k ^^■=^s^si^£ - -^J^ ^^sjJ III /•:Z2\ Digitized by tine Internet Arcliive in 2008 witli funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation littp://www.arcliive.org/details/firstyearlatinOOcollricli A Roman URAroK FIRST YEAR LATIN BY WILLI AxM C. COLLAR, A.M. Head-Master Roxblry Latin School M. GRANT DANIELL, A.M. Formerly Princu'al Chauncy-Hall School, Bostoi. BOSTON, U.S.A. GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS Cbc 3[tbcn.Tnm prcfifi 1902 C7/"? / Copyright, 1901, by William C. Collar and M. Grant Daniell all rights reserved PREFACE What grasp of the Latin language may be reasonably expected of an intelligent and industrious pupil of fourteen who has had five recitations a week for a school year of thirty-eight weeks? 1. He should know the principles of pronunciation and should have had sufficient practice in following and imitating his teacher to read Latin that he knows the meaning of with- out gross errors in accent or in the quantity of final syllables, and with some idea of grouping words and phrases so as to indicate the sense. 2. He should have acquired such familiarity with inflected forms as to recognize unerringly the place of a form. Half a hundred fundamental principles of syntax should have become a permanent part of his mental furnishing, chiefly through manifold illustrations in the exercises and reading lessons, subordinately through practical application in turning English into Latin. 3. Ten of his thirty-eight weeks may well have been devoted to practice in metaphrasing and translating selections of easy Latin into idiomatic English, and to acquiring as large and varied a working vocabulary as the reading and re-reading of twenty-five or thirty pages could be expected to give. 4. Einally, a moderate appreciation of Latin order and of the difference in the arrangement of corresponding words in Latin and in English, and a very moderate degree of facility in applying the principles of syntax in the translation of English into Latin may fairly be demanded. iii iv PRE FA CE So much may be set down as a reasonable achievement for an intelligent pupil in a year's time under good teaching. This book has been written to exhibit in detail, to the best of the authors' ability, the scheme of work roughly sketched above. The first few lessons have purposely been made some- what easier than is usual, and the progression in difficulty gradual for the benefit of pupils unfamiliar with English grammar. Some classes may be able to compass two of these easier lessons at a time. To insure approximate evenness in the amount of time and work demanded of learners for the several lessons, no lesson has been permitted to exceed two pages in length. The importance of the verb in the Latin inflectional system and the great amount of practice required to master its forms thoroughly have seemed a good reason for introducing it at the outset. The development of- the tenses of the indicative has been continuous with only such interruptions as seemed necessary to enable the learner to digest and assimilate what he has acquired. It will be seen that the method of compari- son is freely used in the treatment of the verb, as, for example, tenses similarly formed in different conjugations are placed side by side to be learned together. This plan has been adopted for two reasons, either of which would sufficiently justify it: to ease the dead pull upon the memory, and to foster the habit of observation and comparison. It is often easier to learn two things or several that have some relation of likeness or contrast, than to learn either by itself, and the discerning of likenesses and differences is itself largely the process and sum of education. Only when the learner has studied and practised the verb in parts is he required, through review lessons, to survey and master it as a whole. Several features that need only be mentioned will, it is hoped, commend themselves to teachers: PRE FA CE V (i) The compression that will certainly make it possible for high school classes to go through the seventy-five lessons twice in from twenty-five to twenty-eight weeks. (2) The relative shortening of the exercises for translation into Latin. If any class seems to need more of such prac- tice it may be supplemented by having a translation of the Latin exercises written out and after a little interval retrans- lated into Latin during the recitation. (3) The frequent interspersion of reviews and of reading lessons that anticipate no following principle of syntax. (4) The summary of rules for reference and the index. The latter is strangely omitted from most books of this kind, but is certainly convenient and useful. (5) The "Essentials of Grammar " prefixed to the lessons, which should help to adapt the book to learners who come to the study of Latin with little or no knowledge of English grammar. (6) The copious selections for reading at the end of the book, which will be found upon examination to be carefully graded in point of difficulty and altogether interesting in character. As an aid to teachers who may use this book, the authors have prepared a 2'caclier''s Manual containing eight pages of general suggestions followed by notes on each lesson. The authors wish to express their grateful acknowledg- ments to Miss Ada Townsend of Evanston, 111., for several valuable suggestions, and particularly to Mr. George F. Fiske, Principal of the Wadleigh School, Winchester, Mass., who has read all the proof sheets with a scholar's conscientious care and aided materially in perfecting the work. William C. Collar M. Grant Daniell Boston, May 6, 1901 NOTE TO TEACHERS It is recommended that of the Selections for Reading (pp. 171-202) the Anecdotes, the Stories of Herctdes^ and the Stories of Ulysses be read from time to time, as pupils advance through the Lessons. These selections are easy and with a little preliminary help from the teacher can be read by pupils with interest and profit, without waiting till the Lessons are finished. Pupils are early referred to the general Vocabulary for new words that occur in the reading lessons. This has been done in order that they may become familiar by degrees with the use of a general vocabulary, before the continuous reading of the selections at the end of the book is entered upon. They should read the explanatory notes that precede the Latin-English Vocabulary, and from the beginning of their use of it become accustomed to observe the formation and derivation of words, the synonyms, and the English deriva- tives and cognates that are given. As many pupils will pass from this book to the Gate to Caesar or to Caesar's Gallic War, it is recommended that in conjunction with the selections from Caesar the Stories of Ulysses be reviewed, since in these the vocabulary and con- struction of Caesar are somewhat closely imitated. CONTENTS Lbsson Page .Essentials of Grammar 1-13 Introductory: Alphabet, Pronunciation, Syllables, Quantity, Accent, Cases, Gender 15-19 I. First Dfxlension. — Subject, Nominative Case. — Singular and Plural of Nouns and Verbs 20, 21 II. First Declension. — Direct Object — Accusative Case . 22,23 III. First Conjugation : Active Indicative Present. Agree- ment of Vei-bs. — Conversation 24,25 IV. First Declension. — Genitive Case — Limiting Genitive. — Conversation 26, 27 V. Second Conjugation : Active Indicative Present. — Review. — Conversatk)n 28,29 VI. First Declension. — indirect Object — Dative Case. — Ablative -with in. — Conversation 30> 3^ VII. Second Declension : Words in -us and -um. — Review. — Conversation 32. 33 VIII. First and Second Declensions. — Agreement of Adjec- tives 34, 35 IX. The Verh sum: Indicative Present. — Predicate Noun and Adjective. — Review 36, 37 X. Second Declension: Words in -er, -eri. — Review. — Conversation 38. 39 XI. Second Declension: Words in -er, -ri. — Apposition . 40,41 XII. Uses of the Dative: Z>a//z'^ of Possessor, Dative with Adjectives. — Review 42.43 XIII. First and Second Conjugations: Active Indicative Imperfect. — Ablative of Means 44, 45 XIV. First and Second Conjugations: Active Indicative Future. — Ablative of Manner 46,47 XV. First Conjugation : Active Indicative Perfect. — Read- ing Lesson: The Romans and the Sabines ... 48, 49 XVI. Second Conjugation : Active Indicative Perfect ... 50, 51 X CONTENTS Lesson Page XVII. The Demonstrative is 5-. 53 XVIII. The Interrogative quis. — Review 54-55 XIX. Third Conjugation : Active Indicative Present, Imperfect, Future, and Perfect 56, 57 XX. Review. — Reading Lesson: Icarus 5S, 59 XXI. Third Declension: Mute Stems 60,61 XXII. Third Conjugation : Verbs in -io; Active Indicative Present, Imperfect, Future, and Perfect. — Place Whence and Whither 62, 63 XXIII. Third Declension: Liquid Stems. — Ablative of Cause. — Review 64, 65 XXIV. Third Declension : Stems in -i 66, 67 XXV. Third Declension: Gender 68,69 XXVI. Review. — Reading Lesson: Horatius at the Bridge. — Conversation 70,71 XXVII. Adjectives of the Third Declension. — Read- ing Lesson: Caesar in Gaul 72,73 XXVIII. Fourth Conjugation: Active Indicative Present, Imperfect, Future, and Perfect. — Ablative of Time 74, 75 XXIX. All Conjugations: Active Indicative Pluperfect and Future Perfect. — Review 76,77 XXX. Syntax of Names of Towns, and of domus and rus : Locative Case 78.79 XXXI. The Demonstratives hie and ille. — Reading Lesson : Britain Invaded 80, 81 XXXII. Passive Voice: Active and Passive Indicative Present. — Ablative of Agent 82,83 XXXIII. 'Y-AY. V.Y.\.K1\VY. c^. — Agreemetit of Relative . . . 84,85 XXXIV. Active and Passive: Indicative Present, Imper- fect, and Future of rego and capio 86, 87 XXXV. Personal and Reflexive PRONoqNS 88,89 XXXVI. Active and Passive: Indicative Present, Imper- fect, and Future of audio. — Reading Lesson: Coriolanus and his Mother 90, 91 XXXVII. Possessive Adjectives. — Ablative of Separation . . 92,93 XXXVIII. Passive Voice— All Conjugations: Indicative Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect 94. 95 XXXIX. Review. — Reading Lesson: Scipio and Hanni- bal 96, 97 XL. Fourth Declension 98. 99 CONTENTS XI Lesson Page XLI. Comparison of Adjectives. — Ablative of Com- parison lOO, lOI XLII. Comparison of Adjectives. — Partitive Genitive 102,103 XLIII. Comparison of Adjectives. — Ablative of Degree of Difference 104, 105 XI.I\'. Comparison of Adverbs. — Conversation . . . 106, 107 XLV. Reading Lesson: A Letter from Pompeii.— Conversation. — Review 108, 109 XLVI. Fifth Declension. — Accusative of Extent . . . 110,111 XLVIL The Subjunctive Mood: Purpose Clauses with ut and ne 1 12, 113 XLVIIL The Subjunctive Mood: Purpose Clauses. — Result Clauses with xA and VLt non 114,115 XLLX. Indirect Question. — Sequence of Tenses . . . . 116,117 L. Reading Lesson : Caesar WINS A Victory. — Review 118,119 LL Numerals. — Descriptive Ablative and Genitive . . 120,121 LIL Numerals 122, 123 Lin. Ten Irregular Adjectives. — Reading Lesson: Caesar and Vergil 124, 125 LIV. The Infinitive used as in English 126, 127 LV. Accusative and Infinitive : Indirect Statement. — Tenses of the Infinitive 128, 129 LVI. The Demonstratives idem, ipse, iste 130, 131 LVII. Indefinite Pronouns. — Reading Lesson: Africa. — Review 132. i33 LVIII. Imperative and Subjunctive: Conunands and Appeals 134, 135 LIX. Compounds of sum. — Reading Lesson: Friend- ship — Dative with Compounds ; Dative of Service . 136, 137 LX. Participles. — Reading Lesson: Fabricius andthe Physician 138, 139 LXI. Participles. — Ablative Absolute 140,141 LXII. Participles: The Gerundive 142,143 LXIII. The Gerund 144, 145 LXIV. The Supine. — Ablative of Specif cation. — Reading Lesson: Roman Consuls. — Review 146, 147 LXV. Review of Verb-Forms: First and Second Conju- gations. — Reading Lesson : Romulus and Remus 14S, 149 LXVI. Review of Verb-Forms: Third and Fourth Conju- gations. — Reading Lesson : Romulus and Remus 150,151 XU CONTENTS Lbsson Page LXVII. Deponent Verbs. — Ablative with Certain Deponents 152,153 LXVIII. The Irregular Verbs volo, nolo, mal5. — Dative ■with Intransitive Verbs 154, 155 LXIX. Cum Temporal, Causal, and Concessive. — Read- ing Lesson: Quintus Fabius Maximus . . . . 156, 157 LXX. Conditional Sentences 158, 159 LXXI. Review. — Reading Lesson : Rivalry of two Cen- turions 160, 161 LXXIL The Irregular Verbs eo, fero, fio. — Subjunctive after Verbs of Fearing. — Reading Lesson : Rivalry OF Two Centurions 162, 163 LXXIII. Impersonal Use of Verbs. — Relative of Purpose. — Reading Lesson : Rivalry of Two Centurions 164, 165 LXXIV. Periphrastic Conjugations. — Dative of Agent . 166,167 LXXV. Expressions of Purpose. — Review. — Reading Lesson : The Romans win their First Naval Victory 168, 169 Selections for Reading: Anecdotes 1 71-173 Stories of Hercules 173-180 Stories of Ulysses 180-186 Fables 186-190 Stories from Roman History 190-198 Caesar: Gallic War 199-202 Appendix. Tables of Inflection, Conjugation, etc. . . 203-239 Rules of Syntax 241-244 Latin-English Vocabulary 245-290 English-Latin Vocabulary 291-301 Index 303-31 ' ILLUSTRATIONS A Roman Orator (Statue of Cato) Frontispiece Page A Roman Lady '4 Priest, Altar (ara), and Suppliant (supplex) 21 Javelin (pilum) and Sword (gladius) 27 Trumpet (tuba) 35 Spear (hasta) 43 Roman IIe;iddresses 5' Writing Materials, representing an inkstand (atramentarium, for black and red ink); a papyrus letter sealed and addressed (M LvcREiio Flam[ini] Martis Decvrioni Pompei[s]) to Marcus Lucretius, priest of Mars, decurion, Pompeii .... 57 The Fall of Icarus. Icarus, following his father, in flight has fallen unseen and been washed ashore. Daedalus now discovers his lifeless body. A nymph sits near Icarus. On the left is a Greek temple 59 A Roman Coin. Obverse : head of Venus. Reverse : Aeneas carry- ing Anchises and the Palladium. Caesar 61 A Roman Coin. Obverse : head of Venus. Reverse : trophy and captives. Caesar 69 A Roman Coin. Horatius Codes at the Bridge 71 Ancient Plough (aratrum) 87 Roman Helmets (galeae) 89 Coriolanus 91 Temple (templum). Restoration of the Temple of Vesta at Rome . 95 Scipio. Ancient Statue 97 Hannibal. Ancient bust in Naples Museum 97 View of Naples and Vesuvius 108 A Roman Coin. Obverse : head of Venus. Reverse : trophy of Gallic arms. Caesar 119 Roman Soldiers. Showing shields, helmets, swords, javelins, sandals, breast armor, sling, pack carried on a pole 123 Caesar. Bust in the Louvre, Paris 125 xiii xi\^ ILL US TRA TIONS Page Vergil. Bust at Caproni's, Boston 125 Roman Sandals [43 A Roman Coin. Obverse: veiled head of Pietas. Caesar Co[n]- s[vl]ter. Reverse: lituus (augur's crooV), praefericulum (dish used in sacrifices), and axe. A[vLVs] Hirtivs Pr[aefectvs] . 145 The Twins discovered by Faustulus 149 Roman Coins, representing militarj- s'.andards 151 Vinea 155 Shields (scuta) 163 Battering Ram (aries) 202 FIRST YEAR LATIN ESSENTIALS OF GRAMMAR Note. — These essentials apply in the main to both English and Latin grammar. THE PARTS OF SPEECH NOUNS 1. A Noun is a word used as the name of a person, place, or thing : boy, London, ship, book, star. a. A Proper Noun is the name of a particular person, place, or thing : George, Boston, September, Monday. b. A Common Noun is a name that may be applied to any one of a class of objects : boy, city, 7nonth, day. c. A Collective Noun is a name that in the singular form may be applied to a group of objects : croivd, family, herd, committee. d. A Verbal Noun is the name of an action : seeing, read- ing, writing, to see, to read, to write. e. An Abstract Noun is the name of a quality or condition : goodness, truth, weakness, poverty. PRONOUNS 2. A Pronoun is a word used to take the place of a noun : /, yon, liim, this, who. 2 J^'.-l'iST YEAR LATIN , I^pvz. -- Xhe ncun : for, which a pronoun stands is called its antecedent. Thus, in John goes to sc/iool, but he does not study, the noun John is the antecedent of the pronoun he. a. A Personal Pronoun is a pronoun that shows by its form whether it stands for the speaker, /, we, etc., that is, the First Person ; for the person spoken to, thou, yon, etc., tliat is, the Second Person ; or for the person or thing spoken of, he, she, it, they, etc., that is, the Third Person. Note. — • Nouns are almost always in the third person. b. A Relative (or Conjunctive) Pronoun is a pronoun that connects a subordinate clause (20), in which it stands, with the antecedent : ** The evil that men do lives after theviy The relative pronouns are zvho, ivJiicJi, ivJiat, and that. c. An Interrogative Pronoun is a pronoun that is used to ask a question : Who is there ? What shall zve do ? The interrogative pronouns are 7uho, zvhich, and wJiat. d. A Demonstrative Pronoun is a pronoun that points out an object definitely : this, that, these, those. e. An Indefinite Pronoun is a pronoun that points out an object indefinitely : some, one, any, othci, all, etc. / A Reflexive Pronoun is a pronoun that refers back to the subject : He hurt himself. ADJECTIVES 3. An Adjective is a word used to qualify or limit the meaning of a noun or pronoun : good lesson, beautiful moon, the boy, five girls. a. A, an, and the, really limiting adjectives, are some- times called Articles. The is the Definite Article, a or an the Indefinite Article. THE PARTS OF SPEECH 3 /;. Numeral Adjectives are adjectives of number. They arc cither Cardinal, denoting how many: one, two, three, four ; or Ordinal, denoting which in order : first, second, third, fourth. c. The demonstrative pronouns, the indefinite pronouns, and the interrogative pronouns zvJiich and zvhat may be used as adjectives, and are then called respectively Demonstrative Adjectives : this book, that house ; Indefinite Adjectives : some boys, any pencil ; and Interrogative Adjectives : Uliich way shall zue go ? What man is that / d. Adjectives are often used as nouns : " The land of the free a>id the home of the brave." VERBS 4. A Verb is a word used to declare or assert something about a person or thing: / ride; you laugh; the leaf falls. a. A Transitive Verb is a verb that in the active voice (28) commonly requires an object (14) to complete its meaning : The boy strikes the ball ; the cat catche'? a mouse. b. An Intransitive Verb is a \-erb that does not commonly admit an object : Birds fly ; I walk. Note. — Certain verbs may at one time be transitive and at another intransitive : The wind bk-iu the snow into ok r faces ; the wind blew furiously. c. A Regular Verb is a verb that forms its imperfect (past) tense (33) and past participle (34, a) by the addition of d, t, or ed to the present : present loz'e, past loved, past participle loved. 4 FIRST YEAR LATIN d. An Irregular Verb is a verb that does not form its imperfect (past) tense by the addition of d, t, or ed to the present : present give, past gave, past participle given. e. An Auxiliary Verb is a verb that is used in the con- jugation of other verbs : / am loved ; do yon love ? he has given. f. An -Impersonal Verb is one that is used only in the third person singular, having no personal subject: // rains ; it snozvs. Note. — In Latin there are many more impersonal verbs and impersonal uses of other verbs than in English. ADVERBS 5. An Adverb is a word used to modify the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb: He walks swiftly; the orange is very large ; he talks too fast. a. An Adverb of Place answers the question where ? — he7'e, belozv, there, Jiejice. b. An Adverb of Time answers the question when ? — theti, now, often, seldom. c. An Adverb of Manner answers the question Jiozv ? — so, thus, well, ill. d. An Adverb of Degree answers the question hozu viuch ? — little, almost, much, very, enough. e. A Modal Adverb expresses affirmation or negation, or the degree of confidence with which a statement is made : yes, no, certainly, perhaps. f. A Relative (or Conjunctive) Adverb connects a subordinate clause (20) with that on which it depends : The army advanced when the day daivned ; " Go where glory waits thee!' THE PARTS OF SPEECH 5 PREPOSITIONS 6. A Preposition is a word used before a noun or pronoun to show its relation to another word in the sentence: "/ stood on the bridge at midnight.'' CONJUNCTIONS 7. A Conjunction is a word used to connect words, phrases (i6), clauses (20), and sentences (9) : black and white ; he was a man of Jionor, but of a bad temper ; you may go or you may stay. a. A Coordinate Conjunction is a conjunction that connects words, phrases, clauses, and sentences of equal order or rank (20, c). The conjunctions in the examples above are Coordinate. /;. A Subordinate Conjunction is one that connects a sub- ordinate clause (20) with a principal clause (20, b) : I shall go to toivn if it is pleasant ; he failed because he zuas not industrious. INTERJECTIONS 8. An Interjection is a word used to express strong feeling, and is not grammatically related to any other word in the sentence: oh! ah! alas! hurrah! Note. — The following couplets have often proved useful to younj persons in identifying the parts of speech : Three little words we often see Are Articles, a, an, and the. A Noun 's the name of anything ; As school or garden, hoop or swing. Adjectives tell the kind of noun ; As great, small, pretty, white, or brown. FIRST YEAR LATIN Instead of nouns the Pronouns stand ; His head, her hat, your arm, my hand. Verbs tell of something being done ; As read, write, spell, sing, jump, or run. How things are done the Adverbs tell ; As slowly, quickly, ill, or well. They also tell us where and when ; As here and there a.nd?iow and ihen. A Preposition stands before A noun ; as in or through a door. Conjunctions joi i the words together ; As rain and sunshine, wind or weather. Conjunctions sentences unite ; As kittens scratch a7td puppies bite. An Interjection shows surprise ; As Oh ! how pretty ! Ah .' how wise ! THE SENTENCE 9. A Sentence is a group of words expressing a complete thought : Sta7-s sJiine ; he zvalks. 10. A Declarative sentence is a sentence that declares or asserts something as a fact : Watei' runs down hill. An Interrogative sentence is a sentence that asks a question : Who was the second president of the United States ? An Imperative sentence is a sentence that expresses a request, a command, or an entreaty: " Drink, pretty creature, drink'' ; " Stand not upon the order of your going, but go at once." An Exclamatory sentence is a sentence, whether declarative, interrogative, or imperative, that expresses strong feeling or emotion : " How siveet the moonlight sleeps upon this bank ! " 11. A Sentence is made up of two parts, one called the Subject, and the other the Predicate. THE SENTENCE 7 a. Tlie Subject represents that about which something is said or asserted : Birds si)ig ; you read. b. The Predicate says or asserts something about that which the subject represents : Birds sing ; you read. Note. — Either the subject or the predicate or both may be enlarged to any extent by the addition of qualifying words and expressions called modifiers : My sister's small birds \ sing sweetly in tlie morning. 12. The Simple Subject is the noun or pronoun which signifies that about which the assertion is made. The Simple Predicate is the verb that makes the assertion. Birds is the simple subject, and sing the simple predicate in the preceding note. 13. The Complete Subject is the simple subject with all its modifiers. The Complete Predicate is the simple predicate with all its modifiers. Thus in the example of the note under 1 1 the complete subject is all that precedes the ver- tical line, and the complete predicate all that follows it. 14. The Object of a verb is a word or expression that completes the meaning of the verb, and signifies that which receives the action : I fold tJic paper. Note. — The Direct Object represents that which is immediately affected by the action of the verb ; the Indirect Object that to or for which the action is performed. Thus in he gave nte the hook, book is the direct object, and tne the indirect. 15. A Predicate Noun or a Predicate Adjective is a noun or an adjective used after certain intransitive or passive verbs to complete their meaning, and to describe or define the subject : George is a farmer; Lincoln was elected president ; the workmen are busy; those nioi are reputed wise. « FIRST YEAR LATIN a. The predicate noun or adjective is called the Complement of the verb. Intransitive verbs that require a complement are called Copulative Verbs. The verb be in its various forms {am, tvas, lias been, etc.) is often called the Copula. b. The predicate noun has the same case as the subject; hence the term Predicate Nominative. 16. A Phrase is a combination of words (not subject and predicate) used as a single part of speech : in a man of honor, of honor is an Adjective Phrase because it modifies the noun man ; in tJie sun shines by day, by day is an Adverbial Phrase because it limits the verb sJiines. 17. A Simple Sentence is a sentence containing but one statement, that is, one subject and one predicate : The boy bats the ball. 18. A Compound Sentence is a sentence containing two or more independent statements : '* It rains a?id the wind is never weary." Note. — An independent statement is one that can stand alone ; it does not depend upon (qualify or limit) another statement. 19. A Complex Sentence is a sentence containing one independent (principal) and one or more dependent (sub- ordinate) statements : IVe hastened home \ when the elonds began to gatJier. Note. — A dependent or subordinate statement is one that quali- fies or limits another in some way ; thus the dependent statement when the clouds began to gather limits the verb hastened, telling when we hastened. 20. The separate statements in a compound or complex sentence are called clauses, and as has already been seen, they may be either independent (principal) or dependent (sub- ordinate). INFLECTION 9 a. Dependent or subordinate clauses are named from their use Adjective Clauses : A 7nan ivho is honorable is respected; Adverbial Clauses: We go in when H rains ; or Sub- stantive Clauses : That my friend has lost his watch is certainly true. b. The independent clause of a complex sentence is called the Principal Clause. Any clause that has another dependent upon it may be called a principal clause. c. Connected clauses that are of the same rank, both independent, or both dependent, are said to be Coordinate. INFLECTION 21. Inflection is a change in the form of a word to indicate a change in its meaning or use : dog, dogs ; man, nieti ; love, loves, loved. DECLENSION 22. The inflection of a noun or pronoun is called its Declension. Nouns and pronouns are declined to show number and case, and a few nouns to show gender. Note. — In Latin, adjectives also are declined in gender, number, and case, to agree with the nouns which they modify. Number 23. A noun or pronoun is in the Singular Number when it means one : Jiat, ox, I ; in the Plural Number when it means more than one : Jiats, oxen, we. Case 24. There are three cases in English : I. The Nominative, primarily used as the subject of a sentence : He throws the ball. lO FIRST YEAR LATIN 2. The Possessive (Genitive), used to denote possession or ownership: John throws his ball; see the queen's crown. 3. The Objective, used as the object of a transitive verb or of a preposition : JoJui throws the ball to him. a. Only personal pronouns and the relative pronoun tvho have, in English, three case-forms. Nouns have the nomi- native and objective alike, with a separate form for the pos- sessive (genitive). b. \n Latin there are seven cases ; bui': the forms of the cases are not all different. Gender 25. The gender of English nouns is what is called Natural Gender, and hence has very little to do with grammar. Thus, a noun denoting a male is in the Masculine Gender : man, boy, father ; a noun denoting a female is in the Feminine Gender : ivoman, girl, moiJicr ; one denoting either male or female is in the Common Gender : cat, dog, parent ; one denoting a sexless object is in the Neuter Gender : river, wind, mountain. a. In Latin only nouns that denote persons and some animals have natural gender: nauta, sailor (masc), mater, mother (fem.). All others have an arbitrary gender, called Grammatical Gender, deter- mined chiefly by the endint^. COMPARISON 26. The inflection of adjectives and adverbs to show degree (higher or lower) is called Comparison. There are three degrees of comparison, the Positive, the Comparative, and the Superlative : positive wise, comparative wiser, INFLECTION 1 1 superlative wisest ; positive ^^^^/, comparative better, super- lali\e best ; i^ositive often, comparative oftener, superlative oftenest. a. Adjectives and adverbs are also compared in English by prefixing the adverbs more and 7nost, less and least: beaut if nl, more beaittiftil, most beautiful ; wisely, less ivisely, least wisely. Note. — Comparison in Latin is indicated by change of form, and sometimes by the use of adverbs. CONJUGATION 27. The inflection of a verb is called Conjugation. Verbs are conjugated to show voice, mood, and tense, and the number and person of the subject. a. The English ^•erb has but few changes of form. Thus the verb love has in common use only the forms love, loves, loving, and loved ; the verb rise has rise, rises, rising, rose, and risen. Most of the conjugation of the verb is made up of verb phrases formed by the use of auxiliaries : / tun loved, I shall love, I shall have been loved, etc. Note. — The statement in 27, however, is true of the Latin verb, which has many changes of form, as will be seen. Voice 28. A verb is in the Active Voice when it represents the subject as acting (or being) : James struck John ; in the Passive Voice when it represents the subject as acted upon : John was struck by James. a. Intransitive verbs are used only in the active voice. 12 FIRST YEAR LATIN Mood 29. A verb is in the Indicative Mood when it states a fact or is used in a question : Roses bloom ; why do yotc smile ? 30. A verb is in the Subjunctive Mood when it asserts something doubtfully or conditionally. It is used in sub- ordinate clauses, and is usually introduced by if, though, and the like : If he -were here, I should be glad ; " Though he slay vie, yet ivill I trust in him.'' Note. — The subjunctive mood as a separate form is very little used in modern English, its place being taken by the indicative. In Latin, on the other hand, the subjunctive has a great variety of uses. 31. A verb is in the Imperative Mood when it expresses a command or an entreaty: Draw your swords ; "Give me of tJiy bark, O birch tree.'' a. The subject of the imperative {thou or you) is seldom expressed. The Infinitive 32. The Infinitive {to love, to have loved, etc.) is a verbal noun. It has neither person nor number, and is not used in making assertions. Like a noun it may be the subject or the complement of a verb : To see is to believe. Like a verb it may have an object and adverbial modifiers : We like to begin our work early. a. The infinitive may also be used in other noun relations, and sometimes as an adjective or adverb. b. The verbal noun in -ing, corresponding to the Latin gerund, is by some regarded as an infinitive : Seeing is believing = to see is to believe. INFLECTION Tense 33. A verb is in the Present, Imperfect (Past), or Future Tense according as it represents an action as taking place in present, past, or future time : / love, I loved, I shall love. a. The Perfect (Present Perfect) Tense represents an action as completed in the present : I Jiave loved ; the Pluperfect (Past Perfect), as completed in the past : / had loved ; and the Future Perfect, as completed in the future : I shall have loved. The Participle 34. A Participle is a verbal adjective. Like an adjective it may qualify a noun : a living death, a driven well. Like a verb it may have an object and adverbial modifiers : Knoiving the candidate intimately, we shall 7iot hesitate to vote for Jiivi. a. There are in English three participles in the active voice : present loving, past loved, perfect having loved ; and three in the passive voice : present {being) loved, past loved, perfect having been loved. b. The participle in -ing is used with the au.xiliary be to make the Progressive Form of the verb : Yott are loving, he was loving. Note. — The Latin has no special tenses for the progressive form. 35. A Finite Verb is a verb in the indicative, subjunctive, or imperative mood. A Roman Lady P RON UNCI A riON I 5 INTRODUCTORY The sections on pronunciation may be most profitably used for reference. Pupils catch pronunciation quickly from the lips of the teacher, and, if they make mistakes, are interested in being referred to rules. It is therefore advised that the teacher begin with the poem on page i8, pronouncing slowly each line, the pupils following successively, and then together. ALPHABET 36. The Latin alphabet has noy or zv. Otherwise it is the same as the Enghsh. 37. /does service both as a vowel and as a consonant. Before a vowel in the same syllable it has the force of a consonant, and is called i-consonant . 38. Of the consonants The mutes are p, b, t, d, c, k, g, q. The liquids are 1, ni, n, r. The sibilant is s. The double consonants are . . ■s. = cs ox gs^ z = ds. SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS, ROMAN METHOD 39. Vowels a like the last a in aha'. a like the first a in aJia'. e as in they. 6 as in met. i as in machine. i as in pin. 6 as in note. 6 as in obey. u like oo in boot. fl ^ like oo \r\foot. ^ In qu, gji, and sometimes in sn, before a vowel, h is a semivowel or consonant, is pronounced like w, and joined in utterance with the preceding letter ; so likewise in cui and huic : quis, qui, who, an'-guis, snake, con- 8ue'-tus, accustomed. 1 6 FIRST YEAR LATIN 40. Diphthongs ae like ai in aisle. au like oti in our. ei (rare) like ei in eight. oe like 0/ in boil. eu (rare) like eti xnfeicd. 41. Consonants Consonants generally have the same sounds as in English. But observe the following : c as in come. g as in get. i-consonant like j \nyet. s as in sicii. t as in ii/ne. v like w in wine. ch like k in kite. ph like /"in /"«;-. SYLLABLES 42. I . A syllable consists of a vowel or diphthong with or without one or more consonants. Hence a word has as many syllables as it has vowels and diphthongs : ae-gri-tu'-do, sickness. 2. When a word is divided into syllables, a single con- sonant is joined with the vowel following : a-ma'-bi-lis, amiable. 3. If there are two or more consonants between two vowels, as many are joined with the second vowel as can be pronounced at the beginning of a word or syllable : im'-pro-bus, bad ; ho'-spes, guest. 4. But in compound words the division must show the component parts: ab'-est (ab, away; est, /le is), lie is away. 5 . The last syllable of a word is called the ultima ; the one next to the last, iht pejiult ; the one before the penult, the antepenult. PRONUNCIATION 1 7 QUANTITY 43. I. Vowels are long (-) o\ short ("). In this book the long vowels are marked, except in some titles ; unmarked vowels must be regarded as short. 2. A vowel is short before a vowel or // : pb-e'-ma, poem ; gra'-ti-ae, tJianks ; ni'-hil, nothing. 3. Vowels are long before ;//, 7is, and gn : in-fans, infant ; i-gnis, fire. 4. Diphthongs, vowels representing diphthongs, and vowels resulting from contraction are long : in-cau'-tus, heedless; in-i'-quus (inaequus), ?/;/r^//rt/,- co'-go {(M%q), collect. 5: A syllable is long when it contains a long vow^el or a diphthong: vo'-ces, voices; ae'-des, temple. 6. A syllable is long if it has a short vowel followed b)- two or more consonants (except a mute followed by / or r), or by ^ or c' ; but the short vowel is still pronounced short : sunt, they are ; tem'-plam, temple; dux, leader. ACCENT 44. I. Words of two syllables have the accent on the first : tu'-ba, trumpet. 2. Words of more than two syllables have the accent on the penult when it is long, otherwise on the antepenult : prae-di'-co, foretell; prae'-di-c6, declare; il-le'-ce-brae, snares ; pa-ter'-nus, paternal. 3. Several words, called enclitics, of which the com- monest are -ne, the sign of a question, and -que, and, are appended to other words, and such words are then accented on the syllable preceding the enclitic : amat'-ne, does he love? dona'-que, and gifts. 1 8 FIRST YEAR LATIN 45. The following Latin version of " Twinkle, twinkle, Little Star," from Arundines Cami, may be used for practice in pronunciation, and for illustration of the preceding statements. See introductory note, p. 15. MICA, MICA Mica/ mica, parva stella ! Miror quaenam sis, tarn bella ! Splendens eminus in illo. Alba velut gemma, caelo. Quando fervens S5l discessit. Nee calore prata pascit, Mox ostendis lumen purum, Micans, micans per obscurum. Tibi, noctu qui vagatur, Ob scintillulam gratatur ; Ni micares tij, non sciret Quas per vias errans iret. Meum saepe thalamum liace Specularis curiosa ; Neque carpseris soporem Donee venit Sol per auram. CASES 46. The names of the cases in Latin are : nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, vocative, locative. Their characteristics of form, meaning, and use are illus- trated in the paradigms and exercises which follow. 1 The rhythm of these lines depends on accent, as in English poetry, not on quantity, as in classic Latin poetry. CASES AND GENDER 19 a. The Vocative is always the same as the Nominative, except in the singular of nouns and adjectives in -us of the second declension. ••' b. In neuters the Nominative and Accusative are always alike, and in the plural end in a. c. The Accusative singular of all masculines and feminines ends in m ; the Accusative plural in s. d. The Dative and Ablative jjlural are always alike. (LENDER 47. The gender of Latin nouns is determined partly, as in English, by the meaning, but much oftener by the termination. General Rules of Gender 1. Nouns -denoting males and names of rivers, winds, and months are masculine : aghcolsi, /un/nr ; Cicero, Cicero : Padus, Po ; aquilo, nortJi xvind ; l&xvixlxiViS, January . 2. Nouns denoting females and names of countries, towns, islands, and trees are feminine : regina, queen ; Tullia, Tullia ; Africa, Africa; Roma, Rome ; Sicilia, Sicily; pirns, pear tree. 20 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON I FIRST DECLENSION The Subject — Nominative Case Singular and Plural of Nouns and Verbs 48. Models Noun Verb Sing, hasta, speai'. ■Sing, volat, Jlies.^ Plur. hastae, spears. Plur. volant, fly. a. Form the plural of the nouns in the vocabulary, then the plural of the verbs, according to the models. 49. VOCABULARY Nouns Verbs columba, f. dove. ambulat, walks. hasta, f. spear (p. 43). cantat, sings. nauta, m. sailor. natat, swims. puella, f . girl. saltat, dances. sagitta, f. arrow. sonat, soitnds, resounds. tuba, f. trtimpet (p. 35). volat, ^/Vj, speeds on. Conjunction Interrogative Pronoun et, and. quis, who ? quid, what ? 50. Model Sentences 1 . Puella cantat, the girl sings. 2. Puellae cantant, the girls sing. 3. Cantatne puella, does the girl sing f 4. Cantantne puellae, do the girls sing? 1 Also is flying, does fly. So of other verbs. F/RSr DECLENSION 21 a. In Latin there is no article: puella may be translated ^^'/r/, a ^i^irl, or the girl ; and puellae, girls or the girls. b. What is the subject in each of the model sentences, and what is the predicate ? c. Observe that the verbs agree with their subjects in number. d. Observe that -ne is the sign of a question, but is not separately translated (44, 3). 51. Rule. — Tlic subject of a verb is in the nominative. 52. EXERCISES I. I. Hasta volat. 2. Hastae volant. 3. Nauta natat. 4. Nautae natant. 5. Ambulatne puella ? 6. Puellae ambu- lant. 7. Columbaene volant } 8. Sagitta volat. 9. Sonatne tuba? 10. Quis natat Puella natat. 12. Quis ambulat ? 13. Nauta ambulat. 14. Nautae cantant et saltant. II. I. The sailor dances. 2. Do the sailors dance ? 3. Who is singing ? 4. Girls are singing. 5. What is flying ? 6. The spear is flying. 7. Are trumpets resounding ? 8. Spears and arrows fly. 9. The dove walks and flies. I Priest, Altar, .\nd Suppliant 22 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON II FIRST D-ECLENSl^m— Continued The Stem^ ends in a The Direct Object — Accusative Case 53. Paradigm Singular Terminations Nom. hasta, a spear (as subject). -a Gen. \\?i's,\.a.e, of a spear, -or spear's. , -ae Dai. hastae, to or for a spear. -ae Ace. hastam, a spear (as object). -am Abl. hasta, with, from, by a spear. -a Plural No7n. hastae, spears (as subject). -ae Gen. hastarum, of spears, or spears\ -arum Dat. ha.stis, to or for spears. -is^ Ace. liastas, spears (as object). -as Ad/. hastis, with, from, by spears. -is a. The vocative, the case of address, has the same form as the nominative. For the locative case, see 195-197. b. Terminations consist of case-endings joined with the final letter of the stem ; but sometimes the final letter of the stem disappears, and sometimes the case-ending. That part of the word which remains unchanged in inflection, and to which the terminations are added is called the base : hast-. c. Form the nominative plural and the accusative singular and plural of each «oun in 55. Form the plural of the verbs. 1 The stem is the body of the word to which endings are added to express the relation of the word to other words. 2 Filia, daughter, and dea, goddess, have the termination -abus in the dative and ablative plural. FIRST DECLENSION 2$ 54. Rule of Gender. — .Youns of the first declension are feminine unless they denote males. 55. VOCABULARY Nouns Verbs agricola, m. farmer. amat, loves, likes. aqua, f . water. arat, ploughs. Galba, m. Galba. habet, has. Stella, f. star. laudat, praises. terra, f. land, country. videt, sees. Interrogative Pronoun Nom. quis, who ? ^ quid, what ? Ace. quern, whom ? quii,wAaif 56. Model Sentences 1. Agricola terram arat, the farmer ploughs the land. 2. Nautae agricolas laudant, the sailors praise the farmers. a. Observe that terram is the object of arat, and agricolas of laudant. Point out the objects in the sentences of 58. /;. Imitate the order of the Latin in writing Latin sentences. 57. Rule. — The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative. 58. EXERCISES I. I. Galba tubam laudat. 2. Tubasne laudat Galba? 3. Puellae tubas laudant. 4. Nauta stellam videt. 5. Nautae Stellas vident. 6. Quis Galbam videt ? 7. Quern videt Galba ? 8. Galba, quis terram arat ? Agricola terram arat. 9. Arantne agricolae terram ? 10. Quid volat ? Sagitta volat. II. I. Who is walking? The sailor is walking. 2. The sailors are walking. 3. What has the farmer ? The farmer has land. 4. Does Galba praise the farmers ? 5. The girl sees the water and the land. 6. Do the girls love the doves ? 24 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON III FIRST CONJUGATION — A-VERBS Am5, amare (stem ama-), love 59. Latin verbs are divided into four classes or conjuga- tions, distinguished from one another by the stem vowel before the ending -re of the active infinitive present. I. amare, io love, distinguishing vowel a. II. vaonexe, io advise, " " e. III. xe^^xe, to rule, " " e. IV. audire, to hear, " " i. 60. Paradigm Active Indicative Present Singular 1st Person, amo, / love, am loving, do love. 2d Person, amas, yoti love, are loving, do love. jd Person, amat, he loves, is loving, does love. Plural 1st Person, amamus, we love, are loving, do love 2d Person, amatis, yon love, are loving, do love. jd Person, am ant, they love, are loving, do love. Personal Endings -5 (or -m), /. -s, thou or you. -t, he, she, it. -mus, we. -tis, you. -nt, they. a. Observe that in am5 the final a of the stem disappears, giving amo instead of amao. In what forms is the a not marked long? b. In the preceding lessons verbs have been used only in the third person, in the singular ending in -t, and in the plural ending in -nt. The above paradigm shows that verbs change their ending to denote person as well as number. 61. Rule. — A verb agrees with its subject hi number and person. FIRST CONJUGATION 2$ a. When the subject is in the first or the second person, it is not commonly expressed. Why is it not necessary to express it ? d. When no subject is expressed with the third person of the Latin verb, translate with /le, she, it in the singular, and they in the plural. c. Like amo inflect the following verbs in the active indicative present. 62. Indic.vtive Present Infinitive Present 3mbul5, / walk. ambulare, to walk. aro, I plough. arare, to plough. canto, / sing. cantare, to sing. \a.u^o, I praise. lauAare, to praise. nato, / swim. natare, to swim. salto, / dance. saltare, to dance. sono, / sound. sonare, to sound. void, I fly. volare, to fly. 63. EXERCISES L I. Ambulat, arat, cantat. 2. Arantne? cantantne ? laudantne ? 3. Natas, saltas, sonas. 4. Amamus, volamus, ambulamus. 5. Aratis, cantatis, amatis. 6. Ambulare, amant, natat. 7. Cantare, ambulatis, laudamus. 8. Amat, volare, sonant. n. I. I do swim, he swims, I am swimming. 2. Do we dance? we sing, does he praise? 3. They are flying, he loves, you walk. 4. You are praising, they swim, he does dance. 5. He ploughs, to swim, do they love ? 64. CONVERSATION 1. Quis columbam amat ? Puella columbam amat, 2. Quem laudas ? Galbam laud3. 3. Quid volat ? Columba volat. 4. Arantne agricolae terram ? Terram arant. 5. Nautae, quem laudatis ? Agricolas laudamus. 26 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON IV FIRST DECLENSION — Continued The Genitive Case 65. a. Observe in the paradigm (53) that the genitive singular has the same form as the dative singular and the nominative plural. b. Observe carefully in the paradigm the English equivalents of the genitive. ' c. Form the genitive singular and plural of the nouns in the follow- ing vocabulary. d. Like amo inflect the verbs in the vocabulary. 66. VOCABULARY Nouns Verbs ^ femina, -ae,i f. woman. delecto, delectare, delight. filia,- -ae, f. dajighter. fugo, fugare, ptit to flight, rout. fortiina, -ae, f . fortune. libero, liberare, set free, free. poeta, -ae, m. poet. orno. ornare, adorn, deck. regina, -ae, f. queen. portp, portare, carry, bring. Interrogative Pronoun Gen. cuius, of whom ? whose ? of what ? Filiae nautae cantant, { '^'' daughters of the sailor sing, 2. Columbaepuellarum volant, i i^^e doves of the girls are flying, ^ 67. Model Sentences J the daug I or, the sailor'' s daughters sing. , . or, the girls' doves are flying. ' 1 In the vocabularies the genitive ending is added to show the declen- sion. 2 For peculiarity in declension of filia, see p. 22, foot-note 2. 2 Hereafter the general meaning of the verb will be given, not the mean- ing of any particular form. FIRST DECLENSION 2/ a. Observe that nautae limits flliae ; not all dau^^hters, but only those of the sailor are meant. In the same way puellarum limits columbae. 68. Rule. — A noun uned to limit another, and not (/rnotiui> the same pcrsoii or filing, is in the genitive. 69. EXERCISES I. I. Delectat, fugamus, liberas. 2. Ornamus, portant, delectas. 3. Delectamus, fugatis, liberant. 4. Liberatne ? libero, portamus. 5. Delectare, ornare, portare. 6. Columbas agricolarum liberant. 7. Fortima poetae regi- nam delectat. 8. Laudamus filias feminae. 9. Filiane Galbae reginam ornat ? 10. Stellae filias nautarum delectant. II. I. I plough the farmer's land. 2. I plough the farmers' land. 3. The poets' daughters love the land. 4. They put to flight the girl's dove. 5. Do they bring Galba's spears ? 6. They adorn the queens' daughters. 70. CONVERSATION 1. Quis poetam laudat ? Filia reginae poetam laudat. 2. Amatisne Galbam ? Galbam amamus. 3. Puella, cuius hastam portas ? Galbae hastam porto. 4. Cuius rosae (roses) puellam ornant ? Feminae rosae puellam ornant, 5. Quid portatis ? Sagittas et tubam portamus. I 'Thine, Roman, is the pilum, Roman, the sword is thine." 28 F/RS7^ YEAR LATIN 71. LESSON V SECOND CONJUGATION — E- VERBS moneo, monere (stem mone-), advise Paradigm Active Indicative Present Singular 1st Person, moneo, / advise, a/n advising, do advise. 2d Person, mones, _y) Mercury. The rule for the accent is the s'ame as in e. 85. Rule of Gender. — Xomis of the second declension ending in -tun are nciitcj^ ; niost others are masculine. SECOND DECLENSION 33 86. VOCABULARY amicus, -i, m. friend. aurum, -i, x\. gold. dominus, -i, m. master, owner. donum, -i, n. gift, present. equus, -i, m. horse. frumentum, -i, n. grain. hortus, -i, m. garden. oppidum, -i, n. town. Marcus, -i, m. Marcus. poculum, -I, n. cup. servus, -i, m. servant, slave. vinum, -i, n. xuine. 87. REVIEW I. What is the case of the subject? Give the rule. 2. What is the case of the direct object.'' Give the rule. 3. What is the case of the indirect object? Give the rule. 4. What case answers to our possessive ? 5. Give the rule for the genitive. 88. EXERCISES I. I. Poculum liicet ; pjcula lucent. 2. Oppidum video ; oppida videmus. 3. Uominusne servum monet ? Domine, ser- vos moncs. 4. Equus donum frumenti amat. 5. Equi domi- norum servos delectant. 6. Marcus amico fabulam narrat. 7. Domini amicis dona auri donant. 8. In oppidis amicos habemus. 9. Servi equis frumentum et aquam portant. II. I. The grain delights the horse. 2. The gifts of gold delight the masters. 3. Marcus, have you friends in the garden ? 4. The servant brings wine in cups for the friends. 5. Do (his) friends show Marcus a gift? 6. We see the town and the gardens of the town. 7. The lady teaches. 89. CONVERSATION 1. Quid habes, serve, in poculo ? Vinum in poculo habeo. 2. Cui vinum portas ? Amico vinum in poculo porto. 3. Quem equus terret ? Corneliam equus terret. 4. Cuius equus Corneliam terret ? Marcine equus Corne- liam terret ? 34 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON VIII FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS Agreement of Adjectives 90. Adjectives of the first and second declensions are declined like nouns of those declensions, according as they modify masculine, feminine, or neuter nouns. 91. Masculine A^om. hortus bonus Gen. horti boni Dat. horto bono etc. Paradigm Femi.nine hasta bona hastae bonae hastae bonae etc. Neuter donuni bonuni doni boni dono bono etc. a. Complete the declension of the above paradigm. b. For the full declension of bonus, see 483. See 84, a. 92. Rule. — Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, niunher, and case. Note. — The rule does not mean that adjectives must have the same endings as their nouns. If, for example, an adjective is joined with a masculine noun of the first declension, the endings of the noun and adjective are not the same, as is shown in the following 93. Paradigm Singular Nom. nauta bonus Gen. nautae boni Dat. nautae bon5 etc. Plural nautae boni nautarum bonorum nautis bonis etc. FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS 35 a. Complete tlie declension of nauta bonus. iJccline together, adding the vocative case, amicus cams, dear friend ; columba alba, white dove ; poculum magnum, large cup; agricola validus, strong farmer J poeta gratus, pleasing poet. 94. VOCABULARY Nouns Adjectives carrus, -i, m. wagon, cart. bonus, bona, bonum, good, kind. cibus, -i, m.food. carus, cara, carum, dear. oppidanus, -i, m. townsman, clarus, clara, clarum, clear, famous. pilum, -i, xi. javelin (p. 27). gratus, grata, gxdX\xm., pleasing, welcome. remus, -i, m. oar. magnus, magna, magnum, great, large. ventus, -I, m. wind. validus, valida, validum, strong, robust. n5n, adv. tiot. ubi, adv. where, est, Jie, she, it is: sunt, they are. 95. EXERCISES I. I. Equ5s magnos laudamus. 2. Poetae clari cantant. 3. Galba amico caro aurum donat. 4. Donum Galbae boni amicum delectat. 5. Nauta validus remos validos habet. 6. Claros poetas videt puella. 7. VentI magni nautas non terrent. S. Care Marce, ubi est frumentum agricolarum ? Estne in magno carro ? 9. OppidanI plla piratarum vident. ir. I. A great wagon; strong oars; the robust pirates. 2. Good inhabitants; of good water; strong townsmen. 3. The good master has a good slave. 4. He gives the good slave a welcome gift. 5. Is the slave's food in the garden? 6. Dear Cornelia, where do (your) daughters live? They live in the great town. 7. They love the town and the kind townsmen. 8. To the famous poet they give white roses. Trumpet 36 FIRST YEAR LATIN' LESSON IX The Verb Sum — Indicative Present Predicate Noun and Predicate Adjective 96. 1st Pe?'son. 2d Person. 3d Person. Paradigm Singular sum, / am. ts, you are. est, he, she, or // is. Plural sumus, we are. es\As, you are. sunt, they are. 97. bellum, -i, n. war. Britannia, -ae, f. Britain. caelum, -i, n. sky, heavens dea, -ae, f. goddess. Eur5pa, -ae, f. Europe. Graecia, -ae, f. Greece. inimicus, -i, m. enemy. Roma, -ae, f. Rome. Vesta, -ae, f. Vesta. VOCABULARY latus, lata, latum, wide, broad. longus, longa, longum, long. meus, mea, meum, my, mine (229). novus, nova, novum, new. parvus, parva, parvum, small, little. tuus, tua, tuum, your, yours. erat, he, she, or // was. erant, they were. 98. Model Sentences 1 . Victoria est regina, Victoria is a qiieen. 2. Incolae sunt agricolae, the inhabitants are farmers. 3. Estis oppidani, jti;^ are townsmen. a. Observe that regina denotes the same person as Victoria, agricolae the same persons as incolae, and oppidan! the same as the unex- pressed subject of estis. Nouns thus used with forms of sum are Cd.\\td predicate nouns (15). 99. Rule. — A predicate noun agrees in case with the subject of the verb. PREDICATE NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 37 100. Model Sentences 1. Hortus est magnus, the garden is large. 2. Horti sunt magni, the gardens are large. 3. Poeta est gratus, the poet is welcome. a. Adjectives used as magnus, magni, and gratus are above, with forms of sum, are called predicate adjectives (15). They must of course agree with their nouns, like adjectives otherwise used, in gender, number, and case. b. Point out tlie predicate nouns and the predicate adjectives in 102, I. and II. 101. REVIEW !. Give the rule of gender of nouns of the first declension ; of the second declension. 2. What masculine nouns of the first declension have occurred? 3. Is the ending of the adjective always the same as that of the noun with which it agrees? 4. Why is nauta bona not correct ? 102. EXERCISES I. I. Galba est validus. 2. Galba est agricola. 3. Mea filia est parva. 4. Tuum poculum estne magnum ? 5. Britannia est insula Europae. 6. Vesta erat dea Romae. 7. Carri Galbae sunt boni et validi. 8. Non gratum est bellum. 9. Bella non sunt grata. 10. In caelj erant stellae. 11. Graecia est Europae terra parva. 12, Stellas parvas in caelo video. 13. Claro^ in caelo Stellas parvas videmus. 14. Oppidani Galbam et equos validos vident. II. I. The streets of the town are long. 2. The streets of Rome were not broad. 3. The roads of Britain are broad and long. 4. The new gifts are pleasing. 5. The enemies are bringing long javelins. 6. You are my dear friend. 7. The cup was yours. 1 Adjective, preposition, noun is a common order. 38 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON X SECOND DECLENSION — Continued 103. Paradi^tns puer, m. boy. liber, libera, liberum free. Singular Singular Masc. Fem. Neut. Norn. puer iTber libera liberum Gen. pueri llberl • liberae liberi Dai. puero iTbero liberae libero Ace. puerum liberum iTberam liberum - AM. puero libero libera libero Plural Plural Norn. pueri iTberi liberae libera Gen. puerorum liberorum llberarum liberorum Dat. pueris liberls llberis llberis Ace. pueros Ilberos llberas libera AM. pueris liberis llberis llberis a. Observe that puer and liber have no termination -us in the nomi- native singular ; elsewhere they have the same terminations as hortus (84). Observe that the terminations of libera are the same as those of hasta (53), and of liberum the same as those of donum (84). b. Decline together vir liber, free man; femina tenera, tender woman; bellum asperum, yf ^^rt' war; poeta miser, wretched poet. 104. REVIEW I. What is the ending of the vocative .singular of nouns in -us of the second declension ? 2. What cases of the second declension end in 0? What cases in is? 3. What is the ending of the accusa- tive singular? 4. What two cases in the neuter plural end in a? 5. Decline dominus, ;«d:j/^r. 6. Decline bellum, 7r'«r. 7. Read again 84, c and d, and write out the declension of nuntius, messenger. SECOND DECLENSION 39 105. VOCABULARY Duilius, Duili, m. D 11 Hi its. asper, aspera, asperum, 7-ough, fierce. filius, fill, m. son (47S). liber, libera, liberum, y>w. liberi, -orum, m. plur. children, miser, misera. miserum, wretched, poor. nQntius. nunti, m. messenger, supero. superare, surpass, o7'erconie. puer. pueri, m. boy. ■ tener, tenera, tenerum, tender. vir, viri, m. vian (478). ■ voc5, vocare, call. 106. EXERCISES I. I. Filii virorum liberorum. 2. Remus nautae asperi. 3. Ventis asperis. 4. Misero in carro. 5. Cibus puerorum miserorum. 6. O care fili ! 7. Vocatne ? superantne ? 8. Pueros bonos vocamus. 9. Liberi multi sunt latis in viis. 10. NCintius miser fabulam miseram narrat. 11. Sunt viri multi in oppido libero. 12. Quid habent puellae tenerae ? II. I. The owners of poor slaves. 2. For the wretched wars. 3. For your small sons. 4. In the messengers' gardens. 5. O (my) poor friend! 6. The son of Duilius is free. 7. We see fierce pirates. 8. They frighten small boys and tender women. 9, The inhabit- ants overcome the enemies. 10. We are free men. 11, We live in the land of the free.^ 12. We are sons of free men. 107. CONVERSATION 1. Quis viro viam monstrat ? Dea bona viam monstrat. 2. Quid clard in caelo lucet ? Luna nova lucet. 3. Viri validi, quern superatis ? Inimicds asperos supe- ramus. 4. Habentne pueri pila ? Duili pila longa habent. 5. Cui nuntius fabulam narrat "i Viris liberis fabulam narrat. 1 Adjectives are frequently used in the plural in Latin, as in English, without a noun, both in the masculine and neuter. See 3, d. 40 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON XI SECOND DECLENSION — Continued Apposition LOS. Paradigjns ager, m. field. piger, pigra, pigrum, sloiv, lazy. Singular S INGULAR Masc. Fem. Neut. Nom. ager piger pigra pigrum Gen. agri pigri pigrae pigri Dat. agrS pigro pigrae pigro Ace. agrum pigrum pigram pigrum Abl. agro Plural pigro pigra Plural pigro Nom agri pigri pigrae pigra Gen. agrorum pigrorum pigrarum pigrorum Dai. agrls pigris pigris pigris Ace. agros pigros pigras pigra Abl. agris pigris pigris pigris a. Observe that ager and piger are declined lilce puer and liber, except that e before r occurs only in tlie nominative. 109. VOCABULARY agar, agri, m.. field. multus, multa, multum, jnuch. liber, libri, m. book. multi (plur.). multae, multa, >nany. magister, magistri, m. niger, nigra, nigrum, black. jnaster, teacher. piger, pigra, pigrum, slow, lazy. Sextus, -i, m. Sextus. pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum,(^d'rt///'//>^/,/;-^//>'. dominus, tnas/er of a household or of slaves. magister, master of a school. If / SECOND DECLENSION 4 1 [ liber, librl, book. liber, libera, liber liberi, libeidrum, children. li 110. Model SenteJices 1. Galba agricola agrum habet, Galba, flie farmer, lias afield. 2. Marcum amicum amo, / loi'e Marcus, (^uiy) friend. a. Observe that agricola denotes the same person as Galba and is joined to Galba as a descriptive or explanatory noun ; amicum is related in the same way to Marcum. Such nouns are called appositives. HI. Rule. — An ajypositive agrees in case with the noun, ivJiich it limits. a. Read again 98. You will see that the appositive closely resembles the predicate noun. Wiiereia do they differ? 112. EXERCISES I. I. Viri, oppidi incolae. 2. In agris pulchris agricolae. 3. Libri pulchri magistrorum. 4. Ventorum asperorum. 5. Pigrorum servorum. 6. Nautae, amico meo. 7. Equi albi et nigri. 8. Pueris miseris Duili. g. In agro Marci amici equ5s vide5. 10. Servus Sextum amicum amat. 11. Liber, d5num pulchrum Corneliae, magi- strum delectat. 12. Pulchrumne est caelum? 13. Servus bonus non piger est. 14. Agricolae multl equ5s nigros habent. 15. Puellae pulchrae sunt dominae filiae. 16. Tui libri sunt donum gratum. II. I. To Galba, my friend, I give a book. 2. To the children of Sextus we give many gifts. 3. To the men's sons they give pretty books. 4. The men dwell in a poor town. 5. They dwell in Greece, a rough country of Europe. 6. Many are the inhabitants in the towns of Britain. 42 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON XII Additional Uses of the Dative 113. Review the present of sum (96) and learn the indicati\ imperfect and future, and the infinitive present (502). 114. Model Sejitence Puero est sagitta, ■{ ^" I En; r {to the boy is an arrow') g., the boy has an arrow. a. Observe that the above sentence is equivalent in meaning to puer sagittam habet. The dative thus used is called the dative of the possessor, or the possessive dative. The thing possessed, here sagitta, is the subject. 115. Rule. — The dative is used with est, sunt, etc., to denote the possessor, the thing possessed being the subject. 116. Model Sentence .^. _ ^ _ r (the p-ift to the boy is dear) Donum puero est carum, j^^-^ -^ ^ I Eng., the gift is dear to the boy. a. Observe that puero limits carum just as the indirect object reginae limits the verb donat in 78. 117. Rule. — Adjectives meaning near, also fit, friendly, pleasing, like, and their opposites, take the dative. 118. EXERCISES I. I. Est, erat, erit. 2. Suntne ? erant, erunt. 3. Sumus, eramus, erimus. 4. Sum, eram, ero. 5. Esne ? eras, eris. 6. Estis, eratis, eritis. 7. Esse. OSES OF THE DATIVE 43 8. Magistro est liber. 9. Magister libruin liabet. 10. I)uili(j sunt pueri multi. 1 1. Duilius pueros multOs habet. 12. Erantne viae longae at asperae ? 13. Niintii erunt miseri. 14. Caelum nigrum nautis non est gratum. II. I. I am, we are. 2. Were we? I was. 3. I shall be, we shall be. 4. Is he? they are. 5. He was, they were. 6. He will be, tliey will be. 7. Vou are, you were. 8. You will be, to be. 9. You will be a free man. 10. Galba has a black horse. II. A man had lazy and wretched sons. 12. The gifts will be welcome to Marcus, my friend. 13. The good children sur- pass the lazy (children). 119. REVIEW I . Decline servus. vir. magister. 2. Decline the adjectives carus, niger, tener in the three genders. 3. Decline oppidanus liber, nauta asper. donum pulchrum, poeta clarus. 4. What adjectives in -er have occurred that keep the e in declension ? 5. After reading the following Conversation point out a direct object, an indirect object, a predicate adjective, an appositive, a dative of the possessor, a genitive, and a dative with an adjective, and give the rule for each. 120. CONVERSATION 1. Quem docet Sextus, amicus tuus ? Filium Duili docet. 2. Puerone erat tuba grata ? Puero tuba erat cara et grata. 3. Cui sunt rosae tenerae ? Puellis sunt rosae tenerae. 4. Cur magistro monstratis libros pulchros ? Quia libros amat. 5. Videsne, O nuntie. lunam novam ? Lunam nigro in caelo video. 44 FIRST YEAR LATIN 121. LESSON XIII FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS — Ct^w/w/^-r^/ Ablative of Means Paradigtns Active Indicative Imperfect Singular 1. amabam, I was loving.'^ 2. amahas, you were loving. 3. amabat, /le was loving. Singular 1. monebam, I was advising. 2. monebas, j'^;/ were advising. 3. monebat, lie was advising. Plural amabamus, we were loving. amabatis, you were loving. aniabant, they were loinng. Plural monebamus, we were advising. monebatis, you were advising. monebant, they were advising. a. Observe that the imperfect of amo is formed by adding to the stem ama- the tense-sign -ba-, and to that the personal endings (60) : ama + ba + m, etc. How is the imperfect of moneo formed ? b. Review the verbs of 66 and 72 and form the imperfect first person singular of each. Write out the imperfect of the verbs below. 122. VOCABULARY Note. — Words are sometimes purposely repeated in the vocabularies. aratrum, -1, n. plough (p. ^y). aureus, aurea, aureum, golden. defessus, defessa, defessum, ti?-ed. deus, del, m. a god (482). gladius, gladi, m. sword (p. 27). impleo, implere.yf//. Mercurius, Mercuri, m. Mercury. noster, nostra, nostrum, ottr., ours. 5rno, ornare, adorn, deck. piigno, ■pugvikrQ,Jfghl. scutum, -i, n. shield. somnus, -i, m. sleep, droiusiness. terreo, terrere, scare, frighten. voc5, vocare, call, summon. \ 1 Also did loz'c, loved. FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS 45 123. McyJcI Sentences 1. Viri inimlcos hastis et sagittis fugabant, men routed the enemies with s/>ears and arrows. 2. Servi pocula aqua implebant, servants wercji/lina^atfis with water. 3. Equis frumentum portant, they bring grain by means 0/ horses. a. Observe that the ablatives hastis, sagittis, aqua, and equis answer the questions by what? with what? by means of what? The ablative thus used is called the ablative of means or instrianent. 124. Rule. — The ablative is used to denote the means or instrianent of an action. 125. EXERCISES I. I. Amabantne ? amabat, delectabam. 2. Monebat, monebant, docebam. 3. Fugabamus, fugabant, liberabamus. 4. Terrebasne ? habebat, habebant. 5. Videbatis, terrebatis, ornabatis. 6. Pilgnabamus, vocabamus, implebant. 7. Vir agrum nostrum aratro arabat. 8. Liberi columbas tubis terrebant. g. Deus somno puerum superabat. 10. Puellae pulchrae pocula nostra rosis ornabant. 11. Agricolae fru- mento carros implebant. 12. Mercurius nuntius erat deo- rum. 13. Viris sunt sagittae et hastae. II. I. By means of shields. 2. With horses and ploughs. 3. With our swords. 4. With golden trumpets. 5. They were seeing, w^as he dancing ? 6. We were teaching by means of books. 7. With your sword you were liberating friends. 8. I ploughed the field with a new plough. 9. Sleep was welcome to the tired god, Mercurv. 10. The men fought with soears and long javelins. I 46 FIRST i'EAR LATIN LESSON XIV FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS — Co«//««^^ Ablative of Manner 126. Paradigms Active Indicative Future Singular Plural I . amabo, / sJiall love. 2. VLvaahis, yon iL'!!/ love. 3. amabit, he will love. Singular 1 . monebo, / shall advise. 2. monebi?,, yoii will advise. 3. monebit, he will advise. amabimus, we shall love. amabitis, you will love. amabunt, they will love. Plural monebimus, we shall advise. monebitis, j^;« will advise. monebunt, thev will advise. a. Observe that the future of amo is formed by adding to the stem ama- the tense-sign -bi-, and to that the personal endings (60); but the i is dropped in the first person and changed to u in the third person plural. How is the future of moneo formed? b. Review the verbs of 66, 72, and 77, and form the future first person singular of each. Write out the future of the verbs below. 127. VOCABULARY aedifico, aedificare, build. aeger, aegra, aegrum, sick. agito, agitare, drive, chase away. ara, -ae, f. altar (p. 21). cum, prep, with abl. with. cura, -ae, f. care. gaudium, gaudi, n. Joy, gladness. in, prep, with ace. into, upon. laboro, lab5rare, work, suffer. proper5, properare, hasten. quo, adv. whither? studium, studi, zeal, eagerness. templum, -I, n. temple (p. 95). teneo, tenere, hold, keep. FIRST A.YD SECOND CONJUGATIONS 47 128. Model Sentences 1 . Vir cum studio laborat, /he man works 'with zeal {zealously^. 2. Vir magno cum studio laborat, the man works with great zeal. 3. Vir magno studio laborat, the man works with great zeal. a. Observe how manner is expressed in the above Latin sentences: (I) cum studio ; (2) magno cum studi5 ; (3) magnS studio. Observe that (2) and (3) are translated in the same way. The ablative thus used answers the question how ? in what way ? 129. Rule. — The ablative with cum is used to denote the manner of an action ; hut cum may he omitted if an adjective is used with the ahlative. a. Observe that cum and. the ablative may often be translated by an adverb: cum studio, ^-^-a/t^^i/)'/ cum cura., care/ul/yy cum gaudio, joyfully, gladly. 130. EXERCISES I. I. Amabunt, monebunt, properabunt. 2. Amabitne ? monebit, tenebimus. 3. Manebuntnej? monstrabimus, terrebo. 4. Laborabisne ? docebitis, properabo. 5. Agricolae sunt equi validi. 6. Quo properabit agricola validus ? 7. In^ agros properabunt agricola et pueri. 8. In agris laborabunt magno cum studio. 9. Cum gaudio fru- mentum in oppidum portabunt. 10. Magna ciira equos agita- bunt. II. Non in oppido manebunt. II. I. You will build. 2. He will hasten. 3. Who will drive ? 4. We shall drive. 5. You will hold. 6. For sick children. 7. You will build a temple with great care. 8. You will adorn the temple with an altar. 9. We shall carry the sick children carefully into the temple. 10. Tliey will joyfully see the altar and the goddess. 11. Whose altar will they see? They will see the altar of Vesta, the kind goddess. 1 Observe tlie use and meaning of in here and in S and 1 1. 48 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON XV FIRST CONJUGATION — Continued Reading Lesson 131. Principal Paris of Verbs Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Perf. Part. amo amare amavi a. TY^^ principal parts of a verb, illustrated by the model, are so calLd because all forms of the verb can be made from them. b. The principal parts .of almost all verbs of the first conjugation are formed after the model of amo. Observe that the perfect stem amav- is formed by adding v to the verb-stem : ama-, amav-. Give the principal parts of the verbs of the first conjugation in 77, 105, 122, 127. 132. Paradigm Active Indicative Perfect Singular Personal Endings^ 1. 2ima.\\, I /lave loved, I loved, I did love, -i 2. amavisti, /tal. caput, capitis, n. head. mare, maris (mari-), n. sea. volnus, volneris, n. wound. a. Exceptions to the rules of gender (i 73-175) ^fe starred. See how many of these exceptions come under the general rules of gender (47, I and 2). In future note exceptions as they occur. b. Apply the appropriate rule of gender to each noun not starred. c. Distinguish carefully nouns ending in -iis and -us ; as, for example, virtiis and corpus. d. Make a hst of all the above nouns having consonant stems (38) and another of i-stem nouns. 177. Read again 85. Apply th learn the meanings of the following : fortitiido, fortitiidinis, f. endurance. fragor, fragoris, m. crash. imperator, imperatoris, m. general. pons, pontis (ponti-), m. bridge. rules of gender, decline, and saliis, salutis, f. safety. socius, soci, m. comrade, ally. telum, -i. n. weapon. terror, terroris. m. terror. A Roman Coin 70 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON XXVI Review: Reading Lesson 178, REVIEW I . Remember that to decline a noun of the third declension you must know : (i) its gender ; (2) whether it is a consonant or an i-stem noun; (3) its nominative and genitive singular; (4) the appropriate table of terminations. 2. How do you know that eques, equitis, is not an i-stem noun and that nubes, nubis is ? 3. How can you tell, without knowing the genitive, that cliens, client, mare, sea, and arx, citadel, are i-stem nouns ? 4. Write down the table of terminations of masculine and feminine nouns with consonant stems (154) ; then, by the side of it, the table of masculine and feminine nouns with i-stems (169). 5. Compare the two tables. Is there any difference in the singu- lar? 6. What are the differences in the plural.? 7. In the same way write side by side the tables of terminations of neuter nouns. 8. What difference do you note in the singular.? 9. What in the plural.? ID. Decline fragor magnus, lotid crash; tua saliis, youi- safety ; pulchra nubes, beautiful cloud; mare asperum, rough sea : novum volnus, new wound. 179. HORATIUS AT THE BRIDGE Note. — Some proper names and less common words that are not to be used again soon are given only in the general vocabulary. Porsena, Romanorum hostis, fuit rex clarus. Olim urbem Romam obsidebat. Magnus erat Romanorum terror, quia parva eis erat spes {^hope) salutis. Sed virtus valid! viri eos defendit. Nam paucis cum sociis pro ponte Sublicio Hora- tius hostis sustinet, dum Romani a tergo (behind hifji) pontem rescindunt. Mox socios dimittit at solus se (Jiimself) pontemque contra hostis defendit. Tandem conruit pons magno fragore. Turn inter hostium tela Horatius armatus in Tiberim desilit (junips down) et ad socios tranat. READING LESSON 71 180. VOCABULARY mox, adv. soon, presently. pauci, -ae, -a, plur. few. solus, -a, -um, alone (312). tandem, adv. at last. armatus, -a, -um, armed. contra, prep, with ace. against. dum, conj. while. inter, prep, with ace. between, amoni. defends, defendere, defendi, defensus, defend. obsideo, obsidere, obsedi, obsessus, besiege. sustineo, sustinere, sustinui, sustentus, hear, hold in check. trano. tranare. tranavi. , swim across. 181. CONVERSATION I. Quis fuit Porsena ? Rex Etruscorum fuit. 2. Militesne multi ei fuerunt ? Non paucos habuit milites. 3. Cur urbem Romam non cepit ? Virtute viri validi. 4. Cuius virtutem non superavit Porsena ? Virtutem Horati, viri Romani. 5. Diune hostis sustinebat Horatius ? Non diu, nam hostes erant multi. 6. Fugitne tandem Horatius ? Tandem in Tiberim desiluit {jumped down) at ad socios tranavit. A Ro.MAN Coin 72 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON XXVII ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION The Stem ends in / Reading Lesson 182. Paradigms audax, bold j stem audaci- brevis, breve, short ; stem brevi- Singular Singular M. & F. N. M. & F. N. Norn. audax audax brevis breve Gen. audacis audacis brevis brevis Dat. audaci audaci brevi brevi Ace. audacem audax brevem breve Abl. audaci, -e audaci, -e brevi brevi Plural Plural JVo/n. audaces audacia breves brevia Gen, audacium audacium brevium brevium Dat. audacibus audacibus brevibus brevibus Ace. audacis, -es audacia brevis, -es brevia Abl. audacibus audacibus brevibus brevibus acer, acris, acre, keen ', eager J stem acri- SiNGULAE Plural MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. Norn. acer acris acre acres acres acria Gen. acris acris acris acrium acrium acrium Dat. acri acri acri acribus acribus acribus Ace. acrem acrem acre acris, -es acris, -es acria Abl. acri acri acri acribus acribus acribus a. Adjectives having one form in the nom. sing, for all genders, like audax, are called adjectives of one ending ; those having two ADJECTIVES OE THIRD DECLENSION 73 forms, like brevis, breve, adjectives of two endings ; those having three forms, like acer, acris, acre, adjectives of three endings. b. Observe that adjectives of two and three endings have only -i in the ablative singular. Compare the endings of i-stem adjectives with those of i-stem nouns (169). What differences are there? Note. — Adjectives of one ending have the genitive given in the vocabu- laries ; those of two or three endings have only the nominative given. c. Decline acre animal, keen animal ; breve corpus, s/iori body ; hostis audax, bold enemy ; avis acris, keen bird. 183. CAESA.R IN GAUL (B.C. 58-51) .See 179, note. Gaius lulius Caesar, audax dux Romanorum, Gallos supe- ravit. Milites Caesarem maxime amabant, nam exemplum omnibus praebebat constantiae et fortitudinis. Militum salu- tem imperator diligenter curabat, omnisque tolerabat labores aeque ac {equally wit/i) milites. Multae et fortes erant in Gallia gentes, sed commiine periculum eas non coniunxit. Itaque Caesar bellum cum eis gessit et tandem omnem Galliam in {under) potestatem populi Roman! redegit. 184. VOCABULARY Caesar. Caesaris, m. Caesar. gens, gentis (genti-), f. race, tribe. communis, -e, common. labor, laboris, m. toil, hardship. constantia, -ae, f. steadfastness. omnis, -e, all, the whole, every. exemplum, -i, n. example. periculum, -i, n. danger. fortis, -e, brave. populus, -i, m. people. Gallia, -ae, f . Gaul. potestas, potestatis, f . power. ciiro, curare, curavi, curatus, care for, take care. gero, gerere, gessi, gestus, manage, carry on (war), praebeo, praebere, praebui, praebitus, cause, furnish, show. redig5. redigere, redegi. redactus, reduce. tolero, tolerare, toleravi, toleratus, bear, endure. 74 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON XXVIII FOURTH CONJUGATION — I-VERBS Ablative of Time audio (stem audi-), hear Principal Parts : audio, audire, audivi, auditus, hear 185. Learn the active indicative present, imperfect, future, and perfect of audio (501). a. Compare the inflection of audio with that of capio (500). Observe that three syllables of audi5 in the present differ in quantity from the corresponding ones of capio : audis, audimus, auditis. b. Observe that the perfect stem audiv- is formed by adding v to the verb-stem : audi-, audiv-. For the personal endings, see 132. Note. — A few verbs of the fourth conjugation form the perfect irregu- larly ; for example, venio simply lengthens the e of the verb-stem : venio, veni ; reperio doubles the p of the verb-stem : reperio, repperi. c. Like audi5 inflect in the same tenses reperio, Jind, and venio, co/ne (189). 186. EXERCISES I. I. Audio, audiebam, audiam. 2. Auditne.'' audiebat, audiet. 3. Audiunt, audiebant, audient. 4. Audimus, audi- vimus, audietis. 5. Audivi, audis, audiverunt. 6. Venis, venit, venisti. 7. Venit, venimus, veninius. 8. Reperis ? repperistis, reperitis. 9. Repperi, reperit, repperit. II. I. He has found, they have found, they came. 2. You are hearing, you did come, he heard. 3. We have heard, we found, we came. 4. You are coming, they were finding, we shall come. 5. I shall hear, we hear, they heard. 6. He came, he has come, they hear. FOURTH CONJUGATION 75 187. .\roikl Sentences 1 . Homines aestate et hieme lab5rant, vten toil in summer and luintcr. 2. Decern annis Caesar multa bella gessit, 'within ten years Caesar carried on many luars. a. Observe tliat the ablatives above are expressions of time. They answer the questions w/ien ? in or within what time ? 188. Rule. — Time when or within which is expressed 1)1/ the ablative. 189. VOCABULARY aestas, aestatis, f. summer. Vox, IQcis, f. light. annus, -i, m. year. nox, noctis (nocti-), f. night. decem, num. adj. indecl. ten. primus, -a, -Mva..Jirst. hiems, hiemis, f. winter. secundus, -a, -um, second. hora, -ae, f. hour. tempus, temporis, n. ti?ne. reperio, reperire. repperi, repertus, //;/(^/. venio. venire, veni. venturus,' come. 190. EXERCISES I. I. Hieme ventus mare nubisque agitat. 2. Aestale somnus est hominibus defessis gratus. 3. Pueri nubem avium prima lijce in mari viderunt. 4. Secunda noctis hora magna avium nubes venit ex mari in terram. 5. Caesar bellum fortibus cum gentibus gessit easque paucis annis superavit. 6. Periculum commune labores Romanis sociisque praebuit. II. I. Welcome summer will come in a short time. 2. Who reduced the Gauls under (in with ace.) the power of the Roman people ? 3. At what time did they come to the city ? 4. At the second hour of the night (there) will be a full moon. 5. We have found an example of constancy. 1 Future active participle. This is given in the principal parts, if it occurs, where the perfect passive participle is not in use. 76 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON XXIX Pluperfect and Future Perfect — All Conjugations 191. Read again 59 and 131, ^ and review the principal parts of all verbs that have occurred in the vocabularies, beginning with Lesson XVI. 192, Paradigms Pluperfect / had loved, etc. / had advised, etc. 1. amaveram amaveramus monueram monueramus 2. amaveras amaveratis monueras monueratis 3. amaverat amaverant monuerat monuerant Future Perfect / shall have 1 loved, etc. / shall have ^ advised, etc. 1. amavero amaverimus monuero monuerimus 2. amaveris amaveritis monueris monueritis 3. amaverit amaverint monuerit monuerint a. Observe that the pluperfect is formed on the perfect stems amav-, monu-, by adding the imperfect of sum (502), and the future perfect by adding the future of sum. There is an exception in one form. Which ? b. Form in the same way as those above the first person singular of the pluperfect and future perfect of rego, capio, audio, sum on the perfect stems rex-, cep-, audiv-, fu-. Inflect and verify by reference to 499-502. c. All verbs form the pluperfect and future perfect on the perfect stem in the same way. d. Inflect the pluperfect and future perfect of tolero, bear; obsideo, besiege J gero, tnanage j venio, come. e. Review Vocabularies 180, 184, 189. 1 Translate the second and third persons will have, etc. PLUPERFECT AND FUTL/RE PERFECT 77 193. EXERCISES I. I. Amaverat, monuerat, rexerat. 2. Ceperat, audiverat, audiverant. 3. Audiverit, audiverint, ceperit. 4. Amaverant, monuerant, rexerant. 5. Cepero, rexero, audivero. 6. Gesseras, veneras, obsederas. 7. Gesseram, toleraveram, obsederam. 8. Fuerat, fuerant, fueris. 9. Fuerimus, fueramus, fuero. 10. Dux filium virtute laudaverat. 11. Forti homini fuerint multi et acres amici (115). 12. Caesar multa bella in Gallia decern annis gesserat. 13. Galli oppida magna cum virtute defenderant. 14. Quo tempore noctis arma ceperis ? 15. Inopia cibi populo forti magnos praebuerit labores. 16. Inter tela acrium hostium venerant ad muros. II. I. We shall have come. 2. You had found. 3. He will have held in check. 4. They had caused. 5. They had come. 6. They will have defended. 7. Whom had he cared for? 8. Horatius had long held the enemy in check. 9. Soon he had dismissed (his) comrades. 10. Then he jumped down (desiluit) into the Tiber. 11. Alone he swam across to (his) comrades. 12. The common danger had not frightened the Gauls. 194. REVIEW I. What word must always be used in translating the pluperfect? Ans. had. 2. Recall the three ways of translating the perfect, as amavit. 3. Compare the pluperfect of sum with the imperfect of the same verb. 4. Compare the future of sum with the future perfect of the same verb. 5. How can you tell whether an -15 verb is of the third or the fourth conjugation? 6. What is the Latin way of saying '• the Roman people " ? 78 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON XXX Syntax of Names of Towns : Locative Case 195. Names of towns and a few other words have a form called the locative case, which expresses the idea of at, ift, on. a. The locative has the following endings for names of towns : Sing. Plur. JRomae, at or in Rome ; 1st Declension -ae -Is : 2d Declension -i -Is : LAthenis, at or in Athens. r Corinthi, at or /;/ Corinth ; 1 Delphis, at or /;/ Delphi. , r^ , . _ ^ ^ ., r Carthagini, at or z« Carthap-ey 3d Declension -i(e) -ibus : <^ ,,., . ^ ,, "^ ^ ^ ^ I Tralhbus, at or tn Tral/es. b. Other locative forms are domi, at home; humi, on the ground ; militiae, in the field (of war) ; ruri, in the country. 196. Models f in oppido, in the town. L in Italia, ift Italy. {ad fl&men, to the river. in urbem, into the city. in Italiam, to or into Italy. ab, de, ex agris,/rtfw the fields. ab, de, ex Italia, fro7n Italy. r Capuae, at or in Capua. Delphis, at or in Delphi. I domi, at ho7ne. [ riiri, /;/ the country. (Athenas, to Athens. R5mam, to Rome. I domum, home. y rus, to or into the country. r Athenis, />7?w Athens I Roma, from Rome. 1 diOva.0, frof>i ho?ne. (^ riire, frofn the country. NAMES OF rOlVXS: LOCATIVE CASE 79 a. For the syntax of expressions of place where, place whither, and place whence other than names of towns, illustrated in the first column of models, refer to 8i, i6o, 159. b. Observe that the foregoing expressions of place denoted by names of towns, together with domus, rus, etc., have no preposition. 197. Rules for names of towns and domus and rus 1. Place where is expressed by the locative. 2. Place whither is expressed by the accusative without a preposition. 3. Place whence is expressed by the ablative without a prepo- sition. 198 VOCABULARY Athenae, -arum, f. plur. Athens. Delphi, -orum, f. plur. Delphi. Capua, -ae, f. Capua. f rater, fratris, m. brother. Carthago, -inis, f. Carthage. Hannibal, -alls, m. Hannibal. Corinthus, -i, f. Corinth (47, 2). Poenus. -i, m. a Carthaginian. iaceo, iacere, iacui, iacitunis, lie down, lie. 199_ EXERCISES I. I. Prima luce, hieme, aestate. 2. Secunda noctis hora, decern horis, anno secundo. 3. Riire Romam venire. 4. Meus frater domi rijri manebat. 5. Romani domi militiaeque erant clari. 6. Corinthi et Delphis templa pulchra videbamus. 7. Hannibal equites peditesque Capuam misit. 8. Tandem ex Italia Carthaginem communi periculo ^ prope- ravit. 9. COr, pigri pueri, hum! iacetis ? II. I. From Delphi you came to Athens. 2. From Athens you hastened to Corinth. 3. From Corinth you came home to Rome. 4. From home we will send you (te) into the country. 5. The boys were lying on the ground because they were tired, 1 See 165. 8o FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON XXXI The Demonstratives Hic and lUe: Reading Lesson 200. Paradigms hic, this; plur. these ille, that; plur. those Singular Nom. hic haec hoc ille ilia illud Gen. huius huius huius illius illius illius Dat. huic huic huic illi illi illi Ace. hunc hanc hoc ilium illam illud AM. hoc hac hoc Plural illo ilia illo Nofn. hi hae haec illi illae ilia Gen. horum harum horum illorum illarum illorum Dat. his his his illis illis illis Ace. hos has haec illos illas ilia Abl. his his his illis illis illis a. Compare the declension of ille with that of is (138). 20L Model Sentences 1 . Hic puer est laetus, ilia puella est tristis, this boy is merry, that girl is sad. 2. Brutus et Marcus sunt amici ; ille est impiger, hic est piger, Brutns a}id Marcus are friends; t lie former is active, the latter is lazy. 3. H5c donum deae est gratum, illud de5, this gift is pleasing to the goddess, that {one) to the god. a. Observe in the model sentences two different uses of hic and ille : in i and the first part of 3 they are used as demonstrative adjectives in agreement with nouns ; in 2 and the last part of 3 they are used alone as demonstrative pronouns. THE DEMONSTRATIVES HIC AND ILLE 8 1 b. Hie and ille are sometimes used as personal pronouns, like is, but less frequently, meaning ///(??/ love. -tis amamini, yon are loved. -mini 3- amant, they love. -nt amantur, they are loved. -ntur a. Observe that the passive forms above differ from the active only in the personal endings. To the stem ama- (final a dropped in the first person) the passive endings are added, instead of the active. b. Compare in the same way the imperfect and future active and passive (497). The passive endings are added to the tense-stems amaba- and amabi-, except in the second person singular of the future, where -bi- is changed to -be-. What is true of amo in the present, imperfect, and future holds true of moneo. c. Review the active and learn the present, imperfect, and future of amo (497) and moneo (498) in the passive. Like amo inflect in the same tenses laudo, praise; and like moneo inflect doceo, teach. 206. EXERCISES I. I. Amat, amatur. 2. Amabat, amabatur. 3. Amabit, amabitur. 4. Amant, amantur. 5. Amabant, amabantur. 6. Amabuntne ? amabunturne ? 7. Amabo, amabor. 8. Amamus, PASSIVE VOICE 83 amamur. 9. Moned, moneor. 10. Monebam, monebar. II. Monebo, monebor. 12. Mones, moneris. 13. Monebitis, nionebimini. 14. Monetis, monemini. II. I. Vou praise, you are praised. 2. Tiiey were praising, they were praised. 3. You will praise, you will be praised. 4. I teach, I am taught. 5. We teach, we are taught. 6. We shall teach, we shall be taught. 7. They teach, they are taught. 8. You will teach, you will be taught. 207. Model Sente?ices 1. Agricola agrum arat, the farmer ploughs the field. 2. Ager ab agricola aratur, the field is ploughed by the farmer. a. Observe the changes in turning the active into the passive : (i) the object in the active becomes the subject in the passive; (2) the subject, that is, the doer or agent, in the active is expressed in the passive by the ablative with a or ab. 208. Rule. — The personal agent with a passive verb is expressed by the ablative with a or ah. Note. — When the doer is not a person, the preposition is omitted. 209. EXERCISES I. I. Meus frater hunc puerum impigrum laudabat. 2. Hie puer a meo fratre laudabatur. 3. Illi homines hos omnis sustinebunt Britannos. 4. A quo non amatur imperium ? 5. Haec puella laeta docet ; ilia tristis a nostro magistro doce- tur. 6. Insulam Britanniam bis feliciter invaserunt Romani. 7. Hi obsides Romam a Caesare portabuntur ; eorum patria vastabitur. 8. Marcus domi iacet aeger. II. I. Who does not love power? 2. All these Britons will be held in check by those men. 3. This merry girl was taught by the master. 4. My brothers were praised by this boy. 84 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON XXXIII The Relative Qui 210. Paradigm qui, ivho, which, what, tliat Singular Plural Norn. qui quae quod qui quae quae Gen. cuius cuius cuius quorum quarum quorum Dat. cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus Ace. quem quam quod quos quas quae Abl. quo qua quo quibus quibus quibus 211. Table of Mcatiitigs for Reference Note. — The meanings are not tabulated with reference to gender. Nom. who, which, what, that. Gen. of whom, of which, whose, of what. Dat. to ox for whom, to or for which, to ox for what. Ace. whom, which, what, that. Abl. by, etc., whom, which, what. a. Compare the declension of qui with that of quis (142). In what does the difference consist ? 212. Model Sentences 1 . Puellae quas laudavimus bonae erant, the girls whom we praised were good. 2. Consilium quod ille homo dat laudatur, the advice which that man gives is praised. 3. Homo cui sunt multi rem! est nauta, the man who has {to whom there are') many oars is a sailor. 4. Is qui est f ortis laudatur, he who is brave is praised. THE RELATIVE QUI 85 a. Observe that the relative has the same gender and number as its antecedent, but the case may be different. In the model sentences the antecedents are in the nominative, while the relatives are (i and 2) in the accusative, (3) in the dative, (4) in the nominative. b. Observe that is in the fourth sentence does not refer to any particular person, but means otie, a man ; this is a common use of is as the antecedent of qui. 213. Rule. — A relative pronoun agrees with its ante- eedent in gender and Jiumber, but its case depends upon its relation to some word in its own clause. 214. VOCABULARY captivus. -i, m. prisoner, captive. gaudium, gaudi, n. Joy. consilium, consili, n. advice, plan. ingens, ingentis, Jiuge, great. friistra, adv. in vain. mater, matris, f. mother. servo, servare. servavi, servatus, save. 215. EXERCISES I. I. Hostes impigri a quibus patria nostra vastatur sunt Romani. 2. Hostes qui patriam nostram invaserunt sunt Romani. 3. li homines quorum virtute urbs tenebatur et servabatur domum e bello venient. 4. Frustra, mater misera, doles volnere quod filius tuus habet. 5. Ingens fuit feminarum gaudium quarum viri {Jiusbands) e bellis venerunt. 6. Laetus est ille obses qui non tenetur sed liberatur. 7. Consilia quae illi homines dabant urbem servaverunt ingentem. II. I. That poor mother whose son is lying on the ground is grieving bitterly (maxime). 2. This (man) was a soldier at Zama. 3. He was wounded by the sword that you see. 4. The man to whom the sword belonged (fuit) at that time is a prisoner at Capua, 5. The prisoner by whom this soldier was wounded will be led (ducetur) to Rome. 86 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON XXXIV Active and Passive of Reg5 and Capio 216. a. Review the active voice of rego and capio, present, imper- fect, and future, and learn the passive of the same tenses (499, 500). b. Observe that to form the passive you have only to substitute the passive personal endings (205) for the active except in one form. Which one is that, and what is the change ? 217. EXERCISES I. I. Regit, regitur. 2. Regebat, regebatur. 3. Reget, rege- tur. 4. Regunt, reguntur. 5. Regent, regentur. 6. Regis, regeris. 7. Regebas, regebaris. 8. Reges, regeris. 9. Regi- mus, regimur. 10. Regitis, regimini. 11. Regam, regar. 12. Capiunt, capiuntur. 13. Capiebat, capiebatur. 14. Capiet, capietur. 15. Capient, capientur. 16. Capies, capieris. 17. Capis, caperis. 18. Capiebas, capiebaris. 19. Capimus, capimur. 20. Capitis, capimini. a. Like rego inflect in both voices the same tenses of duco, lead; mitto, send; scribo, write. b. Like capio inflect in both voices the same tenses of iacio, throw j recipi5, receive. II. I. He leads, he is led. 2. They will lead, they will be led. 3. They lead, they are led. 4. You lead, you are led. 5. We shall lead, we shall be led. 6. We send, we are sent. 7. Is he sent ? Are they sent ? 8. He will send, he will be sent. 9. You are sent, you will be sent. 10. They were writing, I was writing. 11. We write, we shall write. 12. We throw, we are thrown. 13. We threw, we were thrown. 14. He will throw, they will be thrown. 15. Who receives? Who was received? 16. Who will receive? They will be received. 17. We shall receive, you will be received. REGO AND CAPIO 87 218. VOCABULARY castra, -orum, n. plur. camp. c5nsul, consulis, m. consul. exsul, exsulis, m. exile. iam, adv. already, fiow. ira, -ae, f. anger, wrath. pax, pacts, f . peace. abduco, abducere, abduxi, abductus, lead away. recipio, recipere, recepi, receptus, receive. scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptus, write. vinc5, vincere, vici, victus, defeat, conquer. 219. EXERCISES I. Militem gladio volneratum {wounded) videbamus. 2. Ex- sul matrem ingenti cum gaudio vidit. 3. Tristes erunt matres quae cum captivis capientur. 4. Iam ad consulem mitten- tur legati. 5. Legati de pace in castra consulis venerunt. 6. Bene a consule recipiebantur. 7. Non iam ' fuit imperator irae plenus. 8. Ira consulis vincitur, hostes ab eo abducuntur. 9. Frustra epistulas quas repperi scripsisti. 1 Non iam, no longer. Ancient Plough Nudus ara, sere nudus. — V^ergil 88 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON XXXV Personal and Reflexive Pronouns 220. a. Learn the personal and reflexive pronouns with their meanings (492). b. The personal pronoun of the third person, when not reflexive, is supplied by the demonstrative is, and sometimes by hie or ille. 221. Model Sentences 1. Ego te laudo ; tu me culpas, I praise you ; you blame me. 2. Omnes homines se (pr sese) amant, all men love themselves. 3. Tu te amas ; omnes nos amamus, you love yourself; we all love ourselves. 4. Filius mecum domi manet, my son stays at home with me. a. Observe that verbs have been used already many times in the first and second persons without the subjects ego, tu, nos, vos being expressed (61, a). They are used only for emphasis or contrast. b. The reflexive pronoun refers back to the subject of the clause in which it stands, as in 2 above : se refers to homines. c. The personal pronouns of the first and second persons are often used with reflexive sense, as in 3 above : te and nos. d. The preposition cum with the ablative of personal and reflexive pronouns is appended to them : mecum, instead of cum me : vobiscum, instead of cum vobis, etc. So also usually with relative and interroga- tive pronouns : quibuscum, with whom. 222. Model Sentcfices 1 . Ego qui scribo sum tuus amicus, / who write am your friend. 2. Tu qui scribis es meus amicus, you who write are my friend. a. Observe that the relative does not change to conform to the person of the antecedent, but that the verb of the relative clause is in the same person as the antecedent. PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS 223. VOCABULARY culpa, -ae, f. blame, fault. epistula, -ae, f. letter. galea, -ae, f. helmet. numquam, adv. never. sine, prep, with abl. without. vita, -ae, f. life. culpo, culpare, culpavi, culpatus, blame. 224. EXERCISES I. I. Ad castra consulis veniam. 2. Quis exsulis iram vicit ? 3. Frustra de culpa tua scribitur. 4. Captivi recipiuntur et abducuntur. 5. Puella se culpat. 6. Liberos nostros amamus nos omnes. 7. Nos sumus miseri, laeti estis vos. 8. Tua vita tibi, mea mihi est cara. 9. Sine vobis et vobiscum sumus miseri. 10. Omnia vestra consilia n5bls sunt grata. 1 1. Vos qui estis laeti ad nos epistulas scribitis. II. I. We who praise you blame them. 2. I shall walk in the garden with you. 3. Never shall I be miserable with you. 4. I who write this letter to you am at Carthage. 5. We praise ourselves ; you blame yourselves. 6. What helmets do you see ? Roman helmets. Helmets 90 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON XXXVI Active and Passive of Audio : Reading Lesson 225. a. Review the active voice of audio, present, imperfect, and future, and learn the passive of the same tenses (501). b. Observe that to form the passive you have only to add to the stem the passive personal endings (205) in place of the active. Compare 216, b. 226. EXERCISES I. I. Audit, auditur. 2. Audiebat, audiebatur. 3. Audiet, audietur. 4. Audimus, audimur. . 5. Audiemus, audiemur. 6. Audiam, audiar. 7. Auditis, audimini. 8. Audietis, audie- mini. g. Audis, audiris. 10. Audiebam, audiebar. 11. Audi- unt, audiuntur. 12. Audiebant, audiebantur. a. Like audio inflect in the same tenses punio, punish; reperio, Jind. II. I. I punish, am punished. 2. I was punishing, was punished. 3. I shall punish, shall be punished. 4. They punish, are punished. 5. They will punish, will be punished. 6. He finds, is found. 7. He found, was found. 8. He will find, will be found. 9. You will find, will be found. 10. You find, are found. a. Review Vocabularies 218, 223. 227. CORIOLANUS AND HIS MOTHER Olim ingens terror urbi Romae a Volscis, qui erant populi Romani hostes audaces, praebebatur. Nam Volsci a Corio- lano, exsule Romano, concitabantur et ducebantur. lam aedificia multa in agris ab hostibus delentur. Gives a consule armantur, urbs cibo completur. Friastra. Turn terrore ACTIVE AXD PASSIVE OE AUDIO 91 ingenti Romani matrem Coriolani ad eum miserunt de pace, quia ilia a filio maxime amabatur. Veturia, mater, in castra ad filium venit. Earn videns {seeing), "O mea patria," clamavit Coriolanus, " vicisti iram meam ! " et statim hostis abduxit. Sic Roma servabatur. 228. VOCABULARY aedlficium, -i, n. building. Coriolanus, -i, m. Coriolanus. sic, adv. thus. statim, adv. at once. Veturia, -ae, f. Veturia. Volsci, -5rum, m. plur. Volscians. armo, armare, armavi, armatus, arm. clamo, clamare, clamavi. clamatus, cry out, exclaim. compleo, complere, complevi. completus, y?//. concito, concitare, concitavi. concitatus, stir up, rouse. deleo, delere, delevi, deletus, destroy, wipe out. Patriae, fili, bellum Infers i 92 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON XXXVII Possessive Adjectives : Ablative of Separation 229. The possessive adjectives are formed from the stems of the personal pronouns (492). They are also used without a noun as possessive pronouns. meus, -a, -um (voc. sing. masc. (own), its (own'), their (own) ; mi), wy, mine. his, hers, its, theirs. noster, -tra, -trum, our, ours. tuus, -a, -um, your, yours. suus, sua, suum, his (own), her vester, -tra, -trum, your, yours. Note. — When your, yours refers to one person, tuus is used ; when to more than one, vester. 230. Model Sentences I. Marcum eius cura laudamus, we praise Marcus for his care. 1. Puer amico librum suum dat, the boy gives his book to a friend. a. Observe that in i eius does not refer to the subject of the sen- tence, but to the object; while in 2 suum does refer to the subject puer, as suis to German! in 231, 3. Suus is reflexive, that is, refers back to the subject ; the genitives of is are not reflexive. This distinction is important, because forms of suus may very often be translated like the genitives of is, — his, her, its, their. b. Suus is emphatic also ; hence it is often omitted in Latin where the meaning is clear without it and where its use would give too much emphasis. See, for example, 144, i and 2 ; also 234, II. 5. 231. Model Sentences 1. Hic homo cibo caret, this man lacks food. 2. II16 me liberat periculo, he frees jne from that danger. 3. German! Roman5s a finibus suis arcebant, the Germans kept the Romans off from their ^ lands. 1 That is, the Germans'. ABLATIVE OF SEPARATION 93 a. Observe the use of the ablative to denote that from which there is freedom, removal, or separation, or that which is lacking. The ablative so used answers the questions />■(?;« what? of what? and is called the ablative of separation. The ablative of place whence, with or without a preposition (i 58, 1 59) is of the same nature. 232. Rule. — Words signifying privation, removal, or separation are followed hy the ablative, without a preposition, or with the prepositions a (ab), de, e (ex). 233. VOCABULARY aeger, -gra. -gram, sick. Germanus, -i, m. a German. avaras, -a, -um, greedy. pecunia, -ae, f. money. defensor, -oris, m. defender. vacuus, -a, -um, empty, destitute of. arceo, arcere, arcui, , keep off. careo, carere, carui, cariturus, be in want of lack. demigro, demigrare, demigravi, demigratus, remove, go away. privo, privare, privavi, privatus, deprive. spolio, spoliare, spoliavi, spoliatus, rob, plunder. KoTE. — A preposition is used with the ablative after arceo and demigrd. 234. EXERCISES I. I. Germani galeis, hastis scutisque arinabantur. 2. Aedi- ficiorum defensores culpabantur. 3. Quis non dolet culpis suis ? 4. Statim clamabant feminae. 5. Sic urbs complebatur terrore. 6. Statim hostes concitabantur. 7. Avari milites aras spoliaverunt donis. 8. Urbem defens5ribus vacuam reppererunt. 9. Vos, piratae, arcebit deus a sua ara. 10. Ille vir aeger aqua privabatur. II. I. Our friends lacked money. 2. My boy, that horse lacks grain and water. 3. We shall remove from the city into the country. 4. The goddess kept off the enemy from her own temple. 5. Those women were robbed of (their) children. 6. You will free us from care. 94 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON XXXVIII PASSIVE VOICE — ALL CONJUGATIONS Indicative Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect 235. a. Recall the principal parts of am5 and examine the forma- tion of the passive indicative perfect (497). Observe that it is formed by adding the present tense of sum to the perfect participle amatus. Note. — The participle is declined like bonus in the nominative singular and plural to agree with the subject of the verb in gender and number. b. Now examine the pluperfect and future perfect. How are these tenses formed } c. The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect passive of all verbs are formed in the same way. d. Recall the principal parts of moneo, rego, capio, and audio, and examine the formation of the three tenses in the same way (498-501). What do you discover? Learn these three tenses. 236. EXERCISES I. I. Vir amatus est, femina amata est, bellum amatum est. 2. Viri amati sunt, feminae amatae sunt, bella amata sunt. 3. Milites moniti erant, puer monitus erit, animal monitum est. 4. Agricola rectus est, urbs recta est, oppidum rectum est. 5. Captus sum, captus eram, captus ero. 6. Audit! sumus, audit! eramus, auditi erimus. 7. Rectus es, rectus eras, rectus eris. 8. Templa spoliata sunt. 9. A^olsci Roma abducti sunt. II. I. The greedy soldier was warned, had been warned, will have been warned. 2. The buildings have been taken, had been taken, will have been taken. 3. The territories had been ruled. 4. The cities will have been defended. 5. You had not been loved. 6. Thus we (fem.) shall have been heard. 7. Germans had been defenders of their country. PASSIVE VOICE— ALL CONJUGATIONS 95 237. VOCABULARY antiquus, -a, -um, ancient, old. arx, arcis (arci-), f. citadel. copia, -ae, f. plenty, plur. troops. crudelis, -e, cruel. ingens, -ntis, great, huge. mora, -ae, f. delay. sine, prep, with abl. without. verbum, -i, n. word. 238. EXERCISES I. Multa in Italia oppida a Romanis aedificata sunt. 2. Omnes puellae rosis ornatae erant. 3. Tua verba a me audita erunt. 4. Eo tempore urbs cibo militibusque fuit vacua. 5. Bellum quod a Caesare gestum est crudelefuit. 6. Copiae quae ab .eo in Galliam missae sunt friimento caruerunt. 7. Aurum quod a Caesare ex Gallia portatum erat in tempio habitum est antiquo. 8. Ad te sine mora scrlbam. 9. In arce quae ab hominibus antiquis aedilicata erat ignis fuit ingens. 10. Omnia templa auro spoliata erant. 96 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON XXXIX 239. REVIEW: READING LESSON I . Give four locative forms, not names of towns, with their mean- ings. 2. Give the table of locative endings, singular and plural, of the first three declensions. 3. How do you say in Latin : (i) in the town, to the town, from the town ? (2) in Rome, to Rome, from Rome? Give the four rules that apply. 4. What is the Latin for the former, the latter? 5. Write side by side the tables of active and passive personal endings for the first three tenses. 6. Give the passive future second person singular of amo and moneo. 7. Point out five examples of the ablative of agent in 227. 8. In what respects must the relative agree with its antecedent? 9. In 215, I. point out a relative in the accusative with its antecedent in the ablative. ID. Express in Latin / who, you who, he who. 11. What do the foregoing examples show about the Latin relative as to \}(\t person of the antecedent? 12. When do you express jt??/;- by tuus, and when by vester? 13. Point out a sentence in 234, I. where suus is both reflexive and emphatic. 14. What two cases are used with spolio and privo? (See 234, I. 7.) 15. In we blame the mati for his fault should you translate his by suus or eius ? 240. SCIPIO AND HANNIBAL See 179, note. Scipio et Hannibal erant clari imperatores. Ille erat Romanus qui victorias magnas reportavit ; hie Poenus qui Romanos multis pugnis vicit. Hannibal puer ^ ad aras a patre adductus ^ odium iuravit in '' Romanos. Adulescens oppida in Hispania multa expugnavit, tum Alpis montis superavit* Romanesque saepe vicit in Italia. Scipio ad ^ Ticinum flumen vitam patris virtute servavit posteaque ad Cannas contra Hannibalem se fortem praebuit. 1 when a boy- " led. ^ against. * passed over. ^ near. h'I-:i7Eir: READING LESSON 97 Bellum ill Africam est transportatuin Ibique Scipio Hanni- haleni ad Zaniam superavit. Magnificum triumphum Romae habuit et a populo Romano appellatus est Africanus. 241. VOCABULARY adulescens, -ntis, m. a youth. flumen, fluminis, n. ri7n til c.v })!'(' ss result. 291. VOCABULARY c5nsul. consulis, m. consul. pauci, paucae, pauca (plur.)./t«'. epistula, -ae, f. letter. semper, adv. aliuays. ita, adv. so. in such a way. tam, adv. so, so very. accido, accidere, accidi, , Z'?^/ upon., happen. ago, agere, egi, actus, act, do. c5gn6sco. cognoscere, cogn5vi, cognitus, learn, know. vivo, vivere, vixi, , lii'e. 292. EXERCISES I. I. Accidit (pres.) ut — vocem, ducatur, recipias, mittan- tur. 2. Accidit (perf.) ut non — vocares, deleretur, mitterem, reciperet. 3. Accidit ut luna plena esset. 4. Puer ita egit ut ab omnibus amaretur. 5. Urbs deleta est ne ab hostibus caperetur. 6. Urbs tarn fortiter defensa est ut decern dies non caperetur. 7. Hoste§ ,in silvas fugerunt ne a nostris militibus viderentur. 8. Hostes in silvas fugerunt ut a nostris militibus non viderentur. 9. lUi parentes ita vixerunt ut liberis essent carissimi. 10. Caesar tantam {so great) fidem militibus^ habuit ut impetum postero die faceret. II. r. It happened that — I seat, he was sent, they were led, they wrote. 2. It happens that he does not — punish, call, receive, find. 3. They were so few that they fled. 4. They were so brave that they did not flee. 5. I was sent to carry a letter to Rome. 6. Who of us is so wise as to know all things (omnia) ? 7. The lieutenant led the soldiers out of the camp in order to draw up a line of battle. 8. It happened that the enemy did not draw up a line of battle for six hours. 1 Compare 2S0, II. 3, and note. Il6 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON XLIX Indirect Question : Sequence of Tenses 293. Paradigm amav Active Subjunctive Perfect monu I -erim, -eris, -erit -erimus, -eritis, -erint rex I *^^P j Active Subjunctive Pluperfect -issem, -isses, -isset -issemus, -issetis, -issent fu J a. Make similar tables to illustrate the passive subjunctive perfect and pluperfect in all conjugations (497-502). 294. Model Sentences Direct Question Indirect Question I. Ubisunt? where are they ? 2. Audit ubi sint, he hears where they are. a. Observe that the dependent clause in 2 begins with an inter- rogative word (ubi) and contains the substance of the direct question i. Such a dependent clause is called an indirect question. 295. Rule. — The verb of an indirect question is in the subjunctive. 296. Model of Sequence Principat Tenses 1 . Audit, he hears 1 ubi sint, ruhere they are, 2. Audiet, he will hear V ubi fueriat, where they were or 3. Audiverit, he will have heard J have been. Historical Tenses 1. Audiebat, he was hearing ^ ^^^. ^^^^^^^ ^^j^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ 2. Audivit, he heard )- ^^. ^^.^^^^^^ ^j^^^^ ^,^^^ had been. I. A.}x^\yQX3ii, he had heard J SEQUENCE OE TENSES I 17 a. Observe what tenses of the subjunctive follow the present, future, and future perfect {principal tenses), and what tenses follow •the imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect (Jiistorical tenses). 297. Rule. — vi principal tense is followed by the subjunctive present or perfect; an historical tense by the subjunctive imperfect or pluperfect. a. Occasionally the perfect (classed as an historical tense) mean- ing have, has . . . , is followed by the subjunctive present or perfect. 298. VOCABULARY cur, adv. why? qu5, adv. whither? die (imperative), say, tell. quot, adv. how many? num, adv. whether (in indirect ubi, adv. where ? questions). See 273. unde, adv. whence? rog5, rogare. rogavi, rogatus, ask. sold, scire, scivi, scitus, know. 299. EXERCISES I. I. Scit quid agant, quid egerint. 2. Sciebat quid agerent, quid egissent. 3. Die mihi cur rideant, cur riserint. 4. Audi- verant unde milites venirent, unde milites venissent. 5. Roga- verunt cur laudaretur, cur laudatus asset. 6. Rogat cur laudentur, cur laudati sint. 7. Num in manibus ambulas ? 8. Quid illi pueri fecerunt ? 9. Die nobis quid illi pueri fecerint. 10. Qu5 volant eae columbae ? 11. Bene scimus quo volent ; domum volant. 12. Rogavi num saepe Romae fuisset. II. I. Tell me where you were, what you did. 2. Some came to see, others to be seen. 3. They are so lazy that they do not work. 4. He asked me why I had come. 5. I had heard where he had been. 6. The general asked whether they had all come from home. 7. How many soldiers are coming ? 8. Do you know how many soldiers are coming ? Il8 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON L READING LESSON : ' REVIEW 300. CAESAR WINS A VICTORY Postero die Caesar ex castris exercitum eduxit et iter^ ad flumen fecit. ^ Quae res hostibus nota est, quorum peditatus a nostris summo in colle videbatur. Turn Caesar equites in cornibus conlocavit ut peditatum iuvarent, et militum suorum animos ad pugnam ita concitavit. " Milites, omnis rei publicae spes in nostra virtute posita est. Audaces fortuna iuvat. Fortibus erit victoria." Hostes tarn acriter in nostram aciem impetum fecerunt ut hi paululum {a little) cederent. Brevi autem tempore hostes ita superati simt ut ex omnibus pugnae partibus trans flumen fugerent. Eorum dux captus - et Romam missus est. 301. VOCABULARY acriter, adv. spiritedly. peditatus, -us, m. infantry. animus, -i, m. Jtiind., spirit. ^vLgna.,-&e,i. battle, Jield {of battle). autem, 3 conj. bjit. res publica, rei publicae, f. republic, coUis, -is (colli-), m. hill. commonwealth, state. equitatus, -iis, m. cavalry. trans, prep, with ace. across. cedo, cedere, cessi, cessurus, give way, retire. conloco, conlocare, conlocavi, conlocatus, set, station, place. educo, educere, eduxi, eductus, lead out, draw out, draw. iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutus, aid, help. 302. EXERCISES I. Caesar drew up his line of battle on a hill. 2. 'I'here the soldiers remained a part of the day. 3- In order to rouse 1 iter fecit, tnarched. ^ Never first in a sentence. 2 Supply est. READING LESSON: REVIEW II9 the spirits of the soldiers, he said : " Wo. (^este; bold, soldiers, and the victory will be yours." 4. "The cavalry will aid the infantry; the enemy will not withstand (sustineo) your attack." 5. "They are brave men, but you are much braver." 6. Then the Romans fought very spiritedly. 7. Soon the enemy fled. 8. We do not know whither thev Hed. 303. REVIEW I. (live the rule for the gender of nouns of the fifth declension. 2. Wliat case is used in Latin in sucli expressions as during three t/ijj's he walked ten miles? 3. Find two similar examples in 280, I. 4. Complete the English sentence, "The farmer bought a plough," so as to illustrate purpose. 5. In turning your sentence into Latin, with what word would the purpose clause begin ? 6. What mood must you use? 7. In English we often express purpose by the infini- tive. Can you do so in Latin? 8. How does a negative purpose clause begin in Latin? 9. In the sentence venit ut audiat, translate ut audiat in as many ways as you can. 10. If venit were changed to venit. what would audiat be changed to? 11. What tenses of the indicative are classed as principal? What tenses as historical? 12. Give an example in English of a direct question and change it into an indirect question. 13. Give the rule for the mood of an indirect question in Latin. 14. Show from the model sentences in 289 and 294 how the subjunctive in a result clause and in an indirect question is translated. .\ KoiMAN Coin I20 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON LI NUMERALS Descriptive Ablative and Genitive 304 Pi iradigms MASC. FEM. NEUT. M. & F. NEUT. Nom. unus una unum tres tria Gen. unius unius unius trium trium Dat. uni uni uni tribus tribus Ace. unum unam unum tris, tres tria Abl. uno una uno tribus tribus MASC. FEM. NEUT. SING. PLUR. Nom. duo duae duo mllle milia Gen. duorum duarum duorum mille milium Dat. duobus duabus duobus mlUe milibus Ace. duos, duo duas duo mllle mllia Abl. duobus duabus duobus mllle milibus 305. Learn the cardinals as far as eighty (491) and the declension of unus, duo, tres, and mille. a. Compare the declension of unus with that of ille (200). b. Observe that tres is declined like the plural of brevis (182). e. The cardinals from quattuor to centum inclusive are indeclinable : quattuor "hovamts, four men; quattuor hominum, of four men. d. The hundreds, except centum, are declined like the plural of bonus. e. Mille in the singular is indeclinable and is used as an adjective or as a neuter noun : mille (adj.) homines, a thousand ?nen, or mQle (noun) hominum, a thousand {of) fnen. In the plural it is a noun only. As a noun it is followed by the partitive genitive in both numbers : quattuor milia hominum, y(??^r thousand {of) meti. f. In viginti iinus, viginti duo, centum Snus, and similar cases, the declinable numeral retains its inflection : centum trium pugnarum, of a hundred {and) three battles. NUMERALS 306. Model Sentences 1 . Brutus fuit puer anim5 tardo, "] , . , ,., ... ,.^ Brutus was a boy of slow mind. 2. Brutus luit puer animi tardi, J -^ a. Observe that in each sentence an adjective is used with an ablative or a genitive for the purpose of description. These sentences, then, illustrate the descriptive ablative and the descriptive genitive. 307. Rule. — The ablative or the genitive of a noun may he used with an adjective to desci^ibe a person or thing. 308. EXERCISES I. -I. Viri summa virtute. 2, Urbs duobus portubus. 3. Pilum sex pedum. 4. Viginti duae domus. 5. Duodetri- ginta epistulae. 6. Tria flumina septuaginta pedes lata. 7. Gives unius rei publicae. 8. Cum duabus manibus. 9. A tribus agricolis. 10. Decem milia passuum. II. Omnis Gallia tris partis habuit. 12. Frater meus hodie duodeviginti annos natus^ est. 13. In urbe nostra sunt quinque oratores, novem poetae, quinquaginta milia civium. 14. Pilum Romanum fuit sex pedes longum. 15. Trium fratrum Marcus fuit maximus natu. 16. Mea filia tribus annis est minor natu quam filius tuus. 17. Die mihi quot milites sint in illis castrls. 18. Caesar quinquaginta sex ann5s vixit ; fuit animo prudentissimo. II. I. These are children of one mother. 2. In that camp were ten thousand soldiers. 3. Your daughter is eleven years old. 4. The oak is a tree of very beautiful foliage. 5. The sailors see a thousand horsemen on the shore. 6. Have you a son who is twenty-one years old ? 7. We have come to aid you. ' natus, having been horn, hence old. 122 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON Lli NUMERALS — Continued 309. Learn the cardinals from eighty and the first twenty-one ordinals ; read the others. 310. VOCABULARY ann5 Domini, in the year of our legio, -onis, f. legion. Lord = A.D. Martius, -i, m. March. ante Christum natum, before the mensis, -is (mensi-), m. tnonth. birth of Christ = B.C. nobilis, -€, of high birth, noble. dexter, dextra, dextrum, right. October, -bris, m. October. Februarius, -i, m. February. September, -bris, m. September. gens, gentis (genti-), i. family. sinister, sinistra, sinistrum, left. ingenium, -i, n. genius. soror, -oris, f. sister. decedo, decedere, decessi, decessQrus, depart, die. 311. EXERCISES I. I. Primus consul, secundus impetus, tertia legio. 2. Quinta diei hora, quarta noctis hora, noni passus. 3. Ter- tium decimum fiiimen, undevicesimus puer, vicesima puella. 4. Duodecimae legioni, in colle sexto, ad urbem octavam. 5. Roman! anni fuit September mensis septimus, October octavus. 6. Quo nomine nos appellamus mensem nonum .? 7. Legio Romana quinque milia peditum, trecentos equites habuit. 8. Caesar in dextro cornu decimam, in sinistro sextam legionem conlocavit. 9. Scisne quot annos Romani Britanniam insulamtenuerint ? 10. Romani Britanniam Insulam annos trecentos quinquaginta tenebant. 11. Augustus anno Domini quarto decimo decessit. 12. Fuit gentis nobilis et ingeni maximi. 13. Caesar quadragesimo quarto anno ante Christum natum decessit. NUMERAJ.S 123 II. I. On the fifteenth day they removed without delay from the country into the city. 2. Brutus is older than his sister by five years. 3. The king has ruled so well that he is loved by all. 4. The king ruled so well that he was loved by all. 5. An hour is the twenty-fourth part of a day. 6. In February there are twenty-eight days. 7. How many days has the month (of) March ? 8. It happened that we were not at home (for) two days. I. SUNGER 2, 2. LiGHT-ArMKU SOLDIERS 3, 3. LeGIONARY SoLDIERS 124 FiJiST YEAR LATIN LESSON LIII Ten Irregular Adjectives : Reading Lesson V 312. The following adjectives end in -ius in the genitive singular and in -i in the dative singular of all genders (except that the genitive of alter ends in -ius). See the declension of unus (304). The plural is regular. Commit them to memory with their meanings. alius, alia, aliud, other, another (486). nuUus, -a, -um, no, none, no one. alter, altera, altefum, the other solus, -a, -um, alotie, sole, only. {of two). totus, -a, -um, whole, all. neuter, neutra, neutrum, neither iillus, -a, -um, any. {of two). iinus, iina, unum, one. uter, utra, utrum, which {of two) ? uterque, utraque, utrumque, each (of two), both. 313. Commit to memory the following idioms : alter . . . alter, the one . . . the other {of two only). alius . . . alius, one . . . another. alii . . . alii, some . . . others. alius . . . aliud (ace), one one thing . . . another another. 314. EXERCISES I. I. In altera fluminis ripa {bank) urbs, in altera erat nions. 2. Alii alia (ace.) dixerunt. 3. Duorum hominum alter imperator, alter poeta fuit. 4. Decimae legionis solius virtute totus exercitus servatus est. 5. Nomen Caesaris toti urbi carum fuit. 6. Altera legio in dextro, altera in sinistro cornu a Caesare conlocata est. 7. Uter puer est filius tuus? ' II. I. Caesar praises the bravery of the whole legion. 2. Which of the (two) boys has (115) the greater courage.' READING LESSON 125 3. One does one thing, another another. Do you blame both (sing.) .' 4. Caesar will march without any delay with the tenth legion alone. 5. Which of the (two) sisters is the more beautiful .' 315. CAESAR AND VERGIL Roma duos homines summo ingenio habuit, alterum impera- torem, alterum poetam. Alterius gens nobilis, alterius rustica fait. Ille victor fuit Britanniae et totius Galliae ; hie toti orbi terrarum gaudium dedit. Nulli imperatori plus laudis quam Caesari, nulli poetae plus quam Vergilio datum est. Natus est {was born) Caesar centesimo anno ante Christum natum ; Vergilius anno undevicesimo ante Christum natum decessit. Neutrius fuit vita longissima, sed utriusque erit laus sempiterna. Utri fuit melior fortijna .'' De illis hominibus alius aliud dicit ; nos utrumque laudamus. 126 FIRST YEAR LATIN 316. LESSON LIV The Infinitive used as in English Infijiitive Paradigms Act. Pres. Pass. Pres. Act. Perf. Pass. Perf. to love, to be to have to have been ' etc. loved, etc. loved, etc. loved, etc. I. amare a marl amavisse amatus esse II. monere moneri monuisse monitus esse III. regere regi rexisse rectus esse III. capere capi cepisse captus esse IV. audire audiri audlvisse audltus esse Irreg. esse fuisse a. Write out similarly in two columns the active and passive intini tives future (497-502). b. Commit to memory all these infinitives with their meanings. 317. Model Sentences I. Laudari est gratum, to be praised is pleasant. 1. Vincere potest, he can {is able to) conquer. 3. Puer primus esse cupit, the boy wishes to be first. 4. Urbs capta esse dicitur, the city is said to have been taken. 5. Nos esse bonos cupiunt, they wish us to be good. a. Observe that in i the infinitive is the subject ; in 2, 3, and 4 it completes the meaning of the main verb and is called the comple- mentary infinitive; in 5 it takes the accusative as its subject. b. Observe that in 3 the predicate adjective after esse agrees with the subject of the main verb ; so also in 4 the participle capta. 318. Rule I. — The subject of the infinitive is in the accivsative. THE l.XFlXirn E USED AS AV EAUIJSH 12/ Rule 2. — ,/ iu'ediciitc adjective a/'ler a coniiAenien- ttivij iiijiiiitlre agrees irith the subject of the main rrrh. 319. VOCABULARY dives, divitis, rich. potest, is able, can. pensum, -i, n. task. possunt, a/e able, can. periculum, -i, n. danger. praemium, -i, n. reward. c5nserv6. c5nservare. conservavl, conservatus, save, preserve. debe5, debere, debui. debitus, owe, ought. iubeS. iubere, iussi, iussus, bid, order. lego, legere, legi, lectus, read. puto. putare. putavi. putatus, think. 320. EXERCISES I. I. Potest legere, iubere, iuvare. 2. Possunt iuberi, iuvari, rogari. 3. Puer discere, rogare, educi debet. 4. Dicun- tur cessisse, conlocavisse, rexisse. 5. Putatur scripturus esse, punitum iri. 6. Epistula scripta esse putatur. 7. Me ornari iussit. 8. Dicitur ornatus esse. 9. Qui pater filium fortem esse non cupit ? 10. Alii alia pensafacere debent. II. Quis totius exercitus tarn fortis fuit ut impetum hostium sustineret ? 12. Vergilius et Caesar summo ingenio fuisse putantur. 13. Omnes homines divites esse cupiunt. 14. Pensum tuum scriptum esse debuit. 15. liter maior natii fuisse dictus est? 16. Agricolae venerunt ut iuvarent. II. I. We ought to be brave and good. 2. Who is said to have received a greater reward ? 3. Do you bid me to be prudent ? 4. Your task is greater than mine, but my brother can do both (sing.). 5. The safety of the commonwealth ought to be preserved. 6. They were thought to have worked diligently. 7. The danger ought to have been seen. S.Augustus is said to have died in the year of our Lord 14. 128 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON LV ACCUSATIVE AND INFINITIVE Indirect Statement 321. Direct Statement Indirect Statement Tu scribis, Dicunt te scribere, yoii write, {they say you to write') yott are writing. they say that you are writing, they say you are writing. a. Observe the changes made in Latin in turning direct into indirect statement : the nominative tu becomes the accusative, and the indicative scribis becomes the infinitive. b. Observe how the Latin and EngUsh idioms differ in indirect statement, the metaphrase exactly representing the Latin. 322. Rule. — Indirect statements follow verbs and other expressions of saying, thinking, knowing, and perceiving, and are expressed hy the infinitive with subject accusative. 323. Tenses of the Injitiitive in Indirect Statet?ient Dicit se scribere, he says he is writing. Dixit se scribere, he said he was writing. 324. Rule. — 'The present infinitive denotes the same time as that of the verb on which it depends. Dicit se scripsisse, he says he has written. Dixit se scripsisse, he said he had written. 325. Rule. — The perfect infinitive denotes time before that of the verb on which it depends. Dicit se scriptiirum esse, he says he will write. Dixit se scripturum esse, he said he would write. ACCUSATIVE AND hXFINITIVE 1 29 326. Rule. — The future infinitive denotes time (tftci' that of the verb on which it depends. 327. VOCABULARY arbor, arboris, f. tree. non iam, no longer. divitiae, -arum, f. plur. riches, wealth. post, prep, with ace. after. frigus, -oris, n. cold, frost. rQrsus, adv. again. iam, adv. already, now, at last. ver, veris, n. spring. adsum, adesse, adfui, adfutQrus, be here, be present. scio, scire, scivi, scitus, know. solvo, solvere, solvi. solQtus, loose, break up. sper5, sperare, speravi, speratus, hope. tego, tegere, texi, tectus, cover. 328. EXERCISES I. I. Ver adest ; vere frigus solvitur. 2. Videmus ver adesse et vere frigus solvi. 3. Terra nive non iam tegitur. 4. Omnes vident terram nive non iam tegi. 5. Mox in arbo- ribus cantabunt multae aves. 6. Scimus mox in arboribus cantaturas esse multas avis. 7. Agricolae agros iam arant. 8. Quis non videt agricolas agros arare ? 9. Quis non videt agros ab agricolis aratos esse? 10. Quis non putat agros ab agricolis mox aratum iri .'' 11. Agricolae sperant divitias sibi futuras esse. 12. Nos quoque speramus deos iis benign5s futijros esse. II. I. At last cold winter is here again. 2. Who does not know that cold winter is here at last ? 3. All the trees are covered with snow. 4. You can (poles) see that all the trees are covered with snow. 5. Soon no birds will be singing. 6. Who knows that no birds will soon be singing .'' 7. Many of them have been killed by winter's cold. 8. We think many of them have been killed by winter's cold. 9. The farmers hope the gods will be kind to them. 30 FIRST YEAR LATIN 329. LESSON LVI The Demonstratives Idem, Ipse, Iste Paradigms idem, same ipse, -selj "" Singular Nom . Idem e'adem idem ipse ipsa ipsum Gen. eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem ipslus ipsius ipslus Dat. eidem eldem eldem ipsi ipsI ipsI Ace. eundem eandem idem ipsum ipsam ipsum Abl. e5dem eadem eodem Plural ipso ipsa ipso Nom. ' ildem ^eldem eaedem e'adem ipsI ipsae ipsa Gen. eorundeir 1 earundem eorundem ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum Dat. f iisdem L eisdem iisdem eisdem iisdem eisdem ipsis ipsis ipsIs Ace. eosdem easdem e'adem ipsos ipsas ipsa Abl. C iisdem 1 eisdem iisdem eisdem iisdem eisdem ipsIs ipsIs ipsis 330. a. Review the declension of is (138), hie and ille (200). b. Observe that idem is declined like is with dem added, except that in the accusative singular and genitive plural m is changed to n. c. Learn the declension of iste, tJiat (493). d. Decline together idem dies, res ipsa, istud animal. 331. Model Sentences 1 . Eodem die amicum vidi, / saw my friend the same day. 2. Istam epistulam legi, / /lave read that letter {of yours). 3. Amicus ipse ad me venit, j}iy friend himself came to me. 4.. Homo se culpavit nimium, the man blamed himself too much. THE DEMONSTRAril'ES IDIOM, I1\SK, ISIK 131 a. Observe in i and 2 that idem and iste are used as demonstra- tive adjectives. They may also be used without a noun ; that is, as demonstrative pronouns. Compare the uses of is (140, a and b). b. Iste is used of that which has some relation to the second person, and may often be translated this of yours or that of yours. c. Ipse means -self {himself itself etc.) ; it may sometimes be translated even or very. It is the intensive pronoun, used to empha- size a noun or pronoun expressed or understood, with which it agrees like an adjective. It must be sharply distin,<::;uished from se, -self which is reflexive, not emi^hatic (221. b). Compare 331, 3 and 4. 332. VOCABULARY difficultas. -atis, i. difficulty. oratio, -onis, f. speech, plea. idem . . . qui, same . . . as. stadium, studi, n. desire, study. malus, -a. -um, bad (260). varius, -a, -um, rtarious. numquam, adv. never. voltus, -iis, m. face, looks. praedico. praedicare, praedicavi, praedicatus, proclaim, boast. 333, EXERCISES I. I. In eodem periculo. 2. Pensum eiusdem difficultatis. 3. Ipsius hominis divitis. 4. Divitiae ipsae civium. 5. Divi- tiae civium ipsorum. 6. Post eandem orationem. 7. Non iam eandem arborem video. 8. Hie est cibus istius canis, ille mei. 9. Quis est semper eodem voltu ? 10. Hie orator se suasque orationes laudat. 11. Is qui de se ipso praedicat non sapiens esse dieitur. 12. Hodie eadem putasne quae heri {yesterday)'! 13. De istis rebus me ad te scribere iubet. 14. Sciunt ipsos vestros amieos eulpare vos. II. I. The very trees are covered with snow. 2. Do you know, my father, where those servants of yours are ? They are never at home. 3. That song of yours does not delight us ; it is the worst of all. 4. You have the same task as I. 5. Various birds are singing in yonder (ille) trees. 6. I love and praise those studies of yours. 132 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON LVII INDEFINITE PRONOUNS 334. READING LESSON: REVIEW a. Review the interrogative quis (142) and the relative qui (210) and learn the declension of the following indefinite pronouns, care- fully distinguishing the meanings. 335. Indefinite Pronouns Masc. Fem. Neut. aliquis aliqua aliquid, aliquod, so7ne one, any one (496). quidam quaedam quoddam, quiddam, a certain one (496). quisquam quidquam (no plur.), any one {at all). quivis quaevis quodvis, quidvis, any one {you please'). quisque quaeque quidque, quodque, each one, every one. Note. — The meanings of the neuters, something, etc., are easily inferred. a. Observe how aliqua, which is both the feminine nominative singular and the neuter nominative plural of aliquis, differs from the corresponding forms of quis. b. Observe that quidam (qui + dam) is declined like qui, except that in the accusative singular and genitive plural m of qui becomes n : quendam, quandam, quorundam, quarundam ; also that the neuter has quiddam and quoddam in the nominative and accusative singular. c. Quisquam and quisque are declined like quis ; quivis like qui. d. In the neuter of all the indefinites quid-forms are used as pro- nouns, quod-forms as adjectives. 336. AFRICA Note. — Hereafter in the reading lessons consult the general vocabulary for new words. In Africa, terra maxima, sunt multae gentes plurium lin- guarum, urbes autem sunt paucae. Scriptor quidam vetus INDEFINITE PRONOUNS 133 scripsit Africam insulae esse similem. Cuivis, qui Africae figCiram spectabit, hoc esse verum videbitur.^ lam re vera'' est Africa insula ingens, nam isthmus angustissimus fossa transitur.^ De Nili fontibus nemo antiquis temporibus quid- quam certi ^ cognoverat ^ ; nunc eidem fontes cuique noti sunt, nam a quibusdam viris audacibus sunt reperti.*^ Cotidie ali- quid novl "^ ex Africa audimus. Alius aliud ^ scribit ; quae sint vera iudicabit quisque. Crudelia olim bella in Africa gesta sunt et hodie fortes gentes de imperio dimicant. Eheu ! Agri vastantur, privata aedificia incenduntur, profunditur sanguis. 1 videbitur, will seem. - re vera, in fact. ^ transitur, is crossed. ^ quid- quam certi, anything at all (of) certain. ^ cognoverat, had learned. ^ reperti, from reperio. ' aliquid novi, something (of) new. * See 313. 337. EXERCISES I. He does that which every one says. 2. I have read a certain writer. 3. Nobody relates anything at all new. 4. That girl has something in her right hand. 5. A part of each summer we live in the country. 6. To-day a story was read to us by somebody. 7. At the same time certain (men) come to Caesar. 338. . REVIEW I. Give with their meanings the nine adjectives that have the geni- tive singular in -ius and the dative in -i. 2. Give five pronouns that make the genitive and dative singular in the same way. 3. What case is the neuter accusative always like ? 4. Give the meanings ot is, idem, hie. ille, iste, ipse. 5. What is idem compounded of? 6. WHiat part of idem remains unchanged in declension ? 7. How is tlie accusative masculine singular written ? 8. Pronounce the neuter nomi.ij.tive singular. 9. What does ipse do in a sentence .'' 10. Give the oro.nals corresponding to 6, 9, 11, 17. ir. Express in Latin in two ways a thousand vien. 12. Give the rule for the descriptive ablative. 13. Tell what tune is denoted in respect to the main verb by the infinitive in 328, I. 2, 9, 11. 134 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON LVIII IMPERATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE Commands and Appeals 339. Imperative Paradigms Act. Imv. Pres. 2d Pers. Pass. Imv. Pres. 2d Pers. Sing. Plur. ama, love am ate mone, advise monete rege, rule regite cape, take capite audi, hear audite es, be este Sing. am are, be loved monere, be advised regere, be ruled capere, be taken audire, be heard Plur. amaminl monemini regimini capimini audimini a. Read the future imperatives (497-502) and form the present imperative of rogo, deleS, lego, recipi5, punio. Review the subjunc- tive present (281, 282). 340. Subjunctive and Imperative Paradigms Negative Affirmative amem, let me love. ama, love. amet, let him love. amemus, let us love. amate, love. ament, let them love. ne amem, let me not love. noli amare, do not love. ne amet, let him not love. ne amemus, let us not love. n51ite amare, do not love. ne ament, let them not love. a. Observe in the above paradigm (i) that the subjunctive is used in affirmative commands and appeals in the first and third persons, the simple imperative in the second person ; (2) that the subjunctive with ne {not) is used in negative commands and appeals jn the first and third persons ; (3) that ne is not used with the IMPERATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE I 35 imperative in the second person, but instead tlie imperatives noli, nolite {be univilling) with the infinitive. b. Write out a paradigm like 340, using tango, touch. 341. EXERCISES I. I. Librum lege. 2. Ilium librum legant. 3. Es bonus imperator. 4. Este fortes milites. 5. Noli castra movere. 6. Ne regamus. 7. Ne audiantur. 8. Legite eundem librum. 9. Nolite delete. 10. Rogemus, recipiatur. 11. Id sciatur. II. I. Be merry, girls. 2. Do not laugh, boys. 3. Bid him come, friend. 4. Be warned. 5. Do not destroy birds. 6. Let not birds be destroyed. 7. Rule your minds. 342. VOCABULARY memoria, -ae, f. memory. mors, mortis (morti-), f. death. memoria tene5, reffiember. vinum, -i, n. wine. decipio, decipere, decepi, deceptus, deceive. tangd, tangere, tetigi, tactus, touch. timeo, timere, timui, ,fear. 343. EXERCISES I, I. Ne miles mortis periculum timeat. 2, Nuntium ad Caesarem mittamus. 3. Eum moneamus ne domo discedat. 4. Nolite consilia malorum audire. 5. Scribite, puellae, cotidie ad parentes quae facialis. 6. Scripserunt quae facerent. 7. Istos tuosvoltus, non orationes, memoria teneo. 8. Quisque suam domum fortiter defendat. 9. Ne te quisquam decipiat de istis rebus. II. I. A certain man told me something new.^ 2. Touch not wine, boys. 3. Men, let us not touch it. 4. Let not the same difficulty scare us. 5. I will read that book of yours to any one you please. 6. We hear that even - the women in Africa are' brave. 7. Do you remember your task? 1 See 336, note 7. 2 gee 331, c ^ See 322. 136 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON LIX COMPOUNDS OF SUM: READING LESSON Dative with Compounds : Dative of Service 344. a. Learn the inflection of possum (503) and prosum (504). b. Possum, be able, can, is compounded of potis, able, and sum, be. c. Prosum, benefit, is compounded of prod (old form of pro, for) and sum. In inflection the d of prod is retained before e. 345. Compounds of sum absum, abesse, afui, afutiirus, be away, be absent. adsum, adesse, adfui, adfuturus, be present, aid. desum, deesse, defui, defuturus, be lacking, fail. insum, inesse, infui, , be in, be ajnong. intersum, interesse, interfui, interfutiirus, be avjong, be present. obsum, obesse, obfui, , be agaiiist, hinder, injure. possum, posse, potui, , be able, can. praesum, praeesse, praeful, , be at the head, command. prosum, prodesse, prof ui, profutiirus, be of advantage to, benefit. supersum, superesse, superfui, , be over, survive. 346. Model Sentences 1. Verus amicus amico prodest, a true friend benefits a friend. 2. Quis equitibus praefuit .? ivho commanded the horsemen ? a. Observe that prosum and praesum are intransitive and govern the dative, wliile the corresponding English verbs, benefit and com- mand, are transitive. 347. Rule. — Many verbs compounded ivitJi ad, ante, con, in, inter, oh, j^ost, 2>rae, ])rd, sub, and super often govern the dative. COMPOUNDS Oi^ SUM 137 a. Some of these compounds are transitive and take both an accusa- tive and a dative. Insum is often followed by in with the ablative, and intersum by inter with the accusative; see 350, lines i and 5. 348. Model Sentetices 1 . Milites ibi erant praesidio. soldiers were there as {for) a defence. 2. Auxilio eis mittuntur copiae. /roops are sent as (for) a help to them. a. Observe that the datives praesidio in i and auxilio in 2 are used to denote the end or purpose, that for which a thing serves ; hence called the dative of service. This dative may be accompanied by another, as nobis, in 2, the ordinary indirect object. See 78 and 79. 349. Rule. — The dative is used with sum and a few other verbs to show that for which a thing serves. 350. FRIENDSHIP In vera amicitia magnum inest praesidium. Amicus verus adest amico neque deerit in difficultatibus. Amico prodesse dulce est, amico deesse turpe est. Amicus fidus non aberit ab amico in mala fortuna. Mores mali amicitiae obsunt. Inter homines malos vera amicitia non interest. Cicero consul rei publicae praefuit et amicis profuit. Multae Cice- ronis epistulae eiusque amicorum supersunt. Prodeste, pueri puellaeque, amicis. Amicis (dat.) in periculo este auxilio et praesidio. Infelix est is qui amicis superfuit omnibus. 351. EXERCISES I. Caesar had (in Caesar ioas) a very good memory. 2. He never lacked courage (courage was never lacking to him). 3. He commanded brave men, and was present at many battles. 4. He benefited and injured his country. 5. He was a terror (dat.) to his foes. 6. He did not survive his last (proximus) wars many years. 138 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON LX Participles : Reading Lesson 352. a. Learn the participles of the model verbs (497-501). b. Participles in -ns are declined like amans (485) ; those in -us, like bonus (483). c. Participles agree with nouns and pronouns like adjectives. 353. Model Sentences 1 . Te in urbe manentem vidi, / saw you while you were staying {you staying) in the city. 2. Urbs diu oppugnata non capta est, the city, though it was besieged {having been besieged) for a long time, was not taken. 3. Caesar ea re commotus in Galliam properavit, Caesar, because he 7C'as alarmed {having been alarmed) by this circumstance, hastened into Gaul. 4. Dux victus se recipiet, if the general is defeated {the general defeated), he will retreat. 5. Dona missa recepit, he received the gifts which had been sent {gifts sent). 6. Caesar prlncipem captum Romam misit, Caesar took a chieftain and sent him to Ro?ne {sent a taken chieftain). a. Observe that in each of the first five sentences the Latin parti- ciple is equivalent to a clause in English. In 6 the participle is best rendered by a verb coordinate with the main verb. The tenses of the participle denote time relatively to the time of the main verb, like the tenses of the infinitive (324-326). 354. VOCABULARY contra, prep, with ace. against. venenum, -i, r\. poison. historia, -ae, f. history. yicinus, -a, -um, neighboring. PARTICIPLES : READIXC LESSOX I 39 commoveo, commovere, commovi, commotus, viove, rouse. reduco, reducere, reduxi, reductus, lead back. inquit (defective, used after one or more quoted words), sauf. interficio, interficere, interfeci, interfectus, kill, put to death. munio, munire, munivi, mvLnit\xs, fortify. vincio, vincire, vinxl, vinctus, hind. 355. FABRICIUS AND THE PHYSICIAN Fabricius consul factus contra Pyrrhum, regem quendam, missus est. Accidit ut consul ipse et Pyrrhus castra haberent vicina. Ne rex impetum faceret, castra munivit Fabricius. De ^ nocte Pyrrhl medicus ad Fabricium venit. "Ego," inquit, "si mihi praemium dederis, dominum meuni veneno interticiam." "Tu, pessime," - inquit Fabricius ira commo- tus, "ad tuum dominum statim vinctus mitteris." Tum medi- cum vinctum ad Pyrrhum regem rediici iussit. Nonne ilium pessimum hominem morte punivit Pyrrhus? Historia non narrat num medicus a Pyrrho interfectus sit. 356. EXERCISES I. I. Aliquis fabulam quandam narrabat. 2. Quoque anno disco aliquid novi. 3. Numquam quemquam vidi peiorem illo homine. 4. Haec mihi ridens dixit. 5. Pugnae interfuit. 6. Medicum Pyrrhi in Fabric! castris manentem vidimus. 7. Verba pessima eius dicentis^ audiebamus. II. I. Do not, Roman, put the doctor to death. 2. Order him to be bound "* and led back to the king. 3. Let him pun- ish him with death. 4. Let him be led back that he may be punished. 5. Fabricius, though^ moved with anger, did this. 6. If" the physician is set free, he will be glad. 7. They say the physician was glad because '' he was set free. 1 in. 2 miscreant. ^ of him speaking = as he spoke. * J53, 6. ' 353. 2- " 353. 4- ' 353. 3- 140 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON LXI PARTICIPLES — Cojitinued Ablative Absolute 357. Model Sentences 2. the camp having been fortified, "1 Consul, castris when the camp had been fortified, the constil V[ium\x&,'Roma.m.i 'whe}t he had fortified the camp, Y came to venit, having fortified the camp, Rome, after fortifying the camp, r this having been done, ^ Hoc facto J since this has been done, I we shall vincemus, i if this is done, I conquer. [ by doing this, j a. Observe in i that the noun castris and the participle miinitis agreeing with it are in the ablative, and denote the time of the action expressed by venit ; in 2 that hoc and facto are in the ablative and denote the cause (since), or condition (if), or some other circum- stance of the action expressed by vincemus. An ablative so used is called the ablative absolute. b. Two nouns, or a noun and an adjective, without a participle are sometimes used in the same way : Caesare duce, vincemus, under the leadership of Caesar, if Caesar is our leader, we shall conquer. c. The Latin perfect participle is passive, not active. Accordingly such a sentence as " Caesar, having defeated the Gauls, returned to Rome " has to be cast into the form " Caesar, the Gauls having been defeated, returned to Rome," Caesar, Gallis victis, Romam rediit. 358. Rule. — The ablative ahsohtte is used to express the time, cause, conditioti, or some other circinnstance of the action of the main verb. a.^The ablative absolute should seldom be translated literally. Various ways of translating it are shown in the model sentences. ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE I41 The best way in any particular case must be determined by con- sidering what idea the ablative absolute seems to convey with reference to the main clause. 359. VOCABULARY Amulius, -i, m. Amulius. pecus, -oris, n. Jlock, cattle. auxilium, auxili, n. help., aid. ripa, -ae, f. bank. geminus, -a, -um, twin-born, twin-, super, prep, with ace. above., over. latro, -onis, m. robber. Tiberis, -is (ace. -im), v^.the Tiber. condo, condere. condidi, conditus, establish, build, found. effundo, effundere. effudl, effusus, pour out, spread abroad. 360. I. I. Hostibus victis. 2. Cicerone consule. 3. Oppido quodam expCignato. 4. H5c viso. 5. His rebus repertis. 6. Romulus, urbe condita, rex vocatus est. 7. Amulio rege Tiberis super ripas effusiis est. 8. Gemini fratres ipsi a pecoribus latrones arcebant. 9. Hoc oppidum, paucis * defendentibus, Caesar expiignare non potuit. 10. Tum impera- tor, "Milites," inquit, "reducite captivos." 11. Hi captivi eidem fortissime pugnantes capti sunt. 12. Quis praefuit equitibus qui imperatori auxilio missi sunt? 13. Mijnite urbem, cives, ne ab hostibus capiatur. 14. Urbe munita, cives non iam terrebantur. II. I. When he had heard these words, he was much moved. 2. The physician was led back"^ and put to death. 3. Romulus, having freed'' his brother, killed Amulius. 4. Hav- ing taken'' the city, the soldiers set free the prisoners. 5. Let us rouse the citizens. 6. Boys, aid your friends. 7. Those girls were a help ■* to their teacher. 1 Though, etc. "-Compare 353. 6, ^ See 357, c. " * See 348. 14^ FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON LXII PARTICIPLES — Continued The Gerundive 361. The gerundive is a verbal adjective and agrees with the noun it modifies. 362. Model Sentences 1. EI homini aurum servandum dedit, he gave the gold to that man to keep {the gold to be kept). 2. Caesar erat cupidus urbis delendae, Caesar was desirous of destroy- ing the city {of the city to be destroyed). 3. Ad pacem petendam venerant, they came to seek peace, for the purpose of seeking peace {for peace to be sought). a. Observe in each of the above sentences that the gerundive agrees with a noun. Notice also the way in which the noun and gerundive are translated. b. Observe that in i servandum and in 3 ad pacem petendam express purpose, and are equivalent to ut servaret and ut pacem peterent (288, i ). 363. VOCABULARY coniunx, coniugis, f. wife. summus, -a, -um, highest, greatest cupidus, -a, -um, desirous, fond. (489). pastor, -oris, m. shepherd. vis, vis, f. force, strength, power, signum, -i, n. sign, signal. might (482). augeS, augere, auxi, auctus, increase, enlarge. convenio, convenire, conveni, conventus, cotne together, assemble. educo, educare, educavi, educatus, bring up, train. induo, induere, indui, indutus, put on. paro, parare, paravi, paratus, make ready, prepare. peto, petere, petivi (petii), petitus, seek, ask for, ask. saluto, salutare, saliitavi, salutatus, greet, salute. THE GERUNDIVE 143 364. EXERCISES I. I. Pontis faciendi. 2. Epistulis scribendis. 3. Ad epistulas scribendas. 4. Epistula scribenda. 5. Viribus augendis. 6. In petenda pace. 7. Pastor geminos coniugi educandos dedit. 8. Legati de pace facienda venerunt. 9. Caesar pontem faciendum curat.' 10. Multi convenerunt studio videndae urbis. 11. Multi reges bellorum gerendorum sunt cupidi. 12. Legio ad bellum gerendum paratissima- erat. 13. Ad galeas induendas tenipus defuit. 14. Nos morituri ■' te salutamus. 15. Signodato milites impetum in hostis summa vi fecerunt. II. I. Of seeing the town. 2. For (ad) drawing up a line of battle. 3. By founding a city. 4. By carrying on war. 5. In (in) laying waste the fields. 6. Everything was made ready for (ad) training the boys. 7. Having killed* Amulius, the brothers founded a city. 8. By keeping off the robbers they are a help* to the shepherds. 9. We are ready ** to help (iuvo)^ the shepherds. 1 has a bridge built {takes care a bridge to be built). 2 2>ery well prepared. ^ about to die. ■• See 357, f. 6566348. « ready = prepared. ^ Compare I. 12. Roman Sandals 144 J^/RST YEAR LATIN LESSON LXIII THE GERUND 365. The gerund is a verbal noun used in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular. 366. Learn the gerunds of the model verbs (497-501). 367. Model Sentences 1. Dux erat cupidus urbem delendi, the general was desirous of destroying the city. 2. Ad pugnandum venerunt, they came for fighting, for the ptirpose of fighting, to fight. 3. Mens discendS alitur, the mind is strengthened by leanmig. a. Observe in each sentence that the gerund is used like any other noun, and that in i it has an object (urbem) like a verb. b. Observe in 2 that the gerund with ad denotes purpose, and com- pare it with ad pacem petendam (362, 3). c. Compare urbem delendi (i) with urbis delendae (362, 2), and note that the two phrases have the same meaning. 368. VOCABULARY amor, -oris, m. love. industria, -ae, f. industry. ars, artis (arti-), f. art. nomen, -inis, n. name. causa, -ae, f. cause, reason ; abl. propius, adv. nearer. for the sake (after a genitive). spatium, spati, n. room, space, deus, -i, m. god (482). time, opportunity. idoneus, -a, -um,_/f/, suitable. iitilis, -e, useful. accedo, accedere, accessi, accessiirus, come near, approacJi. conicio, conicere, conieci, coniectus, throw, hurl. contemno, contemnere, contempsi, contemptus, despise. navig5, navigare, navigavi, navigatus, sail, cruise. oro, orare, oravi, oratus, speak, beg, plead. THE GERUND 1 45 369. EXERCISES I. I. Ars Vivendi. 2. Amor pugnandi. 3. Industria in agendo. 4. Inter ^ pugnandum. 5. Uicendo. 6. Difficultas navigandi. 7. Causa mittendi. 8. Mittendi causa. 9. Orator fineni orandi fecit. 10. Libri sunt utiles legendo. II. Ars pueros educandi est difificilis. 12. Adsumus discendi causa. 13. Milites erant cupidi oppidum expugnandi. 14. Naves ad navigandum paratae erant. 15. Spatium pila in hostis coniciendi'- non datum est. 16. lUi libri ad legendum non sunt idonei. 17. Homines ad deos propius accedunt nulla re quam saliitem hominibus dando. 18. Cicero librum de conteninenda morte scripsit. 19. Nox finem oppOgnandi fecit. II. I. By fortifying. 2. While writing.^ 3. In (in) say- ing. 4. For the sake of assembling. 5. For the purpose of killing. 6. For the sake of seeking peace.'* 7. The difficulty of approaching. 8. The same physician was desirous of killing'' the king. 9. Time was not given for (of) pleading. 10. The master teaches us (ace.) the art of living well.- 11. Brothers, let us rouse the citizens and set free the prisoners. 12. Having roused the citizens,^ we shall set free the prisoners. 1 during, while. ^ for hurling. ^ Compare I. 4. * Express in two ways. ^ See 357, ^. #>: A Roman Coin 146 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON LXIV THE SUPINE: ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATION Reading Lesson : Review 370. The supine is a verbal noun used only in the accusa- tive and ablative singular, and is wanting in most verbs. 371. Learn the supines of the model verbs (497-501). These are given in the paradigms merely to illustrate the forms. 372. Model Sentences 1. Legati Romam veniunt pacem petitum, ambassadors come to Rome to seek peace. 2. Id facile est factii, thai is easy to do, to be done {^in the doing). 3. Gallos virtute superant, they surpass the Gauls in courage. a. Observe in i that the supine petitum expresses purpose, like ut pacem petant and ad pacem petendam. b. Observe in 2 and 3 that the ablatives factu and virtute answer the question z« what respect? Such ablatives are called ablatives of specification. 373. Rule. — The supine in -um is used after verbs of motion to express purpose. 374. Rule. — The ablative is used to denote in tvhat respect a thing is true. 375. EXERCISES 1. I. Galli legates ad Caesarem miserunt rogatum auxilium. 2. Dixerunt se auxilium petitum venisse. 3. Veni te laudatum. 4. Eos tu ad me salutatum miseras. 5. Quid optimum est factu .'' 6. Quidam sunt homines non re sed nomine. 7. Hannibal patri virtute similis erat. 8. Num puer virum vi superat .'^ 9. Oppid5 expugnato, Caesar copias in castra reduxit. ABLATH'E OF SPECIFICATION 1 47 II. I. The poor soldiers are tired in mind and body. 2. Are you like your brother in daring? 3. That is easier to say than to do. 4. Deputies came to ask for aid. 5. Many girls are fond of reading books. 6. Who formed (capio) a design of killing Cicero the consul ? 376. ROMAN CONSULS Romani, regibus expulsis/ duos consules quotannis habe- bant. Consulatus erat apud Romanos magistratus amplissi- mus. Dictator magni periculi temporibus munera omnium magistratuum praestabat. Consules togam praetextam gere- bant,^ et in sella curuli sedebant. Nisi in urbe Roma vitae necisque potestas in manibus consulum erat. Duodecim lictores ibant {went) ante consulem cum fascibus, insignibus ' illis huius imperi, atque poenae instrumentis.^ Munus erat consulum senatui * praesidere et rem ^ publicam administrare. Consulibus quoque erat munus exercituum diicendorum in hostis populi Romani. 1 From expello. - wore. ^ An appositive with fascibus. * See 347. ^ rem publicam, the public business. 377. REVIEW I . What two moods are used in commands and appeals.? 2. What active form is the same as the passive imperative present, second singular.'' 3. Translate into Latin do not send., let us send, let them not send. 4. Give the rule for the dative with compounds. 5. Point out in 360, I, an instance of the dadve of service. 6. Give five pos- sible translations of rege interfecto. 7. Give the rule for the ablative absolute. 8. In 364, I. 7, what idea is implied in the gerundive educan- dos? 9. Express in Latin of taking the town, first using the gerun- dive, then the gerund. 10. What idea is expressed by the gerundive or gerund with ad ? 11. What is a verbal noun? 12. Give in English some new examples of a verbal noun with an object. 148 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON LXV REVIEW OF VERB-FORMS Reading Lesson Note. — For some classes it may be well to divide this lesson into two. 378. Review the complete inflection of amo (497) and moneo (498). 379. VOCABULARY (REVIEW) do, dare, dedi, datus, gij'e. imple5, implere, implevi, impletus, y?//, cover. iubeo, iubere, iussi, iiissus, bid, order, co7nmand. iuvo, iuvare, iiivi, iQtus, lielp, aid. maneo, raanere, mansi, mansus, stay, remain. monstro, monstrare, monstravi, monstratus, sliow, point ottt. muto, miitare, mQtavi, mutatus, change. oro, orare, oravi, oratus, speak, beg, plead. teneo, tenere, tenui, , hold, keep. video, videre. vidi, visus, see; pass., be seen, seem. 380. EXERCISES I. I- Dant, iuvant, implent, manent. 2. Monstramus, mutamus, iubemus, videmus. 3. Orate, monstrate, tenete, implete. 4. liivisti, miitavisti, mansisti, tenuisti. 5. Dabat, orabat, implebat, iubebat. 6. Monstraverunt, mutaverunt, iusserunt, tenuerunt. 7. Mutabitur, iuvabitur, videbitur, tene- bitur. 8. lata est, monstrata est, impletum est, visum est. 9. Orari, mutarl, tenerl, implerl. 10. Monstraturus, oratura, impleturus, mansura. 11. MCitandi, monstrandum, iubendo, videndum. 12. Datum, oratum, visii. 13. Dedisse, oravisse, implevisse, vidisse. 14. Ut iuvarera, ne mutaret, ut teneren- tur, ne iuberetur. RE 17 E IV OF VERB-FORMS 149 II. I. He gives, she aids, it remains, he sees. 2. I shall aid, we shall give, you will order, they will hold. 3. To have aided, to have changed, to have filled, to have remained. 4. Give, show, stay, keep. 5. Let me help, let him show, let us stay, let them fill. 6. I was (being) aided, you were (being) changed, he was (being) commanded, they were (being) held. 7. To have been shown, to be changed, to have been bidden, to seem. 8. Of showing, by praying, for keeping, while filling:. . 381. ROMULUS AND REMUS Romulus et Remus erant gemini fratres, filii Martis del et Rheae Silviae, Vestae sacerdotis. Hac re cognita, Amulius, rex Albanurum, matrem ipsam in vincula coniecit. Parvulos alveo imposuit et abiecit in Tiberim, qui tunc forte super ripas eflfusus erat ; sed flumine relabente (siibsidi?tg), eos aqua in sicco reliquit. Lupa ad vagitum occurrit, infantis lingua lambit, matremque se gessit. Hanc rem Faustulus, pastor regius, animadvertit, et eos portavit in casam, et coniugi dedit educandos. The Twins discovered by Faustulus 150 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON LXVI REVIEW OF VERB-FORMS — (::^«//««* in hostis. ^ a place was to him. l62 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON LXXII THE IRREGULAR VERBS EO, FERO, FIO Subjunctive after Verbs of Fearing Note. — For some classes this lesson may well be divided into two. 414. a. Learn the principal parts, the meanings, and the conjuga- tion of eo (507), fero (506), and fio (508). b. Observe where i (the root of eo) is changed to e in the indica- tive and subjunctive present, in the present participle, and in the gerund. The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect of eo, as in many verbs with perfects in -ivi, often drop v : ivit, iit ; iverat, ierat ; iverit, ierit ; ivisse, iisse (isse). c. Flo serves as the passive of facio. The i is long except before -er and in fit. 415. Model Sentences 1 . Vereor ut veniat, I fear that he is not coming or will not come. 2. Vereor ne veniat, I fear that he is coming or will come. a. Observe that a verb of fearing is followed by ut or ne with the subjunctive. After such verbs ut and ne seem to exchange mean- ings : ut = that not ; ne = that (or lesf). b. Observe that the subjunctive present may be translated by the indicative future. 416. EXERCISES I. I. It, fert, fit. 2. Imus, ferimus, fimus. 3. Ite, ferte, fite. 4. I, eunti, eundi. 5. Ire, ferre, fieri. 6. Iisse, tulisse, factus esse. 7. Ibunt, ferent, fient. 8. Veretur ne eant. 9. Vere- batur ut irent. 10. Verentur ne haec fiant. 11. Timuit ut ilia fierent. 12. Cum haec facta essent, Romam ierunt. 13. His rebus factis, milites processerunt. 14. Eos hortati erant ut irent : ferrent. THK IRREGULAR VERBS EO, FER(X Flf) 1 63 II. I. You are going, are bearing, are becoming. 2. They go, bear, become. 3. He had gone, borne, become. 4. Do you fear that this will happen .'' 5. Who fears that they will not go ? 6. Did they fear that he would go ? • 7. I was afraid that thev would not go. 417. RIVALRY OF TWO CENTURIONS — Continued Ne- Vorenus quidem - sese turn vallo ' continet,* sed omnium veritus existimationem sequitur. Mediocri spatio relicto, Pullo pilum in hostls immittit atque unum ex multitudine procurrentem traicit ; quem pcrcussum * et exanimatum scutis protegunt hostes ; in Pullonem omnes tela coniciunt neque dant progrediendi ^ facultitem. Transfigitur scutum Pulloni^ et hasta in balteo defigitur. Hie casus avertit vaginam et^ gladium educere oonantis ^ dextram moratur manum ; impedi- tumque ^^ hostes circumsistunt. Succurrit iili inimicus Vorenus et laboranti " subvenit. ' See 297. - ne . . . (\\x\A^ra., not even. '^ within the rampart. * Observe the repeated use of the present in lively narration, as is common in English. ^ From percutio. •' See 365. "^ Translate as if genitive. * et, etc.: translate in this order — et moratur dextram manum conaatis educere gladium. ^when he tried (of him trying). i" Agrees with eum (i.e. Pullonem) understood. 11 him in distress {him laboring). 164 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON LXXIII IMPERSONAL USE OF VERBS Relative of Purpose : Reading Lesson 418. Model Sentences 1. Pugnabatur, there was fighting (Jt was fought). 2. Accidit ut luaa plena esset, // happened that the moon was full. 3. Ire tibi licet, j£7« may go {to go is pertnitted to you). a. Observe that the verbs pugnabatur, accidit, and licet have no personal subjects. In i there is no subject, the intransitive verb pugno being used exceptionally in the passive : in 2 the subject is the clause ut . . . esset ; in 3 the subject is the infinitive ire. b. Verbs like licet, that never have a personal subject, are used only in the third person singular, and are called impersonal verbs. Verbs that generally have a personal subject, when employed in the third person singular, as pugnabatur and accidit are in i and 2, are said to be 7i.sed itnpersonally. 419. Model Sentence I. Legates qui auxilium peterent misit, he sent ambassadors to seek help {who should seek help). a. Observe that the relative clause qui auxilium peterent is equiva- lent to ut ii auxilium peterent, that is, it expresses purpose. 420. Rule. — Purpose is often expressed by a relative with the suhjimctive. 421. * VOCABULARY ambo, -ae, -6 (decl. like duo), both, praesidium, -i, n. support. cohors, cohortis, f. cohort. subsidium, -i, n. help, aid, relief. IMPERSONAL USE OE VERBS 165 antefero, anteferre, antetuli, antelatus, prefer. iudico, iudicare, iudicavi, '\\!iA\tdX\X2,, judge, decide. licet, licere, licuit (licitum est), , // is permitted, it is alloived. oportet, oportere, oportuit, , it behooves, it is necessary, ought. 422. EXERCISES I. I. Acriter pugnatur. 2. Accidit ut pugnetur. 3. Accidit ut Onus ex multitudine pilum coniceret. 4. Vorenum non dubitare oportet. 5. Dictatorem creatum esse dicitur.' 6, Dic- tator creatus esse dicitur,^ 7, Ei licuit amico subvenire. 8. Nonne Pullo verebatur ne Vorenus sequeretur ? 9. ludicari non potuit^ uter alter! esset anteferendus. 10. Decern cohortes ad mare relictae erant quae praesidio navibus essent. II. I. It happened that there was fighting. 2. Certain men came to say that one had been killed. 3. This ought to be done.* 4. I fear that Pullo cannot draw his sword. 5. It behooves the one^ to help the other.* 6. Soldiers, bring help to both. 423. RIVALRY OF TWO CENTURIONS — Cc7«//«/^^d' Ad hunc confestim a Pullone omnis multitiido se con- vertit. Gladio comminus pugnat Vorenus atque, uno inter- fectOj^reliquos paulum propellit; dumcupidius^ instat, deiectus** in locum inferiorem ^ concidit. Huic rursus circumvento sub- sidium fert Pullo, atque ambo incolumes, compluribus inter- fectls," summa cum laude sese intra munitiones recipiunt. Itaque fortuna in contentione et certamine sic utrumque versa- vit ut alter inimicus® alter! ^° auxilio salutique esset, neque " iudicari posset uter utri virtute anteferendus videretur. 1 it is said {that), impersonal. ^ Personal. ^it was not possible. * it behooves this to be done. * alter. ^ See 358. "See 255, «. ^having stumbled into a hollow. ^ though an enemy. ^'^ depends on esset. ^^ neque iudicari posset, nor could it be decided = nor could one tell. i66 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON LXXIV PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS: DATIVE OF AGENT 424. The first or active periphrastic conjugation is the future active participle combined with forms of sum : amaturus est, he is going to {is about to) love; amaturus erat, he was going to {was about to) love. The second or passive periphrastic conjugation is the gerundive combined with forms of sum : amandus est, he is to be loved, must be loved, onght to be loved ; amandus erat, he was to be loved, ought to have been loved. a. Learn the synopses of the periphrastic conjugations (510, 511). 425. Model Sentences 1 . Scio quid facturus sit, / kno^v what he is going to do. 2. Sciebam quid factiirus esset, I knew what he was going to do. 3. Delenda est Carthago, Carthage must be destroyed. 4. Caesari omnia erant agenda, all things were to be done by Caesar. 5. Mihi scribendum est, writing tniist be done by me — I fnust write. a. Observe in i and 2 that the first periphrastic conjugation expresses purpose or intention, or simple futurity. b. Observe in 3, 4, and 5 that the second periphrastic Conjuga- tion expresses necessity, duty, or obligation. Compare 362, i. c. Observe in 5 that the verb is used impersonally. Compare 418. d. Observe in 4 and 5 that the person who has to do a thing (Caesari, mihi) is expressed by the dative translated by. This dative is called the dative of ac^etit. Compare the ablative of agent, 208. 426. Rule. — The gerundive xvith sum takes the dative to denote the person who has to do a thing. PERfPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS 1 67 427. VOCABULARY Catillna. -ae, m. Catiline. cupide, adv. eagerly. centuri5, -onis, m. centurion. diligentia, -ae, f. diligence, industry. comminus, adv. Jiand to Jumd. exsilium, -i, n. exile. concido, concidere, concidi, , fall down, fall. insto, instate, institi, instaturus, press on. morior, mori (moriri), mortuus sum (fut. part, moriturus), die. subvenio, subvenlre. subveni, subventurus, come to aid, assist. 428. EXERCISES I. I. Descensiirus est, moritura erat. 2. Inruptiiri sunt, profecturae erant. 3. Educendi sunt, educandi sunt. 4. Tibi petendum est, nobis respondendum est. 5. Navis refecturus est. 6. Naves Caesari reficiendae sunt. 7. Duo centuriones virtutem probaturi erant. 8. Duorum centurionum virtus probanda erat. 9. Gladiis comminus pii- gnatum est. 10. Diligentia ^ nobis utendum '^ est. 11. Omni- bus moriendum - est. 12, Fiebat ut Pullo inimico subsidium ferret. 13. Hostis oportebat se'^ in munitiones recipere. 14. Vorenus, cum cupidius instaret, in locum inferiorem con- cidit. 15. Nisi alter alteri subvenisset, uterque interfectus esset. II. I. He was going to ask, she is going to prepare. 2. They were going to advance, she was going to prepare. 3. This must be done, it had to be spared. 4. He feared that it must be done. 5. The state must be defended by the citizens. 6. Cicero asked whether* Catiline was going to go* into exile. 7. All things were done that had to be done.*^ 8. Do not " think that we must do this.^ 1 See3SS. 2(^Q„^pare 425, 5. ■' se recipere = withdraw. * num. ^Compare 425, 2. ^Compare 425, 4. " See 340. ^ this must be done l)y us. Venerunt 1 68 FIRST YEAR LATIN LESSON LXXV EXPRESSIONS OF PURPOSE Review : Reading Lesson . 429. Commit to memory the following expressions of purpose, which have occurred in the preceding lessons : f ut pacem peterent, ad pacem petendam, pacem petendi causa, they came to pads petendae causa, j seek peace. pacem petitum, qui pacem peterent, J ad pugnandum, to fight. 430. REVIEW I. Inflect fero in the active indicative present and in the passive subjunctive imperfect. 2. Give the meanings of fiunt, fimus, factum est. 3. Give the meanings of i, is, itis, ibit. 4. Decline the participle iens in the mascuHne. 5. What forms of fio have i before e } 6. What form of fero has no personal ending.'' 7. Translate vereor ut eat and vereor ne eat. 8. Translate verebatur ut iret and verebatur ne iret. 9. In 409, I. 5, what is the subject of placet.^ 10. What is the meaning of itur (pass, of eo).? Of concurritur (from concurro, rush) ? 1 1. Point out in 428, I. an impersonal verb, and an intransitive verb used impersonally in the passive. 12. Translate dicitur iisse and dicitur eum iisse. 431. THE ROMANS WIN THEIR FIRST NAVAL VICTORY Gaius Duilius Poenos navali proelio primus^ vicit. Qui^ cum videret navis Romanas a Punicis velocitate superari, manus ferreas, quas corvos vocaverunt, instituit. Ea machina 1 primus vicit, was the first to conquer. ^ qui cum, when he. READING LESSON 1 69 Romanis magno usui fuit ; nam iniectis illis corvis ^ hostilem navem adprehendebant, deinde, superiecto ponte/ in earn insi- liebant, et gladio velut in pugna terrestri dimicabant ; unde Romanis, qui robore praestabant, facilis victoria fuit. Inter pugnandum '' triginta hostium naves captae sunt, tredecim mersae.'' Duilius, victor Romam reversus,'' primus ^ navalem triumphum egit.'' Nulla victoria Romanis gratior fuit, quod invicti terra iam etiam mari pliirimum ^ poterant. 432. VOCABULARY corvus, -i, m. raven. Punicus, -a, -um, Carthaginian. ferreus, -a, -um, of iron, iron. robur, -oris, n. strength, vigor. hostilis, -e, of the enemy, hostile. velocitas, -atis, f. swiftness. Poeni, -orum, m. plur. /^tf C^zr/Zzfl- victor, -oris, m. victor; as adj., ginians. victorious. adprehend5. adprehendere. adprehendi, adprehensus, seize hold of instituo. instituere, institui, institiitus, set up, establish. superiaci5, superiacere, superieci. superiectus, throw over, cast upon. 433. EXERCISES I. Since the Roman ships surpassed the Carthaginian in swiftness, iron hands were set up. 2. These iron hands were called ravens. 3. The Romans used these ravens^ for' seizing hold of the hostile ships. 4. Then a bridge was thrown over, and the men " fought hand to hand with swords. 5. The Romans were victorious because they excelled the Carthaginians in strength. 1 See 358. 2 See 369, I. 4. ^ From mergo. ■* From revertor. 6 Compare p. 168, note i. ^ From ago. " plurimum poterant, were most powerful. 8 See 388. ^ ad with gerundive. i" soldiers. SELECTIONS FOR READING ANECDOTES 434, THE BAD APPLES Carolus, agricolae impigri filius, bonus erat puer sed amicos amabat malos. Agricola igitur puero calathum pomorum plenum dat. Bona ^ continebat calathus poma, pauca tamen erant putrida. Gratum puero erat donum et cum diligentia curat ; mala autem poma maculant bona et mox mala sunt 5 cuncta. Carolus maestus adversam fortiinam plorat. Turn agricola filium ita monet : " Poma mala maculant bona, certe mail amici maculabunt puerum bonum." 435. THE BROKEN DIKE Cimbri terram habitant miram, nam oceanus tecta agrosque agricolarum saepe inundat. Incolae fossis tumulisque magnis - lo undarum violentiam coercent ; aliquando tamen aqua claustra''' deturbat et vastat terram. Forte erat tumulus non validus; iam apparet parva rima ; mox via magna patebit et terram superabunt undae. At periculum videt puer parvus ; statim dextra rimam implet coercetque aquam. ic Did et constanter servabat puer praesidium. Iam rigebant membra, at dextra parva aquam semper coercebat, Postridie agricolae loco adpropinquant. Puer frigidus et moribundus dextra tamen aqilam coercet. Saxis celeriter tumulum confir- mant et limo rimam implent. Tum umeris'' puerum sublevant 2c 1 With poma. - With fossis and tumulls. ^ Object of deturbat. ■* on their shoulders. 172 FIRST YEAR LATIN recreantque cibo. Tantam constantiam saepe commemorant Cimbri, narrantque liberis pueri factum. 436. SIR WALTER RALEIGH Elisabetha, regina Britannorum, vestis splendidas et preti- osas semper gerebat. Forte magna ^ cum caterva comitum per 5 vicos urbis ambulabat. Subito ante pedes multum videt lutum. Regina stat incerta quod viam lubricam timet. At ex turba exsilit iuvenis ; umeris - novum pallium detrahit et locum tegit vestiment5 ; tum iterum ad socios recurrit. Laeta regina super pallium ambulat nee pedem maculat. Statim [o grata' iuvenem in numerum amicorum adscribit. 437. THE FAITHFUL HOUND Cambricus olim, acer venator, fidelem habebat canem, n5mine Gelertum. Dum'' dominus in silvis abest,* canem saepe relinquebat parvi fili custodem. Aliquando more suo Gelertus dominum reducem cum laeto clamore saliitabat. At subito [5 dominus pectus eius et dentis sanguine cruentos notat ; per- territus ciinas parvi fili petit. Eheu ! puerum non videt sed undique cruorem, foedi certaminis indicium. Statim caec5 furore canem, mali auct5rem, iaculo transfixit. Gelertus cum gemitu exspiravit. Simul dominus in recessu aedium infantem 20 vidit salvum atque incolumem. Sed baud procul ab eo loco iacebat^ irigens lupus. Fidelis enim custos vitam infantis ita servaverat. 438. THE SIEGE OF CALAIS Ab Edvardo, rege Britannorum, urbs Gallica olim oppugna- batur. Dili incolae copiarum regis impetum magna cum ^ See p. 37, foot-note. '^ f7-om his shoulders. ^ Agrees with regina understood, the qtieen gratefully. ■* The present after dum is generally to be translated by the imperfect. ^ i^as lying dead. STORIES OF HERCULES 173 virtute sustinuerant. Tandem, ubi. nihil cibi supererat ^ mise- rique civcs muris et pellis edebant, cum rege de deditione agebant. At a rege propter tantam hostium pertinaciam irato saevae condiciones pacis impositae sunt morsque duo- decim principum est postulata. Sine mora duodecim virl se pro patria devovent. Inde comites maesti funibus coUa amicorum vinciunt eosque ad regem ducunt. Rex inter nobilis in praetorio sedebat. lamque captivi a maesta civium turba ad locum ducti sunt omnesque multis cum precibus ad pedes victoris cadunt. At rex durus preces eorum spernit avertitque voltum. Forte rcgina rem cognoscit ; statim ad praetorium properat suasque lacrimas cum precibus civium iungit. " Da ^ mihi, rex magne," inquit, "vitas horum fortium virorum ; nonne hi recte suam patriam defenderunt ? " Rex primo preces non audivit, tandem lacrimae uxoris iram vincunt poenamque captivis remlsit. STORIES OF HERCULES 439. THE INFANT PRODIGY Hercules, Alcmenae filius, olim in Graecia habitabat. Hie dicitur omnium hominum validissimus fuisse. At liino, regina deorum, Alcmenam oderat ^ et Herculem adhuc infantem necare voluit. Misit igitur duo serpentis saevissimos, qui media nocte in cubiculum Alcmenae venerunt, ubi Hercules cum fratre suo dormiebat. (Non tamen in ciinis sed in scuto magno cubabant.) Serpentes iam adpropinquaverant et scu- tum movebant ; itaque pueri e somno excitati sunt. Iphicles, frater Herculis, magna voce exclamavit ; at Hercules ipse, puer fortissimus, haudquaquam territus est. Parvis manibus serpentis statim prehendit et colla eorum 1 From supersum. ^ give : imperative of do. ^ From odi, pluperfect \vitli meaning of imperfect. 174 FIRST YEAR LATIN magna vi^ compressit. Tali modo serpentes a puero interfecti sunt. Alcmena autem, mater puerorum, clamorem audiverat et maritum suum e somno excitaverat. Ille lumen accendit et gladium suum rapuit ; tum ad pueros properabat, sed ubi 5 ad locum venit rem miram vidit ; Hercules enim ridebat^ et serpentis mortuos monstrabat. 440. HERCULES CONSULTS THE ORACLE Hercules c5nstituit igitur^ ad oraculum Delphicum ire; hoc enim oraculum erat omnium celeberrimum. Ibi templum erat Apollinis plurimis donis ornatum ; hoc in templo sedebat 10 femina quaedam, nomine Pythia, et consilium dabat iis qui ad oraculum veniebant. Haec autem femina ab ipso Apolline docebatur et voluntatem dei hominibus enuntiabat. Hercules igitur, qui Apollinem praecipue colebat, hue venit. Pythia iussit eum ad urbem Tiryntha ire et Eurysthei 15 regis omnia imperata facere. Hercules, ubi haec audivit, ad urbem illam contendit/ et Eurystheo regi se in servitutem tradidit. Duodecim annos^ in servitute Eurysthei tenebatur, et duodecim labores, quos ille imperaverat, confecit ; hoc enim uno modo tantum scelus expiari potuit. De his laboribus 20 plurima a poetis scripta sunt. Multa tamen quae poetae narrant vix credibilia sunt. 441. SLAYING THE HYDRA Post haec iussus est ab Eurystheo Hydram necare ^ ; haec autem monstrum erat, cui " novem erant capita. Her- cules igitur cum amico lolao profectus*^ est ad paludem ^ See 4S2. 2 Not laughed, but was laughing. ^ That is, because he wanted to make expiation for a crime that he had, committed. * Com- pare for meaning properabat, 1. 4. ^ for hvelve years ; see 277 and 27S. 6 Compare, for meaning, interfecti, 1. i. " See 1 14 and 115. ^ set out ; from proficiscor ; see 386. S TORIES OF HERCULES 175 Lernaeam, quam Hydra incolcbat.^ Mox monstrum invenit et, quainquam res erat magni periciili, colkiin cius laeva" prehendit. Turn dextra capita novem abscidere coepit ; quoties tamen hoc fecerat, nova capita exoriebantur.'* Diu frustra laborabat ; tandem hoc conatu'' destitit^; constituit s deinde arbores succidere et ignem accendere. Hoc celeriter fecit et, postquam ® ligna Ignem comprehenderunt,® face ardente colla adussit/ unde capita exoriebantur. Non tamen sine magno labore haec fecit; venit enim auxilio'^ Hydrae cancer ingens, qui, dum ^ Hercules capita abscidit,'-^ crura eius lo mordebat. Postquam monstrum tali mod5 interfecit, sagittas suas sanguine eius imbuit itaque mortiferas reddidit. 442. CLEANSING THE AUGEAN STABLES Deinde Eurystheus Herculi ^"^ laborem hunc graviorem imposuit. Augeas quidam, qui illo tempore regnum in Elide obtinebat, tria milia " bourn ^'^ habebat. Hi in stabulo ingen- 15 tis magnitudinis includebantur ; stabulum autem inluvie ac squalore obsitum ^" est ; neque enim ad hoc tempus umquam purgatum erat. Hoc iussus est Hercules intra spatium unius diei purgare. Ille, etsi res erat multae operae, negotium suscepit. Primum magno labore fossam duodevlginti pedum 20 fecit, per quam fluminis aquam de mpntibus ad murum stabuli perduxit. Tum, postquam murum perrupit,'* aquam in stabu- lum immisit ; et tall modo contra opinionem omnium opus confecit. 1 Notice the alternation of perfects and imperfects in this anecdote and explain the difference; see 132, b. 2 Supply manu ; so with dextra, 1. 3. 3 See 3S6; the imperfect here denotes repeated action. * See 232. ^ From desists. ^ The perfect after postquam is generally best translated as a pluperfect. ' From aduro. ^ See 348 and 349. ^ while he was cutting off; see p. 172, 1. 12, and note. i' Depends on imposuit; see 346 and 347. " See 305, e. ^- See 257 and 4S2. ^3 From obser5. 1* See note 6 and interfecit, 1. 1 1. 176 FIRST YEAR LATIN ■ 443. THE GOLDEN APPLES OF THE HESPERIDES Eurystheus laborem undecimum Herculi imposuit, gravio- rem quam quos ^ supra narravimus. Mandavit enim ei, ut aurea poma ex horto Hesperidum auferret.^ Hesperides autem nymphae erant quaedam^ forma* praestantissima, quae 5 in terra longinqua habitabant et quibus aurea quaedam poma a lunone commissa erant. Multi homines auri cupiditate induct! haec poma auferre iam antea conati ^ erant ; res tamen difficillima ^ erat ; namque hortus, in quo poma erant, muro ingenti undique circumdatus est ; praeterea draco 10 quidam, cui " centum erant capita, portam horti diligenter custodiebat. Opus igitur, quod Eurystheus Herculi impera- verat, erat summae difficultatis, non modo ob causas quas memoravimus, sed quod Hercules omnino ignorabat quo in loco hortus ille situs esset. 444. ATLAS, WHO UPHELD THE HEAVENS 15 Hercules, quamquam quietem vehementer cupiebat, con- stituit tamen Eurystheo ® parere ; et simul ac iussa eius acce- pit, proficisci maturavit.^ A multis mercatoribus quaesivit ^^ quo in loco Hesperides habitarent ; nihil tamen certum reperire potuit. Frustra per multas terras iter fecit et multa 20 pericula subiit.^^ Tandem, cum in his itineribus totum annum consumpsisset, ad extremam partem orbis, quae proxima erat Oceano, pervenit. Hie stabat vir quidam, nomine Atlas, ingenti magnitiidine ^^ corporis, qui caelum (ita tradunt) umeris^^ suis sustinebat, ne in terram decideret. Hercules 25 tantum laborem magnopere miratus " post paulo in conloquium ^ {those) which. ^ From aufero ; imperfect subjunctive; see 506. 2 See 335. ■♦ Limits nymphae; see 306 and 307. '' From conor. " See 254. '' See 114 and 115. * See 392 and 393. ^ Compare, for meaning, contendit, p. 174, 1. 16. ^^ From quaero. " See 414, b. i'^ Limits vir; compare note 4. i3 See 123 and 124. i'* See 386, c. STORIES OF HERCULES 1/7 cum Atlanta venit et, cum causam itineris docuisset, auxi- lium ab eo petiit. 445. HERCULES TAKES ATLAS'S PLACE Atlas autem potuit Herculi ' maxime prodesse ; ille enim, cum- ipse esset pater Hesperidum, bene scivit quo in loco asset ^ hortus. Postquam igitur audivit quam ob causam Hercules venisset,^ "Ipse," inquit, "ad hortum ibo/ et filia- bus^ meis persuadebo, ut poma sua sponte tradant." Hercu- les, cum haec audiret, magnopere gavisus ^ est; noluit enim vim adhibere, si res aliter fieri posset ; constituit igitur oblatum'^ auxilium accipere. Atlas tamen postulavit ut, dum ipse abesset, Hercules caelum umeris sustineret. Hoc igitur negotium Hercules libenter suscepit et, quamquam res erat summi laboris, totum pondus caeli continues com- pluris dies solus sustinebat. 446. RETURN OF ATLAS Atlas interea abierat ^ et ad hortum Hesperidum, qui pauca milia passuum ^ aberat, se quam ^^ celerrime contulerat." Eo cum venisset, causam veniendi exposuit et filias suas vehe- menter hortatus est ut poma traderent. Illae diu haerebant, nolebant enim hoc facere, quod ab ipsa lunone (de qua ante dictum est) hoc munus acceperant. Atlas tamen post multa verba iis ^^ persuasit ut sibi parerent et poma ad Herculem rettulit.^^ Hercules interea, cum pluris dies exspectavisset, neque ullam famam de reditu Atlantis accepisset, hac mora 1 See 346 and 347. - since ; see 39S. ^ Observe how often the subjunctive in an indirect question (294) should be rendered like an indica- tive. * See 507. ^ See 393 and p. 22, foot-note 2. ^ From gaudeo. " From offero. See 353, 5. ^ From abeo ; compare subiit, p. 176, 1. 20. ^ See 279. ^^ quam celerrime, as quickly as possible. ^^ Fiom confero. 12 See 392 and 393. ^^ From refero. 1/8 FIRST YEAR LATIN graviter commotus est. Tandem quinto die Atlantem vidit redeuntem ^ et mox magno cum gaudio poma accepit ; turn postquam gratias pro tanto beneficio rettulit ad Graeciam proficisci maturavit. 447. NESSUS, THE CENTAUR 5 Post haec Hercules multa alia praeclara perfecit, quae nunc perscribere longum- est. Tandem iam aetate provectus * Deianiram, Oenei filiam, in ^ matrimonium duxit ; post tamen tris annos accidit ut puerum quendam, nomine Eunomum, casu occiderit.^ Cum autem mos esset ut, si quis hominem 10 occidisset casii, in exsilium iret, Hercules cum uxore sua e finibus eius civitatis exire maturavit. Dum'' tamen iter faciunt,^ ad fliimen quoddam pervenerunt, quod nuUo ponte iunctum erat, et dum quaerunt quonam modo flumen traici- ant, accurrit Centaurus quidam, nomine Nessus, qui auxilium 15 viatoribus obtulit.^ Hercules igitur uxorem suam in tergum Nessi imposuit ; turn ipse flumen nando * traiecit. At Nessus paulum in aquam progressus ad ripam subito reversus est et Deianiram auferre conabatur. Quod® cum animadvertisset Hercules, ira graviter commotus, arcum intendit et pectus 20 Nessi sagitta transfixit. 448. THE POISONED ROBE Nessus igitur sagitta Herculis transfixus moriens humi ^" iacebat ; at, ne occasionem sui " ulciscendi dimitteret, ita 1 See 485. - longum est, it would be tedious. ^ From proveho. * in matrimonium diixit, fuaryied. What literally ? ^ Compare, for meaning, necare, p. 174, 1. 22, and interfecti, p. 174, 1. i. ^ Compare dum . . . abscidit, p. 175, 1. 10, and note. " From offero ; compare oblatum, p. 177, 1. 10. ^ From no ; by swimming ; see 367, 3. ^ Refers to the whole preceding sentence, quod cum, when this ; the relative after a period must commonly be translated by a personal or demonstrative pronoun, as here, by this. ^' See 195, b. n sui ulciscendi, /t^r avenging himself. STORIES OF HERCULES 179 locutus est: "Tu, Deianira, verba morientis audi, — si vis ^ amorem mariti tui conservare, aliquid sanguinis hiiius, qui e pectore meo effunditur, sume ac repone; turn, si umquam suspicio in mentem tuam venerit,'' vestem mariti hoc sanguine inficies." " Haec locutus Nessus animam efflavit ; Deianira s autem nihil ^ mali suspicata;* imperata fecit. Post breve tern- pus Hercules bellum contra Eurytum, regem Oechaliae, susce- pit et, cum regem ipsum cum filiis interfecisset, lolen, filiam Euryti, captivam reduxit. Antequam tamen domum venit, navem ad Cenaeum promontorium adpulit ^ et in terram lo egressus aram constituit, ut lovi sacrificaret. Dum tamen sacrificium parat, Licham comitem suum domum misit qui® vestem albam referret®; mos enim erat apud antiques, dum sacrificia faciebant, vestem albam gerere. At Deianira verita ne Hercules amorem erga lolen haberet vestem, priusquam 15 Lichae dedit, sanguine Nessi infecit. 449. THE DEATH OF HERCULES Hercules nihil mali " suspicatus * vestem quam Lichas attulit ' statim induit ; post tamen breve tempus dolorem per omnia membra sensit '^ et quae causa esset ^ eius rei magnopere mira- batur. Dolore paene exanimatus vestem detrahere conatus est ; 20 ilia tamen in corpore haesit ^^ neque iillo modo divelli potuit. Turn demum Hercules quasi furore impulsus" in montem Oetam se contulit^^et in rogum, quem summa celeritate ex- strijxit, se imposuit. Hoc cum fecisset, eos qui circumstabant oravit ut rogum quam ^^ celerrime accenderent. Omnes diu 25 recusabant ; tandem tamen pastor quidam ad misericordiam 1 See 505. "^ shall have come; but it is better to translate comes. 3 nihil madi, nothing 0/ evil = no evil ; see 256 and 257. * See 386, d. The perfect participle of a deponent verb is sometimes present in sense. » From adpello. ^ See 419 and 420. ^ From adfero. 8 From sentio. ^ See p. 177, 1. 5, and note. i'' From haereo. 11 From impello. ^- From confero. ^^ quam celerrime : see p. 177, 1. 16, and note 10. l8o FIRST YEAR LATIN inductus ignem subdidit. Turn, dum omnia funio obscu- rantur, Hercules densa nube velatus a love in Olympum abreptus ^ est. STORIES OF ULYSSES 450. POLYPHEMUS, THE ONE-EYED GIANT Ulixes comitesque, postquam totam noctem remis contende- 5 rant, ad terram ignotam navem adpulerunt - ; turn, quod natii- ram eius regionis ignorabat, ipse Ulixes cum duodecim e sociis^ in terram egressus locum explorare c5nstituit. Paulum a litore progress! a(3 antrum ingens pervenerunt, quod habitari senserunt^ eius enim introitum arte^ et manibus munltum esse ,o animadverterunt. Mox, etsi intellegebant se'^ non sine peri- culo id facturos, antrum intraverunt. Quod' cum fecissent, magnam copiam lactis invenerunt in vasis ingentibus conditam. Dum tamen mirantur quis earn sedem incoleret, sonitum ter- ribilem audiverunt et oculis ad portam versis monstrum hor- 15 ribile viderunt, humana quidem specie^ et figura,^ sed ingenti magnitiidine^ corporis. Cum autem animadvertissent gigan- tem linum tantum oculum habere in media fronte positum, intellexerunt hunc esse unum e Cyclopibus, de quibus famam iam acceperant.'' 451. THE GIANT'S SUPPER 20 Cyclopes autem pastores erant quidam, qui insulam Siciliam et praecipue montem Aetnam incolebant ; ibi enim Volcanus, 1 From abripio. 2 See p. 179, 1. 10, and note. ^ See 256, b. * From sentio. ^ arte et manibus, by skill and hands = by skilful hands. ^ Subject accusative of facturos (esse), themselves to be going to do = that they -would do; see 318, i. '' Translate as if it were cum quod. See p. 178, 1. 18, and note. ^ Descriptive ablatives limiting monstrum, translated as geni- tives; see 306 and 307. 9 acceperant = audiverant. STORIES OF ULYSSES l8l praeses fabrorum et ignis repertor, cuius servi Cyclopes erant, officinam suam habebat. Graeci igitur, simul ac monstrum viderunt, terrore paene exaniniati in interiorem partem speluncae refugerunt et se ibi celare conabantur. Polyphemus autem, ita enim gigas appel- 5 latus est, pecora sua in speluncam egit^; turn cum saxo ingenti portam obstruxisset," ignem in medio antro accendit. Hoc facto, omnia oculo perlustrabat et cum sensisset homines^ in interiore parte antri celarl, magna voce exclamavit: "Qui estis homines? Mercat5res an latrones ? " Tum Ulixes 10 respondit se"* neque mercatores esse neque praedandi* causa venisse, sed e Troia redeuntis" vi tempestatum a recto cursu depulsos esse; oravit etiam ut sibi sine iniiiria abire liceret. Tum Polyphemus quaesivit ' ubi esset navis qua® vecti^ essent; Ulixes autem, cum ^" bene intellegeret sibi" maxime 15 praecavendum " esse, respondit navem suam in riipis c5niec- tam^- et omnino perfractam esse. Polyphemus autem nullo dato response duo e sociis manu conripuit et membris eorum divolsis^^ carnem^^ devorare coepit. 452. NO WAY OF ESCAPE Dum^^ haec geruntur, Graecorum animos tantus terror occu- zq pavit ut ne ^"^ vocem quidem ^''' edere possent sed omni spe salutis deposita mortem praesentem exspectarent. At Poly- phemus, postquam fames hac tarn horribili cena depulsa est, 1 From ago. ^ Observe that the subjunctive after cum meaning when is translated as an indicative. ^ Subject accusative of celari; see 318. *that they, subject accusative of esse and venisse. ^ See 429. *< Repeat se from the preceding clause: that they, while retiirntjig ; see 507. ^ From quaero. « Strictly by which (see 124), but translate in which. ^ From veho. ^'' See 39S. ^^ by himself it must be especially guarded against = he must take especial precaution ; see 425, 5, and 426. ^^ had been cast; supply esse. ^^ From divello. ^^ From caro. ^^ See p. 172, 1. 1 2, and note. ^^ not even ; always inclosing the emphatic word. 1 82 FIRST YEAR LATIN humi prostratus somno se dedit. Quod cum vidisset Ulixes, tantam ^ occasionem rei^ bene gerendae^ non omittendam arbitratus, in ^ eo erat ut pectus monstri gladio transfigeret. Cum tamen nihil temere agendum^ existimaret, constituit 5 explorare, antequam hoc faceret, qua ratione ex antro evadere possent. At cum saxum animadvertisset, quo ^ introitus obstructus erat, nihil ^ sibi profuturum intellexit, si Polyphe- mum interfecisset/ Tanta enim erat eius saxi magnitude, ut ne^ a decem quidem^ hominibus amoveri posset. Quae'^ cum lo ita essent,^ Ulixes hoc^" destitit conatu et ad socios rediit ; qui, cum intellexissent quo in loco ^^ res essent, nulla spe salutis oblata, de fortunis suis desperare coeperunt. Ille tamen, ne ^^ animos demitterent, vehementer hortatus est ; demonstravit se^* iam antea e multis et magnis periculis 15 evasisse, neque dubium esse quin in tantS discrimine dii auxilium adlaturl^* essent. 453. A PLAN FOR VENGEANCE . Orta^^ liice Polyphemus iam e somno excitatus idem ^® quod hesterno die fecit; correptis^' enim dudbus e reliquis viris, carnem eorum sine mora devoravit. Turn, cum saxum 1 tantam . . . arbitratus, thinking that so good a chance . . . ought not to be let slip ; occasionem is subject accusative of omittendam (esse) ; see 424 and 425, I). 2 Compare 362, 2. ^'m eo erat ut, was in that (state) that — was on the point of. * ought to be done : supply esse, as with omit- tendam, above. Very often in forms of the infinitive made up of a parti- ciple and esse the latter is omitted. ^ ly which. ^ nihil sibi profuturum, it would be no advantage to them; what literally? Again esse is omitted. ''should kill, not had killed. ^ not even: see p. 181, 1. 21, and note. 8 since these things were so = such being the case. i"* With conatu. ^^ state, not place. ^'^not to lose heart ; the clause depends upon hortatus est. ^'^ thai they ; go on, making a metaphrase mentally to the end, and the meaning will be clear. ^* From adfero. ^^ orta luce = prima luce: orta from orior; what literally.? i'^ j^gm quod: see 332. 1" With viris. STORIES OF ULYSSES 1 83 amovisset, ipse cum pecore suo ex antro progressus est. Quod cum viderent Graeci, magnam ^ in spem venerunt sc post paulum evasuros.' Mox tamen ab hac spe repulsi sunt ; nam Polyphemus, postquam omnes oves exierunt,^ saxum in locum restituit. Reliqui omnI spe saliitis deposita lamentis lacri- 5 misque se dediderunt ; Ulixes vero qui, ut supra demonstravi- mus, vir magni fuit consili, etsi bene intellegebat rem in dis- crimine esse, nondum omnino desperabat. Tandem postquam diu toto animo cogitavit, hoc cepit consilium. E lignis quae in antro reposita^ sunt, palum magnum delegit ; hunc summa 10 cum diligentia praeacutum fecit ; tum postquam sociis quid lieri vellet ostendit, reditum Polyphemi exspectabat. 454. POLYPHEMUS THRICE DRAINS A WINE-BOWL Sub vesperum Polyphemus ad antrum rediit et eodem modo quo^ antea cenavit. Tum Ulixes utrem vini prompsit," quem forte, ut in talibus rebus accidere consuevit,' secum 15 attulerat,* et, postquam magnam crateram vino replevit, gigan- tem ad bibendum"-* provocavit. Polyphemus, qui numquam antea vinum gustaverat, totam crateram statim hausit.^** Quod cum fecisset, tantam voluptatem percepit ut iterum et tertium crateram repleri iuberet. Tum cum quaesivisset quo nomine 20 Ulixes appellaretur, ille respondit se Neminem " appellari. Quod cum audivisset, Polyphemus ita locutus est : " Hanc tibi gratiam pro tanto beneficio referam, te ultimum omnium devorabo." His^- dictis, cibo vinoque gravatus recubuit^^ et post breve tempus somno oppressus est. Tum Ulixes sociis 25 1 magnam . . . venerunt, had great hopes. - From evadd; supply esse; see p. 182, note 4. 3 From exeo. Observe in this paragraph three examples of the perfect after postquam; see p. 175, note 6. * From repono. ^ as ; compare idem quod, p. 182, note 16. ^ From promo. "^ From consuesco; translate as present. ^ From adfero. ^ See 367, 2. ^'^ From haurio. 11 Nomaii. 1- these {things) having been said — this said. ^-^ From recumbo. 1 84 FIRST YEAR LATIN convocatis, "Habemus," inquit, "quam^ petiimus faculta- tem : ne ^ igitur tantam occasionem rei ^ bene gerendae omittamus." 455. NOMAN Hac oratione habita,'' postquam extremum^ palum Ignl 5 calefecit, oculum Polyphemi, dum dormit, flagrante ligno trans- fodit. Quo facto, omnes in diversas speluncae partis se abdi- derunt. At ille subito illo dolore/ quod'' necesse fuit, e somno excitatus, clamorem terribilem sustulit ^ et dum per speluncam errat, Ulixi manum inicere conabatur. Cum ^ tamen lo iam omnino caecus esset, nullo modo hoc eflficere potuit. Interea reliqui Cyclopes, clamore audito, undique ad spelun- cam convenerunt et ad introitum adstantes, quid^'' Polyphemus ageret quaesiverunt et quam ob causam tantum clamorem sustulisset. Ille respondit se graviter volneratum esse et 15 magno dolore adfici." Cum tamen "ceteri quaesivissent quis ei vim intulisset, respondit ille Neminem id fecisse. Quibus auditis, unus e Cyclopibus, "At si nemo," inquit, "te volnera- vit, baud dubium est quin consilio^^ deorum, quibus resi- stere nee possumus nee volumus, hoc supplicio adficiaris." 20 His dictis, abierunt Cyclopes eum in insaniam incidisse arbitrati.^^ 1 quam petiimus facultatem = facultatem quam petiimus. "^ns . . . omittamus, let its not let slip, hortatory subjunctive ; see 339, a, and 340, a. s Compare p. 182, 1. 2, and note 2. * Translate the ablative absolute here and generally by a clause; see 358, a. ^ gxtremum palum = extremam partem pali ; see also 489. ^ Limits excitatus. "^ which was necessary = necessarily; the reference is to what follows. * From tollo. ^ since. 1^ Literally, what Polyphemus was doing; translate what ailed Polyphemus ; the clause depends on the next word. 11 Passive infinitive present from adficio. ^^ Depends on adficiaris, by the design . . . you are afflicted. 3i pq^^jvalent to arbitrantes ; compare suspicata, p. 179, 1- 6, and note 4. Find in this anecdote five ablatives absolute and two indirect questions. STORIES OF ULYSSES 1 85 456. THE ESCAPE At Polyphemus, ubi socios suos abiisse sensit, furore atque amentia impulsus Ulixem iterum quaerere coepit. Tandem cum portam invenisset, saxum quo obstructa^ erat amovit, ut pecus ad agros exiret. Tum^ipse in introitu sedit et ut ^ quaeque ovis ad locum venerat, tergum eius manibus tractabat, ne viri 5 inter ovis exire possent. Quod cum animadvertisset Ulixes, hoc"' iniit cdnsilium; bene enim intellexit omnem spem salutis in dolo magis quam in virtute poni. Primum tris quas vidit pinguissimas ex ovibus delegit. Quibus inter ^ se viminibus conexis,^ unum sociorum ventribus earum ita subiecit ut 10 omnino lateret : deinde ovis^ hominem secum ferentis ad por- tam egit. Id accidit quod fore" suspicatus erat. Polyphemus enim, postquam manus tergis earum imposuit, ovis praeterire passus* est. Ulixes, ubi rem ita feliciter evenisse vidit, omnis suos socios ex ordine eodem modo emisit ; quo facto, ipse 15 ultimus evasit. 457. OUT OF DANGER His rebus ita confectis, Ulixes cum sociis maxime veritus^ ne Polyphemus fraudem sentiret, quam ^" celerrime ad litus contendit. Quo '^ cum venissent, ab iis qui navi ^" praesidio relicti erant, magna ^^ cum laetitia accepti sunt. Hi enim, cum " 20 animis anxiis iam tris dies reditum eorum in ^^ horas exspecta- vissent, eos ^'' in periculum grave incidisse,^*^ id ^^ quod erat, 1 The subject is porta understood. - Translate ut as or w/u-n when used with the indicative. 3 with consilium. Compare for order hoc destitit conatii, p. 182,!. 10. * inter se, together. ^ From conecto. ^ Object of egit, from ago. " fore = futurum esse. ® P'rom patior. ^ See p. 184, 1. 21, and note. i' See p. 179, 1. 25, and note. 11 thither ; begin with cum ; compare p. 17S, note 9. 12 Seg o^g, a. 1* Compare p. 37, foot-note. 1* since. 1^ in horas, hourly. l*' that they had fallen ; depends on suspi- cati folIo\ving. ^' id quod erat, that which was = as was true. 1 86 FIRST YEAR LATIN suspicati, ipsi auxiliandi causa egredi parabant. Turn Ulixes non satis tutum esse arbitratus si in eo loco maneret, quam celerrime proficisci c5nstituit. lussit igitur omnis navem conscendere et ancoris sublatis^ paulum a litore in altum pro- 5 vectus est. Turn magna voce exclamavit : " Tu, Polypheme, qui iiira hospiti^ spernis, iustam et debitam poenam immani- tatis tuae solvisti." Hac voce audita Polyphemus ira vehe- menter commotus ad mare se contulit et ubi intellexit navem paulum a litore rem5tam esse, saxum ingens manu conreptum 10 in eam partem coniecit, unde vocem venire sensit. Graeci autem, etsi minimum* afuit quin submergerentur,* nullo accepto damno cursum tenuerunt. FABLES 458. CIRCUMSTANCES ALTER CASES Haedus stans in tecto domus* lupo* praetereunti maledixit. Cui lupus, "Non tu," inquit,® "sed tectum mihi maledixit." 15 Saepe locus et tempus timidos homines audacis reddit.' 459. THE SENSIBLE GOAT Lupus capram in alta riipe stantem conspicatus,^ "Cur non," inquit, "relinquis nuda ilia et sterilia loca et hue descendis in herbidos campos, qui tibi laetum pabulum ofiferunt ? " Cui respondit capra : "Mihi^ non est in animo^ dulcia ^° tijtis ^^ 20 praep5nere." 1 From tollo. 2 Genitive of hospitium. ^ very little was it off hit that they should be drowned = they came very near being drowned. ^ See 482. ^ lupo praetereunti maledixit, to a wolf passing by said ill = reviled a wol/ who was passing by ; 566485. 6866354. " wa/5'^; the singular is used in Latin because locus et tempus are thought of as one thing. 8 Equivalent to videns ; see p. 1S4, 1. 21, and note. ^ to ;ne it is not in mind = / have no intention. i^* dulcia tutis praeponere, to put sweet things before safe things — to prefer what is pleasant to what is safe. l^ See 347. FABLES 187 460. THE DOG IN THE MANGER Canis iacebat ^ in praesaepi bovesque latrando^ a pabulo arcebat.^ Cui Onus boum,^ "Quanta ista,"* inquit, "invidia est, quod* non pateris" ut eo cibo ' vescamur quern tu ipse capere nee veils ^ nee possis ! " Haec fabula invidiae indolem deelarat. 5 461. THE GOLDEN EGG Mulier quaedam habebat gallinam, quae ei cotidie ovum pariebat aureum. Hine suspieari eoepit illam^auri massam intus eelare et gallinam oeeidit. Sed nihil in ea repperit,^" nisi quod in aliis gallinis reperiri solet. Itaque dum ^^ maiori- bus divitiis^- inhiat, etiam minores ^^ perdidit. 10 462. UNION IS STRENGTH Agrieola senex," eum mortem sibi ^^ adpropinquare sentlret, filios convoeavit, quos interdum discordare noverat/'^ et fascem virgularum adferri iubet. Quibus ^' adlatls, filios hortatur ut hune faseem frangerent. Quod cum faeere non possent, distribuit singulas virgas ; iisque eeleriter fraetis,^** 15 docuit filios, quam firma res esset ''' coneordia quamque imbecillis diseordia. 1 Why the imperfect rather than the perfect ? See 132, b. 2 Gerund ; see 365 and 367, 3. 3 ggg ^82. * See 331, b. ^ in that (because). ^ From patior. " See 388. ^ gge 505. ^ illam = illam gallinam, subject accusative of eelare, // to conceal = that it concealed. 1'^ From reperio. ^^ dum . . . inhiat, while she was dcsit-itig. ^- See 393. !•' Supply the Latin noun in the right form from the preceding clause. " See 482. i^ May be left untranslated. i*' From nosco. 1" quibus adlatis, when these had been brought. ^^ From frango. ^^ is, not was ; the imperfect is required because of the perfect docuit; see 297 and p. 177, 1. 5, and note. [88 FIRST YEAR LATIN 463. KING LOG AND KING SNAKE Ranae aliquand5 regem sibi a love petiisse dicuntur. Quarum ^ ille precibus exoratus trabem ingentem in lacum deiecit. Ranae sonitu perterritae primum refugere,^ deinde ver5 trabem in aqua natantem conspicatae^ magno cum con- 5 temptu in ea consederunt* aliumque^ sibi novis clamoribus regem expetiverunt. Tum luppiter, earum'' stultitiam ut puniret, hydrum illis misit, a ' quo cum plurimae captae ^ perlrent, sero eas® stolidarum precum paenituit. 464. THE WOLF AND THE LAMB Lupus et agnus sitientes ad eundem rivum venerant. Supe- [o rior^" lupus, longe inferior ^° agnus stabat. Tunc improbus latro iiirgi causam quaerens : "Cur," inquit, "bibenti" mihi turbu- lentam reddidisti aquam ? " Agnus timens : " Qu5modo possum?" inquit, "a te enim aqua ad me decurrit." Ille veritate rei repulsus -^^ : "Huius^^ anni initio mihi^* maledix- [5 istl." "Tum," inquit agnus, "equidem natus ^^ nondumeram." " Hercle etiam," respondet lupus, "pater tuus contumeliose quondam dixit de avia mea." Atque ita agnum dilaniat. 465. THE LION'S SHARE Societatem iunxerant leo, iuvenca, capra, ovis. Praeda'** autem quam ceperant in quattuor partis divisa, leo, " Prima " ^ quarum (ranarum) precibus, by the prayers of these = by their prayers. 2 For the more common refugerunt. '^ See p. 184, 1. 21, and note. ^ From consido. ^ With regem; remember that an adjective is often separated from its noun by one or more words. ^ Order — ut earum stultitiam. "^ a quo cum, and when by him. ^ captae perirent : see 353, 6. ^ eas . . . paenituit, it repented them = they repented. ^"^ See 489. 11 Present participle, from bibo. ^^ From repello. ^^ hijius annI initio = initio huius anni. "mihi maledixisti : see p. 186, 1. 13, and note 4. 16 From nascor. i'' praeda : with divisa, from dividd; see 358. FABLES 189 ait, " Mea est ; debetur enim haec praestantiae meae. Tollam et ^ secundam, quam meretur robur meum. Tertiam vindicat sibi egregius labor meus. Quartam^ qui sibi adrogare voluerit, is ^ sciat se* habiturum me inimicum sibi." Quid facerent * imbecilles bestiae ? aut quae" sibi leonem infestum habere 5 vellet ? 466. BELLING THE CAT Mures aliquando habuerunt consilium, quo modo a fele caverent. Multis ^ aliis propositis, omnibus * placuit, ut ei tintinnabulum adnecteretur ; sic enim ipsos^ sonitii admonitos eam fugere posse. Sed cum iam inter muris quaereretur ^"^ qui 10 fell tintinnabulum adnecteret, nem5 repertus est. Fabula docet, in suadendo " plurimos ^- esse audacis, sed in ipso periculo timidos. 467. THE DEER AND THE VINE Olim cerva, quae celerrime fugiebat ut venatorum e mani- bus se eriperet, sub vitem se condidit. Interea venatores 15 sequentes longius ^^ progrediuntur. Cerva autem non " iam timens venatores incipiebat folia vitis carpere. Folia agitan- tur, quod vident venatores et statim revertuntur. Mox senti- unt ibi bestiam aliquam sub foliis latere et sagittis cervam volnerant. Brevi tempore misera bestia volneribus ^'^ moritur, 20 ^ ixlso. 2 Order — is qui voluerit adrogare quartam sibi sciat. ^ is sciat, let him know ; see 339, a. * se habiturum : supply esse; himself to be about to have = that he will have. ^ could do. ^ Supply bestia. '' mul- tis aliis propositis, after nia>ty other proposals had been made. What literally? ^ omnibus placuit, all resolved. What literally? ^ The subject accusative of posse. The accusative and infinitive are used as if putaverunt preceded. i" the question was raised ; see 418. What literally ? 11 Gerund ; see 365. i- plurimos esse : do not translate many to be, but that many are. '^^ too far ; see 255, a. ^* non iam: see 327. "^^ of wounds ; see 165. 190 FIRST YEAR LATIN sed moriens dicit : '* lustas do poenas, nam huic viti, quae me tegebat, nocere^ non debui." STORIES FROM ROMAN HISTORY 468. THE BRAVE DEED OF HOBATIUS COCLES (B.C. 508 ?) Porsena, rex Etrtiscorum,^ ad"' restituend5s Tarquinios cum infesto exercitu Romam venit. Primo impetu laniculum cepit. 5 Non umquam alias* ante tantus terror Romanes invasit ; ex agris in urbem demigrant ; urbem ipsam saepiunt praesidiis. Alia^ urbis pars muris," alia Tiber! obiecto^ tuta videbatur. Pons Sublicius iter paene hostibus dedit,^ nisi unus vir fuisset, Horatius Codes, illocognomineappellatus, quod in alio proelio 10 oculum amiserat.^ Is, extrema pontis parte occupata,^" aciem hostium solus sustinuit, donee pons a tergo interrumperetur." Ipsa audacia obstupefecit hostis ; ponte rescisso ^-^ armatus in Tiberim desiluit et multis ^^ superincidentibus telis incolumis ad suos tranavit. Grata tanta virtute civitas fuit ; ei tantum 15 agri publice datum est, quantum uno die circumarare potuit. Statua quoque ei in Comitio posita.^* 469. THE FORTITUDE OF MUCIUS Cum Porsena Romam obsideret, Mvicius, vir Romanae con- stantiae, senatum adiit et veniam^^ transfugiendi petiit, necem regis repromittens. Accepta potestate, in castra Porse- 20 nae venit. Ibi in confertissima turba prope regium tribunal 1 nocere non debui, / ought not to have injured. - I,ook on a classical map of Italy for the country of Etruria (modern Tuscany) north of Rome. 8 See 429. * Adverb. ^alia . . . alia: see 313. « With tuta; by reason of its walls. '' by the interposed Tiber = by the Tiber 'j being between. 8 For dedisset, would have allowed a passage (iter). ^ From amitto. 13 That is, by Codes. 11 That is, by the Romans. '^- From rescindo. '^'^ though many, etc. " Supply est. i» veniam transfugiendi, /as-^r of deserting = pertnission to desert. STOR/ES FROM ROMAN HISTORY IQI constitit. Stipendium tunc forte militibus dabatur et scriba cum rege pari ^ fere ornatu sedebat. Mucius, ignOrans uter rex esset, ilium pro rege occidit. Adprehensus et ad regem pertractus '^ dextram accenso^ ad sacriticium foculo"* iniecit, velut manum pimiens quod in caede peccasset/ Attonitus miraculo rex iuve- 5 nem amoveri ab altaribus iussit. Turn Mucius, quasi beneficium remunerans, ait trecentos "^ sui similis'' adversus eum coniu- rasse. Qua re ille territus bellum acceptis obsidibus deposuit. 470. CLOELIA, THE HOSTAGE. ESCAPES Porsena Cloeliam, virginem nobilem, inter obsides accepit. Cum* eius castra haud procul ab ripa Tiberis locata essent, 10 Cloelia deceptis custodibus noctu castris egressa,^ equ5, quern fors dederat, adrepto ^^ Tiberim traiecit. Quod ^^ ubi regi nun- tiatum est, primo ille incensus ira Romam legates misit ad ^^ Cloeliam obsidem reposcendam. Roman! eam ex foedere restituerunt. Tum rex virginis virtiitem admlratus^^ eam 15 laudavit ac parte obsidum donaturum ^* se dixit, permisitque ut ipsa quos vellet legeret. Productis obsidibus Cloelia virgines puerosque elegit, quorum aetatem iniuriae obnoxiam sciebat et cum iis in patriam rediit.^^ R5mani novam ^^ in femina virtiitem^'' novo genere honoris, statua equestri, dona- 20 vere." In summa ^^ Via Sacra ^^ fuit posita virgo insidens equo. 1 pari . . . omatu : with scriba; 566307. - From pertrahS. ^ From accendo : order — foculo accenso ad sacrificium. * See 347. ^ Full form peccavisset. ^ Subject accusative of coniurasse. "^ sui: the dative might have been expected after similis. ® since. ® From egredior, active in meaning ; see 386, b. ^^ equo . . . adrepto, seizing a horse ; adrepto from adripio. ^^ quod ubi : translate as if ubi quod, a»(/ wlien . . . this. 12 ^^ . . . reposcendam: might have been ut . . . reposceret; 566429. 13 gee note 9 on egressa. 1* donatiirum se = se donaturum esse, that he would give. 1^ From redeo. ^^ See p. iSS, 1. 5, and note 5. i" For the more common donaverunt, rewarded . . . with ; it takes the accusative, virtutem, and the ablative, genere. 1* From superus (4S9), highest part of. 1^ Via Sacra: a street running through the Forum up to the Capitol. 192 FIRST YEAR LATIN 471. CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS (B.C. 493-488?) C. Marcius gentis patriciae captls^ Coriolis, urbe Volsco- rum, Coriolanus dictus est. Puer patre ^ orbatus sub matris tutela adolevit.^ Cum prima'* stipendia facere coepisset adulescens,^ e multis proeliis, quibus interfuit, numquam 5 rediit nisi corona aliove^ militari praemio donatus. In omni vitae ratione nihil aliud sibi proponebat quam ut matri pla- ceret ; cumque ilia audiret filium '' laudari aut corona donari videret, turn demum felicem se ipsa putabat. Consul factus gravi* annona advectum^ e Sicilia frumentum magno pretio lo dandum populo ciiravit, ut plebs agros, non seditiones coleret. Qua de causa damnatus ad Volscos infestos tunc Romanis confugit eosque adversus Romanos concitavit. Imperator a Volscis factus, castris ad quartum ab urbe lapidem positis, agrum Romanum est populatus. 15 Missi sunt Roma ad Coriolanum oratores de pace, sed atrox responsum rettulerunt.^" Iterum deinde iidem missi ne ^^ in castra quidem " recepti sunt. Sacerdotes quoque suis infulis velati ad eum iverunt supplices, nee magis^^ animum eius flexerunt.^^ Stupebat senatus, trepidabat populus, viri pariter 20 ac mulieres exitium imminens lamentabantur. Turn Veturia, Coriolani mater, et Volumnia uxor, duos parvos filios secum trahens, castra hostium petierunt. Ubi matrem adspexit Coriolanus: "O patria," inquit, "vicisti iram meam admotis ^"' 1 captis Coriolis, because of the capture of Corioli. 2 gee 231 and 232. 3 From adolesco. * prima . . . coepisset, had begun to earn first wages (as a soldier) = had begun his first military service. ^ in his yottth. ** aliove = vel alio. '' Subject accusative of laudari and donari. ^ gravi annona, /;; a titne of extreme scarcity. ^ Agrees with frumentum, which is the subject accusative of dandum (esse). Translate had (curavit) corn, brought from Sicily, distributed to the people at a high price. l" From refero. 11 See p. iSi, 1. 21, and note. i- nee magis, but no fitore. 12 From fleets. 1* admotis . . . preeibus, by employing the prayers. STORIES FROM ROM A A HISTORY 193 matris meae precibus, cui ^ tuam in me iniuriam condono." Complexus^ inde suos castra movit et exercitum ex agro Romano abduxit. Coriolanus postea a Volscis ut proditor occisus^ dicitur. 472. TITUS QUINCTIUS CINCINNATUS (B.C. 458) I. AequI"* cdnsulem Minucium atque exercitum eius cir- 5 cumsessos tenebant. Id ubi Romae nuntiatum est, tantus'' pavor, tanta trepidatio fuit, quanta^ si urbem ipsam, non cas- tra hostes obsiderent : cum autem in altero consule parum esse praesidi^ videretur, dictatorem'' dici placuit, qui ^ rem ^ adflictam restitueret. T. Quinctius Cincinnatus omnium con- 10 sensu dictator est dictus. lUe, spes unica imperi Romani, trans Tiberim tunc quattuor iugerum ^^ colebat agrum. Ad " quem missi legati nudum eum arantem ofifenderunt. Salute ^^ data invicem redditaque Cincinnatus togam propere e tugu- rio proferre uxorem Raciliam iussit, ut senattis mandata toga- 13 tus audiret. II. Postquam, absterso " pulvere ac sudore, toga indutus processit Cincinnatus, dictatorem eum legati gratulantes con- salutant ; quantus terror in exercitu sit," exponunt. Cin- cinnatus igitur Romam venit et antecedentibus lictoribus 20 domum deductus est. Postero die profectus, Minucio obsi- "^for whose sake. 2 From complector. ^ Supply esse. ■* Look on a classical map for the country of the Aequi, a short distance east of Rome. ^ tantus . . . quanta, so great . . . how great = as great as. ^ Depends on parum ; see 256 and 257. "^ dictatorem dIci placuit, it pleased a dictator to be appointed =■ it was resolved that a dictator be appointed. * qui . . . restitueret: see 419 and 420. ^ rem adflictam, the suffering state. ^^ De- pends on agrum. F"or the form iugerum, see Vocabulary. 11 ad . . . legati, the messengers who were sent to him. i- saldte . . . reddita, when they had exchanged greetings. What literally ? ^"^ From abstergeo. ^^ See p. 177, 1. 5, and note. 194 FIRST YEAR LATIN dione liberate, victos ^ hostis sub iugum '^ misit. Urbem triumphans ingressus est. DuctP ante currum duces hostium, militaria signa praelata * ; seciitus est exercitus praeda onus- tus ; epulae instructae sunt ante omnium domos. Cincin- 5 natus sexto decimo die ^ dictatura,*' quam in '' sex mensis acceperat, se abdicavit et ad boves rediit triumphalis agricola, 473. TITUS MANLIUS TORQUATUS (B.C. 361) I. T. Manlius ob ingeni et linguae tarditatem a patre rus ® relegatus erat. Qui cum audivisset patri^ diem dictam esse a Pomponio, tribuno plebis, cepit consilium, rudis quidem et 10 agrestis animi, sed pietate ^^ laudabile. Cultr5 succinctus^^ mane in urbem atque a porta c5nfestim ad Pomponium per- git. Introductus cultrum stringit et super lectum Pomponi stans se ^^ eum transfixurum minatur, nisi ab incepta acciisa- tione desistat. Pavidus tribunus, quippe ^^ qui cerneret ferrum 15 ante oculos micare, accusationem dimisit. Ea res adulescenti honor!" fuit, quod acerbitas paterna animum eius a pietate non avertisset ideoque eodem anno tribiinus militum factus est. II. Cum postea Galli ad tertium lapidem trans Anienem ^^ fluvium castra posuissent,^*' exercitus Romanus ab urbe profec- 20 tus est et in citeriore ripa fluvi constitit. Pons in medio erat ; tunc Gallus eximia corporis magnitudine," in vacuum 1 For translation, compare 353, 6. ~ The yoke, symbolical of servitude, consisted of two spears set upright and a third laid across them. ^ Supply sunt. * From praefero ; supply sunt. ^ after sixteen days: take with abdicavit ; see 187 and 188. ^ Depends on abdicavit; see 232. "^ for. * See 196, 2, and 197, 2. ^ patri . . . esse, that a day had been appointed for his father^s trial {for his father), that is, for banishing his son. '^'^ in point of f Hal affection; see 374. "^"^ girding himself ^'^ Subject accusative of transfixurum (esse), and refers to Manlius, subject of minatur. 13 quippe qui, since he. " See 348, 2, and a. ^^ The Anio empties into the Tiber three miles above Rome. ^^ Yxqvs\ pono. ^^ Limits Gallus. See 306 and 307. STORIES FROM ROMAN HISTORY 195 pontem processit et quam ^ maxima voce potuit/ "Quem^ nunc," inquit, "Roma fortissimum habet, is procedat^ ad pugnam, ut eventus certaminis nostri ostendat, utra gens bello sit^ melior." Diu inter primores iuvenum Romanorum silentium fuit. Tum Titus Manlius ex statione ad impera- 5 torem pergit : "Iniussu tuo," inquit, " imperator, extra ordi- nem numquam pugnaverim,'' non si certam victoriam videam. Si tu permittis, volo isti beluae ostendere me ex ea familia ortum* esse, quae Gallorum agmen ex rtipe Tarpeia deiecit." Cui imperator : "Macte*^ virtute," inquit, "Tite Manli, esto : 10 perge et nomen Romanum invictum praesta." III. Armant deinde iuvenem aequales ; scutum capit, His- pano cingitur ' gladio ad propiorem pugnam habili. Exspec- tabat eum Gallus stolide laetus et linguam ab inrisu exserens. Ubi constitere inter duas acies, Gallus ensem cum ingenti 15 sonitu in arma Manli deiecit. Manlius vero insinuavit sese inter corpus et arma Galli atque iano et altero ictu ventrem transfodit ; iacenti^ torquem detraxit, quern cruore respersum^ collo circumdedit suo. Defixerat paver cum admiratione Gal- los. Romani alacres obviam militi suo progrediuntur et gra- 20 tulantes laudantesque ad imperatorem perducunt. Manlius inde Torquati nomen accepit. IV. Idem Manlius, postea consul factus, bello Latino, ut disclplinam militarem restitueret, edixit ne ^° quis extra ordi- nem pugnaret. Forte filius eius accessit prope stationem 25 hostium ; is qui Latino equitatui praeerat, ubi consulis filium 1 quam . . . potuit, in the loudest voice possible. What literally? ' quem . . . procedat: translate as if it stood: is fortissimus procedat quern R5ma habet ; on procedat, see 340, a (i). ^ See sit, p. 193, 1. 19, and note. •* Translate ^s if it were pugnem ; see 404, 4, and 406. ^ From orior. ® macte . . . esto, be honored on account of thy valor = good for your pluck! 'girds himself. Compare succlnctus, p. 194, 1. 10, and note 11. ^ from him as he was lying prostrate ; present participle, dative singular, from iacio. ^ From respergS. ^'^ ne quis, that ne one: after si, nisi, ne, and num, forms of quis mean a;/y, any one, anything. 196 FIRST YEAR LATIN agnovit,^ "Visne," inquit, " congredi mecum, ut singularis certaminis eventu cernatur, quantum eques Latinus Romano praestet ? " Movit^ ferocem animum iuvenis seu ira seu de- trectandi^ certaminis pudor. Oblitus ^ itaque imperi paterni 5 in certamen ruit et Latinum ex equo excussum^ transfixit, spoliisque lectis/ in castra ad patrem venit. Extemplo filium aversatus consul milites classico advocat ; qui "^ postquam f re- quentes* convenere : "Quandoquidem," inquit, " tu, fill, con- tra imperium c5nsulis pugnasti, oportet '•* disciplinam poena 10 tua restituas. Triste exemplum sed in ^° posterum salubre iuventuti eris. I," lictor, deliga ad palum." Metu omnes obstupuere ; sed postquam, cervice caesa, fusus est cruor, in questus et lamenta erupere. Manlio ^- Romam redeunti seni5res tantum^^ obviam exierunt; iuventus et tunc eum et 15 omni deinde vita exsecrata est. 474. MARCUS VALERIUS CORVUS (B.C. 349) Bello Gallico cum Romani in stationibus quieti ^* tempus tererent," Gallus quidam magnitudine ^^ atque armis insignis ante alios processit quatiensque scutum hasta, cum silen- tium fecisset, unum e Romanis per interpretem provocavit, 20 qui ^'' secum ferro decerneret. Erat Marcus Valerius tribunus militum, adulescens, qui prius sciscitatus consulis voluntatem in medium armatus processit. Tunc res visu ^* mirabilis acci- disse fertur ; nam cum iam manum consereret Valerius, repente in galea eius corvus consedit in hostem versus. Ales non 1 From agnosco. - The subjects are ira and pudor. ^ Compare 362, 2. * From obliviscor. ^ excussum transfixit : translate by two verbs ; compare 353,6. « From lego. "qui ^Kisto^dxa, atid after they. ^ in great numbers. ^ oportet . . . restituas = oportet ut restituas. ^'Mn posterum, for the future. ^^ See 507. i- Depends on obviam. ^3 Adverb, only. i-* An adjective used adverbially. i^ po not confound with terrerent. ^i'' Ablative of cause with insignis; see 164 and 165. 1" Compare p. 193, note S. ^^ See 372, 2, and 374. STORIES FROM ROMAN HISTORY 1 97 solum captam ^ semel sedem tenuit, sed quotiescumque cer- tamen inituni est, levans se alls os oculosque Galli rostro et unguibus adpetiit. Hostem territum talis prodigi visu ocu- lisque simul ac mente turbatum Valerius obtruncat. Corvus e conspectli elatus - orientem petit. Inde Valerius Corvus 5 dictus est. 475. PYRRHUS MAKES WAR ON THE ROMANS (k.c. 280-275) I. Tarentinis '^ quod Romanorum legatis iniuriam fecissent bellum indictum est. Quibus auxilio'' venit Pyrrhus, Epiri* rex, qui genus ab Achille ducebat. Contra Pyrrhum missus est consul Laevinus, qui, cum exploratores regis cepisset, 10 iussit eos per castra Romana circumduci tumque incolumis dimitti, ut ea quae vidissent Pyrrho renuntiarent. Mox com- missa pugna, cum " iam hostes pedem referrent, rex elephan- tos in Romanorum agmen agi iussit ; quo facto mutata est proeli fortuna. Romanos vastorum'^ corporum moles terri- 15 bilisque*^ superadstantium armatorum species Hurbavit. Equi etiam, conspectu et odore beluarum exterriti, sessores vel excutiebant vel secum in fugam abripiebant. Nox proelio finem fecit. II. Pyrrhus captivos Romanos summo in honore habuit ; 20 occisos sepelivit. Quos" cum adverse volnere '" et truci voltu etiam mortuos iacere vidisset, manus ad caelum sustulisse dicitur cum hac voce: "Ego talibus viris" brevi ^- orbem 1 captam . . . tenuit, kept /its perch, when he had once lighted on it. What literally.' 'flying away; from effero. ^ Find Tarentum on the coast of southeastern Italy. * See 348 and compare adulescenti honori, p. 194, 1. 16. ^ Find Epirus in northwestern Greece. •'cum iam, when at last. ' vastorum . . . moles, the mass of their vast bodies = their enormous size. ^ See p. 1S8, 1. 5, and note 5. ^ Subject accusa- tive of iacere; see also p. 178, 1. 18, and note. '^'^ wounds, used col- lectively; so voltii. 11 Ablative of means with subegissem, best translated luitk. 12 brevi = brevi tempore. 198 FIRST YEAR LATIN terrarum subegissem." Deinde ad urbem Romam magnis itineribus contendit ; omnia ferro ignique vastavit ; ad vice- simum ab urbe lapidem castra posuit. Pyrrho^ obviam venit Laevinus cum novo exercitu ; quo ^ viso rex ait sibi ^ 5 eandem* adversus Romanos esse fortunam, quam^ Herculi adversus hydram, cui tot^ capita renascebantur, quot^ prae- cisa erant. Deinde in Campaniam se recepit ; missos** a senatu de redimendis " captivis legates honorifice excepit ; captiv5s sine pretio reddidit, ut Romani, c5gnita iam eius 10 virtiite, cognoscerent etiam liberalitatem. III. Erat Pyrrhus miti ac placabili animo ; solet enim rnagni animi comes esse dementia.** Eius humanitatem expert! sunt Tarentini. Qui cum sero intellexissent se pro socio dominum accepisse, sortem suam liberls vocibus querebantur, 15 idque aliquant5 liberius^ ubi vino incaluerant. Itaque arces- siti ad regem sunt nonnulli, quod" inter convivium parum honorifice de rege locuti essent ; sed periculum simplex con- fessio culpae discussit. Nam cum rex percontatus esset num ^^ ea quae ad auris suas pervenerant dixissent, " Et ^^ 20 haec diximus," inquiunt, "rex! et nisi vinum defecisset, multo pliira et graviora dicturi ^^ fuimus." Pyrrhus, qui malebat vini ^^ quam hominum earn culpam videri," subridens e5s dimisit. 1 Pyrrho obviam : compare Manlio . . . obviam, p. 196, 1. 13. ^ quo vIso rex, and wheti the king saw this. ^ With esse ; see 115. * eandem . . . quam : see 332. ^ tot . . . quot, so matty . . . how many — as ?nany . . . as. Compare p. 193, ]. 6, and note. ^ missos . . . legates, the ambassadors who were sent. "^ Compare 364, I. 8. ^ Subject of solet. 9 See 255, rt. ^'^ because. " See 298. ^"^ et . . . et: see 155. 13 dicturi fuimus, we should have said. 1* that it should seem the fault of the wine rather than of the men. CAESAR: GALLIC WAR 1 99 CAESAR: GALLIC WAR, H, 29-33 {Adapted) 476. THE STORY OF THE ADUATUCI (n.c. 57) 77/ 1- Aduaiuci prepare to make a desperate resistance I. Aduatuci,* qui cum omnibus copiis auxilio^ Nerviis veniebant, hac pugna" nuntiata, ex itinere domum reverte- runt ; cunctis oppidls castellisque desertis sua omnia in unum oppidum egregie natura munitum contulerunt. Quod* ex^ omnibus in circuitu partibus * altissimas rupis despectusque habebat, sed una ex*^ parte leniter adclivis aditus relinque- batur ; quern' locum duplicx altissimo muro munierant et magni ponderis saxa et praeacutas trabis in muro conlo- cabant. From their walls they taunt the Romans II. Ac primo^ adventu exercitus nostri'* crebras ex oppido excursiones faciebant parvulisque proeliis cum nostris con- tendebant ; postea, vallo pedum duodecim ^ in circuitu quin- decim milium ^" crebrisque castellis circummuniti, oppido ^^ sese continebant. Ubi, vineis ^- actis aggere exstructo, 1 Look on a map of Gaul in the northeastern part, about the river Mosa (now Meuse), in what is now Belgium. -for an aid = to aid ; see 348 and 349. ^ The reference is to a battle in which the Nervii had been almost annihilated. ^ this toT.vn. ^ ex . . . partibus, from all parts in a circuit — on all sides round about, or simply all around. On the sepa- ration of omnibus from partibus, see p. 188, 1. 5, note 5. ^ on, as in line 4. ■^ Do not translate which place, but this place. ^ primo . . . nostri : as soon as our army got there. What literally ? ^ That is, in height. 1'' Supply pedum. ^i oppido = in oppido. i- vineis actis (actis from ago) : that the vineae had been got ready- These vincae were wooden sheds, open in front and rear, used to protect men who were working to undermine a wall or fill up a ditch in front of fortifications. They were about eight feet high, of like width, and double that length, covered with raw hides to protect them from being set on fire, and moved on wheels or rollers. See p. 155. 200 FIRST YEAR LATIN turrim^ procul constitui^ viderunt, primum inridere ex muro atque increpitare^ vocibus coeperunt, quod tanta machinatio ab* tanto spatio in.strueretur : quibusnam^ manibus aut qui- bus viribus*^ praesertim homines tantulae staturae '' turrim 5 tanti oneris ^ in muro ^ sese conlocare confiderent ? But soon they lose confidence and offer to surrender III. Ubi vero turrim mover! ^^ et adpropinquare moenibus viderunt, nova atque inusitata specie commoti, legates ad Caesarem de pace miserunt, qui ad hunc modum locuti ^^ sunt : AduatucI non existimant R5man5s sine ope divina bellum 10 gerere, qui^^ tantae altitudinis machinationes tanta celeritate promovere possint ^^ ; itaque se suaque omnia eorum potestati permittunt. Unum ^' petunt : si forte Caesar pro sua^'* de- mentia ac mansuetudine statuerit ^' Aduatucos esse conser- vandos, ne^*^ eos armis despoliet. Omnes fere finitimi sunt 15 inimici ac suae virtuti invident, a quibus se defendere traditis " armis non poterunt. Sibi ^^ praestet, si in eum ^^ casum dedu- cantur,-" quamvis fortunam a populo Romano pati, quam ab inimicis per cruciatum intertici. 1 See 479, c 2 Passive infinitive present ; was being raised. ^ increpitare vocibus, Aj««A What literally ? ^a\i tacato ST^aXio, so far azvay. ""with what hands, pray ? nam is added for emphasis, to point their sarcasm. 6 Not from vir. '^ To the taller Belgians the Romans looked like " little chaps." 8 Compare for meaning ponderis, p. 199, 1. 8. ^ The Aduatuci, unacquainted with Roman siege operations, supposed they intended to hoist the tower upon their wall. ^^ to be moved — was moving. 11 From loquor. 1- since . . . they can. ^^ one thing, namely ne . . . despoliet, two lines below. 1* his usual. ^^ Future perfect, shall have decided ; but better translated shall decide or decides. ''^^ ne . . . despoliet, that he (Caesar) would not deprive them of their arms. 1" traditis armis, // they should deliver up their arms; see 357, a. ■'^ sibi praestet, /'/ woidd be better for them ; praestet is used impersonally, the real subject being patI in the next line. ^^ eum casum, such a condition. ^' praestet, si . . . deducantur : a conditional sentence of the second form ; see 404, 4, and 406. CAESAR: GALLIC WAR 201 T/iey must disarm, but are promised protection IV. Ad haec Caesar respondit : " Magis consuetudine ^ mea quam merito vestro civitatem conservabo, si prius quam murum aries- attigerit,'' vos dedideritis : sed deditionis nulla est con- dicio nisi* armis traditls. Id quod in^ Nerviis feci faciam finitimisque imperabo ne quam ^ iniuriam dediticiis populi 5 Romani inferant." Re niintiata ad suos, quae imperarentur facere ' dixerunt. Armorum tanta multitQdo de muro in fos- sam quae erat ante oppidum iacta est, ut prope summam** muri aggerisque altitiidinem^ acervi eorum adaequarent, et tamen circiter pars tertia, ut postea perspectum^ est, celata ^" lo atque in oppido retenta est. Deinde portis patefactis eo die pace ^^ sunt usi oppidani. ./ brave dash for freedom, but a terrible fate V, Sub vesperum Caesar portas claudi militesque ex oppido exire iussit. Oppidani consilio ^^ ante inito, ut intellectum ^^ est, quod deditione facta nostros" praesidia deducturos aut 15 denique ^^ indiligentius servaturos crediderant, tertia ^^ vigilia, qua^' minime arduus ad nostras mimitiones ascensus videbatur, 1 according to my custom. "■■ A long, strong beam of wood, furnished with an iron head in the form of a ram's head. It was suspended from a framework by a strong chain or ropes, and worked by men, to make a breach in a wall. See illustration, p. 202. ^ translate this and the following future perfect by the present; see p. 200, 1. 13, and note. * nisi armis traditis. Compare p. 200, 1. 1 5, and note. ^ in the case of; a common meaning of in with nouns in the ablative denoting persons. •* See p. 195, 1. 24, and note. "One would expect se facturos esse, and it may be so translated. ^ summam . . . altitudinem, top. ^ See 418, b. I'' Supply est. ^^ pace sunt usi : not used {enjoyed) peace, but kept quiet. i- consilio 'v[i\\.Q, forming a plan ; inito from ineo. ^' See note 9. ^■' our commanders : subject accusative of deducturos (esse) and servaturos (esse). ^* at any rate. ^^ tertia vigilia : the Romans divided the night into four watches of about three hours each. i" -where. 202 FIRST YEAR LATIN omnibus copiis repentino ex oppido eruptionem fecerunt. Celeriter, ut ante Caesar imperarat,^ ignibus ^ significatione facta, ex proximis castellis eo concursum '^ est. Ibi pugnatum ^ est acriter ab hostibus in * extrema spe salutis iniquo loco 5 contra eos qui ex vallo Hurribusque tela iacerent, cum® in una virtute omnis spes salutis consisteret. Occisis ad^hominum milibus quattuor reliqui in oppidum reiecti sunt. Postridie** eius diei refractis portis, cum" iam defenderet nemo/° atque intromissis militibus nostris, sectionem" eius oppidi universam lo Caesar vendidit. Ab iis qui emerant capitum ^^ numerus ad eum relatus ^^ ^st milium quinquaginta trium. 1 For imperaverat, see p. 1 91, 1. 5, note. ^ by fire signals. ^ Compare intellectum est, p. 201, 1. 14, and note 13. * in . . . salutis, as their last chance of saving themselves. What literally ? ^ their (the Romans') redoubt. ^ cum . . . virtijte, since in valor alone. ' about, adverb. ^ postridie Iva^txll, on the following day. What literally ? ^ since. 1^ Emphatic from its position. Compare " silver and gold have I none." " The "booty" included all the inhabitants. ^^ \Ve say so many "head" of cattle. 13 From refero ; was reported to be ^3,000. These 53,000 captives ■were probably driven in chain gangs to the Province or to Italy and sold in lots to suit purchasers, there to wear out their lives in bondage. Battering Ram 477. APPENDIX TABLES OF DECLENSION, CONJUGATION, ETC. NOUNS FIRST DECLENSION — A-Stems Singular Plural Terminations Terminations Nom. hasta -a hastae -ae Gen. hastae -ae hastarum -arum Dat. hastae -ae hastis -IS Ace. hastam -am hastas -as Abl. hasta -a hastis -IS 478. SECOND DECLENSION — O-Stems Singular Plu: ral Terminations Te rminations Masc. Masc. Nom. hortus -us horti -1 Gen. horti -i hortorum -orum Dal. horto -6 hortis -is Ace. hortum -um hortSs -6a Abl. horto -6 hortis -is 203 204 FIRST YEAR LATIN Sing ULAR Plural Terminations Terminations Xeut. Neut. Nom. donum -um dona -a Gen. doni -i dcnorum -orum Dat. dono -6 donls -Is Ace. donum -um d5na -a Abl. dono -6 ddnis -Is a. The vocative singular of nouns in -us of the second declension has a special form in -e : horte. fllius fill, -ii fllio fllium fllio fllil flliorum filils filios flliis Nom. puer Gen. puerl Dat. puer5 Ace. puerum AM. puero Nom. puerl Gen. puerorum Dat. pueris Ace. pueros Abl. pueris Singular ager vir agri virT agro viro agrum virum agro viro Plural agrI viri agrorum virSrum agris viris agros viros agrls viris a. The vocative singular of filius is fill. 479. THIRD DECLENSION M. Mute Stems Singular Terminations M. & F. N. Nom. rex miles virtus caput -s or Gen. regis mllitis virtutis capitis -is -is Dat. regi mllitl virtuti capiti -I -I Ace. regem militem virtutem caput -em — Abl. rege mllite virtu te capita -e -e APPENDIX 205 I'LURAI. Terminations M. U V. N. reges niilites virtutes capita -es -a rcgum mlHtum virtu turn capitum -um -um regibus militibus virtutibus capitibus -ibus -ibus reges mllites virtutes capita -es -a regibus militibus virtutibus capitibus -ibus -ibus It. Liquid Stems Singular pater homo volnus corpus patris hom inis volneris corporis patri hom ini volneri corpori patrem hominem volnus corpus patre hom ine volnere corpore Plural patres hom ines volnera corpora patrum hominum volnerum corporum patribus hominibus volneribus corporibus patres homines volnera corpora patribus hominibus volneribus corporibus c. I-Stems Singular Terminations M. & F. N. hostis nubes urbs animal -s — hostis nubis urbis animalis -is -is host! nubi urbi animal! -1 -I hostem nubem urbem animal -em — hoste nube urbe Plural animali -e -i hostes nubes urbes animalia -es -ia hostium nubium urbium animalium -ium -ium hostibus nubibus urbibus animalibus -ibus -ibus hostis, -es nubis, -es urbis, -es animalia -Is. -es -ia hostibus nubibus urbibus animalibus -ibus -ibus 2o6 FIRST YEAR LATIN Sing. Plur. Norn. Ignis Ignes Gen. Ignis Ignium Dat. Igni ignibus Ace. Ignem Ignis, -ei AM. Igni, -e Ignibus Sing. Plur. turris turris turres turrium turri turribus turrim, - em turris, -es turri, -e turribus 480. FOURTH DECLENSION — U-Stems Singular Terminations Terminations Masc. Neut. Norn. gradus -us cornu -u Gen. gradus -us cornus -us Dat. gradui (-u) -ui (-u) cornu -u Ace. gradum -um cornu -ii Abl. gradu -u Plural cornu -u Norn. gradus -us cornua -ua Gen. graduum -uum cornuum -uum Dat. gradibus -ibus (-ubus) cornibus -ibus (-ubus) Ace. gradus -us cornua -ua Abl. gradibus -ibus (-ubus) cornibus -ibus (-ubus) 481 FIFTH DECLENSION — E-Stems Terminations Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Norn. dies dies res res -es -es Gen. diei dierum rei rerum -ei -erum Dat. diel diebus rei rebus -ii -ebus Ace. diem dies rem res -em -es Abl. die diebus re rebus -e -ebus APPENDIX 207 482. SPECIAL PARADIGMS Singular A^or/t, cleus domus senex VIS Gen. del donius, -1 senis visi Dat. deo domul, -6 seni vP Ace. deum domum senem vim Abl. deo domo, -u sene vi Plural Noin. del, dii, di domiis senes vires Gen. deorum, deum domuum, -orum senum virium Dat. dels, diis, dis domibus senibus viribus Aee. deos donios, -us senes viris, -es Abl. dels, dils, dis domibus Singular senibus viribus IVom. iter bos mare luppiter Gen. itineris bovis maris lovis Dat. itineri bovi mari lovi Aee. iter bovem mare lovem Abl. itinere bove Plural mari love No in. itinera boves maria Gen. itinerum bovum, bourn Dat. itineribus bobus, bubus maribus Aee. itinera boves maria Abl. itineribus bobus, bubus maribus 1 The genitive and dative singular are rare. 208 FIRST YEAR LATIN ADJECTIVES 483. FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS Singular Masc. Fem. Neut. Nom. bonus bona bonum Gen. boni bonae boni Dat. bono bonae bono Ace. bonum bonam bonum Abl. bono bona Plural bono Nom. boni bonae bona Gen. bonorum bonarum bonorum Dat. bonis bonis bonis Ace. bonos bonas bona Abl. bonis bonis Singular bonis Masc. Fem. Neut. Notn. iTber libera llberum Gen. llberi llberae ITberi Dat. llbero iTberae iTbero Ace. llberum llberam iTberum AbL llbero libera Plural ITbero No in . iTberi llberae iTbera Gen. iTberorum llberarum ITberorum Dat. iTberis llberis ITberis Ace. Hberos iTberas iTbera AbL llberis ITberis ITberis APPENDIX Singular Masc. Fem. Neut. Nom. piger pigra pigrum Gen. pigri pigrae pigri Dat. pigro pigrae pigro Ace. pigrum pigram pigrum Abl. pigro pigra Plural pigro iXoiii. pigrI pigrae pigra Gen. pigrorum pigrarum pigrorum Dat. pigris pigris pigris Ace. pigros pigras pigra Abl. pigris pigris pigris 209 484. THIRD DECLENSION Singular M. & F. N. Nom . audax audax Gen. audacis audacis Dat. audaci audaci Ace. audacem audax Abl. audaci, -e Plirai audaci, -e Nom. audaces audacia Gen. audacium audacium Dat. audacibus audacibus Ace. audacis, -es audacia Abl. audacibus Singular audacibus Masc. Fem. Neut. Nom. acer acris acre Gen. acris acris acris Dat. acri acri acri Ace. acrem acrem acre Abl. acri acri acri Singular M. & V. N. brevis breve brevis brevis brevi brevi brevem breve brevi brevi Plural breves brevia brevium brevium brevibus brevibus brevis, -es brevia brevibus brevibus Plural Masc. Fem. . Neut. acres acres acria acrium acrium acrium acribus acribus acribus acris, -es acris, -es acria acribus acribus acribus 2IO FIRST YEAR LATIN 485. PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES Singular Plural M. & F. N. M. & F. N. Norn. amans amans amantes amantia Gen. amantis amantis amantium amantium Dat. amanti amanti amantibus amantibus Ace. amantem amans amantis, -es amantia Abl. am ante, -i amante, -i amantibus amantibus N'ofn. iens iens euntes euntia Gen. euntis euntis euntium euntium Dat. eunti eunti euntibus euntibus Ace. euntem iens euntis, -es euntia Abl. eunte, -i eunte, -i euntibus euntibus 486. IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES Singular Plural Masc. Fem Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut. Nom. alius alia aliud alii aliae alia Gen. alius alius alius aliorum aliarum aliorum Dat. alii alii alii aliis aliis aliis Ace. alium aliam aliud alios alias alia Abl. alio alia alio aliis aliis aliis Masc. Fem. Neut. M. & F. N. Nom. unus una unum tres tria Gen. vinius unius unius trium trium Dat. uni uni uni tribus tribus Ace. unum unam unum tris, tres tria Abl. uno una uno tribus tribus Masc. Fem. Neut. Sing. Plur. Nojn. duo duae duo mille milia Gen. duorum duarum duorum mille milium Dat. duobus duabus duobus mllle mllibus Ace. duos, d lO duas duo mille milia Abl. duobus duabus duobus mille milibus APPENDIX 211 481 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES Positive alius (alto-) brevis (brevi-) audax (audaci-) miser (misero-) acer (acri-) COMFAKATIVK altior, altius brevior, brevius audacior, audacius miserior, miserius acrior, acrius Superlative altissi\nus, -a, -um brevissimus, -a, -um audacissimus, -a, -um miserrimus, -a, -um acerrimus, -a, -um 488. DECLENSION OF COMPARATIVES SlNGU] -AR Plural M. & V. N. M. & F. N. A' out. altior altius altiores altiora Gen. altioris altioris altiorum altiorum Dat. altiori altiori alti5ribus altioribus Ace. altiorem altius altiores, -Is altiora Abl. altiore, -i altiore, -i altioribus altioribus Norn. plus plures plura Gen. pluris plurium plurium Dat. pluribus pluribus Ace. plus pluris, -es plura Abl. plure pluribus pluribus 489. IRREGULAR COMPARISON TOSITIVE bonus, -a, -um malus, -a, -um magnus, -a, -um multus, -a, -um^ multi, -ae, -a J parvus, -a, -um senex, senis iuvenis, -e vetus, veteris Comparative melior, melius peior, peius maior, maius , plus minor, minus senior iOnior vetustior, -ius Superlative optimus, -a, -um pessimus, -a, -um maximus, -a, -um plurimus, -a, -um minimus, -a, -um maximus natu minimus natu veterrimus, -a, -um FIRST YEAR LATIN Positive facilis, -e difficilis, -e similis, -e dissimilis, -e humilis, -e gracilis, -e exterus, outward inferus, below posterus, following superus, above [cis, citra, on this side^ [in, intra, in, within] [prae, pro, before] [prope, near] [ultra, beyond] Comparative facilior, -ius difficilior, -ius similior, -ius dissimilior, -ius humilior, -ius gracilior, -ius exterior, outer, exterior Inferior, lower posterior, later superior, higher citerior, hither interior, inner prior, former propior, nearer ulterior, further Superlative facillimus, -a, -um difficillimus, -a, -um simillimus, -a, -um dissimillimus, -a, -um humillimus, -a, -um gracillimus, -a, -um extremus 1 otitermost. infimus imus J postremus 1 postumus J last lowest last supremus 1 summus \ highest citimus, hithermost intimus, inmost primus, frst proximus, next ultimus, firthest 490. COMPARISON OF ADVERBS Positive Comparative Superlative care (carus) carius carissime misere (miser) miserius miserrime acriter (acer) acrius acerrime facile (facilis) facilius facillime bene (bonus) melius optime male (malus) peius pessime multum (multus) plOs plurimum parum, little minus minime diu, long, a long time diutius diijtissime saepe, often saepius saepissime APPENDIX 213 491. NUMERALS Cardinals 1. unus, -a, -um 2. duo, duae, duo 3. tres, tria 4. quattuor 5. quTnque 6. sex 7. septem 8. octa 9. novem 10. decern 11. undecim 12. duodecim 13. tredecim 14. quattuordecim 15. quindecim 16. sedecim ^r sexdecim I 7. septendecim 18. duodevTgintI 19. undevlginti 20. vigintl [vigintl unus or ' Lunus et vTginti JvigintI duo or "'Iduo et vlginti 28. duodetnginta 29. undetrlginta 30. trlginta 40. quadraginta 50. quTnquaginta 60. sexaginta 70. septuaginta 80. octoginta 90. nonaginta ORniNALS primus, -a, -um secundus (or alter) tertius quartus quintus sextus Septimus octavus nonus decimus undecimus duodecimus tertius decimus quartus decimus quintus decimus sextus decimus Septimus decimus duodevlcesimus undevTcesimus vTcesimus vTcesimus primus or unus et vicesimus rvlcesimus secundus or lalter et vicesimus duodetrlcesimus undetrlcesimus tricesimus quadragesimus quinquagesimus sexagesimus septuagesimus octogesimus n5nas:esimus 214 FIRST YEAR LATIN Cardinals loo. centum fcentum unus or loiA Lcentum et unus 200. ducenti, -ae, -a 300. trecentl 400. quadringenti 500. quingenti 600. sescenti or sexcentl 700. septingenti 800. octingentT 900. n5ngentl 1000. mille 2000. duo milia 100,000. centum milia Ordinals centesimus fcentesimus primus or Icentesimus et primus ducentesimus trecentesimus quadringentesimus qulngentesimus sescentesimus septingentesimus octingentesimus nongentesimus millesimus bis millesimus centies millesimus PRONOUNS 492. PERSONAL Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Nam. ego nos tu vos Gen. mel nostriini, -tri tul vestriim, Dat. mihi nobis tibi vobis Ace. me n5s te vos AM. me ndbls te vobIs sui sui sibi sibi se, sese se, sese se, sese se, sese 49S. DEMONSTRATIVE Singular Plural Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut. Norn. hlc haec hoc hi hae haec Gen. huius huius hiiius horum harum horum Dat. huic huic huic his his his Aee. hunc hanc hoc hos has haec AM. hoc hac hoc his his his APPENDIX 215 Masc. ille illlus ill! ilium illo Singular Fem. ilia illius ill! illam ilia Neut. illud illTus illf illud ilia 1 Plural Masc. Fem. Neut. illl iUae ilia illorum illarum illorum illis iUTs illTs iUos illas ilia illls iUTs illls Norn, is Gen. eius Dat. el Ace. eum Abl. eo ea eius el earn ea id eius 11, ei eae ea eorum earum eorum ils, els ils, els ils, els eos eas ea iis, els iis, els ils, eis Novi. iste ista istud Gen. istlus istius istlus Dat. istl istl istl Ace. istum istam istud Abl. ista ista isto istl istae ista istorum istarum istarum istis istls istls istos istas ista istls istis istls Idem e'adem idem eaedem e'adem fildem leldem eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem eorundem earundem earundem fiisdem ilsdem iisdem eldem eldem eldem \^^^^^^ .j^^em elsdem eundem eandem idem easdem easdem e'adem Jilsdem iisdem ilsdem \elsdem elsdem eisdem eodem eadem eodem Nom. ipse ipsa ipsum ipsT Gen. ipsTus ipsTus ipsTus ipsorum Dat. ipsT ipsT ipsT ipsTs Ace. ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsos Abl. ipso ipsa ipso ipsis ipsae ipsa ipsarum ipsorum ipsTs ipsis ipsas ipsa ipsTs ipsis 2l6 FIRST YEAR LATIN m. I RELATIVE Singular Plural Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut. Nom. qui quae quod qui quae quae Gen. cuius cuius cuius quorum quarum qu5rum Dai. cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus Ace. quern quam quod quos quas quae AM. quo qua qu5 quibus quibus quibus 495. INTERROGATIVE Singular Plural Masc Fem. Neut. Masc Fem. Neut. Nom. quis (qui) quae quid (quod) qui quae quae Gen. cuius cQius cuius quorum quarum qu5rum Dat. cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus Ace. quern quam quid (quod) qu5s quas quae AM. quo qua quo quibus quibus quibus 496. INDEFINITE Singular Nom. aliquis aliqua aliquid, aliquod Gen. alicuius alicijius alicuius Dat. alicui alicui alicui Ace. aliquem aliquam aliquid, aliquod AM. aliqu5 aliqua Plural aliquo Nom. aliqul aliquae aliqua Gen. aliquorum aliquarum aliquorum Dat. aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus Ace. aliquos aliquas aliqua AM. aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus APPENDIX Singular Nom. quidam quaedam quiddam, quoddam Gen. cuiusclam ciiiusdam cuiusdam Dat. cuidam cuidam cuidam Ace. quendam quandam quiddam, quoddam Abl. qu5dam quad am Plural quddam N^om. quidam quaedam quaedam Gen. quorundam quarundam quorundam Dat. quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam Ace. quosdam quasdam quaedam Abl. quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam 217 REGULAR VERBS 497. FIRST CONJUGATION — A- Verbs amo, love Principal Parts : amo, amare, amavi, amatus Indicative Present Active Voice / love., am loving., do love, etc. amo amamus amas amatis a mat amant Passive Voice / am loved, etc. amor amamur amaris, -re amamini amatur amantur Imperfect / loved, was loving, did love, etc. / was loved, etc. amabam amabamus amabar amabamur amabas amabatis amabaris. -re amabamini amabat amabant amabatur aniabantur 2l8 FIRST YEAR LATIN Future / shall love, etc. / shall be loved, etc. amabo amabimus amabor amabimur amabis aniabit amabitis amabuiit amaberis, -re amabitur amabimini amabuntur Perfect / have loved, loved, did love, etc. / have been (was) loved, etc. amavi amavimus ( sum ( sumus amavisti amavistis amatus -I es amati i estis amavit amaverunt, -re amatus -; es 1^ est [ sunt I had loved, etc. amaveram amaveramus amaveras amaveratis amaverat amaverant Pluperfect / had been loved, etc. r eram T eramus amatus^ eras amati ^ eratis [ erat i^ erant Future Perfect I shall have loved, etc. amavero amaverimus amaveris amaveritis amaverit amaverint / shall have been loved, etc. r ero r erimus amatus \ eris amatl \ eritis 1^ erit [^ erunt Subjunctive Present amem amemus amer amemur ames ametis ameris, -re ameminl amet ament ametur Imperfect amentur amarem amaremus amarer amaremur am ares amaretis amareris, -re amaremiui amaret amarent amaretur amarentur amaverim amaverimus amaveris amaveritia amaverit amaverint ^PENDIX 2] Perfect fsim f simus ■j sItis aniatus i SU amati 1 sit [ sint amavissem amavissemiis amavisses amavissetis amavisset amavisseiit iRFECT r essem f essemus amatus \ esses amati -j essetis [ asset [ assent Imperative am a, love thou. amate, hn'e ye. Present amare, be thou loved. amamini, be ye loved. amato, thou shall love. amato, he shall love. amatote, you shall love. amanto, they shall love. Future amator, thoti shall be loved. amator, he shall be loved. amantor. they shall be loved. Infinitivf. Pres. amare, to love. amarl, to be loved. Perf. amavisse, to have loved, amatus esse, to have been loved. FuT. araaturus esse, to be [amatum iri], to be about to be about to love. loi'ed. Participles Pres. amans, -antis, loving. Pres. FuT. amaturus, -a, -um, about Ger.^ amandus, -a, -um, to be to love. lo7'ed. Perf. Perf. amatus, -a, -um, having been loved, loved. 1 Gerundive, sometimes czWed ftiture passive f'articiple FIRST YEAR LATIN Gerund Nom. Gen. amandi, of loving. Dat. amando, for loving. Ace. amandum, loving. AM. amando, by loving. Supine Ace. [amatum, to love.} AM. [amatu, lo love, in the loving.'] 498. SECOND CONJUGATION — E- Verbs moneo, advise Principal Parts : moneo, monere, monui, monitus Active Voice ■ I advise, etc. moneo monemus mones monetis monet monent / was advising, etc. monebani monebamus monebas monebatis monebat monebant / sJiall advise, etc. monebo monebimus monebis monebitis monebit monebunt Indicative Present Passive Voice / am advised, etc. moneor monemur moneris, -re monemini monetur monentur Imperfect / ivas advised, etc. monebar monebamur monebaris, -re monebamini monebatur monebantur Future / shall be advised, etc. monebor monebimur moneberis, -re monebimini monebitur monebuntur APPENDIX Perfect / have advised^ I ad<'ised, etc. I have been {ivas) adiJised, etc. monui monuimus nionuisti monuistis monuit monuerunt, -re / had ad^'ised, etc. monueram monueranius monueras monueratis monuerat monuerant fsum monitus < es [est r sumus moniti-i estis I'LUPIiKKliCT / had been advised, etc. r eram f eramus monitus '! eras moniti^ eratis 1^ erat [ erant Future Perfect / shall have advised, etc. / sJiall have been advised, etc. monuero monuerimus fero r erimus monitineremus monerer moneremur moneres moneretis monereris, -re moneremini moneret monerent moneretur I'erfect monerentur monuerim monuerimus f sim monueritis monitus -1 sis r simus moniti-l sitis monueris monuerit monuerint 1 sit Plipekkkct Isint monuissem monuissemus Tessem fessemus monuisses monuissetis monitus -1 esses moniti-l essetis monuisset monuissent l^esset ^ essent FIRST YEAR LATIN Imperative mone, advise thou. monete, advise ye. moneto, thot( shalt advise. moneto, he shall advise. monetote, you shall advise. monento, they shall advise. Present monere, be thou advised. moneminl, be ye advised. Future monetor, thou shalt be advised. monetor, he shall be advised. monentor, they shall be advised. Pres. Perf. FUT. monere, to advise. monuisse, to have ad- vised. moniturus esse, to be about to advise. Infinitive moneri to be advised. monitus esse, to have beeti ad- vised. [monitum iri], to be about to be advised. Participles Pres. monens, -entis, advising. Pres. FuT. moniturus, -a, -um, Ger. about to advise. Perf. Perf. Norn. Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl. Gerund monendus, -a, -um, to be advised. monitus, -a, -um, having been advised., advised. monendi, of advising. monendo, for advising. monendum, advising. monendo, by advising. Supine Ace. [monitum, to advise."] Abl. monitu, to advise, in the advising. APPENDIX 223 499. THIRD CON JUGATION — E- Verbs rego, rule Principal Parts: reg5, regere, rexi, rectus Indicative Active Voice Present Pass: ivE Voice /rule, etc. I am Titled, etc. rego regimus regor regimur regis regitis regeris, -re regimini regit regunt regitur Imperfect reguutur / was rulitig, etc. regebam regebamus regebas regebatis regebat regebant / ivas ruled, etc. regebar regebamur regebaris, -re regebamini regebatur regebantur Future / shall rule, etc. / shall be ruled, etc. regam regemus regar regemur reges regetis regeris, -re regemini reget regent regetur Perfect regentur / have ruled, etc. / have been ruled, etc. rexi reximus rsum rectus^ es r sumus recti ^ estis rexisti rexistis rexit rexerunt, -re [sunt Pluperfect / had ruled, etc. rexeram rexeramus rexeras rexeratis rexerat rexerant / had been ruled, etc. feram rectus ■< eras erat ai f eramus recti ^ eratis 224 FIRST YEAR LATIN Future Perfect I shall have ruled, etc. I shall have been ruled, etc. rexero rexerimus fero f erimus recti j eritis [ erunt rexeris rexeritis rectus <( eris [erit rexerit rexerint Subjunctive Present regam regamus regar regamur regas regatis regaris, -re regamini regat regant regatur Imperfect regantur regerem regeremus regerer regeremur regeres regeretis regereris, -re regeremini regeret regerent regeretur Perfect regerentur rexerim rexerimus fsim r simus rexeris rexeritis rectus \ SIS recti j sitis rexerit rexerint [sit Pluperfect [sint rexissem rexissemus r essem rectus ^ esses [esset r essemus recti-! essetis rexisses rexissetis rexisset rexissent [ essent Imperative Present rege, rule thou. regere, be thou ruled. regite, rule ye. regimini, be ye Future ruled. regito, thou shall rule. regitor, thou shall be ruled. regito, he shall rule. regitor, he shall be ruled. regitote, ye shall rule. regunto, they shall 7'ule. reguntor, they shall be ruled. APPENDIX 225 Infinitive Pres. regere, to rule. regi, to be ruled. Perf. rexisse, to have ruled. rectus esse, to have been ruled. FuT. recturus esse, to be [rectum iri], to be about to be about to rule. ruled. Participles Pres. regens, -entis, ruling. Pres. FuT. recturus, -a, -urn, about Gek. regendus, -a, -urn, to be to rule. ruled. Perf. Perf. rectus, -a, -um, having been ruled, ruled. Gerund Nofn. Gen. regendi, of ruling. Dat. regendo, for ruling. Ace. regendum, ruling. Abl. regendo, by ruling. Supine Ace. [rectum, to rule.'] Abl. [rectu, to rule, in the rulifig.'] 500. THIRD CONJUGATION — Verbs in -io capi5, take Principal Parts : capi5, capere, cepi, captus Indicative Passive Voice Present / am taken, etc. capior capimur caperis, -re capimini capitur capiuntur Active Voice / take, etc. capio capimus capis capitis capit capiunt 226 FIRST YEAR LATIN Imperfect / was taking, etc. / was taken, etc. capiebam capiebamus capiebar capiebamur capiebas capiebatis capiebaris, -re capiebamini capiebat capiebant capiebatur capiebautur Future / shall take, etc. / shall be taken, etc. capiatn capiemus capiar capiemur capies capietis capieris, -re capiemini capiet capient capietur capientur Perfect cepi, cepisti, cepit, etc. captus sum, es, est, etc. Pluperfect ceperam, ceperas, ceperat, etc. captus eram, eras, erat, etc. Future Perfect cepero, ceperis, ceperit, etc. captus ero, eris, erit, etc. .Subjunctive Present capiam, capias, capiat, etc. capiar, -iaris, -re, -iatur, etc. Imperfect caperem, caperes, caperet, etc. caperer, -ereris, -re, -eretur, etc. Perfect ceperim, ceperis, ceperit, etc. captus sim, sis, sit, etc. Pluperfect cepissem,cepisses,cepisset,etc. captus esseni, esses, esset, etc. Imperative Pres. cape, take thojt. capere, be thou taken. capite, take ye. capimini, be ye taken. FuT. capita, thoti shall take, capitor, thou shalt be taken, etc. etc. APPENDIX 227 Inkimtive Prks. capere, to take. capi, to be taken. Pkrf. cepisse, to have taken, captus esse, to have been taken. FuT. capturus esse, to be [captum iri], to be about to be about to take. taken. Participles Pres. capiens, -ientis, taking. Pres. FuT. capturus. -a, -um, ^(^d?7^/ Ger. capiendus, -a, -um, /^ be to take. taken. Pekf. Perf. captus, -a, -um, having been taken. Gerund Gen. capiendi, of taking, etc. Supine Ace. [captum, to take.'] Abl. [captu, to take, in the taking.] 501. FOURTH CONJUGATION — I- Verbs audio, hear Principal Parts : audio, audire, audivi, auditus Indicative Active Voice Passive Voice PRE.'iKNT / hear, etc. / atn heard, etc. audio audimus audior audimur audis auditis audiris, -re audimini audit audiunt auditur audiuntur Imperfect / Tuas hearing, etc. / zuas heard, etc. audiebam audiebamus audiebar audiebamur audiebas audiebatis audiebaris. -re audiebamini audiebat audiebant audiebatur audiebautur 228 FIRST YEAR LATIN I shall hear, etc. audiam audiemus audies audietis audiet audient Future / shall be heard, etc. audiar audiemur audieris, -re audiemini audietur audientur Perfect / have heard, etc. audlvi audlvimus audlvisti audlvistis audlvit audlverunt, -re / have been heard, etc. ["sum auditus"! es l^est f sumua audit! ^ estis sunt Pluperfect / had heard, etc. / had been heard, etc. audiveram audlveramus Teram feramus audlveras audiveratis audTtus•. Kdifick. aedific5, -are, -avi, -atus [aedes- facio], btiild. Edify. aeger, aegra, aegrum, adj. sick, weak, feeble. aequalis, -e, adj. equal, like, of the same age. aeque, adv. equally. Aequi, -oruni, m. plur. t/ie Aequi, a people of ancient Italy, aer, aeris, m. (ace. aera), air. aestas, -atis, f. sumtner. aetas, -atis, f. life, age. Aetna, -ae, f. Aetna, a mountain in Sicily. Africa, -ae, f. Africa. ager, agrf, m. feld, ter7-itory, land. (1 08.) agger, -eris, m. mound, rampart. agito, -are, -avi, -atus [frequentative of ago], shake, disturb, chase, drive. AGITATE, agmen, -inis, n. [ago], (the thing led), army, host, column. agnosco, -ere, -gnovT, -gnitus [ad- (g)nosc6, know], recognize. Cf. c5gn6sc6. agnus, -i, m. lamb. ago, -ere, egi, actus, dri^^e, lead, bring up ; act, do ; treat ; cele- brate ; pass {life). agrestis, -e [agar], of the country, rustic, clownish. agricola, -ae, m. [ager-cold],/?;;;/^;-, husbandman. aio, defective verb, say. ala, -ae, f. wing. alacer, -oris, -ere, adj. brisk, active, eager. Alba, -ae, f. Alba, an ancient city of Italy. Albanus, -a, -um,adj. ^/6an.- as noun, an Alban, inhabitant of Alba, a town in Latium. albus, -a, -urn, adj. white. Alcmena, -ae, f. Alcmena, the mother of Hercules. ales, -itis, m. [ala], bird. alias, adv. [alius], elsewhere, at any other time. ali-quando, adv. [alius], at some time ; formerly, once. Cf. olim. ali-quanto, adv. [alius], somewhat. aliquis, -qua, -quid [-quod], indef. pron. sotne one, some, atty. (496.) aliter, adv. [alius], othetwise, in any other way. alius, -a, -ud, adj. another, other, else : alius . . . alius, one . . . an- other. (312.) Cf. ceteri. al6, -ere, -in, -tus or -itus, nourish, strengthen. Alpes, -ium, f. plur. the Alps. altaria, -ium, n. plur. altar. alter, -era, -erum, adj. the one, the other {of two); second: alter . . . alter, the one . . . the other. (312.) altitiido, -inis, f. [altus], height. altum, -I, n. [altus], the sea. altus, -a, -um, adj. high, deep. alveus, -T, m. hollow vessel, tub, trough . ambo, -ae, -6, adj. (decl. like duo), both. ambul5, -are, -avi, -atas, walk, take a walk. 248 FIRST YEAR LATIN amentia, -ae, f. want of ?-easofi, viad- ness. amicitia, -ae, f. [zmxzvii]. friendship. amicus, -a, -um, adj. [amo], /rzV«i//j'; as \\o\m, friend. a-mitto, -ere, -misT, -missus, send away ; lose. Cf. perdo. amo, -are, -avi, -atus [amor], love, like,befo7idof. (497.) amor, -oris, f. [amo], love. a-moveo, -ere, -movl, -motus, move away, put aside. amplus, -a, -um, large, 7oide ; honor- able. Ample. AmQlius, -1, m. Amulius, father of Rhea Silvia. an, conj. or. ancora, -ae, f. anchor. angustus, -a, -um, adj. narrow. anima, -ae, f. {■a.mmws], breath, soul, life. Animate. anim-adverto, -ere, -ti, -sus [animus-], turn the mind to, notice. animal, -alls, n. [anima], living be- ing, animal. (169.) animus, -1, m. [anima], mind, soul, spirit, disposition. Cf. mens. Anio, -enis, m. the Anio, a branch of the Tiber. annona, -ae, f. [annus], {the year's supply), provisio7ts ; price (of pro- visions), market ; scarcity. annus, -T, m. year. Annual. ante, adv. and prep, with ace. before. antea, adv. [ante], before. ante-cedd, -ere, -cessT, ,go before. ante-fero, -ferre, -tulT, -latus, place in advance, prefer. (506.) Cf. ante- pono and malo. ante-pono, -ere, -posui, -positus, place in advance, prefer. Cf. an- tefero, praepono, and mal5. ante-quam, adv. sooner than, before. antiquus, -a, -um, adj. [ante], old, ancient. Antiquity. Cf. vetus. antrum, -I, n. cave. anxius, -a, -um, troubled, anxious. Apollo, -inis, m. Apollo, a god of the Greeks. ap-pareo, -ere, -ui, [ad-], appear, show one's self. ap-pell5, -are, -avI, -atus [ad-], ad- dress, call, name. Appeal. apto, -are, -avI, -a.t\is,f!t. apud, prep, with ace. with, by, near, atnong. aqua, -ae, f. water. Aquatic. ara, -ae, f. altar. (Page 21.) aratrum, -i, n. \2iXo\, plojtgh. (Page 87.) arbitror,-arT, -atus sum, //;/«/^,j'?///i7j-^. arbor, -oris, f. tree. arceo, -ere, -uT, , keep off. arcesso, -ere, -IvI, -Itus, se7id for, summon. arcus, -us, m. bow. (242, a.) Arc. ardeo, -ere, arsl, arsus, be on fire, burfi, blaze. Ardent. arduus, -a, -um, adj. steep ; difficult, arduous. aries, -etis, m. ram, battering ratn. (Page 202.) arma, -orum, n. [arm5], arms, weapons, armor. armatus, -T, m. [armo], armed fnan, warrior. armo, -are, -avi, -atus [arma], arm, equip. aro, -are, -avI, -Mus, plough. ars, artis, f. art, skill. LA TIN-ENGLISH I 'OCA BULA R Y 249 arx, arcis, f. [arceo], citadel. ascensus, -us, m. a going «/, ascent. asper, -era, -erum, rough, fierce, harsh. Exasperape. at, conj. but. Cf. sed and autem. Athena, -ae, f. Athena, a goddess. Atlas, amis, m. At/as, one of the Titans. at-que (before vowels and conso- nants, ac before consonants only) [cLd-],a>ii/ also, and especially, and ; as. Cf. at and -que. atrox, -ocis, adj. savage, fierce, severe. Atrocious. Cf. saevus. at-tingo, -ere, -tigi, -tactus [ad- tango], touch, reach. Attain. at-tonitus, -a, -urn [ad-], thunder- struck, astounded, azue-struck. auctor, -oris, m. [augeo], author, doer. audacia, -ae, f. [audax], daring, bold- ness, audacity. audax, -acis, adj. daring, bold. (484.) Audacious. audi5, -ire, -TvT (-ii), -Itus, hear, listen. (501.) Audience. au-fero, auferre, abstull, ablatus [ab(s)], bear off, carry away, take away. (506.) Alil.ATIVE. Augeas, -ae, m. Augeas, a mythical hero. augeo, -ere, aii.xT, auctus [auxilium], increase, enlarge. AUGMENT. Augustus, -1, m. Augustus, title of Caesar Octavianus as emperor. aura, -ae, f. air. aureus, -a, -um, adj. [aurum], 0/ gold, golden. auris, -is, f. ear. AuRiST. aurum, -I, n. gold. ' aut, conj. or : aut . . . aut, either . . . or. autem, conj. (never the first word), but, however, moreover, now. auxilior, -arl, -atus sum [auxilium], give help, aid, assist. auxilium, -i, n. [augeo], help, aid, support. Auxiliary. avarus, -a, -um, adj. greedy, rapa- cious. Avaricious. a-versor, -arl, -atus sum, turfi away from. Averse. a-verto, -ere, -tT, -sus, turn away, turn aside, avert. avia, -ae, f. grandmother. avis, -is, f. bird. Aviary. balteus, -T, m. belt. barba, -ae, f. beard. barbarus, -T, m. barbarian. beatus, -a, -um, adj. happy. Belgae, -arum, m. plur. the Belgians or Belgae, a Gallic tribe. bell5, -are, -avi, -atus [bellum], war, carry on war. Cf. bellum gero. bellum, -T, n. [bello], 7var. bellus, -a, -um, ^.d]. pretty. belua, -ae, f. beast, monster. bene, adv. [bonus], luell. (267.) beneficium, -I, n. [bene-facio], kind- ness, service, benefit. bestia, -ae, f. beast, animal. bibo, -ere, bibi, , drink. Imbibe. bis, adv. hvice. bonus, -a, -um, adj. good, kind. (483-) bos, bovis, m. and f. ox, cow. (482.) brevis. -e, adj. short, brief. (182.) Britannia, -ae, f. Britain. 2t;o FIRST YEAR LATIN Britannus, -I, m. a Briton, inhabitant of Britannia. Brutus, -I, m. Brutus, a Roman sur- name. C., abbreviation for Gaius. cado, -ere, cecidi, casiirus,_/a//. caecus, -a, -um, adj. i//fid. caedes, -is, f. [caedo], slaughter, carnage, mtirder. caedo, -ere, cecTdT, caesus [caedes], cut; kill. caelum, -I, n. sky, heaven, heavens. Caesar, -aris, m. Caius Julius Caesar, a famous Roman, calathus, -I, m. Imskct. cale-facio, -ere, -feci, -factus [caleo-], make hot, heat. calor, -5ris, m. heat, glow. Caloric. Cambricus, -I, m. Cambricus. Campania, -ae, f. Campania, a dis- trict of Italy. campus, -T, va.. field. Camp. cancer, -cri, m. crab. Cancer. canis, -is, m. and f. dog. Canine. Cannae, -arum, f. plur. Cannae, a town of southern Italy, canto, -are, -avT, -atus [cantus], sing. Chant. cantus, -lis, m. [canto], singing, song. Chant. capio, -ere, cepT, captus, take, seize, capture ; form. (500.) capra, -ae, f. she-goat. captiva, -ae, f. [capio], captive, prisoner. captivus, -T, m. [capio], captive, prisoner. Capua, -ae, f. Capua, a city in Italy. caput, -itis, n. head ; person. (154.) Capital. care, adv. [carus], dearly. careo, -ere, -ui, -iturus, be in want of, lack, want ; with abl. caro, carnis, i. flesh. Carnal. Carolus, -T, m. Charles. carpo, -ere, -sT, -tus, pluck, nibble ; enjoy. carrus, -I, m. wagon, cart, car. Carthago, -inis, f. Carthage, a town in Africa, carus, -a, -um, adj. dear, precious. casa, -ae, f. hut, cottage. Cassivellaunus, -T, m. Cassivellau- nus, a British chief. castellum, -1, n. [diminutive of castrum], redoubt, stronghold. Castle. castra, -orum, n. plur. camp. casus, -us, m. [cado], a falling; chance; t?iisfortutte, loss. Case. caterva, -ae, f. crowd, troop, throng. Catilina, -ae, m. Catiline, a famous Roman conspirator. causa, -ae, f . cause, reason : causa (after a genitive), /^r the sake. caveo, -ere, cavl, cautus, be on one^s guard, beware ; with a and abl., guard against. Caution. cedo, -ere, cessT, cessurus, give way, retire. Secede. celeber, -bra, -brum, z.A]. freqtiented, visited ; renowned, celebrated. celeritas, -atis, f. [celer, swift], staff t- ness, speed, quickness, celerity. celeriter, adv. [celer, swift], swiftly, quickly. cel5, -are, -avT, -atus, conceal. cena, -ae, f. dinner, meal. LA T/.V^EA'GL/SH I 'OCABULAR] " 251 Cenaeum, -I, n. Cenaeum, a prom- ontory on the island of Euboea. ceno, -are, -avi. -atus, diiu', take a vical. Centaurus, -I, m. Centaur, a fabled monster, half man, half horse. centesimus, -a, -um, num. adj. [cen- tum], hundredth. centum, indecl. num. adj. hundred. Cent. centurio, -dnis, m. centurion, an underotificer in the Roman army. cera, -ae, f. wax. cerno, -ere, crevl, certus (cretus), distinguish, discern, decide, per- ceive, see. certamen, -inis, n. strife, contest. certe, adv. [certus], really, surely, certainly. certus. -a, -um, adj.yfx^o', determined, certain, sure : certiorem facio, {make more certain'), inform. cerva, -ae, f. deer, hind. cervix, -Icis, f. the neck. ceteri, -ae, -a, plur. adj. the rest, the reviaining, the others. Cf. alius. Christus, -I, m. Christ. cibus, -T, m.food. Cicero, -onis, m. Cicero, a famous Roman orator. Cimbri, -5rum, m. plur. the Cimbri- ans, a German tribe. Cincinnatus, -T, m. Cincinnatus, a famous Roman. cingO, -ere, cinxT, cinctus, surround, encircle, gird. circiter, adv. about. circuitus, -us, m. [circum-e6],(a^«'M^ round), circumference, circuit. circum, prep, with ace. around. circum-aro, -are, -avJ, , plough around. circum-do, -dare, -dedl, -datus, place around, surround, inclose. circum-ducS, -ere, -duxl, -ductus, lead around. circum-munio, -Ire, -TvT, -Itus, wall around, fortify, blockade. circum-sedeo, -ere, -sedT, -sessus, {sit around), blockade, besiege. circumsessus, see circumsedeo. circum-sist5, -ere, -stetT, , sta>id around, surround. circum-sto, -are, -steti (stitT), , stand around, surround. CIRCUM- STANCE, circum-venio, -Ire, -vcnl, -ventus, surround, circumvent. citerior, -ius, adj. comp. hither, nearer. (489.) civis, -is, m. and f. citizen. (169, c.) civitas, -atjs, f. [civis], {body of citizens), state ; citizenship. CiTY. clamd, -are, -avI, -atus [clamor], cry, shout. clamor, -oris, m. [clamo], shout, cry ; barking. Clamor. clams, -a, -um, adj. clear, loud; renowned, famous. Clarion. classicum, -1, n. field signal, trumpet call. claudo, -ere, -si, -sus, shut, close. claustra, -orum, n. plur. [claudd], barrier, dike. dementia, -ae, f. indulgent disposi- tion ; gentleness, clemency. Cloelia, -ae, f. Cloelia, a noble Roman maiden. Codes, -itis, m., {blind of one eye), Codes, surname of Horatius. 252 FIRST YEAR LATIN coepi, -isse, coeptus (defective ; tenses from present stem want- ing), began. CO-erceo, -ere, -ul, -itus [com-arceo], keep back, check, restrain. Co- erce. COgito, -are, -avi, -at us [com-agito], consider thoroughly, reflect. cognomen, -inis, n. [com-(g)n6men], surname, cognomen. co-gnosco, -ere, -gnovi, -gnitus [co(m) -gnoses], learn, recognize, know, understand. Cf. agnosco. COhors, cohortis, f. cohort, a division of the Roman army. COUis, -is, m. hill. Cf. mons. COllum, -1, n. neck. C0I6, -ere, colui, cultus, care for, cultivate, till ; honor. Cf. incola and agricola. columba, -ae, f. dove. com (col-, con-, cor-, co-), primitive form of cum, a prefix denoting completeness or union; some- times intensive. comes, -itis, m. and f. [com-eo], comrade, companion. comitium, -T, n. [com-eo], {place of assembling), the comitium, a part of the Roman forum. com-memoro, -are, -avI, -atus, call to mind, remember, recouttt, tell. com-minus, adv. [-manus], hand to hand. Cf. eminus. C0m-mitt5, -ere, -misT, -missus, in- trust, commit: proelium com- mittere, join battle, engage. com-moveo, -ere, -movT, -motus, {put in violent motion), shake, disturb, agitate, move. Commotion. communis, -e, adj. common, general. com-pello, -ere, -pulT, -pulsus, {drive togeth er) , force, compel. com-plector, -T, -plexus sum, embrace. com-pleo, -ere, -plevi, -pletus,y?// out, fill up, cover. Complete. com-plQres, -a (-ia), adj. very many, many, a number. com-prehendo, -ere, -di, -hensus, catch, seise. com-primo, -ere, -press!, -pressus [-premo], press together, grasp; check, suppress. Compress. COmpulsus, see compello. conatus, -lis, m. [conor], attempt. con-cido, -ere, -cidl, [-cadd], fall down, fall. COn-cito, -are, -avT, -atus, rottse up, rouse, spur on. Concordia, -ae, f., {an agreeing to- gether), union, harmony, concord. con-curro, -ere, -curri (-cucurri), -cursus, run together, rush to- gether, rally, gather. Concourse. COndicio, -onis, f. [con-d!co], {a talk- ing together), agreement, condition, terms. con-do, -ere, -did!, -ditus, conceal, hide ; found. Cf. celo. con-dono, -are, -avT, -atus, give up, surrender ; forgive, pardon, con- done. CO-nectO. -ere, , -nexus, bind together ; Join, tie. CONNECT. con-fero, -ferre, contuli, conlatus (coll-), bring together, collect: se conferre, betake one's self. (506.) c6n-fertus, -a, -um, adj. crowded, thick, dense. confessio, -5nis, f. confession. LA TIN-EAGUSH VOCABULARY 253 confestim, adv. immediately, fortlt- ivith. con-ficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus [-facio], make, accomplish, carry out, finish; weaken, wear out. con-fldo, -ere, -flsus sum (semi- cU'ponent), trust entirely: believe, trust. Confide. con-firmo, -are, -avT, -atus, make firm, strengthen, steady. Confirm. c6n-fugi5, -ere, -fugl, , flee for refui^e, flee. con-gredior, -T, -gressus sum [-gra- dior], {come together) ; engage in battle, meet, fight. Congress. con-grego, -are, -avT, -atus [grex], {herd together'), gather, collect, as- semble. Congregate. c5n-ici6, -ere, -iecl, -iectus [-iacio], til row together; throw, put, hurl, cast. Conjecture. con-iungo, -ere, -iunxi, -iunctus, join together, unite. CONJUNCTION. coniunx, -iugis, m. and f. [coniungS], husband, wife. CONJUGAL. COn-iuro, -are, -avT, -atus, unite by oath, conspire. Conjure. C0n-l0c5, -are, -avT, -atus, place, sta- tion. Cf. pono. conloquium, -T, n. [con-loquor], a talking together ; conversation, conference, colloquy. Conor, -ari, -atus sum, endeavor., attempt, try. con-ripio, -ere, -uT, -reptus [-rapid], seize, take hold of. con-ruo, -ere, -uT, ,fall together, fall down, fall. Cf. concido. c5n-salut6, -are, -avi, -atus, salute cordially, greet. c6n-scend6, -ere, -scendT, -scensus [-scaiido], climb tip, mount, go on board. c5nsensus, -us, m. [con-sentio],^^^^!?- ment, unanimity, consent. con-sero, -ere, -uT, -sertus,7W«; with ma.num, fight hand to hand. con-servo, -are, -avT, -atus, preserve, save. con-sido, -ere, -sedT, -sessus, sit down. consilium, -T, n. advice, counsel, prudence, wisdom ; plan, design. con-sisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitus, stand firm, take one^s stand, halt; de- pend, rest. conspectus, -us, m. look, view, sight. COnspicor, -ari, -atus sum, get sight of, descry. constanter, adv. [c6nstantia],yfr/«/)', steadily, resolutely. constantia, -ae, f. [constanter], yfrw- ness: constancy. c5n-stituo, -ere, -ui, -utus [-statuo], establish, determine, fix, decide, resolve. Constitution. c5n-suesco, -ere, -suevT, -suetus, accustom ; become accustomed ; perf. be accustomed, be wont. Cf. soleo. consuetude, -inis, f. [consuesco], custom, habit. consul, -ulis, m. consul. (479. ^■) c5nsulatus, -us, m. [consul], consul- ship. c5n-siimo, -ere, -psi, -ptus, use up, spend, pass, consume. con-temno, -ere, -tempsi, -temptus, despise, contemn. contemptus, -us, m. [contemno], contempt, scorn. 254 FIRST YEAR LATIN con-tendo, -ere, -dl, -tus, strain, struggle, strive, hasten. Con- tend. contentio, -onis, f. [contendo], struggle, exertion. Contention. COn-tineo, -ere, -ul, -tentus [-tene5], hold together, keep together, hold, contain. COntinuus, -a, -um, adj. [contineo], continuous, successive. contra, prep, with ace. against, con - trary to. COntroversia, -ae, f. dispute, quarrel ; controversy. contumeliose, adv. abusively, in- solently. con-venio, -ire, -veni, -ventus, come together, assemble ; convene. con-verto, -ere, -ti, -sus, turn, turn away. Convert. COnvivium, -T, n. feast, banquet. COn-voco, -are, -avi, -atus, call together, summon, convoke. COpia, -ae, f. [com-ops], abundance, wealth, plenty ; plur. troops, forces. Copious. coram, a.Av.face to face. Corinthus, -T, f. Corinth. (47, 2.) Coriolanus, -1, m. Coriolanus, a fa- mous Roman warrior. Corioli, -Oram, m. plur. Corioli, an ancient town in Italy. Cornelia, -ae, f. Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi. COrnu, -us, n. horn. (242.) corona, -ae, f. crown. Coronet. corpus, -oris, n. (J(?^. (163.) Corpse. COrvus, -i, m. raven; grappling hook. COtidie, adv. [quot-dies], daily. cratera, -ae, f. mixing bowl, bowl. Crater. creber, -bra, -brum, adj. thick, nu- merous, frequent. Cf. frequens. credibilis, -e, adj. to be believed, credible. creo, -are, -avI, -atus, make, create : choose, elect. cruciatus, -us, m. torture. Excru- ciating. criidelis, -e, adj. cruel. cruentus, -a,-um, adj. [cruor], bloody. cruor, -oris, m. blood, gore. Cf. sanguis. crus, criiris, n. leg. CUbiculum, -I, n. [cubo], bedchamber. cubo, -are, -ul, -itiirus, lie, lie asleep. culpa, -ae, f. [culpo], blame, fault. Culpable. Cf. vitium. culpo, -are, -avi, -atus [culpa], blame, find fault with. culter, -tri, m. knife, butcher 's knife. cum, conj. when ; as, since ; though, although. (397, 398.) cum, prep, with abl. with. cunae, -arum, f. plur. cradle. cunctus, -a, -um, adj. all together, all. Cf. omnia, totus, and universus. cupide, adv. [cupidus], eagerly. cupiditas, -atis, f. \zvi'^\d^\i%\, longing, desire. Cupidity. cupidus, -a, -um, adj. [cupio], desir- ous, fond. cupio, -ere, -Tvi (-ii), -Itus [cupidus], desire, be eager for. Cf. volo. cur, adv. [qua-re], why, where- fore. cura, -ae, f. [cur5], care, anxiety. curiSsus, -a, -um, adj. inquisitive, LA TIN-ENGLlSH VOCA B ULA R V 255 cur5, -are, -avi, -atus [cura], care ''or, taki care ; with gerundive, Aaze (a thing done). currus, -us, m. chariot, car. cursus, -us, m. course. curulis, -e, adj. cur-''-:: sella curulis, official chair, used by higher magis- trates. custodi5, -Ire, -ivT (-il), -Itus [custos], guard, protect, defend. custos, -odis, m. and f. [custodio], guardian, keeper. CUSTODIAN. Cyclops, -opis, m., {round eye), a Cyclops, one of a fabulous race of giants on the coast of Sicily. damn5, -are, -avi, -atus [damnum], condemn, sentence, doom. damnum,-!, n. [damno], hurt, harm, damage, loss. de, prep, with abl. dozvn from , from ; about, concerning, of; (of time) in, during, for. dea, -ae, f. [deus], goddess. (Page 22, note 2.) debeo, -ere, -ui, -itus, owe, ought, must, should. debitus, -a, -um, adj. \A^\iQ.o\, owed ; due, appropriate. Debit, Debt. de-ced5, -ere, -cessi, -cessurus, depart ; die. Cf. abeo and morior. decern, indecl. num. adj. ten. de-cerno, -ere, -crevT, -cretus, {sepa- rate from), decide, settle, deter- mine ; contend; decree. de-cido, -ere, -cidl, [-cad 6], fall down, fall off. decimus, -a, -um, num. adj. tenth. de-cipi5, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus [-capio], deceive. de-claro, -are, -avi, -atus [clarus], {clear off), disclose, prove, show, declare. de-curro, -ere, -cucurrl (currl), -cur- sus, run down. dediticius, -a, -um, adj. [dedo], sur- rendered. — Masc. plur. as noun, prisoners of war, subjects. deditio, -onis, f. [dedo], a giving up ; surrender. de-do, -ere, -didi, -ditus, give up, give away ; surrender. de-duco, -ere, -duxT, -ductus, lead do7un, lead off, escort, bring to. de-fendo, -ere, -di, -fensus [defen- sor], {strike off from), defend, protect. defensor, -oris, m. [defendo], defender, protector. de-fessus, -a, -um, adj. tired out, weary, very tired. de-ficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus [-facio], be wanting, fail, runout. DEFECT, de-figo, -ere, -fixi, -ilxns, fasten, fx ; strike motionless, stupefy, astonish. Deianira, -ae, f. Deianira, wife of Hercules. de-ici5, -ere, -iecT, -iectus [-iacio], throw down, let fall ; pass, slip, stumble. DEJECTED, deiectus, see deicio. de-inde, adv., {from thence), then, afterzuards, next. delecto, -are, -avi, -atus, delight. deleo, -ere, -evi, -etus, destroy, wipe out. Delete. de-ligo, -are, -avi, -atus, bind down, fasten, tie. de-ligo, -ere, -legT, -Iectus [-lego], pick out, choose, select. 256 FIRST YEAR LATIN Delphi, -orum, m. Delphi, a town in Greece. Delphicus, -a, -urn, adj. of Delphi, Delphic. de-migro, -are, -avi, -atus, migrate from ; remove, go away. Cf. abed and decedd. de-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus, {send dowii), let down, let go, lose. de-monstro, -are, -avT, -atus, point out, show, describe. Demon- strate. demum, adv. at length, at last: turn demum, not till then. denique, adv. at last, finally ; at least, at any rate. dens, dentis, m. tooth. Dentist. densus, -a, -um, adj. thick, dense. de-pell6, -ere, -pull, -pulsus, drive out, drive away, remove, banish. de-pono, -ere, -posuT, -positus, put down, lay aside, abandon. De- posit. depositus, see depono. depulsus, see depello. de-scendo, -ere, -dl, -sus,(r/m3(/^ze/«), come down, descend. de-sero, -ere, -uT, -tus, abandon, desert. desertus, see desero. de-sili5, -ire, -ul, -sultus,y/cw/ down, leap down. de-sisto, -ere, -stiti, -stilus, {stand off or apart), leave off, cease; de- sist. despectus, iis, m., {a looking dozan upon), view, prospect; plur. heights. de-spero, -are, -avT, -atus [spes], be hopeless, despair. de-spolio, -are, -avI, -atus, rob, dep! ive, despoil. de-sum, -esse, -fuT, , be from, be watitittg, lack ; with dat. de-traho, -ere, -traxi, -tractus, draw off, throw off, remove. Detract. de-trecto, -are, -avI, -atus [-tracto], decline, refuse. de-turbo, -are, -avi, -atus, {thrust doivn), upset, drive away, dislodge. deus, -i, m. god. {482.) de-voro, -are, -avI, -atus, swalloiv up, devour, gulp down. de-voveo, -ere, -vovT, -votus, vow, offer, devote. dexter, -tra, -trum (-era, -erum), adj. right {hand). Dexterous. dextra, -ae, f. [dexter], right hand. dico, -ere, dlxT, dictus (imv. die, for dice), say, tell, speak; ap- point. dictator, -oris, m. [dico], chief in agis- trate, dictator. dictatiira, -ae, f. [dictator], dictator- ship. dies, -ei, m. and f. day. (275.) dif-ficilis, -e, adj. [dis-facilis], ha7-d, difficult. (254.) dif&cultas, -atis, f. [difficilis], diffi- culty. dignus, -a, -um, adj. worthy, deserv- ing ; with abl. di-lanio, -are, -avi, -atus, tear to pieces. diligenter, adv. [dlligentia], dili- gently, industriously. dlligentia, -ae, f. [diligenter], dili- gence, carefulness, industry. dimico, -are, -avi, -atus, fight, con- tend. Cf. pugHo. LA TIN-ENGLISH VOCABL/LA R V 257 di-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus, seiiJ off, dismiss ; let slip, let go by. dis-, di- (a prefix denoting separa- tion), asunder, apart, in different directions. Cf. dimittS, discedo, dissimilis, distraho. dis-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessurus, depart, withdraw, go off. Cf. abeo and decedo. disciplina, -ae, f. [disco], order, discipline. disco, -ere, didici, disciturus, learn. discordia, -ae, f. [discords], disagree- ment, discord. discordo, -are, , [discordia], be at variance, differ, quarrel. discrimen, -inis, n. risk, danger ; crisis. Cf. periculum. dis-cutio, -ere, -cussT, -cussus [-quatio], (shake apart), scatter, reiuffve. Discuss. dis-similis, -e, adj. unlike, dis- similar. dis-tribuo, -ere, -uT, -utus, divide, distribute. diu, adv. for a long time, long. (490.) di-vello, -ere, -vellT, -volsus, tear asunder, tear apart. diversus, -a, um, adj., [turned away), separate, different, diverse. dives, -itis, adj. rick. di-vido, -ere, -vTsT, -visus, divide, apportion. DIVISION. divinus, -a, -um, adj. 0/ the gods, divine. divitiae, -arum, f. plur. [dives], riches, wealth. divolsus, see divello. do, dare, dedi, datus, give, offer : put. Cf. dono. doceo, -ere, -ui, -tus, teach, show. doleo, -ere, -ui, '— [dolor], grieve, be sorry. dolor, -oris, m. [doleo], pain, grief. DCJLOROUS. dolus, -I, m. deceit, trick, fraud, cun- ning. domina, -ae, f. [dominus], mistress, lady. dominus, -I,m. [domina] , lord, master, 07vner. (109.) DOMINATE, domus, -us, f. house, home: domi, at home. (195, b, 197, 482.) Domestic. d5nec, conj. until. dono, -are, -avi, -atus [donum], give, present. Donate. Cf. do. donum, -T, n. \6lo\, gift, present. dormio, -Ire, -IvI (-ii), -itus, sleep. Dormitory. draco, -onis, m. serpent, dragon. dubito, -are, -avI, -atus [dubius], hesitate, doubt. dubium, -T, n. [dubius], doubt. dubius, -a, -um, adj. [duo], doubt- ful. Dubious. duco, -ere, dfixi, ductus [dux], lead, draw ; derive. Duilius (C), -T, m. Caius Duilius, a Roman general. dulcis, -e, adj. sweet, pleasant. Dulcet. dum, conj. while, as long as ; until. duo. duae, duo, num. adj. two. (304 ) Cf. ambo. duo-decim [-decem], indecl. num. adj. t-welve. duo-decimus, num. adj. [duodecim], twelfth. % duo-de-viginti, num. adj. eighteen. 258 FIRST YEAR LATIN duplex, -icis, adj. [duo], twofold, double. durus, -a, -um, adj. hard, rough, harsh, cruel. dux, ducis, m. and f. [duco], leader, general. Duke. Cf. imperator. e, see ex. e-dic5, -ere, -dixi, -dictus, declare, ptMish, proclaim. Edict. edo, -ere, edi, esus, eat, devour, consitnte. Edible. Cf. devoro. e-do, -ere, -didi, -ditus, pict forth, raise, utter. educo, -are, -avl, -atus, bring up, train, educate. e-duc6, -ere, -duxl, -ductus, lead out, lead forth, bring atuay ; draw. Edvardus, -I, m. Edward. ef-fero, -ferre, extuli, elatus [ex-], bear out, carry forth ; lift up, raise. (506.) Elated. ef-ficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus [ex-facio], bring about, effect, accomplish. ef-flo, -are, -avl, -atus [ex-], {blow out), breathe out. ef-fundo, -ere, -fudl, -fusus [ex-], pour forth, pour out, shed. effusus, see effundo. ego, pers. pron. /; plur. nos, we. (492.) Egotist. e-gredior, -i, -gressus sum, go out, go forth : in terram egressus, having gone ashore. egregie, adv. [egregius], remarkably, excellently. egregius, -a, -um, adj. extraordinary, distinguished, excellent. EGRE- GIOUS. Cf. eximius and praestans. egressus, see egredior. eheu, interj . alas I elatus, see effero. elephantus, -i, m. elephant. e-ligo, -ere, -legi, -lectus \Aego], pick out, choose, select. Elect. Elis, -idis, f. Ells, a division of Greece. Elisabetha, -ae, f. Elizabeth, a queen of England. e-minus, adv. [-manus], at a dis- tance, afar. Cf. comminus. e-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus, send forth, let loose, let out. Emit. emo, -ere, emi, emptus, buy. enim, conj. (never the first word), for ; indeed, in fact. Cf. nam. ensis, -is, m. sword. Cf. gladius. e-niintio, -are, -avi, -atus [nuntius], proclaim, announce, reveal, utter. Enunciate. eo, adv. [is], to that place, thither, there. eo, ire, IvI (ii), itiirus, ^^. (507.) Epirus, -I, f. Epirus, a division of Greece. epistula, -ae, f. letter, epistle. epulae, -arum, f. ^\\\r. feast, banqttet. eques, -itis, m. [equus], horseman, knight. equester, -tris, -tre, adj. [eques], {of horsemen), equestrian. equidem, adv. indeed, certainly, truly. equitatus, -us, m. [eques], {body of horsemen), cavalry. equus, -i, m. horse. Equine. erga, prep, with abl. towards. e-ripio, -ere, -ul, -reptus [-rapio], snatch out, seize: se eripere, escape. LA TIN-ENGLISH I VCABULA R Y 259 erro, -are, -avT, -atus, wander, err. e-rump5, -ere, -rupl, -ruptus, burst forth, break out. eniptio, -onis, f. [erumpo], (a burst- ing forth), sally. Eruption. et. conj. and, also: et . . . et, both . . . and. Cf. atque, ac, and -que. etiam, adv. and conj. [et-iam], (and now), also, even. Cf. quoque. Etrusci, -drum, m. plur. the Etrus- cans, people of Etruria, in Italy, et-si, conj. although. Eunomus, -T, m. Eunomus. EuT5pa, -ae, f. Europe. Eurystheus, -T, m. Eurystheus, king of Mycenae, in Greece. Eurytus, -T, m. Eurytus, father of lole. e-vado, -ere, -vasl, -vasus, {go out), get away, escape. Evade. e-venio, -Ire, -veni, -ventus, {come out), fall out, happen, turn out. Cf. accid5 and fio. e ventus, -us, m. [evenio], {a happen- ing), issue, result, event. ex or e, prep, with abl. out of, from, of, off, on; in accordance with. ex-animatus, -a, -um, adj . breathless, out of breath, exhausted. ex-cipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus [-capio], receive, welcome, entertain ; cut off, interrupt. EXCEPT. ex-cit5, -are, -avi, -atus, {call out), rouse, arouse, wake. Excite. ex-clamo, -are, -avi, -atus, cry out, exclaim. excursio, -onis, f., (a running out), sally, sortie. Excursion. excussus, see excutio. ex-cutio, -ere, -cussl, -cussus [-qua- tid], shake off, throw off, strike off exemplutn, -T, n. sample, example, wartiing. ex-e5, -Ire, -il, -itus, go out, go forth, come out. (507.) Exit. Cf. egredior. exercitus, -us, m., {the thing trained), army. eximius, -a, -um, adj. excellent, re- markable. Cf. egregius. existimatio, -onis, f. [existimo], estimate, opinion. ex-istim5, -are, -avT, -atus, think. Judge, consider, suppose. Cf. arbitror and puto. exitium, -1, n. [ex-eo], ruin, de- struction. ex-orior, -Irl, -ortus sum, spring up, arise, appear ; begin. ex-oro, -are, -avi, -atus, prevail upon, persuade, induce. ex-pell6, -ere, -pull, -pulsus, drive out, expel. Expulsion. ex-perior, -irT, -pertus sum [-pario], try, test ; experience. Cf. tento. expertus, see experior. ex-pet5, -ere, -ivT (-ii), -Ttus, seek out, demand, ask. ex-pio, -are, -avT, -atus, make amends for, expiate. explorator, -oris, m. [explore], scout, spy. ex-pl6ro, -are, -avi, -atus [explorator] examine, explore, invest/gate. ex-pono, -ere, -posul, -positus, set forth, explain, relate ; expose. expositus, see expono. 26o FIRST YEAR LATIN ex-pugno, -are, -avi, -atus, take by storm, take, capture. Cf. oppugno. expulsus, see expello. ex-secror, -arl, -atus sum, curse, exe- crate, abhor. ex-sero, -ere, -seruT, -sertus, thrust out. ex-silio, -Ire, -silul, , jump forth, dart out. exsilium, -i, n. [exsul], exile. ex-specto, -are, -avi, -atus, await, wait for, wait, expect. ex-spiro, -are, -avT, -atus, breathe out, expire, die. Cf. morior and decedo. ex-struo, -ere, -struxT, -structus, {heap tip), build, erect, construct. exsul, -ulis, m. and f. an exile. extemplo, adv. immediately, fo7-th- with. Ci. subito and repente. ex-terreo, -ere, -ui, -itus, frighten, affright. extra, prep, with ace. outside of, beyond. extremus, -a, -um, adj. outerviost, last, furthest; end of; extreme. (4S9) faber, -bri, workman, artisan, smith. Fabius, -T, m.{Quintus) Fabius {Maxi- mus), a celebrated Roman con- sul. Fabricius, -T, m. Fabricius, a famous Roman general. fabula, -ae, f. story, tale, fable. facile, adv. [facilis], easily. facilis, -e, adj. [facio], {that can be done), easy to do, easy. (254.) FA- CILITY. facio, -ere, feci, factus, do, make; form, perform. factum, -T, n. {i&cio], act, deed, action. Fact. facultas, -atis, f. [facio], power, op- portunity, chance. FACULTY. fama, -ae, f. rumor, report ; fame, renown. fames, -is, f. hunger, famine. familia, -ae, f. household, family. fascis, -is, m. bundle, load ; plur. the fasces, a bundle of rods with an axe, carried by the lictors. Faustulus, -T, m. Faustulus, a shep- herd. faveo, -ere, favi, fauturus, be favor- able to, favor, befriend ; with dat. fax, facis, f. torch, firebrand. Februarius, -T, m. February. feles, -is, f. cat. Feline. feliciter, adv. [felTx], luckily, fortu- nately, successfully. felix, -icis, adj. lucky, fortunate, happy. Felicity. femina, -ae, f. woman. Feminine. Cf. mulier. fere, adv. nearly, for the most part, almost, about. fero, ferre, tulT, latus, bear, bring; report, say. (506.) Cf. porto and veho ; also tolero. ferox, -ocis, adj. fierce, impetuous. Ferocious. ferreus, -a, -um, adj. [ferrum], of iron, iron. ferrum, -T, n. iron ; sword. Cf. gladius and ensis. ferveo, -ere, , , be hot, glow. Fervent. fidelis, -e, adj. [fides], trusty, faith- ful. Fidelity. fides, -ei, f. trust, confidence. LA TIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 261 fidus, -a, -um, adj. [fides], trusty, J\jithful. figura, -ae, f. [fi(n)g6], shape, form; figure. filia, -ae, f. [filius], daughter. (Page 22, note 2.) filius, -1, m. [filia], sou. (478, a.) Filial. fingo, -ere, fIn.\T, flctu.s, fashion, de- vise. Feign. Fiction. finis, -is, m. end, border ; plur. terri- tories. {169, e.) Final. finitimus, -a, -um, adj. [finis], bor- dering upon ; plur. neighbors. f 10, fieri, factus sum (supplies pass, to facio), he made, he done, beeome, hap- pen. (508.) Cf. accido and evenio. firmus, -a, -um, adj. strong, firm. flagrans, -antis, z.^). flaming, blazing, burning. FLAGRANT. flecto, -ere, fle.xi, flexus, bend, turn. Flexible. fliimen, -inis, n., (that which flows), river, stream. fluvius, -i, m., [the flowing thing), river, stream. foculus, -i, m. sacrificial hearth, fire pan, brazier. foedus, -a, -um, 2^6]. filthy, foul, hor- rible. foedus, -eris, n. league, treaty, alli- ance. Federal. folium, -i, n. leaf. Foliage. fons, fontis, m. spring, fount, source. fore, for futurum esse. forma, -ae, f. form, figure ; beauty. fors, fortis, f. chance, luck. forte, adv. \toxs\, by chance, perhaps. fortis, -e, adj. [fortiter], strong, brave, courageous. Cf. validus. fortiter, adv. [fortis], bravely, cour- ageously. fortitiido, -inis, f. [fortis], strength, bravery, endurance ; fortitude. fortuna, -ae, f. [fors], fortune, good fortune. fossa, -ae, f. ditch, trench, fosse ; canal. fragor, -oris, m. [frango], crash. frango, -ere, fregi, fractus [fragor], break in pieces, break. FRACTURE. frater, -tris, m. brother. Frater- nal. fraus, fraudis, f. deceit, trickery, crime. Fraud. frequens, -entis, adj. crowded, in great mnnbers. Frequent. Cf. creber. frigidus, -a, -um, adj. [frigus], cold. Frigid. frigus, -oris, n. [frigidus], cold. irons, frondis, f. leaf, foliage. frumentum, -I, n. [fruor], com, grain. fruor, -I, fructus (fruitus) [frumen- tum], d-zyVy; with abl. (388.) friistra, adv. in vain. Frustrate. fuga, -ae, f. [f ugio] , _/f/>//A fugio, -ere, fQgl, [fugo, fuga], 7un away, flee ; flee from. Fugi- tive. fugo, -are, -avi, -atus [fugio, fuga], put to flight, rout. fumus, -I, m. smoke. Fumes. fundo, -ere, fudi, fusus, pour, pour out. funis, -is, m. rope, cord. (176, a.) furor, -oris, m. madness, frenzy, furor. fusus, see fundo. 262 FIRST VEAR LATIN Gaius, Gai, m. Caius, a Roman first name. Galba, -ae, m. Galba. galea, -ae, f. helmet. (Page 89.) Gallia, -ae, f. Gaul. Gallicus, -a, -um, adj. Gallic. gallina, -ae, f. hen. Gallus, -I, m. a Gaul. gaude5, -ere, gavisus sum (semi- deponent) [gaudium], be glad, rejoice. gaudium, -I, n. [gaudeS], joy, glad- ness. Cf. laetitia. gavisus, see gaudeo. Gelertus, -I, m. Gelert, name of a hound. geminus, -a, -um, adj. twin-born, twin-. gemitus, -us, m. groan, moan. gemma, -ae, f. gem, jewel. gens, gentis, f. [genus], race, tribe, house, family. Genteel. genus, -eris, n. [gens], race, lineage; kind, class. Germanus, -i, m. a German. ger5, -ere, gessi, gestus, bear, carry on, wage (war); manage, do; wear: se gerere, act, behave ; pass, go on, take place. gigas, -antis, m. giant. gladius, -T, m. sword. (Page 27.) Cf. ensis. gracilis, -e, adj. slender. (254.) gradus, -us, m. step; period, stage. (242.) Grade. Graecia, -ae, f. Greece. Graecus, -i, m. a Greek. gramen, -inis, n. grass. gratia, -ae, f. [gratus], favor, kind- ness ; plur. thanks, gratitude. grator, -arl, -atus sum [gratus], give thanks, thank ; with dat. gratulor, -ari, -atus sum [gratus], congratulate. gratus, -a, -um, adj. [gratia], accept- able, pleasing; grateful. gravis, -e, adj. [graviter], heavy, severe, serious. Grave. graviter, adv. [gravis], heavily, severely, vehemently, greatly. grav5, -are, -avi, -atus [gravis], op- press, burden, overcome. gusto, -are, -avi, -atus, taste, eat. habeo, -ere, -ul, -itus, have, hold, keep; with orationem, make, deliver. habilis, -e, adj. [habeo], [easily han- dled), suitable, ft. habito, -are, -avi, -atus [frequentative of habeo], inhabit; dwell, live. Cf. incolo and vivo, haedus, -T, m. yoicng goat, kid. haereo, -ere, haesi, haesus, stick, cling, be fixed ; be perplexed, hesi- tate. Adhere. Hannibal, -alis, m. Hannibal, a famous Carthaginian general. (Page 97.) hasta, -ae, f. spear. (53.) (Page 43.) haud, adv. not. Cf. non. haud-quaquam, adv. by no means, not at all. haurio, -ire, hausT, haustus, drink, drain. ExHAUST. herbidus, -a, -um, aA]. grassy. Hercle, interj. by Hercules, assuredly, indeed. Hercules, -is, m. Hercules, son of Jupiter and Alcmena, and god of strength. LA TIN-ENGLISH VOCA BULARY ^63 Hesperides, -um, f. the Hesperides, daughters of Hesperus, guardians of the golden apples, hesternus, -a, -um, adj. of yesterday, yester-. hie, haec, hoc, demon, pron. this, this of mine ; as pars. pron. he, she, it. (200.) hie, adv. here, hereupon. hiemo, -are, -avi, -aturus [hiems], spend the winter. hiems, hiemis, f. [hiemo], winter; storm. hinc, adv. [hie], hence, from here. Hispania, -ae, f. Spam. Hispanus, -T, m. a Spaniard. historia, -ae, f. history. ho-die, adv. [hoc-die], to-day. hom5, -inis, m. and f., {human being), man. (163.) Cf. vir. honor, -oris, m. honor. honorifiee, adv. [honor], honorably, with marks of honor. hora, -ae, f. hour: in horas, from hour to hour, hourly. Horatius, -i, m. Horatius {Codes). horribilis, -e, adj. terrible, dreadful, horrible. Cf. terribilis. hortor, -arl, -atus sum, urge, entreat, exhort. hortus, -I, m. garden. (84.) hospitium. -\, n. hospitality. hostilis, e, adj. [hostis], of the enemy, hostile. Cf. infestus. hostis, -is, m. and f. enemy. (169, 17 r.) Hostile. Cf. inimicus. hue, adv. [hie], hither. hiimanitas, -atis, f. [humanus], humanity, gentleness, kindness, refinement. htimanus, -a, -um, adj. [homo], {per- taining to man), man's, human. humi (locative), on the ground. (■95. l>)- humilis, -e, low, lowly, humble. Hydra, -ae, f. [hydrus], the Hydra, a water monster killed by Her- cules. hydrus, -I, m. water-serpent, serpent, snake. iace5, -ere, -ul, [iacio], {be thrown), lie, lie dead. iacio, -ere, iecl, iactus [iaceo], throw, cast, hurl. iaculum, -T, n. [iacio], {the thing thrown), dart, javelin. iam, adv. already, now, at last: non iam, no longer. Cf. nunc, laniculum, -I, n. the Janiculum, one of the hills of Rome, ibi, adv. [is], in that place, there. ietus, -us, m. stroke, blow. idem, eadem, idem, demon, pron. [is], same: Idem qui, same as. (3-9) id-eo, adv. for that reason, there- fore. idoneus, -a, -um, adj.yfA suitable. Idiis, -uum, f. the Ides. igitur, conj. (seldom the first word), therefore, then. Cf. itaque. ignis, -is, m.y?r^. (169, hang over, impend. Imminent. im-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus [in-], setid against, let fly, let in. impedi5, -Ire, -Ivi (-iT), -itus [in-pes], entangle, hamper, impede. im-pelI6, -ere, -pull, -pulsus [in-], move, induce, drive, impel. imperator, -oris, m. [impero], com- mander, ge7ieral. Emperor. imperatum, -I, n. [impero], order, command. Cf. iussum. imperium, -i, n. [impero], command, rule, power. Empire. impero, -are, -avi, -atus [imperium], order, cotnmatid, de??iand ; with dat. Imperative. Cf. iubeo. impetus, -us, m. attack, assault. Impetuous. impiger, -gra, -grum, adj. [in-piger], {not slow), active, diligent. im-pleo, -ere, -evi, -etus \\u.-'],flll np, cover, fill. im-pono, -ere, -posuT, -positus [in-], ptit or place i}i or upon ; mount ; impose ; with dat. impositus, see imp5n6. improbus, -a, -um, adj., {not good), bad, wicked, shameless. impulsus, see impello. in, prep, witli ace. into, to, against, upon, towards, for ; with abl. in, Of I, in case of. in-, prefix, into, upon, towards, etc. ; also in composition with nouns, adjectives, and participles, often having negative sense. Cf. Eng. un-, in-, not. in-calesco, -ere, -calui, , grow warm, grow hot. in-cendo, -ere, -dl, -census, set fire to, bur?t. Incendiary. incensus, -a, -um, adj. [incendo], in- fiatned, hot, fiery. Incense. inceptus, see incipio. in-certus, -a, -um, adj. uncertain, doubtful. Cf. dubius. in-cid5, -ere, -dl, [-cado], fall into: in insaniam incidere, become insafie. in-cipio, -ere, -cepT, -ceptus [-capio], {take in hand), begin. Incipient. in-clamo, -are, -avi, -atus, cry out ; appeal to. in-cliid5, -ere, -sT, -sus [-claudo], shut in, co>ifine. Include. incola, -ae, m. and f. [incolo], inhab- itant. in-col6, -ere, -ui, [incola], dwell in, inhabit; live, dzvell. Cf. ha- bito and vivo, incolumis, -e, adj. unharmed, safe. Cf. salvus. in-crepito, -are, , , upbraid, taunt, abuse. inde, adv. [is], thence, thereupon. indicium, -i, n. evidence, proof, sign, token. in-dic5, -ere, -dixi, -dictus, proclaim, declare, appoint. Indict. in-diligenter, adv. carelessly, list- lessly. indoles, -is, f. tiaturc. character. LA TIX-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 265 in-duc6, -ere, -duxT, -ductus, lead to, dniw to, induce, persuade. induo, -ere, -uT, -utus, put on, clotlic or.e's self in, clothe, wrap. industria, -ae, f. diligence, industry. in-eo, -Ire, -ui (-il), -itus, go in, enter : begin, form. (507.) in-fans, -amis, adj., {not speaiing); as noun, infant, lyahy. in-fellX, -Icis, adj. unfortunate, un- lucky, unhappy. inferior, -ius, adj. [Tnferus], lower. (489.) Inferior. in-fero, inferre, intull, inlatus, {bear in or against), cajise, bring upott, inflict ; with dat. (506.) inferus, -a, -um, adj. low, below, un- derneath. (489.) infestus, -a, -um, adj. hostile; as noun, enemy. Cf. hostilis. in-fici5, -ere, -feci, -fectus [-faci5], soak, imbue, stain. INFECT. infula, -ae, f. fillet (worn l)y priests). ingenium, -I, n. genius, temper, char- acter. ingens, -entis, adj. huge, great. Cf. magnus. in-gredior, -!, -gressus sum, step in, enter. Cf. intro. ingressus, see ingredior. in-hi5, -are, -avT, -atus, gape at, long for, desire. Cf. cupio. in-icio, -ere, -iecT, -iectus [-iacio], thro^v upon, cast upon, put upo)i. iniectus, see inicio. in-imicus, -T, m. [-amicus], enemy. (171.) Inimic.\l. Cf. hostis. in-iquus, -a, um, adj. [-aequus], unequal ; uneven, unfavorable. initium, -I, n. [ineo], beginning. Initi.'VL. iniiiria, -ae, f. [in-ius], ivrong, harm, insult, injury. in-iussii, only abl. without command. inluvies, , abl. -e, dirt, filth. inopia, -ae, f. want, poverty, lack, need. inquit (placed after one or more quoted words), said he. in-rideo, -ere, -sT, -sus, laugh at, tnock, ridicule. inrisus, -us, m. [inrideo], viock- ery, derision : ab inrlsu, in mock- ery. in-rumpo, -ere, -rupl, -ruptus, break into, break in, rush at* Irrup- tion. insania, -ae, f. insanity, madness. in-sido, -ere, -sedi, -sessus, sit upon. in-signe, -is, n. [insTgnis], mark, sign, symbol, insignia. insignis, -e, adj. [in-sTgnum], {distin- guished by a mark), remarkable, conspicuous, prominent. in-silio, -Ire, -uT, , leap upon, throw one's self upon. in-sinuo, -are, -avT, -atus, thrust in, push in. Insinuate. in-stitu5, -ere, -ui, -fitus [-statud], set up, fix, arrange. in-st5, -are, -stiti, -statiirus, {stand against ) , press on, pursue. instrQctus, see Instruo. instrumentum, -T, n. [Instruo], in- strument. in-stru6, -ere, -struxl, -structus, build in, form ; instruct, train ; pre- pare, provide. insula, -ae, f. island. Peninsula. 266 FIRST YEAR LATIN in-sum, -esse, -fui, , be in, be a?no7ig; with dat. and with in and abl. (345-) intellego, -ere, -lexi, -lectus [inter- lego], {choose between), learn, know, perceive, jinderstand. In- tellect. Cf. cognosco. in-tendo, -ere, -di, -tus, {stretch out towards), bend, aim. Intend. inter, prep, with ace. between, among, amid, during, while: inter se, together. inter-dum, adv. sometimes. inter-ea, adv. fneanwhile. interfectus, see interficio. inter-ficio, -ere, -feci, -feet us [-facio], kill, slay, ptit to death. Cf. neco and occido. interior, -us, adj. inner, interior. (4S9-) interpres, -etis, m. interpreter. inter-rumpo, -ere, -rupT, -ruptus, break down. Interrupt. inter-sum, -esse, -fui, -futiirus, be amotig, be present at ; with dat. (345.) Cf. adsum. intra, prep, with ace. zvithin. intro, -are, -avi, -atus, go into, enter. Cf. ingredior. intro-diiCO, -ere, -duxT, -ductus, lead in, introduce. introitus, -us, m. [intro-eo], en- trance. intro-mitto, -ere, -mlsT, -missus, {let go in), let in, admit. intus, adv. [in], within, inside. in-undo, -are, -avT, -atus, overflow, in- undate, cover. in-usitatus, -a, -um, adj. itnnsual, strange. in-vado, -ere, -si, -sus, come upon, attack, invade, take possession of. in-venio, -ire, -Veni, -ventus, come lipon, find, discover. Cf. reperio. in-vicem, adv. in turn, mutually. in-victus, -a, -um, adj. [-vinco], uii- conquered, invincible. in-video, -ere, -visT, -vTsus [invidia], {look to7vards), be jealous of, envy. invidia, -ae, f. [invideo], envy, jeal- ousy: lolaus, -T, m. lolaus, a friend of Her- cules. lole, -es, f. lole, daughter of Eurytus. Iphicles, -is, m. Iphicles, brother of Hercules. ipse, -a, -um, demon, adj. and pron. self, very. (329.) ira, -ae, f. anger, wrath, ire. iratus, -a, -um, adj. [ira], angry, en- raged. Ir.\te. is, ea, id, demon, pron. that ; as pers. pron. he, she, it. (138.) iste, -a, -ud, demon, pron. that {of yours). (493.) isthmus, -i, m. isthmus. ita, adv. so, thus. Cf. sic and tarn. Italia, -ae, f . /ta/y. ita-que, conj. and so, therefore. Cf. igitur. iter, itineris, n. [eo], way, journey, march, line of march. (482.) Itin- erant. iterum, adv. a second time, again. Iteration. iubeo, -ere, iussT, iiissus, bid, order, connnand. Cf. impero. iudico, -are, -avi, -atus [ius], judge, decide. LA TIN-ENGLISH J VCABULARV 267 iugerum, -i, n. (gen. plur. iugerum), liiic'. jiiger. iugum. -I, n. [iungo], yoA-e. lulius, T, m. Julius, a Roman name. iunctus, sc-c- iungo. iungo, -ere, iunxT, iunctus, unite-, join. s/'an, cross. Junction. luno, -onis, f. Juno, queen of the gods and wife of Jupiter. luppiter, lovis, m. Jupiter, the su- preme deity of the Romans. (482.) iurgium, -T, n. quarrel, dispute. iuro, -are, -avT, -atus [ius], swear, take an oath. Abjure. iiis, iuris, n. right, justice. iiissum, -i, n. [iubed], order, com- mand. Cf. imperatum. iussus, see iubeo. iustus, -a, -um, adj. [ius],yus^ iuvenca, -ae, f . young cow, heifer. iuvenis, -e, adj. young; as noun, young man, youth. (260.) Ji"\ K- NiLE. Cf. adulescens. iuventiis, -utis, f. [iuvenis], body of youth, youth. iuvo, -are, iuvT, iutus, help, aid. L., abbreviation for Lucius. Labienus, -T, m. Labienus, a lieuten- ant in Caesar's army. labor, -oris, m. [laboro], labor, toil. Cf. opus and opera. laboro, -are, -avi, -atus [labor], work, toil ; suffer. El.\ BORATE. lac, lactis, n. milk. lacrima, -ae, f. tear. lacus, -us, m. lake, pool. laetitia, -ae, f. \\3iQi\is.'\,Joy,glad)iess. laetus, -a, -um, adj. glad, merry, pleasant, joyful. laeva, -ae, f . the left hand. Laevlnus, -I, m. Laevinus, a Roman consul. lambo, -ere, , , lick, lap. lamenta, -orum, n. plur. [liimentor], 'uhiiliiig, laments, lamentation. lamentor, -ari, -atus sum [lamenta], wail, lament. lapis, -idis, m. stotie, milestone. La pi- da ry. Iate5, -ere, -ui, , lurk, lie hid, be concealed. Latent. Latinus, -a, -um, adj. Latin. latro, -are, -avi, -atus, bark. latro, -onis, m. robber, brigand. latus, -a, -um, adj. broad, wide. laudabilis, -e, adj. [laudo], praise- worthy, laudable. laudo, -are, -avi, -atus [laus], praise, laud. laus, laudis, f. [laudo], praise, glory, fitne. lectus, see lego. lectus, -1, m. bed, couch. legatus, -T, m. ambassador, deputy, lieutenant, legatus. Legate. legio, -onis, f. [lego], {a gathering), legion. lego, -ere, legl, lectus, gat h er ; select ; read. lenis, -e, adj. [leniter], soft, smooth, gentle, mild. Lenient. leniter, adv. [lenis], gently, moder- ately. leo, -onis, m. lion. Lernaeus, -a, -um, adj. Lernaean, of Lerna, a district near Argos in Greece. levo, -are, -avi, -atus, lift up, raise. libenter, adv. willingly, gladly. 268 FIRST YEAR LATIN liber, -bri, m. book. liber, -era, -erum, adj. free. (103.) Liberal. liberalitas, -atis, f. [liber], noble dis- position, generosity, liberality. libere, adv. [\\heT'\, freely, fraftkly. liberi, -5rum, m. plur. [iTber], chil- dren. libero, -are, -avi, -atus \]lher'],setf>-ee, free, liberate ; with abl. of sepa- ration. libertas, -atis, f. [liber], freedotn, liberty. licet, -ere, licuit or licit um est, impers. it is permitted, {one) may. Lichas, -ae, m. Licbas, an attendant of Hercules. lictor, -oris, m. lictor, ceremonial attendant of a high officer. lignum, -I, n. wood ; stake, stick. limus, -T, m. mud, slime. lingua, -ae, f. totigue, language. litus, -oris, n. shore. loco, -are, -avi, -atus [locus], place, put, set. Locate. locus, -1, m. (plur. loci, m., and loca, n.), place, position, situation ; chance, opporticnity. Local. lociitus, see loquor. longe, adv. \\or\gVi&\, far, far off. longinquus, -a, -urn, adj. [longus], distant, remote, far atvay. longus, -a, -um, adj. long, tedious. Longitude. loquor, -i, -ciitus sum, speak, talk, say. lubricus, -a, -um, adj. slippery, slimy, muddy. Lubric-^te. luceo, -ere, luxl, [lux], shine. [ludicer], -era, -crum, adj. serving for sport, sportive. liimen, -inis, n. [lux], light. Lumi- nous. luna, -ae, f. [lux], 7noon. Lunatic. lupa, -ae, f. [lupus], she-wolf lupus, -T, m. [lupa], wolf. lutum, -i, n. mud, mire. lux, lucis, f. (no gen. plur.) [liiceo], light. machina, -ae, f. contrivance, machine, engine. machinatio, -onis, f. [machina], coti- trivance, machine, engine. macte, adj. (voc), in the phrase macte virtute esto, be honored for thy valor I good for your pluck ! maculo, -are, -avi, -atus, spot, stain, soil. Immaculate. maestus, -a, -um, adj. sad. Cf. tristis. xaag\S,a.A-v.\m3ig{n\xs)'],more,7-ather. magister,-trl,m.[mag(nus)], master, teacher. magistratus, -us, m. [magister],^?^^^ (of a magistrate), magistracy. magnificus, -a, -um, adj. [magnus- facio], splendid, magnificent. magnitiido, inis, f. \ma.gr\us\, great- ness, size, magnitude. magnopere, adv. [abl. of magnum opus], greatly, exceedingly, heart- ily. magnus, -a, -um, adj. great, large ; loud. (260.) maiestas, -atis, f. [maior], dignity, honor, majesty. maior, -ius, adj. greater, larger. (260.) Major. male, adv. [malus], badly, ill. (267.) Malevolent. LA TIN-ENGLISH VOCA B ULA R Y 269 male-dic5, -ere, -dixl, -dictus, speak til of, revile, abuse. Maleijic- TION. malo, malle, malui, [magis- volo], be more willing, prefer, would rather. (505.) malum, -T, n. [malus], bad thing, evil. malus, -a, -um, adj. bad, evil. (260.) Cf. improbus. mand5, -are, -avi, -atus [manus-do], {put in hand), charge, command, intrust. mane, adv. in the morning. maneo, -ere, mansT, mansurus, stay, remain, wait. I'I'-RMAnent. Manlius, -1, m. Manlius, a Roman name. mansuetudo, -inis, f. clemency, kind- ness, gentleness. manus, -us, f . hand ; grappling hook ; force, band. (243, a) M.VNUAL. Marcius, -T, m. Marcius, a Roman name. Marcus, -i, m. Marcus, a Roman first name. mare, -is, n. (no gen. plur.), sea. (4S2.) Marine. maritus, -T, m. husband. Mars, Martis, m. Mars, the god of war. Martius, -i, m. [Mars], March. massa, -ae, f. mass, lump. mater, -tris, f. mother. Maternal. matrimonium, -1, n. [mater], matri- mony, marriage ; in matrimonium dilcere, to marry. matiiro, -are, -avi, -atus, hasten. Cf. properd and contendo. maxime, adv. [ma.ximus], most, es- pecially, greatly. Ci. praecipue. maximus, -a, -um, adj. greatest. (260.) Maxi.mum. Maximus, -T, m. Maximus, surname of Quintus Fabius. me, see ego. medicus, -T, m. doctor, physician. Medicine. mediocris, -e, adj. [medius], mid- dling, tnoderate ; a little. Medi- ocre. medius, -a, -um, adj. tniddle, middle cf: in medio, between (them) ; in medium, to the centre. Medium. rae\\ox,-\.vks, better. (260.) Amelio- rate. membrum, -T, n. limb. Member. memoria, -ae, f. [memoro], /Tjemo/"/. memoro, -are, -avT, -atus [memoria], tnentiojt, relate, state. Commem- orate. mendacium, -I, n. falsehood, lying. Mendacious. mens, mentis, f. mi7id. Cf. animus. mensis, -is, m. month. mercator, -oris. m. trader, merchant. Mercurius, -i, m. Mercury, messen- ger of the gods. (84, d.) mereor, -eri, -itus sum, deserve, merit. mergo, -ere, -si, -sus, sink. Merge. meritum, -T, n. [mereor], thing de- served, deserts, merit. mersus, see mergo. metus, -us, m.f-ar, dread. meus, -a, -um, possess, adj. and pron. my, mine. (229.) mico, -are, -uT, , quiver ; flash, gleam, twinkle. mihi, see ego. miles, -itis, m. soldier. Military. militaris, -e, adj. [miles], military. 2/0 FIRST YEAR LATIN mille, num. adj., indecl. in sing. ; in plur., milia, -ium, thousand ; also (supply passuum), miles. {305, e.) minitne, adv. [minimus], least, jiot at all, by no means. minimus, -a, -um, least, very little. (260.) Minimum. minor, -arl, -atus sum, threaten. minor, -us, adj. smaller, lesser. (260.) Miniicius, -i, m. Minucius, a Roman consul. mirabilis, -e, adj. [miror], to he won- dered at; wotiderful, extraordi- nary.. Admirable. miraculum, -T, n. [miror], wonder, marvel, miracle. miror, -arl, -atus sum [mlrus], won- der, wonder at, admire. mirus, -a, -um, adj. [miror], 'wonder- ful, extraordinary. miser, -era, -erum, adj. wretched, un- happy, miserable. misere, adv. [miser], wretchedly, miserably. (267.) misericordia, -ae, f. pity, compassion. mitis, -e, adj. mild, gentle. mitto, -ere, mlsl, missus, send. Mis- sion. modo, adv. [modus], otily. modus, -T, m. way, manner. Mood. moenia, -ium, n. plur. [munio], walls (of a city). Cf. miirus. moles, -is, f. mass, heap. moneo, -ere, -uT. -itus, remind, advise, warn. (498.) Monitor. mons, montis, m. mountain, hill. Cf. collis. monstro, -are, -avi, -atus, show, point out. Demonstr.\te. monstrum, -I, n. monster. mora, -ae, f. [moror], delay. mordeo, -ere, momordi, morsus, bite. Morsel. moribundus, -a, -um, adj. [morior], dying, at the point of death. morior, -1, mortuus sum (fut. part. moritiirus) [mors], die. moror, -ari, -atus sum [mora], retard, hinder, delay. mors, mortis, f. [morior], death. Mortal. Cf. nex. mortifer, -era, -erum, adj. [mors- fero], death-dealing, deadly, fatal. mortuus, -a, -um, adj. [morior], dead. mos, moris, m. manner, habit, cus- tom. Moral. moveo, -ere, movl, motus, move. mox, adv. soon, presently. Mijcius, -I, Mucius, a Roman name, mulier, -eris, f. woman. Cf. fe- mina. multitiido, -inis, f. [multus], great number, multitude, quantity. multo, adv. [multus], by much, much. multum, adv. [multus], tnuch. (267.) multus, -a, -um, adj. much; plur. many. (260.) miinio, -ire, -iv! (-ii), -Itus [moenia], fortify, defend. miimtio, -onis, f. \m.\:i\\\o\, fortifica- tion, defence. Munitions. miinus, -eris, n. dtdy, offi.ce. miirus, -I, m. wall. Cf. moenia. mils, muris, m. mouse. miito, -are, -avI, -atus, change, alter. Mut.\tion. LA TIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 271 nam, con], for. namque, con], for, inasmuch as. narr5, -are, -avi, -atus, tell, relate, narrate. nascor, -1, niitus sum, be born. nato, -are, -avI, -atus [frequentative of no], swim, float. natu (only abl.) [nascor], by birth, in age. (260.) natura, -ae, f. [nascor], {birth), na- ture, character. nauta, -ae, m. [for navita; navit;], sailor. NAUTICAL, navalis, -e, adj. [navis], naval. navigo, -are, -avI, -atus [navis-ag5], sail, cruise, navigate. navis, -is, f. (ace. -em, -im ; abl. -T, -e.), ship. (169, f.) Naval. ne, conj. that not, that; lest; with hortatory subjunctive, tiot: ne . . . quidem, not even. -ne, interrog. adv. enclitic. (44, 3.) Cf. nonne and num. nee, see neque. necesse, indecl. neut. adj. unavoid- able, necessary. necessitas, -atis, f. [necesse], need, necessity. neco, -are, -avi, -atus [nex], hill, slay. Cf. interficio and occido. negotium, -T, n. [nec-6tium, ease], business, labor. nemo, -ini (dat. ; no gen. or abl.), ni. and f. [ne-homo], no one, nobody, no man. ne-que or nee, conj. and not, nor : neque . . . neque, neither . . . nor. Nervii, -orum, m. plur. the Nervii, a tribe of northeastern Gaul. Nessus, -I, m. Nessus, a centaur slain by Hercules, neuter, -tra, -trum, adj. neither (of two). (312.) Neutral. nex, necis, f. (no gen. plur.) [neco], death, slaughter, murder. Cf . mors, ni, conj. if not, imless. niger, -gra, -grum, 2.d]. black. Negro. nihil, n., indecl. nothing: nihil cibi, no food. NiHiLLST. Nilus, T, m. the Nile, a river of Egypt. nimium, adv. too much. ni-si, conj. if not, unless, except. nix, nivis, f. snow. no, nare, navl, , swim. nobilis, -e, adj. \xio%co\,well-known, of high birth ; noble. noce5, -ere, -uT, -iturus, do harm to, hurt, injure ; with dat. Noxious. Cf. obsum. noctu, only abl. [nox], by night. nolo, nolle, noluT, [ne-vol6], be unwilling, will not, not wish. (505-) nomen, -inis, n. [nosco], {that by which a thing is kno'wn), name. Nominal. non, adv. [ne-unum], not: non iam, no longer. Cf. baud, non-dum, adv. not yet. non-ne, interrog. adv. suggesting an alfirniative answer, not ? Cf. -ne and num. non-niillus, -a, -um, adj., {not none), some, several. n5nus, -a, -um, num. adj. [novem], ninth. nos, see ego. nosco, -ere, novT, notus, learn ; perf. know. 2/2 FIRST YEAR LATIN noster, -tra, -trum, possess, adj. and pron. [nos], our, ours: nostri, our men. (229.) not5, -are, -avi, -atus, mark, notice, observe, perceive. NOTATION. notus, -a, -um, adj. [nosco], known. novem, indecl. num. adj. 7ti7te. novus, -a, -um, adj. new. Novelty. nox, noctis, f. night. Noctur- nal. nubes, -is, f. cloud. (169.) nudus, -a, -um, adj. stripped, bare, unclothed; nude. nuUus, -a, -um, adj. [ne-ullus], no, no7ie, 7to one. (312.) Nullity. num, interrog. adv. suggesting a neg- ative answer; in indir. question, whether. Cf. nonne and -ne. numerus, -T, m. number. Numeral. numquam, adv. [ne-umquam], never. nunc, adv. tiow. Cf. iam. nuntio, -are, -avT, -atus [nuntius], report, announce. nuntius, -T, m. [nuntio], bearer of fiews, tnessenger. niiper, adv. [for noviper; novus], recently, lately. nympha, -ae, f. nymph. 0, interj. O, oh! ob, prep, with ace. 07t account of. ob-icio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus [-iacio], {throw in the way), throiv between, interpose. Object. Obiectus, see obicio. Oblatus, see offero. Oblitus, -a, -um, adj. [obllviscor], forgetful. Obliviscor, -T, oblitus sum, forget. Oblivious. Ob-noxius, -a, -um, adj. liable to, exposed to. obscuro, -are, -avT, -atus [obscurus], darken, conceal. obscurus, -a, -um [obsciiro], dark. Obscure. ob-ser5, -ere, -sevi, -situs, (sow, plant), cover, strew, fill. Obses, -idis, m. and f. [ob-sedeo], (one who sits or remains as a pledge), hostage. ob-sideo, -ere, -sedi, -sessus [-sede5], (sit down against), besiege, beset, blockade. Cf. oppugn5. obsidio, -onis, f. [obsideo], siege, blockade. obsitus, see obser5. ob-struo, -ere, -struxl, -structus, (build up against), block up, bar, barricade, obstruct. ob-stupefacio, -ere, -feci, -factus, astonish, amaze, astound. ob-stupesco, -ere, -stupui, , be astonished, be amazed. ob-SUm, -esse, -ful, , be against, be opposed to; injure ; with dat. (502.) Cf. noceo. Ob-tineo, -ere, -uT, -tentus [-teneo], (hold against), possess, occupy, hold. Obtain. ob-trunco, -are, -avI, -atus, cut to pieces, kill, slay, slaughter. Obviam, adv. in the way: obviam fio, tneet ; with dat. OCCasio, -onis, f. chance, opportunity. Occasion. Cf. potestas. OCCasus, -us, m. setting (of the sun). OC-cido, -ere, -cTdi, -cisus [ob-caedo], cut dorv)!, slay, kill. Cf. interficio, need, and obtrunco. LA TIN-ENGLISH VOCA BULARY 271 occupd, -are, -avi, -atus [ob-capio], take possession of, seize ; occupy. Cf. potior. OC-curro, -ere, -curri, -cursus [ob-], niii tincaiiis ; meet, fall in with. oceanus, -i, m. ocean. octavus, -a, -um, num. adj. [octoj, eighth. OCT.WE. October, -bris, m. [oct5], October. oculus, -I, m. eye. Ocular. odi, -isse, clef, (used only in perf. and pluperf.) [odium], hate. odium, -T, n. [odi], hatred, enmity. OniUM. odor, -oris, m. smell, odor. Oechalia, -ae, f. Oechalia, a city of luiboea. Oeneus, -I, m. Oeneus, father of Deianira. Oeta, -ae, f. Oeta, a mountain in (Greece. of-fendo, -ere, -di, -fensus \_oh-'], strike against; come npon, find. of-fer5, -ferre, obtuli, oblatus [ob-], offer, present. officlna, -ae, f. workshop, laboratory. olim, adv. [olle, old form of ille], (at that time) ; formerly, once ; once upon a time. Cf. aliquando- Olympus, -I, m. Olympus, a moun- tain in Greece, the abode of the gods. 0-mitt5, -ere, -misl, -missus [ob-], let go by, disregard, neglect, omit. Omnino, adv. [omnis], wholly, alto- gether, entirely. omnis, -e, adj. whole, all, every. Cf. totus, cunctus, and universus. onus, -eris, n. load, burden, bulk, weight. Onerous. onustus, -a, -um, adj. [onus], laden, loaded. opera, -ae, f. [opus], labor, care, work. Cf. labor and opus. opinio, -onis, f. expectation, opinion. oportet, -ere, -uit (impers.), // be- hooves, it is necessary, one ought. oppidanus, -T, m. [oppidum], towns- man. oppidum, -T, n. town, stronghold. op-primo, -ere, -press!, -pressus [ob- premo], overcome, crush, oppress. 0p-pugn5, -are, -avT, -atus [ob-], at- tack, assault, besiege. Cf. ex- pugno and obsideo. [ops], opis, f. aid, help. Cf. auxilium. optimus, -a, -um, adj. best. (260.) Optimist. opus, -eris, n. work, labor. Cf. labor. oraculum, -I, n. [5r6], oracle. oratio, -onis, f. [oro], speech, plea : oration . orator, -oris, m. [oro], speaker, orator ; ambassador. orbis, -is, m. circle, orb, world : orbis tenarum, earth, world. orbo, -are, -avi, -atus, deprive, be- reaie. ordo, -inis, m. rank, order : ex ordine, in succession, one after another ; extra ordinem, out of the ranks. oriens, -entis, m. [orior], rising (sun), east. Orient. orior, -Tri, ortus sum, arise, spring, descend {from) : orta luce, at day- break. ornamentum, -T, n. [orno], {that which adorns), ornament, jewel. ornatus, -us, ni. [orno], equipment, adornment ; dress. 274 FIRST YEAR LATIN orno, -are, -avi, -atus, adorn, orna- ment, deck. oro, -are, -avi, -atus [os], {speak), beg, pray, entreat, plead. ortus, see orior. OS, oris, n. (no gen. plur.), month, face. os-tendo, -ere, -dl, -tus [ob(s)-], stretch out; show, display. OS- TENSIBLE. otium, -i, n. leisure, idleness. ovis, -is, f. sheep. ovum, -i, n. egg. Oval. pabulum, -i, n. \^z.?,zo\, food. paene, adv. nearly, almost. paenitet, -ere, -uit (impers.), it re- pents ; with gen. and ace. pallium, -1, n. cloak, mantle. palus, -I, m. stake, pale. palus, -iidis, f. swamp, marsh. par, paris, adj. equal. Parity. paratus, -a, -urn, adj. [paro], ready, prepared. parco, -ere, pepercl (pars!), parsus, spare; with dat. Parsimony. parens, -entis, m. and f. parent. pare5, -ere, -uT, , (come forth, appear), be obedient to, obey ; with dat. pario, -ere, peperl, partus, bri}ig forth, bear ; lay. pariter, adv. [par], equally: pariter ac, equally with, as well as. paro, -are, -avi, -atus, make ready, prepare for, prepare. pars, partis, f. pari, share; direc- tion, side. Partial. parum, adv. too little, not enough : parum honorifice, disrespectfully. (490) parvulus, -a, -um, adj. [diminutive of parvus], very small, slight, in- significant ; masc. plur. as noun, the little ones, the babies. parvus, -a, -um, adj. small, little. {260.) pasco, -ere, pavi, pastus, feed, tend; pasture. passus, see patior. passus, -us, m. [pateo], {a stretching out of the feet in walking), step, pace: mille passuum, m/'/e. pastor, -oris, m. [pascor], (feeder), shepherd. Pastor. pate-facio, -ere, -feci, -factus [pateo], {make open), open, throw open. pate5, -ere, -ui, , lie open, be open, be exposed. pater, -tris, m. father. (163.) paternus, -a, -um, adj. [pater], of a father, father's, paternal. patientia, -ae, f. [patior], patience. patior, -1, passus sum, bear, suffer, allow, permit. patria, -ae, f. [pater], fatherland, native land, cowitry. Patr IOTISM. patricius, -a, -um, adj. [pater], pa- trician, noble. paucus, -a, -um, adj. (generally plur.), few, little. Paucity. paulo, adv. by a little, little. paulum, adv. a little, somewhat. pavidus, -a, -um, adj. [pavor], trem- bling, fearful, timid. Cf. timidus. pavor, -oris, m. [pavidus], fear, dread, alarm. Ci. terror. pax, pacis, f. (no gen. plur.), peace. Pacify. pecco, -are, -avi, -atus, make a mis- take, err. Peccadillo. Cf. erro. LA TIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 275 pectus, -oris, n. breast. Pectoral. pecunia, -ae, f. [pecus], money. Peciniary. pecus, -oris, n. cattle, flock. pedes, -itis, m. \^^s\ foot-soldier . peditatus, -us, m. [pedes], infan- try. peior, -ius, adj. worse. (260.) pellis, -is, f. skin, hide. Pelt. pensum, -I, n., {what is weighed out, e.g. wool, as a task for spinning), task ; lesson, exercise. per, prep, with ace. through, by, by means of, on account of. per-agro, -are, -avi, -atus [ager], wander through, pass over, trav- erse. Cf. perlustro. per-cipio, -ere, -cepT, -ceptus [-capi5], perceive, feel. Cf. sentio. per-contor, -ari, -atus sum, ask, in- quire. Cf. quaere, rogo, and pet5. percussus, see percutio. per-cutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussus [qua- tio], ////, strike, run through. per-do, -ere, -didi, -ditus, lose. Per- dition. Cf. amitto. per-diic5, -ere, -duxT, -ductus, lead through, conduct, bring. per-eo, -Ire, -ivi (-ii), -iturus, perish. per-ficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus [-facio], accomplish : perfect. perfractus, see perfringo. per-fringo, -ere, -fregl, -fractus [-frangS], break to pieces, shatter, completely wreck. pergo, -ere, perrexl, perrectus [per- rego], go on, proceed, hasten. Cf. procedo and progredior. periculum. -i, n. trial, attempt ; risk, danger, peril. per-liistro, -are, -avI, -atus, wander through, view all over, examine, survey. Cf. peragro. per-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus, allow, grant, suffer, permit ; yield, give up ; with dat. Permission. perpetuus, -a, -um, adj. continual, continuous, perpetual. per-rumpo, -ere, -rupl, -ruptus, burst through, break through. per-scribo, -ere, -scripsi, -scriptus, write at length, describe fully. perspectus, see perspicio. per-spicio, -ere, -spe.\i, -spectus {see through), see clearly, ascertain. per-suadeo, -ere, -suasi, -suasus, persuade ; with dat. Persuasion. per-terreo, -ere, , -itus, thor- oughly frighten, alarm. pertinacia, -ae, f . perseverance ; ob- stinacy, pertinacity. pertractus, see pertraho. per-traho, -ere, -traxT, -tractus, {drag through), drag, drag along. per-venio, -Ire, -veni, -ventus, come up, arrive, reach. pes, pedis, m. foot: pedem referre, retreat, fall back. Pedal. pessimus, -a, -um, adj. worst. (260.) Pessimist. peto, -ere, -ivi (-ii), -itus, seek, de- mand, ask for, ask, beg; attack. Petition. Cf. postulo, quaerd, and rogo. pietas, -atis, f. filial affection, love, loyalty. PlETY. piger, -gra, -grum, adj. slow, lazy. pigritia, -ae, f. [piger], /^zzm^jj, sloth. pilum, -i, xi. javelin. (Page 27.) pinguis, -e, 2A).fat, heavy. 276 FIRST YEAR LATIN pinus,-!, f. (abl. plnu),)0//;e tree, pine. pirata, -ae, m. pirate. placabilis, -e, adj. easily pacified, placable. placeo, -ere, -uT, -itus, please ; with dat. Placid. planities, -ei, f., {a flatness), level grotind, plain. plebs, plebis, f. the co?n7non people, plebeians. plenus, -a, -um, zA^.fidl. ploro, -are, -avi, -at us, bewail, la- ment, grieve. Deplore. plurimus, -a, -um, adj. most, very many : plurimum posse, bevery pow- erful, have most influence. (260.) plus, pluris, adj. more; plur. tnore, many. (260, 261.) Plural. poculum, -T, n. cup, bowl. poena, -ae, f. [punio] , yf ;/^, punish- tnent : poenas dare, suffer punish- fnent. Poenus, -T, m. a CartJiaginian. poeta, -ae, m. poet. Polyphemus, -T, m. Polyphemus, a Cyclops. Pompeius, -el, m. Pompey, a famous Roman general. Pomponius, -T, m. Pomponius, a tribune. pomum, -I, n. apple. pondus, -eris, n. weight, bulk. Pon- derous. pono, -ere, posuT, positus, put, place, ■set, set up, pitch {camp) ; pass. lie. Position. pons, pontis, m. bridge. populor, -ari, -atus sum, lay waste, devastate, plunder, pillage. DE- POPULATE. populus, -i, m. people. Populous. Porsena, -ae, m. Porsena, a king of Etruria. porta, -ae, f. gate, door. Portal. ports, -are, -avI, -atus, carry, bring. Cf. fero and veho. portus, -lis, m. harbor, port. {242, a.) positus, see pono. possum, posse, potui, , be able, can : plurimum posse, be very pow- erful, have most influence. (344, b, 503-) post, prep, with ace. after, behind ; as adv. afterwards. post-ea, adv. afterwards. [posterus], -a, -um, adj. \j^o?X\ fol- lowing, next. (489.) Postern. post-quam, conj. after. postridie, adv. [posters die], on the next day. postulo, -are, -avT, -atus, ask, request, demand. Cf. peto, quaero, and rogo. potestas, -atis, f. [possum], power, authority ; opportutnty, permis- sion. Cf. imperium and occasio. potior, -TrI, -itus sum, become master of get, get possession of ; with gen. or abl. Cf. occupo. prae-acutus, -a, -um, adj. sharpened at the Old, pointed. praebeo, -ere, -ui, -itus [prae-habeo], hold forth, offer, furnish ; cause, render. prae-caveo, -ere, -cavi, -cautus, take care, take precautions, be on one 's guard. prae-cido, -ere, -cTdT, -cTsus [-caed5], cut off. Precise. praecipue, adv. chiefly, especially, par- ticularly. Cf . maxime, praesertim. LA TIN-ENGLISH VOCA B ULA R \ ' 277 prae-clarus, -a, -urn, adj. vt-ry splen- did, i^lorioiis. praeda, -ae, f. [praedor], booty, spoil, prey. Predatory. Cf. spolium. prae-dico, -are, -avi, -atus, tnale known, proclaim, boast. Predi- cate. praedor, -arl, -atus sum [praeda], rob, plunder. prae-fero, -ferre, -tull, -latus, carry bc-forc. (506.) Prefer. praelatus, sec praefero. praemium, -T, n. reward, prize. Premium. prae-pono, -ere, -posu!, -positus, //// before, prefer. Cf. antepono. praesaepe, -is, n. stable, stall. praesens, -entis, adj. instant, im me- diate, present. praesertim, adv. especially, particu- larly, chiefly. ig forth. (506.) proficlscor, -i, -fectus sum, set out, march, go. Cf. exe5 and egredior. pro-fundo, -ere, -fiidi, -fusus, pour ottt, shed copiously. Profuse. pro-gredior, -T, -gressus sum [-gra- dior], go forward, advance, pro- gress. Cf. procedo and pergo. progressus, see progredior. pr5mo, -ere, -mpsi, -mptus [pr5-em5], take out, britig forth. promontorium, -T, n. promontory. pr5-moveo, -ere, -movi, -motus, move forward, advance. Promote. prope, prep, with ace. near, near to; adv. close at hand, nearly, almost. pro-pello, -ere, -puli, -pulsus, drive forward, drive. Propel. propere, adv. hastily, quickly. propero, -are, -avi, -atus, hasten. Cf. maturd and contends, propior, -ius, adj. [prope], nearer, close. (489.) propius, adv. [prope], nearer. pr6-p6no, -ere, -posui, -^os\t\xs,. put before, set forth ; make known, de- clare, propose. Proposition. propter, prep, with ace. on account of. prostratus, -a, -urn, adj. thrown down, prostrate. pro-sum, prodesse, profuT, , be before, be useful to, beneft, avail ; with dat. (345.) pro-tego, -ere, -texT, -tectus, cover in front, protect. provectus, see proveho. pro-veh5, -ere, -vexl, -vectus, carry forward, carry off; pass, advafice, proceed. pro-voco, -are, -avi, -atus, call forth, challe?tge, invite. Provoke. proximus, -a, -um, adj. nearest, next. (489.) Proximity. prudens, -entis, adj. [for providens], wise, sagacious, knowing, prudent. prudentia, -ae,f. [prudens], foresight, sagacity, wisdom, prudence. publice, adv. [pubhcus], in the ttame of the state, publicly. publicus, -a, -um, adj. [populus], {pertaining to the people), public ; see res. pudor, -oris, m. shame, caicse for shame, disgrace. puella, -ae, f. [diminutive of puer], girl, 7naiden. puer, -e rl, m . boy, ch ild. ( 1 03 . ) Puer- ile. pugna, -ae, f. [pugno], battle, con- test, fight. Cf. proelium. Pugna- cious. pugno, -are, -avi, -atus [pugna] ,7?^//^ Cf. dimico. pulcher, -chra, -chrum, adj. beautiful, fair, pretty. LA TIN-ENGLISH VOCABULA R Y 279 Pullo, -onis, m. Pullo, a centurion, pulvis, -eris, m. dust. Pulverize. Punicus, -a, -um, adj. Carthaginian. puni5, -Ire, -Ivi (-il), -itus [poena], punish. purg5, -are, -avi, -atus, clean, cleanse. Purge. purus, -a, um, clean, clear, pure. puts, -are, -avI, -atus, think, believe, reckon. Cf. arbitror and existimo. putridus, -a, -um, adj. liad, rotten, decayed. Pyrrhus, i, ni. Pyrrhus, king of Epirus. Pythia, -ae, f. Pythia, the inspired prophetess of Apollo at Delphi. Q., abbreviation for Qulntus. quadragesimus, -a, -um, num. adj. fortieth. quaero, -ere, quaesIvT (-il), quaesTtus, seek, ask, inquire. Cf. peto and rogo. quam, adv. than, how. quam-quam, conj. though, although. quando, conj. when. quand5-quidem, conj. since indeed, since, seeing that. quantus, -a, -um, adj. [quam], how great, how much ; as great as, as much as. Quantity. quartus, -a, -um, num. adj. [quat- iMox'], fourth. Quart. quartus decimus, -a, -um, num. adj. fourteenth. qua-si, adv. as if. quatio, -ere, , quassus, {shake), strike. quattuor, indecl. num. 2.6]. four. -que, conj., enclitic, and. Cf. et, atque, and ac. quercus, -us, f . oak tree, oak. queror, -1, questus sum, complain, complain of, bewail. questus, -us, m. [queror], complaint, wailing. qui, quae, quod, rel. and adj. pron. who, which, what, that. (210.) quia, conj. because. Cf. quod. quidam, quaedam, quod dam (quid- dam), indef. pron. certain, a certain "-"''. ''• (335 ) quidem, adv. (never the first word), indeed, certainly, in truth : ne . . . quidem, not . . . ei'en. quies, -etis, f. [quietus], quiet, rest, repose. quietus, -a, -um, adj. [quies], quiet, inactive. quin, conj. [qui-ne], {why not), but that, that. qui-nam (quisnam), quaenam, quod- nam (quidnam), interrog. pron. and adj. who? which? what? (emphatic), who, pray ? etc. Quinctius, -T, m. Quinctius, family name of Cincinnatus. quindecim, indecl. num. adj. [quin- que-decem], fifteen. quinquaginta, indecl. num. adj. [quinque], fifty. quinque, indecl. num. adj. five. Quinquennial. quintus, -a, -um [quinque], num. adj./////. quippe, adv. and conj. truly, no doubt ; inasmuch as, since. quis (qui), quae, quid (quod), in- terrog. pron. and adj. who? which? what? (142.) 28o FIRST YEAR LATIN quis, qua, quid, indef. pron. after si, nisi, ne, and num, a}iy one, any- iking. quisnam, see quinam. quisquam, quidquam (no fern, or plur.), indef. pron. any, any one, anything {at all). (335.) quisque, quaeque, quidque (quod- que), indef. pron. each one, each, e-very. (335.) qui-vis, quaevis, quodvis (quidvis), indef. pron. any one, anything (you wish), any whatever. {335.) quo, interrog. and rel. adv. [qui], whither, where. quod, conj. because, in that. Cf. quia, quo-mode, interrog. adv. in what 2vay? how? quoque, conj. (after an emphatic word), also, too. Cf. etiam. quot, indecl. interrog. and rel. adj. how many? as many as: tot . . . quot, as many . . . as. quot-anms, adv. every year, yearly. quoties, interrog. a nd rel. adv. [quot], how often ? as often as. quoties-cumque, adv. how often so- ever ; just as often as. Racilia. -ae, f. Racilia, wife of Cin- cinnatus. rana, -ae, i.frog. rapina, -ae, f. [rapio], robbery, plun- dering. Rapine. rapio, -ere, -uT, -tus, seize; snatch, drag. raro, adv. seldom, rarely. ratio, -onis, f., (a reckoning), reason, method, plan, way, conduct. Ratio. recessus, -us, m. comer, inner room, recess. re-cipio, -ere, -cepT, -ceptus [-capi5], tahe back, receive, recover: se recipere, withdraw, retreat, betake one 'j self. re-creo, -are, -avi, -at us, refresh, recreate, revive. Recreation. recte, adv. [rectus], rightly. rectus, -a, -um [reg5], straight, di- rect, right. re-cumbo, -ere, -cubuT, , He down, sink down. Recumbent. re-curr5, -ere, -curri, , {run back), retire, return. Recur. re-ciis6, -are, -avT, -atus [-causa], de- cline, refise. red-do, -ere, -didl, -ditus [re(d)-],^/ir back, return, render, 77iake. red-eo, -ire, -ii, -itus [re(d)-], go back, return. (507.) redigo, -ere, -egl, -actus [re(d)-ag6], {drive back), reduce, subdue. redimo, -ere, -emi, -emptus [re(d)- emo], buy back, purchase, redeem, ransom. reditus, -us, m. [redeo], return. re-duc6, -ere, -duxl, -ductus, lead back, bring back. Reduce. redux, -ucis, adj. [reduce], {led back), come back, returned. re-fero, -ferre, -ttulT, -latus, bring back; reticrn, repay; report, an- nounce: pedem referre, withdraw, retreat, fall back. Relate. re-ficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus [-facio], make over, repair. refractus, see refringo. re-fring5, -ere, -fregl, -fractus [frango], break down, break open. LA TIN-ENGLISH VOCA B ULA R Y 2«I re-fugio, ere, -fugi, , flee for safety, flee, take to flight. Refuge. regina, -ae, f. [rego], {the ruling one), queen. regio, -onis, i. phice, region, country. regius, -a, -um, adj. [rex], the king's, of the king, royal. rego, -ere, rexi, rectus [rex], rule. Regent. re-icio, -ere, -iecl, -iectus [-iacio], throw back, drive back, hurl back. Reject. re-labor, -T, -lapsus sum, (slide back), flow back, subside. Relapse. re-lego, -are, -avi, -atus, se?td away, banish, expel. re-linquo, -ere, -llquT, -lictus, leave behind, leave, abandon. Relin- (jrisH. reliquus, -a, -um, remaining, rest of ; as noun, the rest. Cf. ceteri. re-mitto, -ere, -mIsT, -missus, send back, give up. Remit. re-moveo, -ere, -movT, -motus, {nio-c'c back), remove. Remote. re-muneror, -arl, -atus sum, repay, reward. REMUNERATE. remus, -T, m. oar. Remus, -i, m. Remus, brother of Romulus. re-nascor, -I, -natus, {be borti again), gro'u again, spring up. renatus, see renascor. re-nuntio, -are, -avi, -atus, report, announce. Renunciation. re-pello, -ere, -pulT, -pulsus, it. supplicium, -T, n. [supplex], punish- tnent, torture. supra, adv. [superus], above, before. supremus, -a, -um, adj. [superus], last. (489.) Supreme. sus-cipio, -ere, -cepT, -ceptus [sub- capio], take up, undertake. suspicio, -onis, f. [suspicor], suspi- cion. 286 FIRST YEAR LATIN su-spicor, -an, -atus sum [suspicio], suspect, mistrust. sus-tineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentus [sub- teneo], hold up, bear, endure; support; withstand, sustain. suus, -a, -um, possess, and reflex, adj. and pron. [sul], his, her, hers, its, their, theirs. (229.) T., abbreviation of Titus. tacitus, -a, -um, adj. silent. Tacit. talis, -e, adj. such. tarn, adv. so, so much. Cf. ita and sic. tamen, adv. yet, but, however, never- theless. tandem, adv. [tarn-], {just so far), at length, finally. tango, -ere, tetigi, tactus, touch. Tan'gent. tantulus, -a, -um, adj. [diminutive of tantus], so small. tantum, adv. [tantus], only. tantus, -a, -um, adj. so great, so much, such. tarditas, -atis, f. [tardus], slowness. tardo, -are, -avi, -atus [tardus], delay, hinder. tardus, -a, -um, adj. [tardo], slow, sluggish, tardy. Tarentinus, -a, -um, adj. of Taren- tum, a city of southern Italy; masc. plur. as noun, the Taren- tines. Tarpeius, -a, -um, adj. Tarpeian. Tarquinius, -T, m. Tarquin, name of two kings of Rome. tectum, -T, n. [tego], roof, house. tego, -ere, texT, tectus, cover, conceal. telum, -1, n. weapon. temere, adv. rashly, iticonsiderately. tempestas, -atis, f. [tempus], storm, tempest, weather. templum, -T, n. temple. (Page 93.) tempus, -oris, n. titne. Temporal. teneo, -ere, -ui, tentus, hold, keep, have. tener, -era, -erum, adj. soft, delicate, tender. tento, -are, -avi, -atus, try, attempt. Cf. experior. tergum, -T, n. back : a tergo, behind, in the rear. tero, -ere, trivl, tritus, {rub, wear away), pass, spend, waste. terra, -ae, f. earth, land ; region. Terrace. terreo, -ere, -uT, -itus [terror], frighten, alartn, terrify. terrestris, -e, adj. [terra], of the land, land. TERRESTRIAL. terribilis, -e, adj. [terreo], dreadful, frightful, terrible. Cf. horribilis. terror, -oris, m. [terreo], terror, alarm, fear. Cf. pavor. tertium, adv. [\.en\\i.?,'],the third tifne. tertius, -a, -um, num. adj. [tres], third. tertius decimus, -a, -um, num. adj. thirteenth. thalamum, -i, n. chamber. Tiberis, -is, m. (ace. -im), the Tiber. a river of Italy. Ticinus, -i, m. the Ticinus, a river of Italy. timeo, -ere, -ui, -,fear, be afraid of. Timid. Cf. vereor. timidus, -a, -um, adj. \f\m&o\, faint- hearted, timid. Cf. pavidus. tintinnabulum, -i, n. bell. LA TIN-ENGLISH VOCABULAR Y 287 Tiryns (ace. Tiryntha), f. Tiryns, a city of Greece. Titus, -I, m. Titus, a Roman first name, toga, -ae, f. toga. togatus, -a, -um, adj. [toga], clad in the toga. tolero, -are, -avi, -atus, bear, endure. Tolerate. Cf. fero. toUo, -ere, sustulT, sublatus, raise, pick up, take. Torquatus, -i, m. [torquis], Torqua- tus, surname of Titus Manlius. torquis, ■is,m. ckain, necklace, collar. t5tus, -a, -um, adj. whole, all, entire. (312.) ToT.VL. Cf. omnis, uni- versus, and cunctus. trabs, trabis, f. beam, timber, log. tracts, -are, -avI, -atus [traho], handle, feel of. tra-do, -ere, -didi, -ditus [trans-], give over, give tip, surrender, de- liver: tradunt, they say. traho, -ere, traxi, tractus, draw, drag, lead. Traction. tra-icio, -ere, -iecT, -iectus [trans- iacio], throw across, cross ; pierce. tra-no, -are, -avT, [trans-], swim across. trans, prep, with ace. across, beyond, over, the other side of. trans-eo, -Tre, -ii, -itus, go over, cross. (507.) Transit. trans-figo, -ere, -fixi, -fixus, pierce through, stab. TRANSFIX, transfixus, see transfigo. trans-fodio, -ere, -fodi, -fossus, run through, pierce through, stab. trans-fugio, -ere, -fugT, ,go over (to the enemy), desert. trecenti, -ae, -a, num. adj. [tre.s- centum], three hundred. tre-decim, num. adj. [tres-deeem], thirteen. trepidatio, -onis, f. [trepido], con- fused hurry, alarm, consternation, trepidation. trepido, -are, -avi, -atus, be in alarm, be in confusion. tres, tria, num. adj. three. (304.) tribunal, -alis, n. [inhvinMs], judg- tnent seat, tribunal. tribunus, -T, m. tribune, a Roman ofticer. triginta, indecl. num. adj. [tres], thirty. tristis, -e, adj. sad, gloomy. Cf. maestus. triumphalis, -e, adj. [triumphus], triumphal, having enjoyed a tri- umph. triumpho, -are, -avi, -atus [tri- umphus], celebrate a triumph. triumphus, -I, m. [triumpho], tri- umph. Troia, -ae, f . Troy, an ancient city of Asia Minor. trux, trucis, adj. wild, harsh, savage, fierce. Cf. atrox and saevus. tu, pers. pron. thou, you. (492.) tuba, -ae, f. trumpet. (Page 35.) tugurium, -T, n. hut, cottage. turn, adv. at that time, then. tumulus, -T, m. mound, bank of earth, dike. tunc, adv. [tum], at that time, then. turba, -ae, f. [turbo], crowd, throng. turbo, -are, -avi, -atus [turba], dis- turb, confuse, trouble. 288 FIRST YEAR LATIN turbulentus, -a, -urn [turba], stirred up, troubled; tniiddy. Turbulent. turpis, -e, adj. ug/y,foul ; base, dis- graceful, shameful. turris, -is, f. tower. (479.) Turret. tutela, -ae, f. guardianskip, charge, care. Tutelary. tutus, -a, -urn, adj. safe. Cf. salvus. tuus, -a, -um, possess, adj. and pron. thy, thitie ; your, yours (of only one person). (229.) ubi, interrog. and rel. adv. where, when. ulciscor, -i, ultus sum, avenge. Ulixes,-is, m. Ulysses, a Greek hero. uUus, -a, -um, adj. [for unulus, diminutive of unus], any, any one. (312.) ultimus, -a, -um, adj. furthest, last. (489.) Ultimate. umerus, -!, m. shoulder. umquam, adv. at any time, ever. unda, -ae, f. wave. Undulate. unde, interrog. and rel. adv. whence. undecim, indecl. num. adj. [unus- decem], eleven. undecimus, -a, -um, num. adj. [un- decim], eleventh. undevicesimus, -a, -um, num. adj. [unus-de-vlginti], nitteteenth. undique, adv. froin all parts, on all sides, evetywhere. unguis, -is, m. tiail, claw, talon. unicus, -a, -um, adj. [unus], only. Unique. universus, -a, -um, adj. [unus- versus], {turned into one), whole, all, in a mass. Universal. Cf. cunctus, omnis, and totus. unus, -a, -um, num. adj. one ; alone. (304-) urbs, -is, f. city. (169.) Suburbs. usus, -us, m. use, benefit, advantage. ut or uti, adv. and conj. how, as, when ; that, in order that, so that, to. uter, -tra, -trum, interrog. pron. %vhich {of two) .' uter . . . utri, zvhich . . . to the other. {312.) uter, -tris, m. leather bottle, skin (of wine). uterque, utraque, utrumque, indef. pron. each {of two), both. {312.) utilis, -e, adj. [utor], useful, advan- tageous. Utility. utor, -1, usus sum, use, employ, en- joy, maintain ; with abl. (388.) uxor, -oris, f. wife. vacuus, -a, -um, adj. empty, vacant, destitute. vagina, -ae, f. sheath, scabbard. vagitus, -lis, m. a crying. vagor, -arl, -atus sum, wander. valeo, -ere, -uT, -iturus, be strong, be in good health : vale, farewell, good-bye. Valerius, -I, m. Valerius, a Roman name. validus, -a, -um, adj. [vale5], strong, stout, sturdy. Valid. Cf. fortis. vallum, -1, n. earthrvorks, 7-ampart. varius, -a, -um, adj. various. vas, vasis, f. (plur. vasa, -orum, n.), vase, pot. vasto, -are, -avi, -atus [vastus], lay waste, ravage. vastus, -a, -um, adj. [vasto], waste, desolate ; immense, huge. LA TIN-ENGLISH I 'OCA BULARY 289 -ve, conj., enclitic (44, 3), or. vectus, see veho. vehementer, adv. eagerly, earnestly, very much, vehemently. veho, -ere, vexi, vectus, carry, draw, convey; pass, ride, sail. Vehicle. vel, conj. [vol5], or : vel . . . vel, either . . . or. Cf. aut. velo, -are, -avi, -atus, coz'cr, encircle, envelope, veil. vel5citas, -atis, f. swiftness, velocity. vel-ut, adv.y«j/ as, as if, like. venator, -oris, m. [venor], hunter. vendo, -ere, -didi, -ditus, sell, vend. venenum, -T, n. poison. Venom. venia, -ae, f. indulgence, favor. Ve- nial. venio, -ire, veni, ventus, come. venor, -ari, -atus sum, hunt, chase. venter, -tris, m. belly, stomach. ventus, -T, m. wind. ver, veris, n. spring. Vernal. verbum, -T, n. word. Verb. verecundia, -ae, f. bashfulness, mod- esty ; reverence. vereor, -eri, -itus sum./t'ar, reverence, respect. Cf. timeo. Vergilius, -i, m. Vergil, a famous Roman poet. (Page 125.) Veritas, -atis, f. \y^\Vi%\, truth, verity. vero, adv. [verus], in truth, but. verso, -are, -avi, -atus [verto], turn ; deal with. versus, sec verto. verto, -ere, -tl, -sus, tur7i, change. verus, -a, -um, adj. true, real. vescor, -i, , eat. Cf. edo. vesper, -erT, m. n'eniug, nightfall. Vesta, -ae, f. Vesta, a goddess. vester, -tra, -trum, possess, adj. and pron. your, yours (of more than one person). (229.) vestimentum, -I, n. [vestis], clothing, garment. Vestment. vestis, -is, f. garment, robe, clothing. Veturia, -ae, f. Veturia, mother of Coriolanus. vetus, -eris, adj. old. (260.) Vet- eran. Cf. antiquus. via, -ae, f. way, road, street ; gap. viator, -oris, m. [via], traveller. vicesimus, -a, -um, num. adj. [vi- gintl], twentieth. vicinus, -a, -um, adj. [vicus], near, neighboring; masc. as noun, neigh- bor. Vicinity. victor, -oris, m. [vinco], conqueror, victor ; as adj. victorious. vict5ria, -ae, f. [victor], victory. viCUS, -I, m. village, district, street. video, -ere, vidl, vTsus, see, perceive ; pass, be seen, seem. Vision. vigilia, -ae, f. watch, night watch. vimen, -inis, n. pliant twig, withe, osier. vincio, -Tre, vinxT, vinctus, bind. vinc5, -ere, vlci, victus, conquer, de- feat. Cf. supero. vinculum, -T, n. [vincio], chain, bond: in vincula, into prison, in chains. vindico, -are, -avi, -atus, lay claim to, claim, demand. VINDICATE. vinea, -ae, f. covered shed, movable shelter, vinea. (Page 155.) vinum, -I, n. wine. violentia, -ae, {.fury, violence. vir, virJ, m. man, hero. (478.) Cf. homo. vireo, -ere, , , be green. 290 FIRST YEAR LATIN virga, -ae, f. twig, rod. virg5, -inis, f. maiden, virgin. virgula, -ae, f. [virga], little twig, small 7-od. virtus, -utis, f. [vir], manliiiess, cotir- age, bravery ; virtue, valor. vis, see volo, wish. vis, vis, f. strength, power, force, violence. (482.) Cf. robur. visus, -us, m. [video], sight, appcar- attce. vita, -ae, f. [vivo], life. Vital. vitis, -is, f. vine. vitium, -T, n. [vitis], {a ftioral twist), fault, blemish, vice. Cf. culpa. viv5, -ere, vixi, , live. Cf. habito and incolo. Vivid. vix, adv. hardly, with difficulty. voco, -are, -avi, -atus [vox], call. Vocation. Cf. appello. Volcanus, -i, m. Vulcan, the god of fire. volnero, -are, -avi, -atus [volnus]. wound, hurt, injure. VULNER- ABLE. volnus, -eris, n. [volnero], wound. V0I5, -are, -avi, -atiirus,y?}'. Vola- tile. volo, velle, volui, , wish, be will- ing, desire, intend. (505.) Volsci, -orum, the Volscians, a people of Italy. voltus, -us, m. countcnatice, looks, features. Volumnia, -ae, f. Volumnia, wife of Coriolanus. voluntas, -atis, f. [volo], will, good will, consent. VOLUNTARY. voluptas, -atis, f. [vol5], pleasure, enjoyment. Vorenus, -i, m. Vorenus, a centurion. v5x, vocis, f. [voco], voice, word, remark. VoCAL. vulpes, -is, f . /^jf . Vulpine. Zama, -ae, f. Zama, a town in Africa. ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY For the principal pans of verbs and otlier details not giv to the Latin-English vocabulary or to the special vocabiilarii verbs indicate the conjugation. ere, reference may be made The figures, i, 2, 3, 4 after a, an, commonly not translated ; qul- dam, quaedam, quoddam (quid- t. advc-ntus, -us, ni. command, iubeo, 2, with ace. ; prae- suni (504), U'i//t dat. common, communis, -e. commonwealth, res publica, lei publicae, f. comrade, socius, socT, m. confidence, fides, -el,/, conquer, supero, i ; vinco, 3. constancy, constantia, -ae, /. consul, consul, -ulis, /«. contend, contendo, 3. Corinth, Corinthus, -T, /. Cornelia, Cornelia, -ae,/. country {fat her land), patria, -ae, /. ; {land), terra, -ae,/. ; {)iot city), rus, runs, n. courage, virtiis, -utis,/ cover, tegd, 3. cup, poculum, -T, «. dance, salto, i. danger, perlculum, -T, n. daring, audacia, -ae./ daughter, filia, -ae, / (page 22, note 2). day, dies, -el, m. and/ (275). dear, carus, -a, -um. death, mors, mortis,/ death (put to), interficio, 3. deck, oino, i . deep, altus, -a, -um. defeat. vinc5, 3; supero, i. defend, defends, 3. defender, defensor, -oris, m. delay, mora, -ae,/ delight, delecto, i. Delphi, Delphi, -orum, tn. phir. deprive, prTv5, i. deputy, legatus, -I, m. design, consilium, consilT, «. desirous, cupidus, -a, -um. destroy, deleo, 2. die, dect'do, 3 ; morior, 3. difficulty, difificultas, -atis,/ diligence, dlligentia, -ae,/ diligently, diligenter ; cum dili- gentia. dismiss, dimitto, 3. dismount, descends, 3. do, f acio, 3 ; ago, 3 ; also as auxil- iary ; (not), noli, nolite. doctor, medicus, -I, m. dog, canis, -is, m. and/ dove, columba, -ae,/ draw, educ5, 3 ; (up), instruo, 3. drive, agito, i. Duilius, Duilius, Dulll, m. dwell, habits, i. each (one), quisque, quaeque, quid- que (quodque) (335) ; (of two), uterque, utiaque, utrumque (312). eager, acer, acris, acre. eagerness, stadium, studi, n. easily, facile. easy, facilis, -e (254). elephant, elephantus, -T, m. eleven, undecim. end, finis, -is, m. (169, c). endure, tolero, i. enemy, hostis, -is, m. and/; iniml- cus, -T, m. (171). enjoy, fruor, 3, with abl. Europe, EurSpa, -ae,/ even, etiam; ipse (329). event, res, rei,/ (275). every one, quisque, quaeque (335). everything, omnia, -ium, n. flur. 294 FIRST VEAR LATIN example, exemplum, -I, n. excel, praesto, i, with dat. exile, exsilium, exsilT, n. Fabius, Fabius, Fabi, m. Fabricius, Fabricius, Fabric!, ni. fact, res, rel,/. (275). faithful, fidelis, -e. faithfully, fideliter. famous, clarus, -a, -urn. farmer, agricola, -ae, vi. father, pater, -tris, w. fault, culpa, -ae,/ fear, v. timeo, 2 ; vereor, 2. February, Februarius, -T, m. few, pauci, -ae, -a. field, ager, agri, m. fierce, asper, -era, -erum. fifteenth, quTndecimus, -a, -urn. fight, pugno, I ; dimicS, i. fighting (there is), pugnatur. fill, compleo, 2 ; impleo, 2. find, reperio, 4. fire, ignis, -is, m. (169, c). first, primus, -a, -um. five, quinque. flee, fugio, 3. fly, fugio, 3. foe, hostis, -is, in. ; inimicus, -T, in. foliage, frons, frondis,/. follow, sequor, 3. fond, cupidus, -a, -um. food, cibus, -i, in. foot, pes, pedis, m. foot-soldier, pedes, -itis, m. for, conj. nam. for, sign of dative ; prep., de, pr5, with abl. ; {of time, space, purpose), in, with ace. ; ad, with gerundive ; with ace. of extent. form, facio, 3. former, ille, -a, -ud. fortification, munltio, -onis,/. fortify, miinio, 4. fortune, fortuna, -ae,/. found, condo, 3. fourteen, quattuordecim. free, adj. liber, -era, -erum. free, v. libero, i. friend, amicus, -i, ;;/. frighten, terred, 2. from, de, with abl. ; away from, a or ab, with abl. ; out of, from, e or ex, with abl. ; abl. of separation. full, planus, -a, -um. Galba, Galba, -ae, m. garden, hortus, -i, m. Gaul, Gallia, -ae,/ Gaul (a), Gallus, -i, m. general, dux, ducis, ni.; imperator, -oris, in. Germans, German!, -5rum, m. get (possession of), potior, 4, with abl. (3SS). gift, donum, -!, n. girl, puella, -ae,/ give, do, I ; dono, i. glad, laetus, -a, -um. gladly, cum gaudio. gladness, gaudium, gaudi, ;/. go, e5 (507) ; (off, away), demigro, I ; discedo, 3 ; abeo. god, deus, -1, in. (482). goddess, dea, -ae,/ (page 22, note 2). going to, fitt. act. part. gold, aurum, -i, n. golden, aureus, -a, -um. good, bonus, -a, -um (260). grain, frumentum, -!, «. EXGLISU-LA TIN VOCA BULARY 295 great, magnus, -a, -urn (260) ; ingens, -entis. greatest, maximus, -a, -um ; sum- mus, -a, -um (489). Greece, Ciraecia, -ae,/. greedy, avarus, -a, -um. grieve, doleo, 2. ground (on the), humi {loc). hand, manus, -us, y". hand to hand, comminus. Hannibal, Hannibal, -alls, m. , happen, accido, 3 ; flo (508). hasten, proper5, i. have, habeo, 2 ; sum, witli dat. of possessor. he, is (13S) ; hie (200) ; ille (200). head, caput, -itis, n. (156). hear, audid, 4 (501). heaven, caelum, -T, n. helmet, galea, -ae,/ help, n. auxilium, auxill, n. help, V. iuvo, i. her, eius (138); huius (200) ; illTus (200) ; reflexh'e, suus, -a, -um (230, a). here (be), adsum (502). hesitate, dubito, i. high, altus, -a, -um ; superus, -a, -um {489). hill, collis, -is, ni. himself, see self. his, eius (138); ilHus (200); re- flexive, suus, -a, -um (230, a). hold, habeo, 2 ; teneo, 2 ; (in check), sustineo, 2. home, domus, -us, / (482) ; at home, domi (195, b). hope, n. spes, -el,/ hope, V. spero, i. Horatius, Horatius, HoratT, m. horn, cornu, -us, n. (242). horse, equus, -i, vi. horseman, eques, -itis, m. hostage, obses, -idis, w. and/ hostile, hostilis, -e. hour, hora, -ae,/ house, domus, -us,/ (482). how many, quot. hundred, centum. hurl, iacio, 3 ; conicio, 3 ; mitto, 3. I, ego {492). if, si ; if not, nisi. imitate, imitor, i. in, in, ivith abl.; ahl. of specifica- tio7i. infantry, peditatus, -us, m. inhabitant, incola, -ae, m. and/ injure, noceo, 2, with dat.; obsum (502), with dat. into, in, zvith ace. iron, ferreus, -a, -um. island, insula, -ae,/ it, is (13S); hie (200); ille (200). Italy, Italia, -ae,/ itself, see self. javelin, pllum, -T, «. (page 27). joy, gaudium, gaudi, n. joyful, laetus, -a, -um. joyfully, cum gaudio. jump down, desilio, 4. keep, habeo, 2 ; teneo, 2 ; (off), arceo, 2, with a (ab) and abl. kill, neco, i ; interficio, 3. kind, bonus, -a, -um (260). king, rex, regis, vi. know, scio, 4 ; cognosco, 3. 296 FIRST YEAR LATIN lack, n. inopia, -ae,/ lack, V. careo, 2, with abl. ; desum (502), with dat. lady, domina, -ae,/. lake, lacus, -us, w. land, terra, -ae, /. large, magnus, -a, -um (260). last, proximus, -a, -um (4S9). laugh, rideo, 2. lay waste, vasto, i. laziness, pigritia, -ae,/ lazy, piger, -gra, -grum (483). lead, duco, 3 ; educo, 3 ; (back), reduce, 3. leader, dux, duels, m. and/. leaf, fr5ns, frondis, / leap down, desiliS, 4. legion, legi5, -onis,/ lest, ne, with subjv. let, sign of subjv. or imv. letter, epistula, -ae,/ liberate, Hbero, i. lie, lie down, iace5, 2. lieutenant, legatus, -i, m. life, vita, -ae,/ like, similis, -e (254). line of battle, acies, -ei,/ lion, le5, -onis, m. little, parvus, -a, -um (260). live, vivo, 3; habito, i. long, longus, -a, -um ; for a long time, long, diu (490). love, 71. amor, -oris, m. love, V. amo, I (497). lying, mendacium, mendaci, n. make, faciS, 3 ; (ready), paro, i. man, vir, viri, m. (47S) ; homo, -inis, m. (163). manage, rego, 3. many, multi, -ae, -a (260). March, Martius, Marti, m. march, v. iter facio (3). Marcus, Marcus, -i, w. master, dominus, -i, vi. ; magister, -tri, m. (109). means {by means of), use abl. memory, memoria, -ae,/. Mercury, Mercurius, Mercuri, m. merry, laetus, -a, -um. messenger, nuntius, nuntl, >n. mile, mllle passuum (305, e). mind, animus, -i, tn. mine, meus, -a, -um (229). miserable, miser, -era, -erum. money, pecunia, -ae,/ month, mensis, -is, tn. moon, luna, -ae,/ more, plus (261) ; comp. degree. most, superl. degree. mother, mater, -trls, / mountain, mons, montls, w. move, moveo, 2. much, adj. multus, -a, -um (260), much, adv. multum ; multo. multitude, multitudo, -inis,/ must, gerundive with sum. my, meus, -a, -um (229). native country, patrla, -ae,/ neither, neque (nee), never, numquam. nevertheless, tamen. new, novus, -a, -um. night, no.\, noctis,/ no, niillus, -a, -um (312). nor, neque (nee), not, non ; ne. now, nunc ; lam. ENGLISH-LA TIN VOCA BULARY 297 0! o: oak, oak tree, quercus, -us,/. oar, remus, -I, m. of, sign of genitive ; de, ^vith ahl. ; out of, of, e or ex, with abl. ; ahl. of separation. often, saepe (490). old, antiquus, -a, -um ; vetus, -ens (260) ; senex, senis {260, 482) ; {/taring been born), natus, -a, -um. older, maior natu. on {of place), in, wit/i abl. ; {of time), abl. once (upon a time), olim. one, unus, -a, -um (304) ; one . . . one thing, another another, alius aliud ; the one . . . the other, alter . . . alter. orator, drator, -oris, m. order, iubeo, 2, zuit/i ace. ; in order that, ut, 7uit/i subjv. other, alius, -a, -ud (486) ; {of t-vo), alter, -era, -erum ; which {of two) to the other, uter utri (or alterl). ought, debeo, 2 ; oportet, 2 ; ge- rundive -with sum. our, noster, -tra, -trum. ourselves, see self. out of, c or ex, with abl. overcome, supero, i ; vinco, 3. own (his, her, their), suus, -a, -um; (my), meus, -a, -um ; (our), noster, -tra, -trum ; (your), vester, -tra, -trum ; (thy), tuus, -a, -um (229). owner, dominus, -T, ni. part, pars, partis,/, peace, pax, pacis,/. people, populus, -T, m. persuade, persuadeo, 2, with dat. physician, medicus, -T, m. pine, pine tree, pinus, -T {abl. pinu),/ pirate, piratus, -1, w. place, n. locus, -I {plur. loci and loca), w. place, V. pono, 3. plan, consilium, consill, n. plead, 016, I. please, placed, 2, with dat. pleasing, giatus, -a, -um. plenty, copia, -ae,/. plough, n. aratrum, -1, n. plough, V. aro, i . poet, poeta, -ae, w. Pompey, Pompeius, PompC-I, m. poor, miser, -era, -erum. position, locus, -I {plnr. loci and loca), m. possession of (get), potior, i„with abl. power, potestas, -atis,/ praise, lauds, i. pray, oro, i. prefer, malo (505). prepare, paro, i. present, donum, -i, n. present (be), adsum (502), zvith dat. preserve, conserve, i. pretty, pulcher, -chra, -chrum. prisoner, captivus, -I, m. prove, probo, r. prudent prudens, -entis. PuUo, Pullo, onis, 7n. punish, punio, 4. purpose {for the purpose of), ut or qui, with snbjv. ; ad, with gerund or gerundive ; causa, following a gerund or gerundive ; supine. put, pono, 3 ; (on), induo, 3 ; (tO death), 'interficio, 3; (to flight), fugo, I. 298 FIRST YEAR LATIN queen, regina, -ae,y. rather, comp. degree. raven, corvus, -I, m. read, lego, 3. ready, paratus, -a, -urn. receive, capio, 3 (500) ; recipio, 3. reduce, redigo, 3. relate, narr5, i. remain, nianeo, 2. remember, memoria teneo, 2. remove {emigrate), demigro, i. resound, sono, i. reverence, vereor, 2. reward, praemium, praemi, n. right (hand), dexter, -tra, -trum. river, flfimen, -inis, n. road, via, -ae,/ rob, spolio, I. robber, latro, -onis, m. robust, validus, -a, -um. Roman, Romanus, -a, -um. Rome, Roma, -ae,/. Romulus, Romulus, -T, ni. rose, rosa, -ae,/. rough, asper, -era, -erum. rouse, concito, i. rule, V. rego, 3 (499). rush at, inrumpo, 3. sad, tristis, -e. safety, salus, -Otis,/ sagacious, prudens, entis. sailor, nauta, -ae, m. sake {for the sake), cdLUSSi, following a gen. same, idem, eadem, idem (493). save, servo, i ; conserve, i. say, dico, 3. scare, terreo, 2. school, schola, -ae,/ Scipio, ScTpio, -onis, »/. sea, mare, -is, n. second, secundus, -a, -um. see, video, 2. seek, peto, 3. seem, videor, 2. seize hold of, adprehendo, 3. self, ipse, -a, -um (329) ; sul (492). send, mittb, 3; (off, away), dl- mitto, 3. servant, servus, -i, m. set (out), proficiscor, 3; (free), libero, I ; (up), instituo, 3. several, plures, -ium (261). Sextus, Se.xtus, -1, tn. she, ea (13S). shepherd, pastor, -oris, m. shield, scutum, -T, n. shine, luceo, 2. ship, navis, -is,/ (169, e). shore, lltus, -oris, n. short, brevis, -e. show, monstro, i ; praebeo, 2. sick, aeger, -gra, -grum. silent, tacitus, -a, -um. since, cum, with suhjv. ; sometimes implied in participle. sing, canto, i. sister, soror, -oris./ six, sex. slave, servus, -i, m. sleep, somnus, -I, m. small, parvus, -a, -um (260). snow, nix, nivis,/ so, tarn: (that, as to), ut; (as not to), ut non ; ne. soldier, miles, -itis, vi. some, often not expressed; some . . . others, alii . . . alii. EXGLlSH-l.A TIN VOCABULA R 1 299 something, aliqukl. sometimes, iiUercKim. son, flliiis, fill, m. song, cantus, -us, w. soon, mox. sound, sono, i. spare, parco, 3, -vitli dat. spear, hasta, -ae,/ spirit, animus, -1, in. spiritedly, acriter. state, cuitas, -atis, /. ; res publica, rei publicae.y. stay, maneS, 2. steadfastness, constantia, -ae,y! step, gradus, -us, m. (242). stone, lapis, -idis, m. story, f fibula, -ae,/ stranger, advena, -ae, ni. and/, street, via, -ae,/ strength, robur, -oris, n. strong, validus, -a, -urn ; fortis, -e. study, studium, studT, n. successfully, felTciter, suddenly, subito. suffer, tolero, i; labSro, i. summer, aestils, -atis,/ surpass, supero, i, with m;-. : praestS, i, wt'i/i dat. survive, supersum (502). swiftness, veldcitas, -atis,/ swim, nato, i; (across), trano, i. sword, gladius, gladi, ;//. take, capio, 3 {500). tall, altus, -a, -um. task, pensum, -T, ;/. teach, doceo, 2. teacher, magister, -tri, in. tell, narro, i ; dlco, 3. temple, templum, -T, n. ten, decern. tender, tener, -era, -erum. tenth, decinius, -a, -um. territory, fines, -ium, m. plitr. terror, terror, -oris, m. test, experior, 4. than, quam; abl. (250). that, coiij. : ill purpose or result clauses, ut ; after verbs of fear- ing, ne ; (not), ne ; ut non ; after verbs of fearing, ut ; after verbs of saying and the like, not ex- pressed. that, demon, pron. is, ea, id (138) ; ille, -a, -ud (200) ; iste, -a, -ud (493) ; rel. pron. qui, quae, quod (210). the, not expressed. their, gen. plur. of is ; reflexive, suus, -a, -um (229). then, turn. there, ibi ; as an expletive, not translated. thing, res, re!,/; sometimes omitted. think, puto, i ; arbitror, r. this, is, ea, id (13S) ; hlc, haec, hoc (200). though, cum, with subjv. ; sometimes implied in paiticiple. thousand, mllle (304). throw, iacio, 3; mittd, 3; (over), supericiS, 3. thus, sic. Tiber, Tiberis, -is, m. time, tempus, -oris, n. ; spatium, spatl, n. tired, tired out, defessus, -a, -um. to, sign of dative ; ad, in. with ace. ; expressing purpose, ut, with subjv. ; ad, with gerund or gerundive; 300 FIRST YEAR LATIN causa, following a geru7id or gerundive ; supine. to-day, hodie. too, quoque; camp, degree. touch, tango, 3. town, oppidum. -i, n. townsman, oppidanus, -i, vi. train, educo, i. tree, arbor, -oris,/". tribe, gens, gentis,/ troops, copiae, -arum,/. //«r. trumpet, tuba, -ae,/ try, tents, i ; experior, 4. twenty-eight, duodetrlginta. twenty-fourth, vTcesimus quartus. twenty-one, vlgintl unus. two, duo, -ae, -o ; (which of), uter, -tra, -trum; (each of), uterque, utraque, utrumque. under, sub, with ace. or ahl. unwilling (be), n6l5 (505). . upon, in, with ace. or abl. urge, hortor, i. use, utor, 3, with abl. various, varius, -a, -um. very, superl. degree ; maxime ; ipse, -a, -um (329). Vesta, Vesta, -ae, / victorious, victor, -oris, tn. victory, victoria, ae,/ virtue, virtus, -utis,/ Vorenus, Vorenus, -I, m. wagon, carrus, -T, m. walk {take a walk), ambulo, i. wall, niurus, -I, w. want (lack), careo, 2, with aid. ; desum, with abl. (502). war, bellum, -I, n. warn, moneo, 2. water, aqua, -ae,/. way, via, -ae, / ; iter, itineris, «. (4S2). weapon, telum, -T, ti. welcome, gratus, -a, -um. well, bene (267). well-known, sometitnes expressed by ille. what, interrog. quis (qui), (juae, quid (quod) (142). when, cum ; ablative absolute. where, ubi. whether, num. which, qui, quae, quod (142); (of two), uter, utra, utrum (312). while, inter, with gerund ; some- times implied in participle. white, albus, -a, -um. whither, quo. who, rel. qui, quae (210); interrog. quis, quae (142). whole, totus, -a, -um (312) ; omnis, e. why, cur. wine, vinum, -i, n. winter, hiems, hiemis,/ wise, sapiens, -entis ; prudens, -entis. wisely, sapienter. wish, volo (505) ; (not), nolo. with, cum, zuith abl. ; sometimes abl. alone. within (into), in, %vith ace. without, sine, with abl. withstand, sustineo, 2. woman, femina, -ae, /. ; mulier, -eris,/ word, verbum, -I, n. work, laboro, i. worse, peior, -ius (260). ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 301 worst, pessimus, -a, -um (260). yonder (that), ille, -a, -ud. wound, //. volnus, -eris, «. you, siug. tu ; plur. vos {492). wound, 7'. volnero, I. your, sing, tuus, -a, -um ; plur. wretched, miser, -era, -erum. vester, -tra, -trum (229). write, scrlbo, 3. yourselves, see self, writer, scnptor, -oris, vi. youth (body of), iuventus, -utis,/ year, annus, -I, m. Ti&vii&^ Zama, -ae, ./. INDEX NoTB — References are to sections unless otherwise indicated. a or ab witli ablative of agent, 207. a. 20S. a-declension of nouns, 48, 53, 477. a-verbs, 59, 60, 497. ablative case, 46 and d. absolute, 357, 358. after a comparative, 249, a, 250. of agent, 207, a, 20S. of cause, 164, a, 165. of degree of difference, 263, a, 264. of description, 306, a, 307. of manner, 128, a, 129. of means or instrument, 123, a, 124. of place where, 81. of place whence, 159, 197, 3. of separation, 231, a, 232. of specification, 372, b, 374. of time, 187, a, 188. with iitor,fruor,^\.z., 387, 388. with ex, equivalent of partitive geni- tive, 256, b. ablative of adjectives of third declension, 1S2, b. -abus in dative and ablative of first declen- sion, page 22, note 2. accent, 44, i, 2, and 3. in contracted genitive of nouns in -ius, 84, <:, d. accusative case, 46 and b and c. of extent, 277, a, 278. object of transitive verbs, 57. of place whither, 160, 197, 2. subject of the infinitive, 318, rule i. in indirect discourse, 321-326. acer, declensicfn, 182, 484. comparison, 253. adjectives, definition, 3. kmds and definitions, 3. a-d. of first and second declensions, 90, 483. adjectives of third declension, 182, 484. of one, two, and three terminations, 182, (7, b, note. irregular (gen. in -lus), 312, 313, 4S6. comparison, 246-248, 253, 254, 260, 487, 489. meaning of comparative and superla- tive, 255, a. declension of comparatives, 248, 488. irregular comparison, 254, 260, 489. comparison by adverbs, 26, a, and note. positive wanting, 262, 489. interrogative adjectives, 144, a, b. possessives, 229; distinction in use between suns and eitis, 230, a\ be- tween tuus and vester, 229, note; omission of situs, 230, b. predicate, 100, a. with complementary infinitive, 318, rule 2. used as nouns, 3, d. in the plural without a noun, page 39, note I. with nouns : agreement, 92. of description, 306, a, 307. of manner, 128, a, 129. with dat., 116, a, 117. adverbs, definition, 5. kinds and definitions, 5, a-/. formation, 267, b. comparison, 267 and b, 490. in place of positives of adjectives, 262. agent, expressed by abl. with a or ab, 208. with the gerundive, 425, (/. 426. ager, declension, loS, 478. agreement of adjectives, 92. after complementary infinitive, 318, rule 2. 303 304 F/RSr YEAR LATIN agreement of appositives, iii. of predicate nouns, 99. of relative pronouns, 213, 222, a. aliquis, 335, 496. alius, declension, 312, 486. alius . . . alius, 313. alius . . . aliud, 313. alphabet, 36. alter . . . alter, 313. altior, declension, 248. altus, comparison, 247. amans, declension, 485. am5, conjugation, 497. Anecdotes, 434-43S. animal, declension, 169, 479, c. antecedent, definition, 2, note, antepenult, 42, 5. when accented, 44, 2. appeals, 340 and a. apposition, no, iii. article, none in Latin, 50, a. '■ artus, irregular dat. and abl. plural, 242, a. audax, declension, 1S2, 4S4. comparison, 247. audio, conjugation, 501. avis, 169, c. B base, 53, b. bonus, declension, 483. comparison, 260, 4S9. bos, declension, 4S2. brevis, declension, 182, 4S4. comparison, 247. capi5, conjugation, 500. caput, declension, 154, 479. cardinals, definition, 3, b. table of, 491. indeclinable from qiiattiior to cciifiiw, 3°5. c. declension, 304, 305, 486. case of relative pronouns, 213. cases, names of English, 24, i, 2, 3. names of Latin, 46. See under nomi- native, genitive, etc. general rules for endings, 46, a~d. causal clauses, with ctim, 396, a, 39S. cause, expressed by the ablative, 164, a, 165; 357,358- characteristic ablative, 306, a, 307. See ablative of description. characteristic vowels of the four con ju- gs cions, 59. civis, 169, c. clauses, definition and kinds, 20 and rt, b, e. of purpose, with ut and ne, 283, a, 284. of result, with ut and ut non, 289, a, 290. relative of purpose, 419, 420. with cum, when, 396-398. commands, 340 and a. comparative, declined, 248, 48S; pli'es, declined, 261. followed by the ablative, 250. meaning too, 255, a. comparison, definition, 26 ; of adjectives, 246-248, 253, 254, 260-262, 4S7; methods in English and in Latin, 26, a, and note ; irregular, 254, 260-262, 489; six adjectives in -lis, 254, 489; positive wanting, 262, 4S9. of adverbs, 267 and b. ablative of, 249, a, 250. complement of verb, 15, ^. compound tenses often omit est, cf. page 190, note 14. conditional sentences, 403. simple conditions, 404 and a, 405. doubtful conditions, 404 and b, 406. contrary to fact, 404 and c, 407. conjugation, definition, 27. in English verb, 27, a. See verbs. conjunction, definition, 7. kinds and definitions, 7, a, b. consilium, genitive in -?, 84, d. consonant-i, 37. consonant stems, pages 60, 64. consonants, 38. how pronounced, 41. contraction in perfect and cognate tenses when V is lost, 414, b. in gen. of nouns in -iiim and -iits, 84, c and d. coordinate clauses, 20, c. copula, 15, a. INDEX 305 cornu, declension, 242, 480. corpus, declension, 163, 479, b. cum, prep, with abl. of manner, 129. joined to abl. of p.'rsonal, relative, and interrogative pronouns, 221, d. cum, conj. in clauses of time, 396, a, 397. causal and concessive, 396, a, 398. dative case, 46 and d. of agent, 425, d, 426. with adjectives, \\b, a, 117. with compound verbs, 346, a, 347. of indirect object, 79. of possession, 114, a, 115. of service, 348, 349. with intransitive verbs, meaning to be- lieve, favor, etc., 392, 393. dea, dat. and abl. plural, page 22, note 2. declension, definition, 22. See nouns, adjectives, and comparatives. degree of difference expressed by the ablative, 263, a, 264. demonstrative adjectives and pronouns, definition, 2, d, 3, c. See pronouns; also hie, Idem, tile, ipse, is, iste. dependent clause, 19, note, 20 and a. deponents, see verbs. descriptive abl. and gen., 306, a, 307. deus, declension, 482. dies, declension, 275, 481. gender, 276. diphthongs, how pronounced, 40. quantity, 43, 4, direct statements, 321. domi as locative, 195, b. domo, used of place whence, 196 and b. domum, used of place whither, 196 and b. domus, declension, 482. gender, 243, a. construction, 197. d5num, declension, 84, 478. dum with pres. ind., pige 172, note 4. duo, declension, 304, 486. 5-stems (nouns), 275, 481. e-verbs, 59, 71. e-verbs, conjugation, 498. 6-verbs, 147. conjugation, 499. ego, declension, 492. eius compared with siuts, 230, a. enclitics, 44, 3. 60,414-416; conjugation, 507. est often omitted, cf. page 190, note 14. extent of time or space, how expressed, 277, a, 278. F F.\BLES, 45S-467. fearing, verbs of, 415, a. feminine gender, rule, 47, 2. fero, 414-416; conjugation, 506. filia, declension, page 22, note 2. filius, vocative, 84, d, 478, a. declension, 47S. finis, 169, c. finite verb, definition, 35. fi5, 414-416; conjugation, 50S. fruor, followed by the ablative, 3S8. fungor, followed by the ablative, 38S. future active participle in place of per- fect passive participle in principal parts, pag- 75, foot-note i. future perfect tense, formation of, 192, a and b. G gender, in English and in Latin, 25 and a. general rules for Latin gender, 47, i and 2. in first declension, 54. in second declension, 85. in third declension, 173-175. in fourth declension, 243. in fifth declension, 276. genitive case, 46. descriptive, 306, a, 307. limiting, 68. partitive, 256, 257. gerund, a verbal noun, 365. use, 367 and a and b. gerundive, a verbal adjective, 361, 362. agreement of, 361. takes the dative of agent, 425, d, 426. used with ad to express purpose, 362, 3. used with sum to form the Second Periphrastic Conjugation, 424. 3c6 FIRST YEAR LATIN gerundive with stim implies necessity, duty, or obligation, 425, b. gradus. declension, 242, 480. hasta, declension, 53, 477. hie, declension, 200, 493. uses, 201, a-c. historical tenses, 296, a. homo, declension, 163, 479, b. hortor, conjugation, 509. hortus, declension, 84, 478. hostis, declension, 169, 479, c. distinguished from inimicus, 171. humi, as locative, 195, b. i, with force of a consonant before a vowel, T,7. i-stems (nouns), 169, 479, c. i-verhs, conjugation, 501. Idem, declension, 329, 493. use, 331, a. idiis, gender, 243, a. iens, declension, 485. Ignis, 169, c, 479, c. ille, declension, 200, 493. uses, 201, a-d. imperative, formation, 339. in commands and appeals, 340 and a. impersonal use of verbs, 418 and b. impersonal verb, definition, 4,/. in, with ace. and abl., 77, 81, 127, 160. indefinite pronouns and adjectives, defi- nition, 2, e, 3, c. See zho pro?ioicns. independent clause, 18, note, 20 and b. indirect discourse, 321-326. indirect object, definition, 14, note. case of, 78, 79. indirect questions, 294, 295. infinitive, definition and English uses, 32 and a and b. formation, 316. used as subject, 317, a. complementary, 317, a. in indirect discourse, 321, 322. tenses in indirect discourse, 323-326. used as in English, 317. not used to express purpose, 283, b. infinitive, takes a subject accusative, 317, a, 318, rule i. in compound forms esse is often omitted, pige 182, note 4. inflection, definition, 21. of nouns, 22-25. of adjectives, 26. of verbs, 27-31. inimicus, distinguished from hostis, 171. instrumental abl., 123, a, 124. insam, followed by /« with abl., 347, a. interjection, definition, 8. interrogative adjsctives, 142-145. pronouns declined, 142, 495. table of meanmgs, 143. definition, 2, c. intersum, followed by inter with ace, 347, a. intransitive verbs, definition, 4, b. followed by dative, 393. 15, verbs in -id of the third conjugation, 157- conjugation, 500. ipse, declension, 329, 493. used for emphasis, 331, c. distinguished from se, 331, c. irregular adjectives (genitive in -Jus), 312, 486. comparison: of adjectives, 254, 260, 489 ; of adverbs, 267. verbs: eo, 414-416, 507; fcro a.nd /id, 414-416, 506, 508; possum and/w- stan, 503, 504 ; void, nolo, mdlo, 391- 395» 505- is, declension, 138, 493. common uses, 140. used as an adjective, 140, a. used as a pronoun, 140, b. relation to h'lc and ille, 201, c. table of meanings, 139. iste, declension, 493. uses of, 331, ^ and b. iter, declension, 4S2. luppiter, declension, 482. iuvenis, comparison, 260, 489. liber, declension, 103, 483. liquid stems, 163, 479, b. INDEX 307 liquids, 38. locative case, 195, 197. endings, 195, a. in what words used, 195 and b. magnus, comparison, 260, 489. malo, 391-395; conjugation, 505. malus, comparison, 260, 489. manner, how expressed, 128, a, 129. manus, gender, 243, a. mare, declension, 482. masculine, rule of gender, 47, i. means, denoted by the abl., 123, a, 124. Mercurius, has vocative in -i, 84, d. miles, declension, 1 54, 479. mllitiae, as locative, 195, b. mille, declension, 304, 486. use, 305, e. miser, comparison, 253. moneo, conjugation, 498. moods, definition, 29-31. multus, comparison, 260, 489. mute stems, 154, 479, a. mutes, 38. followed by a liquid, 43, 6. nouns, definition, i. kinds and definitions, i, a-e. gender, 47 and i and 2. first declension, 48, 53, 65, 76, 90, 477; second, 84, 90, 103, 108, 478; third, 154, 163, 169, i73-«75> 479; fourth, 242, 480; fifth, 275, 481. predicate nouns, 98, a, 99. rules of gender, 47, i and 2, 54, 85, i73-'75. 243. 276. nubes, declension, 169, 479, c. num in questions, 273. number, singular and plural, 23. numerals, 304, 305, 309, 486. table of, 491. definition, 3, b. o-stems (second declension), 84, 103, 478. object, definition, 14. direct and indirect, 14, note. of a transitive verb, 57. indirect object, 79. ordinals, definition, 3, b. tabb, 491. declined like bomes, 491. navis, 169, c. nh,ihat {lest), 415, rt. introducing negative clauses of pur- pose, 284. various ways of translating, 283, 2S8. as negative of commands and appeals, 340, a, 2. -ne, enclitic, 44, 3, 50, d. neuter, see 71011ns. n516, 391-395 ; conjugation, 505. the imperatives nol'i and tiol'tte in neg- ative appeals or commands, 340. nominative case, 46. subject of a finite verb, 51. in the tliird declension has a different vowel from the stem, i 54, e. of pronouns expressed only for empha- sis or contrast, 221, a. predicate nominative, 15, b. nonne, suggests the answer yes, 273. nos, declension, 492. participles, definition and uses in Eng- lish, 34 and a and b. agreement, 235, a, note, 352, b, c. declension, 352, b, 4S5. equivalents in English, 353 and a. time denoted by, 353, a. future, used with siim to form the peri- phrastic conjugations, 424, 425. have no perfect active, 357, c. in deponent verbs, 386, c. perfect of, in deponent verbs, 386, d. often best rendered as clause, 353, a. tenses of, relative to main verb, 353, a. partitive genitive, 257. parvus, comparison, 260, 4S9. passive, compound forms, 235, a, and note. formation, 205, a and b. the agent expressed by the abl. with d or ab, 208. pater, declension, 163, 479, b. 3o8 FIRST YEAR LATIN penult, 42, 5. when accented, 44, 2. perfect tense, loss of v in, when contrac- tion may take place, 414, 3. See also pariiciples. periphrastic conjugations, 424-428. synopsis of, 510, 511. person, distinction between first, second, and third, 2, a. of relative pronouns, 222, a. personal pronouns, see pronoutis. phrase, definition and kinds, 16. piger, declension, loS, 483. place, where, whither, whence, with names of towns, 197. with places other than names of towns, 81, 159, 160. pluperfect tense, formation of, 192, a and b. plus, declension, 261. portus, irregular dat. and abl. plur., 242, a. possessive adjectives, see adjectives. possum, how compounded, 344, b. conjugation, 503. postquam, with perfect tense, page 175, note 6. potior, conjugation, 509. governs the ablative, 388. predicate, definition, 11 and b. simple, 12. complete, 13. predicate adjectives, 100, a. definition of, 15. predicate nominative, 15, b. predicate nouns (nominative), 98, a, 99. definition of, 15. prepositions, definition, 6. principal parts of verbs, 131 and a. principal tenses, 296, a. pronouns, definition, 2. • kinds and definitions, 2, a-f. demonstrative, definition, 2, d; full declension, 493 ; Iitc and ille, declen- sion, 200; uses, 201, a-d\ is, 138, 139; uses, 140, a, b; relation to Jiic and ille, 201, c; iste, idem, ipse, 329, 330; uses, 331, a-c. indefinite, definition, 2, e ; aliquis and quldam, 335, b, 496 ; quisquam, quivis, quisqiie, 335, c ; qiiid-iorms used as pronouns, qitod-iorms as adjectives, 335, d. interrogative, definition, 2, c; declen- sion, 142, 495 ; followed by cum, 221, d. personal, definition, 2, a; declension, 492 ; nominative expressed only for emphasis or contrast, 221, a; third person sometimes supplied by is, Jiic, or ille, 220, b; used with a reflexive sense, 221, c; followed by cum, 221, d. possessive, see possessive adjectives. reflexive, definition, 2, f; use, 220, b; of first and second person, 221, c. relative, definition, 2, b; agreement, 212, a, 213, 222, a; declension, 210, 494 ; table of meanings, 211; fol- lowed by cum, 221, d. pronunciation, Roman method, sounds of the letters, 39-41. proper names in -iics contract it to t, 84,^. prosum, how compounded, 344, c. conjugation, 504. puer, declension, 103, 478. purpose clauses, expressed by the sub- junctive with ut and ne, 283, a, b, 284, 288. accusative of the gerund or gerundive with ad, 362, b, 367, b. dative of service, 34S, 349. relative clauses, 419, 420. supine in -um, 372, a, 373. not expressed by the infinitive, 283, b. review of expressions of purpose, 429. quam with a comparative, 249, 25 c -que, enclitic, 44, 3. questions, indirect, 294-296. qui, 210-213. declension, 210, 494. quidam, 335, b ; declension, 496. quis, 142-144. declension, 142, 495. INDEX 309 quis, after si, nisi, M?,and num, page 195, note 10. quisquam, 335, c quisque, 335, c. quivis, 335, c. quod, used for quid as an interrogative adjective, 144, b. reflexive pronouns, see pronouns. rego, 147 ; conjugation, 499. relative pronouns, see pronouns. chuses of purpose, 419, 420. res, declension, 275, 481. result, expressed by the subjunctive wi^h tit or lit n'on, 289, 290. rex, declension, 154, 479. Roaian method of pronouncing Latin 39-41- ruri, as locative, 195, b. riis, the accusative of, 196, 2. like names of towns, 196 and b. 197. S se, distinguished from ipse, 331, c. senex, comparison, 260, 489. sentence, definition, 9. kinds and definitions, 10, 17-19. parts, 11-16, 20 and a, b, and c. separation, how expressed, 231, 237. sequence of tenses, 296, a, 297. sequor, conjugation, 509. service, dative of, 348, 349. sibilant, 38. space, extent of, 277, 278. specification, ablative of, 372, b, 374. stem of a word, defined, page 22, note i. of nouns of the first declension, page 22 of nouns of the second declension, page 32- '.• of nouns of the third declension, page P60; how found, 154, c, 169, d; the last vowel changed to form the nomi- native, 154, e; mute, 154; liquid, 163; /-stems, 169, 170. of nouns of the fourth declension, page 98. of nouns of the fifth declension, page no. stem of verbs, 59. perfect participle stem in principal parts of verbs, 131. perfect stem of verbs. 131, b, 136, a, 185, b, and note, of adjectives of tiie third declension, page 72. Stories of Hercules, 439-449. Stories of Ulysses, 450-457. Stories from Roman History, 468- 475- Story of the Aduatuci, 476. subject, definition, 1 1 and a. simple, 12. complete, 13. agreement of verb with, 61. of a verb, 51. of an infinitive, 317, a, 318. not expressed, G\, a, b. subjunctive, in commands and appeals, hortatory, 340 and a ; also page 184, note 2. with aim temporal, causal, and con- cessive, 39C>-398. imperfect subjunctive denoting present time, and pluperfect, past time, 404, d. sequence of tenses in, 296, 297 and a. forniiition of present, 281, 282; of im- perfect, 287 ; of perfect and pluper- fect, 293. present tense translated as future, 415, b. of purpose, 283, 2S4, 288. of result, 289, 290. of indirect question, 294-296. in relative clauses of purpose, 4 19, 420. after verbs of fearing, 415, a. in doubtful conditions, 404, b, 406. in conditions contrary to fact, 404, c, 407. sui, declension, 492. distinguished from ipse, 331, c. sum, 96 ; conjugation, 502. compounds, 344, 345. supine, definition, 370. in-ttw, 3-2, 1,373. in -j7, 372, 2. 374. 8UUS, how formed and declined, 229. 3IO FIRST YEAR LATIN suus, compared with eius, 230, a. omission of, 230, b. syllables, definition, number of, 42, i. division of, 42, 2, 3. in compound words, 42, 4. how named, 42, 5. when long, 43, 5, 6. temporal clauses introduced by cum, 396, a, 397. tense, definition, 11 and a. tenses, of infinitive in indirect discourse, 323-326. distinction in use between perfect and imperfect, 132, b. sign of imperfect, 121, a. sign of future, 126, a. principal and historical, 296, a. sequence of, 296, 297. terminations, definition, 53, b. of first declension, 53. of second declension, 84. of third declension, consonant stems, 154; «-stem3, 169. of fourth declf nsion, 242. of fifth declension, 275. time, how expressed, 188. extent, 278. towns, rules for names of, 197, i, 2, 3. transitive verb, 4, a. tres, declension, 304, 305, b and/, 486. tu, declension, 492. turris, i6g, c, 479, c. tuus, how formed and declined, 229. compared \\\\\\ vesier, 229, note. u as a semivowel, page 15, note. u-stems, 242, 4S0. -ubus, irregular dat. and abl. plur., 242, a. ultima, 42, 5. tinus, declension, 304, 305,/, 486. urbs, declension, i6g, 479, c. ut, of purpose (negative ne), 284. translated in various ways, 283, 288. of result (negative ut non), 289, 290. translated that not with verbs of fear- ing, 415, a. ut, translated when or as, when followed by the ind., page 185, note 2. utor, governs the abl., 388. V, often lost between vowels in the per- fect and cognate tenses, 414, b. verbs, definition, 4. kinds and definitions, 4, a-f. agreement, 61. in relative clauses, 222, a. case of subject, 51 ; of object, 57. personal endings, 60, 132. transitive in English are often intran- sitive in Latin and govern the dat., 392> «• oi first conjugation, 60; conjugation, 497- of second conjugation, 71 ; conjuga- tion, 498. oi third conjugation, 147; conjugation, 499. of third conjugation in -io, 157; con- jugation, 500. of fourth conjtigation, 185 ; conjuga- tion, 501. how conjugations are distinguished, 59. principal parts, 131 and a. review of four conjugations, 378-385. deponents: form, meaning, how dis- tinguished, 386 ; active forms, 386, b ; participles of both voices, 386, c ; perfect participle active in meaning, and gerundive passive, 386, d; con- jugation. 509. periphrastic conjugations, 424-428 ; synopsis of, 510, 511. irregular verbs, see under eo.fio, fer'o, void, nolo, tndlo, sum and its com- pounds. impersonal use and impersonal verbs, 418, a and b. vereor, conjugation, 509. vescor, governs ablative, 388. vester, how formed and declined, 229. compared with titus, 229, note, vetus, comparison, 260, 4S9. vir, declension, 47S. virtiis, declension, 154, 479. INDEX 311 vis, declension, 482. vocabularies, Latin-English, page 245. English-L?tin, page 291. vocative case, 46. vocative form, 46, a. use, 53, a. of proper names in -ins, 84, d. of «5-noiins of the second declension, 84, a, 47S, a. voice, d:'finition, 28. intransitive verbs used only in active, 2%, a. volnus, declension, 163, 479, b. V0I6, 391-395. conjugation, 505. vos, declension, 492. vowels, quantity : short, 43, 2 ; long, 43, 3.4- LOAN DEPT J^lfl^^Jfl^-nMediate recall ..y^, 23Feb'6SPH hnM^LOmsS-^ SEP 2(n95< Uec'D ld ;64-4P| General Library YB 3806 C.-)