UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNI AT LOS ANGELES HISTORY OF THE Military Canteen BY Lieut. -Col. PHILIP READE Inspector General U. S. \'. (Major 4th U. S. Infantrv) • 1S7 8 Published by authority of The Hon., The Secretary ok War This is ii publication pcrmiiied by the Secretary of War of reports made to the Inspector General of the Army, during the months of Sep- tember, October, and November, jgoo, by Lieut.-Coloncl Philip Rcade^ Inspector General, U. S. /'., (Major 4th V. S. Infantry), regarding the Regulation Canteen and other canteens presented for trial icith reference to their fitness for use in the military service. rRINTCD BV C J. BURROUGHS, Cmicaoo. COPYRIGHT, 1901. J!y PHILIP RKADE. REPORT UPON ARMY CANTEENS LIEUT. CUL. PHILIP READE, I. G., U. S. V., (major 4TH r. s. infantry) Inspector General, Dejmrhnent of Dakota. At the beginning" of the last century, and for some years after,, the soldier's canteen was a wooden, drum-shaped affair, provided with a nozzle. (See cut p. 120.) To now return to that shape and adopt a hollow cylinder, modeled after a drum for packing figs in, would be an advance backw-ards. The history of mankind is the history of the development of weapons and equipment for war by improvements, in which one nation has overcome another and survived. Within a few months from now our military organization will have been readjusted. The arms and equipments to be necessitated by the increase in numbers of our permanent military establishment should be new and not of the nineteenth century pattern. By July, 1901, perhaps 60,000 canteens now carried by, or in the possession of, L^nited States Volunteers and Regulars will have been turned in. Some of these canteens will be suspended by the returned volunteers beside the obsolete muzzle-loading firearms of the civil war period, and some may find their way into the museums for the col- lection and display of archaic military weapons and equipments. From being an inconsequential article of a soldier's personal equipment the canteen has become, in fact, one of the most impor- tant articles, because connected with hygienic considerations ; in other words, because it carries water and because the majority of our troops are in localities where good water is of prime considera- tion to health. Those who live a comparatively fixed life can hardly weigh aright the importance of a good canteen. Since the microbe or germ theory has come into the discussion of hygienic conditions, we have learned why it is that bad water is the most dangerous liquid one can drink ; that the denizen of places fitted with filtering devices, sterilizing appliances, faucets, hydrants, water valves, pipes, aqueducts, cooling refrigerators, icehouses, etc., can 3 4 IIISToRV OF THE MIUTARV CANTEEN'. L'.uard a.i^ain^l iiiicri)- i^nard himself in the field or on cam- [)ai!;n. nr un the march. If the former could only get water l)y jotn-neying- to the town pump, or well having a pole, or piece of timber, moved on a fulcrum or post, used to raise and lower a bucket in the well for laboriously drawing water by hand, he w^ould feel it an annoying hardship. We have relegated the well-sweep, but hung on to the canteen of con- temporaneous antifpiity. People who always live in houses and sleep in beds and walk on pavements and ride in street cars, and wdio get their food from butch- ers, bakers, grocers, or restaurants, and who always have access to unlimited quantities of good water, don't appreciate — they can't appreciate — water, because it is as free as air. The circumstances of their existence are too mathematical and secure. They are boarders in this world. Everything is done for them by somebody else. They live at second or third hand. They get their excitement out of the newspapers. If the weather is bad. tiiey are snugly housed. If it is cold, there is a furnace in the cellar. If they arc hungry, the shops are near at hand. They might as well be brought up in an incu1)ator. l)Ut where man abides in the fields, after the manner of soldiers in campaign, he learns that his best friends are his arms, his blanket, and his rations; the last named are not any more important than his filled canteen. Xapoleon said: "There are five things from which the soldier must never be .separated — his gun. his cartridges, his knapsack, his provisions for at least four days, and his pioneer tool. Let the knap- .sack be reduced to tlie smallest size; let him carry in it a shirt, a pair of shoes, a stock, a handkerchief, a tinder box. but let him have it always with him. for, once separated from him, it never returns." it is submittelements. such as his gun, cartridges, knapsack, pioneer tool, or even his "stock." In other words, the soldier will include liis canteen as one of his best friends. He is never prodigal with his water when inured to war experiences. City dwellers who laiow that there is always plenty more in the pipes do not appreciate this last fact. A .soldier in barracks, with water closets and baths, requires 25 gallons (^f water per day. Without water closets and l)aths he HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CAXTEEX. /lkw£nf/anJL Mmute^Tiatr, /rfs-fni ConnecitQut /ooi-fuard.. /776-/TS3. l/.3.fnAntry man tttital^ mart/i'/y oreUr, /8Si. (3 IIISTOKV Ol- Till: MII.ITAUV CANTEIiN. rcqtiircs lo ^^^llons of water jKr day. In stationary camps, 5 i^^allons |ur livad for all purposes is required. A soldier requires on the march, for (hinkinj,^ and ctjokin^-, 6 l,ints a day. increased in a hot climate to 8 pints, and an equal amount for washinj^ the person. The fore^oinj? are the lowest figures. Thv hygienic preparaticjns for a campaign, either for the foot or nnjuntc-d sfjldier, include a con- sideration of many rules and precautions that arc unavoidably broken or impaired by war, but the three requisites of a camping grounds are water, fuel and forage. Had water is the most dangerous liquid one can drink. The soldier is not dressed or outfitted in obedience to caprices (jf fashion, but in accordance with the rules of hygiene. All camping grounds are not near to running streams, or water. .Marches must be limited to the human strength and necessities, both as regards travel and rest, rations and water. During the period immediately following the capitulation of Santiago. July, 1898. the l-'ifth Army Corps obtained its water from the San Juan river, less than a mile away, by means of canteens. Stalwart, fever-stricken men went thirsty because they shrank from the physical exertion involved in walking down a hill a few hundred vards and then stagger back with a load of filled canteens. Aching heads and Hushing faces were relieved by water, but the fluid ap))li- cation was a costly one. Soldiers, insane from heat, exhaustion and fatigue, reeled into any kind of shelter and would there lie prostrate and gasp, their canteens by their side — empt\'. Sights like these, and personal deprivation. (|uicken one's conception and appreciation. Cieneral Viscount Wolseley in his "Soldier's Pocket Book for Field Service." edition 1886. includes in the list of articles to be worn (II the person a drinking cu]) and water bottle, lie savs : "The best water bottles are those made of ebonite and covered with felt. Those holding a little less than i y^ pints weigh, when empty. 13 j ounces; when full, 2 pounds 3 J f the same material as used for the haversack. After this .the cork and chain are added. Inspections are made at each different stage of manufacture and when finally completed l^efore the canteens are packed and transferred to store. The only 'test' made during manufacture is to determine whether the soldering is complete. This is accomplished by placing tlie nozzle of an air compresser into the mouth of the canteen, plunging the canteen under water, and then HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CAXTEEX. 9 forcing air into it. If there are any leaks they will he discovered by air bubbling in the water. If leaks are foimd the canteen is resoldered and again tested."' In the matter of canteens we have not kept pace with other na- tions nor yet with the development and improvements made by in- ventors and industrial establishments in the United States, and which have been made evident b}" the open air tests made b\- me and here- inafter described. The canteen now and for many years issued by the (Jrdnance Department, is a poor affair, inconsistent with the improvements made in other articles of the soldier's equipment issued by the same department. I have found, in the possession of the ist Cavalry or of the 8th Infantry, canteens made of X tin, of XX tin. and of XXX tin. Owing to this lack of uniformity in material, difference in weight and of durability exists. Some of the army canteens vary in capacity four or more ounces, the minimum being 42 fluid ounces. Difference exists, also in the weight, thickness and quality of the felt superimposed upon the flask. These variations are visible to the eye anrl have been further proven by immersion in water and by flame tests. The present service canteen is defective because it will not pre- serve fluid at a palatable temperature, in either very high or very low temperatures. A cause of this defect is that the tin flask is not covered by enough non-conducting material, viz., good, thick, all- wool felt. First Lieutenant F. L. Knudson. 8th Infantry, a soldier of nearly twelve years' experience in infantry service, says: "The canteen at present issued to the army is very poor. Its shape is such that it is inconvenient to carry, and its covering not sufficiently thick to keep the water cool. The stopper should be fashioned by having its chain secured on the inside of the canteen, because the present method of fastening it is not solid enough and causes the chain to slip off the neck of the canteen and the stoppers are very often lost. The canteen should be made of material that will not rust." Captain F. H. Sargent. 8th Infantry, says: "Noticed defect in canteen, which should be of such shape as to fit close to the body and should be covered with a good felt, much thicker than the cover now in use, which is of poor material, shoddy and thin." Captain W. II. Hart, Brigade Quartermaster, X. G. S. Minne- 10 lllSTOKV OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. K covered bu the Latf's. r^^et^ocl, % in. felt, ojoe/radle cari/as cover. Co^ city -93 Troy 07^ ' HtLjH /s /tuoCrdvpoOs c-r . ^ach HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN". II sota. writes : "The Government canteen cover is of flimsy material and cannot absorb nearly as much water as a canteen cover of fine piano all wool felt." Not to change and improve the present army canteen is to run counter to the workings of what clearly is the trend of development in the higher walks of business, science and the profession of arms in other countries. The service canteen should be a combination of a flask to con- tain fluids, provided with a cover to keep the contents of the flask at a palatable temperature; that is, a condition with respect to heat or cold in zones, localities or temperatures other than ordinarily preva- lent in the temperate zone. It seems hardly necessar}- to dwell upon the fact that a canteen flask and its coverings nmst l)e separatel}-, as well as unitedly, con- sidered. The canteen, per se, is a flask to contain forty-eight or more fluid ounces of water. It is in no wise responsible for the failure of its cover to protect its contents adequately from extreme varia- tions of temperature. The flask should be so made, or of such ma- terial, as to resist such treatment as a soldier might give it during a campaign, or the march, or in the field. Respects ix Which the Care and Storage of Water in a Can- teen Resemble Storage Methods of Transporta- tion OF Food Products, It is not inappropriate to consider water as a food product, and, in hot weather, the canteen as a cold storage house. When the tem- perature ranges above 90 degrees, it is injurious to water as a food product. The Subsistence Department, U. S. Army, has to consider tem- peratures injurious to food products in storage or transportation, and methods of protection from the same. It is claimed that water is perishable when congealed, or when so hot as to be nauseating. It is also unfit for human consumption when unsanitary from any cause. Protection from excessive heat or cold is as necessary for drinking water as for fruits, vegetables, dairy products, milk, green meats, poultry, game, fish, oysters, clams, malt and hop liquors, wet, canned or bottled groceries, ink, mucilage, proprietary medicines, mineral waters and drugs having water, in- stead of alcohol, as a base. Hence, in the construction of a canteen and its components, also in the transportation by tlic soldier of its ]ierishable conttMUs, primal objects to be attained arc: 12 IIISTOKV OI" I III-: MII.IIAKV cA.\"ri;i:.\. 1. The protccticiii of the ccjiilenls from frost (jr excessive cold. 2. The protection of the same from excessive heat. ']"he temi)eratures at which drinking waters are liable to damage vary according to their condition wlien canteened, length of expos- ure, whether kept continually in motion, etc. The degrees of cold to which drinking Huids within canteens may ])e subjected w ithout becoming impaired depends upon the time of exposure, whether allowed to stand, whether partly emptied, and the duration of the exposure, as well as the intensity of the cold. In the transportation and exposure of the food products, etc., named, concurrence of opinion and method exists as to the modern methods involving the efficacy of cars, etc., specially built, variably ventilated, properly lined and contents carefully packed in straw, hay, oat chafY, moss, sawdust, paper, etc. In the case of the canteen, the lining is properly represented by the cover, or outer jacket. Just as in the former case, a factor to be observed is the tempera- ture of the produce when put into the car, so the temperature of the iluid or water when the canteen is filled is a factor in determining the merit of the flask covering. If the fluid has been exposed to a low temperature for a considerable time before being canteened, it is in a poor condition to withstand cold, and its original temperature nuist be taken into account. It is also certain that even a car load of produce, like potatoes, will stand a lower temperature when the car is in motion than when at rest, so it is with a canteen's contents when jolted. Cars are classed as ordinary refrigerator cars, salamanders and extraordinary refrigerator cars of the better class. Canteens may also be so classed. Some are simply water carriers ; others are so protected as to assist in the process of refrigerating their fluid con- teiUs. Lar loads of fish, etc.. are protected by bins built into the car and thoroughly iced. The modern canteen has its non-conducting cover built on to the outside of the flask, and in hot weather the fluid contents of the flask are protected by moistening the absorbent inner c< tver. The relation between tiie outside air temperature and the tem- l)erature within the car varies largely, depending on the kind of car, whether an ordinary freight or refrigerator car, whether lined or not, whether standing still or in motion, and also on the weather, whether windy or calm, warm or cold. Tn shipping ],ing distances in summer, it is necessary to re-ice the cars. HISTORY OF THE MILITAkV CAXTILKX. I3 Wlicn tlic old sulilicr can, he will, in hot weather, immerse his corked canteen in water in order io resupply the ahsorbent inner cover with moisture and so retard the subsequent evaporation by keeping the outer cover tightly laced. It is important to note that in shipping fruits, etc., many of the precautions taken in packing to keep out the cold will also keep in the heat, there being really more danger in some instances from heating, steaming, cooking, etc., Iiy process of decomposition than from cold. In cold weather the knowing old soldier who wants to keep his canteen full of coffee, tea, etc., hot, puts the fluid into the canteen when it is hot, and he does not wet the felt cover. Cars containing perishable goods are sometimes, when a south wind is blowing on the prairie, covered with canvas on the south side. They are lined, have padded doors, sides are protected liy heavy paper tacked to the w^alls, also by the addition of an inner board wall a few inches distant from the outer one ; produce sur- rounded by straw, cars warmed by steam from the locomotive when in motion, and by stove when steam is not available. Lined cars are lined with tongued and grooved boards on the sides and ends and bulkheaded. Cars, after being loaded, are carefullv inspected as to temperature within ; their destination considered, etc. Cars were not thus equipped, packed and constructed, etc., prior to the construction of our transcontinental railways and cold storage establishments. Twenty-five years ago shippers used ordinary cars. The development and evolution of the canteen in the U. S. Army has not been such as to justify retaining any longer in service the army canteen now used by our soldiers. The development, improve- ment and evolution of the service canteen has not kept pace with the progress of the cold storage cars. In the modern method of storing water in a canteen, the recom- mendation is made that a modern canteen be used. That is to say. one protected by felt instead of "Petersham," having superimposed an openable canvas cover made of some close woven textile fabric, the pattern of the cover being such as to facilitate the moistening of the felt. The best method of covering for a canteen known to me is the Lanz method. It does not necessarily f|uickly produce a low tem- perature in hot weather, but it keej^s the contents of the canteen at a uniformly palatable temperature better than any other practically practical)le device suited for the military service and personal trans- I)ortation by the soldier in the open. 14 II IS TORS' OI" 11 1 1". MII.IIARV CAXTi:i-:\. I jVorls arc hi'inj^- eonslaiilly inado lo reduce liie load of ilic foot soldier to a inininiuiii. lie sol\e> the (|ueslioii for himself in llie lield l»y discardiiii4 non-essentials and Si) enhances his fit,dilin.i( and niarchini,'- ])o\vers, but retains his canteen whether afOv:)t. mounted or moving- hy \\at;on. transport or train. The canteen is not included hy him in the list of unneccssar\- impedimenta. . A soldier must have water, and he must have an aj^pliance to carry water. That canteen is the best canteen which is the most per- fect non-conductor of heat and cold. In a report dated January 20, 1899, from lieaclquarters ist Di- vision 2d Army Corps, Camp Mackenzie, Augusta, Ga., recommenda- tion was made that canteens should be covered with felt, or wool, not bare canvas. I now know that a flannel cover, unprotected, over a canteen, makes evaporation too easy ; that a leather covered canteen slops evaporation entirely ; that a canvas cover over felt retards evaporation and ii^ives the best results, viz.. palatable water of low temperature lt)r troops in the field in the simimer season, or anv season in our troj)ical possessions. II is believed that the function of a canteen is to carrv and ef- fectually ])reserve the temperature of water, cither in hot or cold weather. riir present I'. S. canteen, as issued by the Ordnance Depart- ment, does not satisfactorily preserve or maintain fluid at a palat- able temperature in either very high or very low temperatures. Every question in war should be considered in the aspect of what soldiers can do, and will do, when fatigued. A veteran soldier knows the value of a canteen. The three articles that he will hold en to longest arc his rifle, his canteen and his blanket. If he has no am- munition for his rifle he may abandon it, but hang on to his canteen and l)lanket. He will never part with his canteen. Its value as an article of equipment is attested to by this fact. The material used to cover the canteen flask, now in use by the I . S. .\rmy, is practically useless as a means for preventing the con- tents of tlie canteen from becoming frozen in cold weather. A method of ])revcnting in hot weather the contents from be- coming unpalatable, by reason of high temperature, is to apply a laver of non-heat conducting material to the body of the ilask, moistening this material so as to prevent the air from gaining access to the wetted material, thus retarding the process of evaporation. A method for effecting the desired end, in cold weather, is above HISTORY OF THE .N[ILITARV CAXTEEN'. I5 (k'scribod. except that the layer ni iKin-heal-eoiuhicliii.i;' material aj)|)lie(l to tlie hod}- of the ilask shouhl not he nioistenecL Old soldiers of the U. S. Army know that a woolen slocking leg' pulled over a canteen helps to keep the ctjntents cckjI, and the)- also know that, in tropical regions, the evaporation is retarded and the canteen contents thus kept palatable, especially if a dry cotton stock- ing leg is pulled over the wet woolen one. The veteran soldier, plainsman, scout or hunter, will, during hot weather, "dip" his canteen whenever opportunity offers. The body of the metallic flask used as a canteen should be thor- oughly covered with all wool felt, or other non-conducting absorbent fal)ric, material or substance, or by a combination of such. The better the felt, the better its absorloent properties, and the better are the results attained in any open air teinperature to which the can- teen is exposed. There is a kind of felt, so-called, used for liiiing horse boots for wear, for padding saddles — "hair felt" it is called. Hair felt is sometimes wool mixed with hair of goat, ox, hare, rabbit, musquash and cotton or jute. Saddler's felt may be some wool mixed with any serrated edged, jagged or notched hair, the barbs of which point to the tip of the hair. The piano felt used on one pattern of the Lanz canteen heretofore mentioned is unwoven, clear, all-wool, and weighs about three (3) pounds to the square yard. It is of 1-8, 2-8, 3-8, 4-8, etc., thickness, but the thickness alone does not indicate weight. It can be made of any reasonable thickness. It is said by piano manufacturers to be made in different weights, from one (O to five (5) potinds per square yard. Another tyj^e of the Lanz canteen is protected by a wool sponge woven felt fabric ; a new ileparture, made in Amsterdam, N. Y. Its efficacy as a canteen flask cover has not yet been fully determined. Over the non-conducting material on the body of the flask should be superimposed an openable cover of some close woven textile fabric. An advantage of the partly openable duck, or canvas, cover, is that it facilitates moistening of the felt. When the cover is laced up over the moistened felt, evaporation is retarded and the contents of tlie canteen kvpi at a ])alatal)le temperature for a much longer period of time than if the present service canteen is used. It is fully recognized that the determination of the best canteen should rest upon their use in the field, and not by experimental tests in the hands of officers not serving with troops. Duraliility. corro- lb IIISTOKV «H' llll': .MII.ITAkV CANTEEN. iy the La»^ Ca^^teerr Co., C/^;ca^o.I7/. CPr^^^^.M iiisTORV oi" Till'; Mll.lT.\K^■ rAX'ii:i:.\. ry sicm. etc., of metal llasks, can he so iletermiucd. Facts of this kind find in the field their best provinj^ ground. Preparations for war include tests of api)liances for war. The testing" mania is overdone when a weary round of experimenting is done to determine questions that ha\e already been determined by field use. Somnolent experimentation is out of place, for example, with the ])resent canteen, antique a quarter of a century ago. Line officers who have been stationed in New Mexico, southern California and Arizona, to say nothing of Cuba and Porto Rico, know that a metal f^ask, used as a canteen, should be covered with a non-conducting sub- stance ; know that thick wool felt should be substituted for the "Petersham," or thin stufif, now superimposed upon the flask; know that this felt should be kept moist in a hot climate, in order to keep the contents of the flask palatable ; know that this woolen cover should have an outer cover that will allow, and retard, evaporation. No "tests" by any board are reciuired to demonstrate these facts. Description of tiir Arizona Canteen. The Arizona canteen, cavalry size, weighs, dry, 40 oz. ; wet, 82 oz. ; holds 86 oz. It is covered with common saddler's felt, ^-inch thick, over which there is a canvas cover, whose edges through a por- tion of its circumference are partly laced, instead of being stitched — hence openable. The seams along the edges of the flask are per- manently stitched from the nozzle in each direction for a few inches. Originally — that is, in May, 1898 — the outer covering was com- posed of several thicknesses of blue flannel. The object of having an openable canvas cover, laced for a portion of its circumference, was for the purpose of admitting moisture to the inside felt and to secure the cooling efl^ect due to retarded evaporation. The cover is made in four sections, two around the edge or cir- cumference, the remaining two being applied to each side, or face, of the flask, all joined by being stitched, except where lacing instead of stitching, is used on the circumference of the flask. A similar canteen, having a rigid central support, was carried by me along the Gila, Colorado and Rio Grande rivers twenty-five years ago. This particular canteen also accompanied me, when mounted, in the province of Santiago de Cuba, Ji^ine-August, 1898, and, later, in the province of Havana. Tt was my custom to wet it at sunset, and suspend the canteen for the night. It ke]-)t water at a lower tem- perature throughout the following day than any other portable appli- ance known to me. iS IlISroRV OF TIIK MILITARY CAXTEEX. Cuiiiplaint is made from the I'hilippincs that, the canteens tiscd there always flatten after much usage, the flattening beginning on the side which rests against the saddle blanket. Before the days of railroads in New Mexico, southern Arizona and California, the canteens carried by us, in summer time, were large enough to hold about six pints of water. Existence depended, some- times, upon the contents of a big canteen. They w-ere so large that flattening was prevented, at the expense of weight, by an inside cen- tral rigid support, made of the same metal as the flask, which support was soldered to one-half of the canteen before the halves which con- stituted the faces were put together. The Parker Canteen. The Parker canteen, like the Pasteur filter, has a tube. The lia- bility of the filtering tube to fracture by jolting incident to carriage and use, prompts an objection to its adoption for military use in the field. This objection is based on the fragile material from which the tube is made. The filter tube displaces about its own weight of water from the filled canteen, thus limiting the supply of fluid which the canteen would otherwise hold. As v,-ater will not normally arise above its own level, it follows that when the canteen is only half full, the filter tube is only half full, etc. These canteens are made of tin, into the composition of which iron enters. Complaint was made by those of the Seventh U. S. Cavalry who drank in the province of Havana, the Yento spring water, or other water of that class, that contact of the fluid with the canteen was followed by chemical action, oxidation, and that the water in the canteen became the color of iron rust. The deposit of oxide in the filter of the Parker canteen closed the pores and it soon ceased to be a filter. The closed end of the tube showed then a deep iron rust color and the water became undrink- able. The Parker canteen was reported on from Headquarters Depart- ment of Havana. April 24, 1899. ^^ter consultation with officers of the Second Squadron. Seventh U. S. Cavalry. I have net since been brought in contact with troops provided with any of the Parker can- teens. In my report to the Inspector General, through proper channels, flated .\pril 27. 1899. inspection Seventh U. S. Cavalry. I outlined the following undeniable principles, viz. : 1. Filtration has for its object the removal of suspended matter. 2. Organic matters adhere to the surface presented to the fluid within the flask. IIISTORV OK Till-: MILITAKV CANTIiK^'. I9 3. Water passing sluwly through it makes deposits in the inter- stices. The Parker canteen has a filter tube inside the llask : it is attached to an ordinary cork capped with a cap of hard rubber material having a removable cap, and a drink is obtained by suction, the fluid percolat- ing through the filter, which appears to be of infusorial earth or stone. The continuance of the action of the Parker filter, or any other filter is limited. Soldiers in the field will not find it practicable to clean the Pas- tuer, Parker, Berkfield or any other kind of filter made of infusorial earth. If the Parker filter is not cleaned, it clogs, and soon ceases to be a filter. For these reasons, apart from its friable nature, it is the opinion of Captain Luther R. Hare, Seventh U. S. Cavalry, and of the other officers of the Seventh U. S. Cavalry, formerly on duty in Cuba, that the Parker filter does not possess sufficient merit to warrant a further trial by U. S. troops. The tube alone weighs eight (8) ounces. The flask weighs six- teen (i6) ounces, holds about 56 ounces, avoirdupois, of water, less the amount displaced by the filter. The latter is 5-I- inches long; diameter, i inch. Experience is a safe guide. Filters were numerous at the begin- ning of the civil war, and the volunteers bought filters numerously at the begining of the Spanish-American war. They were service- able for a while, but campaign exigencies relegated them to the list of non-essentials, where plainsmen and old hunters had already placed them. The objections to the Parker filter for use in a military canteen, aside from its weight, clumsiness, etc., are that it is brittle and liable to fracture, particularly when moist. A crack becomes a structural imperfection. It cracks easily. Unless cleaned and sterilized fre- quently, the pores of the filter become filled with organic matter, which, decomposing, becomes offensive and a good culture bed for micro-organism. The objection that, after some use, it will become a breeding ground for bacilli and germs, is a vital one. The Parker filter is not capable of efficiently removing bacteria and other micro-organisms from water. Frequent cleaning by hot wet, or hot dry, process, is necessary. These processes are not always practicable by soldiers. Cleaning by brushing will wear away 20 IIISTOKV (il- I 111: MII.ITAKV f.\ NTBF.X. llir IiiiiiL;io of ImIk'. Siuli. in any case, will i\>A cleanse below the iKirliiiii tiiiulK''!. Till-: Ai.r.MiMM C'an'ti:i:n. 6o (>/... (jick.vian Covior. — Tup: Kakls- Kiiii: (JKRMAN Ai.r.MixrM CaNT1£EX. Throtigli the courtesy of Messrs. George and William Lanz, 183 Lake street, Chicago, 111., I have been furnished with two aluminum canteens, one having a capacity of sixty (60) ounces ; the other forty- tliree(43) fluid ounces, both flasks fabricated in Karlsruhe, Baden, Germany. The large flask has a German-made felt cover — no canvas — weight, including carrying strap, fourteen (14) ounces. The medium flask has a Lanz cover, and inner cover of the kind patented by Mr. Lanz, August 14, 1900; weight, fifteen (15) ounces. Cuts of the two are shown herewith, (pp. 115. 10.) These canteens were tested by me in the open air, in conjunction with others. In the first tests made, each flask w'as filled to its full capacity. In the subsequent tests, the amount of water in each w^as the same, this in ortlcr to e(|nalize conditions as much as possible. Till-: DLnuouK Stamping and Enamel Canteen, with the Parker Filter. It is understood that this is a naked metal flask, coated inside and outside W'ith some kind of agate, vitrified, glazed, incrysted, porce- lained, lava, granite or annealed ware. If it chips like the enameled agate ware used in furnishing officers' mess chests, its use will be dangerous if the chips are swallowed. In coinposition it is under- stood to resemble the kind of ware commonly used in cooking uten- sils. This type. viz. : uncovered metal, is merelya thing to carry fluid in without pretending to keep the fluid at a palatable temperature. Whatever canteen is adopted, it is essential that the flask be covered with a non-conducting fabric or substance. The lower part of the neck, or nozzle, or mouth-piece, of the Dubuque Enamel canteen forms a right angle with the side-band of the flask, and so cuts away the filter part of the Parker tube, expos- ing the center metal rod. This cutting away causes the friable mat- ter of which the filter is composed to break away from the rod. The jolting incident to transportation would probably cause it to disinte- grate, if used in the Dubuque Enamal canteen, owing to the mechani- cal construction of the neck of the flask. A dealer in white enamel ware, manufactured in Sweden, .states that that process of enameling is like that pursued in this country in painting bicycle frames and then burning on the paint. HISTOKV Ol" Till': MILITARY C.\NTE£X. 21 WoUr Car+ V CUir Jo.1^ !'-♦ 1898. Ceni^tif mm hy Irfvnirj . I/. 3. /It my, /s/6. 22 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. lie has for sale utensils made of the ware, iron hase, white enamel, and says that they will stand the test of tire without fusing; in fact, that eolTee could he hoiled in any of the utensils ; hut admits that the ware will chip, little fragments hreak oiY, thus exposing the iron hase ; rust then sets in. unclerminmg the rest of the glaze, enamel, vitreous coating or material used to give the metal a porcelain or agate coat- ing. Makers of hath tubs have had the same trouble in making the enamel stick to the metal. The material which enters into the canteen made by the Dubuque Stamping and Enamel Company may be of some such combination ware as the Swedish lacquered or glazed ware. If it is, a proposition from a would-be contractor to furnish such canteens for military use would incite the condemnatory sense and sentiment of practical soldiers. The Dubuque Enamel canteen is not so good as the present type of regulation canteen. Tests have proved its worthlessness, except to carry water in. Its shape is about identical with the wood canteen, or water bottle, contemporaneous with our second war with England. The modern canteen is not of circular, but of oval, gourd, oblong, bottle, or flask shape. The Newark. Xew Jersey, Ali'mixum Canteen Fla.sk. The Xew Jersey Aluminum Company, Newark, N. J., submitted to me for test three samples of their aluminum canteen flask. (See "M," "N" and "O" Test Tables, pp. 64). All are of circular fig- drum, or cheese-box shape. The mouth-piece appears to be soldered on ; its diameter is considerably less than that of the orifice in the side piece of the flask, and it is a separate piece of aluminum ; the side-rings are inserted in ears riveted to the flask. Each flask appar- ently consists of eight pieces, the rivets not being counted, including the wire loops. The finish is such that no seams are visible. The firm claims that the flasks are made without the use of solder. Thev are not provided with covers or stoppers. One face is flat, perhaps slightly concave, the other face being convex. The aluminum canteen flask, made by the Newark, N. J., Alum- inum Company, and covered by the Lanz method, f-inch felt, and openable canvas cover (termed in test tables p. 64, canteen '"F"), underwent thirty-four tests by me, on as many diflerent days. It has on each side a flat piece of the same metal, aluminum, riveted to the flask. This flat piece is doubled and bent so as to make a loop in which there turns a bent piece of looped wnre. which serves to attach the hook, or snap, of the canteen strap to. Three rivets are used in HISTORY 01" Tllli MILITARY CANTEEX. 2^ each flat piece ; no soldering visible ; length of rivets, unknown. No leakage occurred during any of the tests at the points where rivets were used. Eyelets of the outer canvas cover, Lanz method, are reinforced on the inside by a bit of canvas, folded double. The all-wool felt used as the inner jacket consists of two pieces, each cut with a beveled edge in order to give the jacket a snug fit where joined. These pieces are neatly secured together by stitching of copper or aluminum wire. This firm writes as follows : We are in receipt of your valued favor of the 14th instant, together with the enclosure of the various tests of canteens. We observe that two of ours proved leaky, while the others bursted. We also take note of the fact that other canteens fared no better. These tests are indeed valuable to every manu- facturer of canteens, and you may rest assured that if given another opportunity we are still in the race. We think that we would know how to make a canteen, and confess that we think your tests rather severe. We especially observe your remark of a canteen of the oval type, concaved on the side which comes next to the body, and convex on the outer side, to hold 48 fluid ounces. To prove to you that we can make such canteens (in fact, we have made flasks of just that ]:)articular type), we are forwarding to you one under separate cover, which, by the way, you need not return if you care to keep it. There is but one hitch in this particular canteen, that is to fasten the rings 1)y which the canteen is carried. Just as soon as we attempt to rivet there it makes the weakest point in the canteen. We may, however, find some other way to overcome this. We should very much like to send you one of the requisite size, but as there is considerable expense connected therewith to produce it, we hesitate until we hear further from you. You can, of course, readily understand that each and every manufacturer competing in this matter is desirous of ob- taining an order with some profit to himself. It is, therefore, we speak as we do ; we prefer for the present not to make the larger size, which we know would be perfect, especially if made of one piece as you suggest. Now, if you think it would pay us to go into it and make the dies and tools for producing a canteen of that kind, we are willing to take the chances as regards the test, but if there are no prospects, we would very much thank you to tell us so. Thanking you kindly for having given us the opportunity to look over the tests, we remain, etc. The Revmond &: Gottlop. Aluminum Canteen. Some of the canteens to which the consideration of the mililary men art- invited are picnic affairs, suited, perhaps, for a tourist, nr a 24 IllSTUUV OF Till-: -MILITARV CANTEEN. bicyclist on a summer outing, but not adapted in construction, shape, capacity, durability or rigidity for military purposes. Of this class is the aluminum canteen, retail price, $1.50, sold by Messrs. Reymond & Gottlob, 831 Broadway, N. Y. Its weight, in- cluding cover, is 8 oz. It is of circular shape, fig-drum, cheese-box appearance, covered with a single thickness of what may be felt. Dimensions, 6 in. diameter, 21 in. deep. It is not seamless; flask not of one piece. It is said to be spun. No solder is said to be used. The felt covering buttons upon the outer, or convex, base of the flask by flat-headed glove-buttoning fastenings, and the sling, % in. wide, is of strap leather. It is doul)tful whether the button fastening method would be durable. Being filled to its capacity (29 fluid ounces) with water having a temperature of 94 degrees F., it was exposed with others in the open air at a temperature varying from 4 degrees F. to 10 degrees F. At the end of four hours the contents dropped to 32 degrees. After an exposure of six hours, the contents were frozen, and it leaked in all succeeding tests. Its resisting, or non-conducting, properties are about the same as the Government regulation service canteen, ordnance pattern, which is protected by "Petersham" (or shoddy felt), and canvas cover. Perhaps it should be rated a little above the Karlsruhe, Baden. Gemianv, aluminum canteen when covered by the single felt German method. Messrs. Reymond & Gottlob are importers of aluminum fancy goods and novelties, branch at 109 Fulton street, factory, T15-121 East Thirteenth street. New York. The firm writes as follows : "We can make the desired canteen, provided it is ordered in fair- sizetl quantities, and if you could submit a sample of one you think the most useful, we would be thankful to you. We have no connec- tion with any European house, and would not know what is desired for your purpose. We truly believe that our canteen is superior to any one in the market and has no equal. As to durability, it outlasts any one. besides being as pure as gold, and will not rust or change any. and think it is the most useful thing for the army. We are very anxious to have you make a trial, and kindly ask you to report to us the results. Further, wish to say that we have sold these to a good many officers of the U. S. Army, and everv one has given our canteens the highest praise. We have tried over and again to get the Government interested in the same, but there seems to be a hitch somewhc-e which we can- not explain. HISTORY 01' THE MILITARY CAXTEEX. 25 7%i>rce of iVaLes Metai/Ca F^as^, sha^eci to /"itt^e pzrson , >vrt^ JSauof?Qt top n'A/c/r caf?^ot iecoyf?^ detac?ie^ . Cofoaciiy v33 f/uvel/ (fiances. 6uimiited iif t^z lar??i: Catti^e^r Co., 2(3 iii.^r(M or Sauce Pan. — This is made of aluminum with a heavilv HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 2/ ti^incd steel liaiuUc, which, when packed, closes within the cup. When in use. a small gravity catch keeps the handle in its proper position. The cup is strongly reinforced where the handle is riveted on, so that tlie weight of its contents will not work it loose. This cup, when packed, slips over the bottom of the canteen, which it fits snugly. Canvas Cover. — This is very strongly made of the best brown canvas. A strong canvas strap with an adjoining buckle is securel\- sewed about the bottom end of the cover. This cover may also be furnished with D rings, when desired, to take the regular cavalry carrying strap issued by the Quartermaster's Department. The top of the cover is laced tight about the canteen, leaving but the neck- exposed. Inside is a double lining of gray felt, which is secured to canvas. This is to keep the water cool. The aluminum pans are also a help in this respect, as aluminum is a bad conductor of heat. A pocket is sewed to the inside of the canvas to hold the knife, fork and spoon, which are made of steel, very heavily tinned and silver plated. Being made of steel they are strong and can easily be kept sharp, and being tinned they do not become rusty. Captain W. C. Brown, First V. S. Cavalry, is quoted as stating that : "The Preston Mess Outfit is very convenient and suitable for officers' use. but the aluminum sheet used for the frying pan and plate, are rather too thin to withstand the rough usage which they will get in the hands of enlisted men." Till". Co\\i.i:s Caxtkkx. Name of inventor, John T. Cowles. 224 East Washington street, Chicago, Ilk. alleged to have assigned same to Mr. George Lanz, 183 Lake street, Chicago, a manufacturer of leather goods, and who has furnished ordnance leather equipments to the Ordnance Department U. S. Army, also to English forces now in South .Vfrica. This invention relates especially to army contracts for the use of foot and mounted soldiers, but may be adapted as well for large water receptacles, such, for example, as may be used for carrying a temporary supply of w'ater for horses in cavalry and artillery service. The object of the invention is to provide means for more efifectu- ally preserving the temperature of water either in hot or cold weather. For individual use, the flask of the canteen is of the usual double convex type. It is a canteen in conil)ination, basing its merits, in part, U])on the physical i)rinciple of convection. A covering of fib- rous material is ap])lied to the llask and impregnated with a non-heat- conducting material. There is a tilling of corrugated fibrous paper interpcsed between the fibrous covering and spaced apart from an 28 iirsiom' {ti- 'nil', mhjtaun' caxti-:kn. oukT ri_i;i(I shell, which encloses the whole. Ihe walls of ihe she!- have rii;i(l supports. The shell has a textile cover. The canteen is provided with the usual nozzle and chained sto])- per. The materials used to impregnate the felt, or other fihrous material used as a cover to the flask, are said to he sulphate of alum- inum, common salts, and sulphate of ammonia, or the three mixed. It is stated that the inventor does not desire to he limited to these particular sul)stances, as there are many materials which may be applied to a fibrous carrNing substance with greater or less efficiency, the process being to conveniently impregnate the fibrous material by saturating it with a solution of the substance and then drying it out. The covered fiask is encased in a shell of sheet metal, spaced apart from the fibrous cover, so as to leave an air chamber. To the case there is applied the usual fibrous jacket, and this, in turn, is enclosed by means of a canvas cover which is openable through a portion of its circumference, the seam along the edge of the fiask being ]KM-mancntly stitched from the nozzle in each direction for a short distance and through the remainder of the circumference of the llask being closed by lacing, so that the canvas cover may be opened for the purjwse of admitting moisture to the fibrous material, whereby the cooling effect, due to evaporation, is secured. See "Lanz Canteen" for this form of laced canvas cover. The shell has a cross-rib support applied to its inner face central as to the sides of the flask and hearing against the fibrous cover, so that the shell will not be easily indented. The corrugated paper used as filling is impregnated with a non-heat-conducting material. One form of the shell of the Cowles canteen is corrugated, the corruga- tions being arranged meridianally as to the shell and being of maxi- nuun depth across its equator and disappearing at its polar portions. The inventor claims that by the use of the outer covering of felt protected by a close woven fabric, such as canvas, the benefit is secured of the long continued effect due to slow evaporation, the felt having been saturated when the canteen is full. The canteens heretofore made have proved inadequate as to means for keeping the water sufficiently cool to be palatable in hot climates. For this reason Ihc expedient named is supplemented in the canteen forming the subject of this mention, by the metallic casing enclosing the flask in such manner as to form with the walls thereof an air-space. The advantage gained by this construction is decidedlv augmented by the layer of fibrous material applied directly to the flask, and by but partially filling the air-space between it and the casing, this fibrous material being itself a good non-conductor of heat. Init being rendered far more cfificient in this regard by being jiisToin' oi- rill-; M iLi'iAin' cA.\i'i:i:\". 29 iniprcgnatcfl with tln' suhstancrs nauuMl, wliirli possess very low condiKiivit}-. 15)' supplcnit'iUiiiL;' iIk'sc fealurcs with the corrui^alcd [japer placed W'ith the air-space named, a I'urllier marked advantage is secured, not only because of the efficacy of the paper, especially when impregnated with the materials named above as non-conductors, but because of the sub-division of the air-space into numerous cells, thereby preventing the circulation of air and the consequent trans- mission of heat by convection. The principle of the invention is not limited to this, or any other canteen form, but is equally applicable to a tlask or tank of any shape. The Laxz Caxteex. Name of inventor, William Lanz. an. Army also is, of course, practically valueless as a means of preventing the contents of the canteen from becoming' frozen in cold Aveathcr. 30 iiisi(n»ure, at rest, si.\ (6) hours. TEST No. 2. Kind tif Canteen. Weight of Canteen. Dry Wet ozs. No. I, U. S. Government 16 No. 2, " " [15 No. 3, Lanz, single cork and ^s-htch felt,| canvas outside ,25 No. 4, Lanz, ^'4! -inch felt, canvas outside.. 24^ No. 5, Reade, Arizona, saddler'sfelt, can- vas outside 40 Lanz, XXX tin, single cork, ^-inch with waler])oof covering, ^-inch felt. (Loaned by Dr. A. F. Good- rich) [24 Lanz, X.XXX tin, ^-inch felt, no cork, canvas cover. (Loaned by Dr. A. F. (Joodrich) N Xu. 40 40 82 54>^ Holds ounces Absorb- ent Capac- ity. 45 46 45 46 15 ^5 A 86 42 45 io;4 45 8 Tempera- ture of Water when placed in Canteen. 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 Tempera- ture of Water at Conclu- sion of Test. 89 7« 76 76 80 Outside temperature: — 9 a. m., 80 deg. V. i p. m., 90 deg. F. ID " 74 " F. 2 " 93 " F. 11 '• 83 " F. 3 •• 92 " F. 1 2 m. , 90 " t . Canteens suspended at rest, above roof, where free circulation and e.\pi)sure to sunlight and heat, without contact, was maintained for six (6) consecutive hours. The outer, or canvas, cover was saturated before making the test. 42 IIISIOKV <)|- llll-; .\III.|•1'AK^■ CANTKKX. TEST No. :;. Kiiiil of C'aiitcuii. Nil. 1,1- I^- (iovermnciit No. 2, " No. 3, Lull/, I N... 4. " i No. 5, Rciulc, ; No. 3, Lan/, I N<.. 4, " I \silcsuiil)C(l ill Tcsl No. 2 1 Trmpera- Tempera- Weight ot 'Absorb- ture of ture of Canteen. Holds 1 ent Water Water at ounces. Capac- when placed in Conclu- Dry Wet sion of ozs. 1 ozs. 1 Canteen. Test. ' 72 94 72 96 7X 72 76 As 111 Test No. 2. 1 72 72 80 78 ! 72 75 OuUiilclcinpcrature:— 8 a. m., 76 deg. F. i ]\ 111., 93 idc tciiipcraturc. aiul tcinjieralure of water, each liour, in each canteen, tluring Test No. 4. 8 a o lo 1 1 12 11 Outside CAN I'liliN I'empcrature No. I. No. 2. No. 3. 78 No. 4. No. 5. No. 3. No. 4- 72 78 1 78 78 78 78 78 83 75 ! 76 78 78 74 77 78 ^? 7>S /.•> 78 78 76 76 78 86 7t' 76 76 76 74 76 78 •^7 / / 1 79 77 76 76 76 78 S9 82 86 76 76 75 75 76 88 89 ' 9« 76 76 73 75 76 88 92 i 92 77 76 76 75 76 Ss 92 ! 93 77 76 76 76 76 t. .uiuin.> .Mi>pcndcd at rest aliove roof, where free circulation and exposure to sun- li^;ht. without contact with one another. \\:is niainiainod f.>r eight (8) consecutive hoir ' ' ■ ^ wiMO drv liefore niakin-j tc^t. iiisT(jR\' 111" rm: .mii.itarv t".\.\"n-:EX. 43 TEST No. 5. Kind of Canteen. No. I, U. S. Goveriimciil I No. 2, " " No. 3, i^aiiz, I No. 4, " I No. 5, Rcade, J- Asdescribcil in '1 Csl Nt>. 2. No. 3, J. an/., | No. 4, " J No. I A, U. S. Government No. 2A, " " No. 3A. " " J Til) Flask (not covered) Tempera- Tempera- %V eight ot ture of ture of Canteen. Holds ent Water Water at Capac- when Conclu- Dry Wet ity. placed in sion of ozs. ozs. Canteen. Test. 80 80 80 80 104 »o3 ^ 80 As in Test No. 2. 80 80 80 81 80 80 14 20 48 6 ^5+ 90 14 20 48 6 85t 90 14 20 48 6 85t 86 48 6 85t 92 "Contents spilled before conclusion of test. tThese canteens were exposed one hour only, from 3 to 4 o'clock p. m. tCantcen No. 3 A, is a U. S. (iovcrnmcnt canteen having a leg of a woolen stocking pulled over its covering. ( )utsidc iL-niperaturc, and leniperature of water, eacli hour, in each canteen during Test No. 5. CANTEEN. IK.ur. Outside No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 'Jin Temp. I. 2. 3- 4- 5- 3. 4- lA. 2A. 3A. Flask 8 a. in 7P 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 9 " .... 84 78 78 79 80 80 79 78 10 " 88 78 7« 78 80 80 79 78 II '■ 91 80 79 80 80 80 80 80 12 ni 94 81 8.S 80 82 81 81 82 I )>. ni. . .. 100 2 " 100 3 100 102 103 82 82 81 81 8.S 8.=; 8.S 85 4 " .... 97 104 103 80 81 80 80 90 90 86 92 Wind, ten miles an hour during this test. Canteens were in constant motion. Four ounces of water taken from each canteen every hour for the first four hours. TEST No. (J. Kind of Canteen. No. I, L'. .S. (iovcrnmcnt No. 2, " •■ No. 3, Lanz, | No. 4, " 1 No. 5, Keadc, |- .\sdcscrii)cd in I oi No. 2 No. 3, Tanz, | No. 4, " j No. i.V, l). .S. ( Kivcrnmeut No. 2 A, " " N!--3A, •' '• 1 la 1" lask (not covered) Weight of Canteen. Holds ounces. Dry ozs. Wet ozs. Absorb- ent Capac- ity. .■\s| giveln in T ests I No s. 2 an ul>iilc ti.-m|)riatuif, ;iii(l trmpi-ratuic of water, oai:h hour, ii. each caiitcfii, iluring Test No. 6. CANTEEN. Hour. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. •Jin cmp. I. 2. 3- 4- 5- 3- 76 4- 76 lA. 2A. 3A. Klask. S ii. 111. . . «3 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 9 " ... 7« 72 72 74 74 7.S 76 74 7« 74 74 80 lO " ... 82 72 72 74 74 7S 7"; 7S 80 7.S 74 84 II •' . . . 86 74 7S 74 7S 7=; 7S 76 82 7« 74 86 12 111 86 7« 82 74 7S 7'? 7S 76 «.S 82 74 86 1 |i. in . . . 90 84 84 76 76 76 76 77 86 86 76 89 2 " 92 89 90 7ii 7« 77 7« 79 90 90 80 92 3 " • <)4 94 94 80 80 7« 80 82 92 94 82 94 .\ •• ... 92 98 98 82 80 80 82 82 92 98 84 98 iJiiringf Test Xo. 6. all of the canteens were constantly in motion, (hie to the wind, l-'verv hour each canteen was dipped and four (4) ounces of water poured out; thus the quantity of water in each can- teen was hourly reduced in hulk. The advantage of the cork and felt comhined as opposed to an equal thickness of felt covering is scarcely appreciable. l'"l Kllll-.K h'xi'KKl.MKNTAl. TeSTS AIaDE WiTH THE I'. S. L'aNTEEN ■ .\s\) Tin-: Lanz C.vnteen. Tests hy Second LieiUenanl J-". W. llealy, I'lighlh Inlanlry, and liy .\. .\. Sin-geon i\. M . l'"k-tcher. Jr. : Lieut, v. W. llealy, Eighth Infantry, tilled a canteen, patented l)y Mr. William Lanz, 183 Lake street, Chicago, 111., with water; temperalin-e, 56 degrees F. rile canteen was then placed against the wire fender, or spark arrester, screening the wood fire of the open fire-place, and allowed to remain there fur ten (10) hours. .\l the e.xpiraiion of that time the temperature of the water in the Lanz canteen was found to l)e 70 degrees. A Government can- teen, similarly exiiosed. had a tem])erature of S2 degrees. l)n the following day, Lieut. Healy tested the Lanz canteen, also a canteen. Ordnance pattern, issued to a member of Company D. F.ighth r. S. Infantry, in the following wise: Each canteen was immersed in water, temperature. 56 degrees F.. f(»r about two minutes, and each canteen was then filled with water of the temperature named. The capacity of the Lanz canteen was 4^) fluid ounces ; that of the Government canteen 47 ounces. They were then placed so as to receive in equal proportion the direct action of a wood fire burning in the fire-place of the quarters occupied by Lieut, llealv. HI.STf)k^" OF THF. MII.ITARV CAXTEIiX. 45 Oma// ay.e a^fd /ead^e/- s/i^ ci*7ritish patent, to Johnson, 1972, of 1888. (c) American patent, to Lazare, 36641, of Oct. 14. 1862. (d) .American patent, to Beers. 32541. of June 11. 1859. (d) American patent, to Bournum. t,/2/^. (e) American patent, to Heneage. 31 154. (f) American patent, to Pilger. 275697. (g) American patent, to Roumillat, 222158. (g) -American patent, to Tunnions. 59875. (h) American patent, to Farciot. 46094. (h) .American patent, to Bartholomae. 32744. (i) British patent, to Sombart, 5963. of 1883. (j) British patent, to C.irrard. 12792, of 1889. (a) h'lask with either felt or leather jacket. Low conductivity of the jacket only reliance for cooling action. ( b ) Flask with tightly fitting canvas cover. (c) Canteen made n{ leather, rendered waterproof, lined with tinfiMl. (d) Both relate to canteens made of wood and without covering. (e) Compartment canteen. (f) Relates to construction of bucket. Xo onter cover. iiiS'ioKN' oi- Till; M ii.i ^.\I■;^ c \.\ i i.i:.\. .|') (g) Botli relate U) stoppers for hottlfs i.ir canteens, nr the like. (h) Relate to the form of canteen. (i) I'iask eo\ere(l with an ahsorhent material adapted to he saturated from which there may he free saturation, (j) Cooler with a felt jacket, whicli dips into an ice or watcr- tilled receptacle, so as to carry the moisture U]) l)y capillarv action. Xo ])rovision is made for retardins;' the evaporation. None of the patents herein discussed contain claims which domi- nate the Lanz canteen, and m\' conclusion is that the latter docs not infringe any existing patent and that the rational, mechanical and ph\sical principle upon which it is constructed make it advisable to purchase a thousand or more for test and report at the hands of troops now serving in tropical or arctic regions. Tests Made at Fort .Mi-:.\i)i:, S. 1). On Oct. 26, 1900, the Post .Surgeon, Fort Meade — Samuel Melville Waterhouse, Medical Dept.. I'. S. A. — began experimental tests using the Government canteen, as issued liy the Ordnance Dept.. V. S. A., and the Lanz canteen, patent of William Lanz, 183 Lake St., Chicago, 111. Test Xo. i. Weight of tin flask of Government canteen, empty, 12 ounces. Weight of Government canteen, complete, dry, 15 ounces. Weight of Lanz canteen, dry. 17 ounces. Capacity, fluid ounces, of Government caiUeen, 48 ounces. Capacity, fluid ounces, of Lanz canteen, 40 ounces. A\^cight of Government canteen, after thorough inunersion, 17 ounces. Weight of Lanz canteen after thorough immersion, 23 ounces. Weight of felt covering of Government canteen, dry. i ounce. Weight of felt covering of Government canteen, wet. 6 ounces. Weight of duck covering of Government canteen, dry. 2 ounces. Weight of thick covering of Government canteen, wet. 3 ounces. Temperature of water when put into the canteens. 56 degrees V. liotli the canteens were then ])laced in a hot air sterilizer used as an incubator, in se]:)arate comi)artnients, at 40 degrees C. e(|ui\a- lent to 100 degrees V. .\fter an e.\])osm"e of one hour, tlie temperature of water in each canteen was as follows: Governnunt caiUeen, <^5 degrees 1". Lanz canteen, i-i.J,e .BaJt» Oerrnory yi.'umn4m F/as?f cpuered iy iJre la^z cut .n thr,, ^„ct9. Myj; c^/gr Co/,<,c>iy ^x /'/i>,e! oii.. ni J?CA IIIST()K^■ III iiii. Mii.ii \k^ ( AN I i;i:.\. 51 TlvST Xu. 2. The canteens were llieii replaced in ilie incnhalur al ihe .^anie temperature as above, and at the expiration (jf another hour, teni- ])eratnre was as follows: ( lovernnient canteen. 102 dec^rees ; Lanz canteen. 95 degrees. After another hour of similar exposure the temperature was: (jovernment canteen, 132 degrees: Lanz canteen. 118 degrees. Ti:si' Xo. ^^. Both canteens dry. no immersion, were filled with water at a temperature of 147 degrees and placed in a cold storage room where the uniform temperature of 38 degrees F. existed. Observations — After first hour. Government canteen, ] 10 de- grees. V. After first hour. Lanz canteen. 1 16 degrees. V . After second hour. Government canteen, 90 degrees F. After second hour, Lanz canteen, 108 degrees F. After third hour. Government canteen. 74 degrees F. After third hour, Lanz canteen, (;7 degrees F. Test X^o. 4. Conditions — The canteens were filled with water, the tempera- ture of which was 50 degrees, and immersed until the covers were saturated. They were then placed in a hot air sterilizer, the door of which was kept open. The thermometer directly in contact with the hot air registered a tempcrattire of 127 degrees almost uniformly. The observations were as follows : -After a lapse of one hour the temi)erature was, riovernmeni, 70 degrees ; Lanz, 66 degrees. After the lapse of two hours, the tem])eratin"e was. Gcvennnent. 78 degrees : Lanz. y2 degrees. After the lapse of three Ikhu's. the ttnipcvaturr was, ( io\ernnu'nt. 82 degrees: Lanz. 76 degrees. Trsi- X'o. 5. Conditions of this test »vere as follows: Canteens were immersed in water till covers were thoroughly saturated. Forty (40) ounces of water of 56 degrees 1". was placed in each canteen. The canteens were then suspended four inches above a radiatX degrees V. :;> II i-^iiiiv'N- (11 i*iii: Mii,n\m- c wii:i:\. I Ml tlu' la.sl lu" r.\|)Msiir(s ilir caiiU(ii> wrvr placed in direct «Miii;n-t uitli liir rar, a miifonn tcinjKTatnic of <>>) drj^^rces !•'. hciii.t,^ niaintaiiinl. TIk' ohsiTN'atidiis, iiiadi' li(iiiil\, show llu- f(j]lo\vinj;' ; I'lxpiration of tlii- first hour, 10:45 a. ni.. ( iovernmciU caiucc-n, (10 degrees I'".; Laiiz canteen. Go de!L,^rees I'". lv\])irafion of the second liour. 1 i 45 a. 111., < iovernnient canteen, ()_' degrees V. ; Lanz canteen. 62 degrees I*". Expiration of the third lionr. 12:45 P- 'i'-- <''>vcrnnient canteen, 6 ^ degrees V. ; Lanz canteen, 63 degrees 1'. ICxpiration of the fourtli hour, 1:45 p. ni., (io\eninunt i-anteen, 64 degrees F. : Lanz canteen, 64 degrees F. F.xpiration of the fifth hour, 2:45 P- "''•• <"''^vernment canteen, ()4 degrees l*". ; Lanz canteen, 64 degrees F. Expiration of the sixtli liour, 3:45 p. ni.. (iovernnient canteen, 66 degrees F. ; Lanz canteen. 65 degrees l*". ['Expiration of the seventh hour, 4:45 p. ni.. (iovernnient canteen, 74 degrees F. ; Lanz canteen, 68 degrees F. Expiration of the eighth hour, 5:45 p. m.. ("in\-ernnient canteen, 86 degrees F. ; Lanz canteen 70 degrees F. Under ordinary circumstances the Government canteen will keep water as cool as the Lanz for some hours ; but after the water ahsorl)ed by the U. S. canteen has evaporated, tiic Lanz will keep water at a lower tetuperature than the U. S. canteen. Ti:sr Madi-: at I'okt Sxi:i.ltx(,, Mixx. P.y Captain A. E. IJradley, Asst. Surgeon, L'. S. A., Post Sur- geon, with the L'. S. A. canteen as issued by the Ordnance Dept., and the Lanz canteen, patented by William Lanz, 183 Lake St., thicago. ill.. Xo\-. 7 to 13. 1900: Da4a: Weight of the felt covering, i ounce. Weight of the canvas covering, 2 ounces. Weight of the felt covering, 6 ounces. Weight of the duck covering, 3 ounces. Weight of the tin flask, 10 to 11 ounces. Weight of (iovernnient canteen, dry. 13 to 15 .^mices. Weight of (iovernnient canteen, with covers on. after immersion 10 minutes. 14 ounces. Weight of riovernment canteen, with covers on. after immersion 12 lu>urs. 18 ounces. iriSTOKV Ol 'i MILirxm CANTEEN. 53 Capacity of the ( ju\cniiiieiil canlLcn. 42 tu 47 niinco. W'cii^ln (jf tlic Lanz caiitfcii. dry, 16 ounces. Weight of the Lanz canteen, wet. 10 niinuies" inmiersii in, 22 ounces. Capacity oi the Lanz canteen, 42 ounces. Weight of canvas cover. Lanz canteen, dry. 3 ounces. Weight of canvas cover, Lanz canteen, wet, 4 ounces. EXPERIMENT No. 1. Time and conditions of exptjsurc. — The canteens being fdletl wiili water, leniiicr- ature 54 deg., F., were suspended alcove a direct-indirect radiator for eleven (11) lioui >, and temperature of air and each canteen taken hourly. During the succeeding two (2) hours the canteens were placed in contact with the radiator. The following results were obtained, the same thermometer being used: TEMI'EKATURE. Govt. Lanz Canteen. ; Canteen. All Wet. All Wet. S a. m . 9 " ■ 10 " . 11 " 12 m . . . I 1^. m . 3 " ■ 4 " 5 " ■ 6 " . 06 70 86 73 ^'7 (>S 54 56 57 5« 60 61 59 5S 57 57 5^ 54 56 57 57 59 59 5^ 5^ 57 57 57 Lanz Canteen. Wit .\l 6 o'clock the canteens were jilaced in direct ' contact ; with ra 7 1'- 111 73 72 ' 66 3 f'3 63 «9 64 (>5 66 94 70 66 68 92 7- 66 68 92 / 3 66 68 54 54 5^ 59 62 62 62 62 62 61 62 iialtir: 60 74 56 EXPERIMENT No. :.'. '1 lie canteens, being filled with water, temperature S4 deg., were .>uspendetl above the l^ilclien range in the hood designed to mrry oif odors from the kitchen, and observ- ations made hourly: — TbMI'KKAIUKE. 'rinn; Air. i Govt. Canteen. All Wet. Lanz Canteen. All Wet. Lanz Canteen. Wet Kelt. 8 n m 120 I 10 1 j;o 200 5f' 84 1 10 I2S 5^' 82 104 108 5^' 74 U.J 102 9 ' 10 ' 11 ' 5^ IIIMOKV (M Tin; MII.IIAKV (AMEEN. liXPEKlMENTS Nos. 1 and .".. Ill lliiM.- i\|n.-i illK■lll^ (lie caiilceiis were placed ill an iiieiiiialur anil observations inatle iKuiily. 'I'lie average lenii)eialiire of llic innihator, a closed box, was 9odey. , I'". 'I'iu- iesult> showed practically tlie same temperaluic at all hours for all canleens. EXPERIMENT No. G. A (ioveniiiieiit canteen and a Eanz canteen were thoroughly wet, and fiUeil with water, temperature 58 deg., F. They were placed side by side on blocks ot wood in an oven of the kitclijn range, not touching the sides of the oven. The door was left u])en. The following observations were noted: — TKMI'ER.MURK. Govt Canteen. Lanz Canteen. 10 a. m. 11 " . 12 m . . . 324 284 5fzce f7?eioL evth ^6zel rr'^Qa ottichecC &o a^ a/umiftum- /ua (cac* it^o pieces) rfueiect iv ^/re f/aik 6y mearrs oF ii^/v Tiue-is. SuZrnf'6ecC ly the /,an^ ^^- ^■' ^^'^ ^aAre 3^. Ch/'cajo.I//, Cox?acr'dy.-4-^ f/u?cC ox. ■Qca/e.- ^ . 3cak: /z Arrotri ilictr triefs leaTtoje itfon i/.S /frmy ffefM/a£ie*? Sefl'ice Carrieefl Co/H>c>tY -^ J ox . /7ute€l /act Cafict" o/>el Strap ^or i/.S. Cei/a/ry OS /jfescriied 6y GO. ?3. .^.e.i}. itis /nbrfu/iciut^d hif.rrf-'or. the OrJ.^^tlii' U: Blick Cff/arleoilttr e(, HISTOKV HI llli; MIIJIAKV CANTEEN. Oncii Air TcHt?^ Made at Hcudqimrters Dupt. of Dakota. TKST No. 1 . — TBMl'BKATUKK. Tlllir. Air. 40 41 42 38 38 30 Government Canteens. Lanz Canteen. No. I. 1 No. 2. No. 3. 126 126 98 Q2 126 74 58 47 42 39 37 126 100 '- '" 81 65 5« 47 76 66 55 48 46 90 77 ' ' ■ ' 70 62 58 TEST No. TEMPERATURE. 9 a. « I' Gov Air. No. 1. 16 172 iS 112 iS 78 20 S8 iS 46 iS .^6 iS 32 19 32 Government Canteens. No. lA. 172 122 88 68 54 44 38 32 No. 3A. Stocking LcR Over Canteen. Lanz No. 172 126 96 78 64 54 46 40 172 132 102 90 76 64 56 50 TEST No, 3. 9 a. Ill . 10 " . 11 " • 12 IM... I r- "> TEMPERATURE. 1 Dubuque U.S. Army Stamp. vS: German Lanz Lanz . Ord. Knamel Aluminum Aluminum Tin Fallern. Co., Par- Flask. Flask. Flask. Capacity ker Filter Capacity Capacity Capacity 430ZS.*'' Capacity 50 0ZS.** 2SOZS.** 44 ozs.** 36 ozs.** :; 1/5 175 •75 175 175 4 126 104 96 154 156 6 78 50 44 138 122 6 50 32 32 112 102 S 34 .'^2 94 86 9 34 * * 79 70 9 32 64 60 10 56 50 "Slusli m ifi MM ,; II..,-, n wuniir;iwn. '• Fluid (Troy) ounces, not avoirdupois. A Trcston Mess Kit was also included in Test \... ',. wiih followiiii; le.- •I ]'• ' 10 a. in 175 dfi^.. V. I \\ m 100 de^. 11 " 162 " K. 2 " 82 " 12 ill 124 '• V. ; •• 70 " . ... 58 dt ....50 " ults:— HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CAXTEEX. 57 Or'i;N A IK ri;s'r> Madi: of Caxtfexs and Canteen I-'easks at HEADnLAK'n:Rs. Dei'aki.men'I" of Dakota. Saint Paul. Minnesota. To facilitate reference, the folUneiiig alphabetical index is adopted. A. — V. S. Army Re.e^ulation Service Canteen. Ordnance Pattern: Double Cover felt and canvas. Capacity, 43 fluid ounces, weight 14 ounces, avoirdupois. (See cut A. ) A-i. — I'. S. Army Regulation Canteen: Double Cover felt and canvas. Capacity. 48 fluid ounces. Weight, empty, covers (in and dry. 14 ounces, avoirdupois. Weight, empty, covers on and wet, 20 ounces, avoirdupois. AA. — V . S. Army Regulation Canteen, manufactured at Rock Island Arsenal. 1900: Double Cover; inner of Petersham felt, outer of dyed duck or canvas. Capacity, 44 fluid ounces. Weight, covers on and dry, empty. 12 and f ounces, avoir- dupois. \Veight of tin flask, without covers, empty. 9 and } ounces, avoirdupois. B. — L'. vS. Army Regulation Service Canteen, Ordnance Pattern: Double Cover felt and canvas, having also a woolen stock- ing leg drawn over it. Capacity. 45 fluid ounces. Weight 16 ounces. (See cut B.) BB. — Three views. (See cut BB.) Combination Canteen and Filter. Canteen is the regulation tin flask and dou- ble cover, made at Rock Island Arsenal, October, 1898, with a specially wide mouth to accommodate the Mrs. Caroline Parker Alter. Capacit}-, filter in. 42 ounces, avoirdupois. I'luid ounces. 40. Weight, filled, filter in, filled, covers on and dry. 59 ounces, avoirdupois. Weight, filter in, filled, covers on. after ten ( 10) nu'nutes" immersion. 64 ounces, avoirdupois. Weight of the tin flask, no cover, emjity. filter out. 9 and ] ounces, avoirdupois. C. — Dubuque Stamping & Enamel Co. Canteen (with Parker Filter in) : No cover. Capacity, 50 ounces. Weight 22 ounces. CC. — Seven views. (See cuts C. CC, CCC. ) Enameled Metal Canteen Mask, bought l)y the U. S.. January. 1900, from ^H HISTOKV (>|- Tin: MII.ITAKV CA N'TKICN. I )iilin(|iu', Iowa. J'jiaiiKliiiL;- Co. < ajjacity, 44 and ;,' ounces. W'ri^'lil. filk-aden, Ciermany, ,\luminum Flask. Covered by the Lanz method, 4-8 inch wool felt, and openable canvas cover. Capacity. 45 fluid ounces. Weight. 15 ounces. S. — Lanz Circular Canteen. Tin Flask. Covered bv the Lanz method. 4-8 inch wool felt, and openable canvas cover. Capacity. 39 ounces. Weight, 19 ounces. (See cut G, four views.) T. — Lanz Circular Canteen. Tin Mask. Covered by tlie Lanz method. 4-8 inch Amsterdam sponge woven felt, and openable can- vas cover, three pieces canvas, high collar. Capacitv, 39 ounces. \Veight. 19 ounces. I . — Karlsruhe, lladen. Germany. Aluminum l-'lask. Covered b\- the Lanz method, IJ inch Amsterdam sponge woven felt, and openable canvas cover, three pieces canvas, high collar. Capacity, 42 ounces. Weight, 17 ounces. (See cut U.) ^'- — Regulation Aluminum Canteen, Germany Army Pattern. 1899. Manufactured by Carl T.erg, Lveking, Westphalia. ( ler- fx> lUSTOKV 01 -ini: militakv canteen. 3ca/e.' /§ Ill.sTou^■ o\' Till-: military canteen. 6i W niaii\. Covered with grayish felt cloth, single thickness, provided with black leather loops and straps. Capacity, 25 ounces. Weight. 7 and { ounces. ( See cut \ . ) -Karlsruhe. IJaden, (jermany, Xaked .\luminuni Mask. Weight. 9 ounces. Capacity, 44 fluid ounces. Single piece metal, with steel rings attached to an aluminum lug (each two pieces), riveted to the t^ask by means of two rivets. ( See cut \\'. ) X -Karlsruhe. Baden. Germany. X^aked Aluminum, single piece flask. Weight, 9 ounces. Capacity, 44 fluid ounces. Pro- vided with stirrup shaped loops clamped to the flask by means of four rivets. (See cut X.) Type of Wooden Canteen, used in the United States Army, pat- tern of 1812, and during our second war with England. ( From a tracing furnished by the Quartermaster General. U. S. Army). One vievv. Tracing furnished by the Quartermaster General L'. S. Army, of the type of tin flask canteen covered with cloth, used in the United States Army, 1848-1861. TEST No. 30. TEMPERATURE OF WATER IN CANTEENS. Outside Tempera- ture. Hour. Each Canteen Being Filled to its Capacity A H C D E F G H 1 10 a. m. .. ''7 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 II " ... 8 36 48 32 32 32 1 44 44 52 46 12 m 8 32 36 * * 1 34 36 44 41 I p. in . . . 8 * 32 32 32 3« 34 2 " ... * » 36 32 3 S 1 33 32 *I,eaky. TEST No. :il. Temperature of Water in Canteens. Hour. Outside! 1 emp. Flach canteen!) eine filled to its capacity. A H C n E F G H I K I. q:oo a.m. +IO 52 5^ 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 10:00 " .. ID 32 3« 32 32 32 42 36 42 42 36 40 10:30 a. 111. 10 * 34 * * ^4 4 3« 42 36 36 1 1 :oo " 10 32 36 36 3H 40 32 32 11:30 " 12 32 37 35 32 32 1 2 :oo m . . . 12 32 32 1 32 34 33 32 32 12:30 p. m. 12 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 * Leaky . 62 111: lOUV 111- Tlir. MII.ITAKV CANTl^EN. iKST No :>•. yxn> 4:oti 5:00 rciiipcrainrc i f Water in Canteens. OiilAiilu 1 tmp. (Jiianlily of water (36 ozs.) same in each canteen. A It C I> K F G H I K L + 14 S6 S6 .S6 .S6 56 56 56 56 14 S2 32 48 46 4b 48 3Ji 34 «4 7,2 32 44 4b 44 44 42 34 14 7,2 ">2 40 44 40 3^ 39 32 «4 32 32 36 3f> 3H 3b 3b 32 H ^2 32 34 3b 32 34 32 32 14 32 32 32 34 32 32 32 32 TEST No. 'A'S. 8:45 ;». lu.. 0:45 " - 10:45 • .. 11:45 " .. 12:45 p. lU.. 1:45 " ■• 2:45 " •- 3=45 " ^- •I.c.ikv. Outside Temp. Temperature of Water in Canteens. Quantity of water (36 ozs.) in each canteen. A B c D E F G H I K L +20 112 112 *U2 112 112 112 112 112 20 82 40 *qo qo 86 86 88 66 20 60 32 * 68 76 72 70 68 \ 44 20 48 * 5b 68 60 58 56 1 34 22 38 *4b .S8 .S2 50 48 1 32 22 34 *40 no 4b 44 ' 42 23 32 *.34 46 42 40 . 38 23 *32 40 3« 36 1 34 TEST No. :i4. 'I'emperature of Water in Canteens. 8:45 a. m 9:45 " ... 10:45 " ... 11:45 •• ... 12:45 p. m... 1:45 " ... 2:45 " ... 3:45 " ■- Outside ■]"emp . +32 32 32 33 34 34 34 vl Outside Temp. Quantity ol water same in ea ch cinleen. A U C D E F G H I K. L no no IIO no no no no no 92 60 92 96 90 94 94 78 74 42 74 S4 78 80 80 S8 64 3b 64 74 70 70 68 SO .Sb 34 5b 66 62 62 60 44 48 34 .SO 60 58 .Sb .S4 40 44 34 4b 5b .S4 .S2 SO 38 42 34 44 52 50 48 48 3b TEST No. 35. Temperature of Water in Canteens. Quantity of water (36 ozs.) same in each canteen. 8:40 a. m +?2 9:4" " "v> 10:40 " ;() '«:40 " ^^-i 12:40 p. m 4i> I ^O " 41 2:40 " U 3:40 " ;" 4^0 " ,s u C n6 n6 90 66 76 SO 64 42 58 40 52 41 SO 4« 48 40 44 38 n F G H I K n6 n6 n6 n6 n6 98 100 94 98 96 82 88 84 86 82 72 79 74 7S 72 64 72 68 67 64 .S8 66 62 62 S9 54 62 58 5b 5b 52 58 54 52 52 48 54 52 SO 49 IIISTORV OF THE MILITAKV CANTEEN. 63 TEST No. 36. 8:30 a. Ill 9:30 " 10:50 " 1 1 : 50 " 12:30 ji. 111 1:30 ■' 2:30 " 3:30 " 4:30 " Outside Temp. Temperature of Water in Canteens. Quantity of water (%& ozs.) same in each canteen. A n C D E V G H IK +25 116 116 116 116 1 16 116 u6 116 26 72 86 56 94 96 92 92 90 28 54 70 40 80 84 80 80 76 30 44 60 34 68 74 70 70 68 32 3S 52 32 60 64 62 62 68 32 36 46 32 54 60 56 54 54 32 35 40 32 48 54 52 50 48 32 :a 40 32 44 50 48 46 44 32 32 3t> 32 42 4« 46 44 42 TEST No. 37. 8:35 a. m... 9:35 " ■■• 10-35 " --- 1 1 =35 " ■ - - 12:35 ]). m... '=35 " --- 2:35 " --- 3:3s " •-■ 4=35 " --• •Leaky. Outside Temp . + 22 24 28 36 38 38 40 40 Temperature of Water in Canteens and Flasks. Each Canteen and Flask filled to its capacity. 116 88 66 56 51 48 44 44 42 li 116 94 76 66 58 52 50 48 42 C , D 116 58 40 36 38 38 38 38 38 116 56 38 36 38 38 40 40 40 u6 60 40 38 38 38 40 40 40 116 *96 84 72 66 60 58 54 52 116 94 82 72 66 62 56 54 52 H 116 103 92 86 78 74 72 66 64 I 116 99 84 74 66 62 58 56 52 116 91 78 70 62 53 56 52 50 1 42 TEST No. 38. Hour 8=35 ^- •"-■ 9:35 " -■ 10:35 " .. 1 1 :35 " . 12:35 ].. 111.. •=35 " ■• 2:35 " •• 3:35 " - 4:35 " - M.eaky. Outside Temp . + 32 32 34 36 36 36 38 38 36 Temperature of Water in Canteens and Flasks. Each Canteen and Flask filled to its capacity. 78 64 52 48 44 42 42 40 68 60 54 50 46 44 42 52 40 36 36 36 38 38 38 L) 100 55 38 36 36 36 38 38 38 E too 52 40 37 36 36 38 38 38 F G H I K lOO 100 IOC 100 100 *88 86 96 88 86 76 76 86 76 72 66 66 82 66 62 62 62 74 62 58 54 50 70 56 54 52 54 66 52 SO 50 50 62 48 48 48 48 60 46 46 TEST No. 39. lOutside Temp. I Tcnii)erature of Water in Canteens and Flasks. Each Canteen and Flask having 36 ozs. hot water. 8:15 n. n 9:15 " 10:15 " 11:15 " 12:15 p. n 1:15 " 2:15 " 3:15 " _4:i5 " * Leaky 38 40 40 42 42 40 40 40 94 74 64 56 52 48 46 44 44 D F G H I K *94 94 94 94 94 86 88 82 84 84 78 78 74 76 74 70 70 68 68 66 64 62 66 64 60 60 60 60 58 58 56 58 56 54 54 54 5t> 52 52 52 53 54 52 50 50 IIIMOKV ul 1111. .MILIIAKV CANTliEN. TKST No M> Temperature of Water in Canteens. < >iii-.iJ'- rcmj). Vuantily of water (36 o/s.) same in each canteen. D , E I K S:45 a. 111.. 9:45 •• .. 10:45 " .. 11:45 " •• 12:45 i>. III.. 1:45 " .. 2:45 " .. 3:4s •• -• + 12 12 >4 14 14 14 14 I > ./, 68 48 3« 32 32 32 96 96 74 42 56 32 40 32 32 32 32 32 32' 32 •96 96 I 96 ! 96 i 96 96 76 I 80 j 78 80 i 76 ' 62 64 I 62 44 54 i 52 : 32 46 44 32 40 40 I 32 36 34 32 32 32 32 66 66 64 .S2 .S8 54 44 50 48 3« 44 42 32 3« 30 32 34 32 TEST No. 11. Outside Temp. 8:30 a. ni +10 9:30 " 12 10:30 " 14 11:30 " ^^ 12:30 p. Ill 20 1:30 " 26 2:30 " 26 3:30 " 28 4= 30 " ' 26 'Le.iky. 68 52 Temperature of Water in Canteens. Quantity of water (36 ozs ) same in each canteen. 74 58 40 ; 46 34 42 D G 98 ^82 84 64 70 54 62 46 54 42 48 40 44 36 42 36 I 42 H I K q8 98 98 i 84 7« 80 I 68 66 66 60 S6 54 =i2 4^ 48 48 42 44 44 40 40 42 3« 3« 40 36 36 66 46 36 32 32 32 32 32 TEST No. 42. Temperature of Water in Canteens. Out- Hour. side Quantity of water 36 ozs., except in flasks"N"and"0," in the main filled to their Tern capacity. A H C D E K G H I K L M N 8:15 a. m. + 24 9* 94 1 9^ *94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 9:15 " 24 68 74 48 7^ 82 76 7« 76 64 44 44 36 10:15 " 22 52 60 34 bb 70 66 66 68 48 32 32 32 II:J5 " 22 40 50 32 ^t 62 56 56 58 40 32 32 32 12:15 ].. m. 22 3b 42 32 48 54 50 50 50 34 32 32 •?- 1:15 " 22 32 40 32 42 50 44 44 44 32 32 32 t 2:15 " 22 32 32 32 3« 44 40 40 40 32 32 32 3:15 " 22 32 32 32 34 42 3« 56 36 32 32 32 4:15 " 2b 32 32 1 32 1 32 _3t'_ 3« 32 32 32 32 32 'Leakv. ♦Kroren. HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CAXTEEX. TEST No. i;;. 65 Out Temperature f Water in Canteens. Hour. Quantity in each (36 ozs ) the same, except in Flasks "N," "O" and "P." \n hich were side T. filled to their cap.Tcity. A ]{ C D E F G H I K L M N F a, m. S:I5 + 4 94 94 94 t94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 9:i.S 6 64 70 42 76 76 72 76 74 60 42 42 32 62 10:15 8 46 52 32 60 64 62 62 60 42 32 32 32 44 11:15 cS 34 42 32 48 54 50 50 50 32 32 32 * 34 12.15 8 32 34 32 40 48 44 44 42 32 32 32 32 1:15 8 32 32 32 32 40 36 36 36 32 32 « 32 2:15 10 32 32 32 32 34 32 32 32 1 32 32 3>i5 12 32 32 5~ 32 32 32 32 32 ' 32 32 4:15 12 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 i 32 32 'Leaky, t Frozen. TEST No. 44. r>... Te ■mperature ot" Water in Canteens. Hour. >\de Conditions same as in 1 ■estN 43. except Flasks "D", "N". "0"and "P" which werefilled. A 1: C 1) K F G H I K L M N P a. m. 8:15 +14 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 9:15 18 72 78 50 50 54 +80 86 84 86 84 68 48 46 38 66 10:25 22 54 62 34 32 bb 72 72 72 70 50 .34 32 32 SO 11:15 26 44 52 32 32 32 56 64 62 62 62 42 32 32 32 42 12:15 30 40 36 32 32 32 50 58 56 56 54 38 32 32 32 38 i:'5 32 36 42 32 32 32 4b 52 52 52 50 3t> 32 32 33 36 2:1s 34 36 1 40 32 32 32 42 50 48 48 46 36 32 32 32 36 3:'5 34 3^ 33 32 32 34 1 40 48 48 48 46 36 33 32 32 36 4:15 34 36 38 32 34 34 ! 38 4b 44 44 42 30 33 33 32 36 t Frozen. TEST No. 4 5. Out side T. - I'cmperature of Water in Canteens. Hour. Conditions same as in Test No. 44. A B C D E F G H I K 1 L M N p a. m. 8:2s -ID ICO 100 too 100 100 100 100 ICO 100 100 100 ICO 100 100 9:25 8 68 72 36 40 32 +74 80 80 78 56 36 36 32 58 10.25 6 42 52 32 32 * 56 66 64 62 36 32 32 40 11:25 5 32 38 32 42 54 52 48 32 32 32 p. m. 12:25 4 ■32 .32 32 44 42 38 32 32 32 1:25 4 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 2:25 2 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 * * 3:25 2 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 4:25 2 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 "Leaky, t Frozen. C/i iiisToin' III- Tin: miiiiakv cwTr.F.x. ccc -v5 >»//«// 4 ^coe ^ Cork ^^rP, Pe J^fusorca.L Sarth to t?rt f/o3k hy mea^s c^ /i,,.^.^,,,^^ 5uinr,iied for tfs6- lftf,elZA nfomufociuf/rrf CCL. /i3 lake s& CJr'ca^oM "^ 5ca/e. /4 niSTORN' ()|- MIMTARV CAXTKF'.X. 67 TEST No. Jf,. 8:10 a. in 9:10 " 10:10 " n:io " i2:io ]'. n 1:10 • 2:10 " 3:10 " 4:10 " Temperature of Water in Canteen. ■ I '< 62 32 32 32 ^2 66 6 32 42 32 t : 46 52 52 52 46 t .,. ^ 32 .S2 4 32 32 t 34 42 44 42 3t> 32 42 2 32 3- 32 34 3'^ y> 32 32 36 ft , .t 32 32 32 32 32 t 32 2 ■^^ 32 32, 32 32 t 32 2 32 32I 321 32 1 32 tKrozen. JBursted. During Test No. 46 tlie IhilnKjuo enameled canteen froze after two hours exposure and l)ur.st open at the .seaais along the edges, during the next hour. It liad forty-five (45) fluid ounces of water, temperature 102 deg., l-"., placed in it at 8:10 a. m. The variations of air temperature V ere, (observations made hourly), as follows: -10 deg. ; -8 deg. ; -6 deg. The tem]5erature of t!ie contents of the canteen fell from 102 deg. to 38 deg. after onehour'scxposure;at theex]>iration of thesecond hour the fluid dro)iped to 32 deg. During this test, the enamel splintered off aroinid the edge-^; liille blisters of enamel, like small volcanoes, bubl)led up, and patches of the enamel blew off, expos- ing the metallic base. The cau^e was sim]ile. The Dubuque Stamping and Enamel Co. canteen is a combination of mineral and metal; the metal contracted; result, disin- tegration. (See illustration ). TEST No. 17. Temperature of Water in Canteens. ."'" (Juaniity (45 Huid ozs.) being the same in each, except in "D," "K," "(',,'' ifide. I «N" and "O," which were filled. Temp. B ,S:i5 9:15 10:15 11:15 12:15 2:15 3:15 4: '5 'I.eaky. tKrozen. P +14 I 80 8o*So 6S 58^ 48 3: 381 46 42) 32 38 32 „ 36 32 32 34 32 I) 80 H I 801 80 80 80 80 38] 681 74 32 56[ 64 32 48 38 32 42 32 40 32 38 32, 36 321 34 K L M 80 80 80 74 66 42 58 48 52 4S 44: 48 44 42I 44; 42 42| 38, 42] 40 40I 38 1 40I 38 70 64 34 52; 32 42 32 40 32 3^^ 32 34 32 32 32 32I 32 O p i g 64 58 52 48 46 44 40 S:io a. in. 9:10 " 10:10 " ll:io " 12:10 ji.m.. 1:10 " ... 2:10 " 3:10 " .. 4:10 " .. *Leaky. f Frozen Out- side Tcnp + 14 14 14 14 14 16 16 18 iS TEST No. 48. Temperature of Water in Canteens. Quantity of water (45 fluid ozs ). same in each canteen, except in "A," "f)'" "F," "G," "N," "O" and "V," which were filled. tSo 32 32 G H 80 6s' 56 48 42 32 5^>; 52 44 46 40 40 36 38 34 3i K I L I M N I O 80 80 80I Fo! 80: 80 70 56 36! • 58 42 32 32 50 34 32I 32 42 32 32, 32 38 32 33 32 46 So 70 60 24 32, 321 32 ^1 3-i Fi i-i 32I 32: T I t I 34| 52 32 4^ 32 38 32 38 32 34 32 32 rA MISTOKV (II- Tin: MII.IIAKV CANTEEN. TKST No. r.t. Hour. S:oo y:c)0 10:00 1 1 :oo I2:2 i.S 32 ■Jcmperature of Water in Canteens. ( oiidiiions Miinc as in Test No. 48. Snow fell during about two hours of the llni<; occupied in making tlie test. 15 C 1 D E V 1 G H I K L M j N P 1 <2 130 no 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 1 30 1 30 1 1 30 Q» • 1 s6 • m 100 96 104 98 80 48 • 102 72 50 32 60 104 84 82 86 80 56 32 32 32 50 84 S8 32 ^32 34 84 68 68 72 66 40 32 32 32 32: 72 48 32 32 32 + 32 68 60' 58 62 56 34 32 32 32 32 i 64 40 32 ss 50, 54 54 50 32 32 + t 32 1 56 36 32 32 50 46 46 46 42 32 32 32 48 + 44 32 32 32 42 40 40 42 3^ 32 32 32 32 38' 36! 36 _3« 26 32 1 40 TEST No. 50. Hour. S:oo 9;oo 10:00 11:00 12:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 p.m. Out- side Temp. + 4 6 8 12 16 18 22 22 24 Temperature of Water in Canteens. Every canteen and flask filled to its capacity. D E 50, 501 SO 50i 50 32 t 32 32 32 32 *42| 42 H I 50! 50 48, 42 32 32 32 32 32I 32 50' 50 42 38 34 32 32: 32 32. 32 32 32 32 32 M N O 50! 32' 32 32; t 50 50 '32! 32 32 + 32| 32, : 32 j 32 32 •Leaky f Frozen. tKursted. §.^t starting had a capacity of 25 ozs. ; at the finish its was 30 0!S. 50 50 34 42 32 38 32 34 32 32 32 32 32, 32 32I 32 32U2 capacity TEST No. 51. 1 emperature of Water in Canteens. Hour Out. side Temp. Every canteen and flask being filled to its capacity. A B 1 C 1 U _1-'_!L G H I K L M 1 N P Q K s r a.m. .S:oo + 16 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 S6 56 59 «>:oo '4 36 40 32 + 32, 40 42 50 44 42 36 32 32 32 42 42 42 40 10:00 10 32 32 32 32, 34 38 48 38 38 32 f 32 32 36 36 36 34 11:00 10 f 32 32 t ' 32 32 44 32 32 32 32 t 34 3- 34 32 12 m. 10 32 32 *32 32 36 32 32 t 32 32 32 32 32 1:00 s 32 r !32 32 34 32 32 + * 32 32 32 32 2:00 8 t * 5^ 32 32 32 32 32 + 32 32 3:00 10 t 32 32 32 32 t * t t t 4:00 1 32 t ?2 t ' * 'Leaky. tFroxen. tBursted. HISTOKV OF THE MILITAUV CANTlitX. TEST No. 52. 6(; Oiit- .side Tcmj). Temperature of Water in Canteens. Hour. Every canteen and flask filled to its capacity. A B c D E 1 K G 1 n I K I- M N P 1 Q K .S 1 T a.m. 8:00 + 2 178 178 178 t 178 178 178 178 178 178 178 + + + + + 178178 i 1 178 178 178 9:00 2 *46 108 *46 1 60*98 138 1.38 124 1.30 106 *40I34 134 136 132 10:00 4 S2 74 32 32 80 no no Q4 102 76 32 108 ii)8iio 102 1 I :oo :oo 24 116 132 106 146 140 •so 1,38 1.36 128 146 144 146 •42 10:00 26 82 104 70 114 120 n2 116 114 104 124 126 122 nS 11:00 26 66 88 52 94 102 120 102 98 88 no no'io6 1 104 12:00 !>. m. 1:00 28 52 74 42 78 90 no 88 86 72 98 96| 94 90 ^.o 46 66 38 68 80 102 80 78 64 88 86 84 80 2:00 30 40 58 36 58 72 92 70 68 56 80 78 74 70 ^:oo 30 38 52 32 50 64 84 64 62 50 72 70J 66 64 4:00 28 36 48 32 _44 60' 80 _5« _S6 46 66 64I 60 58 70 IIlbTOKV Ul Tin: MILITAUV CANTliEN. P Sr/rc/e ^e/t cci/er. Capaciiy £y cf. f/md measure, tfe'9^t Q or /^vct'rdupeia . Seo/e : ^ HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CAxXTIihlN. TEST No. 55. 71 Temperature of Water in Canteens. Out- side Temp. Hour. Each cinteen filled. A B c u E !•• G H I K L M N 1* Q R Si r a.m. S.oo tl2 ."JZ 52 52 l^ 52 52 52 .S2 .S2 S2 '52 S2 S2 9.00 8 t 3« t *42 42 42 42 35^ 42 42 42 42 10.00 8 32 3b 3i> 3b 34 32 36 36 36 3+ 1 1. 00 8 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 12.00 10 32 32 32 32 32 t 32 32 32 32 1.00 14 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 2.00 16 32, 32 32 32 t 32 32 32 32 3.00 18 32, 32 32 'f 32 32 S2 32 4.00 22 t 1 32 + t t 32 + 32 *Leal 3b 31 3b 3^ 3X 38 38 3b 38 38 38 38 'Leak\ TEST No. 57. Out- side Temp. 'IVniperaturo of Water in Canteens. Hour. It rained during part of the time. All canteens filled. A B C D K V G H I 1 K L M N P Q R s T — a . m . 7-45 M2 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 S2 S2 S2 S2 8.45 34 4b 44 40 *46 50 52 46 46 48 46 46 945 34 40 42 3b 42 4b 50 42! 44 46 44 44 10.45 36 40 40 3b 42 44 4b 40 44 44 44 42 "•45 38 40 38 3^ 42 44 4b 40 42 44 42 42 12.45 42 40 40 i 40 42 44 46 40 42 44 42 42 1-45 42 42 40 40 42 44 44 42 42 44 42 42 2.45 40 40 40 i 40 42 42 44 42; 42 44 42 42 3-45 40 40 38 1 40 421 42|__ 42 40 __ 42 42 42 42 * Leaky. 72 IIISTOKY or Tllli Mll.lTAKV CANTliliX. TEST No. 5«. 1 Temperature < jf Water in Canteens Iluiir 'r«:ni Every canteen was filled to its capacity. A II (J 1' 1. I' (; M I K L M N I' Q K S T i; a.tii. Hh *I2 54 54 54 •54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 St.". 12 U 38 3- t 42 44 46 3b 1 42 42 42 42] 42 9<;. 14 32 32 38 38 40 32 3^ 36 36 361 38 Ift.f. »4 32 32 32 32 34 32 ' 32 32 32: 32 34 ii.r. If) 32| 32 32 32 32 32 j 32 32 32 32 32 12.45 l6 32' 32 32 32 32 t ; 32 32 32' 32 32 \M i6 V\' 32 32 32 1 1 32 32i 32 32! 32 2.45 IS 32 32 r j 32 32' 32 32 32 3.45 1 8 1 1 32 32 ' 1 t 32I 32 32 32 * Leaky, t Frozen. TEST No. .")'.>. Out- side Tcin. Temperature of Water in Canteens. Hour All conditions identical with Test No. 58. A B C D E F 1 G H I 1 K L M N P Q R S T V a.m. 7..50 -4 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 S..SO 4 ■?- 32 32 *36 38 42 32 38 36 36 36 3f> ».!)() 4 + + 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 10.!)ll 2 32 32 32 t 32 32 32 32 32 ll.iiO 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 I2..'i0 t 32 32 32 32 l..i(l *2 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 2.1)0 2 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 3.i)0 4 . t 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 'Leaky. fFrozen. tBursted. TEST No. (10. Out- side Temp. Temperature of Water in Canteens. Hour. All the canteens were filled. Snow fell during a portion of the time covered by test . A n j C 1) E 1 170 F 1 G 1 170 170 H I 170 K L. 170 M N P Q 170 R 170 s 170 T 170 u S.tX)a.in. + 2 170 170 9.00 " 2 108 104 138 1 3*' 136 128 138 142 138 136 142 10.00 " 10 70 1 64 108 112 H4 94 u8 118 114 114 116 11.00 " «4 52 1 42 86 96 94 74 100 100 qS Q4 100 12.00 m. iS 40 32 72 82 80 60 86 86 84 80 86 I .Oop. m. 20 34 1 . 32 60 70 70 50 74 74 76 70 74 200 " 22 32 ! 32 48 60 60 42 64 64 62 60 64 300 " 22 32 ' 32 42 54 52 36 56 56 56 52 56 4.00 " 20 32 1 1 1 32 38 40 4b 32 50 50 50 46 SO Memorandum made of the fact that Canteen "L" held 60 fluid ozs. when capacity wa- nien>urcd prior to Test No. 37. Owing to ilihition due to freezing, its capacity was 64 lliiid n/s. Nvlu-n Ti'sl \.i. (>o u.ix niiilc. IIISTUKV OF THE MILITARV CA.N TliliX, TEST No. Gl. 7Z Temperature of Water in Canteens. Hour. side Temp. All the canteens were filled. A H C U K K G H I K 172 M .N 1' (J 172 K 172 .s 172 T 172 »-' 7.500.111. 172 172 172 172 172 172 8.50 " + 2 90 66 136,130 132 112 I3« 136 '34 «34 • .V' 9.50 " 4 S2 32 102 108 104 1^ 112 106 io8 lOb 1 10 10.50 " 8 .S4 32 80 86 S4 .S6 92 86 86 !-6 88 11.50 " 12 32 32 60 70 66 40 76 70 72 68 70 I2.5Cp, 111. 14 32 32 48 60 56 34 64 5« 62 5« 60 1.50 " 18 32 t 3« 50 48 32 54 50 '=2 50 50 2.50 " 20 3^ 32 44 40 32 46 42 44 42 44 3-50 " 20 32 32 3« 36 32 42 3« 40 3« l^ t Frozen. TEST No. G2. Out- side Temp. Temperature of Water in Canteens. Hour. AH the canteens were filled. A 1 B C D E 1 68 K 168 G 168 11 I 168 K L M 1 16S1 N I' Q 168 i6s'i68 -. ,u 8.00a. 111. +20 168 168 168 9.00 " 20 108 90 1.36 i.3« 136 124 140 1 38 140 140 138 10.00 " 20 74 ';4 108 116 112 94 118 u8 118 114 1 18 11.00 " 20 52: 36 82 g6 Q4 72 106 98 98 96 98 12.00111. 20 40; 32 64 80 80 S6 86 84 82 80 84 Loop. 111. 20 32; 32 SO 68 68 48 7b 72 70 70 74 2.00 " 22 ,32! 32 42 60 .S« 40 66 62 62 60 64 3- 00 " 22 32; 32 32 46 SO 34 5b 54 54 52 56 4.00 " 20 32 32 32 46 46 32 _ 50 48I 48 48 60 TEST No. (i;;. Temperature of Water in Canteens. Out Hour. Mde i \ll the canteens were filled. r. A li C E G H I I, »^ R s T ! u V W X — ■ a. in. I 8:00 +14 184 184 1 84 184 184 184 184 184 184 184 9:00 16 100 90 144 144 130 150 144 144 140 148 10.00 26 70 54 122 122 too 126 122 122 120 124 11:00 28 S4 40 102 102 80 106 106 104 100 106 12 111. 30 44 34 88 86 66 94 88 88 86 92 1:00 32 40 32 781 76 56 82 80 80 76 82 2:00 34 3S : 32 68 68 SO 72 70 60 68 72 3:co 3" 36 36 58 ' S6 46 66 64 64 62 66 4:00 36 36 36 5^ . 56 44 62 60 1 60 56 60 ; — 74 IIIMOUV (11 llli: MII.ITANV C.VNTKI'.N. TEST No. <; 1. ■Iciiiperaturc of Water in Canteens. Iluiir. Oill side T. Each canteen was filled. A H C E G H I L Q R S T U| V w X a. m. 7-45 +26 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 4S S.4S P 40 40 44 44 44 44 4b 44 44 4b 9 45 ^•* 38 36 42 42 40 42 42 42 42 44 lo. .5 1 3^ 38 38 42 42 40 42 42 42 4^ 4-5 11.45 ' 3S 38 38 42 40 40 42 42 42 42 42 12.45 36 36 3*? 40 40 3? 40 40 40 40 42 1. 45 u 36 36 40 38 38 40 40 40 40 40 2-45 S4 34 34 3^ 38 36 40 38 3^ 38 38 345 32 32 1 34 36 36 34 38 30 38 3b 3^ TEST No. 05. Out- .■iide Temp. +38 38 40 40 42 42 42 40 38 Temperature of Water in Canteen. Each canteen was full. 162 102! 76 62 56 50 4!> 44 4 162 82 56 46, •14 44 441 42] 40 H I Q I R 162:162 162 162 162 162 162 162 162 136:138 132 118 13S 134 I34!i32 132 Ii4ll24'll4l 92 118 112 Il4|ii2 112 IOo!lI2jIOO 78 IO4J 9S Inu\vsioiin coniinuoii.sly prevailed during this test. All canteens were suspended from a trestle and expcsed to a high wind which kept ihem in motion. Outside l_ 'remperalure. .\ 00 a. on m no ' 00 ' ■^ 4 ♦ Vro/en. +JI Temperature of Water in Canteens. UlC E|GlH:I|LlQ;R|S|TiU|V|W|X 111' ' 11 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 5015050 38 I 36505050484044444646^383634 I 36 40 44 40 3'' 40 3^ .>8 38 38' 32 |t 32 32 30142 36 34 30 34 34 34 34|32 I32 3234140 32 32 34,343413^:341321 I32 IIISTOKV or Till-: MILIJAKV CAXlthX. 75 Aft /el /a. Coi/tr CL/tci oarhinz hook. tr/lJreui cover. ATo /IS/b TourCai Fiask trcii /kit Cot/er and. au/i,v*.L . Jndiatt Army JSoit ami Ttatrftfy sirap /Ve. //O /7a3/t /vr Soldiers JlMmiJtu/r. F7ask.5 Ovm. tf^ Lanx ^/jr. Co., Circa^jcMid,. iy m/AsJm Buy. ludt/rocAtiiJfti-'V- -(, iii.siuin (II tin: Mii.iTAUV cani i:i:x. TEST No. (IT. l.iu h i.iiilccii was full. A .siuiwstoi til ].iLvaikt half o( tc.^l. All <>f till- ranlcfus were .su«.|)ciu1liI from a trestle so that free circulation obtained. i Frozen. Temperature of Water in Canteens. I liilsicic ; _ Icmiieraturc. AlK (I It I 1- I V R|S T i U I V W j X II A-I .S.30 a. in. y.30 " 10.30 " . 12.301.. in. 1.30 " . 2.30 " .V30 " ■ 4.30 " . + 16 '9 20 20 20 kS iS "J 19 5050 38,t 32 t 3234 132,32 I l32t 5050 4036 3'S 32 t |32, 32 32 32 32 32 50 50 50 40 40 40 36 3^' 32 32-t- I 32132 t t I32! ' TEST No. (>S. I'.ach filled caiiloeii wa.s ]ihmgcd into a .snow br.iik, and kept buried in tiie .snow tlnouyh the jK-riod of the test — eijjht and one-half hours. Outside Temperature. Temperature of AVatcr in Canteens. S.30 10.00 11.00 12.00 1. 00 2.00 3.00 4.00 vOO +25 20 26 HI I LlQ I K 6o| 606060606060 421485242464242,44 383648424442:4242 36 32]38;38 42;40 42'40 40344^,4040404040 3232,42 3S 42 3S 40 40 323240I3S3S34403S 5232I4013838343838 ?2 32,3Si36 30 34 36 36 s I T 1 u V \v I X , B ; A- 1 6060,696060601 42 46|4S40 32]42 5o| 4244:4638323450 4044443632 3246 4042,52363813246, 3S42 44 36 34'32;42 38404035 3213238! 38 38 38 34 32 32 36, 38 38l38 34 32l.^2 34! rK.\cTic.\i. Si-:rvici-: Conditioxs Simulated bv Tiisrs of Canteens. Ill iiiakinof tests i)f canteens and canteen flasks, effort has been uiade to sinuilate conditions of military service as nearlv as possible. In every test it has been assumed that a soldier is equipped with a canteen capable of holdinj^- abotit three (3) pints of water; further, that he is in the open air h r a period of eight (8) hours, at the I xpiralioii of which time his canteen has either been emptied, partly emjitied. or rehlled. In some of the tests it has been assumed that the season of the year was summer; in other tests that the season was winter. All canteens, or canteen llasks or water bottles, have been sub- jected to the same, and tmil'orm. tests. In mv tests, the present regulation .service canteen has been included; this to aid in consider- tng the (juestion ( f relative merit. The canteens have not been of the .same dimensions or capacity, but the tests have been so varied as to insure fairness. htstorv of the mil.itarv caxtf.ex. . ']'] Methods ov Testixc; C-\mi:ens, Canteen I-'easks, Water Hut- tees, Etc., Intended for L'si-. in the Military Ser\- ICE, OliSERVED Ar HeAUOUARTERS, DEPART- MENT OF Dakota, St. 1'al'l, MlXNESOl'A. Every part of each canteen, llask, inner co\er, outer cover, cork, etc., was examined as to material. qualit\-, construction, weight, etc. Capacity of flasks in fltiid ounces noted Weight of feh. canvas, chick, or other material employed as cov- ering, separately taken, when saturated. The canteen was then immersed for period varying from thirty seconds to twelve (12) hours, and the total weight taken. The canteen flask was then filled with water, the temperature of which varied from 40 degrees V. to 178 degrees E., and exposed usually for a period of eight days, each canteen having an exposure each day of eight (8) consecutive hours to an open air temperature varying from minus 10 degrees, E., to plus 125 degrees, E. In some cases the canteen flask was not filled when so expensed. In some cases hot coffee or hot tea was used instead of water. In some of the tests the exterior surface of the canteen was wet before the test. In some of the tests the exterior surface of the canteen was dry before and during the test, l^xperiments were made with l)oth wet and dr}- covers. Tests were ecjuitable and impartial. No unfair interference with any canteen during a test — as by wetting or adjusting — was prac- ticed. When conditions or positions or environments were changed during the progress of a test, record of same was noted and made. In some of the tests the canteens were suspended from a trestle or tree, where free circulation and exposure to air. light and heat or cold, was maintained, without contact, for several hours. Some of the tests involved attaching the canteen to the saddle and subse(|uent transportation for several hours, the canteens Ix'ing attached in such a manner as to receive warmth from theliody of the horse. In some cases the filled, or partlv filled, canteen was thrown into an army wagon and so jolted around for a ilay — more or less — on a hunting or fishing trip, the tests being made during the trij) or immediately at its conclusion. Mercurial thermometers were used in testing, imiform make, selected for tuiiform readings. None others employed. Beside each canteen, or between the canteens, wi.en suspended y<^ III.VloKV ol- Tin: MII.IT.M Imii- in.iii uliirl) li.,iiily n-adin.us wiix- taken by insiTtiuns in llic lluiil within llu; canteen. ( )nt.si(lc tetn|KTatnic taken iKiinly (Ui the spcjl. Thcr- nioinelers ucic fi-ef|nently cmipared and verified Sec cnt of Trestle nseck DnruiL; Mmie ol' the tests a I'ew ounces of water were taken from the canteens cvrvv luMir or so. When this was done the water was not replace(k The tests cover a period emhracini^ sprini;-. snmnier. fall, wniter. and were made in many localities. Durintj some of the tests the canteen was kepi in constant motion hy the wind, or hy joltint;- on a moving bicycle, or by pre- vailing- rain or snow storms. In the majority of the tests, tropical condition or friq-id conditions did not have to be simulated: they prevailed. In some ca.ses the canteen was tested by laying on the grass or the ground, on the sand, on a window sill of granite, under canvas, on a governiuent blanket, tent floor, house top or roof; the position being either Hat, tipped up, etc. Sometimes the canteents were laid on the snow, or in contact with ice. In exceptional cases, the canteen was placed in a hot air sterilizer, used as an incubator: or in a cold storage room, or l)eer vault of uniform temperature, thermometer always with it. but I have con-t eluded that these, being artificial tests, are unsafe guides. An exceptional manner of testing it was to place the canteen so as to receive the direct action of a fire f?om a fire-i)lace or stove; or in an oven, or the direct or indirect action of a steam or hot air radiator. Some were lumg over boilers in such manner as to secure high and uniform tem])eratin-e. Some were cx])Osed under glass covers exposed to the sun and so placed as to allow free access of air. .\1I if these tests rej^orled from these head(|uarters were made l)y one ])erson. Xo other person hantlled the canteens or thermome- ters. Tn these latter tests the canteens under trial, and thermometers, remaini-il in the hands of that person. In cases where a canteen became from anv cause too leakv for further use, or burst, or colla])sed. it was replaced when practicable bv another c^.f the same kind and the latter treated as a new canteen. When a canteen passed through the regular tests, i. e., eight (lays of eight consecutive hours each, it was subjected to supple- mentarv tests to determine its endurance, etc. iiiSToin' oi Till-: .Mii.ri.\u\' c.\\Ti:i:.\. 79 In inililan' SLr\icc any anti ever\- canlcin is certain to he .suli- juctcd U) hard usage; to he knocked ahoul, lo he hent or haltered: hence a fair degree of tensile strength, (hirahility and rigidity is a requisite to he taken into consideration. Ai.UMixr.M AS A Maii:kiai. i-ok C'ax ri:i:.\ ]'i,asks. The working of ahnninuni hy forging, rolhng. stamping, spin- ning, casting, joining and finishing may yet inchide the i)roduction of an .American-made canteen in a single i)iece suited to military service. Of all the European countries, Italy is prohahly as far advanced as any in the utilization of aluminimi for practical and scientific purposes. In the army, aluminum is there used to make the fuses for the shells of their guns. In the navy for searchlight purposes, furni- ture on board torpedo destroyers, also in the metallic j^art of telephone apparatus. Alumimnn is used in ih.e liritish army for officers' outfits; for water bottles; cavalr\- mess kits; '"Chitral" canteens; infantry can- teens ; regimental mess utensils and table ware. The British army infantry aluminum canteen consists of an outside pot about /i inches in diameter Ijy 7 inches deep, with lid and lf>ose handle for packing, military camp kettle with folding handles and detachable spout, one set of three cups, each with fold- ing handle, nested, and tea ball, all fitting inside kettle. Jn addition to the above are included 3 plates, knives, forks, dessert and tea spoons, and three condiment boxi's. The whole of these are packed in the outside j)ot. yl inches by 7 inches, and the total weight is about four pounds. One maker has designed a canteen for either two. three, or iouv persons, and named it "Chitral." This has proved a great success, as it is a frequent custom for two. three or four officers to mess together, and by combining they can reduce their kit very consider- ably. The "Chitral" canteen consists of a deep outer pot, loi inches in diameter 1>y to inches deep, and made of stout metal to stand knocking about. The lid of this is a similar i)ot which drops over the to]), but shallower, and thus forms a telescopic parcel, as it were, in case of extra articles to be crowded into the canteen. Inside this pot are fitted a camp kettle, sugar, tea, coffee, and flour boxes, tea ball, three ondiment boxes, cups and saucers, dinntr and soup plates, drinking cujis and flask, and wine nnigs. these latter all nesting, li(inor cu]is. frying pan with folding handle, knives, forks, dessert and tea spoons, and loose handle for pot and llls■|■^l<^ oi' Tin: Mii.ii Ain t .\.\ ii:i-:n'. cc £!fiameleci Mcial Ca>ftzQ:./r /^/as^ bou^At ii/ iJie i/.S. ,t^/7./9oo from thf ^uiu^ue Jon/cL S/fatrre/r'/tf Co., Coaacc£y ■^■^ ^ /"/ukZ ou*?ces. »retfJrt , /i/Zed, cootrj on anci Ury, ajfotrelunois ii'^i^. *retfAi,/'i7/eoL. covtrs Oft, afitr ttft mirrnies t/n/nefsio/t, OMoircfuacAs ?S ouncis>. Ihitffft o/ 1)>€ inamtlKci f/aiTc, e/**^6y rro covers o/t , /6 ^ OX. av. HISTORY Ol- THI-: MILITARY CANTEEN. 8l lid. ilic w hulc is held tugelhcr with a stont strap and forms a most ccjiivcniciU parcel for Iransporl. A variety of otlicr similar canteens and mess tins in aluminum are being made accordin-g to the \ariuus requirements of different regimental officers, but the above has been turned out at the rate of some hundreds per_ week during the last four months, and the demand is as great as ever. Some of. the larger regimental messes of the various army corps as they left England went so far as to adopt aluminum entirely in place of copper, iron, tin, porcelain, earthenware, glass, etc. I mean by this that not only were the kitchens equipped witli aluminum utensils, but the officers used aluminum exclusively at the mess tabic. Wine glasses, decanters, milk jugs, teapots, candlesticks, trays, in fact nothing but aluminum was taken so long as makers could be found who had a stock of such articles in aluminum or could make them in the short time required. I have had frequent conversations with officers on their return from various campaigns, both from India, Egypt, and West Africa, during the last few years, who have taken out and used aluminum kits, and they have assured me that they ha\e no fault to find with the metal and failed to conceive why the metal was not adopted at once throughout the service. There is every prospect for a further demand and use of alu- minum for military purposes. The British-ljoer War in South Africa has stimulated a demand for aluminum field cooking and messing outfits, thus spreading the fame of aluminum and knowledge of its advantages for portable gear among a class of men who will understand and appreciate them. The German Army, as well as the field forces of other con- tinental powers, are equipped with aluminum, and the dead weight per man of superfluous ornamentation and equipment has been con- siderably reduced, tending to increased efficiency as a fighting unit. At a meeting of the Mining and iVIetallurgical Section of the I'^ranklin Institute, I'hiladeiphia, Joseph A. Steinmetz stated that the plants now producing alumiiunii are those of the Pittsburg Reduction Company, at New Kensington, I'a., and Niagara Ealls. N. Y. ; the British Aluminum Company, of England ; the Aluminum Industrie Actien Gesellschaft, at Neuhausen, at the I-'alls of the Rhine, in Switzerland ; the Societe Electrometallurgiijue b^rancaise, at La Praz ; the Societe Industrielle de rAluminum, at St. Alichel, in b'rance. There are also se\eral large plants projected and in g2 iirsTuuv oi- Tin; mii.i ^Al<^ cAXTiiiiX. CDiirsc oi ct)iistnictii>n, iiutahly up' mi ihc Si. Lawrciux' Isivcr. in Canada, ami at Klifiiiichk-n and Sal/Jnng, in Cicrniany. IIk- aluniinnni canteen llasks met the test uf exposure in the open air to a tenii)erature varying from 10 degrees F. to 2 degrees ¥. better than the tin ilasks. Jn durabihty they woukl better fulfill the requirements of actual use, so exposed. Their cost will be contingent on the market price of aluminum, which metal has been constantly cheapening since its first introfluc- tion for manufacturing purposes. The variety of shape, construction, sizes, style, etc., of aluminum canteen flasks and water bottles is increasing, and American manu- facturers have shown a determination to compete with the oldest European aluminum industries, as well as with one another. It is claimed that it takes only one-third of a pound of aluminum to take the place of a pound of brass, tin, or copper. Assuming this, the price of one-third of a pound of aluminum compared with that of one pound of brass, copper, or tin, stands as follows : One- third pound of aluminum 1 1 cents ; one pound of brass, 15 cents ; one pound of copper, 75 cents ; one pound of tin, 30 cents. rrol)ably some of the aluminum canteen flasks, or canteens, tested by me have been alloyed with, perhaps, five per cent of cop- per, nickel, or manganese, or a larger percentage of zinc added to give strength and rigidity. Canteens F, J\I, N, and O, appear to be a hard white alloy and are polished. Flasks D and K, also canteen L. are soft, malleable, silky, tough, and satin finished, elastic, un- polished. Their elastic qualities are especially apparent in a freez- ing environment when they commence to bulge, but not rupture or break, as the water within the flask begins to congeal. When the water is converted into ice, an expansion ensues, the ductile alum- inum yields to the pressure, the concave side becomes protuberant and permanently swelled, bellying outwardly. The distension of flask D from this cause increased its capacity twenty per cent (20), before its eighth trial. The metal dilated, — permanently, — but did not leak, at the ninth trial. It is not resilient. See cuts D and L. Canteen P, is unpolished. Flasks N and O do not stand up as well as the German made flasks. The fifth day of the trial showed a slight leak in each X and O. — although the firm says in a communi- cation to mc : "We beg to advise you that of the various shapes of aluminum canteens that we have made, there is not a single one that we have soldered * * * We have devised ways jwid means of making them water tight without solder." .\t first, when flasks or canteens were tested in the open air. lIliTOKV Ui TIIL; MiLlTARV CAMLLN. 83 when tlic icmpcramcni hccanic such thai they were in (lant;cr of freezing". 1 \vith(h-c\v ihcm ; hiU. latterly, 1 have allowccl them to freeze. This was to test them to the limit of their endurance and specially to discover, if possihie, whether any of the so-called water- tight, one-piece, or seamless, llasks had been soldered in such wise as to show no Hues of juncture, etc., visible outwardly. Also be- cause the manufacturers alleged that they were water-tight. The number of people who want to take the United States into partner- ship with them in altruistic ventures is very great. Manufacturers are willing to get up so-and-so man}- thousand devices, — provided the United States will give a guarantee in advance. One benefactor of soldiers writes, in substance, that, knowing the dependence of man upon his canteen in an arid region, he is ready to utilize envelopes of frozen liquir air for the canteen tlask, if the War Department will advance him the cost of the plant involved and necessary for the invention, which is not patented. Another suggests indurated liber and wood pulp as the material for flasks. Another writes *T could make a canteen in two pieces that would answer all require- ments. I have uo money to burn, and so do not propose to experi- ment on same. If there was a contract in prospect. — no doubt but I should struggle for the contract." Mr. Joseph Koenig. Manager of the Two Rivers, Wis., Alum- inum Manufacturing Co.. writes as follows: "We are asked by Messrs. Lanz, Owen & Co., Chicago, Ills., to make a canteen which is to hold about forty-eight ounces of fluid, and to be of seamless metal. "We certainly think that aluminum is the proper metal, as we un- derstand the German army is equipped with these. The same has not been manufactured, so far, in the United States; but we could do this work, if there was any possible chance of getting the govern- ment contract for the same. "To make one of these canteens means to go to an expense of $500 for tools and experiments, and unless there is a possil)ility of getting a contract, it would not pay to undertake this expense. This is probably the only reason why no one has manufactured this can- teen, as yet, in the C^iited States. "This canteen, if it be made of one piece, could not be round as the present canteen is. but would have to be oblong, being higher than wide at its widest direction : dejiressed on its l)ody side, roimded on the other side. We have no doubt at all in our mind, but that this is the can for the purpose, if spun of pure aluininmn, not of anv allov of anv kind. fi,^ IIISTOKV (M- Till': MllJIAKV ( AXTRIilN. iiiilis> tlir lu'w iiiaj^iu'^ian allny sliouM \>v provt'ii more suiK'rinr ihail ilic pure alnmiiuim. Wc iiiidcrslaiul llial llic ( ifnxTiinieiU cannot uinkrlakc t(j j^ivc a contract before the article is made and tested, but is it not possible that the Government can advance a small amount, say $200, to pro- duce some samples for a test? W'e would then be willing? to stand the rest of the expense, know- ini,' that we would have some prospects of obtaining the contract. We i\o not care to spend time for experimental purposes and finally onlv have competitors to meet on exceptionally low rates, and have the same tendency to use thinner metal and price cutting evolved that always takes place on new articles. If this is the case, we would not care to give you any figure on the same and would not bother with them. If you will advance money on the experimental work, will go ahead after the article has developed. So far as we see, these canteens have not been made in the United States. If we did not know what difficulties were involved we would not ask you to show us consideration if we undertake these experiments and make up tk.e tools for the article. We certainly can make the can- teens; it is only a matter of cost for the tools. Cast aluminum will not stand the wear. It will corrode. The flasks will have to be spun, not of absolutely pure aluminum." The economy attending the u.'^e of aluminum as a substitute for tin in flasks of canteens intended for u?e in the military service of the United States cannot be now dwelt upon for various reasons, one of which reasons is that no canteen flask made of aluminum or its alloys, made in the United States, has yet been presented to me that compared favorably with the German made canteens loaned me for trial by the Lanz Canteen Co., of Chicago, 111. The aluminum canteen flasks furnished me bv the firm last named were probably spun ; they were single piece ; they did not leak : the Lan/. Canteen Co. did not quote their cost or selling price. .\11 of the aluminum canteens from the New Jersev Co.. four in number, leaked. The same defect, viz. : leakage, existed in the trials made of the alumiinun canteen submitted for test by the Broadway. X. Y. City, firm. So tar as my tests are concerned, no flask made from more than (me piece of aluminum or aluminoid has withstood, without disjunc- tions and leak-age, the variations of temperature ranging from minus 10 • b. to plus ijs^" F. Blueprints accompanying this report show graphically that the flasks submitted for test bv the Jersey Aluminum HISTORY Oi- TllL MIHIAKV t;A.\TLLN. Arixoi*a. Canieer cov^mci irith aadikra airtl crt QKXftaV* canvaa cot/trii.an>LmttML. Caooctty, gP ex. trttyit 3*fx. E Orelnanc* 'nttttrif, no cet/tr Ca^ctiy^S OX. trtifAt /Z OX. Mtren sJitHr) nftrt /takeji i*fan <3co/e : /a ,S(. lll^l(»r<^ i»f nil. mimiakn ( an ri-:i':N. ( .'.. also llic Kcymoiid c\: (ioUlub canteen, in cc^niniun with the |)nliM(|ne Stanipinj^ & Enamel Co. canteen, also the tin llask U. S. regulation service canteen, all leaked where the pieces had been joined. The small Karlsruhe, Baden, Germany, flask, is probably pure spun aluminum in one piece. Tt stood the test remarkably well, inirsting only after its capacity increased from 25 to 30 ounces. In Test Xo. 59 — the capacity of Canteen L increased from 60 to 64 oimces — it did not burst. Jaiiiicx. Stcinmctc c'r Cu.. Mannjacturcrs of Aluminum. — Air. |t)seph A. Janney, Jr.. and Joseph A. Steinmetz., Drexel Building, Philadelphia, Pa., were among the earliest advocates of aluminum as a metal for army canteens. The firm, at one time, had samples of the army canteens of France, Russia, (jermany, England, and Air. Steinmetz states, recommended certain canteen improvements to cer- tain military authorities. He alleges willingness to have his foreign agents secure from military depots abroad, canteens more sanitary than the present regulation flask canteen, of which Mr. Steinmetz writes as follows: "The present U. S. Army tin canteen, which is practically the same, with its rough edges and abominably inserted, separate, neck piece, which prevents the canteen ever being drained or cleaned, is, without doubt, a worse death-breeder in our army thar all the combined opposing forces that we have ever met in battle, is a matter of cheap economics. * * * Then, too. the expense of making up a lot of samples which would naturally be expected to be donated, is not to be considered from a business point of view, but the matter of the canteen has interested me very much indeed. The canteen you have in mind will certainly cost more than the pres- ent //// death-trap.'' The Wagner Aluminum Manufacturing Co.. Sidney. Ohio, ad- vertises that its combined production of hollow-ware cast aluminum. two factories, is the largest in the world. I am in receipt of two letters from this conijiany and extract as follows : "Wq should be glad to experiment and see what could be . It should not discolor with age. 7. It should not be loo expensive. 8. It must flow into a joint, (j. b'vr joining aluminum, it must stand \ery near aluminum in the electro-chemical series, particularly zinc, and carry its own tlu.x. Since aluminum has become a common metal, numerous invent- ors and metallurgists have endeavored to produce a solder which would unite i)ieces of the metal in the same way that brass, tin, and other metals can be joined by a tin-lead solder. Most of the solders produced have required the use of a blowpipe, or special tools or lluxes, which are not handy for metal workers. All have disinteg- rated after the canteen flask has been filled for five or six days with water. ]\lost of the solders contain lead, tin, bismuth or phos- phorous, and discolor with age. The "Aluminum AV'orld," published at 218 William St., X. Y., is authority for the statement that, although there are a number of solders in the market, and one new one which promises good re- sults, no solder has yet been produced that is valuable for canteen purposes, the defect being that they did not hold when the joint got wet, there being a galvanic action started between the aluminum and the solder. The Hill, Whitney & Wood Co., 115 Bacon St., Waltham, Ma;...., manufacturing specialists in "Aluminoid," also pure Aluminum, either cast, stamped, or spun, write as follows: "We do not know of any real practical solder or method of soldering aluminum can- teens. There are two or three different solders, but none of these work satisfactorily, or are practical for work of that kind. Rich- ard's solder, sold by Janney & Steinmetz. Drexel IJuilding. Phila- delphia, and Green's solder, sold by Mdward X. Cook, 144 Tine St., Providence, R. I., are the 1)est we have used. A new sdder has come out recently called the ".Mc.Vdamite Solder" ( W. A. Mc- Adams, 987 Kent St., P>orough of lirooklyn. X. V. ). We have never tried this, l)Ut have a.^sample in our ( fficc wliich wo will try at the first opportunity. "X'^one of the sijlder we have ever had will run or flow into a joint readily, and therefore it makes a very difficult (operation to solder anything, and we avoid it as nnich as possible. ''We make a flask in two sizes, half a pint and pint, of one piece of metal, which, of course, is nmch better than could possibly be made of two ])ieces. \\'e have experimented a little on the line of making a canteen fmm one piece, but have not as yet comj)leted oiw experiment. We feel (juite confident we can do it all right, although i)j IllSlom or Mil. MILITAin' CANTEEN'. \\r mi;,'lil It (Mmpcllo.l Id (h.-iiiL^c iho s\\;i]>v a lilllc lioni llic rcj.;ula lioti sliapr iMiw ii.srd l>\ llir aiin\. W'c sliall (i.iiiiiiiic (Hir ex]H-ri iiu'iiliiijL;. ami, il' siK\x's.slul. will advise you later. "Wi- .shall iiol considtT an f.xpcrinicnt with aiiytliinj^- liiu a scaiii- k'ss canli't,'!!, as \vc do iioi think there is any solder that is reliable lor ahuiiinuni. "In re.i^ard to an aluniinuin canteen, we do not feel cunrident that it would he altogether satisfactory, for the reason that it dis- colors whisky after standings: in it for some time. "There is. howe\er, no poisonous or iniuric)us substance in tlie metal, hiU possibly there would not be so much whisky drank if it should be slii;htly discolored from the metal. I do uot know that it affects the taste in the least. We have sold quite a number of flasks, ami ha\e ])eo[)le report to us that it discolored whisky. "It would certainly be very much lighter than anything else used and would not rust or corrode like tin or enameled ware. "We see no reason why this metal should net be all right for canteens. \\'c know that the German army are, or have been, using aluminum flasks and canteens, but do not know with what suc- cess, nor whether they are made in one piece or soldered together. They can be made in that way, but it is hardly practical)le." Janney & Steinmctz, Drexel Iluilding, Thiladelphia, Pa., Alum- inum Merchants, state that Dr. Joseph Richards, of Lehigh Univer- sity. Metallurgical and Chemical Dei)artment. School of Analytical Chemistry, invented a solder recommended by Mr. J. C. Ashton, < leneral Manager of the Illinois Pure Aluminum Co., the largest manufacturers of aluminum cooking utensils in the world. Fur- ther that the Richards' solder is pronounced satisfactorv bv the Aluminum Industrie .Vctien-Cesellschaft. the greatest aluminum manufacturing company in the world. .\lso that the Pittsburg Re- duction Co. uses it. .\lso that Xaval CV)ntractors and Pav Inspect- ors. I . .*^. Xavy. have ordered supplies of it after careful and in- telligent experiment. "It is known," .^ay Janney ..^v Sleinmelz, "that either pure tin < r pure zinc will join aluminum, and it is a very common fault to note that the bulk of the so-calleil solders are composed chiefly of those metals, but the use of these worthless .solders has caused heavv losses to manufacturers oi aluminum goods." The lack (^f an easy solder more than anything else retards the use of aluminum as a material for ctintecn flasks in the United .States. On the other hand, the Cerman Arms and Ammunition Factories. Berlin. Karlsruhe, write: "We will shortlv manufac- HISTORY Ol" nili MlLITAkV CAXTliL-X. 93 liii-c ail aluiiiiimni tla?;k Xo. 16, capacity 1.5 liter (50 oz. ). with rings, and aiiuthcr one with loops (or cars), as samples. Sec blue- prints "W" and ""X," herewith. The date (on specifications) fur- nished h\- you, regarding the execution of the fiask will, as far as ])racticable, be taken into consideration, and, upon completion of the samples, we will communicate to you our experiences gained during the manufacture of the same. Later on, we will submit to you counter propositions. The cork (or stopper) can be fastened to the neck with a light chain." The soldering of aluminum is not eas}" ; cannot be done by a single modifications of old methods, such as soldering tinned iron. Aluminum is like copper and l)lack iron, not like tinned iron, and the edges to be joined must 1)C cleaned and hot and tinned ( or coated) ;ind otherwise prepared for .soldering; no flux of any description, either on the metal or on the joint, being used. The property of aluminum wliich renders soldering so difficult is ^■erv probably its easy oxidation. Although apparently resisting oxidation very strongly, yet this resistance is not a simple process. When a clean surface of aluminum is exposed to the atmosphere it is instantly covered with a film of oxide, which. l)eing continuous and unalterable, protects the metal beneath it from further oxidation. This film or oxide acts eft'ectually to prevent any other metal from coming in close enough contact with the aluminum beneath to alloy with it, and thus soldering is prevented. The use of a flux to dis- solve the oxide has been tried under all conditions, but none known lo the writer have been found practicable. The Richards' solder was made upon the conclusion that that solder should contain its own flux, so that the instant the film of oxide was removed the solder proper would be simultaneously present to take hold of the aluminum surface at the same instant it was cleaned from oxide. A ])ercentage of phosphorous was added to llie alloy. Letters patent on the use of an oxitlizing agent, such as jihosphorous in solder, were granted in July. 1892 — No. 478.23. 'I'liis M<)\v-])il>c' lU'cds to lie moved hy IkukI :ilon- or al.oul tin- joiiil or .s(.;iiii while tlic work riiiiaiiis still. A \v\y iii'al way to do souk- kinds of work is to lollcjw liic iro'i in tlic act of tinnin^^ (to cover) with a cloth and wipe off all the solder from the surface jKjssihle. When this is done on both the surfaces to he joined, lay in a piece of sheet solder and then melt the parts together by a miaith ])low-pipe. or other means of heat- ing. This sheet solder will he sent at enough extra cost to cover the cost of rolling. "To solder a long seam edge to edge. This is quite difificult to do because of the expansion and contraction of the sheet metal. First clean, and then tin the edges with the solder, lay the work, if pos- sible, upon asbestos board, and tack in places along the seam by soldering and then fill in the spaces between. Use a soldering iron." "Do not use any fluxes. This solder contains its own flux. Let it be clearly understood that the.«e solders do not flow into a joint or seam ; they must be put there. "All these solders are wonderfully strong and permanent. They are warranted to last as long as the aluminum itself. There is no decay or disintegration. They do not discolor by time. They are almost the same color as the aluminum, and take a good eye to see the solder in a finished off seam. There are no stains to remove. "These solders contain net lead, tin, bismuth, aluminum, or phos- I)horous. "They will solder aluminum to aluminum, or any^ of its alloys to each other, or all of them to brass or zinc, or brass to brass, or zinc to zinc, or all of them, whether they be cast or wrought, to each other indiscriminately, and do all of them strongly, permanently and well, provided that in the case of the aluminum alloys, the alum- inum is the largest part of the alloy. Brass to brass is more strongly soldereil than by common tin and lead solder. "There are three grades of McAdamite solder: "No. 1. melting at 430 degrees F.. for very thin articles. "Xo. 2. melting at 550 degrees F.. the best of the three for gen- eral use. "Xo. 3. melting at 610 degrees F., the strongest of them all. "Sent by mail at 25c per ounce, or $3.00 per lb., upon receipt of price. Sent by freight or express at buyer's expense in ten pound lots at $2.2^ per lb., or $22.50. Xo samples sent." 77/c' L. P. AUpctcr SoUicr.—L. F. Altpeter. 758 So. Halsted St., Chicago. Til., says in the ".Muminum \\'orld"' regarding his hard iiiSTOKT (ii- Tin: M UNITARY tAN'n:i:.\'. ')5 T/re Lofrx Carry 3iyap /irrJ/aver5C:c\s. ^yfrr«tt/S aftotv n.frere tht tvrai /xtrrfs oftTie/irtstnlpaHern of reyu.'atiom. Strvtce ^avtr-sackl are . Tht /^uKCiccn o/'iic cam^ sfrav /j tc- slrtrfHtK. anet. iu/jijori the Nal/trsacK.) . ,/, HISTORY OF Till- Mir.ITARV CAXTF.EV. .Hid Mift ;.(»IikTs, thai a soMcTinj; iron, l)lc)\v-])i])c, or lanij> llaiiic can \k- uscil. Ik' (.-lainis a ])nKess lo solder co])i)er, hrass and other int'tals \(> alnniiimni. (,n\-iu-'s .iliiiiiiiiitin ."polder. — Is advertised as l)eing manufac- tured and coiUrolled solely hy Edward X. Cook. 144 Pine St., I'rovi- dence, \\. 1., and is alle,t,a'd to be reconiniendefj jjy the Piltshuri,' Pc- (Inclion Conipau}. liiii^ciic M. Tottcn's Compound for Soldering Ahiniinum. — A new compound for soldering alumintmi has been patented by Eu- gene >M. Totten, of Buffalo, X. \. In the specifications of Letters Patent, Xo. 667,999, the inventor claims that he has produced a soUler capable of ready and immediate use without the necessity of filing or scraping the parts and without the emploAment of a separ- ate flux. The compound is composed of the following ingredients in the proportion specified : Aluminum, 20 per cent ; tin, 3(S per cent ; zinc, 40 per cent, and a hydrocarbon, 2 per cent. "In the manufacture of the solder, aluminum and tin are first melted, then the zinc is added, and after the reduction of the metals while still in a molten state, and without additional heating, there is added 2 per cent of the hydrocarbon, wdiich is mixed with the other ingredients into a homogeneous mass. This latter ingredient may be fat, wa.x, parafine, or any other species of hydrocarbon, li has been demonstrated that the addition of a hydrocarbon to the alloy, by increasing the amount of carbon reduces and removes the oxides, which would otherwise form on the melted metal, and in con- sequence the compound, when cool, is white and free from oxides when solid. It is the carbon alone which effects the reduction of the metallic oxides formed on the surface of the aluminum parts to be soldered, and the scraping of such parts is rendered unneces- sary, because of the non-presence of oxides in the soldering com- pound made." The James Gibson Slater Aluminum Solder. — Mr. James Gibson .Slater, whose residence is 793 Manning Ave., Toronto, Canada, showed some samples of soldered aluminum. Mr. Slater had joined with a one-inch lap, sheet metal, sixteen inches in length. The pieces were soldered with a copper soldering iron. From the appear- ance of the articles the solder seems to flow into the joint, and it is nearly of the same color as aluminum. :\Ir. Slater guarantees that it will hold under varying conditions. He can solder different HISTORY Ol' llli: MH.ITAKN' CASTEES. 97 mclals ti> aluniinuni. aixl showed an aluniimiiii faucet soklercd to a lead ])ip!^'- 1 Tc makes an all')}' f)f ahiminnni, wliicli lie calls "Limii- iioid."' The JiiHcn Novel Alumiiiuiii Solder. — Julien Xovel, of 15 Rue des Grottes, Geneva, Switzerland, has invented a flux for soldering aluminum to aluminum, or to other metals, after the metals have been tinned. The tinning and soldering fluxes are composed of stearic acid five parts, resin two parts, and oleic acid one part. The usual soldering metals are em])liiyed, such as silver solder, copper or hard solder, and tin solder. SOLDERIX( ; ALUMINUM. Prominent among the peculiar characteristics of aluminum, as compared with other common metals, is its physical reluctance to the acceptance of a fusible alloy that will satisfactorily unite its surface or margins. Indeed, the lack of a perfect solder has seriously retarded the development and manufacture of articles made from sheet aluminum when their shajjc or contour is to be accomplished by the uniting of separate jiieces in the evolution of the finished product. .'\himinum is unique among the sheet metals of commerce in this respect, and a casual consideration of its physical ])roperties will be necessary for an understanding of this difiiculty. The reasons that aluminum is a refractory melal to solder are entirely physical. It is extremely difficult to expose a bare surface of aluminum to the action of a solder, although the mechanical difliculties of grease and dirt are quickly and easily removed, and need not appear as features in the problem. Upon attempting, with any ( rdinary solder, to join sheets of the metal, it is noticeable that the mixture does not take hold, but tends rather to run off, or perhaps it will chill, lUterly refusing to tin the sheets, and rarely adhering to the aluminum. The reason of this behaxior is that there is always present a thin continuous coatmg of f)xide, which effectually prevents the solder from getting to the true metal beneath. This thin, almost invisible skin of alumina, or oxide of the metal, is of instantaneous formation, and the surface of the metal may be scraped or filed without even temporary r"lief because of the immediate renewal of the coatinsr. The use of fluxes and acids to overcome this difficulty have been repeatedly suggested without securing satisfactory results, and a new theory tending toward the solution of the problem must needs be ,,S IIISIOKV ()|- MM. MliriAKN CANTEEN'. jippn.vi'd. Dr. j'is(|>li W . Kirliard^, of lA'lii.i;li I uiviTsit \ . r.cili- U'lii'iii, I'a., ci>iHTivrrtr.ITARV CAXTF-EN-. 99 following;- KquirriiKiils : ll iiuisi v.ikv Imlil easily upon tli<.- aluiii- imim ; it nnist he ooiivrniciul}- lianilU' a strong, lough softer allow thus fornu'ng a complete- series adaptable for tlie niowaril .iluniimiui itself in weight, and (hiplicate the ;dlo\s from ^oft brass to the hard- est of the reijular l)ronzes in strength and toughness. lOO iii.T, iin (II I i;i MiMT \i;v (■ \\Ti:i-.x. Af€ta^/ic F'/aak tvtih te/csco/tic cu/t and io/3 co/niineeL, ^uimiUii hy tht leir>A CorttenCQ., CJTicafo,IU., Capacity /o Of,, illSTOKV Ul" THL: MILITARV CANTLliX 101 Nine grades of alloys are made, numbered respectively i. 2. 3, 4, 5. 6. 7. 8 and 9. Xo. I is the hardest. It looks like polished steel, takes a l)rillianl polish and has a hard surface. It can scarcely be cut by a knife. It is almost as rigid as steel, and machines like a fine quality me- dium hard steel. Its specific gravity is 4, or just half that of brass or bronze. It is the cheapest of the alloys, costing less than pure aluminum, and ol)jects made of it cost considerably less than if made of brass or bronze. Xo. 4 is a milder alloy and probably the one of the series having the maximum of working strength. AI.UMlXr.M TTEXSILS. Aluminum utensils are claimed by manufacturers Id be the only ware t'.iat is unobjectionable in ci'cry respect. .Irsenic and Lead in linanielcd Ware. — Joseph Stanton has ex- amined in the laboratory of the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy, the irrju enamel covered utensils so much used in the kitchen. On the l)OSton market were found thirteen distinct brands of this ware. These, when tested, gave the following results : Eleven contained arsenic, two contained lead, and two were free from both arsenic and lead. The two that contained lead also contained arsenic. The :'.p])ro.\imate amounts of arsenic, as indicated by comparison of the mirrors, obtained with mirrors made from known quantities of metallic arsenic, varied from 1.3200 to 1.500 of a grain in each two grams of enamel. Professor P>aird in making this report (at the last meeting of tile Massachusetts Pluirmaceiuical .Vssociationj said: "hi this connection it woidd !)•.■ iiilercsting t" know whetluT the arsenic and lead are in such combinati(;ns as to allow their solubility in the lluids which come in contact with them in ordinary cooking. .\s the enamels seemed to be (juite easily disintegrated by the mineral acids, it is quite probable that from them these ])oisonous metals would be foinid to dissolve in dilute fruit acids and dilute alkaline solutions, and that in this manner they may become a source of arsenic a:'d lead eontamination." It was also said in this report: "In former years arsenic and lead were both very conunon ingredients of tuanieled wares, especiall}' the latter metal. In fact, compounds of lead were used to such an extent that the lead could be extracted by Ijoiling with dilute fruit acids, and lead poisoning from this source became so frcfiueni that nrtain cmintrie'^ maiU' ^-.vy^ restrict- !,)_> Ill.-^|(»l<\ (»!■ Mil, .MII.riAKV LA.NIKEN. iiij^ the sale of ciiaiiK'k'd wares containing lead in soluI)lc form." — "Druggists Circular and Clicniical Gazette." The "Review of Reviews" says: "Probably the most important use to which ahiniinuni will be put. at least in the immediate future, will be \nv culinary and household utensils. Besides being very light, and hence far less cumbersome than any other metal of ecpial strength and durability used in cooking, aliiiiiiiiiiiii is practically iiicorrodihli'. I'rofessor Jamieson asserts that, no food now knozcn lo man can effect this metal in the slightest degree. It is zcholly free from ei'cry form of poison and zeill not taint food. These are (jualities that are possessed by neither iron, copper, tin, nor lead, h'urthermore, it is a better conductor of heat than either of the other nietals." "The jioisonous substances in the enamels are said to be arsenic, antimony, and lead. Neither of these is nutritious, and food is better without them. It may be that some of the slight and unac- countable illnesses that have come to people especially after eating sour fruits and vegetables boiled or stewed in these dishes — toma- toes, rhubarb, strawlK'rries, compounds flavored whh lemon — have their origin in disintegration cf this enamel and in tlie absorption by the food of the arsenic or whatsoever else is employed in it. Ivv'en where the enamel is commonly applied witb skill and under- standing it may happen that a workman may spill an undue quaniit}- of poison into the mixture, or that the fusing may b: imperfect; and it does not take mucb arsenic or lead to cause illness, while a succession of poisonings may result in lifelong stomacb trouble."- — "Brooklyn Eagle" Editorial. Enameled canteens were purciiased by the United Slates from the Dubuque Enameling Co., in December. 1898. also in October, 1898. likewise in January. 1900. (For description of the Dubuque Enameling Co. canteen see page 9 of this monograph). They were issued for trial. Xo reports of results of trial, if made, have since reached the Rock Island Arsenal. The canteens made in October. 1898. at the Rock Island Arsenal had a special wide mouth t) admit certain tillers purchased from Mrs. Caroline Parker. (See I^nge 8, this report, under subhead "The Parker Canteen.") In -August. 1900, some more filters were purchased from Mrs. Parker and from the Dubuque Enameling Co. a special canteen for them. These, too. were issued for trial. The Dul)Uf|ue Enameled Canteen Co. is profiting bv the facts advanced by the parties who recommend the Lanz method in this notable respect, viz: They put Petersham felt on what was. at lliSTUKV OJ- THE MlLlTAkV CANTEEN. IO3 first, a naked tlask. and they not only place two pieces next the tlask, but they have added an extra piece of felt, forty-two inches long by one inch wide, as an inner band, thus increasing the ab- sorptive powers over those possessed by the regulation canteen. This adoption of the method and system wdiereof Mr. Lanz is the originator, exponent, advocate, and patentee, is an admission of much significance and highly complimentary tc Air. Lanz. That the Ordnance Department and Board of Fortification and Equip- ment concur is evinced by the fact that so many of the enameled canteens have been purchased by the United States. As the enamel canteen with regulation cover is heavier than the regulation canteen ; further, as any enameled w-are having arsenic, lead, or antimony in its composition is dangerous to health ; still further, as the enamel will chip off and the iron part rust; there do not appear to be any points of advantage favoring the further trial of the Dubuque, Iowa, Stampfng & Enamel Co. Canteen, watli a view to its adoption for use in the military service of the United States. Aliiminain Coated Sheet Steel. — The Aluminum Coated Sheet Steel Company, Connellsville, I-'ayette Co., Pa., claims that "this product is superior in all respects to galvanized. That it contains all of its merits with none of its defects. That it can be heated to a red heat without destroying its coating. That sulphurous gases, brine, salt, and acids do not affect it as readily as they do galvanized. That it can be soldered with common solder. That it will stand even severer tests than any coated metal. That no coated metal can be seamed or hammered down flat and then bent back straight without flaking. Xone but solid metal will do this. That, Aluniiiiuiii Coated Steel Sheets ean be bent or seamed in any way re(|uircd in actual work and the coating will remain intact on both sides. But no coated metal can be bent flat on itself and return to its original shajie withoiU showing fracture in coating. This is not necessar}- and if Aluminum Coated Sheets are given the same work as galvanized they will prove in every way superior and all we claim for them. That any intelligent metal worker will recognize these facts and will not expect impossibilities." This firm gives the following directions for flux to solder this metal : "Dissolve as much s])elter as your nuiriatic acid will take ii|). Use the same williout diluting willi water, \e\er add fresh 1,,^ UISTOKV OK Tin; MIMTAUV CANTEliN. ;n-i(l lu blacken your uK'tal. ' )tli.r llu.xc^, Mich as n.^iii. aiul ijalni nil. niav Ik- used with success. '" The I'ollowini; is a ccjj))' of a cMniinuuication ai ami strap Cn/jacify , JtS f/ufd OX , rrer'yii p >m i iiii- ^Illl^\K•^' i v.rrr.v. Afe6a?hc Cani^c/r /^/ask . rne face cc/fcaire, o/yjosiic Kice coni^cii .■ Subftri itecl iy the Lunx Canieer Co., Chicago, Jil. 0"vm%,tt(ui- u-arA. nrvufii, et^c . TIISTORV Ol- Tin-: M II.I'lAin- f.\NTFJ:N. Ill Id retain llicin in governnKnl arsi'nal>. armories or depots. Liiev >lioulcl be Sdld. It is suljnn'tted tliat tlusc acts justify this disposi- tion of these obsolete articles of e()iii])nicnt. They are important as Ijearing upon the Assistant Comptroller's view: The first is the old law of March 23. 1825. upon which section 1241, Revised Statutes is based, and which is as follows: "That the President be, and he is hercb}-, authorized to cause to be sold any ordnance, ammunition, or other military stores, or subsistence, or medical supplies, which upon ])r(jpcr inspection or survey, whenever in his opinion the sale of such unserviceable stores will be advan- tageous to the public service ; that the inspection or survey of the unserviceable stores shall be made by an inspector general or such other officer or officers as the secretary of war may appoint for that purpose and the sales shall be made imder such rules and regulations as tnay be prescribed by the secretary of war." The other act is that of March 29. 1894. which provides that in- stead of forwarding to the accounting officers of the Treasury De- partment returns of public property intrusted to the possession of officers or agents, "the quartermaster general, commanding general of sulisistencc, and other like statT officers in any department, by. through, or under whom stores, supplies and other public pro])erty are received for distribution, or whose duty it is to receive or ex- amine returns of such property, shall certify to the proper account- ing officer of the Treasury Department for debiting on the proper account any charge against any officer or agent intrusted with public prfjperty arising from any loss, accruing by his fault to the govern- ment as to the property so intrusted to him." The act of July 31. 1894. confines the duty of the comptroller to decisions "upon an\- c|uestion invoh'ing a pavment" made 1)\- disbursing officers. If .Vssistant Comptroller Alitcheirs ruling is pu])lished ofticiatly il will make possible an arrangement wliereby not onlx- unservicea- ble canteens in excess of future needs of the army, but also horses, mules, wagons, or other army material, not first class, hardly worth reshipping, can be sold as damaged or unsuitable for the public service, after proper inspection or survey, and when the sale of such will be advantageous to the public interests. It is submitted that the sale of all canteens now in store in gov- ernment arsenals, armories or de])ois. of the 1874 pattern, or 1878 or later pattern, will he adx .'intagei ms to the public service because the presumption is that the appropriation for the purchase and man- 112 IMS■|•()K^' ()|- I 111, .MII-ITAKV f.\ XTICliX. !il';uMiiri' i'|- t';il»rii";iti('i). iint' 1(1(1 I hat llif army appropriation hill, second scries. 56tli fon.ijress. carries uitif it for rcpairint;- and ])rcscrving ordnance. $75,000; for pnrchaseand mannfactin-e. to fill recpiisitions of troops, $500,000; for infantry, cavalry, and artillery c(|uipnients. $750,000. The Chief of ( )rdnance. L'. S. Army, is (jnotcd as follows : "The ordnance depot at Manila is now snpplying an army of nearly 70,000 men, scattered ahout among the islands, and yet there is but one officer available for duty at this post in addition to the chief ordnance officer whose time is fully occupied with the duties of general admin- istration. The improvement ot"^ material l)eing under way at all times, technical officers must at all times be in touch with it, not only in the hands of troops, but also with the vast accumulations in reserve. The relations of the department to the line of the army should be close and intimate in order that the experience of the troops shall he available for the instruction and guidance of the department, and that the wants of the combatant branch of the armv may lie promptly met by the supply departments. ft has been impossible of late years to spare officers for this dutv. the lack of which brings wrongfully on llie department the blame of resjjonsibility for it. The ordnance establishments are l)y no means adequate to pro- duce all the material required, and a greater part of this material is procured under contract. In the last two years, at many of the establishments from which such material has been secured, there have been no inspectors, and several establishments have been looked after by one inspector. If the inspection be not thorough, inferior material is likely to come into th.e service, with the resulting criti- cism of the ( )rdnance Department, and wliat is worse, a possible failure of the material at an important juncture." illSTURV Ui- TlII^ MILITAKV CANTliEN. 113 Proceedings of Board of Officers to Examitie and Test Canteeas, at Rock island, fill.) Arsenal, Aug. 22 to Sept. 13, 1900. Between August 22 and September 5, 1900, nine or ten tests of two Regulation and two Lanz Canteens were made at Rocic Island Arsenal by a board of three Officers of the Ordnance Department, pursuant to orders from the Chief of Ordnance and de- tail by the Commanding Officer of the Arsenal. Exhibit "A" of the proceedings of the Board is as follows: TEMPERATURE OF Date. Aug. 22 Aug. 23 Aug. 24 Aug. 25 Aug. 27 Aug. Sept . I Sept. 4 Sept 5 Manner of making Experiment. Hours Exposed. A.M. P.M. Air. Min. I Max. Deg. ; Deg. 9 to : Covers dry ; expos' d on window sill, in sun .All except U.S. No. I had felt wet, with canvas co\ers dry. U.S.No. landfelt wet. On window sil, in sun , 9 ' " 2 Same as in previousl experiment except! hung over boilersi in boiler room — 9 '"2. Same as on Aug. 23J except hung in sun| with free circula-j tion of air 1 9 ^" 3 13oth felt and canvas covers thoroughly wetand expos'd asl on Aug. 25 9 to 3 Same as preceding. A thirdU. S. can- teen was hung up dry and had a tem- perature of 96 deg. at end of exprmt. . Under glass, will free access of air . .S6 96 Water when put in 1 U. S. j U. S. Canteen. No. i.iNo. 2. Deg. 1 Deg. [ Deg. Water in Canteen at expiration of time. Lanz Lanz No, 3. No. 4. Deg. Deg. 91 '2 102 So 78 I 84 66 66 66 66 103 88 84 10 to 10 t02 Under glass, same as preceding ex- periment lie to 2 Same as preceding experiment ID to 3 81 92 81 92 71 99 91 no 66 76 75 Soyi 56 (iced) loz'A 74 87 75 94 84 78 76 82 100 92 93>^ 98 lOI 90 92 8S>^! 84 78 I 79 76 I 75K 82 Vf 81 >^ 99 >< 100 95>^ 90 94 93 Tlie Weights of Canteens, their Contents, etc., were as follows: U. S. No. I . U. S. No. 2. Lanz No. 3. Lanz No. 4. ozs. 1 ozs. ozs. ozs. Empty and cover dry 13,V i 13,% 23H 18tV Full of water, cover dry 59,^« •^9A O+A 50 H Cover saturated \\ith water, Canteen full 6^A 65-,'\, 80-,«, 68 Weight of water in Canteen.. ^■''h 40 A; 4015 40A Weight of water al 9r'V 114 lll^l(.|<> Ml Mil. .\III.IT\UV c.wn-KX. Two tl'Sis WCW ^•«llH■lll(|^(l ill \n\]V liMiil^. \'\\n cxpcriiiuiils (irriipit'il iivr liniii- cinli. ( )iK' li s| rMiisiiiiU'il live- aiild weather open air test. In each I rial a U. S. Army canteen is also said to have been used in com- parison. Xatm-ally, the results as published, were highly favorable to the Lanz Canteen. The first test covered a period of seven hours. S.\XIT.\T[0X .\XL) HVGIEXE AS APPLIED TO CaXTEEXS. 1 he use of polluted water is a factor dangerous to health and ac- counts for the prevalence of disease in localities where other sanitarv conditions arc beyond reproach. It is the part of wisdom to remove llISTcnn OF THE MILITARY CAXTEEX. 1 19 danger of possible contamination Ijy the use of a canteen which can l)e completely emptied, drained and even sterilized. By inserting- the little finger in the mouth-piece of the present regulation tin flask canteen, there can be felt enough abiding places for pathogenic germs and micro-organisms to make the use of the canteen a dangerous factor after polluted water has once entered the flask. ]n the regulation canteen, the muuth-piece is either inserted ur applied like a spout. In either case, it is a separate piece of sheet tin. soldered on. The projections and rough edges become nesting places for waste matter, and breeding places for things dangerous to health, even after pure or sterilized water has been deposited in it. Soldiers have not access to germicidal supplies, nor can the in- sides of canteens be inspected in the way that "health officers inspect milk cans, pans, dairies, and creameries. The present regulation canteen can carry typhoid. As bacteriological examinations cannot be made of canteens where the latter are daily carried as a portion of the field equipment, — it would be wise to abandon the present regu- lation canteen and adopt in lieu one differing in material, construc- tion and shape. Co.MPARisox OF niE Ar.mjks IX CiiixA— Xarrative by ax A.meri- CAX War Correspoxdext About Caxteexs, Other Persoxal Eouifmexts of a Soldier. AXD Army Water Supply. The dweller in towns can have no conception of what tlie lack of a jilentiful supply of good water is. Water, to them, like air. is cheap and common. During the interval between our Civil War and the Spanish-American War, the only soldiers of our army who ap- preciated the value of water, and of a good canteen, were such of the military establishment as had service in arid regions in hot weather, and hence had been compelled to rely upon the article of personal equipment named. Thomas F. Millard, writes from China: "Examine military med- ical statistics and you will find that half the ills an army is heir to are directly traceable to the use of bad water. I sometimes wonder whether we Americans shall ever learn some things, and generally sadly reach the conclusion that we never shall. Jn this prolilem oi army water supply, the Japanese stand for cftu'ii'iicy — the Ameri- cans for deficiency, with other nations strug.qlinii along somewhere between. The water in X'orth CJiina is so bad that resident Euro- 120 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. D A ffarliruht, BacUn, Gtrffary. ^/umi^yunt F'/ask ; (y ^ ^rmy /Ftfu/atio/t 3tn/K€ Cottieett, ftc ccftr. ca/oacit^ 2$ OZ , jreiy^t Sox Ordnance ^tttr/r , aCeuiU coutr, ^e-it and. cant/as. Capacity -^3 f/uid eur^*roccU^ Canietyr "nZ r'n, the IMi&td Stait. 5 /frrrty ^iicrn. oi^ /f-fX . O/TcC d^iriffj cur Second trar nntlh £'jiincl. (. fyvnf a, irocfrry /urniaJ^ci iy tjte ^uv6u- rrfOiitr ircntfaC, ^J/< ) 7^oc/^f /lrms?,eZ iy the (^»ifttj-^sit^ fc^ral t/.3A cf iJfc type c/" t>h. /"U-sk. canteen Ceoered^ a^tJ, c/oiTt Uitd, in tJf« i^if^d, Stot^i/f„„y n-tk-ZUf, HISTORV' OF THE MILITARY CAXTEEX. I2l peans wil! uol dmilv u unul ii lia,-^ Iacii boiled and tillered. The tael was well known before a foreii^ii soldier set tool at Takii. It was ulso realized that there was danger of wells l)eing poisoned \)\ the Chinese ; while to use, tuipin*itied. the liltli-ladeii waters of the canals ;md ri\ers was to invite an epidemic among- the troops. The Jap- anese came fully provided with portable filters for use in the held. They were the onh- troops who possessed these necessary utensils, and they spared the men nuich. They also had in common with all the allies, except the Americans, provisions for supplying the troops with water while on the march or in action. When the Fifth Army Corps, United States .\rm\-, made the glorious, but in many ways disastrous, campaign against .Santiago, June-August, 1898, we paid a price for ignorance which might have taught -is a wholesome les- son. One of the deficiencies, and one commented on by all the foreign militar\- attaches who accompanied the army, was the utter lack of water supply except the small quantity the men could carry in their canteens. There was no reserve. When the water bottles ran dry the men would drop out of the line of march to replenish Ihem. In so profusely watered a cotintry as Cuba that was not diffi- cult, owing to the proximity of the Seco, the Aguadores, and the San Juan. Water could always be found near by. or secured while crossing a stream, but the custom is always retarding of progress and detrimental to discipline. But even where water is most plenti- ful, the practice throws the door wide open to the insidious disease germ. Here in China where water is fairly plentiful, but marvel- ously filthy, to provide no reserve water supply for troops on the march, is to condemn all of them to needless suftering and man_\- of them to death. Two years of almost constant campaigning in the Philippines, coupled with the experiences in Cuba, have taught Americans nothing. Our troops turned up in China with their can- teens, and no more. I believe one or two filters, suitable for camp or barrack use, and too cumbersome for ready transport, have finally arrived. But they could not, had they been here in time, have l)een utilized on the march along the sluggish Pei-ho to Peking — the mother of thousands of duches. all equally filled with a contaminated, yellow, slimy fluid, spreading out over the cuuniry like a web of an immense water-spider, licking up the filth of countless villages, and feeding, or draining, as the case may be, their cousins — the cess- pools. The men sufifered terribly. Through the middle of the day the heat was intense. Millions, billions, trillions, of flies, buzzed and bit. For miles the road ran through millet fields. The grain stands from ten to twelve feet high. comi)letely shutting oft' any breeze IJ2 lllSl()K^' M|- Mil, Mii.ri.\KN' ( \.\ti-:i-:n. wliicli inij^lil pcjssiljly l)c slirrinj^-. At every step the men and animals .-ank a foot into the dust, which, ground into impalpable powder by the passai^^e of thousands of vehicles, hung in a stifling cloud over ihe line of march, filling throats, eyes, lungs, and nostrils. The sun struck a man between the shoulders and Inirned them like a red-hot plaster. Kivulets of perspiration trickled and dripped, converting faces into river charts of China, half mud and half water, and caus- ing evelids to gum up and smart i)ainfull\. Canteens were emptied (|uickly during the six successive days march after the Ijattle (if Yang Tsun to Peking, and. notwithstanding positive orders to the contrary, were refilled out of wells on the jiutrid Pei-ho. Staggering along mider their blanket-rolls and full marching e(iuii)ment. what wonder that the troops could march but a short distance without resting, and that the total of a day's effort would be but about eight miles. At night, the mosquitos relieved the flies as agents of unrest, swarming in dense clouds about the camps. Within a week after their arrival in Peking, over one-third of the .Vnierican force was in the hosj)ital. This was about the average throughout the army. — Germans, Russians (including Cossacks), Uritish (including Australians, English. Sikhs, Ragputs, Ghurkos, and Chinese), Americans. French (including Tonquin and Cochin China native regiments). Japanese. Austrians, and Italians, to say nothing of the "Boxers" and Imperial Chinese troops. If ever troops needed water reserve supply, for urgency as wcil as sanitary reasons, it was on that march. The Japanese, Russians, Ciermans, I'rcnch, and British, all were provided in some way. The Japanese drank only aerated water prepared regularly by the field filters, the water cart moving with the column and permitting the replenishing of the canteens at any time without hindering the march or scattering the troops. For the Japanese officers and wounded, there was an ample supply of ])ottled mineral water. The British, Germans, and Russians, all had a reserve supplv, either in carts or carried in skins on mules. Only the Americans were utterly destitute. An average of one-third of the force was alwavs awav from the coliunn on a hunt for drinking water. At nightfall, when the camps were pitched, they would have, perhaps, to tramp long distances to obtain enough water for cooking purposes, while all the other allies had theirs ready to hand, simply, it was some one's Inisiness to attend to it and see that proper facilities were provided. Truly, 'tis a lop-sided commissary service which supplies an armv with solid food — and woe to it if it fail — but makes no provision whatever for water. IIISTOKV OF Tllli MILITAKV CANTEEN, 123 While both arc indispensable, water is far more of an urgent necessity to troops than is other food. Frequently a few drops mean whether a soldier will drop or continue to march, and the first cry of a wounded man is for water. The advisability of supplying troops with water, even while in action, has long been recognized, and, not- withstanding the difficulty, has been successfully accomplished. In this war I have, for the first time, seen the "bhisti." whom Rudyard Kipling has immortalized as ""Guuga Din" at work. He has a brother now in the Jap water coolie, whose duty is to su])ply water to troops in action, and succor the wounded on the field. Some da}-, perhaps. Uncle Sam may awake to appreciation of the necessity of some needed reforms in his army and take a leaf s rifle, amnnmition, canteen, cup, and in- trenching tool) entirely, or return for it. even if they can locate and find it intact, thus covering a distance three times when once should 124 HISTORY 0|- Tin: MILHAKV CANTEEN. li,i\i' sLiiiKcd. SiR-li iinikis -AS iliisr (jlU'ii (UxiT(iUV <)|- Till MILITAKV ( ANTEKX: ,,,|,|i,i uill r\liniil(l ])(■ aski-(I of any man. ' 'iIk r elements bcin^- ;i|i|ir(>.\iniaul\ <((nal. \hr snuitcsl licarl and sleadie>i nerve will win in the u\v>{ hauler, in these (jualilies, L'nele Sam's boys arc second to none. "They have done their share," is the verdict of |K'o|)l(.' in China, who have been licre through it all. The lessons of tliis war have chielly held to the prosaic lines of organization, Mipplv. and r(piii)nKnt. and on matters such as these they have shed a brilliant li,L;lu for tliose who care to learn." How TiiK Carrrta. or \\'ati:r Cart, Used at Headquarters. Imrst Dixisiox, Fifth Ar.mv Cori\s, ist July-iotii August, 1898. AT Santia(^o de Cuba, Was Obtained. During the afternoon of Friday, ist July. 1898, after the com- mander of the First Division, Fifth Army Carps, — General J. Ford Kent, — accompanied by his aide, the late Major George S. Cart- wright, and the Division Inspector, mounted, reached the crest of .*^an Juan hill, where we had been preceded by General H. S. Haw- Kins, and the 6th and i6th United States Infantry, there was a lull in the firing of the retreating Spaniards. This gave opportunity for a brief inspection of the grounds. A carreta, a dead mule, and some empty water casks, were noted on the western slope. A car- reta. is a cart with two wheels, fitted to be drawni by one animal. This particular one had been used Iw the Spaniards to haul water to Fort San Juan. A sketch of the carreta, cr water cart accom- panies this report. The original of the sketch was made 1\v Mr. Adolfo Carlos Alunoz. — volunteer aide-de-camp on General Kent's stafY, — wounded by a shrapnel bullet just aliove the right ear. p. m. of the following day. died iitb Xovcmljcr. 1899. After a portion of the 24th United States Infantry gained the summit on the date first mentioned, the Inspector got a colored ^ergeant. name unknown, and two privates same regiment, to assist in making a break down the slope for the carreta and the barrels. We succeeded in hauling the outfit up over the crest, and down to where the Division Commander's hammock was. There it re- mained in charge of Second Lieutenant Fred L. Munson, com- manding the division headquarters detachment guard, until August loth. — date of departure from Santiago de Cuba, for Montauk, L. 1. The carreta saved many a weary trip to the San Juan river for a canteen full oi water. ntsT()I<^ i)i- -nil: Mii.nAin- i \xti:i:n". 127 OBSERVATIOXS nS TllJ;: I'KKIX KKLlEl' KXl'i:! JlIK ).\'. By Captain irilHam Crurjicr, Ordnance Department^ ('. S. ./. The Chief Orchiance Officer. General Chaft'eeV Staff. stale?> as follows : From the time of the arrival of the first American troops at Tien Tsin, — 9th Infantry. — plenty was the order of the day. ("linger ale and bottled water were in abundance. Tlie fare was less generous on the march to Pekin. X'o provision was made for supplying the L'nited Slates troops with water on the march, other than the canteen which each man carried. Other troops were better ofif in this respect. The British Indians carried water in skins on pack mules, and some had barrels upon carts. But there are wells in all the Chinese villages, and these, along the line of march, were not more than a mile and a half apart; and, with the column properly halted, it is as easy to till canteens from a stationary well as from a stationary cart or mule. The water in the wells was always cool, and, though seldom per- fectly clear, it was never revoltingly turgid, as was that of the rivers and canals; it was drank freely by all the troops of the expedition. Xo other troops made such a time about water as the Americans, wiio had orders to drink none without boiling it, and had special utensils provided fur the purpose. These orders could not be en- forced, however, as thirsty soldiers will not wait even when arrived in camp, for water to boil and cool. Portable filters were provided and were used in the hospital service, one also I observed in the light battery, and one was in the headcjuarters mess. The charac- teristic ailment of Xorth China, however, seems to come independ- ently of the water; it attacks nearly all Europeans and Americans during their first summer, not sparing even those who drink nothing but imported waters. With careful inquiry, I was unal)le to find a medical man who could assign a satisfactory reason, other than it was "in the air." i have neither heard nor read any criticisms of the operations of the .Subsistence Department, other than as these were affected by lack of transportation, which suggests an inquiry as to the char- acter and quantity of the latter. The Americans had thirteen f(nir- nuile army wagons and one pack train of forty freight mules, be- sides two or three ambulances and a Dougherty wagon. This sup- plv was intended to take care of two regiments of infantry, a bat- talion of marines, a light battery, and the headquarters. I'iie four- mule wagon is considered to be distinctly superior to the means of transportation of supplies employed by the British. Japanese, Russians, or French. '•' " '•' The American train had one man |_'S IIISTOUV (M Till. MII.IIAK^ (A.NIKKN. |m |uiii- imilrs, all llic Inadcil animals bciiiL;- driven in a biincli with ;i lu'lliiiari' Icadini;'. Ikre also was econtjiny oi numbers, although perhaps the Japanese provisimi ui a man to each animal was a neccssitv, as tluir i)i>nies arc all stallions, and their train at a halt was a bedlam of llyinjj;- heels and wild snorts, it was more dan- gerous to pass than a Chinese outpost. A lari^e proportion of the lapanesc transportation consisted of pack animals; the British Indians had nothinj^- else; the inferiority in economy, when con- trasted with the American system, is striking-, when it is noted that it requires the same number of mules to carry i,ooo pounds on jiacks as will haul 3,000 pounds in our army-wagon. The Ameri- can pack train carried ammunition onl\', for which purpose it could not have been replaced, as it afforded the only means of maintaining a first reserve snpplv in constant readiness for immediate distribu- tion to the firing line. The pack saddles of the diiTerent nation- alities were, in their effect on the animals, of about equal merit. Occasional sore backs were noticed in all the trains, but the Ameri- can ro(|uired tlie most ^-Ixilltnl jiacker. Within three days after the arrival at I'ekin, l)ottled waters and fanc\- groceries began to make their appearance in the x\merican commissary and within a week there was abundance of these for all. If a suflficient number of four-mule wagons, the most rapid and economical transportation yet devised for countries in which they can go at all, — and with a very little help they can do marvels in the way of trail covering, — be supplied to carry all the men's bag- gage, except their arms and canteens, and, in addition, a sufficient number of armed men to act as train guards, riding either in the seats with the drivers or on others provided, these men w^ould be sufficiently fresh to do the loading and ether extra work, and the whole organization would be made more economical and serviceable than one provided with coolie corps. FURTHER UPEX AIR TESTS MADE OF CANTEENS Ixti:nl)i;i) kou I'si-: jx Military Servick. Made at Headquarter.'^ Dki'art.mkxt of D.\k()ta. St. Paul, Minnesota. (For description of various canteens tested see pp. 57-61 this report; also further description given below.) Stccitications, etc., of Canteen "AA". — Canteen "AA" is the regulation service pattern canteen, manufactured at Rock Island Arsenal, i()co. and issued to me direct from there. It has double cover — Petersham felt inner, and dved duck, or canvas, outer cover. IIISTORN' f)l- Till". MIl.llAin' CWTI-.I-.X. 129 Capacity 44 fluid ounces, 45 and 2-4 ozs. avoirdupois. Wciglil, empty, covers on and dry, avoirdupois, 12 and ■} ounces. Weight, filled, covers on and dry, avoirdupois, 58 and | ounces. Weight, filled, covers on, after ten minutes' immersion, avoirdupois, 63 and 2-4 ounces. Weight of the tin canteen flask, empty, no covers on, avoirdupois, 9 and 2-4 ounces. This canteen was sent for and used by me in order to have a standard of comparison, and because of variations noted in other canteens issued to the First Cavalry, Eighth Infantry, and other organizations from which I received them, termed "U. S. Army Regulation Service Canteen, Ordnance Pattern," or "U. S. Army Regulation Service Tin Flask, Ordnance Pattern", etc. In all tests made after Test No. 68, all three of these service canteens, or flasks, were used. Tests were conducted as described on pp. 43-4, this monograph, and by the same person, using the same thermometers. Specifications of Canteen "BB". — Canteen ''BB" is a combina- tion canteen and filter. Canteen is of the regulation tin flask type, double cover — regulation felt or Petersliam inner, and dyed duck or canvas outer. ]\Iade at Rock Island Arsenal, October, 1898, w illi a specially wide mouth to accommodate the Mrs. Caroline Parker Filter. Capacity, filter in, 40 fluid ounces, 42 ounces avoirdupois; filter out, fluid 45 ounces, avoirdupois, 46 ounces. Weight, filled, covers on and dry, filter in, 59 ounces avoirdupois. Ditto, after ten minutes' immersion, 64 ounces avoirdupois. Weight of the tin flask, empty, no cover, filter out, 9 and ;i ounces avoirdupois. W^eight of filter, including soft rubber top, 3 and I ounces avoirdu- pois. Weight of duck, or canvas, cover, dry, i and 2-4 ounces. Weight of same after ten minutes' immersion, 3 and .[ ounces avoirudpois. Weight of water absorbed by the canvas cover, i and 2-4 ounces. Weight of the Petersham felt, or inner cover, dry. I and 2-4 ounces. Weight of same after ten minutes' immersion. 7 and 2-4 ounces avoirdupois. Weight of water absorbed by the inner cover, 6 ounces avoirdupois. Weight of the canteen "P.IV, empty, covers on and dry, filter out, 12 and '} ounces avoirdupois Weight of the canteen, empty, covers on and dry, filter in, 16 ounces avoirdupois. Specifications of Canteen "CC". — The canteen purchased 1)y the United States for trial, in December, 1898, or October, 1898, from the Dubuque Stamping and Enamel Company, has been descrilied, and the objections to enameled metal as a material for canteen flasks dwelt upon, in previous pages of this monograph. In the test tables it is termed canteen "C". -130 iiisroKN' oi- Tin: .miu'iak^' ( wiT-kx. B 0.5 ■ Atmu Tfefulalion Scrt/ice Canteen, Ordnance. Mttern, double Cooer, /eUand. Canuai, iutAai/inff, also, «. ivaolenslocki'if ley draw/r ober it. Capacity 4^s ox. trei-ght, ZZ ox. Atrviv a^otr'a trkare /ea^aye ieyait. t3ca/e: Ji lIl.SnjRV OF llll-: MIl-lTARV CANTEEN. I3I CaiUccii ""LC"" is an cnanK-lcil metal caiuccn l1ask hoiiijlit by Uk' L. S. from the Dul)ii(|iic Stamping e^ Enamel Company. Its con- struction, also its material, is in i^eneral identical with that of can- teen "C", — Differing- in these details : It is covered and its capacity .is less. Its side pieces have wire triangles. Canteen "CC" has a double cover of the same materials, appar- ■.ntl\ as are used in Regulation canteen "A" or "AA."" It lacks the filter with which canteen ""C"' is provided, and the mouthpiece, or neck, is different. (See blue print of "C," and of "CC", also sketch of "C", accompanying this report.) The construction of the wire side triangles of "CC" is similar in material and in shape to the present regulation canteen. The side loops are not, — they being made of enameled metal ware. Flask "CC" is encircled by a band, 42 in. by i in., of same ma- terial as the Petersham felt. It is provided with 2-4 of an ounce more of this absorbent material than the regulation canteen has. The side band plain iron wire triangles of this canteen are engaged in ears of enameled metal, each of which is fastened to the side band by means of two rivets. The mouthpiece, or nozzle, is also a separate piece of enameled metal, the overlapping edges of which are held together by means of two rivets. Apart from the triangles, rivets, neck-chain, neck-band, chain, cork and its attachments, six pieces of enameled metal are employed in the construction of the canteen flask. Capacity, in fluid ounces, 43. Avoirdupois ounces, 44 and 5- Weight, empty, covers on and dry, avoirdupois, 20 ounces. Weight, filled, covers on, after ten minutes' immersion. 74 ounces. Weight, filled, covers on and dry. avoirdupois. 64 and 'l ounces. Weight of the emptv enameled flask, no covers on, avoirdupois, 16 and ] ounces. Weight of the duck or canvas cover, dry, avoirdupois, i and :| oimces. Weight of the duck or canvas cover after ten (10) minutes' im- mersion, avoirdupois, 2 and ^J oimces. Weight of the water absorbed ])y the canvas cover, avoirdupois, I ounce. Weight of the IV'tersham felt, or inner cover, including tlie band. dry. avoirdupois. 2 ounces. Weight of the Petersham felt or inner cover, including baml. after ten minutes' immersion, avoirdu])ois. 10 and 2-4 ounces. Weight of the water absorbed by the Petersham felt, or inner cover^ including the band, avoirdupois, 8 and 'l ounces. 1.^2 IIISTUKV ol' IIJI-: MIl-lTAKV CANTEEN*. TEST Nu. (I'.t. Hour. Out side S.cx} am +48 9.00 " 50 10.00 " S2 1 1.00 " .S6 12.00111. s.s 1. 00 |iin 60 2.00 " S« 5.00 " ss 4.00" ScS vOO " 5« 'I'emperatiire of Water in Canteens. Envh canteen was full. Covkks Dry. All of the canteens were suspended from a trestle, so that free circulation obtained. A /\-I A A H 1 70 1 70 1 70J 120 106 130 94 74104 80 66 j 90 72 62' So 66 62 64 58 62 58 60 58 58 58 n 11 c c; E G 170 170 144 170 96 64 84 62 76 62 72 ,S8 68 ■^8 64 S8 62 58 1 70' 1 70 98:152 72,130 118 1 06 96 90 84 78 74 I L <^ K 170 170 170 170 •54 132 152 '50 132 IIOI32 126 118 94 118 114 106 86 106 104 94 78 9S 94 86 72 «9 88 80 68 84 82 74 64 80 74 72 62 74 72, 170 144 126 116 102 92 88 80 76 72 ''" I 170 146 126 112 102 92 84 80 74 70! u V 170 170 150 122 130 96 114 82 102 74 92 70 86 64 80 62 74 60 72 58 170 170 961 92 6S *66 62 60 60 58 60 58 58J 56 58 58 58: 58 58 58 r.eaky. — Leakage occurred in Canteen "X" at the point where the stirrup shaped loops were c"amped to the sides of '.he flask by means of four rivets. The Parker filter in Canteen "I!!!" was found to be broken, having separated from the soft rubber top. Breakage thought to be occasioned by leaving the flask, filter m, against steam radiator. TEST No. 70. Temperature of Water in Canteens. 7-45 S.4S 9-45 10.45 11.45 '2-45 1-45 2-45 .v45 4-45 Outside I'emp. +46 48 50 461 48 50I 54 54' 54 '54' Conditions same as in preceding Test. All Covers T)rv. .\ A-I A A B KI! 46 46 481 48 50 50 52 52 p m. 58 52 54 54 54 E I G I H I I L I Q I R I S i T 5252 54 1 56 5656 54[54 54154 5454 46 46 4848 48:48 4850 5050 5050 5250 5452 5452 5250, 46 46 46:46 46l5oJ5o'48 5252,50 54152:52 56|54 52 58|56,54 58i56!56 58 56 54 5654 56154 48 50 52 54 54 54: 54:56 5456 46146 4848 5048 50 48 5250 5452 5452 5452 5452 5452 u 46 481 48 i 501 50 52I 541 54 52: 52; 46 46 48 46 50*48 50 48 50 50 54 52 54 52 54 54 54 54 54 52 "Leaky. — Leakage in Canteen "X" as in preceding test. Temperature of "V," the Eveking, Westphalia, Canteen, rose above that of the air, and remained above that of its environments for a period of eight (S) hours. Aluminum Canteen "L," the Karlsruhe, I'aden, one: al>o, the Lanz tin llask. Canteen "Q" rose above the atmospheric temperature. Note should be made that none of the canteen covers were wet, or moistened. HISTORY' OF TIIF, MILIT.KRV CAXTFFX. TEST No. 71. I3.> Open air test — in sun fur six (6} hour.-, followed liy three (3) iiours in tiie shade. Each canteen was full. All cover.s dry. All of the canteens were suspended from a trestle, so that free circulation prevailed. Test made on the roof of the L, Army Building, Headquarters Department of Dakota, St. Paul, Minn. 1 Out- Temperature of Water in Canteens. I'l'em. .\ A- 1 A A 15 Bli C C 1 K G H I I. ! Q R s T u V \v X a.m.! 7.50 +58 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 US K.50, 60 .58 .S6 .SO .SO 52 56 54 48 48 SO 66 54 48 SO 54 SO 54 54 S6 9.50 70 60 60 S4 S4 54 58 S8 SO SO 52 68 58 SO 52 54 52 58 58 58 10.50 63 64 64 S8 56 58 62 64 S2 S2 S6 70 62 56 54 S8 56 64 62 60 11.50 70 66 66 62 63 62 64 68 56 54 5« 72 64 5« 56 60 58 68 64 60 12.5(1 72 70 6S 64 64 64 66 70 S8 S6 60 74 66 62 60 60 60 70 66 64 1.50 60 70 66 66 66 66 6"} 70 60 S8 62 74 66 64 62 62 62 70 66 64 2.50 60 66 64 64 64 64 64 64 60 58 62 70 66 62 62 62 62 66 62 62 3.50 60 64 62 62 64 62 64 62 60 S8 60 68 66 62 60 60 60 64 62 62 4.50 60 62 60 62 62 62 62 60 60 58 60 66 64 62 60 60 60 62 62' 6c "Leaky. CoMME.N'T. — Temperature of "A" Regulation l unteen — held above that of the air during ilic las' three hours. Temperature of "L'"^KarIsruhe, Badeii, aluniinum, ("lerman single felt-covered canteen— ranget and kept above that of the air during the closing eight hours of the test. Sexeral other canteens rose to a temperature above that of the atmosphere, and kept above it, dur ing the three closing hours that the trestle was in the shade. Note should be made of the fact that none of the covers were wet, or moistened, before or during this test. TEST No. Out- Temperature of Water in Canteens. All the canteens were full, covers dry, suspanded from a trestle und:r glass (storm Hour. side window — eight panes of gla'is, each 20x17 inches) placed nearly horizontally above the Temp. canteens in such a manner as to admit free circulatioa ot the air. Trestle stood on roof of L of Army lUiilding, St. Paul, Minn. A A- I A A B B B c c E G H I L Q R i S T 1 U V w X a.m. ' ulc Teiiip. .c onditions : Under glass, same as in preceding test. A A-1 A A li 1! U CC li 1 I u H I L Q A s '!• V V W .\ a. m. S.IS +SO ';6 S6 S6 S6 ■56 .S6 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 9- '5 S4 S6 S6 S8 .0 56 58 5b 58 58 56 58 58 58 10.15 S6 S6 Sf' S8 56 ,Sb 58 5b 58 58 58 58 58 58 II. 15 58 56 56 58 56 56 58 5b 58 58 58 58 56 58 12. IS 60 S6 S8 S8 S8 .S8 58 ■ 56 58 58 58 58 58 58 1.15 60 S8 S8 S8 S8 60 58 58 bo 58 58 58 58 58 2.15 60 S8 60 60 60 60 S8 58 bo 58 58 58 58 58 3- '5 60 S8 60 60 60 60 '58 58 bo bo 58 ScS S8 ss 4-15 60 ■;8 60 60 60 S8 S8 58 bo bo bo bo 58 58 5- '5 5S ■^s 58 58 58 58 58 58 bo 58 bo bo 58 58 1 Out- side Temp. Temperature of Water ir 1 Canteen =■ Hour . Open- air test, canteens all full, covers dry, suspended from trestle, of air. free circulation A A-l A A B B B C C E G H I L Q R .LI.L U \- W X a. ni 7.40 +S2 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 5f^ 50 ; .^•.40 52 48 48 48 48 52 52 46 52 48 54 54 9.40 48 48 48 48 48 50 52 46 52 50 54 54 10.40 52 48 48 48 48 52 52 48 52 50 54 54 11.40 54 . 50 50 50 50 52 52 50 52 50 54 54 i 12.40 S6 52 52 52 52 54 54 50 52 52 54 54 1.40 S6 54 54 52 54 5? 54 52 52 52; 54 54 2.40 56 54 54 54 54 56 54 52 54 54 54 54 .>-40 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 52 54 54 54 54 4.40 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 5^ 54 54 54 54 TEST No. 9.30 a. m. 10:30 " 11.30 " . 12.30 p. ni . 1.30 " . 2.30 " . 1 emperature of Water in Canteens. Ml canteens full, covers dry, suspended from tres- tle, under glass — same as in Test No. 72. I emperaturc. A A A 56 B S6 c c S6 E S6 L S6 Q S6 R 56 s T 56 u +62 56 56 6S 60 bo 60 bo b2 58 55^ 60 bo bo 58 66 62 62 62 60 62 58 62 60 62 60 60 64 62 64 62 62 64 60 64 64 62 62 60 64 64 64 64 64 66 62 64 64 64 64 62 62 64 64 64 64 64 62 64 64 64 64 62 .>1 llwi 1 .\l\ 1 *. .V.N i IL1L.\ . Mo -BB Airh/>€ cCouift oci/ers . Afade at Tfozk Ja^anoi /li-aei^ai Oct /e98 t^rii a ^^ecui/iy t/rUe frrouH ire a(.<.ommoAi.ie tfte flfra. Caroline /irkef ^i/icr, Casacti^. fi/itf in.i^'"'^.''/"'"' ■•'*«"■ ' v/ ('/*v'Kr^ 48 48 46 46 4S 48 46 48 48 48. 48 46 48 4S 48 48 48 48 48 48 48, 4.S 48 48 44 44 46 44 44 46 46 46 46 46 46 42 42 42 42 40 42 42 42 42 42, 42 3« 40 40 40 38 40 40! 40 40 40 40 TEST No. 77. Temperature of Water in Canteens. ()ut>idc All covers wet. A A A B c c E L Q R s T u +32 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 32 34 34 36 36 36 36 3« 36 3« 36 3^ 32 32 32 32 32 34 32 34 34 32 32 34 36 32 32 32 32 3b 32 32 32 32 32 32 3S 32 32 34 3b 3« 34 32 32 32 34 34 36 32 32 32 32 3« 34 34 32 32 34 34 36 32 32 32 32 3« 32 34 32 32 34 32 38 32 32 32 32 3!^ 34 34 32 32 32 34 36 32 32 32 32 38 32 32 32 32 32 32 iiibTORV or Tin: militakv caxteex. ^37 The followitig data and specifications regarding Canteens "AA," "BB," "CC," and the Lanz Canteens "Q" and "U" are given. «AA." "BB." "CC Lanz "Q.- Karls- ruhe. Lanz "U.» Weiglil i)f the canteen, empty, covers on anil dry Weight of the canteen, tilled, covers on and dry Weight of canteen, filled, covers on after ten (lo) minutes immersion. . . Weight of the canteen flask, em]ity, nf covers on Weight of water in canteen flask ... Wt. of the duck, or canvas cover, dry Wt. of the duck, or canvas cover, after ten (to) minutes immersion Weight of the water absorbed by the canvas cover Weight of the Petersham, felt, or inner cover, dry Wi. of the Petersham, felt or inner cov- er, after ten(io)minutes Immersion.. Wt. uf the water absorbed by the Peter- sham, felt, or inner cover Weight of the canteen, covers on and dry, filter in, empty Weight of the canteen, filled, covers on and dry, filter in Weight of the canteen, empty, filter out, covers on and dry Wt. of the canteen, filled, filter in, cov- ers on, after ten (lo) minutes immer- sion Wt. of water in canteen, filter in. Wi. of water in canteen, filter out Weight of the tin flask, empty, no cover, filter out Wt. of filter, including soft rubber top. . Wt. of the enameled fla.sk, empty, no covers on Wt. of duck, <.r canvas cover, and felt combined, dry Wt. of duck, or canvas cover, and felt combined, after ten (lo) minutes im- mersion Wt. of water absorbed by felt and can- vas cover combined I2i 9h (44 ■ 3i 20 64^ av 74 av \ 44i av / 43 W 19 67^ av 77h av 17 61 av 77i av 3i 15 7h 6 16 59 av 123 64 av \ 42 av I 40 fd ( 46 av ■( 45 fd 9? 3i 8i i6i ( 49 av; \ 44 av ■( 45 i fd; '( 42I fd 3h I 3i 5i 2 3i i5i i5i 7i >9 "1 4i 17 I2h A discrepancy exists in comparing the gross weight of a canteen, covers on, after immersion, as a whole, in water for ten (10) minutes, as oppo.scd to the result obtained l)y separately immersing and then weighing sc]5arately, the components of the canteen. This difference is due to the fact that the felt and canvas covers take up 'noro water when off the flask of the canteen than they do when on the flask. Illustratiou. — The gross weight of Canteen "A A," covers on, after ten (10) nun- ules immersion, canteen filled, was 6^2 ounces, while the aggregate weight of same, separately weighed, after saturalion of the (■o\crs, was 65 '4 ounces, avoirduiiois, I ^S lll^^l()l<^ ol Mil. MII-IIAKN' C.WTEliX. RECOMMENUATIONS. ETC. It is reconi.ncmlcd that the further niamifaciure. purcliase, or issue, of the present service canteen cease, and that it be replaced by a canteen of different material, construction and shape. That all canteens of the present regulation patterns, now in Arsenals or Depots of the U. S., be sold as unsuitable for the public service, after proper inspection and survey. This under the law of 23d March, 1825, upon which Sccticni 1,241, Revised Statutes, is based. That the Lanz method of covering- be adopted for the tin can- teen flasks now in process of fabrication at the Rock Island Arsenal. By the time that the 98,284 tin flasks now there have corroded, — a better material may be decided on. Aluminum is cheapening con- stantly. The regulation canteen is not durable. It is ])oor econs ol ilie metal pins its tin coating. Fnrthcr, that four cross tin, or "XXXX" tin, is a sheet of tinned steel plate, thicker than three cross tin, "XXX" tin, that has been pickled, cleaned, inniiersed ; first in a bath of molten tin; second, into a bath of hot tallow, or oil ; third, passed, while the tin is still melted, through steel rollers running in the hot oil, that strip off all superfluous tin, leaving a thin, smooth, coating. The tinplate used in making the regulation canteens that I have tested, has a coating of tin of about three (3) pounds to the box of 112 sheets of 14 x 20, or, say, .0138 pounds per square foot, two sides. The best grade of tinplate made by the American Tinplate Com- pany is known as "AAAA Charcoal", and has a coating of five (5) pounds to the box, or .023 pounds per square foot. Either of these coatings is very light, and the action of the dies in drawing or stamping the canteen sides into shape injures the surface to some extent and has a tendency to make it porous, thus causing the steel plate to soon rust through the coating of tin. The Lanz Manufacturing Co., of Chicago, claims that the proper way to make tin canteens is to retin them by the process employed on all fine stamped tinware ; that is, to retin the sides of the canteen after thev have been stamped into shape and before the sides have been soldered around the edges. The process of retinning differs from the process of tinning the plate above outlined, and is as follows. No pickling is required. In retinning the article is dipped by hand : first, into hot beef tallow or palm oil ; second, into molten tin ; third, it is drawn l\v hand through a pot of hot oil which gives a smooth, bright surface but does not remove the tin as do the rollers in making the plate. After the tin has "set," the article is hand rubbed in flour. The coating left on the plate is equal to about 45 pounds to the 1,000 square feet, or .045 pounds per square foot, or nearly three times as much tin as is found on the surface of the average regula- tion canteen. This retinning process, or Lanz method, of making canteens pro- duces more durable ones, hence more desirable ones, than the tin- ning method. They should last three to four times as long as the regulation canteen now issued by the military establishment. They cost somewhat more, but are worth more. The Lanz Manufacturing Co. also suggests, in addition to retin- ning the flask, that cither a small piece of zinc be soldered to the 144 iiisTuKv oi Tin: military canteen. insidi", or thai llic nozzle of llic canteen be made of zinc, — as it is a well known fact that zinc and tin plate, soldered together, cause a slight galvanic action, which seems to i)revent oxidation to some I xteiil. If anv kind of tin canteen is retained in service, the advantages to be gained by the adojHion l)y the U. S. of the Lanz method are unquestionable. Such is accordingly recommended, coupled with the further suggestion that this statement be referred to the Board of Ordnance. Fortificatitm and Equi]iment, and also to the Chief of ( )rdnance, 1.'. S. A. I have inspected creamery, also cheese factory, appliances and dairy utensils at 316 Robert St., St. Paul, Alinn., and elsewhere, made of XXXX Charcoal tin, retinned after they had been stamped into shape by the process observed by Mr. Lanz. Some of these utensils, milk cans, separators, and other appli- ances had been in, use for several years and subjected to very much the same kind of banging round that a soldier gives his canteen, but, in general, they showed only slight traces of rust, even in milk vats submerged in moving water. The dififerent processes of the coating of sheet metal goods and articles of iron and steel with zinc — "galvanizing" — them ; also of tinning malleable iron, wrought iron, and steel; also of retinning the latter ; in other words, the methods of coating with zinc and tin by immersion, are described and explained by W. T. Flanders, of Nashua, N. H., in a practical treatise, edition 1900, published li\' David Williams Co., 232-8 William St., X". Y. No description is known to me of processes of covering thin plates with aluminum of tin. The difficulties of a reliable solder would not appear to apply to such. If a tenacious coat of tin could be applied to a thin sheet of alumimmi of requisite strength, durability, etc., the sheets of the latter so coated can l)e joined as securely as in the present regulation tin canteen. — it might be an improvment upon the present service canteen. In a recent communication received from the X"cw Jersey Alumi- num Company, of Newark, N. ]., the firm states: "We are for- warding you today by express two canteens made of aluminum, and all one piece, there being no seam or solder used. You will also observe that we have covered these in a crude \\ay with felt, since you advocate not sending them naked. Our principal object now is to find out whether we have made a canteen that will stand the test such as you are liable to give it and as to whether we have caught .your idea as to shape. These which we sent vou would be the most HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CAXTEEX. I45 convenient to make. What wc arc after principally now is to rind out whether we have made a canteen that will stand the test. We can readily make improvements as to covering and stoppers later on. We have spent some little money to produce these two samples and we sincerely hope that they will meet all requirements. We would thank you to acknowledge receipt and inform us later what the results are." The Indian Aluminum Company. Limited, Manufacturers and Importers of Aluminum Ware, ]\I(3unt Road, Aladras, British India, write as follows : "We have read your letter in the Aluminum World of February, 1901, and as there appears to be a reluctancy in coming forward on the part of some of the American manufacturers, we beg to for- ward you a sample of our 2-pint aluminum water bottle. We manu- facture many patterns of different sizes, but this is a pattern which we have supplied many regiments in India. It is made out of one single piece of aluminum, without seams of any kind whatsoever, nor is it spun or pressed as in the case of the water bottle of German manufacture. We have entirely superseded the German manufac- ture of water bottles in India, and many officers have reported most favorably on the water bottles that we have supplied their regiments with. "We regret to state that wc do not quite understand your method of testing, but if you will be good enough to point out any flaws in the sample sent you, we would esteem it a favor and be quite pre- l^ared to remedy the defect in our future supply. "We have made these bottles on one or two occasions of a size large enough to contain a gallon. The Indian water bottle appears to be shaped like one of the cork sections of a life preserver belt. One face is concave, so as to fit close to the body. The outer face is convex. Ends are rounded. Top has four ventilating eyelets. The whole is covered with felt, or felted cloth, the thickness and weight of which are not described. It is not stated whether or not there is an inner cover or any sub- stance between the felted cloth and the flask. It is provided with a carbine hook. See cuts No. loi-b, 102-c. It would be improved by the addition of an openable canvas cover over the felt to retard evap- oration in hot weather. One pattern has a carry strap about its mid- dle, buttoned by overlapping on the outside. Another pattern has a leather carry strap extending over its edges, also under the bottom. The strap is held in place by four leather loops, the latter being stitched to the felted cloth cover. I^r") IIISTOKV OK TJIIC MILITARY CANTEEN. riic N\'\v Jersey Aluminum Co., Newark, N. J., manifests activ- U\ and suhniils two oblong-shaped aluminum canteens, differing only in capacity, of its most recent manufacture. No seams or soliicr said to be used. Method of construction is not explained. In this report they are designated "MM"' and "NN" respectively. Canteen "MM" — Weight of naked flask, 9 and ] ounces; capac- ity 42 Ihiid ounces. Weight, filled, cover on and dry, 56 ounces, ax'oirdnpois. Canteen "NN" — Weight of naked llask, 7 and .{ ounces; capac- it\-, 38 and !, Ihiid ounces. Weight, empty, dry cover on, cork in, 8 and .} ounces, avoirdupois. Weight, filled, cover dry, 49 ounces, avoirdupois. • Koth have removable single felt covers, laced up on one side onlv, Lanz method ; high collar. Board of Ordnance, Fortification and Equipment. It is submitted that the reports regarding canteens and the tests made thereof by me have shown: 1st. The advantages and disad- vantages of the Lanz Canteen and cover system as compared with the Regulation Canteen. 2d. The advantages and disadvantages of the Lanz Canteen system as compared with other canteens differ- ing from it in material, construction, or shape. 3d. The suitability of the Lanz Canteen for the use of troops in campaign, in the field, or on the march. If the selection of a canteen rested with troops inured to tropical service, it is believed that they would choose the Lanz in preference to the Regulation Canteen or to any experimental canteen now under consideration. There are certain obstinate facts hard to ignore. One is ex- pressed tersely and comprehensively by Captain Alfred E. Bradley, Asst. Surgeon, Medical Dept., U. S. A., after a series of tests made at Fort Snelling, Minn., of the Regulation Canteen versus the Lanz Canteen. He writes: "The outer cover of the Regulation Canteen prevents the access of water to the felt. The felt, not being satur- ated, loses its small amount of water comparatively soon, and, with the passing of evaporation, the contents of the canteen soon become warm. The Lanz Canteen absorbs its water quickly, and its canvas cover, placed dry over the wet felt, retards evaporation and keeps the contents cool for a much longer period." This statement of fact is, in a nutshell, a substantiation of the majority of the claims of the Lanz Canteen. HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. 147 Success means the displacement of somebody, or something-, or the survival of the strongest. Naturally, the Department charged with the manufacture and issue of canteens wants to continue to make the same. It follows that tests and experiments with a device originating with any inventor should be conducted along lines of the Department rather than those formulated by the inventor as essential in order to demonstrate the superiority of his device. The Board of Ordnance, Fortification and Equipment is not cir- cumstanced to conduct canteen tests in anything like the manner in which they would be tested by a soldier in the ranks in campaign time, in any climate, hot or cold. The Board measurably relies upon tests, experiments, etc., made by those whose facilities, environments and opportunities enable them to do detail work. It i§ recommended that the tests, experiments and recommenda- tions regarding the Regulation Canteen z'crsiis the Lanz Canteen, and other canteens presented for use in the military service, or reported by the Inspector General, Dept. of Dakota, on dates in September, October and November, 1900, and transmitted to the Inspector General of the Army, through official channels, be referred for the consideration of the Board of Ordnance, Fortification and Equipment. TEST No. 78. 7-35 -1 8.35 ' 9-35 ' 10-35 ' n-35 ^ 12-35 V >-35 ' 2-35 ' 3-35 ' 4-35 ' OutsiJe Temperature. -52 56 62 66 66 72 72 66 66 64 Temperature of Water in Canteens. Each canteen was full. All covers were dry. AUofthe canteens were suspended from a trestle so that free circulation prevailed. A A 94 82 76 72 70 70 74 70 68 66 c c 94 84 7S 76 74 74 70 74 70 68 94 94 92 86 86| 80 82 76 80 76 So 74 74 74 76 72 72 72 70I 68 U 94 86 80 78 76 74 74 74 70 70 148 11I.ST()K\ i)l' lllli MII.ITARV CANTEEN. TEST No. 7'J. 7.40 a 8.40 ' 9.40 ' to.40 ' 11.40 12.40 p 1.40 ' 2.40 3- 40 4.40 Outside 'I'emperature. ^64 66 68 72 74 7^ 78 86 82 74 Temperature of Water in Canteens Each canteen was full. All covers were dry. AUoflhe canteens were laid on a stone (granite)w;indow sill, in the sun, and remained s'o exposed for nin e (9) hou rs. S A A 60 64 64 68 72 74 76 78 80 80 c c 60 62 62 64 68 70 74 76 78 78 £ H 60 60 66 62 66 62 70 64 74 66 76 68 80 70 82 72 80 72 78 72 T I U 60 60 62 62 64 64 66 66 68 68 72 72 74 76 76 78 78 78 80 78 TEST No. SO. Hour. 7-35 ^' 8.35 ' 9-35 ' 10.35 ' 11-35 ' 12.35 P 1-35 ' 2-35 ' 3-35 4-35 ' Outside Temperature. f66 76 78 78 80 78 72 72 72 Temperature of Water in Canteens. Each canteen was full. All felt covers were wet. Can- vas covers were not immersed. AAA B C C 50 50 58 56 62 58 5o| SO 561 58 60 62 60 62 60! 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 60 60 60 60 TEST No. 81. Temperature of Water in Canteens. Outside Temperature. +72 82 84 84 So 84 74 74 74 Each canteen \vas filled. All felt, or other covers were wet. The canteens were suspended from a trestle placed on the L of the Army Building, St. Paul, Minn. Not in con- act. Kree circulation of air prevailed. A A A B c c E H L M.M Q R S T U 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 64 60 S8 60 64 54 60 64 58 58 60 60 60 66 64 64 66 74 58 64 66 62 62 64 62 64 64 64 64 66 78 60 64 66 64 64 62 62 64 62 62 62 62 76 62 62 64 60 62 60 62 62 68 60 60 62 78 64 62 64 62 62 60 60 62 72 62 62 60 82 64 64 66 60 62 60 60 62 78 64 62 60 78 64 64 66 60 60 60 60 60 76 62 60 60 74 64 64 68 58 60 60 60 60 74 58 58 63 74 62 68 68 58 60 60 58 60 HISTORY OF THE .MILITARY CANTEEN. TEST No. 82. 149 Outside Temperature. +68 72 76 7^ 80 82 84 82 80 Temperature of Water in Canteens. Each canteen was fillej. Canteens "A"— Regulation— and "y," also "R" and "S"^Lanz — liad dry covers. All other canteens were immersed for ten (10) minutes. Open- able canvas covers Were not iinniersed. All of the can- teens were laid on a stone (granite) window sill in ihe sun _and remained so exposed for nine (9) hours. 48 58 64 72 7S 82 84 86 86 AA B c c E H L MM Q R s T u 48' 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 58 5t> 5« 64 .S6 S6 S8 S2 S4 S4 S6 S6 60 60 60 72 S^ 60 62 S6 S8 S6 60 S8 64 62 62 7« s« 62 64 60 62 62 62 62 66 66 64 80 60 66 68 64 66 66 66 64 70 68 66 84 64 70 72 68 70 70 68 68 74 68 68 86 64 76 7« 72 74 72 70 70 78 72 72 86 66 80 82 76 76 74 72 70 82 72 76 86 68 82 86 78 76 76 72 70 84' 74 76 «4 68 S2 84 80 76 76 70 70 TEST No. S3. 7-45 8.45 9-45 10.45 11-45 12.45 1-45 2.45 3-45 Outside Temperature. +70 80 78 8S 78 Temperature of Water in (.'anteens. Each canteen wa^ filled. All canteens were immersed for ten (10) mniutes. Removable canvas covers were not immersed. All of the canteens were suspended from a trestle placed in the sun on the roof of the Army Hullding, St. Paul, and remained so exposed foreieht (8) hours. A A A B .SO c c so E 1 L 50' 50 MM SO Q SO SO s so .SO 50 62 62 62 62 66 62 62 62 S8 62 64 64 64 64 70 64 64 64 62 64 66 66 66 64 76 1 66 66 64 62 66 68 66 66 66 80 i 66 68 68 66 66 70 68 68 66 S61 70 70 68 68 68 74 70 68 68 86 70 70 70 70 68 78 68 68 66 84 70 70 68 70 68 78 66 64 62 80 70 66 64 68 64 50 50 62 60 64 62 66 64 68 66 70 63 68 68 68 68 64 62 TEST No. 84. Hour Temperature of Water in Canteens. All of the canteens were filled. Each canteen was im- mersed for ten (10) minutes. Openable canvas covers were not immersed All of the canteens were then laid on a stone (granite) window si II in the sun, on the roof of the Army Building, St. Paul, Minn., and remained so exposed for nine (9) hours. A .\ A B c c E L MM Q R s T 50 .SO 50 50 SO SO SO SO SO so SO 62 60 60 60 64 60 62 S8 S8 S6 S8 68 66 64 64 72 64 66 62 62 62 64 72 70 70 68 82 68 72 66 66 66 68 72 70 70 70 88 70 74 68 70 68 70 76 72 72 70 92 74 76 72 74 72 72 80 72 70 70 86 76 76 72 74 72 70 82 74 72 72 86 78 78 72 74 72 72 84 76 72 72 86 80 80 74 76 74 72 84 78 72 72 84 80 82 74 76 74 72 u 50 58 62 66 68 70 70 72 72 72 ISO HISTORY OF Tin-: MILITARY CANTEEN. TEST No. 85. Outside Temperature +80 86 92 94 100 100 100 100 92 90 Temperature of Water in Canteens. All of the canleeus were filled. Each canteen was im- mersed for ten ( 10) minutes. Openable canvas covers were not immersed. All of the canteens were then suspended from a trestle in the sun, exposed on the roof of the 1. of Army P.uilding, St. Haul, Minn. A A A B c c E L MM SO Q SO R 50 s SO T SO SO SO SO .SO .SO SO 6S 64 66 64 68 66 66 62 60 60 64 70 68 70 68 80 70 70 66 64 66 68 72 70 72 72 8b 72 72 70 68 70 70 74 72 72 72 88 74 74 72 70 74 72 S2 72 76 72 94 7« 74 74 76 76 72 qo 7« 76 72 q8 82 7« 74 76 76 74 P4 82 7« 74 100 90 84 76 80 80 76 q8 86 76 74 102 92 88 80 82 80 76 98 90 7H 74 100 94 90 7^ 82 80 74 u 50 62 66 70 72 74 76 78 80 78 TEST No. 86. 7-45 ^ 8-45 9-45 10.45 11.45 ' 12.45 P 1-45 ' 2-45 3-45 ' 4-45 ' Temperature of Water in Canteens. Outside Temperature. Conditions : Same as in preced ing Test — No. 85. A A A B c c 48 E 48 48 MM ^8 ^8 R 48 s "48 T 48 U +86 48 48 48 48 90 68 66 66 68 70 68 68 64 60 62 64 60 92 72 68 70 70 80 70 74 68 66 66 70 66 96 74 72 72 74 88 74 7b 72 70 70 72 70 98 78 74 74 74 94 76 78 74 74 72 76 72 104 88 76 76 74 ICO 80 80 76 78 74 78 76 104 94 80 78 76 102 84 82 78 80 76 82 80 104 98 88 78 76 102 90 88 78 82 78 82 82 94 98 92 78 78 98 96 92 80 82 80 82 84 94 96 94 78 78 94 94 92 80 82 80 80 82 TEST No. 87. 7.45 a 8.45 9-45 10.45 ' 11.45 ' 12.45 P 1.45 2.45 ' 3-45 ' 4- 45 Outside Temperature. +78 So 84 88 88 90 90 88 80 So Temperature of Watrr in Canteens. All of the canteens were filled. All of the canteens were immersed, both covers on, for ten (lo) minutes before being e.xposed to the sun, suspended from a trestle placed on the roof of the L of the Army Building, St. Paul, Minn. A A A B C C| E 50. 50 64! 74 66( 82 68' 88 68' 88 u 50 62 64 66 68 70 70 72 74 74 HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CAXTEEX. TEST No. 88. 1=^1 Hour 7.45 a 8.45 9-45 10.45 11.45 12.45 p 1-45 2.4=; 3-45 4-45 Outside Temperature. 66 70 72 78 80 80 78 76 76 Temperature of Water in Canteens. Conditions same as in Test No. 87. B C C E I 62 60 62 64 64 66 64 68 50 64 70 72 78 80 821 82' 82 80 50 54 56 56 58 60 60 62 64 04 TEST No. 89. Temperature of Water in Canteens. AH openable canvas covers were removed before immers- ing the feltcovered canteens for ten (10) minutes. The dry canvas covers were then replaced over the wet felt and canteens exposed same as in Test No. 88. A A B c c E L MM Q R s T 50 50 50 50 .SO SO SO SO SO SO 56 56 58 66 58 S8 S4 62 S4 S8 bo S8 S8 70 bo bo S6 62 S8 60 62 60 60 72 62 62 S8 62 S8 62 62 62 62 76 64 64 60 64 60 64 64 64 66 82 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 86 70 6S 68 68 6S 6S 68 66 66 86 70 70 70 70 70 6S 70 68 66 88 76 76 72 72 70 70 70 68 66 86 78 78 74 72 72 70 50 56 58 58 60 66 68 68 68 68 TEST No. 90. Outside Temperature. Temperature of Water in Canteens. Hour. Canvas and felt covers immersed for ten (10) minutes before commencing test. A 'A A B c c E L MM Q K s T u 7-45 -I- '» 8.d.^ " +62 62 64 60 62 60 62 64 66 64 52' 52 56 54 56 56 58: 58 58: 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 60 60 60 60 52 54 56 56 56 58 58 60 58 52 54 56 56 56 56 S8 58 58 60 52 58 62 58 62 62 62 60 62 64 52 It 58 58 58 58 60 60 60 52 56 56 58 58 58 60 60 58 52 52 54 56 56 56 58 58 58 60 52 54 56 56 56 56 58 58 60 52 52 55 56 56 56 58 58 60 60 52 54 56 56 56 56 58 58 60 58 52 54 54 56 56 56 58 58 58 58 n. J.!; " 10.4; " 1 1 .4; " 12.45 p. m 1.45 " 2.4; " -i.AZ " 4-45 " '5-2 IIISTORV OF Till': Mri.lTARY CANTEEN. TEST No. 91. S.oo a. m 9.00 " 1000 " 11.00 " 12.00 m. 1. 00 p. Ill 2.00 " 3.00 " 4.00 " 5.00 " Outside Tcmperatvrc. +72 76 So 84 84 86 84 84 86 88 Temperature of Water in Canteens. All canvas covers removed before immersing canteens for len (10) minutes. Canvas covers then replaced over wet felt, before commencement of lest. 52 60 64 64 66 66 66 72 76 78 A A B c c E L MM ^ R S T S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 52 52 52 .S2 ss s-s 62 S8 vs S6! s8 .S6 .s« 60 62 60 70 62 64 60 60 ss 60 64 64 62 74 64 66 62, 62 62 64 66 66 64 7« 68 68 64 64 64 66 66 6S 66 80 68 68 66 68 66 66 66 66 66 82 68 68 66 68 66 66 66 66 66 84 70 68 68 70 68 68 66 68 66 86 70 70 68 72 68 70 66 68 66 86 72 70 68 72 68 70 52 56 62 64 66 68 70 70 72 TEST No. 92. 8.00 a. m. 9.00 " . 10.00 " 1 1 00 " 12.00 111- . 1. 00 p. 111. 2.00 " 3.00 " . 4.00 " 5.00 " . Outside Temperature. 68 70 62 58 60 60 58 58 62 Temperatur e of Water in Canteens. Both canvas outer, and felt inner covers immersed for ten (lo) minutes before commencement of test. A A B IC C 50 50 60 60 62 62 60 60 56 56 50; 50 60 60 62 68 50 58 62 62 58 56 54 52 ^2 TEST No. 93. Out- ' ■" side All canteens filled and covers dry. A A A B c c E L MM Q R s T u Y* zt +82 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 ,S2 S2 52 5^ 84 60 62 60 S8 64 62 62 S8 S8 S8 .S8 S8 64 64 90 72 70 68 6S 80 70 72 64 66 66 66 66 74 72 Q2 82 7^ 74 76 88 78 78 70 72 70 70 70 80 7-i 100 86 86 82 82 92 86 86 74 76 76 76 76 84 84 98 90 90 86 88 06 90 90 80 80 80 80 80 88 86 92 92 90 90 90 Q4 90 92 82 82 82 84 84 86 84 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 84 84 84 84 84 86 86 90 8S 90 90 88 00 90 .go 84 84 84 86 86 86 86 HISTORY OF THE MILITAKV CANTEEN. TEST No. H4. ^53 Temperature of Water in Canteens. Out- side Temp. All canteens filled and covers dry except Canteen "T," the covers of which wefe wet. A A A B c c E L M.M Q R s T u Y* z+ +S2 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 86 64 62 62 62 68 64 66 62 60 60 62 62 64 64 lOO 70 68 70 68 7« 70 72' 68 64 68 68 66 72 72 lOO 72 72! 72 72 88 74 74 72 68 70 70 72 80 78 lOO 72 72j 74 74 90 76 76 74 70 72 72 72 82 82 96 76 74 74 74 94 76 76 76 76 74 74 74 86 86 9^ 7« 74| 74 74 94 76 76 76 76 74 74 74 88 86 100 86 78l 74 74 96 82 80 76 7« 76 74 74 90 90 98 92 82: 76 74 96 88 88 78 80 7« 76 :6 90 90 92 96 86' 76 76 96 92 92 78 82 7« 74 7« 92 90 TEST No. 95. Hour. 7.30 a. 8.30 ' 9-30 ' 10.30 ' 11.30 " 12.30 p. 1.30 " 2.30 " 3-30 " 4.30 " Out- side Temp. +86 92 100 100 104 104 104 100 96 92 Temperature of Water in Canteens. Conditions: Same as in Test No. 94. A A A B C C K 78:100 78'ioo 741 98 76I 96 54 54 70 66 74 70 76 72 76| 78 76 80 54| 54 64 68 68' 72 72' 76 76, 78 78I 78 78 78 78, 78 80 76 78 76 54 68 72' 76; 76 76' 78| 80 76 78' Y*| Zt 541 54 68 j 66 72| 72 80j 78 86 84 90] 88 92, 90 92| 90 92, 92 92' 90 ♦Description of Canteen "Y."— From Messrs. Hormann. Schutte & Co., Cannstatt a Necken Germany. Aluminum, 99% pure, drawn and pressed out of one solid piece. Mouthpiece, two pressed parts. No cover. Weight cf flask, S}4 ozs. Capacity, 46 fluid ounces. Weight, tilled, 57'2 ounces, avoirdupois. + DESCRIPTION OF Canteen "Z." — Circular Ahiminuni fl.isk, msde by the Griswold Manufactur- ing Co., Erie, Pa. Cist, including lug, from a wood pattern and wood core box. No cover. Weight of flask, 17)4 ounces. C!apacity, 52 fluid ounces. Weight, filled, 72 ounces. 154 IIISTOKV Ol' TlIi: MII.ITAkY CANTEliN. RKCOHD OF CANTHKN "F." Synopsis of Icsls, oiicii-air, made at Ilcadiiuarlcrs, DcpailmciU of Dakota, St. Paul, Minn., of the Newark, N. J. Aliiininuni Flask — Circular Canteen; no .solder said to l)c used: Covered i)y the Lanz method with ^-inch felt; openable canvas cover. < "apacity, 44 ounces. Weight 16 ounces. Termed in this monograph, Canteen "F. " No. of Tests 33. Frozen in Test No. 30; also in No. 38. Test No. 33, leakage first noticed. Test No. 38 leakage established. No. of Test. Outside Temperature. Temperature of Water in Canteen. 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 Maximum. Minimum + 8 12 14 23 34 41 32 40 36 42 14 2S 26 12 34 - 2 Zero. +28 18 iS 24 16 '4 2S 30 22 38 42 iS 2 20 20 Maximum. Minimum. + 7 10 14 20 32 38 12 10 22 4 14 -10 10 + 14 14 8 4 8 2 18 22 8 24 32 12 - 4 + 2 Zero. 20 + 54 + 32 52 56 32 32 112 32 no 116 44 48 u6 42 116 52 100 48 94 96 98 52 32 36 94 32 94 106 32 38 74 32 102 32 90 80 34 32 130 34 50 56 178 168 32 32 32 38 50 52 54 52 170 172 1 68 44 Frozen withdrawn. Leaked after first hour. Leaked. Frozen. J .eaky. Hichest. + 42 + 178 The record of Canteen "F," covering a period of thirty-four (34) days, is given in extenso in order to illustrate, practically, the thoroughness with which all tests were conducted. My tests were not based on any theory. My recommendations ha%-e been based upon the results of numerous tests under varying conditions. Aluminum and its alloys is such a satisfactory metal to make canteen flasks of— if the metal could be satisfactorily soldered— that I part with it with reluctance. The aluminum manufacturers have not yet, to my knowledge, succeeded in making a canteen fiask that will meet the requirements of the military service. HISTORY Ol" Till-: MILITARV CA.MEEN. I55 A lUMl'AklSi )X. Jiii: KiiCL LAI ION \'i:ksls 1111: La.\/ Lam'i:l;.v. Thouglu was applied aiul cxpcrinicius conducted in the U. S. Army more than a quarter af a century ago to the solution of the question of how to keep water in a tin canteen palatable in a hot region. It resolved itself into the adoption of the present Regula- tion Canteen. The formation of judgment regarding a canteen suitable for military use is slow work. It is easy to arrive at a con- clusion regarding a device that is merely a receptacle to hold liquids in for the consumption of tourists, sportsmen, and bicyclists, on a summer outing. My conclusions are that the Regulation Canteen fails to secure the benefits of a prolonged evaporative action for as long a time as the Lanz Canteen does. The Lanz Canteen prevents rapid changes of temperature of its contents. Its shape and method of construction. — both as regards the metallic flask and its components, the covers, — differ from other canteens. The means, methods and principles involved, physical, mechanical and rational, are elsewhere described in this monograj:)]!. In cold weather, the dry felt is an effective non-conductor of heat. In hot weather the saturated — canvas encased — cover of all-wool felt applied to the filled metallic flask continues moist for a number of hours longer than any other canteen, hence possesses the merit of keeping the fluid contents cool and rehshable for a maximum period. A defect of the Regulation Canteen is that it is impracticable to easily thoroughly saturate the inner felt, or Petersham, cover. After a little field service, the outer canvas cover accumulates grease, dirt, etc., to such an extent as to become nearly water-proof, despite immersion : hence there is little cooling action by evapora- tion. Herein one of the advantages of the Lanz Canteen applies, because it has an openable cover, whereas the Regulation cover is permanently attached, unless the stitches are cut. The musket carried by our army during the civil war period, 1861-5, could put an enemy out of action at a range of 600 yards, but the effective range of the Springfield muzzle-loader was limited as compared with the Cal. 30 U. S. Magazine Rifle, sheathed pro- jectile, with which our troops arc now armed. The energy and ]>enetration oi the latter at a range in excess of two miles is known. The determination of the relative merits of the old caliber .45 small firearm of projection, as compared with the rifle at present in the hands of our soldiers, should not rest upon the limitations of the Springfield, but upon the far-reaching powers of the Krag-Jorgenson. I Vl iiisioin- III- Mil. Mii.iiAin' c.wi i':i';.\'. ,\> it is willi liri;iiiii>. .s< i it is willi cinlcms. I'ur a iiiiiiihcT of hours, sa\ , six, tlir Kcgulaliou Canteen will, under (irdinary circumstances and inndcr.iltly uniform temperature, keep water as cool as the T,an/. : htU. after the water absorbed bv the C()\ers of the 1\etj;ulation Canteen has evaporated and the con- tents thus I)e|L;un to rise in temperature, the Lanz Canteen will con- tinue to keep its contents at a lower, therefore more relishable, tem- ])eratin-e than the Regulation Canteen. Seide^, German^^ /lk. j Loops attached to Cover. Concave-conve.x faces. Covex faces. Cylindrical. Flat. One face llat, oppo.site face curvetl. r Durability. ■{ Weight. (^ Capacity. 1 r All-wool felt. I InsideCover i Felted tMotli. ( Sponye Cloth. I Duck, or Canvas. \ Any textile fabric. ( Leather. ! .Single Piece. . . Joined Pieces.. ,' Oval Oblong CJourd Bottle s]ia]>cd. . Circular Flask. ( >utside Cover Mouth Piece. Stopper. I'hain. Triangles, nr Side I'ieees ytieries Can air-pre>suie Vie utilized in lieu of the inside \\ater-pres>uro u-ed, as state*! by the Pittsburgh Reduction Co., in sha])ing spun aluminum canteen flasks? Will a cast aluminunr flask prove as duiable as a flask of spun aluminum? llow can triangles, ears, lugs, i)r rings be substantially fastened at the sides of an aluminum flask, and thus do away with a strap around the cover? Kv what niethnd is the Canteen Flask made? 15^ iiisnim' OK Tin-: mii.itakv cantf.IvX. ••Llur I'cKlllaschcn uiid Kocligcschinc aiis Aluininuin. Iiii Augl- rncfc (Us k. Kriegsministcriums hcarheilct von Dr. Plagge, Stabsarzt, 1111(1 (Icorg Lcbbin, Chcmikcr. (Canteen an(J cooking utensils of aluminum. Prepared bv direction of the war ministry by Dr. I'laggc, staff surgeon, and George Lebbin, chemist.) lOO pp. Ijcr- lin, 1893" : — i:XTR.\CT. "Three kinds of tests : (i) Rough, practical usefulness. (2) Durability, wearing (pialities and cost fmni an eco- nomical point of view. (3) Question of hygiene and harmfulness or harmlessness of alumimmi vessels. The tinal result of these tests and trials amount to this : That neither from a practical nor from an economical point of view essential arguments against the feasibility of using aluminum field flasks exist, and that from a sanitary standpoint such flasks can be utilized without the least hesitation. Regarding the rough practical usefulness, the question arises whether or not the taste of the fluid contained in the aluminum flask is in any way changed. This is not the case. Neither water, nor coffee, nor water mixed with vinegar; beer, wine, brandy (cog- nac) and other spirituous liquors, lemonade; etc., show a change in taste, particularly no after-taste of aluminum, even after the con- tents had remained in the flask for a week. Although a change in the taste of the contents of a properly cleaned aluminum flask does not occur, there are some liquids which appear to be unsuited to be kept for any length of time in such flasks. They become cloudy or muddy and cause the formation of s])ots or stains. Among them are, as practical tests in the army have demonstrated, brandy (cognac) which, after only twenty-four hours" preservation in the flask, particularly in a warm temperature, caused the formation of peculiar dark brown spots or stains on the inside of the flask. In order to determine the nature of the spots, tests were made with various liquors, i. e., three kinds of cognac, two kinds of Xordhauser (corn whisky), herl) liquor, Dantzig Goldwater and Kuemmel. =*= * :}: :■: H: :;: * * * 1 liese experiments proved that aluminum flasks are not adapted for a lengthy preservation of such liquids as cognac, etc.. which. HISTORY OF THE .MILITARV CANTEEX 1 59 although not losing particularly in taste, lose their appetizing quali- ties by becoming clouded, the discoloration being caused by loosen- ing of the stains from the flask and mixing with the liquor. This, however, hardly impairs the practical usefulness of the aluminum flask for the army. A soldier generally carries cofifee or water in his flask, not liquor, the latter being, particularly on marches, at least in the infantrv, expressly prohibited. Of other liquids carried in the flask, cofi"ee. the standard drink (jf the marching soldier, should be considered : but the stains created by it (amounting to the size of a pin head after 24 hours) are so inconsiderable that all practical objection will disappear when it is considered that tlie coffee, which in itself is not entirely clear, does not lose its taste and is generally kept in the flask for a nuich shorter period. Another kind of stains of whitish color in aluminum field flasks must be considered. They are caused by leaving water standing quiet in an aluminum vessel for any length of time. Although the resistance of the metal to the action of the water. — and especially of distilled w^ater, — is undoubted, yet weak solutions of salt, which are contained in most of our drinking waters, bring about the above mentioned phenomenon, after the water has remained in the vessels for hours. These stains resemble the brandy stains to a great extent, but are of a lighter color, being yellowish-white, and feel firm and sandy, while the cognac stains are of an even, loose or spongy nature. Those whitish stains also appear much ;-lower. generally not after several days. ********* So far as the question of ecmiomy is concerned, it is to be em- phasized that the aluminum field flasks during these many and varied tests and experiments, continued for months, including their 1)eing placed in incubators and shaking api)aratus (the latter imi- tating the movement of a marching soldier), have shown them- selves as very durable and strong, and that a leakage has never occurred. \\'hether. in this respect, they will satisfy the demands of field service, can only be demonstrated by practical carrying tests. As the softness of the metal facilitates a possibility of damage to the flask, it is a matter of importance that lately a niunbcr of sure methods of soldering aluminum have i)een found, which process, as is well known, was not quite successful at first." iTtn HISTORY OF Till, MHIIAKV CANTEEN. The Patton Paint Company, Milwankcc. Wis., (see p. 104), writes: "We have come to a point now where we desire to get hold of the canteen itself made of wood and will ask you to inform us whether you know of such a canteen already made up. If not, we shall be obliged to have a few made by some wood working com- pany, as we are now ready to give the paint a test on the canteen as it will be used in service." The Griswold Manufacturing Company, Erie, Pa., (see pp. 48-9), writes as follows: "In reply to yours in regard to the can- teen, would say. we had to make several changes in our pattern, which delayed us in getting out the sample. We have this all fin- ished, so we will be able to make castings to-day or to-morrow, and expect to be able to send you sample for your test the very first of next week. We trust this will not be too late, and that you will hold 3'our tests open so you can include our sample in the same. We know we can be successful in making a cast canteen all in one piece, which would certainly be much stronger than the sheet alum- inum one, and there will be no rivets projecting through, which are weak points, as it soon corrodes around the rivets. We shall cast a lug on the outside on which to fasten the ring for the strap. Trusting you can. therefore, hold the tests open, and assuring you we will send sample in a very few days, we remain," etc. Hermann, Schutte & Co.. Importers and General Commission Merchants, 24 and 26 W. 4th St., New York, write as follows: "One of our friends called our attention to your article in the Aluminum World of March, 1901. We understand from this that you take great interest in aluminum articles, especiallv canteens for the U. S. Army, and as we represent the largest manufacturer in the world who makes a specialty of aluminum canteens and cook- ing utensils for military purposes, having supplied all the European armies and still supplying them with all they need in this line, we are sure we could give you some valuable information and success- fully compete with any manufacturer in this line of goods. We would be only too pleased to furnish you with samples which you might test and also wnth lowest quotations, if you will have the kindness to inform us what you may need to make your test, and also give you any other information which might possibly interest you and which we are in a position to furnish." * =•= * The above mentioned firm — Messrs. Hormann. Schutte & Co. — again write: — "We confirm our previous letter and have taken thi' HISTORY OF THE MILITARY CANTEEN. r6l liberty of sending you a sample of an aluniinuni CHUlecn. which we just this moment received from our manufacturer. "This canteen has Ijeen drawn and pressed out of one soh make absolutely in accordance with your instructions. "Kindly test this canteen thoroughly and see whether the same would come in every respect up to your expectation and answer your purpose thoroughly. "We would be much obliged to hear from you." Messrs. Herm. Weissenburger & Co.. Cannstatt a. Xecker write as follows: — "We thank you for your kind favor of 10th instant, but not seeing our way to compete successfully with the U. S. manufacturers on account of heavy duty, we have decided to keep back, although the order would suit us very well. "We have invented a new helmet, a combination of .Muminum. leather and Pegamoid, light and rigid, perhaps with this article. which we can protect in the U. S., we shall have better luck. We shall send yoi; a sample later." Tlie Griswold Manufacturing Company, Erie, Pa., (see also pre- ceding pages 48-9 and 87), write again : — "We are shipping you by American Express today, prepaid, sample of cast Aluminuiu flask. W^e are sending you this flask without any cork, as we were in a great hurry to ship it to you. Did not have time to make the metal trimmings and chain that you woidd recjuire on the cork. These small details we can easily fix any requirements you would want. "This flask was tested with water pressure of 50 pounds to the square inch. It stood the test all right, except we bent out the flat side slightlv. Would say. this flat side is a little thinner than the other. "This flask was cast from just a wooden pattern and wood core box. Tt is difficult to hold the core exactly true. If we should make them we would use metal patterns and core boxes, and fit up so they would come exact even thickness, and we hope then to get them a trifle lighter. lOJ JIISTUUV OF I 111'; MII-IIAKV CANTEKiV. "Of course, \vc uiKlersiaiKl the tlasks would have lo l)e fui nislicd with fell or cloth covcriug, we presume also the chains and straps, hut ( ur idea in sending you this hare sample is to get your (opinion whether a cast ilask is practical, and if there would he any chance of it heing adopted. If so, we stand ready to go ahead at once and get up a more perfect sample, equipped with all details, coverings, etc. "This flask, of course, is heavier than one made of sheet alumi- mini, and we did not know hut the weight would he against it. Ou the other hand, it is a good deal stronger, and there are no rivets through the same where the chains are fastened on. wdiich is a very weak point on a sheet aluminum flask, as the water will immediately begin to corrode around the rivet heads. "Also, there arc no joints or soldered places in the flask. We trust this will reach you in time for you to include it in your report, and WT await with interest your reply. "We stand ready to make any changes, and to furnish you with completely fitted up sample, as you may request. "We also believe this flask is a little larger than the regulation re(]uirements." The Indian Aluminum Company, Limited, Madras, British In- dia, (see page yy), writes again as follows: — "Since the dispatch of cur letter of the 21st ultimo, we have received the copy of the .■Unminiiin World for March and have read with much interest your letter, wherein we note that the articles submitted to yoit for test are experimented with until they are practically destroyed. We cannot claim that our water bottles are indestructible, but we cor- dially invite the severest test and we feel sure that in the matter of strength and durability our goods w-ill compare most favorably with those manufactured anywhere else. We also note your sugges- tion that naked flasks should not be sent to you, but here w^e would point out that any covering that we could put on them would have to be imported by us, and this would materially add to the cost, whereas should you decide to place an order with us we have no doubt that some firm in America would undertake the cover with material to be approved of by you. As it has occurred to us that the sample we sent you was rather small, we are now sending you a second bottle, to contain three pints." The real way to find out the merits of a canteen is to carry it and depend upon it for the fluids that you drink. The man who carries the canteen is usually indfterent as to its IIISTOKV OF THE .MILITARY CANTKKX. iC)}, material or construction and ignorant as to its theories. princii)lcs, or components. He is a judge of results, though, just as a marks- man knows what the effectiveness of his rifle is, when he has become accustomed to the practical use of the firearm. The average man is more interested in what the canteen does than in what it is. He has no reliable means of proving what it is, but he needs no advice to tell him what it does. He makes no experiments cr comparative tests ; he has no opportunity to do so. He accepts the canteen issued to him as the best type and product of its class. He knows that water from the Regulation Canteen may l)e usable without being relishable or palatable. If given a chance to test the Regulation Canteen with the Lanz Canteen, it is believed the veteran would pronounce the latter a success. Until the arc-electric or incandes- cent electric lights came we never knew what flying animals were in the air, but we then found myriads of strange bugs immolated beneath the lights. Just as illuminating gas was superseded by the electric light, an improvement is demanded in the shape, construc- tion and material of the Regulation Canteen. There are two ways in which to fully and impartially consider the merits of any article of equipment intended for a soldier's use. One preliminary way is to master in a workmanlike wise the practical details of its materials, construction, and principles in- volved. The other way is to assume in postulatory kind of wise that certain results will follow a certain theory or conception. But these reasoning processes or conclusions are sometimes proved untenable, or erroneous, by practical demonstrations. When these presumed conclusions are upset by the results of ]iractical test, experiment or trial, the winner is entitled to the benefit. In these canteen tests something more than tentative methods have been practised. Every canteen has been placed, on trial, and judg- ment and recommendatirns succeeded, not preceded, the trial. The conclusion is that tlic Lanz metliod is the best type for the militar\- service. An opinion to the contrary expressed by any one who has not practically and thoroughly tested' all of the devices, but entrenches himself behind an opinion as a fortress, is not entitled to weight. Human labor cannot supply what nature has denied, but can simulate it. A good canteen is a necessity for which a soldier in the field would willingly cxrhange such luxuries in life as clothing, tobacco and solid food — particularly if he is a hunter who has i()| iiis'iT)KN' Ml rill Mfi rrvin' r.WTF.nx. ili.iiiK liiuii riiiil >|)riiij;s of icy watiT Imlilcii a\\;i\ in dark cffxices ill j^'Iaiiii. TIk' \\a\s in which tlir l\c'|L;ulalioii Canteen nia_\ l»e made the \ehie]c Inr the transi)ortalion of an impure water snj)})!} arc shown, in part, in the (piotcd letter from Mr. Joseph A. Steinmctz. (Jiithreaks of malarial fever have followed the use of impure water. The Regulation Canteen aids to spread infection, because, as a water carrier, it can carry the germs of fever, and because of the practical impossibility of sterilizing its contents by the soldier in the field. The substitution of a canteen differing in material, construction and shape, would partly obviate these dangers. The Patton Paint Compaiu', Milwaukee, Wis., * see j). 104), writes again as follows: — "Canteens of wood, if they can be rendered absolutely impervious to water and so treated that they will give no taste to liquids wdiicb they hold, will be found more satisfactory than canteens made of metal or of any composition which would be ])racticable for service. "We are conducting a series of experiments which lead us to be- lieve that we have found a process of treating wood in such a way that a canteen turned out of a solid block can be coated on the inside with our si)ecial preservative paint and will resist the action of water, tea and coffee, giving no taste, and holding at an equable temjxTa- ture any liquid which a soldier would be using in active service. "These experiments, while they convince us of the possibilitv of fulfilling all the conditions to be met in actual use, will need some six months longer to enable us to guarantee the permanency of re- sults which must be obtained if we are to back our statements with the reputation of the Patton Paint Company. "The advantages of wood for holding water are obvious. Wood is among the best non-conductors of beat. It is stiff" and bard, hav- ing considcral)le strength for resisting strains, blows and jars, with sufficient elasticity to resume its shai)e after undergoing almost any treatment but that of being crushed or broken. "In tropical climates wood canteens will be found to keep the water and other potable liquids at a lower temperature for a longer time than tin, iron, or any other metal Cwbether enameled cr other- wise). "In resistance to cold, wood has equally high efiiciency. It will withstand the freezing temperature better than anv other substance of which canteens could be made. "The only olijection to the use of wood for niakino- canteens is iiisi'Din ui- Tin: Mii.i'r.\m' (■.\.\tI':i:x. 165 tliai It i:- afffcird li\ ilu' |h|iiii1s thai ii coiitaiii>. All li<|ui(ls cuiitain- ini;- watrr ])(.riiicaU' tln^ pMics i)\ natural wh.kI aiiij uniJer this iiilhi- ciKX' the lil)LT> rapiilK uii(krL;i) dcU'rioration. The \\(j«. made aii} color except while; its natural color is slate, i l)a\r il in refrigerator boxes, where it has been used for the last seven _\ears and is as good now as when ih-st put on. ]t can be used for a great many things: covering for refrigerator pipes, to keep them from corroding; lining between double floors to keep them from leaking; also on vats that are liable to leak a coating of this does the business. "If this should interest you, if you write me 1 will send you some samples on wood and iron and you can test them." The Patton Paint Companw of Milwaukee, Wis., writes again as follows : — "The basis of my argument in favor of the paint which we recommend for wood canteens rests upon the fact that the paint is applied to wood rather than to any metal surface. If the same paint were applied to metal, it would act in much the same way as enameled metal-ware acts. It would chijx crack and scale with the expansion and shrinkage of tlie metallic surface upon which the enamel is liaked. "The great weakness of all enameled metal-ware is the fact that the enamel is applied to a substance which has a much larger co- efficiency of expansion than a substance which, like wood, is com- posed of fibers brought together and amalgamated under the law of growth and which has therefore intercellular spaces which take up the larger portion of motion that would ensue upon expansion of the fibers and therefore expand, when they do so, more slowly than the metal, which, from its lack of intercellular spaces, must at once yield to the force acting upon it in either enlarging or reducing the molecular orbit. "The immediate result of the chipping and cracking of the en- amel is that the liquid is admitted to immediate action upon the metal, which oxidizes and permits still further disintegration of the enamel, which in this way starts the process of undermining the enamel covering, so that chips are set free and small and large quantities are allowed to escape with the water, to be swallowed by the soldier. "Serious trouble could arise in the way of poisonmg if the enamel were composed, as is frequently the case, of white lead, which is uK^re or less soluble, and which might easily afifect the soldier, inde- pen snpcr-iniposcd." J am iii(lel)lc(l to the Western I'ell Works, 787 lu jy/ South Canal St., Chieagt), Ills., for the formula and the process methods of a test for determining the amount of wool in felt, or any wool, or part wool, fabric. Jt should be known to every inspector uf covered canteen flasks, or of woolen clothing or material furnished for the use of the com- batant land or naval forces of the United States. In courtesy to the company the test cannot here be given. Sponge belongs to the vegetable kingdom. Mixed with an ani- mal product — wool — the resultant compound — sponge-felt — mav be open to some objections ; perhaps resembling those found, prac- tically, by the French navy when cellulose, composed of the ground fibre of the cocoanut, was tried, in compressed form — briquettes — to close ,the openings made and prevent the inflow of water, even if penetrated by projectiles — the protection nf buoyancv method, so called. As sponge grows in the water, and is used wet, it is at its best when wet ; should be offered for sale wet. Sponges, when dry, are hard, rough and easily torn ; when wet, sponges are much less easily torn. The difference between sponge and fish-glue and gelatine in dried and soaked state applies to sponges. The strongest sponge is easily torn by pulling across the grain. The fair test is with the grain — everything has a grain. Wooden columns support buildings when placed with, or along, the grain. Init wood across the grain can easilv be broken. 'WE'VE DRUXK FROM THE SAME CWXTEEX. BY MILKS c'rHILLV. There are bonds of all sorts in this world of ours: Fetters of friendship, and ties of flowers. And true lovers' knots, I ween. The boy and the girl are bound by a kiss. But there's never a bond, old friend, like this. We have drunk from the same canteen. CHORUS. The same canteen, my soldier friend, The same canteen ; There's never a bond, old friend, like this, We have drunk from the same canteen. lf)S lIls■l■(lK^■ oi- iiii: \MMT.\l<^■ < an rr:iix. ll was siiiiuliiiK's walcr. and suiiu-liiiirs iiiillN. SoiiK'tiiiH's appli' jark. \'u]v as silk ; lint wliati-'wr llu' lipjjlc has been. \\\' shared it ln^ether in bane or bbss. And r warm to yon, friend, when I tliink of this. We have (h-nnk from the same canteen. The rich and the great sit down to dine. And quaff to each other in sparkHng wine. From ghisses of crystal and green ; Cut I guess in their golden potations the}- miss The warmth of regard to be found in this, We have drunk frr)m the same canteen. We've shared nur blankets and tent together, And marched, and fought, in all kinds of weather. And hungr} , and full, we've been. Had days of battle, and days of rest. But this mem'ry I cling to, and love the best, W'e have drunk from the same canteen. l'"or wdien wounded I lay on the outer slope. With my blood flowing fast, and with little hope. On which my faint spirit might lean. Oh. then I remember, you crawl'd to m\- side. And bleeding so fast, it seemed both must have died. We drunk from the same canteen. I'pon the recommendation of the Inspector General. U. S. Army, the publication of the foregoing report was authorized bv tlie 1 [(Miorable. the Secretary of War. under date of 27th April, iqot. Ideut. -Colonel & Inspector General. I'. S. \ (Major 4th U. S. Infantry"). Inspector General. DeiU. Dakota. 0>^K UNIVERSrTY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANI^tLtS THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY R^Q'j^Ms book is DUE on the last date stamped below ^ 11966 hEB 2 3 1978 Form I,-B 2Uni-l, '41(1122) '."'■Wf ■■' ■?\g»alg&-t UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY AA 001 156 624 7