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 OLD AND SILVER 
 MONEY 
 
 PAUL F, TIDMAN 
 
 THIRD EDITION
 
 GOLD AND SILVER 
 MONEY
 
 GOLD AND SILVER 
 MONEY 
 
 PART I. A PLAIN STATEMENT 
 PART II. OBJECTIONS ANSWERED 
 
 BY 
 
 PAUL F. TIDMAN 
 
 THIRD EDITION 
 
 LONDON 
 
 KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, & CO., i PATERNOSTER SQUARE 
 1882
 
 THE ARGUMENT. 
 
 The Silver Question, treated from a practical point 
 of view, is simple and interesting ; it affects every 
 individual. Metallic money has superseded barter, and 
 an increase in its volume is necessary as the world's 
 commerce expands,/.^" The value of money consists 
 in its fixity of value, which is the result of its being a 
 patent article made only by the State, p. 6. The ex- 
 changeable use of money is second only in importance 
 to its adoption by the State as a standard or measure 
 of values, which to be. effectual must be permanent and 
 assured,^. 10. The State, by creating the demand for 
 the precious .metals in the manufacture of money, controls 
 the market for them, p. 13. Money, as currency, will 
 have more or less purchasing power according as it is 
 scarce or abundant ; but money as the standard of value 
 is unaffected by the amount of the precious metals in 
 circulation, p. 25. Gold and silver are universally allowed 
 to be the best standard of value ; some nations using 
 one and some both, p. 26. A standard based on both 
 must be less liable to variation than if confined to one, 
 p. 29. England made a mistake in 1816 by discarding 
 silver as joint base of her Standard, and Germany was 
 similarly at fault in 1873, p. 30. The demand for silver 
 being now so much reduced, and its character discredited, 
 its value is falling and fluctuating, ^.31. Great danger to 
 the world's commerce, and especially to the trade of 
 England, is admitted to exist in consequence, and the 
 question is, how can the value of silver be restored and 
 made permanent ? p. 45 The proposal of the Paris 
 Conference of 1878, shown to be impracticable, p. 50, as 
 is also an alternative scheme advocated by Professor 
 Bonomy Price, p. 64. The proposal of the Bi-metallists 
 stated,^. 55. The question can be disposed of, to the 
 great advantage of this country and the benefit of inter- 
 national trade, if England will join a union of the 
 Continental Powers with the United States, p. 67.
 
 GOLD AND SILVER MONEY. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 A PLAIN STATEMENT. 
 
 A CABINET MINISTER said last year, to a friend 
 who inquired of him, if he understood 'The 
 Silver Question,' that he had never ventured 
 to go into it, because a theoretical financier, who 
 had studied it for thirteen years, had confessed 
 at the end of that period that he was hopelessly 
 bewildered. 
 
 It may seem, therefore, presumptuous to 
 attempt to popularise anything regarded as so 
 abstruse and complicated. And yet, in these 
 days, since almost every science, whether deal- 
 ing with such phenomena as the 1 transit of 
 B 
 
 2003437
 
 2 Gold and Silver Money. 
 
 Venus or the fixtures of a drawing-room, has 
 been elucidated in shilling handbooks, there 
 would seem precedent for venturing on a plain 
 statement of one of the greatest questions 
 which arise out of Monetary Science ; a ques- 
 tion moreover which is pressing for a settlement, 
 and which affects every individual member of the 
 commonwealth. 
 
 It will be admitted that it is practicable to 
 take an interest in, and understand many phe- 
 nomena, without having mastered the abstract 
 principles which underlie them, or being equal 
 to making mathematical calculations regard- 
 ing them. It is so with that practical 
 aspect of Monetary Science, called ' The Silver 
 Question,' which is now being so freely dis- 
 cussed, and which will be found both intelligible 
 and interesting, when the disputes which have 
 arisen out of the various definitions of ' Money,' 
 ' Commodities,' and the like, are consigned to 
 oblivion, and the common-sense view of the case
 
 A Plain Statement. 3 
 
 (if I may say so without offence to the political 
 economists) becomes the one on which atten- 
 tion is concentrated. 
 
 The men who conduct the commerce of the 
 world, the men whose every operation is based 
 upon money, the dealers in money, get but 
 short shrift at the hands of the dealers in theories 
 about money. Professor Bonamy Price, one of 
 the ablest of the latter, has just favoured us with 
 a portrait * of the ' practical man, ' the author 
 of all confusion, who ' pours out elaborate the- 
 ories, with the fullest assurance that he knows.' 
 The truth is that theoretical economists, as 
 a rule, can see little on the ground beneath 
 them. It is with them, as with the inhabitants 
 of Laputa, of whom Gulliver tells us that in 
 their heads, one eye turned inwards and the 
 other was directed towards the Zenith. Their 
 ' cause and effect demand and supply ' be- 
 comes as monotonous as the ticking of a 
 
 * Contemporary Revinv, February. 
 B 2
 
 4 Gold and Silver Money. 
 
 clock. No doubt, if their united wisdom could 
 foresee every cause, they would be guides whom 
 business men would be wise to follow, but a 
 scientific treatise is not found in practice to be 
 the best manual for a counting-house. Causes 
 more varying than the waves of the sea, more 
 subtle than the changes of wind and tempera- 
 ture, affect markets and make the difference 
 between profit and loss. Often, indeed, the 
 scientific formula, ' demand and supply/ brings 
 no more reassurance to business men than it 
 would do to the schoolboy gazing wistfully 
 into the pastrycook's window, when his pocket 
 money was exhausted. It is cold comfort in 
 the midst of a panic to be told that ' confidence 
 ought not to have been shaken,' and that the 
 bank rate ' ought not to have been put up.' 
 
 We all prize Money, all strive to acquire it, 
 because it means wealth, which may be best 
 stored in this form, or may be at once ex- 
 changed for food, clothing, and luxuries.
 
 A Plain Statement. 5 
 
 To those who use it as the mass of the 
 world do, it becomes indispensable as currency, 
 i.e. it runs from one hand to another, and it has 
 thus enabled the world to rise out of a state of 
 barbarism, in which the individual could pro- 
 cure commodities only if he happened to be 
 able to offer in exchange an article which was 
 wanted. Metallic money has superseded the 
 primitive modes of barter, because it is itself 
 something which is of use to every one, and 
 can always be exchanged for commodities. 
 Any sudden or rapid diminution in its supply, 
 therefore, must hamper such exchanges, or, 
 in common language, restrict trade, and what 
 is desirable is, a steady increase of the 
 volume of money, in proportion to the 
 development of the world's requirements. 
 
 But, in what consists its value to those who 
 use it, and to those who store it ? 
 
 Clearly, in its fixity of value ; in its sta- 
 bility. If Gold were sometimes saleable for
 
 6 Gold and Silver Money. 
 
 one hundred shillings an ounce, and soon after- 
 wards (consequent on the substitution of some 
 new metal in the place of it as Money) worth 
 half the amount, it would at once lose the 
 supreme importance which attaches to it. 
 
 What gives Money this unchanging value, 
 which nothing else possesses ? 
 
 // is a Patent article made by the State, 
 and by no one but the State, and just as, 
 when such raw material as cotton and silk 
 are woven into cloth, the manufactured article 
 differs in its appearance and uses from those 
 it possessed as a mere natural product, so 
 does the Metal Gold become transformed in 
 the course of its manufacture into Money. As 
 regards appearance, it has now acquired a cer- 
 tain shape and size, and upon it is the Patent 
 Mark, ' to imitate which is forgery.' The 
 sovereign has a different use to that which 
 could have been made of the small nugget 
 or pinch of Gold dust, out of which it has
 
 A Plain Statement. 7 
 
 been formed. It passes from hand to hand a 
 dozen times a day, without doubt or diffi- 
 culty, and has become exchangeable for all 
 commodities. 
 
 Why? 
 
 For this reason : that the Patent Mark of 
 the State guarantees it to uniformly contain the 
 same weight of fine Gold ; and, whenever the 
 patentees find a sovereign which has lost in 
 weight, they destroy the coin, by giving it a clip 
 with the bank scissors, thus effectually prevent- 
 ing it from doing duty any more as Money. 
 The coin which has been thus defaced, retains 
 the value of whatever weight of Gold it may 
 contain, but as Money it has ceased to exist, 
 and must be re-manufactured before it can per- 
 form the functions of currency. 
 
 So that it becomes evident, that the State 
 which creates Money, has likewise the power 
 to destroy it. 
 
 But the exchangeable or commercial use of
 
 8 Gold and Silver Money. 
 
 Money, is not its only or its primary and dis- 
 tinguishing feature. Compare the Gold dust 
 or the nugget with the sovereign, and mark the 
 ideas upon the two which rise respectively in 
 the mind. The nugget looks like Gold, and it 
 may be Gold, but the Patent article you know is 
 Gold, because of the Queen's head upon it. 
 The nugget may be large or small, worth 10 
 or 100, with Gold enough in it to pay for the 
 ' Edition de Luxe ' of Thackeray, or a new copy 
 of the 'Encyclopaedia Britannica.' It may be 
 small enough to make you doubt whether you 
 can purchase with it a box of cabanas at Sos. 
 per hundred, or whether it would defray the 
 cost of a rocking-horse (30^.) for your child ; 
 but you turn to the coined metal, the sovereign, 
 and become aware that four such pieces will be 
 required to pay for the cigars, and one and 
 a half for the toy. 
 
 You have been unconsciously calculating 
 the calculation being based upon a fixed
 
 A Plain Statement. 9 
 
 measure or standard of value accepted by 
 everybody else as well as yourself. 
 
 Note, tJiat you have no choice but to accept it. 
 The patentee says you shall do so, and that 
 everybody else shall do so, so that, if you buy 
 the cigars or, better still, two rocking-horses for 
 the twins, and the bill for them is sent in at 30^. 
 each, the patentee compels the seller to give a 
 receipt on your handing him three of these 
 sovereigns. Once again, it is manifest that 
 Money is the creature of law. 
 
 This faculty of measuring at once takes 
 Money out of the category of other commodi- 
 ties, entitling it, for all practical purposes, to 
 be spoken of by a name which, while not 
 excluding the idea of a commodity, brings 
 another and a different idea so prominently 
 forward as to put the other out of sight. 
 The change undergone in the manufacture 
 of Money may be illustrated (up to a certain 
 point) by another metal, quicksilver, which is
 
 io Gold and Silver Money. 
 
 imported in iron flasks, and varies in value from 
 6 to 20 per flask. Directed into different 
 channels of commerce, this metal deals with you 
 unsparingly in the shape of a pill, and in another 
 form, enables you to watch the effect of that pill 
 upon the face reflected in your mirror. With 
 differing uses, it remains the same commodity. 
 But follow it further, and, as you step into your 
 greenhouse, stop to notice the temperature. 
 The commodity quicksilver is imprisoned in that 
 tube ; but is not the first and overpowering 
 association now in your mind with it, one of a 
 standard or measure? and is not the worth 
 and use of a thermometer quite a different 
 and distinct worth and use to you than is that 
 of the quicksilver in a flask? The mercury, 
 being a natural product, becomes a measure of 
 temperature in virtue of its obedience to the 
 laws of nature, but Money, being an artificial 
 production, acts as a measure under the 
 supremacy of state law, and depends upon
 
 A Plain Statement. \ i 
 
 it for its stability, no less than for its very 
 existence. 
 
 Thus, then, the first principle we ascertain 
 about Money is that, in addition to being 
 currency, it is a patent article made only by 
 the State (the law standing in relation to 
 it as a patent does to ordinary manufactures), 
 which the law makes use of as the standard of 
 value. 
 
 'Money,' says Aristotle, 'hath its value 
 only in virtue of law and hath it not by nature ; 
 hence an alteration of the consensus between 
 them that use it, hath power to destroy the 
 value which as money it possesseth to meet 
 men's wants.' 
 
 The patentee's rights are absolute and per- 
 petual, and as manufacturer, the State stands in 
 the place of managing director of a company, of 
 which the shareholders are the nation, their profits 
 being derived, not from periodical dividends, 
 but from the facilities afforded them in all
 
 12 Gold and Silver Money. 
 
 transactions, whether public or private, by the 
 use of the patent article Money. 
 
 It is important to bear in mind, that the 
 nation are the company who own the manu- 
 facturing rights, and one of the conditions under 
 which production should be carried on a clause 
 imperatively necessary in the Articles of this com- 
 pany is that any shareholder, i.e. every single 
 member of the community possessing the raw 
 material, may demand at the Mint its equiva- 
 lent in the manufactured article, Money. 
 That equivalent is fixed by law, and unless it 
 exists, and exists, moreover, coincidently with 
 free mintage, there can be no stability in the 
 standard of value. In England, at present, any 
 one owning an ounce of Gold can demand for 
 it at the Mint, 3. I'js. qd. But if his right to 
 do so were withdrawn ; if the Mint had power to 
 refuse to deliver the Patent article in exchange 
 for the raw material, the owner of it would find 
 himself with a quantity of an ordinary com-
 
 A Plain Statement. 13 
 
 modity, possessing merely an uncertain and 
 fluctuating value, for which a watchmaker might 
 offer 3. 5^., and a jeweller 3. I2s. 
 
 The right of free mintage, therefore, at 
 the fixed or legal equivalent, is essential to 
 the stability of the standard of value. 
 
 It is in virtue of the right of free coinage at 
 a fixed equivalent, that the patentee, the State, 
 controls the markets for the raw material, 
 out of which it manufactures Money, because 
 by substituting a valueless thing, such as paper, 
 for the precious metals, it can at once an- 
 nihilate the main use to which they are put. 
 It may cut off the demand for them, and thus 
 lower their value ; and, obviously, if the course 
 adopted by one state were to be followed by a 
 group of states, which gradually gained fresh 
 adhesions, the limits of the fall which would 
 occur in the value of the precious metals must 
 be indefinite, checked only by the trifling 
 demand which would be left for them as orna-
 
 14 Gold and Silver Money. 
 
 ment, plate, &c., and even this would soon lose 
 its former influence on values, because of their 
 having already become shifting and doubtful. 
 The mere beauty of Gold would go for little 
 in times like these (when so-called ' aluminium ' 
 cannot be detected from the ' nobler ' metal by 
 the uninitiated), except it were that the demand 
 for Gold as Money is steadily increasing, and its 
 permanent and steady value supposed to be 
 thus assured. 
 
 This permanent and steady value is the 
 result of the consensus existing between those 
 who use money ; in other words, the legal value 
 is only another designation of the ' intrinsic ' 
 value. The labour employed in the production 
 of the raw material may be the better paid for, 
 or the worse, but, as miners best of all men 
 know, their remuneration is a question of chance 
 (which, indeed, is the overpowering attraction for 
 many), and is never considered in the price of 
 gold. The speculative charms about mining
 
 A Plain Statement. 15 
 
 are so great, that even when through ' ill luck ' 
 a working has been stopped, it is not long before 
 fresh adventurers appear on the spot. The cost 
 of a bag of sovereigns from California will be 
 altogether different to that of a bag from 
 Australia, though each contain one thousand 
 coins, yet even Professor Bonamy Price would 
 not expect the one bag to purchase more com- 
 modities than the other. A mine may turn 
 out, one month, 1,000 ozs. of gold, upon which 
 the month's expenses prove to be 3,887. ios., 
 in which event there will not be a penny 
 of remuneration to the miner, because no one 
 will give him more than the Mint equivalent per 
 oz. 3. i?s. qd. Another month, a similar 
 weight of gold may be raised at a cost of 500, 
 when the miners' profit will be 3,387. ios. 
 'There is my price,' says the buyer at the 
 mine ; ' the fixed standard value ; it is no use 
 for me to offer you less, for you could get the 
 price elsewhere ; it would be absurd for me to
 
 16 Gold and Silver Money. 
 
 offer you more, because it would simply be loss 
 to me.' If the buyer be a Moralist, he will 
 frequently add, 'I am sorry the cost of pro- 
 duction has been so heavy as to nearly ruin you, 
 but you know the Mint will not give me the 6 
 per oz. which this gold has cost you.' 
 
 The most imaginative ideas on this part 
 of the subject prevail among the theoretical 
 financiers, and are clearly expressed by Professor 
 Price. He thinks that ' those who determine 
 the price to be paid at the mines, are the miners 
 and the buyers of the gold together. The 
 miners must have reward enough in the com- 
 mand of wealth given them, however calculated, 
 to induce them to dig up the ore, and the buyers 
 must see their way to selling the gold to 
 purchasers who will leave them a profit on the 
 purchase.' Our professor is not 'a practical 
 man.' He may have read in his youth of the 
 manner in which buying and selling at the 
 mines was effected thirty years ago, when one
 
 A Plain Statement. 17 
 
 hundred millions of our existing gold was being 
 raised ; if he has not, let him refer to a most 
 charming book,* where he will find that in 
 the days of 1850 the 'cost of production' 
 never entered men's heads. If the ' knife and 
 the revolver ' had not already determined ' the 
 price to be paid at the mines/ the gambling 
 hells of San Francisco soon settled the question 
 for the producer ; as ' the ordinary miner, elated 
 with success, suddenly possessed of unwonted 
 wealth, staked his gold recklessly, unconscious 
 that the professional gambler with keen eye was 
 watching his prey.' Five years later and 
 perhaps this is where our professor has got 
 confused 'the price at the mines' was de- 
 termined by the miners' necessities for spirits, 
 food, and clothes ; but now, and in all settled 
 conditions of mining, there is no room for the 
 haggling and palaver which Mr. Price seems to 
 think determines the price to be paid. There 
 
 * Pioneering in the Far East, Ludvig Verner Helms. 
 C
 
 1 8 Gold and Silver Money, 
 
 is no time lost between producer and buyer, 
 the bank's agent being on the spot, ready with the 
 fixed value, in sovereigns, of the raw material. 
 As for the fancy sketch of the ' men who possess 
 ingots of precious metal ' solemnly discussing 
 whether or not the Mint shall have their gold or 
 whether they shall ' import it into England ' to 
 the alarm of the bank directors it is a companion 
 picture to 'The Lunatic Merchant ' now in 
 Professor Bonamy Price's collection, which shall 
 be exhibited in a moment ; the pair being 
 suggestive of the celebrated gallery at Brus- 
 sels, where your guide shrugs his shoulders 
 and says, 'Very, very clever, you know, but 
 quite mad.' 
 
 The Patentees can increase the supply of 
 Money at their pleasure, as England did in 
 1666 by affording free mintage of Silver and 
 Gold, or check the production of Money, as 
 was done in 1816, by abandoning the coinage 
 of pure Silver altogether, and substituting for it
 
 A Plain Statement. 19 
 
 our existing debased and very limited token 
 coinage. Our existing Silver currency is depre- 
 ciated by alloy to the extent of about 8 per 
 cent, and is legal tender in payment of debts 
 only for the sum of 40^. The circulation of 
 this token money does not exceed ios. per head 
 of the population. 
 
 So long as free mintage of Gold and Silver 
 is maintained, there is no prospect of there being 
 more Money than the world can absorb. Through 
 the agency of steam and electricity, the distri- 
 bution of Money over the globe can be effected 
 almost instantaneously, so that there becomes 
 less and less probability of a glut in one market, 
 and scarcity in another. Professor Bonamy 
 Price, however, is alarmed at the possibility of 
 there being idle capital in the Bank, and the 
 tableaux in which he exhibits his fears deserve 
 a place ' on the line ' along with the other effects 
 of this master of finance. 
 
 c 2
 
 2O Gold and Silver Money. 
 
 Tableau I. shows 'a merchant' who has 
 been doing rather a large cash business with 
 Australia, and finds himself burdened with the 
 proceeds of English goods to the extent of five 
 million sovereigns. He is in the Antipodes, 
 and finding that 'the currency is full at the 
 time' whatever that may mean he decides 
 on ' importing into England ' this trifling sum 
 of five millions sterling. 
 
 Tableau 2. The Gold has arrived. No one 
 knew of its coming, for telegrams, both public 
 and private, have, of course, been stopped. 
 What is to be done with it ? Will ' Rothschild 
 take it off for abroad ? ' The city pauses for a 
 reply. Rothschild will not take it ! And it must 
 be left idle and useless in the vaults of the 
 Bank. 
 
 Tableau 3. 'An interior dimly lighted.' It 
 is the Bank parlour, where round the table 
 droop the forms of several men bewailing their 
 fate It has been announced to the Directors
 
 A Plain Statement. 21 
 
 of the Bank of England, that 5,000,000, in 
 sovereigns, have arrived from Sydney, and are 
 lying idle in the vaults. 
 
 If, in these pictures, Mr. Bonamy Price is 
 exercising his wit upon the practical men whom 
 he despises, good and well ; there is not the 
 least objection but if he is in earnest ; if he 
 really fancies that these tableaux depict the 
 processes by which practical men carry on 
 business, it is time he were taught that it 
 is the merest folly to attempt to influence 
 their minds, or the minds of any intelligent 
 persons, with such imaginative nonsense. Mr. 
 Price's 'merchant' is an imbecile who should 
 be taken care of by his friends ; at least, if he 
 be not altogether imbecile, he should be con- 
 demned to teach theoretical finance for the rest 
 of his natural life. The man did his country 
 the service, at any rate, of leaving it; and, as his
 
 22 Gold and Silver Money. 
 
 was a purely cash business, the five millions 
 which he invested in English manufactures will 
 have been circulating in his absence, to the 
 benefit of English trade. But he must be sim- 
 ply mad, if he ships these five million sovereigns 
 from Sydney to London without telegraphing 
 to know whether or not they are wanted there. 
 If ' Money is scarce,' he may send them with 
 advantage, and profitably employ them ; but, 
 supposing Money to be abundant in London, he 
 will (presuming him, for the moment, to be 
 clothed and in his right mind) look at wool, or 
 wheat, or copper, or tin, either for the home market 
 or elsewhere, And even if the man being sane 
 should miscalculate, or, being insane, should, 
 without reason, ' import ' these five million 
 sovereigns into England, they would (if not 
 immediately wanted on their arrival) very soon 
 make their presence felt by stimulating trade 
 and causing new demands for Money. Practical 
 men know the strength given to every trans-
 
 A Plain Statement. 23 
 
 action by a large metallic reserve in the 
 National Bank, and no one doubts that if 
 these millions were available, and waiting in- 
 vestment, it would not be long before many 
 a new industrial and speculative undertaking 
 would be started. This effect would be pro- 
 duced even if Price & Co. kept their chests of 
 Gold lying in the Bank vaults, but the pro- 
 babilities are, that they would make another 
 of their cash coups for Australia, and that their 
 five millions would go circulating through the 
 Provinces. 
 
 The State has the power, as has been seen, 
 to destroy any coins falling short of the stan- 
 dard which it has arbitrarily fixed ; and it may 
 go further, and alter the standard itself, as 
 it did in 1717, by declaring that a guinea, 
 which had formerly been exchangeable for 
 2is. 6d., should, in future, be paid and received 
 as the equivalent of 2 is. ; or, again, as in 1816, 
 when the guinea was ignored and the sovereign
 
 24 Gold and Silver Money. 
 
 established by law as the sole standard of value. 
 England has but seldom exercised these su- 
 preme powers, but in France, during one reign 
 alone, the standard was altered so often, that 
 it was said to be difficult to find a man who 
 understood the currency at all. 
 
 Capricious interference with the standard 
 of value must create uncertainty in all trans- 
 actions based upon it, and the injurious effects 
 will be the better understood by considering 
 the results that would follow from any ill- 
 judged legislation which were to change the 
 standard of measure or capacity the yard, 
 or the universally reverenced pint and hence 
 we arrive at a second great principle regarding 
 Money. That stability is the desideratum in 
 the standard, and since the standard is the sole 
 property of a patentee, it is just and reasonable 
 that the maker should be called on to guarantee 
 it to the fullest extent possible, against frequent 
 and violent fluctuations.
 
 A Plain Statement. 25 
 
 Money, viewed as currency, that is to 
 say, the one article which passes everywhere 
 in exchange for commodities, will procure more 
 or less of them according to its abundance 
 or scarcity. When the patentees are busy, 
 turning out a steady supply of their material, 
 its exchangeable power will keep pretty much 
 the same ; but if from any cause a check arises 
 in the supply of money, prices of all com- 
 modities become unsettled and decline, or, in 
 other words, more of them have to be given in 
 exchange for a fixed sum of Money ; and thus, 
 at the present time, every one is familiar with 
 the fact that the buying power of Money 
 (owing to a scarcity of the yellow material 
 of which it is made, and to the restrictions 
 put by law upon the use of the white) has 
 increased. 
 
 But the standard of value must remain 
 untouched and unshaken, if it is to be worth 
 the name, and must continue thus distinguished
 
 26 Gold and Silver Money. 
 
 from the varying amount of any given com- 
 modity which may happen to be measured by it. 
 
 By common consent, there are but two 
 metals available as the standard of value 
 Gold and Silver. At one time of the world's 
 history Gold has been the selected standard ; 
 at another, Silver. At a third, both metals 
 have been used, a definite relative value be- 
 tween the two being determined by law. 
 
 Nations which have used an amalgam of 
 the two, have been sometimes tempted to 
 narrow their system. The huge discoveries of 
 Silver by the Spaniards made Gold rise rapidly 
 in the estimation of Europe. The unprece- 
 dented output of Gold from Australia and San 
 Francisco, determined Holland to limit herself 
 to a Silver standard. England, in 1816, aban- 
 doned her Bi-metallic standard of Gold and 
 Silver for a single Gold one, but the superstition 
 that she owes her commercial supremacy to 
 thus stealing a march on the nations of Europe,
 
 A Plain Statement. 27 
 
 and securing their Gold, was exposed by Mr. 
 Disraeli in his speech at Glasgow, in 1873, 
 when he said, * Our gold standard is not the 
 cause of our commercial prosperity, but the 
 consequence of our commercial prosperity.' 
 It served our purpose so long as other nations 
 chose to take our Silver from us, or to give us 
 Silver at a fixed price, whichever we desired, 
 but from the moment that our own policy was 
 imitated by Germany, which, in 1873, followed 
 England's example of 1816, and discarded 
 Silver, this country has been suffering a loss 
 which cannot be estimated. Nor has the country 
 which imitated us been more fortunate than 
 we. ' While the area of civilisation is widening,' 
 writes Professor Thorold Rogers, and ' there- 
 fore the demand for an adequate currency is 
 being extended, Germany has abandoned a 
 Silver for a Gold currency, and has had, as a 
 fruit of its successful war with France, an ex- 
 ceptional power of attracting Gold to itself, with
 
 28 Gold and Silver Money. 
 
 singular success indeed, but to the incredible mis- 
 fortune of its people' 
 
 Here, then, are two instances of great 
 nations narrowing their standard of value ; two 
 occasions on which the shareholders in great 
 companies sacrificed their right to the free 
 manufacture or mintage of their raw material, 
 and in both cases history will echo Professor 
 Rogers' words, that such a change was followed 
 by ' bad times.' These two instances are 
 typical and excellent as illustrations. England, 
 in 1816, throwing out of use a large portion 
 of her currency, restricts herself to a single 
 Gold standard, and there ensued such a period 
 of disaster, that Sismondi could say of it, in 
 1827, ' It is five years since the suffering began ; 
 far from being allayed, it seems increasing with 
 time.' And Sir James Graham declared re- 
 garding it, ' One class flourished, and that was 
 triumphant the class of annuitants and the 
 tax-eater rejoiced in the increased value of
 
 A Plain Statement. 29 
 
 money, in the sacrifice of productive industry 
 to unproductive wealth, in the victory of the 
 drones over the bees.' 
 
 A remembrance of one of the first principles 
 we have already derived from our study will 
 enable us to account for these disasters, and to 
 see that they were inevitable, viz. that any 
 country which constructs its standard of 
 value, upon one half only of the available 
 precious metals rather than upon the amal- 
 gamated whole, thereby exposes itself to 
 perturbations which must follow the sudden 
 and enforced action of the patentee who ceases 
 to produce, or is obliged greatly to check 
 production for want of the raw material. Sup- 
 pose the production of Bessemer steel to be 
 suddenly cut off one half, through the failure 
 of one of the two kinds of iron which, for the 
 sake of example, we will assume to be used in 
 its manufacture, and what would be the dis- 
 organisation of the trade dependent on it ?
 
 3O Gold and Silver Money. 
 
 The losses arising from the immediate convul- 
 sion of prices would be bad enough, but the 
 direst misfortune would come out of the uncer- 
 tainty as to the future of values, and distrust in 
 their stability. 
 
 It was a shock of this nature which was 
 given to the stability of the monetary standard 
 by the German Government, in the year 1873, 
 and the extent of it is but feebly gathered from 
 the foregoing illustration. For it is a shock of 
 which the world has only as yet felt the first 
 effects, but which are intensifying, if we accept 
 the judgment of a court to which appeal shall 
 be made in a moment. 
 
 England, in 1816, be it remembered, dis- 
 carding Silver, drained the continent of Gold at 
 a cost of several millions to herself, but she 
 fortunately failed to produce monetary chaos, 
 because there were silver-using states open to 
 buy her Silver. Germany discarded Silver in 
 1873, and the Latin union was forced to cease
 
 A Plain Statement. 3 1 
 
 coining it, and monetary chaos is threatened, 
 just because there are no states to buy ; be- 
 cause other nations took the alarm ; because, 
 in short, suspicion of Germany's intentions 
 created a panic among the users of Silver, 
 and everybody lost faith in its stability. The 
 countries which had based their values on an 
 amalgamated Gold and Silver standard, de- 
 clined to carry out the mistaken policy of 
 Germany. The confederate states which had 
 legalised the free coinage of both metals, 
 ordered its cessation in self-defence, and, as the 
 result, the mean value per ounce which Silver 
 had maintained for seventy years fell twenty 
 per cent, with the prospect of a further and an 
 indefinite decline. In a word, to speak roughly, 
 and in round figures, one half of the Money 
 used for the world's transactions has been to 
 this extent depreciated, and is threatened with 
 expulsion from the rdle it had hitherto main- 
 tained, as joint base of the standard of values
 
 32 Gold and Silver Money. 
 
 among the nations of the world. It is as if 
 some supreme authority in London had entirely 
 stopped the omnibus traffic and restricted loco- 
 motion to hansom cabs. 
 
 And thus has arisen what is called ' The 
 Silver Question,' which is this : shall the un- 
 certainty as to the future continue, or can 
 measures be adopted which, will restore Silver 
 to the position it formerly held as Legal 
 Tender, and shall the precious amalgam Gold 
 and Silver be made the International Standard 
 of Value ? 
 
 Shall half the world's Money be thrown 
 out of use ? That is the plainest, most practical 
 way, perhaps, of putting 'The Silver Question.' 
 The world is computed to be using fifteen hun- 
 dred millions sterling of Silver and Gold, and 
 her business expands at a gigantic pace. Shall 
 she discard 700 millions of Silver ? Shall she 
 abandon (to use the words of Mr. W. Bagehot) 
 ' the normal currency (silver) which is suited to
 
 A Plain Statement. 33 
 
 those small transactions which constitute the 
 bulk of the dealings of mankind ? ' 
 
 Am I thought to be overstating the case ? 
 Let us see. The International Conference held 
 in Paris, in 1867, looked forward with confid- 
 ence to a continuance of the Gold supply, the 
 American delegate putting it down as an ad- 
 dition to the world's stock for ' many successive 
 periods of fifteen years ' of an amount equivalent 
 to 26 millions sterling per annum, with the 
 ' possibility of a still more enormous production,' 
 A single Gold standard for Europe and America 
 was therefore thought to be practicable. 
 
 A beautiful dream ! It had been rudely 
 broken in upon when the next Conference met 
 in Paris, composed of sadder and wiser men. 
 The annual production of Gold for the ten years 
 had proved to be 19 in place of 26 millions, as 
 the theorists said it ought to have been. Ger- 
 many, without saying ' by your leave,' and with 
 a mystery dear to Prince Bismarck, had begun 
 D
 
 34 Gold and Silver Money. 
 
 to throw away her Silver, the fall in which had 
 become so alarming that a Committee of the 
 House of Commons, with Mr. Goschen as Chair- 
 man, had been set to inquire into the deprecia- 
 tion, which had already inflicted heavy loss 
 upon the British empire. The following was 
 one of their general conclusions : 
 
 ' If effect should be given to the policy 
 of substituting Gold for Silver, wherever it is 
 feasible .... and thus displacing Silver 
 from the position it has always occupied, of 
 doing the work of the currency over at least 
 as large an area as Gold, no possible limit 
 could be assigned to the further fall in its 
 value which would inevitably take place.' 
 
 In 1878 the second Conference assembled in 
 Paris, and their decision is confirmatory of the 
 opinion of the English Committee, and suggests 
 a mode of escape from the disasters which were 
 foreseen. 
 
 ' It is necessary to maintain in the world
 
 A Plain Statement. 35 
 
 the monetary functions of Silver as well as 
 of Gold, but the selection for use of one or 
 other of the two metals, or of both simultane- 
 ously, should be governed by the special position 
 of each state or group of states.' 
 
 Some words from Mr. Goschen, one of the 
 delegates of England, are most important as 
 helping to establish us in another step to a just 
 conclusion. He said, ' the Indian Government 
 had suffered great loss ; the merchants had 
 suffered from fluctuations in value, and public 
 functionaries had suffered from the depreciation, 
 but England has given proof of her faith in 
 regard to Silver, by waiting to see whether it 
 would not recover its former value. Had the 
 example of other countries been followed in 
 India, and precautions taken by limiting the 
 mintage or introducing Gold, Silver might have 
 fallen an additional ten or fifteen per cent. If, 
 however, other states were to carry on a pro- 
 paganda in favour of a Gold standard and of 
 Da
 
 36 Gold and Silver Money. 
 
 the demonetisation of Silver, the Indian Govern- 
 ment would be obliged to reconsider its position, 
 and might be forced to take measures similar to 
 those taken elsewhere? i.e. discard Silver. 
 
 That these words were spoken not as a mere 
 threat, but under a sense of a possible imperious 
 necessity, is clear by a comparison of them with 
 the declaration of the Indian representative in 
 the present Conference, ' It is certain that if the 
 depreciation of Silver continues, and ... if 
 the opportunity should offer itself, we should 
 be only too ready to seize it and return to 
 the proposals of the Commission which sat at 
 Calcutta in 1868, and to enter, though much 
 against our will, into the struggle which is 
 about to commence between the nations of 
 the earth, for the sole metal which will be left 
 to us as the solid basis of an international 
 currency.' 
 
 The Conference of 1878 broke up, leaving 
 the commerce of the world in an admittedly
 
 A Plain Statement. 37 
 
 woeful plight ; with ' prices, profits, and wages 
 falling,' stagnation at home and trade with foreign 
 countries harassed by the uncertainties attach- 
 ing to the monetary standard. 
 
 Between the Gold-using portion of the world 
 and the Silver-, business had become more the 
 work of a gambler than a merchant, for com- 
 modities were being measured by a standard 
 which shifted with the caprice of an English 
 climate. In one year the ratio between Gold 
 and Silver, which opened at I to i6'io, sprang 
 to i to I9'4 within a period of six months, and 
 fell in as short a succeeding space to I to 16-50. 
 With such a wildly fluctuating standard as 
 this, the commerce of Europe, estimated at 
 ^2,000,000,000, was left to 'flounder and 
 founder.' English exports, although the same 
 in quantity, fell within four years 20 per cent, 
 in value, with a result to manufacturers, which 
 is hinted at in Mr. Giffen's statement, thus 
 'profits depend upon price, and this is an
 
 38 Gold and Silver Money. 
 
 especially important consideration, in the foreign 
 export trade.' The figures of the cotton trade 
 may be adduced as an illustration of what was 
 happening. In 1873 Lancashire had exported 
 214 million pounds of yarn, and valued it at 
 17,000,000, in 1877 the export was 227 millions, 
 and the value only ; 12,000,000. Of manu- 
 factured cottons there had been shipped, in 
 ^73, 3'SO billion yards, valued at 56,000,000, 
 while in 1877 the quantity, which had increased 
 by about 3 million yards, had fallen in value to 
 ;5 r >ooo,ooo. In a word, the shrinkage in value 
 on this one portion of the world's industries 
 was about 17,000,000. 
 
 Was it any wonder ? These exports be it 
 remembered, or at least the bulk of them, were 
 going to be paid for in Silver money, but the 
 world was beginning to have a horrible suspicion 
 that its silver was ' bad.' Liverpool and London 
 made formal representations to the Govern- 
 ment. Lord Beaconsfield publicly called at-
 
 A Plain Statement. 39 
 
 tention to the serious state of affairs, thus : 
 ' While the produce of the Gold mines has been 
 steadily diminishing, while these great alterations 
 in favour of a Gold standard have been made, 
 notwithstanding an increase of population, which 
 alone requires always a considerable increase 
 of gold currency to carry on its transactions, 
 the amount every year has diminished Gold 
 is every day appreciating in value, and as it ap- 
 preciates in value the lower become the prices.' 
 
 Among the official statements of the late 
 Government, was the assurance that the 'Silver 
 Question ' was having consideration. 
 
 Last year, for the third time, an Inter- 
 national Conference met in Paris to attempt a 
 settlement of the question. On its decision hang 
 momentous interests. There can be no question 
 that it is so, for let us now appeal to the Court, 
 to which reference has already been made, 
 and whose judgment will command general 
 respect.
 
 40 Gold and Silver Money. 
 
 Mr. Goschen, as the Chairman of the Parlia- 
 mentary Committee of 1876, had agreed that a 
 further displacement of Silver would lead to 
 an indefinite fall in its value ; and Mr. Walter 
 Bagehot, a witness before that Committee, had 
 affirmed, that the fall then already caused 
 by the legislation of 1873 must injuriously 
 affect the exports of manufactured goods from 
 England to all Silver-using countries. At the 
 Conference of 1878, with the fact before him, 
 that the danger which had presented itself 
 to his mind in '76 was coming nearer, Mr. 
 Goschen asserted that ' The scramble to get 
 rid of silver might provoke one of the gravest 
 crises ever undergone by commerce;' and 
 that ' if all States should resolve on the adoption 
 of a Gold standard the question arose Would 
 there be sufficient Gold for the purpose, without 
 a tremendous crisist There would be a fear, 
 on the one hand, of a depreciation of Silver, 
 and one, on the other, of a rise in the value of
 
 A Plain Statement. 41 
 
 Gold and a corresponding fall in the prices of 
 all commodities. Again, there was a further 
 important question. Italy, Russia, and Austria, 
 whenever they resumed specie payments, would 
 require metal ; and if all other states went in 
 the direction of a Gold standard, these coun- 
 tries too would be forced to take Gold.' 
 
 Already this scramble for Gold, which is 
 the necessary and inevitable result of the aban- 
 donment of Silver, and which Mr. Goschen 
 foresaw, has commenced. Italy has resolved to 
 resume specie payments, and, afraid to take the 
 discredited metal, Silver, is raising a Gold loan, 
 thus withdrawing many millions sterling from 
 the circulation of other nations not from a 
 preference for Gold, but, as was said by her 
 delegate at the Paris Conference, 'from necessity.' 
 ' Because,' he added, ' she sees Silver depre- 
 ciated by the suspension of coinage in the 
 Latin union ; by the Gold Mono-metallic legis- 
 lation of Germany because she is obliged by
 
 42 Gold and Silver Money. 
 
 the most elementary prudence not to expose 
 herself to serve as a reservoir of debased metal, 
 and, as the Finance Minister said in the Italian 
 Parliament, to become the monetary India of 
 Europe! 
 
 Still more startling is the resolve of the 
 President of the United States, to recommend 
 to Congress the cessation of Silver coinage and 
 a consequent increased use of Gold. Even with 
 the help of a Silver currency, the States have 
 taken from Europe 60 millions of Gold within 
 the last few years, and the magic-like growth of 
 the great cities in the west, is absorbing an 
 amount of metallic currency which increases every 
 year, and is likely to assume colossal proportions. 
 When Austria and Russia resume specie pay- 
 ments, are they likely to be satisfied with the 
 leavings of Europe and America ? Why cannot 
 the United States use their own Silver ? why 
 would not Italy adopt it ? why will not France 
 go back to her Bi-metallic standard and coin
 
 A Plain Statement. 43 
 
 Gold and Silver equally for all comers at a fixed 
 ratio ? why cannot the entire bulk of the world's 
 money be once more placed at the world's 
 disposal for the furtherance of international 
 trade ? why cannot stability be thus imparted 
 to values of all kinds ? 
 
 Simply because England, posing as the 
 Pecksniff of creation, prefers to say, ' We thank 
 you, we are grateful to you with our whole heart. 
 It is a blessed distinction that you have con- 
 ferred upon us this of a Gold standard ; believe 
 us, we shall not easily forget it.' Because this 
 country, which from the universality of her com- 
 merce, if for no better reason, might have been 
 expected to have outgrown insular prejudices, 
 does not as yet comprehend that the heavy Gold 
 chain which adorns the Pecksniffian waistcoat, is a 
 mere consequence of prosperity, and not its cause. 
 
 Mr. Pecksniff was represented at the Paris 
 Conference of 1878. ' Mr. Pecksniff said grace, 
 a short and pious grace, invoking a blessing on
 
 44 Gold and Silver Money. 
 
 the appetites of those present ; and committing 
 all persons who had no Gold to the care of Pro- 
 vidence, whose business (so said the grace in 
 effect) it clearly was to look after them. Per- 
 haps there never was a more moral man than 
 Mr. Pecksniff, especially in his conversation and 
 correspondence. It was once said of him by a 
 homely admirer, that he had a Fortunatus's 
 purse of good sentiments in his inside. In this 
 particular he was like the girl in the fairy tale, 
 except that if they were not actual diamonds 
 which fell from his lips, they were the very 
 brightest paste and shone prodigiously. He was 
 a most exemplary man ; fuller of virtuous pre- 
 cepts than a copy book. Some people likened 
 him to a direction post, which is always telling 
 the way to a place, and never going there.' 
 
 Such is the distinguished role which England 
 has been filling. 
 
 It may be taken on the highest authority 
 that the scramble for Gold has begun. And
 
 A Plain Statement. 45 
 
 now to enable us to judge the better of its 
 probable results, we will cite the opinion of a 
 second member of the Court, admittedly one of 
 the first statisticians of the day, Mr. Robt. Giffen. 
 Writing in 1 879, he calls attention to the fact 
 that for twenty years the average production of 
 Gold had fallen from thirty to twenty millions 
 per annum, while at the same time estimating 
 that the growing demands of the world had 
 increased to about twenty-seven millions. The 
 following is his conclusion : 
 
 * If the scarcity of Gold has as yet contributed 
 very little to our money troubles, or the fall in 
 prices, it must at least be about to have that 
 effect if no great change comes.' Seeing no 
 relief which can be looked for, from new banking 
 or financial expedients, Mr. GifFen adds the 
 following significant words : 
 
 ' It would be nothing short of calamitous 
 to business if another demand for gold, like 
 the recent demands for Germany and the
 
 46 Gold and Siver Money. 
 
 United States, were now to spring up. Even 
 a much less demand would prove rather a 
 serious affair before a very long time elapsed.' 
 
 The third member of our Court of Appeal, 
 the late Baron Rothschild, confirms the opinion 
 of the statesman and the statistician, in these 
 words : * The suppression of silver would 
 amount to a veritable destruction of values, 
 without any compensation.' 
 
 This unanimous and weighty judgment is 
 accepted by the theoretical financiers headed by 
 Professor Bonamy Price, who in his last essay 
 concedes that ' a coinage composed of Gold solely 
 would be loaded with mischief, present and future. 
 There is not, and almost certainly there never 
 will be, Gold enough to do itself alone the work 
 of money needed by all civilised nations. 
 Hence, fluctuation in its value might be most 
 frequent and most violent, and from such a 
 source, complications and misfortunes, endless 
 in number and intense in kind, might easily arise.'
 
 A Plain Statement. 47 
 
 The scarcity of Gold is now, without a 
 shadow of doubt, causing Money troubles. The 
 demand from Italy must be met. The United 
 States rapidly increase their absorption of Gold 
 as the new cities of the west spring into being, 
 and a huge population cry out for the only stable 
 currency left to the world. The reserve of the 
 Bank of England diminishes year by year, while 
 the strain on it, arising from the demands of 
 commerce, becomes heavier, and yet the men are 
 called pessimists who venture to point to the 
 inevitable outcome of it all an outcome foretold 
 by Mr. Goschen, Baron Rothschild, and Mr. 
 Giffen, and accepted as inevitable by Professor 
 Bonamy Price an outcome which will be similar 
 in character to the fate which befalls every man 
 of business who trades too greatly in excess of 
 his immediately available capital. 
 
 It is idle to appeal to the growth of manu- 
 factories and houses, to the increase of shipping 
 &c. All these are an enormous addition to the
 
 48 Gold and Silver Money. 
 
 nation's wealth, but they stand for so much 
 locked-up capital ; productive, it is true, but not 
 realisable, and it is realisable securities that a 
 nation, just as much as a banker, ought to hold 
 in proportion to his business. Without them we 
 know what happens if a ' Black Friday ' comes. 
 
 The commercial interests of the country 
 cannot be separated from the interests of labour. 
 Throw away one half of the world's metallic 
 currency, and the balance doubles its power 
 as the equivalent for commodities. But if 
 bread should fall to fourpence per quartern, 
 will the workman eat more of it, or be satisfied 
 with a reduction of his wages from thirty 
 shillings a week to fifteen ? Yet says Mr. 
 Giffen, ' it is incredible that the great change 
 should occur without the labourer being affected] 
 or, in plain English, without a dismal succession 
 of strikes, failure, and ruin. 
 
 Is it then going beyond the truth to affirm 
 that /The Silver Question' affects every class
 
 A Plain Statement. 49 
 
 in the country capitalist and artisan, land- 
 owner and labourer ? 
 
 Is there any way out of the wood ? 
 
 The voices that cried ' Peace, peace ' are 
 dying out of hearing, and almost any finance 
 article taken at random from the daily press 
 evidences the uneasiness felt at the prospect of 
 the ' scramble for Gold' 
 
 Gold Mono-metallism (summarising in that 
 term the views of the Paris Conference in 
 1867) has been slowly vanishing from sight, 
 and, like Alice's cat in Wonderland, has left 
 nothing of itself but the grin. The advocates 
 of the single Gold standard, alarmed at the 
 ' scramble ' in which they may be overturned, 
 admit the gravity of the situation, and have 
 their own way of meeting it. They assign the 
 yellow metal to one group of countries and the 
 white to another, arguing that by this means 
 E
 
 50 Gold and Silver Money. 
 
 the needful outlet for Silver will be found, the 
 precious metals will be fairly divided, and a 
 relative ratio between them maintained. This 
 solution of the difficulty, they tell us, is simply 
 and easily applied Gold for the rich nations, 
 Silver for the poor relations. Over the doors 
 of the smaller countries of Europe and, pre- 
 sumably, over America, a notice is to be affixed 
 ' Silver may be shot here.' 
 
 Let the value of this proposal be tested by 
 suggesting to the private bankers of England, 
 that they should store the Silver in the country, 
 and leave the Gold to the joint-stock institu- 
 tions. Is it credible that nations, any more 
 than individual merchants or bankers, will 
 arrange themselves in clusters marked rich and 
 poor, to meet the wishes of the Gold standard 
 advocates ? Can it be conceived that any 
 single country will step forward and say, ' I 
 will be the charity boy, dress me in your white 
 small-clothes ' ? Mr. Goschen had Italy in his
 
 A Plain Statement. 5 1 
 
 eye, and so had Mr. GifFen, when they were 
 arranging their distribution of Silver, but Italy 
 has demanded the uniform of the big boys. 
 Holland was present in their minds, without 
 doubt, as one of the rubbish heaps where Silver 
 might be thrown ; but Holland is already 
 bracing herself to face the loss which must 
 follow the demonetisation of Silver that will 
 be forced upon her. The United States have 
 declared against the white metal, so long as it 
 is tabooed by Europe, and, by way of empha- 
 sising their determination, have been for some 
 time past drawing from her an amount of Gold 
 equal to the entire annual production. 
 
 Where is the Silver to be taken ? How 
 shall it be got rid of? Surely the British Em- 
 pire should insist upon an answer, for she holds 
 half the stock of Silver in the world. The 
 smaller nations of Europe, having declined it, is 
 it likely that France or Austria or Russia will 
 be satisfied to hold it ? 
 
 E 2
 
 52 Gold and Silver Money. 
 
 'Happy thought,' send it to India; and 
 there are to be found persons, who imagine that 
 by drenching one part of the empire with a 
 metal discarded as Money by the entire west, 
 you will benefit the natives. The fall in the 
 value of the rupee from 2s. to u. 8*/. is re- 
 garded by this Exeter Hall clique of financiers 
 as so distinctly in the interest of the 'mild 
 Hindoo,' that they can calmly contemplate its 
 further indefinite fall, perhaps to 6d. y by which 
 time it may be hoped that the welfare of India 
 will be assured, and its grand consummation of 
 happiness arrived at ; because it must be clear 
 that this fancied enrichment of the people 
 of India can be brought about only at the 
 expense of the British manufacturer and con- 
 sumer. While the Silver coin of India is falling, 
 prices of native produce will tend to rise, and 
 the increased cost must fall upon the European, 
 who has ultimately to meet it in Gold ; and at 
 the same time the prices paid in India for
 
 A Plain Statement. 53 
 
 British manufactures will tend to fall, and the 
 Lancashire weavers will have to be content 
 with lower prices for calicoes. Manchester is 
 beginning to comprehend this. 
 
 It is sufficient to remark, that just as the 
 stability of the value of Silver is shaken, so 
 the natives of India will come, like everybody 
 else, to care little or nothing for a metal which 
 like a false friend is one thing to-day, and 
 another to-morrow. 
 
 As to the trade of this country with the East, 
 let me quote from the speech of Sir Louis 
 Mallet (Under Secretary of State for India). 
 ' During the last few years I have had too many 
 proofs that the interests of trade have been 
 seriously affected and injured in consequence 
 of the depreciation (of Silver) to doubt the 
 reality of the losses incurred. It is, no doubt, 
 true, that when trade has been able to adapt 
 itself to an alteration in the relative value of 
 the standards of the two countries, if this
 
 54 Gold and Silver Money. 
 
 alteration ^vere of a permanent character, and 
 took place once for all, the evil would cease. Btit 
 this is not the case. The future is as imcertain 
 as the present in the existing state of things, and 
 it is this uncertainty wJticli impedes and prevents 
 trade! 
 
 'Happy thought,' the 'Heathen Chinee!' 
 he would accept the abandoned seven hundred 
 millions of Silver money from Europe, with ' a 
 smile that was childlike and bland.' But what 
 will he give us in exchange ? 
 
 Let me re-state the judgment of the Court 
 against whose decision no appeal will be lodged. 
 
 Commerce is drifting into a ' calamitous ' 
 condition ; towards ' a destruction of values 
 without any compensation.' The danger con- 
 sists in * the scramble for Gold ' and the general 
 demonetisation of Silver. The court is agreed 
 about this, and it has been shown that the 
 danger is nearing us. One of our professed 
 guides, the exclusively Gold standard advocate
 
 A Plain Statement. 55 
 
 has disappeared. A second, who fully admits 
 the gravity of the situation, offers us directions 
 which are found to be hopelessly impracticable. 
 We are left asking : 
 
 ' Is there any way out of the wood ? ' 
 
 The Bi-metallists, those who advocate a 
 combination of the two precious metals, as 
 the standard of value, speak with hope and 
 confidence, and there is this at least which may 
 predispose us to place faith in them, viz. that, 
 in season and out of season, they have been, 
 for the last seven years, denouncing the step 
 taken by Germany in 1873, and foretelling with 
 exactness the course of events and gradual 
 approach of the danger with which we are now 
 confessedly face to face. 
 
 Their advice is, at any rate, intelligible, and 
 based upon the great first principles which 
 have been elicited from this brief inquiry..
 
 56 Gold and Silver Money. 
 
 'Up to 1873,' so we may imagine the Bi- 
 metallists saying, ' you were living in a fools' 
 paradise. You thought that your boasted Gold 
 Currency was the cause, instead of a mere con- 
 sequence of your wealth ; but during the past 
 thirty years, the nations of Europe have been 
 growing in commercial importance until, in 
 1873, Germany, befooled by the sudden and 
 enormous gains wrung from her neighbour, 
 decreed that a Gold coinage should be, what it 
 has been with you, a consequence of prosperity. 
 Sixty millions of Silver was thrown by her upon 
 the market, and a like quantity of Gold pur- 
 chased, thus making a new and unexpected 
 drain on the supplies of the world's money to 
 the extent of 120 millions sterling. The effect 
 was instantaneous. It was not merely that 
 Germany was, so to speak, throwing away sixty 
 millions of Silver, but that she held in terrorem 
 over Europe, a further indefinite quantity, with 
 which she was prepared to deal in similar fashion
 
 A Plain Statement. 57 
 
 at the first available opportunity. She exercised 
 the power of law to drive out Silver money, and, 
 by destroying the demand for the metal, at once 
 depreciated its value. The countries which, by 
 their joint dealing in Gold and Silver at a fixed 
 ratio, had maintained the equilibrium, now took 
 alarm and put a stop to the free coinage of 
 silver. Faster and faster, therefore, extended 
 the distrust in its future ; more and more eager 
 became the desire to secure the only metal 
 which possessed stability, and of which supplies 
 were yearly diminishing. 
 
 'The stability of Silver has been thus 
 incontrovertibly overthrown by mistaken legis- 
 lation. The Gold deluge of 1850 poured over 
 Europe, yet only in one country did panic go 
 so far as to demonetise Gold. Ten Comstock 
 lodes might have been discovered, and no harm 
 been done, if one of the great states had not 
 forced the demonetisation of Silver upon Europe. 
 Your suspicions that half the world's money
 
 58 Gold and Silver Money. 
 
 is " bad " are not without foundation, for one 
 nation after another is being compelled to cast 
 it away, and thus "the scramble for Gold" 
 has been brought about, and must become more 
 fast and furious as time goes on. The law which 
 made Silver an integral part of the standard of 
 value has, for the moment, dissolved the part- 
 nership between Gold and Silver, and we main- 
 tain that it was a blunder to do so, but the law 
 can resettle the partnership on the old basis. 
 Law gave a fixed value to Silver by introducing 
 the demand for it as Money, and Law can 
 restore that value by resuming the use of 
 Silver. The patentees who manufacture Money, 
 and have the sole right to utilise it as the 
 standard of value, have before now employed 
 both Gold and Silver, and if they please they 
 can do so again. The moment that Silver is 
 decreed to be once more legal tender, that 
 moment, the column on which the world's com- 
 merce has rested a metal column amalgamated
 
 A Plain Statement. 59 
 
 of Gold and Silver will be restored and the 
 standard of values will be based on the two 
 metals, on the whole available metallic 
 currency, instead of on one half of it. 
 Discoveries of one alone of the precious metals 
 cannot then disturb stability, for the new volume, 
 whether of the yellow stream or the white, will 
 be quietly absorbed in the ocean of the world's 
 currency. With two reservoirs connected to- 
 gether from which commerce can draw, the 
 supply must be more certain and unfailing than 
 with one, and it is just these qualities certainty 
 and steady supply which make up the desider- 
 atum in the standard, and which Mono-metallists, 
 no less than ourselves, desire to attain, viz. 
 stability. The supply to one reservoir may 
 be short and the other overflowing, but since 
 the contents of both will be distributed over 
 the world, through one and the same channel, 
 in one and the same form legal tender money 
 Commerce, and the transactions of nations,
 
 60 Gold and Silver Money. 
 
 and of private life, will alike enjoy those facilities 
 which are an absolute necessity for the safe and 
 undisturbed conduct of business. 
 
 Whether, for the moment, the Gold stream 
 flow more freely, or the Silver, can make no 
 difference. Neither one can advantage the 
 individual or the nation more than the other, 
 because so long as the main and absorbing 
 demand for them comes from all civilized states 
 of the world, so long must values remain fixed 
 and unaltered, and the metals will, therefore, 
 be always interchangeable, in a definite ratio, the 
 one for the other. For law, which creates the 
 use, and fixes the value of both metals ; law, 
 which can change that value by abolishing 
 the demand for them, can assuredly perform 
 the lesser task of assigning a relative and an 
 interchangeable value to each. There is no 
 room for doubting the power of law to do this, 
 for it has done so already. From 1801 to 
 1873 the mean ratio between Gold and Silver
 
 A Plain Statement. 61 
 
 was, as nearly as possible, I to 15^,* the ratio 
 being maintained in the face of the most ex- 
 treme fluctuations possible in the supplies of 
 Gold. In a group of European States, called 
 the Latin Union, the two sources Gold and 
 Silver supplied one stream for years, in vary- 
 ing quantities, though in a fixed relation of 
 value ; to the prosperity of the Union, and the 
 admitted advantage of Great Britain. 'As 
 fifteen and a half is to one," said the Union, 
 basing the proportion not on caprice but on 
 ascertained data, " so shall Silver be to Gold ; " 
 and the decree of four nations established this 
 proportion for the world, to the world's im- 
 mense comfort and convenience. 
 
 ' And now, to the question, "What shall be 
 done with Silver?" we answer The road is 
 plain, because the world is waiting for the 
 very article which is being wasted. Only 
 let the patentee recommence manufacture ; 
 
 * See Table, p. 96.
 
 62 Gold and Silver Money. 
 
 only let law recreate the demand for Silver 
 as legal tender money, and its stability is secure. 
 And if one small group of nations had the 
 power to maintain the relative exchangeability 
 of Gold and Silver, how much more will the 
 joint Powers of Europe and the United States 
 succeed in doing so. The position of the pre- 
 cious metals will indeed have been made im- 
 pregnable. 
 
 ' The issue between us and the advocates of 
 an exclusively Gold standard is a plain, intel- 
 ligible one. The consequence of their doctrine 
 is uncertainty in the present and distrust in 
 the future. On all hands it is admitted, that 
 while the area of commerce is extending, the 
 metallic currency is being diminished. Any 
 quantity of Gold taken from the Bank at once 
 excites alarm and anxiety, and at any moment 
 the trade of the country, however sound, 
 may be harassed or paralysed. Our op- 
 ponents' scheme for averting the danger is futile
 
 A Plain Statement. 63 
 
 and absurd, because no nation, or group of 
 nations, will use Silver at their bidding. But 
 the use for Silver must be found, if International 
 commerce is to be safe and progressive ; and 
 we maintain that it needs only the establish- 
 ment of an International agreement, to create 
 an outlet for all available Silver as legal tender 
 money, by establishing it an integral part of 
 the standard of value. 
 
 ' The Mono-metallists ' contrivance for pre- 
 venting the threatened disasters (apportioning 
 the Gold to the rich, and the Silver to the poor) 
 is impracticable. And so also, spite of its dis- 
 tinguished advocacy, is an alternative scheme 
 Professor Bonamy Price has at last accepted 
 the necessity of re-establishing the free mintage 
 of Silver at a fixed ratio to Gold, but 
 propounds a method of his own. Gold, 
 according to him, is to be the sole standard 
 of value : Silver, an ordinary commodity, 
 although unlimited legal tender, of which the
 
 64 Gold and Silver Money. 
 
 ratio to gold is to be fixed from time to time by 
 a competent authority, after a study of the bul- 
 lion market. If Bi-metallism were adopted, the 
 bullion market would not and could not show 
 divergence from the value of money, but, on 
 Mr. Price's plan, the Silver market will be the 
 shuttlecock of speculators, open to the influence 
 of every forged telegram, the sport of any 
 designing operator, and the main advantage 
 sought for by the remonetisation of Silver, viz. 
 the stability of the standard of value, will be 
 sacrificed. Mr. Price complains that we ignore 
 the existing market ratio, which is 18 to I, in 
 favour of 15.50. But he must know very well 
 that the difference has been brought about by 
 the very policy he now recommends ; through 
 the action of Germany in relegating Silver to the 
 ordinary market for commodities, and that the 
 moment a Bi-metallic union is carried out, the 
 ratio will return to 15. 50 to I. Practical men 
 may be very confused, but they will assuredly,
 
 A Plain Statement. 65 
 
 when they adopt Bi-metallism, select the stable 
 form of it, rather than this Bastard Bi-metallism 
 to which the Professor is standing sponsor. 
 The re-establishment of the old system, when it 
 comes, will be the work of statesmen, not of 
 theorists, and the ratio will be restored without 
 any of those excessive hardships which Mr. 
 Price conjures up. That the change will not 
 be effected without some inconvenience may 
 be admitted, but it will be the Drones that 
 will suffer, not the Bees.' 
 
 I have endeavoured to present the case of 
 the Bi-metallists in a commonplace manner. I 
 pretend to no originality, but have striven to 
 make myself intelligible to persons who have 
 not leisure for a lengthened study of the ques- 
 tion, or the courage to face what they fancy 
 to be a dry collection of literature on the 
 subject. My belief is, that never was there a 
 more urgent or momentous question before the 
 F
 
 66 Gold and Silver Money. 
 
 country. Bi-metallism is not put forth as the 
 cure for small-pox, nor is it expected to stamp 
 out the cattle-disease ; but it is at the very 
 root of our commercial interests. It will, if true 
 in principle, benefit agriculture, no less than com- 
 merce, for, as Mr. Gladstone lately remarked, it 
 is bad trade, no less than bad weather, from 
 which the farmers have suffered ; and one main 
 cause of bad trade is the uncertainties which 
 cluster round the standard of monetary values, 
 and the consequent diminution of the means by 
 which the world's business is carried on. Take 
 any one of the selected types of Money. Is it the 
 wings of commerce ? One wing has been cut 
 off, and yet complaint is made that the bird 
 will not fly. Is it the vehicle in which com- 
 merce is conveyed ? One wheel is off, and yet 
 we grumble that the chariot drives heavily. 
 Is it the breath of commerce ? The oxygen 
 in it has been withdrawn, and is it matter for 
 astonishment that the air becomes stifling ?
 
 A Plain Statement. 67 
 
 The offer to assist in remedying all this 
 is now made formally to England. It is not 
 too much to say, that if she will join the 
 union of civilised nations, the vexed question 
 of currency may be settled, by the reconversion 
 of the two precious metals into legal tender 
 Money ; and that Gold and Silver will again 
 become the solid and stable standard of values 
 for the civilised world. 
 
 There are grounds for hoping that this union 
 may be realised. No one who studies the reports 
 of the successive Monetary Conferences in Paris 
 can doubt that a public opinion in favour of a 
 Bi-metallic system is growing. The time is at 
 hand when leaders of political thought who 
 have committed themselves to the statement 
 that Gold Mono-metallism is a Utopia, will 
 confess that their proposed adaptation of Bi- 
 metallism the distribution of the two metals 
 among the rich and poor nations is a Utopia 
 also, and that the only practicable, as well 
 
 F 2
 
 68 Gold and Silver Money. 
 
 as logical, conclusion is, to distribute Gold 
 and Silver universally, under the sanction 
 of International law, and with the relative 
 fixity of value which law can alone decree 
 and maintain. 
 
 The cohesion and organisation which have 
 been lacking among the advocates of Bi-metallism 
 have been supplied, and the 'Journal of the In- 
 stitute of Bankers,' about as safe and cautious 
 an exponent of financial opinion as is to be 
 found in the country, admits that a thorough 
 discussion of the question is inevitable and 
 desirable. References to it in the press become 
 more frequent and less hostile, if not more 
 appreciative, as the superstition that a Gold 
 coinage is the catise instead of the consequence of 
 our commercial prosperity, is yielding to the 
 conviction that, without sacrificing, or even 
 invalidating, that Gold coinage, we may possess 
 ourselves of a real Silver currency instead of a 
 sham one ; a coin that shall deserve the name of
 
 A Plain Statement. 69 
 
 currency, because part of the standard of value, 
 and available for International purposes. 
 
 All suspicion of party purpose, of class 
 interest, of anything wild or revolutionary in 
 finance about the new movement inaugurated, is 
 taken away by the standing and variety of its 
 leading adherents. All that is wanting is a 
 complete apprehension of its objects and a fair 
 discussion of its principles, because the wider and 
 more searching the inquiry and criticism, the 
 more manifest will it appear that the aim of Bi- 
 metallism is the development of local and 
 international trade in its freest and fullest 
 extent, and that the principle which it seeks to 
 exhibit in action is ' the greatest happiness for 
 the greatest number.' 
 
 Let me close with the words of Sir Louis 
 Mallet at the Paris Conference, words worthy 
 of an English statesman, and having in them 
 the presage of coming victory : 
 
 ' What is our position ? The annual pro-
 
 70 Gold and Silver Money. 
 
 duction of the two metals is already barely 
 sufficient. It is then obvious that Gold alone 
 would be still less sufficient, especially when 
 we remember that there is already a sensible 
 reduction in its annual production. 
 
 ' On the other hand, the need of Money, 
 especially if it were invested universally with 
 the legal tender faculty, increases and will 
 increase still more rapidly. 
 
 ' There are countries which would wish to 
 revert to a metallic currency, or which are 
 already preparing for it Italy, Austria, and 
 Russia. There are others like Germany, Spain, 
 and even the United States, which have not got 
 the quantity generally recognised as necessary. 
 There is the increase of population and of 
 transactions, especially in those countries which 
 produce Gold ; in short, there is material and 
 intellectual progress in all countries. Is it not 
 reasonable to conclude from all this, that we 
 should be wise to prepare ourselves for the
 
 A Plain Statement. 71 
 
 future in store for us, and to discover, if possible 
 an International Standard more extended and 
 more durable for the development of the com- 
 merce of the world ? . . . At all events, it 
 is an effort which ought to be made in the 
 general interest. We have heard of a national 
 selfishness, which, from a certain point of view, 
 may be regarded as a patriotic virtue ; but, in 
 the question in which we are occupied at this 
 moment, it is incontestable that an enlightened 
 national selfishness is identical with true inter- 
 national interest. 
 
 ' In the name of my Government, then, I 
 thank the two Governments (France and the 
 United States) who have initiated proposals with 
 such objects in view.'
 
 72 Gold and Silver Question. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. 
 
 IF I should have had the good fortune to in- 
 terest the reader in the first part of this little 
 book, I hope he may be induced to give con- 
 sideration to the remaining few pages. In them 
 I have endeavoured to set forth very briefly 
 the leading popular objections to the adoption 
 of the Bi-metallic system under the sanction of 
 international agreement. My desire has been 
 to state the case of our opponents with perfect 
 fairness, and to meet their objections in a like 
 spirit. There are some few difficulties raised of a 
 more intricate and technical nature than can be 
 satisfactorily dealt with in a popular treatise, 
 but I am satisfied that not one of them would 
 be considered by Mono-metallists as of import-
 
 Objections Answered. 73 
 
 ance, supposing the objections which are here 
 enumerated to be overruled. 
 
 Bi-metallists have no desire to snatch a ver- 
 dict at the hands of the public. The more 
 freely their case is discussed and criticised, the 
 greater will be their satisfaction, because of 
 their conviction that, as a study of their prin- 
 ciples widens, so will the triumph of those 
 principles be assured. 
 
 I. The historical statements are questioned. 
 England, so it is urged, though using Silver 
 and Gold Money prior to 1816, had really been 
 on the Gold standard for a hundred years pre- 
 viously. 
 
 Answer. The free coinage of Silver and its 
 use as legal tender was established by the Act 
 of 1666. When Lord Liverpool wrote his 
 celebrated letter to the king in 1805 he admits 
 that there was no denying that ' every one has
 
 74 Gold and Silver Question. 
 
 a right to bring Gold and Silver to the Mint to 
 be converted into coin.' And when he used 
 the word ' standard ' in reference to Gold, he 
 used it in the sense of the principal and most 
 important coin, not as the sole measure of 
 values. 
 
 The Act making Gold and Silver a legal 
 tender dates from 1666, and was confirmed by 
 successive Sovereigns. It was made ' perpetual ' 
 in 1768, and was never repealed until 1816 ! 
 
 2. The success of Bi-metallism in France up 
 to 1873 was an accident, and is to be ascribed 
 to the large demands for Silver caused by 
 payments to India for cotton. It was a bad 
 system for France, and actually impoverished 
 her. 
 
 Answer. The demand for these exceptional 
 payments to India lasted for only three years 
 out of the long period that the Bi-metallic com- 
 pact existed. As to the effect upon France, it 
 was stated by the French representatives at the
 
 Objections Answered. 75 
 
 Conference that the system had been a most 
 profitable one for their country. If it im- 
 poverished her, it is quite inexplicable to find 
 her equal to a strain of 600 millions sterling in 
 the German war, and afterwards remaining one 
 of the most prosperous countries in Europe. 
 
 3. Any great advance in the value of Silver 
 would at once cause an enormous increase in 
 production, and as Silver is much more abun- 
 dant than Gold, the world would be inundated 
 with it. 
 
 Answer. That one metal is abundant and 
 the other scarce is an unwarranted assumption ; 
 the two metals being in many places, if not 
 in most, found together.* This scare about 
 an unlimited output of Silver is merely a repeti- 
 tion of the scare in 1867 about an excessive 
 production of Gold from Australia and San 
 Francisco. The accidental discovery of abund- 
 
 * See Table, page 99.
 
 76 Gold and Silver Question. 
 
 ance of either one precious metal or the other 
 may cause alarm to the advocate of a single 
 standard, but does not touch the Bi-metallist 
 with the standard composed of the two metals. 
 
 It must be pressed upon the objector, that 
 his fears are no answer to the demand of the 
 world to be shown a way out of its existing 
 financial difficulty, which arises from the fact 
 that the available Silver currency is threatened 
 with ' a further and indefinite fall in value,' and 
 that while that process is going on, the founda- 
 tions of commerce must continue unstable. The 
 remarks of M. Leon Say at the Conference of 
 '78 put the case most aptly : ' From a commercial 
 point of view, the existence of the mass of 
 coined Silver which is there all ready, of which 
 man is already master, which he holds under 
 his hand, and can let go or hold back as he 
 wishes, according to the course of events, exer- 
 cises an influence far more decisive than that of 
 a mass of Silver which is not yet produced, and
 
 Objections Answered. 77 
 
 which does not arrive in tJie market except 
 gradually a little at a time' 
 
 4. The less valuable metal will always be 
 at a discount, do what you will. Gold will be 
 drained away from us, and we shall be left with 
 Silver. 
 
 Answer. The fallacy here is that one kind 
 of legal tender is more valuable than another, 
 which cannot be the case. When Gold and 
 Silver have become by international law the 
 equivalent of one another in a fixed ratio ; when 
 fifteen and a half ounces of the one in money 
 is exchangeable for one ounce of the other, all 
 the civilised world over ; when the yellow and 
 the white material form one measure ; when a 
 fixed proportion of the one will procure exactly 
 the same amount of commodities as does a 
 relative proportion of the second ; why should 
 any nation or individual hanker after the one 
 colour rather than the other? When the Mono- 
 metallists can show us that a yard of cloth
 
 78 Gold and Silver Question. 
 
 measured by a wooden stick, is more valuable 
 than the same cloth cut from a metal yard 
 measure affixed to a counter, they may induce 
 people to believe that their fears would be 
 realised. Up till recently, one half of the world 
 preferred Silver, and there is every probability 
 that they would continue to do so, when the 
 stability of Silver was re-established. 
 
 The dread of England being drenched by 
 the waters of the Silver stream and drained of 
 the Gold, cannot be justified on any reasonable 
 ground. The balance of trade, it is said, between 
 us and America, tending more and more to be 
 in favour of the latter, she will insist on being 
 paid in Gold ; but with International Bi-metallism 
 established, she could do nothing of the sort, 
 because when Gold and Silver have become 
 International legal tender, it will be at the option 
 of Great Britain to pay in wliicliever metal is the 
 more convenient at the time. And how is it pos- 
 sible that we can be inundated with Silver?
 
 Objections Answered. 79 
 
 Our imports vastly exceed our exports ; so that 
 to any country, as well as to America, it will be 
 in our power to discharge outstanding debts in 
 Silver or Gold at our option. There is every 
 reason to believe that the adoption of Bi-metallism 
 by the civilised world would bring about in a 
 natural way, what the Mono-metallists are hope- 
 lessly trying to force into existence, viz. a 
 distribution of Gold and Silver Money among 
 the nations of the earth, in some definite propor- 
 tion to their respective wants and capacities. 
 Mr. Bagehot asserts that Silver 'is suited to 
 those small transactions which constitute the 
 bulk of the dealings of mankind,' and the 
 moment that Silver is granted the dignity 
 of International legal tender, it will perform 
 this its natural function, being always in 
 most demand among nations and communi- 
 ties where ' small transactions ' are the most 
 numerous. 
 
 A ' drain of gold ' for one quarter or another
 
 8o Gold and Silver Question. 
 
 cannot exist under the conditions of Interna- 
 tional Bi-metallism ; for the cause of such a 
 drain is the disinclination of nations to take 
 Silver, owing to the instability of its value. That 
 cause must often operate under a system of 
 either Gold Mono-metallism or Professor Price's 
 Bastard Bi-metallism ; for in each, Silver is a 
 mere market commodity, and will never be 
 accepted as unlimited legal tender. Nothing 
 except the consensus of civilised nations can 
 restore Silver to this position, and in doing so 
 put an end to drains of Gold. 
 
 5. ' Bi-metallism is unscientific! The objec- 
 tion is formidable, because so vague a one. 
 What our opponents mean by it they would 
 probably find it difficult to define. It is often 
 'unscientific' to be in opposition to received 
 views. Galileo was very nearly burnt for being 
 ' unscientific.' Columbus was called a fool and 
 ' unscientific ' for crediting the existence of a 
 western continent. But, judging from the
 
 Objections Answered. 8[ 
 
 writings of Mono-metallists, it would appear 
 that our offence against science lies in teaching 
 that a definite ratio can be maintained between 
 two metals so unequally distributed as Gold 
 and Silver, and that we are at variance with the 
 law of demand and supply. 
 
 A nswrr. It was found that it was the law 
 which created the demand for the precious 
 metals, because using them in the manufac- 
 ture of the Patent article, Money. Directly 
 the State demand ceased, values fell, and if 
 nations unitedly were to forswear the use of Gold 
 and Silver as Money, the small outside demand 
 for them for other purposes would not, and could 
 not, prevent their falling indefinitely in value. 
 If the law can make the demand for and 
 assign the value to one metal, it can do 
 so in the case of both, and it may adopt 
 what relation between them it chooses as 
 most convenient. On this aspect of the 
 question Sir Louis Mallet thus expressed him- 
 G
 
 82 Gold and Silver Question. 
 
 self at the Conference : ' As regards the scientific 
 basis on which Bi-metallism is founded . . . 
 I may be allowed to express my unqualified 
 dissent from the opinion that it is opposed to 
 economic laws. I am disposed to think, on the 
 contrary, that, considered as a whole, and with 
 the conditions essential to its success (i.e. its 
 general adoption and guarantee by International 
 law), the Bi-metallic theory is in entire con- 
 formity with those great economic laws, which 
 must always control the acts of the legislator 
 and the fate of nations, and will continue to do 
 so more and more ; and that the idea which 
 inspires it, is one of the most important and 
 fruitful truths of science. ... It is said 
 That it is neither within the right nor the 
 power of the legislator to regulate relative 
 values of Gold and Silver. But how can such 
 a proposition be maintained as regards the 
 right ? How can it be pretended that we have 
 the right to impose on the population a single
 
 Objections Answered. 83 
 
 metal as Money, whether trade prefers another 
 or not ; and that we have not the right to give 
 it the chance of using the two metals in fixed 
 proportions, if such a course would be to its 
 interest ? As regards the power, can it be 
 admitted that we can give an arbitrary, or, if 
 you please, a conventional value to Gold or 
 Silver, and yet that there is no power to fix 
 their relation to each other?' 
 
 But apart from this, the distribution of the 
 precious metals is extremely interesting to notice. 
 Sir Roderick Murchison speaks of it thus : 
 ' The quantities of Gold and Silver pro- 
 curable will prove no more than sufficient to 
 meet the exigencies of an enormously increased 
 population, and an augmenting commerce and 
 industry. Providence seems to have originally 
 adjusted the relative values of the precious 
 metals, and the fact that their relations have 
 remained the same for ages, will survive 
 all theories.'
 
 84 Gold and Silver Qiiestion. 
 
 Figures certainly support this view, for it is 
 remarkable that, after one thousand years, the 
 world's metallic wealth should be estimated as 
 consisting of nearly equal proportions of Gold 
 and Silver. But the result will be less surprising 
 when it is remembered how often, nay, how 
 generally, the two metals are found in connection 
 with each other. In the two most productive 
 mines in America, the Comstock and the Con- 
 solidated Virginia, the output has been 45 
 per cent, of Gold, and 55 per cent, of Silver,* 
 while America's total production for the nine 
 years ending 1879 showed an excess of Gold 
 over Silver of .4,000,000. 
 
 The relative distribution of the precious 
 metals is, however, no part of the argument 
 for Bi-metallism, which rests upon human 
 law, and not upon the acts of Providence. 
 
 The scare about an over-production of 
 Silver is as difficult to allay as is the panic of 
 
 * The proportion of Gold was higher last year. See p. 98.
 
 Objections Answered. 85 
 
 children who have been frightened with ghost 
 stories. But the condition of mind is surely 
 unworthy of men of business and judgment, 
 and there are considerations which, fairly looked 
 at, should tend to reassure them. 
 
 (a) The utter collapse of the prognostications 
 at the Conference of '67 about Gold. The 
 production had been 36 millions sterling per 
 annum, and it was to maintain this average, 
 even if it did not ' enormously ' exceed it. 
 Since the prophecy was uttered, and although 
 Gold has been steadily appreciating in value, 
 and therefore, according to the theorists, ought 
 to have come forward in larger quantities, the 
 supplies have been steadily diminishing, till we 
 are avowedly in a condition of peril for the lack 
 of them. From an annual production of 36 
 millions we have come down to just half the 
 quantity. 
 
 (d) The similar falsity of the assurances 
 made by the Scarists only a few years since,
 
 86 Gold and Silver Question. 
 
 about the enormous production of the Comstock 
 lode of Silver.* 
 
 (c) Granted that there will be occasional 
 developments of production in both Gold and 
 Silver, what reasons are there for fearing a con- 
 vulsion in markets as the consequence ? In the 
 three years 1849 to 1851 the supply of Gold 
 aggregated 26 millions. In the succeeding 
 period the quantity was 92 millions sterling. 
 Was the effect on the world's trade stimulating 
 or depressing ? And if, forty years ago, an 
 annual production of nine millions of Gold could 
 be followed, and followed with advantage, by 
 an average output of 30 millions, is there any 
 sufficient cause to dread even a greater in- 
 crease now if it should happen when the 
 world's commerce has so enormously increased 
 and the necessity for metallic currency is corres- 
 pondingly enlarged ? 
 
 6. ' Mankind will not give up the use of 
 
 * See page 98.
 
 Objections Answered. 87 
 
 Gold ; as for every purpose of life, it is intrin- 
 sically the better metal, whether as a coin, or as 
 a means of hoarding, or for use in the fine arts. It 
 will eventually fetch the price which is necessary 
 to keep up the supply, and if that price is fixed 
 by law, an additional price or premium will be 
 paid by the public. Bi-metallists have proved 
 nothing, unless they can prove that, under the 
 entirely new conditions they wish to create, the 
 production of Gold will be sufficient, and the 
 production of Silver will not be in excess of 
 the public wants. Nothing seems more certain 
 than that if Silver is produced in larger quan- 
 tities than needed, it must, under the new 
 system, force out Gold, and go on forcing it 
 out till the quantity left is too small for the 
 general wants of mankind, and at that moment 
 Gold will command a premium in spite of 
 the law.' 
 
 I quote the foregoing in extenso, because 
 it is the view gravely expressed, after much
 
 88 Gold and Silver Question. 
 
 thought and deliberation, by an able Mono- 
 metallist. 
 
 Answer, (a) Silver has been and is pre- 
 ferred by half the world for coin and hoarding. 
 
 (b) The value of Gold and Silver used for 
 manufacturing purposes is returned as about 
 equal. 
 
 (c) To charge Bi-metallists with seeking to 
 introduce ' new conditions ' is begging the ques- 
 tion. We assert, and challenge disproof of the 
 statement, that under the old Bi-metallic condi- 
 tions the price of Silver in relation to Gold 
 varied only to a fractional extent, Mr. Baring, 
 when examined before the House of Commons 
 in 1828, estimating the variation in France as 
 ' seldom above one-tenth per cent.' Since the 
 destruction of the Bi-metallic compact, con- 
 sequent on the action of Germany, the relative 
 value of Silver has never been steady, and has 
 fallen twenty per cent, from the highest point. 
 No ' new conditions ' are demanded by Bi-
 
 Objections Answered. 89 
 
 metallists ; they advocate a recurrence to the 
 old ones, the fixity of which they would en- 
 sure by the wider guarantee of Europe and 
 America. 
 
 (d] When Mono-metallists can forecast 'the 
 wants of mankind ' it will be time to call upon 
 their opponents to ' prove that the production 
 of Gold will be sufficient for and the production 
 Silver will not be in excess ' of those wants. To 
 attempt either demonstration would be ridiculous. 
 At present, there is no greater production of 
 the combined precious metals than would be 
 required for a general Bi-metallic currency ; 
 we can only hope that increased production 
 may keep pace with the rapid extension of the 
 world's needs. 
 
 (c) Mankind will insist on having their 
 necessary supply of gold at any price \ just as if 
 the processes of mining and agriculture were 
 identical, and it was only for mankind to offer 
 icxy. per ounce more for the yellow metal to
 
 90 Gold and Silver Question. 
 
 ensure the extra output, in the same way as you 
 might ensure an increased acreage of cotton or 
 sugar by raising the market price twenty per 
 cent. Under a general system of Bi-metallism, 
 it has been seen that (except in rare and un- 
 important cases) Gold Money can have no pre- 
 ference over Silver, and hence it must be in the 
 mind of the objector, that mankind are prepared 
 to pay any premium for the yellow metal, for 
 the sake of hoarding it and for use in the fine 
 arts. 
 
 (f) If, under the Bi-metallic International 
 agreement, Silver (owing to the enormous out- 
 put which it is gratuitously assumed will be 
 realised, as soon as ever the metal regains its 
 former value) is ' to force out gold,' and to ' go 
 on forcing it out,' until there is too little left for 
 the wants of mankind, where is the 800 millions 
 of the existing stock and the annual pro- 
 duction, whether it be twelve or twenty 
 millions, to be forced to ? This marvellous
 
 Objections Answered. 91 
 
 Mono-metallic ' effect in black and white ' shows 
 us one portion of mankind ' forcing out ' gold for 
 no conceivable purpose, and the other portion 
 determined to give any price for it, for no 
 imaginable reason ! 
 
 ' The free concurrent circulation of the two 
 metals in all countries,' says Mr. Baring, 'would 
 certainly keep the proportions of each to the 
 other most equable, and leave little other ground 
 for fluctuation.' 
 
 7. Any International agreement come to for 
 the concurrent use of Gold and Silver Money in a 
 fixed ratio, even if practicable, which it is not, 
 would be broken in case of war. 
 
 Answer. To the first clause of this favourite 
 dogmatic assertion, so often and so loudly 
 repeated that it has become wearisome, it can 
 only be restated, at the risk of being equally 
 tedious, that the ' impossible ' was a financial 
 phenomenon witnessed in Europe for seventy 
 years, and it is a fair and logical deduction that
 
 92 Gold and Silver Question. 
 
 if a small handful of states could keep up the 
 equilibrium between Gold and Silver, such an 
 equilibrium might be made permanent by the 
 combined action of Europe and the United 
 States. 
 
 War, even if a general one, could exert no 
 injurious effect, for the obvious reason that each 
 individual nation could only break the agreement 
 at a tremendous loss to itself. How could it 
 possibly help any country to depreciate the 
 value of one-half of her metallic currency ? 
 
 If the supposed breach of faith were a sud- 
 den one, the consequence must evidently be 
 disastrous to the offending nation ; if it were 
 managed by a slow process extending over years, 
 it could not at any rate fail to attract the notice 
 of the world, and there would be time for the 
 world to act on the defensive. 
 
 8. Gold would always be preferred to Silver 
 for the settlement of International balances, 
 because the charges for transport are so much
 
 Objections Answered. 93 
 
 lighter. (This objection appeared recently in 
 the City notes of a leading newspaper.) 
 
 Answer. The charges for transport are the 
 same. .100,000 in Silver can be sent from 
 London to Calcutta at the same charge as a 
 like sum in Gold, the freight being 'ad valorem.' 
 
 9. The adoption of the Bi-metallic system 
 in England would lead to great inconvenience 
 among the banking interest, and in private life. 
 We might be burdened with heavy payments 
 in Silver coin. 
 
 Answer. Who is burdened now with heavy 
 payments in Gold coin ? although bankers might 
 insist on paying a cheque for ^5,000 in sove- 
 reigns. The bank note issued against the 
 metallic reserve in the bank has relieved us of 
 any inconvenience on this score, and it would 
 perform exactly the same function in respect 
 of Silver, when that had been decreed legal 
 tender and constituted, therefore, a part of the 
 bank reserve. The complaint in private life
 
 94 Gold and Silver Question. 
 
 is of a scarcity of Silver, rather than of super- 
 abundance. 
 
 10. The attempt to remonetise Silver is the 
 result of American diplomacy. The United 
 States are the great producers, and they want 
 to see higher prices for the metal. 
 
 Answer. The United States produce more 
 Gold than Silver, and the Silver mines as 
 well as the Gold are the property of private 
 individuals and not of the Government, which 
 has as much control over them as Mr. Glad- 
 stone has over the tin mines of Cornwall. 
 The interest of the United States in the 
 Silver Question is identical with the interest of 
 Europe. They have a rapidly expanding trade 
 abroad, and an unparalleled extension of com- 
 mercial centres throughout their continent, all 
 of which are absorbing currency and tend to 
 absorb more. The United States share and 
 freely express the fears which they entertain 
 for their own commerce, consequent upon an in-
 
 Objections Answered. 95 
 
 sufficiency of Gold, and on this point, they are 
 in entire accord with England, France, Germany, 
 Austria, Italy, and Holland, as represented at 
 the Paris Conference.
 
 g6 Gold and Silver Question. 
 
 DATE 
 
 EATIO 
 
 SUPPLY 
 
 Propor- 
 tion Gold 
 to Silver. 
 1 to 
 
 GOLD 
 
 SILVER 
 
 Millions 
 
 Millions 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1801-1810 
 
 15.61 
 
 2.6 
 
 7-7 
 
 2-97 
 
 1811-1820 
 1821-1830 
 
 15 sn 
 
 i5-8o/ 
 
 1.6 
 
 3-6 
 
 2.25 
 
 1831-1840 
 
 15.67 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1841-1850 
 
 15-83 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1840 
 
 15.80 
 
 5-4 
 
 7.8 
 
 1.44 
 
 1850 
 
 I5-83 
 
 8.9 
 
 7.8 
 
 0.88 
 
 1851 
 
 15.46 
 
 13-5 
 
 8.0 
 
 0-59 
 
 1852 
 
 15-57 
 
 36.6 
 
 8. 
 
 0.22 
 
 1853 
 
 15-33 
 
 3i-i 
 
 8. 
 
 O-26 
 
 1854 
 
 15-33 
 
 25-5 
 
 8. 
 
 0.32 
 
 1855 
 
 I5-36 
 
 27.0 
 
 8. 
 
 0.30 
 
 1856 
 
 15-33 
 
 29-5 
 
 8.2 
 
 0.28 
 
 1857 
 
 15-27 
 
 26.7 
 
 8. 
 
 0.30 
 
 1858 
 
 I5-36 
 
 24.9 
 
 8. 
 
 0.32 
 
 1859 
 
 15.21 
 
 25.0 
 
 8.2 
 
 0-33 
 
 1860 
 
 15-30 
 
 23-9 
 
 8.2 
 
 0-34 
 
 1861 
 
 '5-47 
 
 22.8 
 
 8-5 
 
 0-37 
 
 1862 
 
 15-36 
 
 21.6 
 
 9.0 
 
 0.42 
 
 1863 
 
 I5-38 
 
 21.4 
 
 9.8 
 
 0.46 
 
 1864 
 
 15.40 
 
 22.6 
 
 10.3 
 
 0-45 
 
 1865 
 
 15-33 
 
 24.0 
 
 10.4 
 
 0-43 
 
 1866 
 
 15-44 
 
 24.2 
 
 IO. I 
 
 0.42 
 
 1867 
 
 15-57 
 
 22.8 
 
 10.8 
 
 0.48 
 
 1868 
 
 15.60 
 
 22. 
 
 IO.O 
 
 0.45 
 
 1869 
 
 15.60 
 
 21.2 
 
 9-5 
 
 0-45 
 
 1870 
 
 15.60 
 
 21-4 
 
 10.3 
 
 0.48 
 
 1871 
 
 15-59 
 
 21.4 
 
 12.2 
 
 0-57 
 
 1872 
 
 15-63 
 
 19.9 
 
 I3-I 
 
 0.66 
 
 *i8 73 
 
 I5-90 
 
 19.2 
 
 17.9 
 
 0-93 
 
 fi874 
 
 16.15 
 
 18.2 
 
 14-3 
 
 0.79 
 
 1875 
 
 16.76 
 
 19-5 
 
 16.1 
 
 0.82 
 
 i876 | 
 
 Highest 20. 1 7\ 68 
 Lowest 16.62; ' 7>0 
 
 19.0 
 
 14.8 
 
 0.78 
 
 1877 { 
 
 Highest i7-581 r722 
 Lowest i6.84/ I7> 
 
 19.4 
 
 16.2 
 
 0.84 
 
 1878 { 
 
 Highest 19.00 1 
 Lowest 17. 14/ ' 
 
 17.3 
 
 14.7 
 
 0.85 
 
 * Demonetisation of Silver by Germany. 
 
 t Suspension of Free Mintage of Silver by the Latin Union.
 
 Gold and Silver Question. 
 
 97 
 
 TABLE OF PRICES IN LONDON OF SILVER FROM 1827 TO 
 1879- 
 
 Year 
 
 Lowest 
 
 Highest 
 
 Year 
 
 Lowest 
 
 Highest 
 
 Year 
 
 Lowest 
 
 Highest 
 
 1827 
 1828 
 1829 
 1830 
 1831 
 1832 
 
 1833 
 1834 
 1835 
 1836 
 
 1837 
 1838 
 
 1839 
 
 1840 
 1841 
 1842 
 
 1843 
 1844 
 
 59^ 
 
 591 
 60 
 
 59f 
 
 59f 
 
 59* 
 
 59! 
 
 59 
 
 59| 
 
 60 
 
 59? 
 
 591 
 59 
 
 60 
 60 
 
 60^ 
 
 60 
 
 6o| 
 
 60 
 
 6o| 
 
 60^ 
 
 6o 
 
 6of 
 
 6o 
 
 6of 
 
 59i 
 
 59| 
 
 591 
 
 58| 
 59 
 
 581 
 
 59^ 
 59^ 
 60 
 
 59* 
 
 60 
 
 61 
 
 6of 
 
 6if 
 
 6iJ 
 
 60* 
 
 61 
 
 59* 
 60* 
 6o| 
 60 
 
 62f 
 
 61* 
 
 62f 
 
 61* 
 
 62f 
 
 62f 
 
 6if 
 
 1864 
 1865 
 1866 
 1867 
 1868 
 1869 
 1870 
 
 61 
 
 6of 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 621 
 
 62^ 
 
 61 
 62 
 
 1871 
 1872 
 DEMONETISATION 
 
 1873 
 1874 
 1875 
 1876 
 1877 
 1878 
 1879 
 
 57* 
 
 55* 
 
 S3* 
 
 49 
 
 57f 
 58^ 
 58* 
 55* 
 
 This table shows only the highest and lowest prices, but if 
 the total average be taken of the mean prices, up to 1872, 
 before the demonetisation of silver took place, it will be found 
 to correspond with the Bi-metallic rate of 6o pence, or 15^ of 
 silver to I of gold. 
 
 II
 
 9 8 
 
 Gold and Silver Question. 
 
 The following figures show the result of the working of the 
 two richest mines in America : 
 
 CONSOLIDATED VIRGINIA. 
 
 Year 
 
 Gold 
 
 Silver 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1873 
 
 62,000 66,000 
 
 128,000 
 
 1874 
 
 412,000 583,000 
 
 995,000 
 
 1875 
 
 1,407,000 
 
 I,936,OOO 
 
 3,343,000 
 
 1876 
 
 1,475,000 
 
 1,855,000 
 
 3,330,000 
 
 1877 
 
 1,254,000 
 
 I,492,OOO 
 
 2,746,000 
 
 1878 
 
 754,000 
 
 845,000 
 
 1,599,000 
 
 I8 79 
 
 239,000 
 
 256,000 
 
 495,000 
 
 Total 
 
 ,5,603,000 
 
 7,033,000 
 
 12,636,000 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Year 
 
 Gold 
 
 Silver 
 
 Total 
 
 1876 
 1877 
 1878 
 1879 
 
 Total 
 Consolidated Virginia 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 1,298,000 
 1,876,000 
 
 1,110,000 
 
 266,000 
 
 1,382,000 
 1,907,000 
 I,O79,OOO 
 248,000 
 
 
 
 2,680,000 
 3,783,000 
 2,189,000 
 514,000 
 
 4,550,000 
 5,603,000 
 
 4,6l6,000 
 7,033,000 
 
 9,166,000 
 12,636,000 
 
 1 
 ,10,153,000 11,649,000 
 
 21,802,000
 
 Gold and Silver Question. 
 
 99 
 
 The total production of America for the last ten years was 
 as follows : 
 
 Year 
 
 Gold 
 
 Silver 
 
 1870 
 
 
 
 10,000,000 
 
 
 
 3,436,000 
 
 l8;i 
 
 9,000,000 
 
 4,952,000 
 
 1872 
 
 7,480,000 
 
 6,148,000 
 
 1873 
 
 7,480,000 
 
 7,644,000 
 
 1874 
 
 8,280,000 
 
 6,840,000 
 
 1875 
 
 8,280,000 
 
 6,840,000 
 
 1876 
 
 9,200,000 
 
 8,776,000 
 
 1877 
 
 9,360,000 
 
 8,328,000 
 
 l8 7 8 
 
 9,800,000 
 
 9,992,000 
 
 1879 
 
 8,080,000 
 
 8,728,000 
 
 I880 
 
 7,480,000 
 
 8,060,000 
 
 Total 1 94,444,000 
 
 79,744,000 
 
 On the production of 1879 the Director of the United States 
 Mint remarks : 
 
 'The production of 1879 is considerably less than that of 
 the preceding year. It has resulted from the diminished yield 
 of the mines of the Comstock Lode. A depth has been reached 
 1 ,000 feet below the bed of the Carson River, and impediments 
 are encountered from accumulations of water and from the 
 oppressive temperature, which discourage and have retarded 
 vertical exploration.' 
 
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