151 
 
 uc- 
 
 YD 2.7399 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 Class 
 
A PLAT AND PROFILE BOOK 
 
 FOR 
 
 CIVIL ENGINEERS AND CONTRACTORS 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 THE ENGINEERING NEWS PUBLISHING COMPANY 
 
 NEW YORK 
 1899 
 
 The Forman-Bassett-Hatch Co., Engravers and Printers, Cleveland, Ohio 
 
GENERAL 
 
 Copyright, 1882 and 1899 
 
 BY 
 H. F. DUNHAM 
 
IN the construction of railways and public works, much valuable time is lost in looking 
 through transit and level books, and in referring to office plans and profiles for notes 
 and data that must be frequently used in the field. This profile book, convenient for 
 mapping to scale (400 feet per inch,) and recording notes of alinement, right of way, 
 reference points, bench marks, etc., which in the work of construction are no less important 
 than the profile itself, has been used for many years. The tables copied from "Trautwine's" 
 and "Kent's" valuable "Pocket Books" are inserted for reference in the field and for 
 the convenience of contractors, who will find the left hand pages of the book of much 
 service for noting amounts of estimates and dates of sub-contracts. The paper used is of 
 such quality and thickness that the vertical lines show in the following page and furnish 
 a convenient horizontal scale for mapping the alinement. 
 

 BXI.UMT 
 
 
 Table of cubic yards of ballast per mile of road. 
 
 Side-slope of the 
 
 EXCAVATION AND EMBANKMENT TABI^E 
 
 ballast 1 to 1. 
 
 Width in clear between two tracks six feet. 
 
 
 
 
 Top Width, Single Track 
 
 Top Width, Double Track 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inches 
 
 10 Ft. 
 
 11 Ft. 
 
 12 Ft. 
 
 21 Ft. 
 
 22 Ft, 
 
 23 Ft. 
 
 Height 
 
 Base 
 
 12 feet 
 
 Base 
 16 fuet 
 
 Base 
 14 feet 
 
 Base 
 20 feet 
 
 Base 
 24 feet 
 
 Base 
 28 feet 
 
 Height 
 
 Base 
 12 feet 
 
 Base 
 16 feet 
 
 Base 
 14 feet 
 
 Base 
 20 feet 
 
 Base 
 24 feet 
 
 Base 
 28 feet 
 
 12 
 
 Cu. yds. 
 2152 
 
 Cu. yds. 
 2347 
 
 Cu. yds. 
 2543 
 
 Cn. yds. 
 4303 
 
 Cu. yds. 
 4499 
 
 Cu. yds. 
 4695 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 3374 
 
 3667 
 
 3960 
 
 6600 
 
 6894 
 
 7188 
 
 in Feet 
 
 Cu. 
 
 yds. 
 
 Cu. 
 yds. 
 
 Cu. 
 yds. 
 
 Cu. 
 yds. 
 
 Cu. 
 yds. 
 
 Cu. 
 
 yds. 
 
 in Feet 
 
 Cu. 
 yds. 
 
 Cu. 
 
 yds. 
 
 Cu. 
 yds. 
 
 Co. 
 yds. 
 
 Cu. 
 
 yds. 
 
 Cu. 
 yds. 
 
 90 
 
 6111 
 
 6600 
 
 7087 
 
 11490 
 
 11980 
 
 12470 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K.. 
 
 24 
 50 
 
 31 
 65 
 
 27 
 57 
 
 38 
 
 80 
 
 46 
 94 
 
 53 
 109 
 
 18 .. 
 19 .. 
 
 2,600 
 2,850 
 
 2,867 
 3,131 
 
 2,733 
 2,991 
 
 3,133 
 3,413 
 
 3,400 
 3,694 
 
 3,667 
 3,976 
 
 TIES 
 
 In the United States the life of a tie is about as follows : 
 
 IK 
 
 79 
 
 101 
 
 90 
 
 124 
 
 146 
 
 168 
 
 20 .. 
 
 3.111 
 
 3,407 
 
 3,259 
 
 3,704 
 
 4,000 
 
 4,296 
 
 Years Av.Yrs. 
 
 Years 
 
 Ai.Yrs. 
 
 2 .. 
 
 111 
 
 141 
 
 126 
 
 no 
 
 200 
 
 230 
 
 21 .. 
 
 3,383 
 
 3,694 
 
 3,539 
 
 4,006 
 
 4,317 
 
 4,628 
 
 
 5 to 12 7 
 
 White Oak 
 
 5 to 12 7 
 
 2V4.. 
 
 146 
 
 183 
 
 164 
 
 220 
 
 257 
 
 294 
 
 22 .. 
 
 3,667 
 
 3,993 
 
 3,830 
 
 4,318 
 
 4,644 
 
 4,970 
 
 
 6 to 15 9 
 
 Spruce Pine 
 
 4 to ' 
 
 
 3 .. 
 
 183 
 
 228 
 
 206 
 
 272 
 
 317 
 
 361 
 
 23 .. 
 
 3,961 
 
 4,302 
 
 4,132 
 
 4,643 
 
 4,983 
 
 5,324 
 
 Hemlock 
 
 ... 3to 
 
 8 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 3!4_. 
 
 224 
 
 275 
 
 249 
 
 327 
 
 379 
 
 431 
 
 24 .. 
 
 4,267 
 
 4,622 
 
 4,444 
 
 4,978 
 
 5,333 
 
 5,689 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 .. 
 
 267 
 
 326 
 
 296 
 
 385 
 
 444 
 
 504 
 
 25 .. 
 
 4,583 
 
 4,954 
 
 4,769 
 
 5,324 
 
 5,694 
 
 6,065 
 
 
 
 R 
 
 AILS 
 
 
 
 
 I* 4 :: 
 
 312 
 361 
 
 379 
 435 
 
 346 
 
 398 
 
 446 
 509 
 
 512 
 
 583 
 
 579 
 657 
 
 26 .. 
 
 27 .. 
 
 4,911 
 
 5,250 
 
 5,296 
 5,650 
 
 5,104 
 5,450 
 
 5,682 
 6,050 
 
 6,067 
 6,450 
 
 6,452 
 6,850 
 
 Tons (2240 fcs.) of Rail i i v weight of rail , 
 per mile of single track ~ 7 * in ibs. per yard. (o 
 
 6 . 
 
 7 . 
 8 .. 
 
 467 
 583 
 711 
 
 556 
 687 
 830 
 
 511 
 
 635 
 770 
 
 644 
 791 
 948 
 
 733 
 894 
 1,067 
 
 822 
 998 
 1,185 
 
 28 .. 
 29 .. 
 30 .. 
 
 5,600 
 5,961 
 6,333 
 
 6,015 
 6,391 
 
 6,778 
 
 5,807 
 6,176 
 6,556 
 
 6,43U 
 6,820 
 7,222 
 
 6,844 
 
 7,250 
 7,667 
 
 7,259 
 7,680 
 8,111 
 
 Weight in pounds per yard of rail_ 
 
 = Area of rail in square inches. 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 9 .. 
 10 . 
 11 . 
 12 . 
 13 .. 
 14 
 15 .. 
 
 850 
 1,000 
 1,161 
 1,333 
 1,517 
 1,711 
 1,917 
 
 983 
 1,148 
 1,324 
 1,511 
 1,709 
 1,919 
 2,139 
 
 917 
 1,074 
 1,243 
 1,422 
 1.613 
 1,815 
 2.02S 
 
 1,117 
 1,298 
 1,486 
 1,689 
 1,902 
 2,126 
 2,361 
 
 1,250 
 1,444 
 1.650 
 1.867 
 2,094 
 2,333 
 2,583 
 
 1,383 
 1,593 
 1,813 
 2,044 
 2,287 
 2,541 
 2,806 
 
 35 .. 
 40 .. 
 45 .. 
 50 .. 
 60 .. 
 70 .. 
 80 .. 
 
 8,361 
 10,665 
 13,249 
 16,111 
 22,667 
 30,333 
 39,111 
 
 8,880 
 11,258 
 13,916 
 16,852 
 23,555 
 31,370 
 40,296 
 
 8,620 
 10,963 
 13,583 
 16,481 
 23,111 
 30,852 
 39,704 
 
 9,398 
 11,851 
 14,583 
 17,593 
 24,444 
 32,407 
 41,481 
 
 9,917 
 12,444 
 15,250 
 18,333 
 25,333 
 33,414 
 42,667 
 
 10,435 
 13,037 
 15,917 
 19,074 
 26,222 
 34,481 
 43,852 
 
 PRISNIOIDA.lv FOKMUUH 
 
 Let A=the area of one of the two parallel ends. 
 a=the area of the other of the two parallel ends. 
 M=the area of a cross section midway between, and parallel to, the 
 two parallel ends. 
 L=the perpendicular distance between the two parallel ends. 
 
 16 .. 
 
 2,133 
 2,361 
 
 2,370 
 2,613 
 
 2,252 
 
 2,487 
 
 2,607 
 2,865 
 
 2,844 
 3,117 
 
 3,081 
 3,368 
 
 90 .. 
 100 .. 
 
 49,001 
 60,000 
 
 50,334 
 61,481 
 
 49,667 
 60,741 
 
 51,667 
 62,963 
 
 53,01)0 
 64,444 
 
 54,333 
 65,926 
 
 Then Volume = 
 
 
 a + iM 
 
 = L X mean area of cross section. 
 
 
 6 
 
STRENGTH JtfiTt WEIGHT OF VARIOUS MKTERIRLS 
 
 MATE Rial, 
 
 Steel, Bessemer, Rolled 
 
 Iron, Rolled, Bars, ordinary. 
 
 Iron, Cast, ordinary 
 
 Copper, Rolled 
 
 TEfSftg 
 
 STKEXGTH 
 
 AVERAGE 
 
 CUUSHIM LOAD 
 
 Pounds Pounds 
 
 per per 
 
 Square , Square 
 
 Inch Inch 
 
 120,000 I 102,000 
 
 Tons 
 per 
 
 Square 
 Foot 
 
 Weight) 
 
 per 
 Cubic 
 Foot 
 
 II.-.. 
 15,000 
 
 Oak, White, seasoned, good quality . 
 
 Elm, seasoned, good quality 
 
 Pine, seasoned, good quality, White. 
 Spruce, seasoned, good quality 
 
 35,OU> 
 100,000 
 
 '-..'.' 
 
 6,000 10,000 
 
 ],;,.,, 
 
 (iranite 
 
 Limestone 
 
 Sandstone 
 
 Brickwork, ordinary, cracks with 
 
 Cement, American neat, 6 months old, fair 
 Cement, Portland neat, 6 months old... 
 Gravel... 
 
 150 
 
 100 
 350 
 
 750 
 600 
 300 
 25 
 100 
 300 
 
 490 
 485 
 450 
 555 
 
 52 
 35 
 23 
 25 
 
 168 
 168 
 150 
 125 
 
 100 
 
 Diame- 
 ter in 
 
 Inches 
 
 Weight of Bar Iron 
 
 EJ POUNDS 
 
 LENGTH, 1 FOOT 
 
 
 2* 
 
 s* 
 
 3* 
 3'i 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 10 
 12 
 
 Square Round 
 
 0.2105 
 
 . 
 
 1.895 
 3.368 
 5.263 
 7.578 
 
 13.47 
 17.05 
 21.05 
 25.47 
 30.31 
 35.57 
 41.26 
 47.37 
 
 . 
 
 121.3 
 165.0 
 215.6 
 336.8 
 4S5. 
 
 0.1653 
 
 0.6613 
 
 1.488 
 
 2.645 
 
 4.133 i 
 
 5.952 
 
 8.101 
 
 10.58 
 
 13 .39 
 
 16.53 
 
 20.01 
 
 BUJ 
 
 27.94 
 
 32.41 
 
 37 JO 
 
 42.33 
 
 66.13 
 
 95 .23 
 129.6 
 169.3 
 264.5 
 380.9 
 
 WOODEN PILLAES 
 
 fj 
 
 J = 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 12 
 16 
 20 
 26 
 32 
 40 
 
 Side of square pine pil- 
 lar, in inches 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 BREAKING LOAD 
 
 Tons 
 
 125.0 
 
 90.8 
 
 62.5 
 
 43.4 
 
 31.1 
 
 20.1 
 
 13.9 
 
 8.9 
 
 Tons 
 204.2 
 163.2 
 122.2 
 90.4 
 67.6 
 45.6 
 32.3 
 21.0 
 
 Tons 
 302.1 
 255.1 
 
 j ;. i 
 
 . 
 
 63.0 
 43.5 
 
 Circumference of a circle equals 
 the diameter multiplied by 3.1416. 
 
 Area of circle equals circumfer- 
 ence multiplied by one-half 
 radius. 
 
 Area of triangle equals one-half 
 base multiplied by altitude. 
 
 Area of similar figures are to 
 each other as the squares of their 
 similar dimensions. 
 
 Area of sphere equals four times 
 area of great circle. 
 
 Volume of sphere equals one- 
 third of the radius multiplied by 
 the area of the surface. 
 
 WOODEN BEAMS TABLE 
 
 Table of safe quiescent loads for horizontal rectangular beams 
 of white pine or spruce, one inch broad, supported at both 
 ends and loaded at the center ; together with their deflec- 
 tions under said loads. 
 
 Depth 
 of 
 
 Ins. 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 12 
 16 
 20 
 24 
 
 Span 6 feet 
 
 load 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 200 
 
 800 
 
 1800 
 
 3200 
 
 5000 
 
 7200 
 
 dd 
 tn& 
 
 JB 
 .11 
 Ol 
 
 .'! 
 
 M 
 
 Span 12 feet Span 16 feet Span 20 feet Span 30 feet 
 
 load 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 100 
 
 400 
 
 900 
 
 1600 
 
 2500 
 
 3600 
 
 def. 
 
 ins. 
 
 .92 
 
 .45 
 
 .29 
 
 .22 
 
 .18 
 
 .15 
 
 load I def. 
 Ibs. ins. 
 
 75 1.7 
 
 300 
 675 
 1200 
 1875 
 2700 
 
 load def. 
 Ibs. ins. 
 
 240 
 
 540 
 
 960 
 
 1500 
 
 21BO 
 
 LI 
 
 jn 
 
 load def. 
 Ibs. ins. 
 
 160 
 360 
 640 
 1000 
 1440 
 
 3.2 
 2.0 
 IJ 
 
 1.2 
 .96 
 
T 3t B Iv E 
 
 Showing the number of acres of covered surface (as in cities), from which circular 
 sewers, with junctions properly connected by easy curves, will convey away the water 
 fall of a rain of one inch per hour ; with house drainage besides. This is a very heavy 
 rain. (This table is introduced here to aid in fixing size of culvert openings in pre- 
 liminary surveys.) 
 
 Weight of water fresh 63.3 ; salt 64.1 pounds per cubic foot. 
 
 WEIGHT OF CS.ST-IRO1M WZS.TER-IIFES 
 
 As used in Philadelphia and tested by hydraulic press before delivery to 
 an internal pressure of 300 pounds per square inch. 
 
 Diameter 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Weightper 
 length 
 
 Diameter 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Weight per 
 length 
 
 Ins. 
 4 
 6 
 8 
 10 
 12 
 
 Ins. 
 
 Vt 
 A 
 
 Lbs. 
 211 
 385 
 460 
 667 
 899 
 
 Ins. 
 16 
 20 
 30 
 36 
 48 
 
 Ins. 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 1 
 
 1H 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 1322 
 1654 
 3313 
 5366 
 9378 
 
 INCLINATION, PALL OR 
 SLOPE OF SEWER 
 
 INNER DIAMETER, OH BORE OF SEWER 
 IN FEET 
 
 THICKNESS OP PLSNKS 
 
 under varying heads of water 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Stretch in 
 Feet 
 
 HEADS IN FEET 
 
 40 
 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 Level 
 
 Acres 
 
 39 
 43 
 50 
 63 
 78 
 90 
 115 
 
 Acres 
 
 120 
 135 
 155 
 203 
 257 
 295 
 318 
 
 Acres 
 
 277 
 308 
 355 
 460 
 590 
 670 
 730 
 
 Acres 
 570 
 630 
 735 
 950 
 1200 
 1385 
 1500 
 
 Acres 
 1020 
 1117 
 1318 
 1692 
 2180 
 2486 
 2675 
 
 Acres 
 1725 
 1925 
 2225 
 2875 
 3700 
 4225 
 4550 
 
 Acres 
 2850 
 3025 
 3500 
 4500 
 5825 
 6625 
 7125 
 
 Acres 
 
 4125 
 4425 
 5100 
 6575 
 
 7850 
 
 Acres 
 
 5825 
 6250 
 7175 
 9250 
 11050 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 m 
 
 9 
 13V4 
 
 22 Vi 
 
 Thi 
 
 12^ 
 20 
 
 ckness in In< 
 W% 
 7 
 10% 
 
 17H 
 
 :hes 
 2?i 
 B*j 
 
 VA 
 14 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 J4 inch in 10 feet; or 1 in 480... 
 14 inch in 10 feet; or 1 in 240... 
 % inch in 10 feet ; or 1 hi 160. .. 
 1 inch in 10 feet ; or 1 in!20... 
 1% inch in 10 feet ; or 1 in 80... 
 2 inches in 10 feet ; or 1 in 60.. 
 
 DISCHARGE 
 
 In cubic feet per second for each foot in length of weir in thin plate and with- 
 out end contraction, by the Francis formula : 
 DISCHARGE, Q=3.33 L H=3.33 L H </H 
 
 Head, H, 
 in feet 
 
 Cubic feet 
 per sec. 
 
 Head, H, 
 
 in foi't 
 
 Cubic feet 
 per sec. 
 
 Head, H, 
 in feet 
 
 Cubic feet 
 per sec. 
 
 
 
 0.10 
 0.20 
 0.30 
 
 0.105 
 0.298 
 0.547, 
 
 0.40 
 0.50 
 100 
 
 0.842 
 1.177 
 3.3X0 
 
 2.00 
 2.50 
 
 9.419 
 13.163 
 
 
 
Practical Electrical Units 
 
 Equivalent Values of Electrical and Mechanical Units 
 
 Ampere C Volt E Ohm K 
 
 Unit 
 
 Equivalent Value in other Units 
 
 Unit 
 
 Equivalent Value in other Units ! 
 
 Unit 
 
 Equivalent Value in other Units 
 
 C=2, P=CE, W=CEt=C*Bt=Pt, 
 
 -> -** fta Tt ** 
 
 p=Tr**~t <** 
 
 Ampere, the unit of current strength, or rate of flow, repre- 
 sented by C. 
 Volt, the unit of electro-motive force, electrical pressure, or 
 <iifferen.ee of potential, represented by E. 
 i>!<ui, the unit of resistance, represented by R. 
 Watt (ampere-volt, or volt-ampere), the unit of power, P. 
 Joule (volt-coulomb), the unit of energy or work, W. 
 
 Relations of Various Units 
 
 K. W. 
 Hour= 
 
 1,000 watt hours. 
 1.34 horse-power hours. 
 2,654,200 ft.-lbs. 
 3,600,000 joules. 
 3,412 heat-units. 
 367,000 kilogram metres. 
 0.235,lb. carbon oxidized 
 with perfect efficiency. 
 3.53 Ibs. water evap. from 
 and at 212 F. 
 22.75 Ibs. of water raised 
 from 62 to 212 F. 
 
 H. P.= 
 
 746 watts. 
 0.746 K. W. 
 33,000 ft. -Ibs. per minute. 
 550 ft.-lbs. per second. 
 2,545 heat-units per hour. 
 42.4 heat-units per minute. 
 0.707 heat-units per second 
 0.175 Ibs. carbon oxidized 
 per hour. 
 2.64 Ibs. water 67ap. per 
 It ur from and at 212 F . 
 
 1 
 Heat- 
 unit= 
 
 1,055 watt seconds. 
 778 ft.-lbs. 
 107.6 kilogram metres. 
 0.000293 K.W. hour. 
 0.000393 H. P. hour. 
 O.OOC0688 Ibs. carbon oxi- 
 dized. 
 0.001036 Ibs. water evap. 
 from and at 212 F. 
 
 1 Heat-unit 
 jper Sq. Ft. 
 
 0.122 watts per squ're in. 
 0.0176 K.W. per sq.ft. 
 0236 H. P per sq ft 
 
 1 volt-ampere 1 watt 1 volt-coulomb per sec,; 
 
 f =0.7373 foot-pound per secom 
 =0.0009477 heat-units per second 
 
 H. P. 
 
 Hour= 
 
 0.146 K. W. Hours. 
 1,980,000 ft.-lbs. 
 2,545 heat-units. 
 273,740 k. g. m. 
 0.175 Ib. carbon oxidized 
 with perfect efficiency. 
 2.64 Ibs. water evapora'd 
 from and at 212 F. 
 IT.Olbs.'water raised from 
 62 to 212 F. 
 
 1 
 Jonle= 
 
 0.000000278 K. W. hour. 
 0.102 k. g. m. 
 0.0009477 heat-units. 
 0.7373 ft.-lb. 
 
 Kilogram 
 Metre= 
 
 7.233 ft.-lbs. 
 0.00000365 H. P. hour. 
 O.OM00272 K. W. hour. 
 0.0093 heat-nnits. 
 
 ^=J/746 of one horse-power; 
 ( =0.7373 foot-pound, 
 1 jonle .. . s work done by one watt in one 
 
 Ft.-lb. 
 
 1.356 joules. 
 0.1383 k. g. m. 
 0.000000377 K. W. hours. 
 0.001285 heat-unite. 
 0000005 H. P. hour. 
 
 lib. 
 Carbon 
 Oxidized 
 I with 
 I perfect 
 Efficien'y 
 
 14,544 heat units. 
 1.11 Ib. Anth'cite coal ox. 
 2.5 Ibs. dry wood oxidzd. 
 21 cu. ft. illuminating-gas! 
 4.26 K. W. hours. 
 5.71 H. P. hours. 
 11,315,000 ft.-lbs. 
 ISlbs.of waterevap. from 
 and at 212 F. 
 
 ( =0.0009477 heat-unit; [second, 
 1 I'.ritish thermal unit =1055.3 julea; 
 f =737.3 foot-pound per second, 
 1 kilowatt, or 1000 watts -C 0.9477 heat-units per second, 
 
 1 Kilowatt-hour, ( =1.3405 horse-powers hours, 
 1000 volt-ampere hours, ^ =2,654,200 foot-pounds, 
 
 Kilo- 
 watt = 
 
 1,000 watts. 
 1.34 horse-power. 
 '4654,200 ft.-lbs. per hoar. 
 44.240 ft.-lbs. per minute. 
 737.3 ft.-lbs. per second. 
 3,412 heatrunits per hour. 
 56.9 heat-nnits p'r minute! 
 0.948 heat-nnits p'r sec'd 
 0.2275 Ib. carbon oxidiz'd 
 per hour. 
 3.53 log. water evap. per 
 lir. from and at 2)2 K.I 
 
 1 
 Watt = 
 
 1 joule per second. 
 0.00134 H. P. 
 3.412 heat units per hour. 
 0.7373 ft.-lbs. per second. 
 0.0035 Ibs. water evap. per 
 hour. 
 44.24 f t.-lbs. per minute. 
 
 
 1 horse-power.. . ... J -' watts-_7*6 voltamperes. 
 
 lib. 
 
 Water 
 
 0.2S3K. W. hour. 
 0.379 H. P. hour. 
 965.7 heat-units. 
 103,900 k. K. m. 
 1,019,000 joules. 
 751,300 ft.-lbs. 
 0.0664 Ib. of carbon oxi- 
 dized. 
 
 ^ ) =33.000 foot-pounds per minute. 
 
 The ohm, ampere, aiv 1 volt are delated in terms of one another 
 as follows: Ohm, the resistance of a conductor through which a 
 current of one ampere will pass when the electro-motive force is 
 one volt. Ampere, the quantity of current which will flow through 
 a resistance of one Ohm when the electro-motive force is one volt. 
 Volt, the electro-motive force required to cause a current of one 
 Ampere to flow through a resistance of one Ohm. 
 
 1 Watt 
 per sq. 
 in. = 
 
 8.19 heat-units per sq. ft. Evapor'd 
 per minute. from and 
 6,371 ft.-lbs. per. sq. ft. per] at 212 F. 
 minute. = 
 0.193 H. P. persq. ft. 1 
 

 Weight*, Lengths and Resistances of Copper "Wire 
 
 
 @ 20 C., 68 F. 
 
 The Circular Mil 
 
 Gages 
 
 Diam- 
 
 Area 
 
 WEIGHT 
 
 LENQTH 
 
 11 Circular Mil," the " Mil " being the name for the one-thousandth of an inch. The diameter, there- 
 fore, of a wire expressed in mils is its diameter in thousandths of an inch with the decimal point 
 
 
 . . 
 
 
 
 
 removed. If the diameter of any wire expressed in mils be squared, a number is obtained which is 
 
 
 Inches 
 
 Circular 
 mils 
 
 Lbs. per 
 Foot 
 
 Lbs. per 
 Ohm 
 
 Feet per 
 Pound 
 
 Feet per 
 Ohm 
 
 proportional to the actual area of the wire itself, and is termed the " circular millage " of the wire. 
 Any given wire may bo regarded as made up of a number of small circular unit wires, one mil, 
 or one-thousandth of an inch in diameter. If the diameter of the given wire is ten small circles long, it 
 
 A.W.G. 
 
 B & S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 is ten mils in diameter. The square of ton being 100, the circular millage of this wire should be 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 circular mils. As tha area of a circle is the square of its diameter multiplied by .7854 in order to con- 
 
 UOOO 
 000 
 
 0.460 
 0.4096 
 
 211,600 
 167,800 
 
 0.6405 
 0.5080 
 
 13,090 
 8,232 
 
 1.561 
 1.969 
 
 20,440 
 16,210 
 
 vert the circular millago of any wire into its actual area in square inches, the circular millage must be 
 multiplied by .7854, and the requisite decimal places pointed off. Thus, in the previous example, a wire 
 of 100 circular mils has an actual area of .7854 x 100 = .00007 square inches. Inasmuch as the circular 
 
 00 
 
 
 0.3648 
 0.3249 
 
 133,100 
 105,500 
 
 0.4028 
 0.3195 
 
 5,177 
 3,256 
 
 2.482 
 3.130 
 
 12,850 
 10,190 
 
 millage is proportional to the actual area in square inches of the wire, it forms an exceedingly easy and 
 convenient number for the purposes of calculation, and ia widely used in this connection. 
 
 1 
 
 0.2893 
 
 83,690 
 
 0.2533 
 
 2,048 
 
 3.947 
 
 8,083 
 
 
 2 
 
 0.2576 
 
 66,370 
 
 0.2009 
 
 1,288 
 
 4.977 
 
 6,410 
 
 Electrical Conductivity of Different Metals and alloys 
 
 3 
 
 0.2294 
 
 52,630 
 
 0.1593 
 
 810.0 
 
 6.276 
 
 5,084 
 
 Pure silver .100 Telephonic silicions Aluminum brouzo (10 '? ) 12.6 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 0.2043 
 0.1819 
 
 41,740 
 33,100 
 
 0.1264 
 0.1002 
 
 509.4 
 320.4 
 
 7.914 
 9.980 
 
 4,031 
 3,197 
 
 Pure copper 100 bronze 35 Siemens steel _ 12 
 
 Refined and crystallized Copper with 10 % of lead 30 Pure platinum 10.6 
 
 copper . . 99.9 Purezinc 29.9 Copper with 10 )* of riickellO.6 
 
 o 
 
 01620 
 
 26250 
 
 007946 
 
 201 5 
 
 12 58 
 
 2 535 
 
 Telegraphic silicious Telephonic phosphor- Purelead . 8.88 
 
 
 0.1443 
 
 20,820 
 
 0.08302 
 
 126.7 
 
 15.87 
 
 2,011 
 
 bronze . 98 bronze. 29 Bronze with 20 jl tin 8.4 
 
 Alloy of copper and sil- Silicious brass, 25 % zinc 26.49 Pure nickel .. _ 7.89 
 
 s 
 
 0.1285 
 
 16,510 
 
 0.04998 
 
 79.69 
 
 20.01 
 
 1,595 
 
 ver(50)6) 86.65 Brass with 35 $ of zinc . 21.5 Phosphor-bronze, 10 tin 6.5 
 
 9 
 
 0.1144 
 
 13,090 
 
 0.03963 
 
 50.12 
 
 25.23 
 
 1,265 
 
 Pure gold 78 Phosphor tin... .17.7 Phosphor-copper, 9jfphos. 4.9 
 
 10 
 
 0.1019 
 
 10,380 
 
 0.03143 
 
 31.52 
 
 31.82 
 
 1,003 
 
 SilicideofCopper.ijfSY 75 Swedish iron 16 Antimony 3.88 
 
 Pure aluminum 1.. 54.2 Pure Banca tin. . 15.45 
 
 11 
 
 0.09074 
 
 8,234 
 
 0.02493 
 
 19.82 
 
 40.12 
 
 795.3 
 
 
 12 
 
 0.08081 
 
 6,530 
 
 0.01977 
 
 12.47 
 
 50.59 
 
 630.7 
 
 
 13 
 
 0.07196 
 
 5.178 
 
 0.01568 
 
 7.840 
 
 63.79 
 
 500.1 
 
 INSULATORS (J*oor Conductors) 
 
 14 
 
 0.06408 
 
 4,107 
 
 0.01243 
 
 4.931 
 
 80.44 
 
 396.6 
 
 Dry Air Resins Glass India-rubber Dry Leather 
 Shellac Sulphur Mica Silk Porcelain 
 
 15 
 
 0.05707 
 
 3,257 
 
 0.009858 
 
 3.101 
 
 101.4 
 
 314.5 
 
 Paraffin Wax Ebonite Dry Paper Oils 
 
 16 
 
 0.05082 
 
 2,583 
 
 0.007818 
 
 1.950 
 
 127.9 
 
 249.4 
 
 Amber Jet Gutta-percha Parchment 
 
INDEX 
 
 
 SECTION 
 
 PAGE SECTION 
 
 PAGE 
 
 
05 
 
 ffi 
 
 fi ;j?ff 
 
 q |l;l 
 
 s : 
 
 3 
 
 KX 
 
 F 
 
 K 
 
 aS 
 
 < x 
 
 - OS 
 
 W 
 
 s 
 
 fcj 
 
 O 
 O 
 
 M 
 
 li 
 
 H 
 
 ' '! 
 
rc ^7199