Qia
 
 \
 
 Sketct)esg/^ 
 
 E a r lyAme r ican 
 Arcl)itecture 
 
 O.I^Eggers 
 
 Witn a Series of descriptive monograpns 
 
 by 
 
 WILLIAM H. CROCKER 
 
 Editor or The American Architect 
 
 THE AMERICAN ARCHITECT 
 
 243 W. 39 Street. New York 
 
 1922 
 
 Copyright ig22 by The Architectural and Building Press, Inc.
 
 101 
 
 Foreword 
 
 IN presenting- the series of original sketches and tlie accompanying 
 descriptive monographs, wliich at reguhir intervals appeared in 
 Thk American Architect, it will not be necessarj^ to comment 
 further on their artistic excellence or tlie high reputation of the artist 
 who sketched these many exam])les of early American architecture. 
 
 Heretofore there have never been adequately shown or grouped 
 in one volume, the many buildings and details, historically interesting 
 and architectui-ally good, that ai-e to be found in the Colonial towns 
 adjacent to the Eastern cities in the United States. A rather indif- 
 ferent and poorly executed lot of postcards, illustrating some of tliese 
 buildings, but lacking any description, issued by various communities, 
 represents all that has been jniblished of many of the subjects shown. 
 
 It was with the two-fold ])uri)ose of dignifying the work of the 
 early builder-architects and furnishing the best possible examples of 
 pencil rendering, that the jniblishers of The American Architect 
 set about the preparation of the present series. Since the advent of 
 the hand camera too little attention has been given by architects and 
 draftsmen to sketching in the field. It is believed the sketches shown 
 in this collection constitute an eloquent appeal for a revival of interest 
 in this phase of architectural education.
 
 MONOGRAPHS DESCRIPTIVE OF 
 A SERIES OF SKETCHES BY OTTO R. EGGERS OF EARLY AMERICAN 
 
 ARCHITECTURE 
 
 ST. PAUL'S CHAPEL, NEW YOKK 
 McBean, Architect 
 
 WllEjST, in 17(34, this venerable chapel of 
 Ti'iuity Parish was begun, it was placed 
 to face the river whose banks at that time were 
 many hundred feet nearer to the church than 
 they are today. Its eastern end was close to what 
 is now known as Bruadway and owing to the pedi- 
 mented portico that adorns it, is often mistakenly 
 believed to be the front of the church. 
 
 One McBean was the architect. It is gleaned 
 from the records of the church that, owing to slow 
 means of transportation of material and a scarcity 
 of competent labor, this chapel was three years 
 under construction. It has been claimed that Mc- 
 Bean was at one time a pupil of Giibbs of London 
 and this claim is bolstered by the fact that this 
 church strongly resembles St. Martin's-in-the-Field 
 in London, which was designed by Gibbs. The fact 
 remains that "old St. Paul's," as it is affectionately 
 called by New Yorkers, is one of the most satis- 
 factory examples of our extant Coloilial ecclesias- 
 tical architecture. It stands in the center of its 
 churchyard on the block bounded by Vesey, Fulton, 
 Broadway and Church streets and is today, as for 
 more than a centviry past, a spot hallowed by every 
 association, religious and civic, that is part of the 
 heritage of every New Yorker. Its interior pre- 
 serves all of the aspects of its English origin even 
 to the three ostrich plumes (the crest of the Prince 
 of Wales) that surmount the canopy over the altar. 
 Here Washington came after his inaugin-atiou as 
 President of the United States to attend the 
 solemn service that formed a part of his inaugura- 
 tion ceremony. The pew in which he sat has been 
 kept exactly as it was at that time. 
 
 One may judge the intluence of the (piiet digni- 
 ty of this church if on any noonday he will visit 
 it. Either within the dimly lighted interior, or 
 the steps of its front or western entrance, or 
 along the pleasant paths of the graveyard, there 
 will be seen many office workers in tiie neighbor- 
 hood. Here they daily seek for an all too brief 
 spell the quietness and rest that such a sanctuary 
 will afford. 
 
 On the wall of the eastern or Broadway end of 
 the church there is a wall monument placed there 
 as a record to the memory of General Richard 
 Montgomery who lies buried in the churchyard. 
 
 DOORWAY OF A HOUSE ON WASHING- 
 TON SQUARE NORTH, NEW YORK 
 
 /^NE of the most interesting periods of the 
 ^^ ai'chitectural development of New York City 
 is that called by architectural writers as of the 
 Greek Revival. Men of large means and of much 
 culture who located their homes in the then aris- 
 tocratic Washington Square section, which in- 
 cluded lower Fifth avenue, readily availed of the 
 suggestion that their houses be designed after these 
 classic and retined motives. The portico illus- 
 trated is of the house standing on the northwest 
 corner of Fifth avenue and Washington Square 
 North and is typical of the majority of the houses 
 in its neighborhood. Mr. Eggers has with charac- 
 teristic skill retained in his sketch all the beauty 
 of proportion and classical adaptation of this en- 
 trance detail. Of the various well known archi- 
 tects that lived and worked during the early 
 thirties, Robert Mills is on good authority be- 
 lieved to be the man who first designed in the 
 style now known as "the Greek Revival." The 
 late Montgomery Schuyler, in a series of articles 
 contrilnited to The American Architect in 
 1910 expressed the conviction that it was largely 
 through the examples of Robert Mills that this 
 dignified method of architectural expression found 
 favor not only in the domestic architecture of all 
 of our then large cities, but was also plainly 
 shown in all of the important work on which ]\Iills 
 was engaged. 
 
 Undoubtedly good architecture is influential in 
 retting a good example wherever it is successfully 
 grouped. In spite of the many vicissitudes 
 through which the Washington Square section has 
 passed, the northern boundary of the "Square" 
 yet presents a quiet dignity, a staid respectability, 
 even though its neighboring boundaries on the 
 south and east and west have long since lost all 
 architectural colierence. The well appointed 
 phaeton with two liveried men on the box no 
 longer waits in front of these houses. Where once 
 the future aristocrats played in the Square under 
 the watchful eye of nurses and grooms, the "Vil- 
 lagers" (M)ngrcgate under the shadows of the Wash- 
 ington Arch or overspread the walks and lawns 
 to listen to the miisic of the city band. And these 
 stately old houses, closely shuttered, sit in all 
 their isolation of a past splendor ealmly awaiting
 
 SKETCHES OF EARLY AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE 
 
 tlie (lay wheii the wreckers tor speculative builil 
 iiij; interests will fall nimn tlieiii and raze tlieiii 
 to the frri'Uiiil. 
 
 KAKLV IlKMK t)F COLON K I, VAX 
 
 VUKDKMMlCtill. NO. 7 SI'ATK 
 
 STKKKT. M:\V V(iKI\ 
 
 THIS tine exanijile nt' areliitccturc in New 
 Viirk was erit-teil about tlie year IMio. It 
 was then considered one of the bi'st mansions of 
 the bwalitv. It fronts ou Bowling CJreen, and 
 stands today as it did then, an example of the 
 tjuiet dignity of well considered design. And, 
 while the rai)id niareh of timi' has served entirely 
 to change the character of the buildings which sur- 
 round this house, there are yet unspoiled those 
 elements of architectural excellence that are so 
 well accented by Air. Kggers' pencil. 
 
 Today the hon.<e stands well back from the Bat- 
 tery wall, as between it and the bay lies the 
 broad expanse of Battery Park, and to the west- 
 ward, the Bowling Green. At the time of its 
 eiei'tion, this house stood almost at the water's 
 edge. Shaekleton in the "Book of New York," 
 relates: "When Colonel Van Vredenburgb, who 
 bad served in the Revolution, moved away in 1804, 
 he loaded his furniture into a boat at his front 
 door, and then he anil his family started on their 
 journey up the Hudson to a new home in the 
 Alohawk Valley." This is interesting as show- 
 ing the very radical changes of a centtiry in the 
 topography of lower ilanhattan Island. 
 
 Xo record has been discovered as to the name 
 of the architect. 
 
 v\t present the building is occujjied by the Mis- 
 sion of Our Lady of the Rosary. This occupancy 
 is perhaps the rea.son that has saved this building 
 until today from a fate similar to other fine struc 
 turcs that at one time graced the neighborhood. 
 
 LOOKING ALONG TlIK SOUTH KR.N 
 
 FACADE OF Tllli CI TV II A I.I. 
 
 IN NKW YORK 
 
 .liiiix MacComb, Architect 
 
 /^(•.XCKDEOLY one of the best extant ex- 
 ^^^ amjiles of early architecture in America, the 
 City Hall in New York maintains in spite of 
 towering neighbors the distinction that has ever 
 rightfully belonged to it. When John ifacConib 
 set about the design and erection of the City Hall 
 hf perfected a set of drawings that were then, and 
 remain toflay, examples of the most excellent ar- 
 tistic skill. Slowly this b\iilding grew to its pres- 
 
 ent projuirtious until tinally in 1S()4 it was com- 
 plete<l. 
 
 It is significant of the honesty and integrity of 
 those days, that the Co\iiu-il of the City, strong in 
 the belief that the area north of the City Hall 
 would not become important and desiring to rid 
 the taxpayers of an unnei-essarv burden, decided 
 as a means of economy to nnike tiie northern 
 r;i(,:ade of brownstoiie. Tliis splendid building 
 fortunately has been able to withstand the mis- 
 directed elforts of city governments. Alany so- 
 calleil imjirovements have been carried forward 
 umler different administrations. 
 
 About twelve years ago there was acciilentally 
 discovered in an old chest in the rooms of the His- 
 torical Society, all of ilacCoiidj's original draw- 
 ings. \Vith these invaiualile guides and due to 
 the generosity of ilrs. Russell Sage and the city 
 ^idministration's concerted action, Mr. Grosvenor 
 Atterburv has been enabled to restore the interior 
 to its original conijitiou. The Mayor's otKce, the 
 (Jovernor's room mid tin- Council Chamber may 
 now be viewed in almost exactly the same archi- 
 tectural state that marked the original interiors. 
 
 The exterior is practically unchanged with per- 
 li;i]is the excejjtion of the cupola. This feature 
 lias been twice destroyed by tire. xVs at present 
 restored by ilr. Atterbury, it is entirely fire-re- 
 sisting and in design follows exactly along the 
 major lines as showai in a series of tentative 
 sketches made by MacComb. 
 
 PORTICO OF ST. JOHN'S CHAPEL, 
 VARICK STliKET, NEW YORK 
 
 "^EW ^'ORK'S growth is glaeier-iike in its 
 -^ ^ ijii:vement. Slow, but irresistible. What- 
 ever nbstnicts its progress is swe])t aside or over 
 i-idden. Dignified St. John's has shared the fate 
 of many another of our veiu'rable and venerated 
 structures. The extension of Seventh avenue and 
 the building of the subway caused the passing 
 of this church. 
 
 A chapel of Trinity Parish and while not as old 
 as St. Paul's, having been built about 1807, it 
 was none the less a structure that all New Yorkers 
 regarded with great respect and many with the 
 attachment of actual association. 
 
 The master l)uilders, which in those days was 
 equivalent to being the architects, were T. C. Tay- 
 lor, Henry Hedley, Daniel Domanick and Tsaao 
 ^rcComb. The original location of this church 
 was one of the most attractive in New York. It 
 stood on the easterly side of St. John's Park whose 
 endwwered walks were a favorite recreative spot 
 for the well-to-do residents of the neighborhood.
 
 SKETCHES OF EARLY AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE 
 
 In the early 70's the New York Central Kail- 
 road secured this park for a downtown freight 
 terminal. This unfortunate occurrence not only 
 changed the character of the residential section 
 nearby, but the influence of so undesirable a loca- 
 tion was felt for many blocks in every direction. 
 What had been a neighborhood of aristocratic 
 dwellings was reduced to a slovenly purlieu of 
 ramshackle buildings. 
 
 St. John's was deserted, and its seiwices be- 
 came those of a strictly mission chapel. At last as 
 a church it has ceased to exist. Those who vener- 
 ate the traditions of New York could cahniy 
 watch its passing. The building was too good to 
 have sunk to so low an estate and it was better 
 that it should be razed. The memory of its grace- 
 ful spire, its resonant bells and the shade of the 
 portico, shown in Mr. Eggers' admirable sketch 
 is to many, a reminiscence fraught with deep 
 satisfaction and quiet contentment. 
 
 EASTEEN PORTICO, ST. PAUL'S 
 
 CHAPEL, NEW YORK 
 
 ]\IcBean, Architect 
 
 THE view presented is one looking along 
 Broadway from a ])oint where Fidton Street 
 crosses. 
 
 ^riie tine architectural expression of this clnirch 
 may here bo studied more in detail. The columns 
 of this portico stand as will l)e seen, at the very 
 edge of the sidewalk line. Here six days in every 
 week hundreds of thotisands of people pass, but 
 neither the roar of traffic nov the restlessness of 
 the city's populace can destroy the calm of this 
 enclosure. 
 
 On every Sunday, as for a century ]iast, the re- 
 ligiotis services call to this chajiel peo^de whose 
 families for generations have worshipjied at its 
 nltnr and whose ancestors lie buried in its cluirch- 
 yard, while daily, in its interior, lialloweil by 
 many momentous observances devout workers of 
 the neighborhood find a restful spot for quiet 
 meditation. 
 
 DETAIL OF HOUSE ON WASHINGTON 
 SQUARE NORTH, NEW YORK 
 
 Tins interesting detail of a house on Wa'^b- 
 ington Square North, in New York, is pon- 
 dant to a view of the portico of the same buildiu';- 
 illustrated and described in another plate. This 
 Ionic detail is the jjoreh at the rear with a glimp-ic 
 of the houfc and iron balcony and fence. The 
 view is lookine; north along Fifth avenue. The 
 trellis is evidently of later placing but having 
 been well designed adds to the generally good 
 effect. 
 
 The house, standing at the southmost edge of 
 Greenwich Village, shows an example of the hand 
 wrought iron that was so extensively used in that 
 section in the early part of the nineteenth century. 
 Every well considered element of good design was 
 lavished on the railings, porch rails and balconies 
 of these houses. Unfortunately much of this good 
 iron work has disappeared, bvit there are yet ex- 
 tant, if one seeks them out, many examples to 
 prove how carefully the architects of those days 
 designed every detail that formed a part of their 
 buildings. 
 
 Neighborhotids in New York in the early thir- 
 ties were more nearly comnuniities than they will 
 ever be again. Here on summer evenings either 
 seated on the balconies or on the "stoops" there 
 was much visiting to and fro. It was for this 
 reason that these places became as much a loca- 
 tion of social activities as did the drawing rooms 
 of the interiors during the winter. The same 
 pride of well designed surroundings was ever 
 present. 
 
 The yard at the rear of this house abuts on the 
 easterly end of Macdougal Alley, widely known 
 as the place where numerous artists of fame, 
 wealth and social position have created a pictures- 
 (|ue locality, the mecca of every rural visitor to 
 New York'. 
 
 It is pathetic to men born and residing in New 
 York for more than sixty years to mark the 
 changes that have occurred in the Washington 
 Square district. In the early 70's, North Wash- 
 ington Square, on which is located the .subject of 
 this sketch, was occupied by the stately houses of 
 those among whom the late Ward ^rcAlli.ster 
 counted the "400" as constituting the very cream 
 of New York society. These one-time prominent 
 people have with few exceptions moved from the 
 neighborhood. The aristocratic seclusion that was 
 once maintained became no longer possible. The 
 towering apartment house, the church settlement, 
 on the south, and the gradual encroachment of an 
 undesirable lot of citizens have robbed the neigh- 
 borhood of its semi-isolation. 
 
 Yet, today, there may be seen a solitary but 
 well appointed carriage with two well groomed 
 horses; on the box a portly coachman and by his 
 side a slender footman, both in the most correct 
 livery. There they await the coming of the mis- 
 tress of the house who in spite of the dangers of 
 the swiftly moving motor car, proceeds to ride as 
 she has done for many years past, up Fifth Ave- 
 ntte and into the jiark for the daily airing. 
 
 But the march of progress is irresistible. It 
 will not be lonu' l)efo)'e this, last of an old order, 
 will have parsed, and we shall only know customs 
 as recent as a quarter of a century as traditions.
 
 SKETCHES OF EARLY AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE 
 
 OLD lows llAl.l.. IIAKTIOKI), CON.N. 
 
 1>i H>.'5!>, iIk' frwiiuii of Xcwtowii, Conn., now 
 rallril lliiitt'iinl, met uml inl«>iitc<l tlie famous 
 FuiKliiincntal <)rilcr of ( 'oiiiiccliciit, tlic first writ- 
 ten constitution a<lo|iti'.l liv a |icoj)lc iliat over 
 orpinizeil a fjovfrnim'iit. For tliis reason, his 
 ttriuns art' wont to <i(i'larf Hartford "Tlie Hirtli- 
 j)laci' of Aiiii-ricaii Dcnioci'acv." 
 
 The si'iitiincnt of liKlcpciiik'iic-i' tlnis carlv ilis- 
 playcnl and whicli ;rrow to snch sucTOssfid propor- 
 tions more than a hnndrcd years hitor. found Mart- 
 ford ever tlio center of the jMilitical activity tlial 
 led to the Itevolutioiiary War ami the iiidciieinl- 
 enee of tlie Cohmies. 
 
 It is fortnnatc thai ilir spirit of paiiintism 
 shoidd so warndy he cspousi'd l)y tiie people of 
 Hartford from so early a period. It is for tliis 
 reason that we have ha<l j>reserved ti> lis so many 
 splendid examples of our Colonial hnilding. The 
 old towni hall at Hartford was built as a stat(> 
 house in ITOti. Its classic lines and correct pro- 
 portions are the pritle of the citizens of Hartford 
 and the dclifrht of those who have heeu so for- 
 tunate as to visit that city. 
 
 So carefully have all the various details of this 
 tiiu- old huildiiifr hcen preserved, so reverentially 
 have its restorers j)roceeded with their work, thai 
 the building may today be viewed almost exactly 
 as it stood 12.t years ago. 
 
 Who designed this tine old building we d<i not 
 know but it is known, for there is miudi tangililc 
 evidence all over New England, that the master 
 builders of our colonial ])eriod. founded every- 
 thing they created on the most classically correct 
 jirineiples of good architecture. The l()nger lliey 
 remain as evidence of good, honest and well con- 
 sidered structures, the stronger is their appeal. 
 One is led to woncler why with s\ich excellent ex- 
 amples close at hand there should be erected Imild 
 ings that suffer so l)adly by com])aiMs<ui. 
 
 PATCHIN PLACE. TKNTH STREET. 
 \EW YORK' CITY 
 
 T ^ INfi in the very heart of Greenwich Village 
 ■*— ' is Patchin Place. So well ])rotected is it in 
 it.- privacy and the absence of contact with the 
 bu.sy New York of today, that one has to search 
 keenly for this qtiaint old neighborhood — almost 
 the last record of a dignified residence location. 
 
 Patebiu Place is located on that slanting direc- 
 tion of Tenth Street which inconsistently as it may 
 seem crosses Ninth and Eourth Streets in its prog- 
 ress toward the Iludsftn River. Halfway of the 
 block between Sixth and Oreenwich Avenues this 
 little group of well proportioned hous(!s lies in a 
 
 veritable cul-de-sac. Its narrow siilewalks are 
 simple ai)proaches for the do/en houses which, six 
 abreast, front on an e<pi:illy narrow roailway. 
 From close to the building line there spring trees 
 whose toj)s meet in a leafy andi that embowers 
 the place. Slamling with oiu-'s back to the wall 
 tluit servers as a barrier to the further extension 
 of the place and, on a moonlight night, looking 
 through a tracery of leaves toward the spires and 
 minarets of the court building on the o])posite side 
 of Tenth Street, it is ditlieult to inuiginc that one 
 is exactly in the center of fireenwich Village — 
 a bustling, ever restless part of the vhy. The 
 i.solation is complete. The hum ami jarring noises 
 of the city's traffic, the rundde of the nearby 
 elevated trains, all those many discordant ele- 
 nu'iits of city life are hushed to stillness in Patchin 
 Place. 
 
 Who iiuilt this row of tine old bou.'-es we do 
 not know, for (lilig(Mit in(|uirv has not enabled us 
 ti. discover the identity of the architect. But they 
 arose during a period when the classically correct 
 proportioning of solids to voids was considered 
 the very essence of good architectural design. It 
 seems futile to hope that this (juaint location can 
 very long withstand the progress of the city's 
 growth, but it is reassuring to have been able to 
 observe on the occasion of a recent visit to Patch- 
 in Place that certain necessary repairs and res- 
 toi'ations were in progress. This gives rise to the 
 liop(- that the present owners realize the artistic 
 and historical significance of this little gem and 
 are desirous of keeping it as it always has been. 
 
 ST. GEORGE'S clirRCll. IIKMPSTEAI). 
 I.O.Vt; ISL.WI). .\K\V VOKK 
 
 WIK) designed and liuilt this clnirch is not of 
 record. It is one of the few reniiiining 
 two-story meeting houses that stand a relic of that 
 |)ast when our forefathers eitliei' had oi' took the 
 time formally to express the religion that so 
 dominated their daily lives. 
 
 Like the old church at Lyme, designed origin- 
 ally, it is claimed, by Sir Christopher Wren, and 
 mad(^ famous by th(^ brush of Childe Hassam. tliis 
 Long Islaml church stands as a solemn reminder 
 of a day when the church was interwoven into not 
 only the religious but the social activities of com- 
 nuinities. Its i|ii:iiiil elnirrliyard. where ''e;H'li ii! 
 his narrow bed forever laid, the rude forefathers 
 of the hamlet sleep," fcu-ms a sacred enclosure in 
 which there has been reared this church. 
 
 Tts srpiare tower and clock with the latticed 
 v.-indowed cu]iola suggest those types erected 
 when the dwellers on the shore of Long Island 
 Sound and our New Kn"land coast were either 
 
 8
 
 SKETCHES OF EARLY AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE 
 
 seafaring or intimately connected with our then 
 important shipping inihistry. From these cupolas 
 or the balconies that often surrounded them, 
 anxious eyes peered out to sea to mark, if they 
 might, the familiar sail of some long overdue ship. 
 The intimate relation of these country meeting- 
 houses, the fact that they not only served as places 
 of worship but also as community centers, caused 
 them to be regarded with deep reverence and en- 
 abled them to receive all the atfectionate care that 
 it was possible to give to their design, planning 
 and maintenance. 
 
 ST. MARK'S m THE BOUWERIE 
 
 PETER STUYVESANT, that famojis old 
 Dutch Governor of New York, about 1760, 
 within the sound of the bell that hung in the low 
 belfry of the chapel that once stood on the site of 
 the church founded the community of St. Mark's 
 in the Bouwerie. In 1795 the present edifice was 
 built. 
 
 With perhaps the exception of the erection of 
 a few stately mansions surrounded by wide parks 
 or grounds, this quaint old neighborhood saw few 
 important changes up to the outbreak of the Civil 
 "War. The Bouwerie was a winding, dusty road- 
 way that led from the city northward. It was a 
 favorite walk and place for summer outings. The 
 land sloped by gentle \indulations to the East 
 River. 
 
 St. Mark's, while not of first importance from 
 an architectural viewpoint, is of moment as lieing 
 the second oldest church structure on iranbattau 
 Island. Over zealous restorers have from time to 
 time somewhat marred the classic correctness of 
 its original linos. T-Jiit even such vandal hands 
 cannot rob this venerable structure or the neigh- 
 borhood which it has dominated f(ir so many years 
 of the interest which siirrounds it. 
 
 Fortunately St. Mark's has escapeil the fate 
 which has overtaken St. John's C!hurch on t\w 
 west side, and it will probably stand for many 
 years as it has stood in the past, the symbol of a 
 God-fearing citizenry who clung to the traditions 
 of their ancestors and with the utmost solicitude 
 preserved an edifice so closely woven with the re- 
 ligious and social life of old New York. 
 
 ST. GEORGE'S CHURCH YARD, HEMP- 
 STEAD, LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 
 
 THE casual observer, untrained in apprecia- 
 tion of good art and its correct architec- 
 tural expression, woiild perhaps pass with luit 
 indifferent glance this "bit" that has arrested Mr. 
 Eggers in his tramp aboiit Hempstead and caused 
 
 him to set down with his usual facility and hap- 
 jjiness of expression a most interesting and worth 
 while motive. 
 
 In another illustration the front of this church 
 is illustrated. I'lie present illustration shows the 
 conscientious numner in which the colonial master 
 builder set about his work. This Doric pillared 
 porch with its well proportioned cornice might 
 eerve as a correct interpretation of one of the 
 orders. 
 
 Hempstead has an intei-esting colonial history, 
 and has been the theatre of many important in- 
 cidents during the struggle for American inde- 
 pendence. Hempstead was settled by a group of 
 New Englanders in 1643. The Presbyterian 
 church, organized in the following year, claims 
 to be the olde t Presbyterian society in the 
 country. 
 
 St. George's, while of later erection, dates back 
 to the early history of the town. It owns a com- 
 munion service said to have been presented by 
 Queen Anne. 
 
 DETAIL OF DOORWAY, OLD TOWN HALL, 
 HARTFORD, CONN. 
 
 THE doorways of the puldic buildings in New 
 England erected during our Colonial period 
 have become accepted as the most valuable preced- 
 ents of correct proportion. Our readers will agree 
 that the present examjile is worthy to be classed 
 as a fine example of good proportion and correct 
 design. It carries with it all the marks of long 
 usage and bears the old hardware or a replica of 
 the original, that adds a graceful simplicity to the 
 whole effect. 
 
 DYCKMAN FARM HOUSE, BROADWAY 
 AND 20()TH STREET, NEW YORK 
 
 THE New Yorker, whose boyhood recollec- 
 tions go back half a century, will recall that 
 having ventured through those dark tree-embower- 
 ed lanes which parallel the Hudson, or along the 
 seldom frequented continuation of what we now 
 call Broadway or the Boston Post Road, he came 
 finally to the Dyckman Farm, whose rolling 
 meadows reached down to the Hudson Rivei'. 
 
 There he found a low gambrel roofed farm 
 house which even then showed all the weather 
 marks of old age. There were Dyckmans living 
 there then, and there they continued to live until 
 about 1871, when the phenomenal progress of the 
 city northward had surrounded the farm with a 
 ■well developed sid^urban community. 
 
 The Dyckman house is a good example of the 
 type of house that the early Dutch settler on Man-
 
 SKETCHES OF EARLY AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE 
 
 liiittiin Islaiiil anil across tli<- lliiilsoii in Xi'w .Icr- 
 st'v so iiiucli atTtftod. Luiijr ami low, tlii'si- lioust's. 
 oorrwtiv jiroportidiicd at the outset, refcivod 
 oiHiallv well coiisidciTil additions as tlic not'ds of 
 the iniTcasin-jj family dcniande*!. In tiic jirt'scni 
 instani-f the "winj;" of this lionsf is of earlier 
 date than the main huihling, whieh was liuilt in 
 178.S. 
 
 ()\vin<; to the ;;enerosit_v of IHckman deseend- 
 ants, this old farm house has heen restored as far 
 as possible to its former condition, and with the 
 ground ahout it ))resente<l to the Citv of >»ew 
 York as a historical museum and park. 
 
 STHKKT KKIIMJK. HARTFORD, C'ON.X. 
 
 TJIK master builders, during the Colonial 
 period, were a conscientious lot of men. 
 Evervthing they did received the same careful 
 stiulv. the same painstaking care in the working- 
 out of every essential thing to create a proper 
 result. 
 
 This statement finds imiof in tiie design of the 
 bridges thev erected, and the one chosen as the 
 subject of Mr. Eggers' .sketch is a fine example. 
 
 ilany of the.-c early bridges are models of good 
 masonry design. Their rugged surfaces after 
 centuries of exposure have taken on a very fine 
 "patina" that delights the eye of the artist. To 
 add to the picturesque effect there is often a back- 
 ground of foliage that at jjlaces trail.-- on the 
 water's stirface in the summer days or in winter 
 gives a delicate framing for the trac<'rv of trees 
 aiul shrubs. 
 
 When carefully designed, an old bridge will 
 have to architects the same artistic appeal as old 
 houses. Their study, and the setting forth of 
 their well considered outliiu's as a means of grai>li 
 ic ]preservation is therefore very much worth while. 
 
 T 
 
 HOUSE IN LTTOHFIELI), CONN., 
 
 BFILT m 1771 
 
 HE history of Litchfiel.l is interwoven in the 
 most interesting way with the early period 
 of New E^ngland. It has been the home of many 
 illustrious men and women and presei-ves today 
 all the traditions that are so dear to the dwellers 
 in these rural communities. Settled in 1720, it 
 was duriiig the Revolutionary War used a- a base 
 of supplies l>y the Continental Army. It was to 
 Litchfield in 177fi that the statue of George III. 
 which, on Ttdy 0. was thrown from its pedestal on 
 the Rowling Green in Xew ^^ork. was sent. There 
 i' was cast into bullets by the women. Jurists, 
 statesmen and writers of nati(mal fame have made 
 their homes in this quaint New England village. 
 
 All the traditions of good arcliilecture and those 
 elements of retinenu'ut that marked our (Jolonial 
 [leriod have Ix'en carefully preservetl. 
 
 The house that Mr. Eggei's has chosen as the 
 .-.idijeci of his sketch is exactly typical of many 
 othei's that face the elm embowered roadways. Sit- 
 ting close to the sidewalk these houses present a 
 n<'igliborly and a most human aspect. Their snow 
 white walls are relieved by the green shutters 
 while the noonday sun casts the shadows of the 
 branching boughs and the leaves of the trees that 
 stand as sentinels. 
 
 Isverv aspect of this old bouse is one of refine- 
 ment, of the highe. t develo])ment of domesticity. 
 One ceases to wonder that the New Knglaml states 
 have from their very beginning sent to the service 
 of the country in every imi)oi-tant station sturdy 
 men and women who, with sound minds in sound 
 bodies, have labored to build up this country's 
 greatness. Nor will an\' one be able successfully 
 to disprove that long residence in a home so archi- 
 te<-turally good will do naught iiut add to mental 
 and moral development. 
 
 Such restoration as found necessary to kee|) tlii- 
 hou.se in good repair and fit for occu])ancy has 
 been skilfully and reverently c(uiclucted under the 
 sn]>ervision of .\yniar Endiuvv 11. architect. 
 
 MOUNT VERNON, VA., THE HOME AND 
 BURIAL PLACE OF GEORGE WASH- 
 INGTON. DETAIL OF ENTRANCE 
 AN 1) COLONN A I)E C( )N NECT- 
 TNG KITCHEN 
 
 ON the right bank of the Pofoinac, in Fair- 
 fax County. Va., fifteen miles from Wash- 
 iiiiiton. I). C.. is ^[onnt Vernon, the one time 
 home and final Imrial i)lace of George Washing- 
 lui. This stately house, with the ground that 
 -nrronnds it. is typically an estate of a well-to-do 
 geutlenutn id' our early colonial period. The 
 house, beautifully situated on an eminence, com- 
 nnmds a long view of the river. It was built in 
 174?) by Lawrence Washington, an older brother 
 of (ieorge. and was called .Mount Vernon after 
 .Vdiniral Vernon, under whom Lawrence Wash- 
 iniitiin served in the British Navy. 
 
 .\ house so well known and so reverently re 
 garded liy all ]iatriotic Americans will need no 
 fui'ther description. 
 
 The motive selectecl by ^Ir. Elggers for the 
 present sketch shows the entrance front as the 
 visitor approaches the house from the public 
 highway. The culinMiade ciiniu-:-ts the main 
 luiilding with tb(> kitchen, a detached building, 
 a portion of which is shown on the extreme right 
 
 10
 
 SKETCHES OF EARLY AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE 
 
 of the sketch. Pashiiug through the coh)Uuade ami 
 kitchen, the visitor emerges on a short lane, 
 bordered on eitlicr side bv the many dependent 
 buihlings that were necessary in the domestic ad- 
 ministration of so large an estate. There are 
 coach houses, spinning houses, harness shops, a 
 bakery and all of the many rooms and detached 
 buildings that mach; Iiousekeeping in early colonial 
 times an earnestly studied occujjation. 
 
 Further removed were grouped the cabins, in 
 which were lodged the slaves. Every aspect of 
 Mount Vernon siiggests culture. The architec- 
 ture of the house and all the buildings that sur- 
 nmnd it accents the refinement of style that char- 
 acterized the Georgian Period. 
 
 THE OLD DANIEL LAKE TIOUSE, 
 STATEiV ISLAND, NEW YORK 
 
 WHEN in the early part of tlie seventeenth 
 century, the Dutch settled on Manhattan 
 Island, they soon began the preparation for the 
 colonization of the valley of the Hudson River. 
 It is in this district which also includes Staten 
 Island in New York Harbor, that there are to be 
 found lUiiny examples of gambrel roofed houses, 
 the ju'csent illustration being typical. 
 
 The heavy walls of these houses were construct- 
 ed of stone and were Usually pointed up with 
 white mortar. The roofs were low and ()f moder- 
 ate 2)itch for about ten feet both ways from the 
 ridge. From this point the angle was sharper to 
 near the caves, where it ciirved gracefully out- 
 ward, extending from fmir to six feet. This broad 
 expanse of roof surface nmde the u]>per stories of 
 the house imcomfortably hot in summer and eijual- 
 ly uncomfortable during the rigorous winters. To 
 overcome these \uulesirable conditions, liny was 
 often placed between the rafters, wliicli im doubt 
 acted in a measure as a non-conductor. It is in- 
 teresting to note the gradual development of the 
 overhanging roof in the architecture of modern 
 suburban houses, where porches are ]daiined be- 
 neath it. 
 
 The gambrel roof as a rule is the dominatini;' 
 feature in correctly assigning the Dutch Colonial. 
 In tracing the origin of the name, iiand)rel, we 
 have for anthoritv Oliver Wendell Holmes, who 
 in his "The Autocrat of the Breakfa^^t Table," 
 writes : 
 
 "Know old Camliridge. Hope you do. 
 "Born there? Dnn't say so? I was, too. 
 "Bnni ill a house with a gambrel roof — 
 "Standing still, if you must have proof. 
 "Gambrel? Gambrel? Let me beg 
 "You'll look at a horse's hinder leg. 
 "First great angle above the hoof — 
 "That's the gambrel, hence gambrel-roof." 
 
 ON THE GRKKX, PLYMOUTH, CONN. 
 
 RURAL New England abounds in jiicturescpie 
 small towns, all laid out with orderly care. 
 Each has its spacious common, or city park 
 bordered on four sides by stately elms, through 
 the dense foliage of which may be seen well de- 
 signed white houses with green shutters. In these 
 white houses, in many instances, there have lived, 
 from the time of earliest settlement, families 
 whose members have tigaired in all the towm's ac- 
 tivities. As a rule one side of the Commons was 
 set apart as location for the meeting house, the 
 town hall, the school and other village buildings. 
 
 Mr. Eggers has sketched with his usual tine 
 jierception of the architectural essentials, that sec- 
 tion of the village green at Plymouth set apart 
 for the church, with its stately colonnade and the 
 adjacent school house. ^lore and more each year 
 do these tine old New England villages attract a 
 class of people who best appreciate the (|uiet rest- 
 fulness that residence in them affords. And it 
 is good to know that these new residents soon im- 
 bibe the same reverential attitude toward the 
 traditions of the place that form a religious part 
 of the evciyday life of the older inhaliitants. 
 
 The commercialism of a period that until re- 
 cently menaced the safety of these old towns and 
 their locallv historic buildings is now giving 
 place to a feeling of deep respect. The evidence 
 is to be found in the solicitoiis care of these old 
 structures and a correct ^jrotective attitude toward 
 them. 
 
 DETAIL OF A HOUSE IN LUrCHFIELD, 
 CONN. 
 
 Till*', c-arjicnter-architects of the late eight- 
 eenth and early nineteenth centuries woyp 
 very often men of ninch refinement of mind and 
 undoubtedly the most skilful of craftsmen. "While 
 the dominating infiuences which controlled their 
 work were those gained through knowledge of 
 earlier English exam]iles, they, it would appear, 
 combined with such knowledge a cleverness of 
 adaptation that stamped a certain originality on 
 their own work. 
 
 The present illustration is a good exam])le in 
 point. Mr. Eggers has sketched this most interest- 
 ing "bit" with his usual keen perception of archi- 
 tectural significance. It is a most interesting 
 variation of an often-seen motive of design. 
 
 The sense of domestic seclusion conveyed by 
 this sketch is perfect. It siiggests the type of 
 house affected by the upper middle class during 
 the early part of the nineteenth century. There 
 can be no doubt but that houses of this character 
 
 11
 
 SKLICHKS OF liARLV AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE 
 
 stiiiiulati'd lii'ttt-r ways ni' liviiif; aiul liifrliiT iilcals 
 of cMtiziiisliip. At'tiT tlio Civil War lluTt- was 
 iiiuliiulitiillv a iltvadciwc of our tloinestii- types 
 of ari'lntoctuit' wliicli contiimcd for many years. 
 IJiit today Wf may take comfort in llie fat-t tlnit 
 tlie d<'v<'lo]>mciit of ilic <'onntry house. h\ arclii- 
 tivts in iIh' I Hired States, is reaeliinjr the highest 
 dignity ami ex( rtin^ tlie same, influence as iii(l 
 tliose of tile perioil rrjiresciitod in the |iresciit 
 sketch. 
 
 (..MKW.W TO THOMAS (X)\V1,KS llOlSiO, 
 
 i-ar.mix(;ton, coxn. 
 
 Till-! Thciiiias ("owJes place at l-"aiiiiinjrl"ii, 
 Connecticut, was ])rol)alily huilt liy .Imlah 
 Woodruff, wlio in his day was the leadinii Iniilder 
 in western Connecticut. 
 
 (ieorge Clarence Gardner, in an article in Thi> 
 Georfrian Period, on "The .Men Who Designed 
 the Old Colonial P.uildings," states: 
 
 "Strictly .'ijeakinf;-. up to the be}iiiiiiin<i- of the 
 nineteenth century 1 kimw nf im architects in 
 America; hut if various records and histories 
 speak truly, fully KKI years liefore this time ]>laiis 
 and elevations of liiiildiiii;s wire ])rep:iicd and 
 drawn for the distinct ])iirpose of either iiiiitatiuf; 
 or improvinji' on Miiiilish inndcls and the men who 
 did this may be divided into two types, the car- 
 penter-architect and the amateur architect." 
 
 It is to the former class that W^oodruff undoubt- 
 edly belonirecl, and tbat he worked with skill and 
 huilt hone, ily is shown in his excellent works 
 tiiroufrhout the theatre of his well directed activi 
 ties. 
 
 The irate to the riicinia> ( 'owlcs house in Farm- 
 in^rton, reveals in all its feattires the same ele- 
 ments of good design as i]<:c< the liciuse to which 
 it is the point of main ap|ircia<'li. Fortunately. 
 its excellence is apparent tn the preent owners, 
 for it remains in a state of good repair, and serves 
 to arre.t the trained eye of the passer-by, as a 
 .■■•ilent witness of a period when our forefatbers 
 led the most cultured lives, surrounded li\ cvi r\- 
 attainable expression of their refinement. 
 
 OLD siior. 1.1 r(iiFii:i.i). co.w. 
 
 T ITCIIFIKI.D'S lii>t.iry dates from its set- 
 L/ tleinent in 172<1. It grew as all New Fng- 
 land town;- of earlier settlement grew with wind 
 ing streets and shaded lanes which tndy typified 
 the simple character of the early iidiabitants. 
 
 Its builders built as did all the early Xew Eng- 
 landers with a fine regard for the basic elements 
 of god architecture and even the humble sh(i|i 
 was not too insignificant to receive the careful 
 
 thinight of its designer. There is a most satis- 
 factory imlication of good design anil honest 
 hiiilding in tlie present Niilijcct sti well ])resentcil 
 by .Mr. Kggers, who fouiiil many eijually satis- 
 factory stdijects for his book of sketches during 
 a visit to old Fitchtield. I.itehtield ])re-crves its 
 traditions, which te(!in in liisttnMc association, and 
 it is equally proud n( its record as the liirtli[ilaee 
 of many illustrious men. 
 
 'The first law school tuiinded in the I'liited 
 States was at J^itchfield, as was alsu the lirst 
 "woman's seminary," the forertiiiner of the wo- 
 man's college. Lyman J:5eecher, the father of 
 Henry Ward Beecher and Harriet Heecher Stowe, 
 was a much res])ected pastor of a Litchfield 
 clnirch, and it was in Litchfield that Henry Ward 
 IJeeeher and Harriett lieecher Stow(> were born. 
 Flthan Allen was also born in Litehfield. 
 
 When the miirmiirings that marked the days 
 before "the shot heard nnind the world" was fired 
 at Lexington, and the Kevdhitidiiary struggle was 
 begun, Litchfield had rnmuled out a half century 
 of growth, ifany old buildings stanil today that 
 stood then as silent witnesses to the jiarf this 
 (plaint New Kngland town played when it sent 
 its manhood forth to jeiii the Continental armies. 
 
 L\ 
 
 TllF KlTCllKX GAKDEJS', MOUNT 
 VEliNON, VA., THE HOME OF 
 G FORGE WASHINGTON 
 
 I '" 1 1 h] sulijeet of (he present sketch is a view 
 -'■ of the gardens, which with their walks ami 
 terraces and essential buildings remain today as 
 lilaiiiie(| hy Wa.shington. 
 
 These lawns ami gaivleiis are on the West side 
 of the house, where was the ai)proacli from the 
 pnlilie lilglnvay. They comprised about twenty 
 acres anil were enclosed hy lirick walls. One of 
 the two small octagon garden houses erected by 
 Washington is shown in the sketch. These were 
 built to store seeds ami tools. They have brick 
 liases ami are boarded in imitation of stone t'oiins, 
 aftei- llie manner of the dwelling house. 
 
 .hisl what are these elements of greatness that 
 make Washington the central figure of bis age 
 ami have with each succeeding year caused his 
 memory to be held in ever increasing respect, it 
 wotild he (liHiciilt to define. Yet, the spirit of 
 the man ])ervades today these historic localities. 
 The visitor will note the absence of noisy bilar- 
 ionsness that nsually marks the tourists to historic 
 shrines. Perhaps it is because in a small tomb, 
 but a few steps away rest the bones of Washing- 
 ton. If the visitor fails to sense the nearness of 
 the illustrious dead, he will liavc a solemn re- 
 
 12
 
 SKETCHES OF EARLY AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE 
 
 minder in the tolling of the bell of some passing- 
 ship of war on the Potomae river, whose otHcers 
 and men stand at silent sahitc 
 
 From 1743 to 1859 Mount Vernon was held 
 in possession of members of the Washington 
 family. In 1859 it was pnrehased by the Jiount 
 Vernon Ladies' Association. Since then the re- 
 storation of the place has been eifected, mnch of 
 the original Inrnitnre reclaimed and installed. 
 Today Mount Vernon stands as nearly as it did 
 when Washington lived there as human endeavor 
 can make possible. 
 
 DOOE OF A DUTCH FARM HOUSE, 
 NORTH PATERSON, N. J. 
 
 IoST another plate there was illustrated a gam- 
 brel-roof house, located on Staten Island in 
 New York Harbor. While, as stated, this type of 
 house was typical of the earlier form built by the 
 Dutch wdien they settled along the Hudson River 
 Valley, the later coming of the English and the 
 intermingling of settlers from two countries so 
 widely ditfering in their architectural traditions 
 undoubtedly e.xerted certain intluences, one on 
 the other. 
 
 While the doorway which Mr. Eggers has ilrawn 
 for the present illustration is strongly intluenced 
 by the later Georgian motives as developed in this 
 country, it appears to be an original part of an 
 otherwise typically Dutch house. The door is 
 divided after the Dutch fashion into two separate- 
 ly movable leaves and the stone door sill un- 
 doid)tedly has its placement as part of the Dutch 
 custom. But the general detail of the frame of 
 the door is equally and unmistakably a relic of 
 our early English Colonial architecture. 
 
 The paneling at the sides of this entranc(^ is 
 apparently hinged so as to close and form an outer 
 door, a wise precaution in a section where the 
 winters were often extremely rigorous. It be- 
 comes interesting in stmlying a detail of this 
 character to note the effect of social conditions on 
 the development of architectural details. 
 
 TRINITY CHURCH, NEWPORT, R. 1. 
 
 "^^EWPORT, Rhode Island, sometimes called 
 ■^ ^ the "social capital of the United States," 
 was even before the outbreak of the Revolution 
 socially and industrially important. During the 
 occupation of Newport by the British, a fire de- 
 stroyed a large part of the town. Among the few 
 structures to escape the flames was Trinity 
 Church, the subject of this sketch. As a result of 
 military operations Newport became almost de- 
 fiopidated, but through all the vicissitudes of the 
 
 Revolutionary struggle, "old Trinity" passed 
 safely. 
 
 In its architecture Trinity resend)les many 
 other churches built in New England during the 
 early history of the Colonies, and while preserv- 
 ing the dignity and quiet refinement that charac- 
 terized the early meeting houses, its chief claim 
 is its association with stirring scenes of earl)' 
 wars and the reverential aspect of the people who 
 stoutly guarded this sacred building from every 
 threatened danger. 
 
 Old Newport presents a picturesque contrast to 
 the newer section, where now the mansions of the 
 newly rich flaunt their pride of wealth before the 
 observer. In the old town the hoiises are small, 
 wooden structures, the streets are quaint and nar- 
 row and there is a restfxd feeling ab.mt the en- 
 tire section. 
 
 In earlier days the waterfront was the scene of 
 bustling activity. Newport is an ideal harbor for 
 ships of even the largest draft. From this port 
 there cleared to sail the waters of the seven seas 
 tall sparrcil ships whose cargoes formed a con- 
 siderable ])art of our American commei'ce. At 
 that time the spire of Trinity dominated the town 
 raid it served as a laiulmark for incoming ships 
 and a beacon of hope to the home-coming sailor. 
 
 DOORAV.VY, 'I'RI.XITV CHURCH, 
 .XKWPORT, R. 1. 
 
 I HIS doorway indicates the conscientioiis at- 
 -'- tention with which the Colonial builder- 
 architect worked. Its moldings and fluted pilas- 
 ters show the handnnule wcu'k that makes a Colo- 
 nial detail a thing of art and beauty as opposed 
 to the nnichine cut nmldiugs of the present. 
 
 The two-stoi'v mtcting hiiu:es in New England 
 arc of unusual interest, and while many of them 
 architecturally i)resent a better result, we (hndU 
 if any of our early churches have received more 
 solicitous care or have been more reverently re- 
 garded than Trinity at New^Dort. 
 
 OUI) STATE HOUSE, NEWPORT 
 
 I ""HE public buildings designed during our 
 -'■ early Colonial period are, in general, ex- 
 cellent in design. 
 
 While simple in style they have a certain eleg- 
 ance that may properly furnish inspiration to 
 njodern designers. It is in its disciplined and al- 
 most universal refinement and dignity that lies 
 the chief beauty of this work. Even wdien the earlv 
 builders sought to venture on display they seem- 
 ed to possess an innate senje of good breeding 
 which taught them to avoid the vvdgar and the 
 eccentric. 
 
 13
 
 SKETCHES OF EARLY AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE 
 
 This ni;r;i<'il n-liiu'irieiil is slmwii in the fin-t 
 (liiit classic (Iftiiii was a cmiiinuii laiifiiiafjc, ami 
 even the liuiulilcst carpenter was al)le to use it 
 with iiitellip'iice and appropriatenivs to express 
 tlie jov lie evitliMitlv I'onntI in his work. 
 
 The State lionse at Newport was linilt in \~ \'.\. 
 ai'd Hiehard .Munday was its arciiileci. OhilT ('. 
 Kevin, writiiij; in the Cieorjiian I'eriod <<( Miiudav 
 and his work, states: "This huilding is sym- 
 metrical, well proportioned and quiet. For sug- 
 •restion Muinlay dejtended on the type then in 
 vogue. * * * Xhe dimensions are forty tent 
 by eighty. Honestly constructed of Krick and 
 stone, it hravely promises to weather lln' seasons 
 for many generations to come." 
 
 Some critics of the architecture of onr Colonial 
 ])eriod have contended that, while its purity and 
 classic lieauty cannot be (piestioned, it was never- 
 theless based purely on domestic types. This 
 State House at .Newport is cited as a case to prove 
 this contention. 
 
 riiK i;ii.i,( IP HOUSE. sT.vrKx isi..\ni) 
 
 Till'] IJillop House is one of llie eai'liest e\- 
 am])les if .\nierican arcliilecinre. From it : 
 tirst beginnings it li:i^ been liid'ieil with events in 
 .\merican history iliat \\:wr eiiileiired it as t!ie 
 iiackgrouml for many legem^. 
 
 At a time back in the Kidti's the Dnke of York 
 claimed Staten Island as part of the colony of 
 Xew York. Xew .lersey also wanted ])ossession. 
 In or<ler to give his decision the semblance of fair- 
 ness the Duke ndetl that all islands lying in or 
 near the harbor which conld be cii'cumnavigated 
 in twenty-four hours were to belong to Xew York 
 and the others to Xew Jer.sey. In those slow old 
 days this was a tedious process and the Dnke wa^ 
 pnt to it to tind a eiunpeient sailor. It was Vi\\> 
 tain Chri; toj)lu r IJillop, in connnand of a small 
 vessel, who succeeded, and this act won from the 
 Dnke of ^'ork a trai-t of land containing l.lti-'l 
 acres. 
 
 The hoiise here illustrated, located at Totten- 
 ville, is the oldest structure in Staten Islaiul and 
 was built by Billop soon after the land was ])re- 
 :ented to him in HitiS. It stands a little way be- 
 yon<l a group of farndiouses under the .shade of 
 huge trees generations old. such as one rarely sees 
 in this j)art of the world, where axes and forest 
 files have wrought havoc. 
 
 Dtiring the Revolution, Generals Howe, Corn 
 wallis, Clinton, Burgoyne and others were entei- 
 tiiined there. T'^nder the roof of the Billop House 
 was held the only peace confer(>nce of the Revolu- 
 tion, wliich tor)k ](lace on September fi, ]T7<1. 
 Benjamin Franklin, John Adams and Edward 
 
 liiitleilge had been a]>pointed by the Continental 
 Congress to confer with the English on the issues 
 of the war. The In use was nsed as a barracks 
 during the K(\i>huion and in ili(> cellar there is a 
 brick vault and dungeon, large and linely ar<dipd, 
 which is said to have been jnit to stern use. It 
 i- believed that an underground i)assage was made 
 a' llial lime, leadinu down to tlie river, a distance 
 ot two linndred \iirds. 
 
 The iilnoniy tale- ot' the dnngeon, the s\itfering 
 jnisoners. the nndergroniul passage, are oidy one 
 side of llie old house's history, (iay and spark- 
 ling scenes took place above. Many a bancpiet 
 did the old manor see; many a daintily brocaded 
 lady, many a gallant, rutfled and jiowdered gentle- 
 man, its rise and fall encompass perhaps every 
 human emotion and it is one of the honored land- 
 marks of a I'ieli eonntrv. 
 
 ST. AXDRE\V'S CHUECH, 
 STATKX ISLAND 
 
 Till'] sketch shown, represents a structure in 
 its two hundred and fourteenth year of 
 (existence. In 19(18, upon the comjiletion of its 
 two hnndredtli anniversary, a tablet was placed 
 upon its wall to commemorate the fact that it has 
 held its own since the days when C^neen Anne 
 gave it the royal charter under which it was es- 
 tablished. 
 
 Romance has surrounded this quaint parish 
 since long before Revolutionary diiys and it ha^ 
 done its share in making the history of the East. 
 Today St. Andrew's is one of the show places of 
 Staten Island. It is a modest structure of old 
 gray stone aiul lies off the beaten path. Yet visit- 
 ors are possesse<l with a feeling of awe as they 
 look \i])on the ilimmfd legends of stones that have 
 marked graves for two centuries and picture to 
 themselves the fierce fight between the Americans 
 ar.d British when this clmrch gave |irotection to 
 each army in turn. 
 
 From its quiet graveyard one may look across 
 the swam])y fields almost to L^'resh ivills. 
 
 in Octoljcr, ITT'i, so the story goes, the .\meri- 
 cans niuier Gen. Hugh ilercer crossed from Perth 
 Amboy, ISTew .iersey, to attack the i]>ritish troops, 
 stationed in Richmond, :iii(l ]inrsue(l them to the 
 church to which they retreated. The .\mericans 
 stormed the building, shooting until every window 
 jiane was shattered ami then threw stones to con- 
 ■serve ammunition. At this, a soldier came to the 
 door and stated that the troojis within were ready 
 to surrender, offering the explanation that the 
 elnirch was being used as a British hos])ital, and 
 that wounded and snfFei'ing men lav within. 
 
 14
 
 SKETCHES OF EARLY AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE 
 
 During the Kevohition, when the British were 
 iu possession of the island, services were suspend- 
 ed in all its churches except this. St. Andrew's 
 was twice partly destroyed hy fire, but portions 
 have withstood the ravages of two centuries. Tn 
 the Metropolitan Museum, New York, there is 
 treasured a silver communion service which Queen 
 Anne gave the church when the charter was 
 granted. 
 
 T 
 
 A STREET IN NEWPORT 
 
 HERE is nothing iu the view of this quaint, 
 winding street, su picturestjuely shown by 
 Mr. Eggers, to suggest that it is a close neighbor 
 to a section renowned all over the world for its 
 palatial residences and the iiomcs of multi-mil- 
 lionaires. 
 
 The native population of Newport, with com- 
 mendable regard for the traditions which sur- 
 round this town, have kept as far as possible free 
 from incursions of modernism. The artist in 
 drawing this picture has presented a street in the 
 old town of Newport as it probably looked a 
 century ago. 
 
 One may almost with accuracy trace the suc- 
 cessive stages of building, rndoubtedly the hous- 
 es, with their gambroled gables facing on to the 
 street, were the earliest types. In the distance 
 rises the spire of Trinity Church, shown in an- 
 other illustration. There are nuiny well designed 
 historic buildings in Ne\v])ort. The neighborhood 
 has long been a favorite sketching ground. 
 
 The State House, in which is hung the original 
 portrait of Washington by Gilbert Stuart, the old 
 market house, dating from 17G3, the Redwood 
 Library and the Jewish Synagogue are among 
 those best known. 
 
 OLD TAVERN, ROSSVILLE, 
 STATEN ISLAND 
 
 STAGE coach and tavern days were picturesque 
 ones during our Colonial period. With our 
 present facilities for safe and quick journeys over 
 long distances it is difficult to realize with what 
 trepidation and great preparation our forefathers 
 set about the trip from Philadelphia to Boston. 
 
 Now a matter of hours, then a journey of 
 weeks, the venturesome traveller, we learn, was 
 wont to make his will, set his house in order and 
 bid his family a tearful good-bye. It was only 
 the rich and important who could afford the ex- 
 pense of these long stage coach trips and it is for 
 this i-eason that these taverns are in a sense his- 
 torical landmarks. 
 
 At one time or another they have sheltered the 
 
 great men who were active during our Colonial 
 period. 
 
 The tavern at Rossville on State Island, pic- 
 turesquely presented by Mr. Eggers' skillful pen- 
 cil, is on the one time direct route between the 
 southern and northern colonies. It was along this 
 route that Washington journeyed when he set out 
 for New York to take the oath of office as first 
 President of the United States. 
 
 In its architecture the tavern at Rossville fol- 
 lows traditions of Dutch Colonial types. In fact 
 it may be regarded as an excellent example of 
 that period. Much of the picturesqueness of 
 Staten Island has now disappeared and this old 
 tavern is but a suggestion of what it was when 
 all the village turned out to greet the arrival of 
 "The Coach" and stare openmouthed at the pas- 
 sengers alighting to stretch their legs after the 
 long run from Trenton and to find in the low- 
 ceilinged tap room the refreshment that would 
 ease their fatigue and fortify them to continue 
 their journey. 
 
 OLD DUTCH FARM HOUSE, 
 STATEN ISLAND 
 
 ' I ""HE sturdy qualities of the Dutch who settled 
 -'- Manhattan Island and spread out across the 
 Hudson to New Jersey and seaward toward Staten 
 Island are well typified in the house selected by 
 Mr. Eggers for the present illustration. Low in 
 iieight and broatl in expanse, this colonial farm 
 liouse solidly sits its site. One may imagine the 
 iitolid burgher taking his ease on the wide spread- 
 ing porch, sheltered from the oppressive heat of 
 the summer sun, or during inclement days in 
 winter equally snug and comfortable before the 
 stone fireplace of the low beamed kitchen ceiling. 
 
 Few of these oldtinie farm houses remain, and 
 when he who tramjis the unfrequented highway 
 conies upon one, the charm of its picturesqueness 
 is appealing. 
 
 The wide clapboar<k'(l walls and the adze-hewn 
 shingles have taken on the most wonderful colors, 
 the effects of many years of ageing. In some 
 instances these old houses are embowered by 
 climbing vines whose sturdy trunks indicate the 
 manv veai's of their arrowth. 
 
 CHRIST CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
 
 T N many communities during the earlier Colo- 
 -'- nial period a hobby of architecture was indulg- 
 ed in by ])rominent citizens who recreatively 
 sought to design and plan important structures. 
 These designs and plans they were able to have 
 executed because of the sufficient prominence of 
 
 15
 
 SKETCHES OF EARLY AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE 
 
 tlifir DWiifi-.-iliip iiiul ability to dominate the master 
 liiiililcrs of tliiit day. 
 
 Ill no sts'iioii of till' country have tliose aiiiatcnr 
 ari'liitiff.s Ih-oii iiion- in I'viili'iu-e than in I'hila- 
 liilphia ami wi- rtnil that of several ri-iiiarkaliie 
 oh! i-lmrihes to he foiiiul in tiiat city, one of them, 
 C'lirist Chiiivh, whieh is perhaps the oldest and 
 lar^rest. was l«'j;nii in 17J7 from de-^ij^ns hy Dr. 
 .lohn Kersley, an amateur aivhitetl, who hapi>cns 
 to have suceeeded reasonably well. 
 
 It is a pleasure to recall tiie reverential attitude 
 of the people of I'hiladelpliia for these old Colo- 
 nial landmarks and it is thnnif;h this atfectioiiati- 
 eare that Christ ("liurch is today preserved as nciir 
 as possible as orifcinally designed and built. 
 
 ST. I'KTKirs nu'Rcn. 
 
 rilll..M)KI.PlllA, PA. 
 
 ST. PKTPIirs ClirKClI was imilt in 1T5S 
 and is very similar in its treatment id Christ 
 Chureh. It is one of the few early Colonial 
 ehnrches in Philadelphia which does not follow 
 the Wrenii type. In the eiul of this church there 
 is a ])alladian window similar in design to that 
 .shown in Christ Church and there are a number 
 of similaritic-s in the tWM structures. 
 
 The tipper part of the square tower of this 
 church, with its slender octagonal spire, telescop- 
 ing behind the battlemented roof, was addcil to the 
 original church in 1742 by William Strickland. 
 The detail showni in ilr. Eggers' sketch is a part 
 of tlic original structure. 
 
 It is interesting to learn that in order to pro- 
 vide a means of raising the money to erect the 
 stee])le it was decided to hold a lottery. This 
 lottery was advertised in the Philadel])hia jour- 
 nals. Thirteen men were appointed nuinagers, 
 of whom Benjamin Franklin was one. 
 
 DOORWAY TO FAIEFAX IIOISE, 
 AI.K.XAJs^DRIA, VA. 
 
 A I the o](cning of tlie Revolutionary War, the 
 -^ *- "Virginia Fairfaxes" were the best known 
 of the American Colonial pioneers of English 
 birth. Thomas, sixth Baron P'airfax, had acquir- 
 ed an immense estate in Virginia, which compris- 
 eil about one-quarter of the entire colony. 
 Thougli ardent loyalist during the Revolution, the 
 Fairfaxes were permitted to dwell in peace in 
 their manor house near Winchester. 
 
 The sketch ])resented by ^fr. Eggers shows the 
 Fairfax house in Alexandria. Va. Tt is tyi)ical 
 of the hest work of this period, and undoubtedly 
 was the product of one of those now unknown 
 carpenter-architects who so efficiently built along 
 
 our Kastern seaboard during the close of the eigh- 
 teenth century. This house stands today but little 
 changed from its tiriginal design, and the porch 
 sclwled by Mr. Eggers as the subject of the pres- 
 ent sketch is one of the iminy that have given in- 
 spiration to architects as among the best details 
 of our Colonial period. These carpenter-archi- 
 let'ts unquestionably worked, as did our great 
 modern i>ainlers. to achieve simplicity with full- 
 ness. Jt is the outstanding characteristic of all 
 of our best early Colonial work, and the result 
 is a purity of classic beauty that is unsurpassed. 
 
 KITCIIKX WL\(}, MOIWT VKKNoX. VA. 
 
 THE kitchen wing of ilnnm X'eruon shown 
 in the present sketch is reached by the ar- 
 catled passage which projecrts above the boxwood 
 hedge. The low building at the left is the kitchen. 
 Its large expanse was necessary in the preparation 
 of the food for the Washingtcm family and the 
 many dependents that were required in the con- 
 duct of so large an estate. The wide, o])en kitch- 
 en fireplace stands as it did in Washington's time, 
 and is ecjuipjicd with the many and ingenious 
 utensils that contributed to produce the sumptuous 
 banquets that nuirked the hospitality of a Vir- 
 ginia gentleman. 
 
 Owing to the well directetl work of a patriotic 
 society of WT)men, ilount Vernon and :ill of its 
 dependent buililings have been restored. 
 
 It was here that the lordly Fairfaxes, who own- 
 ed much of the surrounding country, were ac- 
 customed to visit, and it will not re(|uire a wide 
 stretch of imagination by those familiar with 
 Colonial customs to imagine the great deeds of 
 cookery that were performed in this kitchen when 
 these and other illustrious people were guests at 
 Mount Vernon. 
 
 PORTICO. LEE MANSION. 
 ARLINGTON. VA. 
 
 THIS mansion and the lands emliracecl in the 
 Arlington National Cemetery surrounding 
 it, marks one of the most important locations in 
 American history. It will always remain closely 
 as.sociated with the name of General Robert E. 
 Lee. the commander of the armies of the South- 
 ern Confederacy, for it was here that he made his 
 home during thirty years. He left it to join the 
 armies of the South, never to return to it. 
 
 In the early days of the Civil War this man- 
 sion was taken over by the authorities and after 
 much litigation, finally became legally the pro- 
 perty of the Government and tlie grounds which 
 surrounded it were acquired for purposes of a 
 national cemetery. 
 
 16
 
 SKETCHES OF EARLY AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE 
 
 This historic buikling receives the utmost care 
 and has been preserved so as to retain all the as- 
 pects of the day when it was the central feature 
 of the estate of one of the most representative Vir- 
 ginia families. 
 
 DETAIL OF A CHURCH ON CHARLES 
 STREET, BALTIMORE, MD. 
 
 THE First Presbyterian Church of Baltimore 
 was erected about 1817, from plans by M. 
 Godcfroy, Architect. 
 
 Baltimore abounds in notable ecclesiastical 
 structures, and those dating during the early 
 years of the nineteenth century have the attributes 
 of good architecture that marked the period. 
 
 The artist who has drawn this notable series of 
 early American architecture, and the writer who 
 has added these brief notes of description, have 
 by intimate association with the work of these 
 clever designers and builders, acquired a deep re- 
 spect for it. If the publication of these sketches 
 serves to impress on those who scan them, the 
 gTeat merit of the early architectural work in this 
 country and the necessity for its careful preserva- 
 tion, the object sought has been attained. 
 
 CHRIST CHURCH AND GRAVEYARD, 
 PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
 
 IN a previous plate there was illustrated a view 
 of Christ Church and this is now supplement- 
 ed by J\[r. Eggers' .sketch of the wall surrounding 
 the old churchyard wherein lie the remains of 
 many men and women who actively participated 
 in affairs during the early period of the forma- 
 tion of the United States. 
 
 In the present sketch Mr. Eggers has shown 
 the iron railing set into the wall through which 
 the passer-by may view the grave of iienjamin 
 Franklin and stop to do him the homage of a pas- 
 sing thouglit. The tomb, a slab of stone set flat, 
 for Franklin was an unpretentious man, bears the 
 inscription "Benjamin and Deborah Franklin, 
 1790." 
 
 CENTRAL :\[OTIVE, OLD STATK HOUSE 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 nr^ilE central motive and tower of the Old 
 A State House in Philadelphia provides the 
 subject of Mr. Eggers' sketch. While the build- 
 ing was started in 1729, the tower was not added 
 until about I7.'il. 
 
 In the belfry of this tower there was hung the 
 bell that "proclaimed liberty throughout all the 
 land to all the inhabitants thereof." To the great 
 disappointment of all the people, this bell was 
 
 cracked at its first trial by a stroke of its own 
 clapper. 
 
 The Declaration of Independence while draft- 
 ed, passed and signed in Independence Hall, was 
 not, as many mistakenly infer, proclaimed from 
 that rostrum. It was read from the platform of 
 a small observatory to a vast concourse assembled 
 in Independence Scpiare, as it is now called. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL, 
 PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
 
 THE Pennsylvania Hospital, is one of the 
 most venerated and venerable structures in 
 Philadelphia. Founded in 1751, largely through 
 the efforts of Benjamin Franklin, it is maintained 
 entirely by private subscription. It is the oldest 
 institution of its kind in America. 
 
 In its architecture it follows closely the lines of 
 the important liuildings erected during our Colo- 
 nial period. 
 
 OLD STATE HOUSE, PHILADELPHIA 
 
 npHE Old State House in Philadelphia, the 
 ■*■ birthplace of our national life, was begun 
 in 1729. Its progress toward completion Avas 
 slow, and when the Assembly met for the first 
 time in this building in 1735 it was far from 
 finished. The historic chamber, known as In- 
 dependence Hall, was not completed until 1742. 
 
 The graceful lines of this historic structure 
 present a fine example of our Colonial architec- 
 ture. The building is one of dignity and has a 
 fine sense of fitness and proportion. 
 
 In its original setting it was embowered by tall 
 trees and formed a ]iart of the mighty woods that 
 gained for Pennsylvania its sylvan name. 
 
 \VASHINGTON JMONUMENT, BALTHIORE 
 
 "DALTIMORE'S title as "The Monumental 
 •'-' Oity" is derived less from the number of its 
 monuments than from the early date at which the 
 Washington Monument in Mount Vernon Place, 
 Baltimore, was erected. 
 
 This stately shaft rises 164 feet and is sur- 
 mounted by a heroic figure of General Washing- 
 ton. The monument was built in 1815. Of the 
 many monuments of Washington erected all over 
 the United States none is more dignified or has a 
 finer setting than this one. 
 
 The citizens of Baltimore, with a true sense of 
 the artistic, have completed a scheme for the de- 
 velopment of the Mount Vernon Place section, 
 and in this scheme the Washington Monument 
 
 17
 
 SKnTCHFS OF EARLY AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE 
 
 will IkVOHIO tht« (li'lllllUlIlM^ IcMlmr. riif |llullS 
 
 fi>r this tlifiiiifuMl I'itv (li'vrl.>|iiiii'iil Wfir wuiki-d 
 out li.v Tliiiiiins Hastings, lUfliitirt. 
 
 nCIMI'V ••(H.I) SWKDKS" (IHIM 11, 
 WIl.M l.\(i|(>\. DKl.. 
 
 TUINITV. ill.- "1)1.1 S\v,mI.-.s" C'liiinli at Wil- 
 iiiiii;;ti.n. Di'l.. was Imilt in ItillS, aiul is still 
 in a.hnii'altlc ro|>air an. I rcfrnlar nsi'. It is in- 
 ti ri->lin;r n.it al.iiic liccansc it .itTcrs a |ii.-lnrt's.[n.' 
 I'tr.ft, lint alsii fur tlii' reason that the numy re- 
 storations an. I a.l'liti.ins have heen s.i ear.'fully 
 anil skilfully a.ljuste.l that it is .mlv th.)se fami 
 liar with this eliureh wli.) d.i n.tt iniafrine that the 
 entire strn.-tnre ili.l not .iri^inate at the sain.' 
 ■ late. 
 
 The tower was not a.l.le.l until 1802, ainI it 
 was .)nly fifty years afr.> that the south porch wiili 
 its h\<t roiin.l arch was hiiilt. This was not ijon.- 
 throii<;li any motive to secure an architectural ef- 
 fect, hut hecause it was fouinl necessary t.i huttress 
 the south wall. It is fortunate that sonioone with 
 artisth- kn.iwle.ljfe ace.iiniilisheil this task in tin- 
 |ir'eseiit very satisfactory manner. 
 
 The interior is less change.l than the exteri.)r, 
 and is practically the same as it was in the cif;ht- 
 eeiith centurv. 
 
 I'OKIICO OF "TloMKWool)- 
 HAI/n.MoKK. Ml). 
 
 WIIK.V Charles Carroll, dr.. huilt his hons,. 
 in I>altim.>re in 1S()4, he had f.ir an archi- 
 tect one of the carpenter-architects wli.) so clever- 
 ly built along the Atlantic seaboard during the 
 close of the eighteenth and the oiiciiing years of 
 the nineteenth centuries. Unfortunately the 
 names, with few exce])tions, of these men are un- 
 known, anil ei|Ually unfortunately in the present 
 instance. 
 
 The subject of ifr. Eggers' sketch has long been 
 regar.led as one of the most valued architectural 
 heirl.i.nns. It is a satisfaction t.) know that it 
 will be carefully pre.-erved. Now the prop.^'ty of 
 Johns-Hopkins University, it is safe to assume 
 that by no chance will this architectural relic lie 
 permitted to fall to decay. 
 
 OLD CUSTOM nOT'SE, 
 
 I'Hll.ADELl'UlA, I'A. 
 
 I.VCOKRECTI.Y TiTI.Elj OlD CoiTRT HoiT.SE 
 
 I 'HTS fine old building was built in 1810 for 
 *■ the T'nited States 1)ank. Tn 184.") it })ecanie 
 the C\istoni House. 
 
 Designed by William Strickland, it represents 
 
 his work at the early period .d' his activititrs as an 
 ari'liitc'i. 
 
 William Strickland and Robert .Mills, ontem- 
 poraiicoiis, .lominale.i the public buil. lings in this 
 cumtiy. They dictated the public taste in aiclii 
 tecture for a full generation. 
 
 The .dassi.' or Creek K.'vival was the doiuiual 
 ing motive of all their buildings and ii is safe 
 to assnmi' llial the slnn-tnres erect. '.I by tli.' gov- 
 erniiienl frnm aboiit 1 N^n weri' either iloigiied or 
 largely intlii.'iiced by either Sirickhind (17S7- 
 1^,'>) I or .Mills ( IT.SI-ISS")). 
 
 CHRIST ClirncH. AT.EXAXmilA, VA. 
 
 CHRIST ClU'RCll in .Me.Naii.lria, Va.. wa.s, 
 ii.'fon- till- adiliiioii of its jiruscnt tower, 
 iv])ical of a class of rliurch buildings erecte.l 
 iliiring our Colonial |i( riod. It was a ])lain, four- 
 sipiare building, wiili ;i liip roof, and its main 
 architectural features were the cornice anil tlie 
 liiiish of doors and windows. These reccivc.l the 
 considerable attention that was characteristic of 
 the work of the skilled Colonial builder. 
 
 (ieorgc Washington was on.' of ilic tirst vi'strv 
 men of this church, and the ]i.'W he occupied re 
 mains today as it was in Washington's time. 
 
 General Robert E. I.ce, who comnuindcil tli.' 
 Confederate forces during the Civil War, was also 
 a member of this church, coming from his stately 
 I'.onie in .\rlin"toii. 
 
 A STREET SCENE TN PROVIDENCE 
 
 W/ IIE.V, in Kiot), Roger Williams was expel- 
 ' '^ Icil from Massachu.'-.etts, he journeyed along 
 the sh.ncs of what is now known as Narragansctt 
 Bay. He bought a trac-t of land from the In.lians 
 aii.l founded the town of Provideiuv in Rhode 
 Island. 
 
 A cijinpli'te and ilistinct se])aration was made 
 between spiritual anil temporal affairs. The re- 
 ligious intolerati.m that existed in Massachusetts 
 was here set aside and freedom of action in re- 
 ligious matters unecpiivocally giiaranteed. 
 
 From the days of its founding up to the present, 
 Proviilence has been typically New England in its 
 growth and development. Thi.s niay be noted in 
 the older part of the city where the thoroughfares 
 are narrow an.l cr.ioked, and where may be found 
 many interesting early American houses similar 
 to tlu- one that has been so ailmirably sketched by 
 M r. Eggers. 
 
 The high box stoops shown in the illustration 
 are common to New England, and many are to be 
 found in Providence. They mark a certain period 
 of domestic architecture. It is satisfactory to 
 
 18
 
 SKETCHES OF EARLY AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE 
 
 know that the patriotic spirit of the people of 
 Providence is the reason for the conservation of 
 many of these valnable architectural details. 
 
 A PEO^aDENCE DOORYAED 
 
 THERE is a certain quiet refinement about 
 domestic life in New England seldom 
 found elsewhere. This refinement is shown in the 
 pride of birth that New England people so in- 
 sistently proclaim, and this very attitude towards 
 their ancestors is responsible for the mainte- 
 nance, as nearly in the original as possible, of 
 many of the landmarks to be found in Providence. 
 This picturesque dooryard, with its well pro- 
 portioned gateway, is of a house located on a 
 hilly street. It is one that would attract the at- 
 tention of the artist, and it has been very well 
 handled by ^Ir. Eggers in the accompanying 
 sketch. 
 
 EIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, 
 PROVIDENCE 
 
 PROVIDENCE, Rhode Island, may be said to 
 be the first home of the Baptist (.'hureh in 
 America. The congregation which now worships 
 in this church comprises among its members many 
 of the descendants of that first congregation which, 
 in 1638, organized this church, under the ministry 
 of Roger Williams. 
 
 The church is similar in design to many of 
 the so-called two-story meeting houses that adorn 
 New England villages and cities and which sug- 
 gest, in every line, the devout spirit that has for 
 so long a time maintained this church and zeal- 
 ously guarded its traditions. 
 
 CHRIST CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA 
 
 I HIS fine church, one of the oldest now stand- 
 -*- ing in Philadelphia, was built in 1727. Its 
 history is linked with that of other and perhaps 
 better known historical buildings in that city. It 
 has been maintained with the most zealous care, 
 as near as possible, in its original state, and is 
 affectionately regarded by every citizen as one of 
 the many revolutionary landmarks in which the 
 people take a very proper ])ride. 
 
 It ia an important addition to the already large 
 number of Colonial churches included in this 
 series. It also presents further evidence of the 
 skill and refinement of design of the builder- 
 architects of the period who constructed the build- 
 ings which constitute such a valuable heritage to 
 e\ery citizen of the L^nited States. 
 
 DOORWAY IN BRISTOL, RHODE ISLAND 
 
 BRISTOL, R. I., in the opinion of many an- 
 ti(juarians, is located on or near the site 
 where the Northmen in the year 1,000 and later, 
 built the dwellings mentioned in the Icelandic 
 Saga. 
 
 This picturesque town on Narragansett Bay was 
 first settled by the whites in 1680 and was in- 
 'corjjorated as a town in 17-t6. It is, therefore, 
 among the oldest of our New England settlements. 
 The boat building industiy has for many years 
 flourished in Bristol, and the inhabitants, many 
 of whom can trace their ancestry to the early set- 
 tlers, have maintained, as far as possible, all the 
 earlier characteristics of this interesting town. 
 
 The doorway sketched by Mr. Eggers and pre- 
 sented in this portfolio, is typical of the large 
 amount of good architectural detail in Bristol 
 that has survived the many changes that have there 
 been made. 
 
 OLD STOCK EXCHANGE, 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
 IxcoRRECTLv Titled as Old Custom House 
 
 THIS fine old building, designed by William 
 Strickland, has seen many vicissitudes. It 
 was built in ls;31 and represents in a most digni- 
 fied way that period of our architectural develop- 
 ment known as the ''Greek Revival." 
 
 A drawing by llr. Eggers of a house at 7 State 
 Street, New York, is included in the portfolio. In 
 the monograph it is stated that the architect of that 
 building was unknown. Comparison with the 
 present illustration would suggest that it might 
 be safe to hazard an attribution to Strickland. 
 Strickland was born in 1787 and died in 1854. 
 The house on State Street in New York was Iniilt 
 in 18.30, a year earlier than the present subject, 
 or when Strickland was about 43 years old. 
 
 19
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 KITCHEN WING, MOUNT VERNON, VA. 
 
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 PORTICO. LEE MANSION, ARLINGTON, VA. 
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 CHRIST CHURCH AND GRAVE YARD, PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
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 OLD SWEDES.CHURCH, WILMINGTON,:dEL. 
 
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 PORTICO OF HOMEWOOD, BALTIMORE, MD. 
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 OLD COURT HOUSE, PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
 
 THE AMERICAS ARCHITECT Series of Early American Architeriure
 
 
 CHRIST CHURCH, ALEXANDRIA, VA. 
 IIHE AMERICAN ARCHITECT Siriit af Earl, Amtrican Arthiltctur,
 
 DETAIL OF A HOUSE IN PROVIDENCE, R. I. 
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 FIRST BAPTIST MEETING HOUSE, PROVIDENCE, R. I. 
 
 THE AMERICAN ARCHITECT Series of Early American Architecture
 
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 DOOR WAY TO A HOUSE ON BENEFIT STREET, 
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 THE CATHEDRAL, BALTIMORE, MD. 
 
 THE AMERICAN ARCHITECT Series of Early American Architecture
 
 University of CalKomia 
 
 SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 
 40S Hiigard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 
 
 Return tills materlai to the library 
 
 from which II was borrowed.
 
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