 
 Pulmonaria dahurica (Siberian P.) 
 A graceful and slender perennial, 
 with erect stems, smooth at the base, 
 hairy above ; 1 ft. to 16 in. high. 
 flowers, in May ; beautiful blue, tu- 
 P 2 
 
212 
 
 PULMONARIA PYRETHRUM. 
 
 Lular, in panicled clusters, drooping 
 at first, afterwards erect and elon- 
 gated ; corolla much, longer than the 
 calyx, which is hairy, and has acute 
 sepals. Leaves, soft, smooth under- 
 neath, and covered with rough ad- 
 pressed hairs on the upper side ; root- 
 leaves oval, stalked; stem-leaves 
 linear-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile. 
 
 Siberia. In the rock-garden, in 
 
 sheltered nooks, or in borders or beds 
 among dwarf shrubs, etc., which may 
 prevent its being injured by high 
 winds, in sandy peat and loam. Di- 
 vision. 
 
 Pulmonaria officinalis (Lungwort}. 
 A British plant, much grown in gar- 
 dens under various names. Flowers, 
 in spring; rose changing to blue, in 
 small terminal clusters, on stems 6 to 
 12 in. high. Leaves of root, in distinct 
 tufts, ovate-oblong, on long stalks, 
 about 6 in. long and 2^ in. broad, dark 
 green on the upper side marked with 
 many whitish spots, pale and not spotted 
 beneath; stem-leaves smaller, almost 
 stalk less, alternate. P. august ijolia, 
 with blue flowers and narrow leaves 
 that are rarely spotted, is by some 
 botanists united with this species, and 
 there, is also a white-flowered and a 
 spotless variety in cultivation. Woods 
 in Central and Southern Europe, also 
 found in Hampshire and the Isle of 
 
 Wight in Britain. Borders, beds 
 
 in the spring garden, and allowed to 
 run wild in shrubberies, etc., in ordi- 
 nary soil. Division. 
 
 Puschkinia scilloides (Striped Squill). 
 A beautiful spring-flowering bulb ; 
 3 to 6 in. high, flowers, in spring ; 
 whitish, striped with a delicate blue ; 
 divisions of equal length, lanceolate, 
 rather blunt ; tube short, of a deeper 
 hue than the limb; arranged in a 
 raceme of 4 to 10 blooms. Leaves, 
 small, linear -lanceolate, concave. The 
 Caucasus, especially the eastern parts. 
 The rock-garden, bulb-garden, 
 
 and choice borders, in deep sandy loam 
 and leaf-mould. Separation of the 
 bulbs every second or third year. 
 
 Pyrethrum achilleaefolium (Narrow- 
 leaved P.) A silky species ; 2ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; few, golden yel- 
 low, almost globular, on long stalks, 
 arranged in loose corymbs ; inner 
 scales of involucrum round, white and 
 transparent at the top. Leaves, pin- 
 natifid, with pinnate segments, covered 
 with a white silky down when young, 
 pubescent when full-grown. A variety 
 named pubescens has numerous heads, 
 arranged in broad corymbs. The Cau- 
 casus. Borders, in ordinary soil. 
 
 Not very ornamental in its flowers, 
 but with graceful leaves. Division. 
 
 Pyrethrum carneum (Rosy P.) 
 Pyrethrum roseum. A very orna- 
 mental composite plant, 14 to 2 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer; solitary, 
 larger than the Ox-eye Daisy, with a 
 yellow disk, and rays of rose-colour 
 more or less deep. Leaves, twice pin- 
 nate, with decurrent, lanceolate, in- 
 cised segments, of a vivid green. The 
 Caucasus. There are now many 
 double varieties of this plant, many of 
 
 them of great beauty. Borders, 
 
 and beds, in good sandy loam. Divi- 
 sion and seed. 
 
 Pyrethrum lacustre (Marsh P.) 
 Chrysanthemum lacuslre. A hardy 
 herbaceous perennial, 2 to 24 ft. 
 high. Flowers, late in summer ; 2 in. 
 across, pure white with a yellow cen- 
 tre, solitary, terminal and axillary. 
 Leaves, alternate, numerous, sessile, 
 oval-lance-shaped, coarsely and irre- 
 gularly toothed. Portugal. Bor- 
 ders, and naturalization in deep moist 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Pyrethrum Parthenium (Feverfew). 
 A well-known native plant, 1 to 
 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 4 to 
 f in. across, in a terminal corymb ; 
 florets of the ray white, disk yellow. 
 Leaves, pinnate ; leaflets ovate or ob- 
 
PYRETHRUM RANUNCULUS. 
 
 213 
 
 long, pinnatifid and toothed ; stalk 
 shortly branched. There is a fine 
 double-flowered variety popular in 
 gardens : the Pyrethrum known as 
 Golden Feather, and much used as an 
 edging plant, is a yellowish-leaved 
 sport from this. Europe and Cau- 
 casus, and rather freely dispersed over 
 many parts of Britain, but probably 
 
 not truly indigenous. The double 
 
 variety is a pretty border-plant, some- 
 times, too, used in mixed bedding 
 arrangements, and will grow in any 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Pyrethrum serotinum (Late-flowering 
 P.) A showy tall perennial, growing 
 from 4 to 6 ft. high. Flowers, in au- 
 tumn ; 3 in. across, pure white with a 
 yellow centre, solitary on the ends of 
 the corymbose branches ; scales of the 
 involucrum brown on the margins, and 
 terminated by an obtuse, transparent 
 appendage. Leaves, smooth, sessile, 
 lance-shaped, coarsely toothed ; upper 
 
 leaves entire. North America. 
 
 Borders, among tall Asters, etc., shrub- 
 beries, or naturalization in ordinary 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Pyrethrum Tchihatchewii (Turfing 
 Daisy). A dwarf hardy evergreen 
 species, forming a dense turf, a little 
 over 2 in. high. Flowers, early in sum- 
 mer ; pure white with a yellowish disk, 
 solitary, on axillary flower- stalks, 3 to 
 6 in. in length. Leaves, elegantly di- 
 vided, with linear segments, of a fine 
 dark-green colour ; stems very nume- 
 rous, rooting. Asia Minor. Useful 
 
 for carpeting slopes, or even for 
 making small turf-plats, on very arid 
 soil where little else will grow. Divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Pyrola rotundifolia (Larger Winter- 
 green). A rare native evergreen herb. 
 Flowers, in summer ; pure white, fra- 
 grant, from 10 to 20 in a drooping 
 raceme on an erect stem 6 to 12 in. 
 high. Leaves, roundish or broadly 
 oval, slightly toothed, or serrate. A 
 
 variety, P. arenaria, found on sandy 
 sea-shores, differs from the preceding 
 in being dwarfer, deep green and 
 smooth, and generally with several 
 empty scale- like bracts below the in- 
 florescence. Britain, in damp bushy 
 
 places and reedy marshes. Moist 
 
 and half shady parts of the rock- 
 garden and hardy fernery, in peaty 
 soil, mixed with decaying moss, etc. 
 Division. 
 
 Pyxidanthera barbulata (Pine-Bar- 
 ren Beauty) . A minute prostrate 
 evergreen shrub, closely allied to the 
 Diapensia, and singularly pretty ; 
 about 2 in. high. Flowers, in early 
 summer; white, rose-coloured in the 
 bud, solitary, stalkless, very nume- 
 rous ; corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed, 
 lobes rounded ; calyx of 5 concave 
 sepals. Leaves, narrow, awl- shaped, 
 densely crowded, bearded at the 
 base, mostly alternate on the sterile 
 branches. Sandy "pine barrens" 
 from New Jersey to North Carolina. 
 
 The rock-garden, in very sandy 
 
 soil and in sunny spots. Division. 
 
 Ramondia pyrenaica (Rosette Mul- 
 lein). A handsome stemless herb, 
 with leaves in rosettes spreading flat 
 on the ground ; about 3 in. high. 
 Flowers, in early summer; purple- 
 violet, with orange-yellow centre, 
 somewhat like that of the Potato, 1 
 to l^ in. across, usually solitary, 
 (rarely 2-5- flowered), on naked stalks 
 2 to 6 in. high. Leaves, ovate, ta- 
 pering into the stalk, broadly and 
 deeply crenated, deeply wrinkled and 
 densely covered with short hairs, 
 quite shaggy beneath and on the leaf- 
 stalk. In groves on the Pyrenees and 
 
 in Piedmont. The rock-garden, in 
 
 warm nooks and in moist, free, peaty, 
 and gritty soil. Seed and careful 
 division. 
 
 Ranunculus aconitifolius (Fair 
 Maids of France). A beautiful old 
 border plant, usually seen in the 
 
214 
 
 RANUNCULUS. 
 
 double form, 8 in. to 3 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in early summer ; white, 
 sometimes few, sometimes numerous ; 
 calyx smooth. Leaves, palmately 3- or 
 5-lobed, with the partitions deeply 
 toothed; those of the stem cut into 
 narrow lance-shaped lobes; stem 
 branched. The flowers of the variety 
 with double flowers, are so neat and 
 pretty that they might almost be 
 taken at first sight for miniature 
 double white Camellia, blossoms. 
 Moist parts of valleys and woods in 
 
 the Alps and Pyrenees. The double 
 
 kind in borders, in deep moist and 
 free soil. The single one is best suited 
 for naturalization in grassy places. 
 Division. 
 
 Ranunculus acris (Upright Meadow 
 Buttercup). A very common, more 
 or less hairy, native herb, with erect 
 stems, varying in height from about 
 6 in. to 2 ft. or more. Flowers, most 
 of the summer and autumn ; bright 
 yellow, large, on long terminal stalks, 
 forming a large loose panicle ; sepals 
 of a yellowish -green, concave, shorter 
 than the notched or entire petals. 
 Leaves, nearly all stalked, 3- 5- or 7- 
 parted, the lobes cut into 3 lance- 
 shaped, acute, toothed segments; 
 black or deep-purple at the points; 
 stem not very leafy, round, hollow, 
 
 much branched at top. This plant 
 
 is so very common in meadows and 
 pastures throughout Europe, that it 
 would not have been mentioned here 
 were it not for the beauty of its fine 
 double form, R, acris, fl.pl., which is 
 worthy of a place among the best 
 medium-sized plants in borders, and 
 grows freely in any soil. Division. 
 
 Ranunculus alpestris (Alp Crow- 
 foot) . A pretty and diminutive species, 
 1 to 3 or 4 in. high. Flowers, in April ; 
 white ; 1 to 3 on a stem ; petals obcor- 
 date or 3-lobed ; calyx smooth. Leaves, 
 of a dark glossy green; root-leaves 
 roundish or heart-shaped, 3-lobed, 
 
 lobes deeply crenate, blunt at the 
 apex ; stem-leaves lance-shaped, en- 
 tire. The leaves are sometimes trifid, 
 sometimes hardly trifid, and some- 
 times 3-parted. Carpathian mountain s, 
 Pyrenees, Alps of Jura. The rock- 
 garden, in moist, sandy, or gritty soil ; 
 also in choice borders, in the same 
 kind of soil, or naturalization by the 
 margins of mountain rivulets, etc., in 
 unshaded places. Division and seed. 
 
 Ranunculus amplexicaulis (Snowy 
 Crowfoot). A very graceful and showy 
 kind, readily known by its handsome 
 undivided leaves clasping the stem ; 
 3 to 9 in. high. Flowers, in spring ; 
 white, with yellow centres, from 1 to 
 6 on each stem ; scape and peduncles 
 smooth. Leaves, ovate or lance- shaped, 
 taper pointed, glaucous, smooth, or 
 with a few deciduous hairs on the 
 edges. Hoots in bundles. Alps, Py- 
 renees, and other European mountain 
 ranges. The rock-garden and bor- 
 ders, best in moist loam, with plenty 
 of vegetable matter and sand, though 
 it thrives in ordinary garden soil ; also 
 a charming subject for naturalization 
 in moist sandy soils, amid dwarf vege- 
 tation. Division. 
 
 Ranunculus bulbosus (Bulbous But- 
 tercup). A native British plant, 
 common in meadows, and distinguished 
 by the swollen or bulb-like base of the 
 stem; about 1 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 early summer; bright yellow, with 
 hairy reflexed calyces, and furrowed 
 peduncles. Leaves, of the root 3-lobed, 
 lobes 3-parted, stalked ; upper leaves 
 
 cut into narrow segments. Only 
 
 mentioned here for the sake of recom- 
 mending its double variety, (R. b. fl.pl.) 
 which is a very pretty border plant, 
 thriving in ordinary soil, and suitable 
 for association with dwarfer plants 
 than the double var. of R. acris, as it 
 seldom grows more than half a foot 
 high. Division. 
 
RANUNCULUS. 
 
 215 
 
 Ranunculus chaerophyllus (Chervil 
 Buttercup). A hardy, tuberous-rooted 
 kind, 8 in. to 1 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 early summer ; brilliant glistening 
 yellow, more than 1 in. across ; divi- 
 sions of calyx persistent, not reflexed. 
 Leaves, stalked, much divided; seg- 
 ments very narrow; stem slightly 
 downy. Portugal. The rock-gar- 
 den, and the margins -of the mixed 
 border, in fine sandy soil. Division. 
 
 Ranunculus glacialis (Glacier Crow- 
 foot]. A very high alpine species ; 3 
 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 white, tinted with purplish rose on 
 the outside, from 1 to 5 on a stem ; 
 calyx soft, with shaggy, brownish 
 hairs ; petals roundish, slightly notched, 
 as long as the calyx. Leaves, usually 
 smooth, the upper ones sometimes 
 villous, palmately 3-parted or ternate, 
 the lobes deeply cut, and of a dark 
 brownish - green. Alps of Europe, 
 among rocks near the limits of per- 
 petual snow. Cool and very moist 
 
 spots in the rock-garden, in deep, 
 gritty, peaty soil. Division. 
 
 Ranunculus Gouani (Gouan's Butter- 
 cup}. A large, robust, and very showy 
 kind, about 14 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 May; bright yellow, nearly 2 in. 
 across ; sepals oval - acute, thinly 
 covered with weak, longish hairs. 
 Leaves, slightly downy ; those of the 
 root long-stalked, roundish in outline, 
 3- to 5-parted ; segments deeply 
 toothed; stem-leaves irregularly lob ed, 
 sessile ; stem and peduncles more or 
 
 less downy. Pyrenees. Borders, 
 
 in sandy soil, and naturalization in. 
 rough places. Division or seed. 
 
 Ranunculus gramineus (Grassy 
 Crowfoot). Easily known by its 
 narrow grass-like leaves ; 6 to 16 in. 
 high. Flowers, in May ; yellow, not 
 numerous ; petals triangular, wedge- 
 shaped at the base ; sepals smooth. 
 Leaves, linear-lanceolate, entire, stri- 
 ated, smooth ; stem and peduncles 
 
 also smooth. There is a double va- 
 riety, but it is seldom seen. South- 
 ern Europe. Borders, in ordinary 
 
 soil, and naturalization in grassy 
 places. Division. 
 
 Ranunculus Lingua (Large Marsh 
 Buttercup). A vigorous marsh and 
 brook-side plant; 2 to 3 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer; bright yellow, 
 1 ^ in. across, usually not more than 2 
 or 3, erect on the top of the stem. 
 Leaves, 8 or 9 in. long, and about 1 in. 
 broad, smooth, lance-shaped, pointed, 
 entire, sessile, embracing the stem. 
 
 Britain and Europe. In tufts on 
 
 the margins of lakes, or streams, or 
 in bogs. Division. 
 
 Ranunculus monspeliacus (Mont- 
 pettier R.) A large and handsome 
 species, covered with silky down, 8 to 
 18 in. high. Flowers, in early sum- 
 mer ; bright golden yellow, glistening, 
 more than 1 in. across, with a broad 
 wedge-shaped scale at the base of each 
 
 sepals very downy, reflected. 
 
 of the root ternate, or deeply 
 3-cleft, with segments more or less 
 stalked, and subdivided into oval- 
 lance-shaped or linear -lance-shaped 
 divisions, which are sometimes bluntly 
 toothed; stem-leaves narrow, with 
 lance -shaped segments. Root composed 
 of a closely-set bundle of small knobs, 
 ending in, and interspersed with, 
 fibres. Montpellier, and all the 
 
 southern parts of France. Borders, 
 
 in sandy loam, and naturalization in 
 grassy places. Division. 
 
 Ranunculus montanus (Mountain 
 Buttercup). A diminutive erect kind, 
 with a creeping underground stem; 
 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in early sum- 
 mer; brilliant golden yellow, rather 
 larger than those of the Common But- 
 tercup, each little stem bearing one 
 flower ; calyx nearly smooth, spread- 
 ing. Leaves, smooth ; root - leaves 
 roundish in outline, 3-parted, with 
 trifid blunt segments; those of the 
 
RANUNCULUS RHEUM. 
 
 stem stalkless, usually only two, 3- to 
 5- parted into linear, entire lobes. Al- 
 pine pastures on the principal great 
 
 mountain chains of Europe. The 
 
 rock-garden and borders, in sandy soil, 
 and associated with dwarf and compact 
 plants. Division and seed . 
 
 Ranunculus parnassifolius (Par- 
 nassia-leaved R.) A distinct and at- 
 tractive kind, with leathery roundish 
 leaves, somewhat like those of a Cy- 
 clamen ; 2 to 8 in. high. Flowers, in 
 early summer; snowy white, some- 
 times tinted with pink, about the size 
 of those of R. amplexicaulis, from 1 to 
 12 on each stem ; stems velvety, and 
 of a purplish hue ; peduncles hairy ; 
 calyx pinkish. Leaves, of a dark brown- 
 ish green, entire, sometimes slightly 
 woolly along the margins and nerves ; 
 root-lea ves stalked, rather heart-shaped, 
 ovate or roundish ; those of the stem 
 stalkless, ovate-lance-shaped. Abun- 
 dant in many parts of the Pyrenees 
 
 and Alps. The rock-garden, in 
 
 moist sandy soil ; and also among the 
 dwarf plants in the choice mixed 
 border. Division and seed. 
 
 Ranunculus rutaefolius (Rue-leaved 
 Crowfoot). Callianthemumrutcefolium. 
 Known at once by its much divided 
 leaves ; 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in 
 early summer ; white, with orange 
 centres, about 1 in. across ; the stems 
 usually bearing but 1 flower, but occa- 
 sionally 2 or 3 ; petals 8 or 10, oblong ; 
 calyx smooth. Leaves, much and 
 deeply divided ; root-leaves twice 
 divided. The higher Alps of Europe, 
 
 near the limits of perpetual snow. 
 
 The rock-garden, in moist sandy, or 
 gritty soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Ranunculus spicatus (Spiked Crow- 
 foot). A large and handsome kind; 
 1 to 1 ^ ft. high. Flowers, in spring ; 
 yellow, on erect, few-flowered stems ; 
 calyx reflexed ; carpels in a long spike. 
 Leaves, somewhat hairy, stalked, 
 
 roundish, 3-lobed ; upper ones 3- 
 parted ; lobes linear, entire. Sicily 
 
 and N. Africa. Borders, in sandy 
 
 soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Rhaponticum cynaroides (Artichoke 
 R.) A sturdy perennial, with grace- 
 ful leaves ; about 3 ft. high. Flowers, 
 late in summer ; few, erect, purple ; 
 scales of the involucrum toothed. 
 Leaves, broad, oblong or oval, nar- 
 rowed at the base, pointed at the 
 apex ; the lower ones pinnate ; the 
 upper ones hardly pinnatilid, the divi- 
 sions all fringed with sharp teeth. 
 
 Pyrenees. Among hardy plants 
 
 having fine foliage, isolated in groves, 
 near margins of shrubberies, in bor- 
 ders, and in rough places, in any deep 
 soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Rhaponticum pulchrum (Pretty R.) 
 Another ornamental species ; 2 ft. 
 or more high. Flowers, late in sum- 
 mer ; purplish, solitary, on the sum- 
 mits of the stems, which are leafless 
 in the upper part. Leaves, the radi- 
 cal ones stalked ; those of the stem 
 sessile, all pinnately - cut, smooth 
 above, covered with white down un- 
 derneath, with oval, toothed segments 
 which become confluent at the end. 
 
 Caucasus. Similar positions and 
 
 treatment to those recommended for 
 the preceding kind. 
 
 Rheum Emodi (Red-veined Rhubarb). 
 A noble herbaceous plant, with very 
 handsome foliage ; about 5 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; very numerous, 
 small, yellowish- white, arranged in 
 long branching clusters. Leaves, alter- 
 nate, very large, long-stalked, with 
 a slightly wrinkled surface, large red 
 veins and somewhat wary edges ; 
 those of the stem gradually diminish- 
 ing in size towards the top. Tartary. 
 
 Isolated in the grass near the 
 
 margins of shrubberies in the pic- 
 turesque garden, or grouped with 
 other fine-leaved hardy plants, in deep 
 rich soil. Division and seed. 
 
RHEUM RUDBECKIA. 
 
 217 
 
 Blieum palmatum (Palmate Rhubarb). 
 Known at once by its deeply-cut 
 leaves ; 6 to 8 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 early summer ; greenish-white, sur- 
 rounding the branches in numerous 
 clusters^ and forming a sort of spike. 
 Leaves, of root, numerous, large, 
 rough, deeply cut into lobes, the lobes 
 cut into irregular pointed segments, 
 on long, round footstalks, becoming 
 gradually smaller near the top. Stem 
 erect, round, hollow, jointed, branched 
 near the top. China and Tartary. 
 
 -In groups of tine-leaved hardy 
 
 plants ; also suited for isolation with 
 such subjects as the Ferulas, in deep 
 rich soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Ehexia virginica (Meadow Beauty). 
 A brilliant perennial, forming neat 
 little bushes ; 6 to 12 in. high. Flowers, 
 in summer; bright rosy -purple, in 
 cymose corymbs; petals 4, heart- 
 shaped, spreading in the form of a 
 cross, inserted with the 8 ochre-yellow 
 stamens at the top of the tube of the 
 calyx, which is urn-shaped and 4-cleft 
 at the apex. Leaves, oval or lance- 
 shaped, acute, opposite, entire, hairy, 
 3-nerved, about 2 in. long and | in. 
 broad; stems square, with wing-like 
 
 angles. North America. In the 
 
 artificial bog, or moist spots in the 
 lower part of the rock-garden, always 
 in very moist peat. Careful division. 
 
 Khododendron Chamsecistus (Thyme- 
 leaved R.) A dwarf , tufted, evergreen, 
 much - branched shrub, with small 
 fleshy leaves about the size of those 
 of Helianthemum ; 6 in. high. Flowers, 
 in early summer ; of a beautiful pink 
 colour, 3 or 4 together, about the size 
 of those of Kalmia latifolia ; peduncles 
 1 in. long, reddish-brown ; corolla 
 wheel-shaped, 5-cleft, segments ovate ; 
 calyx 5-cleft, of the same colour as 
 the peduncles, segments acute ; sta- 
 mens 10. Leaves, oblong, stiffish, 
 ciliated at the edge, on short reddish 
 stalks. Calcareous rocks in the Tyrol. 
 
 The rock - garden, in limestone 
 
 fissures, in a mixture of equal parts of 
 peat, loam, and sand ; also in beds of 
 choice dwarf shrubs. Seed and layers. 
 
 Kosa alpina pyrenaica (Small Pyre- 
 nean Rose). A beautiful little moun- 
 tain Rose, a variety of the Alpine 
 Rose, but much smaller. Flowers, in 
 summer ; of a fine rosy lake, each 
 bloom more than 2 in. across ; calyx 
 and flower-stalks covered with glan- 
 dular hairs. Leaves, oblong-elliptical, 
 toothed ; teeth glandular, distant. 
 
 Pyrenees. The rock-garden, in dry 
 
 poorish soil. Cuttings and seed. 
 
 Kudbeckia californica (Californian 
 Cone-flower). A vigorous hardy peren- 
 nial, with a stout branching stem ; 5 
 to 6 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 golden-yellow, about 5 in. across, with 
 a dark brown conical centre more 
 than 2 in. high. Leaves, oval, pointed, 
 with an occasional lobe or tooth, 
 rough ; the lower ones 1 ft. long, and 
 6 in. across, attenuated into a stalk ; 
 the upper ones smaller and sessile. 
 
 California. Back margins of the 
 
 mixed border, shrubberies, or natura- 
 lization, in sandy loam. Seed or divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Rudbeckia Drummondi (Drummond's 
 Cone-flower). R. columnaris. Obelis- 
 caria pulcherrima. A showy peren- 
 nial, 16 in. to 2 ft. high. Flowers, from 
 June to September ; florets of the ray 
 citron- yellow at the base and point, 
 purplish-brown in the middle, broadly 
 obdvate, slightly notched at the end, 
 about 1 iA. long, concave, twisted, 
 and reflexed ; in the place of the disk 
 is a cylindrical-conic receptacle more 
 than 1 in. long, closely covered with a 
 great number of brownish florets. 
 Leaves, alternate, pinnate, with linear 
 toothed divisions ; root-leaves not so 
 deeply cut. Whole plant rough, 
 slightly pubescent, of a greyish-green 
 
 tint. Mexico. Borders, in sandy 
 
 loam. Division and seed. 
 
 
218 
 
 RUDBECKIA SAGINA. 
 
 Eudbeckia fulgida (Glowing Cone- 
 flower). Another showy kind, 2 ft. 
 and upwards in height. Flowers, late 
 in summer ; 2 to nearly 3 in. across ; 
 florets of the ray nearly ^ in. long, 
 orange-yellow, darker in the middle, 
 unequal, spreading, 3-toothed ; disk 
 conical, purplish. Leaves, alternate, 
 rough, those of the root oblong- lanceo- 
 late ; lower stem-leaves toothed, upper 
 ones entire and almost sessile. Stems 
 rough, branching, tinged with red. 
 
 North America. Warm borders, in 
 
 good dry loam. Division and seed. 
 
 Eudbeckia hirta (Hairy Cone-flower). 
 A showy, rough, hairy herb, 2 to 
 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 yellow, 3 to 4 in. across ; disk dark 
 purplish-brown. Leaves, lower ones 
 spoon-shaped or oval, 3 -nerved ; upper 
 ones stalkless, oblong or lance-shaped, 
 toothed. North America. Bor- 
 ders, bare banks, naturalization in 
 thin woods or margins of shrubberies, 
 in ordinary soil. Division or seed. 
 
 Eudbeckia laciniata (Cut-leaved Cone- 
 ftower). A showy perennial, 2 to 3^ ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer; bright 
 pale yellow, 3 to 4 in. across ; disk 
 greenish - yellow, conical. Leaves, 
 rough, clothed with small hairs, par- 
 ticularly at the edges, lower ones 5- to 
 7 -parted ; divisions 3-lobed, or some- 
 times cut ; upper ones irregularly 
 parted. R. digitata (Newmanii, Hort.) 
 is a variety with the divisions of the 
 lower leaves pinnatifid. North Ame- 
 rica. Borders, and naturalization, 
 
 in sandy loam. Division and seed. 
 
 Eudbeckia speciosa (Showy Cone- 
 flower). A rough, harry, and showy 
 plant, 1^ to 3 ft. high. Flowers, late 
 in summer ; orange -yellow, 3 to 4 in. 
 across ; disk blackish-purple,somewhat 
 globose in fruit, about two-thirds of 
 an inch long. Leaves, roughish, hairy, 
 irregularly toothed, upper ones stalk- 
 less, lance-shaped; lower ones oval- 
 lance-shaped, stalked, 3-nerved ; root- 
 
 leaves somewhat like the common 
 
 Plantain. North America. Borders, 
 
 margins of shrubberies, or naturaliza- 
 tion in thin woods or copses, in any 
 rather sandy soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Eudbeckia triloba (Three-lnbed Cone- 
 flower). A vigorous kind, ') to 5 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; yellow, 
 2 to 3 in. across, 8 florets in a head ; 
 disk blackish-purple or deep brown. 
 Leaves, lower ones 3-parted, coarsely 
 toothed, upper undivided ; root-leaves 
 on slender stalks ; those of the stem 
 stalkless, somewhat hairy. North 
 
 America. Borders, bare banks, by 
 
 wood-walks, or naturalization in open 
 woods, in ordinary soil. Division or 
 seed. 
 
 Rum ex Hydrolapathum ( Water Dock). 
 A huge plant, common in ditches 
 and by the edges of streams in many 
 parts of Britain ; stem 4 to 5 ft. high, 
 slightly branched. Flowers, in sum- 
 mer ; greenish, in a long, dense pani- 
 cle, leafy at the base. Leaves, lance- 
 shaped or oblong, usually pointed, flat 
 or slightly curled at the margins ; root- 
 leaves 2 to 3 ft. long, and 4 in. broad in 
 the middle, narrowing into a long 
 erect footstalk. Europe and Russian 
 
 Asia. An isolated tuft of this looks 
 
 very well on the margin of a stream, 
 pond, or lake, and may be effectively 
 introduced in any marshy or wet place 
 in or near the subtropical garden. 
 Division. 
 
 Sagina glabra, var. Corsica (Lawn 
 Pearlwort). Spergula pilifera. A 
 neat little alpine plant, moss-like in 
 size and well-known from having been 
 much recommended and often tried as 
 a lawn plant, 2 or 3 in. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; small, white, double the 
 size of the calyx; sepals oblong, 
 obtuse. Leaves, linear-awl-shaped, 
 pointed. Stem half woody, sending 
 out a great number of prostrate creep- 
 ing branches from which spring erect 
 flower-stalks. Alps of Dauphiuy and 
 
SALIX SALVIA. 
 
 219 
 
 Corsica. The rock garden and bor- 
 ders, chiefly in wide -spreading tufts 
 as a verdant carpet beneath taller 
 subjects. Generally it is a failure in 
 lawns. Unless great attention is given, 
 no perfect lawn can be made with one 
 kind of plant. Seed and division. 
 
 Salix retietilata (Netted-leaved Wil- 
 low}. A prostrate, much branched, 
 native alpine shrub, 3 to 6 in. high. 
 Flowers, in early summer ; catkins 
 solitary, on lougish stalks, at the ends 
 of the short branches, purplish-red, as 
 are also the buds. Leaves, about 1 in. 
 long and broad, roundish, somewhat 
 elliptical, entire, leathery, with netted 
 veins, green and smooth above, white 
 beneath. Scotch Highlands and moun- 
 tains of Europe, Asia, and America. 
 The rougher parts of the rock- 
 garden, and on the margins of beds of 
 dwarf shrubs, in light moist soil. It 
 is only worth cultivating by those who 
 take some interest in native plants. 
 Division and cuttings. 
 
 Salix serpyllifolia (Thyme-leaved S.) 
 A curious little shrub, only 1 or 
 2 in. high. Flowers, in May ; catkins 
 oblong, few-flowered. Leaves, ovate, 
 or ovate-lance-shaped, acute, entire, 
 smooth, shining above. High moun- 
 tains of France, Italy, and Switzer- 
 land. An interesting species for 
 
 botanical and curious collections, the 
 rock-garden, or borders, in moist, 
 sandy soil. Cuttings and division. 
 
 Salvia argentea (Silver Clary). 8. 
 patula. A noble silvery-leaved bien- 
 nial, 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in early 
 summer ; in large whorls forming a 
 panicled raceme; corolla white with 
 the upper lip purplish and pubescent, 
 the lower one yellowish; calyx bell- 
 shaped, striped, villous; teeth rather 
 spiny. Leaves, very large, ovate, 6 to 
 12 in. long, and 4 to 6 in. broad, 
 clothed with loose white wool on both 
 surfaces, stalked, wrinkled, sinuately 
 lobed ; stems erect, villous. Consi- 
 
 derable variation may be observed, 
 among the plants, particularly as re- 
 gards the size and hoariness of the 
 leaves. Southern Europe and Africa. 
 Borders, beds, and groups of sil- 
 very-leaved plants, in light sandy 
 loam. As this plant is chiefly valuable 
 for the beauty of its leaves, and these 
 are seen to greatest perfection when 
 spread flat on the ground in great 
 rosettes before the plants flower, it is 
 desirable to sow some of the seed 
 every spring. 
 
 Salvia officinalis, var. tricolor (Va- 
 riegated Sage). A pretty variegated 
 form of the common Sage, 1 ft. to 
 16 in. and upwards in height. Flowers, 
 in summer; small, rosy-blue or 
 whitish, not ornamental, in rather 
 close groups of 4 to 6, forming a simple 
 cluster. Leaves, oval-oblong, narrowed 
 or rounded at the base, stalked, finely 
 reticulated, of a greyish-green, often 
 tinged with yellowish-white or flesh- 
 colour, changing afterwards to rose- 
 colour and sometimes to red; stems 
 much branched, reddish. Whole plant 
 covered with soft hairs, and diffusing a 
 penetrating aromatic odour. Southern 
 
 Europe. Borders, as a bedding 
 
 plant, and on the margins of shrub- 
 beries, in any light soil. Cuttings. 
 
 Salvia patens (Spreading Sage). 
 The handsomest flowered Salvia, if 
 not the handsomest labiate plant we 
 have, l^ to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; fine blue, large and showy, 
 in distant .whorls. Leaves, heart- 
 shaped or hastate, hairy above, pubes- 
 cent below ; stems somewhat shrubby 
 at the base. Roots tuberous. Mexico. 
 
 Warm borders, beds, and groups 
 
 of fine perennials, in light, rich, and 
 moist soil. It is unfortunately some- 
 what tender, and will, except in mild 
 districts and in very favourable soils 
 and positions, require protection at 
 the root in winter; but, even if it 
 perishes in spite of this precaution, it 
 
220 
 
 SALVIA S APONAEIA. 
 
 fs sufficiently attractive to deserve 
 being annually propagated from cut- 
 tings to ensure a good supply for 
 planting annually. Cuttings and 
 seed. 
 
 Salvia pratensis, var. lupinoides 
 (Lupin Salvia). A handsome form of 
 a common British plant, 1 to 2 ft. 
 high. Floioers, in summer ; numerous, 
 handsome ; the upper lip, and the two 
 Lateral lobes of the lower one, light 
 Hue, while the large central lobe of 
 the lower lip is white. Leaves, oppo- 
 site, reticulated, wrinkled, those of 
 the root spreading, stalked, oval-lance- 
 shaped, with a heart-shaped base ; the 
 upper leaves sessile, clasping the stem ; 
 all irregularly and slightly toothed. 
 
 France. Borders, in any soil ; also 
 
 in a wild state in rough open places. 
 Division and seed. 
 
 Sanguinaria canadensis (Bloodroot). 
 A singular and pretty plant, with 
 thick creeping rootstocks ; 3 to 6 in. 
 high. Flowers, in spring ; white, 1 on 
 each stem; petals 8 to 12, spoon- 
 shaped, inner ones narrower ; sepals 2, 
 ovate. Leaves, of root, kidney- shaped, 
 lobed like those of the Fig. North 
 
 America. grand' 'flora is a variety 
 
 with larger flowers ; planted here and 
 there under the branches of deciduous 
 trees on lawns, this will be found to 
 spread about, and without any atten- 
 tion become a charming naturalized 
 plant. It prefers rather moist soil. 
 The tubers of this plant purchased 
 from the seedsmen are often dead 
 before they are sold, as the plant does 
 not bear being taken up aud stored as 
 some bulbs do. Division. 
 
 Santolina Chamsecyparissus (Laven- 
 der Cotton}. A grey shrubby plant, 
 2 to 24- ft. high. Flowers, in summer; 
 yellowish, in rounded heads. Leaves, 
 alternate, linear, arranged in 4 to 6 
 rows, almost overlapping each other, 
 somewhat fleshy, toothed; teeth 
 oboval. Central Europe, in dry and 
 
 arid places. Among low shrubs, in 
 
 borders, for forming low silvery 
 hedges, on rough rock- or root-work, 
 or naturalized on banks or rocky 
 places, in any kind of soil. Division 
 and cuttings. 
 
 Santolina incana (Woolly Lavender 
 Cotton). Dwarfer, neater in habit, 
 and whiter than the common Laven- 
 der Cotton. Flowers, in summer; 
 rather small, pale greenish-yellow. 
 Leaves, linear, covered, as is the entire 
 plant, with dense white down. Native 
 of Central Europe. Edgings, bor- 
 ders, and the rougher parts of the 
 rock-garden, in ordinary soil. Divi- 
 sion and cuttings. 
 
 Santolina viridis (Green Lavender 
 Cotton). With the habit of the com- 
 mon Lavender Cotton, but of a dark 
 green hue, 2 to 2 \ ft. high. Flowers, 
 in summer, white slightly tinged with 
 yellow, roundish, on long stalks. 
 Leaves, of a deep green, those on the 
 fertile branches distant from each 
 other ; those on the barren ones very 
 close together, serrated with sharp- 
 pointed teeth. South of France. 
 
 Suited for the same positions, etc. , as 
 the Lavender Cotton, but is not so 
 distinct -looking, nor likely to be so 
 much employed. It would be interest- 
 ing on rocky or stony banks, among 
 the more easily grown rock shrubs, 
 and grows in any soil. 
 
 Saponaria caespitosa (Tufted Soap- 
 wort], A neat alpine plant, with its 
 leaves in dense tufts ; 2 to 6 in. high. 
 Flowers, in June or July ; handsome, 
 bright rose, scentless, on very short 
 stalks, arranged on the top of the 
 stem in a close, few-flowered cluster ; 
 petals obovate, entire, with two awl- 
 shaped scales at the throat. Leaves, 
 rather thick, leathery, short, linear, 
 acute, sometimes bluntish, rough at 
 the edges, keeled on the back, dis- 
 posed in rosettes. Pyrenees and 
 South-west of France. The rock- 
 
SAPONARIA SAXIFKAGA. 
 
 221 
 
 garden, in exposed spots, and the 
 margins of the mixed border, in sandy 
 loam. Seed and division. 
 
 Saponaria ocymoides (Rock Soap- 
 wort). A beautiful dwarf alpine herb 
 with prostrate stems, forming dense 
 roundish spreading tufts from 6 to 
 1 2 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; 
 rosy-pink, freely produced in panicled 
 clusters ; petals 5, spreading horizon- 
 tally, oblong-elliptic ; calyx tubular, 
 purple, villous, with 5 sraall erect 
 blunt teeth. Leaves, opposite, entire, 
 ovate or lance-shaped, generally 1- 
 nerved. Southern and Central Eu- 
 rope, in rocky and stony places. 
 
 The rock-garden, borders, fringes of 
 shrubberies, and naturalized on banks 
 and slopes amidst dwarf plants, in any 
 soil if the plants are elevated ; if on 
 the level ground, in ordinary sandy 
 garden soil. Seed. 
 
 Saponaria officinalis (Common Soap- 
 wort). A stout, vigorous, and showy 
 perennial, 1 to 2 ft. high. Flower p s,in 
 summer ; flesh-coloured or rose, vary- 
 ing to white, in dense panicled bun- 
 dles; calyx cylindrical, nearly 1 in. 
 long, yellowish, villous. Leaves, elliptic 
 or lance-shaped, acute or obtuse, 2 or 
 3 in. long, opposite, connate, entire, 
 3- or 5-nerved, smooth. There is a 
 variety with variegated leaves and a 
 double-flowered one, common in gar- 
 dens. Europe, North America, and 
 
 Britain. Naturalized in any not 
 
 very shady rough places, where little 
 else will grow, and in borders, in 
 ordinary soil. Division. 
 
 Sarracenia purpurea (American 
 P ltd i er -plant). A very remarkable 
 plant, known at once by its pitcher- 
 like leaves ; 8 to 15 in. high. Floivers, 
 in June ; globose, nodding, solitary, 
 deep purplish- red, the fiddle-shaped 
 petals arching over the greenish-yel- 
 low style. Leaves, pitcher- shaped, 
 ascending, curved, broadly winged, 
 veined with purple ; the hood erect, 
 
 open, round -heart shaped, clothed on 
 the inner side with stiff bristles point- 
 ing downwards. There is a rare va- 
 riety with greenish- yellow flowers, 
 and without purple veins in the foliage. 
 
 North America. Though invariably 
 
 treated as a house-, and usually a stove- 
 plant, this curious subject will thrive 
 in most parts in the artificial bog, in 
 wet peat, and it is a very desirable 
 plant to associate with Cypripedium 
 spectabile, Rhexia, virginica, the Parnas- 
 sias, and other ornamental bog plants. 
 Careful division of well-established 
 tufts. 
 
 Saxifraga aizoides (Streamlet Saxi- 
 frage). A low tufted evergreen herb, 
 abundant by streams on our northern 
 mountains. Flowers, in summer and 
 autumn ; yellow, and dotted with 
 red towards the base, ^ in. across, 
 from 3 to 12 or more in a loose pani- 
 cle, on ascending stems, 3 to 6 in. 
 high ; calyx spreading, adherent at the 
 base, segments hardly shorter than 
 the petals, and often narrow and 
 yellow like them. Leaves, about 4 in- 
 long, alternate, narrow, rather thick, 
 entire or sometimes finely notched 
 with 1 or 2 teeth. When the leaves 
 are sparsely ciliated, it is, according 
 to Dr. Syme, the S. autumnalis of 
 
 Linnaeus. Europe and Britain. 
 
 The rock-garden, moist borders, and 
 bog-bed; should be introduced near 
 streams in the rock-garden. Division 
 or seed. 
 
 Saxifrasra, Aizoon (Everlasting Saxi- 
 frage). The silvery kind most com- 
 monly seen on the European moun- 
 tains. Flowers, in early summer ; 
 cream-coloured, marked with small 
 rose-coloured dots, in corymbs on 
 stems 6 to 15 in. high ; petals nearly 
 round ; peduncles lengthened, usually 
 two-flowered; calyces smooth, with 
 acute segments. Leaves, short, silvery, 
 serrated; root leaves in rosettes, 
 wedge-shaped, ciliated at the bas; 
 
222 
 
 SAXIFRAGA. 
 
 those of the stem obovate and mucro 
 nate ; stems erect, simple, leafy, 
 shining, with a few scattered gland- 
 bearing hairs. S. recta is a variety of 
 this, with 3- or 4-flowered peduncles, 
 and petals without any dots. Europe 
 
 and North America. As hardy and 
 
 easily grown in gardens as it is com- 
 mon and unfastidious in its native 
 haunts, growing freely in any open 
 soil, and forming handsome silvery 
 tufts 1 ft. or more in diameter, and 
 quite firm when fully exposed. It is 
 useful for the rockwork or mixed bor- 
 der, and is also one of the kinds of 
 which neat silvery edgings may be' 
 made. Division or seed. 
 
 Saxifraga Andrews!! (Andrews's S.) 
 An interesting and handsome hybrid 
 kind, 8 in. to 1 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 early summer ; larger than those of 
 S. umbrosa, conspicuously dotted with 
 red ; petals broadly-oval, very slightly 
 notched at the end. Leaves, long, 
 spoon-shaped, obtuse, smooth, rather 
 thick, narrowed at the base into a 
 slightly-fringed stalk, and having a 
 membranous margin. Found in South- 
 Western Ireland. Borders, and the 
 
 rock-garden, in sandy loam. Division. 
 
 Saxifraga aretioides (Aretia Saxi- 
 frage). This forms cushions of little 
 silvery rosettes almost as small and 
 dense as those of Androsace helvetica, 
 about in. high. Flowers, in April ; 
 golden-yellow, in dense, few-flowered 
 corymbs ; pedicels and calyces clothed 
 with clammy 'down ; stem covered 
 with viscid hairs; petals with small 
 round notches at the apex ; segments 
 of calyx ovate, acute. Leaves, linear- 
 tongue-shaped, upright, very finely 
 pointed, keeled, greyish, imbricate, 
 ciliately toothed at the base, with a 
 few perforated dots near the margin. 
 
 Pyrenees. Rather scarce at present, 
 
 and worthy of a choice fully exposed 
 position on the rockwork. in sandy or 
 calcareous soil perfectly drained. Thus 
 
 treated it forms dense tufts, sometimes 
 more than a foot across, and from its 
 very distinct appearance and yellow 
 flowers, contrasts well with most of 
 the other choice dwarf kinds. Divi- 
 sion or seed. 
 
 Saxifraga aspera (Rough Saxifrage). 
 A small, grey, tufted, and prostrate 
 kind. Flowers, in summer ; dull 
 white, rather large; peduncles longish, 
 stiff", 1 -flowered, clothed with glandu- 
 liferous hairs. Leaves, flat, lance- 
 shaped, ciliated, lower ones closely 
 imbricated, upper ones somewhat 
 scattered ; stems branched, reddish, 
 brittle, hispid with short hairs. S. 
 bryoides is considered a variety of this, 
 but it does not send out runners like 
 the preceding, and has yellow flowers. 
 
 European Alps. The rock-garden 
 
 and borders, in moist sandy soil. Di- 
 vision. 
 
 Saxifraga biflora (Large Purple Saxi- 
 frage). A beautiful species, allied to 
 the British S. oppositifolia, but larger 
 in all its parts and looser in habit. 
 Flowers, in spring ; rose-coloured at 
 first, changing to violet, in heads of 2 
 or 3. Leaves, flat, spoon - shaped, 
 small, ciliated, thinly scattered on the 
 stem, not packed as in S. oppositifolia, 
 imbricated in 4 rows. Alps and 
 Pyrenees, near the limits of perpetual 
 
 snow. The rock-garden, in exposed 
 
 spots, and in very sandy or gritty 
 loam. Seed, cuttings, and division of 
 well-established plants. 
 
 Saxifraga caesia (Silver Moss}. A 
 minute kind, forming dense silvery 
 tufts, often less than 4 in. high. 
 Flowers, in early summer ; white, 
 about g of an inch across, in a small 
 panicle, on thread-like smooth stems, 
 about 3 in. high ; petals roundish, 
 tapering at the base, 3- to 5-nerved, 
 the side ones curved ; pedicels and 
 calyces with a few short glandular 
 hairs ; segments of calyx very blunt. 
 Leaves, linear - oblong, recurved, 3- 
 
SAXIFRAGA. 
 
 223 
 
 sided, keeled, margined with white 
 wustaceous dots. Alps and Pyrenees. 
 Well-exposed spots in the rock- 
 garden, in moist and firm sandy loam. 
 Careful division, and seed. 
 
 Saxifraga caespitosa (Tufted S.) 
 A green, densely tufted species, very 
 nearly allied to S. hypnoides, but not 
 emitting weak prostrate barren shoots 
 like that species. Flowers, in spring 
 or early summer ; white, smaller than 
 those of S. hypnoides, the flowering- 
 stems mostly covered with a short 
 glandular down, and bearing 1 to 4 
 Sowers each ; petals oval, twice as 
 long as the obtuse divisions of the 
 calyx, 3-nerved, the side ones curved. 
 Leaves, of the root, 3- to 5-parted, or 
 undivided; segments linear or lance- 
 shaped, obtuse ; lower stem - leaves 
 palmate ; upper ones mostly 3-parted. 
 Plant beset with glandular hairs. 
 Europe and the British Isles. Bor- 
 ders, rockwork, and banks, in any 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Saxifraga ceratophylla (Horn-leaved 
 8.} A very showy and vigorous 
 species, with dark green leaves, form- 
 ing compact wide -spreading tufts ; 3 
 to 8 in. high. Floioers, in early sum- 
 mer ; pure white, abundantly pro- 
 duced in loose branched panicles ; 
 petals oblong ; calyx brownish, 
 smooth ; pedicels and calyces covered 
 with clammy juice. Leaves, deeply 
 2- or 3 -parted, stalked, stiff, smooth ; 
 segments awl - shaped, with horny 
 points ; stalks naked, channelled 
 above ; stems reddish at the base, 
 covered with clammy juice. Spain. 
 
 Borders, the rock - garden, or 
 
 naturalized on bare banks, slopes, or 
 rocky places, in ordinary soil. Divi- 
 sion or seed. 
 
 Saxifraga coriophylla (Early Silver 
 Saxifrage). A sturdy and very orna- 
 mental little silvery species, nearly 
 3 in. high. Flowers, early in spring ; 
 few, large, pure white; petals obovate- 
 
 oblong, marked with three straight 
 veins ; sepals oblong, obtuse, half as 
 long as the petals. Leaves of the stem 
 very small ; those of the rosette entire, 
 shortly oblong, obtuse, rigid, spread- 
 ing, slightly concave on the upper 
 side, convex and keeled beneath, 
 carved on the margin into a series of 
 5 to 7 pits or depressions ; stem glan- 
 dular, downy. Alpine regions of 
 Northern Albania. The rock-gar- 
 den, the margin of the choice mixed 
 border, or even for diminutive edgings 
 in the select spring garden, thriving 
 in any free and rather cool soil. Divi- 
 sion and seed. 
 
 Saxifraga cordifolia (Heart - leaved 
 S.) Megasea cordifolia. A very 
 large-leaved, evergreen perennial, en- 
 tirely distinct in aspect from the small 
 Saxifrages. Flowers, in spring, some- 
 what later than S. crassifolia ; clear 
 rose, large, in tbyrsoid panicles ; 
 petals roundish, clawed, inserted in 
 the calyx ; calyx bell - shaped, 5- 
 parted. Leaves, large, fleshy, round- 
 ish-heart-shaped, on long thick stalks, 
 serrated, smooth ; stalks furnished on 
 both sides at the base with entire 
 membranous stipules. Roots, thick, 
 
 fleshy. Siberia. Borders, rough 
 
 rockwork, rootwork, etc., and natura- 
 lized on sheltered sunny banks, where 
 its early-flowering tendency would be 
 encouraged, in ordinary soil. Division. 
 
 Saxifraga Cotyledon (Pyramidal S.) 
 A noble silvery -leaved kind ; 1 to 
 over 2 ft. high. Flowers, in early 
 summer ; white, in a large, elegant 
 pyramidal panicle on a stem from 6 in. 
 to a yard high ; petals oblong or spoon- 
 shaped, conspicuously 3-nerved j calyx 
 densely beset with glands. Leaves, 
 in large rosettes, flat, fleshy, spoon- 
 shaped, silvery-edged, and margined 
 with finely pointed serratures. Great 
 mountain chains of Europe, from the 
 Pyrenees to Lapland. S. pyramidalis 
 is a variety having a more erect habit, 
 
924 
 
 SAXIFRAGA. 
 
 narrower leaves, and somewhat larger 
 
 flowers. The rock-garden, borders, 
 
 and naturalization in open rocky 
 places, in any soil. Division. 
 
 Saxifraga crassifolia (Thick-leaved S.) 
 Megasea crassifolia. A stout large- 
 leaved perennial, very closely allied 
 to cordifolia. Flowers, in spring ; 
 red, in a thyrsoid panicle, on a thick 
 stalk about 9 in. high ; petals elliptic- 
 oblong, erect; calyx bell-shaped, half 
 as long as the petals, 5-parted to about 
 the middle, somewhat wrinkled on 
 the outside, green. Leaves, alternate, 
 spreading, about 9 in. long, flat, 
 leathery, obovate or oblong, sub-retuse, 
 very smooth, veined; stalks half the 
 length of the leaves, roundish, chan- 
 nelled, smooth, with an ovate mem- 
 branous stipule at the base. Native 
 
 of Siberia. Similar uses to those 
 
 given for S. cordifolia, to which this 
 is on the whole superior. Around Paris 
 I have seen it used with good effect in 
 beds in the spring-garden. It will 
 prove much finer in warm and shel- 
 tered positions, for, though very hardy, 
 the blooms are far better developed in 
 sunny sheltered spots. Division and 
 
 Saxifraga Cymbalaria (Ivy ) A 
 distinct abundantly - blooming little 
 annual species, with shining leaves 
 somewhat like those of the Wall 
 Linaria ; 3 in. to 1 ft. high. Flowers, 
 continuously from early spring to au- 
 tumn ; bright yellow, in dense masses, 
 on numerous, weak, sprawling stems ; 
 petals obovate, much longer than the 
 calyx ; sepals oblong. Leaves, kidney- 
 shaped, with crenate lobes, stalked. 
 
 The Caucasus. The rock - garden 
 
 or borders, in ordinary soil. It is 
 easily increased by seed, and often 
 sows itself abundantly. 
 
 Saxifraga diapensioides (Diapensia 
 S.} A dense-growing and diminutive 
 kind, and one of the most ornamental. 
 Flowers, in early summer, white, bell- 
 
 shaped, 3 to 5 in a terminal head "U 
 leafy stems, rarely exceeding 2 in. 
 high, densely covered with viscid 
 hairs ; petals oblong, narrowed at the 
 base, with a 5-nerved limb. Leaves, 
 grey, 3- edged, linear, obtuse, with 
 cartilaginous margins, ciliated at the 
 base and with one or two perforated 
 dots at the points, packed into dense 
 cylindrical rosettes. Alps of Switzer- 
 land, Dauphiny, and the Pyrenees. 
 The treatment and positions re- 
 commended for S. arelioides will suit 
 this perfectly. It may also be freely 
 grown in pans. Seed and division. 
 
 Saxifraga Geum (Kidney S. ) Very 
 like the London Pride, and differing 
 chiefly in its leaves. Flowers, in early 
 summer; pink, with darker spots, 
 about in. across, in a loose, slender 
 panicle. Leaves, roundish, heart-shaped 
 at the base, with scattered hairs on 
 both sides, on long stalks, which are 
 usually very hairy, and less flattened 
 than those of S. umbrosa. There are 
 several varieties of this. S. hirsuta 
 is very closely allied to it, if anything 
 more than a variety, differing chiefly 
 by its leaves being longer than broad, 
 less heart-shaped, and more hairy. 
 South - western Ireland, and other 
 
 parts of Europe. Borders, edgings, 
 
 and the rougher parts of the rock- 
 garden, in ordinary soil ; also wild in 
 woods and copses. Division. 
 
 Saxifraga granulata (Meadow S.) 
 A rather common native species, dis- 
 tinct in aspect from the alpine kinds, 
 with several small scaly bulbs in a 
 crown at the root ; 6 to 12 in. high. 
 Flowers, in spring and early summer ; 
 white, about f in. across ; 3 to 6 
 together in a branched terminal 
 panicle ; petals obovate, much longer 
 than the calyx, marked with 3- 
 branched veins. Leaves, somewhat 
 fleshy, kidney shaped, crenate orlobed, 
 thickly clothed with shaggy glandular 
 hairs; root-leaves on long stalks ; 
 
SAXIFRAGA. 
 
 225 
 
 those of the stem alternate and nearly 
 stalkless ; stem erect, round, leafy, 
 pubescent, somewhat viscid. There 
 is a double-flowered variety. Britain, 
 
 in meadows and gravelly places. 
 
 The double variety is the form worthy 
 of general cultivation, and it is very 
 pretty among low border - plants, 
 thriving in any soil. Division. 
 
 Saxifraga Hirculus ( Yellow Marsh S. ) 
 A very distinct and attractive 
 native kind ; 6 to 10 in. high. Flowers, 
 in summer; clear rich yellow, with 
 orange dots on the lower half of each 
 petal, about f in. across, usually 1 to 
 3 on each ascending stem; petals 5, 
 obovate, nerved ; calyx reflexed. 
 Leaves, in tufts, obovate, quite entire, 
 smooth on both sides, sometimes 
 ciliate at the margin with soft hairs ; 
 stem leafy, simple, upright, thinly 
 clothed with brownish hairs. Europe, 
 
 Asia, and Britain. The bog-bed, 
 
 moist spots in the rock-garden, in 
 peaty soil, or in a wild state in bogs 
 or marshes. Division and seed. 
 
 Saxifraga hypnoides (Mossy Saxi- 
 frage). A well-known plant, very 
 variable in its stems, leaves, and 
 flowers, forming mossy tufts of deep 
 fresh green. Flowers, in early sum- 
 mer; greenish- white, rather large; 
 1 to 8 on a stem with but few leaves, 
 3 to 6 in. high ; petals elliptic-oblong, 
 obtuse, with 3 green lines ; segments 
 of calyx not ^ so long as petals and 
 more or less pointed. Leaves, narrow, 
 pointed, sometimes entire, but often 
 3- to 7-cleft, the larger ones particu- 
 larly so, smooth or more or less cili- 
 ated with glandular hairs. Root-stock 
 usually shortly creeping, much 
 branched, throwing out numerous 
 decumbent barren shoots, which in 
 moist places are 3 or 4 in. long, but 
 sometimes contracted into a short 
 tuft. Under this species may be 
 grouped the following, which exhibit 
 differences which some think sufficient 
 
 to mark them as species, S. kirta, affinis, 
 incurvifolia, platypetala, and decipiens. 
 Native of several parts of Britain, and 
 Western Europe generally. Mar- 
 gins of borders, rootwork, among 
 quickly-spreading and easily-grown 
 subjects in the rock-garden, and in a 
 naturalized state among dwarf plants, 
 in almost any position and soil. Di- 
 vision. 
 
 Saxifraga juniperina (Juniper Saxi- 
 frage). A very distinct species, with 
 sharp-pointed leaves in dense firm 
 cushions. Flowers, in spring ; yellow, 
 in a 6- to 10 -flowered spike ; petals 
 obovate, triple-nerved ; pedicels short, 
 clothed with clammy down. Leaves, 
 deep green, awl-shaped, 3-edged, 
 spine-pointed, densely set in cushioned 
 masses, finely serrulated at the base ; 
 stems numerous, crowded with leaves 
 and branching at the apex. The 
 
 Caucasus. The rock-garden, raised 
 
 beds or borders, in moist sandy loam, 
 also in pots or pans* Careful division 
 and seed. 
 
 Saxifraga ligulata (Great Strap-leaved 
 S.) A handsome plant, allied to S. 
 crassifolia ; from 6 to 9 in. high. 
 Flowers, in spring ; large, rosy- white, 
 in spreading panicles ; petals obovate, 
 somewhat notched, much longer than 
 the calyx ; sepals finely fringed at the 
 ends. Leaves, obovate or somewhat 
 heart-shaped, wavy, slightly toothed, 
 expanded at the base into a fringed 
 
 sheath. Nepaul. Borders, sunny 
 
 banks, and rough rockwork, in sandy 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Saxifraga longifolia (Long-leaved 
 Saxifrage). The noblest species 
 known. Flowers, in summer ; white, 
 in a large pyramidal panicle, on stems 
 1 to 2 ft. high, clothed with short, 
 stiff, gland-tipped hairs. Leaves, li- 
 near, crenate, very long (sometimes 6 
 in.) greyish-green, arranged in magnifi- 
 cent rosettes sometimes 1 ft. in diame- 
 ter. Pyrenees. So much admired 
 
 Q 
 
226 
 
 SAXIFRAGA. 
 
 that until very common it is likely to 
 be confined to the rockwork, on which 
 its silvery rosettes are conspicuous 
 ornaments, even in the depth of win- 
 ter. It however thrives in the mixed 
 border, in soil of ordinary quality, and 
 like other kinds will grow in poor 
 soil, but has been proved to grow 
 much faster and better in soil enriched 
 by decomposed stable manure. It is 
 easily raised from seed, which should 
 be gathered at intervals of two or 
 three days, as the seeds on the lower 
 branches of the panicle ripen some 
 time before those towards the apex. 
 The seeds should be sown at once in 
 pans of fine sandy loam and peat, the 
 soil firmly compressed, the seeds co- 
 vered very slightly, and placed in a 
 shallow cold frame. When well up 
 they should be potted in small pots, 
 and with liberal treatment they soon 
 form strong plants, which may be 
 placed in the open air in summer, and 
 left there afterwards. The old rosettes 
 do not perish after flowering, but do 
 not always flower every year. Rabbits 
 sometimes destroy it. 
 
 Saxifraga oppositifolia (Purple Saxi- 
 frage). A brilliant native species, 
 2 in. high. Flowers, in early spring ; 
 purplish -rose, large for the size of the 
 plant, solitary on short erect stems, 
 *>ut sometimes so freely produced as to 
 completely hide the foliage ; segments 
 of calyx ovate, green, not half so long 
 as the 5-nerved petals. Leaves, small, 
 opposite, densely crowded, ovate or 
 obovate, flat, obtuse, ciliated. There 
 are the following varieties in cultiva- 
 tion : pallida, pale pink ; alba, white ; 
 major, large. A very fine variety 
 (S. opp. pyrenaica) has dense erect ro- 
 settes of leaves, and flowers f in. 
 across, varying in colour from flesh- 
 pink to deep purple-crimson. Europe 
 
 and Britain, on high mountains. 
 
 The rock-garden, and margins of bor- 
 ders, in moist sandy loam. When in 
 
 borders it will be better to surround 
 the specimen with half -buried stones, 
 and if broken sandstone is mixed with 
 the soil to a depth of 18 in., so much 
 the better. Division. 
 
 Saxifraga pectinata (Comb-leaved S.) 
 A neat silvery species. Flowers, in 
 summer; rather small, white spotted 
 with purple in the centre; divisions 
 of the calyx ovate-triangular, obtuse. 
 Leaves, linear-spoon-shaped, pointed, 
 sharply serrated with triangular teeth ; 
 terminal tooth rather blunt, large, and 
 prominent. Carniola. The rock- 
 garden, in moist sandy soil. Division. 
 
 Saxifraga pnrpurascens (Purple 
 Himalayan S.) The handsomest of 
 the large-leaved species, 3 to 6 in. 
 high. Flowers, in April and May ; 
 handsome reddish-purple, large, of an 
 elegant bell-shape, in dense corymbose 
 panicles. Leaves, nearly round or 
 round-ovate, glossy green margined 
 with red. Sikkim, Himalayas, at very 
 
 high elevations. Allied to the other 
 
 Saxifrages of the large-leaved or Me- 
 gasea section, it is very distinct from 
 any of them, and, being dwarfer and 
 more beautiful, deserves a choice spot 
 in the rock-garden, in moist sandy 
 peat and loam, with plenty of water, 
 and a position fully exposed to the 
 sun ; also on warm borders. I have 
 only seen this in the open air at Glas- 
 nevin. It is very uncommon in gar- 
 dens, but deserves a place in every 
 collection. Seed and division. 
 
 Saxifraga retusa (Retuse S.) A 
 pretty kind, allied to the Purple 
 Saxifrage. Flowers, in spring or 
 early summer ; purple, 2 or 3 together 
 on erect, few-leaved stems ; petals 
 lance-shaped, acute ; segments of ca- 
 lyx oblong-ovate, obtuse ; pedicels 
 and calyces clothed with short glan- 
 dular down. Leaves, small, fleshy, 
 smooth, imbricated, oblong, 3-angled, 
 acute, full of perforated dots above ; 
 ciliated at the base and retuse at the 
 
SAXIFRAGA SCABIOS A. 
 
 227 
 
 apex. Alps and Pyrenees. The 
 
 rock-garden and borders, in moist 
 sandy soil. Division. 
 
 Saxifraga Kocheliana (RocTieTs Saxi- 
 frage}.^ very compact and dwarf 
 kind, allied to S. ccesia, forming dense 
 silvery rosettes of white -margined 
 leaves, with distinctly impressed dots. 
 Flowers, in spring ; white, large, freely 
 produced in corymbs on stems 3 or 
 4 in. high ; petals lance-shaped or 
 ovate, twice the length of the calyx ; 
 sepals ovate. Leaves, of the rosettes 
 tongue-shaped, smooth, ciliated at the 
 base ; those of the stem clothed with 
 clammy hairs, pale green. Alps of 
 
 Central Europe. The rock-garden, 
 
 in fully exposed spots, in firm, sandy 
 soil ; also for the margins of choice 
 mixed borders, in the same kind of 
 soil, surrounded by a few half -buried 
 stones. Division or seed. 
 
 Saxifraga sarmentosa (Creeping Saxi- 
 frage). Distinct in aspect from the 
 alpine or any other cultivated kinds, 
 having rather large, round, blotched 
 leaves, and graceful, slender, and long 
 runners. Flowers, in early summer ; 
 white, dotted with rose, on stems 6 
 to 10 in. high ; petals 5, the two outer 
 ones 3 - nerved, much larger than 
 the others. Leaves, roundish-heart- 
 shaped, pilose, mottled above, red 
 beneath, on roundish stalks longer 
 than the leaves ; creeping runners, 
 which terminate in rooting offsets, 
 proceed from the axils of the root- 
 leaves. S. cuscutceformis is a variety 
 of this, with much smaller leaves, 
 petals more equal in size, and its 
 stolons or runners like those of a 
 
 Dodder. China. The rock-garden, 
 
 hardy fernery, or edges of raised beds. 
 It is usually grown in greenhouses, 
 but it is hardy in all but the coldest 
 districts. Division. 
 
 Saxifraga tenella (Slender Saxi- 
 frage}. A handsome prostrate plant, 
 forming tufts of delicate fine-leaved 
 
 branches, which root as they grow; 
 about 4 or 5 in. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; numerous, whitish-yellow, 
 arranged in a loose panicle. Leaves, 
 linear, pointed, very numerous, ar- 
 ranged in dense rosettes. Austrian 
 
 Alps. Rockwork and slopes, in 
 
 moist soil, and in cool positions. Divi- 
 sion in the end of summer or in spring 
 
 Saxifraga valdensis (Vaudois S.) 
 A diminutive species, growing in 
 extremely dense and rigid glaucous 
 tufts ; 3 or 4 in. high. Flowers, late 
 in spring ; white, in a corymb of 6 to 
 10 blossoms ; calyx and stem covered 
 with blackish glandular hairs. Leaves, 
 more or less triangular, slightly re- 
 curved at the end, where they widen 
 and become almost spoon - shaped. 
 Mont Cenis and other parts of the 
 
 Alps. In well-drained ledges on 
 
 rockwork, in a mixture of loam and 
 grit. Division and seed. 
 
 Scabiosa caucasica (Caucasian Sca- 
 bious). A large and handsome peren- 
 nial ; 18 in. to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; pale blue, in a large head ; 
 corolla 5-cleft ; limb of calyx sessile, 
 with exserted bristles. Leaves, some- 
 what resembling those of a Scorzonera ; 
 those of the root lance-shaped, taper- 
 pointed, entire, glaucous ; involucmm 
 very villous. The Caucasus and Ar- 
 menia, in arid places. Borders 
 
 and naturalization, in ordinary soil. 
 Division. 
 
 Scabiosa graminifolia (Grass-leaved 
 S.) A very -distinct dwarf kind, with 
 stems slightly woody at the base ; 
 about 1 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 pale blue, resembling those of S. cau- 
 casica but smaller; bristles of calyx 
 5, equal in length to the crown. 
 Leaves, silvery white, about 4 in. long, 
 and I in. broad, lance-shaped. Moun- 
 tains of Dauphiny, Italy, and Switzer- 
 land. The rock-garden and mar- 
 gins of warm borders, in sandy loam. 
 Division. 
 
 Q2 
 
228 
 
 SCABIOSA SCILLA. 
 
 Scabiosa ochroleuca (Yellow Scabious). 
 A hardy perennial, with a furrowed 
 stem, 1 ft. to 16 in. high. Floivers, in 
 summer ; pale sulphur -yellow, more 
 than 2 in. across. Leaves, pinnate ; 
 radical ones a foot long ; leaflets in- 
 creasing in size from below upwards, 
 coarsely toothed ; stem-leaves pinna- 
 tifid, with linear divisions. Germany. 
 Naturalized in rough and half- 
 wild spots, in ordinary soil. Seed or 
 division. 
 
 Scabiosa Webbiana (WebVs Scabious). 
 A rather dwarf, silvery-leaved spe- 
 cies, not growing more than from 6 
 to 10 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 cream-coloured, in small heads, in- 
 conspicuous. Leaves, obovate ; upper 
 ones divided ; lower ones toothed. 
 
 Phrygia. The rock-garden, and 
 
 warm borders, in sandy loam. Seed 
 and cuttings. 
 
 Schivereckia podolica (Podolian S.) 
 Alyssum podolicum. A small alpine 
 herb, nearly white with starry 
 down ; 3 or 4 in. high. Flowers, in 
 spring; small, white, in terminal 
 racemes ; petals slightly notched at 
 the apex. Leaves, of the root in 
 rosettes, oval-oblong, toothed ; stem- 
 leaves few, clasping. Podolia, Vol- 
 
 hynia, and the Ural mountains. 
 
 The rock-garden and borders, in light 
 sandy soil. It has few claims for any 
 but large and botanical collections. 
 Seed and division. 
 
 Schizostylis coccinea (Crimson S.) 
 A handsome bulbous plant, with the 
 habit of a Gladiolus ; 2 to 3 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer and autumn ; of a 
 bright crimson, 2 in. across, resembling 
 in form those of Tritonia aurea, in a 
 one-sided spike, and opening from 
 below upwards. Leaves, sword-shaped, 
 dark green, sheathing at the base. 
 Caffraria. Borders, fringes of beds 
 of shrubs, associated with Gladioli 
 and other autumn-flowering bulbs, in 
 sandy peat and loam. Division. 
 
 Scilla amoena (Star-flowered Squill). 
 A charming, spring-flowering, bul- 
 bous plant, about 1 ft. high. Flowers, 
 in April and May ; dark indigo-blue, 
 with a darker line through the middle 
 of each petal ; ovary conspicuous in 
 the star - like bloom. Leaves, of a 
 lively green colour, linear - lance- 
 shaped, about ^ in. across, channelled. 
 South of Europe. Sheltered posi- 
 tions in borders, in light sandy soil. 
 Increased by separation of the bulbs 
 every second or third year. 
 
 Scilla bifolia (Early Squill). A beau- 
 tiful, early-flowering, dwarf species, 
 from 6 to 10 in. high. Flowers, in 
 March and April ; dark blue, 4 to 6 
 on a spike, forming rich masses. 
 Zea0es,linear-lance-shaped,channelled, 
 2 in number (occasionally 3), of a de- 
 licate green colour, with reddish 
 lines. There are numerous varieties. 
 Southern and Central Europe. Bor- 
 ders ; flowers best in warm sunny 
 spots, in light sandy soil. It is also 
 well fitted for naturalization in sunny 
 openings in woods where the ground 
 vegetation is scant, and the soil of an 
 open texture. Separation of the 
 bulbs. 
 
 ; Scilla campanulata (Large Bluebell). 
 j A vigorous and handsome kind, 8 
 to 18 in. high. Flowers, late in spring 
 or early in summer ; bell-shaped, 
 of a light violet-blue, on short stalks, 
 pendent from the axils of whitish 
 bracts, and arranged in a pyramidal 
 cluster. Leaves, broadly lanceolate, 
 acute, about as long as the stem, and 
 spreading in a broad rosette. .Bulb, 
 large, solid, rounded-oval, egg-shaped, 
 or oblong, of various forms when 
 young depressed, elongated, cylin- 
 drical, oblong, or club-shaped. There 
 are several varieties, much the largest 
 and finest being S. campanulata major, 
 which appears to be the plant figured 
 by Redoute. The white and rose 
 varieties are particularly well worthy 
 
SCILLA SCUTELLARIA. 
 
 229 
 
 of culture. S. Europe. Fringes of 
 
 shrubberies, mixed borders, and natu- 
 ralization. It will grow in any posi- 
 tion or soil in which the Common 
 Bluebell thrives. Separation of the 
 bulbs as occasion may require. 
 
 Scilla patula (Spreading Bluebell). 
 Nearly allied to our Common Blue- 
 bell; 10 to 15 in. high. Flowers, in 
 early summer; larger and more open 
 than those of the Common Bluebell, 
 blue, pendent, of a cylindrical bell- 
 shape, arranged in an erect loose 
 cluster, scentless. Leaves, numerous, 
 broadly - linear, spreading on the 
 ground. Bulb, elongated-pear-shaped, 
 depressed or oblique, sometimes club- 
 shaped. South of France, Spain, and 
 Portugal. Borders, fringes of shrub- 
 beries, and naturalization when it can 
 be spared for this purpose, in ordinary 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Scilla peruviatia (Pyramidal Squill). 
 -A noble and distinct species, 6 to 16 in. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; numerous, 
 of a brilliant blue, with white stamens, 
 which form a charming contrast, 
 arranged on long slender stalks in a 
 large, regular, dense, pyramidal 
 cluster, which is elongated during the 
 period of flowering. Leaves, longer 
 than the flower-stem, broadly linear, 
 of a deep, glistening green, finely 
 ciliated at the edges. Bulb, large, 
 elongated- pear-shaped, covered with 
 yellowish-white coats. South of Eu- 
 rope and Barbary. Level but sunny 
 
 and sheltered spots in the lower parts 
 of the rockrgarden, or warm shel- 
 tered borders, and occasionally on the 
 fringes of shrubberies, always in a 
 thoroughly- drained and free soil. The 
 crown of the bulb to be at least five 
 or six inches below the surface. This 
 will guard it against any injury from 
 cold. Of course, when large bulbs are 
 planted in this way, there must be 
 plenty of good soil beneath their base. 
 
 Separation of the bulbs every second 
 or third year. 
 
 Scilla sibirica (SiberianSquill).The 
 brightest and bravest of all known 
 early blue-flowered spring bulbs; 3 
 to 6 in. high. Flowers, early in spring ; 
 of a fine clear porcelain-blue, grace- 
 fully pendent, one to six on each stem, 
 arranged in a loose, irregular cluster. 
 Leaves, broadly linear, acute, slightly 
 hollowed near the point, somewhat 
 shorter than the flower-stem. Bulb, 
 of the size of a chestnut, roundish, 
 with dark -coloured, dry, transparent 
 coats. Southern Russia and the Cau- 
 casus. Tufts in borders, or as 
 
 edgings round choice beds of shrubs, 
 either alone or alternated with other 
 dwarf flowers ; also indispensable for 
 the rock-garden, and a charming sub- 
 ject for naturalization on sloping 
 ground with a dwarf turf. Grows 
 and increases freely in good sandy 
 loam. Separation of the bulbs every 
 second year, soon after the leaves have 
 decayed. 
 
 Scutellaria alpina (Alpine Skullcap}. 
 A neat perennial, with spreading 
 pubescent stems, forming large round 
 tufts I ft. high in the centre. Flowers, 
 in summer; purplish, or with the 
 lower lip white or yellow, in terminal 
 4-angled, oblong heads, short at first, 
 afterwards lengthening; corolla 1 to 
 1^ in. long. Leaves, nearly stalkless 
 or very shortly stalked, ovate, roundish 
 or heart-shaped at the base, notched, 
 green, pubescent or pilose; floral 
 leaves membranous, imbricated. S. 
 lupulina is a variety of this with 
 showy yellow flowers. Europe and 
 
 Asia, on mountains. Borders, 
 
 banks, and naturalization, in sandy 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Scutellaria macrantha (Large-flowered 
 S.) A rather showy perennial, form- 
 ing compact bushy tufts, 8 in. to 1 ft. 
 high. Mowers, in summer ; fine blue, in 
 
230 
 
 SEDUM, 
 
 closely-set unilateral clusters. Leaves, 
 opposite, lanceolate, obtuse, rounded 
 at the base, finely ciliated on the 
 margin, pale underneath. Siberia. 
 
 Borders, in good soil. Division 
 
 and seed. 
 
 Sedum acre (Stonecrop). A well- 
 known and diminutive inhabitant of 
 old thatched roofs and sandy and 
 gravelly places ; 2 to 4 in. high. Flowers, 
 in early summer ; yellow, in small 
 terminal cymes ; sepals much shorter 
 than the narrow- oblong petals. Leaves, 
 small, thick, alternate, stalkless, ovate, 
 sometimes nearly round, smooth. S. 
 acre variegatum is a variety of which 
 the tips of the shoots in spring become 
 of a showy yellow. Europe and Bri- 
 tain, on walls or dry places. Walls 
 
 and bare sandy or gravelly places, 
 borders, rough rockwork, etc. The 
 Variegated form is useful for edgings, 
 etc., in the spring garden. Division. 
 
 Sedum album (White Stonecrop). A 
 distinct and pretty species, 4 to 6 in. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; white or 
 pinkish, freely produced in elegant 
 corymbs ; petals oblong and obtuse, 
 almost three times the length of the 
 oval sepals. Leaves, scattered, oblong, 
 cylindrical, | to i n - l oll g> f a 
 brownish green, stalkless, smooth. 
 This, like the common Stonecrop, oc- 
 curs on old roofs and rocky places in 
 many parts of Europe. The rock- 
 garden, borders, walls, and wild in 
 bare gravelly places. Division. 
 
 Sedum Anacampseros (Evergreen 
 Orpine). Readily distinguished by 
 the leaves being arranged in pyrami- 
 dal rosettes on the barren, prostrate 
 branches ; 6 to 8 in. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; rose-coloured or purple, 
 in very dense corymbs; petals flat, 
 oboval, obtuse, one-third longer than 
 the calyx ; sepals lance-shaped. Leaves, 
 wedge-shaped, obtuse, alternate, en- 
 tire, glaucous, smooth, nearly stalk- 
 less. Alps, Pyrenees, and mountains 
 
 of Dauphiny. Borders and rough 
 
 rockwork, ID any soil Division. 
 
 Sedum anglicum (English Stonecrop) t 
 A small and pretty kind, 2 to 5 in. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; white, 
 sometimes tinged with pink, in a 
 short few-flowered cyme ; petals taper- 
 pointed, awned, more than twice as 
 long as the sepals. Leaves, crowded, 
 alternate, short, ovate, gibbous, 
 spurred at the base, smooth. Britain, 
 and various other parts of Europe. 
 
 Similar positions, etc., to those 
 
 given for S. album. 
 
 Sedum brevifolium (SJiort-leaved 
 Stonecrop) . A very distinct and 
 pretty species, allied to S. dasyphyllum, 
 but readily distinguished from it by 
 its pinkish mealy tone ; 2 to 4 in high. 
 Flowers, in summer j white, in loose, 
 terminal, smooth cymes; petals 
 bluntish, sepals thin (in S. dasyphyl- 
 lum, thick). Leaves, ovate, obtuse, 
 short, thick, opposite ; stems smooth, 
 twisted, and rather woody at the 
 base. Southern Pyrenees and Corsica. 
 
 The rock-garden, on warm spots, 
 
 in firm dry soil ; also on sunny parts 
 of old walls and ruins, and in .pots. 
 It is somewhat tender. Division. 
 
 Sedum dasyphyllum (Thick-leaved 
 Stonecrop}. A very dwarf and neat 
 kind, 4 or 5 in. high, of a glaucous 
 colour and not unfrequently of an 
 amethystine blue tone. Flowers, in 
 summer ; dull white tinged with rose, 
 in a spreading, glutinous panicle; 
 petals bluntish, three times the length 
 of the calyx, which is downy and 
 clammy. Leaves, mostly opposite, 
 densely packed, very thick and fleshy, 
 swollen on the lower side, nearly flat 
 on the upper side. S. corsicum is nearly 
 allied to this but smaller. A native 
 of Southern and South-western Eu- 
 rope, and a few localities in Southern 
 
 England. The rock-garden, or on 
 
 ruins, old walls, etc. When planted 
 
SEDUM. 
 
 231 
 
 out in the garden it should have poor, 
 dryish, firm, sandy soil. Division. 
 
 Sedum Ewersii (Ewers' s Stonecrop). 
 Somewhat like S. Sieboldi, but smaller 
 and more compact in habit ; 2 or 3 in. 
 high. Mowers, in summer ; purplish, 
 in terminal corymbs; petals lance- 
 shaped, acute, a little longer than the 
 stamens. Leaves, glaucous, smooth, 
 opposite, irregularly toothed; lower 
 ones broadly elliptic, upper ones heart- 
 shaped ; stem rooting at the base. 
 
 Altai Mountains. The rock-garden, 
 
 and margins of the mixed border, in 
 open soil. Division. 
 
 Sedum glaucum (Glaucous Stonecrop). 
 A minute species of a greyish hue, 
 forming dense tufts of short stems, 
 2 or 3 in. high, densely clothed with 
 fat leaves, flowers, in early summer ; 
 white, inconspicuous ; petals, 6, mucro- 
 nate, 1 -nerved. Leaves, short, thick, 
 and fleshy, alternate, glaucous ; stems 
 covered with spreading down. There 
 are various other Sedums allied to this, 
 and probably all are forms of one kind. 
 Native of Hungary. The rock- 
 garden, sometimes in spreading masses 
 as a glaucous " carpet plant," borders, 
 edgings, lines, masses, etc., in the 
 flower-garden, associated with other 
 dwarf plants, in light soil. Division. 
 
 Sedum kamtschaticum (Orange Stone- 
 crop). A showy kind, somewhat re- 
 sembling S. spurium in habit ; 3 to 5 in. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; dark orange- 
 yell ow, in terminal cymes; bracts 
 much longer than the cymes. Leaves, 
 oboval-lance-shaped, bluntly toothed, 
 alternate or opposite. Eastern Siberia. 
 Borders, edgings, and the rock- 
 garden, in ordinary soil. Division. 
 
 Sedum Nevii (Nevius's Sedum). A 
 
 rather showy kind, with spreading 
 simple stems, 3 to 5 in. high. Flowers, 
 late in summer ; white, with pointed 
 petals and purplish anthers, in dense 
 branching cymes. Leaves, all alter- 
 nate ; those of the sterile shoots wedge- 
 
 shaped-obovate or spathulate : those 
 of the flowering stems linear, spathu- 
 late and flattish. North America. 
 
 Rockwork, in gravelly or sandy 
 
 loam. Division. 
 
 Sedum populifolium (Shrubby Stone- 
 crop). More curious than beautiful, 
 forming a small, much -branched 
 plant, 6 to 10 in. high. Flowers, late 
 in summer; white, in terminal co- 
 rymbs. Leaves, scattered, smooth, 
 stalked, flat, coarsely toothed ; lower 
 ones heart-shaped ; upper ones ovate ; 
 stems erect, much branched, shrubby. 
 
 Native of Siberia. Borders, or the 
 
 rougher parts of the rock-garden; 
 chiefly suited for botanical and curious 
 collections. Division. 
 
 Sedum pulchellum (Bird's-foot Stone- 
 crop). A handsome and distinct kind, 
 4 to 10 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 purplish-rose, crowded in umbellate 
 spikes, spreading or recurved when in 
 flower, but straight and somewhat 
 erect when in fruit. Leaves, very 
 numerous, linear, obtuse, flattish, 
 closely sessile, more or less jointed at 
 the base ; stems rising, often branched 
 
 from the base. North America. 
 
 Borders, the rock-garden, and as an 
 edging plant, in ordinary sandy soil. 
 Division. 
 
 Sedum purpurascens (Purple Stone- 
 crop). Considered by some to be a 
 variety of S. maximum, which it very 
 much resmbles ; 10 to 18 in. high. 
 Flowers, late in summer and in au- 
 tumn ; purplish, arranged in an elon- 
 gated and irregular corymb. Leaves, 
 flat, fleshy, lengthened-oblong, toothed, 
 rounded at the base, opposite or 
 whorled, the upper ones almost clasp- 
 ing the stem, and of a dark purplish 
 
 colour. France. Borders, or natu 
 
 ralization, in ordinary soil. Division. 
 
 Sedum rupestre (Rock Stonecrop). 
 A greyish densely-tufted species, with, 
 numerous spreading shoots, usually- 
 rooting at the base and erect at th~ 
 
232 
 
 SEDUM SEMPERVIVUM. 
 
 apex; 3 to 5 in. high. Flowers, in 
 summer; yellow, larger than in any 
 other British species ; petals twice as 
 long as broad ; sepals short, ovate. 
 Leaves, glaucous, narrow, cylindrical, 
 with a short point, closely imbricated 
 before flowering in 5 or 6 rows. There 
 are several varieties or subspecies ; 
 notably the British S. elegans, and the 
 green-leaved S. Forsterianum. Britain 
 and other parts of Europe. Bor- 
 ders, and the rougher parts of the 
 rock-garden or banks, in any soil. 
 Division. 
 
 Sedum sexangulare (Six- angled S.} 
 Allied to the Common Stonecrop, and 
 by some considered a mere variety of 
 it ; 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in early 
 summer, usually rather later than 
 S. acre ; yellow, in a trifid cyme ; 
 petals lance-shaped, taper - pointed. 
 Leaves, sub-cylindrical, longer, more 
 numerous, and usually much redder 
 than those of S. acre, 3 in a whorl, 
 on barren branches, imbricated in 6 
 spiral rows, those on the flowering- 
 stems usually in threes ; stems branch- 
 ing at the base, flowering stems erect. 
 Europe and Britain, in dry sandy soil, 
 
 and on walls. Borders, rough rock- 
 
 work, or bare banks, in any soil. 
 Division. 
 
 Sedum Sieboldi (Siebold's Stonecrop). 
 A prostrate and elegant plant with 
 stems 6 to 8 in. long. Flowers, inautumn; 
 small, rose-coloured, sometimes slightly 
 tinged with purple, in a dense roundish 
 cyme. Leaves, in whorls of 3, nearly 
 round, coarsely toothed, very glau- 
 cous, almost grey, slightly tinged with 
 rose, especially in autumn. There is 
 
 a variegated variety. Japan. The 
 
 rock-garden, edges of raised borders 
 or beds, vases, and in pots, in good 
 sandy loam. Division and cuttings. 
 
 Sedum speetabile (Noble Stonecrop). 
 Remarkable for its full handsome 
 habit and showy bloom, 1 ft. to 16 in. 
 high. Flowers, late in summer and in 
 
 autumn ; rosy flesh-colour or purplish- 
 carmine, very numerous, and forming 
 a large, regular, spreading cyme often 
 more than 6 in. across. Leaves, oval, 
 pointed, opposite, large, fleshy, smooth, 
 very glaucescent or greyish - green. 
 
 Japan. Borders, beds and groups 
 
 of the finer autumn -flowering peren- 
 nials, isolated specimens in the plea- 
 sure-ground, and naturalization in 
 any soil. Division. 
 
 Sedum spurium (Showy Sedum). A 
 showy species, 4 to 8 in. high. Flowers, 
 in summer; pale purplish-rose, some- 
 times rosy flesh-colour, numerous, in 
 a compound corymb; petals lance- 
 shaped, acute. Leaves, alternate or 
 opposite, oboval or roundish, une- 
 qually toothed, slightly hairy and pale 
 underneath. There is a variety which 
 differs only in having flowers of a 
 
 deep carmine hue. Caucasus. 
 
 Borders, edgings, and the rougher 
 parts of the rock-garden, in any soil. 
 Division. 
 
 Sempervivum arachnoideum (Cobweb 
 Houseleek). A small and singular spe- 
 cies of Houseleek, the tiny globose 
 rosettes of which are covered at the top 
 with a thick white down, like a close 
 spider's web. Flowers, in summer ; 
 pretty, purple or rose-coloured, on 
 stems 3 to 5 in. high ; petals 8 or 9, 
 spreading ; scales bluntly notched. 
 Leaves, lanceolate, acute, with glandu- 
 lar hairs on both sides. Alps and 
 
 Pyrenees. The rock - garden, in 
 
 sandy soil, and in chinks of old walls, 
 ruins, etc. Division. 
 
 Sempervivum arenarium (Sand House- 
 leek}. A small kind, remarkable for 
 the great number of stolons which it 
 sends out from the axils of the leaves, 
 bearing young rosettes, which, after a 
 little time, detach themselves, and fall 
 on the ground where they readily take 
 root ; 2 or 3 in. high. Flowers, in sum- 
 mer ; light yellow, almost bell-shaped. 
 Leaves, in medium. - sized rosettes, 
 
SEMPERVIVQM. 
 
 233 
 
 lance-shaped, acute, erect, smooth, 
 fringed, tinged in autumn with red 
 on the ends, and also on the lower 
 side. European Alps. The rock- 
 garden and borders, in fully exposed 
 positions, and in ordinary sandy soil. 
 Division. 
 
 Sempervivum barbulatum (Bearded 
 Houseleek). A. profusely - flowering 
 kind, 34 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; bright rose-colour. Leaves, 
 in small rosettes, velvety, glandular, 
 terminating in a small pencil of white 
 
 cobwebby hairs. European Alps. 
 
 The rock-garden and borders, in 
 fully exposed positions and in ordi- 
 nary sandy soil. Division. 
 
 Sempervivura Boutignianum (Boutig- 
 ni's Houseleek). A medium-sized kind, 
 6 to 8 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 of a very pale rose-colour, marked with 
 a few darker lines, especially at the 
 base. Leaves, in rather compact 
 rosettes, often more fully developed 
 on one side, smooth, of a very pale 
 glaucous green, often marked on the 
 outside with reddish lines, brownish- 
 red at the top, and pale rose at the 
 base. The rosettes emit a large num- 
 ber of short runners terminated by 
 young rosettes, globular in form and 
 with smooth leaves. Alps of Dau- 
 phiny. The rock-garden and bor- 
 ders, in ordinary soil. Division. 
 
 Sempervivum calcareum (Purple- 
 tipped H.) S. calij "ornicum, Hort. A 
 large and handsome species now becom- 
 ing very popular. Flowers, in summer ; 
 pale rose-colour, in panicled cymes, 
 smaller than those of the Common 
 Houseleek, on stems 6 to 10 in. high. 
 Leaves, in dense rosettes, glaucous at 
 the base, and marked on the upper 
 part with a purplish spot. Alps of 
 Dauphiny. This is the plant often 
 grown under the name of S. californicum 
 in gardens. A variety of the Common 
 Houseleek is also grown under that 
 name.. The rock - garden* borders, 
 
 edgings, lines and panels in the 
 flower - garden, and naturalized on 
 walls, ruins, or any position where the 
 Common Houseleek thrives. Division. 
 
 Sempervivum fimbriatum (Fringed 
 Houseleek). One of the most prof us ely- 
 flowering kinds. Flowers, in summer ; 
 dark rose-colour, on stems 6 to 10 in. 
 high. Leaves, in small rosettes, smooth 
 on both sides, strongly fringed on the 
 edges, and marked with a large purple 
 spot on the end which terminates in a 
 
 long point. European Alps. The 
 
 rock-garden or borders, in any sandy 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Sempervivum flagelliforme (Long- 
 runnered If.) Allied to S. mon- 
 tanum, but larger, and readily dis- 
 tinguished from that species by its 
 rosettes being produced at the ends of 
 long runners. Flowers, in summer, 
 purple, on stems 8 or 9 in. high. 
 Leaves, ovate, finely pointed ; stem- 
 leaves narrower ; those of the offsets 
 terminated by a stiff brown point. 
 Siberia. Borders and the rock- 
 garden, in ordinary soil. Division. 
 
 Sempervivum Funckii (Funck's House > 
 leek). A medium-sized kind, light- 
 green in colour. Flowers, in summer ; 
 rose-coloured, on stems 3 to 6 in. 
 high. Leaves, numerous, somewhat 
 glandular on both sides, and strongly 
 fringed, pointed, and of a light-green 
 colour even in autumn, in small com- 
 pact rosettes. Tyrolese Alps. The 
 
 rock-garden and borders, in sandy soil. 
 Division. 
 
 Sempervivum glaucum (Glaucous 
 Houseleek) . A large and vigorous kind. 
 Flowers, in summer ; nectaries clawed, 
 acute ; stamens 12 to 18 ; pistils the same 
 number. Leaves, broadly obovate- 
 wedge-shaped, glaucous, ciliated ; run- 
 ners spreading. Mount Simplon. 
 
 Margins of borders, the rougher parts 
 of the rock-garden, and as an edging or 
 panel plant. Division. 
 
 Sempervivum globiferma (Proliferous 
 
234 
 
 SEMPERVIVUM. 
 
 S.) A neat kind growing in firm 
 dense sheets. Flowers, in summer ; 
 pale yellow, in a dense corymb, on 
 stems 6 to 8 in. high. Leaves, in 
 spreading rosettes, smooth, fringed, 
 pointed, inflected about the centre, 
 with numerous stolons growing from 
 the axils, terminated by young rosettes 
 which detach themselves after a time. 
 In autumn the outside leaves of the 
 rosettes assume a reddish tinge. Euro- 
 pean Alps. The rock-garden and 
 
 the margins of borders fully exposed to 
 the sun, in ordinary soil Division. 
 
 Sempervivum heterotrichum (Hair- 
 tipped S.) An interesting kind. 
 flowers, in summer ; rose-coloured, on 
 stems, 24 to 34 in. high. Leaves, in 
 small and very closely-set rosettes, 
 and of various forms and colours, 
 furnished at the end with white cob- 
 web-like hairs. Tyrolese Alps. The 
 
 rock-garden, in sandy soil. Division. 
 
 Sempervivum Heuffeli (HeuffeVs 
 Houseleek]. Easily known by its 
 deep-chocolate hue. Flowers, in sum- 
 mer ; yellow, nearly bell-shaped, in a 
 spreading corymb on stems 8 to 10 in. 
 high. Leaves, in irregular rosettes, 
 not round, long, smooth, fringed only 
 at the end which preserves, even in 
 summer, a deep red tint, especially on 
 
 the fringed portion. Hungary. 
 
 The dark hue of this species makes it 
 attractive for edgings, panels, etc., 
 while it is also more valuable than 
 most of the species for the rock- 
 garden or borders. Ordinary sandy 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Sempervivum hirtum (Hairy House- 
 leek}. Distinguished by its fringed 
 leaves and flowers. Flowers, in sum- 
 mer ; yellowish, almost campanulate, 
 forming a dense corymb, on stems 6 
 to 8 in. high ; petals erect and narrow- 
 lance - shaped, almost obtuse, with 
 a long fringe on their margin. Leaves, 
 in spreading rosettes, oblong-lanceo- 
 late, acute, strongly fringed. Alps of 
 
 Provence. Borders and the rock- 
 garden, in ordinary soil and in fully 
 exposed positions. Division. 
 
 Sempervivum Laggeri (Lagger's 
 Houseleek}. Larger than the Cobweb 
 Houseleek and whiter from its 'more 
 abundant silvery cobweb-like down. 
 Flowers, in summer ; dark rose-coloured. 
 Leaves, velvety - glandular, covered 
 with cobweb-like down exceedingly 
 abundant and cottony. European 
 
 Alps. Being very silvery, this is 
 
 one of the best for the rock-garden, 
 in firm sandy loam and in sunny 
 positions. Division. 
 
 Sempervivum Metteniannm ( M'etten's 
 Houseleek). A species which flowers 
 many times. Flowers, in summer ; 
 rosy- white, on stems 4 j to 6 in. high. 
 Leaves, in medium - sized rosettes, 
 fringed, pointed, assuming in autumn 
 a reddish tinge, which is deeper on 
 
 the upper side. European Alps. 
 
 The rock-garden or borders, in sandy 
 loam. Division. 
 
 Sempervivum montanum (Mountain 
 Houseleek). A dark green kind much 
 smaller than the Common Houseleek, 
 with an almost geometrical arrange- 
 ment of leaves. Flowers, in summer; 
 dull red, on stems 3^ to 6 in. high; petals 
 1014, lance-shaped, taper-pointed, 
 3 times longer than the calyx ; scales 
 square, nearly entire. Leaves, forming 
 neat rosettes, obovate or oblong, en- 
 tire, shortly pointed, pubescent and 
 glandular on both surfaces, ciliated ; 
 offsets rather contracted. European 
 
 Alps. Borders and the rougher 
 
 parts of the rock-garden, in ordinary 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Sempervivum piliferum (Hairy-tufted 
 Houseleek). Distinguished by the 
 hairy appendage to its leaves. Flowers, 
 in summer ; rose-colour, in panicled 
 cymes, on stems 4 to 6 in. high. 
 Leaves, in medium - sized rosettes, 
 smooth, glaucous, very slightly 
 fringed on the edges, but terminated 
 
SEMPERVIVCJM SENECIO. 
 
 235 
 
 by a bundle of small white hairs ; in 
 autumn the tops become somewhat 
 
 reddish. Alps. The rock-garden 
 
 and borders, in sandy soil. Divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Sempervivum ruthenicum (Russian 
 Houseleek}. A very profusely-flowering 
 and well-marked kind, lowers, in sum- 
 mer ; rosy- white, large, on stems 6 to 
 J3 in. high. Leaves, in large rosettes, 
 downy underneath, and often very 
 much fringed with silvery hairs, 
 pointed, and turning red at the 
 
 ends in autumn. Caucasus. The 
 
 rock- garden and the margins of bor- 
 ders, in sandy loam. Division. 
 
 Sempervivum tectorum (Common 
 Ho useleek). A well-known plant, grown 
 for ages on housetops, old walls, etc. 
 flowers, in summer; pink, on stems 
 1 ft. high; petals 5 to 9, linear, 
 pointed, entire, downy on the outside, 
 ciliated on the edges. I/eaves, thick 
 and fleshy, oblong or obovate, taper- 
 pointed, ciliated; the upper ones 
 more or less clothed with short viscid 
 down. It varies somewhat, a glau- 
 cous form with broad rosettes called 
 rusticum being one of the most dis- 
 tinct. Britain and various parts of 
 
 Europe. Borders and the rougher 
 
 parts of the rock-garden, in any soil. 
 Division. 
 
 Sempervivum tomentosum (Woolly 
 ffouseleek). Resembles S. arachnoi- 
 deum, but has much smaller rosettes. 
 Flowers, in summer; bright rose- 
 colour. Leaves, in diminutive rosettes, 
 like those of S. arachnoideum, furnished 
 with numerous white cob web -like 
 hairs, which are fewer in the autumn 
 and when the plant is grown in the 
 shade. European Alps. The rock- 
 garden, in well-drained sandy loam 
 and in sunny spots. Division. 
 
 Sempervivum Wulfeni ( Wulfen's 
 Houseleek). Forms compact rosettes 
 of medium size. Flowers, in summer ; 
 sulphur-yellow; on stems 6 to 8 in. 
 
 high. Leaves, glaucous, oblong, long- 
 pointed, fringed only at the base ; the 
 part not fringed is bordered some- 
 times in autumn with a reddish line. 
 
 Tyrolese Alps. Borders and the 
 
 rock-garden, in ordinary sandy soil. 
 Division. 
 
 Senecio adonidifolius (Adonis-leaved 
 S.} A neat little perennial, 4 to 6 in. 
 high. Flowers, in summer; small, 
 deep yellow, in Small terminal clusters. 
 Leaves, much and deeply cut ; seg- 
 ments almost thread - like ; stem 
 simple. Central Europe. Rock- 
 work, or front margin of mixed bor- 
 ders, in sandy soil. Division. 
 
 Senecio argenteus (Silvery Groundsel). 
 Like a miniature of Centaurea 
 ragusina, about 2 in. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; yellow. Leaves, of 
 silvery whiteness, from to 14 in. 
 long, cut into rounded lobes, growing 
 in dense, compact rosettes, 4 to 6 in. 
 across; stem woody, branching and 
 rooting. Pyrenees. The rock- 
 garden, margins of the mixed border, 
 and as a very dwarf silvery edging- 
 plant, in sandy loam. Division. 
 
 Senecio campestris (Woolly Ground- 
 sel). A pretty British Composite, 6 to 
 8 in. high. Flowers, in summer; yellow, 
 1 to 6 in a simple corymb. Leaves, 
 woolly ; those of the root oblong, 
 nearly entire, narrowed below; stem- 
 leaves lanceolate. In very wet seasons 
 and near the sea this plant is often 
 thrice as large, with many larger 
 heads, and dentate lower leaves, when 
 it is the S. "maritima of some authors. 
 Chalk downs, and on maritime rocks 
 
 near Holyhead. Borders, and the 
 
 rock-garden, especially where an in- 
 terest is taken in native plants ; in 
 light or calcareous soil. Seed or divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Senecio incanns (Hoary Groundsel). 
 A small silvery species, but not so valu- 
 able or so easily grown as 8. argenteus ; 
 3 to 5 in. high. Flowers, in summery 
 
236 
 
 SENECIO SIDERITIS. 
 
 yellow, very closely-set, in simple 
 corymbs ; scales of involucrum woolly, 
 obtuse and marked on the end with 
 a black spot. Leaves, pinnatifid ; lobes 
 linear, obtuse, slightly toothed. 
 
 South of France. The rock-garden, 
 
 in sandy or gritty well-drained soil. 
 Division. 
 
 Senecio uniflorus (One-flowered &.) 
 A very dwarf silvery species about 
 1 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 small, insignificant, yellow; scales of 
 involucrum acute, downy, marked 
 with a black spot on the end. Leaves, 
 lower ones oblong, toothed or cut, 
 narrowed into a footstalk ; upper 
 ones sessile, linear ; whole plant 
 covered with a white down. Swiss 
 and Piedmontese Alps. The rock- 
 garden, in sandy loam. Division. 
 
 Serapias cordigera (Heart-shaped S.) 
 A curious Orchid, 1 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer; large, brownish- 
 red, 4 or 5 in a loose spike ; lip large, 
 red, nearly heart-shaped, hairy, fur- 
 nished with two prominences at the 
 base; bracts exceeding the flower 
 in length ; sepals, oval, pointed. 
 Leaves, oblong - lanceolate, gradually 
 diminishing into bracts. &. Lingua is 
 distinguished by having bracts only as 
 long as the flowers, and only one 
 prominence at the base of the lip. 
 Damp meadows and forests in the 
 
 South and South-west of France. 
 
 On the sunny slopes of the rock-gar- 
 den or in the select border, in deep 
 and good moist soil. Separation of 
 the root-knobs. 
 
 Seseli gummiferum (Gem Seseli). 
 A handsome silvery plant, 18 in. to 3 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; rose- 
 coloured, in terminal, convex, many- 
 rayed umbels ; involucrum few-leaved. 
 Leaves, thrice pinnate, glaucous, with 
 wedge-shaped, trifid segments ; stems 
 
 covered with fine down. Crimea. 
 
 Warm banks and sunny slopes and 
 nooks on the southern side of the 
 
 rock-garden, in dry well- drained soil. 
 This frequently perishes in winter on 
 cold clay soils and on such should be 
 planted on banks. It is probably a 
 biennial and more likely to be, useful 
 in the subtropical garden, for which 
 purpose it should be annually raised 
 from seed,, to be sown as soon as 
 ripe. 
 
 Sida incarnata (Pink-flowered Sida). 
 A showy perennial, from 1 4 to 2 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; very 
 showy, pink, nearly 1| in. across, in 
 a close pyramidal spike. Leaves, 
 smooth, long-stalked, deeply cut or 
 lobed with very fine short hairs on 
 the edges; lobes from 5 to 7, variously 
 
 toothed or lobed. Brazil. Borders 
 
 and naturalization, in warm sandy 
 loam. Division or seed. 
 
 Sidalcea malvaeflora (Mallow-flowered 
 8.) A vigorous perennial with a 
 branching stem nearly 3 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; very handsome, 
 pale rose, about 1 in. across, in clus- 
 ters on the tops of the erect branches. 
 Leaves, stalked, deeply divided, the 
 segments again divided or lobed ; 
 stem and branches of a light green 
 colour with a few scattered short 
 white hairs. Oregon and New Mexico. 
 
 Borders, in any soil. Division 
 
 and seed. 
 
 Sideritis syriaca (Syrian Ironwort). 
 A dwarf herb densely clothed with 
 white wool, with short woody stems 
 6 to 15 in. high. Flowers, in summer; 
 yellow, 6 to 10 in a whorl; corolla 
 clothed with silky down outside, twice 
 the length of the calyx. Leaves, thick, 
 lance-shaped, narrowed at the base ; 
 lower oues stalked, unequally toothed; 
 floral ones stalkless, entire, heart- 
 shaped at the base, equalling the 
 
 calyces. Candia and Palestine. 
 
 Warm borders, or in the drier and 
 rougher parts of the rock-garden, in 
 light sandy soil. In warm sandy 
 loams this would probably form a 
 
SILENB. 
 
 237 
 
 useful edging-plant. Seed, cuttings, 
 or division. 
 
 Silene acaulis (Cushion Pink}. A 
 very dwarf alpine herb tufted into 
 light-green masses like a wide-spread- 
 ing moss, but quite firm. Flowers, in 
 summer ; pink-rose or crimson, on 
 short stalks barely peeping above 
 the leaves ; petals obovate, slightly 
 notched ; calyx bell-shaped or tubular, 
 quite smooth, with rather blunt teeth. 
 Leaves, short, linear, smooth, crowded. 
 There are several varieties : alba, with 
 white flowers ; exscapa, with the 
 flower - stems shorter than in the 
 usual form, and muscoides, dwarfer 
 still ; but none of them are far re- 
 moved from the common plant, or of 
 greater importance. Native of the 
 mountains of Scotland, Ireland, North 
 Wales, the lake district of England, 
 and many other parts of Europe ; 
 
 found also in Asia and America. 
 
 The rock-garden, in exposed parts, in 
 any open moist soil. Division. 
 
 Silene alpestris (Alpine Catchfly}. A 
 dwarf and beautiful alpine herb, about 
 6 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; 
 white, shining, rather large, panicled ; 
 petals 4-toothed ; calyx erect, with 
 blunt teeth, as long as the petals. 
 Leaves, linear-lance-shaped, bluntish, 
 tufted, smooth, erect ; stem simple, 
 few-leaved. Some varieties of this 
 species are quite sticky from viscid 
 matter, and others perfectly free from 
 it. Alps of Europe. The rock- 
 garden, borders, edgings, or naturali- 
 zation in open, bare, or rocky spots, 
 in ordinary soil, and always in a fully 
 exposed position. Seed and division. 
 
 Silene Elisabethae (Elizabeth's Catch- 
 1J.y). A beautiful species, the flowers 
 of which look more like those of some 
 handsome but dwarf Clarkia than 
 those of the commonly grown Silenes ; 
 3 or 4 in. high. Flowers, in sum- 
 mer; large, bright-rose, the base of the 
 petals white ; from 1 to 7 borne on 
 
 each stem. Leaves, oval - oblong, 
 acutely pointed, about ^ "* broad, 
 viscid, pubescent, and shining, grow- 
 ing in tufts. Tyrolese Mountains. 
 
 The rock-garden, in warm spots, 
 
 in well-drained sandy loam, and on 
 the margin of the choice mixed 
 border. Seed. 
 
 Silene maritima (Sea Catchfly). A 
 dwarf herb with short spreading 
 stems forming level glaucous tufts ; 2 
 to 4 in. high. Flowers, nearly all the 
 summer ; white, usually solitary, about 
 
 1 in. across ; petals bifid, crowned at 
 the base ; anthers deep purple ; calyx 
 purple, inflated, netted with veins. 
 Leaves, connate, smooth, glaucous, 
 lance-shaped, I to 2 in. long and 
 about | in. broad. The double variety 
 is the handsomest and is the kind 
 generally seen in gardens. Sea- coast 
 in several parts of Britain and Nor- 
 way. Borders, edges of raised beds, 
 
 etc., in ordinary soil. Division. 
 
 Silene orientalis (Umbel-flowered S.} 
 A very showy perennial, about 
 
 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; very 
 handsome, deep rose-colour, in dense 
 umbel -like heads 3 in. across. Leaves, 
 glaucous, oval, pointed, opposite, 
 nearly erect, clothing the entire stem 
 very densely. Native country un- 
 known. Borders, in sandy loam. 
 
 Seed or division. 
 
 Silene pennsylvanica (Pennsylvanian 
 Catchfly). A very pretty and showy 
 kind with numerous stems from the 
 same root ; v 8 to 12 in. high. Flowers, 
 in summer'; light purple or pink, in a 
 many-flowered cyme ; petals oboval, 
 very obtuse and hollowed at the tips ; 
 calyx gradually thickening, very 
 clammy. Leaves, more or less sharp- 
 pointed; radical ones spoon-shaped, 
 gradually tapering into the stalks ; 
 stem - leaves lance - shaped. North 
 
 America. Eockwork, or margin of 
 
 the mixed border, in very sandy loam,. 
 Seed and division. 
 
238 
 
 SILENE SILYBUM. 
 
 Silene Pumilio (Pigmy Catchfy). A 
 densely-tufted species, 2 or 3 in. high, 
 resembling the Cushion Pink. Flowers, 
 in summer; much larger than those 
 of S. acaulis, rose-coloured, 1 on each 
 short stalk ; petals obcordate, crowned ; 
 calyx inflated, hairy, many-nerved. 
 Leaves, linear or spoon-shaped, some- 
 what succulent and obtuse, slightly 
 
 pubescent. Alps of Germany. 
 
 The rock-garden, and the margin of 
 the choice mixed border, in moist 
 sandy loam. Seed and careful divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Silene Schafta (Autumn Catch fly}. 
 A dwarf, neat, and pretty species, 4 to 
 8 in. high. Flowers, late in summer ; 
 large, purplish-rose-colour, erect, in 
 branching elongated cymes; calyx 
 slightly swollen in the upper part. 
 Leaves, opposite, the lower ones ob- 
 long ; the upper ones oval, acute, of a 
 
 light - green colour. Caucasus. 
 
 Borders and the rock-garden ; best in 
 light warm sandy loam. Seed and 
 division* 
 
 Silene virginica (Fire Pink). A 
 clammy and rather tall kind with 
 simple stems, usually of a dark brown 
 hue ; 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, 
 early in summer ; crimson, very large ; 
 petals deeply 2-cleft, lobes sometimes 
 toothed ; stamens projecting. Leaves, 
 of the root spoon- shaped, with fringed 
 stalks ; stem-leaves oblong-lance- 
 shaped, upper ones very short, pubes- 
 cent. North America. Rockwork, 
 
 or borders, in sandy loam. Seed and 
 division. 
 
 SilpMumlaciniatum (Compass Plant). 
 A vigorous Composite, rough with 
 white spreading hairs ; 6 to 10 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer; yellow, 
 few, in large heads 3 to 5 in. 
 across, forming racemose spikes ; ter- 
 minal heads opening earliest. Leaves, 
 pinnately divided, mostly stalked and 
 clasping at the base ; segments lance- 
 shaped with wavy margin, or pinna- 
 
 tin' d, sometimes entire ; lower leaves 
 1 to 24 ft. long ; veins of the leaves, 
 and the young heads clothed with long 
 
 white hairs. North America. 
 
 Naturalized among tall plants in half - 
 wild spots, in any soil. Division. 
 
 Silphium perfoliatum (Cup Plant). 
 Another very stout perennial, 4 
 to 7 ft. high. Flowers, in summer, 
 yellow, in corymbose heads, the mid- 
 dle one on a long stalk. Leaves, oppo- 
 site, 6 to 12 in. long, 4 to 7 in. broad, 
 oval, or oval-oblong, thin, coarsely 
 toothed, on winged connate stalks ; 
 stem stout, square. North America. 
 
 The same positions etc., as for 
 
 the preceding kind, and occasionally 
 in groups of the larger perennials. Di- 
 vision. 
 
 Silphinm terebinthinacetim (Prairie 
 Dock) . A smooth an d vigorous species , 
 4 to 8 ft high. Flowers, late in sum- 
 mer ; yellow, about 3 in. across, in a 
 loose irregular panicle ; scales of the in- 
 volucre smooth. Leaves, oval or oval- 
 oblong, mostly heart-shaped at the 
 base, sharply toothed, often 2 ft. or 
 more long, on long stalks, and some- 
 what like those of the Burdock but 
 stiffer; stem smooth, roundish, leaf- 
 less except near the base. North 
 
 America. Similar treatment etc., 
 
 to that for the preceding kind. 
 
 Silybum eburneum (Ivory Milk-this- 
 tle). A variety of S. marianum, dis- 
 tinguished from it by the ivory white- 
 ness of its spines. It is also more 
 tender and more liable to perish in 
 winter. It is more decidedly a biennial 
 than S. marianum, and when sown in 
 spring seldom flowers before the fol- 
 lowing year, so that, during the first 
 year, its fine rosettes of leaves continue 
 in good condition for a much longer 
 time. Britain. In groups of fine- 
 leaved hardy plants, or naturalized in 
 light warm soils on rough banks, etc. 
 Seed. 
 
S1LYBUM SOLIDAGO. 
 
 Silybum marianum (Milk-thistle). 
 A native biennial or annual plant, 
 with large and handsome shining 
 green leaves, brilliantly variegated 
 with white ; 4 to 5 ft. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; purple, in large globose 
 heads ; involucrum formed of leafy, 
 spiny scales. Leaves, alternate, very 
 large, oblong-lance-shaped, spiny, 
 clasping ; those of the root pinnatifid, 
 of a lively shining-green, usually 
 variegated with large white marblings. 
 
 Britain, in waste places. In groups 
 
 of fine-foliaged hardy plants, and in a 
 wild state in rough and waste places, 
 in ordinary soil. Seed. 
 
 Sisyrinehium grandiflorum (Spring 
 Satin-flower}. A beautiful early 
 spring -flowering perennial ; 6 to 10 in. 
 high. Flowers, in spring ; deep pur- 
 ple, with red style and filaments, and 
 yellow anthers (or pure white, with 
 transparent style and white filaments), 
 issuing from a 2-flowered spathe with 
 a thin transparent margin. Leaves, 
 shorter than the flower-stem, the 
 upper ones linear-sword-shaped, 
 sheathing at the base, erect and 
 spreading at the ends ; lower leaves 
 reduced to the dimensions of mere 
 scales. Root, fibrous, creeping. N.W. 
 
 regions of North America. The 
 
 rock-garden, and borders, in light 
 peaty soil or very sandy loam, and in 
 warm positions; also a" charming sub- 
 ject for growth in pots in cold frames, 
 whence it may be removed to the 
 greenhouse when in flower in early 
 spring. Careful division. 
 
 Soldanella alpina (Alpine S.) A 
 beautiful dwarf alpine plant, 2 to 4 in. 
 high. Flowers, in spring ; of a vivid 
 blue, bell-shaped, with five divisions, 
 finely fringed, and having in the 
 throat five incised scales, from 2 to 6 
 blossoms gracefully drooping from the 
 top of each stem. Leaves, rounded, 
 kidney-shaped, entire, leathery, faintly 
 and broadly crenated, of a lively green. 
 
 Stems reddish and downy. Tyrol and 
 
 Switzerland. The rock-garden, in 
 
 fine, moist, and very sandy loam, also 
 in pots or pans, and in raised borders, 
 surrounded by half- buried stones. 
 Division. The same treatment will 
 do for all the kinds, the two largest 
 S. alpina and S. montana being those 
 most suited for choice borders. 
 
 Soldanella minima (Small Solda- 
 nella). Another alpine gem about 
 14 in. high. Flowers, late in spring ; 
 solitary, dark lilac, streaked with 
 purple on the inside ; corolla divided 
 for one-third of its length into spread- 
 ing segments, naked at the throat, or 
 furnished with very small scales. 
 Leaves, roundish. Stems covered with 
 a very short glandular down. Alps 
 of Switzerland, Tyrol, and Carinthia. 
 Culture, etc., as for S. alpina. 
 
 Soldanella montana (Large S.} 
 This plant very much resembles S. 
 alpina. It is, however, larger in all 
 its parts ; the flower- stalks and calyx 
 also are covered with down of greater 
 or less length, instead of glandular 
 tubercles as in S. alpina ; the scales of 
 the corolla are equal in length to the 
 filaments of the stamens and not joined 
 to them, are of oval-oblong form, as 
 long as they are broad, indented, and 
 with entire lobes. The Pyrenean 
 plant is moreover paler in hue, and 
 rather more villous than that of the 
 
 Tyrol. Lower Pyrenees. Culture, 
 
 etc., as for S. alpina. 
 
 Soldanella pusilla (Fragile S.) 
 Another beautiful and minute kind 
 about 2 in. high. Flowers, late in 
 spring ; solitary, blue, divided into a 
 fringe for only J of its length, and 
 without scales in the throat. Leaves, 
 kidney-shaped, with a heart-shaped 
 base ; pedicels tubercled. Alps of 
 Dauphiny and the Pyrenees. Cul- 
 ture, etc. as for S. alpina. 
 
 Solidago canadensis (Canadian Golden 
 Rod). A vigorous Composite, from 
 
240 
 
 SOLID AGO SPIGELTA. 
 
 3 to 54 ft. high. Flowers, late in 
 summer ; golden yellow, in small 
 heads, forming very numerous re- 
 curved racemes arranged in a large 
 pyramidal panicle. Leaves, lance- 
 shaped, usually unequally toothed, 
 downy beneath and roughish above. 
 Stems rough, hairy, or downy. Widely 
 distributed in North America where 
 
 it varies much. Amidst vigorous 
 
 herbs in shrubberies and semi-wild 
 places, in any soil. Not worthy of a 
 place in gardens. Easily increased by 
 division of the tufts. 
 
 Solidago grandiflora (Large Golden 
 Rod}. One of the most ornamental 
 Golden Rods, about 2 i ft. high. Flowers, 
 in August and September; large, 
 yellow, arranged in dense spike-like 
 clusters. Leaves, oval - lanceolate, 
 toothed. Whole plant slightly villous. 
 
 N. America. Similar treatment 
 
 etc., to that for preceding kind. 
 
 Solidago nutans (Nodding Golden 
 Rod}. About 5 ft. high. Flowers, 
 from August to September; yellow, 
 in numerous clusters, which are some- 
 what reflected at the end, and form a 
 large panicle. Leaves, alternate, linear- 
 lanceolate, slightly wrinkled. Whole 
 plant somewhat villous. N. America. 
 
 Similar positions etc., to those 
 
 for 8. canadensis. 
 
 Solidago multiflora (Many-flowered 
 S.) A stout much -branched herb, 
 from 3 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, late in 
 summer and in autumn ; yellow, small, 
 in very short spike-like racemes ar- 
 ranged in large erect panicles. Leaves, 
 smooth, or the upper ones some- 
 times downy, sessile, lance-shaped, 
 serrate. Resembles S. canadensis, but 
 the racemes are short and in more 
 erect panicles. . A plant of uncertain 
 origin, cultivated in the Paris garden 
 and said to have been received from 
 
 America The same uses etc., as 
 
 for S. canadensis. 
 
 [There is a crowd of other spe- 
 
 cies of Solidago, but scarcely one of 
 them is fitted for garden culture ; 
 any that may be received will do for 
 naturalization in woods and copses. 
 Indeed from a horticultural point of 
 view they are all about of equal 
 value. In borders they merely serve 
 to exterminate much more valuable 
 plants and to give a coarse and ragged 
 aspect to the garden.] 
 
 Sorghum halepense (Aleppo S.) A 
 very handsome hardy grass, about 
 S^ ft. high, with an erect stem and 
 broad leaves more than 1 ft. long. 
 Flowers, in August ; when it is most 
 attractive, the inflorescence consisting 
 of a dense panicle of purplish, awned 
 flowers. Southern Europe, N. Africa, 
 
 and Syria. Borders, and isolation 
 
 on the grass in the picturesque gar- 
 den, in sandy loam. Seed and division. 
 
 Sparaxis pulcherrima (Drooping S.) 
 A plant of exquisite brilliancy 
 of colour and much grace of habit ; 5 
 to 7 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 large, bell-shaped, 1^ to 2 in. long, of 
 a delicate pink, rose-colour, or ruby 
 crimson, suspended on long fine stalks 
 from gracefully arched and drooping 
 stems, on which they form a very lax 
 panicle of 1 to 2 ft. in length. 
 Leaves, sword - shaped, dark green, 
 about 3 ft. long. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 Suited for fringes of shrubberies, 
 
 and for dotting here and there in small 
 tufts in openings in beds of American 
 plants or other choice shrubs ; it 
 thrives best in deep sandy soil, but 
 also does well in rather stiff moist 
 soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Spigelia marilandica ( Worm-grass). 
 A brilliant perennial with erect, 
 simple, 4-angled stems from 6 to 
 18 in. high. Flowers, in summer; 
 deep red outside, and deep yellow 
 within, borne in a short terminal one- 
 sided spike, either simple or forked ; 
 corolla 14 in. long. Leaves, opposite, 
 smooth, entire, stalkless, ovate, or 
 
SPIRAEA STATICB. 
 
 lance-shaped, acute. North America. 
 
 Bog-bed, peat borders, margins 
 
 of beds of American plants, or in the 
 lower parts of the rock-garden, always 
 in moist deep peat soil. Division. 
 
 Spiraea Aruncus (Goafs-beard S.) A 
 vigorous perennial, 3 to 5 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; white, small, 
 freely produced in long spikes form- 
 ing a terminal panicle. Leaves, tri- 
 pinnate ; leaflets in 3 or 4 pairs with 
 an odd one, about 2 in. long and about 
 1 in. broad, oblong, acute, serrate ; 
 the terminal one ovate. Europe, Asia, 
 
 and America. Associated with the 
 
 more vigorous herbaceous plants by 
 wood- walks or banks, etc., and also 
 grouped with the finer herbaceous 
 plants having fine foliage. Division. 
 
 Spiraea Filipendula (Dropwort}. A 
 rather common native herb, with pin- 
 nate leaves and erect stems, 1 to 2 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer; yellowish- 
 white, often tipped with red, rather 
 larger than those of S. Ulmaria, 
 in loose terminal corymbs. Leaves, 
 mostly radical or on the lower part of 
 the stem, alternate, smooth, divided 
 into numerous oblong-linear segments, 
 deeply toothed; roots swelling into 
 small oblong tubers here and there. 
 The double variety, S. Filipendula, fl. 
 pl. , is a very pretty border-plant. Com- 
 mon in meadows throughout Europe. 
 
 Borders, in ordinary soil, or as a 
 
 fern-like edging-plant, the flowers to 
 be pinched off. ' Division. 
 
 Spiraea palmata (Palmate Spiraea}. 
 A new and handsome kind, 1 to 2 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in June and July; 
 crimson, in a terminal panicle which 
 is many times divided. Leaves, 4 in. 
 long, alternate, stalked, palmate, with 
 5 to 7 lobes, smooth, veined and reti- 
 culated, pale underneath; lobes ob- 
 long, pomted, sharply and twice 
 serrate. Stem herbaceous, striated, 
 erect, smooth. Japan. Borders, 
 
 and beds of the liner perennials, in 
 deep sandy loam. Division. 
 
 Spiraea Ulmaria (Meadow-sweet). A 
 common British plant with erect, 
 reddish, angular, and furrowed stems 
 2 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 yellowish-white, sweet-scented, small, 
 numerous, in a large very compound 
 cyme, the outer branches of which 
 rise much above the central one. 
 Leaves, large, pinnate ; leaflets 5 to 9, 
 ovate, coarsely serrated, terminal one 
 largest and 3-lobed ; stipules round- 
 ish, joined to the stalk. There is a 
 variegated variety, and also a double- 
 flowered one. Europe and Britain. 
 
 Borders, in any soil, and in waste 
 
 places. Division. 
 
 Spirasa venusta (Queen of the 
 Prairie). A handsome hardy peren- 
 nial, li to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer; deep rosy-carmine, in large 
 terminal compound cymes. Leaves, 
 large, pinnate ; leaflets palmate-lobed ; 
 lobes pointed and irregularly toothed. 
 North America and Siberia. Bor- 
 ders, margin of shrubberies, beds of 
 the finer perennials, or naturalization, 
 in sandy loam. Division. 
 
 Stachys lanata (Woolly Woundwort). 
 A densely woolly perennial, 12 to 
 18 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 purple, small, in whorled spikes, 30 
 flowers or more in a whorl; corolla 
 woolly outside, with an inclosed tube. 
 Leaves, thick, wrinkled, oblong-ellip- 
 tic, narrowed at both ends, densely 
 clothed with* silky hairs ; floral ones 
 smaller. Tauria and the Caucasus. 
 
 Borders, and as an edging-plant, 
 
 in any soil ; also suited for naturaliza- 
 tion. Division. 
 
 Statice angustifolia (Narrow -leaved 
 Sea Lavender}. Considered a fine va- 
 riety of the British Sea Lavender, S. 
 Limonium ; 1 ft. to 16 in. high. Flowers, 
 from July to September or October ; 
 small, bluish-lilac, very numerous, in 
 
242 
 
 STATICS. 
 
 long corymbose panicles. Leaves, oval- 
 lanceolate, rather acute, of a deep 
 green, smooth and glossy, numerous, 
 about or \ the height of the steins, 
 which are also numerous, and grow in 
 tufts. Resembles S. latifolia some- 
 what in its flowers, but is at once dis- 
 tinguished from it by the difference of 
 the leaves. Various parts of Europe. 
 
 Borders, and beds of the finer 
 
 perennials, preferring a deep, stiffish, 
 moist soil. Careful division and seed. 
 Statice elata (Tall Sea Lavender). 
 Goniolimon elatum, Boiss. A handsome 
 plant of a lively green colour, grow- 
 ing in tufts 2 to 34 ft. across at the 
 top, and 20 to 30 in. high, flowers, 
 from July to September; blue or 
 bluish-violet, in long panicles. Leaves, 
 1 ft. to 16 in. long, and 4 to 6 in. 
 or more broad, almost all radical, 
 oboval, very obtuse, with a short 
 sharp point at the end, narrowed into 
 a foot-stalk, twisted and wavy at the 
 edges. Stems much-branched above ; 
 branchlets hairy, triangular. Southern 
 
 Russia. Borders, in good deep 
 
 loam. Seed or careful division of 
 well-established plants in autumn. 
 
 Statice eximia (Rosy Sea Lavender). 
 A handsome kind, 1 to 2 ft. high. 
 Floicers, in summer ; numerous, small, 
 white at first, afterwards rosy-lilac, 
 in a large branching panicle. Leaves, 
 glaucescent, almost all radical, oblong 
 or obovate, obtuse, shortly mucronate, 
 abruptly contracted into a long foot- 
 stalk, with a narrow margin slightly 
 
 ttisped or waved. Central Asia. 
 
 The mixed border, and the lower parts 
 of the rock-garden, in good sandy 
 loam. Seed and careful division. 
 
 Statice globularisefolia (Globularia- 
 leaved Sea Lavender). A dwarf neat 
 species, 8 to 18 in. high. Flowers, 
 from May to September ; white, ar- 
 ranged in threes in loose unilateral 
 spikes, and surrounded by pointed 
 bracts membranous at the edges. 
 
 Leaves, slightly glaucous, oboval- 
 spoon- shaped, acute, rarely blunt- 
 ish, with a short point at the 
 end, and narrowed into the leafstalk. 
 
 France. Borders, in ordinary sandy 
 
 soil; also among the less delicate 
 plants in the rock-garden. Careful 
 division and seed. 
 
 Statice incana (Hoary Sea Lavender). 
 Goniolimon callicomum, Boiss. A 
 handsome much branching perennial, 
 from 1 to l^ ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; crimson, with a white calyx, 
 in numerous short two-rowed spikes. 
 Leaves, radical, oval, pointed, smooth, 
 tinged with reddish-purple on the 
 upper side, arranged in a rosette. 
 
 Central Asia. The rock-garden 
 
 among the stouter plants, or borders, 
 in deep sandy loam. Seed. 
 
 Statice latifolia (Great Sea Lavender). 
 A noble species growing 20 in. to 
 2 5 ft. high. Flowers, late in summer.* 
 blue, in an elegant broad panicle, the 
 colour of which is a light blue with a 
 greyish tinge from the numerous mem- 
 branous bracts and scarious calyces. 
 The inflorescence forms a dense round 
 mass, composed of countless ramifica- 
 tions of flowering branchlets, and is 
 most ornamental and peculiar in aspect. 
 Leaves, radical, very broad, oblong- 
 elliptical, obtuse, disposed in a rosette 
 or tuft from 8 to 10 in. high and as 
 
 much across. Russia. Borders, 
 
 and as isolated tufts on the turf, or 
 in beds of the finer autumn - flower- 
 ing perennials. Careful division and 
 
 Statice Limoninm (Common Sea La- 
 vender). A British plant, found in 
 salt marshes by the sea ; 6 to 18 in. 
 high. Flowers, late in summer ; pur- 
 plish, in densely imbricated spikelets 
 arranged in a corymbose panicle. 
 Leaves, nearly all radical, smooth, 
 oblong or oblong-lance-shaped, attenu- 
 ated at the base. There is a variety 
 with white flowers (&'. L. flor. alb.). 
 
STATICE STYLOPHORUM. 
 
 243 
 
 Europe and Britain. Borders, pre- 
 ferring a deep, stiffish, moist soil. 
 Seed and division. 
 
 Statice oleaefolia (Pour.) (Olive-leaved 
 Sea Lavender], S. virgata. A dwarf 
 kind, 4 to 16 in. high. Flowers, late in 
 summer ; blue, in a small , very loose, oval 
 or oblong panicle, slightly branched 
 and much shorter than the rest of the 
 scape ; spikelets very distant from 
 each other. Leaves, rather leathery, 
 one-nerved, flat or slightly convex on 
 the upper side, smooth, narrow, ob- 
 long-wedge-shaped, rounded or blunt 
 at the end. S. Europe, on the coasts 
 
 of the Mediterranean. Borders and 
 
 the rock-garden, in well- drained light 
 ioil. Seed and division. 
 
 Statice speciosa (Showy Sea La- 
 vender). A very handsome and neat 
 species,of a glaucous green hue; 1 ft. to 
 1 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; rose- 
 coloured, arranged in dense corymbs. 
 Leaves, stalked, almost all radical, 
 roundish or oblong-oval, abruptly nar- 
 rowed to a point at the end, and 
 narrower at the base. Stems stiff, flat- 
 tened or 3 - sided, much branched 
 
 above. Southern Russia. Lower 
 
 parts of the rock-garden, and in bor- 
 ders, in well-drained sandy loam. Seed. 
 
 Statice tatarica (Tartarian Statice). 
 A very handsome and dwarf kind, 
 10 in. to 1 ft. high. Flowers, late in 
 summer ; rose - coloured or reddish, 
 small, very numerous, arranged in 
 pairs on two-rowed spikelets, in the 
 axils of small dry bracts. Leaves, 
 almost all radical, somewhat leathery, 
 smooth, of a dark green colour, stalked, 
 broadly obovate, or oblong-lance- 
 shaped, acute. Tartary. The rock- 
 garden and the margin of the choice 
 mixed border, in sandy and well- 
 drained loam. Seed. 
 
 Stevia purpurea (Purple S.) A 
 somewhat fragrant, slender-stemmed 
 perennial, covered with a velvety pu- 
 bescence ; 16 in. to 2 ft. high. Flowers, 
 
 late in summer ; of a rosy -purple, in a 
 dense corymb, each head containing 
 5 florets with projecting stigmas. 
 Leaves, alternate, lance - shaped, 
 slightly toothed at the end ; the lower 
 ones oblong, all more or less aromatic. 
 Mexico. Warm borders, in ordi- 
 nary soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Stipa pennata (Feather Grass). A 
 very graceful perennial grass, with 
 flowering - stems 16 to 20 in. high, 
 bearing in summer a narrow feathery 
 panicle of great beauty. Leaves, long, 
 stiff, erect, rush-like, shorter than the 
 flower - stem, growing in a tuft. 
 France, and other parts of Europe ; 
 
 found also in Siberia. Borders and 
 
 naturalization; best in good deep sandy 
 loam. Division and seed. 
 
 Stokesia cyanea (Stokes 1 s Aster). A 
 stout,free, but late flowering herb, 14 to 
 2 ft. high. Flowers, in September and 
 October ; blue, showy, and somewhat 
 like those of the China Aster, 3 or 
 4 in. across when well opened, but in 
 this country the plants are often in- 
 jured by the frosts before the flowers 
 open. Leaves, alternate, somewhat 
 lance-shaped, smooth and of a slightly 
 glaucous colour. South Carolina. 
 
 Warm sheltered borders, facing 
 
 the south, in well-drained sandy loam. 
 The plant does but poorly in cold 
 soils and positions, but, grown in pots, 
 it flowers very well in a cold house or 
 conservatory in autumn. Division. 
 
 Stylophorum diphyllum (Celandine 
 Poppy). A dwarf perennial some- 
 what resembling the Celandine in 
 foliage and flowers ; 1 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in April or May ; deep yel- 
 low, about 2 in. across, the buds nod- 
 ding; sepals 2, bristly; petals 4. 
 Leaves, pale beneath, smoothish, 
 deeply cut into 5 or 7 oblong un- 
 evenly-lobed divisions, those of the 
 root often with a pair of distinct leaf- 
 lets. Damp woods in North America. 
 fc.2. 
 
244 
 
 SWERTIA TANACETUM. 
 
 Borders, and fringes of shrub- 
 beries, or the rougher parts of the 
 rock-garden, in ordinary soil. Divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Swertia perennis (Marsh Swertia). 
 A singular - looking perennial with 
 erect, simple, slightly 4 - cornered 
 stems, about 1 ft. high. flowers, in 
 summer ; dull greyish - purple, in 
 erect spikes ; corolla rotate, 5-parted, 
 dotted with black, and with bristly 
 pores at the edge. Leaves, stalked, 
 ovate or elliptic, entire, smooth. 
 Europe and Siberia, in mountain 
 
 bogs. One of the most interesting 
 
 subjects for the artificial peat-bog ; 
 also in moist spots near the rock-gar- 
 den, or naturalized in marshy places. 
 Division. 
 
 Symphyandra pendula (Pendulous S.) 
 A dwarf Campanula-like herb with 
 large flowers almost hidden amongst 
 the leaves ; about 1 ft. high, flowers, 
 in summer ; cream-coloured, droop- 
 ing, in a loose panicle ; peduncles 1- to 
 3-flowered ; corolla funnel - shaped, 
 velvety, 5-lobed at the apex. Leaves, 
 ovate, acute, toothed, velvety ; stems 
 branched, pendulous, pilose. Cau- 
 casus, in rocky places. Borders 
 
 and among the more easily-grown 
 plants in the rock-garden, in ordi- 
 nary soil. Seed and division. 
 
 Symphytum asperrimum (RougkS.) 
 A tall and vigoroiis perennial clothed 
 with short sharp prickles ; 4 to 6 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; red before 
 expanding, afterwards blue, in termi- 
 nal twin racemes ; corolla downy out - 
 side, bell - shaped ; calyx 5-parted ; 
 sepals sharply pointed. Leaves, broad, 
 very rough, hairy, ovate-heart-shaped, 
 taper-pointed, upper ones nearly op- 
 posite. Caucasus and Tauria. One 
 
 of the most suitable plants for natu- 
 ralizing in rough places and among 
 the coarsest herbaceous vegetation. 
 Almost too rampant in habit for bor- 
 ders. Division and seed. 
 
 Symphytum bohemicum (Bohemian 
 Comfrey). A very handsome and 
 brilliantly coloured perennial, proba- 
 bly a variety of S. officinale ; 1 to 1-4 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in early summer ; 
 brilliant reddish-purple, in erect twin 
 racemes. Leaves, alternate, ovate- 
 lance-shaped, decurrent ; stems winged. 
 
 Bohemia. Borders, and fringes of 
 
 shrubbery, in ordinary soil, also a 
 pretty subject for naturalization in 
 rather open sunny places. Division. 
 
 Symphytum caucasicum (Caucasian 
 Comfrey}. A beautiful free-growing 
 perennial, 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, 
 in spring and early summer; hand- 
 some blue, in terminal twin racemes ; 
 corolla cylindrically bell-shaped ; ca- 
 lyces hispid, obtuse. Leaves, clothed 
 with soft hairs, greyish beneath, 
 slightly decurrent, ovate-lance-shaped, 
 gradually narrowing at the base ; 
 upper ones opposite ; stem hairy, 
 angular, branched at the apex. Native 
 
 of the Caucasus. An admirable 
 
 plant for naturalization in shrubberies, 
 copses, or in almost any position, and 
 in any soil ; also good for borders, but 
 seen to far greater advantage in the 
 positions first named. Division. 
 
 Symphytura officinale (Comfrey). A 
 branching, rough-leaved plant, from 
 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; 
 yellowish -white or purple, tubular, 
 about 1 in. long, in pendent clusters. 
 Leaves, alternate, oval-lance-shaped, 
 rough; stem-leaves decurrent. Bri- 
 tain and Europe. The variegated 
 
 form is the only one fitted for the 
 garden proper ; the purple variety 
 will be worth planting in wild places, 
 copses, or hedgebanks, in any soil. 
 Division. 
 
 Tanacetum vulgare (Tansy). A 
 well-known native plant, 2 to 4 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; yellow, 
 numerous, in corymbose heads. Leaves, 
 smoothish, twice - divided. Europe 
 
TEUCRIUM THALICTRUM. 
 
 245 
 
 and Britain ; also found in America. 
 This is only described here in con- 
 sequence of its variety, T. vulgare 
 crispum, which has leaves more finely 
 divided and curled, and is a graceful 
 
 fern-like plant. Borders, and groups 
 
 of fine-leaved hardy plants, in any 
 soil. It is better to pinch off the 
 flowers when they appear. Division. 
 Teucrium Chamsedrys (Watt Ger- 
 mander). A compact perennial with 
 shining foliage ; 6 to 10 in. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; reddish-purple, 
 from 2 to 6 in a whorl, forming a 
 short loose terminal raceme. Leaves, 
 ovate or oblong, deeply toothed, 
 wedge-shaped at the base, smooth 
 and shining above, sometimes villous ; 
 stems procumbent at the base, almost 
 woody. Throughout Europe, on walls, 
 rocks, etc. Borders and naturali- 
 zation on ruins, stony bauks, etc., in 
 any light soil ; it is sometimes used as 
 an edging-plant on the Continent. 
 Division. 
 
 Teucrium Marum (Cat Thyme'}. A 
 small grey wiry-branched shrub with 
 somewhat the habit of the common 
 Thyme, flowers, in summer ; bright 
 red, in loose whorled spikes at the 
 ends of the branches. Leaves, greyish 
 above, tomentose beneath, ovate, 
 small, stalked; floral leaves smaller. 
 
 Spain. Only likely to prove hardy 
 
 in the southern parts of these islands, 
 and then only on ruins, old walls, or in 
 dry chinks ID chalk or gravel-pits. If 
 planted out, the soil should be of the 
 driest and poorest description, brick- 
 rubbish, etc., with sand and a little 
 poor dry loam, and in positions where 
 cats cannot get at it, as they usually 
 destroy it. Cuttings. 
 
 Teucrium Folium (Poly Germander). 
 A curious dwarf whitish herb, 3 to 
 5 in. high, flowers, in summer; 
 small, pale yellow, whitish or pur- 
 plish, in small roundish terminal 
 Leads ; calyces densely covered with 
 
 short yellow down. Leaves, narrow, 
 notched, thickly covered with soft 
 white or yellowish down, as are also 
 the stem and branches. Southern 
 
 Europe. The rock-garden, in sunny 
 
 spots, and in light free soil. Probably 
 not hardy except in the milder south- 
 ern districts and in favourable spots 
 in the rock-garden, where it grows 
 freely. Seed, cuttings, and division. 
 
 Teucrium pyrenaicum (Pyrenean 
 Germander}. A dwarf hardy peren- 
 nial, 3 to 7 in. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; purplish and white, in dense 
 terminal clusters. Leaves, nearly 
 round, notched at the margins, and 
 thickly covered with soft down, as 
 are also the stem and short branches. 
 
 Pyrenees. The rock-garden and 
 
 borders, in ordinary soil. Seed, cut- 
 tings, or division. 
 
 Thalictrum anemonoides (Rue Ane- 
 mone). A delicate, diminutive, and 
 interesting American wood-plant, 
 with the habit and foliage of Isopyrum, 
 and the inflorescence and fruit of an 
 Anemone ; 6 in. high, flowers, in 
 April and May ; white, nearly 1 in. 
 across, several in an umbel ; sepals 5, 
 oval, ^ in. long; stamens yellowish. 
 Leaves, of the root on long stalks, 2- or 
 3-ternate; leaflets roundish, some- 
 what 3-lobed, on long stalks ; floral 
 leaves 2 or 3 in number, wedge- shaped, 
 stalked. There is a pretty double 
 variety, with the flowers smaller than 
 those of the single form. Common in 
 
 the woods of North America. The 
 
 rock-garden, 'margins of beds of choice 
 dwarf American shrubs, etc., in fine 
 sandy or peaty soil. Division. 
 
 Thalictrum aquilegifolium (Colum- 
 bine Meadow Rue). In flower the 
 handsomest of its numerous family, 
 1 to 3 ft. high. flowers, in early 
 summer; purplish, in large terminal 
 panicles ; sepals deciduous, recurved, 
 much shorter than the stamens, which 
 are alone conspicuous. Leaves, like 
 
246 
 
 THALICTRUM THYMUS. 
 
 those of Columbine, tripinnate, with 
 roundish, smooth, deeply-toothed 
 leaflets ; stems hollow, purple, covered 
 with a mealy bloom. Native of Ger- 
 many and other parts of Central Eu- 
 rope. Borders or naturalization, in 
 
 any soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Thalictrum foetidum (Fetid Meadow- 
 Hue). A dwarf herb, resembling T. 
 minus but somewhat larger and with 
 B, fetid smell ; about 1 ft. high. Flowers, 
 in early summer ; small, nodding, in 
 an erect spreading panicle; sepals 
 reddish on the outside ; anthers 
 yellow. Leaves, decompound, clothed 
 with a clammy pubescence ; segments 
 2- or 3-pinnate; leaflets roundish, 
 heart-shaped, 3- to 5-lobed at the 
 
 apex. Europe and Asia. Borders, 
 
 rough rockwork, or naturalization for 
 the sake of its graceful leaves. Thrives 
 in any soil. Division. 
 
 Thalictrum minus (Maidenhair Mea- 
 dow-Rue). A very graceful fern-like 
 plant, 1 to 14 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 early summer ; insignificant, greenish- 
 yellow, drooping, in a loose panicle ; 
 sepals pale purple, with white edges. 
 Leaves, finely dissected into numerous 
 small, smooth, roundish, glaucous 
 leaflets, toothed at the apex; stem 
 zigzag. Europe, Britain, and Russian 
 
 Asia. The rock-garden, borders, 
 
 edgings to flower-beds, or in wild 
 places for the effect of its elegant 
 habit and leaves. It thrives in any 
 garden soil. Division. 
 
 Thermopsis barbata (Shaggy T.) 
 An interesting perennial of the pea- 
 flower tribe; 6 to 1 8 in. high. Flowers, 
 in June ; large, of a peculiar, dull very 
 dark violet, in short axillary racemes, 
 which together form a thick, dense, 
 elongated, compound raceme; standard 
 erect, roundish, 2-lobed. Leaves, in 
 -irhorls of 3 to 7, sessile, lanceolate, 
 pointed, smooth, sometimes ciliated 
 and hairy ; stems stout, erect, branch- 
 ing, villous with soft-spreading white 
 
 hairs, as are also the bracts, pedicels, 
 
 calyx, and leaf-stalks. Himalayas. 
 
 Borders, in good loam. Division. 
 
 Thermopsis fabacea (Bean-like T.) 
 A showy perennial clothed with silky 
 hairs; 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 early summer; yellow, alternate, in 
 terminal racemes. Leaves, trifoliate, 
 stalked; leaflets broadly oval; stipules 
 ovate, obtuse, shorter than the leaf- 
 stalk. Kamtschatka. Borders, in 
 
 good sandy loam. Division and seed. 
 
 Thlaspi latifolium (Showy Bastard 
 Cress). A dwarf but vigorous peren- 
 nial, with large indented root-leaves, 
 and flowers somewhat like those of 
 A rdbis albida, but larger ; 6 to 1 2 in. 
 high. Flowers, in spring ; white, in 
 terminal racemes. Leaves, of the root 
 on long stalks, heart-shaped, unevenly 
 toothed ; those of the stem on short 
 stalks, ovate-heart-shaped. Caucasian 
 
 and Iberian mountains. Borders, 
 
 the spring- garden, in beds, and natu- 
 ralized in association with the dwarfer 
 flowers of spring and early summer ; 
 thrives in ordinary garden soil. Di- 
 vision and seed. 
 
 Thymus Serpyllum ( Wild Thyme.} 
 A long - trailing, much - branched, 
 spreading plant, common in the grass 
 in many places, with slender stems 2 
 or 3 in. high, hard but scarcely 
 woody at the base. Flowers, in sum- 
 mer; purple, 6 or more in a whorl, 
 forming short terminal leafy heads. 
 Leaves, small, flat, ovate, obtuse, on 
 short stalks, more or less ciliated, 
 sometimes smooth and sometimes 
 covered with short stiff hairs. T. lanu- 
 ginosus is a very woolly variety and 
 there is also a white- flowered one. 
 The woolly variety is best worthy 
 of a place in gardens. Europe and 
 Northern Asia, and abundant in 
 Britain. Borders and the rock- 
 garden, in ordinary garden soil. Divi- 
 
TR ACHELIUM TRIFOLIUM. 
 
 247 
 
 [There are sundry other species of 
 Thyme in cultivation, but few of them 
 are ornamental, though they are in- 
 teresting subjects for planting on very 
 dry banks or borders.] 
 
 Trachelium cseruleum (Blue Throat- 
 wort}. An attractive perennial, 1 to 
 3 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer ; 
 azure blue, small, numerous, forming 
 a wide - spreading corymb. Leaves, 
 ovate, acute, flat, on short stalks, 
 coarsely serrate, smooth or ciliated ; 
 stem smooth. There is a white va- 
 riety. Mediterranean region, among 
 
 rocks. Dry borders, or rocky banks, 
 
 old ruins, or walls. Seed. 
 
 Tradescantia virginica (Virginian 
 Spiderwort). A distinct and valuable 
 perennial, 1 to nearly 2^ ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer; abundantly and 
 continuously, of a deep violet- blue with 
 anthers of a golden-yellow, arranged 
 in umbels on the tops of the stem 
 and branches. Leaves, linear - lance- 
 shaped, alternate, sheathing at the 
 base, slightly fringed at the edges. 
 There are several varieties : one with 
 double violet, one with single rose- 
 coloured, one with single lilac, and 
 one with white flowers. The last is 
 particularly pleasing from the contrast 
 afforded by the violet-bearded sta- 
 mens. North America, especially in 
 Virginia. Borders, fringes of shrub- 
 beries, and naturalization. It grows 
 in the wettest clays as well as in 
 ordinary garden soil. Division. 
 
 Trichonema Bulbocodium (Bulbo- 
 codium, T.) An interesting little bul- 
 bous plant, 3 to 5 in. high. Flowers, 
 early in spring, solitary, violet, yellow 
 at the bottom of the corolla, in the 
 type, but displaying various shades 
 under culture, on very slender stems 
 which fall on the ground after the 
 plant has flowered ; segments of the 
 flower lance - shaped. Leaves, very 
 narrow, grass like, channelled and fur- 
 
 rowed, longer than the flower-stem. 
 Bulb about the size of a Hazel-nut. 
 
 South of Europe. Borders, in light 
 
 deep soil. Division. 
 
 Trientalis europea (Star/lower}. An 
 interesting and graceful plant, 3 to 
 6 in. high. Flowers, in spring and early 
 summer ; white or pink - tipped, 
 star-shaped, 1 to 4 on slender stalks 
 springing from the centre of the whorl 
 of leaves ; corolla mostly 7-parted, flat, 
 without any tube. Leaves, lance- 
 shaped, entire ; arranged in a whorl of 
 5 or 6 at the top of the simple stems, 
 the largest nearly 2 in. long; below 
 the whorl are 2 or 3 small ones 
 Northern and Arctic Asia, America, 
 and Europe, and found in the Scotch 
 Highlands and the North of England. 
 
 Peat borders, and the lower 
 
 fringes of the rock-garden among low 
 shrubs, in peaty soil ; also on the 
 margins of beds of American shrubs. 
 Division. 
 
 Trifolium alpinum (Alpine Trefoil}. 
 A stout spreading kind, with large 
 but not brilliant flowers ; 3 to 6 in. 
 high. Flowers, in early summer; large, 
 purple, in an umbel ; the upper petal 
 flesh-coloured and streaked with pur- 
 ple. Leaves, trifoliate, on long stalks ; 
 leaflets lance-shaped or linear, blunt- 
 ish, toothed ; stipules very long and 
 narrow, acute. Roots, having the taste 
 of Liquorice. Higher mountains of 
 
 Europe. Margins of borders, in 
 
 ordinary soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Trifolium repens var. purpureum 
 (Four-leaved Shamrock). A variety of 
 the common White or Dutch Clover 
 with brown or purplish leaves ; 3 to 
 5 in. high. Flowers, from the end of 
 May or beginning of June to the end 
 of summer ; small, white, faintly fra- 
 grant, in globular heads or clusters- 
 Leaves, long-stalked, each consisting 
 of 4 or 5 leaflets with a broad pur- 
 plish spot on the upper side ; this 
 spot sometimes fills the entire surface, 
 
248 
 
 TRIFOLIUM TRITOMA. 
 
 but more commonly it is surrounded 
 by a green margin. Europe. Edg- 
 ings, tufts in the mixed border, the 
 rougher parts of the rock-garden, 
 edges of vases, etc. in ordinary garden 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Trifolium rubens (Red T.) An or- 
 namental perennial, 1 ft. to 16 in. 
 high. Flowers, from June (sometimes 
 earlier) to August ; large, carmine- 
 rose or purplish-red, in long, oblong, 
 or cylindrical heads which usually 
 grow in pairs, and after flowering pre- 
 sent a downy appearance from the 
 fringed divisions of the numerous 
 calyces. Leaves, lower ones alternate, 
 stalked ; upper ones sessile ; all trifo- 
 liate, with leathery, oval-oblong, or 
 oblong-lanceolate leaflets. There is a 
 variety (not ornamental) with white 
 
 flowers . Europe . Will grow almost 
 
 anywhere, seeming to prefer dry, cal- 
 careous, marly, or gravelly soil, and is 
 therefore well adapted for naturaliza- 
 tion on arid declivities with a south- 
 ern aspect. Division or seed. 
 
 Trifolium uniflorum (One-flowered 
 Trefoil}. A rare and singular, creep- 
 ing, tufted kind, with very short 
 stems, 1 or 2 in. high. Flowers, in 
 early summer ; brilliant rose, solitary, 
 on short axillary stalks ; corolla very 
 long, much longer than the cylindrical 
 striped calyx. Leaves, trifoliate ; leaf- 
 lets ovate, toothed ; stipules sheath- 
 ing, ending in a short taper point. 
 
 Southern Europe. The rock-garden 
 
 or choice border, in very fine moist 
 loam. Division. 
 
 Trillium cernuum (Nodding T.) A 
 curious tuberous-rooted plant, having 
 its parts arranged in threes ; 1 ft. to 
 20 in. high. Flowers, late in spring; 
 1 to li in. across ; sepals 3, narrow, 
 oval-oblong, almost pointed and re- 
 flected, green, 4 to f in. long ; petals 3, 
 similar in shape and size to the sepals, 
 but white. Leaves, 3, in a whorl, 
 roundish - lozenge - shaped, abruptly 
 
 pointed, narrowing into a wedge-shape 
 at the base, nearly sessile, of a dark 
 
 green colour. North America. 
 
 Among shrubs in moist peat borders, 
 or in moist spots in the hardy fernery, 
 or rock-garden. Division. 
 
 Trillium grandiflorum ( White Wood 
 Lily}. A remarkably beautiful plant, 
 6 in. to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in spring ; 
 pure white, 2 to 5 in. broad, pendent ; 
 sepals 3, oblong, spreading, green ; 
 petals 3, white, oblong - elliptical, 
 | longer than the sepals. Leaves, 
 3, in a whorl, lozenge - shaped, 
 pointed, from 4 to 6 in. long, on 
 short stalks,. North America, from 
 
 Canada to Carolina. In moist, quite 
 
 shady, thoroughly sheltered spots by 
 the side of wood-walks, in moist shady 
 hollows of the rock-garden, and in the 
 hardy fernery with the Osmundas 
 and moisture-loving Ferns, always in 
 deep, moist, very sandy loam, and 
 leaf-mould or peat soil. Division of 
 well-established tufts. 
 
 Triteleia uniflora ( Spring Star-flower} . 
 A delicately-coloured free-flower- 
 ing bulbous plant, 4 to 6 in. high. 
 Flowers, in spring; solitary, of an 
 iridescent white with bluish reflec- 
 tions, and marked through the middle 
 of the divisions on the outside with a 
 violet streak which is continued down 
 the tube. Leaves, broadly-linear, of a 
 glaucous green, spreading on the 
 ground. Bulb, small, elongated- egg- 
 shaped, nearly solid, with whitish 
 coats, and exhaling (as does the whole 
 plant) an odour of Garlic. South 
 America and Southern States of North 
 
 America. Borders, edgings, the 
 
 rock-garden and naturalized among 
 spring flowers, growing in any soil. 
 Division. 
 
 Tritoma Burchelli (BurclieWs Flame- 
 floiver}. A noble and showy peren- 
 nial, distinguished from the better 
 known T. Uvaria by its flower-stem 
 being marked with black spots, and 
 
TRITOMA TROP^EOLUM. 
 
 249 
 
 also by the colour of its flowers, which 
 have a scarlet base passing into car- 
 mine, and then into pale yellow and 
 green at the extremities. The leaves 
 are of a light green. A variety of 
 this has leaves ribboned with white 
 and green, but it is very tender. 
 South Africa. Borders, in well- 
 drained and deep sandy loarn, slightly 
 protected about the roots in winter. 
 Careful division. 
 
 Tritoma Uvaria (Flame-flower). A 
 noble and brilliant perennial, of late 
 years popular in gardens : 3 to 4 ft. 
 high. Flowers, late in summer ; large, 
 tubular, of a handsome coral-red, 
 changing as they fade to orange and 
 then to a greenish-yellow, arranged 
 iu a dense, oval-oblong spike. Leaves, 
 very long and narrow, channelled and 
 keeled, with very fine teeth on the 
 edges and on the keel. Root, yellowish 
 and occasionally swollen. South 
 
 Africa. Borders, beds, or groups of 
 
 the finer autumn-flowering perennials, 
 or as isolated tufts on the grass, in 
 deep, free, and rich loam. It is desi- 
 rable to protect the roots of this a 
 little in winter. Division. 
 
 [There are sundry other fine varie- 
 ties of Tritoma, such as glauca, gran- 
 dis, Rooperi, glaucescens, and recurvata, 
 all noble plants worthy of cultivation, 
 and of which grandis (Uvaria major) 
 is the tallest and the latest-flowering 
 kind, often blooming till Christmas.] 
 
 Trollms asiaticus (Asiatic Globe- 
 flower), A handsome free-blooming 
 perennial, 14 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 early summer ; deep yellow ; sepals 
 somewhat more open than those of 
 the common Globe-flower ; petals 
 longer than the stamens. Leaves, 
 deeply divided and cut, larger than 
 those of T. europceus, of a paler green, 
 the segments also fewer and larger. 
 Siberia. Borders, and naturaliza- 
 tion among medium- sized perennials, 
 iu ordinary soil. Division. 
 
 Troilius europseus (Globe-flower) . 
 A native species, 1 to 2 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in early summer ; pale yel- 
 low, large ; sepals concave, forming a 
 kind of globe, and almost concealing 
 the petals and stamens. Leaves, of 
 the root not unlike those of the Mea- 
 dow Crowfoot ; segments 3 or 5, lobed 
 and cut ; those of the stem few, 
 smaller, and almost stalkless. Europe 
 
 and Britain. Borders, in ordinary 
 
 soil, or associated with the exotic kinds 
 in semi- wild places. Division. 
 
 Troilius napellifolius (Napellus- 
 leaved Globe-flower). More showy 
 than either of the two preceding 
 kinds, fine as they are ; 1 ft. to 20 in. 
 high. Flowers, early in summer ; of a 
 fine orange-yellow, terminal, large, 
 fragrant, globular. Leaves, alternate, 
 stalked, chiefly radical, of a dark 
 green, paler underneath, with a pal- 
 mate limb of 5 to 7 lobes, deeply 
 toothed. Considered by some a va- 
 riety of T. europceus, from which it 
 appears to differ in its colour, in not 
 being quite so tall, and in having a 
 greater number of lobes in its leaves. 
 
 Various parts of Europe. Borders, 
 
 beds, groups of the finer perennials, 
 and naturalization, in ordinary soiL 
 Division. 
 
 Tropaeolum pentaphyllum (Five- 
 leaved T.) Arapidly -growing climber, 
 6 to nearly 10 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer; yellowish-red; petals shorter 
 than the calyx. Leaves, divided into 
 5 shortly-stalked, oval-oblong, entire, 
 smooth segments. Ryot tuberous ; 
 stems smooth, climbing. Fruit almost 
 berry-shaped, of a dark violet colour. 
 
 Chili. For covering pillars, walls, 
 
 chains, bowers, etc. ; best in light and 
 warm loams or calcareous soils. Divi- 
 sion or seed. 
 
 Tropseolum polyphyllum (Yellow 
 Rock T.)A peculiar creeping species, 
 with pale glaucous -green leaves, and 
 shoots 20 in. to 2 ft. long. Flowers, 
 
250 
 
 TROP^EOLUM TULIP A. 
 
 in summer : light orange, with obtuse 
 entire petals, as long as the calyx. 
 Leaves, small, peltate, with from 5 to 
 10 obcval-oblong segments, slightly 
 
 toothed. Chili. The rock-garden, 
 
 and banks where its creeping shoots 
 may be seen to advantage, in deep 
 and good sandy loam. Division. 
 
 Tropseolum speciosum (Flame Nas- 
 turtium). A very brilliant climbing 
 plant, 6 to 10 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; brilliant vermilion ; petals 
 obcordate, upper ones narrowly wedge- 
 shaped, lower ones roundish, all longer 
 than the long-spurred calyx. Leaves, 
 nearly peltate, 6-lobed ; lobes oblong- 
 obtuse, downy underneath ; stem and 
 three -cleft stipules also downy. Chili. 
 
 Against warm walls, in which 
 
 position it may be allowed to scramble 
 over the adjoining wall-plants, on half 
 shrubby banks, or the fringes of the 
 hardy fernery, in rich, light, moist 
 and deep soil. It is seen to greatest 
 advantage running wild over shrubs, 
 and is so beautiful when seen in good 
 condition that it should be tried in 
 several different positions, and under 
 slightly different conditions. Seed or 
 careful division. 
 
 Tropaeolum tuberosum (Tuberous T.} 
 A distinct kind with tuberous roots ; 
 20 in to 2 ft. high. Flowers, late in 
 summer ; deep yellow, on stalks much 
 longer than the leaves ; petals entire, 
 or notched at the end, furrowed on 
 the claw, a little longer than the 
 calyx ; calyx crimson, shorter than the 
 spur. Leaves, heart-shaped at the base, 
 5-lobed; lobes entire, notched, some- 
 times two-cleft ; leaf -stalks twice as 
 long as the leaf, tendril- like. Peru. 
 
 Sunny borders beneath walls, in 
 
 very sandy loam. Separation of the 
 tubers. 
 
 Tulipa Celsiana (Crocus-like Tulip). 
 A pretty species, resembling a large 
 yellow Crocus when expanded ; 4 to 
 6 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; 
 
 solitary, erect, yellow on the inside, 
 and generally orange on the outside. 
 Leaves, linear-lanceolate, folded or 
 doubled, smooth. Bulb, small, pro- 
 ducing its cloves at the end of long 
 filaments, and covered with a smooth 
 coat. South of Europe and North of 
 Africa. Borders, beds, and the bulb- 
 garden, in deep sandy loam. Separa- 
 tion of the bulbs soon after flowering, 
 every second or third year. 
 
 Tulipa Clusiana (Clusius's Tulip). 
 A delicately coloured and very desi- 
 rable kind, about 14 in. high. Flowers, 
 in spring and early summer ; tolerably 
 large, white inside, with a purple claw, 
 white on the outside with a bright 
 rosy longitudinal stripe in the middle 
 of each of the divisions. Leaves, li- 
 near. pointed,the lower ones sheathing. 
 Bulb, small, covered with a coat 
 woolly on the inside. The South of 
 France (particularly about Toulouse) 
 
 and other parts of South Europe. 
 
 Similar positions, etc., to those for the 
 preceding kind. 
 
 Tulipa Gesneriana (Gesner's Tulip). 
 The parent of the many fine varie- 
 ties of the florists' Tulip ; 6 to 18 in. 
 high. Flowers, in spring and early 
 summer ; solitary, fine crimson, and of 
 various colours, excepting blue, the 
 nearest approach to that colour being 
 a purplish-violet. Leaves, sessile, 
 smooth, glaucous, the lower ones 
 oval-acute, flat, sometimes slightly 
 wavy, clasping the stem at the base ; 
 the upper ones narrower. Bulb, of 
 medium size, oblong or egg-shaped, 
 covered with a dry and thin coat, of a 
 
 chestnut-brown colour. N. Asia. 
 
 Some make a speciality of this, and 
 cultivate it as a florists' flower, shel- 
 tering the bloom with canvas and 
 placing the bulbs in fresh soil every 
 year ; but it thrives well in any ordi- 
 nary light soil, and should be abun- 
 dantly grown. The bulbs may be 
 taken up every year, or, in the case of 
 
TULIPA UMBILICUS. 
 
 251 
 
 the less rare kinds, allowed to remain 
 several years in the ground. Deep 
 and rich sandy loam suits it best. 
 Separation of the bulbs. 
 
 Tulipa Oculus-solis (Sun's Eye). An 
 interesting and showy kind, 1 ft. to 
 14 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; 
 solitary, very large, open, with pointed 
 petals, scarlet on the inside, paler 
 without, marked on the base of each 
 division with a large eye (or elongated 
 spot) of a purplish black, surrounded 
 by a small yellowish margin. The 
 three external divisions larger and 
 more pointed than the internal ones. 
 Leaves, large, undulating, and re- 
 curved, longer than the flower-stem. 
 Bulb, of medium size, oblong, rather 
 elongated, with the coat covered on 
 the inside with long, buff-coloured, 
 woolly and felted hairs. Southern 
 
 Europe. Warm borders, and the 
 
 bulb-garden, in sandy loam. In- 
 creased as the preceding kind. 
 
 Tulipa praecox (Large Sun's Eye). 
 Very like T. Oculus-solis, but flower- 
 ing earlier ; 1 ft. to 18 in. high. 
 Flowers, late in spring ; scarlet, like 
 those of T. Oculus-solis, but much 
 larger and rounder, with the external 
 divisions of a yellowish hue, less 
 pointed and rather pubescent at the 
 top. Leaves, also larger and more un- 
 dulating. South of France. The 
 
 bulb-garden, and borders and beds in 
 the spring garden, in deep sandy 
 loam. Division. 
 
 Tulipa sylvestris (Wood T.) A 
 native species, 1 ft. to 16 in. high. 
 Flowers, early in summer ; 1, rarely 
 2 on a stem, yellow, fragrant, rather 
 drooping, bearded on the tips of the 
 divisions, expanding fully only in the 
 sunshine. Leaves, lance - shaped, 
 acute, smooth. Bulb, rather small, 
 covered with a smooth coat, lined on 
 the inside with buff - coloured hairs. 
 Most parts of Europe and of Britain. 
 Naturalization by wood- walks and 
 
 in rough grassy places. Scarcely desi- 
 rable for the spring garden, as there are 
 many fine yellow varieties now in cul- 
 tivation. Increased like preceding 
 kinds. 
 
 Tulipa turcica (Parrot Tulip). A. 
 very showy kind, known at once by 
 its large irregular petals ; 8 to 16 in. 
 high. Flowers, in May ; singularly 
 varied in colour, from the brightest 
 red to the deepest yellow, sometimes 
 one - coloured, sometimes streaked, 
 margined, or flushed with one or other 
 of these tints, or with bright green 
 or orange ; corolla large ; petals 
 spreading widely, irregular, more or 
 less wavy, sometimes deeply cut into 
 unequal segments, sometimes merely 
 jagged or fringed at the edges, some- 
 times accompanied with spurs, or 
 little horns, or sharp beaks. Leaves, 
 broadly -oval, very wavy, glaucous. 
 Bulb, large, its coat covered on the 
 inside with adpressed tawny hairs. 
 Thrace, Turkey. The spring gar- 
 den and borders, in good deep soil. 
 Increased like preceding kinds. 
 
 Tunica Saxifraga (Rock Tunica]. 
 A neat mountain plant with some- 
 what the aspect of a G-ypsophila, 
 having much- branched stems, about 
 9 in. long, and forming tufts a few 
 inches high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 pale rose-coloured, small, but freely 
 produced in terminal panicles on 
 thread-like stems. Leaves, narrow, 
 linear, stiff, those on the younger 
 stems crowded. Stony places on the 
 
 Alps and Pyrenees. Borders, the 
 
 rock - garden, and naturalization on 
 ruins, old walls, and bare sandy or stony 
 banks, in light sandy soil. Seed and f 
 division. 
 
 Umbilicus chrysanthus (Houseleek 
 Umbilicus). Eesembles a small House- 
 leek ; about 4 in. high. Flowers, in. 
 summer ; yellowish, in short panicles ; 
 petals lance-shaped, acute, with aline 
 of purplish-red prominences on the 
 
252 
 
 UMBILICUS VERATRUM. 
 
 back, smooth on the other parts, 
 twice the length of the calyx. Leaves, 
 greyish, oblong - spoon - shaped, flat, 
 densely covered on both sides and on 
 the edges with small prominences, and 
 arranged in rosettes. Flower - stem 
 springing from the centre of the 
 rosette, leafy, erect, furnished with 
 ovate-oblong, bluutish leaves, closely- 
 set. Western parts of Mt. Taurus. 
 
 The rock-garden, and borders, in 
 
 dryish soil ; also in pots wherever 
 Sedums and Sempervivums are grown 
 in this manner. Division. 
 
 Umbilicus spinosus (Spiny U.) A 
 very singular looking plant with some- 
 what the appearance of a small Apicra 
 or Haworthia. Flowers, in early sum- 
 mer ; yellow, on short stalks collected 
 into a terminal cylindrical spike. 
 Leaves, pointed by a spine at the 
 apex ; root-leaves in rosettes, oblong, 
 convex towards the points ; stem- 
 leaves, lance-shaped, flat. Siberia, 
 
 China, and Japan,. The rock-garden, 
 
 in very sunny dry spots. I am not sure 
 that it is hardy everywhere ; it will 
 be safer to keep a reserve in frames. 
 Seed and division. 
 
 Uvularia grandiflora (Large-floivered 
 U.) An interesting but not showy 
 plant, 1 ft. high. Flowers, in early 
 summer; light yellow, oblong-bell - 
 shaped, drooping. Leaves, alternate, 
 sessile, perfoliate, oblong - acute, 
 slightly undulating at the base, some- 
 what downy underneath, of a deli- 
 cate green, becoming drooping and 
 wrinkled at the period of flowering. 
 
 N. America, on shady hills. Peat 
 
 borders, in sheltered half-shady posi- 
 tions ; it is chiefly valuable for 
 botanical collections. Division. 
 
 Vaccinium macrocarpum (American 
 Cranberry}. An interesting trailing 
 shrub, with stems I to 3 ft. long. 
 Flowers, in early summer; pale rose, on 
 thread-like stalks, nodding ; corolla 
 deeply 4 - parted ; segments lance- 
 
 shaped. Leaves, oblong, obtuse, about 4 
 in. long, glaucous beneath, and scarcely 
 rolled downwards at the edge, downy 
 at the points when young ; stems 
 very slender, trailing ; flower-bearing 
 branches erect. Berries from ^ to 
 1 in. long, much larger than those of 
 the Red Whortleberry. North Ame- 
 rica, in peaty bogs. The artificial 
 
 bog and among dwarf American 
 shrubs, in moist peat soil. Seed, 
 division, and layers. 
 
 Vaccinium Vitis-idaea (Red Whortle- 
 berry}. A small evergreen shrub with 
 Box-like leaves, 6 to 8 in. high. 
 Flowers, in early summer ; white or 
 rose-coloured, small, in short terminal 
 drooping clusters, succeeded by red 
 berries about the size of red currants, 
 very like those of the Cranberry : 
 corolla bell-shaped, with 4 spreading 
 lobes. Leaves, obovate, rolled down- 
 wards, minutely toothed, dotted be- 
 neath ; stems tufted, creeping,bran ched, 
 the branches erect. Europe, Russian 
 Asia, and North America, and plenti- 
 ful in several parts of Britain. 
 
 Borders, and among low shrubs, in 
 peat or sandy soil. Division. 
 
 Valeriana montana (Mountain Vale- 
 rian). A dwarf, smooth, or slightly 
 hairy herb with simple stems ; 6 to 
 14 in. high, flowers, in early sum- 
 mer ; white, tinged with red, in a 
 panicled corymb ; corolla with an 
 obconical or cylindrical tube, not 
 spurred as in Centrantkus, and a 
 bluntly 5-cleft limb. Leaves, lower 
 ones oblong or obovate, obtuse, slightly 
 toothed and on long stalks ; upper 
 ones lance - shaped, acute, and on 
 short stalks ; roots horizontal. Moun- 
 tains of Europe. Borders, and the 
 
 rougher parts of the rock-garden, in 
 ordinary soil. Division. 
 
 Veratrum album (White V.) A re- 
 markable looking perennial, 3 to 5 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; whitish 
 within, greenish on the outside, form- 
 
VER ATRUM VERONICA. 
 
 253 
 
 ing dense and elongated clusters 
 arranged in a large, nearly pyramidal 
 panicle. Leaves, large, alternate, ses- 
 sile, broadly - oval, acute, regularly 
 folded, I ft. or more long. F. viride 
 differs from the above only in the 
 colour of its flowers, which are green. 
 Europe, the Caucasus, and Altai Mts., 
 
 in high pastures. Among groups 
 
 of perennials with fine foliage, in 
 deep, rich, and light soil. Division. 
 
 Veratrum nigrum(SZacfc 7.) Allied 
 to the preceding, and useful for like 
 purposes, but not so fine in foliage ; 
 3 ft. high. flowers, in summer ; 
 numerous, of a blackish purple, with 
 6 oblong spreading segments, and 
 arranged in aa almost pyramidal 
 downy panicle. Leaves, oval, broad 
 and large, the upper ones narrower 
 and pointed, all of a dark green, 
 plaited, and narrowed at the base. 
 Central Europe and Siberia, in woods 
 
 on mountains. Similar positions 
 
 and treatment to those given for the 
 preceding. 
 
 Vertascum Chaixii (Nettle-leaved V.) 
 A very handsome perennial, with 
 large pyramids of flowers ; 2 to 5 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; small, 
 ilat, yellow, with a violet throat, ar- 
 ranged in a large pyramidal panicle 
 with spreading, ascending, slender 
 branches, which bear the flowers in 
 groups distant from each other. Leaves, 
 slightly downy and green above, 
 woolly and greenish- white underneath ; 
 the lower ones lance-shaped, with 
 toothed lobes on the edges ; sides un- 
 equal at the base which is usually in- 
 cised-lyrate ; middle stem-leaves with 
 shorter stalks, oval, rounded at the 
 base ; the upper ones only sessile, not 
 clasping. Eastern Pyrenees. Bor- 
 ders, in groups of the finer perennials, 
 isolation in tufts, and naturalization, 
 in deep free soil. It, unlike most of 
 its cultivated brethren, is a true peren- 
 nial. I have seen a plant like this, 
 
 but much larger, grown in the Paris 
 botanical garden, under the name of 
 F. vernale. Division or seed. 
 
 Verbena venosa ( Veined 7.) A 
 rigid-growing ornamental perennial, 
 10 to 16 in. high. Flowers, in sum- 
 mer ; bluish - violet, arranged in 
 terminal spikes, which are at first 
 umbel-like, and afterwards elongated, 
 usually in threes, the lateral spikes 
 stalked and smaller. Leaves, oblong- 
 wedge-shaped, opposite, nearly clasp- 
 ing, entire, toothed, wrinkled, rough 
 
 above, bristly underneath. Brazil. 
 
 Borders, and as a bedding-plant, in 
 free soil. Division and seed. 
 
 Vernonia noveboracensis (N. Yorfc 
 Vernonia). A very large and vigorous 
 perennial, 5 to 8 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 late summer and autumn, purple, 
 about ^ in. across, in terminal cymose 
 clusters. Leaves, almost sessile, lance- 
 shaped, pointed, finely serrated, with 
 strongly-marked veins on the under 
 side ; stem furrowed, branching above. 
 
 N. America. Naturalization among 
 
 the tallest perennials, in any soil. Di- 
 vision. 
 
 Veronica alpina (Alpine Speedwell). 
 A tufted, smooth, evergreen herb, 
 with stems shortly creeping, not woody 
 as in F. saxatilis, the flowering 
 branches ascending ; from 2 to 5 in. 
 high. Flowers, in early summer ; blue, 
 varying to pale pink, small, borne in 
 short slightly hairy racemes, 4 or 5 
 blooms in each ; calyx hairy ; stamens 
 shorter than the corolla. Leaves, small, 
 opposite, stalkless, elliptic-ovate, ob- 
 tuse, entire or somewhat serrated. 
 Great mountain chains of Europe, 
 Asia, and America, and also on some 
 
 of the higher Scotch mountains. 
 
 The rock-garden, and borders, in free 
 loam. Division, cuttings, or seed. 
 
 Veronica amethystina (Amethyst F.) 
 F. paniculata. F. spuria. A very 
 pretty kind, 1 ft. to 16 in. high. 
 
254 
 
 VERONICA. 
 
 Flowers, in summer ; amethyst- blue, 
 arranged in branching pyramidal clus- 
 ters. Leaves, opposite, often in threes, 
 stalked, the upper ones nearly sessile, 
 all lance-shaped, acute, notched or in- 
 dented. A variety with rosy flowers 
 is also in cultivation. South of .Europe. 
 Borders, in ordinary soil. Division. 
 
 Veronica austriaca (Austrian Speed- 
 well). A slightly downy kind, form- 
 ing compact masses of shoots covered 
 with sheets of bloom ; 1 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in early summer ; blue, in 
 loose lateral racemes ; pedicels longer 
 than the entire bracts ; calyx 4-parted, 
 somewhat hairy. Leaves, lance-shaped, 
 stalkless, deeply serrated, and pinna- 
 tifid. Central and Southern Europe. 
 Borders, in any soil, and naturali- 
 zation on somewhat bare banks and 
 slopes. Division. 
 
 Veronica Buchanan! (Buchanans 
 Speedwell). A diminutive grey shrub, 
 much and neatly branched ; from 4 to 
 8 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; dull 
 white, in short, dense, terminal heads, 
 \ to g in. long. Leaves, small, about 
 \ in. long, roundish, in fours, closely 
 imbricated, spreading or recurved, 
 sessile. Stem and branches marked 
 with annular scars. New Zealand. 
 The rock-garden, in warm well- 
 drained spots, in light loam. Cuttings. 
 
 Veronica Candida (Silvery Speedwell}. 
 A valuable kind, dwarf in habit, 
 and with silvery leaves ; 1 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in June and July ; purplish- 
 blue, in a dense, pointed spike. Leaves, 
 mostly radical, in tufts, ovate, strongly 
 veined underneath, densely covered 
 with short white down ; stem -leaves 
 few, ovate-lanceolate, decussate, the 
 upper ones with axillary biids. Russia. 
 Borders, edgings, and the rock- 
 garden, in ordinary free soil. When 
 employed as an edging the flower- 
 shoots should be pinched off as soon 
 as they appear. Division. 
 
 Veronica caucasica (Caucasian Speed- 
 well). A pretty, delicately-coloured, 
 medium-sized kind, 4 to 10 in. high. 
 Floirers, in early summer ; few, large, 
 of a very pale flesh-colour streaked 
 with carmine. Leaves, opposite, al- 
 most sessile, pinnate, with oblong or 
 linear-wedge-shaped segments, entire 
 or cut. Stems smooth, spreading. 
 
 The Caucasus. Borders, in ordinar}' 
 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Veronica Chamaedrys (Germander 
 Speedwell). A very pretty and com- 
 mon British plant, remarkable from 
 having hairs curiously arranged in two 
 opposite lines down the stem, while 
 the other portions are smooth ; 6 in. 
 high. Flowers, in spring and summer ; 
 bright blue, freely produced in axillary 
 racemes one from each pair. Leaves, 
 ovate or heart-shaped, unequally ser- 
 rated, hairy, lower ones slightly 
 stalked, upper ones stalkless. Very 
 common throughout Europe. Al- 
 though a very frequent plant in Britain, 
 we grow numbers of exotics much less 
 worthy of a place on borders, or even 
 on rockwork, than this. Seed and 
 division. 
 
 Veronica corymbosa (Many-spiked 
 Speedwell). A slightly downy greyish 
 species and one of the most ornamen- 
 tal ; 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 
 nearly sessile, small, pale blue, ar- 
 ranged in racemes which together 
 form a large and heavy corymb ; lower 
 bracts longer than the flowers. Leaves, 
 nearly sessile, ovate, acute, serrated 
 towards the end, downy. Nativ* 
 
 country unknown. Borders, in rich 
 
 sandy loam. Division. 
 
 Veronica foliosa (Many-leaved Speed- 
 well). A free - growing perennial, 
 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; lilac- 
 blue, very numerous, in dense, erect, 
 panicled spikes. Leaves, oval, pointed, 
 coarsely serrated, more than 2 in. 
 long and nearly 1 in. across, shortly 
 stalked, in whorls of three. Stein 
 
VERONICA. 
 
 255 
 
 thick, straight, smooth, and round. 
 
 Hungary. Borders, among dwarf 
 
 shrubs, or naturalization, in ordinary 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Veronica fruticulosa (Fruticulose 
 Speedwell). Very closely allied to 
 V. saxatilis and perhaps only a variety 
 of it ; 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in 
 summer; flesh-coloured, with deeper 
 veins, in loose many -flowered racemes; 
 segments of calyx obtuse. Leaves, 
 small, opposite, upper ones oblong, 
 obtuse, entire or nearly so ; stems 
 erect, slightly woody, and rather 
 downy. Alps and Pyrenees, and one 
 or two places in Scotland, but rare. 
 
 The rock-garden and the margins 
 
 of borders, in sandy loam. Division, 
 cuttings, or seed. 
 
 Veronica gentianoides (Gentian- 
 leaved Speedwell). A somewhat showy 
 and pleasing kind, with simple ascend- 
 ing stems smooth below, forming a 
 carpet of shining leathery lea ves ; 1 to 
 2 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer ; 
 pale blue with darker blue streaks, in 
 a loose terminal spiked raceme ; upper 
 segment of the corolla smaller than 
 the side ones ; calyx hairy, 4-parted, 
 segments equal. Leaves, of root, re- 
 sembling those of Gentiana acaulis, 
 but longer, often 6 in. long, opposite, 
 lance-shaped, acute, crenated, 3- 
 nerved, sheathing at the base, pale 
 green, with cartilaginous margins, 
 smooth ; uppermost stem-leaves quite 
 entire, hairy. There is a handsome 
 variegated variety. Tauria, Cappa- 
 
 docia, and Armenia. Borders, in 
 
 any soil. Division. 
 
 Veronica incarnata (Flesh-coloured 
 Speedwell). An elegant kind, 15 to 
 22 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; flesh- 
 coloured, in a dense terminal spike, 
 surrounded by several smaller axillary 
 Bpikes. Leaves, opposite, oval-lance- 
 shaped, acute, coarsely and irregularly 
 serrated, rough on both sides with 
 veiy short fine hairs. Stem also hairy. 
 
 This plant is a variety of F. panicu- 
 
 lata. Borders, or naturalization, in 
 
 ordinary soil. Division. 
 
 Veronica incisa (Cut-leaved Veronica). 
 A graceful kind, 1 to 2 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; lilac, small, very 
 numerous, in dense panicled spikes. 
 Leaves, nearly 2 in. long, varying very 
 much in width, and very deeply and 
 irregularly cut and toothed, stalked, 
 opposite, with smaller leaves in the 
 axils. Stem erect, slender, round. 
 
 Siberia. Borders, or naturalization, 
 
 in sandy loam. Division. 
 
 Veronica laciniata (Fern-leaved 
 Speedwell). An elegant species, singu- 
 lar in foliage and with pretty blooms ; 
 20 to 30 in. high. Flowers, in the end 
 of June or beginning of July ; delicate 
 lilac, in dense spikes forming a hand- 
 some panicle of 12 or 15 spikes, each 
 from 2 to 4 in. long, springing from 
 beneath the base of a strong central 
 spike more than twice as long. Leaves, 
 I ^ to 3 in. long, deeply and irregu- 
 larly cut into lobes, sometimes deeply 
 toothed, sometimes entire, deeply and 
 
 narrowly channelled. Siberia. 
 
 Borders, beds of summer-flowering 
 perennials, or naturalized in unculti- 
 vated places, in ordinary soil. Divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Veronica maritima (Maritime V.) 
 A species of which there are several 
 varieties in cultivation, 20 in. to 2 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer ; blue, on 
 short stalks^ grouped in terminal, 
 solitary, or panicled clusters, the 
 central one from 6 to 10 in. long. 
 Leaves, opposite, oval-lanceolate, finely 
 toothed. Southern Europe. Bor- 
 ders, in any soil. Division. 
 
 Veronica multifida (Narrow-leaved V. ) 
 A pretty species with branching 
 stems, about 1 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; ^ in. across, lavender-blue, 
 marked with lines of a darker colour, 
 in long spikes. Leaves, nearly sessile, 
 
VERONICA. 
 
 narrow, pointed, irregularly cut and 
 
 toothed. Siberia. Borders, or 
 
 naturalization, in ordinary soil. Divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Veronica neglecta (Greyish Speed- 
 well). A hoary species resembling, 
 but not so good as, V. Candida ; 12 to 
 15 in. high. Flowers, in June or July; 
 dull purplish-blue, in solitary spikes, 
 each bloom a little more than in. 
 across when fully expanded, the yellow 
 stamens projecting ; buds dull purple 
 before bursting ; calyx downy. Leaves, 
 greyish from down, lanceolate or oval, 
 rather acutely pointed, gradually nar- 
 rowed at the base, and regularly ser- 
 rated in all but the leaves just beneath 
 
 the bracts. Siberia. Borders, in 
 
 any soil. Scarcely worth growing 
 where V. incana can be obtained, being 
 less attractive both in foliage and 
 flowers. Division at any season. 
 
 Veronica pectinata (Scallop-leaved V.) 
 A dwarf and pretty early kind with 
 prostrate ascending stems, 3 or 4 in. 
 high. Flowers, in spring ; small, vivid 
 gentian- blue with a white eye, in close 
 spikes. Leaves, small, spoon-shaped, 
 stalked, deeply notched round the 
 
 margin. Italy. The rock-garden, 
 
 or front margin of mixed border, in 
 sandy loam. Division and seed. 
 
 Veronica prostrata (Prostrate Speed- 
 well). A dwarf, greyish, spreading 
 kind, forming tufts 6 in. high. Flowers, 
 in early summer ; deep blue but 
 varying a good deal, there being seve- 
 ral white and rose-coloured varieties, 
 in opposite axillary racemes; calyx 
 iinequal, nearly smooth. Leaves, 
 stalkless, oblong, obtuse, serrated ; 
 upper ones lance-shaped, flat ; barren 
 stems prostrate, flowering ones as- 
 cending. Central and Southern Eu- 
 rope. The rock-garden and the 
 
 margin of the mixed border, in light 
 loamy soil. Seed and division. 
 
 Veronica satureiaefolia (Savory-leaved 
 
 F.) Aneatandattractive species, with 
 
 more or less decumbent sinuous stems, 
 about 1 ft. high. Flowers, early in 
 summer ; bright blue, in handsome 
 spikes. Leaves, opposite, sessile, oval- 
 oblong, irregularly toothed; upper- 
 most ones very narrow, entire, fascicled. 
 South of Europe. Borders, in well- 
 drained soil. Division. 
 
 Veronica saxatilis (Rock Speedwell). 
 A dwarf and pretty, spreading,bush-like 
 evergreen herb, with procumbent stems 
 slightly woody at the base, the flower- 
 ing branches ascending ; 3 to 6 in. high. 
 Flowers, in early summer ; blue, striped 
 with violet, with a narrow ring near 
 the bottom of the corolla, the base 
 being pure white, freely produced in 
 corymbose racemes. Leaves, opposite, 
 smaller than those of 7. fruticulosa 
 and of a deeper green, oblong-obovate 
 or elliptic, with small round notches. 
 Alpine rocks in various parts of Eu- 
 rope and a few places "in the High- 
 lands of Scotland. The rock-gar- 
 den, in ordinary soil ; also in borders. 
 Division and seed. 
 
 Veronica spicata (Spiked Veronica.} 
 A native species, with erect stems 
 branching at the base; 8 in. to 1 ft. 
 high. Flowers, early in summer ; 
 blue, numerous, in dense spikes. 
 Leaves, ovate, serrate at the sides, en- 
 tire at the end; lower ones blunt, 
 stalked, with a wedge-shaped base. 
 There is a white- flowered variety, 
 
 and one with variegated leaves. 
 
 Borders, or rougher parts of rockwork, 
 in any soil. Seed or division. 
 
 Veronica taurica (Taurian Speed- 
 well). A beautiful evergreen kind with 
 prostrate, almost woody stems, forming 
 neat dark green tufts less than 2 in. 
 high. Flowers, in early summer; 
 gentian-blue, freely produced in axil- 
 lary racemes. Leaves, crowded, linear, 
 entire, about in. long, somewhat 
 wedge-shaped, and 3-toothed at the 
 tip. Tauria. The rock-garden and 
 
VERONICA VINCA. 
 
 257 
 
 the margins of the mixed border, in 
 light loam. Division and seed. 
 
 Veronica virginica (Great Virginian 
 Speedwell) . Leptandra virginica. A 
 very tall and vigorous kind, 3 to nearly 
 5 ft. high, flowers, in the end of 
 summer; small, white, very nume- 
 rous, with reddish anthers, and ar- 
 ranged in erect spikes, of which the 
 central one is often more than 8 in. 
 in length and is surrounded by a 
 whorl of 3 or 4 smaller ones. Leaves, 
 oval-lanceolate, toothed, stalked, dis- 
 posed in whorls of 4 to 6, sometimes 
 more, at the top of the stem. N. Ame- 
 rica. Naturalization in half -wild 
 
 places among tall perennials. Division. 
 
 Vesicaria utriculata (Bladder-podded 
 V.) A showy rock-plant not unlike 
 the Alpine Wallflower in its flowers, 
 but easily known by its bladder-like 
 seed-pods ; about 1 ft. high. Flowers, 
 from April to June ; very showy, sul- 
 phur-yellow, produced abundantly in 
 terminal racemes; petals entire. Leaves, 
 oblong, entire, smooth ; lower ones 
 ciliated ; stems woody and branching 
 at the base, leafy to the top. Moun- 
 tains in France, Italy, and Southern 
 
 Europe. The rock-garden, on dry 
 
 banks, and in warm borders. Seed. 
 
 Vicia argentea (Silvery Vetch). A 
 handsome perennial of prostrate habit, 
 with silvery and downy leaves ; 8 to 
 12 in. high, flowers, in summer ; 
 whitish, spotted with purple in the 
 lower and veined with violet in the 
 upper part, on axillary many- flowered 
 stalks, all turning the same way. 
 Leaves, of from 4 to 10 pairs of oblong- 
 linear finely-pointed leaflets without 
 tendrils; stems 4 -angled, never climb- 
 ing. Pyrenees. Borders and the 
 
 rock-garden, or naturalized on open 
 banks, in sandy soil. Seed or division. 
 
 Vicia Cracca (Tufted Vetch). A 
 neglected British climbing perennial 
 of the highest merit, with branched 
 tendrils ; 2 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 
 summer; bluish -purple, nearly \ in. 
 long, abundantly produced in one-sided 
 racemes, on stalks rather longer than 
 the leaves. Leaves, terminated by a 
 tendril, pinnate ; leaflets numerous, 
 oblong or lance-shaped, finely-pointed, 
 alternate or opposite ; stipules linear, 
 entire. Plant clothed with greyish 
 down or smooth. There is a white 
 variety. Europe, and plentiful 
 
 throughout Britain. Borders, 
 
 banks, hedgerows, rootwork, and in 
 any position where a dwarf climbing 
 plant may be desired. It will grow 
 in any soil. Division or seed. 
 
 Villarsia nymphseoides (Common Vil- 
 larsia). An attractive British aquatic, 
 with simple leaves (like those of a 
 Water-lily but smaller) floating on the 
 surface of the water. Flowers, in 
 summer ; yellow, borne singly on 
 stalks as long as those of the leaf. 
 Leaves, heart-shaped or roundish, on 
 long stalks ; stems creeping and root- 
 ing at the base, dichotomous, and as- 
 cending to the surface of the water, 
 with a single leaf at each of the upper 
 branches, and a terminal tuft. Eu- 
 rope and Asia, and many places in 
 
 England and Ireland. Lakes, 
 
 ponds, and quiet bays in streams. 
 Division. 
 
 Vinca herbacea (Herlaceous Peri- 
 winkle). An elegant perennial with 
 creeping and rooting herbaceous stems. 
 Flowers, in spring and early summer ; 
 purplish - blue, solitary, axillary ; 
 corolla salver - shaped, tube longer 
 than the calyx, throat bearded. 
 Leaves, oblong-lance-shaped, opposite, 
 minutely ciliated on the edges while 
 
 young. Hungary. Being much less 
 
 rampant in habit, this is more suitable 
 for the rock-garden than the common 
 kinds. It does best in a sunny posi- 
 tion, in light but good soil, rather dry 
 than moist. Division. 
 
 Vinca major (Larger Periwinkle). 
 A well - known evergreen trailing 
 
258 
 
 VINCA VIOLA. 
 
 plant with large and handsome flowers ; 
 1 to 2 ft. high, or more. Flowers, in 
 spring and early summer, and some- 
 times a second time in autumn ; blue, 
 large, borne singly on axillary stalks ; 
 tube of corolla nearly bell - shaped, 
 slightly contracted at the mouth ; 
 lobes broad ; calyx deeply divided 
 into 5 narrow segments, ciliated on 
 the edges. Leaves, broadly - ovate, 
 shining, ciliated, opposite ; barren 
 stems trailing, flowering ones erect, 
 simple. There are several varieties. 
 Europe, common in Britain. Natu- 
 ralization in almost any position ; fully 
 exposed tufts look well when in 
 flower in early summer, on the fringes 
 of shrubberies. The variegated kinds 
 are well fitted for edgings and vases 
 etc., and, like the common form, may 
 be naturalized. Division. 
 
 Vinca minor (Lesser Periwinkle). 
 Another well-known kind, smaller in 
 every part than the previous one, and 
 usually with a more trailing habit ; 
 the flowering shoots short and erect. 
 Flowers, in spring and nearly all the 
 summer ; blue, small ; tube of corolla 
 more open than in V. major ; calyx 
 quite smooth, with shorter and broader 
 segments. Leaves, narrowly ovate, 
 quite smooth. This, like the preced- 
 ing, varies much in the colour of the 
 flowers, and there are also variegated 
 and double varieties. Europe, and 
 Britain, but probably not truly indi- 
 genous. Similar positions etc., to 
 
 those given for the preceding ; the 
 double and prettily-coloured varieties 
 of this are however worthy of a posi- 
 tion in borders and as edgings to beds 
 of small shrubs, etc., where their pretty 
 blossoms may be seen in spring. 
 
 Viola altaica (Altai Violet). A 
 showy species with the habit of our 
 Pansies. Flowers, from May to July ; 
 yellow, or deep violet with a small 
 eye of bright yellow ; spur very short, 
 Bcarcely longer than the appendages 
 
 of the calyx ; sepals acute, toothed. 
 Leaves, oval ; stipules oblong-lance- 
 shaped, incised. Altai Mountains, 
 
 near China. Borders, or among the 
 
 free-growing plants in the rougher 
 parts of the rock-garden, in sandy 
 loam. Division or cuttings. 
 
 Viola Mflora (Two-flowered Violet}. 
 A singularly pretty little yellow 
 Violet, 3 or 4 in. high. Floicers, in 
 early summer ; yellow, with the lip 
 streaked with, black, small, usually 
 borne in pairs ; petals smooth ; spur 
 very short; sepals linear; stigma 
 bifid. Leaves, kidney-shaped, ser- 
 rated, smooth. Roots creeping. There 
 is a variety bearing only one flower 
 on each stem. Widely distributed 
 throughout Europe, Asia, and Ame- 
 rica. Chinks between stones in the 
 
 steps in moist parts of the rock-gar- 
 den ; in this and like positions it will 
 run about freely and look as pretty as 
 it does between and under the rocks 
 in its native alpine valleys. Division. 
 
 Viola calcarata (Spurred Violet). 
 Closely allied to the now common 
 V. cornuta, but easily known by the 
 stipules and by its habit of increasing 
 by runners under the earth, instead of 
 forming strong leafy tufts above it ; 
 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in early 
 summer ; light blue ; sepals oblong, 
 glandularly toothed ; spur awl-shaped, 
 longer than the calyx. Leaves, roundish 
 or spoon-shaped, crenate ; stipules, in 
 the shape of a spatula elongated and 
 widened at the top, entire towards 
 the base and trifurcate at the top, 
 never crenated or widened like the 
 limb of a leaf. There is a yellow- 
 flowered variety, V, c. flava ( V. Zoysii). 
 
 Alps. The rock-garden and borders, 
 
 in sandy loam. Division and seed. 
 
 Viola ca,n&d.en.sis(CanadianViolet). 
 A free-growing kind, 6 in. to nearly 
 2 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer ; 
 whitish inside ; petals slightly twisted, 
 the upper ones often tinged with vio- 
 
VIOLA. 
 
 259 
 
 let beneath, the side ones bearded. 
 Leaves, alternate, broadly heart-shaped, 
 tapering to a point, serrate, the nerves 
 pubescent, on stalks half their length, 
 the upper ones shorter. North Ame- 
 rica. Naturalized, on the fringes of 
 
 woods or shrubberies, in any soil. 
 Division. 
 
 Viola cornuta (Horned Violet). A 
 very ornamental and popular species, 
 6 to 10 in. high. Flowers, nearly all 
 the summer ; pale blue, but darker 
 than those of F. calcarata; spur awl- 
 shaped; sepals awl-shaped. Leaves, 
 heart-shaped-ovate, crenated, ciliated ; 
 stipules incise-dentate, not pinnati- 
 fid, with a triangular terminal lobe 
 larger than the lateral ones. Alps 
 and Pyrenees. Beds, edgings, bor- 
 ders, etc. ; best in sandy loam, though 
 it will grow almost anywhere. Divi- 
 sion, cuttings, or seed. 
 
 Viola delphinifolia (Delphinium- 
 leaved Violet). An interesting and 
 distinct kind. Flowers, in spring ; fine 
 sky-blue, rather smaller than those of 
 V. pedata, on stems that are at the 
 time of flowering a little longer than 
 the leaves, the 2 upper petals pubes- 
 cent, the lower ones notched at the 
 ends; spur pouched, short. Leaves, 
 pubescent on the margins and nerves, 
 pedately 7' to 9- parted ; segments 
 narrow, 2- to 3-divided ; stipules 
 ovate - lance - shaped, nearly entire. 
 
 Prairies of Missouri. Rockwork, or 
 
 borders, in sandy loam. Division and 
 seed. 
 
 Viola lutea (Yellow Violet). A very 
 pretty dwarf Violet considered by- 
 Mr. Bentham a variety of V. tri- 
 color, but it is certainly distinct 
 enough for garden purposes. Flowers, 
 nearly all the summer; yellow, with 
 blackish lines, larger than those of 
 V. tricolor; petals wedge- shaped, 
 bearded at the base, the lateral ones 
 paler, the 2 upper ones sometimes 
 purple ; sepals lance-shaped, acute ; 
 
 spur as long as the calyx. Leaves, 
 ovate or oblong, crenate, fringed ; 
 stipules palmatifid ; stems simple, 
 
 triangular. Britain. Beds, bor 
 
 ders, edgings, or the rock-garden, in 
 any good garden soil. Division, seed, 
 or cuttings. 
 
 Viola obliqua (Large American Violet). 
 V. cucullata). A large and showy 
 kind, 4 to 10 in. high. Flowers, in 
 early summer ; fine cobalt blue, scent- 
 less, very numerous, large; upper 
 divisions rayed and streaked with 
 white or violet ; the lower one tinged 
 with white at the base ; sometimes 
 the flowers are one-coloured. Leaves, 
 erect, numerous, smooth, long-stalked, 
 heart-shaped, pointed, slightly folded 
 or hollowed like a spoon, serrated. 
 
 North America. Borders and the 
 
 rock-garden, or naturalized in copses, 
 in ordinary light soil. Division. 
 
 Viola odorata (Sweet Violet). Pro- 
 bably more grown than any other 
 plant for the sake of its grateful odour ; 
 about 6 in. high. Flowers, in spring 
 and early summer ; readily known 
 from the other kinds by their odour. 
 Leaves, roundish-heart-shaped, crenate, 
 smoothish ; runners long, rooting. 
 There are numerous varieties of this 
 plant, some of the most important 
 being the double blue, double purple, 
 double white, double pale blue, single 
 white, and also a striped one. Europe, 
 
 Asia, and frequent in Britain. 
 
 Borders, beds, edgings, etc., preferring 
 a warm sandy loam. Although a na- 
 tive plant, it is not found in many 
 districts. Where it does not occur 
 wild in the pleasure-grounds or woods, 
 it should be abundantly naturalized 
 therein, preferring at first warm banks 
 and slopes where it might be en- 
 couraged to bloom well in early spring. 
 Division. 
 
 Viola palmata (Palmate-leaved V.) 
 An interesting kind, distinct in the 
 shape of its leaves ; about 6 in. high. 
 S 2 
 
260 
 
 VIOLA YITTADINIA. 
 
 Flowers, early in summer ; bright 
 violet- or lilac-blue, rarely white ; 
 spur short and thick ; stigma trian- 
 gular ; lower petals bearded ; sepals 
 ovate-lance-shaped, fringed, the claws 
 keeled. Leaves, heart-shaped in out- 
 line, divided like the hand into five 
 parts or lobes; lobes toothed, the 
 middle one much the largest. North 
 America. Borders, or the rock- 
 garden, in common soil. Division. 
 
 Viola pedata (Bird? s-foot Violet). 
 A very handsome and profuse flower- 
 ing kind, 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in 
 early summer; usually deep blue,some- 
 times pale, large, scentless, on naked 
 stalks ; petals all smooth ; stigma 
 large and thick. Leaves, pedately 7- 
 parted ; segments sometimes very 
 narrow, and cut; stipules fringed; 
 rhizome thick. Dry sandy hills and 
 
 woods in North America. The 
 
 rock-garden and borders, in very 
 sandy and cool soil. Seed and divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Viola pinnata (Pinnate-leaved F.) 
 Rather smaller than V. pedata, which 
 it somewhat resembles. Flowers, in 
 early summer ; pale blue with darker 
 veins, the two lateral petals bearded ; 
 sepals ovate ; spur broad, as long as 
 the calyx, nearly straight. Leaves, 
 deeply divided into 4 or 5 segments, 
 which are either 3 -parted or pinnati- 
 Jfid, jagged and very narrow. Moun- 
 tains of Southern Europe, and Siberia. 
 
 The rock-garden and borders, in 
 
 any moist soil. Division. 
 
 Viola pubescens (Downy Yellow 
 Violet). A pretty yellow kind, 6 to 
 12 in. high. Flowers t in spring and 
 early summer; yellow, lower petal 
 streaked with purple ; spur very short ; 
 sepals oblong-lance-shaped ; stigma 
 bearded with 2 tufts of hairs. Leaves, 
 broadly heart - shaped, somewhat 
 pointed, toothed ; stipules large, 
 ovate, entire or serrated at the top ; 
 stem somewhat decumbent, simple, 
 
 naked below. Woods in North Ame- 
 rica. Margins of borders, and in 
 
 the rock-garden, in ordinary soil. 
 Division or seed. 
 
 Viola rostrata (Long -spurred Violet). 
 An interesting and uncommon kind, 
 4 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in early 
 summer; dingy purple or lavender, 
 with dark streaks ; petals beardless ; 
 spur slender, rather acute, \ in. long, 
 longer than the petals ; stigma beak- 
 less. Leaves, roundish -heart-shaped, 
 serrate ; upper ones acute ; stipules 
 lance-shaped, fringed, toothed, large ; 
 stems ascending, leafy from base to 
 summit. North America. Bor- 
 ders, and the rock-garden, in light 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Viola tricolor (Heartsease). The 
 well known Pansy or Heartsease. 
 Flowers, in early summer ; very 
 variable in colour and size ; spur 
 thick, obtuse. Leaves, ovate or heart- 
 shaped, obtuse, slightly crenated ; 
 stipules large, leaf-like, deeply divided 
 into several lobes, the middle one 
 largest. Europe, Siberia, and North 
 
 America, plentiful in Britain. 
 
 The garden varieties of Heartsease are 
 very numerous and diverse in colour 
 and habit ; it is however very doubtful 
 if they have all sprung from this plant. 
 Beds, borders, edgings, and among 
 the free-growing kinds in good gar- 
 den soil. Seed, cuttings, and divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Vittadinia anstralis (New Holland 
 Daisy). F. triloba. A small, much- 
 branched, spreading perennial forming 
 neat little bushes 6 to 12 in. high, 
 covered with numerous Daisy-like 
 flowers. Flowers, all the summer ; 
 rays white, tipped with pink, disk 
 yellowish. Leaves, wedge-shaped or 
 narrow-spoon-shaped, 3- to 5-lobed at 
 the apex ; \ to 4 in. long. Australia 
 
 and New Zealand. Dry borders 
 
 and banks, the rock-garden, in well- 
 drained free soil, or naturalized in 
 
WAHLENBERGIA XEROPHYLLUM. 
 
 261 
 
 chalk-pits or 011 warm rocky banks in 
 the southern and milder parts of the 
 country. Seed and cuttings. 
 
 Wahlenbergia hederacea (Ivy Hare- 
 bell). Campanulob hederacea. A 
 small, graceful, creeping perennial, far 
 from showy in aspect, with very 
 slender branches. Flowers, in sum- 
 mer and autumn ; pale blue, on long 
 thread-like stalks, drooping in the 
 bud, almost erect when fully expanded ; 
 corolla narrow-bell-shaped, less than 
 4 in. long, 5-lobed at the mouth. 
 Leaves, small, on long stalks, heart- 
 shaped or roundish, bluntly angled. 
 Moist places in Western Europe, North 
 America, and various parts of Britain. 
 
 The artificial bog, margins of 
 
 rivulets, and moist spots in the rock- 
 garden. Division. 
 
 Waldsteinia geoides (Geum W.} 
 A dwarf tufted perennial, 4 to 6 
 in. high. Flowers, in spring and early 
 in summer; small, yellow, nume- 
 rous, usually in terminal pairs. Leaves, 
 numerous, long - stalked, palmate- 
 lobed ; lobes 3 to 5, sharply toothed ; 
 leaf-stalks hairy, especially at the 
 base, where they are dilated, sheath- 
 ing the short erect root-stock. Hun- 
 gary, in shady woods in moist peaty 
 
 soil. Scarcely ornamental enough 
 
 for the mixed border but pretty as 
 an edging-plant to beds of herbaceous 
 plants, or in the spring garden, in 
 ordinary soil ; also good for naturali- 
 zation on sunny banks among dwarf 
 plants. Division and seed. 
 
 Waldsteinia fragarioides (Strawberry 
 W.) A showy perennial, with creep- 
 ing, bright-red, hairy stems ; about 
 6 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; 
 numerous, bright yellow, about ^ in. 
 across ; petals oblong- ovate ; sepals 
 acute, hairy and spreading, with here 
 and there a little segment between 
 the others, showing a disposition to 
 become 10-cleft. Leaves, ternate, on 
 long channelled stalks, dilated and 
 
 ciliated at the base ; leaflets obovate, 
 irregularly serrated and cut into lobes 
 with ciliated edges, smooth and green, 
 fading to a lurid colour. N. America, 
 
 on wooded hill - sides. Borders, 
 
 fringes of shrubberies, or naturaliza- 
 tion, in any soil. Division, 
 
 Waldsteinia trifolia (Running W.} 
 A dwarf but vigorous plant, spreading 
 about with stout but stubby running 
 stems ; 3 to 5 in. high. Flowers, late 
 in spring ; rich golden-yellow, with a 
 dense brush of golden filaments and 
 stamens in the centre ; petals rounded 
 at the base. Leaves, trifoliate, very 
 deeply cut, rounded at the base. 
 
 Transylvania. A thoroughly hardy 
 
 kind, good for any kind of rockwork, 
 or the margin of the mixed border, in 
 any soil, or for running about in a 
 half- wild state in shrubberies. Divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Wulfenia carinthiaca (Carinthian 
 W.) A dwarf, almost stemless, 
 evergreen herb ; 12 to 18 in. high. 
 flowers, in summer; blue, drooping, 
 solitary on short stalks, in the axils 
 of the bracts; stem many-flowered, 
 erect; corolla tubular, limb 4- or 5- 
 cleft ; segments roundish, upper one 
 notched, lower one crenated ; tube 
 with a swelling above the base. Leaves, 
 oblong, narrowed at the base, doubly 
 
 crenated, stalked. Carinthia. 
 
 Borders, and the rock-garden, in light 
 moist sandy loam. Division and seed. 
 
 Xerophyllum asphodeloides (Aspho- 
 del-like X.)"A tuberous-rooted plant 
 with the aspect of an Asphodel, and a 
 simple stem 1 to 4 ft. high, with a 
 bulbous base. Flowers, in summer; 
 white, showy, in a compact simple 
 raceme. Leaves, of the stem needle- 
 shaped, very numerous, thickly cover- 
 ing the stem, the upper ones reduced 
 to mere bristle-like bracts; radical 
 leaves 1 ft. or more long, and 1 in. wide 
 below, rough on the margin, remark- 
 ably dry and rigid, very numerous, in 
 
262 
 
 YUCCA. 
 
 a dense tuft. North America. 
 
 Borders, in very sandy soil, or the drier 
 parts of the artificial bog. Seed. 
 
 Yucca aloifolia (Aloe-leaved F.) A 
 fine kind, usually grown in the green- 
 house, but hardy, at least in the 
 warmer parts of the country ; 2 to 
 nearly 10 ft. high. Flowers, in au- 
 tumn ; white, with a purplish spot at 
 the base, becoming afterwards slightly 
 tinged with violet on the middle of 
 the petals. Leaves, pale green, in a 
 dense tuft, very stiff, linear -lanceolate, 
 thick, rough and toothed at the edges. 
 There are in cultivation four varieties 
 -one with drooping leaves, one with 
 leaves streaked with rose-colour, one 
 with white and yellow leaves, and one 
 with narrow ones. Jamaica, Mexico, 
 
 Carolina, and Florida. On warm 
 
 rocky banks, or sunny nooks on 
 mounds, in perfectly-drained light 
 loam. Fine specimens of the varie- 
 gated varieties, kept in the conserva- 
 tory during winter, are valuable for 
 placing in the flower-garden in sum- 
 mer. This kind seeds pretty freely in 
 Southern Europe, and is easily raised 
 from seed. 
 
 Yucca angustifolia {Narrow -leaved 
 y.) A narrow-leaved, distinctly ha- 
 bited kind, as yet but seldom seen in 
 cultivation in this country, though 
 not rare in Continental collections ; 
 6| ft. or more high. Flowers, in sum- 
 mer ; numerous,white, slightly tinged 
 with yellow. Leaves, very narrow, 
 sharp-pointed, and fringed on the 
 edges with long, silvery filaments. 
 
 North America. Warm banks, 
 
 open parts of rockwork, or sunny but 
 sheltered nooks on fringes of shrub- 
 beries, in sandy and well-drained soil. 
 Seed and stem-cuttings. 
 
 Yucca filamentosa (Thready Y.} 
 Like the Flaccid Yucca, chiefly valu- 
 able from its free -flowering tendency, 
 though it has not this in a degree equal 
 to Y.jlaccida; 3 to 5 ft. high. Flowers, 
 
 late in summer, of a yellowish white, 
 greenish at the base externally, ar- 
 ranged in a large panicle of about 200 
 blooms. Leaves, lanceolate-oblong, 
 hollowed into a very broad channel, 
 ending in a small point, erect and re- 
 curved, with very strong, twisted, 
 whitish or buff -coloured marginal 
 filaments 2| to 3| in. long, Carolina 
 
 and Virginia. Positions and uses 
 
 similar to those given for the Flaccid 
 Yucca. The fine variegated variety, 
 Y. filamentosa variegata, is of slow and 
 difficult growth, and when planted in 
 the open air is best placed in some 
 sunny spot on rockwork or a rocky 
 bank, in thoroughly-drained and light 
 soil. Increased by cuttings of the 
 short stem, or by division. 
 
 Yucca flaccida (Flaccid Y.) Not an 
 imposing species, nor so valuable for 
 the effect of its foliage as other kinds, 
 but exceedingly so for its flowers, 
 which are annually produced in great 
 abundance ; 3 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, 
 in summer ; pure white. Leaves, nar- 
 row, erect, often furnished with fila- 
 ments on the edges. North America. 
 
 The outer fringes of groups of 
 
 Yuccas on mounds, banks, etc., as 
 isolated specimens near the walks in 
 the picturesque garden, or in the 
 larger kinds of rock-garden ; asso- 
 ciated with Tritomas, Lilies, and the 
 nobler herbaceous plants in irregular 
 groups, or in the mixed border, flower- 
 ing most profusely in good open soil. 
 Division. 
 
 Yucca gloriosa (Adam's Needle}. 
 Perhaps the best known, and certainly 
 one of the finest, of its noble family, 
 lacking the grace of Y. recurva. but of 
 bolder port ; 3 to 7 ft. high. Flo-wers, 
 late in summer and in autumn ; large, 
 almost pure white, in an immense 
 pyramidal panicle. Leaves, numerous, 
 stiff, and pointed. There are several 
 varieties : Y. longifolia, Y. plicata, 
 Y. maculata, Y. glaucescens, and Y. 
 
YUCCA ZAUSCHNERIA. 
 
 263 
 
 minor. North America. On rocky 
 
 banks or mounds in the picturesque 
 garden, isolated or grouped with fine 
 herbaceous plants and other Yuccas ; 
 also on margins of shrubberies, in open 
 glades, by wood-walks, or in almost 
 any position, in ordinary garden soil, 
 flourishing best, however, in good, 
 well- drained, sandy loam. Increased 
 by suckers, and by division of the 
 buried part of the stem, also from 
 seed ; it varies a good deal when 
 raised in the last way. 
 
 Yucca recurva (Weeping-leaved Y.) 
 A well-known and graceful species, 
 easily distinguished by its elegant 
 habit; 3 to 8 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer and autumn ; large, numerous, 
 pure white, in a large branching pani- 
 cle. Leaves, at first erect and glaucous, 
 afterwards of a deep green and grace- 
 fully bending downwards. North 
 
 America. A noble plant for almost 
 
 any position in any style of garden, 
 either as isolated specimens, or grouped 
 with other Yuccas or hardy plants, 
 thriving in ordinary garden soil. When 
 very fine isolated specimens are de- 
 sired, it is best to commence with 
 vigorous and simple-stemmed young 
 plants, planting them in deep, well- 
 drained sandy loam. In winter some 
 tie the leaves carefully together in a 
 bundle, to guard against injury from 
 snow or excessive frost. Division of 
 the suckers, which spring up freely 
 round old plants. 
 
 Yucca Treculeana (Rigid Y.} A 
 noble Yucca, about 4 ft. high when 
 well grown, with very rigid and deeply 
 channelled leaves. Flowers,in summer ; 
 with long narrow petals of a yellowish 
 white, shining, and as it were glazed ; 
 buds of a rusty red externally, densely 
 covering the erect branches on the top 
 of the flower- stalk. Leaves, in a 
 dense tuft sometimes 6 ft. through, 
 large, straight, thick, deeply concave, 
 ending in a stiff, very sharp point, very 
 
 finely toothed on the edges, which are 
 of a brownish red and scarious. Texas. 
 
 This fine kind, as yet but rarely 
 
 seen in this country, is probably quite 
 as hardy, if not quite as free, as any 
 kind commonly grown ; but being so 
 rare, and somewhat slow in growth, it 
 should be placed in sunny and warm 
 positions, always in open and well- 
 drained soil. Slightly elevated warm 
 banks are among the best positions for 
 it. Increased by cuttings from the 
 stems of old plants, and by seed ripened 
 in warmer climes than ours. 
 
 Zapania nodiflora (Creeping Vervain). 
 A pretty and modest-looking, com- 
 pactly spreading, trailing plant, with 
 prostrate stems 2 or 3 ft. or more in 
 length. Flowers, in late summer and 
 autumn; small, purplish, in small 
 roundish heads, on long stalks spring- 
 ing from the axils of the leaves. Leaves, 
 spoon-shaped, coarsely and irregularly 
 notched, with a wedge-shaped base 
 attenuated into a stalk; upper and 
 axillary leaves small and pointed. 
 Asia and America. Borders, edg- 
 ings, the rougher parts of the rock- 
 garden, or naturalized on bare 
 banks, in any rather warm soil. Divi- 
 sion. 
 
 Zanschneria californica (Vermilion 
 Z.)A showy and distinct perennial, 
 8 to 16 in. high. Flowers, late in 
 summer; bright vermilion, gracefully 
 drooping, in a loose, erect, almost one- 
 sided spike ; petals small, 4 in num- 
 ber, 2-cleft, at the end and reflected, 
 inserted into the end of the calyx, 
 which is long, funnel-shaped, and of a 
 scarlet colour, so as frequently to be 
 taken for the corolla. Leaves, alter- 
 nate, small, sessile, linear-lance- 
 shaped, the upper ones oval, acute. 
 California. Borders and the rock- 
 garden, in sandy and fibry loam. It 
 will require a little protection at the 
 root in cold parts. Division in early 
 spring and seed. 
 
264 
 
 ZEPHYK ANTHES ZIETENIA. 
 
 Zephyranthes Atamasco (Atamasco 
 Lily). Amaryllis Atamasco. A dwarf 
 and very handsome Lily-like plant, 6 
 to 12 in. high. Flowers, in spring or 
 early summer ; bright red outside and 
 when in bud, white after expansion, 
 34 in. across, one on each stem. Leaves, 
 strap-shaped, concave, fleshy, appear- 
 ing with or before the flowers. Bulb, 
 small, oval-oblong. There is a variety 
 with smaller flowers. Abundant in 
 the pastures of Virginia and Carolina. 
 In well -drained positions on rock- 
 work, or sunny borders, in sandy warm 
 loam. Division in winter or early 
 spring. 
 
 Zephyranthes Candida (Peruvian 
 Swamp-lily). An evergreen bulbous I 
 plant, 4 to 8 in. high, Flowers, I 
 late in summer and in autumn; 
 white, resembling a large white Crocus, 
 and expanding fully only in the sun- 
 shine. Leaven, rush-like, linear, fleshy, 
 permanent, and freely produced. Bulb, 
 
 small, round, and black. Lima and 
 Buenos Ayres. Warm spots on rock- 
 work, or at the foot of a south wall, 
 or warm borders, in rich sandy loam. 
 Seeds freely, but is best propagated by 
 division of the offsets, which are 
 abundantly produced. 
 
 Zietenia lavandulaefolia (Lavender' 
 leaved Z.} An evergreen, spreading, 
 half-shrubby perennial, of a greyish 
 hue, with a stem 6 to 12 in. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; purple, in whorls 
 forming a spike about 6 in. long, with 
 a very slender, downy stalk ; each 
 whorl having two long-pointed bracts 
 underneath . Leaves, lance-shaped, 
 rather obtuse, long-stalked, fascicled ; 
 the stalks very downy and overlapping 
 each other. Bark of stem brown and 
 
 rugged. Caucasus. Margins of 
 
 borders, and the rougher parts of the 
 rock-garden, or naturalized in any 
 soil, wet or dry. Division. 
 
ADDENDA. 
 
 New species, or those omitted in preceding part. 
 
 Alisma Plantago (Water Plantain}. 
 A common British aquatic plant, 
 rather stately in habit and with large 
 panicles of pretty flowers ; 2 to 3 ft. 
 high. Flowers, late in summer; pale 
 rose-colour, in a large, handsome, 
 whorled panicle. Leaves, all radical, 
 ovate -heart- shaped or lanceolate, on 
 long stalks ; submersed leaves linear. 
 Europe and Britain, Asia, Egypt, N. 
 America and New Holland. Mar- 
 gins of lakes and streams or ponds. 
 Sows itself freely. 
 
 Anthemis Aizoon (Everlasting A.} 
 A very neat silvery plant, 2 to 4 in. 
 high. Flowers, early in summer ; 
 resembling a white daisy ; florets of 
 the ray 14 to 18 in number, trifid, 
 twice as long as the breadth of the 
 disk. Leaves, lanceolate or tongue- 
 shaped, sharply and deeply serrated, 
 narrowed towards the base, covered 
 with white down, lower ones crowded; 
 stem-leaves rather acute, gradually 
 decreasing in size. Sub- alpine parts 
 of Northern Greece. The rock- 
 garden, in sandy loam. Division and 
 seed. 
 
 Arethusa bulbosa (Bulbous A.} A 
 beautiful hardy orchidaceous plant, 
 about 9 in. high. Flowers, in May ; 
 solitary (very rarely two), bright rosy- 
 purple, 1 to 2 in. long; lip dilated 
 and recurved, spreading towards the 
 summit, and bearded-crested down 
 the face. Leaf, solitary, linear, nerved, 
 
 hidden in the sheaths of the scape, 
 protruding after flowering. North 
 
 America. In the artificial bog, or 
 
 moist spots in the rock-garden, in 
 peaty soil. 
 
 Asperula tinctoria (Three-lob ed 
 Woodruff}. A free- flowering and 
 pleasing perennial, 8 to 10 in. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; white with a 
 faint rosy tinge, in small terminal 
 cymes; petals frequently 3 in num- 
 ber; bracts oval. Leaves, linear, 
 smooth, the lower ones in whorls of 
 6, the upper ones in pairs, and the 
 intermediate ones in whorls of 4. 
 
 France. Borders, or the rougher 
 
 parts of the rock-garden, in ordinary 
 soil. It may be easily naturalized in 
 shrubberies or copses. Division. 
 
 Buphthalnmm salicifolium (Willow- 
 leaved B. ) A showy perennial, 1 to 
 2 ft. high. Flowers, late in summer ; 
 yellow, large, solitary on the tops of 
 the branches. Leaves, of a lively 
 green, thin, downy or slightly rough 
 on both sides, ciliated with long hairs, 
 faintly sinuate-toothed ; the lower 
 ones lance-shaped, attenuated into a 
 long stalk; the upper ones sessile, 
 linear-lance-shaped ; stem erect, rigid , 
 slightly branched above. South of 
 
 Europe. Borders, in sandy loam. 
 
 Division and seed. 
 
 Buphthalmum speciosum (Heart- 
 leaved B. ) A stout and distinct-look- 
 
266 
 
 BUTOMUS CIRSIUM. 
 
 ing plant, 4 to 6 in. high. Flowers, 
 late in summer ; pale yellow with a 
 flat, purplish disk ; each flower more 
 than 2 in. in diameter. Leaves, very 
 large, alternate, broadly oval, acute, 
 twice toothed, somewhat villous un- 
 derneath ; the whole plant pubescent. 
 
 Among hardy plants grown for 
 
 the effect of their foliage, in rich 
 glades in woods and the rougher parts 
 of pleasure-grounds. Division. 
 
 Butomus umoellatus (Flowering 
 Hush}. An ornamental aquatic peren- 
 nial, 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in sum- 
 mer ; rose-coloured, in an irregular 
 many-flowered umbel, which stands 
 erect on the top of the flower-stalk. 
 Leaves, all radical, linear, acute, tri- 
 angular, channelled, erect. There is 
 a variety with variegated leaves, but 
 it is rather tender. Europe, S. W. 
 
 Asia, and Britain. Margins of 
 
 lakes and streams, large fountain 
 basins, etc., in any soil. Division. 
 
 Calla aethiopiea (African Lily). A 
 graceful and beautiful plant of the 
 Arum family, much grown as a green- 
 house and window plant, 2 to 3 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in summer and au- 
 tumn in the open air in Britain; 
 large, pure white, with orange spadix. 
 Leaves, all radical, large, arrow-shaped, 
 nearly erect, on long stalks. There 
 are two varieties, one of which has 
 the leaves spotted with white, and 
 the other with yellow. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. In the southern, western, 
 
 and milder parts of England and Ire- 
 land this thrives well as an aquatic 
 plant, and would doubtless also do 
 well in rich soil in borders, as I have 
 noticed it doing in the gardens in San 
 Francisco. Division. 
 
 Callisace daaurica (Siberian (7.) A 
 large and ornamental umbelliferous 
 plant, 8 to 10 ft. high. Flowers, late 
 in summer ; white, in umbels which 
 are frequently 2 ft. each in diameter. 
 Leaves, lower ones about 6 ft, long and 
 
 4 ft. wide, much divided ; stem-leaves 
 reduced to a mere stalk with a large 
 
 sheath. Siberia. Isolation on the 
 
 turf, or in groups in the pic- 
 turesque garden, in deep rich loam. 
 I have not seen this plant, but Mr. A. 
 Perry, who saw it on the Continent, 
 informs me that it is the most im- 
 posing of herbaceous plants. Seed 
 and division. 
 
 Chrysanthemum indicum (Common 
 C7irysanthemum) . The well - known 
 ornament of our gardens and green- 
 houses in autumn ; 3 ft. high or more. 
 Flowers, in autumn ; varying very 
 much in colour under culture, the 
 original plant having purplish-red 
 flowers with a yellow disk, in corym- 
 bose panicles. Leaves, alternate, vary- 
 ing much in shape, usually oval-heart- 
 shaped, more or less regularly incised, 
 toothed or lobed, sometimes pinnatifid. 
 
 East Indies, China, and Japan. 
 
 It is needless to speak of the culture 
 of this plant, so abundantly seen in 
 every greenhouse in autumn ; but as 
 an out-door ornament against walls 
 and in warm positions where it may 
 flower before being destroyed by 
 severe weather, it does not receive 
 enough of attention. The best kinds 
 are enumerated in the catalogues of 
 most nurserymen. Cuttings. 
 
 Colchicum chionense (Chion Meadow 
 Saffron). I have not seen this species, 
 but Mr. P. Barr describes it as the 
 finest he has seen. Flowers,in autumn ; 
 like those of 0. variegatum, but hand- 
 somer, more firm in texture, and last- 
 ing longer. Leaves, small, undulated 
 at the margin, lying on the ground. 
 
 Island of Chios. The rock-garden, 
 
 in spots where there is a deep soil, 
 and in borders in ordinary sandy soil. 
 Separation of the bulbs. 
 
 Cirsium Douglasii (Brilliant Thistle). 
 A handsome and showy Thistle. 
 Flowers, in summer ; purple, in sub- 
 corymbose heads scarcely rising above 
 
DOftONICUM FUCHSIA. 
 
 267 
 
 the leaves ; scales of the involucrum 
 smooth, purplish and spiny at the 
 point. Leaves, pinnatifid, the lateral 
 lobes lance-shaped, often bifid, termi- 
 nal lobe elongated, all more or less 
 
 spiny. California. Warm borders, 
 
 in well-drained sandy loam. Seed. 
 
 Doronicum Clusii (Clusius^s Doro- 
 nicum). Aronicum Clusii. Arnica 
 Clusii. A showy plant about 1 ft. 
 high. Flowers, in early summer ; 
 yellow, solitary on the top of the 
 stem, on long stalks which are thick- 
 ened towards the top and covered 
 with long hairs. Leaves, soft, those 
 of the root entire or scarcely toothed, 
 oblong, obtuse, attenuated into a 
 stalk ; stem-leaves sessile, half clasp- 
 ing, lance-shaped, toothed in the lower 
 half, entire towards the top. Alps of 
 Dauphiny, in moist places at high 
 
 elevations. Borders, in sandy loam. 
 
 Division and seed. 
 
 Fuchsia coccinea (Scarlet F.)A 
 graceful bushy species, with slender 
 downy branches, which are reddish 
 when young; 3 ft. or more high. 
 Flowers, in summer and autumn ; pe- 
 tals violet, oboval-oblong ; calyx pur- 
 ple at the base, with oblong, acute, 
 scarlet sepals. Leaves, small, oval or 
 roundish-oval, obtuse, scarcely toothed, 
 heart-shaped at the base, covered with 
 white down underneath, nearly smooth 
 above, turning purplish-scarlet in 
 
 autumn. Mexico. Borders, and 
 
 fringes of shrubberies, in ordinary 
 garden soil. Division and cuttings. 
 
 Fuchsia conica (Conical-tubed F.) 
 A vigorous species, 3 to 6 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer, solitary ; petals 
 violet-purple, notched, about equal in 
 length to the calyx ; sepals lance- 
 shaped, scarlet. Leaves, 3 or 4 in a 
 whorl, ovate, flat, toothed, smooth, 
 on downy stalks 3 times as long as 
 the leaves. Chili. Borders, in or- 
 dinary garden soil. Cuttings. 
 
 Fuchsia corymbiflora (Corymbose F.) 
 A showy species with 4-angled 
 branches, which are reddish and 
 downy when young, and growing 
 6 ft. or more high in warm countries; 
 Flowers, in summer ; in long terminal 
 clusters ; petals violet-red or carmine, 
 oblong-oval, or oblong-lance-shaped, 
 bifid ; sepals, same colour as the 
 petals, lance-shaped, acute. Leaves, 
 very large, opposite, oblong-lance- 
 shaped, with a rosy-violet midrib. 
 There are several fine and distinct 
 
 vars. of this. Peru. Warm 
 
 borders, in rich, light, and well- 
 drained soil, in the milder parts of 
 the southern counties. Cuttings. 
 
 Fuchsia fulgens (Brilliant F.} 
 Distinguished by its swollen, almost 
 tuberous, roots; over 6 ft. high in 
 warm countries. Flowers, in summer, 
 the upper ones in pendent clusters ; 
 petals, blood-red, acute, shorter than 
 the calyx ; sepals vermilion-red, oval- 
 lance-shaped, acute, tube about 2 in. 
 long. Leaves, very large, opposite, 
 stalked, oval -heart-shaped, acuminate, 
 toothed, smooth. A variety (F. f. 
 d'Arck) has violet-tinged leaves and 
 flowers of a vivid scarlet, finer than 
 
 those of the type. Mexico. On 
 
 warm borders, in rich, well-drained, 
 and light soil. Thrives well in the 
 South of England. Cuttings. 
 
 Fuchsia globosa (Globe-flowered F.} 
 A neat shrub, 5 or 6 ft. high. 
 Flowers, freely all the summer ; globu- 
 lar in shape ; petals purplish -violet ; 
 calyx purplish- red. Leaves, oval, acute, 
 
 smooth, toothed. Chili. Near the 
 
 coast in many parts of both England 
 and Ireland, but chiefly in Ireland, 
 this plant is quite hardy, and forms 
 very handsome bushes, usually escap- 
 ing being cut down by frost. Ad- 
 mirable among the taller plants at the 
 back of the herbaceous border, and on 
 the margins of shrubberies. Cuttings : 
 grows freely in ordinary garden soil. 
 
268 
 
 FUCHSIA FUMAKIA. 
 
 Fuchsia gracilis (Slender F.)A 
 handsome species, with finely pubes- 
 cent branches ; 6 to 10 ft. high. 
 Flowers, from early summer to October; 
 petals purple, convolute and retuse; 
 calyx scarlet ; sepals oblong, acute, 
 exceeding the petals; stigma undi- 
 vided. Leaves, opposite, glabrous, 
 long-stalked, remotely denticulated. 
 A variety (F. g. multiflora), haa 
 smaller and glaucous leaves and a 
 
 conical stigma. Mexico. Warm 
 
 borders, and fringes of shrubbery, in 
 sandy loam. Cuttings. 
 
 Fuchsia magellanica (Fuegian F.) 
 Magellan F. A rather robust glabrous 
 plant, 3 to 6 ft. high. Flowers, in sum- 
 mer and autumn ; petals violet, obo- 
 vate, convolute ; sepals scarlet, oblong, 
 acute. Leaves, ovate-oblong, oroblong- 
 lance-shaped, acute or rounded at the 
 base, toothed, smooth, or minutely 
 pubescent underneath. Tierra del 
 
 Fuego and Chili. Warm borders, 
 
 or against sunny walls, in rich light 
 loam. Cuttings. 
 
 Fuchsia microphylla (Small-leaved 
 J 7 .) A neat little species, 15 in. to 
 2 ft. high. Flowers, in autumn ; petals 
 bright rose-colour, irregularly incised ; 
 sepals oval, acuminate, dark-purple 
 or violet-carmine. Leaves, opposite, 
 small, thick, oblong- elliptical, smooth, 
 irregularly- toothed, dark-green on the 
 upper side, paler underneath. Mexico. 
 Warm borders, and on the mar- 
 gins of beds of choice shrubs, etc., in 
 light well-drained soil. Thrives in 
 the open air in the South of England 
 and Ireland. Division and cuttings. 
 
 Fuchsia serratifolia (Saw-leaved F.} 
 A very handsome species with fur- 
 rowed branches, which, as well as the 
 leaf-stalks and midribs of the leaves, 
 are of a carmine red colour ; 6 to 8 ft. 
 high in warm countries. Flowers, in 
 summer, large ; petals oval -oblong, 
 orange-red or poppy-red, slightly wavy 
 on the margin; sepals lance-shaped, 
 
 pointed, deep rose-colour, tinged with 
 green at the points, longer than the 
 petals. Leaves, in whorls of 3 or 4, 
 narrow, oblong, acute, edged with 
 
 glandular teeth. Peru. In the 
 
 southern counties of England and 
 Ireland, in rich, light, and well- 
 drained soil. Cuttings. 
 
 Fuchsia thymifolia (Thyme-leaved F.} 
 A dwarf, tufted species, with slender 
 downy branches, which when young 
 are of a reddish colour. Flowers, in 
 summer ; petals rose-coloured, oboval- 
 oblong, entire. Leaves, nearly oppo- 
 site, small, oval or roundish-oval, 
 obtuse, hardly toothed, covered with 
 white down above, nearly smooth un- 
 derneath. There is a variety with 
 
 large flowers. Mexico. The same 
 
 treatment and positions as those re- 
 commended for F. microphylla. 
 
 [Little or no mention is made in 
 botanical or gardening books as to the 
 Fuchsia's merit as a hardy plant, and 
 over the greater part of the country it 
 is only known as a greenhouse plant, 
 with the exception perhaps of one 
 neglected kind in the borders. But 
 near the sea all round our coasts, and 
 especially in the southern and western 
 parts of England and Ireland, several 
 species of Fuchsia are hardy, and are 
 perhaps the most beautiful objects in 
 the gardens. Some varieties, such as 
 Ricartoni, and many others, thrive 
 perfectly also. F. Dominiana succeeds 
 well in Cornwall. Frequently the 
 species and varieties are cut down by 
 frost, but spring up again vigorously 
 and live the life of herbaceous plants 
 in fact. Hence they find a place in 
 this book. But in mild districts, and 
 near the sea- coast, they frequently 
 escape being cut down for years, and 
 become large and handsome bushes]. 
 
 Fumaria densiflora (Dense-flowered 
 Fumitory). A glaucous, much-spread- 
 ing species, about 6 in. high. Flowers, 
 from May to July ; of an intense pur- 
 
GLOBULAEIA LUNARIA. 
 
 269 
 
 pie colour, sometimes rose-coloured, 
 and occasionally white, in dense 
 racemes. Leaves, twice-divided, with 
 linear, acute, channelled segments. 
 South of France, in stony fields and 
 
 on walls. Borders, and the rougher 
 
 parts of the rock-garden, in ordinary 
 light soil. Division. 
 
 Globularia vulgaris (Common .) 
 A pleasing perennial, 6 in. to 1 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer; bright blue (rarely 
 white), in dense heads surrounded by 
 an involucre of 9 to 12 imbricated 
 leaflets. Leaves, of the root numerous, 
 leathery, obovate, notched or 3-toothed 
 at the point, and arranged in a rosette ; 
 stem-leaves much smaller, lance- 
 shaped, acute, sessile ; stems herba- 
 ceous, erect, simple. Alps of Europe. 
 
 Borders, and the rock-garden, in 
 
 free, sandy, and cool loain. Division. 
 
 Heracleum eminens (Blunt-lobed 
 Cow-Parsnip}. A peculiarly distinct 
 species, 3 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in 
 summer; in large umbels. Leaves, 
 trifoliate, with blunt or roundish lobes, 
 of a thick texture and finely covered 
 with velvety down, which gives them 
 
 a slightly glaucous appearance. 
 
 Among fine foliaged hardy plants in 
 the subtropical garden, either isolated 
 or grouped with its relatives the other 
 Cow-parsnips. Seed. 
 
 Jaborosa integrifolia (Mandrake /.) 
 An interesting perennial, allied to 
 the Mandrake, 9 to 12 in. high. 
 Flowers, from July to September ; 
 large, pure white, tubular, about 2 in. 
 long, very fragrant. Leaves, all radical, 
 entire, oval, obtuse, stalked, about 
 6 in. long, rising slightly above the 
 
 flowers. Buenos Ayres. Warm 
 
 borders, or sunny spots on the warmer 
 and lower flanks of the rock-garden, 
 in sandy well-drained loam. Seed. 
 
 Lathyrus roseus (Rosy-flowered L.) 
 A very glabrous plant, allied to L. tu- 
 lerosus ; about 2 ft. high. Flowers, 
 
 from June to August, of a beautiful 
 rose-colour, rather smaller than those 
 of L. tuberosus, usually growing in pairs. 
 Leaves,wit}i one pair of ovate -roundish 
 leaflets ; tendrils very short ; stipules 
 small, subulate ; stem slender, not 
 
 winged. Iberia, rare. Borders and 
 
 banks, in sandy loam. Division. 
 
 Lewisia rediviva (Sitter-root Plant}. 
 A very singular and ornamental plant, 
 allied to the Mesembryanthemums, 3 
 to 4 in. high. Flowers, in summer; open- 
 ing only during sunshine, rose-co- 
 loured, large, solitary on a fleshy stalk 
 jointed in the middle ; calyx ele- 
 gantly veined with red, and of a 
 consistency like paper. Leaves, all 
 radical, linear, bluntish, succulent, 
 growing in tufts from the crown of 
 the root, and beginning to wither as 
 soon as the flower opens. Root, taper- 
 ing, fleshy, edible, largely used as food 
 by the Indians. North America, par- 
 ticularly in Washington Territory and 
 
 in Oregon. Warm spots in the 
 
 rock-garden, in dryish soil. Seed. 
 
 Lilium Washingtonianum (Washing- 
 ton Lily). A noble white Lily re- 
 cently introduced, 3 to 5 ft. high. 
 Flowers, in summer ; white more or 
 less tinged with purple or lilac, fra- 
 grant, drooping, in a long erect 
 raceme. Leaves, smooth, oblanceolate, 
 acute, 4 or 5 in. long, in whorls of 10 
 
 to 12. Sierra Nevada, California. 
 
 As it has been only recently intro- 
 duced nothing is known of the condi- 
 tions under' which this will best 
 thrive. I saw it on the Sierra Nevada, 
 but not in flower, growing abundantly 
 in sunny but not warm regions in 
 light dark loam, and in or near open 
 woods. A warm sandy or peaty loam, 
 and warm position, should be given 
 it in this country. Separation of the 
 bulbs and by scales. 
 
 Lunaria biennis (Honesty). A beau- 
 tiful early summer flower of the 
 Wall-flower order, 1 ft. to 3 ft. high. 
 
270 
 
 LIMNOCHARIS ORONTIUM. 
 
 Flowers, in spring and early summer ; 
 purplish-violet with deep yellow sta- 
 mens, numerous, in loose clusters 
 which form a large panicle. Leaves, 
 alternate ; oval-heart-shaped, irregu- 
 larly toothed, the lower ones stalked, 
 upper ones sessile. Fruit, remarkable 
 for its size, consisting of a flat, very 
 broadly -oval seed-vessel, rounded at 
 both ends, and with a shining, satiny, 
 permanent dissepiment, which is very 
 ornamental for a long time after the 
 
 seed is shed. Central Europe. 
 
 Although a biennial this is included 
 here because it will sow itself abun- 
 dantly on banks, or in shrubberies or 
 copses; certainly on all light warm 
 soils. No plant is more worthy of 
 naturalization, while it is also excel- 
 lent for the spring garden and for 
 borders. Seed. 
 
 Limnocharis Humboldtii (Humboldt's 
 L.} A handsome aquatic plant, with 
 long, slender, creeping rootstocks, 
 and floating leaves. Flowers, from 
 July to September ; of a lively golden 
 yellow colour, marked with a broad 
 dark spot at the base of each of the 
 3 petals ; sepals 3, green, persistent, 
 shorter than the petals. Leaves, oval, 
 long- stalked, fleshy, smooth, of a 
 
 lively green colour. S. America. 
 
 In fountain basins and clear rather 
 still waters, where the plant will be 
 fully exposed to the sun. It thrives 
 and flowers freely during the summer 
 months in the open air, grown in 
 rather large pots placed on the bottom 
 of the tank or pond. It will probably 
 not survive out of doors in winter 
 except in the mildest districts, and 
 placed at least 18 in. below the sur- 
 face. It might, however, escape in 
 water that does not freeze. Plants 
 put out of a warm aquatic house in 
 May soon begin to grow in the open 
 air. Division. 
 
 Mitchella repens (Variegated Par- 
 tridge Berry}. A very neat, trailing, 
 
 small, evergreen herb, 2 or 3 in. high. 
 Flowers, in summer; white, often 
 tinged with purple, funnel -shaped, 
 4-lobed, densely bearded inside, fra- 
 grant, growing in pairs. Leaves, small, 
 opposite, roundish-ovate, smooth and 
 shining, stalked, often variegated with 
 whitish lines. North America, in dry 
 
 woods. In shady spots near the 
 
 rock-garden or hardy fernery, in sandy 
 peat and leaf-mould. Division. 
 
 Muscari armeniacum (Armenian 
 Grape Hyacinth}. A strikingly beau- 
 tiful and scarce species, 6 in. high. 
 Flowers, in May ; fine cobalt-blue with 
 3 small yellow dots near the mouth of 
 the corolla, in a dense spike about 
 2 in. long, agreeably fragrant. Leaves, 
 ribbon-like, concave, pointed, about 
 9 in. long and | in. broad. Armenia. 
 
 The bulb-garden, and on level 
 
 spots in the rock-garden ; also in 
 borders, when sufficiently plentiful, in 
 light soil. Division. 
 
 Onopordon acaule (Stemless Cotton 
 Thistle}. A singular and interesting 
 fine-foliaged biennial, with a very- 
 short stem, from 2 to 4 in. high, 
 Flowers, in July ; dull white, globose, 
 solitary on the top of the stem ; invo- 
 lucre of narrowly lance-shaped, green 
 or yellowish scales ending in sharp 
 spines. Leaves, very large, all radical, 
 stalked, sinuate-pinnatitid, with trian- 
 gular toothed spiny lobes, covered 
 with white down on both sides, and 
 forming a rosette 4 ft. or more in dia- 
 meter, and 12 to 18 in. high ; stem, 
 thickened at the base, woolly, not 
 winged, frequently emitting from 
 the base one or two short as- 
 cending branches. Pyrenees. In 
 
 the picturesque garden, isolated on 
 the turf, or naturalized on sunny 
 banks or slopes in the rougher parts 
 of the pleasure-ground ; also in groups 
 of fine-foliaged hardy perennials. Seed. 
 
 Orontium aquaticum (Golden Club], 
 A handsome aquatic perennial of 
 
PENTSTEMON POLYGONUM. 
 
 271 
 
 the Arum family, 1 ft. to 18 in. high. 
 Mowers, early in summer ; yellow, 
 densely crowded all over the narrow 
 spadix, and emitting a singular odour. 
 Leaves, lance-shaped-ovate, entire, 
 long-stalked, floating, of a peculiar 
 glaucous tone. North America, in 
 rivulets and stagnant waters. Mar- 
 gins of ponds and fountain basins, or in 
 the very wettest part of the artificial 
 bog. I have never seen this plant 
 really well -grown, except in the late 
 Mr. Borrer's garden, at Henfield ; but 
 from what I saw of it in the bogs of 
 New Jersey in 1870, I have no doubt 
 it will prove of easy culture in marshy 
 soil with us. Division. 
 
 Pentstemon crassifolius (TJilcTc-leaved 
 P.) A neat, spreading, bushy kind, 
 about 1 ft. high. Flowers, in May; 
 lilac-rose, about 1 in. long, in few- 
 flowered, terminal racemes ; anthers 
 very villous ; sterile filament villous 
 at the extremity. Leaves, obovate- 
 lance-shaped, much broader and 
 shorter than those of P. Scouleri, en- 
 tire, leathery, keeled underneath; 
 those on the flowering branches gra- 
 dually diminishing in size. N.W. 
 coast of North America. The rock- 
 garden, among dwarf shrubs and yigo- 
 ro\is alpine plants, or in the mixed 
 border, in ordinary soil. Cuttings. 
 
 Phormium tenax (New Zealand 
 Flax). A stately plant with sword- 
 like leaves, 4 ft. to over 6 ft. high. 
 Flowers, early in autumn ; lemon- 
 coloured, in a unilateral spike scarcely 
 higher than the foliage. Leaves, long, 
 leathery, broadly sword-shaped, grace- 
 fully recurved at the top, and forming 
 noble tufts of foliage. New Zealand. 
 As isolated tufts in the pleasure- 
 ground, and by wood walks ; or in 
 groups of hardy foliage-plants. Also 
 as an aquatic. I have seen it growing 
 freely in water nearly 2 ft. deep, and 
 its effect on the surface of water is 
 
 very fine. It is only suited for the 
 above-named positions near the sea- 
 coast and in the south and west of 
 England and Ireland, where it thrives 
 remarkably well. About London and 
 in many northern and inland districts, 
 it is only seen in perfection grown as 
 a pot-plant. The handsome varie- 
 gated variety will no doubt also prove 
 hardy out of doors in the south. Di- 
 vision. 
 
 Phyllostachys bambusoides (Bamboo- 
 lilce P.) A. noble fine foliaged plant, 
 nearly allied to the Bamboos ; 10 to 
 12 ft. high. Flowers, in a broad and 
 shining panicle nearly 2 ft. long. 
 Leaves, oblong-lance-shaped, rounded 
 or attenuated at the base, very acute 
 at the point, 3 to t in. long and ^ to 
 | in. across, smooth above, pale and 
 pubescent underneath. Stems smooth, 
 yellowish, with prominent nodes. 
 
 Japan. In the picturesque garden, 
 
 in sheltered but sunny positions, in 
 deep sandy well-drained loam ; most 
 likely to succeed in the southern 
 counties. 
 
 Polygonum sachalinense (Sachalin 
 P.) A tall and vigorous species, with 
 the aspect of a giant Dock, said to ex- 
 ceed the height of a man in its native 
 habitats, and differing from P. cuspi- 
 datum in having an angular striated 
 stem, leaves glaucous underneath and 
 covered on the ribs with slender hairs. 
 Flowers, late in summer ; of a delicate 
 greenish colour, in axillary clusters ; 
 bracts ovat'e, long-pointed. Leaves, 
 broadly ovate, or ovate-oblong, acumi- 
 nate, the lower ones sub-cordate at 
 the base, upper ones truncate, all with 
 glaucous and prominently veined un- 
 der-sides. Island of Sachalin, and 
 
 North Eastern Asia. So recently 
 
 introduced that nothing can be said of 
 its cultivation, but it may be tried in 
 the same position as P. cuspidatum, and 
 also by river-banks, etc., where a vi- 
 gorous type of vegetation is desired. 
 
272 
 
 SAXIFRAGA TIGRIDIA. 
 
 Saxifraga umbrosa (London Pride}. 
 A well-known and popular old fa- 
 vourite, 4 to 12 in. high. Flowers, in 
 summer ; small, white delicately 
 dotted with red and yellow, drooping 
 in the bud, and arranged in dense 
 panicles. Leaves, oboval, crenate, with 
 a cartilaginous margin, attenuated 
 into a ciliated stalk, arranged in a 
 broad rosette, and persistent for seve- 
 ral years. There is a variety with 
 variegated leaves, not often met with 
 in gardens. Europe and Ireland : a 
 variety occurs in Yorkshire, but is 
 
 considered a doubtful native. 
 
 Borders, rough rocky places, or banks, 
 or naturalized in woods or copses. 
 Although coming from the pure moist 
 air of the Killarney hills, it thrives 
 perfectly in small gardens in London 
 and other cities. Division. 
 
 Scilla nutans (Blue-lell). Our 
 common Blue-bell, 14 to 30 in. high. 
 Flowers, in May; blue, bell-shaped, 
 cylindrical, in a nodding raceme. 
 Leaves, narrow, channelled, smooth, 
 dull green, shorter than the flower- 
 stem. Bulb, white, elongated -pear- 
 shaped, oblong, or club-shaped. There 
 are varieties with white, flesh-coloured, 
 and rosy flowers. Europe and Britain. 
 
 The common form should be seen 
 
 abundantly in rough grassy places, 
 while the pink and white forms are 
 among the most attractive spring 
 bulbs we have, and will grow in any 
 soil. Division. 
 
 Scolyxnus grandifl orus (Large-flowered 
 S.) A rather showy Thistle- like herb, 
 12 to 18 in. high. Flowers, in sum- 
 mer ; large, orange -yellow, terminal 
 and axillary, sessile, each surrounded 
 by 3 leathery, spiny, lance-shaped 
 bracts, except the terminal one which 
 has 6. Leav'es, oblong-lance-shaped in 
 outline, deeply cut into oval-lance- 
 shaped segments, dentate-spiny, 
 slightly pubescent, and traversed by 
 wnite veins ; stem-leaves decurrent ; 
 
 stem more or less downy. South 
 
 Europe and North Africa. Borders 
 
 and naturalization, in sandy loam. 
 Division and seed. 
 
 Senecio Doronicum (Large-flowered 
 S.) The most showy-flowered of its 
 family, 8 in. to 3 ft. high or more. 
 Flowers, in summer ; bright yellow or 
 orange, very large, short- stalked, 1 to 
 5 on the top of the stem. Leaves, 
 thick, leathery, woolly underneath ; 
 the lower ones oblong-oval, with a 
 winged stalk ; upper ones lance - 
 shaped or linear-lance-sha,ped, sessile, 
 half -clasping ; stem somewhat angled 
 near the top. S. of Europe. Bor- 
 ders, in ordinary light soil. Division. 
 
 Smilacina stellata (Star - flowered 
 Lily of the Valley). An interesting 
 perennial, 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, 
 early in summer ; white, numerous, 
 closely-set in an erect terminal cluster 
 about 2 in. long. Leaves, 7 to 12 in 
 number, sessile, oblong-lance-shaped, 
 of a lively green, covered with minute 
 down when young, slightly clasping. 
 
 Berries blackish. N. America. 
 
 Naturalization in open woods, copses, 
 or on bushy banks. It thrives in ordi- 
 nary soil, best however in a deep 
 vegetable one. Although scarcely 
 worthy of a position in borders, it 
 would be very desirable in moist 
 shrubberies. Division. 
 
 Tigridia Pavonia (Peacock T.) A 
 dwarf but magnificent bulbous plant, 
 1 to nearly 2 ft. high. Flowers, late in 
 summer ; very showy, nearly 6 in. 
 across, 1 to 3 on each stem ; petals 
 fiddle-shaped, yellow, spotted with 
 purple j sepals larger than the petals, 
 of a violet colour in the lower part, 
 marked with bands of yellow spotted 
 with purple, and with brilliant scarlet 
 points. Leaves, sword-shaped, acute, 
 sheathing at the base, and of a lively 
 
 green colour. Mexico. Borders 
 
 and the bulb-garden, in very sandy 
 
VERBASCUM VIEUSSEUXIA. 
 
 273 
 
 and well-drained loam, or in sandy 
 peat, the bulbs to be planted with 
 their crowns 3 or 4 in. beneath the 
 surface of the soil. Separation of the 
 small bulbs. 
 
 Verbascum phceniceum (Blue- 
 flowered Mullein). A handsome South 
 European Mullein, 3 ft. or more high. 
 Flowers, all the summer; large, some- 
 what variable in colour, but usually 
 of a violet blue overlying a yellow 
 ground striped with violet, and with 
 purple stamens, arranged in a very 
 long spike. Leaves,ot the root, stalked, 
 oval-lance-shaped, slightly toothed, 
 somewhat hairy above, and forming a 
 wide-spreading rosette; stem-leaves 
 
 alternate, sessile. South Europe. 
 
 Borders, in well-drained sandy loam. 
 Does not live through the winter on 
 very cold and wet soils. Seed. 
 
 Vicia sylvatica (Wood Vetch}. A. 
 handsome native free- trailing Vetch, 
 with a climbing stem, 2 to 4 ft. long. 
 Flowers, in summer ; numerous, cream- 
 coloured, streaked with blue or purple. 
 Leaves, of 6 to 10 pairs of oval or 
 
 broadly-elliptical leaflets, rounded or 
 truncate and mucronate at the apex, 
 and of a bright pea-green colour. 
 Stipules very broad, lunate, deeply 
 toothed at the base. Britain, in woods 
 
 and thickets. In hedgerows, 
 
 fringes of shrubberies, etc., allowed 
 to trail over low bushes, etc. Seed. 
 
 Vieusseuxia glancopis (Blue-eyed Pea- 
 cock Iris). Iris Pavonia, Linn. An 
 exquisitely beautiful bulbous plant, 9 
 to 15 in. high. Flowers, in the end of 
 May or beginning of June ; about 2 in. 
 across, pure white, with a beautiful 
 porcelain- blue stain nearly J in. broad 
 at the base of each of the three larger 
 divisions ; the spot is margined with 
 dark purple teeth, and is of a fine 
 deep violet at the base; the throat 
 hirsute. Leaves, slender and grass- 
 like, glaucous, 15 to 18 in. long. Bulb 
 small, about in. in diameter. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. On warm sheltered 
 
 borders, in sandy peat, or sandy loam 
 and leaf-mould; the bulbs to be 
 planted rather deep, say with four 
 inches of firm soil above the crest. 
 Separation of the bulbs in autumn. 
 
 ADDENDA (SUPPLEMENT). 
 
 Anagallis tenella (Bog Pimpernel). 
 A beautiful, delicate, creeping native 
 bog-plant. Flowers, in summer ; very 
 pretty, delicate pink with deeper 
 veins, on slender stalks ; corolla bell- 
 shaped, deeply 5- or 6-cleft. Leaves, 
 roundish, very small, opposite ; stems 
 very slender, a few inches long. Wet 
 mossy banks and bogs throughout 
 
 Western Europe and in Britain. 
 
 In wet parts of the artificial bog, or 
 in any position where sphagnum moss 
 thrives. The leaves of the plant 
 are scarcely discernible, woven here 
 at/d there through the moss, and the 
 delicate rose flowers, large for the size 
 
 of the plant, just rise above the moss 
 in profusion. 
 
 Goodyera pubescens (Silvery Rattle- 
 snake Plantain). An interesting and 
 pretty hardy Orchid, with silvery- 
 veined leaves ; 6 to 12 in. high, when 
 in bloom. Flowers, in summer; green- 
 ish-white, small, numerous, in a 
 crowded spike. Leaves, in a tuft, 
 ovate, with thickish stalks, and 
 silvery veins, which give the plant an 
 attractive appearance at all times. 
 
 North America. Shady moist parts 
 
 of the rock-garden or hardy fernery. 
 Also in the bog bed, and naturalized 
 in shady ditches and in narrow moist 
 T 
 
274 
 
 ONOPOEDON. 
 
 lanes ; it grows freely in sandy vege- 
 table soil. Division. 
 
 Onopordon Acanthium (Scotch This- 
 tle). A stout, vigorous, and stately 
 native biennial, quite silvery from 
 cottony wool ; 6 to 8 ft. high. Flowers, 
 in late summer; light purple, in 
 large globular heads. Leaves, very 
 
 prickly; of root sessile, deeply sinuated 
 and of noble outline ; stem - leaves 
 smaller and decurrent ; stems much- 
 branched and winged to the top. 
 
 Europe and Asia. Margins of 
 
 shrubberies, or naturalized in rough 
 places ; also in groups of fine-foliaged 
 plants and in large borders. Comes 
 up readily from self-sown seeds. 
 
PART III. 
 
 SELECTIONS 
 
 OF 
 
 HAEDT FLOWEKS FOB VAEIOTJS PUKPOSES, 
 
 INDEXES AND GLOSSABY. 
 
SELECTIONS OF HAEDT PLANTS, 
 
 IN the opening- chapters of the book I endeavoured to give a com- 
 prehensive view of the various ways in which hardy flowers may be 
 grown, but the reader who glances over the heaaings of the fol- 
 lowing selections will obtain a much fuller one. They are intended 
 to act as guides to the inexperienced in carrying out every kind ol 
 embellishment with hardy flowers. Some plants are named that 
 are not described in the body of the book, as for example, climb- 
 ing shrubs, for covering bowers, rustic wigwams, etc., in the list for 
 that purpose. Some perennials, too, have a place in the list for 
 special purposes that were not sufficiently important for description 
 in the body of the book, and annuals are also associated with 
 perennials for various special purposes. Considerable care has been 
 bestowed on making each selection suitable for its purpose, and as 
 comprehensive as the plants in cultivation will admit of. These are 
 respects in which garden literature has always seemed to me to be 
 deficient, and they are very important ones. 
 
 A Choice Selection of the very finest Herbaceous Perennials. 
 Bulbs are omitted from this selection. 
 
 Acanthus 
 
 Alstro3meria 
 
 latifolius 
 
 aurea 
 
 longifolius 
 
 chilensis 
 
 spinosissimus 
 Achillea 
 
 Anchusa 
 italica 
 
 asplenifolia 
 
 Anemone 
 
 Eupatorium 
 Ptarmica, fl. pi. 
 
 alpina 
 angulosa 
 
 Aconitum 
 
 apennina 
 
 japonicum 
 
 coronaria 
 
 variegatum 
 
 fulgens 
 
 Adonis 
 
 Hepatica 
 
 verualis 
 
 japonica 
 
 Anemone 
 palmata 
 Pulsatilla 
 
 stellata 
 sylvestris 
 
 Aquilegia 
 
 alpina 
 caerulea 
 
 glandulosa 
 truncata 
 
 Arum 
 italicum 
 
 Arundo 
 
 Donax 
 Asclepias 
 
 tuberosa 
 Asphodelus 
 
 luteus 
 
 ramosus 
 Aster 
 
 Amellus 
 
 elegans 
 
 Isevis 
 
 Novas Anglioj 
 
 Novi Belgii 
 
278 
 
 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 Astor 
 
 Coronilla 
 
 Erythronium 
 
 Hesperis 
 
 pyrenseus 
 
 iberica 
 
 Dens-canis 
 
 matronalis, fl 
 
 Reevesi 
 
 montana 
 
 Ferula 
 
 pi 
 
 turbinellus 
 
 varia 
 
 comraunis 
 
 Hibiscus 
 
 versicolor 
 
 Corydalis 
 
 glauca . g 
 
 militaris 
 
 Astragalus 
 monspessulanus 
 
 "!>,.. j.*-,"^ 
 
 lutea 
 nobilis 
 Crambe 
 
 tingitana 
 Funkia 
 grandiflora 
 
 palustris 
 roseus 
 
 >aptisia 
 australis 
 Betonica 
 grandiflora 
 Calceolaria 
 
 cordifolia 
 Cynara 
 Scolymus 
 Cypripedium 
 Calceolus 
 
 Sieboldi 
 Gaillardia 
 aristata 
 grandiflora 
 Galega 
 
 Iris 
 flavescens 
 florentina 
 germanica 
 Monnieri 
 
 Kellyana 
 
 spectabile 
 
 officinalis 
 
 nudicaulis 
 
 Calla 
 
 Delphinium in fine 
 
 Gentiana 
 
 ochroleuca 
 
 palustris 
 
 variety 
 
 Andrewsii 
 
 pallida 
 
 Callirhoe 
 
 Dentaria 
 
 asclepiadea 
 
 sambucina 
 
 involucrata 
 
 laciniata 
 
 Geranium 
 
 subbiflora 
 
 Calystegia 
 
 Dicentra 
 
 ibericum 
 
 variegata 
 
 dahurica 
 
 eximia 
 
 Lambertianum 
 
 Lathyrus 
 
 pubescens 
 
 spectabilis 
 
 platypetalum 
 
 grandiflorus 
 
 Campanula 
 
 Dictamnus 
 
 sanguineum 
 
 latifolius 
 
 alpina 
 
 Fraxinella 
 
 striatum 
 
 maritimus 
 
 carpatica 
 
 Dodecatheon 
 
 Geum 
 
 rotundifolius 
 
 grandis 
 
 integrifolium 
 
 chilense 
 
 Leucanthemum 
 
 macrantha 
 
 Jeffreyanum 
 
 montanum 
 
 lacustre 
 
 nobilis 
 
 Meadia 
 
 Gypsophila 
 
 Liatris 
 
 persicifolia 
 
 Doronicum 
 
 paniculata 
 
 elegans 
 
 rotundifolia 
 
 caucasicum 
 
 Steveni 
 
 spicata 
 
 turbinata 
 
 Dracocephalum 
 
 Hedysarum 
 
 squarrosa 
 
 Carduus 
 
 argunense 
 
 obscurum 
 
 Linaria 
 
 eriophorus 
 
 austriacum 
 
 Helenium 
 
 dalmatica 
 
 Cassia 
 
 grandiflorum 
 
 atropurpureum 
 
 vulgaris 
 
 marilandica 
 
 Ruyschianum 
 
 autumnale 
 
 Linum 
 
 Catananche 
 
 Echinops 
 
 Helianthus 
 
 alpinum 
 
 cserulea 
 
 ruthenicus 
 
 orgyalis 
 
 arboreum 
 
 Centranthus 
 ruber 
 
 Epilobium 
 angustifolium 
 
 rigidus 
 Helichrysum 
 
 flavum 
 narbonnense 
 
 Chelone 
 
 rosmarinifolium 
 
 arenariuin 
 
 perenne 
 
 glabra 
 
 Epimedium 
 
 Helleborus 
 
 Lobelia 
 
 obliqua 
 
 pinnatum 
 
 atrorubens 
 
 cardinalis 
 
 Commelina 
 
 Eranthis 
 
 niger and its 
 
 Lupinus 
 
 coelestis 
 Convallaria 
 
 hyemalis 
 Erigeron 
 
 varieties 
 olympicus 
 
 polypnyllus 
 Lychnis 
 
 majalis 
 
 speciosum 
 
 purpurascens 
 
 diurna fl. pi. 
 
 Convolvulus 
 
 Erodium 
 
 Hemerocallis 
 
 chalcedonica 
 
 SoldaneUa 
 
 Manescavi 
 
 disticha 
 
 and vars. 
 
 Coreopsis 
 
 Eryngium 
 
 flava 
 
 Haageana 
 
 lanceolata 
 
 alpinum 
 
 fulva 
 
 Lagascae 
 
 tenuifolia 
 
 amethystinum 
 
 graminea 
 
 vespertinafl.pl. 
 
SELECTION OF HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 279 
 
 Lychnis 
 
 Paeonia in great 
 
 Pyrethrum 
 
 Spiraea 
 
 Viscaria 
 
 variety 
 
 serotinum 
 
 palmata 
 
 Lythrum 
 
 Papaver 
 
 .Ranunculus 
 
 venusta 
 
 Salicaria ro- 
 
 bracteatum 
 
 aconitifolius 
 
 Statice 
 
 seum 
 
 lateritium 
 
 acris fl. pi. 
 
 latifolia 
 
 Malva 
 campanulata 
 moschata 
 
 nudicaule 
 orientale 
 pilosum 
 
 amplexicaulis 
 monspeliacus 
 montanus 
 
 speciosa 
 tatarica 
 Symphyandra 
 
 Meconopsis 
 
 Phlomis 
 
 spicatus 
 
 pendula 
 
 cambrica 
 
 herba-venti 
 
 Rhexia 
 
 Symphytum 
 
 Medicago 
 
 Russelliana 
 
 vir?inica 
 
 bohemicum 
 
 falcata 
 
 Samia 
 
 
 caucasicum 
 
 Melittis 
 Melissophyl- 
 lum 
 Menyanthes 
 
 tuberosa 
 Phlox 
 Carolina 
 decussata and 
 
 Rudbeckia 
 californica 
 Drummondi 
 fulgida 
 
 Thermopsis 
 fabacea 
 Thlaspi 
 latifolium 
 
 trifoliata 
 
 vars. 
 
 hirta 
 i j. 
 
 Tradescantia 
 
 Mertensia 
 
 ovata 
 
 lacmiata 
 
 virginica and 
 
 virginica 
 
 paniculata 
 
 speciosa 
 
 vars. 
 
 Monarda 
 
 Phygelius 
 
 Sal via 
 
 Tritoma 
 
 didyma 
 
 capensis 
 
 argentea 
 
 Uvaria 
 
 Kalmiana 
 
 Physostegia 
 
 patens 
 
 Trollius 
 
 Myosotis 
 
 denticulata 
 
 Saponaria 
 
 asiaticus 
 
 dissitiflora 
 
 imbricata 
 
 ocymoides 
 
 europasus 
 
 palustris 
 
 virginiana 
 
 Saxifraga 
 
 napellifolius 
 
 sylvatica 
 N^peta 
 
 Phytolacca 
 decandra 
 
 cordifolia 
 crassifolia 
 
 Tropasolum 
 pentaphyllum 
 
 Mussini 
 
 Platycodon 
 
 Scabiosa 
 
 polyphyllum 
 
 (Enothera 
 
 autumnale 
 
 caucasica 
 
 speciosum 
 
 fruticosa 
 
 grandiflorum 
 
 Scutellaria 
 
 Verbascum 
 
 Jamesii 
 
 Plumbago 
 
 alpina 
 
 Chaixii 
 
 macrocarpa 
 
 Larpentae 
 
 lupulina 
 
 Veronica 
 
 marginata 
 
 Polygonatum 
 
 Sedum 
 
 Candida 
 
 riparia 
 
 multiflorum 
 
 kamtschaticum 
 
 corymbosa 
 
 speciosa 
 Omphalodes 
 
 Polygonum 
 cuspidatum 
 
 Sieboldi 
 spectabile 
 
 gentianoides 
 mcarnata 
 
 verna 
 
 Potentilla in var. 
 
 spurium 
 
 incisa 
 
 Onobrychis 
 
 Primula 
 
 Silene 
 
 Vicia 
 
 montana 
 
 denticulata 
 
 alpestris 
 
 argentea 
 
 Ononis 
 
 sikkimensis 
 
 Elizabethse 
 
 Cracca 
 
 arvensis 
 
 Stuarti 
 
 maritima 
 
 Vinca 
 
 rotundifolius 
 
 Veitchii 
 
 Schafta 
 
 hcrbacea 
 
 Orobus 
 
 veris 
 
 Sisyrinchium 
 
 Viola 
 
 cyaneus 
 
 vulgaris 
 
 grandiflorum 
 
 calcarata 
 
 flaccidus 
 
 Prunella 
 
 Spigelia 
 
 cornuta 
 
 lathyroides 
 
 grandiflora 
 
 marilandica 
 
 lutea 
 
 variegatus 
 
 Pyrethrum 
 
 Spiraea 
 
 odorata 
 
 vernus 
 
 carneum 
 
 Aruncus 
 
 pedata 
 
280 
 
 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 A Selection of the finest Hardy Bulbs, including Rhizomatous Plants 
 
 like the Irises and Hardy Orchids. 
 
 Acis 
 
 Crocus 
 
 Leucojum 
 
 Ophrys 
 
 autumnalis 
 
 reticulatua 
 
 sestivum 
 
 muscifera 
 
 Agapanthus 
 
 Sieberi 
 
 vernum 
 
 Scolopax 
 
 umbellatus- 
 
 speciosus 
 
 Libertia 
 
 Orchis 
 
 Allium 
 
 vernus 
 
 magellanica 
 
 foliosa 
 
 azureum 
 
 versicolor 
 
 Lilium 
 
 latifolia 
 
 ciliatum 
 fragrans 
 
 Cypripedium 
 acaule 
 
 auratum 
 bulbiferum 
 
 maculata 
 militaris 
 
 Moly 
 
 Calceolus 
 
 canadense 
 
 Morio 
 
 neapolitanum 
 
 guttatum 
 
 candidum 
 
 nigra 
 
 Amaryllis 
 
 spectabile 
 
 chalcedonicum 
 
 papilionacea 
 
 Belladonna 
 Anomatheca 
 
 Epipactis 
 palustris 
 
 croceum 
 eximium 
 
 pyramidalis 
 Ornithogalum 
 
 cruenta 
 Arum 
 
 Erythronium 
 
 japonicum 
 longiflorum 
 
 montanum 
 narbonnense 
 
 crinitum 
 Dracunculus 
 
 americanum 
 Dens-canis 
 
 speciosum 
 tenuifolium 
 
 nutans 
 pyramidal e 
 
 italicum 
 
 Fritillaria 
 
 tigrinum 
 
 umbellatum 
 
 Brodiaea 
 
 imperialis 
 
 venustum 
 
 Pancratium 
 
 coccinea 
 
 Meleagris 
 
 Washington ia- 
 
 illyricum 
 
 congesta 
 
 Galanthus 
 
 num 
 
 Puschkinia 
 
 grandiflora 
 
 nivalis 
 
 Merendera 
 
 scilloides 
 
 Bulbocodium 
 
 plicatus 
 
 Bulbocodium 
 
 Scilla 
 
 vernum 
 
 Gladiolus in great 
 
 Muscari 
 
 amoena 
 
 Call* 
 
 variety 
 
 armeniacum 
 
 bifolia 
 
 palustris 
 
 Gymnadenia 
 
 botryoides 
 
 campanulata 
 
 Calliprora 
 
 conopsea 
 
 comosum mon- 
 
 nutans 
 
 lutea 
 
 Hyacinthus 
 
 strosum 
 
 patula 
 
 Calypso 
 borealis 
 
 amethystinus 
 orientalis 
 
 Heldreicbii 
 
 Narcissus 
 
 peruviana 
 sibirica 
 
 Camassia 
 
 Iris 
 
 bicolor 
 
 Serapias 
 
 esculenta 
 
 cristata 
 
 Bulbocodium 
 
 cordigera 
 
 Colchicum. all the 
 
 flavescens 
 
 incomparabilis 
 
 Lingua 
 
 kinds 
 Crinum 
 
 florentina 
 germanica 
 
 Jonquilla 
 juncifolius 
 
 Sparaxis v 
 pulcherrima 
 
 capense 
 Crocosmia 
 
 graminea 
 iberica 
 
 maxiinus 
 minor 
 
 Sternbergia 
 lutea 
 
 aurea 
 
 ochroleuca 
 
 odorus 
 
 Tigridia 
 
 Crocus 
 
 pallida 
 
 poeticus 
 
 Pavonia 
 
 Aucheri 
 
 pumila 
 
 tenuior 
 
 Trillium 
 
 biflorus 
 
 reticulata 
 
 triandrus 
 
 grandiflorum 
 
 Imperatonius 
 
 sambucina 
 
 Ophrys 
 
 Triteleia 
 
 /uteus 
 
 Susiana 
 
 apifera 
 
 uniflora 
 
 nudiflorus 
 
 xiphioides 
 
 arachnites 
 
 Tritoma 
 
 Orphanidis 
 
 Xiphium 
 
 aranifera 
 
 Burchelli 
 
A SELECTION OF CHOICE ALPINE PLANTS. 281 
 
 Tritoma 
 praecox 
 Uvaria 
 Tulipa 
 Celsiana 
 
 Tulipa 
 Clusiana 
 cornuta 
 Gesneriana 
 Oculus -soils 
 
 Tulipa 
 sylvestris 
 turcica 
 viridiflora 
 
 Vieusseuxia 
 glaucopis 
 Zephyranthes 
 Atamasco 
 Candida 
 
 A Selection of Choice Alpine and Rock Plants suitable for the 
 Margins of Mixed Borders, etc. 
 
 This is a most important selection, inasmuch as the appearance of all garden 
 borders may be improved very much by being fringed with choice alpine plants. 
 In this simple way, which may be practised without expense in the humblest 
 cottage-garden, numbers of lovely kinds may be grown, all of which, from per- 
 sonal experience, I can testify will thrive in this way. All kinds are omitted 
 that are liable to perish when grown on the level ground, also all kinds that 
 grow too tall to be used on the margin. 
 
 Acaana 
 
 Antennaria 
 
 Campanula 
 
 Dianthus 
 
 microphylla 
 
 dioica 
 
 alpina 
 
 deltoides 
 
 Acantholimon 
 
 tomentosa 
 
 csespitosa 
 
 dentosus 
 
 glumaceum 
 
 Anthyllis 
 
 carpatica 
 
 neglectus 
 
 Achillea 
 Clavennae 
 
 montana 
 Antirrhinum 
 
 Cenisia 
 fragilis 
 
 petrseus 
 annulatus 
 
 tomentosa 
 
 rupestre 
 
 garganica 
 muralis 
 
 Dielytra 
 
 umbellata 
 
 Arabis 
 
 
 eximia 
 
 Adonis 
 
 albida 
 
 pulla 
 Juvainen 
 
 Diotis 
 
 vernalis 
 
 petrsea 
 
 turbinata 
 
 maritima 
 
 ^Ethionema 
 saxatile 
 Ajuga 
 genevensis 
 Alyssum 
 alpestre 
 
 Arenaria 
 montana 
 purpurascens 
 Armeria 
 vulgaris rosea 
 Astragalus 
 
 Cerastium, in var. 
 Colchicum, in var. 
 Convolvulus 
 lineatus 
 Soldanella 
 
 Dryas 
 
 Drummondi 
 octopetala 
 Eranthis 
 hyemalis 
 Erica 
 
 saxatile 
 Andromeda 
 
 monspessulan us 
 Aubrietia, in var. 
 
 Cornus 
 canadensis 
 
 carnea 
 Erodium 
 
 tetragona 
 
 BeUis 
 
 Coronilla 
 
 Manes cavi 
 
 Anemone 
 
 hortensis aucu- 
 
 iberica 
 
 Erysimum 
 
 angulosa 
 
 baefolia 
 
 minima 
 
 ochroleucum 
 
 apennina 
 
 double vars. 
 
 varia 
 
 Erythronium 
 
 blanda 
 
 Bulbocodium 
 
 Crocus, many spe- 
 
 Dens-canis 
 
 coronaria 
 
 vernum 
 
 cies and va- 
 
 Euonymus 
 
 fulgens 
 
 Calandrinia 
 
 rieties 
 
 radicans varie- 
 
 Hepatica 
 
 umbellata 
 
 Cyclamen 
 
 gata 
 
 palmata 
 
 Calceolaria 
 
 europseum 
 
 Fragaria 
 
 pavonina 
 
 Kellyana 
 
 hedersefolinm 
 
 indica 
 
 Pulsatilla 
 
 Callirhoe 
 
 repandum 
 
 Galanthus 
 
 ranunculoides 
 
 involucrata 
 
 Daphne 
 
 nivalis 
 
 stellata 
 
 pedata 
 
 Cneorum 
 
 plicatus 
 
282 
 
 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 Gaultheria 
 
 Muscari 
 
 Primula 
 
 Sedum 
 
 procumbens 
 Genista 
 
 Heldreichii 
 
 Myosotis 
 
 Veitchii 
 viscosa 
 
 glaucum 
 kamtschaticum 
 
 prostrata 
 
 alpestris 
 
 vulgaris, invar. 
 
 pulchellum 
 
 sagittalis 
 
 dissitiflora 
 
 Prunella 
 
 rupestre 
 
 Gentiana 
 acaulis 
 
 palustris 
 Narcissus 
 
 grandiflora 
 Pulmonaria 
 
 Sieboldi 
 spectabile 
 
 Geranium 
 
 Bulbocodium 
 
 officinalis 
 
 spurium 
 
 argenteum 
 
 juncifolius 
 
 Puschkinia 
 
 Sempervivum 
 
 cinereum 
 lancastriense 
 
 minor 
 
 scilloides 
 
 arenarium 
 calcareuni 
 
 Geum 
 
 Nierembergia 
 
 Ranunculus 
 
 glaucum 
 
 montanum 
 
 rivularis 
 
 alpestris 
 
 globiferum 
 
 Gypsophila 
 prostrata and 
 
 (Enothera 
 margin ata 
 
 amplexicaulis 
 montanus 
 
 nirtum 
 montanum 
 
 others 
 
 missouriensis 
 
 rutaefolius 
 
 soboliferum 
 
 Helianthemum in 
 
 taraxacifolia 
 
 Sagina 
 
 tectorum 
 
 var. 
 
 Omphalodes 
 
 glabra, var. Cor- 
 
 Senecio 
 
 Helichrysum 
 
 verna 
 
 sica 
 
 argenteus 
 
 arenarium 
 Hutchinsia 
 
 Orobus 
 
 Salix 
 reticulata 
 
 Silene 
 acaulis 
 
 alpina 
 Hyacinthus 
 amethystinus 
 Iberis 
 
 cyaneus 
 vernus 
 Oxalis 
 Bowiei 
 
 serpyllifolia 
 Sanguinaria 
 canadensis 
 
 alpestris 
 Elisabeth ae 
 maritima 
 
 corifolia 
 
 floribunda 
 
 Santolina 
 
 Pumilio 
 Schafta 
 
 corresefolia 
 Garrexiana 
 gibraltarica 
 sernpervirens 
 Tenoreana 
 
 Pentstemon 
 procerus 
 Phlox 
 divaricata 
 reptans 
 
 incana 
 Saponaria 
 ocymoides 
 Saxifraga 
 Aizoon 
 
 Smilacina 
 bifolia 
 Sternbergia 
 lutea 
 
 Iris 
 
 subulata 
 
 Andrewsii 
 
 Symphyandra 
 
 cristata 
 nudicaulis 
 pumila 
 reticulata 
 
 Plumbago 
 Larpentee 
 Polygala 
 
 caespitosa 
 Cotyledon 
 granulata plena 
 nypnoides 
 
 pendula 
 Thalictrum 
 anemonoides 
 minus 
 
 Isopyrum 
 thalictroides 
 Leucojum 
 
 C/ llclTH 36 U U X 11 S 
 
 Polygonum 
 vaccinifoliuin 
 
 juniperina 
 ligulata 
 longifolia 
 
 Thlaspi 
 latifolium 
 Thvmus 
 
 vernum 
 
 Potentilla 
 
 oppositifolia -"lanuginosus 
 
 Linaria 
 
 alpestris 
 
 pectinata Trite leia 
 
 alpina 
 
 pyrenaica 
 
 W?*. r uniflora 
 
 Linum 
 
 Primula 
 
 bifoba , T un i ea 
 
 alpinum 
 
 amoena 
 
 sibirica Saxifraga 
 
 arboreum 
 
 Auricula 
 
 Scutellaria Vaccinium 
 
 Lithospermum 
 
 integrifolia 
 
 alpina 
 
 Vitis-idaea 
 
 prostratum 
 
 marginata 
 
 Sedum 
 
 Veronica 
 
 Muscari 
 
 officinalis, 
 
 album 
 
 Candida 
 
 botryoides 
 
 in var. 
 
 Ewersii 
 
 fruticulosa 
 
ORNAMENTAL ANNUAL AND BIENNIAL PLANTS. 283 
 
 Veronica 
 
 Vinca 
 
 Viola 
 
 Zapania 
 
 prostrata 
 
 minor 
 
 odorata 
 
 nodiflora 
 
 saxatilis 
 taurica 
 
 Viola 
 calcarata 
 
 pedata 
 Waldsteinia 
 
 Zauschneria 
 californica 
 
 Vicia 
 
 cornuta 
 
 geoides 
 
 Zietenia 
 
 argentea 
 
 lutea 
 
 trifolia 
 
 lavandulaefolia 
 
 A Selection of the most Ornamental Annual and Biennial Plants. 
 
 As no annual and but few biennial plants are described in this book, and as 
 many of them, however, have claim to a high place among "hardy flowers," 
 a choice selection of good kinds is given here. 
 
 Acroclinium 
 
 Clintonia 
 
 Godetia 
 
 Leptosiphon 
 
 roseum 
 
 pulchella 
 
 insignis 
 
 androsaceus 
 
 Alyssum 
 
 Collomia 
 
 Lindleyana 
 
 densinorus 
 
 maritimum 
 
 coccinea 
 
 reptaus 
 
 luteus 
 
 Amberboa 
 
 Convolvulus 
 
 rosea-alba 
 
 roseus 
 
 moschata 
 
 tricolor 
 
 viminea 
 
 Limnanthes 
 
 odorata 
 Arabis 
 
 Coreopsis 
 aristosa 
 
 Whitneyi 
 Gypsophila 
 
 Douglasi 
 Linaria 
 
 arenosa 
 Asperula 
 azurea setosa 
 
 Cosmidium 
 Burridgeanum 
 
 elegans 
 muralis 
 viscosa 
 
 bipartita 
 multicaulis 
 
 Brachycome 
 diversifolia 
 
 Engelmannii 
 filifolium 
 
 Helianthus 
 annuus 
 
 SctXcVClllS 
 
 spartea 
 
 iberidifolia 
 Calandrinia 
 discolor 
 
 Delphinium, an- 
 nual varieties 
 Digitalis 
 
 Helichryeum 
 bracteatum 
 macranthum 
 
 SpGClOScl 
 
 Linum 
 grandiflorum 
 
 grandiflora 
 Campanula 
 
 purpureain var. 
 Dimorphotheca 
 
 Heliophila 
 araboides 
 
 Lunaria 
 biennis 
 
 Loreyi 
 
 pluvialis 
 
 Iberis 
 
 Lupinus 
 
 Medium 
 
 Emilia 
 
 coronaria 
 
 affinis 
 
 sibirica 
 
 sagittata 
 
 umbellata 
 
 Hartwegi 
 
 strigosa 
 
 Erysiinum 
 
 lonopsidium 
 
 luteus 
 
 Cenia 
 
 arkansanum 
 
 acaule 
 
 Menziesii 
 
 turbinata 
 
 Peroffskiauum 
 
 Ipomopsis 
 
 mutabilis 
 
 Centaurea 
 
 Eschscholtzia in 
 
 elegans , 
 
 nanus 
 
 cyanus 
 
 var. 
 
 Kaulfussia 
 
 pilosus 
 
 Centauridium 
 
 Eucharidium 
 
 amelloides 
 
 subcarnosu 
 
 Drummondi 
 
 grandiflorum 
 
 Kochia 
 
 Malcolmia 
 
 Centranthus 
 
 Eutoca 
 
 scoparia 
 
 maritima 
 
 macrosiphon 
 
 viscida 
 
 Lasthenia 
 
 and var. alba 
 
 Chrysanthemum 
 
 Gaillardia 
 
 californica 
 
 Malope 
 
 coronarium 
 
 bicolor 
 
 Lathyrus 
 
 grandiflora 
 
 Clarkia 
 
 picta 
 
 magellanicus 
 
 trifida 
 
 elegans 
 
 Glaucium 
 
 odoratus 
 
 Matthiola 
 
 pulchella 
 
 Fischeri 
 
 Lavatera 
 
 annua in var. 
 
 and vars. 
 
 fulvum 
 
 trimestris 
 
 incana in var. 
 
 
284 
 
 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 Michauxia 
 
 Palava 
 
 Rhodanthe 
 
 Tropseolum 
 
 campanuloides 
 
 flexuosa 
 
 atrosanguinea 
 
 majus 
 
 Monolopia 
 
 Papaver 
 
 maculata 
 
 minus 
 
 major 
 Nemesia 
 
 croceum 
 Rheeas 
 
 Manglesii 
 Saponaria 
 
 peregrinum 
 "VGnidiuiii 
 
 versicolor 
 Nemophila 
 
 double vars. 
 somniferum 
 
 calabrica 
 Schizanthus 
 
 calendulaceum 
 
 atomaria 
 
 double vnrs. 
 
 pinnatua 
 
 Verbascum 
 
 discoidalis 
 
 Phacelia 
 
 retusus 
 
 floccosum 
 
 insignia 
 
 tanacetifolia 
 
 Senecio 
 
 pho3niceum 
 
 maculata 
 
 Pharbitis 
 
 elegans 
 
 pulverulentum 
 
 Nigella 
 
 hispida 
 
 Silene 
 
 Thapsus 
 
 damascena 
 
 and vars. 
 
 Armeria 
 
 Veronica 
 
 Fontanesiana 
 
 Phlox 
 
 pendula 
 
 syriaca 
 
 CEnothera in var. 
 
 Drummondi 
 
 Specularia 
 
 V iscana 
 
 Omphalodes 
 
 in var. 
 
 speculum 
 
 
 linifolia 
 Oxalis 
 
 Platystemon 
 californicus 
 
 Sphenogyiie 
 speciosa 
 
 oculata 
 Whitlavia 
 
 rosea 
 
 Polygonum 
 
 Statice 
 
 grandiflora 
 
 Oxyura 
 
 orientale 
 
 spicata 
 
 Xeranthemum 
 
 chrysanthe- 
 
 Reseda 
 
 Trifolium 
 
 annuum 
 
 moides 
 
 odorata 
 
 incarnatum 
 
 cylindraceum 
 
 A Selection of the finest Hardy Flowers that Uoom in Spring. 
 
 Adonis 
 
 Antennaria 
 
 Cardamine 
 
 Cyclamen in var. 
 
 vernalis 
 
 dioica 
 
 trifolia 
 
 Dentaria 
 
 Allium 
 
 Arabia 
 
 Cheiranthus 
 
 digitata 
 
 neapolitanum 
 
 albida 
 
 Cheiri 
 
 Dicentra 
 
 Alyssum 
 
 arenosa 
 
 Marshallii 
 
 eximia 
 
 alpestre 
 montanum 
 saxatile 
 Androsace in var. 
 Anemone 
 
 blepharophylla 
 petraea 
 procurrens 
 purpurea 
 Arenaria 
 
 Chelidonium 
 grandiflorum 
 japonicum 
 Convallaria 
 
 spectabilis 
 Doronicum 
 caucasicum 
 Clusii 
 Columnae 
 
 alpina 
 
 verna 
 
 majalis 
 
 Draba in var. 
 
 apennina 
 coronaria 
 
 Armeria 
 vulgaris 
 
 Corydalis 
 Marschalliana 
 
 Epimedium, 
 all the kinds 
 
 fulgens 
 nemorosa 
 
 AsperuLa 
 odorata 
 
 nobilis 
 tuberosa 
 
 Eranthis 
 hyemalis 
 
 palmata 
 
 Aubrietias, all the 
 
 Crocus 
 
 Erica 
 
 Pulsatilla 
 
 kinds 
 
 biflorus 
 
 carnea 
 
 ranunculoides 
 
 Borago 
 
 Imperatonius 
 
 Erysimum 
 
 stellata 
 
 orientalis 
 
 luteus and vars. 
 
 ochroleucmn 
 
 sulphurea 
 
 Bryanthus , 
 
 reticulatus 
 
 Erythronium 
 
 sylvestris 
 
 erectus 
 
 Sieberi Dens-canis 
 
 trifoliata 
 
 Bulbocodium 
 
 vernusand vars. ' Ficaria 
 
 vernalis 
 
 vernum 
 
 versicolor 
 
 grandiflora 
 
AUTUMN-BLOOMING HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 285 
 
 Fritillaria, all the 
 
 Leucojum 
 
 Phlox 
 
 Scilla 
 
 kinds 
 
 vernum 
 
 reptans 
 
 amoena 
 
 Galanthua 
 nivalis 
 plicatus 
 
 Lithospermum 
 prostratum 
 
 setacea 
 subulata 
 Primula, many 
 
 bifolia 
 rosea 
 sibirica 
 
 Gentiana 
 
 Lunaria 
 
 species 
 
 Silene 
 
 acaulis 
 
 biennis 
 
 Pulmonaria, all the 
 
 pendula 
 
 alpina 
 verna 
 
 Meconopsis 
 cambrica 
 
 kinds 
 Puschkinia 
 
 XT 
 
 Soldanella, all the 
 kinds 
 
 Helleborus, all tlie 
 
 Muscari, all the 
 
 scilloides 
 
 rm_i 
 
 kinds 
 
 kinds 
 
 Ramondia 
 
 Thlaspi 
 
 1 j^* J? 1 
 
 Hepatica 
 angulosa 
 
 Myosotis 
 alpestris 
 
 pyrenaica 
 Ranunculus 
 
 latifolmm 
 Trientalis 
 
 triloba 
 
 dissitiflora 
 
 aconitifolius 
 
 europaea 
 
 Hutchinsia 
 
 palustris 
 
 acris 
 
 Triteleia 
 
 alpina 
 Hyacinthus 
 
 sylvatica 
 Narcissus, all the 
 
 alpestris 
 ainplexicaulis 
 
 uniflora 
 Tulipa, aU the 
 
 amethystinus 
 
 kinds 
 
 chserophyllus 
 
 kinds 
 
 orientalis 
 
 Omphalodes 
 
 Gouani 
 
 Veronica 
 
 Iberis, all peren- 
 nial kinds 
 
 verna 
 Orobus 
 
 gramineus 
 monspeliacus 
 
 pectinata 
 Vesicaria 
 
 Iris 
 
 cyaneus 
 
 montanus 
 
 utriculata 
 
 nudicaulis 
 
 flaccidus 
 
 spicatus 
 
 Viola 
 
 pumila 
 
 vernus 
 
 Sanguinaria 
 
 odorata 
 
 reticulata 
 
 Petrocallis 
 
 canadensis 
 
 suavis 
 
 Jeffersonia 
 
 pyrenaica 
 
 Saponaria 
 
 tricolor in var. 
 
 diphylla 
 
 Phlox 
 
 calabrica 
 
 Waldsteinia 
 
 Leucojum 
 
 divaricata 
 
 Saxifraga, most of 
 
 geoides 
 
 sestivum 
 
 procumbens 
 
 the kinds 
 
 trifolia 
 
 A Selection of Autumn-Uooming Hardy Flowers. 
 
 The greater number of hardy flowers bloom in spring and early summer, but 
 as numbers of persons having large gardens live in town at these seasons, it is 
 desirable to indicate the kinds that bloom late in summer and autumn. As 
 the number of perennials that flower in autumn is somewhat limited, annuals 
 and biennials are included. -s * 
 
 Acsena 
 
 Aconitum 
 
 Amberboa 
 
 Arundo 
 
 microphylla 
 
 autumuale 
 
 moschata 
 
 conspicua 
 
 Acanthus in var. 
 
 chinense 
 
 odorata 
 
 A 1 * 
 
 Achillea 
 segyptiaca 
 
 Adenophora 
 Lamarckiana 
 
 Anagallis 
 arvensis 
 
 Asclepias 
 tuberosa 
 
 Eupatorium 
 Millefolium ro- 
 
 Alstroemeria 
 in var. 
 
 Anemone 
 japonica and 
 
 Aster in var. 
 Astilbe 
 
 seum 
 
 
 vars. 
 
 1 ' 
 
 Ptannica plena 
 
 Althaea in var. 
 
 vitifolia 
 
 nvulans 
 
 Acis 
 
 Alyssum 
 
 Antirrhinum 
 
 Calandrinia 
 
 autumnalis 
 
 maritimum 
 
 ma jus and vars. 
 
 uinbellata 
 
286 
 
 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 Calla 
 
 Eucharidium 
 
 Malva 
 
 Reseda 
 
 palustris 
 
 concinnum 
 
 Alcea 
 
 odorata 
 
 Calliopsis in var. 
 Callistephus 
 
 Eupatorium 
 ageratoides 
 
 campanulata 
 Morenii 
 
 Saponaria 
 calabrica 
 
 chinensis 
 
 purpureum 
 
 Matthiola in var. 
 
 Scabiosa 
 
 Cassia 
 
 Fuchsia in var. 
 
 Merendera 
 
 caucasica 
 
 marylandica 
 
 Funkia 
 
 Bulbocodium 
 
 Schizostylis 
 
 Chrysanthemum in 
 
 grandiflora 
 
 Mirabilis 
 
 coccinea 
 
 great variety 
 
 Galatella 
 
 Jalapa 
 
 Sedum 
 
 Clematis in var. 
 
 hyssopifolia 
 
 Myosotis 
 
 Ewersii 
 
 Colchicum in var. 
 Commelyna 
 
 Gaura 
 Landheimeri 
 
 palustris 
 Nolana in var. 
 
 Sieboldi 
 spectabile 
 
 ccelestis 
 
 Geranium 
 
 CEnothera in var. 
 
 Silene 
 
 Convolvulus 
 
 lancastriense 
 
 Oxalis 
 
 Schafta 
 
 mauritanicus 
 
 sanguineum 
 
 Bowiei 
 
 Silphium in var. 
 
 Coreopsis 
 
 Gladiolus in var. 
 
 floribunda 
 
 Sparaxis 
 
 lanceolata 
 
 Godetia in var. 
 
 Pentstemon in var. 
 
 pulcherrima 
 
 tenuifolia 
 
 Gynerium 
 
 Phlox 
 
 Statice in var. 
 
 Corydalis 
 
 argenteum 
 
 Carolina 
 
 Sternbergia 
 
 lutea 
 
 Helenium 
 
 decussata 
 
 lutea 
 
 Crocosmia 
 
 autumnale 
 
 and vars. 
 
 Stevia 
 
 aurea 
 
 Helianthus in var. 
 
 paniculata 
 
 ovata 
 
 Crocus 
 
 Hibiscus in var. 
 
 and vars. 
 
 purpurea 
 
 nudiflorus 
 
 Humulus 
 
 Phygelius 
 
 Stokesia 
 
 speciosus 
 
 Lupulus 
 
 *capensis 
 
 cyanea 
 
 Daphne 
 
 Hutchinsia 
 
 Platycodon 
 
 Tradescantia 
 
 Cneorum 
 
 alpina 
 
 autumnale 
 
 virginica 
 
 Delphinium in 
 
 lonopsidium 
 
 Plumbago 
 
 Tritoma in var. 
 
 var. 
 
 acaule 
 
 Larpentae 
 
 Verbena 
 
 Erodium 
 
 Lavatera 
 
 Polygonum 
 
 venosa 
 
 Manescavi 
 
 trimestris 
 
 cuspidatum 
 
 Veronica, shrubby 
 
 Erpetion 
 
 unguiculata 
 
 orientale 
 
 kinds in var. 
 
 reniforme 
 
 Lobelia 
 
 vaccinifolium 
 
 Viola 
 
 Erysimum 
 
 Tupa, and many 
 
 Pyrethrum Par- 
 
 cornuta 
 
 arkansanum 
 
 hybrid vars. 
 
 thenium 
 
 lutea 
 
 PerofFskianum 
 
 Lupinus in var. 
 
 pleno 
 
 tricolor 
 
 Esehscholtzia 
 
 Malope 
 
 serotinum 
 
 Xeranthemum 
 
 californica 
 
 triiida 
 
 carneum 
 
 annuum 
 
 A Selection of Edging Plants. 
 
 This selection includes not merely edging plants in common use, but many 
 seldom or never employed yet equally suitable, and may serve to show how 
 great is the variety that may be produced in this way. It is not confined to 
 silvery plants, or those that flower brilliantly, as, in a tastefully disposed 
 garden, edgings of very various hues would be required, and none would 
 prove more beautiful round beds of dwarf evergreens in winter than the Saxi- 
 
A SELECTION OF EDGING PLANTS. 
 
 287 
 
 fragas of the Hypnoides, or mossy section. These are of the most vivid and 
 
 refreshing green in winter. 
 
 Acsena 
 
 Arenaria 
 
 Convolvulus 
 
 Galanthus 
 
 microphylla 
 
 montana 
 
 lineatus 
 
 nivalis 
 
 Millefolium 
 
 Armeria 
 
 Coronilla 
 
 plicatus 
 
 Achillea 
 
 cephalotes 
 
 iberica 
 
 Genista 
 
 aegyptiaca 
 tomentosa 
 
 vulgaris rosea 
 Artemisia 
 
 montana 
 Crocus in var. 
 
 prostrata 
 sagittalis 
 
 umbellata 
 
 frigida 
 
 Crucianella 
 
 Gentiana 
 
 Acorus 
 
 Astragalus 
 
 stylosa 
 
 acaulis 
 
 gramineus va- 
 
 monspessulanus 
 
 Dactylis 
 
 gelida 
 
 riegatus 
 
 pannosus 
 
 glomerata va- 
 
 verna 
 
 Adonis 
 
 Aubrietia in var. 
 
 riegata 
 
 Geranium 
 
 vernalis 
 
 Bellis in var. 
 
 Daphne 
 
 argenteum 
 
 JEthionema in var. 
 
 Bellium 
 
 Cneorum 
 
 cinereum 
 
 Ajuga 
 
 bellidioides 
 
 Dianthus in var. 
 
 Godetia in var. 
 
 reptans varie- 
 
 crassifolium 
 
 Dicentra 
 
 Gypsophila 
 
 gatum 
 
 minutum 
 
 eximia 
 
 prostrata 
 
 Alyssum 
 
 Bulbocodium 
 
 Diplotaxis 
 
 repens 
 
 montanum 
 
 vernum 
 
 tenuifolia varie- 
 
 Helianthemum in 
 
 saxatile varie- 
 
 Calandrinia 
 
 gata 
 
 var. 
 
 gatum 
 
 umbellata 
 
 Dodecatheon 
 
 Helichrysum 
 
 spinosum 
 
 Callirrhoe 
 
 integrifolium 
 
 arenarium 
 
 Andromeda 
 
 involucrata 
 
 JefFreyanum 
 
 Hepatica 
 
 tetragona 
 
 Campanula 
 
 Meadia 
 
 angulosa 
 
 Androsace 
 
 barbata 
 
 Dracocephalum 
 
 triloba 
 
 lanuginosa 
 
 Barrelieri 
 
 grandiflorum 
 
 Hippocrepis 
 
 Andryala 
 
 csespitosa 
 
 Ruyschianum 
 
 comosa 
 
 lanata 
 
 carpatica 
 
 Epigsea 
 
 Houstonia 
 
 Anemone 
 
 alba 
 
 repens 
 
 caerulea 
 
 apennina 
 
 bicolor 
 
 Erica in var. 
 
 Hutchinsia 
 
 coronaria 
 
 fragilis 
 
 Erodium 
 
 alpina 
 
 Antennaria 
 
 garganica 
 
 alpinum 
 
 Hypericum 
 
 dioica 
 
 hirsuta 
 
 caruifolium 
 
 humifusum 
 
 hyperborea 
 tomentosa 
 
 isophylla 
 pulla 
 
 macradenum 
 Manescavi 
 
 nummularium 
 verticillatum 
 
 Anthemis 
 
 Raineri 
 
 Erysimum . 
 
 Iberis in var. 
 
 nobilis plena 
 
 rotundifolia 
 
 ochroleucum 
 
 Iris 
 
 Anthyllis 
 
 turbinata 
 
 Erythronium 
 
 nudicaulis 
 
 montana 
 
 Cerastium 
 
 americanum 
 
 pumila 
 
 Arabis 
 
 alpinum 
 
 Dens-cauis 
 
 Isopyrum 
 
 albida variegata 
 
 Bibersteini 
 
 Euphorbia 
 
 thalictroides 
 
 lucida variegata 
 
 Boissieri 
 
 Cyparissias 
 
 Lamium 
 
 procurrens va- 
 
 grandiflorum 
 
 Festuca 
 
 maculatum al- 
 
 riegata 
 Arctostaphylos 
 Uva-ursi 
 
 tomentosum 
 Cheiranthus 
 Cheiri nana 
 
 glauca 
 Funkia 
 grandiflora 
 
 bum 
 Leptosiphon in 
 var. 
 
 Arenaria 
 
 Colchicum in var. 
 
 and all the va- 
 
 .jeucojum 
 
 balearica 
 
 Collinsia in var. 
 
 riegated forms 
 
 vernum 
 
288 
 
 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 Linum 
 
 Orobus 
 
 Sagina glabra var- 
 
 Thymus 
 
 arboreum 
 
 cyaneus 
 
 corsica 
 
 citriodorus 
 
 Lithospermum 
 
 vernus 
 
 Salvia 
 
 aureus 
 
 prostratum 
 Lobelia 
 Erinus 
 
 Oxalis 
 Bowiei 
 corniculata 
 
 argentea 
 Sanguinaria 
 canadensis 
 
 lanuginosus 
 Serpyllum albus 
 vulgaris varie- 
 
 ramosa 
 
 Valdiviana 
 
 Santolina 
 
 gatus 
 
 Lotus 
 
 Oxytropis 
 
 alpina 
 
 Trifolium 
 
 corniculatus 
 
 uralensis 
 
 Chamaecyparis- 
 
 repens penta- 
 
 plenus 
 
 Paronychia 
 
 sus 
 
 phyllum 
 
 Lychnis 
 
 serpyllifolia 
 
 incana 
 
 Triteleia 
 
 alpina 
 
 Pentstemon 
 
 viridis 
 
 uniflora 
 
 Lagascse 
 
 procerus 
 
 Saponaria 
 
 Venidium 
 
 lapponica 
 Viscaria ti. pi. 
 
 Phlox 
 procumbens 
 
 ocymoides 
 Saxifraga in var. 
 
 calendulaceum 
 Veronica 
 
 Lysimachia 
 
 reptans 
 
 Scabiosa 
 
 alpina 
 
 Nummularia 
 
 subulata 
 
 graminifolia 
 
 Buchanani 
 
 aurea 
 
 alba 
 
 Webbiana 
 
 Candida 
 
 Malcolmia 
 
 Phyteuma 
 
 Scilla in var. 
 
 Chamaedrys va- 
 
 maritima 
 
 comosum 
 
 Sedum in var. 
 
 riegata 
 
 Matthiola in var. 
 
 Polemonium 
 
 Semper vivum in 
 
 fruticulosa 
 
 Menziesia 
 
 caeruleum varie- 
 
 var. 
 
 gentianoides va- 
 
 cterulea 
 
 gatum 
 
 Senecio 
 
 riegata 
 
 polifolia 
 
 Polygonum 
 
 argenteus 
 
 saxatilis 
 
 Muscari in var. 
 
 vaccinifolium 
 
 Sideritis 
 
 spicata varie- 
 
 Myosotis in var. 
 
 Portulaca in var. 
 
 syriaca 
 
 gata 
 
 Narcissus 
 
 Potentilla 
 
 Silene 
 
 Vesicaria 
 
 Bulbocodium 
 
 calabra 
 
 alpestris 
 
 utriculata 
 
 juncifolius 
 
 Primula 
 
 maritima plena 
 
 Vicia 
 
 nanus 
 
 veris 
 
 pendula 
 
 argentea 
 
 tenuifoh'us 
 
 viscosa 
 
 Schafta 
 
 Vinca 
 
 tenuior 
 triandrus 
 
 vulgaris 
 Prunella 
 
 Sisyrinchium 
 grandiflorum 
 
 major variegata 
 media 
 
 Nemophila in var. 
 
 grandiflora 
 
 Smilacina 
 
 Viola 
 
 Nierembergia 
 
 Pulmonaria 
 
 bifolia 
 
 cornuta 
 
 rivularis 
 
 officinalis vars. 
 
 Spiraea 
 
 lutea 
 
 CEnothera 
 
 Puschkinia 
 
 tilipendulaplen a 
 
 obliqua striata 
 
 marginata 
 
 scilloides 
 
 Statice 
 
 papilionacea 
 
 taraxacifolia 
 
 Ranunculus 
 
 bellidifolia 
 
 pedata 
 
 Omphalodes 
 
 asiatieus in var. 
 
 Sternbergia 
 
 suavis 
 
 Luciliae 
 
 bullatus, fl. pi. 
 
 lutea 
 
 Waldsteinia 
 
 verna 
 Onosma 
 
 chaerophyllus 
 gramineus 
 
 Symphyandra 
 pendula 
 
 geoides 
 trifolia 
 
 taurica 
 
 montanus 
 
 Tagetes 
 
 Zapania 
 
 Ophiopogon 
 
 Rhexia 
 
 signata 
 
 nodiflora 
 
 japoiiicus varie- 
 
 virginica 
 
 Thalictrum 
 
 Zietenia lavandu- 
 
 gatus 
 
 Rhodanthe in var. 
 
 minus 
 
 Isefolia 
 
SELECTION OF PLANTS FOE FORMING " CARPETS." 289 
 
 A Selection of Plants for forming "Carpets" beneath larger Subjects. 
 
 Very little reflection suffices to show that a much more beautiful effect may 
 be obtained from a mingling of several distinct types and sizes of vegetation 
 than from an array of any one species or even plants of one size. On the moun- 
 tain-sides Violets and Lilies of the Valley bloom beneath Hazel and Mezereon, 
 and below the golden showers of the Laburnum, while the forest vegetations 
 reign over all. One of the most successful ways of getting like effects in 
 the rock-garden and on the choice border is by covering the ground with 
 small spreading plants, which heighten the effect of the taller objects placed 
 among them, and indeed often benefit them by keeping the ground in a more 
 open and natural condition. Besides, the highest effect is not possible in any 
 garden where there are bare surfaces in spring or early summer. I should 
 strongly advise the reader to "carpet" his choice mixed border as well as his 
 rock-garden with any dwarf spreading plants he may think suitable. It is 
 obvious that almost all herbaceous plants may be used in this way under certain 
 conditions. A species that might seem a giant compared to some of those in 
 the following list, would form a "carpet" far beneath the branches of forest 
 trees. This list, however, is confined to things of dwarf stature suitable for 
 beds, borders, and the rock-garden. Those requiring plants to form " carpets " 
 in woods may consult the fist of plants that will grow in woods and copses. 
 Subjects, however, as large as the Vincas, Common Forget-me-Not, and Creep- 
 ing Forget -me -Not (Omphalodes verna) are included, as they would answer well 
 for placing beneath Rhododendrons and other shrubs, and also in permanent 
 arrangements of the stronger perennials. Not a few plants may be enjoyed in 
 this way better than in any other, as, for example, such as Mentha Requieni and 
 lonopsidium acaule, which are not usually considered ornamental enough for 
 cultivation, but used as ' ' carpets" in the ground occupied by choice bulbs, or 
 alpine plants, their effect will be of the happiest kind. Annuals are in- 
 cluded in this selection in consequence of their freedom of growth and the 
 facility with which they may be raised and grown, for at once forming a turf. 
 Somewhat slow-growing things are also included, as, for example, the /Ethione- 
 mas, but these could be used with the]best effect as surface plants for groups or 
 small beds of neat shrubs, or other subjects that thrive best when planted 
 permanently. 
 
 Acsena 
 
 Antennaria 
 
 Artemisia 
 
 Campanula 
 
 microphylla 
 
 dioica 
 
 f rigida , . 
 
 hederacea 
 
 JEthionema in var. 
 
 hyperborea 
 
 Asperula 
 
 pulla 
 
 Agrostis 
 
 tomentosa 
 
 odorata 
 
 Raineri 
 
 nebulosa 
 
 Anthyllis 
 
 Aubrietia in var. 
 
 Cenia 
 
 Alyssum 
 
 Hiontana 
 
 Brachycome in var. 
 
 turbinata 
 
 maritimum 
 
 Arabis 
 
 Calandrinia 
 
 Cerastium in var. 
 
 montanum 
 
 albida 
 
 discolor 
 
 Claytonia 
 
 Anagallis in var. 
 
 Arenaria 
 
 grandiflora 
 
 sibirica 
 
 A nemone 
 
 balearica 
 
 Campanula 
 
 Clintonia 
 
 apennina 
 
 montana 
 
 caespitosa 
 
 elegans 
 
 Antennaria 
 
 purpurascens 
 
 fragilis 
 
 pulchella 
 
 alpina 
 
 verna 
 
 garganica 
 
 ColUnsia in var. 
 
290 
 
 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 Convolvulus 
 
 lonopsidium 
 
 Oxalis 
 
 Schizopetalon 
 
 althaeoides 
 
 acaule 
 
 Acetosella 
 
 Walkeri 
 
 mauritanicus 
 
 Jasione 
 
 Bowiei 
 
 Sedum in great var. 
 
 Soldanella 
 
 humilis 
 
 corniculata var. 
 
 Selaginella 
 
 tricolor 
 
 Lamium 
 
 floribunda 
 
 denticulata 
 
 Cornus 
 
 maculatum al- 
 
 Valdiviana 
 
 Sempervivum in 
 
 canadensis 
 
 bum 
 
 Parochetus 
 
 var. 
 
 suecica 
 
 Lathyrus 
 
 communis 
 
 Senecio 
 
 Coronilla 
 varia 
 
 tuberosus 
 Leptinella 
 
 Paronychia 
 serpyllifolia 
 
 argenteus 
 Sibthorpia 
 
 Cosmidium 
 filifolium 
 Crucianella 
 
 scariosa 
 Leptosiphonin var. 
 Linaria 
 
 Pentstemon 
 procerus 
 
 europsea 
 Silene 
 acaulis 
 
 stylosa 
 Dianthus 
 deltoides 
 
 alpina 
 Cymbalaria 
 Elatine 
 
 Phlox 
 canadensis 
 Drummondi 
 
 alpestris 
 maritima 
 pendula 
 
 Draba in var. 
 
 repens 
 
 procumbens 
 
 Schafta 
 
 Dryas 
 Drummondi 
 
 Linnsea 
 borealis 
 
 reptans 
 subulata 
 
 Smilacina 
 bifolia 
 
 octopetala 
 
 Linum 
 
 Platystemon 
 
 Specularia 
 
 Erinus 
 
 alpinum 
 
 californicua 
 
 pentagonia 
 
 alpinus 
 Erpetion 
 reniforme 
 
 Lithospermum 
 prostratum 
 Lotus 
 
 Polygonum 
 vacoinifolium 
 Polypogon 
 
 speculum 
 Symphyandra 
 pendula 
 
 Fragaria in var. 
 
 corniculatus 
 
 monspeliensis 
 
 Symphytum 
 
 Galium 
 
 Lysimachia 
 
 Potentilla 
 
 caucasicum 
 
 verum 
 
 Numtmularia 
 
 alba 
 
 Thymus 
 
 Genista 
 
 Malcolmia 
 
 calabra 
 
 lanuginosus 
 
 prostrata 
 
 maritima 
 
 gracilis 
 
 Tropseolum in var. 
 
 sagittalis 
 
 Malva 
 
 reptans 
 
 Tunica 
 
 Gilia in var. 
 
 campanulata 
 
 verna 
 
 Saxifraga 
 
 Godetia in var. 
 
 Medicago 
 
 Pyrethrum 
 
 Umbilicus 
 
 Gypsophila 
 dubia 
 
 elegans 
 Mentha 
 
 Tchiatchewi 
 Ranunculus 
 
 chrysanthua 
 Venidium 
 
 elegans 
 
 Requieni 
 
 repens 
 
 calendulaceum 
 
 muralis 
 
 Mesembryanthe- 
 
 Reseda 
 
 Veronica 
 
 prostrata 
 viscosa 
 
 mum in var. 
 Mimulus in var. 
 
 odorata 
 Rhodanthe in var. 
 
 alpina 
 Chamsedrys 
 
 Hedera in var. 
 
 Myosotis in var. 
 
 Sagina 
 
 fruticulosa 
 
 Helianthemum in 
 
 Nemophila in var. 
 
 glabra var. Cor- 
 
 repens 
 
 var. 
 
 Nertera 
 
 sica 
 
 saxatilis 
 
 Helichrysum 
 
 depressa 
 
 Santolina 
 
 syriaca 
 
 arenarium 
 
 Nierembergia 
 
 alpina 
 
 Vicia 
 
 Hepatica in var. 
 
 rivularis 
 
 San vital ia 
 
 argentea 
 
 Hippocrepis 
 
 Nolan a in -var 
 
 procumbens 
 
 Vinca in var. 
 
 comosa 
 
 (Enothera 
 
 Saponaria 
 
 Viola in var. 
 
 Hutchinsia 
 
 acaulis 
 
 calabrica 
 
 Waldsteinia 
 
 alpina 
 
 Bistorta 
 
 ocymoides 
 
 fragarioides 
 
 Bypericum 
 
 marginata 
 
 Saxifraga in great Zapania 
 
 iiunufusum 
 
 taraxacifolia. 
 
 var. 
 
 nodiflora 
 
PLANTS WITH SILVERY OR VARIEGATED FOLIAGE. 291 
 
 Hardy Plants with Silvery or Variegated Foliage. 
 
 Achillea 
 
 Barbarea 
 
 Comarum 
 
 Funkia / 
 
 segyptiaca 
 
 vulgaris varie- 
 
 palustre varie- 
 
 ovata variegata 
 
 Clavennee 
 
 gata 
 
 gatum 
 
 univittata 
 
 Millefolium va- 
 
 Bellis in var. 
 
 Convallaria 
 
 Galeobdolon 
 
 riegata 
 
 Betonica 
 
 majalis variegata 
 
 luteum varie- 
 
 umbellata 
 
 officinalis varie- 
 
 Convolvulus 
 
 gatum 
 
 Aconitum 
 
 gata 
 
 Cneorum 
 
 Greranium 
 
 Napellus varie- 
 gatus 
 Acorus 
 gramineus va- 
 riegatus 
 " japonicus" 
 variegatus 
 
 Cacalia 
 suaveolens va- 
 riegata 
 Calluna 
 vulgaris 
 tomentosa 
 Calystegia 
 sepium varie- 
 
 lioeatus 
 Cynanchum 
 Vincetoxicum 
 variegatum 
 Cynara 
 horrida 
 Scolymus 
 Dactylis 
 
 macrorrhizum 
 variegatum 
 pratense varie- 
 gatum 
 Glaucium in. var. 
 Glechoma 
 hederacea varifr 
 
 Podograria va- 
 
 gata 
 Carduus 
 
 glomerata va- 
 riegata 
 
 gata 
 Helianthemum 
 
 Agapanthus 
 umbellatus va- 
 riegatus 
 
 eriophorus 
 Marianus 
 Carex 
 muricata varie- 
 
 Dianthus 
 barbatus varie- 
 gatus 
 Diotis 
 
 vulgare varie- 
 gatum 
 Helichrysum 
 
 Stoeclias 
 
 Agrostis 
 
 gata 
 
 maritima 
 
 Hemerocallis 
 
 vulgaris varie- 
 gata 
 
 riparia 
 Centaurea 
 
 Diplotaxis- 
 tenuifolia varie- 
 
 f ulva variegata 
 Heracleum 
 
 Aira 
 
 babylonica 
 
 gata 
 
 Sphondylium 
 
 caespitosa varie- 
 
 Cerastium 
 
 Dorycnium 
 
 variegatum 
 
 gata 
 
 alpinum 
 
 sericeum 
 
 Hoteia 
 
 Ajuga 
 
 Biebersteini 
 
 Elymus 
 
 japonica varie- 
 
 reptans varie- 
 gata 
 
 Boissieri 
 grandiflorum 
 
 arenarius 
 Epilobium 
 
 gata 
 Humulus 
 
 Alyssum 
 
 tomentosum 
 
 hirsutum varie- 
 
 Lupulus varie- 
 
 olympicum 
 saxatile varie- 
 
 Chamsepeuce 
 diacantha 
 
 gatum 
 Euphorbia 
 
 gatus 
 Hypericum 
 
 gatum 
 
 Cheiranthus 
 
 Myrsinites 
 
 humifusum va- 
 
 spinosum 
 
 Cheiri varie- 
 
 Festuca 
 
 riegatum 
 
 Androsace 
 
 gatus 
 
 glauca 
 
 tomentosum 
 
 lanuginosa 
 
 Chelidoniura 
 
 Fragaria 
 
 Iberis 
 
 Andryala 
 
 majus varie- 
 
 chilensis varie- 
 
 semperflorens 
 
 lanata 
 Antennaria 
 
 gatum 
 Chrysan themum 
 
 gata 
 Fritillaria 
 
 variegata 
 Iris 
 
 alpiua 
 
 Leucanthemum 
 
 imperialis varie- 
 
 foetidissima va- 
 
 dioica 
 
 variegatum 
 
 gata 
 
 riegata 
 
 tomentosa / 
 
 Cineraria 
 
 Funkia 
 
 Pseudacorus va- 
 
 ^nthyllis 
 
 x maritima 
 
 albomarginata 
 
 riegata 
 
 montana 
 
 Colchicum 
 
 aurea maculata 
 
 Juncus 
 
 Bahia 
 
 autumnale var 
 
 lancifolia varie- 
 
 conglomeratus 
 
 lanata 
 
 riegatum 
 
 gata 
 
 variegatus. 
 
 u 2, 
 
292 
 
 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 Lamium 
 
 Mentha 
 
 Ruta 
 
 Sedum 
 
 album variega- 
 
 piperita varie- 
 
 graveolens va- 
 
 Telephium va- 
 
 tum 
 
 gata 
 
 riegata 
 
 riegatum 
 
 maculatum 
 
 rotundifolia va- 
 
 Salvia 
 
 Sempervivum 
 
 Leontodon 
 Taraxacum va- 
 
 riegata 
 sylvestris varie- 
 
 argentea 
 officinalis varie- 
 
 arachnoideum 
 Laggeri 
 
 riegatum 
 
 Ligularia 
 Kaempferi au- 
 
 gata 
 Molinia 
 cserulea varie- 
 gata 
 
 gata 
 Santolina 
 alpina 
 Chamsecyparis- 
 
 Senecio 
 argenteus 
 incanus 
 Jacobsea varie- 
 
 reo-maculata 
 
 Ligusticum 
 Levisticum va- 
 riegatum 
 
 Onopordon in 
 var. 
 Ophiopogon 
 japonicus varie- 
 
 sus 
 incana 
 Saponaria 
 officinalis varie- 
 gata 
 
 gatus 
 uniflorus 
 Sideritis 
 syriaca 
 
 Lilium 
 
 gatus 
 
 Saxifraga 
 
 Solanum 
 
 candidum varie- 
 gatum 
 
 Othonna 
 cheirifolia 
 
 granulata varie- 
 gata 
 
 Dulcamara va- 
 riegatus 
 
 Linaria 
 
 Ranunculus 
 
 sarmentosa 
 
 Solidago 
 
 Cymbalaria va- 
 
 repens variega- 
 
 umbrosa varie- 
 
 ambigua varie- 
 
 riegata 
 Luzula sylvatica 
 
 tus 
 Reineckia 
 
 gata 
 and the silvery 
 
 gata 
 Spiraea 
 
 variegata 
 
 carnea variegata 
 
 species 
 
 Ct 1 
 
 Ulmaria varie- 
 
 Lychnis 
 coronaria 
 Flos- Jo v 'JB 
 Lysimachia 
 Nummularia 
 
 Rosmarinus 
 officinalis varie- 
 gatus 
 Rubus 
 f ruticosus varie- 
 
 Scabiosa 
 graminifolia 
 Webbiana 
 Scrophularia 
 mellifera varie- 
 
 gata 
 Stachys lanata 
 sylvatica 
 Symphytum 
 officinale varie- 
 
 aurea 
 
 gatus 
 
 gata 
 nodosa varie- 
 
 gatum 
 
 Marrubium 
 
 Rudbeckia 
 
 rra.f.fl. 
 
 Tanacetum 
 
 candidissimu m 
 
 hirta variegata ^Sedum 
 
 vulgare v varie- 
 
 Matthiola 
 
 laciniata varie- 
 
 carneum varie- 
 
 gatum 
 
 tristis variegata 
 
 gata 
 
 gatum 
 
 Veronica 
 
 Melissa 
 
 Rumex 
 
 daeyphyllum 
 
 Candida 
 
 grandiflora va- 
 
 Acetosa varie- 
 
 glaucum 
 
 Vicia 
 
 riegata 
 
 gatus 
 
 sempervivoides 
 
 argentea 
 
 officinalis varie- 
 
 sangaineus va- 
 
 Sieboldi varie- 
 
 Vitis 
 
 gata 
 
 riegafcus 
 
 gatum 
 
 heterophylla 
 
HARDY FLOWERS FOR NATURALIZATION. 
 
 293 
 
 A Selection of Hardy Flowers suitable for Naturalization in Woods, Copses, 
 Hedgerows, on Ruins, Rocky Banks, and in various other wild or half- 
 wild places* 
 
 Acanthus 
 
 Aquilegia 
 
 garganica 
 
 Epimedium 
 
 mollis 
 
 alpina 
 
 grandis 
 
 pinnatum 
 
 spinosissimus 
 
 cserulea 
 
 nobilis 
 
 Eranthis 
 
 Achillea 
 
 canadensis 
 
 persicifolia 
 
 hyemalis 
 
 asplenifolia 
 Eupatorium 
 Aconitum in var. 
 
 Arabis 
 albida 
 Arenaria 
 
 Centranthus 
 ruber 
 Cerastium in var. 
 
 7 
 
 Erigeron 
 speciosus 
 
 Actsea 
 
 balearica 
 
 Clematis 
 
 Erinus 
 
 racemosa 
 Adiantum 
 
 graminifolia 
 laricifolia 
 
 campaniflora 
 Flammula 
 
 alpinus 
 Erodium 
 
 pedatum 
 
 montana 
 
 montana 
 
 Manescavi 
 
 Adonis 
 
 Artemisia 
 
 Colchicum in var. 
 
 Eryngium in var. 
 
 vernalis 
 
 anethifolia 
 
 Coreopsis 
 
 Erythronium 
 
 Ajuga 
 
 cana 
 
 alata 
 
 Dens-canis 
 
 genevensis 
 
 Arum 
 
 Cornus 
 
 Eupatorium in var. 
 
 A Ilium 
 
 Dracunculus 
 
 canadensis 
 
 Ferula in var. 
 
 ciliatum 
 
 Asclepias 
 
 Coronilla 
 
 Ficaria 
 
 Moly 
 
 Cornuti 
 
 montana 
 
 grandiflora 
 
 neapolitanum 
 
 Douglasii 
 
 varia 
 
 Fritillaria in var. 
 
 Alstrcemeria 
 
 Asphodelus 
 
 Corydalis 
 
 Funkia Sieboldii 
 
 aurea 
 
 ramosus 
 
 nobilis 
 
 Galanthus 
 
 Alyssum 
 
 Aster in great var. 
 
 Crambe 
 
 plicatus 
 
 saxatile 
 
 Astragalus 
 
 cordifolia 
 
 Galega 
 
 Wiersbeckii 
 
 galegiformis 
 
 Crocus in var. 
 
 officinalis 
 
 Anchusa 
 
 monspessulanus 
 
 Cyclamen 
 
 Gaultheria 
 
 italica 
 
 ponticus 
 
 hederaefolium 
 
 procumbens 
 
 paniculata 
 
 Astrantia 
 
 Cypripedium 
 
 Genista 
 
 Anemone 
 
 major 
 
 spectabile 
 
 sagittalis 
 
 alpina 
 
 Athamanta 
 
 Delphinium in var. 
 
 Gentiana 
 
 apennina 
 
 Matthioli 
 
 Dianthus 
 
 acaulis 
 
 fulgens 
 
 Aubrietia in var. 
 
 neglectus 
 
 Andrewsii 
 
 japonica 
 
 Baptisia 
 
 petrseus 
 
 asclepiadea 
 
 sylvestris 
 
 australis 
 
 Dicentra 
 
 Geranium 
 
 trifoliata 
 
 Betonica 
 
 eximia 
 
 affine 
 
 Anthericum 
 
 grandiflora 
 
 spectabilis 
 
 cinereum 
 
 ^Liliago 
 
 Bulbocodium ver- 
 
 Digitalis in var. 
 
 ibericum 
 
 laliastrum (Pa- 
 
 num 
 
 Dodecatheon in 
 
 platypetalum 
 
 radisia) 
 
 Calla 
 
 var. 
 
 Geum 
 
 Anthyllis 
 
 palustris 
 
 Doronicum in var. 
 
 montanum 
 
 montana 
 Antirrhinum 
 
 Campanula 
 caespitosa 
 
 Dryas 
 Drummondi 
 
 Gypsophila in var. 
 Hedysarum 
 
 ma jus 
 
 carpatica 
 
 Echinops in var. 
 
 obscurum 
 
 
 * Full details of the naturalization of hardy exotic flowers will be found in my " Wild Garden.' 
 
294 
 
 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 Helianthemum in 
 
 Lupinus 
 
 Phlox 
 
 Sempervivum in 
 
 var. 
 
 polyphyllus 
 
 canadensis 
 
 var. 
 
 Helianthus 
 
 Lychnis 
 
 paniculata 
 
 Sida in var. 
 
 multiflorus 
 
 Lagascae 
 
 reptans 
 
 Silene 
 
 rigidus 
 Helichrysum 
 
 Lythrum 
 diffusum 
 
 Physostegia in var. 
 Phytolacca 
 
 alpestris 
 Elisabethae 
 
 CJrVo-p4-o 
 
 arenarium 
 Helleborus in var. 
 Helonias 
 
 virgatum 
 Malva in var. 
 Matthiola in var. 
 
 decandra 
 Podophyllum 
 peltatum 
 
 ocnaita 
 Silphium in var. 
 Solidago in var. 
 Spiraea 
 
 bullatus 
 
 Mertensia 
 
 Polygonum 
 
 Aruncus 
 
 Hemerocallis in 
 
 virginica 
 
 alpinum 
 
 venusta 
 
 var. 
 Hepatica in var. 
 
 Mimulus in var. 
 Monarda in var. 
 
 cuspidatum 
 vaccinifolium 
 
 Sternbergia 
 lutea 
 
 Heracleum in var. 
 
 Muscari in var. 
 
 Pontederia 
 
 Symphytum 
 
 Hesperis 
 
 Myosotis 
 
 cordata 
 
 bohemicum 
 
 matronalis 
 
 dissitiflora 
 
 Potentilla in var. 
 
 caucasicum 
 
 Heuchera, in var. 
 
 Narcissus in var. 
 
 PruneUa 
 
 Telekia 
 
 Hyacinthus 
 
 Nuphar 
 
 grandiflora 
 
 speciosa 
 
 amethystinus 
 
 advena 
 
 Pyrethrum 
 
 Teucrium 
 
 Hypericum, invar. 
 
 (Enothera in var. 
 
 roseum 
 
 Chamsedrys 
 
 Iberis in var. 
 
 Omphalodes 
 
 serotinum 
 
 Thalictrum in var. 
 
 Iris in var. 
 
 verna 
 
 Ranunculus 
 
 Thermopsis 
 
 Lathyrus 
 
 Onobrychis 
 
 aconitifolius 
 
 fabacea 
 
 grandiflorus 
 
 montaua 
 
 amplexicaulis 
 
 Tradescantia 
 
 latifolius 
 
 Ononis in var. 
 
 spicatus 
 
 virginica 
 
 Lavatera in var. 
 
 Onopordon in var. 
 
 Rosa in var. 
 
 Trillium 
 
 Leucojum in var. 
 
 Ornithogalum in 
 
 Rudbeckia 
 
 grandiflorum 
 
 Liatris in var. 
 
 var. 
 
 hirta 
 
 Trollius in var. 
 
 JLilium in var. 
 
 Orobus in var. 
 
 Newmanni 
 
 Tulipa in var. 
 
 Linaria 
 
 Oxalis 
 
 Salvia 
 
 Verbascum 
 
 Cymbalaria 
 
 Bowiei 
 
 argentea 
 
 Chaixii 
 
 purpurea 
 
 floribunda 
 
 Sanguinaria 
 
 Vernonia in var. 
 
 Linum 
 
 Ponia in var. 
 
 canadensis 
 
 Veronica in var. 
 
 alpinum 
 
 Papaver 
 
 Saponaria 
 
 Vicia in var. 
 
 arboreum 
 
 bracteatum 
 
 ocymoides 
 
 Vinca in var. 
 
 narbonnense 
 
 lateritium 
 
 Saxifraga in var. 
 
 Viola in var. 
 
 Lithospermum 
 
 Phlomis 
 
 Scilla in var. 
 
 Waldsteinia in var. 
 
 prostratum 
 
 Herba-venti 
 
 Scutellaria 
 
 Yucca 
 
 Lunaria 
 
 Russelliana 
 
 alpina 
 
 filamentosa 
 
 biennis 
 
 tuberosa 
 
 Sedum in var. 
 
 ilaccida 
 
SELECTION OF FRAGRANT HARDY PLANTS 295 
 
 A Selection of Fragrant Hardy Plants. 
 
 In this selection are included annuals and biennials, and also kinds of which 
 it is in the leaves the fragrance is most evident, as in the Balm and Thymes, 
 or in the roots, as in Iris florentina. 
 
 Abronia 
 
 Daphne 
 
 Lathyrus 
 
 Mirabilis 
 
 umbellata 
 
 Cneorum 
 
 odoratus 
 
 Jalapa 
 
 Acorus 
 
 Datura 
 
 Lavandula in var. 
 
 longiflora 
 
 Calamus 
 Adenophora 
 
 ceratocaula 
 Dianthus in great 
 
 Leucojum 
 vernum 
 
 Monarda in var. 
 Moscharia 
 
 liliifolia 
 Allium 
 
 var. 
 Dictamnus 
 
 Libertia 
 
 pinnatifida 
 Muscari 
 
 fragrans 
 
 Fraxinella 
 
 magellanica 
 
 moschatum 
 
 odorum 
 
 Dracocephalum 
 
 Lilium in var. 
 
 racemosum 
 
 suaveolens 
 
 altaicense 
 
 Lindheimeria 
 
 Myrica 
 
 Alyssum 
 
 moldavicum 
 
 texana 
 
 Gale 
 
 maritimum 
 
 Erysimum in var. 
 
 Lophanthus 
 
 Myrrhis 
 
 Amberboa 
 
 Funkia 
 
 anisatus 
 
 odorata 
 
 moschata 
 
 gran din 1 or a 
 
 urticsefolius 
 
 Narcissus 
 
 odorata 
 
 Galium 
 
 Lunaria 
 
 Jonquilla 
 
 Anthoxanthum 
 
 verum 
 
 rediviva 
 
 major 
 
 odoratum 
 
 Gilia 
 
 Lupinus 
 
 odorus 
 
 Asclepias 
 
 tricolor 
 
 aifinis 
 
 poeticus 
 
 Cornuti 
 
 Gymnadenia 
 
 Cruikshankii 
 
 Nycterinia 
 
 Douglasii 
 
 conopsea 
 
 hybridus 
 
 capensis 
 
 Asperula 
 
 Gypsophila 
 
 luteus 
 
 selaginoides 
 
 odorata 
 
 viscosa 
 
 Menziesii 
 
 Nymph aea 
 
 Boussingaultia 
 baselloides 
 
 Hedysarum 
 coronarium 
 
 mutabilis 
 polyphyllus 
 
 odorata 
 CEnothera in var. 
 
 Calamintha 
 
 Hemerocallis 
 
 pubescens 
 
 Orchis 
 
 glabella 
 
 in var. 
 
 Lychnis 
 
 pyramidalis 
 
 Cedronella 
 
 Hesperis in var. 
 
 vespertina 
 
 Origanum in var. 
 
 cana 
 
 Hyacinthus 
 
 Malcolmia 
 
 Paeonia in var. 
 
 triphylla 
 
 orientalis 
 
 maritima 
 
 Pancratium 
 
 Centaurea 
 
 Hyssopus 
 
 Malva 
 
 illyricum 
 
 Cyanus 
 
 officinalis 
 
 moschata 
 
 maritimum 
 
 Centranthus 
 
 Iberis 
 
 Martynia 
 
 Pectis 
 
 angustifolius 
 ruber 
 
 odorata 
 lonopsidium 
 
 fragrans 
 proboscidea 
 
 angustifolia 
 Phlox 
 
 Cheiranthus in var. 
 
 acaule 
 
 Matthiola in var. 
 
 paniculata 
 
 Clematis in var. 
 
 Iris 
 
 Melilotus 
 
 pyramidalis 
 
 Convallaria 
 
 florentina 
 
 suaveolens 
 
 Primula 
 
 majalis 
 
 germanica 
 
 Melissa in var. 
 
 elatior 
 
 Crambe cordifolia 
 
 pallida 
 
 Mentha in var. 
 
 veris 
 
 Crinum 
 
 persica 
 
 Mimulus 
 
 vulgaris 
 
 capense 
 
 plicata 
 
 cardinalis 
 
 Ptarmica in var. 
 
 Cyclamen in var. 
 
 Xiphium 
 
 inoschatus 
 
 Pyrethrum in var. 
 
296 
 
 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 Reseda 
 odorata 
 Rosmarinus 
 officinalis 
 
 Saponaria 
 officinalis 
 Scabiosa 
 atropurpurea 
 
 Schizopetalon 
 Walkeri 
 Thymus in var. 
 Tussilago fragrans 
 
 Vesicaria 
 utriculata 
 Viola 
 odorata 
 
 A Selection of Herbaceous Plants, etc., that will Grow in the shade of Trees, 
 and in Copses, etc. 
 
 Acanthus in var. 
 Aconitum in var. 
 
 Buptliahnum 
 grandiflorum 
 
 Fragaria in var. 
 Fritillaria in var. 
 
 Lupinus 
 vespertina 
 
 .AcvtcBix in v&r. 
 
 saHcifolium 
 
 Funkia in var. 
 
 Lysimachia in var. 
 
 Anemone in var. 
 
 Calystegia in var. 
 Campanula, tall 
 
 Galanthus 
 nivalis 
 
 Lythrum in var. 
 Malva in var. 
 
 Aquilegia 
 
 kinds 
 
 plicatus 
 
 Medicago in var. 
 
 vuigaria 
 
 Carex 
 
 Gaultheria in var. 
 
 Melilotus in var. 
 
 Aralia 
 
 pendula 
 
 Geranium in var. 
 
 Milium 
 
 edulis 
 
 Centaurea 
 
 Geum in var. 
 
 effusum 
 
 nudicaulis 
 
 montana 
 
 Gynerium 
 
 Mimulus 
 
 racemosa 
 
 Chelidonium 
 
 argenteum 
 
 moschatus 
 
 Arctium in var. 
 
 majus 
 
 Hedysarum in var. 
 
 Mitchella 
 
 Aristolochia in var. 
 
 Clematis in var. 
 
 Helianthus in var. 
 
 repens 
 
 Artemisia in var. 
 
 Crambe 
 
 Heuchera in var. 
 
 Monarda in var. 
 
 Arum 
 
 cordifolia 
 
 Hieracium 
 
 Myosotis in var. 
 
 Dracunculus 
 
 Datisca 
 
 boreale 
 
 Narcissus in var. 
 
 italicum 
 Aruudinaria 
 
 cannabina 
 Delphinium in var. 
 
 corymbosum 
 Humulus 
 
 (Enothera, taller 
 and stronger 
 
 falcata 
 
 Dentaria in var. 
 
 Lupulus 
 
 kinds in var. 
 
 Asclepias in var. 
 
 Digitalis in var. 
 
 Hypericum in var. 
 
 Omphalodes verua 
 
 Asparagus 
 
 Doronicum 
 
 Inula 
 
 Onopordon 
 
 Broussonetti 
 
 Pardalianches 
 
 Helenium 
 
 Acanthium 
 
 Asperula 
 odorata 
 
 plantagineum 
 Echinops in var. 
 
 Iris in var. 
 Lamium in var. 
 
 Ornithogalum in 
 var. 
 
 Asphodelus 
 
 Elymus 
 
 Lastrea in var. 
 
 Osmunda in var. 
 
 ramosus 
 
 arenarius 
 
 Lathyrus in var. 
 
 Panicum 
 
 Aster in great var. 
 
 Epigaea 
 
 Lavatera in var. 
 
 altissimum 
 
 Astilbe in var. 
 
 repens 
 
 Leucojum in var. 
 
 bulbosum 
 
 Astrantia in var. 
 
 Epilobium 
 
 Lilium, vigorous 
 
 capillare 
 
 Athyrium in var. 
 
 angustifolium 
 
 and hardier 
 
 Phlomis in var. 
 
 Balsamita 
 
 Epimedium 
 
 kinds in va- 
 
 Phormium 
 
 vulgaris 
 
 pinnatum 
 
 riety 
 
 tenax 
 
 Baptisia in var. 
 
 Betonica 
 
 Equisetum 
 sylvaticum 
 
 Linnrca 
 borealis 
 
 Physostegia in var. 
 Polygonatuin iu 
 
 grandiflora 
 
 Telmateia 
 
 Lupinus 
 
 var. 
 
 Borago 
 
 .DJ r vn 2T.UH1 
 
 polyphyllus 
 
 Polygonum 
 
 orientah's 
 
 alpinum 
 
 Luzula in var. 
 
 alpinum 
 
 Bromus in great 
 
 Eupatorium in var. 
 
 Lychnis 
 
 cuspidatum 
 
 var. 
 
 Ferula in var. 
 
 diurna 
 
 Polypodium in var. 
 
SELECTION OF HARDY PERENNIALS. 
 
 297 
 
 Polystichum in 
 
 Sanguinaria 
 
 Smilacina 
 
 Uvularia 
 
 var. 
 
 canadensis 
 
 stellata 
 
 granditiora 
 
 Pyrola in var. 
 
 Saxifraga 
 
 Spiraea in var. 
 
 Valeriana 
 
 Rubus in var. 
 Rudbeckia 
 californica 
 
 cordifolia 
 crassifolia 
 Geum 
 
 Symphytum in var. 
 Thalictrum in var. 
 
 dioica 
 officinalis 
 Phu 
 
 hirta 
 
 umbrosa 
 
 Tradescantia 
 
 pyrenaica 
 
 laciniata 
 
 S cilia in var. 
 
 virginica 
 
 Veratrum in var. 
 
 triloba 
 
 Sedum 
 
 Trollius in var. 
 
 Vernonia in var. 
 
 Ruscus 
 
 spectabile 
 
 Tulipa in var. 
 
 Vinca in var. 
 
 aculeatus 
 
 Smilacina 
 
 Tussilago 
 
 Viola in var. 
 
 racemosus 
 
 bifolia 
 
 fragrans 
 
 
 A Selection of Hardy Perennials, etc., suitable for Exhibition when 
 Grown in Pots* 
 
 Acyena 
 
 Arabis 
 
 Callirhoe 
 
 Coronilla 
 
 microphylla 
 
 albida 
 
 involucrata 
 
 minima 
 
 Achillea 
 
 blepharophylla 
 
 Caltha 
 
 montana 
 
 aegyptiaca 
 Clavennae 
 Ptarmica plena 
 serrata plena 
 
 Armeria 
 cephalotes 
 Asclepias 
 tuberosa 
 
 palustris plena 
 Camassia 
 esculenta 
 Campanula in great 
 
 varia 
 Corydalis 
 nobilis 
 Crocosmia 
 
 ^Ethionema in var. 
 Alyssum 
 alpestre 
 
 Asphodelus 
 luteus 
 
 var. 
 Centranthus 
 ruber 
 
 aurea 
 Cyclamen in var. 
 
 montanum 
 
 Astragalus 
 
 Cheiranthus 
 
 Cypripedium in 
 
 olympicum 
 
 monspessulanus 
 
 Cheiri, fl. pi. 
 
 var. 
 
 saxatile 
 
 Aubrietia in var. 
 
 Marshalli 
 
 Daphne 
 
 Amaryllis 
 
 Begonia 
 
 Chrysobactron 
 
 Cneorum 
 
 Belladonna 
 
 Veitchii 
 
 Hookeri 
 
 Delphinium in var. 
 
 Andromeda 
 
 Betouica 
 
 Convallaria 
 
 Dentaria in var. 
 
 fastigiata 
 
 grandiflora 
 
 majalis 
 
 Dianthus in var. 
 
 tetragona 
 
 Brodisea 
 
 Convolvulus 
 
 Dicentra 
 
 Androsace in var. 
 
 coccinea 
 
 mauritanicus 
 
 cucullaria 
 
 Anemone in great 
 
 grandiflora 
 
 Coreopsis 
 
 spectabilis 
 
 var. 
 
 Bryanthus 
 
 auriculata" 
 
 Digitalis 
 
 AnthyUis 
 
 erectus 
 
 lanceolata 
 
 purpureainvar. 
 
 montana 
 
 Bulbocodium 
 
 tenuifolia 
 
 Thapsi 
 
 Antirrhinum 
 
 vernum 
 
 Coronilla 
 
 Dodecatheon in 
 
 ma jus 
 
 Calceolaria 
 
 iberica 
 
 var. 
 
 Aquilegia in var. 
 
 Kellyana 
 
 juncea 
 
 Draba in var. 
 
 * The way in which herbaceous and alpine plants are generally shown has frequently been a 
 source of regret to me, knowing, as I do, that no plants in existence are capable of forming more 
 brilliantly attractive and neat specimens. It is quite common to see such poor ragged specimens 
 shown even by large growers of these plants, that one might suppose the prize had been offered 
 for the worst specimens that could be found. (See chapter ix. p. 27 in Part I.) 
 
298 
 
 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 Draoocephalum in 
 
 Iberis in var. 
 
 Ononis 
 
 Ranunculus in var. 
 
 var. 
 
 Iris in var. 
 
 arvensis albus 
 
 Rhexia 
 
 Dryas 
 
 Leucanthemum 
 
 rotundifolia 
 
 virginica 
 
 Drummondi 
 
 alpinum 
 
 Onosma 
 
 Rudbeckia 
 
 octopetala 
 
 lacustre 
 
 taurica 
 
 hirta 
 
 
 
 
 
 JjjCLFdlclJLiuilu.o 
 
 Pumilio 
 
 Leucojum 
 
 Ophrys in var. 
 
 speciosa 
 
 Epimedium in var. 
 Erica in var. 
 
 vernum 
 Liatris in var. 
 
 Orchis in var. 
 Orobus 
 
 Salvia patens 
 Santolina 
 
 Erinus alpinus 
 
 Libertia 
 
 cyaneus 
 
 Chamsecyparis- 
 
 Erodium 
 
 magellanica 
 
 vernus 
 
 sus 
 
 alpinum 
 
 Lilium in var. 
 
 Ourisia 
 
 incana 
 
 macradenum 
 
 Linaria 
 
 coccinea 
 
 Saponaria 
 
 Manescavi 
 
 alpina 
 
 Oxalis in var. 
 
 caespitosa 
 
 petraeum 
 
 Linum 
 
 Paeonia in var. 
 
 ocymoides 
 
 Keichardi 
 
 alpinum 
 
 Pancratium 
 
 Saxifraga in var. 
 
 Eryngium in var. 
 
 arboreum 
 
 illyricum 
 
 Scabiosa 
 
 Erysimum 
 
 flavum 
 
 Paradisia Lilias- 
 
 graminifolia 
 
 ochroleucum 
 
 narbonnense 
 
 trum 
 
 Webbiana 
 
 pumilum 
 
 Lithospermum 
 
 Parochetus 
 
 Scilla in var. 
 
 Ficaria 
 
 prostratum 
 
 commuuis 
 
 Scutellaria 
 
 ranunculoides 
 
 Lychnis in var. 
 
 Pentstemon in var. 
 
 alpina 
 
 plena 
 Fritillaria in var. 
 
 Lysimachia 
 Nummularia 
 
 Petrocallis 
 pyrenaica 
 
 lupulina 
 Sedum 
 
 Gaillardia in var. 
 
 Lythrum 
 
 Phlox,both the tall 
 
 kamtschaticum 
 
 Genista 
 
 alatum 
 
 and the alpine 
 
 Eulchellum 
 
 prostrata 
 
 Salicaria var. 
 
 kinds in var. 
 
 ieboldi 
 
 sagittalis 
 
 roseum 
 
 Pinguicula 
 
 spectabile 
 
 tinctoria 
 
 virgatum 
 
 grandiflora 
 
 spurium 
 
 Gentiana in var. 
 
 Mazus 
 
 Platycodon 
 
 Silene 
 
 Globularia in var. 
 
 Pumilio 
 
 autumnale 
 
 acaulis 
 
 Hedysarum 
 
 Melittis 
 
 grandiflorum 
 
 alpestris 
 
 obscurum 
 
 Melissophyllum 
 
 Plumbago 
 
 Elisabethae 
 
 Helichrysum 
 
 Menziesia 
 
 Larpentae 
 
 maritima plena 
 
 arenarium 
 Helleborus in great 
 
 cserulea 
 empetriformis 
 
 Polygala 
 calcarea 
 
 pennsylvanica 
 Pumilio 
 
 variety 
 
 polifolia 
 
 Chamaebuxus 
 
 virginica 
 
 Hesperis 
 matronalis,fl.pl. 
 
 Mertensia 
 virginica 
 
 Polygonum 
 vaccinifolium 
 
 Sisyrinchium 
 grandiflorum 
 
 Hoteia 
 
 Michauxia 
 
 Potentilla in var. 
 
 Smilacina 
 
 japonica 
 
 campanuloides 
 
 Primula in var. 
 
 bifolia 
 
 Houstonia 
 
 Monarda in var. 
 
 Prunella 
 
 Soldanella in var. 
 
 cserulea 
 
 Muscari in var. 
 
 grandiflora 
 
 Sparaxis 
 
 Hutchinsia 
 
 Myosotis in var. 
 
 Puschkinia 
 
 pulcherrima 
 
 alpina 
 
 Narcissus in var. 
 
 scilloides 
 
 Spigelia 
 
 Hypericum 
 
 Omphalodes 
 
 Pyrethrum 
 
 marilandica 
 
 nummularium 
 
 Luciliae 
 
 carneum in 
 
 Spiraea 
 
 verticillatum 
 
 verna 
 
 great var. 
 
 Filipendula 
 
 Iberidella 
 rotundifolia 
 
 Onobrychis 
 montana 
 
 Pyxidanthera 
 barbulata 
 
 plena 
 palmata 
 
AQUATIC AND MARSH PLANTS. 
 
 299 
 
 Spiraea 
 
 Thermopsis 
 
 Triteleia 
 
 Veronica in var. 
 
 veimsta 
 
 fabacea 
 
 uniflora 
 
 Vicia 
 
 Statice 
 
 lanceolata 
 
 Tritoma in var. 
 
 argentea 
 
 incana 
 
 Thlaspi 
 
 Trollius in var. 
 
 Viola in var. 
 
 latifolia 
 speciosa 
 tatarica 
 Symphytum 
 bohemicum 
 
 latifolium 
 Tradescantia 
 virginica and 
 vars. 
 Trillium 
 
 Tropseolum 
 speciosum 
 Tulipa in var. 
 Verbascum 
 
 Vittadinia 
 triloba 
 
 Zephyranth.es 
 Atamasco 
 
 caucasicum 
 
 grandifloruin 
 
 Chaixii 
 
 
 A Selection of Ornamental Aquatic Plants. 
 
 Acorus 
 
 Epilobium 
 
 Lythrum 
 
 Phormium 
 
 Calanms 
 
 hirsutum 
 
 Salicaria 
 
 tenax 
 
 grainineus 
 Actinocarpus 
 Damasonium 
 Alisma in var. 
 Aponogeton 
 
 Equisetum in var. 
 Glyceria 
 aquatica 
 Hippuris 
 vulgaris 
 
 Menyanthes 
 trifoliata 
 Myosotis 
 palustris 
 Myriophyllum in 
 
 Polygonum 
 amphibium 
 Hydropiper 
 Pontederia 
 cordata 
 Ranunculus 
 
 distachyon 
 Aster 
 Tripolium 
 Butomus 
 
 Hottonia 
 palustris 
 Houttuynia 
 cordata 
 
 var. 
 Nuphar 
 advena 
 Kalmiana 
 
 aquaticus 
 Lingua 
 Rumex 
 Hydrolapathum 
 
 umbellatus 
 Calla aethiopica 
 
 Hydrocharis 
 Morsus-ranse 
 
 lutea 
 pumila 
 
 Sagittaria 
 sagittifoliafl.pl. 
 
 palustris 
 Caltha 
 
 Iris 
 Pseudacorus 
 
 Nymphaea 
 
 Scirpus 
 lacustris 
 
 palustris 
 
 sibirica 
 
 minor 
 
 Sparganium in var. 
 
 Carex 
 
 Limnanthemum 
 
 odorata 
 
 Stratiotes 
 
 paniculata 
 
 nymphseoides 
 
 (Enanthe 
 
 aloides 
 
 pendula 
 
 Lobelia 
 
 fistulosa 
 
 Thalia 
 
 Pseudo-cyperus 
 
 Dortmanna 
 
 Orontium 
 
 dealbata 
 
 Cypenis 
 longus 
 
 Lysimachia 
 thyrsiflora 
 
 aquaticum i Typha, all the 
 Osmunda in var. j kinds 
 
 A Selection of Plants thriving in Marshy or Boggy Ground. 
 
 Butomus 
 
 Coptis Epilobium 
 
 Galax 
 
 umbellatus 
 
 trifoliata 
 
 hirsutum 
 
 aphylla 
 
 Calla 
 
 Cornus 
 
 Epipactis 
 
 Gentiana 
 
 palustris 
 
 canadensis 
 
 palustris 
 
 Pneumonantha 
 
 Caltha in var. 
 Carex 
 
 Crinum 
 
 Equisetum in var. 
 
 Gunnera 
 
 pendula 
 Chrysobactron 
 
 CttpGllSG 
 
 Cypripedium 
 spectabile 
 
 Eriophorum in var. 
 Eupatorium in var. 
 
 8C3iUl*3i 
 
 Helonias 
 bullatus 
 
 Hookeri 
 
 Drosera in var. 
 
 Ficaria in var. 
 
 Hibiscus in var. 
 
300 
 
 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 Hydrocotyle 
 
 Linnsea 
 
 Petasites 
 
 Sagittaria in var. 
 
 bonariensis 
 
 borealis 
 
 vulgaria 
 
 Sarracenia 
 
 Iris 
 
 Lobelia 
 
 Pbormium 
 
 purpurea 
 
 graminea 
 Monnieri 
 ocnroleuca 
 
 syphilitica 
 Lycopodium in var. 
 
 tenax 
 Pinguicula in var. 
 
 Spigelia 
 marilandica 
 
 Pseudacorus 
 sibirica 
 
 Lysimachia 
 thyrsiflora 
 
 Primula 
 Munroi 
 
 Swertia 
 perennis 
 
 Leucanthemum 
 
 Lythrum in var. 
 
 sikkimensis 
 
 Symplocarpus 
 
 lacustre 
 
 Narcissus in var. 
 
 Pyrethrum 
 
 foetidus 
 
 Leucojum 
 
 Nierembergia 
 
 serotinum 
 
 Tofieldia in var. 
 
 aestivum 
 
 rivularis 
 
 Rbexia 
 
 Tradescantia 
 
 Hernandezii 
 
 Orcbis in var. 
 
 virginica 
 
 virginica 
 
 Herbaceous and Alpine Plants, etc., that may with advantage be 
 Raised from Seed. 
 
 Of course nearly all plants may be raised from seed, but in many cases it is 
 undesirable to do so, from tbe plants being easier to increase in otber ways, and 
 in some cases it is very difficult to raise them. Therefore tbis list chiefly com- 
 prises those it is expedient for the amateur to raise in this way. 
 
 Acanthus, scarce 
 
 Brodisea 
 
 Coronilla, all 
 
 Eremostachys, all 
 
 kinds 
 
 coccinea 
 
 Corydalis,good and 
 
 Erigeron in var. 
 
 Achillea in var. 
 
 Calamintha 
 
 rare kinds 
 
 Erinus in var. 
 
 Aconitum rare 
 
 glabella 
 
 Crambe 
 
 Eriogonum in var. 
 
 kinds 
 
 Callirhoe, good 
 
 cordifolia 
 
 Erodium, good 
 
 Adenophora in var. 
 
 kinds 
 
 Craspedia 
 
 kinds 
 
 ^Ethionema, all 
 A Ilium, rare kinds 
 
 Camassia 
 esculenta 
 
 macrocephala 
 Crinum 
 
 Eryngium, rare 
 kinds 
 
 Alyssum in var. 
 
 Campanula in var. 
 
 capense 
 
 Erysimum 
 
 Anchusa in var. 
 
 Carlina 
 
 Crucianella 
 
 ochroleucum 
 
 Anemone invar. 
 
 acanthifolia 
 
 stylosa 
 
 pumilum 
 
 Antirrhinum in 
 
 Cassia 
 
 Delphinium in var. 
 
 Erythraea 
 
 var. 
 
 marilandica 
 
 Dentaria in var. 
 
 littoralis 
 
 Aquilegia, all 
 
 Centaurea in var. 
 
 Dianthus in var. 
 
 Euphorbia 
 
 Arabis in var. 
 
 Cerastium, good 
 
 Dicentra in var. 
 
 Myrsinites 
 
 Arenaria in var. 
 
 and rare kinds 
 
 Digitalis in var. 
 
 Ferula in var. 
 
 Armeria, rarer 
 
 only 
 
 Dorycnium 
 
 Ficaria 
 
 kinds 
 
 Chelone in var. 
 
 sericeum 
 
 grandiflora 
 
 Aster, good and 
 
 Chrysobactron 
 
 Draba in var. 
 
 Fritillaria, rare 
 
 rare kinds 
 
 Hookeri 
 
 Dracocephalum in 
 
 kinds 
 
 Astragalus in var. 
 
 Cistus, rare kinds 
 
 var. 
 
 Gaillardia in var. 
 
 Athamanta 
 
 Commelyna 
 
 Dryas 
 
 Galega in var. 
 
 Matthioli 
 
 coelestis 
 
 Drummondi 
 
 Gaura 
 
 Aubrietia, all 
 
 Convolvulus, rare 
 
 Echinacea in var. 
 
 Lindheimeri 
 
 Baptisia, all 
 Bellium, all 
 
 kinds 
 Coreopsis in var. 
 
 Echinops, good dis- 
 tinct kinds. 
 
 Grenista, all 
 Geranium, good 
 
 Betonica 
 
 Coris 
 
 Epilobium, rare 
 
 kinds 
 
 grandiflora 
 
 monspeliensis* 
 
 kinds 
 
 Greum in var. 
 
DWARF PERENNIAL AND ALPINE PLANTS. 
 
 301 
 
 Globularia 
 
 Lilium, good rare 
 
 Onosma 
 
 Saxifraga in var. 
 
 Gypsophila in var. 
 
 kinds 
 
 taurica 
 
 Scabiosa,best kinds 
 
 Hedysarum, good 
 
 Linaria in var. 
 
 Orobus in var. 
 
 Scutellaria in var. 
 
 i t 
 
 kinds 
 
 Linum in var. 
 
 Oxytropis, all 
 
 Sedum in var. 
 
 Hclenium in var. 
 Helianthemum in 
 
 Lobelia, herbace- 
 ous kinds in 
 
 Papaver, all 
 Parnassia,all 
 
 Sempervivum, rare 
 kinds 
 
 var. 
 
 var. 
 
 Pentstemon in var. 
 
 Seseli in var. 
 
 Helichrysum 
 
 Lunaria, all 
 
 Petrocallis 
 
 Sidalcea 
 
 arenarium 
 
 Lupinus in var. 
 
 pyrenaica 
 
 UltllVc^floi^ti 
 
 Heracleum in var. 
 
 Lychnis in var. 
 
 Peucedanum in 
 
 Sida 
 
 Hesperis in var. 
 Heuchera, good 
 
 Lythrum, rarer 
 kinds 
 
 variety 
 Phlomis in var. 
 
 incarnata 
 
 kinds 
 
 Malva in var. 
 
 Phlox, rare species 
 
 Silene in var. 
 
 Hibiscus in var. 
 
 Matthiola 
 
 Physostegia, all 
 
 Spiraea, rare kinds 
 
 Hippocrepis 
 
 semperflorens 
 
 Phyteuma in var. 
 
 Statice in var. 
 
 comosa 
 
 Melianthus 
 
 Phytolacca 
 
 Teucrium, goodrare 
 
 Horminum 
 
 major 
 
 decandra 
 
 kinds 
 
 pyrenaicum 
 
 Meum in var. 
 
 Platycodon in var. 
 
 Thermopsis in var. 
 
 Hutchinsia 
 
 Michauxia 
 
 Polemonium rare 
 
 Thlaspi 
 
 alpina 
 
 campanuloides 
 
 kinds 
 
 latifolium 
 
 Hypericum in var. 
 
 Mimulus in var. 
 
 Polygonum, good 
 
 Trifolium, good 
 
 Iberidella 
 
 Molopospermum 
 
 and rare 
 
 kinds 
 
 rotundifolia 
 
 cicutarium 
 
 kinds 
 
 Trollius, rarer 
 
 Iberis in var. 
 
 Monarda, good 
 
 Potentilla in var. 
 
 kinds 
 
 Inula, good kinds 
 
 kinds 
 
 Primula in var. 
 
 Tropaeolum in var. 
 
 Iris, rare and good 
 
 Morina 
 
 Prunella,, best sorts 
 
 Tunica 
 
 kinds 
 
 longifolia 
 
 Pyrethrum in var. 
 
 Saxifraga 
 
 Isopyrum 
 
 Myosotis in var. 
 
 Ranunculus, good 
 
 Yerbascum in var. 
 
 thalietroides 
 
 Nierembergia in 
 
 rare kinds. 
 
 Veronica in var. 
 
 Jasione, all 
 
 var. 
 
 Rhaponticum in 
 
 Vesicaria 
 
 Kitaibelia 
 
 Odontarrhena 
 
 var. 
 
 utriculata 
 
 vitifolia 
 
 carsinum 
 
 Rheum, best kinds 
 
 Vicia, good kinds 
 
 Lathyrus, all 
 
 (Enothera in var. 
 
 Rudbeckia in var. 
 
 Yiola, rare kinds 
 
 Leucanthemum, in 
 
 Onobrychis, good 
 
 Salvia in var. 
 
 Vittadinia 
 
 var. 
 
 kinds 
 
 Santolina in var. 
 
 . triloba 
 
 Liatris in var. 
 
 Ononis. good kinds 
 
 Saponaria in var. 
 
 
 List of Dwarf Hardy Perennial and Alpine Plants, with Fern-like or 
 graceful Leaves, and suitable for Association with those distinguished by 
 beauty of Flower in borders, the rock-garden, etc. 
 
 Corydalis 
 
 lutea 
 Dicentra 
 
 eximia 
 Erodium 
 
 caruifolium 
 
 Acaena 
 Millefolium 
 Achillea 
 segyptiaca 
 Anthriscus 
 fumarioides 
 Asparagus 
 tenuifolius 
 
 Astragalus 
 pannosus 
 Athamanta 
 Matthioli 
 Centaurea 
 dealbata 
 Coreopsis 
 tenuifolia 
 
 Manescavi 
 
 Erodium 
 
 trichomanefo- 
 
 lium 
 Geranium 
 
 anemoneefolium 
 Helleborus 
 
 fcetidus 
 
302 
 
 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 Isopyrum 
 thalictroides 
 
 Molopospermum 
 cicutarium 
 
 Pyretlirum 
 achilleaefoliutn 
 
 Spiraea 
 Filipendula 
 
 Melianthus 
 
 Peucedanum 
 
 tanacetoidea 
 
 Tanacetum vulgare 
 
 major 
 
 involucratum 
 
 Seseli 
 
 crispum 
 
 Meum 
 
 longifolium 
 
 elatum 
 
 Thalictrum 
 
 adonidifolium 
 
 Petteri 
 
 globiferum 
 
 fcetidum 
 
 athamanti- 
 
 Polemonium 
 
 gummiferum 
 
 minus 
 
 cum 
 
 cseruleum 
 
 
 
 
 A Selection of Hardy Perennials affording the finest effects in tlie 
 
 Picturesque or " Sub-tropical " Garden. 
 
 Acanthus in var. 
 
 Carlina 
 
 Gynerium 
 
 Morina 
 
 Aralia 
 
 acaulis 
 
 argenteum 
 
 longifolia 
 
 edulis 
 
 Cassia 
 
 Gunnera 
 
 Panicum 
 
 nudicaulis 
 
 marilandica 
 
 scabra / 
 
 bulbosum 
 
 Astilbe 
 rivularis 
 
 Centaurea 
 babylonica 
 
 Helianthus 
 orgyalis 
 
 virgatum 
 Phytolacca 
 
 Arundo 
 
 Crambe 
 
 Hemerocallis 
 
 decandra 
 
 Donax 
 
 cordifolia 
 
 fulva 
 
 Polygonum 
 
 ,, versicolor 
 
 Cynara 
 
 Heracleum in var. 
 
 cuspidatufn 
 
 Bambusa in var. 
 
 Scolymus 
 
 Inula 
 
 Rhaponticum 
 
 Bocconia 
 
 Datisca 
 
 Helenium 
 
 cynaroides 
 
 cordata 
 
 cannabina 
 
 Melianthus 
 
 pulchrum 
 
 Carex 
 
 Echinops 
 
 major 
 
 Rheum in var. 
 
 paniculata 
 
 ruthenicus 
 
 Meum 
 
 Statice 
 
 pendula 
 Carduus 
 
 Eryngium 
 alpinum 
 
 athamanticum 
 Molopospermum 
 
 latifolia 
 Tritoma in var. 
 
 eriophorua 
 
 amethystinum 
 
 cicutarium 
 
 Yucca in var. 
 
 Selection of Hardy Plants of Vigorous Habit and Distinct Character 
 suited for Planting in Semi-wild places, in Pleasure-grounds, or near 
 Wood-walks. 
 
 Acanthus in var. 
 
 Astilbe 
 
 Callisace 
 
 Cucurbita 
 
 Althaea in var. 
 
 rivularis 
 
 dahurica 
 
 perennis 
 
 Aralia 
 
 rubra 
 
 Carex 
 
 Cynara Scolymus 
 
 canescens 
 
 Arundo 
 
 pendula 
 
 Datisca 
 
 edulis 
 nudicaulis 
 spiuosa 
 Arum 
 
 Donax 
 
 , , versicolor 
 Phragmites 
 Bambusa 
 
 paniculata 
 Carduus 
 eriophorus 
 
 cannabina 
 Dipsacus 
 sylvestris 
 Echinops 
 
 Dracunculus 
 
 falcata 
 
 Centaurea 
 
 ruthenicus 
 
 Asclepias 
 
 Bocconia 
 
 babylonica 
 
 Elymus 
 
 Cornuti 
 
 cordata 
 
 Crambe 
 
 arenarius 
 
 Asparagus 
 
 Buphthalmum 
 
 cordifolia 
 
 Erianthus 
 
 Broussoneti 
 
 speciosum 
 
 juncea j Ravennae 
 
A SELECTION OF ORNAMENTAL GRASSES. 
 
 Eryngium 
 alpinum 
 
 Inula 
 Helenium 
 
 Petasites 
 vulgaris 
 
 Silybum 
 eburneum 
 
 amethystinum 
 
 Lavatera 
 
 Phytolacca 
 
 marianum 
 
 Ferula in var. 
 Guunera 
 scabra 
 
 arborea 
 thuringiaca 
 unguiculata 
 
 decandra 
 Poa 
 aquatica 
 
 Spiraea 
 Aruncus 
 Statice 
 
 Helianthus 
 laetiflorus 
 Maximiliana 
 multiflorus 
 fi. pi. 
 occidentalis 
 orgyalis 
 rigidus 
 
 Hemerocalli3 
 fulva 
 
 Ligularia 
 macrophylla 
 Molopospermuui 
 cicutarium 
 Morina 
 longifolia 
 Mulgedium 
 alpinum 
 Plumieri 
 Onopordon 
 Acanthium 
 
 Polygonatum 
 multiflorum 
 Polygonum 
 cuspidatum 
 Rhaponticum 
 cynaroides 
 pulchrum 
 scariosum 
 Rheum in var. 
 Rudbeckia 
 difitata 
 
 latifolia 
 Tanacetum 
 vulgare var. 
 crispum 
 Thalictrum in var. 
 Tritoma in var. 
 Veratrum 
 album 
 Verbascum in var. 
 Verbesina 
 
 Heracleum in var. 
 
 Paeonia in var. 
 
 laciniata 
 
 persicifolia 
 
 Hibiscus 
 
 Panicum 
 
 californica 
 
 Vernonia 
 
 moscheutos 
 
 bulbosum 
 
 Rumex 
 
 noveboracensis 
 
 palustris 
 
 Papaver 
 
 Hydrolapathum 
 
 Yucca in var. 
 
 roseus 
 
 bracteatum 
 
 Silphium in var. 
 
 
 A Selection of Ornamental Grasses. 
 
 Mixed borders, groups, and beds of the finer perennials may be much im- 
 proved by being varied with tufts of the finer ornamental grasses. 
 
 Agrostis 
 
 Calamagrostis 
 
 Chloropsis 
 
 Panicum 
 
 nebulosa 
 
 argentea 
 
 Blanchardiana 
 
 violaceum 
 
 spica-venti 
 
 Poa 
 
 Gymnothrix 
 
 Penicillaria 
 
 Steveni 
 
 aquatica 
 
 latifolia 
 
 spicata 
 
 Arundo 
 conspicua 
 Donax 
 versi- 
 color 
 festucoides 
 
 fertilis 
 Saccharum 
 segyptiacum 
 eylindricum 
 Maddenii 
 Stipa 
 
 Holcus 
 saccharatua 
 Erianthus 
 strictus 
 violascens 
 
 Sorghum 
 cernuum 
 halepense 
 melanocarpum 
 nankinense 
 
 Phragmites 
 Bambusa in var. 
 Elymus 
 arenarius 
 
 pennata 
 Zea 
 Mays in var. 
 Andropogon 
 
 Chloris 
 myriostachys 
 Panicum 
 bulbosum 
 
 ucVu3jricu.ni 
 Tripsacum 
 dactyloides 
 monostachyum 
 
 condensatus 
 
 argenteus 
 
 altissimum 
 
 Milium 
 
 Erianthus 
 
 bombycinus 
 
 capillare 
 
 nigricans 
 
 Ravennse 
 Gynerium 
 
 formosus 
 Sorghum 
 
 gongyloides 
 miliaceum 
 
 multiflorum 
 effusum 
 
 argenteum and 
 
 strictus 
 
 maximum 
 
 Bromus 
 
 its vars. 
 
 squarrosus 
 
 virgatum 
 
 brizopyroides 
 
804 
 
 HARDY FLOWERS 
 
 Briza 
 
 Pennisetum 
 
 Stipa 
 
 Echinochloa 
 
 gracilis 
 
 ' 1 _L 
 
 longistylum 
 
 capillata 
 
 Zenkowski 
 
 geniculata 
 
 maxima 
 
 Piptatherum 
 
 Chascolytrum 
 
 Paspalum 
 
 rufiberbis 
 
 nraltiflorum 
 
 erectum 
 
 elegans 
 
 Hordeum 
 
 Setaria 
 
 Leptochloa 
 
 Phyllostachys 
 
 jubatum 
 
 germanica 
 
 gracilis 
 
 bambusoides 
 
 Selection of Alpine and Rock Plants of Prostrate or Drooping Habit 
 suited for placing so that they may Droop over the rows of Mocks and 
 Like Positions. 
 
 Alyssum 
 
 Cerastium 
 
 Fragaria 
 
 Lysimachia 
 
 montanum 
 
 tomentosum 
 
 indica 
 
 Nummularia 
 
 saxatile 
 
 Clematis (the new 
 
 Galium 
 
 Malva 
 
 Androsace 
 
 varieties of 
 
 verum 
 
 campanulata 
 
 lanuginosa 
 Antirrhinum 
 
 the lanugi- 
 nosa section, 
 
 Genista 
 prostrata 
 
 Medicago 
 falcata 
 
 rupestre 
 
 and many 
 
 sagittalis 
 
 (Enothera 
 
 Arabis 
 
 species). ; 
 
 tinctoria 
 
 acaulis 
 
 albida 
 
 Convolvulus 
 
 Gypsophilas (seve- 
 
 missouriensis 
 
 procurrens 
 purpurea 
 
 arvensis 
 mauritanicus 
 
 ral) 
 Helianthemum (in 
 
 taraxacifolia 
 Ononis 
 
 Artemisia 
 
 
 variety) 
 
 arvensis 
 
 frigida 
 Astragalus 
 
 Cornus 
 canadensis 
 
 Hippocrepis 
 comosa 
 
 albus 
 Orobus 
 
 monspessulanus 
 Aubrietias in var. 
 
 Coronilla 
 iberica 
 
 Hypericum 
 humifusum 
 
 roseus 
 Pentstemon 
 
 Bojtissingaultia 
 
 varia 
 
 Iberis 
 
 procerus 
 
 basefloides 
 
 Cyananthus 
 
 corifolia 
 
 Phlox 
 
 Callirhoe 
 
 lobatus 
 
 sempervirens 
 
 reptans 
 
 involucrata 
 
 Dianthus 
 
 Tenoreana 
 
 subulata 
 
 pedata 
 
 deltoides (and 
 
 Lathyrua 
 
 Plumbago 
 
 Calystegia 
 
 others) 
 
 grandiflorus 
 
 Larpentse 
 
 dahurica 
 
 Diotis 
 
 latifolius 
 
 Polygonum 
 
 pubescens pi. 
 
 maritima 
 
 ,, albus 
 
 complexum 
 
 Campanula 
 
 Dracocephalum 
 
 tuberosus 
 
 vaccinifolium 
 
 Barrelieri 
 
 arguiiense 
 
 Linaria 
 
 Potentilla 
 
 csespitosa 
 alba 
 
 Dryas 
 
 octopetala 
 
 alpina 
 Cymbalaria 
 
 alpestris 
 calabra 
 
 fragilis 
 
 Empetrum 
 
 Linnseft 
 
 Hopwoodiana 
 
 garganica 
 
 nigrum 
 
 borealis 
 
 McNabiana 
 
 muralis 
 
 Epigsea 
 
 Lithospermum 
 
 Tonguei 
 
 rotundifolia 
 
 repens 
 
 prostratum 
 
 verna (and nu- 
 
 alba 
 
 Erica 
 
 Lotus 
 
 merous vars. 
 
 Cerastium 
 
 carnea 
 
 corniculatus 
 
 and hybrids) 
 
 Biebersteinii 
 grandiflorum 
 
 Euphorbia 
 
 Myrsinites 
 
 Lysimachia 
 nemorum 
 
 Rubus 
 arcticus 
 
TRAILERS AND CLIMBERS FOR COVERING BOWERS. 305 
 
 Salix 
 
 Saxifraga 
 
 Thymus 
 
 Vicia 
 
 lanata 
 
 sarmentosa 
 
 Serpyllum 
 
 argentea 
 
 reticulata 
 
 Scabiosa 
 
 Trifolium 
 
 Cracca 
 
 Santolina 
 
 graminifolia 
 
 repens 
 
 Vinca 
 
 incana 
 Saponaria 
 ocymoides 
 Saxifraga 
 biflora 
 
 Webbiana 
 Sedum 
 Ewersii 
 kamtschaticum 
 reflexum 
 
 pentaphyllum 
 Tropseolum 
 polyphyllum 
 speciosum 
 
 herbacea 
 major 
 minor 
 Zapania 
 nodiflora 
 
 ceratophylla 
 hypnoides 
 
 Sieboldi 
 spurium 
 
 Tunica 
 Saxifraga 
 
 Zauschneria 
 californica 
 
 oppositifolia 
 
 Thymus 
 
 Veronica prostrata 
 
 Zietenia 
 
 and vars. 
 
 lanuginosus 
 
 taurica 
 
 Iavandula3folia 
 
 Trailers, Climbers, etc., for Covering Bowers, Trellises, Railings, Old Trees, 
 
 Stumps, Rockwork, Banks, etc. etc. 
 
 Ampelopsis 
 bipinnata 
 
 Clematis 
 Flammula 
 
 Clematis 
 Viticella alba 
 
 Menispermum 
 canadense 
 
 cordata 
 
 florida 
 
 venosa 
 
 virginicum 
 
 hederacea 
 tricuspidata 
 
 Pi- a 
 Standishi 
 
 Cynanchum 
 acutum 
 
 Passiflora 
 cserulea 
 
 Apios 
 tuberosa 
 Aristolochia 
 
 Fortune! 
 Francofurtensis 
 Henderson! 
 
 monspeliacum 
 Hablitzia 
 "tcunnoidss 
 
 Periploca 
 grseca 
 Smilax hardy kinds 
 
 Sipho 
 tomentosa 
 Asparagus 
 Broussoneti 
 Boussingaultia 
 
 insulensis 
 Jackmani 
 lanuginosa 
 montana 
 nivea 
 
 Hedera (aU the 
 finer varieties 
 of Ivy, both 
 green and va- 
 
 J_ T\. 
 
 Tamus 
 communis 
 Vitis 
 sestivalis 
 amooriensis 
 
 baselloides 
 Calystegia 
 dahurica 
 
 patens Amelia 
 Helena 
 insignis 
 
 negated) 
 Jasminum 
 nudiflorum 
 
 cordifolia 
 heterophylla 
 variegata 
 
 pubescens 
 
 Louisa 
 
 officinale 
 
 IsabeUa 
 
 pleno 
 
 ,, mon- 
 
 revolutum 
 
 Labrusca 
 
 Cissus 
 
 strosa 
 
 Lathyrus in var. 
 
 laciniosa 
 
 orientalis 
 
 Sophia 
 
 Lonicera ^ 
 
 riparia 
 
 pubescens 
 
 violacea 
 
 Caprifolium 
 
 Sieboldi 
 
 Clematis 
 
 pubescens 
 
 confusa 
 
 vinifera 
 
 azurea grandi- 
 
 rubro-violaeea 
 
 flava 
 
 apiifolia 
 
 flora 
 calycina 
 
 ShilEngii 
 Sieboldi 
 
 japonica 
 Periclymenum 
 
 vulpina 
 Wistaria 
 
 campaniflora 
 
 tubulosa 
 
 Lycium 
 
 sinensis and 
 
 elliptica 
 
 Viticella 
 
 europseum 
 
 vars. 
 
306 
 
 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 Selection of Alpine and Rock Plants for Growing on Old Walls, Ruins, 
 
 Chalk-Pits, Stony Banks, etc. 
 
 Acaena 
 microphylla 
 
 Astragalus 
 monspessulanus 
 
 Gypsophila 
 muralis 
 
 Saxifraga 
 bryoides 
 
 Achillea 
 
 Aubrietia, all the 
 
 prostrata 
 
 caesia 
 
 torn Girt os 3i 
 
 vars. 
 
 Helianthemum 
 
 crustata 
 
 Adiantum 
 Capillus-Veneris 
 
 Bellium 
 bellidioides 
 crassifolium 
 
 (many of 
 the varieties 
 might be 
 
 cuscutaeformis 
 diapensioides 
 Hostii 
 
 Alyssum 
 
 minutum 
 
 grown upon 
 
 intacta 
 
 montanum 
 
 Campanula 
 
 old ruins, 
 
 lingulata 
 
 saxatile 
 
 Barrelieri 
 
 stony banks, 
 
 longifolia 
 
 spinosum 
 
 csespitosa 
 
 &c.) 
 
 pectinata 
 
 Antennaria 
 
 fragilis 
 
 Iberis in var. 
 
 pulchella 
 
 dioica minima 
 
 garganica 
 
 lonopsidium 
 
 retusa 
 
 Antirrhinum 
 
 rotundifolia 
 
 acaule 
 
 Rhei 
 
 majus 
 
 Centranthus 
 
 Eris 
 
 Rocheliana 
 
 Orontium 
 
 ruber 
 
 germanica and 
 
 rosularis 
 
 rupestre 
 
 albus 
 
 vars. 
 
 sarmentosa 
 
 Arabia 
 
 ,, coccineus 
 
 pumila 
 
 Sedum 
 
 albida 
 
 Ceterach 
 
 Koniga 
 
 acre 
 
 arenosa 
 
 omcinarum 
 
 maritima variegatum 
 
 blepharophylla 
 
 Cheiranthus 
 
 Linaria 
 
 Aizoon 
 
 (old mossy 
 
 Cheiri 
 
 Cymbalaria 
 
 album 
 
 walls) 
 
 pleno in 
 
 Linum 
 
 anglicum 
 
 lucida 
 
 var. 
 
 alpinum 
 
 brevifolium 
 
 variegata 
 petrsea (old 
 
 Coronilla 
 minima 
 
 Lychnis 
 alpina 
 
 cseruleum 
 dasyphyllum 
 
 mossy walls) 
 
 varia 
 
 lapponica 
 
 elegans 
 
 Arenaria 
 
 Corydalis 
 
 Malva 
 
 Ewersii 
 
 balearica 
 
 lutea 
 
 campanulata 
 
 farinosum 
 
 csespitosa 
 
 Cotyledon 
 
 Matthiola 
 
 glaucum 
 
 ciliata 
 
 Umbilicus 
 
 tristis 
 
 kamtschati- 
 
 graminifolia 
 
 Dianthus 
 
 garden kinds in 
 
 cum 
 
 montana 
 
 caesius 
 
 var. 
 
 multiceps 
 
 verna 
 
 deltoides 
 
 Ononis 
 
 pulchellum 
 
 Aspernla 
 
 monspessu- 
 
 Petrocallis 
 
 sempervivoides 
 
 cynanchica 
 
 lanus 
 
 pyrenaica 
 
 sexanffulare 
 
 Asplenium 
 
 petraeus 
 
 Polypodium | sexfidum 
 
 Adiantum-ni- 
 
 Draba 
 
 vulgare 
 
 spurium 
 
 grum 
 
 aizoidea 
 
 Reseda 
 
 Sempervivum 
 
 fontanum 
 
 boetica 
 
 odorata 
 
 arachnoideum 
 
 germanicum 
 
 Erinus 
 
 Sagina 
 
 arenarium 
 
 lanceolatum 
 
 alpinus 
 
 procumbens 
 
 calcareum 
 
 Ruta-muraria 
 
 Erodium 
 
 Santolina 
 
 globiferum 
 
 Trichomanes 
 
 romanum (old 
 
 incana 
 
 Heuffellii 
 
 and vars. 
 
 walls) 
 
 Saponaria 
 
 hirtum 
 
 viride 
 
 Reichardi 
 
 ocymoides 
 
 montanum 
 
FERNS FOR GROUPING WITH HARDY FLOWERS 307 
 
 Sempervivum 
 piliferum 
 soboliferum 
 tectorum 
 Silene acaulis 
 alpestris 
 
 Silene 
 Schafta 
 Symphyandra 
 pendula 
 Thlaspi 
 alpestre 
 
 Thymus 
 citriodorus 
 Tunica 
 Saxifraga 
 Umbilicus 
 chrysanthus 
 
 Veronica 
 fruticulosa 
 saxatilis 
 Vesicaria 
 utriculata 
 
 List of Ferns that may be Grown with Advantage away from the 
 Fernery Proper. 
 
 Even should any of these thrive better in shade, it is usually easy to secure 
 this for them in groups by wood-walks, and they may be associated with hardy 
 flowers in many positions. 
 
 Adiantum 
 
 Cheilanthes 
 
 Lomaria 
 
 Polystichum 
 
 pedatum 
 
 odora 
 
 magellanica (in 
 
 aculeatum 
 
 Asplenium 
 Adiantum ni- 
 
 Cyrtomium 
 caryotideum 
 
 warm 
 districts) 
 
 angulare 
 vestitum venus- 
 
 
 falcatum 
 
 Onoclea 
 
 tum 
 
 grum 
 Filix - foemina 
 
 Dennstaedtia 
 
 sensibilis 
 
 Pteris 
 
 and vars. 
 fontanum 
 gennanicum 
 Halleri 
 
 punctilobula 
 Diplazium 
 thelypteroides 
 Lastrea 
 
 Osmurida 
 cinnamomea 
 Claytoniana 
 gracilis 
 
 aquilina 
 Scolopendrium 
 vulgare an d vars. 
 Struthiopteris 
 
 lanceolatum 
 monanthemum 
 Ruta-muraria 
 septentrionale 
 Trichomanes 
 viride 
 
 Filix-mas and 
 vars. 
 Goldieana 
 assur- 
 gens 
 intermedia 
 marginalis 
 
 regalis 
 ,, cristata 
 spectabilis 
 Platyloma 
 atropurpurea 
 Polypodium 
 hexagonopte- 
 
 germanica 
 pennsylvanica 
 Woodsia 
 hyperborea 
 ilvensis 
 polystichoides 
 Woodwardia 
 
 Ceterach 
 
 noveboracensis 
 
 rum 
 
 areolata 
 
 officinarum 
 
 atrata 
 
 Phegopteris 
 
 aspera 
 
 Cystopteris 
 alpina 
 
 erythrosora 
 opaca 
 
 vulgare 
 Polystichum 
 
 japonica 
 oriental! s 
 
 fragilis 
 
 Standishii 
 
 acrostichoides 
 
 radicana 
 
308 
 
 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 HARDY FLOWERS CLASSED ACCORDING TO THEIR 
 COLOURS. 
 
 For various obvious reasons it is desirable to have a colour classification, so 
 to speak, of hardy plants. 
 
 A Selection of Hardy Plants with White Flowers. 
 
 Achillea 
 
 Argemone 
 
 Chrysanthemum 
 
 Galega 
 
 Clavennae 
 
 grandiflora 
 
 Leucanthemum 
 
 officinalis alba 
 
 Ptarmica pi. 
 
 Asperula 
 
 sinense, nume- 
 
 Gentiana 
 
 serrata pi. 
 umbellata 
 Aconitum 
 Napellus albus 
 Actaea 
 
 odorata 
 Asphodelus 
 ramosus 
 Astilbe 
 rivularis 
 
 rous white- 
 flowered vars. 
 Clematis 
 erecta 
 Flammula 
 
 asclepiadea alba 
 Geranium 
 pratense alba 
 sylvaticum al- 
 bum 
 
 spicata 
 AJlium 
 
 rubra 
 
 montana 
 
 Hepatica 
 
 ciliatum 
 neapolitanum 
 ursinum 
 
 Astragalus 
 hypoglottis 
 albus 
 
 Crambe 
 cordifolia 
 maritima 
 
 triloba alba 
 Hesperis 
 matronalis alba 
 
 Androsace 
 
 Bellium in var. 
 
 Crocus, white vars. 
 
 plena 
 
 Chamsejasme 
 
 CaUa 
 
 Dianthus 
 
 Hutchinsia 
 
 Anemone 
 
 aethiopica 
 
 Caryophyllus, 
 
 alpina 
 
 alba 
 
 palustris 
 
 white vars. 
 
 Iberis 
 
 alpina 
 japonica 
 
 Campanula 
 caespitosa alba 
 
 deltoides albus 
 plumarius albus 
 
 corifolia 
 correaefolia 
 
 ,, Hono- 
 
 carpatica alba 
 
 Dryas 
 
 saxatilis 
 
 rine Jobert 
 
 glomerata alba 
 
 ootopetala 
 
 semperflorens 
 
 narcissiflora 
 
 lactiflora 
 
 Epilobium 
 
 Iris 
 
 nemorosa 
 
 lamiifolia 
 
 angustifolium 
 
 florentina 
 
 sylvestris 
 thalictroides 
 
 latifolia alba 
 Medium alba 
 
 album 
 
 Erinus 
 
 geruianica alba 
 pumila alba 
 
 trifolia 
 vitifolia 
 
 nitida 
 persicif olia alba 
 
 alpinus albus 
 Erythronium 
 
 Isopyrum 
 thalictroides 
 
 Antennaria 
 
 pyramidalis 
 
 Dens-canis al- 
 
 Jeffersonia 
 
 dioica 
 
 alba 
 
 bum 
 
 diphylla 
 
 Anthemis 
 
 rotundifolia 
 
 Eupatorium 
 
 Lamium 
 
 nobilis plena 
 
 alba 
 
 ageratoides 
 
 maculatum al- 
 
 Antirrhinum 
 
 Trachelium 
 
 aromaticum 
 
 bum 
 
 majus albus 
 
 alba 
 
 Fritillaria 
 
 Lathyrus 
 
 Aquilegia 
 vulgaris alba 
 
 urticsefolia alba 
 Cardamine 
 
 Meleagris alba 
 Funkia 
 
 latifolius albus 
 Leucanthemum 
 
 Arabis in var. 
 
 trifolia 
 
 grandiflora 
 
 lacustre 
 
 Arenaria 
 
 Centranthus 
 
 Galanthus 
 
 Leucojum 
 
 montana 
 
 ruber albus 
 
 nivalis 
 
 aestivum 
 
 verna 
 
 Cerastium in var. 
 
 plicatus 
 
 vernum 
 
HARDY PLANTS WITH WHITE FLOWERS. 309 
 
 Libertia 
 
 (Enothera 
 
 Ranunculus 
 
 Silene 
 
 magellanica 
 Lilium 
 
 marginata 
 speciosa 
 
 aconitifolius 
 plenus 
 
 Zawadskii 
 Sisyrinchium 
 
 Browni 
 
 taraxacifolia 
 
 alpestris 
 
 grandiflorum 
 
 candidum 
 
 Ononis 
 
 amplexicaulis 
 
 album 
 
 i'aponicum 
 
 arvensis alba 
 
 Sagittaria 
 
 Smilacina 
 
 ongiflorum 
 
 Oxalis 
 
 sagittifolia 
 
 bifolia 
 
 speo'osum al- 
 
 Acetosella 
 
 plena 
 
 Spiraea 
 
 bum 
 
 Pseonia in var. 
 
 Sanguinaria 
 
 Aruncus 
 
 Washingtonia- 
 
 Pancratium 
 
 canadensis 
 
 Filipendula 
 
 num 
 Linum 
 
 illyricum 
 Paradisia 
 
 Saxifraga 
 affinis 
 
 Ulmaria 
 Statice 
 
 monogynum 
 
 Liliastrum 
 
 ajugaefolia 
 
 Limonium ai- 
 
 perenne album 
 
 Phlox, numerous 
 
 caespitosa 
 
 bum 
 
 Lupinus 
 
 white hy- 
 
 ceratophylla 
 
 Stevia 
 
 polyphyllus al- 
 
 brids 
 
 diapensioides 
 
 ovata 
 
 bus 
 
 subulata alba 
 
 granulata, fl. pi. 
 
 Thlaspi 
 
 Lychnis 
 
 Platycodon 
 
 hirta 
 
 latifolium 
 
 vespertina fl. pi. 
 Malva 
 
 grandiflorum 
 album 
 
 hypnoidea 
 longifolia 
 
 Tradescantia 
 virginica alba 
 
 moschata alba 
 
 Potentilla 
 
 palmata 
 
 TriUium 
 
 Michauxia 
 campanuloides 
 Muscari 
 
 alba 
 Primula 
 involucrata 
 
 pectinata 
 Rocheliana 
 Stansfieldii 
 
 grandiflorum 
 Triteleia 
 uniflora 
 
 botryoides alba 
 
 Munroi 
 
 SciUa 
 
 Verbascum 
 
 Myosotis 
 
 nivea 
 
 bifolia alba 
 
 phceniceum 
 
 sylvatica alba 
 
 Veitchii alba 
 
 campanulata 
 
 album 
 
 Narcissus 
 
 Prunella 
 
 alba 
 
 Vinca 
 
 angustifolius 
 poeticus 
 
 grandiflora alba 
 Pyrethrum 
 
 nutans alba 
 Sedum 
 
 minor alba 
 Viola 
 
 Nierembergia 
 
 carneum album 
 
 album 
 
 cornuta alba 
 
 rivularis 
 
 Parthenium 
 
 Silene 
 
 Zephyranthes 
 
 Nympheea 
 
 fl.pl. 
 
 alpestris 
 
 Atamasco 
 
 alba 
 
 serotinum 
 
 maritima 
 
 Candida 
 
 A Selection of Hardy Plants with Red, Crimson, Scarlet, or Pinkish 
 
 Flowers. ";..., 
 
 Acaana 
 
 Amaryllis 
 
 Anomatheca 
 
 Aquilegia 
 
 microphylla 
 
 Belladonna 
 
 cruenta 
 
 canadensis 
 
 Achillea 
 
 .A-ndroscicG 
 
 Antennaria 
 
 Skinneri 
 
 asplenifolia 
 
 
 rosea 
 
 truncata 
 
 Millefolium ro- 
 
 carnea 
 
 Anthyllis 
 
 Arabis 
 
 seum 
 
 Anemone 
 
 montana 
 
 blepharophylla 
 
 ^Etb-ionemain var. 
 
 coronaria 
 
 Antirrhinum 
 
 Armeria 
 
 Allium 
 
 fulgens 
 
 ma jus 
 
 cephalotes 
 
 roseum 
 
 hortensis 
 
 Apocynum 
 
 vulgaris rosea 
 
 Althaea 
 
 japonica 
 
 androsaemifo- 
 
 Asclepias 
 
 rosea and vars. 
 
 pavonina 
 
 lium 
 
 tuberosa 
 
310 
 
 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 
 Aster 
 
 Dodecatheon, all 
 
 Lunaria 
 
 Saponaria 
 
 coccineus 
 
 Epilobium 
 
 biennis 
 
 caespitosa 
 
 Novae Angliae 
 
 angustifolium 
 
 Lychnis in var. 
 
 calabrica 
 
 roseus 
 Astragalus 
 monspessula- 
 nus 
 
 Erica in var. 
 Erinus 
 alpinus 
 Erodium 
 
 Lythrum in var. 
 Malva in var. 
 Matthiola in var. 
 
 ocymoides 
 officinalis 
 Saxifraga 
 biflora 
 
 Begonia 
 
 Manescavi 
 
 Menziesia 
 
 cordifolia 
 
 Veitchii 
 
 Erythyrsea 
 
 empetriformis 
 
 crassifolia 
 
 BelHs 
 
 littoralis 
 
 Mirabilis 
 
 lingulata 
 
 hortensis rubra 
 Betonica 
 grandiflora 
 officinalis 
 Brodiaea 
 
 Fuchsia in var. 
 Geranium 
 Lambertianum 
 sanguineum 
 Geum 
 
 Jalapa 
 Modiola 
 geranioides 
 Monarda in var. 
 
 oppositifolia 
 purpurascens 
 Schizostylis 
 coccinea 
 
 coccinea 
 
 coccineum 
 
 Ononis 
 
 Sedum 
 
 Bryanthus 
 erectus 
 Butomus 
 
 Gladiolus in var. 
 Hedysarum 
 coronarium 
 
 arvensis 
 rotundifolia 
 Ourisia 
 
 Ewersii 
 pulchellum 
 Sieboldi 
 
 umbellatus 
 
 obscurum 
 
 coccinea 
 
 spectabile 
 
 Calandrinia 
 
 Helianthemum in 
 
 Oxalis in var. 
 
 spurium 
 
 umbellata 
 Callirhoe 
 digitata 
 
 var, 
 Hepatica 
 triloba rubra 
 
 Pseonia in var. 
 Papaver in var. 
 
 Silene 
 Armeria 
 Elisabethse 
 
 involucrata 
 
 Hibiscus 
 
 Pelargonium 
 
 pendula 
 
 Calystegia 
 
 militaris 
 
 Endlicheria- 
 
 pennsylvanica 
 
 pubescens pi. 
 
 moscheutos 
 
 num 
 
 Pumilio 
 
 Colchicum in var. 
 
 roseus 
 
 Pentstemon 
 
 Schafta 
 
 Coronilla 
 
 Lathyrus in var. 
 
 barbatus 
 
 virginica 
 
 varia 
 
 Lavatera 
 
 gentianoides 
 
 Sparaxis 
 
 Cortusa 
 
 Olbia 
 
 Phlox in var. 
 
 pulcherrima 
 
 Matthioli 
 
 thuringiaca 
 
 Phygelius 
 
 Spigelia 
 
 Daphne 
 
 Liatris in var. 
 
 capensis 
 
 marilandica 
 
 Cneorum 
 
 Lilium 
 
 Potentilla in var. 
 
 Spiraea 
 
 Delphinium 
 
 chalcedonicum 
 
 Primula 
 
 palmata 
 
 nudicaule 
 
 tenuifolium 
 
 cortusoides 
 
 venusta 
 
 Dianthus in var. 
 
 Thunbergia- 
 
 japonica 
 
 Symphytum 
 
 Dicentra 
 
 num 
 
 viscosa 
 
 bohemicum 
 
 eximia 
 
 tigrinum 
 
 Veitchii 
 
 Tigridia 
 
 spectabilis 
 
 umbellatum 
 
 Pulmonaria in var. 
 
 Pavonia 
 
 Dictamnus 
 
 Linum 
 
 Pyrethrum 
 
 Tritoma in var. 
 
 Fraxinella 
 
 grandiflorum 
 
 carneum in var. 
 
 Tropaeolum 
 
 Digitalis 
 
 Lobelia 
 
 Rhexia 
 
 speciosum 
 
 purpurea 
 
 Tupa 
 
 virginica 
 
 Tulina in var 
 
HARDY PLANTS WITH YELLOW FLOWERS. 311 
 
 A Selection of Hardy Plants, with Blue, Bluish, or Purplish Flowers 
 
 Aconitum in var. 
 
 Centaurea 
 
 Hepatica 
 
 Peutstemon 
 
 Adenophora in var. 
 Agapanthus 
 umbellatus 
 Allium 
 azureum 
 Anchusa in var. 
 
 Cyanus 
 montana 
 Cickorium 
 Intybus 
 Clematis in var. 
 Commelyna 
 
 angulosa 
 triloba 
 Hyacinthus 
 amethystinus 
 orientalis in var 
 Iris in fine var. 
 Linaria 
 
 glaber 
 Jaffrayann*, 
 Phyteuma in var. 
 Pinguicula in var. 
 Platycodon 
 autumnale 
 grandiflorum 
 
 Anemone 
 apennina 
 
 ccelestis 
 Crocus in var. 
 
 alpina 
 purpurea 
 
 Plumbago 
 Larpentse 
 
 blanda 
 
 Cyananthus 
 
 Linum in var. 
 
 Polemonium in var. 
 
 Pulsatilla 
 
 lobatus 
 
 Lithospermum in 
 
 Polygala 
 
 Aquilegia in var. 
 
 Delphinium in 
 
 var. 
 
 calcarea 
 
 Aster _ 
 
 great var. 
 
 Lobelia in var. 
 
 Prunella in var. 
 
 alpinus 
 
 Dracocephalum in 
 
 Lupinus in var. 
 
 Pulmonaria 
 
 altaicus 
 
 var. 
 
 Mertensia 
 
 angustifolia 
 
 Amellus 
 
 Ecbinops 
 
 virginica 
 
 Puschkinia 
 
 laevis 
 
 ruthenicus 
 
 Mulgedium 
 
 scilloides 
 
 Shortii 
 
 Edrianthus 
 
 alpinum 
 
 Sal via 
 
 turbinellus 
 
 Pumilio 
 
 Plumieri 
 
 patens 
 
 Aubrietia in var. 
 
 Eiigeron 
 
 Muscari in var. 
 
 Scilla in var. 
 
 Baptisia 
 
 speciosum 
 
 Myosotis in var. 
 
 Stokesia 
 
 australis 
 
 Eryngium 
 
 Nepeta 
 
 cyanea 
 
 exaltata 
 
 alpinum 
 
 Mussini 
 
 Symphytum 
 
 Borago 
 
 amethystinum 
 
 Omphalodes 
 
 caucasicum 
 
 orientalis 
 
 Galega 
 
 Lucilise 
 
 Tradescantia 
 
 Brodisea 
 
 orientalis 
 
 verna 
 
 virginica 
 
 congesta 
 
 Gsntiana in fine 
 
 Ophiopogon 
 
 Trichonema 
 
 grandiflora 
 
 var. 
 
 spicatus 
 
 Bulbocodium 
 
 Camassia 
 
 Geranium 
 
 Orobus 
 
 Columnse 
 
 esculenta 
 
 affine 
 
 cyaneus 
 
 Verbena 
 
 Campanula in great 
 
 ibericum 
 
 flaccidus 
 
 venosa 
 
 variety 
 
 pratense 
 
 vernus 
 
 Veronica in fine var. 
 
 Catananche 
 
 sylvaticum 
 
 Parochetus 
 
 Vicia in var. 
 
 cserulea 
 
 Globularia in var. 
 
 communis 
 
 Vinca in var. 
 
 A Selection of Hardy Plants with Yellow Mowers in Various Shades, 
 or in which Yellow Predominates. 
 
 Achillea 
 
 Allium 
 
 Anemone ; Barbarea 
 
 segyptiaca 
 Eupatorium 
 tomentosa 
 Adonis 
 
 Moly 
 
 Alstroameria 
 aurantiaca 
 
 palmata 
 ranunculoides 
 sulphurea 
 Asphodelus 
 
 vulgaris plena 
 Buptnalmum 
 grandiflorum 
 
 vernalis 
 
 Alyssum in var. 
 
 luteus 
 
 salicifolium 
 
312 
 
 HA&DY FLOWERS. 
 
 Calceolaria 
 
 Epimedium 
 
 Limnanth emum 
 
 Primula 
 
 Kellyana 
 
 pinnatum 
 
 nymphseoides 
 
 Auricula lutea 
 
 Cassia 
 
 Eranthis 
 
 Lilium 
 
 elatior 
 
 marilandica 
 
 hyemalis 
 
 excelsum 
 
 Palinuri 
 
 Cheiranthus 
 
 Erysimum 
 
 monadelphum 
 
 sikkimensia 
 
 Cheiri 
 
 ochroleucum 
 
 Linaria 
 
 vulgaris 
 
 Marshallii 
 
 Ficaria 
 
 vulgaris 
 
 Ranunculus in var 
 
 Chelidonium 
 
 grandiflora 
 
 Linum, 
 
 Rudbeckia in var. 
 
 grandiflorum 
 
 ranunculoides 
 
 arboreum 
 
 Saxifraga 
 
 japonicum 
 Chlora 
 
 plena 
 Fritillaria 
 
 campanulatuin 
 flavum 
 
 Cymbalaria 
 Scutellaria 
 
 perfoliata 
 
 imperialis lutea 
 
 Lotus 
 
 lupulma 
 
 Chrysobactron 
 
 Gaillardia in var. 
 
 corniculatus 
 
 Sedum acre 
 
 Hookeri 
 
 Genista in var. 
 
 Lupinus 
 
 kamtschaticum 
 
 Cistus 
 
 Geum 
 
 luteua 
 
 Senecio in var. 
 
 formosus 
 
 montanum 
 
 Menziesii 
 
 Silphiurninvar, 
 
 ocymoides 
 
 Helenium 
 
 Lysimachia 
 
 Solidago in var. 
 
 Tuberaria 
 
 autumnale 
 
 angustifolia 
 
 Statice 
 
 Coreopsis in var. 
 
 Hoopesii 
 
 Nummularia 
 
 Fortune! 
 
 Coronilla 
 
 Helianthemum in 
 
 Medicago 
 
 Sternbergia 
 
 iberica 
 
 var. 
 
 falcata 
 
 lutea 
 
 juncea 
 
 Helianthus in var. 
 
 Narcissus in fine 
 
 Thermopsis 
 
 minima 
 
 Helichrysum 
 
 var. 
 
 fabacea 
 
 montana 
 
 arenarium 
 
 Nuphar 
 
 lanceolata 
 
 Corydalis in var. 
 
 Hemerocallis in 
 
 lutea 
 
 Trollius in var. 
 
 Crepis 
 
 var. 
 
 (Enothera in var. 
 
 Tropaeolum 
 
 aurea 
 Crocosmia 
 aurea 
 
 Hypericum in var. 
 Inula in var. 
 
 Oaosma 
 taurica 
 Orobus 
 
 polyphyllum 
 Tulipa in var. 
 Verbascum 
 
 Crocus in var. 
 
 Iris 
 
 aurantius 
 
 Chaixii 
 
 Dondia 
 Epipactis 
 Doronicum in var. 
 Draba 
 
 De Bergii 
 flavescens 
 germanica, yel- 
 low var. 
 Monnieri 
 
 Oxalis 
 Valdiviana 
 Papaver 
 alpinum flavi- 
 florum 
 
 Thapsus 
 Vesicaria 
 utriculata 
 Viola 
 lutea 
 
 aizoidea 
 Aizoon 
 
 ochroleuca 
 Pseudacorus 
 
 croceum 
 nudicaule 
 
 pubescens 
 tricolor in var. 
 
 ciliaris 
 
 xiphioides, vars. 
 
 Phlomis 
 
 Waldsteinia 
 
 cuspidata 
 Dryaa 
 
 Xiphium 
 Lathyrus 
 
 fruticosa 
 Russelliana 
 
 fragarioidea 
 geoides 
 
 Drummondi 
 
 pratensis 
 
 Potentilla in var. 
 
 trifolia 
 
INDEX 
 
 TO 
 
 THE NATURAL ORDERS OF THE PLANTS NAMED IN PART E 
 
 Acasna Rosacece, Rose Family. 
 
 Acanthus Acanthacese, Acanthus ,, 
 
 Achillea Composite, Aster 
 
 Acis Amaryllidaceae, Amaryllis 
 
 Aconitum . Ranunculaceae, Buttercup 
 
 Acorus Araceae, Arum 
 
 Adenophora Campanulaceae, Harebell 
 
 Adonis Ranunculaceae, Buttercup 
 
 JEthionema Cruciferse, Wallflower 
 
 Agapanthus Liliaceae, Lily 
 
 Agrostemma Caryophyllacese, Pink 
 
 Ajuga Labiatae, Salyia 
 
 Alfredia Composite?, Aster 
 
 Alisma Alismaceaa, Water Plantain 
 
 Allium Liliaceae, Lily 
 
 Alstroemeria Amaryllidacese, Amaryllis 
 
 Althaea Malvaceae, Mallow 
 
 Alyssum Cruciferae, Wallflower 
 
 Amaryllis Amaryllidacese, Amaryllis 
 
 Ammobium Compositae, Aster 
 
 Amsonia Apocynaceae, Periwinkle 
 
 Anchusa Boraginaceae, 
 
 Andromeda Ericaceae, H< 
 
 Androsace Primulaceae, Primrose 
 
 Andryala Compositae, Aster 
 
 Anemone Ranunculacese, Buttercup 
 
 Anomatheca ...... Iridaceae, Iris 
 
 Antennaria ....... Compositae, Aster 
 
 Anthemis ,, ,, 
 
 Anthericum ...... Liliaceae, Lily 
 
 Anthyllis Leguminosae, Pea 
 
 Antirrhinum Scrophulariaceae, Snapdragon 
 
 Aphyllanthes Liliaceae Lily 
 
 Apios Leguminosae, Pea 
 
314 
 
 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 Apocynum Apocynaceae, Periwinkle Family 
 
 Aponogeton Alismacese, "Water Plantain ,, 
 
 Aquilegia Ranunculacese, Buttercup 
 
 Arabia . -, Cruciferse, Wallflower 
 
 Aralia . Araliacese, Ginseng 
 
 Arctostaphylos Ericaceae, Heath , 
 
 Arenaria Caryophyllaceae, Pink 
 
 Argemone . ....... Papaveraceae, Poppy , 
 
 Aristolochia Aristolochiaceae, Birthwort 
 
 Armeria Plumbaginacese, Thrift 
 
 Aronicum Compositse, Aster 
 
 Artemisia ,, , 
 
 Arum Araceae, Arum ,, 
 
 Arundo Arundinaceae, Reed ,, 
 
 Asarum Aristolochiacese, Birthwort 
 
 Asclepias Asclepiadaceae, Silkweed 
 
 Asparagus Liliacese, Lily 
 
 Asperula Rubiacese, Woodruff 
 
 Asphodelus Liliacese, Lily 
 
 Aster Compositse, Aster 
 
 Astilbe Saxifragaceae, Saxifrage 
 
 Astragalus Leguminosae, Pea 
 
 Astrantia Umbelliferae, Fennel 
 
 Athamanta ,, 
 
 Aubrietia Cruciferae, Wallflower 
 
 Bahia Compositse, Aster 
 
 Bambusa Gramineae, Grass 
 
 Baptisia Papilionaceae, Poppy 
 
 Barnardia Liliaceae, Lily ,, 
 
 Begonia Begoniaceae, Begonia ,, 
 
 BeUis Compositae, Aster ,, 
 
 Betonica Labiatae, Salvia 
 
 Bocconia Papaveraceae, Poppy >, 
 
 Borago Boraginaceae, Borage 
 
 Boussingaultia Basellaceae, Basella 
 
 Briza Gramineae, Grass 
 
 Brodiaea Liliaceae, Lily ,, 
 
 Bromelia Bromeliaceae, Pine Apple 
 
 Bryanthus Ericaceae, Heath 
 
 Buphthalmum Composite, Aster ,, 
 
 Bulbocodiurn Melanthaceae, Meadow Safiron 
 
 Butomus Alismaceae, Water Plantain 
 
 Calamagrostis Graminees, Grass 
 
 Calamintha Labiatae, Sal via 
 
 Calandrinia Portulaceae, Purslane ,, 
 
 Calceolaria Scrophulariaceae, Snapdragon 
 
 Calla Araceae, Arum 
 
 Calliprora Liliacese, Lily 
 
 CaUirhoe Malvaceae, Mallow 
 
 Calluna Ericacese, Heath 
 
INDEX TO THE NATURAL ORDERS. 
 
 315 
 
 Calopogon Orchidaceae, Orchid Family 
 
 Caltha Ranunculaceae, Buttercup ,, 
 
 Calypso Orchidaceae, Orchid ,, 
 
 Calystegia Convolvulaceas, Bindweed ,, 
 
 Camassia Liliaceae, Lily 
 
 Campanula Campanulaceae, Harebell ,, 
 
 Cardamine Cruciferae, Wallflower 
 
 Carduus Compositae, Aster 
 
 Carlina 
 
 Cassia Leguminosae, Pea 
 
 Catananche Compositae, Aster 
 
 Centaurea ,, ,, 
 
 Centranthus Valerianaceae, Valerian ,, 
 
 Cerastium Caryophyllacese, Pink ,, 
 
 Cheiranthus Cruciferae, Wallflower 
 
 Chelidonium Papaveraceae, Poppy ,, 
 
 Chelone Scrophulariaceae, Snapdragon ,, 
 
 Chimaphila Pyrolaceae, Wintergreen ,, 
 
 Chrysanthemum Compositae, Aster 
 
 Chrysocoma ...*-.. ,, ,, 
 
 Chrysopsis .,.., 
 
 Cichorium ,, 
 
 Cineraria ,, ,, ,, 
 
 Cirsium ,, 
 
 Clematis Ranunculaceae, Buttercup 
 
 Colchicum Melanthacese, Meadow Saffron ,, 
 
 Commelina Commelinaceae, Spider wort ,, 
 
 Convallaria Liliaceae, Lily 
 
 Convolvulus Convolvulaceae, Bindweed 
 
 Coptis Ranunculacese, Buttercup 
 
 Coreopsis Compositae, Aster 
 
 Coris Primulaceae, Primrose 
 
 Cornus Cornaceaa, Dogwood ,, 
 
 Coronilla Leguminosae, Pea ,, 
 
 Cortusa Primulaceae, Primrose ,, 
 
 Corydalis Fumariaceae, Fumitory ,, 
 
 Cotyledon Crassulaceae, Stonecrop 
 
 Cousinia Compositae, Aster ,, 
 
 Crambe Cruciferae, Wallflower 
 
 Crepis Composites, Aster 
 
 Crinum Amarylh'daceae, Amaryllis ,, 
 
 Crocosmia Iridaceae, Iris " 
 
 Crocus ,, 
 
 Crucianella Rubiaceae, Woodruff 
 
 Cucurbita Cucurbitaceae, Cucumber ,, 
 
 Cyananthus Polemoniaceae, Phlox ,, 
 
 Cyclamen Primulaceae, Primrose 
 
 Cynara Compositae, Aster 
 
 Cypripedium Orchidaceae, Orchid ,, 
 
 "Daphne Thymelaceae, Garland-flower 
 
316 
 
 HAEDY FLOWEES 
 
 Datisca Datiscacese, Datisca Family 
 
 Delphinium Ranunculaceae, Buttercup ,, 
 
 Dentaria Cruciferse, Wallflower 
 
 Dianthus ....... Caryopbyllaoeae, Pink ,, 
 
 Diapensia Diapensiaceae, Phlox ,, 
 
 Dicentra Fmnariaceee, Fumitory ,, 
 
 Dictamnus Rutaceae, Rue ,, 
 
 Digitalis Scrophulariaceae, Snapdragon ,, 
 
 Diotis Compositae, Aster ,, 
 
 Diphylleia . Berberidaceae, Barberry ,, 
 
 Diplopappus Compositae, Aster " 
 
 Dodecatheon Primulaceae, Primrose ,, 
 
 Dondia Umbelliierae, Fennel ,, 
 
 Doronicum Compositae, Aster 
 
 Draba Cruciferaa, Wallflower 
 
 Dracocephalum Labiatse, Salvia 
 
 Dryas Rosaceae, Rose 
 
 Dyckia ........ Bromeliacese, Pine Apple 
 
 Echinacea Compositse, Aster ,, 
 
 Echinops ,, ,, 
 
 Edraianthus Campanulaceae, Harebell ,, 
 
 Empetrum Empetracese, Crowberry ,, 
 
 Epigaea Ericaceae, Heath , 
 
 Epilobium Onagraceaa Evening Primrose 
 
 Epimedium Berberidacea3, Barberry 
 
 Epipactis Orchidaceae Orchid 
 
 Equisetum Equisetaceas, Mare's Tail 
 
 Eranthis Ranunculacese Buttercup 
 
 Eremostachys Labiatae, Salvia 
 
 Erica . Ericaceae, Heath , 
 
 Erigeron Composite, Aster , 
 
 Erinus Scrophulariaceae, Snapdragon 
 
 Eritrichium Boraginacese, Borage 
 
 Erodium Geraniaceae, Crane's Bill ,, 
 
 Erpetipn Violaceae, Violet 
 
 Eryngium ...... Umbelliferse, Fennel 
 
 Erysimum Cruciferaa, Wallflower 
 
 Erythrsea Gentianaceae, Gentian 
 
 Erythronium . . . . . Liliaceae, Lily 
 
 Eupatoriuin Compositae, Aster 
 
 Euphorbia Euphorbiaceae, Spurge 
 
 Ferula Umbelliferae, Fennel 
 
 Ficaria Ranunculacese, Buttercup 
 
 Fragaria Rosacese, Rose 
 
 Frankenia Frankeniaceae, Sea Heath 
 
 Fumaria Fumariaceae, Fumitory ,, 
 
 Funkia Liliaceae, Lily 
 
 Fuchsia Onagraceae, Evening Primrose ., 
 
 Gaillardia Compositae, Aster M 
 
 Galanthus ...... Amaryllidaceae, Amaryllis 
 
INDEX TO THE NATURAL ORDERS. 
 
 317 
 
 Galatella Composite, Aster Family 
 
 Galega Leguminosse, Pea ,, 
 
 Gaultheria ...... Ericaceae, Heath 
 
 Gaura Onagraceae, Evening Primrose , , 
 
 Genista Leguminosse, Pea 
 
 Gentiana . Gentianaceae, Gentian 
 
 Geranium . Geraniaceae, Crane's Bill ,, 
 
 Geum Rosaceae, Rose ,, 
 
 Gillenia ,, ,, 
 
 Gladiolus Iridaceae, Iris 
 
 Glechoma Labiatae, Sal via 
 
 Globularia ...... Globulariaceae, Globularia 
 
 Gnaphalium Compositae, Aster . ,, 
 
 Gymnadenia Orchidaceae, Orchid 
 
 Gynerium Gramineae, Grass ,, 
 
 Gypsophila Caryophyllacese, Pink 
 
 Hedysarum Leguminosae, Pea ,, 
 
 Helenium Compositae, Aster 
 
 Helianthemum Cistaceae, Sunrose 
 
 Helianthus Compositae, Aster 
 
 Helichrysum ....' 
 
 Heliopsis ,, 
 
 Helleborus ...... Ranunculaceae, Buttercup 
 
 Helonias Melanthaceae, Meadow Saffron ,, 
 
 Hemerocallis Liliaceae, Lily 
 
 Heracleum ...... Umbelliferaj, Fennel , 
 
 Hesperis Cruciferae, Wallflower 
 
 Heuchera Saxifragaceae, Saxifrage 
 
 Hibiscus . Malvaceae, Mallow 
 
 Hieracium Compositae, Aster 
 
 Hippocrepis ...... Leguminosae, Pea , 
 
 Hoteia . Rosaceae, Rose , 
 
 Hottonia . Primulacese, Primrose , 
 
 Houstonia Cinchonacese, Madder 
 
 Humulus Cannabinacese, Nettle 
 
 Hutchinsia Cruciferae, Wallflower 
 
 Hyacinthus . . . . . . Liliaceae, Lily ,, 
 
 Hypericum Hypericaceae, St. John's- Wort ,, 
 
 Iberidella Cruciferae, Wallflower 
 
 Iberis 
 
 Inula Oompositae, Aster ,, 
 
 Iris . Iridaceae, Iris 
 
 Isopyrum Ranunculaceae, Buttercup 
 
 Jasione Campanulaceae, Harebell 
 
 Jeffersonia ....... Berberidaceae, Barberry 
 
 Kitaibelia ....... Malvaceae, Mallow 
 
 Lachenalia Liliaceae, Lily 
 
 Lactuca Compositse, Aster 
 
 Lamium Labiatae, Salvia 
 
 Lathyrus ....... Leguminosaa, Pea 
 
318 
 
 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 Lavatera . Malvaceae, Mallow Family 
 
 Leiophyllum Ericaceae, Heath ,, 
 
 Leontopodium Composite, Aster 
 
 LeptineUa 
 
 Leucanthemum ,, ,, 
 
 Leucojum Amaryllidaceae, Amaryllis ,, 
 
 Lewisia Mesembryaceae, Ice Plant ,, 
 
 Liatris Composites, Aster 
 
 Libertia Iridaceae, Iris 
 
 Lilium Liliacese, Lily 
 
 Limnocharis Alismaceae, Water Plantain ,, 
 
 Linaria Scrophulariacese, Snapdragon 
 
 Lindelofia Boraginaceae, Borage 
 
 Linnaea ....... Caprifoliacese, Honeysuckle 
 
 Linosyris Compositae, Aster 
 
 Linum ........ Linaceae, Flax 
 
 Lithospermum . . ... Boraginaceae, Borage 
 
 Lobelia Lobefiaceae, Lobelia 
 
 Loiseleuria Ericaceae, Heath ,, 
 
 Lophanthus Labiatae, Sal via ,, 
 
 Lotus Leguminosae, Pea ,, 
 
 Lunaria Cruciferse, Wallflower 
 
 Lupinus Leguminosae, Pea 
 
 Lychnis Caryophyllaceae, Pink 
 
 Lycopodium ...... Lycopodiaceae, Club-moss 
 
 Lysimachia Primulaceae, Primrose 
 
 Lythrum Lythraceae, Loosestrife 
 
 Malva . , ., Malvaceae, Mallow 
 
 Mazus Sorophulariaceae, Snapdragon 
 
 Meconopsis Papaveracese, Poppy 
 
 Medicago Leguminosae, Pea 
 
 Melianthus Zygophyllaceae, Honeysuckle 
 
 Melissa Labiatae, Salvia 
 
 Melittis 
 
 Mentha 
 
 Menyanthes Gentianaceae, Gentian ,, 
 
 Menziesia Ericaceae, Heath 
 
 Merendera Melanthaceae, Meadow Saffron ,, 
 
 Mertensia Boraginaceae, Borage 
 
 Meum Umbelliferse, Fennel 
 
 Michauxia Campanulacese, Harebell 
 
 Mimulus Scrophulariaceae, Snapdragon 
 
 Mirabilis Nyctaginaceae, Marvel of Peru 
 
 Mitchella Eubiaceae, Madder 
 
 Modiola Malvaceae, Mallow 
 
 Moehringia Caryophyllacese, Pink 
 
 Molopospermum . . . . UmbeUiferae, Fennel 
 
 Monarda ....... Labiatae, Salvia 
 
 Morina Dipsacaceae, Teasel 
 
 Mulgedium ...... Compositae, Aster 
 
INDEX TO THE NATURAL ORDERS. 
 
 319 
 
 Mtiscari Liliaceae, Lily Family 
 
 Myosotis ........ Boraginacese, Borage ,, 
 
 Myrrhis Umbelliferae, Fennel ,, 
 
 Narcissus Amaryllidaceae, Amaryllis 
 
 Nepeta Labiatse, Salvia 
 
 Nertera Ciiichonacese, Madder ,, 
 
 Nierembergia Solanacese, Potato 
 
 Nuphar Nymphaeaceae, Water-lily ,, 
 
 Nuttallia Rosaceae, Rose 
 
 Nymphsea Nymphseacese, "Water-lily ,, 
 
 CEnothera Onagracese, Evening Primrose ,, 
 
 Omphalodes Boraginacese, Borage 
 
 Onobrychis Leguminosse, Pea 
 
 Ononis ,, 
 
 Onosma Boragmacese, Borage 
 
 Ophiopogon Liliaceae, Lily ,, 
 
 Ophrys Orchidacese, Orchid ,, 
 
 Opuntia Cactaceae, Cactus ,, 
 
 Orchis Orchidacese, Orchid ,, 
 
 Ornithogalum Liliacese, Lily 
 
 Orobus Leguminosse, Pea 
 
 Orontium Aracess, Arum ,, 
 
 Othonna Composite, Aster 
 
 Ourisia Scrophulariacese, Snapdragon ,, 
 
 Oxalis . Oxalidacese, Wood Sorrel 
 
 Oxytropis Leguminosae, Pea 
 
 Pteonia Ranunculacese, Buttercup ,, 
 
 Pancratium Amaryllidaceae, Amaryllis ,, 
 
 Panicum Gramineae, Grass ,, 
 
 Papaver Papaveraceae, Poppy ,, 
 
 Paradisia Liliaceae, Lily ,, 
 
 Parnassia Droseracese, Sundew 
 
 Parochetus Leguminosae, Pea ,, 
 
 Paronychia Illecebracese, Paronychia ,, 
 
 Pelargonium Geraniacea?, Crane's Bill ,, 
 
 Pentstemon Scrophulariacese, Snapdragon ,, 
 
 Petasites .... . . Compositae, Aster ,, 
 
 Petrocallis Cruciferae, Wallflower 
 
 Phlomis Labiatse, Salvia ,, 
 
 Phlox Polemoniacese, Phlox ,, 
 
 Phormium Liliacese, Lily 
 
 Phygelius Scrophulariaceae, Snapdragon ,, 
 
 Physalis Solanaceae, Potato ,, 
 
 Physostegia Labiataa, Salvia ,, 
 
 Phyteuma Campanulaceae, Harebell ,, 
 
 Phytolacca Phytolaccaceae, Pokeweed 
 
 Pinguicula Lentibulariaceae, Butterwort ,, 
 
 Pisum Leguminosaa, Pea 
 
 Plumbago Plumbaginaceae, Thrift ,. 
 
 Podophyllum Berberidaceae, Barberry 
 
320 
 
 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 Polemonium Polemoniaceae, Phlox Family 
 
 Polygala Polygalaceae, 'Milkwort ,, 
 
 Polygonatum ...... Liliaceae, Lily 
 
 Polygonum Polygonaceae, Dock ,, 
 
 Pontederia Pontederaceae, Pickerel -weed ,, 
 
 Potentilla Rosaceae, Rose 
 
 Primula . Primulacese, Primrose 
 
 Prunella Labiatae, Salvia 
 
 Pulmonaria Boraginaceae, Borage ,, 
 
 Puschkinia Liliaceae, Lily 
 
 Pyrethrum Compositae, Aster ,, 
 
 Pyrola ........ Ericaceae, Heath 
 
 Pyxidanthera Polemoniaceae, Phlox ,, 
 
 Ramondia Cyrtandraceae, Potato 
 
 Ranunculus Ranunculaceae, Buttercup ,, 
 
 Rhaponticum Compositae, Aster ,, 
 
 Rheum Polygonaceae, Dock 
 
 Rhexia Melastomaceae, Melastoma ,, 
 
 Rhododendron Ericaceae, Heath ,, 
 
 Rosa ........ Rosaceae, Rose 
 
 Rudbeckia Compositae, Aster 
 
 Rumex Polygonaceae, Dock 
 
 Sagina Caryophyllacea?, Pink 
 
 Salix Amentiferab, Willow ,, 
 
 Salvia Labiatae, Salvia ,, 
 
 Sanguinaria Papaveracese, Poppy 
 
 Santolina . Compositae, Aster 
 
 Saponaria Caryophyllaceee, Pink 
 
 Sarraoenia Sarraceniaceae, | American Pitcher 
 
 Saxifraga Saxifragaceee, Saxifrage ,, 
 
 Scabiosa Dipsaceae, Teasel 
 
 Schivereckia Cruciferae, Wallflower ,, 
 
 Schizostylis Iridaceae, Iris 
 
 Scilla Liliaceae, Lily ,, 
 
 Scolymus Compositae, Aster , 
 
 Scutellaria Labiatae, Salvia 
 
 Sedum Crassulaceae, Stonecrop 
 
 Sempervivum 
 
 Senecio Compositae, Aster 
 
 Serapias Orchidaceas, Orchid 
 
 Seseli Unibelliferae, Fennel 
 
 Sida Malvaceae, Mallow 
 
 Sidalcea 
 
 Sideritis Labiatae, Salvia 
 
 Silene Caryophyllacese, Pink 
 
 Silphium . Compositae, Aster M 
 
 Silybum ,, ,, 
 
 Sisyrinchium Iridaceae, Iris 
 
 Smilacina Liliaceae, Lily w 
 
INDEX TO THE NATUEAL OEDERS. 
 
 321 
 
 Soldanella Primulacese, Primrose Family. 
 
 Solidago Composite, Aster 
 
 Sorghum Gramineae, Grass 
 
 Sparaxis Iridacese, Iris 
 
 Spigelia ....... Loganaceae, Worm-grass 
 
 Spirsea Rosaceae, Rose ,, 
 
 Stachys Labiatse, Salvia 
 
 Statice Plumbaginaceae, Thrift 
 
 Stevia Composite, Aster ,, 
 
 Stipa Gramineae, Grass ,, 
 
 Stokesia Compositae, Aster 
 
 Stylophorum Papaveraceae, Poppy 
 
 Swertia Gentianaceae, Gentian 
 
 Symphyandra Campanulaceae, Harebell 
 
 Symphytum Boraginaceae, Borage , 
 
 Tanacetum Compositae, Aster 
 
 Teucrium Labiatse, Salvia 
 
 Thalictrum Ranunculacese, Buttercup 
 
 Therinopsis Leguminosae, Pea 
 
 Thlaspi Cruciferae, Wallflower 
 
 Thymus Labiatae, Salvia , 
 
 Tigridia Iridaceae, Iris 
 
 Trachelium Campanulacene, Harebell 
 
 Tradescantia Commelinaceas, Spiderwort 
 
 Trichonema Iridaceae, Iris 
 
 Trientalis ... * ... Primulaceae, Primrose 
 
 Trifolium Leguminosae, Pea 
 
 Trillium Liliaceae, Lily , 
 
 Triteleia ,, ,, 
 
 Tritoma , 
 
 Trollius Ranunculaceae, Buttercup 
 
 Tropseolum Tropaeolaceag, Nasturtium ,, 
 
 Tulipa Liliaceae, Lily ,, 
 
 Tunica Caryophyllaceas, Pink 
 
 Umbilicus . , Crassulaceae, Stonecrop ,, 
 
 Uvularia Melanthacese, Meadow Saflfron 
 
 Vaccinium Ericaceae, Heath , 
 
 Valeriana Valerianaceae, Valerian 
 
 Veratrum MelaDthaceae, Meadow Saffron 
 
 Verbascum Scrophulariaceae, Snapdragon 
 
 Verbena Verbenacese, Verbena 
 
 Vernonia Compositae, Aster , 
 
 Veronica Scrophulariaceae, Snapdragon 
 
 Vesicaria Cruciferae, Wallflower 
 
 Vicia Leguminosse, Pea 
 
 Vieusseuxia ...... Iridaceaa, Iris 
 
 Villarsia Gentianaceae, Gentian 
 
 Vinca Apocynaceae, Periwinkle 
 
 Viola Violaceae, Violet 
 
 Vittadinia Composita?, Aster 
 
322 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 Wahlenbergia Campanulaceae, Harebell Family. 
 
 Waldsteinia ..,.*. Rosaceae, Rose ,, 
 
 Wulfenia ....... Scrophulariaceae, Snapdragon ,, 
 
 Xerophyllum ...... Liliaceae, Lily ,, 
 
 Yucca ..... o .. 
 
 Zapania . ... Verbenacese, Verbena , 
 
 Zauschneria ... Onagracea;, Evening Primrose 
 
 Zephyranthea . . Liliaceae, Lily 
 
 Zietenia ...,.. Labiatte, Sal via ,> 
 
A CONCISE GLOSSARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE DESCKIPTIVE TERMS USED IN THIS WORK. 
 
 Achene, a hard dry one-seeded superior seed-vessel. 
 
 Acuminate, drawn out into a long point. 
 
 A cute, sharp ; forming an angle less than a right angle at the tip. 
 
 Adpressed, pressed close to anything. 
 
 Albumen, nutritious matter contained in the seed to feed the young plant. 
 
 Alternate, placed successively on the opposite side of an axis; opposed to 
 
 opposite. 
 
 Amplexicaul, clasping the stem with the base. 
 Annular, forming a ring. 
 
 Anther, the part of the stamen which contains the pollen, 
 Apex, the end furthest from the point of attachment. 
 Apical, at or relating to the apex. 
 Apiculate, having a very small hard point at the end. 
 Approximate, close together. 
 Arborescent, growing into a tree. 
 Arching, curved into the form of an arch. 
 Arcuate, curved so as to form a considerable part of a circle. 
 Arrowshaped (Sagittate), shaped like the head of an arrow. 
 Ascending, curving upwards into a vertical position. 
 Attenuate, narrowing gradually to a point. 
 
 A uricled, having auricles, or appendages at the base of the leaves. 
 Awn, a long-pointed bristlelike appendage, as the beard of many kinds of 
 
 Awned, having awns. 
 
 Axil, the upper angle formed by the union of the stem and leaf. 
 
 Axillary, placed in an axil. 
 
 Axis, the line passing through the centre of anything the common stalk of the 
 
 flowers in a spikelet of Grasses, etc. 
 Base, the end nearest to the point of attachment. 
 Beak, a long pointed projection. 
 Bearded, having long hair like a beard. 
 Berry, a pulpy fruit containing several seeds, 
 Bifid, divided half-way down into two parts. 
 
324 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 bipartite, divided nearly to its base into two parts. 
 
 JBipinnate, when the divisions of a pinnate leaf are themselves pinnate. 
 
 JJipinnatifid, when the divisions of a pinnatifid leaf are themselves pinnatifid. 
 
 Jtiternate, when the divisions of a ternate leaf are themselves ternate. 
 
 Bracteoles, minute bracts. 
 
 Bracts, small leaves somewhat different from the others, seated on the 
 
 peduncles. 
 
 Bulb, a leaf -bud with fleshy scales, usually placed underground. 
 Bulbiferous, bearing bulbs. 
 Bulbils, small bulbs, produced in the axils of the leaves of some plants, as in 
 
 Lilium bulbiferum. 
 Bulbous, having radical bulbs. 
 CcesiuSf with a fine pale blue bloom, 
 Ccespitose, in close dwarf tufts. 
 
 Calyx, the outer whorl of leaf-like organs forming the flower. 
 Campanulate, bell-shaped. 
 Capillary, like very slender threads. 
 Capitate or Capitular, growing in heads or close clusters. 
 Capsule, a dry usually many-seeded seed-vessel. 
 Carpel, the divisions of the ovary or capsule. 
 Catkin, a spike of closely crowded flowers of one sex, in which the perianths 
 
 are replaced by- bracts. 
 
 Chaffy, covered with minute membranous scales. 
 Channelled, hollowed somewhat like a gutter < 
 Cilia, hairs placed like eyelashes on the edge of anything. 
 Ciliate, with cilia. 
 Circinate, rolled up from the top towards the base like the unfolding leaves of 
 
 ferns. 
 
 Clavate, clubshaped. 
 Claw, the narrow base of a petal. 
 Clawed, having a claw. 
 Cleft, deeply cut, but not to the midrib. 
 
 Clubshaped, a body which is slender at the base and gradually thickens upwards. 
 Cluster, a close head of flowers. 
 Cohering, the attachment together of similar parts, as the petals forming a 
 
 monopetalous corolla. 
 
 Compound, formed of many similar parts, as the leaves of many acacias. 
 Compressed, flattened laterally. 
 Conical, narrowing to a point from a circular base. 
 Connate, when two similar parts, as leaves, are slightly connected round the 
 
 stem. 
 
 Connivent, converging. 
 
 Converging, their points gradually approaching. 
 Convolute, rolled together lengthwise. 
 
 Cordate, with two rounded lobes at the base, heart-shaped. 
 Coriaceous, leathery, tough. 
 
 Corm, a fleshy bulb-like, solid, not scaly, underground stem. 
 Corolla, the whorl of floral leaves between the calyx and stamens, usually 
 
 coloured, called petals. 
 Corymb, a raceme with the peduncles becoming gradually shorter as they 
 
 approach the top, so that all the flowers are nearly on a level. 
 
GLOSSARY. 325 
 
 Corymbose, in the form of a corymb. 
 
 Cotyledons, the seed lobes, often forming the first leaves of the plant. 
 
 Crenate, with rounded marginal teeth. 
 
 Crenulate, minutely crenate. 
 
 Crested, having an appendage like a crest. 
 
 Cruciform, four parts, as petals, arranged so as to form a cross as in Arabis. 
 
 Cuneate, like a wedge, but attached by its point. 
 
 Cuspidate, abrupt, but with a little point at the end. 
 
 Cuticle, the external skin. 
 
 Cylindrical, nearly in the form of a cylinder. 
 
 Cyme, inflorescence formed of a terminal flower, beneath which are lateral 
 
 branches each having a terminal flower and lateral branches again similarly 
 
 dividing, and so on. 
 Cymose, arranged in a cyme. 
 Deciduous, falling off. 
 
 Declining, straight, but pointing downwards. 
 
 Decompound, subdivided more than three times, as the leaves of many Umbel- 
 liferous plants. 
 
 Decumbent, lying on the ground, but tending to rise at the end. 
 Decurrent, when the limb of a leaf is prolonged down the stem, below tke point 
 
 of attachment of the midrib, as in the case of the common Comfrey. 
 Decussate, opposite leaves in four equal rows. 
 Dfflexed, curved downwards or towards the back. 
 Dehiscence, the mode in which an organ opens. 
 Deltoid, fleshy with a triangular transverse section. 
 Dentate, with short triangular teeth. 
 Denticulate, finely toothed, like the Camellia leaf. 
 
 Depressed, when flattened vertically or at the top, like an orange or a flat onion. 
 Dichotomous, when a branch or stem is much forked, as in the Mistletoe. 
 Diffuse, widely spreading. 
 Digitate, fingered leaves or lobes all starting from the top of the petiole, as the 
 
 leaves of the Lupin. 
 
 Dioecious, with the different sexes on different plants. 
 Disk, a fleshy surface from which the stamens and pistils spring. 
 Distichous, arranged in two rows, as the leaves of the common Taxodium. 
 Divaricate, spreading at an obtuse angle. 
 Diverging, gradually separating. 
 Dorsal, attached to, or on the back. 
 Elliptic, oval but acute at each end. 
 Elongate, much lengthened. 
 Emarginate, slightly notched at the end. 
 Entire, not toothed nor lobed nor divided at the edge. 
 Equitant, overlapping each other, as the leaves of the Iris. 
 Erose, irregularly cut, as if gnawed. 
 Equalling, when the ends of organs rise to the same height, even though their 
 
 relative lengths are different. 
 
 Falcate, sickle-shaped, as the leaf of Rochea falcata. 
 Fascicle, a cyme which is rather crowded with flowers placed on short pedicels 
 
 of nearly equal length, as in the Sweet William and some other 
 
 Pinks. 
 
326 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 Fasciculate, when several similar parts are collected into a bundle and spring 
 
 from the same spot. 
 feathery, like a feather in structure, sometimes used to express very gracefully 
 
 divided leaves as those of the Ferulas. 
 Fibrous, having many threadlike parts. 
 Filament, the stalk usually found supporting an anther. 
 Filiform, like a thread, as the stamens of maize 
 Fistular, hollow like a pipe, as the fruiting stems of onions. 
 Flaccid, weak, flabby. 
 
 Flexuose, zigzag, usually changing its direction at each joining. 
 Floccose, with little tufts like wool. 
 Florets, the small flowers of Composite plants. 
 Follicle, an inflated 1 -celled carpel, opening by a suture to which several seeds 
 
 are attached. 
 
 Forked, like a fork of two prongs. 
 Frond, the leaf-like part of Ferns. 
 
 Fruit, the seed-vessel with its ripe contents and any external appendages. 
 Fruticose, shrubby. 
 
 Fugacious, soon falling off, like the cap on the flower bud of Eschscholtzia. 
 Funnel-shaped, tubular below, but gradually enlarging upwards, like the flowers 
 
 of Brugmansias. 
 Furcate, forked. 
 Fusiform, spindle-shaped ; thick tapering to each end, like the root of a long 
 
 radish. 
 
 Gibbous, swollen on one side, like the flower of Valerian. 
 Glabrous, without hairs or other clothing, as the Camellia leaf. 
 Gland, a wartlike cellular secreting organ usually raised above the surface, as 
 
 on the leaves of many peaches. 
 Glandular, having glands. 
 
 Glandular-hairy, having hairs tipped with glands. 
 Glandular-serrate, having short teeth tipped with glands. 
 Glaucous, green with a whitish-blue lustre, like Echeveria secunda. 
 Globose, round like a globe, like the heads of flowers of Echinops. 
 Glumes, the scales enclosing the spikelet of flowers in Grasses. 
 Habit, the port or aspect of a plant. 
 Hastate, enlarged at the base into two lobes directed nearly horizontally, as in 
 
 leaf of sheep's sorrel, 
 Head, a close terminal collection of flowers surrounded by an involucre, as . ; n 
 
 composite flowers. 
 
 Helmet, the hooded upper part of some flowers, as in the monkshood. 
 Hdmet-shaped, arched and concave like a helmet. 
 Herbaceous, the parts of plants which are not woody ; also organs, or parts of 
 
 them, of a green colour. 
 
 Hermaphrodite, having both sexes in one bloom, as in most common plants. 
 Hispid, covered with stiff hairs, as in the Borage and like plants. 
 Hoary, with greyish-white down, like Cerastium incanum. 
 Hooded, flowers formed into a hood at the end, like the Aconites. 
 Hybrid, a cross between two' species. 
 
 Imbricate, arranged over each other like the scales of a fir cone. 
 Jmpari-pinnate, pinnate, with an odd terminal leaflet, as the leaves of the French 
 
GLOSSARY. 327 
 
 Incise, deeply cut, as the leaves of the Hawthorns. 
 
 Included, not extending beyond the organs surrounding it. 
 
 Incurved, curved inwards. 
 
 Indefinite, many but uncertain in number, like the stamens of some Cactuses. 
 
 Indehiscent, not bursting. 
 
 Indeterminate, inflorescence having always a terminal leaf bud. 
 
 Induplicate, when the edges of organs arranged in a valvate manner are folded 
 
 inwards. 
 
 Inferior, beneath. 
 Inflexed, curved inwards. 
 Inflorescence, arrangement of the flowers. 
 Internode, the space between two nodes. 
 
 Interruptedly pinnate, when pairs of small alternate with large pinnae. 
 Involucels, the involucres of secondary umbels. 
 
 Involucre, the whorled bracts at the base of an umbel, head, or single flower. 
 Involute, rolled from the back of anything, as towards the upper side of a leaf. 
 Keel, a prominent ridge, also applied to the union of the two lower petals of 
 
 pea-flowers. 
 
 Laciniate, divided into narrow irregular lobes. 
 
 Lanceolate or lance-shaped, narrowly elliptic and tapering to each end. 
 Lancet-shaped, shortly and bluntly lanceolate. 
 Lax, loosely arranged. 
 
 Leaflets, the subdivisions of compound leaves. 
 Legume, a one-celled and two-valved seed vessel with the seeds arranged along 
 
 the inner angle, as in the Pea. 
 Ligulate, strapshaped. 
 
 Ligule, a membrane at the base of the blade of the leaf of Grasses. 
 Limb, the flattened expanded part of a leaf or petal. 
 Linear, very narrow and long. 
 
 LinguLate, tongueshaped ; long, fleshy, convex, blunt. 
 Lipped, a corolla or calyx of two lips, like the Snapdragon. 
 Lobate, cut into rather large divisions, 
 Lobule, a small lobe. 
 Lozenge-shaped, obliquely quadrangular, attached by one of the more acute 
 
 angles. 
 
 Lunate, shaped like the new moon. 
 Lyrate, a pinnatifid leaf with the lobes successively and gradually enlarging 
 
 from the petiole, and ending in one still larger lobe, like that of the Turnip. 
 Marcescent, withering but remaining in its place. 
 Membranous, of the texture of membrane ; thin and flexible. 
 Midrib, the large vein extending along the middle of a leaf from its petiole 
 
 nearly or quite to the other end. 
 Monocotyledonous, having one sheathing cotyledon. 
 Monoecious, with the sexes in separate flowers on the same plant. 
 M onosepalous ; monopetalous, when the sepals or petals are joined by their edges 
 
 so as apparently to form one. 
 
 Mucronate, abruptly tipped with a short point of the same texture. 
 Multifid, divided into many parts. 
 Muricate, covered with short sharp points. 
 Nectary, an organ which secretes honey. 
 Netted, covered with lines connected together like network. 
 
328 HARDY FLOWERS. 
 
 Node, a point in a stem where a leaf is produced; a joining. 
 
 Nut, a hard dry 1 -seeded seed-vessel. 
 
 Ob, in conjunction with terms means inverted ; thus obovate means ovate with 
 
 the attachment at the narrow end. 
 Oblong, long oval, equally broad at each end. 
 Ocrea, a tubular membranous stipule surrounding the stem. 
 Opaque, not shining. 
 
 Opposite, when two similar organs grow one on each side of some body ; or dif- 
 ferent organs are opposed to each other with a stem between them. 
 Orbicular, nearly round and flat. 
 Oval, an ellipse ; a figure rounded at each end, not broader at one end than at 
 
 the other, and about twice as long as broad. 
 Ovary, the young seed-vessel. 
 Ovate, eggshaped ; a short flat figure rather broader below the middle of its 
 
 length. 
 Palate, the prominent part of the base of the lower lip which closes the mouth 
 
 of a ringent corolla. 
 Palea, the leaf -like parts of the flower of Grasses, inclosing the stamens, pistils, 
 
 and hypogynous scales. 
 
 Palmate, spreading like the fingers of a hand from the same point. 
 Palmatifid, palmate, with the divisions extending to the middle of the leaf, as 
 
 in the Castor-oil plant. 
 
 Palmate-lobed, palmate with rounded lobes, as in the leaves of the Maple. 
 Palmatisect, palmate, with the divisions extending to the bottom of the leaf, as 
 
 in the leaves of Potentilla reptans. 
 Panicle, a raceme with branching pedicels. 
 Papilionaceous, like the flower of a Pea. 
 Pappus, the crest of the fruit in Composites, formed of the altered limb of the 
 
 calyx. 
 
 Patent, spreading widely. 
 Pectinate, scalloped, crenately incised. 
 Pedate, palmate with three lobes and the lateral lobes having similar large lobes 
 
 on their outer edge, as the leaves of Helleborus. 
 Pedate-lobed, pedate, with rounded divisions or lobes. 
 Pedatifid, pedate, with the divisions reaching to the middle of the leaf. 
 Pedatisect, pedate, with the divisions extending nearly to the midrib. 
 Pedatipartite, pedate, with the divisions nearly reaching to the bottom of the 
 
 leaf. 
 
 Pedicel, the branch of a peduncle. 
 Peduncle, flowerstalk. 
 Peltate, when its point of attachment is on the face, not at the edge, of a leaf or 
 
 other organ. 
 
 Pentagonal, with five angles having convex spaces between them. 
 Pentangular, with five angles and five flat or concave faces. 
 Perfoliate, when the leaf completely surrounds the stem so that the latter seems 
 
 to pass through it. 
 
 Perianth, the floral whorls when the calyx and corolla are not distinguishable. 
 Pericarp, seed-vessel, including adhering calyx if present. 
 Persistent, not soon falling off. 
 Personate, a monopetalous two-lipped corolla of which the lower lip is pressed 
 
 upwards so as to close the opening, as in the Snapdragon. 
 
GLOSSARY. 329 
 
 Petals, the divisions of the corolla. 
 
 Petal-like, resembling petals in texture and colour. 
 
 Petiolate, having a petiole. 
 
 Petiole, the stalk of a leaf ; petiolule, of a leaflet. 
 
 Phyttaries, the scales or bracts of the involucre of Composites. 
 
 Pilose, with scattered rather stiff hairs. 
 
 Pinnce, the segments of a pinnate leaf. 
 
 Pinnate, when leaflets are arranged on opposite sides of a common stalk. A 
 
 leaf is bi- or tri-pinnate when its primary or secondary divisions are 
 
 pinnate. 
 Pinnatiftd, a leaf deeply cut into segments nearly to the mid-rib, as in the 
 
 leaves of the Artichoke. A 2- or 3-pitmatifid leaf is analogous to a 2- or 3- 
 
 pinnate leaf. 
 Pinnati-partite, pinnate, with the divisions acute, and almost free as in the 
 
 leaves of the Corn-poppy. 
 Pinnati-sect, pinnate, with the divisions reaching nearly to the mid-rib, as in 
 
 the leaves of Water-cress. 
 Pinnules, the segments of a bipinnate leaf. 
 Pistil, the ovary, style, and stigma taken together. 
 Pitted, covered with small depressed spots. 
 Pod, a 1 -celled and 2-valved seed-vessel with the seeds arranged along the inner 
 
 angle. 
 
 Pollen, the dust in the anther. 
 Polygonal, with many angles. 
 Polypetalous, with many separate petals. 
 Polysepalous, with many separate sepals. 
 Pores, small, often roundish, holes. 
 
 Prickles, hardened epidermal appendages resembling thorns, but not woody. 
 Procumbent, prostrate ; lying on the ground. 
 Pubescence, closely adpressed down. 
 Pubescent, with pubescence. 
 Pulverulent, covered with fine powdery matter. 
 Punctate, having minute spots like pin-holes, real or apparent. 
 Pyramidal, nearly in the shape of a pyramid. 
 Pyriform, pear-shaped. 
 
 Quadrifoliate, with four leaflets diverging from the same point. 
 Quinate, arranged in fives. 
 
 Raceme, a spike with stalked flowers, as that of the Laburnum. 
 Racemose, flowering in a raceme. 
 Rachis, the central stem of some kinds of inflorescence. The stalk of the frond 
 
 of Ferns above the lowest pinnae. 
 Radical, springing from just above the root. 
 Ray, parts diverging in a circle from a central point. 
 Receptacle, the dilated top of the stalk bearing the flowers in Composites ; the 
 
 common support of the parts of a flower. 
 Recurved, bent moderately backwards. 
 Reflexed, bent considerably backwards. 
 
 Reniform, transversely oval, but broadly cordate at the base ; kidney-shaped. 
 Reticulate, forming a network. 
 Retuse, abruptly blunt with a notch in the middle. 
 Revolute, rolled back, as towards the underside of a leaf. 
 
330 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Rhizome, a prostrate more or less subterranean stem producing roots and leafy 
 
 shoots. 
 Rhomboidal, approaching a quadrangular, not square, figure attached by one of 
 
 its more acute angles. 
 
 Ringent, a 2-lipped, widely open corolla, like that of the Dead-nettle (Lamium). 
 Rootstock, a thick short rhizome or tuber. 
 Rosette, a collection of leaves growing close together, like the petals of a double 
 
 rose. 
 
 Rotate, a monopetalous corolla with a short tube and very spreading limb. 
 Rugose, covered with a net of lines inclosing convex spaces. 
 Rugulose, finely rugose. 
 
 Runcinate, where the lobes of leaves are directed towards the base, 
 Runner, a prostrate shoot rooting at its end. 
 Sagittate, like the barbed head of an arrow, the auricles or lobes pointing 
 
 backwards. 
 
 Salvershaped, a corolla with a long slender tube and flat limb. 
 Scabrous, rough. 
 
 Scales, minute rudimentary leaves. 
 Scape, a leafless radical peduncle. 
 Scarious, with a thin, dry, and shrivelled appearance. 
 Secund, all turned towards one side. 
 Sepals, the divisions of the calyx. 
 Serrate, toothed like a saw. 
 Serratures, teeth like those of a saw. 
 Serrulate, with very small saw-like teeth. 
 Sessile, without a stalk. 
 
 Seta, a bristle ; a bristle tipped with a gland ; a slender straight prickle. 
 Setaceous, like a bristle. 
 
 Setose, bearing bristles or setae usually ending in glands. 
 
 Sheath, the lower part of a leaf or its petiole, which forms a vertical sheath sur- 
 rounding the stem. 
 
 Silicle, a silique about as long as it is broad. 
 Silique, a long pod-like fruit of Crucifers having its edges connected by an in- 
 
 ternal membrane. 
 
 Simple, not compound ; not branched. 
 Sinuate, having many large blunt lobes. 
 Slashed, with deep tapering incisions. 
 Smooth, free from all kinds of roughness. 
 Solitary, growing singly. 
 
 Spadix, a succulent spike bearing many sessile closely placed flowers. 
 Spathe, a large bract often inclosing a spadix. 
 Spathulate, oblong, with a long and narrow base. 
 Spike, a long simple axis with many sessile flowers. 
 Spikelet, the small group of flowers in Grasses inclosed within one or more 
 
 glumes. 
 
 Spine, a stiff sharp woody persistent thorn. 
 Spinose, furnished with spines. 
 
 Spinulo&e, with small, often very minute spines or prickles. 
 Spur, a tubular extension of the lower part of a petal or monopetalous corolla ; 
 
 a loose prolongation of the base of a leaf beyond its point of attachment. 
 
GLOSSARY. 331 
 
 Spurred, furnished with a spur. 
 
 Squarrose, rough with projecting or deflexed scales. 
 
 Stamen, the male organ of a flower, usually formed of a filament and anther. 
 
 Standard, the upper or posterior petal of a Pea-flower which is outside the 
 
 others in the bud. 
 Starlike, applied to flowers of which the petals are narrow and distant and 
 
 radiate like the rays of a star. 
 Stellate, radiating from a centre like a star. 
 Stellulate, like minute stars. 
 Stigma, the cellular part at the top of a carpel or style to which the pollen 
 
 adheres. 
 
 Stipe, the stalk of Ferns up to the lowest pinnas. 
 Stipules, leaf-like appendages at the base of the petiole. 
 Strapshaped, not very narrow nor long, and with nearly parallel sides. 
 Streak, a straight line of peculiar colour or structure, or a furrow. 
 Striate, with slender streaks or furrows. 
 Striped, having coloured streaks. 
 Style, the space between the ovary and stigma. 
 Sub, in composition means a near approach to; thus sulrotund means nearly 
 
 round. 
 Subulate, awl-shaped, tapering from the base to a fine point, a long narrow 
 
 triangle. 
 
 Sucker, a stem produced at the end of an underground shoot. 
 Siiffruticose, half-shrubby. 
 Superior, above anything ; a calyx is superior when its tube is wholly attached 
 
 to the ovary, half -superior when attached only to the lower half of it ; an 
 
 ovary is superior when wholly free from the calyx. 
 Supra-decompound, subdivided many times. 
 Tailed, having a long slender point. 
 
 Tendril, a twisting slender organ for laying hold of objects. 
 Terete, applied to round or nearly round stems. 
 Ternate, growing in threes. 
 
 Tetragonous, with four angles and four convex faces. 
 Thorn, an abortive branch with a sharp point ; distinguished from a prickle by 
 
 being woody. 
 
 Throat, the orifice of the tube of a mouopetalous corolla or monosepalous calyx. 
 Thyrsoid, having a close-branched raceme of which the middle is broader than 
 
 the ends. 
 Tomentose, covered with cottony entangled hairs, forming a matted shagginess 
 
 called tomentum ; felted. 
 
 Triangular, with three angles and three flat faces. 
 Trichotomous, in forks of three prongs successively repeated. 
 Trifid, dividing about halfway down into three parts. 
 Trifoliate, composed of three leaflets, as the leaves of Clover. 
 Trigonous, with three angles and three convex faces. 
 Tripartite, divided into three parts nearly to its base. 
 Tripinnate, three times pinnately subdivided. 
 Triquetrous, having three angles and three concave faces. 
 Truncate, blunt as if cut off at the end. 
 Tube, the pipe formed by the cohesion of the Darts of a floral whorl. 
 
332 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Tuber, a thickened and underground fleshy part of the stem. 
 
 Tubercles, little round knobs. 
 
 Tubercular, tubercled ; covered with little knobs. 
 
 Tuberous, like a tuber, but not part of the stem. 
 
 Tubular, hollow and nearly cylindrical. 
 
 Turbinate, topshaped, conical and attached by its long point. 
 
 Umbel, when many stalked flowers spring from one point and reach about the 
 
 same level. Partial umbels are umbels seated upon the branches of an 
 
 umbel, the whole forming a compound umbel. 
 Unilateral, turned to one side. 
 Urceolate, like a pitcher contracted at the mouth. 
 Veins, bundles of vessels in leaves and their modifications. 
 Ventricose, swelling unequally on one side. 
 Verticillate, arranged in whorls. 
 Villous, shaggy with loose long soft hair. 
 Viscous, clammy. 
 
 Wedgeshaped, like a wedge, but attached by its point. 
 Whorl, similar organs arranged in a circle round an axis, as the leaves of Galium 
 
 and of some Lilies. 
 Whorled, arranged in whorls. 
 
 Winged, having leaf-like or membranous expansions. 
 Wings, the lateral petals of a Pea-flower ; the flat membranous appendages o? 
 
 some seeds. 
 
 When two terms are combined, as ovate-lanceolate, it means that the form or 
 structure is compounded of the two, or lies between them. 
 
INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES. 
 
 A BCHASIAN Christmas Rose, 141 
 J\. Aconite, winter, 120 
 African Lily, 265 
 Alpine Alyssum, 49 
 
 Barrenwort, 118 
 
 ,, Erinus, 121 
 
 Erodium, 122 
 
 Eryngo, 123 
 
 Hutchinsia, 146 
 
 Lychnis, 169 
 
 Pink, 106 
 
 Sanicle, 97 
 
 ,, Toadflax, 165 
 
 Wall-flower, 125 
 American Cowslip, 112 
 
 Jeffreys', 111 
 Cranberry, 252 
 Senna, 87 
 Amethyst Hyacinth, 146 
 
 Eryngo, 124 
 Amoor Pink, 107 
 Artichoke, French, 103 
 Asarabacca, 67 
 Asphodel, yellow, 68 
 
 great, 68 
 
 Atamasco Lily, 264 
 Auricula, common, 206 
 Autumnal Acis, 43 
 Avens, Chiloe, 135 
 
 ,, creeping, 135 
 
 Drummond's, 115 
 
 Mountain, 115 
 
 T) ABYLONIAN Centaury, 87 
 JD Balm, common, 174 
 Melittis, 175 
 Bamboo, common hardy, 75 
 
 ,, dark- stemmed, 76 
 
 ,, Fortune's, 76 
 
 greyish, 76 
 
 Bamboo, Metake, 76 
 
 ,, yellow stemmed, 75 
 Barbary Rag- wort, 190 
 Barrenwort, alpine, 118 
 Bastard Cress, showy, 246 
 Bearberry, 63 
 Bearded Pentstemon, 196 
 Bears' Breech, common, 42 
 ,, armed, 42 
 spiny, 42 
 
 stately, 41 
 Bee Balm, 178 
 Orchis, 188 
 Bell-flower, great, 83 
 ,, wall, 84 
 Bell-flowered Mallow, 173 
 
 ,, ,, Pentstemon, 196 
 Bergamot, wild, 178 
 Betony-leaved Dragon's-head, 114 
 Bindweed, blue Rock, 95 
 Bryony-leaved, 94 
 Cantabrian, 94 
 Mallow, 94 
 ,, silvery, 94 
 sea, 95 
 Bitter-root Plant, 268 
 Bitter Vetch, blue, 190 
 
 ,, variegated, 190 
 ,, spring, 190 
 Black Crow-berry, 117 
 Black-eyed Erodium, 122 
 Bloodroot, 220 
 Blue-bell, 228, 270 
 Blue Daisy, 68 
 Dandelion, 155 
 Sow-thistle, 178 
 ,, Spiderwort, 93 
 Blue-eyed Peacock Iris, 270 
 Bluets, 146 
 Bog Arum, 80 
 
334 
 
 INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES. 
 
 Bohemian Comfrey, 241 
 
 Borage, early, 77 
 ,, Fairy, 122 
 
 Border Fly-trap, 60 
 
 Bristly Gaillardia, 129 
 
 Brown's Lily, 159 
 
 Bubau's Candytuft, 147 
 
 Buck bean, 175 
 
 Buff Lily, 164 
 
 Burchell's Flame-flower, 248 
 
 Bush. Pink, 108 
 
 Butter-bur, common, 198 
 
 Buttercup, upright Meadow, 214 
 bulbous, 214 
 chervil, 215 
 Gouan's, 215 
 large marsh, 21 5 
 mountain, 215 
 
 Butterwort, Irish, 202 
 
 Button Snake-root, 158 
 
 flALAMINT, Tom Thumb, 79 
 \J Californian Cornflower, 217 
 Californian Everlasting Pea, 156 
 Canadian Golden Rod, 239 
 
 ,, Lily, 160 
 Candytuft Buban's, 147 
 
 ., Lebanon, 46 
 
 rock, 148 
 
 ,, window, 148 
 Cape Crinum, 99 
 Caraway-leaved Erodium, 122 
 Cardinal-flower Lobelia, 168 
 Cardinal Mimulus, 177 
 Carmine Lysimachia, 172 
 Carnation, 107 
 Catchfly, 237 
 Cat Thyme, 245 
 Celandine, greater, 89 
 
 lesser, 128 
 Poppy, 243 
 Chamomile, 59 
 Cheddar Pink, 107 
 Chicory, 90 
 Chiloe Avens, 135 
 Christmas Daisy, 70 
 
 Rose, 141 
 
 Rose, Abchasian, 141 
 Cinquefoil, alpine, 205 
 blood, 205 
 
 Cinquefoil, Calabrian, 205 
 Pyrenean, 206 
 shining, 206 
 spring, 206 
 white-flowered, 205 
 Clammy Ononis, 187 
 Cobweb Houseleek, 232 
 Columbine, alpine, 60 
 
 Canadian, 61 
 common, 61 
 glandular, 61 
 large scarlet, 61 
 Pyrenean, 61 
 sweet, 61 
 Columna's Doronicum, 112 
 Comfrey, Bohemian, 244 
 Caucasian, 244 
 ,, common, 244 
 Compass Plant, 238 
 Coneflower, 217 
 Coris -leaved Iberis, 1 47 
 Coris, Montpellier, 96 
 Cornel, dwarf, 96 
 Cornfield Gladiolus, 136 
 Cotton- weed, sea, 111 
 Cotyledon, wall, 98 
 Cow-parsnip, downy, 144 
 ,, Persian, 144 
 ,, Wilhelm's, 144 
 ,, yellowish, 143 
 Cowslip, 210 
 
 American, 112 
 Virginian, 176 
 Cranberry, American, 252 
 Crane's-bill, dwarf, 135 
 
 Endress's, 134 
 
 grey, 133 
 
 ,, Iberian, 134 
 
 Lambert's, 134 
 
 silvery, 133 
 Creeping Avens, 135 
 Bugle, 47 
 Forget-me-not, 186 
 Gromwell, 168 
 Jenny, 172 
 Vervain, 263 
 Winter-green, 131 
 Crimean Snowdrop, 130 
 Crimson Malva, 80 
 Crinum, Cape, 99 
 
INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES. 
 
 335 
 
 Crocus, Cartwright's, 100 
 Cloth of gold, 101 
 common yellow, 100 
 Imperati's, 100 
 Large autumn, 101 
 Mount Athos, 100 
 naked-flowered, 100 
 Orphanides', 100 
 saffron, 101 
 spring, 101 
 various-coloured, 101 
 white autumn, 99 
 
 Crocus-like Tulip, 250 
 
 Crowfoot, Alp, 214 
 glacier, 215 
 grassy, 215 
 Rue-leaved, 216 
 snowy, 214 
 spiked, 216 
 
 Cuckoo Flower, 86 
 
 Cucumber, perennial, 102 
 
 Cudweed, pearl, 137 
 
 Cup Plant, 238 
 
 Currant-leaved Heuchera, 145 
 
 Cushion Pink, 237 
 
 Cyclamen-leaved Anemone, 57 
 
 Cypress Spurge, 126 
 
 DAFFODIL, golden, 181 
 incomparable, 181 
 
 least, 182 
 
 Rush-leaved, 182 
 twisted, 182 
 ,, two-coloured, 182 
 Daffodil- Allium, 48 
 Daisy, common, 77 
 ,, Michaelmas, 72 
 blue, 68 
 ,, New Holland, 260 
 Dame's Violet, 144 
 Dandelion, blue, 155 
 Dandelion-leaved (Enothera, 186 
 Day-lily, Dumortier's, 143 
 tawny, 143 
 ,, two-rowed, 143 
 yellow, 143 
 Dead-nettle Gargano, 155 
 Dielytra, 109 
 Dog's-tooth Violet, 125 
 
 yellow, 125 
 
 Dragon's Arum, 66 
 mouth, 66 
 Drop wort, 241 
 Drummoud's Avens, 115 
 
 Coneflower, 217 
 
 Dwarf blue Pentstemou, 197 
 
 ,, Flag, 252 
 
 ,, Libertia, 159 
 
 Mazus, 174 
 Dyer's Genista, 131 
 
 "ELECAMPANE, 148 
 JJ Elizabeth's Catchfly, 237 
 Epipactis, 112 
 Eryngo, alpine, 123 
 
 ,, amethystine, 144 
 
 Bourgati's, 124 
 
 ,, flat-leaved, 124 
 
 giant, 124 
 
 ,, Pine-apple, 124 
 Evening Primrose, large, 185 
 Rock, 186 
 
 ,, tall white, 1SG 
 
 Evergreen Alkanet, 51 
 ,, Orpine, 230 
 
 Everlasting, yellow, 140 
 pea, 156 
 
 EAIR MAIDS OF FRANCE, 21 
 Fairy Borage, 122 
 
 Wall-flower, 125 
 Feather Grass, 243 
 Fetid Hellebore, 141 
 Feverfew, 212 
 Fire Pink, 238 
 Fischer's Pink, 107 
 Flame-flower, BurchelPs, 248 
 ,, common, 249 
 Nasturtium, 250 
 Flea-bane, large-flowered, 121 
 
 showy, 121 
 Flax, alpine, 166 
 evergreen, 166 
 Narbonne, 167 
 ,, perennial, 167 
 viscid, 167 
 yellow herbaceous, 166 
 Fleur-de-lis, the Iris, 160 
 Flowering Rush, 265 
 Fly Orchis, 188 
 
336 
 
 INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES. 
 
 Forget-me-not, alpine, 180 
 Azorean, 180 
 
 ,, common, 180 
 
 creeping, 186 
 
 early, 181 
 wood, 181 
 
 Fortune's Tiger Lily, 164 
 Fox-glove, common, 111 
 ,, Gladiolus, 136 
 large-flowered, 110 
 Pentstemon, 196 
 yellow, 110 
 Fragrant Orchis, 137 
 Fraxinella, 110 
 French Artichoke, 103 
 Honeysuckle, 138 
 ,, Willow, 117 
 ,, Kosemary, 118 
 
 Fringed Pink, 109 
 Fruiting Duck-weed, 183 
 Fuchsia, 266 
 
 GARGANO DEAD-NETTLE, 155 
 Garland Flower, 104 
 Geneva Bugle, 47 
 Gentian, Andrews' s, 132 
 
 Asclepias-like, 132 
 Bavarian, 132 
 crested, 133 
 marsh, 132 
 Pyrenean, 133 
 vernal, 133 
 yellow, 132 
 Gentianella, 131 
 German Catch-fly, 171 
 (riant Eryngo, 124 
 Giant Fennel, common, 127 
 glaucous, 127 
 Gibraltar Iberis, 148 
 Glacier Pink, 108 
 Globe-flower, 249 
 Goat's-rue, officinal, 130 
 oriental, 130 
 Golden Club, 269 
 Tuft, 50 
 Drop, 187 
 Rod, Canadian, 239 
 Goldilocks, 166 
 Guld-striped Lily, 159 
 Goldthread, 95 
 
 Grape Hyacinth, 179 
 
 ,, Armenian, 269 
 ,, changeable, 179 
 
 feathery, 179 
 Greek, 179 
 yellow, 179 
 Grass of Parnassus, 1 95 
 
 Asarum- leaved, 195 
 
 large, 195 
 Grass Rose, 108 
 Great Pilewort, 128 
 Great Reed, 67 
 Greek Grape Hyacinth, 179 
 Gromwell, creeping, 168 
 
 rock, 167 
 Ground Ivy, 136 
 Laurel, 117 
 Pine, 171 
 Groundsel, silvery, 235 
 
 HAREBELL, alpine, 81 
 bearded, 82 
 
 Carpathian, 82 
 
 common, 85 
 
 Elatine, 82 
 
 fragile, 83 
 
 Gargano, 83 
 
 Ivy, 83 
 
 Ligurian, 84 
 
 long- flowered, 84 
 
 Mont Cenis, 82 
 
 noble, 83 
 
 pyramidal, 85 
 
 Rainer's, 85 
 
 shining, 84 
 
 showy, 85 
 
 tufted, 82 
 
 vase, 86 
 
 "Wanner's, 86 
 
 Zoysi's, 86 
 260 
 
 Heath, ciliated, 120 
 Cornish, 121 
 ,, cross-leaved, 121 
 Scotch, 120 
 Sea, 128 
 St. Daboec's, 175 
 Winter, 120 
 Heliotrope, winter, 197 
 Hellebore, dark purple, 141 
 
INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES. 
 
 337 
 
 Hellebore, fetid, 141 
 Olympian, 142 
 oriental, 142 
 ,, purple- flowered, 142 
 sweet, 142 
 Hemp Agrimony, Aromatic, 126 
 
 ,, purple, 126 
 
 Heron's-bill, fairy, 123 
 rock, 123 
 
 Rqjnan, 123 
 
 ,, showy, 122 
 
 Hollyhock, common, 49 
 Mallow, 173 
 Honesty, perennial, 169 
 Honey-flower, large, 174 
 Honeysuckle, French, 138 
 Hoop-petticoat Narcissus, 181 
 Hop, Common, 146 
 Horse-shoe Vetch, 145 
 Horse-tail, dwarf, 119 
 giant, 119 
 variegated, 120 
 ,, wood, 119 
 Houseleek, 232 
 Hyacinth, Amethyst, 146 
 
 common, 147 
 Hybrid Alkanet, 51 
 
 INDIAN KNOTWEED, 204 
 JL Iris, Blue-eyed Peacock, 270 
 ,, common, 150 
 ,, crested, 149 
 dwarf, 152 
 ,, early bulbous, 152 
 ,, Elder-scented, 152 
 English, 154 
 Florentine, 149 
 Gladdon, 149 
 golden, 151 
 Grass-leaved, 150 
 Iberian, 150 
 long-petalled, 151 
 marsh, 151 
 mourning, 153 
 naked-stemmed, 151 
 pale-flowered, 151 
 pleasing, 149 
 Rush, 150 
 Russian, 152 
 Siberian, 152 
 
 Iris, Spanish, 154 
 
 ,, spurious, 153 
 
 ,, squalid, 153 
 
 Swert's, 153 
 
 ,, variegated, 154 
 
 ,, yellowish, 149 
 Ironwort, Syrian, 236 
 Italian Alkanet, 51 
 
 Arum, 66 
 Ivy Harebell, 261 
 
 JACOB'S LADDER, 203 
 u Jerusalem Sage, 198 
 Jonquille, 182 
 large, 182 
 
 K 
 
 I NOT-WEED, giant, 204 
 , Indian, 204 
 
 , rock, 204 
 
 LADY'S SLIPPER, common, 103 
 noble, 104 
 spotted, 104 
 ,, white, 103 
 Larkspur, bee, 104 
 
 elegant, 105 
 Lavender Cotton, 220 
 Lawn Pearlwort, 218 
 Lebanon Candytuft, 46 
 Leopard's-bane, 113 
 
 Caucasian, 112 
 
 Lesser Celandine, 128 
 Lily, African, 265 
 ,, Atamasco, 264 
 ,, Belladonna, 50 
 black, 162 
 ,, Brown's, 159 
 buff, 164 
 ,, bulb-bearing, 160 
 Canadian, 160 
 ,, Carolina, 160 
 ,, Fortune's Tiger, 164 
 giant, 161 
 ,, gold-striped, 159 
 ,, great American, 163 
 ,, Japan, 162 
 ,, Martagon, 162 
 ,, of Carniola, 160 
 ,, of the Valley, common, 94 
 of the Valley, star-flowered, 270 
 z 
 
338 
 
 INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES. 
 
 Lily, orange, 161 
 ,, Peruvian Swamp, 264 
 
 scarlet Martagon, 161 
 
 spotted, 163 
 
 St. Bruno's 195 
 
 Tiger, 164 
 
 Tom Thumb, 163 
 
 transparent trumpet, 161 
 
 Trumpet, 162 
 
 Turban, 163 
 
 Washington, 268 
 
 white, 160 
 Ling, common, 80 
 Lion's-foot, 157 
 London Pride, 270 
 Loosestrife, 173 
 Lotus, common, 169 
 Lungwort, 212 
 Lupine, large-leaved, 169 
 perennial, 169 
 
 MAIDEN PINK, 107 
 Mallow, Rose, 145 
 Marsh Marigold, 80 
 
 Vetchling, 156 
 Martagon Lily, 162 
 Marvel of Peru, 177 
 May Apple, 203 
 Himalayan, 203 
 Meadow Beauty, 217 
 ,, Geranium, 134 
 Rue, 245 
 Meadow-saffron, alpine, 93 
 common, 93 
 
 spring, 79 
 
 ,, variegated, 93 
 
 Meadow-sweet, 241 
 Michaelmas Daisy, 72 
 Milk-thistle, common, 239 
 
 ,, ivory, 238 
 
 Milkwort, Box-leaved, 204 
 
 chalk, 203 
 Monkey-flower, coppery, 177 
 
 yellow, 177 
 
 Monkshood, autumn, 43 
 ,, common, 44 
 
 ,, Japan, 44 
 
 panicled, 44 
 
 ,, northern, 44 
 
 Moren's Mallow, 173 
 
 Mountain Avens, 115 
 ,, everlasting, 58 
 
 Valerian, 252 
 Musk, common, 177 
 Hyacinth, 179 
 Mallow, 173 
 
 TVTEW Holland Daisy, 260 
 ll Violet, 123 
 
 New Zealand Flax, 269 
 Night-scented Rocket, 144 
 
 ORANGE LILY, 161 
 Orchis, Bee, 188 
 Fly, 188 
 fragrant, 137 
 Guernsey, 189 
 leafy, 188 
 marsh, 188 ' 
 spotted Hand, 189 
 
 Orpine, evergreen, 230 
 
 Oxlip, 210 
 
 Oyster Plant, 176 
 
 P^ONY, EDIBLE, 192 
 fine-leaved, 193 
 
 lobed, 193 
 ,, officinal, 193 
 
 Ram, 192 
 
 ,, white-flowered, 192 
 Pampas-grass, 137 
 Panic-grass, bulbous, 193 
 tall, 193 
 twiggy, 194 
 
 Partridge Berry, variegated, 268 
 Pasque-flower, common, 57 
 
 ,, mountain, 57 
 
 Peacock Anemone, 57 
 Pearl Cudweed, 137 
 Pennyroyal, Requien's, 175 
 Perennial Cucumber, 102 
 Periwinkle, 257 
 Persian Assafoetida, 127 
 Peru, Marvel of, 177 
 Peruvian Swamp-lily, 264 
 Phlox, Carolina, 199 
 creeping, 200 
 cross-leaved, 199 
 mossy, 200 
 ovate- leaved, 200 
 panicled, 200 
 
INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES. 
 
 339 
 
 Phlox, procumbent, 200 
 
 straggling, 199 
 Pickerel-weed, 205 
 Pigeon Berry, 202 
 Pile wort, Great, 128 
 Pine-apple Eryngo, 124 
 Pine Barren Beauty, 213 
 Pink, alpine, 106 
 Amoor, 107 
 blood-scarlet, 107 
 bush, 108 
 Cheddar, 107 
 cushion, 237 
 fire, 238 
 Fischer's, 107 
 fringed, 109 
 garden, 108 
 glacier, 108 
 maiden, 107 
 rock, 108 
 sweet, 108 
 Pitcher-plant, American, 221 
 Plumy Dielytra, 109 
 Poet's Narcissus, 183 
 Poppy, alpine, 194 
 golden, 194 
 Iceland, 194 
 orange, 194 
 oriental, 194 
 pilose, 195 
 prickly, 174 
 Welsh, 174 
 Poppy Anemone, 56 
 Portland Spurge, 126 
 Prairie Dock, 238 
 Prickly Poppy, 174 
 
 Thrift, 41 
 Primrose, Altaic, 206 
 
 Bird's-eye, 206 
 broad-leaved, 208 
 Caucasian, 206 
 common, 211 
 Cortusa, 207 
 creamy, 208 
 entire-leaved, 207 
 Fairy, 209 
 Fortune's, 207 
 glutinous, 207 
 Japan, 208 
 large-leaved 20 
 
 Primrose, long-flowered, 208 
 ,, margined, 208 
 Munro's, 209 
 
 purple, 209 
 
 Scotch Bird's-eye, 209 
 
 snowy, 209 
 
 Stuart's, 210 
 
 toothed, 207 
 
 Veitch's, 210 
 
 viscid, 211 
 
 QUAKING-GRASS, common, 78 
 Quamash-root, 81 
 Queen of the Prairie, 241 
 
 DAGGED ROBIN, 170 
 It Rag-wort, Barbary, 190 
 Red Campion, 170 
 
 Valerian, 88 
 
 ,, Whortleberry, 252 
 Red-veined Rhubarb, 216 
 Reed, great, 67 
 Requien's Pennyroyal, 175 
 Rest-harrow, hairy, 187 
 Ram, 187 
 round-leaved, 187 
 shrubby, 187 
 
 Rhubarb, red-veined, 216 
 Rock Beauty, 198 
 
 ,, Candytuft, 148 
 
 Gromwell, 167 
 
 ,, Jasmine, 52 
 
 Pink, 108 
 
 Strawberry, 128 
 Rock cress, rosy, 62 
 
 white, 62 
 Rocket, night-scented, 144 
 
 yellow, 124 
 Rose Campion, 47 
 Rosemary, French \\ illow, 118 
 Rosette, Mullein, 213 
 Round-leaved Vetchling, 157 
 Rue, Anemone, 245 
 
 ,, meadow, 154 
 
 QAND-MYRTLE, 157 
 U Sandwort, Balearic, 63 
 fringed, 63 
 
 ,, mountain, 64 
 
 vernal, 64 
 
340 
 
 INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES. 
 
 Sanicle, alpine, 97 
 Satin-flower, spring, 239 
 Saxifrage, 221 
 Scabious, 227 
 Scarlet Lychnis, 169 
 Sea Cotton-weed, 111 
 Heath, 128 
 Holly, 124 
 ,, Lavender, common, 242 
 narrow-leaved, 241 
 Pea, 202 
 Self-heal, great, 211 
 
 Pyrenean, 211 
 Senna, American, 87 
 Shamrock Pea, 195 
 Sickle Medick, 174 
 Silkweed, 67 
 Silver Clary, 219 
 Silvery Vetch, 257 
 Skull-cap, alpine, 229 
 
 large-flowered, 229 
 Snap-dragon, great, 59 
 rock, 60 
 Sneezewort, 43 
 Snowdrop Anemone, 58 
 Snowdrop, common, 130 
 ,, Crimean, 130 
 Imperati's, 129 
 Snowflake, spring, 158 
 summer, 157 
 small, 158 
 Soapwort, common, 221 
 rock, 221 
 tufted, 220 
 Solomon's Seal, 204 
 Sow-thistle, blue, 178 
 Speedwell, 253 
 Spider-wort, blue, 93 
 
 Virginian, 247 
 Spignel, 176 
 Spiked Button Snake-root, 158 
 
 Snake's Beard, 188 
 Spikenard, 63 
 Spring Satin-flower, 239 
 Spurge, Cypress, 126 
 ,, glaucous, 126 
 Portland, 126 
 Squill, 228 
 St. Bruno's Lily, 195 
 St. Daboec's Heath, 175 
 
 Starflower, 247 
 
 Star-flowered Lily of the Valley, 270 
 Star of Bethlehem, tall, 189 
 Starwort, 69 
 Stokes's Aster, 243 
 Stonecrop, 230 
 Strawberry, rock, 128 
 Striped Squill, 212 
 Sundrops, 185 
 Sunflower, dark-red, 140 
 graceful, 140 
 rigid, 140 
 Swamp-lily, Peruvian, 264 
 Sweet Cicely, 181 
 
 Hellebore, 142 
 
 ,, Pink, 108 
 
 William, 106 
 
 ,, Woodruff, 68 
 Syrian Ironwort, 236 
 
 rTANSY, 244 
 1 Thistle, dwarf, 87 
 woolly, 87 
 Thrift, common, 64 
 
 great, 64 
 Throat- wort, blue, 247 
 Tiger Lily, 164 
 Toad-flax, alpine, 165 
 
 ,, common, 166 
 
 thick- leaved, 165 
 Tom Thumb Lily, 163 
 Trefoil, alpine, 247 
 Tufted Soapwort, 220 
 Tulip, 250 
 
 ,, Crocus-like, 250 
 Turban Lily, 163 
 Turfing Daisy, 213 
 Twin-flower, 166 
 Twin-leaf, 155 
 
 VALERIAN, red, 88 
 Variegated Partridge Berry, 263 
 
 Sage, 219 
 
 Vervain, creeping, 263 
 Vetch, Horse-shoe, 145 
 silvery, 257 
 tufted, 257 
 Violet, 258 
 
 Dame's, 144 
 ,, Dog's-tooth, 125 
 
INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES. 
 
 341 
 
 Violet, New Holland, 123 
 
 ,, water, 146 
 Virginian Cowslip, 176 
 
 TIT ALL- FLOWER, alpine, 125 
 VV ,, common, 89 
 
 ,, fairy, 125 
 
 Wall Germander, 245 
 Washington Lily, 268 
 Water-dock, 218 
 Water Lily, common yollow, 184 
 
 ,, small yellow, 184 
 
 ,, sweet-scented, 185 
 white, 185 
 
 ,, yellow American, 184 
 Water Plantain, 265 
 Water- Violet, 146 
 Welsh Poppy, 174 
 White Cup, 184 
 Lily, 160 
 Whorl-flower, 178 
 Whortleberry, red, 252 
 Wild Bergamot, 178 
 
 ,, Thyme, 246 
 Windflower, alpine, 55 
 
 ,, apennine, 55 
 
 ,, Japan, 56 
 
 scarlet, 56 
 
 vine-leaved, 58 
 
 Window Candytuft, 148 
 Winter Aconite, 120 
 
 ,, Cherry, 201 
 Winter-green, creeping, 131 
 
 larger, 213 
 
 Winter Heliotrope, 197 
 Wolf s-bane Aconite, 44 
 Wood Anemone, common, 57 
 
 yellow, 57 
 
 Wood Lily, white, 248 
 Woodruff, sweet, 68 
 Wood-sorrel, Bowie's, 191 
 Chilian, 191 
 Worm -grass, 240 
 Wormwood, alpine, 65 
 ,, graceful, 65 
 sea, 65 
 silky, 65 
 Wound wort, woolly, 241 
 
 YAREOW, common, 43 
 dwarf silvery, 43 
 Egyptian, 42 
 noble, 42 
 silvery, 42 
 woolly, 43 
 Yellow Everlasting, 140 
 ,, Grape Hyacinth, 179 
 Rocket, 124 
 
 THE END. 
 
LONDON : 
 
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WOEKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR. 
 
 Alpine Flowers for English Gardens. With 70 
 
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