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 THE PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 School for Advanced Medical Studies 
 
 OF 
 
 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON 
 
 Being the Introductory Address at the Opening of the 
 Winter Session, October, 1906 
 
 BY 
 
 RICKMAN JOHN GODLEE 
 
 Holme Professor of Clinical Surgery ; Surgeon in Ordinary 
 to H.M. the King 
 
 JANUARY, 1907 
 
 XOtlDOn : 
 
 JOHN BALE, SONS & DANIELSSON, Ltd. 
 
 OXFORD HOUSE 
 
 83-91, GREAT TITCHFIELD STREET, OXFORD STREET, W.
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 In apologising for the publication of such a transitory 
 paper as an Introductory Address two explanations may 
 be given. First it is an attempt to describe in a concise 
 and readable form the educational difficulties on account 
 of which University College was founded, and to show 
 how from this beginning the University of London, the 
 Hospital and the School of Advanced Medical Studies 
 came into existence. These matters, which were keenly 
 exciting only eighty years ago, are now rapidly passing 
 into oblivion and may well soon be completely forgotten. 
 Secondly it is thought that this short History of our 
 School may interest many who did not hear it, and to 
 whose notice there seems no other method of bringing 
 it. It appears best to preserve the text almost exactly 
 as it was delivered and to add in notes a number of facts 
 upon which some of the statements are founded. They 
 are of equal if not greater importance, but were too 
 long to read in the short time at the disposal of the 
 lecturer. The illustrations, it is hoped, may make the 
 story more real. I am sorry they are not more com- 
 plete ; but it is not easy to obtain portraits of all the 
 men whose names one would have liked thus to honour. 
 I am under great obligation to many kind friends who 
 have helped me in collecting material.
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Frontispiece: "The University of London," a Fancy 
 
 Portrait. 
 Tottenham Court Road Turnpike and St. James's Chapel, 
 
 from an old print by Ackermann, 1812. 
 Jeremy Bentham. 
 Joseph Priestley. 
 Thomas Campbell. 
 Henry Brougham. 
 George Grote, 
 David Ricardo. 
 John Stuart Mill. 
 Joseph Hume. 
 
 Map of the District from Horwood's Plan of London, 1799. 
 The Old Adam and Eve Public House. 
 Sit Thomas Watson. 
 The Old Hospital. 
 Sir Charles Bell. 
 Old Burlington House. 
 Lord Lister. 
 
 Bust of Sir John Blundell Maple. 
 The New Hospital. 
 Ward 13. 
 
 Basement of New Hospital Plan. 
 First Floor of New Hospital Plan. 
 Sir Donald Currie. 
 The New Medical School. 
 Ground Floor of New School Plan. 
 Second Floor of New School Plan. 
 Fourth Floor of New School Plan. 
 Suggestion for Coat of Arms.
 
 **$$*
 
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 The Past, Present and Future of the 
 School for Advanced Medical Studies 
 of University College, London. 
 
 In this year 1906 we are sick and tired of the word 
 Education. It is enough to make one shut his ears 
 and close his eyes. But unfortunately it is Education 
 that must form the subject of my discourse. 
 
 To-day we see the Established Church, in the face 
 of signs that seem to threaten its very existence, at 
 daggers drawn with more or less religious sects and 
 no-sects ; the point of discussion being the quantity 
 and quality of the moral and religious instruction 
 which shall be compulsorily given or withheld from 
 the children of what we call the lower classes. It 
 is not an edifying spectacle. It will not improbably 
 end in purely secular education in primary schools. 
 
 I have to take you back eighty years : to a time 
 when a somewhat similar battle was raging ; but then 
 it was over the higher education of the middle classes, 
 and, to some extent, that of the upper classes also. 
 In 1826 there were in England only the two ancient 
 Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, and their portals 
 were guarded by the expensive character of their wares 
 and by the necessity which was imposed of subscribing
 
 2 University Tests 
 
 to certain religious tests. Doubtless, these oaths were 
 lightly taken and little thought of, but they formed an 
 impassable barrier to those young men whose con- 
 sciences were tender, or whose parents were the victims 
 of the same troublesome emotion. A dissenter could, 
 indeed, obtain his education at Cambridge not at 
 Oxford but there was little temptation to take advan- 
 tage of the privilege, as he was prevented from any 
 recognition of his acquirements in the form of a. degree* 
 
 * There was no subscription before the time of James I. 
 It was instituted in 1603 at the University of Cambridge, but 
 abolished in 1640. The abolition was only temporary. 
 Agitation to do away with subscription took place in 1772. 
 It was followed by the adoption of this revised form : " I, 
 A.B., do declare that I am bond fide a member of the Church 
 of England as by law established." The original form was : 
 " We, whose names are underwritten, do willingly and ex animo 
 subscribe to the three Articles before mentioned (namely, the 
 Articles in the 36th Canon), and to all things in them con- 
 tained " (see " Thoughts on Subscription to Religious Tests 
 particularly that required by the University of Cambridge, 
 of Candidates for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts." Wm. 
 Frend, M.A., St. Ives, printed by T. Bloom. Merrill and 
 Bowtel, Cambridge, 1788). The declaration " I, A. B., &c," 
 continued to be imposed on all persons proceeding to any 
 degree (except a degree in theology, for which other tests were 
 provided) until the passing of the Cambridge University Act, 
 1856 (Royal Assent, July 29), by which it was provided, 
 chap. 45 (Statutes, Ed. 1904, p. 137). "No person shall 
 be required upon matriculating, or upon taking, or to enable 
 him to take any degree in Arts, Law, Medicine, or Music, in 
 the said University to take any oath, or to make any Declara- 
 tion or Subscription whatever." The Test Act, June 16, 1871, 
 reaffirmed the above clause, and extended the relief to colleges. 
 There were many efforts before 1856 to get relief for medical 
 students, but they were all unsuccessful.
 
 
 JEREMY BENTHAM. 
 
 /. I'osseht/liitf, sculp.
 
 University Tests 3 
 
 Religious tests were finally abolished in the Universi- 
 ties, Halls, and Colleges of Oxford, Cambridge and 
 Durham, on June 16, 187 1, by the Act 34 Vict, 
 Ch. 26. 
 
 The unfairness and the unwisdom of the thing had 
 struck many serious thinkers ; and had especially been 
 
 The history of the imposition of tests at Oxford is similar 
 to that of Cambridge. There were none before the time of 
 James I. Laud procured the publication in 1616 of a stringent 
 order from the King, by the advice of the clergy in convoca- 
 tion, for the subscription of the three articles in the 36th 
 Canon by every candidate for a degree, for strict attendance 
 on university sermons, and for the enforcement of other safe- 
 guards against heterodoxy. Before this time several Regius 
 Professors of Divinity in succession were of the Puritan school. 
 During the Commonwealth these tests were replaced by others 
 equally obnoxious : the Solemn League and Covenant, the 
 Negative Oath, involving abjurgation of all connection with 
 the King, his council, or his officers (1648), and later (1649) an 
 " Engagement " to support a Government without a King or 
 House of Lords. Things were made more easy towards the 
 end of Cromwell's life. But after the Restoration there was a 
 return to the methods of the Stewarts. " In 1662 a Royal 
 letter re-established all the statutes and regulations in force 
 before the usurpation, including the oaths introduced under 
 James I., and this letter, coupled with the Act of Uniformity 
 passed in 1662, must have rendered the positions of many 
 Puritans at Oxford practically untenable. By a clause of that 
 Act it was for the first time required that every person elected 
 to a college fellowship should make a declaration of conformity 
 to the liturgy of the Church of England in the presence of the 
 Vice-Chancellor. Such a provision had a sensible effect in 
 making Oxford once more a seminary of the clergy and country 
 gentry " (" A History of the University of Oxford," by Hon. 
 G. C. Brodrick, D.C.L. London: Longmans, 1886). The 
 following quotation is from an interesting book by H. A.
 
 4 Philosophical Radicals 
 
 borne in upon the minds of the Whigs and Dissenters 
 and the followers of Jeremy Bentham. Jeremy 
 Bentham is still with us. His skeleton, surmounted 
 with the simulacrum of his face, and clothed in his 
 own brown coat and wig and broad-rimmed hat, may 
 
 Pottinger, M.A., " University Tests," (London : W. Ridgway, 
 1873). " Up to the year 1837 all students above 16 years of age 
 were required to sign the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church 
 of England, to take the Oath of Supremacy, and the Oath to 
 observe the statutes. Students above 12 and under 16 were 
 only required to sign the Thirty-Nine Articles. In the year 
 1837, in consequence, no doubt, of Act 5 and 6, William IV. 
 c. 62, our statutes were altered. The oath to observe the 
 statutes was abolished and a monition substituted for it. 
 Students above the age of 16 were to subscribe the Articles 
 and take the Oath of Supremacy, those above 12 and under 16 
 were only obliged to sign the Articles. Such was the law 
 until 1854." 
 
 In 1854 was passed an Act for reforming the University and 
 Colleges of Oxford (17 & 18 Vict. c. 81). This was the sequel 
 of a Commission appointed in 1850, which failed to extract the 
 required information from the authorities of the University. 
 The Act of 1854 was not stringent enough to prevent these 
 authorities from evading it, e.g., though they were supposed 
 not to enquire about the religious belief of a student, a 
 candidate at the divinity part of the B.A. had to produce 
 this certificate : Ego A.B. testor M.N., quum extra Ecclesiatn 
 Anglicanatn stt, petere ut ab examinatione in rebus theologicis 
 excusetur, A.B. Also divinity examinations were still made 
 essential for honours and higher degrees, so that those who 
 did not undergo these examinations could not be admitted 
 to Convocation. Finally, as at Cambridge, everything was 
 set at rest by the Act of 1871, and the contests of the 
 middle of the nineteenth century, which were conducted with 
 astonishing acerbity, are now almost forgotten.
 
 //. Artauii, fun \ 
 
 JOSEPH PRIESTLEY, LL.D., F.R.S. 
 
 T. llo/loway, siu//i.
 
 Philosophical Radicals 5 
 
 still be seen by any of you, sitting in a glazed 
 mahogany case in the gallery of the anatomical 
 museum of this college ; but, like John Brown of 
 Ossawatomie, " his soul goes marching on." This 
 quaint prodigy, who went to Oxford at the age of 
 12, and graduated B.A. at 15, was the founder of a 
 school of thought ; he embraced the utilitarian principle, 
 and adopted and popularised the celebrated watchword 
 of Priestley,* "the greatest happiness of the greatest 
 number." He advocated going to the root of things. 
 He might be termed the first of the Radicals and the 
 inspirer of the so-called " Philosophical Radicals." It 
 is not surprising that he seemed to think, in the 
 innocence of his heart and in his strange ignorance of 
 the ways of the world, that he could introduce the 
 millennium with a stroke of the pen. In this, of course, 
 he was disappointed, but many of his suggested reforms 
 have been carried out since his day, and others will, no 
 doubt, follow in the fulness of time. One of them, 
 advocated in a pamphlet " Swear not at all " (London, 
 Hunter, 18 17), shows the tendency of his mind on the 
 question of university oaths. f Bentham was a member 
 
 * An essay on the first principles of Government ; and on 
 the nature of Political, Civil and Religious Liberty, by Joseph 
 Priestley, LL.D., F.R.S. p. 17. (London : J. Dodsley. 1768). 
 
 " It must be necessarily understood, therefore, whether it 
 be expressed or not, that all people live in society for their 
 mutual advantage ; so that the good and happiness of the 
 members, that is, the majority of the members of any State, 
 is the great standard by which anything relating to that State 
 must finally be determined." 
 
 t Bentham is very severe about the oaths of obedience 
 exacted from undergraduates, and points out that it was 
 almost impossible for any undergraduate who was not ill in
 
 6 Utilitarian School 
 
 of the provisional committee which met to discuss the 
 situation. 
 
 It is not easy to say who first started the idea of 
 founding a Secular University in London. Some trace 
 its origin to James Mill's association for the purpose of 
 setting up a Chrestomathic School, in 1815, "to give 
 a sound education of proper utilitarian tendencies to 
 the upper and middle classes."* Mrs. de Morgan, in 
 the Life of her celebrated husband, Augustus de 
 Morgan, who for many years held the chair of mathe- 
 matics at this college, and who, though an Unitarian, 
 fought bravely for the secular principle, hints that the 
 suggestion was first made by her father, Mr. Frend, 
 in some letters signed " Civis," published in a monthly 
 periodical, edited by Mr. John Shelwall, somewhere 
 about 1 8 19, which did not survive a third number, t 
 The matter was, however, actually brought to a head 
 by a proposition which came from a rather unlikely 
 quarter. Thomas Campbell, the poet, originally a 
 somewhat precocious classical student in Glasgow, had 
 long been settled in London, where he moved in the 
 best literary circles and gained a precarious livelihood 
 by a good deal of anonymous prose writing, and a 
 rather small output of verse appearing over his own 
 name. He had travelled more than once in Germany, 
 and was much struck by the system of the German 
 
 bed, to escape the sin of perjury for more than a few hours. 
 His pamphlet, which is a very crabbed one, deals with the 
 whole subject of judicial and other oaths. 
 
 * Brougham, Mackintosh, Ricardo, William Allen and Place 
 were all interested in the undertaking. See " The English 
 Utilitarians," Leslie Stephen. London : Duckworth. 1900. 
 
 + Memoirs of Augustus de Morgan (p. 23). Longmans. 
 1882.
 
 T. Lawrence, del. 
 
 THOMAS CAMPBELL. 
 
 S. Freeman, scttl.
 
 Thomas Campbell J 
 
 universities. It was from this point of view, as much 
 as from that to which I have already referred, that he 
 talked to several of his friends and ultimately wrote 
 a letter to Mr. Henry Brougham afterwards Lord 
 Brougham, which appeared in The Times, February 9, 
 1825. 
 
 It is a long rambling letter. The leading article of 
 the day said, not untruly, that it was flippant and in- 
 definite. It advocated the formation of a great London 
 University " for effectively and multifariously teaching, 
 examining, exercising, and rewarding with honours in 
 the liberal arts and sciences, the youth of our middling 
 rich people between the age of 15 or 16, and 20, or 
 later if you please."* 
 
 * The following extracts from the letter are interesting : 
 "The plan which I suggest is a great London University, 
 not a place for lecturing to people of both sexes (except as an 
 appendage to the establishment) but for effectively and multi- 
 fariously teaching, examining, exercising, and rewarding with 
 honours in the liberal arts and sciences, the youth of our 
 middling rich people, between the age of 15 or 16, and 20, or 
 later if you please. By the middling rich, I mean all between 
 mechanics and the enormously rich. There is a class beneath 
 regular industry, which is called the worst, and one above 
 considerable wealth which is courteously denominated the best 
 rank. But there is sometimes a similarity in the frailties of 
 those highest and lowest superlative classes, which seems to 
 verify the proverb that extremes meet. 
 
 But as to their health, supposing a Metropolitan University 
 to exist, and that the youths studied five days in a week, a 
 whole holiday on Saturday, and a ramble into the country, 
 methinks, would recruit them quite as well as if they were sent
 
 8 Thomas Campbell 
 
 Whether Campbell has received more or less credit 
 for the movement than he deserves, it is now hard to 
 say. For my part I think he has his full share. The 
 matter had undoubtedly been much discussed and was 
 ripe for settlement. The Provisional Committee con- 
 sisted of: Henry Brougham, Thomas Campbell, Isaac 
 Lyon Goldsmid, George Grote, the historian and 
 banker in later years the President of the College, 
 
 to Cambridge itself to recruit their appetite for food and virtue. 
 On the days of study they might breakfast early at home and 
 return after receiving instruction for several hours, always by 
 daylight to their parents' houses. As they could not study for 
 six hours at College without intermission, the chief difficulty 
 would be to find a place for their resort during the intervals ; 
 and this circumstance would require the university to have 
 roomy and therefore expensive premises. But if public spirit 
 were once awakened, all difficulties and expenses would be 
 surmounted. All tiiat would be necessary would be to have 
 some porticos and large halls independent of the lecture-rooms, 
 to which they might resort for relaxation, and although these 
 were close to the places of teaching, yet by proper means all 
 noisy recreations might be prohibited. They would thus have 
 to perambulate London only twice a day, and that during day- 
 light. Their parents might know how every minute of every 
 day of their life was employed. Evening lectures might be 
 given on popular subjects to people of maturer age. The 
 Germans had at one time a strong prejudice against the 
 existence of an university in a capital town, but they now find 
 the students of Berlin and Vienna the most regular living 
 youths in all Germany. 
 
 To build and endow a London University would cost, I 
 imagine, ^100,000. It might contain thirty professors or more, 
 the most of whom would maintain themselves by small fees 
 from the students, though a few professorships would require 
 salaries. Two thousand families subscribing 50 apiece would 
 raise that sum. A youth could surely travel daily two miles
 
 A. Wive 11, del. 
 
 HENRY BROUGHAM. 
 
 /. Posselwhite, sculp.
 
 .S". /'. Denning, del. 
 
 G. GROTE. 
 
 //. Robinson, scul
 
 Painted by T. Phillips, R.A. 
 
 DAVID RICARDO. 
 
 Engraved by T. Hodgetts.
 
 G. F. Watts, pinx. 
 
 JOHN STUART MILL. 
 
 Photo by F. Hollycr.
 
 A. Wive II, del. 
 
 JOSEPH HUME. 
 
 Scriven, sculp.
 
 Provisional Committee 9 
 
 Jeremy Bentham, David Ricardo, James Mill, the 
 economist, John Stuart Mill, his distinguished son, John 
 Black, John Austin, and John Romilly. Amongst the 
 prime movers it is right to add to the names already 
 mentioned, that of Joseph Hume and that of Crabb 
 Robinson, the diarist and conversationalist. 
 
 "The question of funds was at first a difficulty ; but 
 Campbell was sanguine and energetic, and when once 
 
 to his studies. Place the university centrically, and you would 
 thus give it a surrounding circle of London population four 
 miles in breadth and twelve in circumference. How many 
 families in that space would patronise the scheme, remains to 
 be tried ; but deducting largely for houses who have no sons 
 for universities, and still a large number would be found will- 
 ing to postpone sending their boys to business or professions 
 for the sake of some years of good education. 
 
 Instead therefore of discussing what Oxford and Cambridge 
 are, or ought to be, the people of London should settle what 
 sort of university they wish for, and it will be their own fault 
 if it does not exist. It may be said that 50 is a serious sum 
 for a middling circumstanced family to give away as the price 
 of a mere privilege. It is for men of influence to inspire the 
 people with different sentiments. What incomparably larger 
 sacrifices are made every day to objects less important than 
 intellectual character. I beg pardon if I make an error in so 
 grave a matter of history as the price of the periwigs of our 
 forefathers; but I think I have heard that a full-bottomed 
 British periwig once cost 50. Revive the fashion, and 
 100,000 would instantly leap from the pockets of middling 
 gentility, in order to save cast, by investing the " human head 
 divine " in those absurdities. But fashion has now happily 
 altered to decorating the inside more than the outside of the 
 skull. 
 
 People have talked to me of the difficulty of establishing 
 discipline in an university. I declare, I think I can speak of 
 Glasgow College impartially, though I was an alumnus ; for I
 
 io Gower Street 
 
 it was made clear that no religious tests would be 
 applied, either to teachers or pupils, the money was 
 subscribed. A vacant piece of ground including or 
 almost including the celebrated " field of the forty 
 footsteps" above the north end of Cower Street (which 
 did not then nearly reach the Euston Road) was pur- 
 chased, and upon it was erected, in chaste classical style, 
 the building in which we are met to-day, after plans by 
 
 know that it had many imperfections. But I was there seven 
 years, and an insubordinate student or a tyrannical professor, 
 I never saw. In some few classes, slight fines prevented 
 lateness, absence and bad behaviour ; in others decorum and 
 silence seemed to come of their own accord ; and the Irish 
 were among the most orderly students. I care not what the 
 powers of the professors of that university may be according 
 to old statutes, I argue upon the power which they really 
 needed to exercise, and that was nothing more than to summon 
 an offending student before the Senatus Academicus, to mulct 
 him in a very trifling fine, or to rebuke him ; if that failed he 
 might be expelled but expulsion was a punishment unknown 
 in my recollection. 
 
 # * * * * 
 
 I had thought much of this project before the last time that 
 I had the pleasure of seeing you. It gave me unspeakable 
 satisfaction, when I mentioned it, to learn that you and other 
 enlightened men who were present had often considered it to 
 be a design both desirable and attainable. How soon it may 
 be fit for yourself and other men of strong influence to propose 
 it to the public, I leave to your and their determination ; but 
 in the meantime I cannot think that I shall have injured the 
 cause by offering the mite of my suggestion before you and 
 they have brought forward the fund of potent opinions. 
 I am, my dear Brougham, 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 T. Campbell."
 
 Shefihard, del 
 
 REMAINS OF THE MANOR HOUSE. DENOMINATED 
 NOW VULGARLY CALLED TOTTENHAM COURT, AND OCCUPIED BY THE ADAM AND EVE 
 TEA HOUSE AND GARDENS. 1813. 
 
 Wist, siulp. 
 THE LORDSHIP OF TOTTEN-HALL,
 
 University of London 1 1 
 
 the celebrated architect Wilkins, who also designed the 
 National Gallery.* 
 
 The University of London, as it was called, was 
 established by a deed of settlement dated February u, 
 1826. It was described as "a proprietory institution 
 in the neighbourhood of Gower Street," and its object 
 was said to be " the advancement and promotion of 
 literature and science, by affording to young men resid- 
 ing in or resorting to the cities of London and West- 
 
 * The precise position of " The Field of the Forty Footsteps," 
 cannot now be ascertained. John Thomas Smith states ("A 
 Book for a Rainy Day," 1845. New Edition, by Wilfred 
 Whitten. Methuen, 1905), that Mr. Martin's Chapel, Keppel 
 Street, was built upon it. Dr. Rimbault (" Notes and Queries," 
 February 2, 1850), says it was at the extreme north east end of 
 Upper Montague Street. Miss Jane Porter in her novel " The 
 Field of the Forty Footsteps " (Longman, Rees and Co., 1828), 
 quotes a letter from a friend, who described accurately how he 
 used to walk to the footsteps about the year 1800, when they 
 were plainly visible. Following these instructions she convinced 
 herself in 1827 that the college was built upon the precise spot. 
 The extensive fields which occupied this district were appar- 
 ently a common place for duels, and there were a number of 
 traditions connected with them. To one of these reference 
 is made later on in the text. All agree in the statement that 
 there were bare spots on the field on which grass never grew ; 
 they were said to be the footsteps of two brothers measuring 
 the paces for a duel in which both fell, and their subsequent 
 barrenness was supposed to indicate the disapproval of Provi- 
 dence of the practice of duelling. At the top of Tottenham 
 Court Road stood two ancient taverns and gardens, the 
 Adam and Eve now replaced by a modern public-house of 
 the same name, and the King's Head, which has within the 
 last few weeks given place to modern improvements. Both are 
 immortalised in Hogarth's picture of the March to Finchley, 
 now in the Foundling Hospital.
 
 12 Opposition to University 
 
 minster, the borough of Southwark and the counties 
 adjoining, adequate opportunities for obtaining literary 
 and scientific education at a moderate expense." 
 
 Great, however, was the outcry, and great the 
 opposition which the movement raised. It is thus 
 commented on in a slashing article in support of the 
 University which appeared in the Edinburgh Review 
 (February, 1826, vol. xliii., p. 315), " Few things 
 have ever appeared to us more inexplicable than the 
 cry which it has pleased those who arrogate to them- 
 selves the exclusive praise of loyalty and orthodoxy, to 
 raise against the projected University of London. In 
 most of those publications which are distinguished for 
 zeal for the Church and Government, the scheme is 
 never mentioned but with affected contempt or un- 
 affected fury. The academic pulpits, have resounded 
 with invectives against it ; and many even of the most 
 liberal and enlightened members of the old foundations 
 seem to contemplate it with uncomfortable feelings." 
 
 And yet as the article pointed out there was no 
 hostility in the new institution to Oxford and Cambridge. 
 " No mysterious seal of degrees, no permission to search 
 houses, or take books without paying for them, no melo- 
 dramatic pageantry, no ancient ceremonial, no silver 
 mace, no gowns either black or red, no hoods either of 
 fur or of satin, no public orator to make speeches which 
 nobody hears, no oaths sworn only to be broken." 
 
 And the article continues : " But an university 
 without religion, softly expostulates the Quarterly 
 Review. An university without religion, roars John 
 Bull, wedging in his pious horror between a slander 
 and a double-entendre. And from pulpits and visita- 
 tion-dinners and combination-rooms innumerable the
 
 Opposition to University 1 3 
 
 cry is echoed and re-echoed, An university without 
 religion ! " 
 
 I cannot refrain from quoting one other paragraph 
 from this entertaining article, which deals with the 
 objection that had been raised on account of the multi- 
 farious temptations to which the student would be 
 exposed. It says : " Many thousands of young men 
 will live in London whether an university be established 
 there or not, and that for the simple reason that they 
 cannot afford to live elsewhere. That they should 
 be condemned to one misfortune because they labour 
 under another, and be debarred from knowledge 
 because they are surrounded with temptations to 
 vice, seems to be a not very rational or humane mode 
 of proceeding." 
 
 It is strange to think that such an enlightened man 
 as Dr. Arnold, whilst grieving at the sectarian position 
 of Oxford and Cambridge, which made an unsectarian 
 university necessary, disapproved of the non-inclusion 
 of the Christian religion, both at this time and later 
 when he was a member of the Senate of the present 
 University. He thought an examination might be 
 devised to which neither dissenters, catholics, nor 
 unitarians would object, and he saw no injustice in 
 excluding Jews and other non-christians from gradua- 
 tion in arts, if not from university education in general 
 in England. 
 
 The new University possessed a Faculty of Medicine, 
 but it was not dignified by the name of Faculty till some 
 time afterwards (1832). It was the first to be opened, 
 and a very active part of the college it was; 165 students 
 entered the first year. In 1833 they numbered, old and 
 new, 297; in 1835, 369; and in 1836, 418. Classes 
 were held in Chemistry, Zoology, Anatomy, Physiology
 
 14 Courses of Study 
 
 and Clinical Surgery, the Nature and Treatment of 
 Diseases, Clinical Medicine, Midwifery and Diseases 
 of Women and Children, and Materia Medica and 
 Pharmacy. 
 
 You will observe that there was no class on 
 systematic surgery. Charles Bell (afterwards Sir 
 Charles Bell), the celebrated physiologist and surgeon, 
 whose name recalls neurology, the "Anatomy of Expres- 
 sion " and the Bridgewater treatise upon the hand, held 
 the chair of physiology and clinical surgery. Dr. 
 Thomas Watson, afterwards Sir Thomas Watson, 
 occupied that of clinical medicine. Both of them were 
 on the staff of the Middlesex Hospital, and it was there 
 that the students had to obtain their principal clinical 
 instruction. Afterwards when Sir Charles Bell opposed 
 the building of our hospital, the Lancet took him very 
 roundly to task, with the sprightly amenities common 
 to the journalism of that day, and accused him of very 
 low motives in so doing ; in these articles they say that 
 the Middlesex Hospital at that time was a very poor 
 place indeed. I know not how much, if any, truth there 
 may be in the assertion. 
 
 The following extract from the first " Statement " 
 of the University shows the ordinary terms for admission 
 to a hospital at that period, and the special arrange- 
 ments that were made with the University. Usual 
 terms of admission to the Middlesex Hospital : Physi- 
 cian's pupil, six months, 10 guineas ; twelve months, 
 
 15 guineas; perpetual, 21 guineas. Surgeon's pupil, 
 six months, 15 guineas; twelve months, 20 guineas; 
 perpetual, 50 guineas. 
 
 " The pupils of the University are to be admitted to 
 the benefit of attendance at the Middlesex Hospital for 
 the following fees : Medical practice, academical session
 
 George Richmond, R.A., pinx. 
 
 SIR THOMAS WATSON, BART. 
 
 -S\ Cousin*, sculfi.
 
 Courses of Study i 5 
 
 of nine months, 1 2 guineas ; second session, 1 2 guineas. 
 After which the pupil will have free admission. A fee 
 of 2 1 guineas at one payment, or of 9 guineas in addi- 
 tion to the first 12 guineas, if paid before the conclu- 
 sion of the first session, will also entitle the pupil to 
 free admission. Entrance fee to the apothecary, 1 
 guinea. To the secretary, 5 shillings. Surgical prac- 
 tice, same as above." 
 
 The clinical lectures were held, from 6 to 7 p.m., 
 twice a week medical, and twice a week surgical ; and 
 the following prospectus of the lectures on clinical 
 surgery may not be without interest. " The student 
 will take his case-book round the hospital with him, 
 and there he will have the history and symptoms of 
 the case and the prescriptions dictated to him. The 
 Professor's book of cases will lie in a convenient place 
 in the University that the student may transcribe the 
 cases or compare his own notes with the authentic 
 record. At the lecture the case or a succession of 
 cases will be read, and such observations made as the 
 subject may demand, &c." 
 
 It was recognised that this method of obtaining 
 clinical instruction, in an altogether independent in- 
 stitution at some distance from the University, was 
 unsatisfactory, and accordingly the University Dispen- 
 sary, which may be looked upon as the parent, or grand- 
 parent of the present hospital, was started at No. 4, 
 George Street, in 1828. It was managed by a com- 
 mittee of the proprietors of the University in conjunc- 
 tion with the Council and Warden and four professors. 
 Four of the professors and the demonstrator of anatomy 
 formed the staff, and it was intended to supply, in a 
 limited degree, the deficiency in clinical teaching. But 
 it was obviously a make-shift arrangement, insufficient
 
 1 6 Medical Education in 1825 
 
 for the needs of a young university, which was pioneer- 
 ing the cause of scientific medical education. So after 
 some opposition, and considerable difficulty in obtaining 
 funds, the first stone of the " North London Hospital," 
 was laid on May 22, 1833, and on November 1, 1834, 
 the central part of the original building, which has now 
 completely disappeared, was opened for the reception 
 of patients. The hospital was built upon some land 
 belonging to the University and, when completed, 
 occupied the north eastern half of the ground upon 
 which the present building stands. It was intended, 
 when complete, to accommodate 230 patients, but the 
 part first built only contained 130 beds. Gower Street, 
 as I said before, did not at first cross the property of 
 the University, and until within the last few years no 
 traffic passed between the college and hospital. It was 
 crossed by a bar, and their rights over it were asserted 
 annually by closing it completely to pedestrians, with 
 huge hoardings on Ascension Day, to the great annoy- 
 ance of passengers, and to the consequent amusement 
 of the lighter spirits amongst the residents at the hos- 
 pital. These rights were ultimately parted with for a 
 round sum of money (,15,000) in 1892. 
 
 In order to grasp the nature of the reforms which 
 the University of London made in medical education, 
 we must try to gain an idea of what the usual training 
 for a doctor was at the time we are discussing. The 
 common portal was by means of apprenticeship about 
 the age of 14 to an apothecary or medical man, most 
 likely in the country, for a period of five years ; after 
 which the student " walked the hospitals " for a year 
 or two in London, and if he went to Bartholomew's 
 or Guy's, or some others, he could attend lectures 
 on anatomy (including physiology), botany, medicine,
 
 THE OLD HOSPITAL.
 
 Medical "Education in 1825 17 
 
 surgery and midwifery, and he had or could have 
 two courses of dissections. 
 
 It may be conceded that the system of apprentice- 
 ship gave the student a considerable knowledge of the 
 details, so to say the tips of private practice, which he 
 now has painfully and shamefacedly to pick up after 
 his mind is fully charged with theoretical knowledge. 
 But it was beginning at the wrong end, and I know 
 (for some of my own fellow-students began in this way) 
 that the apprentice came puffed up with his knowledge 
 of practical details, and moreover, past the prime of the 
 assimilative period which is best adapted for making 
 use of systematic instruction. These defects were in my 
 day, no doubt, accentuated by the fact that they had to 
 mix with younger men fresh from the schools or the 
 universities. 
 
 The lecturers were few and the competition slight, 
 they formed a limited oligarchy, and the commodity they 
 supplied was not always of a high order, if we are to 
 credit the early numbers of the Lancet. 
 
 It will be seen, therefore, that the scientific part of 
 medical education was in a chaotic state, and that for 
 the majority of doctors, at all events, there was not the 
 slightest attempt to make it one of the learned profes- 
 sions. What wonder indeed ! considering the position 
 occupied in the past by the barber surgeon and the 
 village apothecary. 
 
 The medical student has been held up as the 
 type of what is rowdy and unruly, and there is little 
 doubt that, as a class, they were far from being the 
 most respectable members of society. Pickwick is 
 supposed to refer to 1827. I am not suggesting that 
 Bob Sawyer and Ben Allen are true portraits, but 
 I suppose the fact that such caricatures could be
 
 1 8 Medical Education in 1825 
 
 drawn and accepted, is an indication that the models 
 from which they were copied were not very uncommon. 
 You remember Bob Sawyer "who was habited in a 
 coarse blue coat, which without being either a great 
 coat or a surtout, partook of the nature and qualities 
 of both, had about him that sort of slovenly smartness, 
 and swaggering gait, which is peculiar to young gentle- 
 men who smoke in the streets by day, shout and scream 
 in the same by night, call waiters by their Christian 
 names, and do various other acts and deeds of an 
 equally facetious description. He wore a pair of plaid 
 trousers, and a large double-breasted waistcoat ; out of 
 doors he carried a thick stick with a big top. He 
 eschewed gloves, and looked upon the whole some- 
 thing like a dissipated Robinson Crusoe." 
 
 It was common to take the Licentiateship of the 
 Apothecaries' Hall as the only qualification, but a 
 certain number took the diploma of the College of 
 Surgeons, and a few that of the College of Physicians, 
 any one of which alone was a sufficient qualification to 
 practise prior to the passing of the Medical Act of 
 1886. 
 
 The minimum study required for admission to the 
 L.S.A. in 1820, was : 
 
 Apprenticeship to an apothecary for five years. 
 
 Evidence of apprenticeship. 
 
 Testimonial of moral character. 
 
 Attendance on Lectures 
 
 Two Courses of Anatomy and Physiology. 
 Two Courses Theory and Practice of Medicine. 
 One Course Chemistry. 
 One Course Materia Medica. 
 Hospital attendance, six months at a recognised 
 school.
 
 Medical Education in 1825 19 
 
 This does not amount to very much and it is unlikely 
 that the examinations were very severe. 
 
 The requirements of the College of Surgeons in 
 1824 were much greater. The only schools of surgery 
 recognised by the Court were London, Dublin, Edin- 
 burgh, Glasgow and Aberdeen. A recognised hospital 
 had to contain 100 patients. Certificates had to be 
 produced from the appointed Professors of Anatomy and 
 and Surgery at the recognised schools, or from persons 
 teaching in a school acknowledged by the medical 
 establishment of one of the recognised hospitals, or from 
 persons being physicians or surgeons to any of these 
 hospitals. Candidates for the diploma were required to 
 produce, prior to examination, certificates 
 
 (1) Of having been engaged six years at least in 
 the acquisition of professional knowledge. 
 
 (2) Of being 22 years of age; 
 and according to the above regulations, 
 
 (3) Of having regularly attended three winter 
 courses at least of anatomical studies ; and also, one 
 or more winter courses of chirurgical lectures. 
 
 (4) Of having performed dissections during two or 
 more winter courses. 
 
 (5) Of having diligently attended during the term 
 of at least one year, the chirurgical practice of an 
 hospital. 
 
 Some exceptions were made in favour of graduates 
 of certain universities, and candidates were directed to 
 observe that tickets of admission only would not be 
 received as certificates or evidence of attendance. 
 
 The College of Physicians had no curriculum of 
 professional study laid down before the year 1844-5. 
 There are some Latin bye-laws dated about 181 1, which 
 merely state the subjects of examination and the con-
 
 20 Medical Education in 1825 
 
 ditions under which the candidates are to be examined. 
 As, however, all candidates had to possess the degree 
 of Doctor of Medicine, and as in the three parts 
 of the examination (the Pars physiologica, the Pars 
 pathologica and the Pars therapeutica) they had to 
 translate selected passages from Latin and Greek 
 authors, the matter does not really affect the present 
 discussion. 
 
 The degrees of Oxford and Cambridge were only 
 available for the well-to-do, and for those who would 
 subscribe to the articles of the Church of England. 
 But it must be added that Edinburgh was a flourishing 
 school, and that many resorted to it both for education 
 and qualification. I have vainly endeavoured to ascer- 
 tain what tests, if any, were demanded of students at 
 the Scottish Universities, but I believe that at the time 
 of which I am speaking they had all been abolished. 
 The London student, if a dissenter, often resorted to 
 Paris or some Continental University, if he wished to 
 obtain a degree. 
 
 This state of things is well illustrated by the follow- 
 ing extract from the original statement of the University 
 of London, 1827 : " It has been stated that about one 
 hundred only of all the physicians now practising in 
 England have been educated at Oxford and Cambridge, 
 while there are more than three hundred licentiates of 
 the College of Physicians, besides as many hundreds 
 of country practitioners who have never been candidates 
 for the privilege of licentiate. There are now six 
 thousand members of the College of Surgeons, not six 
 of whom, it has been stated, have graduated at the 
 universities." 
 
 Another interesting fact is that in 1826-7 Oxford 
 and Cambridge together averaged 6 medical graduates
 
 /. .V: rns. K. V.. (., /'in i 
 
 Photo by Walker &> Box tall. 
 
 SIR CHARLES BELL.
 
 Medical Education in 1825 21 
 
 a year, while 100 to 120 emanated from Edinburgh 
 alone. 
 
 The " University of London " aimed at modifying 
 the course of education by making the attendance at 
 systematic lectures the primary object of the earlier 
 years, and by rendering this part of the instruction 
 thorough and sound. It was hoped that the student 
 might be induced to go through a course of instruction 
 in arts before taking up medicine, as was done at 
 Oxford and Cambridge and in Germany. With the five 
 years' curriculum in view, parents would no doubt now 
 consider this a counsel of perfection, but no one will 
 deny that it is an excellent introduction to the study of 
 Physic. The student might, and to some extent did, 
 watch the hospital practice during his first two years, but 
 he was encouraged to postpone the serious attention 
 to clinical work till the later years of the curriculum. 
 
 Sir Charles Bell put the matter in a capacious nut- 
 shell in his Introductory Address at the opening of 
 the University : " With respect to our students, the 
 defects of their mode of education are acknowledged 
 on all hands. They are at once engaged in medical 
 studies without adequate preparation of the mind ; that 
 is to say, without having acquired the habit of attention 
 to a course of reasoning ; nor are they acquainted with 
 those sciences which are really necessary to prepare for 
 comprehending the elements of their own profession. 
 But in this place this is probably the last time they 
 will be unprepared, for example, for such subjects as 
 we must touch on to-day. In future, they will come 
 here to apply the principles they have acquired in other 
 class rooms to a new and more useful science." 
 
 Some wag gave the College the offensive nickname 
 of " Stinkomalee," and the soubriquet caught on and is
 
 22 Degree-giving University 
 
 now hardly forgotten. But the other medical schools 
 were obliged to follow the example that had been set, 
 and, as often happens, the imitators outstripped their 
 leader. Their laboratories and class-rooms became as 
 good as ours, and as their hospitals were mostly 
 larger and often better, we began to fall behind in the 
 race. Moreover, by this time the old universities were 
 open to all ; and the Cambridge School was develop- 
 ing. Oxford and Cambridge men naturally chose the 
 best hospital in London. But all this took a con- 
 siderable time. I entered the medical school in 1868, 
 and those were palmy days. During one of my years 
 the number of entries was greater than that at any 
 other school, and it was then recognised that the 
 best place to train for the University of London 
 was in Gower Street, and a far greater number of 
 M.D.'s and M.B.'s came from University College than 
 from any other school. 
 
 The next chapter in our history must deal with the 
 foundation of the University of London as we know it, 
 that is, the degree-giving body in favour of which the 
 College resigned the name by which it had been at 
 first known. 
 
 Stimulated by the example of our founders, and 
 shocked at the existence of "a godless college," the 
 Tories and Churchmen had started King's College, 
 which was run upon similar but quite orthodox lines. 
 This naturally interfered with the desire of our Council 
 to obtain the power of granting degrees. Indeed, 
 it does not now seem reasonable that they should 
 have expected such a privilege if it were withheld from 
 King's College. They did, however, petition for a
 
 University College 23 
 
 Charter in 1831 ; but the project fell through in 1833, 
 although it had been approved by the law officers of 
 the Crown, and had actually passed the House of 
 Commons, and a petition in favour of it had been 
 presented by the City of London. The fact is that it 
 met with strong opposition from the Universities of 
 Oxford and Cambridge, the College of Surgeons and 
 some of the London medical schools. This failure to 
 obtain a Charter was followed by prolonged negotiations 
 between Government and the Council of the College, 
 which ended in the resignation by the latter of its 
 original name and a part of its ambition, and the 
 establishment of the purely examining and degree- 
 giving University of London. 
 
 So in 1836 the "Preparatory Institution in Gower 
 Street " was incorporated by Royal Charter under the 
 name of University College, London, and became, like 
 King's College, one of the principal affiliated colleges 
 of the University of London. 
 
 I think myself that a mistake was made. It would 
 have been better, in my opinion, either to make the 
 University really a local University for London, or else 
 to give it another name, say the Imperial University. 
 Had either of these courses been followed we might 
 not have had to wait so long for what we have at last 
 obtained ; and when we did obtain it, it would have 
 been a homogeneous body, unhampered by the irregular 
 army of external students who have nothing in the 
 world to do essentially with London. For while this 
 examining abstraction did recognise various institutions 
 and courses of study, and while these were essential for 
 some of its degrees, private study afforded an easy 
 access to many of its examinations. 
 
 An Imperial University was probably a good thing,
 
 24 The Old Hospital 
 
 and its domicile, if it required one at all, was naturally 
 in London, but a genuine local University of London 
 was at least equally needed, and if it had then been 
 started we should by this time have got well into our 
 stride, instead of having scarcely finished our first 
 erratic attempts at progression. 
 
 The University had at first no certain dwelling place. 
 The examinations were held at least they were in my 
 earlier days at Burlington House, Piccadilly, a great 
 stone building, standing in front of its old garden, to 
 the grimy lawns of which we used to retire between 
 the examinations, and fond youths read our text- 
 books beneath its ancient trees. It served a variety of 
 other purposes, as does the present Burlington House, 
 which was built in 1870, when the University was for 
 the first time provided with a house of its own in 
 Burlington Gardens. Here it remained till quite recent 
 times, 1899, when the present renovated University 
 was accommodated in the Imperial Institute. 
 
 We have now clearly in mind the fact which the 
 public find it impossible to comprehend, that there are 
 two bodies, the University of London and University 
 College, so we may leave them for a time and say a 
 few words about the growth and development of the 
 Hospital. Its name was changed in 1837 to University 
 College Hospital, in recognition of the fact that the 
 site and a large part of the funds had been provided 
 by the Council and Professors of the College, the latter 
 having from the commencement handed over their fees 
 for the benefit of the charity. This fact must not be 
 forgotten, though it is, of course, a case of "he that 
 watereth shall be watered also himself." It was not
 
 Hiikl^'Mll'iillllllllllffl! 
 
 I slli
 
 26 T&e Old Hospital 
 
 till 1875 that any part of the clinical fees was retained 
 by the teaching staff. 
 
 In 1 85 1 the name was again changed, I believe 
 in order to avoid confusion with the North London 
 Consumption Hospital,* to North London or University 
 College Hospital, by which it is known at the present 
 day, and it has been publicly suggested that we should 
 never be allowed under what penalty was not stated 
 to use one half only of this cumbrous title without the 
 other ! 
 
 The old hospital had a central block and two wings 
 the south wing occupied three years in building, and 
 was completed in 1840. The north wing was finished 
 in 1846. The hospital was now for the first time 
 complete, medical and surgical patients were separated, 
 a ward was devoted to the diseases of women, an 
 ophthalmic department was started, and the arrange- 
 ments for out-patients were much improved. No great 
 changes were made in the structure of the building 
 after this date, though numerous alterations and addi- 
 tions were carried out from time to time in order to 
 obtain further accommodation, and in the endeavour to 
 adapt it to the increasing demands of improved hospital 
 hygiene. But the period was now approaching when 
 those improvements, due in great measure to the in- 
 troduction of the antiseptic system of treatment by our 
 distinguished alumnus Lister, and the development of 
 the science of bacteriology, made the arrangements 
 which were looked upon as almost perfect in 1850, 
 stink in the nostrils of the surgeon of 1880. Time 
 
 * Now the Mount Vernon Hospital. There was at one time 
 actually a dispute about a legacy which the courts did not give 
 in our favour.
 
 Photo by Elliott & Fry. 
 
 LORD LISTER.
 
 ''<* .'- />aitn-/ssim, Ltd. 
 
 SIR J. BLUNDELL MAPLE, BART. 
 
 From the bust \>y Uerwent Wood in the entrance cf 
 the New Hospital.
 
 The New Hospital 27 
 
 will not allow me to illustrate the defects of our old 
 hospital. It has often been done by others, and I 
 myself dwelt upon them pretty fully when I last had 
 the honour of giving the introductory address in 1889. 
 If I were to do so probably some of you would accuse 
 me of romancing. It became, however, quite clear that 
 the whole building was antiquated and insanitary, and 
 that no amount of tinkering could make it satisfactory. 
 
 For ten years 1886 to 1896 the question of re- 
 building was discussed ; plans by the late Dr. G. V. 
 Poore were drawn up, funds were collected, and the 
 enlarged site was acquired. But there seemed little 
 hope of securing money enough to allow of the erection 
 of a suitable building. Then Sir John Blundell Maple, 
 Baronet, the head of the well-known furnishing company 
 in Tottenham Court Road, which was begun by his 
 father, and had, under his skilful management, developed 
 into an enormous concern, stepped into the breach by 
 offering to defray the expense of re-building or rather 
 to spend ,100,000 upon it. His offer was eagerly 
 accepted, and the new hospital was completed in 1905. 
 
 This new hospital is in every sense modern. The 
 plans are by the late Mr. Alfred Waterhouse, R.A. 
 It represents the most advanced ideas of the medical 
 profession at the end of the nineteenth century, and is 
 perhaps nearly as perfect a building for the purpose as 
 could have been erected on a limited site in the centre 
 of a populous district. It cost nearly twice as much as 
 Sir John Blundell Maple had bargained for, but he 
 most generously supplied almost the whole of the 
 difference.* 
 
 * The hospital is built upon a model never before, as far as I 
 know, employed for such a building though it has been utilised
 
 28 The New Hospital 
 
 In these two buildings, the hospital of 1833 and the 
 hospital of 1898, the clinical teaching has been carried 
 on, not unsuccessfully, for nearly seventy years ; and 
 it appeared as if, with an absolutely up to date hospital, 
 a period of repose and increased prosperity might be 
 
 for other purposes. It consists of a central block, and four wings 
 radiating to the four corners of the square site. The whole of the 
 square basement, or rather half basement, is occupied by out- 
 patient and casualty rooms, baths, dispensary, electric and 
 X-ray department, dining rooms for the resident and nursing 
 staff, kitchens and laundry. But above this level accommoda- 
 tion is only provided in the central block and in the wings, each 
 of which communicates with the former on each floor by means 
 of bridges, between which there is a free passage of air, and the 
 windows of which are supposed to be always open. The idea 
 is that it should be impossible to go from the central block to 
 any ward without practically passing through the open air. 
 The end of each wing contains the sanitary and domestic 
 rooms, and is in the same way joined to the main part by a 
 series of bridges. 
 
 The central block contains the board room and three 
 operating theatres, one above the other ; there are also a few 
 dwelling rooms, the sterilising room and two lifts which pass 
 from the basement to the top of the building. 
 
 One wing, that over the kitchen, is devoted to the residents 
 who occupy one floor, and the sisters and hospital nurses who 
 inhabit the rest of it. The other wings are for the most part 
 devoted to wards, but the top floor of one wing contains the 
 clinical theatre, pathological rooms and the post-mortem room, 
 while the lower part of another forms part of a large wait- 
 ing hall, the floor of which is on the basement. This hall 
 thus occupies two floors; it was a feature to which Sir J. 
 Blundell Maple devoted particular attention. It is lined 
 throughout with coloured marbles and can be used for meetings 
 and entertainments. 
 
 Speaking generally, each ward is in the form of a cross, 
 and contains twenty-four beds. The cruciform shape was
 
 UNIVERSITY COLLI 
 BASEts/ 
 
 H U H | i I K 
 
 
 -t . t i , . 
 
 C O w ( P
 
 : HOSPITAL LONDON 
 IT PLAN 
 
 i T t e T 
 
 STREET
 
 UNIVERSITY COLLECi 
 FIRST FL
 
 DSPITAL LONDON 
 ? PLAN
 
 T/ie New Hospital 29 
 
 fairly anticipated. But a great and fundamental change 
 was destined to be brought about which has led to the 
 formation of the School for Advanced Medical Studies, 
 the history of which we are endeavouring to trace. It 
 is an experiment, which as far as this country is con- 
 cerned is unique, and the outcome of it will be watched 
 
 devised in order to allow of the introduction of a sufficient 
 number of beds ; but it has the incidental advantage of making 
 the wards graceful and light. A few of the wards are sub- 
 divided in order to supply separation wards for patients who 
 need isolation, and to accommodate diphtheria, typhoid and 
 septic cases. 
 
 Beneath the basement is a partial sub-basement where the 
 furnaces and engines, &c, are bestowed. 
 
 The convenience of the arrangement is great. Necessity 
 suggested it and the result is eminently satisfactory. Once 
 arrived at the lift which is half a minute's walk from the front 
 door, a fraction of a minute only is required to reach any room 
 in the building. There are no lengthy corridors to traverse 
 and keep clean, and only one staircase (excepting the four 
 escape staircases at the ends of the wings) which winds up 
 round the lifts. 
 
 In order to make this short description clearer, a plan of 
 the basement and of a typical floor are inserted. 
 
 Opinions may, and do differ, as to the beauty of the build- 
 ing. When the utility of each nook and corner of the interior 
 was a matter of vital importance, it was not possible to dwell 
 too much upon'the aesthetics of the outward appearance. The 
 late Mr. Waterhouse was very fond of terra cotta, as is testified 
 by several other buildings in London for which he is respon- 
 sible, for instance, the Natural History Museum at South Ken- 
 sington. For the hospital he employed red brick and pale 
 buff and red terra cotta surmounted by a greenish slate roof. 
 The materials are not likely to weather or to suffer much from 
 the London atmosphere. The reader can form his own opinion 
 as to the architectural effect from the accompanying photograph.
 
 3<d The Teaching University 
 
 with much interest by those who are occupied with the 
 question of medical education. 
 
 It is not my object to trace the history of the Uni- 
 versity of London, otherwise I should have to describe 
 attempt after attempt, perhaps twenty in all, to start 
 a real Teaching University. Some of these projects 
 very nearly struggled into existence, but the presence 
 of the original badly named examining body always 
 stopped the way. It may be because I was an active 
 mover in it myself, that I think the attractive proposal 
 to start an altogether independent University of West- 
 minster ultimately brought things to a climax. Be that 
 as it may, however, we have now secured our Teaching 
 University, for better for worse. Few, if any, will say 
 that it is perfect, probably most will agree that it would 
 have been better if we could have handed over to some 
 other body our imperial examining functions. But that 
 is now past praying for, and our obvious duty is to be 
 loyal to our University and to make it as nearly perfect 
 as we can. 
 
 One of its aims its most important object is to 
 systematise and draw together the higher education 
 in this city. It was felt by the Senate of University 
 College which included the Professors of all the 
 Faculties that no better means of favouring this 
 object could be devised than that of handing over the 
 College, body and soul, to the University. But it was 
 held to be inexpedient, if not impossible, both from 
 the point of view of the University and that of the 
 other medical schools in London, that the whole 
 medical school and the hospital should pass into the 
 hands of, and be governed by, the University. There 
 was indeed one suggestion, namely, the utilisation of
 
 The Teaching University 31 
 
 the hospital for post-graduate teaching only, which, if 
 it could have been adopted, would have roused no 
 jealousies, and supplied something which London was 
 much in want of and did not at that time possess. But 
 as, after prolonged and repeated consideration, no 
 practical plan for carrying out this idea was suggested, 
 the Faculty of Medicine unwillingly agreed that the 
 teaching of the advanced medical subjects should no 
 longer be carried on by the College, but by an 
 altogether new Corporation, on the understanding that 
 the University should undertake to conduct the teaching 
 of the preliminary subjects, including anatomy and 
 physiology, to all comers, in the College as before. I 
 sometimes wonder whether, at some future time, the 
 idea of having a post-graduate school belonging to 
 the University on the other side of Gower Street may 
 not be successfully revived. 
 
 The legend of " The Field of the Forty Footsteps " 
 is that two youths were in love with one maiden, who 
 refused to indicate her preference, and quietly sat by 
 while they fought a duel which ended fatally for both. 
 Our situation was the reverse of this ; both the College 
 and the University would have nothing to do with us, 
 or, at all events, did not desire so intimate a union. 
 We sat by and watched our lovers fall into one another's 
 arms. Still, though we wished, and wish them long 
 life and much prosperity, we did not like to separate 
 ourselves from the College ; we felt that, in spite of 
 certain drawbacks, it was a good thing for the medical 
 school to be a part of a College formed of other 
 Faculties. We valued the association with the teachers 
 of these Faculties, and the wider atmosphere of such an 
 institution as compared with the more restricted one of 
 a mere medical school attached to a hospital. But there
 
 32 School for advanced Medical Studies 
 
 seemed no other way of affecting the desired amalga- 
 mation, and so we were finally cut adrift. 
 
 Part of a suitable site for the new buildings on the 
 south side of University Street had already been 
 secured by the Hospital, and the remainder was pur- 
 chased by the College with funds specially supplied 
 for the purpose. But the problem of the cost appeared 
 to be insoluble until, in 1905, another munificent donor 
 came forward, Sir Donald Currie, the head of the 
 Donald Currie and Castle Line of steamers, giving 
 ; 1 00,000, which, it is hoped, will more than defray the 
 cost of erection of the block of buildings now under 
 construction. The plans are those of Mr. Paul Water- 
 house,* and it includes not only the habitation of the 
 school for advanced medical studies, but also a home 
 for private nurses, and a house to provide lodgings 
 for those students who are engaged in the obstetric 
 practice of the Hospital. Thus, the name of Sir 
 Donald Currie is as closely associated with the new 
 school buildings as is that of Sir J. Blundell Maple 
 with the new Hospital. 
 
 * No attempt was made by Mr. Paul Waterhouse to assimi- 
 late the style of the building entrusted to him either to that 
 of the Hospital or the College. As it is not yet finished, it is 
 not possible to produce a picture of it complete. It is built of 
 red brick and stone, with a slate roof. The main front is in 
 University Street, but there is an imposing entrance to the 
 Library in Gower Street, and another entrance to the Nurses' 
 Home in Huntley Street. The building consists of three 
 portions. The largest is devoted to the Medical School. At 
 the east end are placed the Medical Society's Room and 
 Gymnasium in the half basement, and above this in succes- 
 sion, the noble Library and Museum, and rooms for the 
 teaching of operative surgery, and smaller workrooms. In
 
 After the painting by Ou/css. 
 
 SIR DONALD CURRIE, G.C.M.G.
 
 Changes in Medical Education 3 3 
 
 The separation of the teaching of advanced medical 
 studies from that of the preliminary studies marks a 
 new era in medical education. There is a great deal 
 to be said in favour of it, and a certain amount to be 
 said against it. The principal objection to it is that 
 it does away with the old ideal of our College and 
 that of the old Universities that the young man 
 should find in one institution the opportunity of becoming 
 educated in the humanities as well as acquiring the 
 special training in the limited subjects of his own pro- 
 fession. It was hoped that the lawyer, the doctor, or 
 the business man might in this way become a more 
 complete person ; might take a wider view of life, 
 and grow into a more interesting, if not a more useful, 
 
 the main block are two large lecture rooms and pathological 
 class rooms, as well as rooms for the administration, and 
 smaller rooms for teachers and original research. There will 
 be two staircases and two lifts. 
 
 The west end of the structure is occupied by the Nurses' 
 Home. There are large dining and sitting-rooms, and bed- 
 rooms for about 80 nurses, beside the usual complement of bath 
 rooms, bedrooms, &c. The upper part of the Home extends 
 over the house for the obstetric students, and so comes into 
 contact with the upper part of the school department. On 
 the flat roof is a recreation ground. 
 
 It will be observed that this accommodation is for private 
 nurses, and it is proposed that every nurse who enters for 
 training at University College Hospital shall undertake to 
 devote the end of her time to private nursing. It is hoped 
 that most, if not all, of our nurses will thus be able to have 
 the benefit of this most useful instruction, though it will 
 probably be impossible to guarantee that this will always be 
 the case. This is one object; but there is another of still 
 greater importance, namely, that the members of the staff 
 may be able to rely upon being supplied with nurses for their
 
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 Changes in Medical 'Education 37 
 
 member of the community. But these old ideals have 
 never been realised ; the London student seldom goes 
 in for an arts degree, and, as regards the Oxford and 
 Cambridge students, we not only welcome them most 
 heartily to London, but we venture to think that three 
 years in London supply just those deficiencies which 
 the cockney thinks he sees in the training of the 
 " Provincial Universities." 
 
 The advantage of the new method is that it must 
 tend to improve the teaching of the preliminary and 
 intermediate subjects. I make this statement with 
 some hesitation not that there is any doubt about its 
 truth, but because I cannot fail to recognise the sort of 
 " improvement " which has taken place already, and 
 to fear that, if it goes on much more, we may really 
 
 private cases, in the training of whom they have had a personal 
 share, and with the character of whom they are personally 
 acquainted. And, besides this, the public will know that they 
 can obtain nurses who have been thoroughly trained, and 
 whom our reputation and our interests will make us endeavour 
 to render in every way trustworthy. 
 
 The last feature to be mentioned is the house for the 
 students on the obstetric " list." These young men have 
 always a hard time while they are pursuing this arduous- part 
 of their career, and it has been rendered worse by the uncom- 
 fortable lodgings they have been forced to secure in the 
 immediate neighbourhood of the Hospital. They will now 
 have comfortable bed-sitting-rooms as well as a common 
 room and a dining-room, and they will be under the super- 
 vision of one of the obstetric assistants. The smooth working 
 of the department will also be thus secured, and it is antici- 
 pated that this most important part of their instruction will 
 be not only rendered less irksome but more efficient. 
 
 The accompanying sections of the whole building will 
 render this brief description more intelligible.
 
 38 Changes in Medical Education 
 
 have " too much of a good thing." I seem to see 
 the chemists contented to turn out doctors perfectly 
 trained in chemistry, the physiologists satisfied with 
 them if they know all about blood-pressure, and the 
 anatomists if they can rattle off all the branches of the 
 tympanic plexus ; and yet I know our scientific friends 
 do not, in their heart of hearts, think that such attain- 
 ments would be any recommendation when they want 
 a good practical medical man to stand by their own 
 bedside or that of their wives and families. 
 
 In old days the requirements were few, and the 
 teaching was, for those times, efficiently enough done 
 by men who were engaged in practice. But those 
 times are past, and never can return ; and though I 
 feel, pace my friend Professor Thane, that there is a 
 useful sort of anatomy which only a surgeon can 
 adequately and interestingly teach, I own that it will 
 be better when the numerous small schools of pre- 
 liminary and intermediate subjects are done away with, 
 and when the teaching of these matters is concentrated 
 at a small number of great institutions scattered at 
 convenient distances about the metropolis. By this 
 arrangement the number of teachers will be diminished, 
 their livelihood will be secured, and their teaching will 
 be more efficient. 
 
 Only we, and those who follow our example, must 
 recollect that we shall now lose all control over the 
 teachers of these subjects, and must take care lest they 
 keep the student too long upon the "beggarly rudi- 
 ments " at the expense of the essentials, lest, in fact, 
 they completely monopolise this fifth year, as they 
 seem at present almost to have succeeded in doing. 
 
 So then we are, on this occasion, perhaps almost
 
 Changes in Medical Education 39 
 
 accidentally, again pioneers in the matter of medical 
 education. Let us therefore take stock and see where 
 we stand. We are a school whose objects and functions 
 are distinctly limited, and we are unhampered by the 
 distractions and hindrances which have been our lot 
 hitherto, in common with all the other medical schools 
 of the metropolis. I have said much, and hinted more, 
 in praise of University College, but no one can have 
 been connected with it as I have, man and boy, for 
 forty years, without recognising that its machinery has 
 been cumbrous in the extreme. What with Committees 
 and Sub-Committees, the Senate and the Council, the 
 jealousies of the different Faculties and the constant 
 lack of pence, it has been heartbreaking work to strive 
 for improvement or reform. "Whilst a man is free," 
 cried Corporal Trim, giving a flourish with his stick 
 which we all remember. Well, we are now free. Let 
 us not use our freedom unwisely ! 
 
 But although we have been cut adrift, we have one 
 very great advantage. The " School of Advanced 
 Medical Studies " is, of course, a School of the Uni- 
 versity, and the University has undertaken always 
 to provide teaching, which it may be assumed means 
 efficient teaching, of the preliminary and intermediate 
 subjects, at the College. Our own students can thus 
 always get instruction in these subjects there ; and 
 others who may not have originally entered at Uni- 
 versity College Hospital will, if they use their eyes and 
 ears, not be ignorant of the existence of the Hospital 
 and of the School on the other side of University 
 Street. 
 
 I should bore you if I were to describe in detail 
 what provision for study and entertainment is to be
 
 40 T/ie Future 
 
 made in this new and stately building.* There will be 
 lecture rooms and laboratories, a spacious library, 
 recreation rooms and a gymnasium, so that the student 
 may be able to keep his corpus sanum as a temple for 
 his mens sana. All this you will find in the prospectus, 
 and there also you will find the names and functions 
 of the various guides, philosophers, and I hope I may 
 say friends, about whom modesty compels me to 
 maintain a judicious silence. And besides all this we 
 have a hospital at the present time unsurpassed in 
 London. We have been terribly handicapped in the 
 past by the inefficiency of the hospital. Now it is all 
 or almost all that we can desire. Not too large nor too 
 small, and it will before long be connected with the 
 school buildings by a couple of underground passages. 
 
 These are our assets and by their enumeration 
 I am brought almost to the end of my task. 
 
 And now turning to the future, which in our case 
 it must be owned, lies very much "on the knees of the 
 gods," it might be interesting, but it would not be very 
 wise, to speculate upon what may happen when, in the 
 process of time, another turn or two has been given 
 to our kaleidoscopic University. The wise thing is to 
 imagine that we are reaching finality, and to shape 
 our course on this supposition. 
 
 What then do we want ? 
 
 I think the ideal thing is to have : (i) Just the right 
 complement of first-rate students ; (2) Teachers also of 
 
 * The subjects taught in the new school will be Medicine, 
 Surgery, Midwifery and Gynaecology, Bacteriology, Morbid 
 Anatomy, Pathological Chemistry, Forensic Medicine, Practical 
 and Operative Surgery and Surgical Anatomy.
 
 The Future 41 
 
 the best quality, which implies their being adequately 
 paid, and thus, if not contented, at least without reason- 
 able cause of complaint. We do not want an enormous 
 number of students. In the new school buildings there 
 is accommodation for an entry of 80 students a year. 
 This would mean a total number of between 450 and 
 550 (allowing for changes). To fill the Hospital 
 appointments adequately an entry of about 50 students 
 is necessary. This would not lead to over-crowding, 
 and is about the number to which, I think, we should 
 limit ourselves. It would indeed, in my opinion, be 
 disastrous if the students were so numerous that the 
 number of hospital appointments was insufficient, as 
 it was in my student days, and as report says, is 
 now the case in some schools north of the Tweed. 
 
 My ideal I am afraid it will raise a sneer is that 
 there should be some competition for admission to the 
 School. We cannot tell. I think it will depend very 
 much on how the School is managed. It will be a 
 fine building and there are great possibilities. It does 
 not follow that we shall have to trust only to those 
 students who have taken their preliminary and inter- 
 mediate courses at University College. The Institute 
 of Medical Sciences at South Kensington will probably 
 spring into existence some day, and may prove to be 
 as attractive as Gower Street, and the students who 
 have started there without entering at a medical school, 
 will have to look about for one on the completion of 
 their intermediate studies. And so I could imagine 
 that this school of ours might become more and more 
 the home of University students, and our present 
 separation from (may I say ?) the most important 
 affiliated college may in time lead to a closer connection 
 with the University.
 
 42 The Future 
 
 But in order to make our school attractive, and 
 in order to make everybody happy I mean of course 
 to remove all just cause of complaint, it is sad to have 
 to say that more money is required to support these 
 two institutions the Hospital and the School. The 
 Hospital is like one of the vessels prepared for the 
 punishment of the Danaides, and its benefactors may 
 feel that the task of filling it is well nigh as hopeless : 
 " inane lympha dolium fundo pereuntis into." There is, 
 I suppose, a limit to its requirements, but I for one am 
 not able to state it in figures. A notion has become 
 current that as so much has been given to it no more 
 can be required. This, of course, is the very reverse of 
 the fact. That sumptuous building requires much more 
 to keep it going than the old hovel of our early days, 
 and fresh improvements and modified ideals make it 
 constantly more and more costly. Unless it be 
 thoroughly well kept up, however, one of the most 
 important elements of our school will be deficient, and 
 I need not say that the necessitous sick will suffer 
 in like proportion. Let me, therefore, appeal to all 
 those who hear me, or read my words, and who feel 
 an interest in the old place, or keep a warm spot in 
 their hearts for a hospital as a charity, to do their 
 best for us in this respect, and help to place the hospital 
 in a sound financial position. 
 
 The financial position of the Medical School is 
 quite as important from our present point of view, 
 and as what we want is a limited amount, which some 
 millionaire would hardly miss, I feel a sort of con- 
 fidence that the appeal for help will not be made in 
 vain. Perhaps one rich well-wisher will come forward so 
 that we may unite his name with that of our present bene- 
 factor. We know of instances where laboratories and
 
 T'he Future 43 
 
 schools thus hand down to posterity the combined 
 names of two pious donors. I do not beg for an 
 enormous endowment. Like Solomon I would say, 
 " Give me neither poverty nor riches." Too rich a 
 corporation might be open to the criticism once made 
 of the Old Universities, "A chartered and endowed 
 College, strong in its wealth and its degrees, does not 
 find it necessary to teach what is useful because it can 
 pay men to learn what is useless." 
 
 We have a certain amount of money : the trust 
 funds adjudicated to us from those of University 
 College by the Statutory Commission, whatever remains 
 of Sir Donald Curries donation when the building is 
 completed, and the students' fees. The latter will 
 probably be a varying quantity and it is clear that 
 the fuller the school, the more satisfactorily will it 
 be possible to conduct it. But it is certain that if we 
 have to trust to these three sources of income alone, 
 it will be a difficult thing to make both ends meet ; it 
 will be a difficult thing to adequately remunerate the 
 secretarial department, upon the efficiency of which 
 the success of a school very largely depends ; and it 
 will be impossible to justify us in asking for the large 
 expenditure of time which we should like our Dean 
 and Vice-Dean to devote to the supervision of the 
 students, the organising of the classes and attention 
 to the general welfare of the institution. 
 
 But there is one department of a school of advanced 
 medical studies which cannot be carried on without 
 much expense, which will probably be increasingly 
 costly as years advance, and which, in my opinion, 
 is a good object for a special endowment I mean 
 that of Pathology I am old-fashioned enough (if it 
 be old-fashioned and, if it is, I expect, like old prints 
 
 4
 
 44 M* Future 
 
 and old china, it will come into fashion again) to think 
 that the chair of pathology should not be divorced 
 from clinical medicine, and I should like to see our 
 Professor of Pathology provided with beds at the 
 hospital. But I should also like to see him so well 
 paid that he is independent of private practice, and 
 I should say that if the public insist upon monopolis- 
 ing most of his time, and he prefers devoting it to 
 the public, he ought to resign the placid enjoyments 
 of the laboratory for the more exacting responsibilities 
 of practice. I am not 6ure that it would not be a 
 good thing to mildly discourage him from engaging 
 in private practice at all. I think also that he should 
 have some well-paid assistants, who are devoting the 
 whole of their time to pathology ; and I should like 
 to see adequate provision made for acquiring all the best 
 new apparatus that the cunning craftiness of man can 
 devise, so that the teachers, senior students and post- 
 graduates may always be able to carry out original 
 researches on the spot. 
 
 If we had not to think of the pathological depart- 
 ment, I believe we could keep our heads well above 
 water. I shall be asked what sum I think is required. 
 Well, I believe ; 100,000 is all that we ought to desire. 
 I do not say that it could not be done for somewhat 
 less ; but that amount would, I think, make the school 
 certain to go, that is, if all the teaching staff continue 
 to look upon the welfare of the school as the primary 
 business of their lives. 
 
 It is a good old custom on these occasions to give 
 a few words of welcome, encouragement and advice 
 to those students who are entering on their careers. 
 This will now become obsolete, because all our students 
 will have already been told about the pleasures and
 
 The Future 45 
 
 dangers, the privileges and responsibilities, the high 
 ideals and the sad shortcomings of our interesting and 
 noble profession. But to-day we are all, students and 
 teachers, so to speak, entering upon a new existence, 
 and I may therefore be allowed, at the same time as 
 I congratulate the former, to add one word to my 
 colleagues and myself. Some of us are old stagers, 
 fortunately many have still the dew of their youth. If 
 our old friend and colleague, Marcus Beck were here 
 to-day (and how keenly the occasion would have in- 
 terested him), I can imagine him saying that our first 
 duty should be to our school, and that we should not 
 allow business, or pleasure, or boredom, or age to stand 
 in the way of its best interests. And especially at this 
 moment is it a word in season. The ship is launched, 
 the machinery is in, the passengers are aboard ; it now 
 depends upon the individual and collective action of 
 the officers and crew whether the voyage will be a 
 success or a failure. 
 
 " Whither, O splendid ship, thy white sails crowding, 
 Leaning across the bosom of the urgent West, 
 That fearest nor sea rising, nor sky clouding, 
 
 Whither away, fair rover, and what thy quest ? " 
 
 Our quest is two-fold. We desire to find out the 
 best way of completing the training of a doctor, and 
 we aim at making pioneering expeditions of scientific 
 discovery. 
 
 It has been suggested that we should so far follow 
 old customs as to have a coat of arms and a motto. 
 I have hinted at one reason why our badge should be 
 a ship, but there are two more. Sir Donald Currie 
 is himself a sort of Viking, and towering above the 
 great house of Maple is that ship in full sail we all
 
 46 The Future 
 
 know so well. If it be thought necessary to introduce 
 the serpent in honour of CEsculapius, the sea-serpent 
 is always with us ; it is a suggestive'object for research, 
 and it would eminently adorn the foreground, and as 
 for the motto, if it is not too forward of me, I should 
 like to suggest a Greek one. It will remind us that 
 we are an offshoot of this erudite college ; I think it 
 fits the occasion and illuminates the idea. It is this : 
 firj Trava-da-Oco 6 t^qroiv. Let not the seeker relinquish his 
 search. It has another incidental advantage, for it is 
 taken from the recently discovered Logia, and should 
 thus remind us that in spite of our pronounced secular 
 descent it behoves us always to keep a liberal, a 
 respectful, and an open mind.* 
 
 * \4yei 'I^o-ov?' fir) Travadadco 6 ^qrfav !a>$ hv 
 
 evprj Kal orav evprj OafifSrfdqaerai, teal 6afi/3r)0i<; fSaaiXevaet koX 
 j3a<Ti\.v<ra<i dva7rdr)(TTai. 
 
 " Jesus saith : Let not him who seeks cease 
 
 until he finds, and when he finds he shall be astonished, and 
 astonished he shall reach the Kingdom, and having reached 
 the Kingdom he shall rest." 
 
 Oxyrhynchus Papyri, Part IV., Egypt. Explor. Fund, 1904. 
 
 Translation by Editors Grenfell and Hunt. 
 Also published separately in the Logia of Jesus, second series.
 
 /MY) TtavadcrOG) 6 (vjtcov. "\
 
 J)i^a*> T^a . * 3 / . 
 
 I'XTON. -Uii Ji hfa 7fit 
 
 hi Wn.M 
 ^1 l; ' Riimdik)!'. Kunen 
 
 DR. DUDLEY BUXTON 
 Dr. Dudley Wilmot Boston, the "Titftnthnt 
 tat, died in a nursing homo at Mill Hill on Ban- 
 day, his seventy-sixth birthday. The son of Mr. 
 H. W. Buxton, barrister- at-law, he was 
 educated privately, at University College, 
 London, and at University College Hospital' 
 He took honours in both the M.B. and Us 
 examinations of the University of London in 
 1882, and took the M.D. degree in 1883 and 
 M.R.C.P. in the following' 
 For a time he was an assistant to the 
 r <it Bfedicine of University College, at 
 that time Sidney Ringer. Subsequently 'his 
 work was confined to anaesthetics. He was 
 anaesthetist ft nd lecturer on anaesthetics to 
 University College Hospital and the Royal 
 Dental Hospital, until his retirement in 1919, 
 when he was appointed consulting anaesthetist 
 to both hospitals. He had also been 
 anaesthetist to the National Hospital for 
 Paralysis and Epilepsy, the Hospital for 
 Women, Soho-square, and during the Great 
 War to King George V. Hospital. He held 
 office as president of the Society of Anaes- 
 thetists, of the Section of Anaesthetics of the 
 British Medical Association in 1912. and of 
 the Section of Anaesthetics at the Inter- 
 national Medical Congress in London in 1913. 
 He took a great interest in the teaching of 
 anaesthetics to medical and dental students, 
 not only at his own hospital, but all over the' 
 world. 
 
 Dr. Buxton's knowledge of the literature of 
 anaesthetics in English was very wide, and 
 his own book, " Anaesthetics," reached its 
 sixth edition in 1920. He took great interest 
 in editing journals and wrote many mono- 
 graphs on his subject and on the lives of those 
 who had influenced its development. The 
 scientific side of his subject was always 
 prominent in his teaching and methods. He 
 retired from active work in London in 1919 
 with great reluctance, but was then feeling the 
 stress of work. After a holiday he retired to 
 his country house in Hertfordshire, and imme- 
 diately started working at the West Herts 
 Hospital administering anaesthetics and 
 taking classes for nurses. This he continued 
 until recently, when ill-health prevented his 
 attendance. His tall figure and bearded face 
 will be remembered by a number of medical 
 men. friends, and patients who appreciated 
 his kindliness and humorous outlook on life. 
 He married Louisa, daughter of the Rev. T. G. 
 Clarke ; she survives him with three sons.
 
 KffiSau^imiwiflv 
 
 ** OOP 05? 199 
 
 II 
 
 L 006 608 733 9 
 
 
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