/ ^^ 
 
 6< 
 
 Mr 
 
 Robert E. Gross 
 Collection 
 
 A Memorial to the Founder O 
 
 of the 
 
 Business Administration Library . . 
 Los Angeles 4
 
 ^.fffflyyfMt>rj3iii),: 
 
 "*v'Aij*»i»m„turt'M^^ 
 
 >*"»"■' 
 
 JROBJlKT 
 
 MI)((I,XX1\' 
 
 /Vy// ./ • //f/.,/ ' .11 , ///r ,/ /•// 
 
 ' I r//' /J 
 
 R^m . r.A.s. 
 
 .v:\' \\x\ 
 
 yr.j'/// ■ ii'/A/-i//.i '' -If/ /r.y 
 
 ///, . /,i/,i ,/.,//'// ,'/ 
 
 H J. i; 

 
 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 or TH E 
 
 MOGUL E T^I P I R E, 
 
 OF THE 
 
 M O R A T T O E S, 
 
 AND OF THE ENGLISH CONCERNS 
 
 In I N D O S 1' a N ; 
 
 FROM THE YEAR M.DC.LIX. 
 
 ORIGIN OF THE ENGLISH ESTABLISHMENT, AND 
 OF THE COMPANY'S TRADE, 
 
 AT BROACH AND SURAT; 
 
 AND 
 
 A GENERAL IDEA OF THE GOVERNMENT 
 AND PEOPLE OF INDOSTAN. 
 
 Br ROBERT ORME, Esq. t.a.s. 
 
 TO WHICH IS PREFIXED, 
 AN ACCOUNT OF THE LIFE AND WHITINGS OF THE AUTHOR. 
 
 **Mr. Orme, the liiftorian of India, unites an exquifite tafte for every fine art, 
 with an accurate knowledge of Aliatic manners." 
 
 Sir William Jones's Third Difcourfc. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED FOR F. WINGRAVE, IN THE STRAND, 
 
 SUCCESSOR TO MR. NOURSE. 
 
 M.DCCCV.
 
 T ultr ITnnfard. Prrr,t«?r, 
 Ci«at Turiiliile, LincoJiiVlim Fieliiv
 
 Bus. Adm. Ub. 
 
 TO THE 
 
 HONOURABLE THE COURT OF DIRECTORS '^/!).U 
 
 OF T II E 
 
 EAST INDIA COMPANY, 
 
 TO \V H O S E 
 
 POSTERING PATRONAGE AND LIBERAL ENCOURAGEMENT 
 OF EVERY BRANCH OF 
 
 ORIENTAL LITERATURE 
 
 THE WORLD IS INDEBTEn FOR THOSE 
 
 DISCOVERIES IN THE HISTORY AND SCIENCES OF THE EAST 
 
 "WHICH HAVE 
 GIVEN TO THE ENGLISH NAME IN INDIA 
 
 A REPUTATION FOR LEARNING 
 
 NOT LESS EXALTED THAN ITS 
 
 TAME IN ARMS AND LEGISLATION", 
 
 THIS 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS VOLUME 
 
 FROM THE 
 
 POSTHUI^IOUS WORKS 
 
 OF THEIR LATE LEAUNED, ELEGANT, AND LAMENTED 
 
 HISTORIOGRAPHER, 
 
 IS MOST RESPECTFULLY 
 
 INSCRIBED. 
 
 15 878 53
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 Page 10, line 20, for Admcdnagar, read Ahmednagar. 
 
 — 36, — 6, for ill, read on. 
 
 — b^i — 25, for vvben, read ;it wMch time. 
 
 — S-t, — 7, yiw weftern, read eaftern. 
 
 — 88, — 11, deh that. 
 
 — ]63, ult. yb/' land, rfrtrf laud. 
 
 — 179, Hue 4> /or Note 111. rfflf/ Note IV. 
 
 — 223, — 2, for that faw, read that he faw. 
 
 — 272, — 17, >'■ D'Abbevilli-, read D'Alberviik. 
 
 — 373, — 1, for Gehaughire, read .Jehangire. 
 
 — 432, — 2, for eropirs, read empire. 
 
 MEM OIKS
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Life of the Author, . - - - pp. i to Ixvm 
 
 Hijlorical Fragments, - - - - - - p. i 
 
 "Notes to the Fragments, - - - - - - 165 
 
 SiiIfjeB of the Notes to the Fragments, - - - 30§ 
 
 Origin of the EngJiJh Fftahlifiment, and of the Companfa 
 
 Trade, at Broach and Surat, - - - - 317 
 
 General Idea of the Goiernment and People of Indojlun 391 
 
 Effemijiaci/ of the Inhabitants of Indoftan, - - 455 
 
 Authorities, -------- 473 
 
 Index.
 
 MEMOIRS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 LIFE AND WRITINGS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 AUTHOR. 
 
 Among thofc who have mod zealoufly employed their leifure 
 and learning in the public fervice, the fubjeft of the following' 
 Memoir will ever rank high in the eitimation of all who have the abili- 
 ty to appreciate his labours. The vail extent of territory now 
 ■fubjeded to the Eaft India company, either by Avar provoked, or ne- 
 gotiation folicited, by the native fovereigns, has rendered thehiftory 
 and geography of Indostan moft highly interefting and neceffary to 
 all who are connefted, diredly or indireftly, with our eflablilhments- 
 in that quarter of the globe. Indeed, no Gentleman can be confidercd 
 as having completed his education, until he has madehimfelf in fome 
 degree acquainted with the ftate of the Britilh intereils in the Eaft : 
 neither is it too much to fay, that fince our firftknoMledge of India, 
 no man has lb amply elucidated cither its hiftory, or its polity, as 
 Mr. Ormk. a few authentic particulars of his life and writings, 
 therefore, cannot but be acceptable to a nation which has derived 
 
 fuch eminent advantage from his labours. 
 
 Dr. Alex-
 
 vi LIFE AND WRITINGS 
 
 Dr. Alexander Orme, the father of our author, went out to 
 India in the Honourable Conipanj-'s fcrvice, as phylician and furjjjeon, 
 and arrived at IJonibay about the year 170(5. He continued there, 
 and at the dependent fettlemehts, a confiderable time, Avith great 
 lepulation, as Me find by the following extra6l from the public 
 records of that period ; 
 
 " Callicut, ^ugiiji 30, 1707. 
 
 Mr. Alexander Oime, furgcon, of Anjengo Fort, lias made his requcft to 
 us, that he may be entered a Company's I'ervant. '\\'e find him a very capable 
 and ingenious perfon, that would be extraordinarily i'ervieeabJe to our Mailers 
 and us in fickiiels. If your Excellency and the Council are pleafed to enter 
 him a faflor, we requeit that we may have him at ihis factory, being in great 
 want of afliftance as above fpecjfied. 
 
 " Robert Jilains. 
 
 " John Johnfon." 
 
 In a fubfequent letter they write, 
 
 " We are heartily forry that the rains have been fo very unhealthy with yon, 
 4hat Dr. Orme could not be fpared. Wc requeft you would atlord us his aflTilt- 
 ance as foon as you can," &.c, 
 
 Hobert Adams, Efq. (who figncd the foregoing letters as cliicf 
 of the fetllcnient of Callicut on the coaft of ^lalabar) and Dr. Orme, 
 had married two fiftcrs^ of the name of Hill. 
 
 After having long diliinguiilied himfclf at Anjengo, in the Travan- 
 corc country, Dr. Orme was appointed chief of that fcttlemcnt, 
 M'here he had illue of his marriage two fons and two daughters. 
 
 Ronr.RT, the fccond fon, and the fubjeft of pur Memoir, was born 
 on Chriftmas Day in 1728, and was named after his uncle. Adam.s; 
 the mother of Governor Bourchicr being one of his fponfors. 
 
 With a view at once to his education and his heallh, for he was 
 of a weak and delicate confiitution, the Doctor ftnt Robert to 
 England when fcarcely two years old ; and lie was placed under the 
 carq of his aunt Adams, then refiding in Cavendilli-fcpiare. With 
 this lady he continued between two and three 3'cars, and was tlien 
 
 committed
 
 OF THE AUTHOR. vir 
 
 cominittetl to the tuition of a clergyman for about a twelvemonth; 
 after which, though only fix years of age, he was fent to tlie 
 juftly-cclebrated fchool of Harrow. Here he continued between 
 feven and eight years, ftudied tlie claffics with delight, and was 
 equally diltinguillied by quicknefs of parts, and afliduity of ap- 
 plication. 
 
 In 1741 he was removed from Harrow ; and, being intended for 
 the civil fervicc in India, ^y■as placed in the office of the Ac- 
 comptant-general of the African company, that he might be 
 initiated in the theory of commercial tranfaiSlions. " His pro- 
 grefs in this branch of knowledge," obferves one mIio knew him 
 well, " was proportioned to the talents that he had previoufiy 
 clif|)layed in more lively and attractive lUidies ; and, as he could 
 not but have felt confiderable regret at being obliged to relincjui/li 
 thofe ftudies, his applying to others fo lit'tle congenial, if not 
 repulfive, to a youthful mind, evinces uncommon vigour as well as 
 diligence." ■ ^. 
 
 Having laid what was confidered as a firm foundation for fub- 
 fequent attainments in commercial bufinefs, young 0km e embarked 
 for India, and arrived in the year 1742 at Calcutta, Avhere his 
 brother William then refided as a writer in the Company's fervice. 
 William was originally intended for the fea ; but, difliking that 
 clement, obtained the above-mentioned appointment at Calcutta ; 
 where he died at about twenty-five years of age (a) : before v, bieli 
 time he had loft both his parents. 
 
 Robert did not return to India in the Company's fervice; but 
 on his arri\al in Calcutta, engaged himfelf, for improvenjent, in 
 the houfe of .Fackfon and Wedderburn, at that "time the fiift Englidi 
 mercantile firm in India ; Mr. Jackfon being one of the council; and 
 Mr. Wedderburn (of the flime family as the late earl of Rofflyn) a 
 free merchant. While with them, young Orme made a voyage 
 round the Pcninfula to Surat in one of the freight-iliips, as they 
 are termed; aiul it was on his. return to Calcutta, in 1743, that he 
 
 found 
 
 («) See our Autlwr's Verfcs to the Memory of bis Brother, p, Uv.
 
 viU I^Il-E AND M'llITIxVGS 
 
 found lie was appointed fiom England to be a writer in the Company's 
 civil feivice {!>) ; in which he continued between nine and U-n years; 
 becoming, after the firft live, a fa 80 r, according to the Company's 
 regulations in India. 
 
 lie applied hinifelf with indefatigable zeal in promoting the ia- 
 tercfts of his employers ; ftudying at all convenient feafons the infti- 
 tutions, manners, and cuftoms of the native inhabitants, as well as 
 the rtate of the municipal government of the town ; and during this 
 period he coUefted the materials for many of his fubfequent literary 
 undertakings. 
 
 In the year 1 7 so., foni'c regulations in thcjamadary, or government 
 of the town or police of Calcutta, were thought neceHary ; and it 
 npijears from I\Ir. Ormc's papers, that he wasdefired to ftate (though 
 then only twenty-four years of age) his opinion on the fubjecl, and 
 to point out fuch regulations as he fliould conceive proper to be 
 adopted in that delicate but very imi)ortant concern. 
 
 In his fliort narrative on this fubjed, he obferves, that the office 
 of Jamadar in Calcutta, owing to the little attention that had been 
 paid in England to a fituation of that confequence, fecmed never to 
 have been rightly undcrftood tliere. It coniprifes in itfelf two diftind 
 offices, each of which is of the utmoft importance under any polity : 
 %'iz. the adminiftration and execution of juftice ; and, the colle(5lioa 
 
 of 
 
 Cb) On this occalioii l,c appears to have rcforted to the .\hiiighty in pious fupplication 
 to fit him for his future chararter in the world ; as in his niemoraiida, dated November 
 17U-, we find the following prayer, written in tiie lO'th year of his age: 
 
 " Pa AVER, November 1744. 
 " O GOD, wlioro infinite power is not more Ihcwn in the works of diy 
 crc-xtion, than thine eternal beneficence in the preferviUion of thy creatures, 
 vonciifafe to hear llie humble fupplieationsof one of the meaneft among lliem; 
 wiio, in all due fcnli; of die lowlincfs of his condition, prefumes on tlie autho- 
 rity of his Redeemer's command alone, to throw himfelf, in all his fins, at the 
 throne of tliy mercy. Forgive iiim, OLord! his manifoUl breaches of thy 
 ordinances, and tiuiue him with grace tn amend bis ways before thee. Cad 
 from his heart the rancour of pride, the malignity of envy or malice, and all 
 llwjfe tuinnltuoiis pallions and urgent emotions of which our frail beings are, 
 without thy prevention, fo fuiceptibie ; endue him witli humility ; grant him 
 charity to all men."
 
 OF THE AUTHOR. ik 
 
 of the rcr^'enues. After fome veiy profound and forcible reafon- 
 ing on the fubjefl, he thus condudes : 
 
 " I have very difintereftedly given you an account v/hich it has coft me fome 
 years to arrive at a convidlion and certainty of; and I dare fay you will find i'ew 
 inftances, on your return to Calcutta, that do not pretty well tally with it. 
 
 " I proniifed to fugged the niofi; apparent remedies for tliis fad train of un- 
 |)aralleled abufes and iniquities: but this you will better do than I. The old 
 rule, of curing dlfteuipers by their contraries, will, I believe, hold good here, 
 ifl. Separate the revenues from the jufticiary power: 2dly, Divide tliofe re- 
 venues into different branches, by farms, and by diftin<5l colleftors : then, 3dly, 
 Divide the town into particular diftridts, each capable of being fu[)erin tended 
 by one perfon; and over thefe diftri6ts appoint particular gentlemen; fome of 
 the council, fome not, as they can be fpared. Let an appeal lie to the governor 
 and council. Let the prifon and the cutcheree be methodized into diftin(fl 
 ofSces, for regulations and punifliments, according to the dlftrifts. 
 
 " I wilh this information may be of any fervice to the Company : it mufl 
 come about by your means alone." 
 
 In the fame year, 1752, and during his refidence at Calcutta, Mr. 
 Ornie compofed the firft and fecond books of his " General Idea of the 
 Government and People of Indoftan ;" which is now firft printed com- 
 plete from his MSS in the prefent volume. This little eflay, though a 
 juvenile production, fliows the great induftry with which he had ap- 
 plied himfelf to Indian concerns, and may be confidered as the genu 
 or foundation of his greater work. The firft two books he correfted, 
 retrenched in fome, and enlarged in other places, on board the /hip 
 Pelham in September 1753; and the third book hecompofcd on board 
 the fame vefl'el, probably for his amufement, during a voyage that he 
 was then making to England (c), where he arrived at the latter end 
 of that year. 
 
 We 
 
 fc) This voyage of Mr. Grme's, from India to England, was principally made at the 
 «lefire of his favourite aunt, Mrs. Adams. With this lady, who had a moft affei-'honate 
 regard for him, he refided during his (lay in this touiitry, at her houfe in Cave:idi(h- 
 fquare, which came afterwards into tho poffellion of the late lord Gainfborougli. —
 
 X LIFE AND WRITINGS 
 
 We cannot forbear to tranfcribc liere, the Autlior's concludinjr 
 chapter, or reflections, on his work; as furnifliing a proof of his zeal 
 in favonr of Chriftianity, and the fenfe which he entertained of the 
 liberty that we enjoy in this country, as contrafted with that of the 
 inhabitants under opprefTive and arbitrary governments : 
 
 " Having brought to a conclufion this eflay on the government and people of 
 Indoftan, I cannot refrain from making the refle<ftions which fo obvioufly arile 
 from the fubjecH. 
 
 " Chriflianity vindicates all its glories, all its honour, and allits reverence, whea 
 we behold the moll horrid impieties avowed amongft the nations on whom its in- 
 fluence does not fliine, as actions neceflary in the common conduct of life ; J mean 
 poifonings, treachery, and aflaffinations, in the fons of ambition; rapines, cruelty, 
 and extortions, in the miiiillers of juftice. 
 
 " 1 leave divines to vindicate, by more fan<Slified reflexions, the caufe of their 
 Religion and their God. 
 
 " The fons of Liberty may here behold the mighty ills to which the flaves of 
 a def[)otic power muft be fubjeft : the fpirit darkened and depreffcd by ignoranca 
 and fear; tl»e body tortured and tormented by punidiments inflicted without juf- 
 tice a:id without meafure : fuch a contraft to the bleihngs of liberty, heightens at 
 once the fenfe of our happinefs, and our zeal for the prefcrvalion of it." 
 
 It may here be ncceffary, for the better elucidation of what follows, 
 to revert to that period when commerce was the Company's fole ob- 
 jeft; the firft principle on which then- fettlemcuts were cftablilhed' 
 having been inlirely commercial : 
 
 " The Mogul government (Mf. Orme obferves) had, during the long and wife 
 adminiftratiou of Aurengzcbe, taken fuch deep root, that the many nations 
 which formed the empire of Indoftan were fubjugated to the Mogul in various 
 forms; feme of Uiem tributary and hereditary, and otliers governed by nabobs,, 
 or viceroys, under the immediate appointment of the emperors. 
 
 « Such. 
 
 Mrs. Adams left two daughters, Margaretla Ann, and EUzabeth: the fecond, Ehzabeth, 
 married thu Hon. Keniiet Noel, lieutepant-gpneral of his Majefty's forces, and colonel 
 of the 43<J rcgimtiit of foot, whon> (he furvivod; at her deceafe llio left her fortune 
 to her fificr Margiiretta Aiui, who died unmarried; tl)is lady, at her dcceafe, left Mr. 
 Orme an annuity of £. 200 ; and the houfe in Cavendiih-fquare to lord Gainfborough, 
 the nephew of i^encial Xocl.
 
 or THE AUTHOR. xi 
 
 ■•■ Such was the (late of the cmpiie when the Englifh fettled in Tndia, and 
 ■obtiiiiied phiimaunds, or royal grants, for cftablifliing themfelvcs in Bengal, 
 Madras, and Sural, with privilege of trading duty-free ; and a grant of a certain 
 diftritt of land to fettle ui)on, with liberty to fortify and govcin themfelves by 
 their own laws. But as the Englilh faw no violence to be apprehended from 
 a people whohadajuft idea of commerce, and a government at that time well 
 adminiftered, they built with very little view of defence, and carried on their 
 trade fiee from oppreflion. 
 
 " The governors of the diftant provinces, difcovering the w-eaknefs) to which 
 the power of the Emperor was reduced by the invafion of Nadir Shah, were no 
 longer veftrained by fear; each aifumed and exercifed fovereign authority over 
 his province, and looked on his government as an heritage to iiis family. Scarce 
 any more of the annual funis, before paid by them to the RTognl, were fent to 
 court; and to maintain themfelves in their fovereignty, they levied forces far 
 beyond what the ordinary revenues would maintain : From hence oppreihons 
 became necefl'ary, and, in their turn, the Europeans were opprefled, not only in 
 their trade, but large funis extorted from them by violence. Monf Dupleix. 
 the governor of Pondicherry, was the firft who took the alarm, and was the firll 
 who difcovered the fuperiority of European difcipline, and from hence was led 
 into the idea of acquiring a territorial fovereignty in India. 
 
 " It is probable, he at firft. extended his views no farther than a diftri(5l round 
 Pondicherry ; but when once engaged in the politics of the country, liiti fucceffes 
 fo far furpad'ed his e.\pe6lation, and opened fuch a fcene of power to him, that 
 he difdained the narrow limits he might at firft prefcribe to liimfelf ; and no 
 doubt but they were enlarged, not only to the conqueft of the Carnatic, but to 
 the extirpation of all other European nations, and even to the redu6tion of the 
 whole Mogul empire, and to make it a dependant ftate on the crown of France. 
 
 " The EnglKh beheld his progrefs with aftonifliment, but were iwt roufed to 
 a(5lion till they found themiejv«s on the point of being fvvallovved np by the 
 French power. Forced to it, they with relucl;ance, in 1750, undertook the Aip- 
 port of Mahomed Ally againft Chunda Saheb, under whofe name the French 
 carried on their ambitious projefts. 
 
 " It is not our intention to enter into a minute detail of that long war, main- 
 tained on our fide againft a conftant fuperiority of numbers, at the expence of 
 the lives of many thoufands of brave men, and at the rifque of near a million 
 fterling of the Company's property; we (hall only obferve, that from our 
 fucccffesjthe Nabob's fituation was fo different at the end of the year 1753, from 
 what it was in 1750, at which time the fingle city of Trichinopoly was the only- 
 part of his dominions that remained uneonquered by the Freneii, that in 1753 ha 
 had recovered, and was mafterof, almoft the whole Carnatic; and at that time 
 tiie Fj-ench refources feomed nearly exhaufted. 
 
 b ? « The
 
 xu LITE AND WRITINGS 
 
 " The Fiencli company, eliited at the fuccefs which attended Monf. Diipleix 
 in the comnienccmeiit of the war, af. full fainlk approved liis uieal'ures ; but tlie 
 oppoiition of llie other European powers, the unforefeen events of war, and the 
 deviating fo widely from their natural ohjecSl of commerce, rendering the event 
 very uncertain, there was nothing could fix their faith in the reditude of thole 
 meafures, but fucceffes that might attend them, and a happy period to the war, 
 ■which Monf. Dupleix promifcd them in every letter. But, inllcad of ihefe fuc- 
 celfes, they faw the countries, of which they especled the revenues would be 
 their reward, in the hands of their enemies, and their ftock exhauliing in the 
 fupport of an uncertain war, which ruined their trade, and the mauufadlories of 
 tlie country, from which they had belore reaped advantages fuitable to their 
 cfiablifliment. 
 
 " The war appeared in the fame light to the Englifli company ; and there- 
 fore both agreed on a neutrality for the Carnalic, till means fliould be found to 
 put an end to liuit and all future wars, by negotiations at home. But as it re- 
 garded the Caxnatjc only,, ijt did not check the progrefs of the French arms in 
 tlie Decan, the Soiibuh of which had ceded to thein Mafluhpatam, and four 
 provinces, which yielded, them a revenue of 400,000/. fterling a yeai". !Nor did 
 there appear any check to their, progrefs in that country ; the French gave law, 
 by their influence over the Soubah, to a country as extenfive and poi)ulous as 
 France; and by a prudent management of what they had lb acquired, or by iu- 
 crcafe of dominion, it was in their power even then to have laid a foundation on 
 ^h«ch M. Dupleix's great ideas of conqueft might have been realized. And al- 
 though the French company tliemfelves Ihould have chofen to adhere to their com- 
 ipercial.interefts, Dui>leix's projects fuilcd too well with that fpirit of concpieft 
 which prevails i:? the Frengb court, to he negle6ted; and upon the breaking out 
 of the war it is reafonable to conclude, fiom the forces fent out under general 
 Lidly, that they adoj. ted them in their utmoft extent. Our fettlements were 
 but a fccondary objciJ^t; their forces were fo formidable, that they, with great 
 probabilitv, imagined theiu a trifling obfmcle, (which furmounted) Cape Comorin 
 • and the Ganges might have been the boundaries of tlieir dominions." 
 
 On our Author's arrival in London in the year 1753, he found 
 his Majerty's niiniikrs and the India Company deeply engaged 
 with the affairs of the Eaft; foi; the direftors had in the pre- 
 ceding year made rcprefeutationa to niiniflers refpec'-tiiig the hofti- 
 lities iu Ml)ieli ihcy ucre involved on the coalt of Coronuiultl, 
 and folicitcd their aid, cither to carry on or terminate the war; 
 ■which tlitir own refources were fittle able to continue againft the 
 French company, ftrongly fupported by the government, of France, 
 
 With
 
 OF THE AUTHOR. xiii 
 
 With a mind fo acute and obferving as he pofl'eflfed, Mr. Ornie 
 could not have lefided ten yeais in India without acquiring confi- 
 derable knowledge, not only of the manners, cuftonis, and inftitu- 
 tions of its inhabitants, but of the political condition of its different 
 flates. Pciffeflnig befides a good addrefs, and pleafing manner of 
 comnuniicatiug information, he was, loon after his arrival in London, 
 much noticed by thofe who delired to obtain intelligence refpefting 
 the affairs of India. Being with this intention introduced to Lord 
 Holdernefle, then one of his Majefty's fecretai'ies of flate, he received 
 the countenance and fupport of that nobleman ; and a long corre- 
 fpondence took place on the fubjeft of our oriental fettlements, 
 which is now preferved among ^Mr. Orme's jNISS in the Eaft India. 
 Houfe, and which muft have imparted great and fatisfadory infor-. 
 mation ; for the Britiffi miniffry foon after perceived the neceffity of 
 interfering vigoroufly to ftop the ambitious proje(!^s of Mr. Dupleix, 
 and began a negotiation with the French miniftcrs on the fubje6t. 
 Mr. Orrae obfer\es : 
 
 " fn 1 753-4 Mr. Duvaleer, a direftor of the French couipany, togetlier with hi& 
 brother the count de Lude, who had both of them refided fo* many years in the 
 Eaft Indies, were deputed from Paris, to treat with the miindry in London, and 
 bad frequent conferences with the earl of Holderncffc, who by much application 
 and frequent enquiries from all perfons capable of giving true information, had 
 gained an extenfive knowledge of the fubjet^, liowever intricate and little iin- 
 derllood. Tiiis minifter, findmg tliat the French endeavoured as ufual to gain 
 time under the pretence- of negotiating, prevailed on the king to order a fquadroa 
 of men of war to be equi()ped, on board of which a regiment was to be em- 
 barked for the Eaft Indies. This vigorous relblutio-n convinced the French ad* 
 miniftration, that a perfeverance in their fchemes of making conquefts, and 
 QbLaming dominion in Indoftan, would foon involve the two nations ip.a,general 
 ivar, for which France was in no wife prepared: and they confe.ited that the 
 difputes of the tv.'o companies ftiould be adjufted by commifTirics in India, on a 
 footing of equidity; without any regard to the advantages which either the ona 
 or the other miglu be in pofl'eiiion of at the time when the treaty iliould be 
 concluded. It now remained only to choofe fuch comnulfaries as would im^ 
 plicitly fulfil thefe intentions; and the French themfelves were lb fully convinced 
 tiiat Mr. Dupleix was not a man fit to be tiiiftcd with a commiliion which 
 Contradicted fo ftrongly every part of his conduct fiuce the beginning of tliQ 
 *i'.r of Coromandel, that they forefaw the Englilh miniftry would fiilpe(ft the 
 gqod faith of every pacific pvofelRon they had lately made, if they Ihpuld orfer 
 
 to
 
 ^iv LIFE AND WRITINGS 
 
 to nominate IVTr. Dupleix a commiflary to adjuCt tlie terms of jieacc. Having 
 therefore no alternative, tliev of their own accord, and without any application 
 from the Englifli miniftry, took llie reiblutipn -of removing him from the govern- 
 ment of Pondicherry, and appointed ^Mr. Godehcu, a diredor of the Trench 
 company, their commiflary to negotiate the peace, and at the fame time com- 
 mander general, with abfoiutc authority over all their fettlements in the Eaft 
 Indies. Tiic Englidi company empowered Mr. Saunders, and fome other mem- 
 bers of the council of Madras, to treat with Mr. Godolicu." 
 
 For the conclufion of tbefe important events, we niuft refer the 
 reader to Mr. Orme's Iliftor}- of the Military- Tranfiiftions in In- 
 doftan. 
 
 In the fpring of 1754, IVIr. Orme returned to India on board the 
 Warren Eaft Indiaman, Capt. Alphonfus Glover, and arrived at 
 Madras on tlie i 4tli September of that year. Previous to his leaving 
 England, he had been appointed by the court of dirc6lors a mem- 
 ber of tlie council at Fort St. George : where, on his arrival, he took his 
 feat at the board accordingly. Here he foon had an opportunity 
 of difplaying that political fagacity and decifion with which his 
 ftrong natural parts, and former experience of the politics and man- 
 ners of India, had furniflicd him. The united wifdom and ftrcngth 
 of the council and the army, indeed, were necelfary, tocounteracl the 
 ambitious views of the French, fupjjortcd by the French miniftry at 
 home, to efftft either the expulfion {d), or dependence on them, not 
 only of the EngliOi, but of all the other European powers in India. 
 
 The Britilh miniftry, now become fenfible of the value and impor- 
 tance of Indoftan to this country, from a careful inquiry into the 
 Company's affairs in that quarter of the globe, aflifted in a vigorous 
 manner their efforts both by fea and land(^). 
 
 That great ftatefman, Mr. Pitt, in 1757, continued the fame at- 
 tention to the iutereft of the Eaft Indies ; fending powerful fquadron.s 
 
 and 
 
 (d) The expulfu.n of tlie Englilh from India appears to have been a favourite (jb- 
 jeS alfo with olhor nations. The Portuguefe and the Dutch ftrove to effeft it in tlw 
 earlier prriorls of the Britirti fettlements there; bnt with no better fucccfs th:ui that 
 which has attended the cfl'orls of the French in later times, as appears from many 
 parts of Mr. Orme's hiftory. 
 
 (c) The following are E.\t rafts from tlic King's Inftru<51ions to Admiral Watfon, 
 dated 2d Marcli 1754 ; from Lord Weymouth's Appeal, 4"' 17(>9. 
 *' The Company having, agreeable to Royal Charter, entered into compafts with 
 ■fome (if the Indian princes, for giving them aid and alTiftancc againft their enemies, but 
 
 Cudiug
 
 OF THE AUTHOR. xv 
 
 and troops (J), by which the French power in India was totally 
 fiibdued ; and our Author, in his account of the furrender of Pondi- 
 cherry in April l 761, bears the following ftrong and ample teftimony 
 to the important confequenccs of this well-timed afliftance : 
 
 " This day tenniualed tlie long contefted hofiilities between the two rival Euro- 
 pean poweis in Ci)romaiidcl,and left not a llngle enfigu of the French nation, avow- 
 ed by the authoiity of its governuncnt, in any part of India ; for the troops which 
 had gone away to Myfore, were hereafter to be regarded as a band of military ad- 
 venturers feeking fortune iind fubfillence. hi Bengal, they had not a fingle agent 
 or rcprefentative; and their fa(5lories at Sural and Callicut were mere trading houfes 
 on fufferanee. Tins after a warof 1 5 years, which commenced with the expedition 
 of DelaRourdonnais againlt Madras in 1746(j), and had continued from that time 
 •withfcarcely the intermiffion of one year, was retahaled the fame meafure of extir- 
 pation, which had been intended, and invariably purfued, by the French councils 
 againft the Englifli commerce and power : for fuch, as is avowed in the French me- 
 moirs 
 
 finding the burthen too heavy, the King, willing and defirous to maintain the Company 
 in all their jull rights and privileges, fent a I'quadron to perform fuch fcrvices as may be 
 moft conducive to the intereft of the faid Company, and of fuch Indian princes, with 
 whom they liave or may contraft engagements/' 
 
 The Admiral is alio di reded " with his beft advice to affift the General Council, 
 which the Company have direftf d a certain number of perfons employed in their 
 fcrvice, to form themfelves into, in order to confider of and refolve upon a proper plan 
 of operation ; and when the plan is agreed upon, to make ufe of the force under his 
 command, in order to put the fame in execution in the beft' manner pofllble." 
 
 " That be fhall affift, and be a member of all councils of war, wherein any fervice 
 in which the naval force is to co-operate (hall be taken into confider.ition." And 
 they declare it the Royal " will and pleafure, that the Admiral ftiould cautioufly avoid 
 whatfoever may be conftrued an att of hoftility againft the fubjefts, &c. of any Euro- 
 pean potentate, unlefs the General Council, nominated by the India Company us abovs 
 mentioned, (hould think it abfolutely neceflary for him to make reprifals." 
 
 (f) After the declaration of war, the fecretary of ftate, under dale 11th January 
 1757, writes the admiral : 
 
 " The Company, it is hoped, having a perfedl knowledge of th°ir own affairs, may 
 form fuch plans of operation, as may beft fecure their polfeftions or annoy the enemy j. 
 and it is therefore his Majefty's pleafure, that the commanders of his ihips ftiall concur 
 and aflffft in the execution thereof." 
 
 (g) From this period, fays Mr. Orme, it is ufeful to contemplate the progrcfs made 
 by thevEnglilh in Indoftan, both in the fciencc ;uid fpint of war.
 
 xvi LIFE AND WRITINGS 
 
 moirs oh the events we bave related, was the objeft of Do la Bourdonnais' expedition, 
 of the whole goveininent and ambition ot Dupleix, and of the great arhiameiit of 
 naval and land forces which accoiiijiained M. Lally to India; who couftantly 
 det-'lared, that lie had bnt one point, which was, not to leave an Englilhnian in 
 the peninfula(ft). To retard as much as poliihlethe facility of liieirre-ellablilh- 
 ment in Coromahdei, if reftorations flioiild be made at the conclufioii of u 
 general peace, i\lr. Pigot laid a reprcfentalion before the council of Madras, 
 which determined them to deftroy ail the interior buildings, as well as the forti- 
 fications of Pondicherry, of which the demolition was by this time nearlv com- 
 pleted : and in a few months more, not a roof was left Handing in this once fair 
 •nd Hourilliins; citv." 
 
 (k) The Court of France had inftruded M. Lally to deftroy the maritime poflediow 
 of the Eiiglirti nation in India, wliich might fall to his arms. Thefe initruciions hnd 
 been intercepted ; and in coufequence of them, the Court of Directors of the EnglilU 
 Eaft India Ccinpany had ordered their prefidencies to retaliate the fame meafure on the 
 French fettl'-mrnts, whenever in their power. Mr. Pigot, with the approbation of 
 the council of Madras, refolved to dcmoh/h the fortifications of Pondicherry; and as 
 admiral Stevens lignified liis intention to repair forthwith to Bombay, in order to refit 
 bis fquadroD, the demohtion was commenced without delay, left a French armament 
 iliould arrive during their abfence, and recover the town, while Uie fortifications re- 
 mained in a condition to afford any advantage in maintaining it. — Of the intercepted 
 French inllrudions, we are enabled to lay before the reader the following extracts ; 
 
 An Extra<^ from the Inftnu'lions given to General Lally, by tlie French 
 Eaft India Company. 
 
 " The Sienr dc Lally is authorized to deftroy the fortifications of maritime fettle- 
 raents which may be taken from the Engbfli ; it may be proptT to except Vizagapatam, by 
 reafon of its being fo nearly fi'ualed to (a Dutch fatJtory) Bcnilapatnam, which in that 
 cafe would be enriched by the ruins of Vizagapatain ; but as to that, as will as the de- 
 niohlhing all other places whalfocver, the Sieur de Lally is toconfult the Governor and 
 Superior Council of Pondicherry, and to bave their opinion in writing; but notwith- 
 flanding he is to deftroy fuch places as he ftiall think proper, uiilefs llrong and fufficient 
 arguments are made ufe of to the contrary ; fiicb, fur exanip!<-, as the Company's being 
 apprehenfivc for fome of their fettlements, and that it would be then thought prudent 
 and ueceftary to reft rve the power of exchange, in cafe any of thcni ftiould be loft ;.ne- 
 verthelefs, if tiie Sieur de Lally ftiould think it too hazardous to keep a place, or that he 
 thought he could not cjo it without too much dividing or weakening his army, his 
 Majefty then leaves it in iiis power to aft as he may think proper for the good of the 
 fervice. 
 
 ** The Sienr de Lally is to allow of no Englifti fettlement being ranfomed. In regard 
 
 to the Englifti troops, to both ofliters and writers belonging to the Englifti Company, 
 
 and to the inhabitants of that nation, the Sieur dc Lally is to perniil none of them to 
 
 • runain
 
 OF THE AUTHOR. . xvii 
 
 But to return from what may be confidcrcd as a cligrefTion : When 
 intelligence was brought to IMadras, of llie capture, in June r75f), 
 of the Englifli fettlement at Calcutta by Snrajah Dowlah, the fu- 
 bahdar of Bengal, and of the dreadful fufterings of the captives 
 on that occafion, it fcarcely excited more horror and rcfentment, 
 than conftcrnation and perplexity. The national honour, however, 
 recpiired immediate reparation, and the atrocities of the dungeon 
 cried aloud for exenij^lary vengeance. 
 i In 
 
 T»- ^ ■ ■ ■ ■ ' ^ . 
 
 remain on llie Coaft of Cor<5inaii(lel. He may, if he pleafet, permit the inhabitants to 
 go to England, and order them to be conduced in armed v«flels to the Iflaud of St. He- 
 lena. But as to the officers and writers belonging to tli.e Eaft India Company, as well as 
 foldiers and failors, he is to order them to be conducted as foon as poflible to the Ifland 
 of Bourbon, where it wjll be permitted fo-r the foldiers and failors to work for the 
 inhabitants of that place, but by a mutual agreement. One (hould avoid fending them to 
 tlie French Iflands to prevent their being acquainted with the coaft, as jvell as the 
 iaterior parts of the Illands. It is by no means his Majefty's intention that the EngHfii 
 officers, foldiers, and failors, fliould be ranfomed ; as none are to be delivered up but by 
 exchange, man fur man, according to their ditfereni ranks and flalioiis. 
 
 If the exchange of prifoners (hould be by chance fettled at home, between the two 
 nations (of which proper notice will be given to the Sieur de Lally), and that the Illand 
 of Bourbon fliould have more prifoners than it would be convenient to provide for, in 
 that cafe it will be permitted to fend a certain number to England, in a veflfel armed 
 for that purpofe. • 
 
 No Englifli officers, foldiers, &c. are to be permitted to remain in a place after it is 
 taken, neither are they to be fufiered to retire to any other of their fettlements, or to 
 any neutral fettlements; the Sleur de Lally is not in the leaft to deviate fiom the 
 above Inflruilions and Regulations, unlets there fliould be a capitulation which llipu- 
 lates the contrary ; ia which cafe, the Sieur de Laliy is faithfully and honeftly to adhere, 
 to the Capitulation. 
 
 The vvliolc of what has been faid before concerns only the natives of England ; but 
 as they have in their fettlements. Merchants of all Nations, fuch as Moors, Arme- 
 uians, Jews, and Pataners, &c. the Sieur de Lally is to treat them with Humanity, 
 and is to endeavour by fair means to engage them to retire to Pondicherry, or any 
 Other of the Company's Acquifitions, alluring them that they will be protecled, and 
 that the fame liberty and privileges which they before pofielled among the Englifli 
 ■will be granted them. 
 
 Among the recruits furniflied to complete the regiments of Lorraine and Berry's, there 
 are 300 men from Fifchei's recruits, lately raifed ; and as it is feared tliere will be cai<- 
 fiderable defertions among thofe new recruits, the Sieur de Lally may if be plea(e3^ 
 leave them on the Ifle de France, where they will be I'afe from dtfertion, and may 
 replace them from the troops of that Ifland. 
 
 e Remarks
 
 jtviii LIFE AND WRITINGS 
 
 In tlie eouifc of much dclilieration and debate, Mr. Orme, who, 
 having rc'lided nine yeais in tlie companys fcrvicc at Calcutta, well 
 knew the ftrength and infolencc ot" the Mooiilh government in Ben- 
 gal, declared that nothing Ihort ofthemoft vigoious hoftilities wooild 
 induce the Nabob to make peace or reparation. He confulcred the 
 force thiit wiia propofcd as quite inadequate even to the recapture 
 of Calcutta; and inhiled that it ouglit to be fufficient to attack the 
 Nabob even in his capital of Aluxadavad ; that there fliould be at 
 leaft a battalion of 800 Europeans, with as many fepoys as could 
 be embarked, but not less than 1300; that the fcjuadron, if divided, 
 would be of little fervice any where, and therefore tliat the whole 
 fliould proceed to Bengal. Such an armament, he thought, would 
 foon decide the conteft; and after a peace fliould be eftefled, the 
 f(}uadron, wiih a large part of the troops, might return and arrive in 
 the month of April ; before which time the nature of the monfoons 
 rendered it improbable that the French armament, as it had not yet 
 appeared, would be able to make its paflage to the coaft. Befides, 
 
 the 
 
 Reinarks ou a Memorial of the French Eaft India Company dulivered to the Coual 
 
 D'Ache, Chef d'Efcadie, and commanding the Squadron deftiued to the Eaft Indies 
 
 towards the latter end of the Year 17 56. 
 
 Article /. Remarks, that it is probable the Euglilh fquadrou may be in Trincumalejr 
 Bay, cither as a place of fecurity againd the French, or to careen. In either cafe, the 
 Commnnder of the French fiiuadron is inftru(Jled to declare to the Dutch that it is 
 agamrt the rules of a ftricl neutrality to receive and protect in tlieir port the Enemies 
 of France. Tiiathehas orders to purfue, and take or burn the Enemy's iliips, when- 
 ever he (hall meet them, which order he muft obey in fpite of their oppofition. 
 
 Article 8. — Points out the places where it is probable tlie Englilh fquadron may take 
 ftielter, and advifes the taking or burning it in any part of India, though belonging t» 
 neutral powers, as Trincumaley, Merguy, Athen, or any other port, except in China 
 or Bengal; v;here, they obferve, it may not be prudent to commit any violence, left their 
 Commerce fuffer for infringing the protection which the Government may give to Englifti 
 /hips. 
 
 It appears from hence, that this reftriflion proceeded only from an apprchenCon of 
 hurting iheir Trade, not out of refpcit to the Law of Nations. 
 
 Artiele 10.— Points out the operations for 1758 ; and, fuppofmg Madras or Fort St. 
 George taken in 1757. advifts the immediate attack of the remaining fettlements, and 
 the total expnlfion of the K.nglirti from the Coromandel Coaft ; whith, in another place, 
 the Company obferves, is the firft objert of their attention, that their future viewo 
 op that Coaft may more readily take place. They alfo recommend the deftrurtion of 
 p Devecoiah,
 
 OF THE AUTHOR. six 
 
 the detachment v.hich h:ul been fent to the relief of M. Bufiy, com- 
 manding in the Noithern provinces, had deprived tlie government 
 of Pondicherry of the means of making any attempt in the Car- 
 natic which the force at INIadras could not eafil}^ fruftrate. 
 
 This opinion of Mr. Orme's, after repeated objeftions had been 
 ftarted and removed, became at kft the unanimous fenfe of the 
 council ; and the refolution was communicated to admiral Watfon, 
 ■who, after holding a council of war, took meafures for carrying it 
 into effeft. 
 
 Other 
 
 Devecntah, Ingeram, Vizagaputam, and the reil of the Faftories to the Northward, 
 as well as the infant fettleiucnt at the Negrais. 
 
 Article 11. — Propofes, that in cafe they arrive too late at the lilands, to be on the 
 Coromandel Coaft time enough to undertake any enterprize before the Mbnfoon of 
 1757, to project any other operation which may not interfere with, or delay the opera- 
 tions on the Coaft of Coromandel early in 1758. Some fliips are particularly recom- 
 mended to be ient to Bencoolen to take that place, and the other feltlements on 
 Sumatra, from whence all the Englilh and flaves are to be carried off to the Ifland of 
 Bourbon. 
 
 Article 13. — Obferves, that there is ftill in India a better underftanding between the 
 Dutch and Engli/li than there is in Europe, to the prejudice of France; and therefore 
 little regard ought to be paid to their Flag, if any Britifh Subjtfts or Effeds are found 
 with them (ij. 
 
 In another Inftruftion for Count D'Ache, fent by De L'Aguille on the 8th December 
 
 1757, it is faid : 
 
 Article 4. — That (hould the operations on the River Bengal be attended with fucccfs, 
 the conquered Places may either be kept, or the Fortifications, Civil Buildings and 
 Warehoufes utterly deftroyed. Should the latter plan be refolved on, not a Fadory 
 
 ought 
 • 
 
 (ij This article was, in the e.xecution, carried even beyond the order; for the 
 French feized the Haerlem, a Dutch Indiaman, which made one of their blockading 
 Squadron at the fiege of Madras ; they alfo took polieflion of the Dutch Fort of Sciclrajs 
 merely as a convenient Place of Arms, in the vicinity of Madras. The Englilh ladies, 
 after the commencement of the fiege, being fent to Sadrafs, as a neutral fettlcment, for 
 fecurity, were furprized, on their arrival, to find it in pofitffion of the French. The 
 French loaded the boats that bjcught the ladies with military ftores, and difpatclied 
 them to Lally, who was befieging Madras; but the native boatmen, concertmg together, 
 on a fignal, feized the French guards in the boats, and brought them prifoners to .Ma- 
 dras, with the military ftores; which Governor Pigot bought for the Eaft ludia Com- 
 pauy, and gave tl;e boatmen the amount, in reward for their fidelity.
 
 XX LIFE AND WRITINGS ■ 
 
 Other points, however, of equal moment to the fucccfs of the ex- 
 pedition, remnined to be decided : ^^'ho lliould command the land- 
 forces ? What fliould be the extent of his authority in military opera- 
 tions, .and in negotiations with the Nabob? In what dependence, or 
 rejation, ought he to ftand M-ith the late governor and council of 
 Calcutta; and how far fliould their authority be maintained or im- 
 paired? 
 
 On thefe important topics much confidcration and argument took 
 place; and the ditHeulty of deciding the laft point, that of the au- 
 Uicrity of the late council of Calcutta, fuggefted to Mr. Pigot, the 
 governor of Madras, an idea of going himfelf to Bengal as com- 
 mander of the army, and with full powers as the company's reprefea- 
 tative in all other affairs. He, however, wanted military experience; 
 nor had tlie council authority to give fo extenfive a commiflion to any. 
 individual. Colonel Adlercron then claimed the military command, 
 offering to go Mitli his whole regiment; but he wanted experience 
 in the irregular warf;ire of India, and his powers were independent 
 of the company's agents. Mr. Ornie ftroiigly urged, that on the 
 fuccefs of this expedition, the reputation of the Britifl} arms in 
 India, and the confequcnt ftability of the company's polfeffions, moft 
 materially depended. He reprcfented the nature of tlie country 
 vhieh the expedition was deftined to invade ; the magnitude of the 
 army which it would have to oppofe ; the numerous difficulties and 
 
 dangers 
 
 ought to remain, nor an Engli(h inhabitant (even thofe bom in the Country) fuffercd 
 to refitle in tlie province. 
 
 This rcfolution, they obferve, i? the moft fffeftual means to eftablifh their reputa^ 
 tion on the Ganges; but they feem to recommend only the deflna'liou of the- new 
 Fort, and the prtfervation of old Calcutta, on condition of a ranfom, and the ob- 
 fcrvance of a ftrift neutrality in Bengal for the future; this the French fecm moft 
 defirous of, but iiifift bn' ready money for the ranfom, and hoftages for the per- 
 formance of agreements. Ilis mrift Chrifiian Majefty, in a letter of the 23d .January 
 J757 to Count D'.Ache, inftriified him not to leave an Englifliman in any place that 
 (hall be taken, but to fend away in Cartel Ships to St. Helena, or fuffer to pafs to 
 England, all Free Merchants and Inhabitants not in the Company's Service; but to keep 
 prifoners, all Civil Servants, Officers, and Soldiers, and not fet any at liberty, un- 
 kfs exchanged againft thofe of equal rank. As to the prifonrrs, they are all to be fcnt 
 lo the llland of Bourbon, and thoie kept in depoGt till it may be thought proper to 
 (eud Uiem to Francs.
 
 OF THE AUTHOR. xxi 
 
 dangers Mitli which it would infallibly be.furrounded ; and the nc- 
 cefilty, therefore, of vefting tlie comnuuid of it in un officer who 
 fhould not only be equally intelligent and a(?iive, but alfoaccn(ionu<! 
 to the peculiarities of Indian warfare, and acquainted with the 
 charafter of the natives. The fucccfs of fuch an entexprizc, he faid, 
 "would depend not lefs on the keen difcernment and decifive judg- 
 ment, than on the perfonal valour and intrepidity, of him to Mhoin 
 it might be entruftcd. In this opinion, Mr. Orme was fupportcd by 
 Col. Lawrence (k), then a member of the council, and commander 
 in chief of the company's troops. i 
 
 At length, on the recommendation of our Author, lieut. col. Clivc 
 was finally chofen as the perfon in all refpeds belt qualified for the 
 undertaking. The well-known refult was a glorious confirmation 
 of the wifdom and propriety of the choice ; and it ferves to place in 
 a ftriking point of view, the penetrating fagacity and found judg- 
 ment of Mr. Orme, to whom^his country is indebted for this hazard- 
 ous enterprize having been placed under the guidance of Clive, 
 whofe intrepid and adventurous genius could perhaps have alone con- 
 duced it to the important conqueft which it achieved. The details 
 will be found well related by our author in thefecond volume of his 
 Military Tranfaftions in Indoftan. 
 
 In all the deliberations of the council of Madras relative to the mi- 
 litary operations in the Carnatic between the years 1754 and 1759, 
 Mr. Orme took an aftive part ; and in fome of the moft critical 
 conjun6luresof that war, his abilities, as a politician and a ftatefman, 
 appeJtred particularly confpicuous. Indeed, fo fenfible were the 
 CQurt of dire6lors of the benefit which the public fervice derived 
 from his advice, and fo highly was his general conduct efieemed, 
 that he was appointed the eventual fucceflbr to the governor of 
 Madras ; but did not continue in India long enough to fucceed to 
 that honourable ftation. 
 
 In 
 
 CkJ Col. Lawrence would probably have been himl'elf appointed on this expeditioDj 
 but the climate of Bengal was well known to be fo adverfe to an afthniatic diforder, 
 with which he was afflided, that it was thought he would be difabled from that iiiceliant 
 ^ftivity fo requifite to the fuccefs of an expeditiou of whicli the tenniuatiou mull be 
 Jliriited to ci certain tioie.
 
 xxii LtFE AND WRITINGS 
 
 In confeciueiicc of his duty as a member of council, Mr. Orme held 
 tlie offices of commilVary and accountant-gcncnil during tlie Vfard 
 1757-S; fo that ahiioft the whole of hi.'i time was occupied in public 
 bulinefs: lie nevcvthclcfs fou^nd leifure to cultivate the friendJliip of 
 thofe in whom he difcovercd any eftimable qualities. With admiral 
 Watfon and fir George Pocock he was in habits of great intimacy j 
 andwithcapt.Spckc, mIio commanded the flag-fliip then on the Indian 
 ftation (/), he contracted a dole friendihip, which not only contributed 
 to their own gratification, but tended to advance the public fervice; 
 for by their cordial and united exertions many difficulties and im- 
 pediments which obftiuiiled the co-operation of the land and naval 
 forces were either furmountcd or removed. lie entertained alfo a 
 high efteem for j\Ir. James Alexander (afterwards earl of Caledon), 
 who was his deputy as accountant-general. About this time 
 too he became acquainted with Mr. Alexander Dalrymple, who 
 has fince acquired fo much well-dcfcrved reputation by his hydro- 
 graphical works. Mr. Orme, perceiving that that gentleman had 
 capacity for a diitinguilhed ftation, was defirous of having him 
 nominated to fucceed Mr. Alexander as deputy-accountant ; and 
 tliouoh his endeavours in this particular were unfuceefsful, he con- 
 tinued with a generous attention to cherilh and befriend him. 
 
 Though Mr. Orme's official avocations prevented him from apply- 
 ing to the ftudy of claflical literature, for which he had in his youth 
 imbibed an ardent defirc, they aiforded him great facilities for coK 
 leCting thofe hiftorical materials whereby that literary charai'^er 
 which he was ambitious to gain was deft^ined to be eftablhhed. The 
 delicate ftatc of his health, however, about this time induced him 
 to return to England ; for which purpofe he embarked, at the latter 
 end of 1758, on board the Grantham, capt. Oliver. 
 
 In doubling the Cape of Good Hope, on the 4th Jan. 1759, tlie 
 Grantham was taken by the French. As England was at that time at 
 war with France, capt. Oliver had hoilted Dutch colours. On ap- 
 proaching the Cape, the Grantham was met by two French line-of- 
 battlc Ihips, who paflcd her ; but juft as she was about to enter Table 
 
 ^ 
 
 (/) To whofe Ipinl and abilities Mr. Orme pays an Uouourable tribute in his " Mili- 
 tary TrajifaiSioas," bee vol. ii. p. HI — *.
 
 OF THE AUTHOR. xxiii 
 
 Bay, fonie of the Frencli officers remarked totlieir commodore, that the 
 vellei which they had paifed couid not be Dutch, flie wasfo well navi- 
 gated and manoeuvred ; they therefore bore down, took her, and 
 carried her to the ifle of Mauritius ; where, from Mr. Ormc's pa- 
 pers, we find he continued fome time. 
 
 It was not poffible in any fituation for Mr. Orme's mind to be 
 unemployed ; and a few cxtradis from the memoranda that he kept, 
 while detained in this French fettlement, may not be iifelefs or 
 unamufing. 
 
 "The Dutch (he obferves) on the 19th Sept. 1598 difcovcred the lile of Mau- 
 rice, which they called by that name. It was till then called by the Portuguefe 
 the Ifle of Cerne. 
 
 " In the year 1665 (m) no Europeans were eftabliilied in the Ifle of Maurice ; 
 In 1759 (July) how peopled ! how improved ! 
 
 " I faw in the ifland of Mauritius two cinnamon trees, procured by Mr. Gode- 
 heu from Ceylon, which were planted at the redoubt, and of which great hopes 
 were entertained, as they grew apace ; but from the general climate of the ifland, 
 and the particular ftate of the part in which they are planted, I am perfuaded that 
 tl»ev, or at leaft their fucklings, will degenerate. The mountains o-f Mauritius 
 are covered with a fat foil, the produft of the forefts with which they are 
 crowded. It rains on them almoft daily ; and when it does not, there is a con- 
 tinued nwft. Cinnamon, which will not grow in perfeftion on the continent of 
 India that is parallel to Ceylon, will probably fail elfevvhere, unlcfs the fame 
 kind of climate and foil as thattif Ceylon can be found in other parts ; and 
 neither, I believe, are to be met with near the tropic of Capricorn." 
 
 From Mr. Orme's memoranda in the Mauritius, we fliall onl}' give 
 the following additional paffage : 
 
 " Tire Chinefe had, long before us in Europe, attempted the philofopher's 
 ftone and the elixir of immortality; and they ftill continue in thefe deJutions. 
 It is remarkable, that they think thefe fecrcts are permitted only to thofe who 
 have acquired the higheft degree of virtue : fo fay their chemical authors. Per- 
 haps fome of their ancient nioralifts may have faid, in terms at once fimple and 
 metaphorical, that virtue gave gold and immortality. In an age of ignorance, 
 fucceeding to times of which fo fine a fentiment deinonftrates tlie illumination, 
 fome crazy chemifl may have thought that gold and life were to be acquired, 
 
 provided 
 
 (mj There is probably an error in this date.
 
 x.xiv LIFE AND WRITINGS 
 
 provided lie ma'le virtue one of the ingredients of bis operation. The gods of 
 Uie latter Egyi>lians were toriued from as grofs mirapprclienfions.'' 
 
 Toward tlic end of tlie year 1709, Mr. Orme arrived at the Cape 
 of Good Hope, where he remained fonie weeks for the benefit of his 
 licalth. From tlie Cape he embarked for France (meaning to make a 
 fliort ftay there previous to his retina to England), and landed at 
 Nantes in the fj)ring of 176O. 
 
 His perfeft acquaintance with the langnage, and his polite 
 addrefs, procured him all thofe pleafing attentions, and Haltering 
 civilities, which at that time fo much diftinguifhed the French na- 
 tion. During his flay in France, he attended the reprefentations of 
 two plays, one called Lcs Fhilvfophes, written b}' Paliii'ot de 
 ^lontenoy ; and the other Lc Cajf'i, on L" Ecoffaifc, M'ritten by 
 Voltaire. On thefe we find fomc remaiks among the papers of 
 Mr. Orme, which we think not unworthy of tranfcripticni. 
 
 " On the 2d of May Xldo, M. Paliflbt de Montenoy, de pluficins Acade- 
 mies, gave a Compdy at the Theatre of Paris, entitled, Les Philolophes. Tliis he 
 afterwards printed, with a prel'ace, in which arc feveral quotations from ditierent 
 metaphylical and moral or immoral works, to prove that the authors were Ma- 
 tcrialifts, and that they ellabliflied principles deftrudlive of all found morality us 
 well as religion. 
 
 It is faid, that particular jierfons, as D'Alembert, Diderot, T)u Clos, Helve- 
 tius, le Chevalier Jaucourt, and Roulfcau of Geneva, all men of moft refpe6table 
 conditions, were defigned in the characters of J'aliflut's ['lay. 
 
 Thefe charaiScrs form a coafpiracy to obtain in marriage, for one of the 
 fet, a rich heirefs, through the afcendaucy that they have gained over the 
 mother, who is a pretender to philofophy, to wit, and learning ; and is even an 
 author. 
 
 This alarmed ; and the more, as M. Le Franc's difcourfe to the Academy had 
 reprefcnted moft of theft- gentlemen, and at their head Voltaire, as difturbers of 
 focicty, and incapable of being ufeful members of it, fince they were not Chrif- 
 tians. 
 
 There were not wanting able pens to defend the moft learned men in France 
 •gaintl M. Paliflbt ; nor was M. Palifl'ot wanting to the defence of his piece. 
 
 The Vifion of PalHIot, written by M. procured the author the 
 
 honour of going to the Baftile. It is written in the manner of a chapter of the 
 Bible, with ftrong wit. Nothing of ill that could be imputed to Paliflfot is forgotten. 
 
 Political
 
 OP THE AUTHOR. xxv 
 
 Polllical Devotion is the fijetlrc that appears to PaiiiVur, pi-cllicl liy Povcily, and 
 oicleis him to write liis J^lay. 
 
 Tire Qu'ci't ce is a firing ofqueftions concerning M. I'allHol and iiis jiiay ; 
 in which iiis ■Morals, and AbiHtios as an author, are iiandkd with the iilmoii: wit. 
 
 Il was i'aid, that M. Voltaire had condemned Puliti'ot ; to cont'tito wiiicii 
 opinion, he pubhlhes the letters that had palled on tiie i'uiyei'-t between him and 
 !M. X'ollaire. M. Vol I aire adviies him to acknowledge his errori, in having im- 
 puted quotations to perfons who were not the authors of them; advil'es him to 
 be tender of his dear EncyclopaHliUs, and to eat the capon with his neighbor,)', 
 inltcad of Hinnins; the kettle at hii liead. 
 
 After this appeared Difcours fur la Satyre contre les Philofophcs ; that is, on 
 Paliilbt's play. I heard I'aliflbt fay, that he belie\ed I\I. JJ'Alembert was the 
 author of this piece ; but that, whoever he was, the piece was well written. The 
 author inveighs againft all perfonalities on the theatre, and condemns that of 
 IVIoliere on (_'i>tin. lie then draws a parallel between the Clouds of Ariftoplianes 
 and the philofo[)lier3 of Palillbt ; and imputes the death of Socrates to the ma- 
 licious ridicule with which Ariltophanes had prefented him on the theatre, al- 
 though the Clouds were acted twenty-three years before Socrates drank the 
 hemlock. Fie then goes on with an ingenious enumeration of the fubjects of 
 the reft of Ariltophanes' comedies, and (liews that from Itcp to ftep the licen- 
 tioufnefsof his imagination found at laft nothing fo exalted as to be out of the 
 reach of his defperate fatire. There runs throughout a cirtain air of parallel 
 between principal charaders in Paris, and what were fuch at Athens in the time 
 of Socrates, which parallel is wrought with great addrefs. \'oltairc is rebuked 
 for having brought Freron on the Itage, under the name of Frelon, in tl«3 
 Ecofl'aife. 
 
 liepoufe aux diflerens Ecrits public contre la Comedle des Piiilofophcs; 
 
 which is likewife entitled, 
 
 A parallel of that comedy witii the Clouds of Ariftoplianes, the Mediant of 
 Grilfet, and the Fenimes Scavantes of ISIolicre. 
 
 This parallel is rendered long by the expofition of four pieces, and is intended 
 to prove that M. Palillbt is nothing indebted to Ari(i:o[)hanes, .Moliere, or 
 Gridet; and, above all, that his corned}- is very well written. 
 
 It is well written ; but the cpiefrion is, whether it ought to have been written ? 
 
 The author particularly directs his aniwcr ^igainlt the Uifcoms I'ur la S;it3'rc 
 contres les Philofoi)hcs, as this is the iEgisof his adverfaries ; and here does he 
 anfwer by del'cribing Socrates as a very great villain, and Ariftoj)hanes as the 
 cibleft and honcftell man in Athens. ^V'hat would have become of all om- ideas 
 of antiquity, and, may we not add, of morality, had he proved this! 
 
 Luckily he has not. 
 
 IJis imputations againft Socrates are : 
 
 That he bribed the Oracle to give him the title of the v. Ifcft of men ; 
 
 d That
 
 xxvi LIFE AND WRITINGS 
 
 Tiiat he was a bad paj-mafter, and made ufe of fubtcrfuges to difappoiut his 
 creditors ; 
 
 Tiiat lie declared himfclf born of a vicious difpofuion, which he had cor- 
 re(5ted by philofophy ; 
 
 That he afieAed to be the head of a feS., lo walk without flioes, to be pale 
 and lean ; and. 
 
 That whoever attacks the received religious opinions of a country, without pro- 
 poling better, is either a madman or a rebel. 
 
 The force of the fiift two of thcfc objedions depends on vcrifving tlie fn6i. 
 Had the faft ever been verified, is it probable that Socrates would have had a 
 temple dedicated to him by the fame Athenians who confpired to put him to 
 death ? 
 
 It is to be decided, whether a motive of vanity, or the hopes of encouraging 
 his difciples, made Socrates declare himfelf born of a vicious difpofition. He 
 did not declare tliis till a difccrning eye pionouiiced abfolulely on his phyfi- 
 ognomy, that it carried marks contrary to his charadler in lite : he then con- 
 felled the truth. Tlie world in general are perfuaded that there is no conquering 
 nature, no return from vice ; and this perfuafion is appealed to, to fupport the 
 Author's defamation of Socrates ; but this perfuafion is falfe, and is extremely 
 detrimental to foeiety, being alone fufficient to create in moll minds the ellcJl 
 which it fo confidently afllrms. 
 
 If he was pale and lean, contemplative men are generally fo : if he was 
 negligent to a great degree in his drel's, tiiat likewifc is the charafter of deep 
 thinking men : perhaps he was poor. 
 
 Socrates did propofe a belter fyftem than that of their Mythology to the 
 Athenians, by preaching the adoration of one only God ; for which if he was 
 lo blame, the firfi Chriftians were as mad and as rebellious to the ftates in w hich 
 they lived, as Socrates was to that of Athens. 
 
 But whatever advantage the doftrine of one may have over that of the other, 
 Socrates and the Chriftians both are equally blamclel's as to their intentions; 
 as both were intimately perfuaded of liie truth, of the geodnefs, and of the 
 nccefTily of the fyftems which they promulgated, and adted alike from different 
 
 views. 
 
 ********** 
 
 La Comcdic Larmoyante of the French may, perhaps, be tranflalcd into 
 Englifli, with fome propriety, by the exprellion of The Palhctk Vomcilt/ ; fucli is 
 eminently, in our language, The Confcious Lovers. 
 
 Le Caffe, ou L'EcolTuife, par ^L de Voltaire, publifhed in 1 760, is of this kind, 
 iind wonderfully affecTtiug. Voltaire humoroiilly pretends, tlu't he has Iranllated 
 it from a comedy written by Mr. Hume the minilior, brother lo Mr. Hume fi cc- 
 lebr6 par fon impiel6; and, in confequence, in his prcl'ace gives an advantageous 
 charaiSlcr of his piece, with the fame iadifference as if he was not the author 
 * of
 
 OF THE AUTHOR. xxvri 
 
 of ii; but this cliaracler is fa jult, Uiat no other can be properly given of it. lie 
 
 lays, 
 
 "This comedy appears to be one of tiiofe works which will fucceed in all lan- 
 guages, becaufe the author paints nature, which is everywhere the fame. Ke 
 has the fimplicity of the eftimable Goldoni, with perhaps more intrigue, more 
 force and intereJt, The unravelling of the plot, tlie chara<:ier of the heroine, 
 and that of Freeport, refemble nothing that we know on the ftage ; and yet are, 
 they nature itfelf. This piece appears a little in the tafte of thofe Englifh 
 romances which have had lb much fuccefs. The touches are the fame ; the 
 fame painting of the manners ; nothing ftudied ; no attempt to be witty, and 
 miferably to Ihew the author, when nothing but the chara6iers ought to be 
 ■ Ihewn. Nothing foreign to the fabjeft ; none of thofe unmeaning itrings of 
 founding words, the conltant attempt, and the unfailing reproach, of the author 
 who begins to learn to write: none of thole trivial maxims which fill up the void 
 of the aftion." 
 
 Monf. de Voltaire, in his own, might have found exceptions to the cenfure 
 that he paffes on the French comedies. He has never deviated from nature, 
 in Nanine, L'Enfant Prodigue, &c. 
 
 He fays in another part of his preface : 
 
 " What flrikes us ftrongl^' in this piece, is, that the unities of time, place, 
 and action, are fcrupuloufly obfervcd in it." 
 
 So they are ; but, in order to obtain the unity of place, he has given a very 
 extenlive and a very uncommon conftrudtion to his coflee-houfc. This and one 
 or two exprellions of the perfons who frequent it for news, are all the defcCls that 
 I fee in it. 
 
 M. Voltaire continues : 
 
 " It has moreover this merit, rare with the Englilh as with the Italians, tha£ 
 
 the theatre is never void. Nothing is more common, or more fliocking, than to 
 
 fee two aftors go off the ftage, and two others come in their place, without being 
 
 ^called, without being expected. This infupportable defedl is not found ia the 
 
 Ecoffaife. 
 
 " As to the fpecies in which this comedy is to be ranked, it is of the higher 
 comedy mixed with the iimple. The good man fmilcs at it with that linile of 
 die foul preferable to the broadeft laugh of mirth. There arc paflages that foftcn 
 us even to tears, but yet without any perfon's endeavouring to be pathetic; for as 
 true pleafantry confifts in not intending to be pleafant; fo he who moves you 
 docs notthink of giving you emotion: he is no rhetorician ; every thing proceeds 
 Jroni the heart. Woe to him who endeavours in any kind whatibever." 
 
 He lays in another part : 
 
 " What is very important, is, that this comedy is of an excellent moral, and 
 worthy of the gravity of the priefthood with which the author is vefted, without 
 lofingany thing of what mayplcafe the public in general." 
 
 Andiiere let it be faid, in honour of M. Voltaire's dramatic works, that no 
 
 d 2 writer
 
 xxviii LIFE AND WRITINGS 
 
 writer for the theatre has rendered virtue more amiable, and the fubje<?tion loour 
 jiafFions more dreadful. 
 
 If the quotations that I have made from M. A'oUaire's preface were rcpre- 
 iented as acriticifm on the EcoiVaifc, there is nobody but would acq\iieffc in 
 the impartiality of it; but nobody would fufpect that it was the author giving 
 nraifcs to his own work. \'oUairCj who accompli fli(?s every thing, has done 
 this without hurting us. 
 
 It remains to fpeak of Freron : Iliis man, the aullior of Literary Journals at 
 Pa.ris, lln homme de lourde Mine, qui I'ur !a plume afondi fa Cuifme, has vili- 
 fied Voltaire, as Voltaire fays he has heard from tliofe who read his Journals; 
 ;u)d lie rctuliat'js by making him ap[iear on the Itagc under the name of Frclon, 
 Waip, in the chara^ierof aealuuniiator, an informer, and a dunce. He apologizes 
 for Mr. Hume's bringing fueh a wretch on the Hage ; but he juftities him by 
 favin", " that his \\ afp iippears only in thofe moments when the interefi is not 
 yet become lively and touching; imitating lliofc painters, who paint a toad, a 
 Jizard, or a viper, in a corner of their pi<Sturcs, while they prefcrvc to the cai)ital 
 figures all the nobleucfs of their characters." 
 
 In this happy fimile we difcover the hand of the great mafter, while he fcemj 
 to be only fporting with his pencil. 
 
 There is another Jtroke ftill more happy : 
 
 " Thcfc fuballern Aretins get their bread by f[)eaking and doing evil, under 
 the pretence of being ufeful to letters ; 
 
 " As if the caterpillars that gnaw the fruits and flowers could be of ufe to 
 them." 
 
 In Oflobcr 176O, Mr. Ottnc arrived in London, and foon after- 
 guards pviroliafcd a hoiife which vas then building in Harlcy-ftrect, 
 Cavcndilli-fqiiavc-. IIcic he hi'gan to collec-t his elegant and valua- 
 ble; library, coniprifing the moll choice editions of the Greek, Latin, 
 French, Italian, and EnglWli authors ; and alio to accumulate mate- 
 rials, regardlefs of labour or expenfc, for the completion of his 
 " 11 iiiorv of the Military Tianfat'^ions of the Ihiti 111 Nation inlndoftan, 
 from the year 17 i.>," which he had long meditated. Thefe materials, 
 printed and manufcript, he had begun to colled foon after his arrival 
 in India in 174'2. In arranging and forming them into an hiftorical 
 compofiliou, he was occupied iipwartUof two years («). 
 
 In 
 
 ( nj Mr. Orniu ufi.d treqiirully to Uuiriit tlie want of au Orioiiial coUctftion of 
 
 B)iinafL'ri|'ls anfl printed tiooks in this eoiiiitiy ; I'ur n(Ti)r.liiig that int'urmution oa 
 
 ludiun affiiir*, the f-xixi-ti; and labour of obtaininjj wlmh wus. oppreflive in the e.xtreme 
 
 wlicn
 
 OF THE AUTHOR. xxix 
 
 III Align It 17<3.S, the fiift volume of the Hiftoiy was piibHlhed; 
 and the reccjjtion that it met with, was well calculated to gratify his 
 expectation of literaiy fame. This vohime contained a j)articular 
 account of the affairs of India, down to the comnicucement of the 
 ■war between the Englilh and Frencli in l 73C ; and communicated 
 more real information rcfpcc^ting that extenfive country, than all the 
 books tliat liad been publilhcd prior to its time. The plans of tlie 
 battles, fieges, &c. taken by the chief engineers, l)y which the 
 hiftoiy is illuftratcd, are highly valuable ; but the niajjs efjKx;!- 
 ally, as being improved from the actual marclies of the Britidi and 
 French armies. To this volume our autlior prefixed a concife Ilif- 
 torical Dilfertation on the ^Mahomedan Concjucfts and Eftabli/liments 
 in Indoftan, comprifing a review of the peculiar character and cufl:oms 
 of the Hindu people. Having little or no acquaintance with the 
 learned languages of Afui, and being therefore denied accefs to fome 
 important authorities on thofe complicated fubjefts, he was led into 
 a few mifconccptions ; A\hich, however, Avere very cxcufable, as there 
 did not exift, at the time when he wrote, any tranflations from Afiatic 
 writers into the European languages relative to the political hiftory 
 and civil inftitutions of Indoftan. His account of the Hindus ap- 
 pears to have been principally derived from his own aftual obferva- 
 tions, and is in general fo accurate, and written with fuch cicarnefs 
 and fiinplicity, that we think it better calculated to convey to Euro- 
 pean readers a diflinft idea of the general charactei and habits of thofe 
 people, than almofl any of the more recent produftions on that fub- 
 ject. With reipect to the early ]Mahomcdan conqiiefts. his princi- 
 pal guides were D'Hcrbelot, and other the moft autlientic authorities 
 lie could meet with ; he is therefore for the moft part correci; 
 fo far as relates to the Cihaznian and Tartar conquerors; but re- 
 garding the fubfecjuent eftablilliment of the Mogul dynafty, as' 
 well as the hiftory of its jirogrefs, and the inftitutions of its moil 
 renowned princes, his account is occafioaally erroneous and de- 
 
 (A - 
 
 wliLMi iiiidci taken by [uivalt' iMlivLdaals. Tlif fflablilliainiit of UkIi u liLrarv, lu; 
 ftfrved, Would bcanatioiial Ik nour, tlieexpeiife of winch wouUI bt; trivial, in coinpai'iUa 
 with lht_ advantage that mi. ft ncirue from it. He iili d to <!.:!<l, that a Ihip's (;ari;o of 
 origin, il and valuable ^ISS. uiij^ht be collected iu the lettlcuiuiits btlwttu. Dcllu •uui 
 cape Comoiiiu
 
 XXX. LIFE AND WRITINGS 
 
 feclive; of wliicli he fcems to have been awuie, by the fubi'eqc'cni. 
 publication of the "Hiftorical Tragments" in this volume. Uh hiUory 
 of the wars in tlie Cainatic, however, has not been more celebrated 
 tlian it deferves, for the fidelity, impartialit}-, and accuracy of its 
 details. Tlie critique on this volume in the Annual Regifter for the 
 year 1764, is very explicit, and deferves to be tranfcribed: 
 
 " Tlie manners and cliara6lers of the various people who inhabit the great 
 cmpireoflndollan, the peculiarities of their religion and their policy, and the 
 aftonifliing events which have lately happened in that part of the world, lia\ e 
 rendered the hiftory of the wars in India an object of general curiofity. The 
 great intcrcfl we have liiil in liuit empire, always as a trading, lately as a con- 
 quering people, will make a proper narration of our former proceedings there a 
 matter of the mod ufcfui inftruftion. The author of this work has gratified tliiii 
 curiofity, and comnnmicaled tliis inilrudion. No hiltorian fecms to have been 
 more perfedly informed of the fubjeft on which he has undertaken to write ; and 
 very few have pofll'U'ed more fully the talent of impreiruig it, in the cleareft and 
 nioft vivid manner, on tiic imagination and underllandingof his reader. In this 
 work the events are fully prepared; the characters Ihoiigly delineated ; and the 
 fituations well deferibed. It is no uncommon thing to lind in ordinary writers 
 more of the confufion, than of the life and fpirit of the fight, in dieirdefcripiions 
 of an engagement. But nolhing can be more clear and fatisfaiitory than the 
 whole detail of military tranfa6lions which we find in this conteft. Whether the 
 inarch or the retreat, the attack or the defence, the encampment or the battle, 
 everything is drawn with accuracy and precifion, in great detail, but widiout 
 any thing tedious. In thel'e particulars, Polybius will be fcarcely thought to 
 exceed him. 
 
 " It muft be obfcrved likewife to his honour, that there reigns through the 
 whole work an air of difintereilednefs, and of freedom from all paflion and pre- 
 judice, public or private. The Frciuhman who ads gallantly or wifely, finds as 
 much juliice done to his actions and his condut5t, as any of the author's country- 
 men. The fame impartiality fcems to have been obferred with regard to all per- 
 fonal connexions. This volume does not carry the war further than 1755. It 
 were to be willied that the author may finifli what he has begun' in fo promifing 
 a manner." 
 
 Having, by this publication, introduced liimfclf to the world with 
 fo much advantage, our author became folicitous to fupport and ad- 
 vance his literary reputation, by ftoring his mind with a competent 
 knowledge of the antient dallies ; which he knew to be eflential, not 
 
 only
 
 OF THE AUTHOR. xxxi 
 
 only to the cultivation of a pure tafie, but to the attainment of emi- 
 nence in literature. With this view, he applied himfelf with his ufual 
 diligence to the ftudy of the Greek and Latin lano-ua^es, whic h lie 
 had nearly forgotten, and which in a fliort time he is laid to have 
 completely maftered. The erudition which he thereby acquired 
 ftrengthened his habits of thinking, in the fame proportion as it in- 
 formed and polilhcd his undcrftanding ; and his converfation, which 
 had been always marked by ftrong fenfe, received frcm this fource 
 additional vigour and vivacity. His company therefore was much 
 folicited by the learned and intelligent, and almoft every day brought 
 him fome new friend of literary acquirement-) ; particularly the late 
 Edwin lord Sandys, and James Harris, Efq. whole learning and 
 friendihip he highly valued. 
 
 Mr. Orme had, in 1750, commenced a very agreeable intercourfe 
 and finccre friendihip with I\Ir. Benjamin Robins (o), who had juft 
 then arrived at Madras from England, as engineer-general of all the 
 Company's fortifications in India; and who immediately planned 
 thofe of Fort St. David and Madras, but did not live to finidi 
 them, though they were afterwards completed upon his plan. 
 Mr. Robins died with his pen in his hand, July 29, 1751, while ia 
 the a6l of drawing up for the Company fome official ftatements. 
 
 It was a little remarkable, that ten years afterwards, Mr. Orme, on 
 his arrival in England, fliould meet and form an acquaintance with 
 three very intimate and learned friends of Mr. Robins; viz. Dr. 
 
 Henry 
 
 (oj Termed by Mr. Oi'me a man of great fcience, and an honour to his country. 
 Mr. Itobins was the real narrator of " Lord .■\nfon's Voyage round the Workl," which 
 carries in the title-page the name of the Rev. Uicliard Walter, chaplain of the Centurion. 
 We find alfo, by the following letter from lord Ar.fon, that had Mr. Robins remained 
 in England, he defigned to have added a fccoud volume to that work : 
 
 " DEAR SIR, " Bath the 22d Oclober, 17+9. 
 
 " WJien I laft law you in town, I forgot to a(k you, whether you intended to publifli 
 the fecond volume of my voynge before you leave us, which, I confess, I am very lorry 
 for. If you (hould have laid afide all tlioughts of favouring the world with more of 
 your works, it will be much difappointed ; and no one in it more than your very much 
 ebliged humble fervant, AsaON. 
 
 " i'. S. If you can tell ihe time of your departure, let me know it."
 
 xxxii LIFE AND WRITINGS 
 
 Hcnrv Pcmberton and Dr. James "Wilfon {]>), aflbciates of tlic late Sir 
 Ifaac Nc\Atoii, and Air. Jolin Nourl'c, an eminent booklcllcr in the 
 Strand, a man of great niathematieal fcience, deeply flvilled in the 
 Newtonian philofi)])liy, and who in early life had aUo the honour 
 and happinefs of being known to Sir Ifaac (y). Mr. Nourfe was at 
 that time preparing for the prcfs the learned works of Mr. Robins, 
 under the earc of Dr. M'ilfon; who, in a very critical and learned 
 preface, obferves, 
 
 " Thcfe [Mr. Robins's abilities as an engineer] I have heard highly praifed 
 ay manv intelligent pnibiis wlio have been upon the fpot; and what is ftill 
 )nore, 1 have been informed [by Mr. Orme] that they were approved of by 
 the brave Colonel Clive, who, through llie force (;f genius alone, beeoming a 
 i'elf-taught eoiniiiander, has, witli niatciik'ts conduct as well as valour, retrieved 
 our finking affairs in ihofe parts of the world." 
 
 Scarcely a week pafled, that Dr. Wilfon and ^Ir. Ormc did not 
 meet at Mr. Nourfe's honfe, to enjoy a literary converfation. At 
 tlie fame ])lace and time, our author formed an aciinaiutancc with 
 the ingenious and celebrated James Stnart, VA'q. (ufiially called 
 Athenian Stuart, from his long refidence in Greece), who was then 
 about to publilh the firll volume of his "Antiquities of Athens mea- 
 sured and delineated." Willi the late Thomas Anfon, VSq. (/•) brother 
 of the Admiral Lord Anion, JMr. Orme alio became intimate through 
 the means of ]Mr. Stuart ; and the iViendlhips that he formed (ex- 
 cept, 
 
 (jO Dr. P4;iiibeMoii died iHli -March 1771, "' t'lc 77tli year ol liis age; uiid Dr. 
 "Willbii about a twelvemonth afterwards, nearly 80 years of age. 
 
 CqJ Mr. Nourfo was born at Oxford in the year 1705, and received a univcrfity edu- 
 cation there. lie was wtli verfed in the Greek and Latin, as well as the French and 
 Italian languages; and his family had relidcd in Uie city and county of Oxford for 
 more tVian two centuries. He died .'Vpril 25, 1780. 
 
 (r) With this genthMnan Mr. Ornie often palled a fuanner month at his feat in Staf- 
 fordiliire. At his deaiii, Mr. Anfon left Inui a legacy of 500l. To perpetuate the 
 meTiiory of liis nicnd, Mr. Orme had a liandfouie winte marble bull ol Mr. A. ex- 
 ecuted by their mutual fiiend Noilckcns in his belt maimer, which wiis confiiicuonlly 
 placed ill his library. It was a molt admirable likencfs ; and atler .Mr. Orme's death 
 v.as, by his executor, lent to tiie rcprefcntativo of .Mr. Anfon, as the moli proper 
 perfoii to luefcrve fuch a memeiUo of his ancelior.
 
 OF THE AUTHOR. xxxiii 
 
 cept, perhaps, in one inftance alone) terminated but nith the lives of 
 the parties. We have excepted one inftance, M'hich was tliat of 
 Lord Clive, who finally returned from India about 1769. Soon 
 after his arrival a coolnefs arofe between him and Mr. Orme, which 
 terminated in the total dilTolution of their friendihip : of the caufe 
 of this irreconeileable difagreement we are not informed; and- 
 conjedure, on fuch an occahon, would be very much mifem- 
 ploj'ed (*). 
 
 On the 8th of ]\Iarch 1770, Mr. Orme was ele6led a fellow of 
 the Society of Antiquaries. 
 
 From the time of the publication of his firft, he had been affiduoufly 
 engaged in preparing materials for a fecoud volume of his " Hiftory ;" 
 which the Court of Dire(51ors, with a juft fenfe of the utility of his 
 ■writings, had now enabled him to amplify and correct, by giving 
 him free accefs to the Records at the India Houfe : at the fame time 
 they appointed him Hiftoriographer to the Company, with a falary 
 of 400/. a year (t). 
 
 In order, however, to obtain all poffible information refpefting the 
 operations of the French in the Carnatic, he applied to lieut. gene- 
 ral Bufiy, who had borne fo confiderable a part in them : and that 
 
 officer 
 
 (s) Mr. Orme was by many fuppofed to have held the pen for Lord Clive, in 1764, 
 in his admirable " Letter to the Proprietors of the Eaft India Stock ;" and from the 
 intimacy which th«i fubfifted between the parties, and the elegance of the compofition, 
 the conjeiJlure appears to have been by no means improbable. 
 
 (t) On hearing of the peace nnade whh Hyder Ally, Mr. Orme wrote a letter to 
 a friend, under date Harley-ftreet, Dec. 1, 1769, of which the following is an exlraft: 
 
 " Harley Street, Dec. 1, 1769. 
 
 " By the Bombay fliip, we have received from Anjengo a copy of the peace made 
 with Hyder Ally ; it is decried, but it is a good peace; and fo neceflary, that had the 
 ■war continued two years longer, the Company would have been nearly ruined by 
 it; and would have been completely undone, had a war with France fallen in with 
 it. 
 
 " I widi much to have the geography of our laft campaigns well afcertained. Prav get 
 this done and fend it me. I am in fonie mt'afure appointed Hillorian to the Company, 
 and have, by a refolution of the Court, accefs to their Records; fo you need have no 
 fcruple about thefe kinds of communications to me, as I am, quq/i, one of their public 
 officers, as well as yourfelf." 
 « • «« • • «<■ «* 4
 
 xxxiv LIFE AND WRITINGS 
 
 officer thought himfelf under fuch obli<i;ations to Mr. Orme, for the 
 precifion and impartiality with which he had recorded his anions in 
 the firft volume, that, upon his going to France in 17 73, the general 
 invited him to his country feat, where he treated him with elegant 
 hofpitality, and furniflicd him with fcveral authentic documents; 
 among which were, a curious narrative of his own tranfaftitnis ; and 
 a draft of the route of his various marches about Golcondah, 
 Hyderabad, and in the northern provinces: the latter of which is 
 infcrted in the prefent volume. 
 
 In June 1773, Mr. Orme publifhed a fecond edition of his firfl 
 volume, with confidcrable improvements ; and the following letter, 
 from the afterwards celebrated Sir William Jones, was fent in ac- 
 knowledgment of a prefent of that volume : 
 
 " DE.*R SIR, " Duke-ftrcet, June 26, 1773. 
 
 " I was never lefs pleafcd witli the ftuciyof llic law llian at this moment^ when 
 my atleiulance in Weftniinfter Hall prevents uie from thanking you in perfoa 
 for your inoft elegant and acceptable prefent, which (hall ever be preCerved ainono^ft 
 my literary treafures. Your hiftory is not one of thofe books which a man reads 
 once in a cnrlbry manner, and then throws afide for ever : there is no end of 
 reading and approving it, nor (hall I ever defift giving myfelf that pleafure to the 
 lall year of my life. You may rely on tliis teftimony, as it comes from one who 
 not only was never guilty of flattery, but, like Csefar's wife, would never fuifer 
 himfelf to be fufpecled of it. 
 
 " It is much to be regretted, tlial the hifiorical pieces of Lucccius are not pre- 
 icrved to us: by a letter or two of his which are extant, he (eems to have been 
 a man of cxquifite pi.rts and tafte : Cicero declares himfelf chainicd with iiis 
 way of writing, which makes me think that his works would have been far pre- 
 ferable to thofe of Sallull and Tacitus, whom I cannot help confulering as the 
 fnil corruptors of the Roman language and eloquence. As to our language, if 
 yourfelf and perhaps lord Lyttellon had notrefiored it to its native (impliclty, we 
 Ihoukl foon have been reduced to talk a new diulccl, &c. Sic. Sec. 
 
 " I liave been for the laft five weeks at Oxford, where I took the degree of 
 Mafter of Arts in the regular courfe. I was much prelTcd to fpeak at ihcenfuing 
 Euccenia; but when I had taken the pains to prepare an oration, in which there 
 was nothing that could o(rend the moft obfequious courtier, the perfons, who 
 had urged me to write it, were difappointcd at lujt (indiiig it a flavifli compli- 
 ment to the miiiifler, and exhorted me not to deliver it in the theatre without 
 a great deal of foftoning ; which determined ine not lo I'pcak at all : but as I am 
 
 pleafcd
 
 OF THE AUTHOR. xxxv 
 
 pleafad with the conjpofition, which is written wholly in tlic manner of the 
 Ancients, I OuiU print a few copies for my friends. 
 
 *' 8ce the locpiacity of ui? lawyers ; you honour me with three kind and indul- 
 gent lines ; and I fend you in return as many rambling pages : but when friends 
 cannot converfe in perfon, they have no refource but converfing at a diftance. 
 
 I ain^ with great truth, 
 
 Mpft fincerely yours, 
 
 W. Jones." 
 
 Our Author had previoufly been requefted by Dr. William Robert- 
 fon, the liiltorian, to favour him with a copy of this volume; as we 
 find by the follow ing Epiftle ; 
 
 " OKAR SIR, " College of Edinburgh, April 23 1773. 
 
 " I fh>ill be happy to hear that you ftill enjoy that more confirmed ftate of health 
 in which I had lali the pleafure of feeing you. U'hat progrefs do you make ? I 
 hope you «lo not relax your ardour in carrying on your work, and that if the 
 prcfent age may not expert to perufe the liiltory of thofe extraordinary tranf- 
 a<Slions vdu have feen, you will not deprive pofterity of that fatisfadiou. I go 
 on as ufual, ilowly. 1 iiave got many ufeFul and uncommon books from Spain, 
 and expeft fouie mauufcripts by the intereft of lord Grantham. I flatter my- 
 feif the work will turn out curious and iiiterefting. Allow me to put you in 
 mind of two promifes; one, that you would give raefome criticifms or flridtures 
 upon ftyle, in fonie parts of my hiftory ; the other, that you would fend me a 
 copy of the laft edition of your firll volume. I with for the former, as I Ihall 
 certainly profit by the ideas of one who has attended fo much to the purity and 
 elegance of language ; and for the latter, that it may remain as a monument, 
 with my fon, of a connetlion, of which I fliall fay no more, than that I am foli- 
 citous it fhould be remembered. In the meantime believe me to be, with moft 
 fin cere refpcft. 
 
 Dear Sir, 
 Your affeftioaate and faithful 
 humble fervant, 
 
 William Robertson " 
 
 In December of the fame year, we find Mr. Orme writing to James 
 Alexander, elq. (afterwards earl of Caledon) an account of his tour 
 to France; from wliicli we extrad the following paffage : 
 
 " MY DEAR ALEXANDER, " Dec.1773. 
 
 " I have not received a letter from you fince the arrival of general Smith — 1 
 went with him this year to Spa; we left London the 15th July. A^e feparated 
 
 6 2 at .
 
 xxxvi LIFE AND WRITINGS 
 
 «t Bnixclles ; he to return dircftly to London, where his own aflairs called 
 liiuij and I to go to Paris, where I had many books to buy concerning the 
 Frcncli affiiirs in India, and many quefliims toafk !Monf. Buffv. I fucceeded to 
 tny wifli in both thcfe intentions. My Itay at Paris was from the 1ft Oftober, 
 to the 1ft >;oveniber ; and on the 8lh, T faw again my friends in Harley-ftreet, 
 whfre, as you may naturally imagine, I find a homo that I can find no where 
 t-li'e. Neverlhelefs, I am much pleafed with having undertaken this journey; 
 and nothing but the excelTive expence of travelling, to an invahdifli man, fliould 
 prevent me from making more of thefe excurlioas; for the ideas obtained by 
 travelling, of places, manners, cuftoms. Sic. cannot be gained by any other 
 mtan? ; but my fortune forbids.^We made excurlions from Spa to the Rhine, 
 and crofl'ed that famous river," Stc. Sec. 
 
 The letter from which we tranfcribe the following pafllages, bears 
 teftimony to Mr. Orme's anxiety for accurate information : 
 
 " Honw Warren Haflings, Efq. 
 "sir, " llarley Street, Jan. 14, 1775. 
 
 " The educated world have received with the greafeft fatisfaftion the portion 
 you have fent of the laws of Bengal, and carncftly with the continuation and 
 accomplifliment of a work which does you fo much honour. I always thought 
 that fuch a work muft be the bafis of any reafonable government exercifed by 
 ns ; but always defpaired of its execution, knowing to what other views and ob- 
 ^etfls llie abilities of Europeans have hitherto been diredled in ludoftan. The 
 'Hlent itep of philolbphy is gaining ground every day ; and your name will not 
 'be forgot amongft the foremoft of her difciples, for the valuable prelbnt you are 
 making to learning and reafon. I have read, I may fay have ex tradied, every 
 thing that has come into England concerning the ad'airs and revolutions of Delhi, 
 from the invaiion of Radis Schah{u) ; but all I can make out is patchwork. What 
 a prefent would yon make to me, by procuring for me a full and continued detail 
 of thefe events, which are always blending themfclves with my ftory. 
 
 " I earneftly wiOi the continuance of your hcallli, and every other facility lo 
 carry on the important aflairs of the government in which you prcfide witli fa 
 much diftindliou ; and am, with tlie trucft efteeni. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 Your moll obedient, 
 and moft humble Servant, 
 
 R. Orme." 
 In 
 
 {11) .Suiipofe Nadir Shah
 
 OF THE AUTHOR. xxxvii 
 
 In 1775, our author published a very copious IikIcjc, and feveral 
 conliderable additions, to the firft volume of his hiftory ; and of the 
 eagerncfs which the pubUc manifelted for his fecond volume, we have 
 a hint in a letter, dated Dec, 30, 177G. 
 
 i' ToC F— , Efq. 
 
 (t 
 
 MY DEAR siR^ "■ Harley-ftrcet, Dec. 30, iJjG. 
 
 " A ftone-cutter might copy all the letters that I write in a year ; witncfs my 
 five lilies to you by a man of war ; wilnefs, I fear, this. But when you coniider 
 that no man fees my face, or fqueezes my hand, without " Ah ! Mr. Orme, 
 when (hall we have your fecond volume ?" you will account for the employment 
 of my pen ; and in the fmall portion of writing my health is able to endure, * 
 
 " I hope your health fupports itfelf, and Mrs. F— 's continues; for the reft, I 
 hope 1 need make no withes which are not anticipated by fortune in favour 
 of your merit. I fliall write you again and again ; but now adieu^ my good 
 friend, for a few days. 
 
 R. O." 
 
 At lengtii, in Oftober 1778, the fecond volume was publiflied, 
 in two parts, illufirated like the former with numerous Maps, 
 Views, Plairs of Towns, Battles, &c. the latter drawn by the Chief 
 Engineer, Mr. Call. It is written M'ith no Icfs ability than the firft 
 volume, and is more intercfting and coniprehenfive. It inveftigates 
 the rife and progrefs of the Engliih commerce in Bengal; gives an 
 account of the Mahomedan government from the year 1200, -whei,! 
 it was firft eitablilhed thej-e; and carries on the genera^l hiftory from 
 the calamity -which befel the Engliih fettleroent$ in 1756, to the 
 peace of \7<53. 
 
 During the fifteen years that elapfed between the publication of his 
 firft and that of his fecond volume, our author gained mvich additional, 
 and more accurate knowledge of the hiftor}' and inftitutions of the 
 .Mogul government, and the otlier native ftates. Colonel Dov.''3 
 vcrfion of Ferilhta's Hiftory of Northern Indoftan, publillied in the 
 coude of that time, ferved perhaps to elucidate his lefearches ; thougli, 
 being defediive as a tranflation in ma,nv parts, it.l;asocpafionalIy mif- 
 •*- ' ' HI
 
 X xxviii LIFE A N I) W R I T I K C. S 
 
 led him. (,r) But, as lias been M-cll ol)fervcd, "for adopting the niifmkes 
 oriii;> authorilits, he cannot jiifily be blaiutd, as there sVas no realon 
 to iiifpcCi, and he poUeirtd not the meuns to delett llifin. '1 hey do 
 notthcretore ini])cach tlic gcneralacctiracy of his narralis'c, nor leflen 
 tlic credit whith it has ib juT'ly obtained." 
 
 In a lew chiys ailcr the j<ubhcati<ni oi"his Iceoiid volume, ]Mr. Oriue 
 receivtd llie folUnving IcUer from Dr. Hobcrlfoo: 
 
 " DEAUSiR, " College of Kdinburgli, 0(?l. 27, 1778, 
 
 " Durinj; the <;ouife of this fummer, I have expected from week to week to 
 hear Ihut you had lixed a tune tor leltmg out on jour exciirfion to Scotland, i 
 cannot exprel'sliou iiuich 1 am morMicd to find, lliatnovv there remain* no iio|)e 
 of enjoyiiiy the pleafure oi Icenig you here for tliis fcafon. I flatter niyfelf, tlKit 
 this difajij) .iulmeut of our exiiet'tations lias not been occafioncd by ill health. 
 As I know how mueti attcirtion you pay to evcr\' thing that comes from your 
 hand, the publication of vour fecon<i volume encourages me to hope that you 
 have been in firm-enough health to fuperintend it. I lon;^ with impatience to pe- 
 lufe this voluuie^ 'I his |.enod will be (till mure intcrcfting than your fornirr one. 
 The events are greater and mcjre fplciulid, as well as productive of more im- 
 portant confec|uenccs. The fuhjedt becomes more worthy of being adorned by 
 your pen. According lo your delire, I Ih.iil fend to you, In the tirft opportunity, 
 the imiierfecFt copy you ga.C ine of the tirft volume, and I will accept from you, 
 with great pleafure, a copy of both volumes. I am tbnd of its being known 
 to my defcendunts, that you anil I lived in fiiead;hi[>, with mutual eliecm and 
 love. 
 
 " My fon, in lord Macleod's regiment, is ftill in Jerrey;but the corps is under 
 orders for India, and is e.\pc<?^etl foon at Spitluad, in order to fail with the firft 
 fleet. If the young man be allowed to vifit London, I will direct liiin to pay liis 
 refpefts to you ; but in cafe he lliould not have lime or pcrmiUicn to make that 
 excurfiou, 1 hope you will get ready the recomincndalorj letters with which you 
 kindly promifcd to favour him. I am told, that it is moii likely the regiment will 
 be ftatioacd at Bombay or Madras; but iis its deftination luuft be regulated by 
 the ftate of the country when it arrives in India, letters for Calcutta may be 
 materially ufeful. But you can judge with refpC(5l to this better than a perfon fo 
 
 fur 
 
 CiJ Oil tlie firft publication of Mr. Dew's vcrAon of Feriflita's Hiltory of the Ma- 
 honiedau Conqut rors in hidofliui, its autliejiticity wa« doubted by Dr. Joliufon, Mr. 
 Burke, and others. Mr. Ormo clefcuded it, and in the inoft pffLfliuil wav; for, having 
 a fine copy of it in the original Perfic, a young gciitlcuiaii then relidiug in his houfe, 
 and well fkilled in the Periian language, Iranlluted two or three pagi^s of it for their 
 perufal ; which removed the fcruples that they hud before euiertaiued.
 
 OF THE AUTHOR. xxxix 
 
 far diflant from intelligence. When I hear of my fon'» arrival at Sphhead, I 
 will take the liberty of informing you how your letters may be conveyed to him. 
 From the accounts 1 have got of his behaviour in the regiment, I flatter my- 
 felf that you may recommend bin) to your friends as a young man \yho promifes 
 to acl like a gentleman, f arewel, my dear fir, and believe me to be, with iincere 
 refpe^t. 
 
 Your affeftionale and 
 
 faithl'ul Servant, 
 William Robektson." 
 
 The tranfmiflTion of the work to the Doclor, we find thus acknow- 
 ledged in a letter which accompanied a prefent, in return, of his 
 Hiftory of Charles the Fifth : 
 
 " College of Edinburgh, February ift, 1781. 
 
 " MY DEAR SIR, 
 
 " I do believe that no two perfons, who have fo much reciprocal good-will as 
 you and I, are lefs difpofed lo break in upon each other by cxprefling it. I wi(h 
 we both pofTelled a little more of the fpiiit of the French fcavaits, and then our 
 letters would be as frequent as now they are rare. To this natural dilinclinatioii 
 to writing of letters, 1 hope you will be kind enough to impute my ncgle6ling 
 to thank you in proper time for the prefent of your two new volumes. I pcrufed 
 them with great eagernefs, and much fatisfadion. I can fay nothing more ex- 
 preffive of my entire approbation, than that they equal tl^e firil. The conteft 
 in the fecond part is between parties not fo equally matched ; the vicilHludes of 
 fortune aie lefs fingular; but wherever the fubje6l admitted of it, your narrative 
 carries your readers along, with all that interefting and unwandering attention, 
 which diftinguilhes your mode of writing hiUory. I incline to think, that the 
 tear of Bi'iigul,m Books vi. and vii. is tlie mod choice morccau in your works. 
 When I fee you, I will venture to mention one or two little criticifms ; for where 
 there is fo much to praife, you can afford fomethiiig to be blamed. 
 
 " My youngeftlbn will have liie honour of prefenting this letter to you. It 
 is my fate to be the fattier of a military family. Of three fons, two have chofen 
 to be foldiers ; the fecond is now iu Madras, and carried out your kind recom- 
 mendations to fome of your friends. The youngeft goes, as 1 imagine, to the 
 fame place. By the favour of Mr. Jenkinfon, and the friendlhip of "col. Ful- 
 lart^on, I have got him a lieutenant's commiffion in the colonel's regiment. 
 Though I am unwilling to load my friends with niy children, I cannot allow 
 lite young man to go out unrecoinmended, to a fiatioB whither his brother 
 carried out fo many warm letters in his favour. If any of your friends iu 
 that prefidency can be of ufe to him, I have fuch experience of your kind- 
 nefs^ that 1 know you will recommend him to their good offices, and will give 
 
 the
 
 xl LIFE A N D ^m I T I N G S 
 
 lli(? youn:? adventurnr your bcft advices as lo hi* conduft. 1 hope lie has good 
 jLiil't and virtue enoiigii to profit by tiK-iii. 1 make no apology ior the liberty 
 I ufe with you, wIk) have accufloined me to cxpedt what a fhcndly from youf 
 bunds. 
 
 " I met with an, ii,nii)iate friend of yours, g^ijer^l Ricliard Smith, at Buxtop, 
 and was much pleall^d with his iVank, vigorous, decifive i'pirit. Be i'o good a^ 
 to prelent my Left compliments lo him. I remember liis kind invitation, and 
 do e.\pedt from iiim a belter dinner than any we had at tlie lia/L 1 am 
 •ver, with ^reat trutli and attachment. 
 
 Your faithful humble Servant, 
 
 \\ll,l,IAM KOBT.RTSON." 
 
 At this time Mr. Ornie lived chiefly in London, and aflociated 
 much with literary men, among whom he fometimes met Dr. Johil- 
 fon, of whofe wondeitul intclleftual powers and imprclfive Mit he 
 was ftruck with a juft admiration. Talking one day with Mr. 13of- 
 well of Jolmlbn's "Journey to the Weftcrn Iflmds of Scotland," he 
 thitsftrOngiy eJtprdTed his opinion of it: " It is," laid he, " a moll 
 valiiahie book : hefides extend ve philofophical views and lively dc- 
 fcriptions of fociely in the country that it dcfcribes, it contains 
 thoughts, which, by long revolution in the great mind of Johnfon, 
 have been formed and poliihed like pebbles rolled in the ocean." 
 
 In IJoAvcU's Life of Johnfon, than which it would be ditiicult to 
 name a work of more rational entertainment, we find it mentioned, 
 that in another converfation relative to Johnfon, Mr. Orme faid, 
 " I do not care on what fubjeft Johnfon talks ; but I love better to 
 hear him talk than anybody. He cither gives you new thoughts, 
 or a new colouring. It is a fliame to the nation, that he has not been 
 more liberally rewarded. Had I been George the Third, and thought 
 as he did about America, I would have given Johnfon soo/. a year 
 for his Taxation no Tyranny alone." I repeated this to Johnfon 
 (fays Mr. Cofwell), who was much pleafed " with fuch praife 
 from fuch a man as Orme." 
 
 Another time our author obferved of a certain gentleman, " It is 
 
 not, perhaps, a bad expreiTion, to fay, that A has wit enough 
 
 to fright a man out of his wits." 
 
 Having heard that a certain marflial, Villars, or Sa.xc, or fomc 
 Other, had faid, after a battle in which he loft a great number of men, 
 " Ce n'ell plus qu'ayant leurs gorges coupees at Paris ;" 
 
 he
 
 OF THE AUTHOR. xli 
 
 he remarked, that, " whoever the gentleman \vas, he deferved that 
 inftant to add one more to the number of deaths wluch he treated 
 with fo much contempt — unlefs he was drunk." 
 
 We fliall only adduce one more inftance of the promptitude of Mr. 
 Orme'smind, and the energy of his colloquial diction, being engaged 
 in a converfation refpe6l;ing certain internal fortifications carrying on 
 in England, he obfcrved, that " it was the Eagles leaving their nefts, 
 to be defended by IVIagpies." 
 
 A man capable of exprefling himfelf with fuch force and pre^ifion, 
 is naturally fond of company; and if he be of an ingenuous difpofi- 
 tion, takes delight in alfociating with fupcrior minds. While Mr. 
 Orme, therefore, enjoyed a good ftate of health, much of his time 
 -was fpent in that agreeable and inftructive way: he did not, how- 
 ever, negleft his literary labours. ^.. .-.!;.. 
 
 In 1761, he publilhed a third edition, ftill further improved, of 
 the firft vohinie of his Hiftory, ^vhh a very ample Index ; perhaps the 
 moft perfe6l thing of the kind that has ever been printed ; the hiftory 
 of each perfon or place mentioned in the work being briefly traced in 
 chronological order, and exhibited at one view. A liniilar Index was 
 afterwards intended for the fecond volume : a coj)y was prepared, 
 and the words feledled for the purpofe ; but his health beginning to 
 decline, he could neither mufter courage nor ftrength enough to 
 complete it.-n-'-^'- -''' -- 
 
 In 1782, ^fjpearcd another moft laborious work of Mr. OrmcV, 
 though comprifed within an oflavo volume : we mean his " Hiftorl- 
 cal Fragments of the Mogul Empire, of the Morattoes, and of the 
 En'^ifli Concerns in Indoftan, from the year 1659." That we h^ve 
 not mifcalled this a moft laborious work, Avill, we think, be conceded 
 to us, when the reader confiders the arduous refearch into printe<! 
 books, old records, and perfonal information, that is implied by tlitr 
 Hotes hiftorical and geographical ; and more particularly by the 
 List of Authorities appended to the prefent volume, immediately 
 preceding the Index. 
 
 To this work he gave the humble title of " Fragments," with the 
 hope of obtaining farther information refpefling that important pc- 
 ri6d in the hiftory of the Eaft. "The degradation," fays IjCy '"to 
 which the fovereignty of the Moguls was at this time (1758) reduced, 
 
 f iu
 
 xlii LIFE AND WRITINGS 
 
 ill every province of their tlominion, i)i'occcdcd from evils wliich lia<I 
 been incrcafiu<? ever fince the death of Aureugzebc, and cannot be 
 developed without a general vtew^ of his reign, as well as the reigns 
 of his fucceflbrs. This period coniprifcs one hundred years. The- 
 events, if we had acquired the knowledge of thcni in time, would 
 have formed a proper introduflion to the later portion of hiftory 
 wliich we have already publillied :. and the narrative they require is 
 too extenfive to find place as an inlcrtion in the continuation of th;rt 
 work. We therefore give it apart, and only in the chara^lcr of 
 Pragments, which the want of more materials difables us from difpof- 
 ing into a more regular form." — Again: "We are not without 
 hopes, that fome of the many in India, who have the means, will 
 fupply the portions of information which are deficient in thcfe Frag- 
 ments, and mu(l otherwife always continue out of our reach. The 
 knowletlge is well worth the inquiry ; for, befrdes the magnitude of 
 the events, and the energy of the chara«5lers, which arife within this 
 period, there are uo States or Powers on the Continent of India, with 
 whom our nation have either connexion or concern, who do not ow€ 
 the origin of their prefent condition to the reign of Aurengzebe, or 
 to its influence on the reigns of his fuccefibrs." In another part lie 
 fays, " Bcfidcs tb.e publications we have enumerated, we have gained 
 jnfonnation eoncerning Sevagi, and of events to a later period con- 
 cerning the early times of the Morattocs, from cotcmposary records 
 belonging to the Eaft India Company. The earlieft w hicli mentions 
 Sevagi is of the year 1G71. Could we have difcovered the whole 
 Icries with the collateral branches of correfponderjce, froni; the:year 
 ifi50, the Fragments we now publilh would have acquired fonje au- 
 thentic additions ; but the labour would have exceeded the concep- 
 tion of any of our readers, excepting the keeper of the records at the 
 India Iloufc." — His account of the famous Sevagi, the founder of 
 the pvefent nation of the Morattoes, is extremely curious and inte- 
 refting. This man drew his Lineage from the Rajahs of Chitor.e, who 
 boall their dciVcnt from Poms, and arc cftccmed the moft ancient 
 eftublilhincnt of Hindoo princes, and the nobltft of Uic Rajpoot 
 tribes. 
 
 Preparatory to the compiling of thefe " Fragments," Mr. Orme 
 thought it ufcful to renew bis acquaintance with the Portuguefc,. 
 
 SpanilJi^
 
 OF THE AUTHOR. xllii 
 
 Spaniili, Dutch, and Italian languages, that he might confult in the 
 on2:inals the numerous writers of thofe nations who have treated of 
 India. His library, indeed, was a ftrong indication of his extenfive 
 acquirements and correal tafte in every path of literature; not only 
 as it contained the choiceft editions of all the claffic authors, ancient 
 and modern, but as having many of them enriched with notes of his 
 own hand-writing in the refpc6iive languages of their authors : in 
 faft, he feems fcarcely ever to have read a book A^ithout making fome 
 remarks in the margin, tending either to correal error, give force to 
 argument, or extend information. 
 
 But to an author of Mr. Ornie's accuracy in matters of hiftorical 
 detail^ tliis was not futhcicnt. It would naturally occur to him, that 
 the fubordinate fphere in M'hich Europeans were placed, who vifited 
 Afiatic countries in the courfe of the 17th century, either as mer- 
 chants, or travellers, or ad\'enturers for employment in the fervice of 
 the native Princes, could but ill qualify them to obtain corre6l inform- 
 ation with regard to the courts where they arrived ; and he ferioufly 
 felt the deficiency of his materials, arifing from his want of accefs 
 to the more authentic fource of Eaftern writers. This deficiency, 
 however, was in a great meafure fupplied by the frequent intercourfe 
 which he had about that period with his friend Mr. Boughton Roufe, 
 of Roufe Lench in Worcefterfliire, ]\I. P. nowfir Charles Roufe Bcxiah- 
 ton, Bart, (y), who, to a high reputation for Oriental learning, and 
 knowledge of the financial and political concerns of India, united a 
 readinefs of communication, which is in various parts of the 
 •' Fragments" acknowledged by our Author in the highefi; terms of 
 compliment. From this gentleman he received many extenfive 
 tranfiations out of the x^ycen Acbary, the General and Provincial 
 Hiftories of Ferillita, the particular hiftories of the Reigns of feveral 
 of the Mogul Emperors, and other Perfian Manufcripts, of which he 
 pofleircd a large colleflion; with fome, more particularly curious, 
 from a compendium of Hindoo and Mahoniedan Hiltory, under tlie 
 title of Mcezan Daneili, or balance of knowledge, prefcntcd to liim 
 when at the Court of the Emperor Shah AUum, by the Author, 
 
 who 
 
 (y) Many years Chief Secretary of the Board -of Controul for Indian .-^ffair^ aiid 
 33o\v one of iheCommifiioiiers for audiiiiigthe Puljlic.AccouiitR of the Kii^gdom, 
 
 f 2
 
 v!iv LIFE AND WRITINGS 
 
 who Ma«i II very intelligent Br;iniin, deputed thither in a public 
 (•ap:icily hy liaj:ih Jaunn-'i Bhonfileli. Mr. Onne availed himlelf of 
 fonie of tliefe materials iiiliis " Hiftorical Fragments:" and fuch as 
 lie obtained fubfequcnt to tliat publication, he arranged in his own 
 interleaved copy, (o as to contribute to the improvement of the 
 edition wliich we now prefent the public. 
 
 This was the lafl work which Mr. Ornie committed to the prefii. 
 Eut his fearch after information was unremitted; and he purfued it 
 under circumilances of languid health, fo as to deprive him of the 
 advantages of air and exercife. At length, his conftitution, naturally 
 veak, became fo much impaired by his continual application to 
 ftudy, and the fedeutary life which he confequently led, that he was 
 obliged to conline himfclf at home, and obfcrve very regular habits: 
 fuch, however, was his love of literary fociety, that he feldom denied 
 himfelf to any one who called on him. 
 
 When the dreadful news arrived of the lofs of the Grofvenor India- 
 man, in which his nephew and his family were paflengers, it fo ex- 
 tremely affefted ]\Ir. Orme, that it was a long time before even his 
 fuperior mind could be reconciled to the event. In a letter to a friend, 
 he lays, " My wretched health has been more impaired by this fliock; 
 which for many days left me almoft in a ftateof ftupidity !" lie alfo 
 notices the misfortune in the following letter to Sir William Jones, 
 then at Calcutta: 
 
 "MY DEAR SIR, " HaHey-fucet, March 12, 1784. 
 
 " You will have no doubt that I heard with great plcafiire of your fafe arrival 
 nt Madras; nor that my wilhcs equally accompany you to Bengal, where I hope 
 and iruft Umtyou and lady Jones are eRabliflied entirely to your fatisfaftion. 
 ####♦»•»•• 
 
 " I make no doubt but all your vacations are employed in Oriental refcarches. 
 A^ to the living manners of the people you are among, no one ever went with 
 more juil ideas previoufly acquired. — Neverthelefs, every opening day will pre- 
 fent new circumftances and qualities to your attenlion, and the fame w ill happen 
 in ihe natural appearance of the country ; and theft; contemplations will, I am 
 perfuaded, for a while afford you more grateful amufements in the hour of relax- 
 ation, than all tlie magnificent repafts of Calcutta. When you have an hour's 
 If ifure you will think of nie, and give me fouie account of the literature you may 
 
 difcover.
 
 OF THE AUTHOR. xlv 
 
 difcover. I fadi}' want a hiftoiy of Bahadar Scliah (z) ; and Kerr, in his account 
 of the Moraltoes, fa^'s there is fiich a hillorv. 
 
 " I mull now atk your pardoujand permillion to fpeak on a matter which afre<Slj 
 me to the very heart. Tlie fad fate of the fliip GrolVrnor will have readied India, 
 longbeforo this letter. My nephew, Mr. nofea(ort^, his wife and child [a daughter], 
 were among thofe who got afliore ; and I have heard of them to the loth day after 
 the wreck; but beyond, to this liopr, nothing. Capt. D'Auvergne, who aniveil 
 about two months ago from the Capo, fays, there were accounts of more white 
 people inland when he came away ; but two fliips) a Dane and A' Frenchmanj 
 had been loil on the fame coaft, and nearly on the fame part of it, fincc the 
 Grofvenor; fo that I am almoll without hope of his fafety. 1 am one of his at- 
 torneys in England; and he has three children under oiu' caie, a boy and two 
 girls, the eldeft ten years old fb b). Nobody knows any thing of any will of Mr. 
 Hofea being depofited in England; but it is fcarcely poUibie that tie (liould have 
 
 left Bengal without making one, and leaving at lead a duplicate of it in India. 
 **#* * t * * 
 
 " I requcft my refpe6ls, although nnknown, to lady Jones. Pardon the hand of 
 
 an amaauenlis; my own troubles and my head pain me; for it is only a few days 
 
 fince I came down to my working-parlour, after a confinement of thirty in 
 
 my bedchamber; and I am flill very infirm. May health and every other good 
 
 always attend you, is the fincereft wifli of. 
 
 Dear Su:, Your faithful and affectionate friend, 
 
 R. Orme." 
 
 In 1792 Mr. Orme left London, and retired to Ealing for the 
 benefit of his health; M'here he refidcd during the remainder of his 
 life; continuing, neverthelefs, to take a warm and lively in tereft 
 not only in the concerns of his friends, but alfo in public affairs. 
 
 In the year 1793, we find the two following letters from Mr. Orme 
 to general Richard Smith ; 
 
 " Great EaUng, Saturday, Aug. lO, 179S. 
 
 " I was yellerday prevented, by various calls to which I was obliged to pay at- 
 tention, from having the quiet hour I always wilh to have when I am writing to 
 you. 
 
 " The 
 
 CzJ Sec p. 308, and Military Traufaflions in Indollau, vol. i. p. 19, "0. 
 
 (a a) Mr. William Hofea, nephew, and nearcft relative to Mr. Orme. 
 
 (hb) The fon, M'illiam, died a few years ago at Bengal, in the fervice of tiie Hon. tb« 
 Eaft India Company. One daughter is now married to lieut.-col. Sharpe, of kit 
 Majefty's fervice; and the other to John Betfworth Trevanion, Efq.
 
 xlvi LIFE AND WRITINGS 
 
 ■" The rrencli Hiftorles I have read,exc}iifivc of Mcinoires,are, Daniel, Mezeray, 
 
 aucl Ilcnuult. 
 
 " ISIczeray wrote firft; it is in three huge folios. The fecond edition in folio 
 has left out many paflages which were in the firft, which makes tiic firll editioa 
 rare, and valued by book-fancyers. His ftyle is ftroiig, and often (harp. When 
 he pubirfhcd his firft volume (the ift edition) it was faid, // u'y a pas tin mot de 
 trap, ui dc Irop peu. 
 
 " Next comes Daniel, who was a Jefuit, and a man labouring in more than 
 one vineyard. In his hiftory his ftyle is dull, often prolix ; a great bigot in hi* 
 relation of the Religious A\'ars; but a genuine royalift, faving his reverence for 
 the Pope. Daniel likewife wrote the Milice Franfoij'e, which is an account of 
 the French Military Array and Equipments from the earlieil times. This woric 
 is done witii much diligence and intelligence^ therefore very curious; and it 
 muft have ferved them much, whenever he gives an account of a campaign, 
 to fee dearly how things went on. The Uijlory is 14 or perhaps 16 volumes in 
 quarto. '1 he Milice is only '1 volumes, and lias cuts. 
 
 " Next comes tlic Prelident HenauU,which I think I once fent you, and confe- 
 quendy you have read ; but left perchance I be mifiaken. I fliall juft mention him. 
 It is an Abridgmeut by years of the Hiliory of France, from Pharamond (if there 
 ever was fuch a man) to the reign of Louis Quatorze. Henault was Prefidentof 
 one of the I'arllaments of France ; a man who united labour to genius. Vol- 
 taire, writing to him while drinking fome of the mineral waters in Germany 
 during a lime of war, advifed him to come back immediately to Paris, to avoid 
 the Iluffars, " qui ne font boire que les eaux de Styx," and then, invoking tlie 
 Slufe fays, 
 
 ■" Ramcnc a fes amis charmans, 
 
 Kamene a fes belles demeures, 
 Ce bel efprit de tous les temps, 
 
 Cet homme de toutes les hcures." 
 
 " His ftvlc, although by the nature of his plan always concife, is always ele- 
 gant, and the bell French tiiat I know ; his knowledge of the hiliory of France 
 the refult of immenfe inquiry. Not to you, for you know too much to require 
 i"uch a proccfs, but 1 would advife any young gentleman, who had too much 
 money to require any enij>loyment, and loo nUich feufe to wifli to live without 
 Home, to get the voluminous hiftorians, read Henault, and refer to the others as 
 he wiihed for farther information or elucidation. 
 
 " What you wrote to me on the 6th, concerning your fituation in regard to 
 
 liealthj (hocked me moll extremely. However, it was fome relief to hear tliat 
 
 you looked much better, and more cheerful than before ; and I have juft now 
 
 Q received
 
 OF THE AtTTHOR. xlvii 
 
 . received the further pleafure of hearing that you had fent for fome books ; which 
 flatters me with the hopes that you think your fpirils likely to be equal to 
 them." 
 
 " Great Ealing, Aug. 1 3, 1 793. 
 
 " I thank you kindly for the plnn of Seiingapatam, and ihallpreferve it charilv 
 for the fake of the author, to whom I tender my bell rcl'pcdls. Mils ***** 
 need not be afraid of its beinc; in other hands, as it is a flvctch whieh fliews flie 
 will draw very well. 
 
 " I have read major Dirom's book; it was lent me by Mr. Dalrymplc ; and I 
 was much pleafed with it, as containing curious, new, and authentic informa- 
 tion. He gives the beil rcafons that can be pleaded, why the fiegc of Seringji- 
 patam was not continued to the catiiltrophe of its capture. Ncverthelcfs, fronr 
 tlie beginning, aiidyii//, I perfevere in the opinion, that tlie liege once begun, 
 it ought to have been taken. Dclfiida eft Carthago ; and we fliall foon, perhaps, 
 fee that his [Tippoo's] reftlefs and wicked charadter will reduce us to the ne- 
 ceflity of doing all we have done, and have left undone, again, and with more 
 trouble. Another reafon with me for his extermination was, Tippoo's cruelty 
 and perfidy to his Englifh captives. Surajah Dowlah was deftroyed, and Codini 
 Aliy exterminated. The vengeance in fueh cafes ought always to fall on the 
 tyrant, as the firft caufe. Not but that I told lord Clive, that had I been of 
 his councii when he entered Muxadavad, I (hould have moved to look out for 
 and punifli XheJtmantdars, who held up their lights to mock the wretched fuffer- 
 ers in the Black Hole. You fee, therefore, that 1 agree with you in tlie fupport 
 you gave adminillration on the fubjecSl of our war with Tippoo. 
 
 " You are a much better judge than I can be of our war on the Continent, as 
 knowing the art, and being acquainted with the fcenes of operation, and its de- 
 fences. Dunkirk Certainly fhould be taken, to ferve as a marine place d'armes; 
 but Hill Calais, with a very flrong ganifon, would be the (iime to Dunkirk, as Dim- 
 tirk is now to Ofiend. I never knew, before you told me, that Calais could be 
 fluiced. It muft therefore remain, I am forry to think, impregnable. Pray do 
 the fluices to Calais depend on inlets under its command from the fea ? Lord Stairs 
 nfed to fay, that they who attacked France by Flanders took the bull by the 
 boms. By Dumourier's account, the frontier of Lorraine and Champaign is as 
 llrong by nature as the other has been made by art. How much do the pre- 
 fent Convention owe to the magnificent ambition and prodigality, as fome 
 called it, of Louis the 14th, who left them fuch a line of barrier as runs aloiio- 
 Flanders. Lille coll the duke of JVJarlborough three months ; vet Lifle muft be 
 taken ; olherwile, on advancing into France, the allies might be inclofed behind 
 by a net. So I fee no end of the war, and am wearied with conjedlures. 
 
 " I have been much furprized at the fpirit with which the French have fought 
 
 iiuce
 
 xlviii LIFK AND WRITINGS 
 
 fincc tTie Tievolution. What \\.)iil(lold Lawrence (cc) fay, were lie alive ? Never- 
 tlielefs, their original cliaracler returned at the ftorni of the Horn-work of Va- 
 lenciennes. Under the fliadc of night, wiien no man could obferve well the 
 behaviour of another, tliey all agreed in quitting their pods ; or, in other words, 
 running away : wliicii fliows a want of that real lirmnefs, of which on all ocea- 
 fioiis they are fo fond of boafting. 
 
 " When not employed on the necelTary duties to myfelf and friends, much of 
 mv time is employed in contemplating the prefent Revolution in France, of which 
 no events in the preceding hiilory of that country could have fuggefted. Still 
 lefs the extraordinary change, or apparent change, in the national charader, from 
 iuch frivolity to atrocious barbarity. It is a great misforfune, that they are 
 now civilized favages. 
 
 " In future time, this Commotion will produce the mod curious and eventful 
 hiftory the world ever faw. You may judge, then, that I Ihall with great pleafure 
 read Mirabeau's letters. 
 
 " I thank you for the kind offer of Gibbon's fecond and third Volumes, and 
 will with great pleafure keep them as a memorandum from you. 
 
 " God fend you a continuance of amendment. The weather here is deli- 
 'cious; and I regret every hour that you cannot breathe it with me. I was on 
 horfeback yellerday evening two hours and a half, and earneftly with you could 
 do fo too." 
 
 The following letter to an intimate friend, toward the clofeof the 
 year 1794, will Ihow the fentinicnts that Mr. Orme entertained re- 
 fpeding the political fituation of Great Britain at that period : 
 
 " I owe you an account of the rcafons of my long filence fince I received your 
 letter of the -26111 of laft month, and why I have not come to town, although, 
 •when I wrote you laft, I feemed fo near it; of this I (hall fpeak firft, as of the 
 lefs importance. 
 
 " With 
 
 Cc c) Major-general Stringer Lawrence; to wiiofe Memory an elegant Monument \% 
 placed iji VVefnniiifler Abbey, with the following hifcription written by Mr. Orme: 
 
 Ercfted by 
 
 The Eaft India Company, 
 
 To the Memory of 
 
 !Major-general Stringer Lawrence ; 
 
 In 'I'el'limony of their Gratitude 
 
 Tor liis Eminent Services 
 
 In the Command of their Forces 
 
 On the Coaft of Coromandcl, 
 
 from the Year AlDCCXLVl. to the Year MDCCLXVI.
 
 OF THE AUTIIOn. xlix 
 
 •' Wilh my feser, all the diltrel'sful tiicuinltanccs wliicli aco.jiiip;»iiied it were 
 nTmoft removed ; yet the fever left me iniieli weakened ; but lortuniUcly came on, 
 I know tiot from whatcaufe, a fucceffion of better fleep for fifteen nights, thaii» 
 I have known thefe ten years. I could t;ot bring myfelf to break through this 
 heft of medical relief by coming into the rumble of Harley-ftreet ; and to this 
 was added the opportunities I liave had of riding, which have generally happeiiecl 
 every other day ; for the by-roads about this place are better than any near Lou- 
 don, although the high road is perhaps the very vvorft. My good fleep was in- 
 terrupted four or five nights, but it has veturued for the laft week ; therefore [ am 
 not to be blamed for continuing here: fuch neighbours as I am willing to bo 
 known to, are very civil to me ; but as I am never out in the night air, (a caution 
 jnoft neceflary to all invalids in the months of November and December,) I can- 
 not be much, with them. 1 find very pleafant companions in my Ihidy, (my 
 books,) to whom I can communicate my ideas with as much confidence as I do 
 to you. 
 
 " Your letter of the '26th of November, combined with what little I picked 
 up from papers and talk, gave me much matter of refle<5tion ; of which every re* 
 fult was ominous, none favourable: and I will confcfs to you, that my mind was 
 gradually getting into a gloominefs, irkfome and unpleai'ant to the lull degree; 
 and therefore I determined to break through it, by applying myfelf to a literary 
 purfuitj which fliould keep me from being ablbrbed in the politics of the day, of 
 which every afpedt is difmal, I knew, if I wrote my tlioughts to you, you would 
 have taken the trouble to have given me your's, which, from your fituation, 
 would have comprehended many points unknown to me; and I fliould have laid 
 a burden on you, which, however willingly taken up by you, I felt myfelf almoft 
 ulliamcd to expe<5l, as it would be a return of ten for one. 
 
 " The approaching ietlion of parliament will be more important than any lll:^ 
 country ever knew. The quefiion is, whether wc (hall niake peace or ctjuliinie 
 the war? and each of thefe propofitiorts branch out into otlifis that isnmeditite- 
 ly fpring from them: With whom (liall we treat? the Convention I Haw they be 
 trufted ? Will they make peace with anv other view than to gain two or three 
 years to raife a navy ftronger than ours, and then begin with us again ? What 
 guarantees cither of local powers orfovejeign ftates will be granted to them, or 
 undertaken by their neighbours? What are we to give to itidace tlicin (who 
 certainly have the advantage ground at prefent) to make pcai'c with us ? They 
 have got all Fliniders, &c. and we have only tlielr W^eft India illands, which it is 
 moll likely they think theinlelves able to re-coiKjuev from n-;. 
 
 " Suppoling then that we are obliged to continue the war, in what mode and 
 in what points are we to continue it r Is Flanders to be attacked again? I think 
 our ftrength quite infufncient. The emperor mufi join us with at Icaft 120,000 
 men; Will, or can he? The other princes of the euii)iie, will they do more tharj 
 
 g liifG
 
 1 LIFE AND WRITINGS 
 
 l)ire out their men to ns ? — and then will they not do as the king of Pruflia has 
 done this year ? 
 
 " If Holland will accept our fupport, infiead of fraternizing with the French, 
 flie niuft hy all means he fupported by us. The alliance of Holland with France 
 will he a great incrcaie of naval force to the enemy, 
 
 " Should the French ohtain Holland, they may probably attempt to invade 
 ns ; but all that they can do, whilft we can meet them at fea in full llrengtii, 
 will be to make dcfccnts on our rcmoteft coalls; — hut even thefe will greatly 
 aflccl our ftocks. 
 
 " Thefe and many more points you will have to think on at the meeting of 
 parliament. I am confident that ?/o« will judge right on all. 
 
 " I hope your health continues undifiurbed; my rcfpwSls I wifli to be accep- 
 table to . 
 
 " Monday, 8th Dec. 1 704." 
 
 Li bis retirement at Ealing, Mi. Oime was often vlfited by bis 
 frieVicIs, wbo appear to bave entertained a very warm affection for bim ; 
 particularly Sir George Baker, Alexander Dalrymple, efq. general 
 llicbard Smitb, John Iloberts, efq. Mark Beaufoy, eiq. &c. &c. But, 
 as be fays bimfelf in tbe letter lad quoted, bis books were bis cbief 
 companions ; and fucli w as tbe aftivity of bis mind, tbat at tbe age 
 of 70 be found in tbem a conflant fouree of amufenient. A great 
 many of bis books bore intorefting evidence of tbe ftri6t attention 
 willi wbieb be pcrulVd ibem ; tbtir margins, as we bave before ob- 
 fervcd, being filled wilb obfervations in bis own band-writing. 
 
 In April l79fi, baving refolved not to return to London, except in 
 occafional vifits, be diri)ofed of liis boufe in Harlcy-flrcct, and fent 
 tlie principal part of bis library (baving no convenient j)iacc for 
 it in tbe country) to tlie hammer of Leigb and Sotbtby, M'ho 
 found ample employment for a ten days' fale. lie bad, boMever, 
 pievioufly made a felec^-tion of bis books, which were removed to 
 Ealing, and occuj/Rd liis mind, wbcncvcr liis health would permit, 
 till the. time of liis doatli ; for be retained all bis faculties to tbe lad 
 moment of his exiftcncc. 
 
 In tbe beginnina; of January I801, be fell into a ftate of weaknefs" 
 and languor that prognofticatcd a fj)eedy diflblution; and on the 13tb 
 of tliat month be expired, in tlic 7Sd yeai: of bis age. His remains 
 Tveie interred in a vault prepared for ibatpurpofe in tbe cbnrcb-yard, 
 
 of.
 
 OF THE AUTHOR. h 
 
 of Ealing; and foou after a neat marble cenotaph to his memory was 
 eretled in the church by liis friend and executor, Mr. Roberts (late 
 Chairman of the Eaft India Company), with a fiiitable infcription 
 written b}' general Richard Smith (dd). 
 
 Mr. Orme was fomcwhat above the middle ftature, and his coun- 
 tenance exprelfcd much ihrewdncfsand intelligence. In his perfonai 
 habits he feems not to have had any ftriking peculiarities. His ge- 
 neral manner Avas fenfible, eafy, and polite. Of the qualities of his 
 heart, thofe who knew him long and intimately fpeak very highly. 
 He was zealous in thefervice of thofe whom he really loved; but, as 
 it was not his cuftom to make profeffions of friendfidp, his ads fome- 
 tinies furpafled expectation. His powers of couA'Crfation, as we have 
 already ihewn, were very confiderable; and fuch was the extent of 
 his knowledge, the readinefs of his perceptions, and the facility of 
 hisexprcihon, that he generally illultrated in a pleafing, often in a 
 forcible manner, whatever fubje6l he undertook. Ancient literature 
 was one of his favourite topics ; and he converfcd on it with no 
 common degree of learning and critical exadincfs, without any fort 
 of pedantry or aflfet^ation. 
 
 With refpeci to his intelleftual character, it would appear, from his 
 life as well as his writings, that the principal features were good 
 fenfe, fagacity, and judgment. Thefe qualities were affifted in their 
 operation by an active fj)irit, a folicitous curiofity, and a cidtivated 
 taile. A mind thus conllitutcd, readily acquired that power of com- 
 bining circumftances in lucid order, and of relating them with com- 
 preffive force, which diftinguiHies the writings of Mr. Orme. Few 
 hiftorians have conncfted the events of their ftory with more perfpi- 
 cuity, or related them with more concifencfs. If he be fometimes 
 minute, he is never redundant, and never tedious. Every incident 
 is fo diftinftly ftated and clearly arranged ; every new nation, or in- 
 dividual, is introduced with fo compendious an explanation ; all the 
 obfervations arife from the fa(51s with fo much propriety, and are in 
 themfelves fo forcible and jnft; and the general ftylc has ib much 
 fmiplicity and terfenefs, that every reader of difcernment and tafte 
 muft feel a ftrong intereft in perufmg his liiftory. It is not indeed 
 
 g 2 illumined 
 
 (dd) See an engraving of the Tablec, at the end of this Memoir.
 
 lii LIFE AND WRITINGS 
 
 illinviincd with philoibpliictil vicnvs of fociety, or manners, or civil 
 iuriitutions, or arts, or commerce ; nor is it adorned with any fine 
 delineations of character; but it is nevcrthelcfs a work of great 
 merit, and muft continue to hold a high place in the clafs of hif- 
 torical conii)ofilions. 
 
 How much the geography of the Peninfula of India is indebted 
 to Mr. Orme's indefatigable zeal in the improvement of it, a reference 
 to his maps W'ill abundantly tcflify. Many hundred places are there 
 laid doAvn, whicli are not to be found in any other work printed fo 
 early as 17S2, the date of his laft publication, which will he a dur- 
 able monument of his induftrious cultivation of the fcience; though 
 it is true, that from the marches of the various Englifh armies in the 
 Decan fince that period, the fituations of fome places have been 
 more accurately afccrtaincd. If his health had permitted, he Mould, 
 from the records of the Comi)any, the Britifli Mufcum, and other 
 lourccs, have greatly enlarged his " Iliftorical Fragments," which 
 he intended to have divided into three fedions ; and made an 
 invaluable work of the Iliftory of India, from the time of Au- 
 rcngzebe to the commencement of his ]MilitaryTranfu('"tions in the 
 year 1744. It is to l)e hoped, however, that fome one will enter with 
 the fame zeal and fpirit on the fubjcft, upon his plan and method ; 
 toward the accomplifhment of whi^i Mr. Orme's MSS. and other 
 Oriental documents collefting in the India houfe, will furnifli them 
 with abundant information. 
 
 Mod of the places laid flown-in Mr. Orme's various maps were from 
 original MSS. drawn from the marches of the different armies ; he 
 being intimately acquainted with the generals, not only in the Eng- 
 lifli, but in the French interef^s, when the peace rendered fuch an 
 intimacy with the latter dcfirable and proper. In 1773, as we have 
 ])eforc obfcrved.he made a journey to Paris, exprefsly for the purpofe 
 of gaining information of this kind ; but efpecially to afcertain the 
 fituations of places in the northern parts of the Decan, wherein the 
 French armies had long ferved under the celebrated count Bufly. Mr. 
 Orme's reception by that able commander, was worthy of fo great a 
 general, and of fo enlightened a writer. The map of the various 
 marches of M. Cufly in the northern provinces, about Ciolcondab, 
 ^ Aurengabad,
 
 OF THE AUTHOR. liH 
 
 Auvengabad, &c. infeited at page 3 of tliis volume, was made from 
 a copy comunniicatcd to our autlior by M. Bufly, \vith Uic particulars 
 of other military and political traiifa(51ions during liis command in 
 India. 
 
 Mr. Ormc alfo took particular pains to afcertain the fituations of 
 the different inland Marts of the early traffic of the Britifh faftors de- 
 pendant on Surat, which are moftly laid down from the records of the 
 Company ; as Carwar, Ilubely, Gocuck, Calberga, Malkar, Guduck, 
 lluttary, Drongom, Chopra, Pauwcll, and many otiiers. 
 
 At the time of the publication of his "Fragments," Mr. Orme 
 had proje61ed an Atlas of the Peninfula of India, to confift of about 
 ten or twelve llieets, of which the tuo maps infertcd in this volume 
 were to have formed a part; but the great improvements then refulting 
 from major Rennel's Survey of Bengal, and the marches of the 
 Britifli armies in India, prevented his proceeding in fo arduous an, 
 undertaking. 
 
 Mr. Orme pofleifed a very correft tafte for Painting and Sculp- 
 ture; an admirable picture in his polfeffion, of the dreadful ftorm oif 
 Pondicherry, during colonel Coote'sfeeJ celebrated blockade of that 
 fortrefsin the year I7fii, fo pathetically defcribed by our author in 
 
 the 
 
 CeeJ On the death of this gallant Commander a Monument was erefted to his 
 Memory in Weftminfter Abbey, ou which is the following Infcription, compofed by 
 Mr. Orme: 
 
 This Monument is Erefted by 
 
 The Eaft India Company, 
 
 as a Jlemorial of the Military Talents of 
 
 Lieutenant General Sir Eyre Coote, K. B. 
 
 Commander iu Chief of the Britifli Forces in India 
 
 who 
 
 By the fucccfs of his Arms, in the years m,dcc,lx and m,dcc,i..\t, 
 
 Expelled the French from the Coaft of Coromandel. 
 
 In M,DCc,Lxxxi and m,dcc,lxxxii 
 
 He again took the Field in the Carnalic, 
 
 In oppofition to the united Strength of the French and Hyder Ally ; 
 
 And, in fevcral Engagements, defeated the numerous Forces of the latter,. 
 
 But Death interrupted his career of glory 
 
 On the xxviithdayof April m,dcc,lxxxiii,. 
 
 Li the Fifty-eighth year of his Age.
 
 liv LIFE AND WRITINGS 
 
 the fecond volume of his Iliftory, was pruicipally defigned hy him- 
 lelf and the celebrated Athcuian Stuait, and painted by Wilkins, 
 i'vom a final! iketch made on the fpot by major llenncl, and is con- 
 lidcrcd by artilts as an excellent produetion(//J. It is ucU known, 
 that Sir Jofhua Reynolds condefcended to receive hints from Mr. 
 Ornie of fome of his moll delicate and beautiful touches, both in 
 figures and drapery. For many years after the cftabliflunent of the 
 Royal Academy, he was a regular attendant on the exhibitions, and 
 often expreflcd the gratification of his feelings on contemplating the 
 progrefs of the fine arts in England. 
 
 Jie Mas alfo exceedingly fond of Mufic, of which he was an ex- 
 cellent judge; this led him to be a frequent attendant at the Opera; 
 but he was more efpecially attached to the fublime compofitions of 
 the immortal Handel. 
 
 That he was a Poet alfo of fome talent, the few following fpccimens 
 may atteft ; being hafty cftufions, made without effort, and never de- 
 figncd by their author to face the public eye; except, perhaps, the 
 jiddrefs to the Moon (p. Ixi.) which was fet to Mulic, and greatly 
 admired. 
 
 March 1745-6. 
 
 ODE. 
 
 The Hint taken from Horace, B. 1. O. 8. Lydia, die per Omnes. 
 
 I. 
 
 'WHY quits the fanguine Youth the jovial chacc ? 
 Why thunders not his chariot at the race ? 
 Why is no more tiie nervous wreftler crown'd ? 
 Why tempts he not the iprighlly courfer's bound r 
 
 11. 
 
 Once the fond |)l.-iin none his fiipcrior knew, 
 To dart the lance or bend the twanging yew ; 
 None in the courfe outftripp'd his headlong ipecd. 
 None urg'd with bolder art the rapid ftecd. 
 
 The 
 
 (JJJ This pifture was given by Mr. Onne to the publiflier of the prefcnt volume.
 
 OF THE AUTHOR. 1«^ 
 
 III. 
 
 The tafte of every manly fpoil is o'er ; 
 And every wonted joy, is joy no more ; 
 Tlie change his comrades fee with fad furprize ;- 
 His comrades never faw the heaven of 's eyes. 
 
 Veifes to the Memory of my Buother;. 
 
 The emblem of his foul^ a pleafing form. 
 
 Of manners mild, as of affedlions warm : 
 
 A bolder fpirit and a gentler mind, 
 
 To frame the happieft temper, ne'er were join'd. 
 
 Grave without pride, fedate but not aulterc, 
 
 Whofe word was always to his thought fuicere ; 
 
 Whole nice ideas vice could ne'er deprave, 
 
 Whofe wifdom, virtue, honour, morals gave : 
 
 Who knew, with eafe, the gen'rous choice of friendi 
 
 With the fond brother's native tie to blend. 
 
 The filent gaze, the big tear-fullied eye, 
 The bofom burfting to fupprefs it's figh. 
 Or fadder figns of melancholy woe. 
 To meaner iorrows may relief beftow : 
 Mine on the dear remembrance ever lives. 
 The caufo alone the confolation gives. 
 Let me in ravilh'd fancy lull enjoy 
 The fond ideas of my vanifli'd joy. 
 Tir'd of the bufy buftle of the day. 
 And thofe purfuils which fnatch the man away ; 
 In you alone a calm my cares could find ; 
 You footh'd each ruffling tumuli of the mind, 
 Lull'd vain ambition dawning in my foul. 
 Or taught its meaneft motions to controul ; 
 Deaf to my call if Fortune turn'd away. 
 Or fmil'd returning with more gladfome ray. 
 Your fteady mind, which no extremes could move. 
 Each llrain'd emotion faii'd not to rcj.rove ; 
 'Twas you firil bid n)e dare to think witli eafe. 
 And taught reflection's glare the means to pleafe ; 
 You gave at once a labour'd life's whole bent. 
 And Qww'd that all its blifs was but content -, 
 
 Or:
 
 hi LIFE AND WRITINGS 
 
 t)r ifycu gaily wore the cheerful biow, 
 
 j\nd bid Imagination warmly glow 
 
 ^^'ith liveiiefl beam while bright'ning Fi\ney flioiieg 
 
 L'lidazzled Judgment ftill prelcrv'd her throne. 
 
 No partial leandal footh'd iU-nalur'd pride, 
 
 Nor envy icofl"d the blifs (he not enjoy 'd. 
 
 At riling follies Wit unerring flew, 
 The world fiipplied ns follies ever new, 
 'I'hought, Hop thy wing, nor tn\ce the difnial hour 
 That bid fuch virtues be on earth no more. 
 Long-ling'ring Death his arm fufpended held. 
 And thy inJilicrence with amaze beheld; 
 Each horror wore that cou'd infpire a dread. 
 You fmil'd and gently bow'd the willing head, 
 Sunk like a lily drooping to the rain. 
 With brighter beauties to revive again. 
 So when amidft a herd of youthful iteers. 
 One proudly tow'ring o'er the reft appears. 
 His aweful front with facrcd fillets bound 
 By virgins fair with flowing honours eiovvn'd. 
 He fialks majeftic thro' his native iield. 
 His humbler fellows the precedence yield ; 
 Ah ! what avails to know he far exceeds 
 Each fallen rival in the neighbouring meads? 
 For him alone the burning altars wait. 
 His haplefs beauties but infure his fute; 
 His haplefs beauties doom him, from the crowd. 
 Alone a victim worthy of a god. 
 If fpirils pure may call their eyes below, 
 And blifs eternal can a refpilc know, 
 Youchfafe to hear a fuppliant brother's prayer : 
 ilake hifti in heaven, as once on earth, thy care ; 
 Oh ! let thy influence brighten all his way, 
 On every virtue beam ih' enliglil'iiing ray ; 
 With gentle hand fuftain his fault'ring foul. 
 Teach when its powers to urge, and when conlroul ; 
 Of every palhon lull the impetuous gale, 
 Jjet moileration fol'tly fwell the fail, 
 A\ hile (t«ady reafon holds the certain hebn : 
 Storms may lunmlluous nfe, but let them not o'erwhelin ; 
 Then five me, landed from life's varied fea, 
 T enjoy at once thy God, thy Heaven, and Thee.
 
 OF THE AUTHOR. Ivii 
 
 A C H A a A C T E R. 
 
 As Angel's face, a killing form, 
 
 Sure, without will, each heart to warm ; 
 
 A fenfo, thai foftn'efs ieidom knows ; 
 
 A wit, that unafFcclictl glows: 
 
 Say, is not this a fiiiilh'd piece, 
 
 Or can fuch charms ftiil want a grace? 
 
 rend Nature, ftriving not to err. 
 Gave every llroke too fierce a glare; 
 Perfection afks a fofter touch. 
 And had been hit, if not fo much ; 
 Amaz'd the wond'rous draught we fee. 
 The foul is from emotion free. 
 
 Then, haplefs Strephon, let me moura 
 Thy love, that never can return ; 
 Ah ! what avails thy fprightly fenfe. 
 Thy wit, thy eafy eloquence ; 
 Thy happy mind, thy gentle form. 
 The generous foul, asjuft as warm ? 
 
 In vain her paffiou thou would'ft move 
 Tor Chloe's foul can but approve ; 
 And gives with reafon's jufter eye 
 Efteem, which envy can't deny. 
 The wax which now thy billet feals, 
 Infinite thy fate reveals : 
 
 That ne'er imprcffive foftnefs knows. 
 But when in ardent flame it glows ; 
 The ftamp which then you fail to ufe. 
 The hard'ning fubltance will refufe. 
 
 ■> 
 
 LINES, Avrittcn Augiift 1749. 
 
 The Mufe no more with rapture fmiles. 
 Nor gives the tranl'portthat each care beguiles; 
 
 She fees averfe her vot'ry prove 
 The wretched fubieiSl of all-pow'rful love. 
 
 h " Adore,
 
 Iviii LIFE AND WRITINGS 
 
 " Adore, with cruel zcft, flie cries, 
 " Thy wanton god of tortures, pangs, and fighs ; 
 
 " But ever lofe the hour of cafe, 
 " 'Which I alone could ever tcacli to pleafe." 
 
 Vain is advice, experience vain, 
 Tlie willing (lave is curs'd without his chain. 
 
 Ahnoft two twelvemonths now are paft. 
 Since Lydia rul'd, the tyrant of my brcaft. 
 
 The joke of friends, the fncer of foes, 
 Perplex'd, not cur'd, my fondly nourifli'd woes. 
 
 'J"he flient gaze, the languid eye. 
 Fetch 'd from my inmoft heart the heavins fiah. 
 
 Hetray il difiinuilation's mien. 
 And all the lover, all the wretch was feen j 
 
 But wiien the heart-expanding bowl 
 Pour'd forth each cautious fecret of my fbul. 
 
 To you my bcil and beft-Iov'd friend. 
 Fond my fiek heart as well as health to mend, 
 
 I wept the melancholy tale. 
 Nor biufli'd unnianl}- forrows to reveal ^ 
 
 This tyrant pailion lords alone. 
 And bears no rival near his cruel throne ; 
 
 Elfe rage for undefcrv'd difdain. 
 For all the ftudy'd triumphs o'er my pain. 
 
 Or fcorato fee uneciual worth. 
 The affluent dulnefs of fome Ion of earth,. 
 
 I'rcferr'd to fpirit, parts, and fenie. 
 If riches fail to gild the fair pretence. 
 
 Long fince had made me quit the field,. 
 And to my meaner rivals proudly yield. 
 
 While thus I talk'd with brow fevere, 
 You fondl)'^, anxious to retiieve eacli care, 
 
 Advis'd long abfence for niv cure. 
 And urg'd the means its aiiguilh to endure 
 
 But all that reafon could fusareft 
 Was loft amidft the tumults of my breaft: 
 
 I flilJ-dragg'd on ih' allernale chain 
 Of Love, Difiikc, of Paliion, and Difdain. 
 
 Now Chloe reigns without controul. 
 The charming milircfs of my foul. 
 
 Gentler
 
 or THE Air Til oil. hx 
 
 Gentler than all Iier fex lier air. 
 But not more gentle than tliviiie!y fair: 
 
 Awav Adviee wilU lerious brow. 
 And Ridicule with ielf-conoeitcd glow; 
 
 111 vain you check my Chloe's Iway, 
 She's form'd to reign, as I am to obey. 
 
 S('])leiiibcr 1749. 
 HINT taken from Horace. Bk ii. Od. 8. 
 Ulla ii Juris tibi pejerati. 
 
 If for the peijur'd faith and broken vow. 
 Thy blooming cheek had loft its lovely glow ; 
 If for the gods, fo oft invok'd and fcorn'd. 
 Thy fick'ning eye its lively luftre mouni'd; 
 I might perhaps believe the guileful tale. 
 And each falfe tear might to thy with prevail. 
 
 But while the partial gods proteft that form. 
 In fpight of all their wrongs, from evVy harm ; 
 Nay, bid thy guilty beauties brighter Ihine, 
 And each offending charm be more divine ; 
 Amaz'd, the aweful hand of Heav'n I fee. 
 And own its worft of pefts coniirm'd in Thee. 
 
 " Venus, you fay, and Cupid, arc your friends, 
 Tis they dired, and you but work their ends." 
 True ; for I fee the boy, with cruel fiuile. 
 Urge all thy arts and temper every wile. 
 His angry heart beats for th' expected hour 
 Of deftin'd vengeance for his injur'd pow'r, 
 Tho' now each anxious mother fadly fear. 
 Her only hopes fliou'd catch th' infectious air, 
 Tho' now the weeping bride in filence mourn. 
 The figh unable to oblige return ; 
 Whilft, by thy wiles allin'd, the headlong youth 
 Quits for thy charms the charms of worth and truth'; 
 Yet e'er thofe charms to wrinkled age fliali bend, 
 Thy every pleafure in difeafe fliall end ; 
 Whate'er they feel wlio facred love profane 
 Shall height«n'd rage in every guilty vein. 
 
 h 2 TWs
 
 Ix LIFEANDAVRITINGS 
 
 This vengeance injur'tl Vciuis fhnll prepare. 
 To fliow that love, not luii, can claim her care; 
 Tlien from th}' cheek fliall fade tlie lively bloom^ 
 Nor more ihj eye its fparkiitig lil'e afliiine; 
 III vain ihy wiles fliall plot tlie happy hour. 
 While loathing lovers fliun thy dang'rous do»r j. 
 Nofimple youth fliall heed the guileful talc. 
 And each increafing willi no more avail. 
 
 THE T R A I N O F VENUS. 
 
 Goddess of Paphos and the Lefbian Ifle, 
 Qnr-en of the blooming cheek and dimpled fmile,. 
 Oh ! deign for once to let thy Cyprus mourn. 
 While thoufand altars blaze for thy return ; 
 Tis Lydia calls. Oh ! hear her raptur'd vow. 
 And bid her inccnfc with thy influence glow- 
 She comes, and fmiling leads the fervent boy. 
 Who gives to gods and mortals all their joy ; 
 With zones unloos'd the Graces next appear. 
 Their blooming forms ne'er brealh'd fo foft an air; 
 The Nymphs aroimd in decent meafmcs move. 
 But move regardful of the Queen of Love. 
 
 See fprightly Youtiv, of blooming years too vain, 
 Exulting ttcp the forcinoft of the train ; 
 She leads a Nympli known by the filler's mien. 
 Health, confcious favourite of the gentle Queen ; 
 The fniiles of Venus all their movements ciown. 
 She gives the grace, the beauty all her own. 
 
 But fee aloof a Youtli of form divine. 
 Lively his look, but Uireat'ning fly defign ; 
 Thro' all th' atfet^ed caution of his brow, 
 Afl'ur'd fuccefs betrays its confcious glow ; 
 Him (liun, yc Nym[)hs, bewiU-e his gentle finiles^ 
 His wreathed arts, infuiuating wiles. 
 His foft addrefs, his too perfualive fenfe, 
 Confei's the dang'rous god of Elocjuence. 
 
 ADDRESS
 
 OF THE AUTHOR. Ixi 
 
 ADDRESS TO THE ]\I O O N. 
 
 Written on the Terrace at Madras, 1757. 
 
 Stay, filver Moon, nor haficn down the flvies, 
 
 I feek the bow'r where lovely Chloe lies ; 
 
 No midnight felon aflv3 thy trembling ray 
 
 To guide his footfteps to the dang'rous prey; 
 
 No murderer, Unking for h-is hated foe, 
 
 Alks thy pale light to guide the vengeful blow ; 
 
 The breall with love polfeft no furies move. 
 
 No violence arras the gentle hand of love; 
 
 I meditate no theft; the willina; fair 
 
 Shall yield her beauties to my well-fraught prayer : 
 
 Stay, filver Moon, nor hallen dov/n the ikies, 
 
 I feek- the bow'r where lovely Chloe lies. 
 
 *^* A colle6lion of manufcript poems, written by our Author, and- 
 correfted on a fubfequent revifion, is known to exift ; which, pro- 
 bably, he may have lent to fome friend. If the pofleffor of it 
 would have the goodnefs to fend it to the publilher of this vo- 
 lume, tliat copies may be taken for the ufe of any future edition^ it 
 would be efteemed a great favour. — It is a fmall volume in oClavo, 
 bound in Morocco leather. 
 
 Mr. Orme Hkewife wrote, at Madras, a poem on the death of his 
 friend Admiral Watfon, i5th Auguft 1757. It was penned on a 
 blank leaf in one of his printed books, which, probably, was fold 
 when his library was difpofed of, in 1796. If tlie purchafer of fuch 
 volume would permit a copy to be taken, the publidier would be 
 greatly obliged to him. 
 
 Among
 
 Ixii LIFE AND WRITINGS 
 
 Among Mr. ()iinc-".s pnpcrs Avas found Use commencement of a piofe 
 Iranflution of Homer's lliail; biilMhtther he cvcrhad it in contempla- 
 tion to compk'tc fucha vcrfion, \\c do not learn. He records, lliat lie 
 began to read Poetry in the year l71'i; that it was liis "chief amnfc- 
 mcnt ; and that he rcnicnibercd more of that, than of any otlier kind 
 of reading, till the year 1 76 I. Even the dates of his courfe of reading, 
 he ^vas attentive enough to regifter ; thus: 
 
 Pope's Homer, Iliad, and OdylToy. 1742. 
 
 Piyileu's Virgil. 174::. 
 
 Horace in Lat. willi ilie Notes of D'jk-ier and Saiiadon. This wilh attention. 
 
 174.3- 
 Pelioniiis in Lat. witli tlic Trauflation of Nodot. 'riiefc two books, I 
 
 remember, fixed what l;now ledge I have of the Latin Tongue; and at 
 
 the fame time applied me to tiie French. 
 Tirgil. hat. with attention, and repeated fuice. 1743. 1753. 
 /ivy. Lilt. 1745. attentively. 
 <:!atulhis. Lat. 1746. 
 
 lllictoric, to Herrenins. Lat. 1751. with attention. 
 Suetonius. Lat. 1751. 
 -Congieve's Plays 
 J'rior. 
 
 Siiai«:fpear's Plays ^ from 1742 to 1750. 
 
 Vanburgh's ditto 
 I'arrjuliar's ditto 
 Milton's Paradife Loft: (never the Regaiii'd.) 1749' 
 
 Taller, Spectator, Guardian, by piece-meal; and not completed to this day* 
 'I'lic Agoniftcs of Milton, three times. 1749, 1750, 1751. 
 Gordon's Tacitus; which i have mofl.ly forgotten, except the hardnefs of 
 
 the ityle. 1744- 
 Itapin's Iliftory of England, 1743; of which I do not remember a v.'ord. 
 Po|)c's Works, 1753. 
 Swift's Works, 1752. 
 Patriot King, twice, 1750, 1752. 
 Orrery 'h L:fe of Swift. 17,52. in one day. 
 Clarendon's Hiftory. 174,'S. of which I remember little. 
 Efpril dcs Loi.x. I'r. attentively. 1752. 
 J'crfiiin Letters. Fr. 1747> attentively. 
 
 \\'harton's
 
 OF THE AUTHOR. Ixiii 
 
 Wharton's Tnie Briton. 1753. 
 
 Revolutions of Rome. Veitot. 1 745. forgotten. 
 
 Middlcton's Life of Cicero. 1746. forgotten. 
 
 Grandeur des Itomains. 1747. Fr. Montefquieu. 
 
 Rollin's Roman Hiftory, continued by Crevicr; which I have forgott«i, 
 
 1753- 
 Daniel's Hiftory of France, abridged : in hafte, and forgotten. 1753. 
 Juvenal. Lat. 1748. 
 Turkifh Spy. 1750. as nonfenfe. 
 Gaifar's Commentaries. Lat. 1748. 
 
 I arrived at Madras (fays he) September 14, 1754; from which 
 time, to the Sift December 1756, I have read : 
 
 Quintilian. Lat. ^ 
 
 Herodotus. Eng. Littlebary. 
 
 Thucydideg. Eng. Smith. 
 
 Xenophon's Greek Hillory. Fr. Ablancourt, 
 ■ — Cyropajdia. Fr. Charpentier. 
 
 Hiero.. Fr. De Cofte. 
 
 ■ Retreat of the Ten Thoufand. Fr. Ablancourt- 
 
 Memorabilia. Fr. Charpentier. 
 
 — — ^ — Life. Fr, Charpentier. 
 
 Diodorus Siculus. Fr. Tcrrallbn. 
 
 Juftin. Lat. 
 
 Quintus Curtius. Lat. 
 
 Arrian's Hiftory of Alexander. Eng, Rook*. 
 
 Theatre des Grecs. Fr. Ihumov. 
 
 Arillotle's Poetic. Fr. Dacier. 
 
 Orations of Demollhenes. FV. Tourreil, with the preface. A ufeful work. 
 
 •Polybius, tranflated by Thuiller; and the Commentary of the Chevalier. 
 
 Folard. Fr. 
 Nouvelles Decouvertes fur la Guerre. Fr. Chevalier Folard; with the 
 
 Criticifm of his Syftem in the Sentimens d'an Homme de Guerre, See. and 
 
 the Defence, by Folard. 
 HiftoireUniverfelle; the two firft volumes corrnpted ; the tliird, aclinovvledgeti . 
 
 by Voltaire. Fr. 
 
 Guerre, de. 1741. Fr. imputed to Voltaire. 
 
 Grphelin de La Chine, Tragedy. Fr. Voltaire. 
 
 Pucelle d'Orleans. Fr. a whiiuhcal Poem. 
 
 Plutarch's
 
 Ixir LIFE AND M'RITINGS 
 
 riutarcli's Greek Lives, only. Fr. D'Acier. 
 
 Theoiie (le S-ntimons Ajjreables. I'V. Anonym?. 
 
 Mi.homct's LiKo. -Eng. Piideaux : with a fooiuli DilTeitalion. 
 
 DiOgenes Laevtiiis. Lat. Longolius. 
 
 Memoiies <'e Quay Trouenne. Fr. 
 
 Memoires (ie Puyiegur. Fr. but not his Refleftions Hir laGueriC. Fatliet 
 
 to tlic JMavefdul. 
 Rtfledions on Learning. Eng. llal.cr; in one day. 
 Cornelius Ntpos. Lat. 
 Vindication ofljolingbroke and the Diatribe, in one pamphlet ; two excellent 
 
 pieces: fuppofed by Voltaire. 
 Lire of Gengbifcan. Eng. I'roni the French. 
 Hiftory of the Tartars. Eng. from the French; a jumbled piece of work; 
 
 I only read the firft voiume. 
 *Microinegas. Fr. \ oltaire. 
 RtfleAions on the Hiitory of England. Bolingbroke; with thealtenlion that 
 
 Jo ncble a woik defcrves. 
 
 Ail of the bcforemcalioned Books that merited it, I have read with nlleu- 
 tion, having had regard to Gcogra])hy, Chronology, and Dlcliun. 
 
 He (Iocs not fecnito liave continued the record of liis courfc of 
 reading beyond the ye:ir 17>jG; or, if he did, the memoranda have 
 Ix'cn loft. 
 
 Our Author was fingvilarh' happy in the compofition of monu- 
 nitntal Ir.fcriptions ; of ivhich he wrote very many, for liis friends, 
 on various occafions. 
 
 Mr. Oime, at the time of his deatli, held the office of Iliftorio- 
 graplicr to the F>aft India Company ; and that he was not an idle or 
 unprofilable fervant, his very numerous MSS. fuflicicnll}' teftily.(o"^') 
 
 j\Iany 
 
 (gg) Th'^fe he con)initted to the care of his friend and executor John Roberts, Elq. late 
 Chairman of the C'oiirt of Diredors, with fcvcral maps, a part of his printed books, and 
 a variety of other valuable hiftorical materials, to be by liim prefehted to the Honour- 
 able Eal'i Iiidia (Company. This truft was faithfully executed, and they are now depo- 
 fited in the library at the India Hoiife.— They confift of one hundrc f| and ninety trac-ts 
 printed in Fiftvone Vot,i;-MKS, on the fubjei^t of India, niid the Honourable Com- 
 pany's alTairs, from about the year 1? i3 down to the year 17S8. 
 
 Tm
 
 OF THE AUTIIOIl. Ixv 
 
 Many of thtie were of recent compofition ; in fuel, he continued 
 to make extracts from very interefting materials till within a (liort 
 period of his death; and the Company, as m'cU as the Pul)lic at large, 
 will hereafter be greatly benefited by them, if any of Mr. Orme's 
 fucceCTors in office ihall with fpirit purfue the path that has been 
 pointed out by liim, who has frequently been denominated the Rritifli 
 Thucydides, and certainly may with great truth be called the Father 
 of Oriental Hiftory. 
 
 His fmall work here reprinted, called " Hiflorical Fragments," on 
 which he prided himfelf even more than on his voluminous writings, 
 coft him infinite labour. It is well known, that he read over many 
 huoe volumes of the Company's records to eolleft a very few facts, 
 and fometimes merely to afeeitain a date, or fix the fituation of a place; 
 it need fcarcel}' be remarked, therefore, that its contents, fo elabo- 
 rately collected, are of great value. A reference to his Authorities, 
 printed at the end of this volume, will give the reader fome idea of 
 the laborioufnefs of the talk, when it is confidered that he found all 
 tliofe references neceflary to the accurate compilation of only 4io 
 fmall pages in oftavo. 
 
 We may therefore, with ftrift propriety, confider him as having been 
 an old and faithful fervant, as M'ell as a liberal benefactor, to the 
 honourable Eaft India Company ; and we venture to predicl, that the 
 refiftlefs feythe of TimeVvill have cut deep into pofterity, before an 
 Iliftoriographer will be found to employ more induftry, perfeverance, 
 
 and 
 
 Two Hundred and Tin rty -one Volumes, in nianufcript of various fizes, ehiefly 
 bound in vellum, containing a vaft body of information upon the fubjeft of India, with 
 inany ufeful Indexes. 
 
 Several Bundles of Letters, chiefly from Madras and Bombay, upon the fubjeft 
 of the Company's tranfaftions in India. 
 
 THiuTY-FirE LARGE VoLUMEs in folio and quarto, containing maps, plans, and 
 views in the Peninfula of India, principally by the Chief Engineer, and given to Mr, 
 Onne by the feveral Englifli Commanders in India. 
 
 Fouii large Port Folios, containing maps, plans, views, &c. 
 
 Twenty Rolls, containing fundry maps, plans, &c. 
 
 A Bust of Mr. On me, executed by Mr. Nollekens. 
 
 'Six Figures in brafs, reprefenling fome of the principal emblems of the divios 
 attributes, accoTding to the mythology of the Hindus. 
 
 i
 
 Ixvi LIFE AND WRITINGS 
 
 and learning, to ilUiftrate the Hiftory and Commerce of the Eaft, than 
 we liave fliown to have been employed by our Author. The circum- 
 ftances that he has recorded will I'erve as examples to future ages; 
 but, more efpecially, the noble afts of humanity which the Britilh 
 conquerors have exercifed among the poor and opprelTcd Indians, 
 will ever fhine with the brighteii luftre. 
 
 Our liberality in viftorious war, and the mild principles of con- 
 du6l which are diftated by our equal fyftem of laws, have exhibited 
 a ftriking contraft to the arbitrary and imperious proceedings of 
 Afiatic defpots; and this objeft is ftill more eifedually promoted by 
 the eftabliihment of independent Courts ofJudlcature, now introduced 
 into the different parts of the Britifh dominions in India, for the 
 purpofe of reftrifting all unauthorized ads of power in the fervants 
 and dependants of the Government, without infringing the inoffen- 
 five cuUoms, religious or domeftic, of the natives ; by which juftice 
 is adminiftered to all ranks of people in a manner that will tend to 
 raife that numerous, though feeble and fubmifiive race, to a rank in 
 human exiftence worthy of the Britiih name. 
 
 It may fafely be afferted, that the natives of India now enjoy a 
 prote6tion for their lives, property, and induftry, which had hereto- 
 fore been either unknown or precarious among them, as numerous 
 examples in our Author's writings affeftingly evince. Nor is this 
 all ; for the extenfion of the Britiih dominion in India opens to the 
 karncd world an amazing fund of knowledge, which had lain buried 
 in oblivion on the banks of the Ganges from the earlieft times. 
 
 The fuccefsful induftry of a fevv gentlemen, in the raoft difficult and 
 laborious parts of Eaftern learning, particularly in the ftudy of the 
 Sanfcrit language; the eftabliihment of an Oriental Library and Mu- 
 feum at the Eaft India Iloufe ; the formation of the Aliatic Society at 
 Calcutta for the promotion of refearches into the hiftory, languages, 
 and antiquities of Eaftern nations ; and, finally, the inftitution of a 
 College in this country for the inftruflion of young gentlemen 
 intended for the Civil Service of the Eaft India Company abroad, 
 promife to be of important fcrvice to mankind in general, but to this 
 country in particular, and will marl: the commencement of the 
 lyth century a.i a grand epocha in the republic of letters. 
 
 Though
 
 OF THE AUTHOR. 
 
 Ixvii 
 
 Though our Author was not profoundly verfed in tlie learned lan- 
 guages of the country ; yet his aftive fpirit of inquiry, and fagacious 
 obfervation, had no fniall fhare in recommending eftablilhments of 
 fuch Angular national benefit. 
 
 To conclude: — Never had liberal and honourable Mafters a more 
 zealous, faithful, or difmterefted fcrvant, nor the Country a more firm 
 friend, than the late ingenious and amiable Robert Orme. 
 
 LondoDj 
 July lo, 1805.
 
 KiSTOaiCAL
 
 HISTORICAL TRAGMENTS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 MOGUL E ^I P I R E, 
 
 OF THE 
 
 MORATTOES, 
 
 AND OF THE 
 
 ENGLISH CONCERNS 
 
 In INDOSTAN, 
 
 from the year m,dc,lix. 
 
 Firjl pihliJJied in the Year I78<i. 
 
 B
 
 ABAJKrUHdLU 
 
 T^-fftlV^IlMtf. .t. 
 
 I.jKitr*rf .fjui(f% 
 
 — jg~ So EdflLonpfroiatoiuloit H) 
 
 ■liOnUM.PuHtftifit.^mt^etitirrft^JW-iTti^JTi^fy-.C^'jto'stinAtSa-jiiJ-.
 
 [ 3 ] 
 
 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS, 
 
 Vie KOTES an pt.Ked at the eiirf of the Vnlnme, 
 
 TTf 7E have already publiilied fome portion of the military 
 ' ^ tranfadlions of the Britifli Nation in Indostan, from 
 the year 1 744. In that publication the affairs of Bengal are 
 brought down to the month of September 175 8, when the 
 prefidency of Calcutta detached a confiderable part of their 
 force to attack the French poffeffions in the Northern pro- 
 vmces of Coromandel. Very foon after the departure of this 
 armament, the province of Behar dependent on Bengal was 
 invaded by the Shah Zada, Avhich title may be interpreted, 
 the acknowledged heir of the Mogul Empire : who fome 
 months before had made his cfcape from Delhi, where his 
 father had been dethroned, and was kept in clofe confinement 
 by the Vizir. After a variety of diftreffes, the prince had col- 
 leded a body of troops, which, with his own name, and fup- 
 
 B 2 pofed
 
 UISTOllICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 pofed aveiTions againft the government of Jaffior, lie tliouglit 
 fufficient to reduce the city of Patna. Fi'oni this poflcflion he 
 expected to acquire tlie means of rc-efial)liihing his father's, 
 or at leaft his own authority, at Delhi. 
 
 The degradation to Avliich the fovercignt}' of the Moguls 
 ■was at this time reduced, in every province of their dominion, 
 proceeded from evils which had been increafing ever fmee the 
 death of Aurengzebe, and cannot be developed without a 
 general view of his reign, as well as the reign of his fucceflfors. 
 'J'his period comprizes one hundred years. The events, if we 
 had acquired the knowledge of them in time, would have 
 formed a proper introdu6tion to the later portion of hiftor}^, 
 which we have already publifhed : and the narrative they 
 require is too extenfive to find place as an infeition in the 
 continuation of that work. We therefore give it apart, and only 
 Note 1. in the character of Fragments, which the wantof more mate- 
 rials difables us from difpofing into a more regular form. 
 AuRENGZEBE dated the commencement of his reign from 
 1659- the 12th of May 1659- His father, Shah Jehan, died after 
 feven years confinement in the caftle of Agra, on the 2 1 fl of 
 n. 2. January 1666. The enquiries of Europeans have not hitherto 
 procured any hiftory of Aurengzebe compofed by a native of 
 Indoftan, which extends be3'^ond the 13th year of his reign, 
 n. 3. anfwering to 1671 of our aera. Mr. Frazer, mIio was at Surat 
 «. 4. in 1 740, fays that he forbad his life to be Mrittcn ; Catrou 
 fays quite the contrary ; but that he prcfcribed the mode. 
 
 Accordingly,
 
 15 
 
 ^According- /oJWJi rVSl'S ^farchej. 
 
 T6 n "78 
 
 I'o forr F/4it4- ^ »V I'lin 
 
 19 
 
 Bohaponj? 
 
 ImJimJ'uI'li.thtttM thiJid itirtch'. A'v.'7T'.''J7SQ.,hj' C.y,n(rjt in. theJ^and.
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 5 
 
 Accordingly, the Alumcuirnama, which comprizes the firft sect. 
 ten years of his reign, was couipofed under his immediate ,^;,^ 
 infpe(5tion, and is a flmmelefs apology for the depofal and «• 5- 
 imprifonment of liis i'allier, and the deftrudion of his three 
 brothers, with fix of tlieir fons ; whofe removal cleared his 
 way to the throne. But fliould there be no confecutive hif- 
 tory of the fubfequent part of his reign, different portions of 
 it will probably be found in the annals of the provinces he 
 ravaged, and of the princes he fubdued. 
 
 The empire, at tlie death of Shah Jehan, extended from 
 Cabul to the Nehbeddah, wellward of this river to the 
 IxDUS, and to the eaftward comj)rehen(lcd Bengal and 
 Orixa. And to the fouth of the Nerbeddah which bounds 
 the Decan, the Moguls had reduced the countries dependent 
 on Brampore, AuRENGABAD,AnMEDNAGUR, and Beder, 
 which had been coimeded into one government; this territory 
 was bounded on the call by Berar, weftward by the hills to- 
 wards CoNCAN ; and by the dominions of Golcondah and 
 ViziAPORE to tlie fouth. 
 
 Aurengzebe held this government of the Decan under his 
 father, and acquired in it the means of dethroning him. 
 Even at that time, his capacious mind had determined to 
 annex all the unconquered countries of the peninfula to the 
 empire; and it is [)robable that he would have profccuted 
 this enterpri/e in peilbn, as foon as releaiixl from the anxiety 
 of his father's life, whofe death is imputed to him, if wars and 
 infurrr<^tions had not demanded his prefence in the northern 
 parts of his dominions. In the meanthue a power was riling 
 "5 J" E 3 in
 
 fr. HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 s KCT. ]ii llic Decan to reilil the onfct, and, after various vicitHtudes, 
 ^- to retaliate on bis fncceflbrs the injuries 6f his fword. 
 
 Si.VAGi was the founder of the prefent nation ofMorattoes. 
 
 IJe drew his hncage from the Rajahs of Chitore, who boaft their 
 
 7). 7. dcfccnt from Torus, and are efleemed the moft aneient eftabliih- 
 
 n. 8. ment of Hindoo princes, and the nobleil of the Rajpoot tribes*. 
 
 The father of Sevagi, with liis three fons, had employment 
 under the King of Viziapore. Sevagi, afiiiming on the merit 
 of feveral mihtary fuccefies, and on the confcioufnefs of his 
 talents, gave fuf})icions to the minifters, of wliich he prevented 
 the effed;s by retiring with the troops of his own command to 
 the mountains of the fea coaft, in which he got polleffion, 
 without refiftancc, of feveral ftrong forts. The fecurity of thefe 
 retreats, and the connections he contrived to maintain in the 
 army of Viziapore, brought feveral bodies of troops to his fer- 
 vice; and the reputation of his lineage, and abilities, induced 
 many of the Rajpoots of his own tribe, to devote thcmfelves to 
 his fortunes; and the more, becaufe he was in hoftility with a 
 Mahomcdan power, againft whom they are always fond of 
 fighting. The plunder of the champaign country was the 
 means of fubfiftence. The king of Viziapore fent a confiderable 
 
 * Tlie defcent of the Chitore Rajahi5 from Ponis, although ajFcrlcd by European 
 travellers, dors not fcem to be cttablillicd by Indian wi iters. In the hitlory do- 
 fcribed in p. xliii of the Life, and compiled by a Hindoo, they arc dated to have 
 been eltablilhed from 30 generations, and to have poflefled arevenueof 10 unllions 
 ftt;rling. But even that, at ihe ordinary compulation, would not bring them with- 
 in 800 years of the age of Alexander (350 years A. C ). I'orus, who Wius con- 
 quered by Alexander, is by the fame hidorian ftilcd Rajah P'liool, Sovereign of 
 (.'anoge, and is called Phoor in the hiftorical poem of the Slifdi-nameh. We 
 draw the fubftance of this note from a paper communicated to Mr. Orme by Sir 
 (>hailes Uouie r>oughton, bart. 
 
 force
 
 Paf,, fi. 
 
 >:»,■;. loiv 
 
 SEVAGI =
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 
 
 force againft him, of ■which he feduced the cominandtr Abdul srxr. 
 to a conleieiK^e, by profeffions of fubiniifion, and ftabbed him ^' 
 with his own hand ; it is faid, bj' a tlevice, which, if pracli- u. 9. 
 cable, could not be fufpeded; on which an ambufcade cut 
 down all the retinue, except the general's fon, who cfcaped 
 back to the camp, which immediately broke up and dif- 
 perfed. 
 
 Aurengzebe commanded at this time in the Dccan, and was 
 meditating his ambitious return to Delhi ; he had broken the 
 force of Golcondah, but Viziapore ftill remained formidable, 
 and would become much more fo after the departure of the 
 beft troops and generals, whom he intended to take with him. 
 His fagacity faw a fubftitute in the enterprifmg fpirit of Sevagi ; 
 whom he congratulated on his viiftory over Abdul, exhorted' 
 liim to perfevere, gave him two or three forts, which opened- 
 into Viiiiapore : but not forefeeing the extent of the conceffion, 
 or confident of retrieving it, promifed that he fliould hold, 
 exempt from tribute to the Mogul, Avhatfoever territories he 
 might conquer belonging to that kingdom. 
 
 Pannela was one of the flrongeft fortrefles in the Concan, „. 10, 
 towards the capital of Viziapore, and Sevagi got polfeffion of 
 it by a llratagcm. Seven or eight hundred of his beft troops 
 were led oft' by their officers, who had fuffcred themfelves, 
 forae to be affronted, others to be chaftifed by him : they took 
 fervice in Pannela, which Sevagi fome time after invefted, and 
 the officers on a fct night, at a part where trees were growing 
 
 as
 
 S HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, as high as the walls, received as many of his men from w^ith- 
 ,J^ "i't> as, M'ith thofe within, were fufficient to overpower the gar- 
 rifon ; and then opened the gates. Sevagi acquiring more 
 troops with the iucreafe of his reputation, extended his ravages 
 itill fartlier into the dominions of Viziapore. The king fent his 
 w-hole force againft him, under the command of the fon of 
 Abdul. Sevagi kept the field, but out of reach, until he had 
 bought one of the generals, Avho commanded a confiderable 
 part of the cavalry ; and then flood the lliock. The tainted 
 general kept aloof, which fpreading fufpicions of more treafons, 
 the efforts of perfonal valour in Abdul's fon were not feconded, 
 and he retired, although with much greater numbers, little lels 
 than difcomfited from the field. Many of the ful)orned ca- 
 vahy, although not the general, joined Sevagi ; who loon after 
 appeared plundering, in the mode of the Morattoes of this 
 day, within fight of the walls of Viziapore: on which the 
 king's army marched againft Pannela^ which called back 
 Sevagi to its defence. The fiege was condu61:ed by Siddee Jore, 
 an oflicer of long flanding and reputation, who held the govern- 
 ment of the port of Dunda Rajapore, with the adjacent coun- 
 try; and was admiral of the fleet, which the king maintained 
 on the coaft, to proteft his tracMng fliips againft the Portu- 
 gticfe, and the government of Surat. Siddee Jore invefled 
 Pannela elofely, and a long while, bat to no efl'eiR:. At length 
 »Sevagi negotiated, and having made it publicly believed that 
 he was on the point of giving it up on certain terms, went 
 
 . fccrctly
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. tf 
 
 fccretly out of the fort, aixi arriving fuddcn!/ villi troops sect. 
 from his other ftations at Dunda Rajapore, produced an ^' 
 order, as from Siddee Jore, for the delivery of this place, as 
 the condition of the furrender of Pannela. His appearance 
 gave credit to the forgery; for it was not fuppofed that he 
 could have got out of Pannela without the permiffion of 
 Siddee Jore ; and he was admitted into the town on the land: 
 but the commander of the fortified ifland, called Gingerah, 
 which is the valid bulwark of the harbour, entertained fufpi- 
 cions, and would not deliver it up. 
 
 On the lofs of Rajahpore, the fiege of Pannela was raifed, 
 and Siddee Jore M-ent to exculpate himfelf to the king, who 
 diffembled his refentment ; which the Siddee neverthelefs dif- 
 covered, and left Viziapore, intending to retire to his own 
 domain. He was accompanied by the troops of his command, 
 who were a ftrong body ; a larger was fent in purfuit of them, 
 whom he defeated ; on which the king himfelf took the field ; 
 but as a furer method, bought fome of the officers ncareft to 
 the Siddee, who afTaflinated him on the night before he in- 
 tended to give battle. Meanwhile Sevagi at Rajahpore was 
 trying all means to get pofTeffion of the fortified ifland ; but 
 the governor was the lieir of Siddee Jore, and from defire to 
 revenge his death, as wdl as for the more fplendid cftablifli- 
 ment of his own fortune, treated with the generals of Aureng- 
 zcbe in Guzerat and the Dccan, proffering his fervice with the 
 fort of Gingerah, and the whole fleet of Viziapore : his terms 
 
 C were
 
 ^Q HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, ^vere accepte^U a»ti he was appointed the Mogul's admiral, 
 
 ^" with a large ftipend on the revenues of Surat, from whence he 
 
 afterwards continually received fuccours againfb Sevagi, Thefe 
 
 1660. events happened in the years iGoO, and 1661; and fuch was 
 
 ^ the origin of the power of the Siddees under the Mogul. 
 
 Sevagi had fcarcely thrown this confufion into the kingdom 
 of Viziapore, when it was iacreafed by the death of the Icing, 
 leaving his fon a minor, and the nobles difputing the regency. 
 1662. Taking advantage of thefe circumftances, Sevagi fent detach- 
 ments to reduce the domains of Viziapore along the fea-coaft 
 of the Concan. Some places they ravaged, and levied contri- 
 bution in others; of others they kept poffeliion, and fcarcely 
 met refiftancc in any : for the diffentions in the adminiftration 
 prevented fuccours. In the feaporls which he intended to 
 maintain, he encouraged, inftcad of fupprcffing, their ancient 
 prad;iccs of piracy. 
 
 At the fame time Sevagi himfelf, from his forts in the 
 northern hills, ilfued into the plain, and on oppofition from 
 tlic troops of the Mogul, contrary', as he pretended, to treaty, 
 dirc<Slcd his ravages againft his territory, between Admednagar 
 and Aurcngabad. Aurengzebe was at this time in quiet pof- 
 feffion of the throne, having deftroyed his three brothers, and 
 reconciled the people to the imprifonmenl, of his father: he 
 heard with indignation thefe infults of the adventurer he had 
 encouraged ; fuch as the powers of Viziapore and Golcondali. 
 had long been detejied from attempting: antl peremptory 
 
 orders-
 
 71. li. 
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. li 
 
 orders were font to Chaeft Khan, the Subah of the conquered 
 territories in the Decan, and uncle to the emperor by mar- 
 riage, to extirpate Sevagi, and his adherents. The Subah 
 marched with a multitude of troops, to the foot of the hills, 
 and reduced moil of Sevagi's out-pofts without much refift- 
 ance, but was flopped much longer before Chagnah, which, „, 12. 
 although on the edge of the campaign country, was a rock 
 inacceflible to affault, and he is faid to have taken it l)y 
 fl3'ing a paper-kite with a lighted match at the tail, which 
 blew up the magazine of powder; and the explofion de- 
 ftroyed the garrifon. The feafon of the rains and ftorms in 
 thefe hills and the coaft below them, permits no operations 
 abroad from the beginning of May to the latter end of 
 Auguft. In the next campaign, the forces of the Decau were 1663. 
 joined by thofe of Guzerat, under the command of the JNIaha 
 Rajah Jeffwont Sing, of Joudpore, on whom Aurengzebe 
 had conferred the government of that province. Religion, 
 power, birth, and pride, concurred to fet the two Subahs at 
 variance, not unknown to Sevagi, who tendered his fervices 
 to the Mahah Rajah to aflaffinate Chaeft Khan; which w^as 
 accepted. The event is related different ways ; in one, that 
 Sevagi acted in perfon : it is certain he provided the 
 aflaflins. 
 
 They got into the lent of Chaeft Khan after midnight, who 
 efcaped with a fevere wound in his hand, defending his head; 
 but his fon, rufliing in to his aftiftance, was flain. The con- 
 
 c 2 fufiou
 
 12 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, fufion and fufpicion produced bj' this event, and the incapa- 
 v^^^^ city to which Chaeft Khan was reduced by his wound, put 
 an end to ofFenfive operations during the reft of this cam- 
 paign ; and Chaeft Klian returning to Dellii, the next was 
 not opened with the return of the fair Icafon, which gave 
 Sevagi room to appear again abroad from his inward retreats 
 in the hills. Nor did he lofe the opportunity. 
 
 1664. The blow he meditated Avas againft Suiat. It is faid he 
 went into the city in difguife, and remained in it three days, 
 picking up intelligence, and marking the opulent houfes. 
 To conceal his intentions, he formed two camps, one before 
 Chaul, the other before Baffeiu, as if his defigns were ia 
 thofe quarters. He then took 4000 horfe from his camp at 
 BaflTein, ordering the reft to continue the fame watches, and 
 mufic, as if their numbers were not diminiflied, and himfelf 
 not abfent. lie led his party through unfrequented traces, 
 which he had himfelf examined ; and appeared in fight of 
 Surat before his approach was known. The city at this time 
 had only one wall, and that of earth ; nor were the gates of 
 any ftrcnglh. The governor of the town took refuge with 
 him of the caftlc, and his example was followed by all who 
 could gain admittance. From this terror no refiftance was 
 made in the town, but the caftle fired continually after Sevagi 
 had entered, M'hich he difrcgarded ; but, apprehenfive of 
 troops from Ahmedabad, remained only three days in the 
 town. The booty he colieftcd in treafure, jewels, and pre- 
 cious
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 13 
 
 cious commodities, was eftimated at a million fterling; vhicli 
 is not improbable, for he knew where to feek and demand 
 them ; and the annual importations of gold and filvcr from 
 the gulphs of Arabia and Perfia, befides what came diredliy 
 from Europe, amounted at this time to 50,00,000 rupees, 
 and two families in the town were the richeft mercantile - 
 houfes in the world ; there were many others of great wealth. 
 The Engliih and Dutch fartories ftood on their defence, but 
 Sevagi gave them no moleftation. This happened in January 
 1664. 1664'. 
 
 Befides the abundance of its commerce, Surat was in high 
 renown, as being the port through which the Mogul's fubjed;? 
 made the pilgrimage to Alecca, of which, in the archives of the 
 empire, it was called the port. Aurengzebe felt the difgrace, 
 as well as the detriment of the infult ; and forefaw it might be 
 repeated, until the city were better fortified, which required 
 time ; unlefs Sevagi were coerced by the Itrongeft neceffity of 
 felf-defence. The whole army of the Decan invaded his terri- 
 tory : the condud; of the war was committed to Jyfing, the 
 Rajah of Abnir; who had a fccret inftru^lion to entice Sevagi 
 to Delhi, but preferred the nobler exercife of tlie fword, until 
 the active and obftinate refiftance of Sevagi produced a folemn 
 afliirance of fafety from Aurengzebe himfelf ; on which he fet 
 out for Delhi, accompanied by a decent retinue, and his eldeft 
 fon. He had formed fevera:l excellent officers, worthy of tru'ft, 
 and ordered them to keep up his whole force, under the ufual 
 
 fi:ri(ftnefs,
 
 14 IIISfOlllCAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, ftridnefs, and ready to move at his call; but forbad them to 
 v,^^^ trull any letters from himfelf, unlcls confirmed b}'' the verbal 
 mefiiMfes of particular perfons whom he took with him, in ap- 
 «• 13- pearance as menial ferxants. lie was received by Aurcngzebe 
 with much courtefy ; which continued, until the ladies of the 
 Seraglio, incited by the wife of Cliaeft Khan, in revenge for 
 the death of her ion, and the difgrace of her hulband, folicited 
 Aurcngzebe, not unwilling, to dcftroy him. But the high 
 Omrahs faid they had no other fecurity for their own lives, 
 -than the word of the king, and that the Hindoo Rajahs would 
 revolt at fuch a breach of faith to one of their own condition. 
 Sevagi, at the public audience, upbraided Aurcngzebe Avitii 
 tlie intention, and faid that he thought ChaeftKhan andSurat 
 had taught him better the value of fuch a fcrvant ; then drew 
 his dagger to ftab himfelf, but his arm was itopt. Aurcngzebe 
 condefcendcd to footh him, repeated his firft afl'urancc of 
 fafcty, and requefted his fervice in the expedition he was pre- 
 paring againfl Candahar. Sevagi replied, he could command 
 no troops but his own, and was permitted to fend for them. 
 Neverthelefs his dwelling and all his doings Avere narrowly 
 watched. He fcnt his letters by his trufty meflcngers, who 
 carried orders very different from the letters. His army 
 moved into Guzerat, on the road to Delhi, and fmall parties, 
 too fmall to create fufpicion, were fent forward, one beyond 
 another, with the fleetell horfes. When the forcmoft reached 
 its ftation, Sevagi and his fon were carried out of their dwel- 
 
 linsj
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 15 
 
 ling at night in covered bafkets, fuch as fruit and repafts are 
 fent in from pcrfons of diftinClion to one another; and a boat, 
 as for connnon pallengcrs, ^^■as waitintjj at the extremity of the 
 city. They pafTed the river unfufpe(5ted, when Sevagi giving 
 tlie boat-man money, bid him go and tell Aurengzebe, that he 
 had carried Sevagi and his fon aero fs the Jumna; then mount- 
 ing with the fnft party, they fet off at fpeed, and recroffed the 
 river at a ford lower doAvn ; after which their track and (la- 
 tions were through an unfrequented circuit to the weft of the 
 great cities, and amongft the mountains. The fon, who had not 
 yet reached his growth, emulating his father, funk, and died, 
 in the way, of fatigue ; and the father, leaving attendants to^ 
 perform the obfoqnies of his funeral pile, pullied on until he 
 joined his army in Guzerat ; which he turned with burning 
 vengeance againft the Mogul's lands, whercfoever they were 
 not appealed by money, or oppofcd l)y ftrong fituations.. 
 Surat, as the moft fcornful defiance, Sevagi referved to himfelf. 
 A ne\v wall Avas begun, l)ut far from fmiihed ; and the inhabi- 
 tants, to prevent his troops from entering the city, as well as 
 to remove them from tlie manufa(^turing villages around, ca- 
 pitulated with him in his camp, Ibraranfom, which he did not 
 r-aife to excels, as he intended to come again for more. The 
 Eajah Jyfmg was again employed to oppofe him, and, as be- 
 fore, with inftru6tious to perfuade his return to Delhi; to which 
 Sevagi replied,, that he did not think Aurengzebe fuch a. fool,, 
 as to think him fuch a one, to trull himfelf a fecond time to the. 
 man who had once decei\ed him. 
 
 All
 
 16 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 All accommodations being at an end, the Mogul troops be- 
 longing to the governments of Aurengabad and Ahmednagar, 
 moved again to the hills of Concan, and palled the campaign 
 at the foot of them, watchful to prevent the incurfions of 
 Sevagi into the plain countr}' ; but made few attempts on his 
 ftrong holds within the mountains ; nor were they folicitous to 
 give protedion to the territoiies on either fide of them, be- 
 longing' to the king of Viziapore, with whom they were at con- 
 tinual variance, on the account of difputed dirtridls, or default- 
 «. 14. ing tributes. Their principal ftation was at the city of Jen- 
 neah, which lies imdcr the impregnable forlrefs of the fame 
 name. Sevagi, who never preferred the fame to the utility of 
 his exploits, determined to avoid all encounter with the Mogul 
 troops, without certain advantage ; to j)luudcr in Vi>;iapore, 
 when moil convenient or ncceilary ; but to j)crfevere without 
 ceafins: in reducing the country between the liills and the fca. 
 
 Every fuccefs, howfocver extraneous, which increafed his. 
 ftrength, was now conlidered by Aurengzebe, as eft'e<^lual ob- 
 ftacles to his own fchemes of conquelt in the Decan : nor was 
 he atFefted with lefs rcfentmcnt by the fpoil of his own terri- 
 tory, in which the bands of Sevagi, defcending fuddcnly from 
 the mountains, committed ravage, as it were at will; eluding 
 both refiftancc and puvfuit. 1 o reduce him by tlw fword was 
 out of the queftion ; nor was the dagger more likely to fucceed 
 againft a man, who had ufed it with fo much fubtlety and 
 €xpcrtucfs; and Aurengzebe concluding that he coidd only 
 
 be
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 17 
 
 be taken in the toils of ambition, formed a plan, which, even 
 if faihng in the main end, would, like many others of his pro- 
 found fogacitj, operate to other intentions of his policy. 
 
 In 1667,* he appointed his fon, Mahomed Mauzum (now 
 become the eldeft by the death of his brother in imprifonment) 
 to the viceroyalty of the Decan, and gave him in fecret con- 
 ference the inilru6tion of his conduct. The prince marched 
 from Delhi with a numerous and chofen army, and amongft 
 the officers were feveral of whom Aurengzebe entertained fuf- 
 picions. Tt is fairl that Sevagi, difguifed like a peafant, 
 waited his paflage through a village near Brampore, and pre- 
 fented a plate of cream, which, from its appearance, Mauzum 
 ordered to be ferved at his meal ; within was a note inclofed 
 in wax, written by Sevagi, declaring, that curiofity had led 
 him to view the mighty prince, who now condefcended to 
 become his antagoniit in the lifts of fame ; expecting to ac- 
 quire more from this conteft than from all his former achieve- 
 ments. The gallantry of the defiance, if true, muft have 
 warned the prince (had there not been proofs before) of the 
 dangerous refources of his intricate intrepidity. 
 
 The Mogul army fpread along the foot of the hills to the 
 north and fouth of Jenneah-gur, but with fuch carelefs 
 Avatch, that the bands of Sevagi made excurfions through 
 them, even to the gates of Viziapore, and returned with rich 
 booties and impunity : much lefs were they inteiTupted in 
 * This elate appears in Mr. Gentil, 
 
 D reducing
 
 ]8 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, reducing the fea coaft of the Concan. The Mogul foldiery 
 yj". murmured through envy, and crimmated the indolence of their 
 generals, who call the blame on their prince. Aurengzebe 
 received accounts from many hands, of the ftate of the army, 
 and anfwered them by fufpicions of his fon ; whom he never- 
 thelefs ordered the accufers to obey at all events, tliat he 
 might difcover his real intentions, which, if fmifter, he re- 
 ferred to himfelf to punilh ; at the fame time he inftru<5led 
 his fon, to make the vindictive difpleafure of his father the 
 plea of the revolt, which had been concerted between them 
 before he left Delhi. And fo many evidences of the Empe- 
 ror's raiftruft were in the camp, that few fufpe6led the dif- 
 fimulation. Jyhng of Abnir commanded the auxiliary forces 
 of the Rajahs, and Delire Khan the Mogul troops, under 
 Sultan Mauzum. Jyfmg was attached to the prince, from 
 refped to his birth ; for his mother was the daughter of a 
 Rajah of high antiquity. He concurred in the revolt, and 
 giving his own, not only procui^d the fignature of all the other 
 Rajahs in the army, but likewife induced Jeflwont Sing, of 
 Joudpore, to promife that he would join the ftandards of Sul- 
 tan Mauzum, when advanced as far as his country. Services 
 which Delire Khan had rendered Aurengzebe in his wars for 
 the throne, had only left fufpicions, inflcad of gratitude; 
 which had not efcaped his penetration, and now in turn led 
 him to fufped fome machination of Aurengzebe in the revolt 
 of his fon ; in confequcnce of which, he marched away with 
 
 the
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE, 15 
 
 the troops of his command to Delhi, as a proof of his fidelity; sect. 
 which only difappointed Aurengzebe, without changing his ^' 
 opinion : who neverthelefs ordered him to halt in Malva, as an 
 advanced guard againft the approach of Sultan Mauzum, and 
 made preparations to march himfelf towards Agra. 
 
 Things being in this apparent ftate of commotion, Sultan 
 Mauzum applied to Sevagi for affillance, reprefenting the 
 motives of his revolt, and the adherents he had gained ; all 
 which Sevagi knew before by his fpies ; but fufpe6led : and 
 in order to obtain certitude from time, promifed troops with 
 his own fervice in perfon, in the day of confli6l. To remove 
 his doubts, Mauzum moved with his army from Aurengabad, 
 towards the north ; neverthelefs not Sevagi from home ; but 
 waited intelligence from his emiffaries at Delhi, who could 
 difcover nothing : for Aurengzebe had revealed the collufion 
 to no one. But he appeared without anxiety in his counte- 
 nance, nor were the military preparations urged with his ufual 
 activity; which decided the judgment of Sevagi. Sultan 
 Mauzum, marching onward, remonllrated to Sevagi the evil 
 confequences of his delay to join the army ; and to convince 
 him of the reality of the revolt, formally diftributed all the 
 great employments in the empire. Sevagi anfvvered, that the 
 Sultan's force alone was more than fufficient to difcomfit the 
 languid efforts of his father ; but promifed to guard the Decan 
 in his abfence, and, in the cafe of his defeat, affured him of 
 refuge in his own territory. The Sultan now began to think 
 
 D 2 that
 
 J80 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 that Sevagi might liifped his fcheme, and, as a laft trial, re- 
 proached him with the hazardous venture he had made, from 
 rehance on his ailiftance in the hour of decifion, Avhich was 
 now become inevitable ; and ofl'ered him the pod of captain- 
 general of his army and future empire. Sevagi advifed him 
 not to wait for his troops, but give battle without hefitation; 
 if defeated, to fall, back into the Decan, where he would join 
 in maintaining the wai' againft Aurengzebe, until the laft ex- 
 tremity ; Avhich it is probable he would have done^ 
 
 By this time the army was arrived at the river Schambal, in 
 Malva, and Sultan Mauzum was convinced that Sevagi had 
 difcovered the fnare. On which he changed his fecret corre» 
 ipondence with his father to an open negociation of apology^ 
 and by his order returned to Aurengabad, and continued in 
 the government of the Decan. Jy ling died of poifon, imputed 
 to Aurengzebe, on his arrival at Brampore ; feveral officers, 
 who had been the moft zealous in the revolt, were feized, and 
 imprifoned for life ; and all the others were made known to 
 Aurengzebe ; who moreover by this complicated ftratagem, 
 fixed, as he had forefeen fuch general diftruft on his fon, as 
 was likely to prevent him from gaining fuppprt in any future 
 intention, of real rebellion. Sultan Mauzum returned to Delhi, 
 and arrived there on the fucceeding January, a few days after 
 the death of his grandfather Shah Jehan. Thefe events clofed 
 with the year 1665, during which the empire was threatened 
 with invafion from Perfia, at this time ruled by Shah Abbas the 
 
 fecond. 
 
 1665. 
 «. 15. 
 
 I
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 21 
 
 fecond, whofe troops were continually repairing to Kan- 
 dahar; and both fovereigns intended to command their armies 
 in perfon : but before either were ready, Sliah xVbbas died at 
 Tauris in September 1666, and the infancy of his fucccflbr 
 changed the councils of Perfui to peace ; nevertlielefs their 
 intrio;ues had fown the feeds of future conmiotions in the 
 Mogul's empire ; for feveral of the Pitan tribes of Pilliavir 
 and Cabul had confederated to join the Perfians ; and being 
 left by the death of the Sophy to the mercy of Aurengzebe, 
 were puniflied with vindictive feverity. Tumults enfued, 
 which were quelled and revived, until time and defpair united 
 all the tribes in fleadfaft rebellion. 
 
 Sultan Mauzum was recalled to Delhi in 1667, when the 1667^ 
 command of the Decan devolved on Bahadar Khan, an 
 Omrah of high birth, and little enterprife, which Aurengzebe 
 endeavoured to fupply by fending back Delire Khan to a6l as 
 his fecond, whom he thus removed with the appearance of 
 favour from the hope of employment againft his own country- 
 men the Pitans, amongfl whom he could not be trufted. Both 
 the generals were enjoined to exert their utmoft efforts in 
 repreffing Sevagi, who was continually gaining ground. 
 
 The Concan is that region, which extends along the weftern 
 coalt of India from the territory of Goa to Daman, in length 
 two hundred and forty miles. The vaft range of hills which 
 accompanies the fea coaft, and always in fight of it from Cape 
 Comerin to Daman, is called the Gauts, an Indian word which «. i;; 
 
 fignifies
 
 fii ■ HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 fignifies paflfages. This chain, never more than fifty, or Icfs than 
 thirty miles from the fea, has in its whole extent very fe\r 
 pafles which open into the inland country by windings 
 amongft the mountains which diminifli the abruptnefs of the 
 afcent. In all other parts, and efpecially in the Concan, the 
 wlioie chain feems one connected wall, to the fumniit of which 
 every path has been hewn by the hand of man, and neverthe- 
 lefs is not to be afcended even by the fmgle foot of the 
 traveller without the fatijjuc of hours. The eailern fide of 
 the ridge is not fo fteep, neither is it fo high ; becaufe the level 
 of the coaft lies much lower than the level of the inland 
 country, which neverthelefs continues breaking for many miles 
 from the foot of the Gauts into feparate mountains, of which 
 feveral nearly vie in height with the Gauts themfelves. The 
 fea coaft is interfered by many rivers, all of which dcfccnd 
 from the Gauts. 
 
 Sevagi was at this time in poffcffion of all the ridge in the 
 extent from Rajapore to Daman ; befides which he had feveral 
 detached fortreffes of great ftrength to the eaftward : Pannela, 
 between Pondah and Viziapore, Saler Moler on the Tapti eaft 
 of Surat, Rairi thirty miles to the fouth of Jenneah-gur, and 
 like it, an extenfive fortification on the table of a very high 
 rock. At this place he fixed his treafury, and the refidence 
 of his court. Excepting Chaul, which continued to the 
 Portuguefe, he was in poffeffion of the fea coall from the 
 river of Rajapore to the river Penn, which flows into the har- 
 bour of Bombay. 
 
 1 This
 
 I. 
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 03 
 
 This illand had been ceded to the crown of England in sect. 
 1662, as the dowry of Katharine, princess of Portugal, on her 
 marriage with Charles the second, who sent a fquadron 
 with a regiment to take pofTeflion, accompanied by a new 
 Viceroy of Goa to eftect the furrender ; but the Portuguefe 
 gentry, amongft whom the lands of the ifland were divided, 
 pretended that the terms of ceffion were contrary to their 
 rights, and being abetted in their cavils by their connexions 
 at Baffein and Goa, refufed to acknowledge the Viceroy, if 
 he perfifted. On this the armament went to the road of Swally, 
 ■where the troops landed, and alarmed the governor of Surat 
 fo much, that he threatened to dellroy the Englilh fadlory in 
 the city, which at this time was the prefidency of all their 
 fettlements in India. The armament therefore failed away 
 to the iiland of Anchidiva, near Goa, where they contmued. 
 negotiating until one half of the troops and feamen died 
 through the inclemency of the climate ; and amongft them 
 Sir Andrew Shipman, who had been appointed to govern 
 Bombay. His fecretary Cook, prcfuming on fome delegation 
 of powers, concluded a treaty with the council of Goa, very 
 derogatory from the rights granted by the crown of Portugal. 
 This treaty was executed on the 14th of January 1660, and 
 foon after the remains of the armament failed to Bombaj-', 
 and were permitted to take poffeffion. However the treaty 
 was difavowed in England, and Sir Samuel Lucas was ap- 
 pointed governor, ftill for the crown ; but King Charles foon 
 
 tired
 
 24 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, tired of the cxpence, and granted the ifland to the Eaft India 
 
 ^;^^ company, with extraordinary privileges, by a charter dated 
 
 l66S. the 27th of March 1668 ; when the company appointed com- 
 
 mifiioners to govern it under the controul of the prefidenc j 
 
 of Surat. 
 
 Tlie trait of land on the main, which extends from Tull, the 
 fouth point of the harbour, to the river Penn, which lies deep 
 within the ba^^ is extremely fertile, and was called the 
 fi. i8. CoRLAHS, meaning diftri6ls; from which Sevagi permitted 
 the new fettlers to draw provifions, and treated them as wel- 
 come cuftomers whilft they continued defencelefs : Neither 
 fide feem to have had any competent notion of the value, of 
 what the one had acquired, and the other had neglected to 
 get pofleffion. 
 
 It was near thirteen years fmcc Sevagi had gained the town 
 of Dunda Rajapore, from whence he had every year opened 
 '"' 19- batteries againft the fortified ifland of Gingerah, whicli Hands 
 within half a mile of the fliore : but theSiddee kept Gallivats 
 under the walls, and fliips in the harbour, which Sevagi had 
 not veffcls to withftand, and therefore couJd never venture to 
 tranfport his troops to the aliiiult. 
 
 The Mogul's generals eftabJiflicd their principal incamp- 
 ment at Jcnncah-gur, which, fince Sevagi had fixed his 
 rcfidence at Rairi, became ftill more the proper fituation to 
 watch his excurfions either towards Surat or Aurengabad; 
 but he continued to elude theii' vigilance, and at Uie end of 
 
 1669
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 25 
 
 1669 appeared fuddenly at the head of his army before Surat : sect. 
 
 a part of the wall iiill remained unfiniflied, at Avhieh his troops y^^ 
 
 entered with little refiftance; and the governor of the town lfif>9- 
 
 It. 20. 
 pretending furprifc retired into the caftle. Every houfe 
 
 which did not pay competent ranfoni was plundered, but the 
 
 Engiifli and Dutch faftorics were exempted, as in 1664, from 
 
 either molefiation or demand. The booty was regularly col- 
 
 ledled, and carried to Rairee. The governor was fufpedted 
 
 of connivance, and foon after died fuddenly of poifon, ad- 
 
 miniftercd, it is faid, by the prder of Aurengzebe, who could 
 
 fcarcely have recurred to fuch means of removing one of his 
 
 own officers, but from the apprehenliou of his efcape, if 
 
 apprized by ufual warning. 
 
 The infult exafperated Aurengzebe as much as the former 
 fack of 1664: he renewed his injunctions of exertion to his 
 generals, and reinforcetiients were ordered to join them even n.21. 
 from the province of Behar ; probabl}^ becaufe none nearer 
 to the peifon of the emperor could be fpared, from his re- 
 ferves for the war of the Pitans. But as a furer means of 
 confininfr Seva2;i to his own defence, he ordered veffels to be 
 built in the ports of Surat and Cambay, which were to cai'ry 
 troops, and make dcfcents on the fliores of the Concan, in 
 conjunc^tion with the fleet commanded by the Siddee. «. 22. 
 
 Thefe preparations only increafed the exertions of Sevagi 
 to extend his conquefts along the coaft. In 1670 he fent a \67ih 
 large detachment to attack the town of Rajapore; which is "'"•^' 
 
 Fj fituated
 
 26 HISTORICAL FUAGMEXTS 
 
 sr.CT. fitiiatcd on a fine river, forty miles to the north of Gheriah, 
 , 'l.^ and had lung been, as at this time, a very frequented port, 
 
 1670. immediately belonging to the king of Viziajiore. Refinance 
 was made even in the field ; but the town was earried, and all 
 kind of ])roperty, although much belonged to the trade of 
 ftates with whom Sevagi had no quarrel, -was plundered 
 without remiilion or diltin^jlion. The Engiilli at this time 
 had a facftory in the town, and eftimated their lofs at 10,000 
 pagodas. 
 
 1671. In the beginning of l()7l, he appeared again before Surat, 
 n. 24. I'avaging and plundering until the city paid him a large con- 
 tribution in money. ^Vc find him at Rairce in December, 
 and his agent at the fame time at Bombay treating about a 
 conipenfation for the lofs, which the company had fuftained 
 at Rajapore. 
 
 1672. In the beginning of the enfuing year 1672, Delhire Khan 
 took a ftrong fort called Piima Chaukna, in Sevagi's upper or 
 northern country, and put all the males above nine years of 
 age to the fword. Sevagi immediately called troops from all 
 his garrifons, giving out that he intended to ofier Delhire 
 Khan battle, who although he had 60,000 horfe, was deceived 
 by invented reports, and waited in expectation of the en- 
 counter at Jenneah, until he heard that Sevagi had marched 
 round forty miles to the north with a large convoy of provi- 
 fions, and had effected his real purpofe of victualling Saler 
 Moler; from whence he returned, again out of the reach of 
 
 Delhire
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 27. 
 
 Dclhire Khan, to Raijc(% wliere he arrived in February; and sj - 
 
 iinniediately came down the Gauts to Decir; Avhcn it was ^^^^ 
 
 believed, that he defigned to proceed to Siirat; but as he ne- 1672. 
 vcr did the thing he feenied to mean, v.cnt back to Rairee. 
 Soon alter the rains and florni}^ leafon fet in, during which 
 operations in the field are generally precluded until llie end 
 of September; but in the month of July Sevagi came do^vn 
 the Gauts again with his arni}'^, and advancing from Decir 
 along the lower mountains, fent forward his genera! ]\Iorah 
 Pundit Avith 10,000 horfc to Surat, intending to burn the fleet 
 which had been built by the Mogul's order, and was afllem- 
 bled in the river ready to fail with the Siddee's, as foou as the 
 feafon would permit. It would have faved a double march if 
 he had made the attempt on Surat iiiimediately after he had 
 viciualled Saler Moler; but the city, as v/ell as the camp at 
 Jenneah, had taken the alarm ; and by delifting at that time, 
 and again, -when he came down the Gauts before the rains, he 
 prevented all fufpicion of his intention at this adverfe feafon. 
 
 Whilft waiting the refult of Morah Pundit's expedition, 
 Sevaai himfelf continued with the reft of his force in the ter- 
 ritory of Ghour and Ramnagur, which bordered on the dif- 
 tri(^s of tlie Portugucfe at Daman, and belonged to two 
 petty Rajahs, who had allowed and concealed his march when 
 he furpriied Surat in I66i, and afterwards wlienfoever re- 
 quired. Thefe fervices iiad been requited with money and 
 attentions: and now as a compliment, Sevagi tendcredja vifit, 
 
 E 2 to
 
 28 HISTiOmqAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SF.CT. to the Rajali of Ramnagur in his fort; and being admitted, 
 ^' fcized, and kept pofibllion of it ; faying that it was inconvc- 
 
 1672. jiient to truil him any longer with the key of his treafury ; for 
 fucli he was wont to call Surat. The ftations in the moun- 
 tains were the only value of tl.e territory belonging to the 
 Rajah's ; to whom the low land of the Portngucfe paid tribute 
 for refraining from the plunder of its harvefts. Sevagi fent a 
 body of troops, -who having fufficiently difplayed themfelves, 
 halted quietly at the barrier of Daman, where their a])pear- 
 ance, as it was intended to try, raifed the utmoft confternation ; 
 for although a regular fortification, nothing was in readincfs 
 for defence. After fome guns had been hauled up from the 
 ditches to the baftions, an ofhcer was fent to inquire the inten- 
 tion of Sevagi's, who anfwered that he was an embaflTador 
 come to eftablilh the fame tribute, which ufed to be paid to 
 the Rajahs. 
 
 At this time Sultan Mauzum had returned to Aurengabad, 
 entrufted again with the fupreme command of the Decan, 
 although immediately after his rcleafe from a confinement of 
 two 3'ears, inflicted for caufes not mentioned ; but probably 
 from difcoveries, which left doubts whether he would not have 
 revolted in earneft, if Sevagi, when invited, had joined him in 
 1666. Tiie continuance of Delhire Khan in his command after 
 the return of Sultan Mauzum, feems to authorize the notion: 
 which the refi;oration of Sultan Mauzum does not contradict; 
 fmce it was confonant with the deep and undaunted policy of 
 
 Aurengzebe,
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 29 
 
 Aureiigzcbe, to truft whom lie fafpe6lefl, with means which sect. 
 might tem[)t the venture; and a perfuafion prevailed in tlie v,_„^^ 
 country that the Sultan was in intelligence with Sevagi on 1672, 
 his arrival. 
 
 Morah Pundit failed in the intention of burnino; the kind's 
 veflels, which rode under the protedtion of the Siddee's fhips, 
 and of the eaftle ; but he clofely befet the town, and flopped 
 all accefs, whether of trade or provifions. The new governor 
 was a dependant on Sultan Mauzuin ; for in Indoftan the 
 connexion between the patron and client laft through life, un- 
 lefs diflblved by permiihon, or treacher3^ Morah Pundit 
 demanded an exorbitant ranfom from the town, it was fup- 
 pofed by the governor s advice, who ufed the pretence to levy 
 extravagant fums, even bv violence; which with the continu- 
 ance of the diftrefles from the enemy without, were intended, 
 it was thought with the approbation of Sultan Mauzum, to 
 drive the inhabitants in defpair to open their gates to Sevagi, 
 However as foon as the feafon permitted the fleets to put to 
 fea, Morah Pundit compromifed for the retreat of his army, 
 at much lefs than his firft demands : but the fum was ftill 
 great, and the governor referved more of what he had col- 
 lected, for himfelf. 
 
 Sevagi* in the mean time was looking out another "way. 
 England and France wei'e at this period imited in war againfl 
 
 * We have taken this excurfion of Sevagi to Golconda, In 1672^ from Carre. 
 
 the
 
 30 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, the States of Holland. In the beginning of the year 1672 
 ^]^^ the fleet which ^Ir. De La Haye brought from France, failed 
 1672. from Surat to make an ellablifliment in the bay of Trincono- 
 • malee, where they were o})pofed by a larger fleet of the 
 Dutch, commanded by Rickloffe Van Goen, the governor of 
 Ceylon. JMr. ])e La Ilaye leaving a part of his troops to 
 maintain the works he hud railed in the l)ay, failed to the 
 coaft of Coromandcl, and receiving fome infulling anfwers. 
 from the Moorifli governor of San Thome, landed and carried 
 the town by aflault, which at that time belonged to the king 
 of Golcondah, whofe forces had taken it thirteen years before 
 from the Portuguefc ; and the con(iuefl, as from Europeans, 
 had been proudly rated. All theftationed forces cf the pro- 
 vince from Nclore to Sadrafs aficnibled to retake it, advanced 
 aukwardly, and the king prepared to fend a better army, as 
 foon as the feafon fljould permit in December. Sevagi 
 received intelligence of thefe events and intentions from 
 his cmiflaries at Golcondah and in the Carnatic ; and 
 in the month of November went off from Rairee with 10,000 
 horfe. No one knew whither the ftorm was dire6ted : it was 
 expelled at Viziapore, Ahmednagur, and even at Aurengabad, 
 when he appeared almoft as foou as the news of his approach 
 atGolcondab. ,The adjacent city of Hyderabad was at this 
 time open, but very populous, and the refort of much opu- 
 lence; he threatened to lay it in aflies, if he were not imme- 
 diately paid two millions of pagodas; it is faid that the 
 
 demand 
 
 3;ij
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 31 
 
 flcmand was complied will), but wc cannot believe to the sect. 
 extent. With the colleAion he returned to Raircc as ra-pidly ^^■ 
 as he had come; and Avithout interruption, although Sultan 1672. 
 Mauzum was at this time advancing from Aurengabad, on a 
 vifitation to the king of Golcondah, from whom he intended 
 to draw an offcrino; to the Mooul. Still to add to the boldnefs 
 of Sevagi's excurfion, he left his coalls, at this time threatened 
 by the fleets from Surat, which anchored oft' the ifland of 
 Bombay, at the end of Oc'tober, and afl^ed permiflion to come 
 into the harbovu', intending to lay wafte the Corlahs of Sevagi, 
 but were refufed admittance by the prefident Angier, who had 
 lately come from Surat to regulate the doubtful ftate of the 
 ifland : On which the fleets failed to Dunda Rajapore, routed 
 the attack on Gingcrah, which continued from the fliore, and 
 deftroyed feveral of Sevagi's veflels in the harbour ; from 
 whence they proceeded down the coaft, landing in feveral 
 creeks and rivers, in which they burnt the towns- and veflels ; 
 but all this ruin was, at leafl; in pecuniary value, more than 
 compcnfat(-d, by the money which Sevagj got at Golcondah. 
 The Siddees returning haughty from this expedition, now 
 came into the harbour of Bombay, without afl<ing leave, on 
 the twenty-fourth of Decenibcr ; and were received with con- 
 ftrained civility. The Siddee urged an alliance airainfl; Sevao-i. 
 whofe agent on the ifland threatened an invaflon as the con- 
 fequence. The Siddee feemed to acquiefce to the dilemma; 
 which left the Englifl^ no choice but ftri^l neutrality ; and 
 
 after
 
 35 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SF.CT. aflcr a month flay (k>])artecl for Surat lb well fulUfieil with 
 ^- his reception, that he proniiled by his faith on the Alcoran, 
 
 1672. never to commit hoftilities on the Corlahs ofSevagi; if he 
 flioukl at any time hereafter be admitted into the harbour. 
 But his people, vith tlie habitual infolence of the Mooi-s, 
 cfpecially in the fervice of the Mogul, burnt, as tliey went 
 away, feveral of the houfcs in the town of INIazagong, which 
 had been allotted for their refort during their ftay. We find 
 nothing more concerning Sevagi and liis Hate in the courfe of 
 the year 1672. 
 
 1673. The Dutch commodore RickloOb Van Cocn, who had opr 
 "■ '^' pofed My. De la Haye at Trinconomalee, came in the begin- 
 ning of the next year, from Ceylon to the coaft of Malabar, 
 ■with twenty-two fliips, having on board 1000 regular troops. 
 They proceeded to the northward, but advanced llowly, in 
 order to difj)lay their force to the ports and princes of the 
 coaft. The intention of the armament was to attack IJomba}', 
 and Ricklotle lent forward a negotiation Avith Sevagi for the 
 afliftance of 3000 of his men from the main : offering in re- 
 turn tlie alTillance of his fleet in the reduction of Gingerah; 
 but Sevagi had concerted another cnterprize which precluded 
 this, although folicitous to him ; aial Uickloffe having waited 
 feme time for his anfwer, failed on towards J3ombay, without 
 the aflfurances he expeiSted. 
 
 w. «6. Thefc delays gave warning equal to the alarm. Five Frencli 
 
 fliips had come into the harbour from Pcrfta on the 98tli of 
 
 -i- December
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 33 
 
 December, and two days after failed to Surat, where four of sect. 
 them were lying, when the certainty of RicklofFe's approach v,^,^ 
 was known, and immediately returned to Bombay, under the ^^'2- 
 command of Mr. Baron, the French diredlor, feeking and 
 bringing protec^on. There were in the harbour a Dutch prize 
 and two frigates v/ith three (loops lately built by the company 
 to prote6l their trade from the Malabar pirates, Avho ranged 
 at this time from Callicut to Surat. The Engliili prefident, 
 Mr. Angier, exerted himfelf Avith the calmnefs of a pliilofo- 
 pher, and the courage of a centurion. He alTembled, and as 
 far as the time allowed, difciplined the militia, which, Chriftiau 
 and Pagan, were 1500 men, all equally black: the genuine 
 European military were 400. Of thefe troops he took the 
 immediate command, as well as of the whole defence. The 
 French fhips and the company's veflcls were ftationed clofe 
 to the fhore, leaving proper openings for the cannon of the 
 fort. 
 
 Rickloffe ftood into the harbour in the night of the I20th 
 of February, but kept at the bottom of the bay. The next day 
 he came near enough to examine the difpofitions of the 
 defence, and then ftood out to the weftern fide of the ifland, 
 off which his fleet kept plying and founding for two days, and 
 at length threatened a defdent in the channel of Mahim, 
 which fc[)arates the north fide of the ifiand from Salcette. 
 Mr. Angier marched thither Svith the troops, and difplayed 
 them in defiance along the fhore ; and Rickloffe was difcou- 
 
 F raged,
 
 04* HISTOlllCAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 s ECT. vagal, allhough he had 6000 Europeans on board his fleet. 
 y^J^^ He failed for Sural, from wheaee fo-ar Oiips belonging to the 
 U)?^- Englill) company, and richly laden, had been difpatched for 
 Enij^land before liis arrival. 
 
 Sevagi, who had been as it were a fpectalor from his Ihores, 
 of the coated amongH the tln^ec European nations, conmicn- 
 ced foon after the expedition he hud in contemplation. The 
 king of Viziai)ore died in December, and tlie general Bullal 
 Khan gave the diadem to a prince, who although of the 
 family, was not the heir of the throne. 'J'he elocution difcon- 
 tented feveral governors of provinces, who were abetted by 
 Sevagi, and not unwilling to fee the averfion againft the ad- 
 miniflralion increafed by the detriments of his hoftilities ; 
 ■who accordingly fent olT an army to the country on the eafl- 
 ern fide of the mountains at the back of Carwar and Goa, 
 which abounded in manufa6turing villages under many toAvns 
 of mart, which traded vith the capital and the fea. Sevagi's 
 troops deftroyed every thing they did not carry away. Their 
 K. 27. booty was great, but in no one place fo valuable, as at Ilubely, 
 where they found a great ilore of cloth for exportation, and 
 all kinds of imported commodities, of which Hubely was the 
 depofite. The country refounded with the caravans of plun- 
 der, Avhich were continually coming, and difcharged at 
 Rairce. 
 
 Sevagi himfelf foon after returned thither to make themoft 
 of his booty, and to appropriate the produce to his treafury ; 
 
 but
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. S5 
 
 but he brought back with him farther fchenies againft Vizia- sect. 
 jiore, and left behind clandeftinc means of accompU filing ^^ ^' 
 thcin. 1673 
 
 Excepting the territory belonging to the Portuguefe at 
 Goa, the fca coaft with the country weft of the mountains, 
 from Rajapore to Mirzeou fouth of Carwar, ftill belonged to 
 the king of Viziapore; fome parts in immediate fovereignty, 
 others through the hereditary vaffalage of feveral Rajahs, and 
 more chiefs of lelTer note, called Defoys. The moft confider- 
 able of thefe Indian principalities was the territory of Sun- 
 dah ; and of the immediate governments, Carwar. Scvagi, 
 durino- his late incurfion on the other fide the mountains, fent 
 letters, emiffiiries, and money, to all thefe dependants on 
 Viziapore, or to their officers, inciting them to rebel, and pro- 
 mifmg his affiftance. 
 
 The Englifli company, as before, at the taking of Rajapore, n. 28. 
 liad loft effe6ls to a confiderable value in the fack of Ilubely. 
 They had long been negotiating for compenfation of the 
 former damage. It happened in May, about the time Sevagi 
 returned to Rairee, that the Moguls and Siddee's fleet from 
 Surat, anchored off Bombay, and required permiffion to pafs 
 the impending monfoon in the harbour. This opportunity 
 was taken to fend an Englifliman again to renew the Raja- 
 pore demand, adding to it the new damage of Hubely. Sevagi 
 promifed immediate fatisfa^tion, and every advantage which 
 his dominions could afford, if they would treat the Siddce as 
 
 F2 an
 
 ,S6 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, an enemy, and afllft in reducing Gingerali. But nothing at 
 v^l^ this time acquirable in India, could have conxpculatcd the 
 167^- company's trade at Surat, which placed their fortuue in the 
 power ofthe Mogul ; and in deference to this danger the pre- 
 fident Angier, permitted the four principal frigates of the 
 Mogul's fleet, to be hauled in iliore under the care and pro- 
 te<?lion of the garrifon ; but fuifered none of the crews to ftay 
 with them, and utterly refufed any of the reft, or of the 
 Siddee's fleet, either veflels or men, to remain in the harbour, 
 or illand, who accordingly went asvay in much difcontent, to 
 get much lefs convenient flielter at Gingerah. Scvagi ap- 
 proved this condud, and promifed a fpeedy adjuftment of 
 the Rajapore claim ; but faid he knew of noth,ing taken at 
 Hubely, beyond the lift produced by his offtcers, Avhich con- 
 fifted of a parcel of furniture and trumpery valued at two 
 hundred pagodas, whereas the real lofs exceeded eight thou- 
 fand. He however prefled the Englifli to fettle again at 
 Rajapore, with which they foon after complied ; and to fell 
 
 ' him a great many cannon for the eciuipment of his fleet, 
 wliich they evaded. 
 
 The feas were left to tlie ftorms and tempcfts of the feafon, 
 and the mountains to their thunders, and Sevagi, who impa- 
 
 - tiently waited other fignals than the elements, to appear 
 abroad, which liappened in the beginning of July, by the 
 open revolt of the Phoufdar or governor of Carwar, who feized 
 all the fubordinate officers of his jurifdidion, whom he fuf- 
 
 pecSled
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 37 
 
 pected of loyalty to his fovereign of Viziaporc, then attacked 
 fuch of the Dcfoys as refufed to join him, and admitting no 
 neutrality, took w'aat ftragglers or property he found unpro- 1673. 
 ted:ed belonging to the Portuguefe at Goa; and even be- 
 fieged the Englifh factory at Carwar, becaufe they refufed to 
 fupply him with arms and money. Eight thoufand horfe fet 
 oft" from Vipiiaporc, (the fear of the Mogul's army prevented 
 more) and waited at the foot of the mountains, to pafs againll 
 the rebel. Sevagi, vhofe intelligence was as quick as his 
 views, M'as prepared to take advantage of this confufion, and 
 diredled his force from various quarters, where they had been 
 Rationed with this intention, and invefted the flrong and im- 
 portant fortrefs of Satarah, ■\\'hich flands on the wcftern fide 
 of the ridge, but itfelf on a mountain, furrounded by many 
 others, which Avith the weather fecured his circumvallation. 
 No affiftance came from Viziapore, and the place furrendered 
 towards the end of Auguft, it was the depofitory and refuge 
 of much opulence and treafure. The lilver, gold, jewels, and 
 all the other plunder of value, were brought with oftentation 
 to Rairce. Immediately after this expedition much buftle 
 enfued by the motion and change of troops from one ftation 
 to another, and twenty thoufand Avallets were prepared at 
 Rairee, as if to bring away the plunder of fome cit^'. The re- 
 port of the wallets turned the attention of the JMogul's army 
 to the protection of Surat, and quieted the apprehenfions cf 
 , Viziapore, concerning Sevagi's intention to fuocour the rebels 
 
 'of
 
 58 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 sr.CT. of Carwar. Bui both were dtccivetl, for in the beginning of 
 ^l,^ Ot^tober 25,ooo men, marching over dittercnt pafTes of the 
 \673. Gauts, and by various routs within them, fuddenly united, and 
 inveiied the fortrefs of Pondah, which was fituated 300 miles 
 from Rairee, and forty s.w. of Goa. It Hood on the plain 
 near the foot of the Gauts, and commanded the approach to 
 the moft frecjuented pafs leading from the coaft of Sundah and 
 Goa, to the inland of Viziapore; whofe troops, engaged againll 
 the rebels of Carwar, immediately retired over the Gauts by 
 other paflles, leaving nothing to interrupt the fiege of Pondah; 
 which from its fituation alone was capable of long defence 
 againft fuch modes of attack as were in thofe days of ufage 
 in India, and which even the genius of Sevagi had but little 
 improved. He had previoufly purchafed eighty pieces of 
 cannon, and lead fufijcient for all his matchlocks, i'roin the 
 French diredlor at Surat, who had lent them to Rajaporc, 
 and they were brought as requlfite to the; camp at Pondah. 
 The Siddee's fleet which had wintered under Gingerah, and 
 the iMogul's frigates, which had been hauled on flioie at Bom- 
 bay, put to fea on the return of the fair feafon, and cruizing 
 down the coaft took many veflels of trade and fome of war 
 belonging to Sevagi, and his country ; and others by wilful 
 miflake, which, as neutrals, the Siddee was bound to protect. 
 On the lOth of 06lobcr the fleets, without mclfage or warning, 
 came again into the harbour of Bombay, and keeping at the 
 bottom of the bay, landed at the rivers Penn and Negotan, in 
 
 the
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 39 
 
 the Corlalis of Scvagi, which they kiid waftc, with niuchunne- 
 cefTary bloodflied, and brought away many of the inhabitants, 
 men, women, and children, to be fold for Haves. Bombay at 1^73. 
 this time drew all its provifions from thefe Corlahs; for the 
 Portuguefe, who had ever fmce the furrender of the ifland 
 regarded the Englifli eftablilliment with malice, had lately, 
 upon fome difputes about duties, ilopt all fupplies from Sal- 
 cette. Mr. Angier remonftrated to the governor of Surat, as 
 well as to the Siddee, againft the violation of the b.arbour, of 
 the Mogul's prote6kion, and of the Siddee's oath ; and repre- 
 fented the rifques to which the ifland was expofed from the 
 refentment of Sevaoi in return for their deference to the Moo'ul, • 
 by giving flielter to his fleets. ]>ut no arguments availed, and 
 Mr. Angier refl;rained his indication, from finkino- the Siddee's 
 fliips when they infolently anchored before the fort. On which 
 the Siddee rencMed his depredations in the Corlahs : but after 
 fome days, troops arrived fromRairce, who furprifed one hun- 
 dred of the Siddee's, and cut every one of them to pieces 
 without mercy. Soon after came down more, which com- 
 pleted 3000, who ac^ed in conjund,ion, with council and vigi- 
 lance. The Siddee landed the befl; part of his force, to try 
 their ftrength, of which he was not well informed, and his 
 troops were defeated with confiderable lofs. On this he re- 
 called his fmaller vefl^els from the mouths of the rivers, to the 
 fliores of Bombay, where, making a merit of fear, he promifed 
 to defiil from farther hoftilities in the harbour; and in De- 
 
 cembei-
 
 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 ceiiibcr went away with the whole fleet to cruife at fea: where 
 meeting with htile fucccfs, lie returned to Surat, and dc- 
 
 IG73. manded money of the governor for the great cxpence of his 
 exploits; which fet them a quarrelling. 
 
 1674. The opening of the enfuing year found Sevagi (lill lying 
 before the caftle of Pondah, on which his artillery had made 
 -fo little inipreffion, that he compounded with the governor, 
 to leave him unmoleftcd in the caftle with its diilric^, on condi- 
 tion that he fliould give no interruption to Sevagi's troops in 
 maintaining the adjoining pafs over the mountains, againft tlic 
 ti'oops of Viziapore. Sevagi, in this invafion, reduced all the 
 coaft, from Rajapore to the ifland of Bardez, which belonged 
 to the Portuguel'c, and was feparated only by the harbour 
 from the city and ifland of Goa. The city was not a little 
 alarmed by the neig^hbourhood of Sevagi's operations, 'which 
 greatly diftrefled their trade and markets: neverthelcfs, not 
 attacked, they refrained from ailing oflenfively ; for thefword 
 of their ancient valour had long cankered in its fpoils. 
 
 Sevagi, leaving fufficient force to maintain thefe new acqui- 
 fitions, returned to Kairee in the beginning of April, fo well 
 fatisfied with his fucccfs, that he ordered preparations for his 
 enthronement as a Rajah or Hindoo fovereign : He had long 
 been entirely independent of any other power ; but the cere- 
 mony fanctified by the bramins, was intended not only to 
 infult the Mogul, and the two other mahomedan kings with 
 Tvhom he w as at war ; but efpccially to authenticate to his ow n 
 5 . people
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 41 
 
 people his title, and the fucceflion, as king of the Morattoe sect. 
 nation : of Avhofe ancient territory, long divided into many 
 portions of foreign yoke, he had now gathered the greatcft 
 part into one ftate, under his OAvn authority : for the Morattoe 
 language extends along the coaft from the ifland of Bardez, 
 to the river Tapti, of which Chaul, Baflein, and Damaun 
 belonging to the Portuguefe, and Surat to the Moors, were 
 the only diftri(fts under other jurifdidtion, and even to thefe 
 he aflertcd right : on the other fide of the mountains he had 
 likewife conquered much of the ancient Morattoe country, 
 and intended to comprife the whole under his dominion. 
 
 Although incenfed by the late devaftations of the Siddee, 
 Sevagi was fatisfied with Mr. Angler's endeavours to prevent 
 them, and repeating his former requeft for cannon, invited an 
 embaifador to fettle former differences ; but unluckily at this 
 juncture, lettei-s and nieflengers were continually coming from 
 the governor of Surat, requefting that the Siddee's fleet mio-ht 
 pafs the approaching monfoon in the harbour ; on which 
 Sevagi threatened the effectual -vengeance of affiftino- the 
 Dutch fleet with 10,000 men to attack the ifland. 
 
 This fleet had returned from Surat to the coall of Coroman- 
 del, where in Auguft they met, near Metchlepatam, a fleet of «• so, 
 ten Eaft Indiamen juft arrived from England ; which not- 
 withftandingthe fuperiority of Rickloffe's, which were twenty- 
 two fliips, would not, as they might, avoid the encounter; 
 which was, neverthelefs, maintained with obltinacj- by only 
 
 G three
 
 42 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, three of them ; of which, two difmafled were taken, and the 
 ^" other ran alhore, rather than ftrike. Rickloft'e foon after failed 
 
 ^^~'^- to Ceylon, and in the beginning of this year came again on 
 the coaft of Malabar ; and was advancing to the northward, 
 fending forward reports of his intention to reduce Bombay, in 
 which he had failed the year before. 
 
 This perplexity Avas increafed by the appearance of the 
 Siddee's fleet, which anchored off the entrance of the harbour,. 
 on the 24th of April. The fame evening arofe a violent gale 
 of wind, which (had they not intended) would have forced 
 them to feek fhelter under the Ifland. As foon as the wea- 
 ther abated, they were requetled to depart ; inftead of which, 
 a great numl)er of boats rowed up in the channel whidi di- 
 vides the ifland from the main ; and landed at the north eaft 
 point in the town of Sion, out of which they drove the inhabi- 
 tants, and took pofledion of their houfes, intending to efta- 
 blifli their quarters here, during the monfoon ; but were driven 
 out, by a frigate and part of the garrifon. Soon after boats 
 ■with 500 men in armed array, endeavoured to land at Maza- 
 *Tong, the former ftation of their refidence ; but were beaten 
 back by the fire of cannon from the fliore. Thcfe exertions had 
 been encouraged by news that the Dutch fleet with Rickloffe 
 had feparated at Vingorlah, fomc going to Surat, others to- 
 Perfia, others back to Ceylon. It was then agreed, that only 
 300 men of the Siddee's fliould conthiue on fliore at a time, 
 vilhout other arras than their fwords, and under the watch of 
 
 guards
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 45 
 
 guards from tlic garrifon ; and that this permiffion fiiould sect. 
 ceafe if they infefted the Corlahs. The agent of Sevagi was s^^I,^ 
 at this time on the ifland negotiating a treaty, and reprefent- 1^74. 
 ing Avhat he had feen with integrity, Sevagi agreed to receive 
 the embafly. 
 
 jMr. Henry Oxenden was deputed, and Sevagi received his «. 31 
 vifit of comphment with pohtenefs, but referred him to his 
 minifters for the completion of the treaty, and afterwards em- 
 ployed liinifelf for a month in purifications and other religious 
 ceremonies di6lated by his bramins, as neceffary preparations 
 for his enthronement; previous to which, he was publicly n. 32. 
 weighed againft gold, and the fum amounting to 16,000 
 pagodas, was given to the bramins. The ceremony of the 
 enthronement was magnificent, and imitated the Moguls. At 
 the conclufion of the fefl,ivals 100,000 pagodas more were dif- 
 tributed amongft the bramins, and to the fame amount in 
 rewards to officers. Soon after the minifters concluded the 
 treaty with Mr. Oxenden, admitting eighteen of twenty arti- 7». 33. 
 cles propofed. Of the two rejected, one was the currency of 
 Bombay money in Sevagi's dominions, which m as made incon- 
 fideratel}^ becaufe implying at leaft a partial controul of his 
 treafury: Sevagi neverthelefs difmiffed it mildly, faying that 
 he could not compel his fubjedls to take foreign money, but 
 according to their own judgment. Tlie other, Avas the ex- 
 emption of Englifli wrecks on his coaft, which he faid had 
 been the property of the fovereigns from time inmiemorial, 
 
 G 2 and
 
 44 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 and it' yielded to the Engllh would be demanded by the 
 other European nations. In the articles admitted, were com- 
 
 1674. pj-ifecl luflieient terms of amity and commerce, but no alliance: 
 by a feparate article Sevagi allowed 1 0,000 pagodas for the 
 damages fuftained feven years before at Rajapore, one half 
 to be paid in ready money, the other in beetle and cocoa nuts, 
 to be delivered there ; but agreed to notliing for the lofs at 
 Hubely. 
 
 Mr. Oxenden tendered the mediation of Bombay, to make 
 peace between him and the Siddees, which, it Ihould feem^ 
 neither l^mbay could guarantee, nor the Siddee accept, with- 
 out utter offence to the Mogul ; Sevagi laid that Gingerah 
 had coft him too dear to rehn(]ui(li the intention of reducing 
 it, and at this time a body of his troops were renewing batte- 
 ries againfl it from the Ihore; in which mode they had for 
 fifteen years been endeavouring, without fiuicefs, what three 
 fliips of war would have acconiplillied in three hours. Em- 
 bafladors from Viziapore had likewife followed Sevagi from 
 Pondah, propofmgan alliance againft the Mogul, who threat- 
 ened Viziapore as conniving at the fuccefies of Sevagi, even 
 in their owr\ territory. The embaflfadors were detained until 
 the feafon of a61;ion approached, when Sevagi difmilTed them,^ 
 faying he was fufficient to his own defence. 
 
 In the beginning of Auguft, his general Morah Pundit came 
 
 n. 34. down the Gauts with 10,000 men, and quartered in the ruined 
 
 town of Gallian, oppofite to the iiland of Salcette, from hence, 
 
 1 whilft
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 45 
 
 Mhilft report terrified Surat, and awed tlie Siddee's fleet in the sect. 
 liarbour of Bombay, meflengers were fent to Baflein, demand- .^^^ 
 ing the chout of all the Portuguefe territory in thefe parts. The 1 674> 
 chout means the fourth part of the revenue, and this is the 
 earlieft mention we find of the claim, of which we have not 
 hitherto been able to difcover either the right or origin, but 
 fuppofe it, Avherefoever demanded, to arife from fome preten- 
 fion that the territory in ancient times belonged to a Rajpoot 
 , or Morattoe fovereigiity. But enmity was the caufe of the 
 demand at prefent ; for the Portuguefe had lately inflidled 
 great feverities on many families of the Morattoe religion 
 within their diihi6ts, becaufe they refufed to become Chrifti- 
 ans, and this time of retaliation, by requiring them to become 
 tributaries, fecnis to have been exprefsly chofen ; the Portu- 
 guefe having lately endured, with little refiilance, a much 
 greater infult from a much inferior force. 
 
 The armada which ufcd to cruife every year from Goa, to 
 affert the fovereignty of the Indian feas, had the year before 
 croffed over to the gulph of Perfia,. where they plundered fe- 
 veral fhips which had not taken theu' paffes, and then pro- 
 ceeded to the port of Mufcat, with which they had long been 
 at continual war : but not eluding to rifque their fhips againft 
 the caftles that defend the entrance of the harbour, they land- 
 ed Avithout, and ravaged to the walls. They failed away on 
 their return to Goa, in the middle of October; and the Imaum, 
 or prince, as foon as they were gone, equipped ten the ftouteft 
 
 of 
 
 OD'
 
 46 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, of the merchant fliips of his port, uhicli in December, 
 s.^J^^^ near Diu, fell in M-ith a fleet of grain veffels efcorted by fe- 
 1674. veral Portugucfc grabs and gallivats, of which they took and 
 deftroycd the greatell part, and then failed down to BafTein, 
 Avhere in the beginning of February they landed 600 Arabs, 
 V ho fprcad themfelves, and plundered all the churches and 
 country feats around, refraining from no cruelty or violation. 
 The garrifon of BaflTein exceeded the number of Arabs, Avho 
 had landed, but continued panic (truck within their walls, 
 until they were gone. And this pufillanimity expofed them 
 to the contempt of all their neighbours. We do not find what 
 fubmiihon the gOAcrnor of Bafl'cin made to the demand of 
 ]\Iorah Pundit, who, waiting the farther intentions of Sevagi, 
 lived on the Portuguefe country, but avoided outrage in the 
 exa6lion of provifion^. 
 
 The continuance of IVIorah Pundit's force at Gallian haft- 
 ened the departure of the Siddee's fleet, for fear of being burnt 
 in the harbour with the connivance of the government of 
 Bombay, towards which they carried tliemfelves with more 
 refpeft than in their former fojournments. They failed in the 
 beginning of September. IVIore troops were continually com- 
 ing down the Gaut, and on the 5th of Odober, Sevagi came 
 himfelf to review them, amounting in equal numbers of horfe 
 and foot to 25,000 men, which a i'ew days after went up the 
 hill, towards Jenneah, with no other artillery than iron crows 
 and pickaxes. 
 
 It
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 47 
 
 It was foon evident that Se\agi in perfon was in the field : sect» 
 he fell upon the Mogul's camp, although confifting of 40,000 ^^^ 
 horfc, and effected tenfold more rout than his own lofs; his 1674. 
 parties fpread to unexpected diftanccs, and conunitted every 
 kind of ravage, burning the villages, dellroying the productions 
 of the foil, and carrying off the affluent commerce of the higli 
 roads, by which feven cities refort to Surat, which barricaded 
 its gates : one detachment puflied to the walls of Brampore,. 
 plundering all the opulent marts of cloth between this city 
 and Aureno;abad. Sevao;i in the mean time hovered about the 
 rock of Jenneah, and formed a fcheme to furprife it. TwO' 
 men of the party got to the fummit, and Avere difcovered, when 
 the ufual defence of rolling down the ftones piled for the pur- 
 pofc difperfed the reft. The fudden junCtion and feparation 
 of the different parties abroad, bewildered and intimidated 
 the purfuit of the Mogul's troops, fi'om uncertainty of their 
 routs and numbers; fo that little of the fpoil was abandoned 
 in the retreat. As foon as all had rejoined the ftandard, 
 Sevagi returned with the whole to Rairee, where he arrived 
 in the month of February 1675, and immediately entered l675,> 
 upon another expedition, for which preparations had beea 
 making during his abfence. 
 
 Bombay was at this time relieved from the apprehenfion of 
 farther attempts from the Dutch, by the peace concluded 
 with Holland in February of the preceding year, of which 
 the advices had arrived in Odober; but in this interval 
 
 Madrafs
 
 48 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT. JVIaclrafs had been threatened bv Ixickloffe V^an Goen, who had 
 ^;^^ joined the forces ol" Golcondah with 1000 Europeans, againll 
 
 1675. St. Thome; Avhich thej reduced M. de la Haye to furrender 
 in September \67i*, after a defence of two years and three 
 months, maintained througli continual lofs with unabated vi- 
 gour. The king of Golcondah refufed to give the place to 
 Rickloffe, who equally difappointcd by the peace in his inten- 
 tions againft Madrafs, had only removed its moil dangerous 
 rival. Soon after the Dutch revenged, in fomc meafure, the 
 injuries Avhich the European conmierce had lately fuftained 
 from the avaricious governor of Surat ; where, in the begin- 
 ning of the year [675 -f-, whilft Sevagi's troops were at the gates, 
 arrived in the road fevcn Dutch fliips of war, which feized all 
 the Ihips of the port, and detained them from their voyages, 
 until the government fubmitted to the compenfation required. 
 The Siddee's fleet Avhich failed from Bombay in September, 
 had proceeded to Surat, but left it in fear before the Dutch 
 arrived tliere; after which they continued cruifmg along 
 Sevagi's coafts, with little fuccefs: for his fighting veflels were 
 hauled afliore, waiting until reinforced to a more equal match, 
 by fuch as were building, and all traders had been warned to 
 keep in port. Nor had the Siddee's been more fuccefsful in 
 (fuelling the cannonade againll Gingerah; from whence they 
 
 * Chardin alfo fpeaks of this furrender of St.Tlioine. 
 
 + The wliole of this quarrel between the Dutch and tlie government of Surat 
 is circumflaiiliaily related by Chardin. Dunng the dilpule, the Dutch fent two 
 yalchcs to alk leave to cltablilh a l'a(::lory at Cambay. 
 
 came
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 49 
 
 came to Bombay in February, diftrefled with every want, and 
 foon after proceeded to Surat, where they continued through 
 the eniuing monfoon. lo75. 
 
 By this time the rebellion of the Pitans of Pifliavir and 
 Cabul had l^ecome the moft folicitous concern of the empire. 
 Some fucceflcs obtained over detached parties in the year 
 I673, induced the Mogul's Governor of Pifliavir to pafs the 
 Indus with all his army, intending to force their Itrong holds 
 in the mountains ; but the Pitans inclofed the army amongft 
 the defiles, and deftroyed the whole, with their commander. 
 Not having defpaired of the chance of fuch a fuccefs, they 
 had prepared a king, whom they proclaimed, not only as 
 fovereign of their own tribes, but of the whole empire. 
 
 It is well known that in the contention of Aurengzebe for 
 the throne, his brother, the Sultan Sujah, who as Avell as 
 Darah had the priority of birth, was defeated and driven out 
 of Bengal by the general Emir Jumlah. According to the 
 prevalent report of the time, he was murdered with his family 
 and followers by a Rajah, on the confines of Arracan ; but as 
 his head had never been produced, nor the fa6t vouched by 
 any perfons who knew him before his flight, fome credit M^as 
 given to other reports, that he had efcaped ; which is believed, 
 as we are informed, in the ifland of Sooloo, far from Arracan „. ,5. 
 and Bengal, where his tomb is fliewn at this day. This un- 
 certainty of his fate, furnifti«d credulity and intrigue with 
 prctenfions to affert, that he continued alive in Indoftan, con- 
 
 H cealed 
 
 «-37
 
 50 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, ccalcd now here, now there; but ready to appear on any 
 
 ^;,^^ favourable opportunity of afferting his right to the throne. 
 
 1675. Aurengzebe was convinced of his death,, but was very attenr 
 
 tive to tlic ufe which might be made of the reports of his 
 
 being alive. 
 
 A Pitan foldier had ferved in the army of Sultan Sujah, 
 and bore fuch refemblance to him in countenance and figure, 
 that they might, under fimilar oniaments, have been miftaken 
 for one another. It is faid, that he had acquired the imita- 
 tion of his manners and deportment, and with lefs probability 
 that he had apprifed himfelfof many minute particulars of 
 his life ; it is not unlikely that glimpfes of this apparition had 
 given rife to the reports that Sujah himfelf was ftiil alive. 
 The Pitans produced this adventurer with oftentatious refpcA 
 as king of Indollan, and all the ■ tribes were fummoned to 
 inarch with him to Delhi. 
 
 The whole nation could bring 150,000 fighting men into 
 the field, and had they been united, could never have been 
 reduced by the Moguls, to whom they always paid malig- 
 nant fubmifTion; and the general character of the people 
 (who, as by nature craving, arrogant, and cruel, are by princi- 
 ple treacherous, revengeful, and void of gratitude) rendered 
 it unfafe to conciliate their leaders by high appointments, of 
 which the denial increafed the national antipathy. The 
 news of fuch an enemy fupporting a pretender to the 
 throne, agitated the very palace of the monarcJi, and the 
 
 ambition
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 51 
 
 ambition of diftant conqueil yielded to the vital danger of sect. 
 rebellion. v^!.^ 
 
 Aurengzebe* pitched his tent, and difplayed the llandard 1675. 
 of the empire, to which all his banners repaired with the in- 
 difpenfable alacrity of which he fet the example. The whole 
 under his own immediate condud, marched from Delhi, as 
 near as we can combine in April 1674, and croflTed the Indus 
 at the end of the year. On his departure Sultan Mauzum 
 was recalled to prefide in the capital, and had performed 
 nothing remarkable during this his fecond adminiftration of 
 the Decan, excepting the levy of a large fum of money from 
 the king of Golcondah, in 1672, immediately after Sevagi had 
 exacted a more exceffive contribution. 
 
 The governor of Pondah kept no regard to his terms, as 
 foon as Sevagi was engaged in diftant holtilities ; but renewed 
 his dependence on Viziapore ] which Sevagi determined to 
 revenge ; and as foon as he returned from ravaging the 
 Mogul's territory, gave the general Bahadar Khan, who ouoht 
 to have protedted it better, a large bribe out of the plunder, 
 for a ceflation of hoftilities until Pondah fliould be reduced. „ .^ 
 Troops had marched and invefted the place before Sevao-i's 
 return, but although active their numbers were infufficient : 
 twenty thoufand more were fent, and Sevagi himfelf followed 
 in the month of March, vifiting Rajapore in the way, where 
 
 * Chardin feenis to imply, that Aurengzebe was at Lahor in 1674 and 1675. 
 
 H 2 he
 
 52 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, he kept his magazines of war for his fouUiern territories in the 
 ^;^^ Concan : great lofs was fuftained in the fiege, which wc find 
 1675. fpoken of famoufly ; the place was taken at the end of April, 
 but we are uncertain whether by treachery, alTault, or furrendcr. 
 He then attacked the neighbouring tenitory of Snndah, in 
 which were feveral ilrong forts, whofe garrifons refilled with no 
 other effe6t than to increafe the miferies of the country, and 
 their own. The town of Carwar was burnt, becaufe the caftle 
 did not furrender on the firft fummons : Sevagi in perlbn 
 gave the order ; but received the Englifli fadlors with civility, 
 and exempted the factory from violence. The whole country 
 was reduced as far as to the river Mirzeou, which is the 
 northern limit of the kingdom of Canara. The queen of this 
 country fcnt gifts, and folicited the alliftance of Sevagi, againft 
 fome of her minifters and relations. The Portuguefe at Goa 
 were hennned within their own diftri^ls, and as before, not 
 fuffered to get provifions from the adjacent country. The 
 operations continued through the rains, and detained Sevagi 
 himfelf from Rairee until the end of Auguft. 
 
 Aurengzebe was at this time returned from the Indus to 
 Delhi, and aflfailed as it Avere by the clamours of the Decan, 
 made fevcre reproaches to his general Bahadar Khan, urging 
 the utmoft exertions, which Sevagi expected and defied, rein- 
 forcing his batteries againft Gingerah, and fending parties to 
 scour the country about Surat, where the governor had re- 
 ceived the fame injunctions as Bahadar, and ftrcngthencd the 
 
 Siddee's
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 53 
 
 Siddee's fleet with two large fliips, two frigates, and two sect. 
 thoufand men : neverthelefs, with the ufual dilatorinefs, even v,^^!-,^ 
 when in earneft, it was the middle of November before either ^^^^' 
 the fleet or the army Averc in motion to purpofe, when a large 
 detachment forced through the pafles in the ridge, and en- 
 camped atGallian; and at the fame time the fleet arrived in 
 the harbour of Bombay, from whence they fent a reinforce- 
 ment to the camp, and then failed down the coafl;. 
 
 Gallian, with the country below the hills, as far to the 
 north as Daman, excepting the diftric^ls of the Portuguefe, 
 had been reduced by Sevagi, and, with his fertile Corlahs to 
 the fouthward, lay expofed to the devafl:ation of the Mogul's 
 army; from which they were neverthelefs preferved by a bar- 
 gain of redemption; and Bahadar Khan, on receiving 10,000 
 pagodas from Rairee, went up the hill again, without having 
 committed any ravage. The terms were fo publicly known, 
 that we fuppofe the fum was accounted for to the king's trea- 
 fury, as a homage. But the operations of the Siddee were not 
 refl;ridted by this agreement; they landed and plundered in 
 feveral parts, as they proceeded down Sevagi's coaft, and at 
 length burnt the fair town of Vingorlah, near Goa, where the 
 Dutch had a fadory, which defended itfelf. The fleet of 
 Sevagi had by this time been increafed to fifty-feven fail, of 
 which fifteen were grabs, the refl; gallivats, all crowded with 
 men; they put to fea from Gheriah and Rajapore, butmifled 
 the Siddee's fleet, which, on their return, went to the relief of 
 
 Gingerah.
 
 54 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT. Gingerah. Gallian being clear, Sevagi's troops at the end of 
 ■ ^' the year began to fortify oppofite to a fort called Sibon, bc- 
 
 1675. longing to the Portugucfe, in the neighbourhood of Baflein, 
 ^''^^' which produced fome {lender hoftilities; but the work con- 
 tinued. 
 
 1676. I» the beginning of the next year, 1 676, it was reported and 
 believed that Sevagi was ill, dead, and poifoned by his fon 
 Sambagi, at Rairee: this young man poffefled all the courage 
 and axftivity of his father, but little of his difcretion or forecaft: 
 he was intemperatcly additted to women, and had debauched 
 the wife of a bramin, whole dwelling was on the fide of the 
 rock, to which Sambagi ufed to defcend at night: Sevagi or- 
 dered the guards to fling him headlong down the precipice, 
 the fn-ft time he fliould attempt to get out of the fort after 
 the watch was fet. This menace gave rife to the report of 
 Sambagi's revenge; but the certainty of Sevagi's illnefs was 
 confirmed by his long continuance at Rairee, Avhilft the feafon 
 was fair for the operations of the field. 
 
 Early in Ai)ril, Siddee Sambolc, who had hitherto com- 
 manded both fleets, came from Gingerah to Bombay, with the 
 IMogul's, but with few of the Siddee's; having quarrelled with 
 fome of the principal commanders, as well as with the gover- 
 nor of Gingerah, Avho had concerted to fcize him; which had 
 haftened his departure fooncr than he intended. The caufe 
 of the quarrel feems to have been the embezzlement of money 
 to which the community were entitled; and the fame diflio- 
 1 nefly
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 55 
 
 nefty in his accounts witla the Mogul had fet the governor of sect. 
 Surat at much variance with him; dreading which he prefled ^,^.^^ 
 hard to winter at Bombay; but the prudence of Mr. Angier, 1676. 
 who had hitely returned to Surat, forefeeing trouble to the 
 ifland, either by refufal or admittance procured an invitation 
 from the governor of Surat, with alTurance of oblivion: on 
 which Sambole failed thither with all the veffels he had brought, 
 leaving the harbour on the 3th of April. 
 
 At the end of this month, Sevagi's general, Morah Pundit, 
 eame down to Gallian with 10,000 horfe, of Avhich a detach- 
 ment with a great number of labourers, proceeded to the 
 northward, and took poflelho-n of a ruined fort called Pannela, 
 which Hands on a hill, ten miles inland of Daman, and com- 
 mands the frequented road to Surat. Sevagi himfelf foon after 
 came to fuperintend the work, which continued until the fort, 
 fuch as it is now feen, was raifed above the danger of aflault. 
 Sevagi, on his return to Rairee, fent all his troops, excepting 
 what he left at Pannela, to their winter quarters. In July all 
 the Siddee's vefiels, which had continued at Gingerah, came 
 to Bombay, in order to fpare the provifions of their own gar- 
 rifon: they were commanded by Siddee Coffim, who had 
 fuperfeded the influence and command of Siddee Sambole. 
 
 If it were permitted to adopt conjecture, deduced from & 
 variety of circurnftances and events, we fliould give the fol- 
 lowing account of this community. 
 .The appellation, of which the literal meaning is not afccr- 
 
 tamed^.
 
 56 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, tained, was applied in the Decan to natives of Abyfllnia, of 
 y^,.^ whom feveral, either as flaves or adventurers, in former times 
 
 1676. gained afcendance over a king of Viziapore, and were exalted 
 by him to the higheft employments in the ftate. Tiiey ga- 
 thered all of their own country they could procure either by 
 purchafe or invitation, and even the CoftVees of other parts of 
 Africa. The natural courage of thefe people, not unmixed 
 with ferocity, and always foremofl, in battle, awed the envy of 
 their rivals, howfoever indignant from the pride of ancient 
 Mahomedan defcent, although the Siddecs had likcwife taken 
 this religion. 
 
 Their firft maniages were with natives of India, and after- 
 wards among their own families; which prefcrving the nation- 
 ality, in time formed a numerous comnumity, diftin6l in 
 figure, colour, and chara6ler from all the other races of INIa- 
 homedans; which neverthelefs could not have fubfilled, if the 
 body of the people amongft whom they had intruded, had 
 been, as themfelves, Mahomedans, inftead of Hindoos, indif- 
 ferent to the diftindlions of extraneous defpots, they equally 
 abhorred. At the time of Sevagi's rcv(ilt from Viziapore, three 
 of the principal provinces of the kingdom were governed by 
 Siddees, of Avhom the admiral of the fleet was one, and had 
 under his jurifdidion a confiderablc extent of the fea coaft to 
 the north and fouth of Gingerah, when Seyagi got pofleflion 
 of Dunda Rajapore; when, as we have faid before, the Siddees 
 of the fleet and Gingerah, with fuch as efcaped to them off 
 
 the
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 57 
 
 the main, offered their veffels and fcrvice to Aurengzebe; but 
 referved the property of Gingerah, and the right to whatfo- 
 ever they might recover of their former fiefs, now loft to Vizi- 
 apore. Befides their veffels of war, they had fliips and other 
 embarkations employed in trade, which contributed as much 
 to their fubfiftence as the ftipends of Aurengzebe. Reverence 
 to the higher family, and to the Mogul's choice, had given the 
 pre-eminence of command to Siddee Sambole : but the other 
 captains preferved the diftind; command over their own crews 
 and dependants, and an ariftocratical council determined the 
 general welfare of this Angular republic ; in Avhich the loweft 
 orders, from their fkill and utility, maintained fonie influence; 
 and proud of their importance, merited it, by the alacrity 
 of their fervice, infomuch,^that they excelled all the naviga- 
 tors of India, and even rated themfelves equal to Europeans ; 
 and indeed the onfet of their fword was formidable in board- 
 ing, and on fliore. 
 
 Siddee Coffmi was received with refpe^t by the Englifli 
 government at Bombay, and took his abode at Mazagong, 
 where the larger veffels rode, and the fmaller were hauled on 
 fliore. They continued here until the middle of Auguft, 
 wlien Morah Pundit came down the Gauts with 10,000 men 
 to renew the attack of Gingerah ; where they felled all the 
 wood around to make floating platforms with breaft-works, 
 from which the walls were to be alfaulted. On which Siddee 
 Coffmi went away Avith three hundred of his bell men, to rein- 
 
 I force
 
 58 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, force and maintain the defence, and all the others followed as 
 
 ^^^ foon as the vcffels could fafely put to fea. 
 
 1676. Sevagi himfelf continued at Rairee ; as we conn)ute, until 
 the end of June, Avhen the rains had ceafed ; and this was 
 the longeft repofe of his life, that he had withheld himfelf 
 fi-om perfonal exertions in the field, ever fmee he had lii-ft 
 drawn his fword, for it lafted eight months. He then fet out 
 on an expedition, of which no one knew the ob)e6t, and in 
 July appeared in fight of Golcondah, with twelve thoufand 
 horfemen, but twice that number of horfes ; for ever}'^ rider 
 had two: whofe march had been fo rapid, and condu61:exl 
 with fo much obfcurity, that the government had not been 
 apprifed of it in time to colle6l a body of troops capable of 
 oppofmg them, nor even to barricade the inlets into the 
 opulent city of Hyderabad; neither had the rich inhabitants 
 fufficient warning to remove their famihes and wealth. Even 
 the king was precluded from taking refuge in the fortrefs of 
 Golcondah, but continued in his palace in the city, wliich 
 Sevagi having fufficiently terrified with his maiauders, en- 
 camped at fome diftance, but nearer to the fortrefs, and fent 
 liis demands to the minifters, of a vaft ranfom for refraining 
 from burning the whole city to the ground, befides a daily 
 fum for the maintenance of his troops, until the ranfom fliould 
 be paid. Here likewife, as formerly at Gallian and Surat, he 
 knew every wealthy houfe, and he let them know that they 
 could rely on no fecurity except by taking his fafeguards, 
 
 wliich,
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 59 
 
 wliicli, iiillcad of papers, were a few trufty men from the sect. 
 camp; and fo great was the difmay, that this protection was ^' 
 fought with avidity, and paid for to his treafury at exceffive 1676. 
 rates by every family of diftin6tion. Jn the mean time a ne- 
 gotiation was going on with the minifters, who fent every day 
 five thoufand rupees as an allowance for provifions to his 
 troops ; who bought none, but lived on what they levied by 
 contributions or got by plunder from the country. At length 
 Sevaoi aoreed to vifit the kins;; but as he would not admit 
 of any fupeiiority in tlie ceremonial, it was fettled that both 
 iliould enter at oppofite doors of the hall, advance, accoft, 
 and fit down, at the fame time, after v/hich the conference 
 was to begin. It lafled a Avhile, during which more of 
 Sevagi's troops were continually coming into the city and 
 aflembled round the palace, until the number of horfemen 
 amounted to fix thoufand, all of whom drew up, and kept 
 their order, as exactly as if under review; and whenfoever 
 Sevagi came to the windows, which he did feveral times to 
 fliew them that he was alive, all in fight looked up immedi- 
 ately, and fixing their eyes only on him, preferved the moft 
 profound filence, expecting his Avord. By this example, 
 Sevagi meant to fliew the king the afteClion as well as 
 obedience of his troops. The purport of their conference 
 was never known ; but it dovibtlefs turned on their equal 
 deteftation of the Mogul. Some days after (it was in Auguft) 
 Sevagi was fatisfied, and broke up his camp ; to which the 
 
 I 2 ftipulated
 
 60 
 
 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SFXT. ftipvilated allowance of five thoufand rupees had been regu>- 
 I- lary fent, but on the laft day this fum was doubled. "What 
 1676. more he received from the king's treafury as the general 
 ranfom, was not divulged ; amongft other prefcnts of courtefy, 
 the king gave him a palankin covered with plates of gold, 
 in which he rode out of his camp, not without political often- 
 tation, on the day of his departure. His army plundering as 
 it went, arrived at Rairee with a A'aft train of booty in the 
 beginning of September, and he immediately made prepara- 
 tions for another expedition ; which became b}- far the moft 
 important operation of his life, but which our lights are very 
 infufficient to explain. 
 
 Towardi^ the end of September, he marched from Rairee 
 
 with thirty thoufand horfe, the greateft number he had 
 
 hitherto brought together into the field ; giving out that he 
 
 intended to invade the kingdom of Canara, from his new 
 
 acquifitions to the fouth of Goa. The army kept awhile to 
 
 the Aveft of the hills, but fuddenly afcended the ridge, and 
 
 fell unexped;edly upon the northern region of Viziapore, 
 
 •where, befidcs ravaging the open towns and country, they laid 
 
 n. 40. fiege at the fame time to two ftrong forts, one called Billigong, 
 
 near Bancapore, the other at five days journey from this, and 
 
 called Rayim. 
 
 The Mogul's general Bahadar Khan had lately entered 
 Viziapore. The motive aflTigned for the quarrel is impro- 
 bable, that the king had refufed to join the Mogul's forces 
 
 with
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. &1 
 
 with 15,000 liorfe againft Sevagi. Bahadar Khan was de- 
 feated in two fevere encounters near the city of Viziapore, and 
 in revenge liftened to propofals from Sevagi, who offered, it 
 is faid, 400,000 pagodas with his homage of fealty to the 
 Mogul, on condition that permiffion Avere obtained for his 
 paffage through the territory of Golcondah, to attack that 
 part of the Carnatic which was fubjed; to Viziapore; and a 
 truce of all hoftilities between the Mogul and Sevagi was to 
 continue during his abfence on this expedition. 
 
 At the clofe of the laft century, the Carnatic was under the 
 dominion of a gentoo king, who refided at Chandergherri, 
 forty miles to the north of Arcot, and twelve to the well of 
 Tripetti : the prefent ruins of Chandergherri denote it to have 
 been, as. it was then defcribed, a very fpacious city. But the «. 42^. 
 king is ftiled king of Bifnagar; for what reafon Ave do not find, 
 unlefs from the ancient title of a loft pofleffion; for the city of 
 Bifnagar is fituated on the other fide of the Carnatic moun- 
 tains, two hundred miles to the north- weft of Chandergherri, 
 and was at this time part of the dominion of the Mahomedan 
 king of Viziapore. Two Portuguefe Jefuits from St. Thome n. 43. 
 went to Chandergherri in the year 1599, and were received 
 with attentions by the Gentoo king; whofe fovereignty tliey 
 defcribe as extending over the countries of Tanjore and 
 Madura; and other Jefuits who travelled at the fame time 
 into thefe countries confirm this affertion. 
 
 About
 
 62 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 About the year 1645, a dcfccndant of this Gentooking* of 
 Chanderghcrri permitted the Englifli to purchafe the ground 
 of Chinapatani, on which they raifed Fort St. George, and the 
 town of Aladrafs. Seven )'ears after, the Camatic was in- 
 vaded by the armies of A'iziapore and Golcondah, acting 
 feparatcly ; but agreed, it is fuppofed, in the objedls and divi- 
 fion of their conquefts, which Averc accomphlhed in the year 
 "•45- 1656. The forces of Viziapore reduced Velore, which pro- 
 bably was their firft acquifition, with all the forts in the valley 
 of Vaniambady and on th€ hills on each hand, as far to the 
 foutli as Darinapuram; from hence eaftward to Volcondah, 
 and along the river Valaru, on which it Hands, to Porto Novo 
 on the fea ; from hence along the coaft to the North as far as 
 Conimeer, to the fouth as far as the Coleroon; with all the 
 forts and diftri6ls, a few excepted, within the diagonal line 
 returning to the north-weft from Conimeer to Arcot, and 
 «-45*- Velore; it is faid the kingdom of Tanjore was like wife reduced 
 by Viziajjore, but we have met with no documents to confirm 
 n. 46. this pofition. The army of Golcondah, led by the famous 
 Emir Jumlah, reduced Cudapah and all the hilly country 
 which ftretcheth north of Velore, from Gandicotah towards 
 
 * We find the name of this king to be Seringa Rajah. Havart defcribing the 
 way from Pullicatte to Mafuiipatam fays, " Manfgewaka, firft ftagc, Dutch 
 Company's Village, given to them in the year 1640, by Seringa Rajah, laft king 
 of Carnalica. Obferve, this village was given the fame yeajf \vc compute the 
 Englilh fettled at Madrafs."— Sec note 44- 
 
 1 the
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 53 
 
 tlie fca, with all the open country and the fea coaft between 
 the rivers Penar, and Paliar, which difembogue at Nelore and 
 Sadrufs. Soon after tliis conqueft Emir Juniiah revolted, 1677. 
 and joining Aurengzebe, at that time his father's A'^iceroy in 
 the Decan, they befieged the king of Golcondah in his capital, n. 47. 
 who, to preferve his diadem, fubmitted his government to the 
 controul of the Mogul; which had continued until this time, 
 and enabled Bahadar Khan to procure the humiliating per- 
 miflion which Sevagi requefted. 
 
 The want of cotemporary record has difabled us from ac- «. 48. 
 quiring any regular account of Sevagi's expedition into the 
 Carnatic, although on ground in wdiich the arms and interefts 
 of our nation have of late years taken fo much concern ; he 
 returned not to Rairee, as had hitherto been his ufage, at the 
 fetting in of the rains, but rendezvoufed in May of the year 
 1667, in a fortrefs belonging to the king of Golcondah; from 
 whom he had perhaps obtained the permiffion, in their confe- 
 rence the year before: from hence he fet off with his Avhole 
 force, palled by Tripetti, and afterwards within fifteen miles 
 of Madrafs, but feems to have made his main puih diredlly 
 againll Gingee, of which with Volcondah and feveral other 
 forts we find him in poffeflion in the month of July, and it is 
 probable that he had reduced much more; for fome of his 
 parties at this time plundered as far as Seringapatam in IMyfore. 
 It was impoflible that this rapid fuccefs fliould have been the 
 mere effed of his arms; but that availing hirafelf of the dif- 
 
 cords
 
 54 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 cords which prevailed in the council of Viziapore, he had 
 gained leveral of the principal members, whofe recomnienda- 
 1677. tions facilitated his comproniifes with the governors in the 
 Carnatic. He appointed Hargee Rajah his viceregent in the 
 conquered country, and fixed its capital at Gingee. Whether 
 detained by the profecution or regulation of his conquells we 
 cannot afcertain, but it does not appear that he quitted the 
 Carnatic before the beginning of the year 1678. 
 
 Siddee Sambole with the Mogul's fliips, and what remained 
 with him of his own community, failed from Surat in October 
 1676, on a cruife againll Sevagi's coafts; and in December 
 burnt the town of Jettapore, which Hands at the mouth of the 
 river twelve miles from the mart of Rajapore; but troops from 
 hence deterred the Siddee's from advancing farther up the 
 river: they then proceeded back to Gingerah, where the gar- 
 rifon, ftrengthened by Siddee Coffim's reinforcement, and 
 encouraged by his adivity, had fruftrated the floating bat- 
 teries of Morah Pundit, who returned to Rairee. Pofitive 
 orders had come from Delhi, that the Mogul's fleet fliould be 
 delivered to Siddee Coflim, which Sambole promifed to obey 
 at the clofe of the feafon ; and on this reconciliation, both 
 fleets together came into the port of Bombay at the end of 
 April, where Sambole promifed from da}-^ to day to depart for 
 Surat, but loitered until the monfoon fat in ; when it was im- 
 pofllble to put to fea ; and then took up his refidcnce, as ufual, 
 at Mazagong. 
 
 A wicked
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 65 
 
 A Avickcd bramin, who was an inhabitant of the oppofite sect. 
 fliore, came and offered Siddee Sambole to feize fevcral per- \^^ 
 Ions, whom he veprefented as of much refpe6l in Sevagi's ^^^^ 
 government. The Siddee, afraid of difcover}-, gave liim mo- 
 ney to hire a boat and men belonging to the illand, which fet 
 off as if on the ordinary occafions of traffick, and brought 
 back four bramins, Avhom the Siddee confined with all fecrecy 
 on board his own fliip ; fo that the firft intelligence which the 
 government of Bombay received of the felony, Mas by letters 
 I'rom Sevagi's governor of upper Chaul, threatening a total 
 prohibition of provifions and fire-wood from the main, and 
 even worfe confecpiences, unlefs the bramius were immedi- 
 ately rcftored. The Siddee at fiift denied the faft, and then 
 his fliare of it ; but complied. Soon after eleven of the boat's 
 crew were taken, of whom three Avere executed, and the others 
 fent to Saint Helena. 
 
 'J'he fair fcafon returned before the competition betAveen 
 the two Siddee's was reconciled. Sambole infifted on two of 
 the largcft of the JMogul's Ihips to carry hhnfelf \\ith his re- 
 tinue and family to Surat, and on the rcleafe of his wives and 
 children, a\ ho were detained by Coiiim as hoftaoes at Ginoerah ; 
 but on receiving an order from the governor of Surat to fur- 
 rcndor them, Colfun tendered his compliance to Sambole, who 
 nevcrtlielefs continued to prevaricate ; which fo iucenfed 
 Coliiu). that he marched from his quarters near the fort \sith 
 his retinue, which was three hundred men, and attacked the 
 
 J> quarters
 
 6(7 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT. c]narters of Sambole, who had nearly the fame number at 
 I- Mazagono;. The report of matchlocks and piltols tirft ap- 
 
 1677. prifcd ilic fort, \\hich detached the bell of the garrifon, with 
 the troop of horfc, who fell indifcrhninately on both parties, 
 uiilil they had quelled the riot; which was not inftantly efled- 
 ed ; for three of the troopers horfes were killed, as was the 
 horfe on which Sambole was fighting. Many of the combat- 
 ants were wounded, and fome flain; moftly by the fword. The 
 council obliged the two chiefs to fend all excepting a fe\v^ 
 menial fervants to the Ihips: but permitted the continuance 
 of the watch over the veflels hauled on Ihore, left boats from 
 Sevagi's Corlahs iliould attempt to burn them in the night. 
 The council then interfered as mediators, and brought 
 the two Siddee's to agreement ; Sambole to have his family, 
 and one of the Mogul's fliips ; ColTim to receive all the others, 
 who accordingly hoilted his flags as admiral of both the fleets, 
 which a few days after failed out of the harboui- in the begin- 
 ning of November. 
 
 Morah Pundit during the truce with the INIogul and the ex- 
 pedition of Sevagi to the C'arnatic, had vihtcd and provided 
 all the garrifons in and dci)endent on the Concan, and kept 
 what troops were left for the field, with as much care, as if 
 every day were to have produced hoftility ; which the Mogul's 
 generals would before this time have renewed, had they 
 not been engaged with little fucccfs againft the army of 
 
 Viziapore. 
 
 We
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 67 
 
 We noAv refume the war which Aureugzebc had concluded sect. 
 in perfon againft the Pitans beyond the Indus, where he arrived v^!,^ 
 in the beginning of the year 1675 ; before which a part of 1678. 
 his vanguard had crofled the river, whom the Pitans defeated, 
 and put to death even the prifoners of their vidory ; but after 
 the main army, with Aurengzebe himfelf, had paffed, the 
 Pitans confined their refiftance to-(kirmifhes, the defence of 
 pofts, and night affaults on the camp ; which protraded the 
 war for fifteen months ; but numbers at length prevailed; for 
 the Mogul army was fufiicient to people the country they 
 attacked. After all the more habitable valleys were reduced, 
 the Pitans retired into the more inacceffible mountains, in 
 which Aurengzebe did not think it worth the prize to expofe 
 his troops, nor his own prefence farther neceflar}'; but eftab- 
 lifliing a chain of pofts, and leaving a fufficient force to defend 
 the conquered country, under the command of a general 
 efpecially feleded, returned himfelf to Delhi, from Avhence 
 he had been abfent twenty-feven months, which, ac- 
 cording to our computation, extended to July of the j-ear 
 1676. Neverthelefs the work was not yet finilhed to his 
 mind ; and he continued at Delhi waiting the completion he 
 had prepared. 
 
 The former governors of Piflia\ ir and Cabul had alwaj^s 
 kept the Pitans under fevere reilri6lions, and their chiefs at 
 Impeiious diftancc. But Coffim Klian, wdiom Aurengzebe 
 appointed on his return to Delhi, alVumed a different coudud. 
 
 K 2 He
 
 68 HISTORICAL FRAGMEXTS 
 
 SECT. He remitted the ari-cars, and lowered the rates of their tri- 
 v*^;,^ biites; treated tlieirchiels \^ith eciuality, and even freciuented 
 1678. them with ileiuKir atteiulance, and negligent tamiliarilies, 
 which lelt him at their mercy, fubmitting to incur their con- 
 tempt, in order to gain their confidence; but no condercen- 
 fions could niduce them, as he hoped, to deliver up the pre- 
 tended Sultan. He, however, diverted them fVoni any ihiiiter 
 fufpicions oniimfeh'; and got all who efpecialiy I'upported the 
 pretender, to come to a feftival at Pitliavir; in which he made 
 them drunk with intoxicated wine, when bands, concealed 
 for the purpot'c, came in, and malVacred them all, whilft 
 others overpowered their retinues. 'l"he impoftor, on the de- 
 llruclion of his protectors, elcaped over the mountains into 
 Perfia, and was never after heard of. This execrable deed, 
 Aurengzebc himtelf was obliged, by the jnd)lic detefta- 
 tion, to reprobate; and recalling Collim Khan, degraded him 
 to the loweli rank of Omrahs; but privately allured him of 
 favour, whole exculpation, had he dared to make any, would 
 have been <leath. To foothe or obviate the vengeance of the 
 Pitans, he fent flvll his Ion Acbar, and then Sultan JNIauzum, 
 to Pilliavir. lUit the Pitans were too much dilconcerled by 
 the lofs of their chiefs, to recur to arms. 
 
 The confent or indilFerencc of Aurengzebc to Sevagi's expe- 
 dition into the Carnatic, may be imputed either to the devo- 
 tion of his attention to the Pitans, or to his belief that Sevagi 
 woidd wafte his force unprofitably, at fuch a diilance, againft 
 
 fo
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 69 
 
 fo ftroDg a country. But this reafoning proved the importance gEcr. 
 of the conqueil, which was not only fuftlcient to maintain itfelf, ^• 
 but, with the parfimony ofSevagi's warfare, to furnifli means 1678. 
 for other invafions. ^ iziapore now became as much expofed 
 to liis attacks from the Camatic on one fide, as frcm the 
 Concan on tlie other; and the rich countries to the fouth of 
 the Coleroon lay at the mercy of his activity from Gingee, 
 •whenfoevev difeugao;ed from other exertions. 
 
 Accordingly this increafe of his power excited the indigna- 
 tion of Aurengzebe, in proportion to the obftacles it might 
 create to his own views of reducing the Peninfula. He fliarp- 
 Iv rebuked Bahadar Khan, for having been miltaken in the 
 confcquence of his truce v.ith Sevagi ; and fent back Delhire 
 Khan with a feparate command, ordering hira at leaft to prefs 
 the conqueft of Viziapore, if he could not make impreffion on 
 Sevagi's countries ; who returning from the Carnatic, ravaged 
 in Viziapore, deftroying the towns and tillage until the begin- 
 ning of February 1678; when Delhire Khan with his army 
 entered the country, and Sevagi, making the moft of every 
 tuni, then offered his afiiltance to the king, which was accepted, 
 and enabled the ftate to make head againlt all the efforts of 
 Delhire Khan. Sevagi returned to Rairee in April, after au 
 abfence of nineteen months, the longeft fince he had fixed his 
 refidence there. 
 
 Siddee Coflim with the fleets, at^ter quitting Bombay in No- 
 vember 1677, continued cruizing alone the coaft of the Con- 
 
 can>
 
 70 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, can, landing frequently, but gaining little pillage, in lieu of 
 y^^^J^^ which they feized what inhabitants they could catch, and 
 
 1678. rnade them, indifcrinunately,even bramins,the ilaves of menial 
 office. In March they came to Dunda Iiajapore, where they 
 continued until the governor of Surat had gained permiflioii 
 of the Englilh prclidency for their wintering again in Bombay, 
 where thc}^ arrived at the end of April, and hauled their 
 fmaller veffels on lliore as fomierly at Mazagong, and moored 
 the larger as clofe to it as they could lie; many of the men 
 took up their dwelling in the town, and daily committed vio- 
 lence and injuries on the inhabitants, who were, for the moll 
 part, Gcntoos. 
 
 JNIorah Pundit, Anagi Pundit, and moft of the officers of 
 the higher ranks in Sevagi's government, were bramins; and 
 Sevagi, in deference to their execration of the inexpiable im- 
 purities which Siddee Coffim had infli6led on the bramins he 
 had taken prifoncrs, conlented to indulge their propofal of 
 burning the two fleets at Bombay; which moreover had for 
 many years been the only obftacle to the reduction of Gin- 
 gerah. Accordingly Dowlet Caun, and Dcira Sirang, the two 
 admirals of his own fleet, came down with 4000 men in the 
 „. 50. month of July to Panwell, a large town on the river Penn, on 
 the eaftem fliore of the harbour; but found not boats fuffi- 
 cientto tranfport them; and the monfoon prevented the pro- 
 curement of more from other parts without the bay: on this 
 difappointment Dowlet Caun marched with the men to Gal- 
 1 lian,
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 71 
 
 lian, from whence he requefted leave of the Portuguefe to sfxt. 
 crofs atTannah, inteuding to pafs the channel of Mahim, and ^^' 
 advance through the ifland of Bombay to the town of Maza- 167S. 
 gong, where they would have attacked the Siddee's quarters 
 and veflcls on fliore, and from thence, in boats they might find 
 or bring, have boarded the fliips or veffels at anchor near. 
 
 The alarm was not trivial at Bombay. Whilil Sevagi's men 
 were at Panwell, a confidcrable part of the garrifon was 
 quartered at Mazagong ; and when they proceeded to Gallian, 
 moved to oppofe thcni ut Mahim, and a frigate was ftationed 
 in that channel to annoy their paffage into the ifland. But 
 fortunately Baflcin was equally alarmed for the ifland of 
 Salcette, and the governor himfelf came with the befl; of his 
 force to Tannah, and anchored forty armed boats in the 
 ftream, Avhich utterly detei'red the attempt of pafling there. 
 Dowlct Caun, not to have done nothing, burnt feveral villages 
 in the Portuguefe country, and fent a part of his troops by 
 Pannela of Daman to plunder about Surat ; which with the 
 reft; were foon after recalled to Rairee ; and as foon as the fair 
 weather was fettled, were fent with many more, and a miglitier 
 train of artillery to Dunda Rajapore, againlt Gingerah. The 
 wifdom of Sevagi controlled his refentment of the protec^tion 
 which Bombay had fo often afforded, and now more openly 
 than ever, to the Siddee's fleet; which indeed could fcarcely 
 be juftified by the law of nations, and would have been fe- 
 verely atoned, if the wants of Bombay had not continually 
 
 brought
 
 72 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 brought money into his country; and a proof of the influence 
 of this confideration foon after occurred. 
 
 I67S4 1'he Soubadar or governor of upper Chaul had claims of 
 money arifmg from traffick upon Petit, one of the company's 
 fadtors, and on a Banian, who was brother to their broker at 
 Surat ; delays of payment had been long pradlifed, and the 
 Soubadar, relying on the vexation of Sevagi at the difappoint- 
 ment of burning the Siddee's fleet, feized all the boats belong- 
 ino' to Bombay, which chanced at this time to be trading in 
 the rivers, and ports of his jurifcUction. Thirty were in the 
 rivers Penn and Negotan within the harbour, oppofite to the 
 ifland. The council of Bombay armed four boats with fixty 
 Europeans, who attacked and beat off the guard, and brought 
 back moft of the boats which had been feized. The Soubadar 
 complained to Sevagi of this infult in his territory; who faid 
 the Englifli had done right, and ordered him to releafe all 
 the trade and veflels he had lt()])pcd in any part of his go- 
 vernment. 
 
 Towards the end of the year the batteries of Sevagi were play- 
 ing furioufly upon the ifland of Gingerah, whilftSiddee Coflim, 
 unable to i)ay his men for want of remittences from Surat, was 
 conftrained to continue in the harbour of Bombay. AVe have 
 no account of what operations had cnfued between the Mogul * 
 troops and thofe of Viziaporo, flncc the n)onth of j\Iay. 
 
 IC79. 'J'he year l(i79 opened with a new war, conduced by 
 Aurcngzcbe in perfon, which leads us to recall an important 
 
 meafure
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 73 
 
 measure in his government, fo contrary to all the notions of 
 found policy, as well as all the feelings of general humanity, 
 that rericction seeks the motive with amazement. 1679- 
 
 It is \\'ell known that Aurengzebe ufed the mafl^ of religious 
 aufterity, amongft his other means of acquiring the throne. 
 Of his brothers, Darah had written a treatife, endeavouring to «. 51. 
 reconcile the doctrines of Braniah with the tenets of the 
 Alcoran; Sujah had no religion; and Morad drank wine to 
 excefs; and the indulgence of their father, Shah Jchan, to all 
 perfuafions, incurred the reproach of indifference to his own. 
 Affumed pra6lices of general eftimation can never be comfort- 
 abl}' relinquiilied ; but the hypocrify of Aurengzebe increafed 
 with his power ; and in order to palliate to his jVIahomedan 
 fubjects, the crimes by which he had become their fovereio-n, 
 he determined to enforce the converfion of the Hindoos «. 52. 
 throughout his empire by the fevereft penalties, and even 
 threatened the fword ; as if the blood of his fubjects Avere to 
 wall) away the llains, with which he w- as imbrued by the blood 
 of his faniil}'. 
 
 A few petty Rajahs were lured by better appointments to 
 converlion, but the people clung to their pagodas ; fomc 
 preachers were put to death, which increaTed the fpirit of 
 martvrdom. An old woman led a multitude in arms from 
 Agra towards J^elhi, whom A\n'engzebe defeated in perfon. 
 The religious vexation continued. Labour left the field, and 
 indulljy the loom ; until the decreafe of the revenues drew 
 
 L reprefentations 
 
 «• 53-
 
 74 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, reprcrentations from the governors of the provinces ; which in- 
 ^'^^ duced Aurengzebe to fubftitute a capitation tax, as the l)alance 
 1679. of the account- between the two rehgions. It was laid with 
 heavy difproportion on the lower orders of Hindoos, which 
 compofc the multitude; infomuch, that the produce, if we un- 
 derftand the account, would have amounted to half the an- 
 cient revenue : few, nevcrthelefs, bartered their faith for the 
 exemption, and thoufands perifliod under the opprcflion. 
 n. 54. Abnir, Chitore, and Joudpore, are the three great Rajah- 
 
 fliips of ludoftan. Abnir adjoins to the Mcft of the province 
 of Agra, and to the north of Azmir. Chitore lies on the weft 
 of Malva; Joudpore of Chitore, extending to the Indus ; and 
 both thefe principalities adjoin to the north of Guzerat. The 
 races of the Rajpoots, who poffefs the three countries, arc 
 acknowledged the noblcft in the empire : no inferior cafts are 
 admitted to the honour of bearing arms amongft them ; and 
 when united, they can bring 200,000 fighting men into the 
 field. The Mogul had often endeavoured to fubjeft them to 
 amenable vailalage ; but had never been able to obtain their 
 acquiefcence to more than ceremonious acknowledgments, 
 and rated fubfidies of troops. The fituation of their countries 
 enabled them to retaliate injuries in the centre of the empire ; 
 but attached to their foil, as ground in which their deities, as 
 well as anccftors had lived, few of their princes had been am- 
 bitious of increafing their territory. Jyfing, as we have feen, 
 was Rajah of Abnir, and JeflTwont Sing of Joudpore, Both 
 1 had
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 75 
 
 had ferved in the revolution of Aurengzebe in 1676; but we sect 
 do not find in the cotemporary accounts of that period, any ^^ 
 mention of the Rajah of Chitore, although the firft of the ^^^^ 
 three in ancientry and refpect, and ftyled the Ranah, or lord 
 of the Rajahs. 
 
 Jyfing died at Brampore, foon after the pretended revolt 
 of Sultan IVIauzum, and feems to have been poifoned by the 
 procurement of Aurengzebe ; his fon Ram Sing was at that 
 time ferving with a body of Rajpoots in attendance at Delhi, 
 and admitted the capitation tax in his countr3\ Aurengzebe 
 then propofed it, but with an alternative, and by an ambaf- 
 fador, to the Ranah, " That he fliould no longer ftrike coin 
 " with his own name, but with Aurengzebe's ; that kine might 
 *' be killed in his territory ; that the pagodas fliould be de- 
 " moliflied, or converted into mofques; that jullice fliould be 
 " adminiilered according to the Alcoran ; and that if thefe 
 " terms were refufed, his whole people Ihould be fubje^t to 
 *' the general capitation of the Hindoos." 
 
 The Ranah remonftrated to gain time, which xlurengzebe 
 likewife wanted, until his military preparations were ready, 
 having two wars of equal difficulty to wage ; and whilft wait- 
 ing, came the option of a third. The Rajah Jeffwont Sing «• 55- 
 died in the beginning of the year 1678, leaving a high 
 fpirited widow, and two fons, not yet arrived at man's eftate. 
 Aurengzebe, to get them into his power, invited them to 
 Delhi ; they came even to the fuburbs ; but receivino- fome 
 
 L 2 fufpicion,
 
 76 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SKCT. fulpicion, fet otf haftily on tlieir return the fame night, and 
 ,^^ Avcie purfued bv five thouland horlr, \\ houi two hiridred 
 1679. and fifty devoted i\aj[)Oots flopped at a pals, until the efcape 
 of the princes was fecured 
 
 On this, Aurengzcbe called up his fons Azini and Ecbar, 
 from tlieir o;overnnients of Benoal and jMuUan ; but without 
 waiting for their jvinction, took the field liinifelf in 0(!^if)ber 
 lG78 with his two armies; the one under his own conduct, 
 againft Chitore and Joudpore; the other of Sultan jMauzum, 
 againft Sevagi. Both held the fame rout as far as the pro- 
 vince of Malva; on their approach, the Kanah and the widow 
 called on all the Hindoo povers for alhftance. 
 
 Sultan Mauzinn arrived at Ihumporc in the liciiinninc: of 
 January 1679, and advanced to Aurengabatl, wiiere he fixed 
 his court. 'J'he ilricfl feverity of Sevagi's charat^ier, which 
 permitted no relaxation either to himfelf or others from the 
 occupations of war and goyemment, had long grown irklbme 
 to the headftrong licentioufncfs of his fon Sambagi ; who, 
 what few had ever done, contrived his. fcheme and correfpon- 
 dencc without incurring the fufpicion of his father, and went 
 oft' with two thovdand horfe from Raircc to Aureniiabad, 
 where he was expcdled and received by Sultan Mauzum with 
 the utmoft complacence. 
 
 At this time the Pitan Bullal Khan, minifter and general 
 of Vi/iaporc, who had alTidfinated his prcdcccfibr in that 
 ftation, Cowis Cawn the Siddec, was himfelf nnailinalcd; aud 
 
 Serji
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 77 
 
 Sciji Khan, important by liis domains, had acquired the sect. 
 principal intluence in the ftate. As new minifters rarely v^,^^,^/ 
 adopt the fyftems of thofe they fucceed, Serji Khan yielded 1679- 
 to the requifitions of Snltan IVIauzum, demanding the affift- 
 ance of Viziapore againft Sevagi, to which the defecation of his 
 fon Sambagi was no little encouragement. Sevagi faw and 
 met the ftorm with his ufual intrepidity, and fixed himfelf 
 with the befl of his force in Pannela, his neareft frontier to 
 Viziapore, and the i'outhern parts of the j\Iogul Country. 
 
 This alacrity, Avith the approach of the rains, ftopped the 
 confederates from taking the field, until they had inoreafed 
 their preparations. Xor had the danger deterred or diverted 
 Sevagi from other exertions ; for, on his fon's defection, a body 
 of his troops from Rairee appeared and ravaged within fight 
 of Surat, and his preparations at fea were continued with 
 unabated endeavour and expence. 
 
 It was now feven years that he had been increafing his fleet 
 to become a match for the Siddees, or any other force againft 
 which he might be compelled, or choofe to contend. None 
 of his harbours admitted iliips of a great fize, fuch as were 
 ufed at Surat, or by the Europeans. The traffic from port to 
 port of the malabar and north'^rn coafts, as well of the Concan, 
 now his OAvn, had from time immemorial been of great 
 amount; but carried on in veflTels of fliallow burthen, capable 
 of taking clofe refuge under every Ihelter of the land. The 
 veflels for fight, under the various denominations of pirates, 
 
 which
 
 •^8 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, wliich have always infefted thefe coafts, w^ere adapted to the 
 I- conltruAions of the chafe they were to follow, and trufted to 
 
 1679- the fuperiority of number againft fliips of burthen in the open 
 fea. Sevaoi did not change this fyftein in his own marine, 
 and by this time had colle6lcd a fleet of twenty two-maft 
 grabs and forty gallivats. 
 
 Tlie protection which the Siddees had given to Gingcrah 
 afrainft the repeated attacks of Sevagi, as well as their fre- 
 quent annoyances of his country, had been fo much facili- 
 tated by their refort to Bombay, that Sevagi at length 
 determined to compel the Englifli government to a ftrifter 
 neutrality by reprifals on their own port. About fix miles 
 below the point of Tull lie two rocky iflands, the one called 
 Kenary, two miles and a half from the main; the other 
 Hundry, at the diftance of 1,200 yards. Kenary, which is 
 the largcft of the two, is only a mile and a half long and 
 half a mile in breadth. Neither had ever been inhabited, 
 and both were covered with wood, which fometimes fupplied 
 Bombay with fuel ; nor had they been deemed of any other 
 utility, although no veffel could enter or come out of the har- 
 bour, which might not be difccrned from them in the day, 
 and a light-houfe on Kenary would have afcertained the 
 navigation in the night. ' 
 
 Sevagi, whom no advantage efcaped, ordered preparations 
 during the ftonny fcafon ; and at the end of Auguft, as foon 
 as it began to abate, three hundred foldiers and as many 
 
 labourers.
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 79 
 
 labourers, with arms and materials, paflTed from the main 
 into the ifland of Kenary, and immediately began to raife 
 breaft works at the landing places. Bomba}^ when too late, 
 faw the confequences, and recolledled a pretenfion to both 
 the iflands by the ceffion of Portugal ; which, the Portuguefe 
 at Baflein, equally alarmed, denied, and alTerted an ancient 
 right of their own, having formerly attempted to fettle on 
 Kenary, but finding the water came up fait in the wells they 
 dug, defifted. Bombay at this lime had no gallivats, which 
 are veflels conltru6ted for fwift failing : and therefore fitted 
 three Ihibars or trading boats, which they armed with forty 
 Europeans of the garrifon, who were ordered to prevent the 
 landing of any veflels from Sevagi's fliore, and to fummon his 
 officer on the ifland to retire with his people ; who anfwered 
 that he fliould never quit his fl;ation until recalled by his 
 mafter. After cruifing ten days about the iflands, hard 
 weather drove the fliibars back to Bombay, from whence 
 they proceeded again to the ifland, reinforced by the Revenge, 
 a frigate of fixteen guns. The next day, which was the 19th 
 of September, a Lieutenant, in a fit of drunkennefs, landed with 
 the men of his fliibar, was killed with fix other Europeans, 
 the refi; made prifoners, and the fliibar hauled u}) on the 
 fliore ; all before any afliftaiice could be given by the other 
 veflels, working againft the wind and tide ; which the enemy's 
 boats by their conflru(5lion and oars Avere much better enabled 
 tofurmount; and for feveral nights following pafled to and 
 
 from
 
 80 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, from the ifland without interception. The officers on the fervice 
 
 I. 
 
 imputed their inefl'ettual watch to the fcwnefs of their veflcls, 
 1^'^* and the whole of Sevagi's armada were afl'embling at Chaul 
 under the command of his admiral Dowlet Caun : on which 
 the govermnent of Bombay increafed their force by hiring the 
 veffels they wanted, and on the 6th of October the fleet otf 
 Kenary conlifted of the Revenge, as admiral, two grabs of 
 two mafts, the three Ihibars, and two nmnchuas, a ftronger 
 kind of trading veflel, in all eight ; on board of which were 
 two hundred European foldiers, which amounted to two-thirds 
 of the garrifon of Bombay, befidcs the feamcn and lafcars of 
 the crews. 
 
 On the 15 th of Od,ober Dowlet Caun's fleet anchored clofe 
 to the fliorc a little to the north of Chaul, in fight of Kenary, 
 to which. a number of his gallivats pafled over in the enfuing 
 night, and on the next returned to the main. At day-break 
 of the next morning, which was the 18th, their whole fleet 
 bore down firing from iheir prows, and advancing fo faft, that 
 theEnglifli veliels at anchor near the ifland, had fcarcel}' time 
 to get under weigh : in lefs than half an hour one of the 
 Englilh grabs, called the Dove, ilruck, and was carried off; 
 the other avoided this danger, and afterwards kept aJoof, and 
 the five fail of fliibars and munchuas ran away ; fo that the 
 Revenge was left alone in the midlt of the enemy. She was 
 commanded by captain iVlinchin, and had on board, as com- 
 modore of the whole fleet, Keigwin the comu^iander of the 
 
 g^rrilbu,
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 81 
 
 garrifon, both men of courage ; they beat off the enemy's sect. 
 galhvats which attempted to board, and funk five of them; v^.^1^^ 
 on wliich the whole fleet, fifty veffels, fled before this fingle 1^79 
 frigate, and Avere purfued into flioal water to the bar of 
 Negotan ; but feveral of their galhvats with recruits and 
 Ilores had got into Kenary during the fight ; which was in- 
 tended to cover them. Tuo da3's after the enemy's fleet 
 came out again from Negotan ; but Avhen the Englifli ad- 
 vanced to meet them, returned into the river. 
 
 At this time 5,000 of Sevagi's troops, in expectation 
 of better effedls from their fleet, came down from Rairee to 
 Gallian, and demanded, as once before, permiflion of the 
 Portugucfe government at Bafiein, to pafs at Tannah, in 
 order to crofs at IMahim into Bomba^^ ; but were again re- 
 fufed. Neverthelefs their continuance at Gallian created 
 much folicitude, left the Portuguefe fliould change their mind, 
 or they get boats and pafs down from Gallian in the night, 
 whilft fo great a part of the garrifon was abroad in the fleet ; 
 and this apprehenfion produced a negotiation with Rairee. 
 
 Notwithftanding the incrcafe of the Englifli veffels watch- 
 ing Kenary, it ftill continued impoffible to prevent the ene- 
 my's boats from paffmg it in the night : twelve pafled on the 
 25th; five a few nights after; and although not fo readily, all 
 got fafe back again. Cannon were now mounted in the ifland, 
 and fired at the Englifh veffels ; but, in feveral days, only one 
 fliot ftruck. which killed a cooley ; feveral galhvats were 
 
 M driven
 
 83 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, driven on fliore near Negotan at difierent times, by the Ihibars 
 ^- or munchuas. Another IVioate, of hxteen guns,, called the 
 
 1679. Hunter, which had come from Surat, and brought the prefi- 
 dent's guard of thirty-fix. Europeans, to reinforce Bombay, 
 was fent to the fleet, which then quitted their ftations near 
 Kenary, and anchored to block up the river of Negotan ; but 
 could not effectually; becaufe it has two outlets: on. which 
 Keigwin propofed to enter,.burn the enemy's fleet, and ravage 
 the country; but the council at Bombay, and ftill more tho 
 prefidejicy at Surat, were unwilling to rifque fuch a provoca- 
 tion of Sevagi's refentment, and were confirmed in this caution. 
 by the hope of feeing, the quarrel taken oft" their hands. 
 
 The Mogul government at Surat were as much alarmed, 
 as either the Englifli or Portugucfe, at Sevagi's views on the 
 fca, whom they had hitherto only dreaded on fliore ; for, 
 befides the extenfive trade in many veflels to various parts of 
 the Eafi, Indies, feven or eight fliips which traded to the red. 
 fea,.and the gulph of Perfia, annually brought back 500,000l, 
 in gold and filver alone. The Siddee was equally anxious for. 
 the prefervation of his flrong hold of Gingerah, and by this 
 concurrence of apprehenfions obtained the fupplics of his. 
 equipment for the firil time without grudge or regret, from 
 the government of Surat. His fleet confifled of two large 
 fliips, three frigates of three niafts, and fifteen flout gallivats^ 
 in which, befides the lafcars, were feven hundred excellent 
 foldiers. They arrived at Bombay on the lOth of November, 
 
 and.
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. gS 
 
 and after conference with the council there, joined the com- 
 pany's fleet oft' Kenary, whofe oflicers at the fame time re- 
 ceived cautious inftru6lions. I679. 
 
 Siddec Coffim, having rowed round the illand, propofed to 
 aftault it with his own men, if the company's veflels would 
 cover the landing; but Keigwin difcovered that he intended 
 to keep it, if carried ; and as Bombay might receive more 
 detriment from it in his poffeirion, than from Sevagi's, evaded 
 to give the afliftance ; on which the Siddee cannonaded the 
 "ifland from his two fliips for feveral days, which was returned, 
 but with no efted; on either fide-: during Avhich no firing 
 paflbd between the compan3''s fleet and the ifland. This 
 "vvarinefs confirmed what intelligence the Siddee had gained 
 concerning the negotiation between Bombay and Sevagi, and 
 in order to break it, he fent off his gallivats in the night to 
 attack the corlahs in the harbour ; where they burnt four 
 to^vn«, and brought oft" the inhabitants for flaves. Single l)oats 
 from the main confirmed to get into the ifland ; and Dowlet 
 Caun prepared to come out of Negotan with a numerous 
 convoy laden with provifions and amnmnition : and all his 
 grabs appeared one morning at the mouth of the river ; but 
 on the approach of the two fleets from their flations, went in 
 again ; the fmaller velTels were th>en left to block the outlets, 
 but the Siddee fearing his own wight he furprifed, withdrew 
 them ; and the watch was continued by only two of the 
 Company's, The firing was renewed between the Siddee and 
 
 u g the
 
 84 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, the ifland, and continued for thirteen days to the laft of 
 ^' December with as Uttle effed; as before, and thus flood the 
 
 1679. quarrel at the end of the year 1679. 
 
 In September Scvagi came out of Pannela, with what force 
 for the field he had kept there during the rains, and joined 
 20,000 horfe, which IMorah Pundit had colle^led, waiting for 
 him at the foot of the weftern fide of the ridge ; they proceed- 
 ed towards Viziapore, whofe forces were joined by the Mogul's 
 army from Aurengabad under the conduA of Dclhire Khan ; 
 Sambagi was likewife with them, and in a general battle 
 which enfued, his enfigns were difplayed againft his father's. 
 The conteft was fliarp : on Sevagi's fide two thoufand Morat- 
 toes were flain, and as many furrendered. His enemies 
 claimed the vi6iory, which he confirmed by retreating to 
 Rairee, where he arrived in the beginning of November. 
 
 This was the only defeat of his life, but he foon difpelled 
 the reproach, which he had willingly encouraged. A powerful 
 Rajah in Berar, aggrieved by the ]\Iogul government, confe- 
 derated with him for their mutual revenge ; and in the begin- 
 ning of December Sevagi fet off from Rairee with a chofen 
 body of horfe, and fuddenly appeared in the country between 
 Aurengabad and Brampore, where, joined with the forces of 
 
 "• 57- the Rajah, they committed all kind of devaflation : Dongong, 
 where the Englifh had fa6iors, Chupra, and other great 
 marts, were again plundered, and Brampore flmt its gates. 
 At the fame time Morah Pundit, with another body of horfe, 
 
 proceeded
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 85 
 
 proceeded along the weftern fide of the mountains, and rava- sect. 
 ged towards Surat : Sevagi returned to Rairee with his booty ^• 
 at the end of the 3xar, but Morah Pundit with his divifion 1679. 
 kept the field. 
 
 In the mean time Aurengzebe was canning on the war 
 againft the Ranah of Chitore, and the Rajah of Marwar, who 
 on the approach of his army at the end of the preceding year, 
 1678, had abandoned the accefliible country, and drew their 
 herds and inhabitants into the vallies, Avithin the mountains ; 
 the army advanced amongfl: the defiles with incredible labour, 
 and with fo little intelligence, that the divifion which moved 
 with Aurengzebe himfelf, was unexpe6tedly flopped by infu- 
 perable defences and precipices in front ; whilft the Rajpoots 
 in one night clofed the ftreights in his rear, by felling the over- 
 hanging trees ; and from their ftations above, prevented all 
 endeavours of the troops either within or without, from re- 
 moving the obfl;acle. Udeperri the favorite and Circaflian 
 wife of Aurengzebe accompanied him in this arduous war, 
 and with her retinue and efcort was enclofed in another part 
 of the mountains; her condu6tors, dreading to expofe her per- 
 fon to danger or public view, furrendered. She was carried 
 to the Ranah, who received her Avith homage, and every 
 attention. Meanwhile the emperor himfelf might have 
 perifhed by famine, of which the Ranah let him fee the 
 rifque, by a confinement of two days ; Avhen he ordered his 
 Rajpoots to withdraw from their ftations, and fufFer the May 
 
 to
 
 86 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, to be cleared. As foon as Aurengzebe was out of danger, the 
 .,^^ Ranah fent back his wife, accompaiiied b}' a chofen efcort. 
 
 1679- who only requefted in return, that he would refrain from 
 deftrojing the facred animals of their religion, which might 
 •ftill be left m the plains ; but Aurengzebe, who believed in no 
 "Virtue but felf-intereft, imputed the generofity and forbearance 
 .of the Ranah to the fear of future vengeance, and continued 
 the war. Soon after, he Avas again well nigh enclofed in the 
 mountains. This fecond experience of difficulties beyond his 
 age and conftitution, and the arrival of his fons, Azim and 
 Acbar, determined him not to expofe himfelf any longer in 
 the field ; but to leave its operations to their condud, fuper- 
 intended by liis own inftrudlions from Azmir ; to which city 
 he retired with the houfeholds of his family, the officers of his 
 court, and his body-guard of 4,000 men, dividing the army 
 between his two fons, who each had brought a confidcrable 
 body of troops from their /relpediive governments. They con- 
 tinued the war each in a different part of the country, and 
 neither at the end of the year had forced the ultimate pafles 
 of the mountains. 
 
 The confederates in Viziapore, after Sevagi's retreat, at- 
 tacked fome of the towns in this country which he had for- 
 n. 58. merly reduced. Amongll others, they lacked liuttany, a very 
 confiderable mart ; and Delhire Khan propofed to fell the 
 inhabitants, who were Hindoos, for flaves; but Seiji Khan the 
 general of Viziapore wiflicd to prefcrve them as recovered 
 
 fubjeds ;
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 87 
 
 flibje6ls; and Sambagi flill more facredly, as being of his own 
 religion; but the two mahoniedans agreed, and Sambagi in 
 deteftation of co-operating any longer with fuch allies, went 1679. 
 off with his troops, wdiich were 400 horfc, and 1,000 foot, to 
 his father's- fort of Pannela, who ordered his admiflion, and 
 went to meet him at the end of the year, when they were 
 I'econciled ; and Sevagi, leaving him in the command of 
 Pannela, returned to Raiiee : Morah Pundit ftill continued 
 tow-ards Surat, but refrained from any ftrenuous exertion, left 
 liis ainftance fliould be required by the future operations of, 
 Sevagi. 
 
 The Siddce continued his daily battery againft Kenary,, iggO. 
 until the 9th of January, when, without intimating his defign 
 to the Englifli captains, he anchored his fleet at Hundry, the 
 other illand, on Avhich he landed men and cannon, and de- 
 clared his intention of fortifying it, as a check on Kenary. 
 Four days after Dowlet Caun came out, with all his velfelsj, 
 from the river of Negotan, and a general engagement enfued 
 with little damagCj for it was over before the Englifli could, 
 take any fliare in it. Dowlet Caun then brought guns to a. 
 rifmg ground on the main land oppofite Hundry,. againft < 
 which they fired, and were anfwered as well by the Siddee's 
 fllips as the guns in the ifland : this cannonade continued, 
 feveral days. On the 2.7th Dowlet Caun came out again 
 with the whole fleet and engaged the Siddee's for four hours,, 
 until he had loft four grabs, and as many of the fmaller veffels.L 
 
 witUi
 
 38 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SF,CT. with 500 men killed and Avoundcd, beiides the prifoners; and 
 ^- was himfelf feverely wounded. The Siddce loft no veflels, 
 
 1680. and had only ten men killed ; fuch was the advantage of his 
 fliil>s over the opener and more (lender veflels of the enemy ; 
 whofe grabs, with their wounded admiral, leaving their galli- 
 vats to the neighbouring rivers, bore away after the engage- 
 ment, to refit at Rajapore, which is one hundred miles to the 
 fouth of Ncgotan. 
 
 This while the negotiation had been carrj'ing on at Bom- 
 bay with an ambafikdor fent on purpofe from Rairee, and 
 left that he fliould think that this fuccefs of the Siddee was 
 acceptable to the council, they immediately recalled their 
 own fleet. The Siddee tried again to break off" the treaty, by 
 fending the grabs he had taken to be fold in Bombay, and 
 being refufed the permiflion, entered the harbour on the 37th 
 of February with his whole fleet, and detached his gallivats, 
 crowded with men, into the river Penn, which they went up as 
 far as the dej^th permitted, burning all the towns and villages 
 on either hand, and brought away near a thoufand of the in- 
 habitants. Neverthelefs the treaty was concluded in the 
 middle of March: it confirmed that of 1674 made by 
 jNIr. Oxenden, and promifed immediate payment of what 
 remained due of the compenfation then allowed for the com- 
 pany's lofl(3s at the fack of Rajapore in 1673. The Englifli 
 agreed not to permit the Siddee's fleet to winter in the harbour, 
 but under the condition of not attacking the oppofite fliores. 
 1 In
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 89 
 
 In this Interval Sevagi was gone from llairee, but no one 
 knew whither ; a convoy of money to a great amount was 
 coming to Aurengalxid, of which, as of every thing concern- l6'B0. 
 ing his enemy, he received early intelligence ; and taking his 
 time before his intentions could be fufpeded, iiiiied with a ' 
 detachment of his hardieft cavalry, remote from all the Mo- 
 gul's ftations, and fell upon the convoy before his approach 
 was known, within a few miles of Brampore, where it would 
 liave been fafe, until fent forward with ftronger efcort. He 
 feized the whole, and brought it without interruption and 
 the fame rapidity to Rairee. But the purchafe was dearly 
 earned ; for the exceffive ftrain of fatigue, greater than any 
 he had endured fmce his efcape from Delhi, caufcd an inflam- 
 mation in his breaft, attended with fpitting of blood : his dif- n. 59. 
 order, although increafmg every day, was kept fecret within 
 his palace at Rairee ; and if it had been publiihed would not 
 have been believed, fmce he had more than once fent abroad 
 reports of his death, at the very time he was fetting out on 
 fome fignal excurfion ; and at this very time his army towards 
 Surat, which he probably intended to have joined, were 
 acting with fuch ravage and hoftility up to the vralLs, that the 
 city imagined Sevagi himfelf was commanding in perfon ; and 
 expected an afl'ault with fo much terror, that the Englifh 
 pvetidency fent off the treafure of their factory acrofs tlic 
 river, to the marine of S^v•ally, M'here lay fome of their ihips ; 
 and the governor of the town redeemed his fears by a large 
 
 N contribution ;
 
 90 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 contribution ; m iUi whidi Moiali Pundit returned to Rairce, 
 to fee his mailer die. He expired on the 5th of April, lb'80, 
 
 1680. jjj^fj ij^ (^Jig 52d year of his age. His funeral pile was ad- 
 miniftered with the fame facrifices as had been devoted the 
 year before to the obfexiuics of the Maha Rajah, Jefl'wont 
 
 n. 6o. Sing, of Joudpore : attendants, animals, and wives, were 
 burnt with his corpse. 
 
 The name of iiis family w as Bonfolo, Avhich claiming their 
 defccnt from ancient princes of the Rajpoot nation, were 
 exempted (we fuppofc in convenience to military exertions) 
 from fome of the ftri6ter obfervances of the general religion ; 
 from which, neverthelefs, he never deviated for the fake of 
 indulgences, and affc(R;ed the dcepeft reverence to his bra- 
 mins, undertaking no expedition without their aufpices ; and 
 ■was as punctual in his private devotions, as affiduous in the 
 ceremonies of public worfliip ; it lliould feem from convic- 
 tion ; but whether fo or no, his praftice gained the public 
 refpeft: and as he delighted in every occafion of throwing 
 defiance againll Aurcngzebe, he frequently ftylcd himfclf, in 
 his correfpondence and manifeftos, the champion of the 
 Hindoo gods againft the fanguinary violator of their temples; 
 wliich, with his own example, Iharpened the antipathy of 
 his troops againft the Mogul's, whom they deemed it religious 
 retaliation to deftroy. 
 
 His private life was fimple, even to parfimony ; his manners 
 Toid of infolence or oftentation ; as a fovereign he was hu- 
 mane,
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 91 
 
 mane, and felicitous for the well being of his people, as foon srct. 
 as aflured of their obedience ; for he gathered them as we ^• 
 have feen by degrees. 1680. 
 
 Conflicting againft the Mogul, Viziapore, and Golcondah, 
 the revenues of his own territories, all wrelled from their 
 dominions, were not futficient to fupply the means of main- 
 taining efteftual Avar againft fuch rich and mighty powers ; 
 but his genius created the refources which nature had denied. 
 The cavalry of the three INIahomedan ftates were always 
 drawn from the northern countries and borders of India with 
 efpecial regard to the ftrength and fize, as well of the riders 
 as their horfes, whofe pampered maintenance was of vaft 
 expenfe ; but their fliock was not to be refifted by any of the 
 native cavalry to the fouth of Delhi, and all the conqueils 
 made by the Mahomedans in this lower region may be im- 
 puted to this unequal decifion. Sevagi fii-ft difcerned and pro- 
 vided the equivalent oppolition, by eftablifliing a cavalry, of 
 M'hich the requifites were agility and endurance of fatigue : 
 many muft have periflied in the probation, but befides the «. 6u 
 fupplies of purchale and capture, broods were raifed from the 
 moft approved*. .. The horfe without a faddle was rode by a 
 man without cloths, whofe conftant weapon was a truily 
 
 * Navarette iiifcils, "\ was told at Siirat, tlic Subagi Mogul (Sevagi was far 
 from a Mogul) was extiaordinari^y careful that no woman fliould be in his army ; 
 and, if he happened to find one, he immediately turned her out, firfi: tutting otf 
 her hair and ears. This to prevent the efl'eds of fenfiiality on the alertnefs and 
 activity of his troops, for the fame reafon as the. Tartars," 
 
 N g fabre ;
 
 92 MISTORJCAL FRAGMExNTS 
 
 fabre; footmen enured to tlie fame travel, and bearing all 
 kind of arms trooped with tlieliorfe: fpare horfes to bring olf 
 1680. the boot}", and relieve the wearied or wounded. All gather- 
 ed their daily provifums as they paifed. No purfuit could 
 reach their march ; in contlicl their onfet fell Avherefoever 
 they chofe, and was relinquillied even in llic inflant of 
 charge. "Whole diftricts were in flames before their approach 
 was known, as a terror to others to redeem the ravage. Nor 
 were they fo wanton in bloodflied as reported by affright ; 
 but gave no cpuuter to refiftance or interruption: in the towns 
 they only fought the wealthy inhabitants to carry them oiFfor 
 future ranfom. Such Avas ihcir war of plunder. In regular 
 campaigns, in which fortreffes were to be reduced, they muft 
 have moved M'ith the ufual incumbrances ; but Sevagi feems 
 to have befieged none at an inconvenient diftance from 
 others of which he was in poflTenion ; excepting when he in- 
 vaded the Carnatic, of which we have acquired no circum- 
 llances. 
 
 AVe are not apprifed in Avhat manner he fatisfied and paid 
 his foldiery and their officers ; but beheve with portions of the 
 cumbrous plunder, grain, land, honour, privileges, exemp- 
 tions, and very little ready money, for the continual influx of 
 trcafure from his predatory excurfions raifcd the fame of the 
 ' caves of Rairee to a proverbial fymbol of eaftern wealth, as a 
 
 repofitory from which nothing returned. Neverthelefs nothing 
 nccelTary to the fuccefs of his operations was Hinted, and what 
 
 caj^ture
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 93 
 
 capture did not furnilli was procured by purchale. He fpared sect. 
 no coil to obtain intelligence of all the motions and intentions ^' 
 of his enemy, and even of minuter import; for his detach- 1680. 
 ments always kncAV the opulent houfcs of the towns they 
 attacked, and often the very cell in which the treafure they 
 fought was buried; he was ftill more profufe in corrupting the 
 generals with \\hom he contended ; the Mogul's governors of 
 Surat, his Subahs in the Decan, and even Sultan Mauzum 
 his fon, and the heir of his empire, had more than once ac- 
 cepted the gold of connivance from Sevagi. 
 
 The fame principles of frugality and expenfe -were obferved 
 in the municipal diflDurfements of his government: forfuperior 
 himfelf to magnificence, none of his officers were led to expe6t 
 more than competence ; but nothing was fpared which might 
 contribute to the internal defence of his country. Reo-ular 
 fortifications, well armed and garrifoned, barred the opener 
 approaches; every pafs Mas commanded by forts; and, in the 
 clofer defiles, every fteep and overhanging rock was occupied 
 as a flation to roll down great maffes of ft one, which made 
 their way to the bottom, and became the moft effedual 
 annoyance to the labouring march of cavalry, elephants, 
 and carriages. It is faid that he left three hundred and fifty 
 of thefe polls in the Concan alone. 
 
 Sevagi poffeffed all the qualities of command: every influ- 
 ence, howfoever latent, Avas combined in his fchemes, Avhich 
 generally comprehended the option of more than one fuccefs; 
 
 fa
 
 94 HISTOUICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 Co that his intention could rarely be afcertained, and when 
 accomplillied, did not difcover the extent of its advantages, 
 until developed by fnbfcquent acquifitions. In perfonal acti- 
 vity he exceeded all generals of whom there is record ; for 
 no partizan appropriated to fervices of detachment alone, ever 
 traverfed as much ground as lie at the head of armies. He 
 met every emergency of peril, howfoever fudden and extreme, 
 with inftant difcernment, and unfliaken fortitude; the ableil 
 of his officers acquiefced to the eminent fuperiority of his 
 genius ; and, the boaft of the foldier was to have feen Seva2;i 
 charging fword in hand. 
 
 Thus refpefted, as the guardian of the nation he had 
 formed, he moved every where amongft them with unfufpicious 
 fecurity, and often alone ; whilft his wiles were the continual 
 terror of the princes with whom he was at enmity, even in the 
 midft of their citadels and armies. Whenfoever we fliall ob- 
 tain a hiftory of his life, written in his own country, he will 
 doubtlefs appear to have poflfefled the higheft refources of 
 ftratagem, joined to undaunted courage ; Mhich, although 
 equal to the encounter of any danger, always preferred to 
 furmount it by circumvention ; which, if imprafticable, no arm 
 exceeded his in open daring. Gallantry muft lament that it 
 fliould once have been ftained by the blood of aifaflination. 
 
 Aurengzcbe could not fupprefs the emotions of his joy on 
 
 hearing of Sevagi's death, nor the juftice due to his character, 
 
 which he had denied during his life. " He was," he faid, 
 
 '^ "a great
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 95 
 
 " a great captain, and the only one who has had the magna- sect. 
 " niniity to raife a new khiodom, ^vhilil I have been endeavour- > ■'• 
 " ing to deftroy the ancient fovereignties of India ; my armies 1680. 
 " have been employed againft him for nineteen years, and, 
 " neverthelefs, his ftate has been always increafmg." n. 63, 
 
 This ftate comprifed, on the weftern fide of India, ajl the «. 64. 
 coaft with the back country of the hills from the river Mirzeou 
 to Verfal ; excepting the fmall territory of Goa to the fouth, 
 Bombay, Salcette, and the Portuguefe country between 
 BaiTein and Daman to the north. Along the other fide of 
 the ridge, all, as far as the mountains continued to the weft- 
 ward, hkewife belonged to Sevagi. The whole, at a general «• ^5' 
 amount, may be efteemed four hundred iniles in length, and 
 one hundred and twenty in breadth : at the diftance of three 
 hundred miles from this dominion, he was in pofieflion, 
 towards the eaftern fea, of half the Carnatic, which alone 
 equalled moftofthe Rajahfliips of India; all acquired by his 
 own abilities from an origin of little note ; and left at his 
 deceafe a permanent fovereignty, eftabliflied on communion 
 of manners, cuftoms, obfervances, language, and religion, 
 united in common defence againft the tyranny of foreio-n 
 contjuerors, from whom they had recovered the land of their 
 own inheritance. 
 
 SAMBAGl was at Pannela when his father died ; his 
 younger brother Ram Rajah at Rairee, whom Anagi Pundit 
 the fecond minifter, and rival of Morah Pundit the firft, 
 
 endeavoured
 
 96 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, endeavoured by the warrant, or fonic exprellion of Sevagi, 
 ^' . to eltablilli in the fovereignly ; but IVlorah Pundit was fup- 
 1680. ported in the preference of Sanibagi by the greateft part of 
 the foldiery, who had been the coni})anions of his valour and 
 adtivit}'^ iu the fiekl, which put an end to Anagi Pundit's 
 intrigue, and he went with Morah Pundit to pay homage 
 to Sanibagi at Pannela, who immediately confined him 
 in irons, and came to Raiiee, efcortcd by 5,000 horfe, in the 
 beo'innino; of July, where he met his brother with kindnefs, 
 and ordered the general rendezvous of the army. 
 
 Tlie Siddee, having fecured tlic continuance of his own works 
 on the ifland Hundry, defiiied from further attack on Sevagi's 
 at Kenary, and fent a part of his foldiery with fome of the 
 fmaller veffels to harbour at Mazagong, and with the larger 
 cruifed about Dunda Rajapore. At this time the government 
 of Surat, by the efpecial order of Aurengzebe, increafed the 
 duties of all the European imports from two to three-and-a- 
 half per cent, m hich Avas intended to equal their rates to the 
 poll tax eflabliHied on all his fubjc<5ls, not Mahomedans, in 
 >ii^ the empire. This aggrievance encouraged the inlblence of 
 the Siddee 's people at Bombay. They executed their own 
 juftice on the inhabitants, and again brought fome of the 
 people they had taken on Sevagi's fliores to fell as Haves in the 
 ifland ; but the council releafed all they got notice of, which 
 were twenty-one perlbns, men, women, and children, who, 
 when produced, were nearly reduced to death by hunger/ 
 
 This
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 97 
 
 This Imppened on the 28 th of April : on the 4th of May fomc 
 of their people were carrying contraband goods, which the 
 guards of the cuftom-houfe ftopped at Mazagong, and a fray ^^^O, 
 enfued, in whicii feveral on both fides were wounded. Tiie 
 next day Siddee Coffim hinifelf came into the harbour with 
 the main body of his fleet, and anchored off the fort without 
 compliment or warning, on which guns were fired on his 
 fliips, which forced them to a farther dillance, and produced 
 a difcuffion, Avhich at length terminated by the Siddee's con- 
 fcnt to refrain fi"om the invafion of the corlahs, conformably 
 to the engagements lately made by the council with Sevagi ; 
 but their continuing in the harbour gave fo much umbrage 
 to Sambagi, that he fent down troops to the fliore, Avho fet to 
 work in preparing means to burn their fleet, but continually ^ 
 deferred the attempt. 
 
 On the firft of Augufl two hundred of their men in boats, 
 and a dark night, landed on the ifland of Kenar}"-, and got 
 within the works before they were difcovered, but the Siddee's 
 men gathered with reiblution, and either took or killed the 
 greatelt part. Eighty heads were brought in baflvets to ^/^ 
 Ma>:agong, where Siddee Coflim prepared to fix them along 
 the fliore on poles, but was interdicted by the council. The 
 ill fuccefs and intended infult increafed the refentment of 
 Sambagi : he fent more troops to the corlahs, and threatened 
 the invafion of Bombay, which reinforced its out-polls towards 
 Gallian; at length he demanded to confer with an ambalTador, 
 
 O whom,
 
 98 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, whom, on account of the expcnfe, the prefulency at Siirat 
 ^•^ would not fend ; on which Sambagi lent his own to the illand, 
 
 16b J. by name Augee Pundit, a very lln-cwd man, of long fervice 
 a.id hi- li efteem with Scvagi ; he was treated with great 
 refpcct, and procured every kind of intelligence concerning 
 the Itrensth and defences of the ifland, and faw the Siddee's 
 fleet; which, wanting money, continued in the harbour until 
 the 22d of December, when they failed down the coaft, in- 
 tendins; to make a defcent again at Vingorlah ; but Sambaffi 
 had incrcafed his fleet to fixty fail, and reinforced it with 
 5,000 foldiers, which neverthelefs could not refift the battery 
 
 ICSI. of the Siddee's, but failed much better, and could anchor in 
 much flioaler water ; of which advantages Dowlet Caun 
 availed himfelf ; and reftridled his operations to obfervation, 
 which deterred the Siddee from attempting to ravage any part 
 of the coaft; fo that after various chafes, and accidental fights 
 between the fmaller veflels, the feafon clofed without any of 
 confequence, and the Siddee returned to Bombay towards 
 the end of April : from whence he failed for Surat on the 3d 
 of May, leaving five hundred men on his ifland of Hundry, 
 and fix gallivats with three hundred men at Mazagong. 
 
 We left Aurengzebe in the beginning of the year 1680 at 
 Azmir, directing the war againft the Rajpoots, carried on by 
 two different armies under the command of his fons Aziu), and 
 Acbar. Soon after, if we can arrange aright, the army of 
 Azim took the vaft and ruined city of Chitore by furprife : it 
 
 had
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 99 
 
 had been taken about a century before by the emperor Acbar, sect. 
 who defaced or demoliilied all the edifices of relisjion and re- . J^' , 
 gality, which in the fucceflion of one thoufand years had 16S1. 
 elevated its reputation above all the weftcrn cities of Indoftan. 
 On tliis difafter, the Ranah then reigning removed his refi- 
 dence antl the feat of government to Oudipore, where it had 
 continued ever fince. Chitore, neverthelefs, did not thenlofe 
 all its inhabitants, and the number had been increafmg until 
 this fecond expulfion, but was nothing near fo great as when 
 taken by Acbar ; Aurengzebe deftroyed all the obje6ls of 
 Hindoo worfliip, and every dwelling which had fmee been 
 either raifed or reftored. The capture, neverthelefs, did not 
 forward the reduction of the Ranah ; for the farther moun- 
 tains, Avhich environed his refidence at Oudipore were infuper- 
 ablc, and the pi'ophanation of Chitore, increafed the defpe- 
 rate defence of the Rajpoots of both principalities. 
 
 All the fons of Aurengzebe Avere brave; but Sultan Mauzum 
 had acquired the love of the foldiery by his generofity and 
 humanity ; who perceived little of thefe vhtues either in his 
 father or brothers ; whofe jealoufy this preference raifed, 
 which Sultan jNIauzum knew; and when fent into the Decan, 
 forefaw that any fignal fuccefs obtained under his innnediate 
 command in the fiekl, would aggravate their latent averfions; 
 and on the other hand that the failure would be imputed to his 
 mifconducl alone. In this dilemma, he chofe the middle mode 
 of atling as the vicegerent of the emperor in the general fuper- 
 
 o 2 intcndencv
 
 100 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, intcndency of the province ; but left the command of the 
 ^;,^^ army to Delhirc Khan ; who was charged to watch all his 
 
 16S1. proceedings. Neverthclefs, the fultans Azim and Acbar ex- 
 aggerated the inefficacy of the war againft Sevagi ; from which 
 Aurengzebe received fome confolation, as palliating the failure 
 of his own againft the Rajpoots; but ordered Sultan Alauzum to 
 perfevere with more activity. Soon after happened the deatli 
 of Sevagi, when Aurengzebe, not expecting tlie fame oppofition 
 from his fucccffor, recalled Sultan Mauzum and Delhire Khan 
 with the army which had accompanied them into the Decan ; 
 and they advanced to Chitore ; fo that the whole force of the 
 empire, which coukl M'ith prudence be collccilcd to one defli- 
 nation, was now employed againft the two Rajpoot Itejahs^ 
 under the command of the three fons of the emperor, and his 
 own infpcdion. 
 
 n.66. Acbar was reitlefs, turbulent, arrogant, and mifchievouS' ; 
 
 hating his brothers Mauzum and Azim, as his elders; his 
 father ftill more, for not preferrii>g his own to their better pre- 
 tenfions to his favour. His army was employed againft Joud- 
 pore, and lay nearer than the other two to Azmir, where 
 Aurengzebe had referved for his guard only 4,000, but of his 
 beft troops. The widow of Joudpore, apprifed of the cha- 
 rader of Acbar, proffered the aftiftance of 30,000 Rajpoots, to 
 feize the emperor, and prochiim himfelf. Tlie offer was 
 accepted, and the widow raifed a belief that (lie was alTcmbling 
 the ban of iun- country, to aftifi the Ranah with tlie furplus of 
 
 her
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. lOi 
 
 Iier own defence. The negotialion was kept concealed until sect, 
 Acbar communicated it to his aftrologer, for the choice of a v,„J^ 
 lucky day. The aftrologer apprifed Sultan Mauzum ; who 168U 
 was perplexed, whether it might not be a contrivance of lii& 
 father, to try his fidelity ; or fliould the revolt be intended, 
 and 3'et not take efFedl, left he fliould be fufpe(5ted of ill will 
 to his brother ; he however fent the intelligence ; to M'hich 
 Aurengzebe gave no credit, until he received it likewife fiom 
 the aftrologer. No time was to be loft, for the Rajpoots had 
 joined ; and to gain a day, Aurengzebe wrote an exhortation 
 of filial piety to Acbar, which was anfwered by an invedive 
 of defiance. The armies of Saltan Mauzum and Azim were 
 advancing haftil}^ tO' his aid ; but Acbar Avas two days nearer, 
 and within one of A^mir; this day was the 1 1th of January n.6f^ 
 1681. Aurengzebe bribed the aftrologer to profcribe it, and 
 contrived a letter to be intercepted by the commander of the 
 Rajpoots, exhorting Acbar to perfevere in the plan of expofmp-. 
 them in front, and of falling upon their rear, during the 
 intended attack of Aurengzebe's camp. The advice corref- 
 ponded with the refolve of the lafl council of war, of 
 which Aurengzebe had acquired intelligence,. " That the 
 " Rajpoots fliould commence the affault, and Acbar fupport 
 " them with the Mogul troops." This concurrence, with the 
 remembrance of the former coliufion between Ain-enozebe 
 and his fon Sultan Mauzum in the Decan, to inveigle Sevagi, 
 ftamped invincible fufpicion; and the fame night the Rajpoots. ' 
 
 marched
 
 102 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SF.CT. marched away to their own counti^, which fpread fuch trepi- 
 ^■^,^ elation in Acbar's army, as difabled him from taking revenge 
 16S1. Qf their defertion ; he upbraided all the officers of his council, 
 and efpccially accnfed the aftrologer, who was not to be 
 found ; his general, Teaver Caun, wounded by the difappoint- 
 ment of a fcheme he had carneftly promoted, as much as 
 iDy the imputation againft his honour, proffered m ith the fero- 
 city of his nation (for he was a Pitan) to afiiiflinate Aurengzebe 
 before the enfuing noon. lie fet oft', to certain death, Avith 
 alacrity, and a few attendants ; arrived at the camp before the 
 fun, or intelligence of the retreat of the Rajpoots ; announced 
 himfclf as a fugitive from Acbar, returning to his duty to 
 his fovereign, -with inf<n-mation of near and iinmediate import- 
 ance ; and being well known, was permitted to pafs to tlie 
 n 68 pavilions of Aurengzebe, who was aflcep ; and the weather 
 being very cold, the guard had retired to their room, leaving 
 only a fmgle ccntinel at the entrance to Aurengzcbe's apart- 
 anent, by whom Teaver Cauii was ftopt, until the chamber- 
 lain came, who ordered him to deliver his fword and dagger 
 before he could be admitted to the prefence of the emperor: 
 lie refufed ; high words enfued ; and he attacked the cham- 
 berlain with the advantage of a coat of mail under his gar- 
 ment; the guards came in on the firft outcry, againll whom he 
 defended himfclf dcfperately, until felled with many wounds. 
 
 The news of his death, and the caufe, carried difniay 
 
 through the camp of Acbar, not yet recovered from their 
 
 8 former 

 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 103 
 
 former confternation ; bands on all licles marched away , fcarcely 
 determined what to do, but moft determined to atone for the 
 revolt by returning to the ftandard of the emperor. Acbar 
 put his trcafure, with his infant fon and daughter and the 
 females of his family, on his elephants and camels, and accom- 
 panied by his domeftics on horfeback, ftruck to the moun- 
 tains of the IMaha Rajah, into which he was admitted with 
 lefpedt. The general, convinced that he had been deceived 
 by the artifice of Aurcngzebc, apologized ; and tiie widow 
 offered him retreat, or afllftance, at his choice. But Acbar „. Sg*. 
 only accepted the fervice of five hundred Rajpoots, and the 
 proteiflion of the ftate to his children and famil}^, Avhom he 
 left at Joudpore, and departed to the country adjoining to 
 the peninfula of Guzerat, which is likewife polfefled by 
 Rajpoots under feveral petty Rajahs, but in itrong iltuations. 
 Sultan Mauznm was ordered to follow Acbar, and not to' 
 quit thepurfuit, until he had taken him ; which, kuowino- his 
 own eftimation, and the duplicity of his father, he deemed a 
 dangerous commilhon; fince, if Acbar fliould fall in action, his 
 death might be imputed to the earneftnefs of i-emoving a rival : 
 he ventured to explain the dilemma ; v/hich Aureno-zebe 
 afFed.ed not to take amifs, and indemnified the confequcnce ; 
 Acbar Avas foon after furrounded in a fitualion, capable of 
 extreme defence, but from which, if properly Avatched, he 
 could notefcape, fo that famine feemed the umpire, ao-ainft 
 which Acbar was likewife provided. JMauzum, to fave time, 
 
 offered
 
 1^4 HISTORIpA'L FRAGMENTS 
 
 •SECT, offered him full pardon, and reftoration to the favour of tlielr 
 I- father, from whom he had received the fdver chains, with 
 
 ■1681. ^vhich Acbar v,as to be fettered, who pretended that the 
 Rajpoots woukl prevent his efcape, until he had difcharged 
 the arrears of their pay. The ftory fays, that Sultan IVIauzum 
 font him 40,000 gold inohurs ; which, if true, proves the high 
 honour of the Rajpoots; fince the obvious ufe of the money 
 was to have fent it to them, if they could have been bribed to 
 betray their ward. Tiiey feconded Acbar in a pufli througli 
 Mauzum's circumvaliation, wliicli feems to have been pur- 
 pofely ncglcded, and eicai>cd with him to the Coolies on the 
 liver Millie, which difembogues at Cambay, from-whence he 
 fent forward the recommendations of the Ranah, and Joud- 
 pore to Sambagi, who iu)mediately invited him into his 
 jn. 70. country ; on which Acbar, travelling whilftthe army of Bahadar 
 Khan was retired into winter quarters, arrived on the I ft of 
 June at Pawlee Gur, a fort and town at the foot of the Gauts, 
 a day's journey from the fliore oppofite to Bombay. His 
 retinue was four hundred liajpoots mounted, a few well 
 armed on foot, and two hundred and fifty camels carrying 
 his baggage, women, and trcafures. 
 
 Sambagi was then at Pannela ; but his principal officers at 
 Rairee came down and prcfented one thoufand gold mohurs 
 as a teftimony of his homage, which Acbar diilribiited 
 amongft his Rajpoots. None fat in his prefence, as Sambagi 
 fcad declared he himfelf never Ihould. The whole country 
 
 flocked
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 105 
 
 flocked in to pay him obeifance, as if he had been tlie Mogul ; 
 all the provifions of his men and animals M^ere daily fupplied 
 in abundance and without coft; and whilft waiting the vifit l^Sl, 
 ■ of Sambagi he was continually joined by parties of cavalry, 
 Avhom he enlifted, and at the end of Augufl had five thoufand 
 in his own pay. Whilft others admired why Sambagi did 
 not come, Acbar knew the caufe of his continuance at 
 Pannela. 
 
 The minifler Anagi Pundit, although imprifoned, continued 
 to lead the fa^ion which had endeavoured to give the fuc- 
 ceffion to Ramrajah, and >vas abetted by his mother. On 
 Acbar's arrival in the Concan, they tendered him the fove- 
 reignty of all Sevagi's dominions, referving a provifion for 
 Ramrajah, provided Acbar would declare againft Sambagi, 
 of whom they undertook to get rid. Accordingly his meal 
 was poifoned, but difcovered to him by an infant, and proved 
 on a dog. Soon after Sambagi received intelligence from 
 Acbar of the overtures Avhich had been made to him by the 
 confpirators, on which he put to death Anagi Pundit, Harji 
 Pharfang, and five others; they were trampled by elephants; 
 twenty more awaited the fame fate. Ramrajah was fent to «. 71. 
 refide in one of the forts of the Carnatic with a decent appa- 
 nage, but without any power in the government. Some time 
 after his mother died, it is fuppofed, by the procurement of 
 Sambagi ; who in September came to Pawlee Gur, and paid 
 his perfonal homage, with gi-eat refpe6t, to Acbar, whom he 
 
 P then
 
 106 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, then conduclccl to l\airee, gh ing out thai lie iiitciuled to 
 y^',^^ accomi)any liim willi 30,000 horlc, to Drampore, and there 
 IGSI. proclaim him emperor of the Moguls. But the boaft was 
 fcarcely made before its execution became impracticable. 
 
 The efcape of Acbar to Sambagi ojiprelied Aurengzcbc 
 with as much anxiety us formerly the phantom of his brother 
 Sujah amongft thePitans; and the confcquences of their alli- 
 ance became a nearer care than the continuance of the war 
 againll the Rajpoots, whole gallant activity precluded any 
 fpeedy decifion of the fword ; but the dignity of the throne 
 forbad any overtures of peace to a rcfiflance which had even 
 attempted the depofal, if not the life, of the monarch. A 
 Rajpoot officer, who had long fcrvcd with diftinc^tion under 
 Delliire Khan, folved the ditiiculty ; he quitted the army on 
 the pretence of retiring with what he had acquired, to pais 
 the remainder of his life in his own country, and vifited tln^ 
 Ranali, as from courtefy, on his journey ; the convcrfation 
 turned on the war, which the Rajpoot perhaps really la- 
 mented, and perfuadcd the Ranah, that although Aurcngzebe 
 wouhl never condefccnd to make, he might accept, overtures 
 of peace; on which he was empowered by tlie Ranah to ten- 
 der them. 'J'he rains having stopped immediate operations 
 in the Decan, Aurcngzebe, to avoid the appearance of eager- 
 nefs or neceliity, jnotrat'-ted the negotiation until the army 
 could move, and then concluded the treaty a\ ilhout afl'crtion 
 or re lea fe of the capitation tax; but with the I'urrcnderof the 
 
 diftrit^s
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. ,107 
 
 tiiltriols of Meirdah, which had been taken from Chilore by 
 Shah Jelinn : the ftatc ofJoudporewashkewife inckidcd in the 
 Ranah's, or had a feparate treaty. In the month of Septem- 1681. 
 bcr iVurengzebe began to move from Azmir, and fent forward 
 the two armies commanded by his fons the SuUans Mauzum 
 and Azim : the three armies arrived at their intended ftations 
 nearly at the fame time, in the middle of November; Sultan 
 Azim's at Ahmednagur, IMauzum's at Aurengabad, and 
 Aurengzebe himfelf at Brampore; from whence he fent orders 
 to hire more fliips at Surat, which were to reinforce his own 
 and the Siddee's fleet a6ting againft the fleet and fliores of 
 Sanibagi, whillt the armies fliould attack his mountains. 
 
 In the mean time the Siddee's gallivats at Hundry, in the 
 various intervals of fair weather during the monfoon, attacked 
 the boats of Bombay going to the Corlahs, and were puniflied 
 by their connnander for whsii they had not been able to take. 
 The council of Bombay, to avoid the neceflity of revenging 
 thefe infults on the men at INIazagono;, referred their com- 
 plaints to Surat. Twenty-two of Sambagi's gallivats were fliel- 
 teved in the river Negotan ; and in the middle of July came 
 down four thoufand men from Rairee, who, after waiting a 
 month for fair weather, failed over to Hundry; but were 
 beaten oft" with lofs alter a fighi of four hours. The Siddee's 
 gallivats at Bombay, elahul with this fuccefs, failed over to 
 the Corlahs, and })rought away feme of the principal inhabi- 
 tants, M li(> had purchafed their protediou by an annual tri- 
 
 p e bute.
 
 j^S HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, bule, cciual to what they paid the government of Rairec; and 
 ^' althou"h feveral of them, as well as the Siddees, were IMaho- 
 
 IGSI. luedaiis, they were carried to Himdry and l)catcn unmerci- 
 fullv, until they dei)nted one to fetch a ranfom of eighteen 
 (houfand rnpecs. As this injury originated in Bombay, where 
 fonie of the Siddees, befidcs their oecafional n^fidcnce, hiul 
 ])urehafed houfes, and eftabliflied their famihes, Sambagi's 
 phoufdar, or governor on the main, remonftrated to the conn- 
 cil; whofe expoftulations with the Siddees availed fo little, 
 that a few days after they brought a large veffel which they 
 liad taken in the Corlahs, in open day close nnder the fort, 
 from whence it was immediately refcued by the boats on 
 
 gnard. 
 
 In the mean Siddee CoHim, to oppofc the complaints of 
 the prefidency at Surat, inltigated the crews of his lliips in 
 the river, to demand juftice, although fixteen months had 
 paiTed, for the value of the twenty-one miferable prifoners 
 which the council of Bombay had obliged them to furrender ; 
 and the governor encouraged them to befet the Englifli fac- 
 tory, which took up arms, and pointed four field-pieces at the 
 gate, which was kept fliut for two days, when the confufion 
 wafe diilipated by the governor's order, Avho received a prefent 
 for this interference of his authority to quell the danger he 
 had abetted; the fame influence procured his injunaion to 
 the Siddees people at Bombay, to refrain from farther of-' 
 fences, and they continued quiet until the end of Odober, 
 
 when
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 109 
 
 when Siddcc CofViiu appeared oiF the harbour, but ■with httle 
 increafe of his former force, for the Mogul's orders to arm more 
 fliips had not yet arrived at Surat; but his approach to the 1681. 
 Decan was known, and raifed the infolence of all his officers 
 with whom the Englifli had any concern. Accordingly the 
 Siddce, when preffed by the council of Bombay to refrain from 
 depredations on the Corlahs, or hoftilities within the harbour, 
 denied that he had received any fuch orders at Surat, and 
 cruized daily, within and without, on all vefl'els trading to any 
 part of Sambagi's country, and even detained one belonging 
 to Bombay which had bought his own pafs. All this while he 
 occupied the town of Mazagong, and every advantage of the 
 port without controul ; for the concern of lading the com- 
 pany's fliips at Surat precluded any eftedlual oppofition to liis 
 enormities, Avhich were increafed by the forbearance. 
 
 On the 7th of December he fent all his gallivats into the 
 Corlahs, where they burnt the town of Abita, which had reco- 
 vered from the like defolation in the year 1673: a few days 
 after, the whole fleet went down to Chaul, and, pafling the 
 Portuguefe fort at the mouth of the river without offence^ 
 ravaged a large trad; of the adjacent country ; but were not 
 able to affault the town of Upper Chaul, belonging to Sambagi; 
 nor was the town able to oppofe them in the field. On this 
 provocation Sambagi, accompanied by Sultan Acbar, came 
 down from Rairee, with 520,000 men and a vaft train of can- 
 non, to Dunda Rajahpore, in the beginning of January; and, 1682. 
 
 from
 
 no HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, from the hill oppofitc to Gingerah, battered incefiantly Tor 
 ^' thirty days, until all the oppohte fortifications were levelled; 
 
 1682. but a rock in the middle of the ifland Iheltered the garrifon, 
 which was commanded by a gallant officer, named Siddce 
 Curry; and Siddee Collim, with his Ihips, plying daily into the 
 bay, deterred Sambagi's fleet from approaching to tranfport 
 his troops to the attack, who continued on the main without 
 a fmgle boat: but Sambagi, bent on his object, refolved to fill 
 up the channel, although eight hundred yards bioad, and 
 thirty deep, with ftones and fragments of rock. The idea was 
 great, and not imprad:icable by the labour of 50,000 men in 
 a hundred daj's ; and fo many of the fair feafon remained ; 
 but the mound would not have witliftood the heavy and out- 
 rageous feas of tlie ftormy moufoon. 
 
 The amiy \\'iiich Sultan IMauzum had led to Aurengabad 
 in the preceding November had joined tlie camp at Jenneah- 
 gur, from whence a general named liuflein Ally was fent with 
 20,000 horfe and 15,000 foot, to reduce Sambagi's country 
 towards Salcette and Bombay. 1"hey forced the Gauts of 
 Decir after fome refiftance, lefs than they expected, and en- 
 camped at GalUan on the 4th of February, having, to their 
 own future detriment, deftroyed all the cxtenfivc and fair cul- 
 tivation of the plani within reach of their excurhons. 
 
 Sambagi immediately retitraed with Sultan Acbar from 
 
 Dunda llajahpore to Rairee; but left a confvderablc body of 
 
 troops to continue the attack on Gingerah, which he quitted 
 
 1 himfelf
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. m 
 
 himfelf with much del'pite agaiuil the caufes of his difap- sect. 
 pointment. lie threatened the Enghlli at Bombay with im- v^l^ 
 mediate invahon if they continued to admit the Siddee's 1682. 
 fleet, and warned them of his intention to fortify tlic illand of 
 ■ Elephanta within four miles of the fort, with which it would 
 then have divided the command of the harbour ; he upbraid- 
 ed the Portuguele at Chaul, for fufferiug the defcent of the 
 Siddees into his territory Avithin fight of their walls, and 
 demanded ground under their guns to build a fort, which 
 iliould controul the landing in future; and to excite more de- 
 ference, ordered his fleet at Rajapore to take poffelfion of the 
 iflands of Anchideva, intending from thence to enthrall the 
 trade of Goa, as well as to protect his own at Carwar. 
 
 The lleep fliores of the river Penn oppofed the march of 
 liorfc from Gallian into tlie Corlalis ; neverthelefs five thousand 
 men were llationed to defend the fords, and under their pro-r 
 te6lion a fort was nufmg at the mouth of the river to prevent 
 the entrance of the Siddee's gallivats. In the Corlahs and 
 low coimtry from Negotan to Chaul were 15,000 men, and 
 10,000 continued at Dunda Rajapore, in all 30,000 on this 
 fide the Gauts, befides his fleet, which now amounted to one 
 hundred and twenty gallivats and fifteen grabs. On the other 
 side of the Gauts between Satarali and the pafs of Pondah were 
 flationed 20,000 horfe to oppofe Sultan Azim from Ahmed- 
 nagur. The treafuries of Sevagi fupplied this cxpence to. 
 the weftward, and the Carnatic maintained itfislf. 
 
 The
 
 112 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 The Siddee, with liis whole fleet of smaller veffels, as well as 
 
 the fliips, continued watching Cingerah until thescafon began 
 1682. to roughen, and on the 12th of April came into the harbour 
 of Bombay, where the Englilh prefidency of Surat, more 
 afraid of the Mogul's difpleafure than Sambagi's, had ordered 
 their admittance. 
 
 As soon as they had tiiken up their ftations under theifland, 
 moft of Sambagi's gallivats, more than a hundred, began to 
 rendezvous from the fouthward at their intended winter quar- 
 ters in the river Negotan, and under the ifland Kenary, which 
 has a bay fit for small craft. During the flatches of fair 
 weather feveral (kirmillies .pafled between thefe huflars of the 
 sea, but the Siddee's gallivats had the advantage of making 
 prize of trading boats, without refiflance, and of ravaging the 
 defencelefs paits of Sambagi's fliores without the harbour : 
 fi'om which they broiight away the inhabitants, whofe nofes 
 they cut off in outrage: on wdiich Sambagi prohibited all pro- 
 vifions fiom the Corlahs to Bombay, and the Portugucfe, 
 always glad of diltreffmg the ifland, refufed any from their lands 
 to the northward, and the fcarcity which cnfucd increafed 
 the price to threefold the usual rates. 
 
 The camp atDunda Rajapore, after the departure of Sam- 
 bagi, defifled from the mound, but gathered boats, and having 
 demoliflicd the oppofite fortifications of Cingerah, made the 
 attack in Augull, but the unftable footing of the broken rock 
 and furging fea, expofed them with much thfadvantage in the 
 
 assault,
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. m 
 
 afTault, and tliey were beaten oft' with the lofs of two hundred 
 men. 
 
 The weather having begun to settle, thirty galUvats came l6tS2. 
 out of the river Negotan on the 5th of 06tober, they were 
 commanded by Siddee Mifery, a relation of Siddee Sambole, 
 who, on his removal from the command of the fleet of their 
 community had taken fervice with Sambagi. Siddee Coflim 
 at Mazagong was apprized, and put off M'ith fifteen gallivats 
 crowded with his beft men. The fight continued four hours 
 in fight of the fort of Bombay, and ended with victory to the 
 Siddee, who brought back four of the enemy's gallivats, one 
 of which was that in which Siddee Mifery hoifted his flag. 
 He was brought afliore at Mazagong mortally wounded ; but 
 the council would not permit any other of the prifoners to be 
 landed. Thus much for the operations at fea during this 
 monfoon. 
 
 Aurengzebe had moved from Brampore to Aurengabad in 
 March, in order to be nearer the war againfl; Sambagi. His 
 general Huflein Ally, to fave his horfes from the deluges of the 
 monfoon, repaflfed the gauts in May to the upper country, 
 where this feafon is much lefs violent. Sultan Azim with 
 Bahadar Khan had advanced in February from Aurengabad 
 to Nalfir Tirmeck on the river Gungah and near its fource 
 fixty miles to the fouth-wefl; of Aurengabad ; their detachments 
 reduced feveral pofl;s on detached hills, and then uniting fat 
 down before one of greater confequence called Ilamdeo ; on 
 
 Q which
 
 114 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 •which Ilaniedrow, at this time the principal general of Sam- 
 bagi, advanced from Satarah with all the troops of the eaft- 
 1682. ern frontier, toraife the fiege. He gave battle, and was de- 
 feated with the lofs of two thoufand men, and returned to the 
 ftrongfecurity of Satarah, At the fame time the king of 
 Viziapore menaced by Aurengzebe, and the fear of Sultaiv 
 Azim's approach to his country, fent his army to attack Sam- 
 b^gi's frontiers oppofite to his own capital, where they took 
 a ftrong fort called Merick ; on which Sambagi propofed a 
 defenfive alliance ftgainft the Mogul ; which certainly was 
 the intereft of Viziapore. The king demanded the reftitution 
 of Pannela, as a preliminary ; which, as the firft acquifition of 
 importance made by Sevagi, as well as its commanding fitua- 
 tion towards Viziapore, was highly rated by the Moraltoe 
 government ; and Sambagi preferred the danger of refufal to 
 the diftionour of acquiefcence. 
 
 The fleet which Aurengzebe had ordered to be prepared at 
 Surat was ready to fail in the beginning of November; Dow- 
 let Caun continued under Sambagi, in the poft of Admiral in 
 chief, to which he had been raifed by Sevagi, and' was at 
 Ncgotan Avith the main divifion of gallivats, when Siddee 
 Mifery was defeated ; he had formed various but ineffcrtual 
 fchemes to burn the Siddee's' fleet, and now received pofitive 
 orders from Sambagi to invade Bombay at all events, before 
 the arrival of the Mogul's : on which the mililia of the ifland 
 was raifed; but the apprehcnfion was foon removed by the 
 8 arrival
 
 OF THE MOGUL JEMPIRE. 115 
 
 arrival, of ?in embaiiauoi- Irom Samhagi, fent exprefsly to sect. 
 inlbim them that he had received certain intclUoence from . ^• 
 Bahadur Khan, whom he had bribed, that Aurengzebe in- lO'S^. 
 tGiKled to take Bombay from the Enghfli ,bj furprife, and 
 afterwards reduce Baflbin and Daman, belongh^g to the Por- 
 tuguefe; that Sambagi, fcnfible of the great danger to which 
 lijf, own country would be expofed by the Mogul's pofieffion 
 of tbefe for^reilqsjj.propofcd a defenfive alhance with the 
 Enghlh, to ' operate on occafion ; that, relying on his aiiift- 
 ance, they Ibould forbid the Siddee the rcfort of their har- 
 bour, and refufe admittance to the Mogul's fleet coming irora 
 Surat ; he requefled Uiat one of the council might accompany 
 the return of his embaffador to Rairee. 
 
 It chanced at this time that the company's trade on the 
 coafl of Coromandel required the favour of Sambagi's autho- 
 rity; a valuable part of the inveftment provided at Madrafs 
 was manufatilured in thofe parts of the Camatic, to the fouth, 
 which was firH reduced by Viziapore, and afterwards by 
 Sevagi. In the year 1673, application had been made to the 
 Viziapore governor of Gingee, for permiffion to eftablifli other 
 fadlories in that territory befides the one which the company 
 alread}' had at Conimeer; but nothing was concluded befoie 
 the invafion of Sevagi in 1677, after which the intention was 
 fufpended until the end of tlie year 1681, when Mr. Elihu 
 Yale, fecond to the prefident Mr. Gifford, was deputed to 
 Hargee Rajah, commanding at Gingee, and procured a fac- 
 
 Q 2 torv
 
 116 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, tory at Cudalore. A fliip had been fent with the fame in- 
 ^;^^ tention, from Madrafs to Porto Novo, in July of the prefent 
 
 16*2. year i682; but the Morattoe governor there, not wholly 
 dependent on Hargee Rajah, demanded fuch exorbitant 
 terms, that the fliip returned with the fa6lors and cargo. 
 Even Hargee Rajah had impofed an additional duty on all 
 the cloth provided for the company within his immediate dif- 
 trid;s. In confequence, the council of Madrafs requefted the 
 prefidency at Surat to procure a phirmaund from Sambagi, for 
 the abolifliment of the impoft, with his permiffion to build a 
 fort fomewhere near Cudalore, and his order for the punifli- 
 ment of the governor of Porto Novo. The prefidency at Surat 
 had recommended this negotiation to Bombay, as nearer 
 Rairee, a few days before Sambagi's embaflador arrived there> 
 whofe hitelligence concerning the Mogul's intentions was cor- 
 roborated by the Portuguefe governor of Baffein, and the 
 return of the Mogul's army down the gauts to Gallian, but 
 under the command of another general, named Ramnaut 
 Caun. 
 
 The embaflfador unfortunately became a witnefs of the very 
 injuries of which he complained; the Siddee, vexed at the 
 neceflity of his departure, to give place to the JNIogul's fleet, 
 no longer regarded any meafvn-e of decency with Bombay, 
 but continually made defcent for plunder, in fome part or 
 other of the Corlahs; and on the 28th of November hisgalli- 
 vats entered the river Penn, whore little had been done to the 
 
 intended
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 117 
 
 intended fort, and brought two hundred prifoners to Maza- sect. 
 gong, which the council dared not refeiU, excepting by expof- ^'„^. 
 tulation; to which he rephed, that this was his harveft, for 1682. 
 when the Mogul's fleet arrived, he fliould get nothing. 
 
 This fleet began to appear on the 28th of November, and, 
 bringing the acquiefcence of the prefidency of Surat, failed 
 into the harbour without the compliment of notice; and hav- 
 ing anchored their veffels, landed three thoufand foldiers at 
 Mazagong, who were all Moors, and men of fervice, whofe 
 infolent deportment would have perfuaded a ftranger that the 
 whole ifland belonged to them, and that the Englifli held the 
 fort on fufferance; which was obliged to watch its gates with. 
 every precaution againft, treachery and furpril'e. 
 
 On the 20th of December, Sambagi's embaflkdor, with one 
 of the council, failed for the river Negotan in the company's 
 baloon, or boat of ceremony, which was attended by a luggage 
 boat. Eoth were boarded at the entrance of the river, and 
 particular fearch was made for the embaflador, who lay con- 
 cealed, and was afterwards fet on fliore in the mud, to get to 
 Rairee as he could ; but the gallivats carried off the luggage 
 boat. The outrage was reprefented to Ramnaut Cawn, at 
 Gallian, by a deputation from the council, which he received 
 with much folemnity, and protra6led the negotiation in expec- 
 tation of a prefent, which the council referred to the prefi- 
 dency at Surat, for whofe confent they waited a month, whea 
 they gave Ramnaut Cawn five thoufand rupees, and his lieut. 
 
 general
 
 118 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, general Rohilla Cawn foiue claret, Avliich produced an injunc- 
 
 ,^j;^_^ tion to the officers of both fleets to retrain from depredations in 
 
 1682. tiie Corlahs, or any infult to the government of Bombay, which 
 
 in the interval they had excrcifed with extreme licentioufnefs. 
 "• T^' In this year, 16S2, the Englilli company's factors were ex- 
 pelled from Bantam, in the ifland of Java, Avhere the fettlc- 
 ment was rated as an agency equal with Calcutta and Madrafs, 
 refponfdile only to Surat, and having fubordinate fadlories at 
 Slam, Tonquin, Emoy, and Jamboo. The Dutch, ever fmce 
 they got pofi'eflion of Batavia, had gradually annihilated, or 
 reduced to fubjeftion, all the principalities of Java, which bor- 
 dered on the coaft, excepting the king of Bantam, who, being 
 old and voluptuous, refigned the government to his fon, but 
 ftipulated that he fliould keep in office the two minifters who 
 had been his own : but the new king, as foon as fettled, put 
 them both to death ; on which the principal lords or orankoys 
 revolted, and putting the old king at their head, had very 
 nearly reduced his fon in the fortrefs of his palace ; when the 
 Dutch at Batavia font a flrong force, which beat and difperi- 
 ed the confederacy, and took the old king prifoner; alter 
 which, on their injunctions, their ally obliged all the Englidi 
 to quit the city ; and the Dutch now ]>retending hofpitality, 
 received them with what effects they could fave, at Batavia ; 
 from whence they proceeded in ihips of their own, or hired, 
 fome to Surat, othere to England. The trade of the fubordi- 
 nates did not long furvive the lofs of the principal factory, 
 
 and
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 119 
 
 and all together with confequences Avas rated in the public 
 memorials at 400,000 pounds ftcrling. 
 
 Suhan Azim, having reduced the fort of Merick, repofed his 1 G82, 
 army during the rains, and took the field again in November. 
 Delhirc Khan now a^Sted as his lieutenant-general. They ad- 
 vanced between Rairee and Satarah, and threatened both. 
 But Sarabagi in perfon, and all his ]\Iorattoes, exerted tlrera- 
 felves with redoubled activity to protect their capitals ; and 
 the mountains lay tliick to affill their interruptions and ambuf- 
 cades, which harafled the Mogul's troops with continual alerts,. 
 and every where checked their progrefs ; who as ufual blamed 
 their generals, and murmured at this barren and impradlica- 
 ble Avar. In the month of February the king of Viziapore 16351- 
 died, on which Aurengzebe ordered Sultan Azim to march 
 into that kingdom, in order to try what advantage would be 
 taken of this event. 
 
 The two fleets likewife failed from Bombay in the begin- 
 ning of February ; the Mogul's made fome defcents on Sam- 
 bagi's coaftSjbut effected nothing either of damage or gain ade- 
 quate to the flrength and expence of their equipment. The 
 Siddee kept cruizing near his ftation off Gingerah, and Sam- 
 bagi's fleet out of reach of both, who in the middle of JMarch- 
 returned to Bombay, where the Siddee paying no regard to 
 the injunctions of Ramuaut Cawn renewed his depredations 
 on the Corlahs. On the 20th of April, although a month re- 
 mained of the fair feafon, orders came to the JMogul's fJeet. 
 
 to
 
 120 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, to return to Surat, and at the lame time Ramnaut Can'n's army 
 v^^^ was recalled from Gallian, and Sidtan Azim with his from 
 1683. Viziapore. No one knew the reafon excepting Aurengzebc 
 himfelf, who gave out that lie intended to return to Delhi. 
 
 In the beginning of the year one of the Company's fliips, 
 named the Prefident, which had been bravely defended by 
 the fame captain, Hyde, againft the Dutch iieet at Metchle- 
 patam, arrived on the Malabar coaft, and proceeding to Bom- 
 bay, was attacked offSanguafeer by two lliips and four grabs: 
 three of the grabs grappled; the crew of one boarded, were 
 beaten otF, and the grab itfelf funk clofe alongfide-; the two 
 others were cleared, and one of them blew up lb near that 
 the flalh fcorched many of the Prefident's men in the lower 
 deck, and fet her on fire in fixteen places: foon after the 
 other grab funk likewife ; on which the remainder of the 
 fcjuadron failed away. Of the floating men fomc cut the 
 Prelident's long-boat from the ftcrn, and others were re- 
 ceived into the Ihip. Moll of them were Arabs, and all the 
 fleet from Mufcat : they pretended to have miliaken the Pre- 
 fident for aPortuguefe fliip which they were waiting for; but 
 it was afterwards difcovered at Rajapore, that they had all been 
 hired by Sambagi. The Prefident had eleven men killed and 
 thirty-five wounded, and was obliged to put into Goa to re- 
 pair her damages. As soon as this event was known at Bom- 
 bay, the councillor before intended, was fent again, and ar- 
 rived at Rairee, to whom Sambagi utterly denied any know- 
 ledge
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 121 
 
 ledge of the Aruhs, hut confented to grant the privileges re- sect. 
 quefted for the company's trade in the Gingee countr}' on i- 
 tlie coafl of Coromandel; bUt the councillor, from fome in- 1683. 
 temperance, if not difordcr, of mind, came away abruptly 
 whilft the writings were preparing. 
 
 The Siddoe's fleet continued after the departure of the Mo- 
 gul's with their ufual licentioufnefs in the harbour, and their 
 ufual infolence on fliore: the foldiers of the garrifon fre- 
 quented the fame market at Mazngong, and two of tliem 
 going thither unarmed, were, on fume quarrel, cut down by 
 two of the Siddee's pitans ; one died the next day, and the 
 other was recovered vvitli difficulty. Siddee Coffim fent off 
 the murderer privately to Surat, where the Englifli prefidency 
 demanded hin), in order to be tried at Bombay, and the go- 
 vernor of the city had nearly confented, when an outrage 
 committed againll the Siddee at Bombay impaired the 
 claim. 
 
 Ihe murder was committed in May, and in July the crazy 
 councillor with others from the fliore dined on board a fliip 
 jutl arrived from England ; the company, heated with wine, 
 went on board the Siddee's admiral, knowing that Siddee 
 Coffim ifimfelf was on board : they ufed abufive language, 
 and the captain drew his fword, which was wrefled from him, 
 and he was wounded in the leg: all were eafdy overpowered, 
 and without faither refentment put into their boat: the cap- 
 tain, as foon as returned to his Ihip, fiied her whole broadfide 
 •^-"^ li into
 
 122 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 into the Siddce's, uho did not return a fhot. Signals and 
 nieircngcrs from the Ihore Hopped a repetition of the outrage, 
 1683. and exprcfles were difpatehed by the council, before it was 
 known on Ihore what niifchief had been done, to anticij)ate 
 the Siddee's comi)laint at Surat; where all the Englifli con- 
 tinued for two days under the utmoll appreheniions of the 
 populace, who, although reftrained by the governor from im- 
 mediate violence, crouded the flreets, impatient to know what 
 Mahomedan blood they fhould have to revenge ; hut fcntu- 
 nately no one was killed in the Siddee's fliip, and only two or 
 three were flightly wounded. 
 
 Tlie defign which Sambagi had formed in the preceding 
 year, to take poirelTion of the iilands of Anchideva, had been 
 prevented by the government of Goa, who in July fcnt fol- 
 diers, artificers, and inhabitants, to fettle and defend the 
 iflands; on which Sambagi ordered his officers in tiie con- 
 quered country adjoining the territory of Goa, to commit fuch 
 hollilities as their force enabled ; and nmtual attacks and in- 
 curfions, but of no great moment, had continued between 
 them until the fetting in of the rains in this year; when Sam- 
 ba<Ti, as reg-ardleis of feafons as his father, came down the 
 gauts in June with '30,000 men, and from his own town of 
 upper Chaul, inveftcd the neighbouring citadel of the fame 
 name belonging to the Portuguefc; but could make little pro- 
 grefs againft the advantages of European defence and fortifi- 
 cation. 'J'o retaliate, the Viceroy of Goa look the field as 
 foon as the fair weather returned in September, with l,'JOO 
 
 Europeans
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 153 
 
 Europeans and 25,000 natives of his own territory ; a fleet of sect. 
 fmall A'eflels cruized at the fame time from Anchideva on the ^ 
 trade of Carwar, and even into the river. The army carried ^^^^ 
 fire and fword even into the temples, and the Inquifition burnt 
 the prifonei-s. The ftationary force in this part of Sambagi's 
 country was not equal to the Viceroy's, M'ho advanced and 
 laid fiege to the caftle of Pondah ; on which Sambagi, accom- 
 panied by Sultan Acbar, fet off from Chaul with 8,000 horfe 
 and 1 4,000 foot, in order to raife this ficgc, but without dif- 
 continuing his own againft Chaul. By this time Sultan Acbar 
 was convinced of the inability of Sambagi's alliance to conteft 
 the throne of the Moguls againft the power of his father 
 Aurengzebe; he therefore refolvcd to quit India, and on fonie 
 excufe withdrew from the operations of the field, and took up 
 his refidence at Bicholin, within twenty miles of Goa. 
 
 .Sambagi came in fight of Pondah, when breached in three 
 places, and the affault intended in two days. The Viceroy did 
 not break up his camp until furrounded, which reduced him 
 to the options of famine, retreat, or furrender. The difl;ance 
 to Goa was thirty miles, neverthelefs he refolved to force his 
 way. Every ftep was harafied by horfe and foot, to which 
 the line abandoned the baggage and heavy artillery, before 
 the clofe. of the fnft day: they lofi; two hundred Europeans and 
 one thoufand of the natives, before they reached the ifland of 
 Cumbareem, which is fcparated from the city, formed by two 
 channels of the river, Avhich feparate and unite again. A fuf- 
 "^ ^ R 2 ficient
 
 12+ HISTORICAL FR.VGMENrS 
 
 ficicnt number of boats armed with j)etcraroes were prrpnrod 
 to fecuvc the pafiage over both. Sambagi's infantry got boats, 
 1683. in which three thoufand of them paflfed into the illand, when 
 tlie Portuguefe boats rowing round intercepted tlieir return, 
 vho, when thus confined, were attacked b}'^ the retreating 
 array, and moft of them deftroyed. This was the firft trial of 
 regular hollility between an European power and the IVforat- 
 toes, to whom it may be deemed fucccfsful ; for the Portuguefe 
 did not venture to appear abroad again, and as their pride 
 would not permit them to alk affiitance, they propofed an 
 alliance to Aurengzebe. 
 
 Sambagi obferving with vexation, that the Portuguefe had 
 made greater progrefs in the attack of Pondah, in ten days, 
 than his father had been able in three months, entirely de- 
 moliflied the fort, which then flood upon lower ground, and 
 fet the whole country to work to raife another on a neighbour- 
 ing hill, which is the fort of Pondah, exiiling at this day. 
 
 Sambagi's army continuing mafter of the field, diflrefTed at 
 Icaft the luxuries of Goa, during which he himfelf led a detach^ 
 mentagainft the Rajah of Sundah, who although his tributary 
 had alllllcd the Portuguefe. During this expedition, Sambagi 
 gave a fignal inilance of devotion to his religion. A JMahome- 
 dan of rank, who commanded one of liis grabs, bought a cow at 
 Carwar, and killed it for his meals ; for which Sambagi put him 
 publicly to death. Difcipline alone would fcarcely have re- 
 Ten^ed it's interdidl with fo much feverity ; but it is a folcmn 
 
 oath
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 125^ 
 
 oath amongft the Hindoos to put the hand upon the head of a sect. 
 cow, and to imprecate, "may I eat the fieili of this animal." ^' 
 
 In (he mean time Sultan Acbar at Bicholin had purchafed 1^^3. 
 a Ihip at Goa which came to Vingorlah; when he repaired to 
 the Dutch fat^ory there, and from thence on board. It was 
 impoffible that his intentions could have been concealed from 
 Sambagi, for they were known to Aurengzebe at Aurengabad ; 
 but refpe6l to his high birth and quality prevented any oppo- 
 fition to his will, and Sambagi might fuppofe that Acbar had 
 held out this purpofe of departure only to excite his own ex- 
 ertions in liis fupport, which had been promifed for two years 
 without the leall effe6l ; but as foon as he was on board, 
 Sambagi deputed to him his lieutenant general, and Cablis 
 Cawn the minilter of his pleafures, whofe proteftations pre- 
 vaJed on him to come alliore again. 
 
 The report of the country faid that Sambagi would take 
 Goa, which Aurengzebe did not deem improbable; and al- 
 though he always affected to defpife the European fettlements, 
 faw what would be the importance of , tlie; acquifition ta 
 Sambagi's power, and the views of Sultan Acbar, and there- 
 fore moved from Aurengabad to Ahmednagur, in oi'der to be 
 nearer the protedlion of Goa, as well as to the war of Vizia- 
 pore, which he had determined to renew. . At the fame time 
 he ordered his own fleet at Surat, which, now confilied of 
 twelve fail, and the Siddee's, which was at Bombay^ to pro- 
 ceed down the coaft, in order to co-operate with an army he 
 
 intended-
 
 120 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, intended to fend over the gauts. Tlie Siddee might have 
 
 ^■„^^ Ikiicd in the beginning of September, but waited for money 
 
 168S. from Sm'at, (without which he would not move,) until the end 
 
 of 06lober, and even tlien the Mogul's fleet was not ready to 
 
 fail from Surat. 
 
 As foon as the Siddee's fleet had loft the harbour of 
 Bombay, the gallivats of Sambagi came out of Negotan and 
 Ilundry, to aflTifl; the iiege of Chaul ; but could not prevent a 
 Portuguefe frigate from landing a fupply of military ftores and 
 provifions. The direction of the Mogul's forces to the fouth- 
 ward having relieved Rairee and Satarah from the folicitude 
 of defence, an army of fifteen thoufand men came down (he 
 o-auts in December, and encamped at Callian, from whence 
 they ravaged all the Portuguefe country between BaflTein and 
 Daman, which was not under the cannon of thefe fortifications, 
 and reduced feven of their out forts. On the 2 1 ft the Mogul's 
 fleet from Surat came into the harbour, as well to difplay 
 their force to the Englilli govenmicnt, as to awe the manne 
 of Sambagi, which rcfpeftcd tliem fo little that a detachment 
 of troops coming in iiallivats fnmi the river Penn landed on 
 the 24th of December, and took poflbnion of the ifland 
 Caranjah, which lieth at the bottom of the harbour of 
 Bombay, and belonged to the Portuguefe, who had ftationed 
 gallivats from Balfein to prevent the landing, which were not 
 fiifficient to oppofe it. ^Vhatfoevcr difcomfort the Mogul's 
 fleet might receive from this mifchance to their allies, for as 
 
 fuch
 
 OF THE TvIOGUL EMPIRE. 127 
 
 ftidi they regarded the Portuguefe bj reafon of their war with sect. 
 Sambagi, it was alieviated by an event of much more dan- ^^'^.^ 
 gcroLis confequcncc to the EngliOi affairs, which happened on 16S3. 
 this very day in the iiland of Bombay; of which the increahng 
 itrength and importance had long excited the grudge and 
 jealoufy of the city of Surat. 
 
 The time was now come when the company's interefts were 
 
 \ 
 
 doomed to fuffer more detriment from their fellow fubjed;s, 
 than they had hitherto endured from all the governments of 
 India; the charters and acts of parliament had not given them 
 diftindtly, although intended, the privilege of exclufive trade; 
 and the fpirit of commerce, which fees its drifts with eagle's 
 eyes, formed alTociations at the rifc^ue of trying the confe- 
 quence at law, being fafe at the outfet and during the voyage^ 
 fmce the ftatutes did not authorize the company to feize or 
 flop the fliips of thefe adventurers, whom they called inter- 
 lopers. The firft fliip, under the dire<5lion of one Say, had 
 arrived in the month of September of the preceding year 
 16852, at Mufcat on the Arabian fliore, where he fettled a fac- 
 tory, intending to draw to this port, out of the reach of the 
 company's fettlements and influence in India, all the commo- 
 dities he wanted from thence for Europe, befides Avhat more' 
 were to be obtained nearer hand, or from other ports. Ano- 
 ther Ihip came to Goa in October, three were going to Bengal, 
 and one coming to Surat, where the prefidency difcovered, by 
 intercepted letters, tliat two of the council, Petit and Boucher^ 
 
 Lad
 
 IPS mSTOllICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SLCT. 1i;h1 nol only cncouragod, but taken part in fome of the inlev- 
 ^' loping lliips; on wliicli they \vcrc dinniiTed the company's 
 
 1683. fervicc, and took the ]irote6tion of the Mogul's government 
 in the cit}^ to whom they revealed whatfoever they fuppofed 
 might produce mifchief, and promifed the governor a prcfcnt 
 out of the cargoes they expected. The prefidcncy demanded 
 their perfons as debtors to the company, in which cafe tlic 
 phirmaunds granted by three Moguls difclaimed the protec- 
 tion of Englilli fubjedls ; but Petit and Boucher counteracted 
 tills plea by procuring merchants of the city, who were lub- 
 ic6ts of the Mogul, to demand their detenlifjn for debts to 
 Ihemfelves; fo that after a Ihort and civil confinement, both 
 were rcleafed without other rellraint than an eye watch; when 
 feveral difcontented Engliflimen, who traded with the com- 
 pany's licence, although not in ihcir'fervice, joined in com- 
 munity with them, and all together preferred a.petition to the 
 Mogul for a feparate trade, and requclled that Petit and 
 Boucher might come to his court. In the mean time the three 
 fliips that went to Bengal had met with iiealous advice and 
 xilliftance from Vincent and Pitt, who had been principal 
 agents of the company, but lately difmified for irregularities. 
 Hitiierto the comjiany grounded on the firft phirmaunds ob- 
 tained by Boughton from Sultan Sujah in 1636, had paid no 
 cuftoms to the Bengal government until the three laft years, 
 when the fame rate of three and a half per cent, which was 
 levied atSurat was demanded; but not to cftablifh a prece- 
 -^ dent,
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 129 
 
 dent, this claim, as often as it aroie, had been put to fleep with sect. 
 prefents. But the interlopers, direded by Vincent, paid the v^^ 
 cuftoms willingly, and made prefents into the bargain; which 1683. 
 facihtated their dealings, and the three Ihips failed with full 
 cargoes for England in January, within four months after 
 their arrival. Chaeft Khan, the uncle of Aurengzebe, was at n. 73. 
 this time nabob of Bengal, to which he had been removed in 
 1666, in confequence of his adventure with Sevagi. He was 1 
 
 as avaricious as the meaheft of his dependants, and took the 
 greateft (liare of what they had got from the interlopers; and 
 from his hunger of thefe new perquifites recommended the 
 utilities of the interloping trade to Aurengzebe, who, in defe- 
 rence to his o[)inion, gave the phirmaund which Petit and 
 Boucher were foliciting. It arrived at Surat in June, with 
 permiffion for them to come to court; on Avhich they fet out 
 their equipages, to be admired at the city gates; but Avhilft 
 loitering there, Sir John Child, the prefident, prevailed on the 
 governor to delay their paflports, under pretence of infor- 
 mality in the Mogul's permiffion. In the mean time a counter 
 order was procured, on which Petit and Boucher difcharged 
 their preparations for the journey, and continued ieemingly 
 quiet in the city: but, two months after, in the beginning of 
 September, Boucher went away privately, and got to Auren- 
 gabad. In 0(3;ober a fliip, called the Society, of one hundred 
 tons, v/hich had long been expedled by Petit, arrived at 
 Daman, and on his petition to the governor of Surat, was 
 
 S permitted
 
 ISO HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 permittc^J to come into the river, where lie managed her 
 bufincfs. 
 
 16S3. Both Petit and Boucher, by their long continuance and 
 late rank in the company's fervice, were conne(ited with many 
 others; and on their apollaiy correfponded with their iiiii- 
 mates at Bomliay, rcprelenting the interlopei's as protected 
 by the king, and encouraged by the fenfe of the nation, avcrfe 
 to the company as a monopoly, to the ruin of which uhofo- 
 ever might contribute, would (as they pretended) have little 
 to fear. At this time ihe regular military at Bombay were 
 four hundred men, rated as Europeans, although mixed with 
 Topafles. The highcft commillion was a captain, and only 
 one of this, which was held by Keigwin, who had ferved with 
 a})probation againft Kenary in 1674. The Europeans were 
 equally divided into three companies, of which he commanded 
 the firft; the other two were conmianded by Fletcher and 
 Thornburn, who were only lieutenants. The direiSlors in 
 England had lately difapproved of fevcral allowances to the 
 military officers; and had even reduced the rate of exchange 
 at which the conunon foldiers, as well as they, were paid ; and 
 not content with eftabliiliing new regulations for the future, 
 infilled that the officers fhould refund the fuiplus of what they 
 had received beyond the reform. The officers remonllrated 
 with hardy difcontent ; but the company's orders were pofi- 
 tive, and were enforced with })ertinacity by the fuprcme 
 council at Surat, which was imputed to the haughty aufterity 
 9 of
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMTIRE. 131 
 
 of die prefideiit Sir John Child. The officers, long indulged in sect. 
 licentious manners, formed a confpiracy amongil themfelves, >,„^^ 
 and fecured the concurrence of the foldierj, Avithout exciting 1683. 
 even a furmife of their intentions in the council of the 
 ifland; and indeed the enormity of the attempt precluded 
 the fufpicion. 
 
 On the £4th of December, KeigM'in, backed by the guard 
 of the fort, feized the deputy governor, Mr. Charles Ward, 
 with the four members of the council. The inhabitants with- 
 out faw the whole body of the troops ready to fupport their 
 officers, and attempted no refiitance: a proclamation vcas 
 iflTued, veiling the government of the ifland in Keigwin, 
 Fletcher, Thornburn, and two enfigns, as a council ; who de- 
 clared their intention of holding it for the king, and menaced 
 pain of death againft all attempts to recover it for the com- 
 pany. Three days after arrived the Hunter frigate, com- 
 manded by Alderton, bound with merchandize and treafure 
 from Surat for the fadlories at Carwar and Callicut; and 
 Alderton was prevailed upon to deliver the cargo to the re- 
 bels, and to continue in the commaad of the velTcl in their 
 fervice. Three da3''s after one of tlie company's fliips from 
 England came into the harbour; the captain went afliore, and 
 as walking to the fort was met by a friend, who told him what 
 had happened ; on which he returned to his fliip, fired upon 
 by fome fmall arms from the foldiers, anel failed to Surat, 
 where he brought the firft authentic infonnation of tl>€ revolt' 
 
 s 2 .Six
 
 13J HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT. Six of the company's fhips, with their ufual compHmcnt of 
 <^'..^j one hundred feamen, -were at this time in the road of Swally, 
 l6Si. of which three were taking in their ladings for England. On 
 the 6th of January the other three lliips were difpatchcd to 
 Bombay with three members of the prefideucy, empowered 
 to treat with the rebels, who ncilhcr heeded their propofals, 
 nor would make any of their own, and had font away all the 
 late council of the iiland, excepting the deputy governor. 
 The fliips neverthclefs continued in the harbour; and on the 
 30th of January arrived the other three from Surut, with Sir 
 John Child, who formally fummoned the rebels to furrender 
 the iiland on pain of high treafon, which only exafperated 
 them the more» and t' >v had well nigh rcfolved to imprifoa 
 the two commiilioners who brought tiic fummons on fliore. 
 The three fliips for Engianil were foon after diljialched; but 
 Sir John Child contimied with tlie ot,hers in the harbour until 
 the 20th of February, when convinced that all his endeavours 
 of accommodation would be ineffet^tual, he returned M'ith 
 them to Surat, and on the way left (a6tors at Verfovah, on 
 Salcctte, to gain intelligence, with little hopes of any good. 
 
 In the beginning of this year, 1C84, commenced the oper- 
 ations of Aurengs^ebe againfl Sambagi, towards Gqa; when 
 Sultan Mauzum with a vail army, of which 40,000 were ca- 
 valry, forced the gauts with little refiftance, and met lefs in 
 the plainer country; for Sambagi, fenfible that his force could 
 ttot iland before them in the field, left garrifoos in his ftrong 
 
 holds,
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 133 
 
 holds, and letired with the main body of his army to Raja- 
 pore, between whicli and Goa are fix rivers. The Mogul's 
 army fpread down to the fea between Goa and the river Gary, i684. 
 which bounds the prefent territory of Molundy. They fed on 
 the herds and harvefts of the field; and, after collecting all 
 the grain in Itore, burnt the towns and villages ; and Sultan 
 Mauzum, to plcafe his father ft ill more, defiled and deftroyed 
 the pagodas, and facked Vingorlah with fury for having given 
 refuge to Sultan Acbar: but the Dutch fadlory defended 
 themfelves trom their windows until they had bought off the 
 attack. 
 
 The ft;ock of provifions in the country were not fufficient to 
 fuftain this wafteful multitude. The Mpgul's fleet from Surat 
 efcorting many tranfjiorts with grain arrived towards the end 
 of; January off the bai* of Goa, and the admiral relying on the 
 appearance of iutend<'d relief to the Portuguefe, failed on to 
 enter the harbour ; but the viceroy had difcovered that he 
 was fecrctly inUrucied to feize the city, and keep it for the 
 Mogul ; and forbad the entrance by the fire of the batteries 
 which command it. On this repulfe the fleet returned to the 
 entrance of the river Bardez, where they landed their provi- 
 fions, which were but a fliort fupply to fuch a hofl:, and the 
 convoys from the inland continually failed by the difficulty of 
 the carriage over the mountains, which this increafing ne- 
 ceflity obliged Sultan Mauzum to repafs in the beginning of 
 March, but he encamped within twenty miles of the ridge, 
 
 waiting
 
 131 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, \vaiting his father's orders, either to join his brother SuUau 
 ^^; , Azim, who was a6ling with another army againft Viziapore, 
 
 1684. or to return into the Concan it" Sambagi (hould again prcfs 
 uj)on Goa. At the fame time the Mogul's fleet returned to- 
 wards Surat, and foon after Sambagi to Rairee, havina: firft 
 fent back his troops to retake pofleflion of the country which 
 they had abandoned to the Moguls, in doing which they met 
 with no refinance, but were deterred by the ^ficinity of Sultan 
 Mauzuni from the immediate renewal of hoftilities againft 
 Goa ; where the government, convinced of the danger of any 
 alliance with Avirengzebe, made overtures of peace to Samba- 
 gi, for which he demanded five millions of rupees. 
 
 The Siddee having been received at Bombay in April with 
 as much welcome by the rebels as by Sir John Child, thought 
 he fliould find no reftraint from them in the i-enewal of his 
 former forbidden practices in the harbour, where his galhvats 
 openly invefted the oppofite fliores belonging to Sambagi, 
 without endeavouring to conceal their captures, although they 
 brought away the inhabitants themfelvcs as well as their pro- 
 perties. Thefe injuries, becaufe not reprcfied by the rebels, 
 made Sambagi's officers prevent the exportation of all khids 
 of provifions to the ifland. At the fame time the Portuguefe, 
 as heretofore from envy to the profperity of Bombay, now 
 from refpc(^ to good government, had refufcd the rebels all 
 aniftancc, or fupply, from Salcette and their northern lands. 
 AVant prevailed, and Alderton was fent with the Revenge to 
 
 biing
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 135 
 
 bring grain from Surat, Avhich Petit Avas to provide. She ar- sect. 
 rived on the 24th of March, at Swally, where the three fhips . ^* 
 of the company Avere taking in their ladings ; tliey anchored 1684. 
 dofe, and threatened to board ; difcuffion enfued, and Alder- 
 ton, on the promifc of pardon, furrendered the frigate. On 
 this difappointmentPetit went privately from the city on board 
 a fliip of his own, which the governor's pafs protected from 
 the company's, and proceeded in her to Bombay, where he 
 became a welcome advifcr to the rebels. 
 
 They in the mean time had feverely checked the Siddee, 
 and forbad his gallivats to continue at Mazagong, or to come 
 there for any other purpofc than to get water, fo that he 
 was obliged to make them rendezvous at Lis own illand of 
 Kenary, and finding that his influence witli the rebels was 
 not what he expeded, he went away with his fliips and larger 
 vefTels to Surat, as foon as the Mogul's fleet paffed the har- 
 bour in their way thither, which was in the beginnino- of 
 April. In his dudgeon, but under the pretence of miftakino- 
 the intention, he took with him the two men who were to 
 have watched at Kenary, and delivered them back to the 
 Englifh prefidency at Surat. 
 
 The rebels had likewife thought it neceflfary to apologize to 
 Sambagi, for the late outrages of the Siddee, and took the 
 fair opening of a requefl which had been made by Sambagi 
 before the revolution, on the abfurd conduct of the councillor 
 that had been fent to him, that Captain Gary might come to 
 
 fettle
 
 136 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, fettle matters. Gary was originally a Greek, but had been 
 ^^^ on the ifland ever fince it was delivered up by the Portuguefe, 
 16{)4. and had borne feveral coinmiflions, 'civil as well as military, 
 whilll it was under the government of the crown, before it 
 was formally yielded up to the company, by whom he was 
 fufpecled, and difcarded. He was a bufy man, of much va- 
 nity, intrigue, and plaufibilit}', and availing himfelf of his for- 
 mer confequencc and connexions, had contrived to keep up 
 his correfpondence with all the neighbouring governors. He 
 had moreover been perfonally known to Sevagi, who did 
 not diflike his talents, and no choice could be more acceptable 
 to the rebels, as he was fuppofed to be the fecret promoter 
 of all their councils : which, however, on this occafion at 
 leaft, were not utterly devoid of national loyalty; but hoping 
 the cftablifhincnt of a new company, they provided for a ge- 
 neral concern, by inftrufting Gary to require the completion 
 of former agreements, as well as the redrcfs of late violations, 
 and to folicit the phirmaunds which had been requcftcd by 
 the government of Madrafs, for the freedom and increafe of 
 their trade in the Gingce country. Sambagi, from the fear of 
 defperate refolutions in men M'ho were holding nothing they 
 ' were not fure to lofe, and from the hope of gaining them to 
 his own views, which were to get the illand for himfelf, treat- 
 ed Gary with much attention. He confirmed the articles al- 
 lowed by Sevagi to Mr. Oxcndcn ; agreed to pay 2,600 pa- 
 godas remaining due, according to his own accounts, for 
 
 compenfation
 
 OP THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 137 
 
 oompenfution of the lofl'es formerly fuftained in the pillage of sf.ct. 
 Rajapore, Hubel}^ and Ilnttany. In <hc Gmgce country he ,^;,^ 
 granted a fac^lory at Cndalore and Thevenapatani, wiih the I()84, 
 ancient immunities allowed by Viziapore to the factory at 
 Conimeer, and allowed free trade at Porto Novo. Keigwin 
 and his council are named in the patents as the parties to 
 whom the grants are made. 
 
 On the 15th of Jvdy one of the company's fliips, called the 
 Eail-India INIercliant, arrived in the harbour with fifty foldiers 
 for the garrifon ; whom the commander, Davis, a ^yeak man, 
 was feduccd to land for the fake of felling his private adven^- 
 ture to the rebels, although at the fame time he acknow- 
 ledged the authority of the prefidency at Surat ; from whom he 
 received orders to continue in the harbour, and they at the 
 fame time fent two veflels, with two of the council, wdio were 
 to fuperintend the vigilance of all the three in preventing the 
 rebels from getting provifions. Soon after came an interloper 
 from England, who attempted intcrcourfe with the fliore, but 
 was beaten out of the harbour by the fire of the Eaft-Tndia 
 ]\Ierchant, and proceeded to Surat. In September, two fliips 
 bound thither from France, put into the harbour, wheie they 
 continued feveral days, and fupplied the rebels with rcfrefli- 
 ments and abundance of wine. On the 2d of October ano- 
 ther trading fliip, belonging to Petit, got under the guns of 
 the fort. A few days after they received intelligence, that 
 a lliip of eighty guns, which the company had purchafed, and 
 
 T named
 
 r3a HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 named Charles the Second, Mas in fi<»;ht of Suvat, havins; on 
 board two hundred and fifty foldiers and the captain a com- 
 miilion from the king againft pirates, on uhich authority the 
 prefidency intended to employ her in reducing the ifland. On 
 this news Petit, in his fliip, failed out of the harbour in the 
 night of the 20th of October, unnoticed by the Ealt-India 
 Merchant and the fmaller veffels on watch. Two days after his 
 iliip was attacked off the head land of St. John's by feveral 
 Singanian veflels, and the fliip took fiie by an cxplofion of 
 powder, which fcorchcd many of the crew, and all got into- 
 the long-boat and yawl. The yawl gained the land, but the 
 long-boat was taken, and in her Petit, who had received a 
 concuffion of the brain by a fall as jumping into her. The- 
 boat was carried to Gogo, where he died a few days after. 
 
 On the 3d of November Sir Thomas Grantham arrived in- 
 the Charles the Second, empowered by the prefidency to treat 
 ■with the rebels. They were prelTed by fcarcity, and admit- 
 ted a conference which lafted fix' days; and when articles were- 
 nearly concluded, one of the fuldiers in the fort fired a piftol 
 at Sir Thomas Grantham, in hopes of breaking off the treaty 
 by this aft of treachery, which, however, his comrades and 
 officers difavowed, and figned the articles; which granted 
 amnefty and pardon of all crimes and mifdemeanors to all 
 perfons, and even reftoration to their former ranks and em- 
 ployment in the company's Ibrvice; Avhich moft accepted; 
 but not Keigwin, who only ftipulatcd for his paffage to Eng- 
 S lauil
 
 1684. 
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 139 
 
 land with Grantham, and foon after failed with liiin to Surat, sect 
 where he fet no reftraint to the antipathy of his invcftives ^' 
 againft Sir John Child.* 
 
 The agreement for the furrender of the fort and ifland to 
 Sir Thomas Grantham, was fettled on the 1 1th of November, 
 nearly eleven months after they had been wrefted from the 
 legal government. The revolt began, continued, and ended 
 without bloodlhed ; excepting in a drunken quarrel at table, 
 Avhen Keigwin was wounded by his fccond Thorn burn. At 
 firft all who openly difavowed their authority, were either im- 
 prifoned, reftrained, or fent off the ifland, but they kept the 
 deputy governor, Mr. Ward, in clofe confmement to the end. 
 They deftroyed the dwelling-houfe of Alderton, in revenge of 
 his defe6lion. They had cautioufly refrained from opening the 
 treafure, which he furrendered to them with the Hunter fri- 
 gate. Nor did they ufe an}^ of the company's property, unlefs 
 for public fervicc, fuch as the diet, cloathing, and arming of 
 the garrifon, and for maintaining the works and vellels. 
 
 * Sir John Child and the Prefidency at Surat, appointed Charles Zinzan to 
 be deputy governor. Charles ^Vard, the former deputy governor, to be iecond ; 
 Sir Thomas Grantham to have a temporary Teat, even before C.Ward; John 
 Bnglilli (Agent we think of Pcrfia), with John Gladman, and John Vauxc, 
 to be of council. Dodor S. John, D. L. to aiiid. This commiilion is dated at 
 Svvally Marine, December i2ih, 1684. Sir Thomas Grantham and C. Ward 
 were then at Bombay, the others arrived there on the 16th of December; iu 
 what, or with what fliips, is not laid; they confulted on board the Charles the 
 Second on the 17th, and on the 18th Zinzan went afliorc at noon, received 
 the keys from SirT. Gr;uilhain, and was received by the garrifon with content. 
 
 It docs not appear that the Siddee, or any of his people or fleet, uere on the 
 Hland, or iu tlie harbour, at tiiis time. 
 
 T 2 They
 
 140 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT. They raifed money by the eftabhflied taxes, with additions 
 y^l^^ which were fo judicioully inipofed, that they were continued 
 1684. after the legal government was reftored. They kept on fair 
 terms without yielding to the Siddee, whohad lately returned 
 with his lliips from Surat, but watched againft furprize cither 
 from him or Sanibagi, both of whom would have given much 
 for the ifland. 
 
 On the 1 2th of Decem}>er, arrived one of the Comj)any*s. 
 fliips difpatched from Surat, with a deputy governor, ]\Ir. 
 Charles Zinzan, and three members of a new council, at- 
 tended by a judge of the admiralty court, lately arrived from 
 England. They were appointed by the prefidcncy, and after 
 the neceflary precautions had been taken landed on the 17th, 
 when Sir Thomas Grantham formally delivered the keys at 
 the gate of the caftle to Mr. Zinzan, and caufed the new com- 
 million to be read at the head of all the troops drawn up on 
 the parade; amongft whom were a few murmurs, but moll in 
 general were fatisfied with the change. The next day the fol- 
 diers which had come from England in SirThomas Grantham's 
 fliip, were incorporated in three companies, to which new 
 officers were appointed ; but Fletcher, who had behaved with 
 moderation during the revolt, was continued in the conmwnd 
 of his, which was the youngcft. 
 
 During this, the negotiation between Goa and Sanibagi 
 had continued, and in Jime a perfon of diftinrtion was fent 
 from Baflbin to Rairec; but Sanibagi pcrfdlcd in his de- 
 mand
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 141 
 
 mand of five millions of rupees, which the Portuguefe were sect. 
 unal)le to pay, and fartlier correfpondence ceafed ; on which, v^^ 
 as foon as the rains were over, about September, the fleet of 1684. 
 Baflcin furprized and retook the illand ofCaranjah; and foon 
 after Sambagi, accompanied by Sultan Ecbar, came down the 
 gauts with 15,000 horl'e to Galhan, from whence they fpread 
 ravage through the Portuguefe countr}' as far as Daman. 
 
 In the war of Viziaporc, Sultan Azim had been defeated in 
 two pitched battles, before the end of June, and in the laft was 
 dangeroufly wounded; which, with his ill fortune, and the 
 rains, flopped his farther operations; and even Aurengzebe 
 pretended to take time for confideration; but the perfcverance 
 of his mind left no doubt of the refult; and the king of Gol- 
 condah, convinced that the fall of Viziapore would draw on- 
 his own, entered into a fecrct confederacy with this king. The 
 coimti-y of Myfore was at this time divided amongft feveral 
 Rajahs, of whom the moft ancient and conflderable was he of 
 Seringa patam ; and all of them had paid tribute to Viziapore, 
 whilft able to defend its own territory againft the Mogul, 
 Avithout withdrawing the troops neceflliry to awe its tribu- 
 taries. But their homages had lately failed, and could not be 
 reclaimed, from the want of a military force. Golcondah, 
 from Gandicotah, and its frontier to the fouth weft, had im-' 
 mediate entrance into Myfore, and troops unemployed fuflS- 
 cient to invade the country; which continuing no longer of 
 life to Viziapore, the king coiifen ted that Golcondah fliould- 
 
 keeo
 
 142 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, keep Avbat parts of it he might conquer; who in return fup- 
 ^' ^ plied ^'iziapore with a vaft funi of money, and both fcnt a 
 
 16'84. great deal to induce Sambagi to a6t againft the Mogul, in 
 conformity with tlie operations of Viziapore. 
 
 Difturbances in the interior part of the empire at this time 
 required attention. The city of Agra and all its roads had for 
 many years been infefted by bands of robbers, who at length 
 had blended into one community, which, fmce the continu- 
 ance of Aurengzebe in the Decan, had become fupcrior, in 
 number and military effort, to the eftabliflied forces of the 
 province. The Rajpoots of Joudpore and Chitore had, during 
 the twolaft 3'cars, bcfetthe roads of Malva and Guzerat, and 
 in this threatened more. effectual hoftilities. But neither thefe, 
 nor the diftrelTes in the province of Agra, availed with Aureng- 
 zebe to abate his exertions of conqucft in the Decan. 
 
 Sultan JMauzum, waiting his father's refolutions, continued 
 with his army near the gauts of Goa, after he had repaflfed 
 them in March: and in September, immediately after the 
 rains, his camp was afflid:ed by a peftilence, of which five 
 hundred died in a day : neverthclefs, the reilgnation of igno- 
 rance and prcdeftination fought not the remedy by removing 
 to more open ground. 
 
 Sambagi having fwept the Portuguefe country to the north 
 of Salcette, encamped before Balfein, which he invefled on all 
 fides, excepting the fea, which he could not command ; but 
 received intelligence that a lai"ge body of the Mogul's troops 
 
 were
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 143 
 
 were advancing to force the gauts and defcend to Gallian, he sect. 
 broke up liis camp on tlie 24th of November, and marched \^^ 
 away to the northward, ravaging within forty miles of Surat, 1684. 
 where the terror was great, but miftakcn ; for they turned through 
 the mountains, which in this part arc more open, and pro- 
 ceeded towards Rairee. On the way one of his generals ob- 
 tained his permiflion to go with the troops of his command, 
 which weie two thoufand horfe, to make their ablutions in the n. 75. 
 Gunga at Naffir Turmeck. The day after, Sambagi difcovered 
 that they intended, after their ceremonies, to defert to the 
 IMogul ; on which he detached fix thoufand horfe, under pre- 
 tence of the fame pilgrimage ; which might be credited, as 
 every Morattoe is obliged to wafli at leaft once a 3'ear in the 
 Gunga, and in preference at Naffir Turmeck. The deferters 
 received their purfuers as companions, who attacked, and, ac- 
 cording to the report of the country, flew every man of them. 
 
 Towards the end of the enfuing January, which brings us 1685- 
 into the year 1685, ten thoufand horfe fet off from Rairee 
 under four generals, and ravaged as far as Brampore, with 
 more than ordinary hafte and devatlation. We learn this from 
 the Englifli fa6toi'is at Drongom, who had but two hours to 
 cfcape, and every houfe in the town was either pillaged or 
 burnt. The whole country was in flames; Aurengzebe dis- 
 patched fix thoufand horfe from Ahmednagur, under the 
 command of Bahadar Khan, wlio never came within fix days' 
 of the purfuit. lie foon after fent his foil Cawn Biikfh with 
 
 152,000.
 
 144 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT. 12^,000 111010, to command at Branipore; which was his liift 
 y^',^^ eftabhfliinciit in public bufmcfs. 
 
 1683. Ahniednagur, where Aurengiiebc v,as rcfiding, is one hun- 
 dred and thirty miles to the north of the city of Viziapore. 
 Sullan Mauzum's eiicanipnient at the foot of the gauts was 
 about the fame diftance to the fouth weft. Sultan Azini had 
 renewed the w^ar in the northern divifion of Viziapore, and in 
 February took the fort of Solapore, w hlch was confidei^d as 
 the ftrongeft bulwark of the capital towards Ahniednagur; pro- 
 bably by the aid of treachery, as the w hole force of Viziapore 
 was allembled on this fide to oppofe him. 
 
 At this time Sultan Mauzum, by his father's orders, was ad- 
 vancing on the wcftward, and met with no rcfiflance in the 
 
 *• 7^« field. Gocuck, Hubcly, and fevcral other towns of note fur- 
 rendered without refiftance, and the ftrougcr citadel of Darwar 
 ■with little. From hence he advanced thirty miles farther to 
 Guduck, which is fixty from Viziapore ; wlicn, to interrupt his 
 farther progrefs, 1 5,000 horfe were detached from the main 
 army, who encamped within ten miles of Sultan IMauzuni's, 
 moving as they moved, and cut off his convoys. 
 
 Bullal and Serji Khan were the two principal officers in the 
 govei-nment of Viziapore, whofe long continued enmity the 
 danger of the ftatc had reconciled. Their abilities in the field 
 equalled any of the officers of Aurengzcbe, and the cavalry of 
 Viziapore ferving under hereditary lords of the land, of which 
 they themfelvcs had portions, either by inheritance, or granted 
 
 for
 
 OF TfiM MOGUL EMPIRE. 145 
 
 for military fervicc, were braver and better equipped in pro- 
 portion to their numbers than any in Indoflan, which alone 
 aceounts for their frequent vid;ories over the jMoguls. In April 1685. 
 what remained with Bullal and Serji Khan routed Sultan 
 Azini's army in a general battle, which quelled all dangers in 
 the field, until the rains fecured their winter quarters, after 
 which both armies defied each other again, and in October 
 Sultan Azim was again defeated. Thefe repeated experi- 
 ments of ill fuccefs induced Aurengzebe to order a ceflation 
 of all olfenfive hoftilities, until he fliould himfelf arrive to 
 ConduA the war. 
 
 The government of Goa, to retaliate the ravage of their 
 northern territory, fpirited feveral of Sambagi's Defoys in 
 Sundah and Carwar to revolt, and affifted them -with three 
 hundred Topaffes: thefe hoftilities commenced in Februar}', 
 ceafed with the rains, and were renewed with the fair feafon. 
 Sambagi, intent on operations againft the Mogul, fent no re- 
 inforcements, and ordered what troops and officers remained 
 faithful, to retire into the forts they had not lolt; but his fleet 
 of two fliips and five grabs, flationed at Rajapore, criiiled on 
 the trade of the Portuguefe and the revolted coaft ; nor was 
 the marine force at Goa fufticient to oppofe them. In Octo- 
 ber he feiit oft' a body of fix thoufand horfe from Rairee, which 
 m-offed the Tapti and Xerbeddah, and affaulted the city of 
 Broach within a few hours after their approach Mas known; 
 feveral parts of the wall were in ruins, and the governor and 
 
 U feveral 
 
 »■ 77'
 
 :146 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 sixT. feveral oflicers were killed in the onfet, after which the gav- 
 ^^__^ rifon bewildered were glad to fave their lives by laying down 
 l^^^' their arms. The Morattocs, as foon as quiet was reftored, 
 proclaimed Sultan Acbar, ]\I()gul, and continued exacting 
 lanfoms and collei^ing plunder until the Subah of Ahme- 
 dabad began to advance with the troops of the province, on 
 which they went off unmolefted with tlieir booty. Surat was 
 in the utnioft confternation, and began to remove to Swally. 
 From this period we are deprived of coteniporary details con- 
 cerning the operations of Sambagi.* 
 
 In December Aurcngzebe with his own army from Ahnied- 
 nagur joined his fon Sultan Azim's at Solapore, and called up 
 Sultan Mauzum with his from Guduck. Either of the three 
 1686. were little inferior in numbers to the whole army of Viziapore.-|- 
 But Aurengzebe, who although never moved by perfonal dan- 
 ger, always avoided the brunt of arms, whenfoever he could 
 gain his ends by other means, laviflied promifes and money to 
 procure defc6lious; which, although operating by degrees, 
 left him in no dovdjt of the final fuccefs, of which he deter- 
 mined to give the honour to Sultan Azim; but as the conti- 
 nuance of his cldcft fon, Sultan Maujcum, in reach of oi)era- 
 tions he fliould not command, would have marked a partiality 
 difguftful to the better part of his armies, he removed the 
 
 * Gentil fays, in December 1685, GeaflToudin Khan, fattier of NizamaLnou- 
 luck, tul«eB tlie two forts of Raebari, and of Rari, in the environs of Poonah. 
 
 t In March 1686, Khan Jehan Behadoor invefts Viziapore, Gentil. 
 
 dilemma
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 1-^7 
 
 dilemma by fending him ofl* to attack the king of Golcondah, sfct. 
 of whofe concert with A'i/iapore and Sambagi, he had ac- s^l^^ 
 quired information. 1686. 
 
 The king of Golcondah, Aveak and voluptuous, uas entirely 
 governed by two bramins, Anconah and Moodapali, whom he 
 had conftitutcd by patent the principal minifters of the go- 
 vernment; their rule was infolent, mean, and avaricious. They 
 had conferred moft of the civil offices of the ftate on perfons 
 either of their own call or religion, to the great difgull of the 
 Mahomedans, who held moft of the principal commands in the 
 army, and compofcd the whole body of cavalry, which Avas 
 confidcred as the bulwark of the kingdom. No one abomi- 
 nated the diflbnant intluence of the two bramins niore than 
 Ibrahim Khan, the captain-general, Avho led the armyagainll 
 Sultan Mauzum, and fuflered him to reduce ]\Ial([uer, the «• 7^- 
 principal barrier of the capital, Avith much lefs refiftauce than 
 might have been made by the ftrength of the fortrefs, and the 
 force in the field. This eafy fuccefs fuggcfted to Sultan 
 Mauzum, that Ibrahim Khan might be gained to betray his «■ 70- 
 command more effedlually. The experiment fucceeded, and 
 many of the beft troops came over with him. The command 
 then dcA^olved on Ruftum Roy, Avho foon recruited the army 
 with numbers more than the defe<5tion, but of nuich inferior 
 fervice; and only kept the field by avoiding battle until they 
 had retreated to Avithin fight of the capital, Hyderabad, of 
 which Sultan Mauzum took polTcffion without rcfiftancc, on 
 
 V 2 the
 
 148 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 siXT. the* 9tli of Odlober. The king before his arrival had taken 
 v^;,^ refuge in the fortrels of Golcondah, and in llich conflernation 
 
 1686. that it was fu})})ofod he would, if prefied in the agony, have 
 farrendercd. Sultan JNIau/uni invefte<l the fortrels, but dread- 
 ing to add a crown to his own reputation, which his father 
 had once attenijited, but failed to feize, liftened to the over- 
 tures of the king, who, to preferve his diadem, proftered the 
 huniblcft fubniillions, with much gold and the moft precious 
 diamonds of his mines ; to which Sultan ]\Iauzum, in compla- 
 cence to Ibrahim Ivhan, added the death of the two bramins, 
 and referred the terms to Aurengzebe, who, fully employed 
 againft Viziapore, permitted him to conclude them. 
 
 In this kingdom repeated defertions had produced the fame 
 effedt, as the more general defection in Golcondah. The king 
 retired into his capital with a large body of troops, fele6lcd by 
 
 ?«. 80, his opinion of their fidelity. The city of Viziapore was cxten- 
 five, and capable of fome defence, and had a citadel of greater 
 ftrength. But the king foon began to entertain doubts of his 
 troops, which were j^obably fuggefted b}- the aitifices of 
 Aurengzebe, and retired to a neighbouring fort, fituated on 
 an inexpugnable rock; and foon after the cit}^ which l;ad 
 ftood feveral aflTaults, furrendered. Tliis event, according to 
 the bcft combination we can make, happened in the middle 
 of June. No troops remained in refiftance in the field ; and 
 
 * Mr. Gentil gives this thite of the pth of 0(?lober, but adds, that Sultan 
 Mauzum afterwards iiiveficd \h<^ fortrcfs. 
 
 the
 
 OF TPIE MOGUL EMPIRE. 149 
 
 the forts vied in fubiniffion, after tiic reduction of the capital; sect. 
 from whence the Mogul's army proceeded to invefl the retreat ^,^^^ 
 of the king, who feeing no chance of efcapc, capitulated, for i"^^'- 
 the prcfervation of his life and the poflTeflion of his women 
 and children.* He appeared before Aurcngzebe in filver 
 chains, and humbled himfclf to the duft, more with the de- 
 meanour of a captive rebel than a vanquilhed fovereign. It 
 was for fome time reported and believed that Aurengzeb® 
 had put him to death. 
 
 We have no account of Sambagi's operations in the field 
 immediately fubfequent to the furprife of Broach in OAober, 
 1685. The great force collected by the ]\Iogul in the begin- 
 ning of 1686 to reduce Viziapore, probably deterred him from 
 any efforts to obflru<5t their operations in this country, but left 
 him freer fcope to the northward, between Aurengabad and 
 Surat, of which we fuppofe that he availed himfelf, at leaft by 
 plundering excurfions. But whatfoever might have been his 
 fuccelTes, the fall of Viziapore convinced Sultan Acbar that 
 the future efforts of Sambagi in his behalf would be ufeleft 
 beyond the obtainment of pardon, which he defpifed, and of 
 promifes which he could not truft; he therefore refumed his 
 former refolution of retiring to Perfia, and Sambagi confented 
 to his departure, as the mofl probable means of producincr 
 
 * Mr. Gentil liiys, he and the city were taken on the ift of September 1687, 
 and appeared beCure Aiu'eiigzcbe on the 14th. 
 
 Mr. Anquelil du Perron proves that Vizianore was taken in the firft days of 
 Oaober i68t>. 
 
 more
 
 15(3 niSTOUlCAI. FUAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, more efficacious exertions againfl their couuuou ciiciiiy. A 
 ^_^" fliip, comniundecl by an Engliihnmn, named Bcndal, was hired 
 1686. at Rajapore; and Sultan Acbar, with a Uender retinue, cm- 
 barked in her as foon as the monloon was clianged in 0(^\ober. 
 'J'he fliip arrived at INIufcat in November ; from thence Sultan 
 Acbar proceeded in another embarkation to Bulliire, and was 
 n. 81. efcorted to Ifpahan, where the king of Perfia received liim 
 with all the attentions fuitable to his high birth and fallen 
 eftate. 
 
 The departure of Sultan Acbar removed one half of the 
 importance and anxiety of the war againfl Sambagi, and 
 made Aurengzebe regret the terms he had granted to the king 
 of Golcondah, which he determined neverthelefs to break ; 
 but wilhed, without hope, the concurrence of Sultan Mauzum, 
 who by his order had ratified the treaty. AiTuming therefore 
 the appearance of indifference to his objed, he propofed to 
 the deliberation of the council againfl which enemy the ftrels 
 of the war fliould be directed. Sultan INIauzum proffered, at 
 any foifeit, to accomplilTi the entire reduction of Sambagi and 
 his country. Sultan Azim, as little in the fecret, but alwa3-s 
 envious of his brother Mauzum, advifcd that Aui-engzcbc 
 fliould condu(?l this war in perfon ; but Cawn Buklli, in- 
 ilructcd by his mother Udepcrri, propofed the immediate 
 conquelt of Golcondah. Sultan Mauzum faw from whence 
 this arrow parted, and replied witli incHgnation, that the am- 
 bition of the emperor ought not to facrifice the honor of his 
 
 Ion, 
 
 >> 
 
 V
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. l;5l 
 
 foi), Avhich had been pledged to the king. It is (hid that ,Au- 
 rengzebe loft his temper, and eoncluded his inxective with the 
 threat of perpetual imprifonment. Saltan jMogcdine, the l^^^J- 
 eldeft Ton of jVIauzum, thinking all was loft, gralped his fcimi- 
 tar; but his father flopped his arm, faying " let us not fet a 
 "pernicious example to polterity." Thefe fuperior words 
 made Aurengzebe recollect himfelf, aft'ect complacence, and 
 retain the grudge. 
 
 lie fpake no more of Golcondah ; but gave out that he in- 
 tended to return to Delhi, and to promote the belief nego- 
 tiated with Sambagi, who confented to a ccfiation of hoftili- 
 ties, intending to renew them as loon as he was gone. Even 
 Sultan Mauzum was deceived, and prepared.to lead the van 
 of the march, of whicli Aurengzebe permitted him to choofe 
 the troops, who were always to be two days a-head of the 
 emperor, with whom Sultan Mauzum continued, waiting his 
 ultimate orders, whilft the van was halting at their fuft ftage. 
 Coming as ufual to the public audience, Aurengzebe made 
 a fign Avith his hand that he fliould wait in one of the adja- 
 cent rooms, and foon after directed Sultan Mogedine thither 
 likewife, whei-e they were both an-efted by the captain of the 
 body guartl ; and conveyed on elephants to different caftles ; 
 the fecond fon was fent to another: but all the tlnee were 
 treated with indulgences and refped;. The two other fons 
 and a daughter, being infants, Aurengzebe took into his own 
 family, and treated them with as much affection as if he had 
 
 no quarrel with their father. 
 
 The
 
 152 lIlSTOitlCAL niAGMEXTS 
 
 srcr. Tiic intention of returning to DcUii was fiill held out. Tlic 
 ^'.^^ road from Viziapore by Callierga Mas as near as any other. 
 
 1686. 'j'[,p pjjy ig fortified, and contains the luofl celebrated moique- 
 ti. Sj. ' 
 
 in the Dccan, with the tomb of a faint of equal veneration. 
 
 Axnengzcbe requeitcd the king of Golcondah's permithon to 
 pray at thcfe flirines : and the king, with the utmoft refine- 
 ment of oriental homage, fent hini 500,000 gold mohurs to 
 diftribute in charity ; which produced none to himfelf ; for 
 Aurcngzebe, as foon as he had performed his religious devo- 
 tions, advanced from Calberga with all his l)anners towards 
 Golcondah, and fenjt his fon Sultan A^im to bring fupplies of 
 trcafure, itores, troops, and artillery, from Delhi and Agra. 
 
 The army of Golcondah, a<>ain under the command of 
 Ruftum Roy, advanced to fuccour the defence of the ftrong 
 holds, which the ^Mogul's army could not leave behind them 
 untaken. But Aurengzcbe committed the condudl of the 
 war to the revolted general Ibrahim Khan, whole former in- 
 fluence in the kingdom opeiated more efficacioufly than his 
 military exertions, and continually produced deie(!"lions. We 
 find no pitched battles, but Ikirmithcs nmft have pafled be- 
 fore the king and his general fhut therafelves up again in 
 the fortrefs of Golcondah, which the IVIogul's army inverted 
 1687. in the month of January. Aurengzebe took the condudl of 
 the fiege, and fixed his own quarters in the city of Hyder- 
 abad. 
 
 The lower defences of Golcondah are fix miles in circum- 
 ference ; above them is another circuit of much greater refill- 
 "^ ance,
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 153 
 
 ftnce, falhioned in lomc parts out of the native rock. We sect. 
 liave little account of the fiege; but acconling to Mauouchi, y^^^^ 
 who Avas there, the IMogul's arm_y was obliged to raife and 1687. 
 carry on a vaft mound of earth, fufiicient for the difplay of 
 feveral batteries, until the affailants and defenders were 
 brought to the brunt of Handing fight on the fame level. In 
 April the befieged made a fally, by which they got poUeflion 
 of the mound, anjd maintained it until they had ruined the 
 batteries, with all the artillery, and pait of the mound itfelf. 
 This deftru6tion was not quite repaired before the Tains began 
 in June, which gave a farther refpito. In Augull Sultan Azim 
 arrived Mith the fupplies he had been fent to bring; when 
 AureuQ-zebe committed the continuance of the fieffe to his 
 conduct, and retired to a diftant encampment. In the mean 
 time the garrifon had received no fupplies of provifions, llores, 
 or men, to replace what had been confumed; nor expecSted 
 any; but ftill determined to Hand the alfault at the breach, 
 which Sultan Azim avoided by purchahng the treachery of 
 two or three of the principal officers, with M'hom he concerted 
 an attack on their guard in the night, when they agreed to 
 abandon the defence, and kept their promifc. It was on the 
 twenty-feventh of September.* The garrifon, although fur- n. 83. 
 prifed, made refiltance; but could not prevent numbers from 
 pouring in fufficient tcJ overwhelm them all, when the {laugh- 
 ter became defperatc. The king concealed himfelf in the 
 
 * Havart in Golcoiidali, p. 2-}2. fays, tliai the fortieis was taken on the fecond 
 uf Ot^tober 1687. 
 
 X raeanefl
 
 154 IirSTOUlCAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, meaneft office of his palace, from whence he was draggnl, 
 s^.^^ unknown, and had well nigh been killed in the niiftake. In 
 1687. the morning he was carried to Sultau y\zim, who fuflered him 
 to continue ftanding feveral hours in the fun, waiting admit- 
 tance; but r-clenting when he faw him, permitted him to fit; 
 and the king, in making his obeifance for the indulgence, 
 prefented him with a purfe full of diamonds, of which one was 
 fecond only to that which Emir Jumlah, at his death, had fent 
 to Aurengzebe by the hands of iiis fon. Sultan Azim, ftill 
 more moved by this prefent, promifed his intercellion -with 
 his father, to whom he delayed not to fend the king; but 
 Aurengzebe received him with the moft contumelious indig- 
 nity: it is even afferted that he afterwards inflicted the 
 fcourgc, to extort the difcovery of his treafures. 
 
 It has lately been faid, that Eccogi, the brother of Sevagi, 
 holding a conunand in Viziaporc, came with his troops fome 
 time after the reduction of this kingdom to Gingee; from 
 whence he went with them to the affiftance of the Naig of 
 Tanjore, at war with him of Tritchinopoly ; whom having 
 defeated, Eccogi feized the government he had been called to 
 «. 84. defend. We formerly placed this revolution in I6s0, and 
 although we fee caufe to retrad this date, cannot afcertaia 
 the real ; but difcover Eccogi ruling in Tanjore, in the month 
 of Auguft of this year 1 6S7. 
 
 As foon as Aurengzebe turned his arms againft Golcondah, 
 Sambagi faw the impending danger to his own country of 
 Gingcc, and broke the truce he had juft concluded with the 
 
 Mogul,
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 155 
 
 Mogul, who, nut llirj)L'd.ing this ))rcruinj)li<)ii, h;ul drained the sect. 
 
 ililtricls, and forts of Viziaporc of their adcuiuate defence, in ^ ^• 
 
 Older to increafe his ftrength againll Golcondah; which he 16S7. 
 had fearcely invcfled, as we have faid in January, when 
 Sambagi, from Satarah, Panncla, and Pondah, attacked the 
 weilern frontiers of Viziapore with uninterrupted fuccefs, 
 which continued until the rains in June, wlien he fent off" 
 twelve thoufand horfe to Gingee, under two connnanders, the 
 one named KeilVwa Puntolo, the other Santogi Row ; hut fuf- 
 pe6ting thatllargi llajah, who had governed the country ever 
 fuice the conqueft of Sevagi, might fell it and hinifclf to the 
 Mogul, he gave Keiffwa Puntolo a fecret inft ruction to feize 
 on Ilargi, and get poflcHion of the fortrefs of Gingee. Thefe 
 troops arrived in the Carnatic in July, where at this feafoa 
 there are no rains, although prevailing in the country to the 
 w^eftward. 'I'heir march alarmed Aurengzebe, left they lliould 
 make conquefts in the country of jMyfore, which he intended 
 to reduce, when free from more impoitant war ; and on this 
 fuppofition he detached an army from the fiege of (jolcondah, 
 which, marching weft of the Carnatic mountains, inveited 
 Bengalore, before the Morattoe generals had ("onccrted their 
 meafures for the fame attack; who continued debating, and 
 the new ones colle6ling offerings; but Ilargi Rajali, having 
 received intimation of Sambagi's intention againft himfelf, 
 effectually fecured Gingee under his o\\ n ward and depcnd- 
 ance; and Keiffwa Puntolo, difappointcd in his fcheme, 
 treated him as if he never had had any, w itli much exterior 
 
 X 2 refpect.
 
 156 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 lefpccT;. Till' three generals agreed to march to the relief of 
 Bangalore; hut on the wa}^ heard that the place had furren- 
 1687. dered to the Mogurs arm3\ This happened in the beginning 
 of Auguft; and at the fame time came news that Aurengzebe, 
 on advices of dillurbances in the northern parts of the empire, 
 was compromifmg his difputc with the king of Golcondah, 
 and intended to proceed to Delhi. This intelligence, althowgh 
 falfe, renio\cd the apprehenfion of any immediate invafion of 
 the Cingcc country; and Ilargi Rajah, confident of the at- 
 tachment of his troops, lent them to Keiffwa Puntolo; and 
 Santogi Row, wifliing likewife, for fome perfonal rcafon, to 
 ftay awhile in the Cariiatic, alfo gave his divifion; and KeiflVa 
 Puntolo, with the whole, amounting to eighteen thoufand 
 liorfe, pafled into the My fore country. 
 
 The ftrength of Golcondah, and the defpairing refolution 
 of the king, had raifed expectations of a much longer defence, 
 for treachery had not been fufpedled ; fo that the fall fpread 
 the aftonifliment of fudden ruin; and moft of the officers in 
 thofe countries Mhich had not already fubmittcd, prefled 
 forward to make terms for themfelves; and Aurengz-cbe, to 
 comfort them with hopes of indulgence, appointed their old 
 acquaintance Ibrahim Khan, to adt as his vicegerent in all 
 affairs of the kingdom. 
 
 Six thoufand horfe were fent, under the command of Ooflfer 
 Khati, to take in the maritime provinces from Mafulipatam 
 to Ganjam. Mafulipatam made no refiftancc, having been 
 lately ravaged by a grievous peftilence, and left by the go- 
 vernor,
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 157 
 
 veriior, who had retired with his treafures,. and the deteftation srxT. 
 olhis people ; but mueh remained to do, before the countries <„^J!,^ 
 beyond the Godaveri could be reduced to regular obedience. 1687. 
 That portion of the Carnatic which belonged to Golcondah 
 was under the government of a Nabob, who kept his court at 
 Cudapah : his name was Ally Afcar Cawn ; he had always 
 borne good will to the Englifli at Madrafs, and was the firll 
 to inform them that he was continued in his ftation by the 
 Mogul. Advices of the fame purport came from the neigh- 
 bouring governors of Conjeveram and Punamalee, who were 
 both gentoos. He of Punamalee faid, that as the world 
 turned round like a wheel, he had beaten his drums, and fired 
 his guns, for the victory which the mighty iVlumghire * had 
 gained over his old mailer. So that nothing appeared to con- 
 teft the Mogul's authority in this extenfive fpace of country, 
 which three weeks before acknowledged another king. But 
 this tranquillity was of ihort duration. 
 
 The Mogul's troops having taken Bengalore were reinforced 
 before Keiflwa Puntolo arrived in Myfore, and marched 
 againft him, who neverthelefs maintained himfelf on the other 
 fide of the mountains until November, when he returned into 
 the Carnatic, and arrived about the lOtli at Trinomalcc. We 
 are ignorant whether defeat or his own choice occafioned this 
 retreat ; but are not inclined to impute it to necellity ; for fuch 
 a body of Morattoe horfe might, with their facility of avoiding 
 encounter, have continued long in fuch a country as Myfore, 
 
 * Name of Aurengzebe, 
 
 unlefs
 
 158 lUSTOlllCAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, unlcfs impaired by fonie fignal ovortlirow, of which we fjiul 
 , ^' no mention. 
 
 \6S7. On his reUu-n the grudge between him and IJargi Rajah 
 broke out openly; the I'urrender of Giugee to the orders of 
 Sanibagi was pubhcly demanded and rcfufcd ; but Ilargi, 
 fearing that refped to his fovereign might at length predomi- 
 nate amongfl: the troops of his own command, fecured the fort 
 of Thevenapatiun, near Cudalore, as a retreat on emergency: 
 but to keep up their attachment to himfelf by an exertion of 
 national loyalty and the hope oi' plunder, he fummoned 
 Iveiflwa Puntolo to march and reduce the countries to tlie 
 north of the Paliar, which had jufl fubmitted to the Mogul. 
 Keiffwa Puntolo fecms to have refufed any connexion with 
 him ; on which Hargi fent forward a detachment under the 
 command of two officers, in whoni he had fpecial truft, who 
 met with no rcfiftance of any confequence from the new con- 
 verts to the Mogul government, and in a fortnight were in 
 quiet poflcflion of Arcot, Conjeveram, and Punamalee, with 
 their diftriAs, of which they fat about coUee'^ling the revenues^ 
 favoured by the feaCon, for it was the end of ]3ecember. 
 
 In the mean time Sambagi, infutiiciently oppofed in Vizia- 
 [)ore, had reduced all the country extending fouth of Panncla, 
 amongft tlie mountains which ad^'ance beyond the gauts to 
 the wefluard; where, the record fays, he liad taken one hun- 
 dred and twenty places of note, by tiie end of the year. lie 
 not only aggravated his war againll the Moguls with every 
 fpecies of barbarity, but even poifoned the fair tanks of water 
 ^ near
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIT^E. 159 
 
 near which tliey might be tempted to encamp. Pohcy alone si:ct. 
 lel't no cIoul)t of the preference between the conqucft of the v^^ 
 original and fovereign power, and the vedudtion of its depcn- l^^^z. 
 dancy in the Carnatic; but indignation likewife prompted this 
 refolution; and -iVurengzebe, mIio rarely difcovered his emo- 
 tions when extreme, fwore that he would never return to Delhi 
 until he had feen the head of Saaiba2;i welterino; at his feet. 
 
 Accordingly, in the beginning of January, 1688, he ilTued 168S. 
 orders for the march of his army and Omrah's to Viziapore ; 
 but not willing to truft Ibrahim Khan during his abfence with 
 the government of the kingdom he had betrayed, fent him, 
 but honourably, to govern the province of Lahore ; and ap- 
 pointed his ancient fervant, llohilla Cawn, to Golcondah. 
 Aurengzebe led the two captive kings in his train, and re- 
 ceived their daily obeifancaat the hour of his public appear- 
 ance, as if delighted with the contemplation of their mutual 
 anguifli and his own pre-eminence, and determined that each 
 fliould fee the vanquiflied capital of the other, gazing on the 
 fallen majefty of both. 
 , For two months before his departure he had feveral times 
 iilued and revoked orders for the march of a large detachuient 
 to Cudapah, from whence they were to ])roceed with the 
 troops of that government to attack the Gingee country, 
 where the leports of their approach had kept KeilTwa Puntolo, 
 and Santogi Row, making preparations of defence : but find- 
 ing that no troops croiTed the Kriilna, although Ilargi Rajah's 
 detachment had taken poHeflion of the country to the north 
 
 of
 
 16() HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, ofthc" Paliar, they moved likewife ; and, after little refiftance, 
 ^'...^^ took Chittapctt and Covrepauk; and, about the middle ol" 
 11)88. Jauuarv, eltablillied a general and fuperior ftandard at Coii- 
 jc'vciani, which Hargi's detachment, if ihey did not obc}', did 
 not oppol'e; and both agreed in getting all they could b}' the 
 plunder of the open country, to which, befides the propenfity 
 of ufaoe, they were prompted by the certainty that the anny 
 th(\v had fo long expelled was in adual march from Golcon- 
 dah into the Carnatic. 
 
 7'liis armv was commanded bv an officer named IMahomed 
 Sadick. It conhfted of twelve thoufand jMognl horfe, but a 
 greater number of foot, which were of little efficacy, as being 
 the ordinary troops of tributary Rajahs and Polj-gars. They 
 arrived in the middle of February, and Mere the fii-ft army in 
 the fervicc of the JMoguls, which ever entered the Carnatic. 
 
 The jNIorattoes left Conjeveram on their approach, and 
 retired to their neareft forts on each fide of the Paliar. The 
 Mogul general made it his firft care to put ftrong garrifons 
 into Punamalee and Vandivafli, which the Morattoes had not 
 had time to reduce, and foon after encamped under VaiKlivafli 
 with the main body of his army ; but kept detachments abroad, 
 with the ollenfible purpofe of oppofmg the depredations of 
 the Morattoc-s ; inftead of which thefe detachments rarely re- 
 frained from committing the fame cxceflTes themfelves. Mul- 
 titudes were continually flocking to the protection of Madras, 
 of which the Mogul's and the Morattoe generals compUuned, 
 and demanded the furrender of fuch as carried away any thing 
 
 t)f
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. ICI 
 
 of value; not, witliout accufing the Englifli government of sect. 
 partialit}' : and offence to either fide was dangerous; for the v^',^^ 
 Mogul's troops were often at the gates of Madrafs, whofe 1688. 
 factories of Cudalore and Coniniecr, in the Gingee country, 
 were expofed to the infults of Morattoe detachments; and 
 the company's inveftment, widely diffufed, to the plunder 
 of both. 
 
 The ]\Iorattoe generals, to oppofe the Mogul encampment 
 at Vandivafli, kept the main of their army at Chittapett, vvithin 
 a day's march; but neither did more than obferve the other; 
 for, excepting a few accidental Ikirmillies between plundering 
 parties, the year paffed without any enterprizc of hoilility; 
 but the country was defolaled. 
 
 Aurengzebe continued throughout this year in the city of 
 Viziapore, fuperintending with the utmoft attention the war 
 againft Sambagi. The numbers and artillery of the JMogul's 
 army recovered all the towns and forts in the opener country, 
 which Sambagi had reduced whilft they were employed againft 
 Golcondah ; but his holds on hills and mountains were inex- 
 pugnable; and all that could be done againft tiiem was, to 
 ftation troops in fuch of the neighbouring fituations as might 
 beft reprefs the garrifons above from defcendiug to plunder in 
 the plain, who, from their back country and the gauts, were 
 fupplied, M'hen necelVary, by fecreted parties, with provifions. 
 Even Pannela, which Sambagi made his own retreat and 
 capital during this war, was continually invefted, but with 
 
 Y no
 
 162 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, no piof'ped; of furrcnder at the end of the year, Avhen Au- 
 ^^ rengzebe, convinced of the improbabihty of getting Sanibagi 
 lO'Sy. jixto Jiis power by dint of open hoftihty, recurred to other 
 means. 
 
 That propenfity to women which the wifdom of his father 
 .Sevagi feems to have early foiefeen as the germ of Sambagi's 
 deftriK^ion, had increafed with his manhood and power. It 
 wafted not his time in the allurements of dalliance, but his 
 variet}' was infatiable; and every beauty he heard of became 
 the objedl of his acquifttion, in dcfpite of all parental and. 
 «• 85- religious refentment. Cablis Cawu, as mentioned before, was 
 the procurer of his pleafures, and from this connexion gained 
 fomc lliare of his confidence in the affairs of his government, 
 without any political ability, and a confiderable conmiand in 
 the army, Avith very little courage. He feems by his name aaid 
 manners to have been a Mahomedan. Aurengzebe tried, and 
 found no difficulty in tampering and fucceeding with fuch a 
 character, but was obliged to leave the mode to his own judg- 
 ment, who confulting, above all other conliderations, his own 
 fecurity, rifcjued no attempt on Sambagi's life by })oifon or 
 aflUlfination, but waited for fi)me Icfs dangerous means of 
 n. 8(5. treachery, which occurred in the month of June. 
 
 It is well known that the marriages of the Hindoos arc 
 contra(3;cd by the parents during the earlicft infancy of the 
 children, who from that time are kept feparatc in their »wn 
 iPamilics, until the virgin wife arrives at the real age of nubility, 
 
 when
 
 OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 163 
 
 when flic is font liome with much pomp to the houfc of her sect. 
 hulband. Tliis proceflloi? is generally made in the night, ^• 
 accompanied by many liglits, and is held facred from all I6'8y. 
 iiiterru[)tion. A young Hindoo of diftin(^lion, and much 
 beant^'^, was to be carried to her hulband; and the roprcfcn-r 
 tation of Cablis Cawn, who pretended to have feen hei, cafdy 
 perfuaded Sambagi to feize her. lie put himfeh\ii the head 
 of a fmall fquadron of horfe; but for fear of accitkMits in tliis 
 time of hoftility, Cablis Cawn Avas to follov/ at a diiiance with 
 a much larger body. ^Ve are ignorant from which of his 
 ftrong holds this intemperate excurfioii was made, but believe 
 from Panuela, of which the inveftment might have been raifed 
 by the advice of Cablis -Cawn. The onfct of Sambagi had 
 fcarcely difperfed the proceffion, when his party was attacked 
 by a detachment of Mogul cavalry, who, apprized of his 
 perfon, refrained from his life, and feized him at the unrefilled 
 rjfque of his fword. They then proceeded againft the body with 
 Cablis Cawn, who pretended refiftance only to be taken. 
 
 Sambagi appeared before Aurengzcbe with undaunted 
 brow, who reproached Cablis Cawn, not with his treachery, 
 but the encouragement which liis proftituted miniftry had 
 given to vices which at length had led his fovereign to ruin ; 
 and ordered him to inllant death. To Sambagi he proffered 
 life, and rank in his fervice, if he would turn Mahomedan, 
 who anfwered by an inve6live againft the })rophet, and the 
 land of his own 2;ods. On wdiieh he was drelTed in the fan- 
 
 y 2 tallic
 
 164 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
 
 SECT, tailic ornaments of a wandcrino; Indian devotee, who beo; 
 ^;.^ in villages with a rattle and a cap with bells. In this garb he 
 1US9- was tied, looking backwards, upon a camel, and led through 
 the camp, calling on all the Rajpoots he faw to kill him, but 
 none dared. Alter the proceflion his tongue was cut out, as 
 the penalty of blafpheming Mahomed. In this forlorn con- 
 dition Aurciigzebe, by a meflage, again otl'ered to preferve his 
 life if he would l)e converted, when he M'rote, " Not if you 
 " would give me your daughter in marriage ;" on which his ex- 
 ecution was ordered, and performed by cutting out his heart, 
 after which his limbs and body were feparated, and all to- 
 gether were thr )\vn to dogs prepared to devour them. Ma- 
 nouchi fays that Aurengzebe beheld aifd enjoyed the fpe^lacle, 
 which is fcarcely credible. Neverthelefs, human nature Avon- 
 ders at his inflexible cruelty, as much as it admires the invin- 
 cible courage of Sambagi, whofe death produced not the 
 expected etled; of fubmillion from any part of the Morattoe 
 government, which it only animated the more to continue the 
 war. But our narrative mull now rcfume, as well as it can, 
 the Enghfli concerns in the empire from the end of 1685. 
 
 END OF THE EIRST SECTION.
 
 [ 165 ] 
 
 NOTES 
 
 TO THE 
 
 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS, 
 
 &c. 
 
 NOTE I. 
 
 JTage a, line 16. Fragments, which the want of more mate- 
 rials difabks us from difpojiiig into a more regular form. '[ — We 
 are not without hopes that fomc of the many in India, who 
 have the means, will fupply the portions of information which 
 are deficient in thefe Fragments, and muft otherwife always 
 continue out of our reach. The knowledge is well worth the 
 enquiry; for, befides the magnitude of the events, and the 
 energy of the charadlers, which arife within this period, there 
 are no Hates or powers on the continent of India, with whom 
 our nation have cither connexion or concern, who do not owe 
 the origin of their prefent condition to the reign of Aureng- 
 zebc, or to its influence on the reigns of his fucceflbrs. 
 
 NOTE
 
 166 Historical fragments [Notus. 
 
 N O T E II. 
 
 Page 4, line 21. The enquiries of Europeans have twt hitherto 
 procured a/n/ hijiori/ of Aurcngzehe, compofed by a native of 
 ludqjlan, zchic]i extends beyond the I3th year of his reign, an- 
 fwering to 1 67 1 of our rtvv/.] — The following accounts relating to 
 the reign of Aurengzebe have been brought to Europe, and 
 we have acquired no information of any others. "We give tho 
 titles as publifhed by thofe who procured the nianufcripts. 
 
 T. •" ALUMGUiRNAMA, by Munjlii Mahommed Kazm ben 
 *' Maliommed Annn MunJJii; containing the hiftory of India 
 " and i\urengzebe, from Sultan Da rah Sheckowh's firft con- 
 " fining his father Shah Jehan, until the 13th year of Aureng- 
 *' zebe's reign; wherein is a full account of the means he ufed 
 " to cut off his brothers, and fecure the empire to himfelf." — 
 This book belonged to INIr. Frazer, and, with the whole collec- 
 tion he brought from India, is in the Radcliffe library: but 
 there is a miflake in the title, although given by ]\Ir. Frazer 
 himfelf; for the hiftory does not extend beyond the 1 0th year 
 of Aurengzebe's reign. 
 
 II. " KELMAT TYBAT ; all tlic remarkable fayings (or bon 
 " tnots) of the great ]\logul Aurengzebe, with copies of all the 
 " letters, notes, «&c. he wrote himfelf." This book likewife 
 belonged to Mr. Frazer, and is in the Radcliffe library. The 
 letters and notes have no dates, eitlii^r of time or place. 
 
 The
 
 Notes] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 167 
 
 The four folloui'ing manufcripts, iii. iv. v. vi. 
 belonged to Mr. Dow. 
 III. " MiRAT UL wAniD AT, or the Mirror of Occurrences, 
 " written by Mahomed Shuffia oi' Delhi. He undertook the 
 " work at the requelt of Byram Chan, in the reign of Maho- 
 " med Shah. He profefies the book to be a continuation of 
 " the Avork of Fcriflita, and it contains a comj)endious hiftory 
 " of the Mogul empire, from the death of Acbar to the inva- 
 " fion of Nadir Shah." The whole life of Aurengzebe muil 
 therefore be in this hiftory, fmce it comes down to the reign of 
 his great grandfon; but avc fuppofe very fuccin6lly, fmce Mr. 
 Dow himfelf has not continued the life of Aurengzebe beyond 
 the year 1669, the 1 1th of his reign. 
 
 IV. " ROSE NAJiMA, or a Journal of the firft ten years of 
 *' Aurengzebe, by Mirza Cqffim, the fon of Mirza Amin, pri- 
 " vate fecretary to Aurengzebe; our author (Mirza Caflhn) 
 ** fucceeded his father in that office." 
 
 V. " ALLUMGiBE namma; or the Hiftorv of Allumgirc 01' 
 " Aurengzebe, by the fame. This Avork is little more than an. 
 " abridgment of the above." It is then the fame as the 
 alumguirnama o/"3jfr. Frdizer, n° i. who calls Mirza Caffim, 
 Mahomed Kazm. 
 
 VI. " MIRAT ALLUM, or tlic IVIirror of the World; by 
 " Nazir Buchtar Chan, a man of letters, who led a private 
 " life near Feridabad, within a few miles of Agra. This work 
 " contains the hiftory of the &ft ten years of Aurengzebe." 
 
 VII. " NOBA-
 
 I. 
 
 168 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SECT, VII. " NOBAVAii mounijr; ov Splendid Iiilelligence; 
 
 " being letters of Aurengijebc to his vizirs, governors of pro- 
 " vinces, &c." This manui'cript in \2\ was brought by Mr. 
 Anquetil du Perron from India, and depofitcd by him in the 
 king's library at Paris. We are ignorant what lights it might 
 aflford to the hiftory of Aurengzebe. 
 
 NOTE 111. 
 
 Page 4, line 24, l\Ir, TpAZTAifays, — that he (Aurengzebe) 
 
 forbad his life to he written.'] — Mr, Frazcr docs not fay this in 
 
 his Nadir Shah; but it is mentioned in a note by the authors 
 
 of the Univerfal lliftory, with -whom it is probable that Mr. 
 
 Frazer was acquainted. 
 
 NOTE IV. 
 
 Page 4, line 25, Catrou,] — The Jefuit, known by other 
 works, wrote the Hiftory of the Mog\d Emperors, from the 
 memoirs of !^TAN0UCIII, who had been phyfician to Sultan 
 Mauzum. We find Manouchi at Madrafs in the year 1691; 
 but Catrou fays, that the memoirs which he received from 
 him carhe down to the year 1700. Mr. Anquetil du Perron, 
 in his Legiflation Orientale, publiftied in 1778, fays, that he 
 faw the manufcript of INIanouchi in the year i 763, in the 
 library of the Jefuits of the Maison Puoflssf.. Wc are 
 "^ informed
 
 Notes] OF THE iMOGUL EMPIRE. 169 
 
 informed that this nianufcript was not inferted in the catalogue 
 of the fale, when the effeds of tlie Jefuits were confifcated in 
 1 773; norhad itbeen refcrved for theking'shbrary. Itis fuppofed 
 to have been carried into Holland, and is well worth recovering. 
 The 3d and 4th volumes of Catrou's hiftory, comjirize a ge- 
 neral view o&the whole reign of Aurengzebe, and the only one 
 within the reach of thofe who are not verfant in the Perfic; not 
 that we know that any fuch exifts even in this language. The 
 ftile of Catrou is efteerned elegant ; he gives feveral ftriking 
 narrations, but feems to have defpifed much attention to chro- 
 nological arrangement, and fome of the few dates he gives 
 are erroneous. We have taken largely from this work. 
 
 NOTE V. 
 
 Page 5, line 3. " Is ajliamehfa apology for the depofal, &c. 
 &;c."] — ^The condition of the writer, compofmg under the terror 
 of Aurengzebe's infpe6lion and difpleafure, accounts for this 
 panegyric. Mr. Boughton Roufe,* with that refpedl to 
 letters which always diftinguilheth thofe M'ho are capable of 
 cultivating tliem with fuccefs, has on all occafions fupplied 
 us with the informations which his knowledge could furnifli 
 to our ignorance of the Perhc language: he read in this 
 view two hundred pages of the alumguirnama, and gave 
 us the charafter we have given of this work, which is very 
 voluminous, 
 
 * Now Sir C. W. Roufe Boughton, Bart. See Life, page xliii. 
 
 ^■^- ' Z N O T K
 
 170 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SECT. NOTE Vr. 
 
 1. 
 
 Page 5, line 21. " Aureng^che held ihh government tmder 
 his father^ — Aurcngzebe having behaved with great intrepi- 
 dity in fcparating t\f o elephants uho were fighting, iiis father 
 Shah Jchan took great affeciiion to him, created him ten 
 hazan,*and gave him the government of the Decan, for which 
 he departed in June l633." 
 
 " In this year (1633) Mauhabat Cawn takes Doultabad, 
 from which Sidi Amber, who was governor of it, took flight. 
 This feems to have been before the firfl con)ing of Aurengzebe 
 into the Decan." 
 
 " Aurcngzebe reduced all the rebels there, was recalled to 
 court, and returned thither with Mauhabat Cawn at the end 
 of the year l634." 
 
 " Towards the end of this year (16" 3 4) we believe, Shah 
 Jehan takes the road to Doultabad." 
 
 " In 1635 Saow (the father of Sevagi) a poAverful Zemindar, 
 having got poiTelfion of the eftates of the children of Nizam- 
 ahnuluck, Shah Jehan drove him out of them, and his ge- 
 nerals took the greateft part of the fortreflfes of the country." 
 
 " After reducing Bundelcund and its Rajah, Aurengzebe 
 appears again in the Decan in i637, made the conqueft of 
 the country of Bagland ; Bardgc, Rajah of the country, having 
 fubmitted to the prince, was made three hazari, -f- and had 
 
 * Commander ol" ten ihoufaad boife. t Commander of three thoufand liorfe. 
 
 Sultanpom"
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 171 
 
 Sultanpour in Jaghirc. Ranmagur was likewife given to him, sect 
 on the terms of paying a tribute of 100,000 R." ^ 
 
 " 1639- Kaloundgi, Rajah in the territories of Nizamal- 
 muhick, after having fubmitted to Aurengzebe, and revolted, 
 perillied in his rebellion." 
 
 " 1649. Morad Bukfli, who had been recalled from Balk 
 in 1646, is in this year recalled from the Decan, and thcle four 
 provinces are given to Chaeft Khan." 
 
 " In 1651 Aurengzebe marched to befiege Candahar; in 
 1652 he raifed the feige, was recalled from Cabul, and fent to 
 the Decan." 
 
 " In 1654 Aurengzebe, by his lieutenants, forced the Rajah 
 of Deoughir to pay tribute." * 
 
 NOTE VII. 
 
 Page 6, line 7. sevagi was the founder of the Morattoe 
 nation.'] — The relations of all the travellers who were on the 
 weftern fide of India during his life, after it became an objedl 
 of fame, fpeak more or lefs of his exploits. We fliall enume- 
 rate the accounts in which we have found any information 
 concerning him. 
 
 I. TA VERNIER. Avas iu India at various intervals from 1642 
 to 1666: he journicd through moil of the provinces of the 
 
 * From M. Gentil's MS. in French, in llie poffeflion of the author at the time 
 the ahove note was written, but now in the library of the Honourable the Ead 
 India Conipan}', with the reft of Mr. Orme's original manufcripts. Sec note 49. 
 
 z s empire.
 
 172 fllSTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SECT, empire, and in more diret^ions than any other traveller. He 
 y^]^^ tells, although ver}' fuccin6tly, the origin of suvagi'^ fortune, 
 and mentions him tranficntly on another occafion. 
 
 II. BERNIER, veil known, he arrived at Surat in 1655, and 
 left India, at the lateft, in 1667. He fpeaks of sevaci as an 
 adventurous chieftain, emerging into notice. 
 
 III. THEVENOT, not Mclchizcdec, but his nephew, who, as 
 well as he, had received a liberal education. He travelled to ac- 
 quire knowledge; and, after vifiting Conftantinople, went into 
 Egypt and Syria. In this voyage he employed four years, 
 from ]\Iay 1655 to April 1659. After his return to France, 
 he devoted four years more to fuch Itudies as might improve 
 his difccrnment, and then fat out for Perfia and India. He 
 arrived at Surat, from Bullbrah, on the 6th of November 1660, 
 and immediately went to Ahmedabad and Canibaj'. He then 
 travelled acrofs the peninfula, from Surat to IMafulipatnam, 
 by Aurcngabad and Golcondah: returned by Golcondah, 
 Beder, Patri, and Bramporc; and embarked irom Surat for 
 Perfia, in February 1667: fo that the whole of his continu- 
 ance in India did not exceed fifteen months. He died on the 
 6lh November of the fame year, at the town of Miana,* in 
 Perfia, to the great lofs of cofmographical knowledge; fince 
 the pofthuinous publication of his journal and obfervations in 
 
 * Miana petite ville filuee dans un lieu niarecageux,' &, ou on paye un droit 
 pour hi garde dts chcmiiis. C'tft oi\ uiourut Monficur Tliovenot en revenaiit 
 d'llpalian. II avoit ramallu plulienrs livres Periuns ft Aiabcs, et le Cadi de 
 Miana relent des mellieurs." Tavernier. 
 
 India
 
 Notes] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 173 
 
 India are deprived of many additions and explanations which 
 he had cntrulted to his memory. Neverthelefs, no relation of 
 this country contains fo much and fuch vahiable intelhgence, 
 acquired in fo fliort a time, or comprized in lefs extent of writ- 
 ing. We imagine that he was alhlled by the Capuchins of 
 Surat, who have always been attentive to the affairs of the 
 empire, for the fake of theii- rehgion; and the fcribe whom 
 Thevenot liired was converfant with g-ood authorities. He 
 treats of Sevagi to the year 1664, with better information, 
 according to our judgment, than any of the other travehers: 
 and every other mention which he accidentally makes of him 
 affords fome light to be relied on, and worthy of attention. 
 
 IV. CARRE accompanied the French director -general 
 Carron, and arrived at Surat in 1668, from whence he was 
 difpatched with the letters of Mr. Can'on to the minifter 
 Colbert, in February 1671. He paffed through Arabia, and 
 arrived in France in the October following. He was dif- 
 patched back to Surat in 1672, and from hence was lent by 
 Mr. Carron, with advices to Monfieur de la Haye, befieged in 
 San Thome; but from the fuperiority of the Dutch in thefe 
 feas, proceeded acrofs the continent, going firft to Daman, 
 and then to Ciiaul; from whence to Upper Chaul, Avhere he 
 was treated with much civility by se vagi's officer, and re- 
 ceived his pafs, which carried him, witliout hindrance, to the 
 city of Viziapore, where we find him in January 1673. Here 
 he fell ill, and fays nothing more of his journey; but it ap- 
 pears
 
 ,w^ HISTORICAL FRAGxMENTS [Notes. 
 
 pears from the journal of Monfieur de la Ilayc, that he arrived 
 at San Thome on the 26th of April. 
 
 Carre publiflied two fmall volumes of what he heard and 
 faw in his travels, with very carelefs arrangcnient, little atten- 
 tion to dates, and many ftories, of which the onl}'^ one of any 
 imi)ortance is ahiltory of sevagi, divided into two portions, 
 one in each volume. All he fays in the fii-ft, Avhich relates only 
 to the outfet of sevagi's fortune, is either erroneous or too 
 confufed to be reduced to order: but the fecond part affords 
 better information, although only concerning his operations in 
 the years 1671 and 1672. He admires sevagi's character 
 with enthufiafm; compares him to Guftavus Adolphus and 
 Julius Cffifar, and afcribes to him all the qualities of a con- 
 fummate hero and fovereign. 
 
 V. dellon, the phyfician, failed from France in INIarch 
 
 1668, and, after fome employment at the fettlements on 
 
 Madagafcar and Bourbon, arrived at Surat in September 1 669, 
 
 from whence he failed, in the beginning of 1670, with the 
 
 orders to remove the French fadlory at Beliapatam to Telli- 
 
 chcrry, where they eftabliOied a houfe in the month of June. 
 
 This was fexeral years before the Englifh fettled there. In 
 
 the way the fliip flopped at Rajapore and IMirzeou, where the 
 
 French company had likewife factories. From Tellicherry 
 
 Dellon was occafionally employed in their concerns of trade 
 
 atCallicut, Tanorc, and Chaly, and incidentally faw Bergerah 
 
 and Cognally, which lie between Callicut and Tellicherry. In 
 
 the
 
 Notes.] O F TH E MOG U L EMPIRE. 175 
 
 the month of June 1671, Flacour, the Frencli agent, went 
 from hence to fettle a trade at Seringapatam, the capital of 
 Myfore. Dellon intending to accompany him, went as far as 
 the foot of the mountains, but was deterred there by the 
 exceffive violence of the torrents, and came back: Flacour 
 perfifted, and returned from Seringapatam in November. In 
 January l672, Dellon failed from Tellicherry on his return to 
 Surat: the fhips flopped at Mangalore, at ]\Iirzeou, from 
 whence they Avithdrew the fa(il:ory, at Goa, Atchafa, and 
 Rajapore, and arrived at Surat in the middle of ]\Iarch. From 
 hence he failed in November in a fliip of force, fent to convoy 
 home another of value from Gombroon. The two were met 
 in their return, ofFDiu, by four which were cruizing for them, 
 and all together put into Bombay in January 1673, from 
 whence they arrived at Surat in the beginning of Februar3^ 
 In jVIarch Dellon travelled by land to Daman, where he re- 
 mained exercifmg his profeffion until the end of the year. On 
 the firil of January 1674 he failed from Daman, and having 
 touched at Bafllein, arrived at Goa on the 14th. In this city 
 he continued two years, and failed for Lilljon and France in 
 January 1676. 
 
 Dellon direfted his obfervations principally to the manners 
 and cuftoras of the people he faw, and to the nature of the 
 country; he, however, gives fome account of their princes, 
 and mentions sevagi oftener than any other, with whom the 
 interefts of his voyaoe had fo little concern : but fays nothing 
 
 of
 
 I. 
 
 176: HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SECT, of him where he niuft have heard much, during his refidence 
 at Goa. His voj'age is curious and eftecmed. 
 
 VI. DE GBAAF, the furgcon, made fix voyages to the Eaft 
 Indies, in the fervice of the Dutch company. His firft outfet 
 from Holland was in the year 1640, his lafl return in 1687, 
 a period of remarkable length in fuch wearifome employment. 
 In each voyage he was detained feveral year's abroad, and fent 
 to different parts, where the Dutch had concerns or fettle- 
 ments, and feems to have been at them all. He gives much 
 and various information. The firft mention he makes of 
 SEVAGi, is where it might be leaft expelled, when he was tra- 
 velling in Bengal; but what he fays of him there has ailifted 
 our narrative: when nearer the operations of sevagi, he 
 mentions him only once. 
 
 VII. JOURNAL rfw voyage des grands hides, contenant tout ce % 
 qui s'y ejl fait et pojfe par I' ef cadre de fa majejU, envoy 6e fous Ic 
 commandeinent de mons'. de la hate, depuis fan depart de la 
 Rochelle au mois de Mars 1670. Monficur de la Haye was 
 detained by attentions at Madagafcar, and the ifles of Bour- 
 bon and Mauritius, where the French had fettlements, and 
 did not arrive at Surat until Odobcr 1671. After much 
 trouble and oppofition from the Dutch fleet, in his attempt 
 to form an eftabliflunent in the bay of Trinconomalee, he 
 failed to the coaft of Coromandel, and took San Thome by 
 aflault, on the 25th of July 1672. The place, at this time, be- 
 longed to the kingof Golcondah, againft whofc forces, finally 
 
 1 affifted
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 177 
 
 aflifted by the Dutch, ]\Ir. De la Haye defended it with the 
 utmoft gallantly for more than two years, until the 5th of 
 September 1674. sevagi, as we fliall fee, ])rofited of this 
 diverfion of the forces of Golcondah. 
 
 VIII. RELATION Oil joumal (V uu voyage fait aux Indes 
 Orientales, 4'C. Paris, 1677, 12°. in the Saint John Baptift, 
 which arrived at Surat on the 26th October 1671, and failed 
 in January 1672, with Mr. De la Ha3^e's fquadron, toTrinco- 
 nomalee, where the M-riter was taken by the Dutch in May, 
 and carried to Bengal, and the prifons of Batavia. He fpeaks 
 of SEVAGI, but with little intelligence, calling him a relation 
 of the Great Mogul; and we only mention this journal, to pre- 
 vent the expectation of any thing material in it. 
 
 Tx. FRYER, the phyfician, failed from England on the 9th 
 of December 1672, arrived on the coaft of Coroniandel in 
 June, and from hence at Bombay in December 1673. In 
 September 1674 he went to Surat, and returned to Bombay 
 in April 1675: in May he travelled to Jenneali Our, and after 
 the rains in October failed from Bombay for Carwar, and went 
 from hence to Goa in December. In the beginning of 1676 
 he wentto Vingorlah, then to Gocurn, in theCarnatic country; 
 and having paflTed the rains of this year at Carwar, Avent again 
 to Goa in October, and from hence arrived in December at 
 Surat. In February 1 677 he failed from Surat for Gombroon, 
 and continued in Perfia until the 30th of November 1678, 
 when he embarked on his return, and arrived at Surat on the 
 
 A a 6th
 
 178 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SFXT. 6th of January 1679, ulicrc he fecms to have continued until 
 
 ^l^^ he failed for England in January 1681. 
 
 The Engliili concerns from Surat to Carwar were often 
 affedled by the operations of si- vagi, whilll Fryer continued 
 in India, who accordingly learnt much concerning him, but 
 Avanted leifure to digeft his informations into a regular narra- 
 tive, which it is impolfiljle now to do, fmce his mentions of 
 SKVAGi, although very ficciuent, are generally interwoven 
 with other fubjedts, and without dates. Neverthelefs, our 
 attention to what Fryer fays of him firft led us to difcover that 
 SEVAGi was the founder of the prefent nation of morattoes, 
 for at that time wc had not feen Catrou, nor confulted the 
 UNIVERSAL history: and divifions as well as misfortunes in 
 the lineage feem to have confounded this knowledge, even in 
 the apprehenfion of the Europeans refiding in India, ever 
 fince the beginning of the prefent century: nor do the co- 
 temporary travellers or records ever call the people or armies 
 which SEVAGI governed or commanded, morattoes; they 
 are always called Sevagees as a people, or the troops of 
 
 SEVAGI. 
 
 X. IIISTOIRE de SEVAGI, et lie fun fucccjfciir, Nouveaux' 
 Conqueram dans t Inde, by Pere D'Orleans, Jefuit, added to 
 his Hijloire des deux Conqnerans Tartares qui ont fuhjugut, la 
 Chine. Paris, 1688. 8". This account, which is very Ihort, 
 is compofed from one written at Goa. It does not give a 
 fingle dale, and only a few fads, without precifion, and better 
 
 known
 
 I. 
 
 Notes.] O F THE MO G U L EM PI R E. 179 
 
 known before. What he fays of Sanibagi was at the time lefs sect. 
 known, but is very imperfedt. 
 
 MANoucHi, fufficiently mentioned before under catrou, 
 Note IJI. MANOUCHI accompanied Sultan Mauzum in all his 
 campaigns againft sevag r, concerning whom lie has furniflicd 
 CATROU with more information than is to be found in any 
 other writer. 
 
 Thefe are all the accounts cotemporary with the life of 
 SEVAGi, which have come to our knowledge; and he is men- 
 tioned in them all. We have examined two others ^vhich are 
 of modern date. 
 
 XI. " HISTORY of IN DOSTAN, from the death of A KB AU fo 
 " the complete fettlement of the empire binder aurengzebe. 
 " To which are prejixed, <fc. By Alexander Doav, F'jq; 
 " Lieutenant Colonel in the Company's fervice. London 1772." 
 in quarto. This work is intended as a continuation of Fe- 
 riflita's liillor}^ of which Mr. Dow had before publiflied a 
 tranflation. Mr. Dow gives the following account of the 
 means and materials which enabled him to compofe this con- 
 tinuation. " Tfiouori the author of this volume derives by 
 " far the greateft part of his fa(its from Eaitern writers, he 
 " has not overlooked the interrupted glimpfes of the tranfac- 
 " tions in the !Mogul empire, preferved by intelligent Euro- 
 ** peans, who travelled the laft centvn*y into India. He relies 
 " upon their authority with regard to what lliey had fcen. 
 " He prefers the accounts of domeftic writers to what they 
 
 a a 2 '' only
 
 180 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SECT. " only heard. He draws his inronnations chiefly, from the 
 r* " following authors; and the originals ai'e at this moment in 
 " his hands." They are enumerated, and are fix hillories in 
 the Perfic language. The Perlic hillorians in general, as 
 IMahomedans, are not very curious or exa<ft in their accounts 
 of the Hindoos or Europeans. Accordingly, the firll men- 
 tion which Mr. Dow makes of sevagi, is in the year 1661, 
 when he ftiles him Sewiiji, jnince of Cokin, or Concan; 
 and this part of his ftory continues to the year 1663. It is 
 refumcd in 1665, and 1666; again in 1667; after which no- 
 thing more is faid of him, although sevagi had much con- 
 cern in an event which Mr. Dow places in the year 1668, 
 who does not continue the reign of Aurengzebe beyond 
 the year 1669- 
 
 XI r. " AJIiort hijlorkal 'Narrative of the rife and rapid ad- 
 " vancement of the marattaii state, to the prefent ftrength, 
 *' and confcquence it has acquired in the Eajl. Written originally 
 " in Perfian, and tranjlated into Englijh by an Officer in the Eafl 
 " India Compa?iy's fervice. London, 1782." CVlavo. The 
 author is Mr. Alexander Kerr, who, fhulying the Perfic hm- 
 guage, trauflated, for his improvement, this trad, compofed 
 under his own infpedion, from Perfian Manufii-ripts, by the 
 fcribe whom he employed to teach him. The intention was 
 meritorious, and will probably induce Mr. Kerr to make far- 
 ther enquiries when he returns to India. Mr. Kerr liiys, the 
 Peifian manufcripts "are the only hiftorical guide to this 
 3 " fubjedi,
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 18i 
 
 " fubje^l, fince the mahrattahs tlien)fclves (as far asl have sect. 
 " been able to find out) have no fucli of their own." " Oral '- 
 ** tradition, and the beft received accounts of the more recent 
 " times, fupplied the reft." Mr. Kerr's account traces an in- 
 dependant mahrattah principality, exifting in the Decan 
 as far back as two hundred years from the prefent time. We 
 had compiled all we now fay of sevagi, and after him, of the 
 Morattoes, until the year l6S9j before Mr. Kerr's work was 
 publillied; and have changetl nothing in confequence, but 
 reft on our own enquiries. 
 
 Befides the publications M-e have enumerated, we have 
 gained information concerning sevagi, and of events to a. 
 later period concerning the early times of the Morattoes, from 
 eotemporary records belonging to the Eaft India company. 
 The earlieft which mentions sevagi is of the year 1671. 
 Could we have difcovered the whole feries with the colla- 
 teral branches of correfpondence, from the year 1650, the 
 FiiAGMENTs we iiow publifli would have acquired fome au- 
 thentic additions, but the labour would have exceeded the 
 conception of any of our readers, excepting the keeper of 
 the records at the India-houfe. 
 
 NOTE VIII. 
 
 Page 6, line 8. He (sevagi) drew his lineage from the 
 Jtajahs ofChitore, who boajl their defeenf from Vorxis, and arc 
 efteemed the mojl ancient cftabUfhment of Hindoo princes, and 
 
 the
 
 182 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SKCT. '^'^ nohlejl of the Rajpoot tribes.'] This clefcent from Poms 
 ^- is mentioned by Sir Thomas Roe, Bernier, Thevenot; but the 
 AiJiN ACBARRi, which is a general defcription of the empire, 
 compiled by the order of Acbar, under the infpe(^ion of his 
 learned general Abdul Fazel, makes the Rajahs of Chitore 
 defcend from Noufchirvan, the king of Perfia; the fame 
 as Cofroes, who warred fo long with Juftinian, and after a 
 reign of forty-eight years, died in 570. A very ftrange gene- 
 alogy of a Hindoo and Rajhpoot Rajah; for Cofroes was of 
 the religion of Zoroafter, or the worfliippers of fire; who, 
 although confined to many abilinenccs, were not refiraincd 
 from eating beef. 
 
 ^N O T E IX. 
 
 Page 7, line 3. Stabbed him with his own hand, by a device, 
 which, if praBicable, could not be fufpeSled.] — Thus dcfcribed 
 by Catrou: " 11 fit attacher un biftouri des mieux aguifez a 
 " une bague qu'il portoit au doigt. Le biftouri tournoit 
 " aifcment autourde la bague, et pour lors il etoit cache dans 
 *' I'ombre dc fa main." 
 
 N O T E X. 
 
 Page 7, line '20. Tanncla was one of the ftrongejl fortreffrs 
 ill the Concan, towards the capital of Viziapore.'] — This place is 
 as often fpelt Pamela. Mr. D'An\ille, in whom Europe has 
 
 lately
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EM PI n't. 133 
 
 lately loft the firft geographer of the world,* has a Famel, sect. 
 tM'enty miles to the uorth-weft of Ahmednagur; but this fitua- yJ^^^ 
 tion does not agree with the moleftations to which Viziapore 
 was expofed from our Pannela; becaufe Ahmednagur, a capi- 
 tal city, and a frontier place of arms belonging to the Mogul, 
 lay between. And this reafon excludes the Parnir, which 
 arifes in our map of the Decan, and is ftill farther diftant in 
 the fame direction. At length we difcovered a better approxi- 
 mation in a manufcript account of the Decan, procured for 
 the affiftance of our labours, with fcveral other valuable docu- 
 ments,-)- b)^ our ancient and very intelligent friend, General 
 Richard Smith, whilft commanding the army in Bengal. The 
 manufcript feems to have been compofed from the archives 
 of the Decan, at fome time between the years 1 750 and 1 758. 
 It divides the Decan into fix fiibahs or provinces; the fuhahs 
 into their circars, or governments; the circars into their puv- 
 gunnahSf or diftri6ts. Places of note are occafionally defcribed, 
 and fome with particular circumftances. The revenues, as 
 rated in the king's books, are mentioned, excepting in the 
 circars under the subaii of viziapore. One of the circars 
 of this fubah is thus defcribed: 
 
 " CIRCAR OF NAEICHADOUROUK. 
 
 " It is Kkewife called parnala. It contains nine pur~ 
 " trunnahs: 
 
 .•->' 
 
 * Mr. D' Anvill(> died at Paris, on the 28th of Jnnuarv 1782, aged 80 jears. 
 t Now in the library of tlie Honourable the Eaft li;dia Company. 
 
 •• lue
 
 184 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 " The adjacencies or enviro7is of Partmla, Darhehay, 
 " Sarala, Mapatan, Azotntara, Mandal, Tchitpet, Koxindelgora, 
 " Mat or a. 
 
 " Thefe purgunnahs have (villages, the number not men- 
 ^' tioned) which give (rupees, the fum not mentioned). 
 
 " To the eaft of this circar, the purgunnahs of Raibaug, 
 " and the circar of Mcvdsje; to the north, the fortrefs of 
 " Djoumer; to the weft, the defiles of Concan, and the circar 
 " of Moiijlaphnhad (which is Dabul) and a part of the circar 
 " of Azamnagur. 
 
 " The Kri/lna enters this circar from the defile of the 
 " mountains, with the river of JNIalvanar, which it joins, 
 " and after\\ards goes into the purgunnahs of Satara; 
 <' to the eaft of which are Iprings, which flow into the 
 " Pourna; which river goes to the fouth, and afterwards 
 " joins the Kriftna." 
 
 It is evident from this account, that parxala is the capital 
 of the circar of xabichadouaouk. Raibaug and Mcrdsjc 
 are cities which iNIr. D'Anvillc has adjuftcd in the road from 
 Viziapore to Dabul on the fca; which ftanding northward of 
 Satara, placcth the circar of Pornala on the eafiern fide 
 of the gauts' behind Dabul, from which it extends north- 
 weft and fouth-caft towards Mcrdsjc and Raibaug. Although 
 this does not afcertain, no other account that wc have feen, 
 fuggefts the leaft guefs whereabouts the fortrels of Parnala is 
 fituated. 
 
 NOTE
 
 Notes.] O F THE MOGUL EMPIRE. i85 
 
 SECT. 
 I. 
 
 N O T E XI. "^^ 
 
 Page 1 1, line 1. chaest kiian, thefuhah of the conquered 
 territories in the Decan, and uncle to the emperor h) marriage.'\ 
 CHAEST KUAN is perhaps more properly called Shaijia Cawn^ 
 by ]\Ir. Dow, from Avhom we fliall endeavour to trace his 
 family. 
 
 Aiafs, a Tartar, had relations in the court of Acbar, and 
 having nothing of his own, but his abilities, travelled in queft 
 of fortune to Delhi, accompanied only by his wife, who was 
 delivered in the defert of a daughter, which, for want of 
 means to carry her on, he expofed; but, relenting at the ago- 
 nies of the mother, returned juft in time to refcue the infant 
 from the jaws of a ferpent. Their wants were foon after 
 relieved by other travellers. 
 
 The talents of Aiafs raifed him, through a fuccelTion of em- 
 ployments in the reign of Acbar, to the office of treafurer of 
 the empire, with the title of A6limS,d ul Dowlah. In the 
 mean time his daughter of the defert became the full of wo- 
 men, in beauty, accomplifliments, and allurements. Sclim, 
 who fucceeded his father Acbar, with the name of Jehangire, 
 faw her, and was captivated; but flie was already betrothed; 
 and Acbar, from religious juftice, would not fuffer the bonds 
 to be broken. Slie was accordingly married to Shere Afkun, 
 whom Jehangire, when in poffeflion of the throne, procured, 
 
 B b after
 
 186 HISTOIMCAL FRAGMENTS [Notes, 
 
 SECT, after foveral attempts, to be murdered ; when his wife, Mher ul 
 ^,^l^ Nifla, was fent to the emperor's feraglio, which had been the 
 obje<ft of her ambition ever fince flie firft unveiled herfelf to liis 
 fight. But, according to the ftory, flie continued long there 
 in difappointment; for Jehangire, it is faid, refrained from 
 feeing her for four years, during which he had ftruggled with 
 his paffion to no purpofe; for the firft interview vanquiflied 
 all his refolution, and the very next day he iflTucd ordere for 
 the celebration of their nuptials; when her name of Mher ul 
 NifTii, or the fun of women, was changed to Noor IMahil,* the 
 light of the feraglio; and aftc-wards to Noor Jehan, or, liglit 
 of the world. Her power over Jehangire was abfolute to the 
 end of his life. For a while flie held the government of 
 Guzerat, with the title of fubah; during which rupees were 
 ftruck at Ahmedabad with this infcription: " In the 13th of 
 A.c. 1618. " the inftallation, IOL'8 of the Hegird, Noor Jehan, wife of the 
 " king Jehangire, fon of the king Acbar, being governefs of 
 " Ahmedabad." It was likewife during this government, as 
 we believe, that flie ftruck gold rupees, or mohurs, with this 
 not inelegant legend : " By order of the king Jehangire. 
 " Gold has acquired a hundred degrees of excellence, in re- 
 " ceiving the name of Noor Jehan." -j- 
 
 * See Eftabliflimcnt of the Englifli Trade at Sural, now firft publiflud io 
 tins volume. 
 
 f The mention of llicfe two coinages is taken from Mr. Auquetil du Perron, 
 Tol. I. pnrt 1. pagCB cCLXVii. andoxiv. 
 
 Iler
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOG UL EMPlllE. 137 
 
 Her family partook of her fortune. Jehangire, on his mar- 
 riage, created her farher AdtimSd ul Dowlah, xmr of the 
 empiie; and railed his two fons, A(ilicad Chan and Afiph 
 Jah, to-high honours. Of the fird we find nothing ;. but Aliph 
 Jah, on the death of his father in 16 18, fucceeded to the 
 office of vizir; and Jehangire permitted his own fon, SuUan 
 Currom, who fucceeded to the throne with the name of Shah 
 Jehan, to marry his daughter, Mumlaza Zemani, Avhich fio-ni- 
 fies the mod exalted of the age; befides whom Afiph Jah had 
 four fons : Chaejl Khan (the occafion of this note) who before 
 •was called ]\iirza ]\Iorad; Mirza JNIifti, who was drowned in a 
 drunken frolic in the river Behat, in Caflimire; Mirza Iloflein, 
 of moderate abilities, and little note; Shandvaze Khan, who 
 Tofe to much reputation and diftin6lion. 
 
 Thus Chaeji Khan was the nephew of the emprefs Noor 
 Jehan, and by the marriage of his own fifter with Shah Jehan, 
 became the maternal uncle of aurengzebe, and of his bro- 
 thers Da rah, Sujah, and Morad. He moreover acquired the 
 relation of micle by alliance to Aurengzebe and Morad, by 
 their marriage with his nieces, the daughters of his brother 
 Shdndv-azc Khan. No private family ever made fuch alliances 
 with royal blood, as this of the Tartar Aiafs, afterwards Adi- 
 mdd ul Dowlah; for his own daughter, his fon's, and the 
 daughter of his grandfon, were married to three fucceffive 
 emperors of Indoftan; and another daughter of his grandibn, 
 to Morad, who difputed, and for fome days thought himfelf in 
 • ' <'■'■ B b S pofieilion
 
 188 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SECT, poflefllon of the throne. The emperor Shah Jehan refpecled 
 ^- the virtues of the (laughter of Aiiph Jah, as much as his father 
 Jehangire had been infatuated by the charms of the daughter 
 of Aclimfid ul Dowlah, and raifed a fepulchre at Agra to the 
 memory of Mumlaza Zeniani, which is faid to have coft the 
 enormous funi of 750,000 pounds.* 
 
 In 1638 Chaeji Khan was appointed by Shah Jehan to the 
 government of Berar; and in 1652 to the more important com- 
 mand of Guzerat. In 1656 he was employed by Aurengzebe, 
 at that time viceroy of the Decan, to ferve as lieutenant to 
 his eldeft fon Mahomed (not Mauzum) in the war of Gol- 
 condah. In the contention of Shah Jehan's fons for the 
 throne in 1658, he ferved with Sultan Darah, whom he be- 
 trayed by giving intelligence and guides to Aurengzebe, which 
 Jed him to turn the flrong intrenchments of Darah on the 
 river Chumbul, whom this movement obliged to give battle, 
 in order to fave Agra, and the emperor there, when he was 
 entirely defeated, and owed not a little of his ill fuccefs to the 
 farther treachery of Chaeji Khan, who commanded the right 
 wing, and retreated without making any efforts, which might 
 Iiave retrieved the field. Darah, haftening to Agra, accufed 
 Chaeji Khan to Shah Jehan, and by his order proceeded im- 
 mediately to take pofleflion of the imperial treafures at Delhi. 
 Chaeji Khan, relying on his friends with Aurengzebe, and at 
 
 * We have feen a drawing of this monument, made by an EnglUh officer in 1773. 
 
 Agra,
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 183 
 
 Agra, marched thither with unconcern, as if ftill in the fervice 
 of Darah, and appeared with confidence in the emperor's pre- 
 fence, Avho ordered him to inftant death; but Chaeji Khan 
 reminded him, that the day was faci'ed by the Alcoran from 
 bloodilied; on which he was referved for the next, when a 
 multitude of 10,000 men of his own adherents, and Aureng- 
 zebe's, furrounded the citadel, and threatened to fcale the 
 walls, if he were not inmiediately releafed ; which was com- 
 plied with. A few days after, Aurengzebe, with his brother 
 Morad, encamped near Agra; meflfages palled, and Aureng- 
 zcbe agreed to vifit liis father in the citadel, who intended to 
 feize him, which he fignified in a letter to Sultan Darah at 
 Delhi. This letter Chaeji Khan intercepted, and carried to 
 Aurengzebe; who evaded the interview, but fent his fon 
 Mahomed to make the vifit; who, by a counter deception, 
 got polTcffion with his own guards, of the citadel, and the 
 perfon of the emperor his grandfather. This happened on 
 the 15th of June 1658. Mahomed was left governor of the 
 citadel, and Chaeji Khan of the city, when Aurengzebe and 
 Morad marched towards Delhi againft Darah. On the way, at 
 iMattura, Morad was feized by Aurengzebe, and fent to Agra, 
 to the ward of Mahomed and Chaeji Khan. In Auguft Chaeji 
 Khan marched to intercept Soliman Sheko, the fon of Darah, 
 who pulhed into Caflimire; on which Chaeji Khan returned 
 to Agra, where he continued to the end of this year 1658, 
 when Aurengzebe fent him a reinforcement, from apprehen- 
 
 fions
 
 190 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SECT, fions of the attempts of Solinian Sheko, from Serinagur. 
 
 ^^- Aurengz(;be, in the mean time, uas following Darah from 
 Delhi to Lahore, and frohi Lahore to jNIullan, ^vhere Darah 
 efcaped ; and AurergzelMj returned by the fame route to 
 Delhi, where he arrived in December, and pafi'ed into the 
 Doab, uhieh is the country between the Jumna and the 
 . Ganges, in order to encounter his brother Sultan Sujah, ad- 
 vancing from Bengal; whom he defeated at Kidgwah, near 
 Allahabad, on the 1.5th of January l6b9; an<l two days after, 
 the Maha Rajali JelTwont Sing, Mho had turned againft 
 Aurengzebe during the battle with Sujah, plundered his campi 
 in the enfuing night, and then maintained a running fight 
 againft Aurengzebe himfelf, which fecured his booty: retreat- 
 ing with which, he paflled under the walls of Agra, and was 
 only detened from aflaulting the city by the hafty approach 
 of Aurengzebe's vanguard; for Chaeji K/ian, who ought to 
 have defended it, was frightened out of his fenfes, and even 
 made attempts to kill himfelf. From this time the war waa 
 removed to a diftance from Agra, Avhich left Chaejt Khan out 
 of the danger he detefted. Darah, through various adven- 
 tures, after his flight from Multan, came to Ahmedabad, 
 where his maternal uncle, Sh^ndvaze Khan refided, as Subah 
 of the protirice of Guzcrat; who, befides this common rela- 
 tion to all the fons of Shah Jehar^, liad in addition the alliance 
 of fatVier-in-law to Aarengzebe an<l Morad, to whom his 
 daughters were married. So that, although injured by the fate 
 7 of
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 191 
 
 of Morad, his revenge on the perpetrator wouhl have fallen 
 upon one equally related to himfelf; and this confuleration, 
 ■with the afcendance of Aurengzebe's fortune, might have de- 
 termined him to neutrality in the conteft between Aurengzebe 
 and Darah : but he was a man of gooduefs, and his daughter, 
 the wife of Morad, was in his palace, whofe bitter fupplica- 
 tions againft the impending murderer of her hufl^and pre- 
 vailed on him to join the caafe of Darah ; for whom he levied 
 an army, and marched Milh him towards Azmir, where they 
 expected the Maha Rajah would, as he had promifed, join 
 them with all his force. Aurengzebe, on the firft intelligence 
 of this new confederacy, marched from Delhi through Agra 
 to Azmir, and on the way perfuaded the Maha Rajah not to 
 move. This difappointment left the force of Darah and ShCi- 
 n^vaze Khan utterly unequal to Aurengzebe's ; and obliged 
 them to take poll in a ftrong fituation, Avhich the fkill of fome 
 Europeans in Darah's fervice rendered impregnable. Aureng- 
 zebe, as ufual, recurred to firatagem, and employed Debere 
 Chan, and Jyfmg, to proffer their defection on a certain day 
 with the troops of their commands. Darah, contrary to the 
 advice of Sh^niivaze Khan, accepted their treachery; which, 
 as foon as they were admitted Avithin the lines, manifeiled 
 itfelf by a furious attack on the camp. Shiin^vaze Khan fell 
 by the lance of Debere. Aurengzebe advanced, and Darah 
 efcaped with difficulty from the general defeat, but only to 
 find no refuge in the vail empire to which he Avas heir. He 
 
 trufted
 
 192 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 tiufted to the flielter of gratitude, and was betrayed by the 
 man uhofe Ul'c he had twice faved. He was carried as a cri- 
 minal to Delhi, and put to death there by the order of Au- 
 rengzebe, on the 1 1 th of September 1659. In the mean time, 
 the general Emir Jumlah had driven Sultan Sujah out of 
 Bengal; -who, Avith his two fons, and all his family, were foon 
 after detlroyed by the Rajah of Arracan. Thus, at the end of 
 tlie year 1659, Aurengzebe was in poffeflion of the throne 
 ■without a competitor, who was not his prifoner; for Solinian 
 Sheko had been delivered \ip to him by the Rajah of Serinagur, 
 and was with Morad confined in Guialaur; and the emperor 
 Shah Jehan to his palace within the citadel of Agra. 
 
 In the beginning of 1660, Aurengzebe appointed Chacjl 
 Khon to the command of the Decan; he was, without doubt, 
 by his birth and connedlions, the firft fubje6t in the empire, 
 not of the royal l)lood ; and Aurengzebe treated him as fuch 
 to the end of his life. 
 
 In 1661 he engaged in the warfare againft sevagi, which 
 has brought his origin, and the revolution of Aurengzebe, 
 under our notice. 
 
 NOTE XII. 
 
 Page 1 1, line 6. Was /topped much longer before Chagnahi]— 
 The manner in which Chagnah was taken, is defcribed by IVIr. 
 Dow, with all the circumftances that can render it probable. 
 
 The
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 195 
 
 Tlie life of bombs would have j)recluded this invention of the 
 kite ; but nothing has occurred to our reading, which indicates 
 that they had hitherto been made ufe of in the armies of 
 Aurengzebe. Even at this day they are rarely ufed by the 
 native powers of India, unlefs when affifted by the difciphned 
 artillery-men of Europe. 
 
 NOTE xiir. 
 
 Page 14, line 4. He was received by Aurengzebe with much 
 coiirtefi/, which contimced until the ladies of the feraglio, incited 
 hij the wife of Chaeji Khan, in revenge for the death of her fon^ 
 and the dif grace of her hujhand, folicited Aurengzebe, not un- 
 willing, to defray him. But the high Omrahs, &c. &;c,] — I\Ir. 
 Dow, we fuppole from one of his Pcrfic manufcripts, relates 
 the rifques which sevagi incurred and cfcaped at Delhi, in 
 a different manner from the account which we have adopted. 
 According to Mr. Dow, sevagi defied Aurengzebe at the firft 
 audience, of which the ladies of the feraglio were fpe6lators 
 through the ufual curtain allowed to their curioilty; " the 
 " dau2;hter of Aurengzebe was ftruck witli the handfonienefs 
 " of his perfon, admired his pride, and haughty deportment, 
 " and interceded at the feet of her father," who had ordered 
 sevagi to be carried, as an ofiender, out of his fight. 
 
 It is fcarccly probable that the daughter of Aurengzebe 
 Ihould, from the mere difpofition of the fex to admiie courage, 
 
 C c take
 
 ^f)4 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS '[Notes. 
 
 take fo much intercft in the fate of a Ih'anger, who had ren- 
 dered hiuifelf fo deteftable to her relations, the faniil}'- of 
 Cliaeft Khan, who was her father's unck\ and the firft fvibjedl 
 in the kingdom. It is as little probable that skvagi's perfon 
 ihould have infpired the lad}' with fueh violent compalhon. 
 " Ce Rajah," fays Thevenot, " eft petit et bazan^, avec des 
 " yeux vifs qui marquent beaucoup d'efprit." And this de- 
 fcription, as far as it goes, agrees with his picture ; in which 
 liis figure, although very compad;, is not elegant; and his 
 phyfiognomy, although ver>' fignificant, has no beauty. Mr. 
 Thevenot arrived at Surat within a year after sevagi had 
 plundered it for the firft time, and with the greateft detri- 
 ment; his return, for the fame purpofe, was continually feared, 
 which muft have made his life and charader a conftant fub- 
 jedl of difcuffion aniongft thoufands, who had feen him fo 
 much to their coft: and Mr. Thevenot had too much fagacity 
 to be deceived in the feledion of what he ought to believe. 
 We therefore prefer his authority, as low down as he treats 
 ofsEVAGi, to any other we have feen. See Note VII. Ar- 
 ticle 3. 
 
 NOTE XIV. 
 
 Page 1 6, line 1 0. Their principal Jiation was at the citt/ of 
 
 Jenneah, which lies under the impregnable fortrcjs of the fame 
 
 name.] — Dodor Fryer was fent from Bombay, in the month 
 
 ^ of
 
 Notes] OF THP: MOGUL EMPIRE. 195 
 
 of May lf>74, to cure the Mogul's governor at jexneah; seci, 
 and dcfcribes his journey, the city, the camp of the Mogul's v^^ 
 army, and the fortrefs on the lock, which is called jenneah 
 GUK. The governor of the fortrefs, ditlind: from him of the 
 cit}', invited Mr. Fryer to afeend the rock, and pciniitted him 
 to examine the fortrefs without reftraint; for no intelligence 
 could hurt it. Mv. Fryer has engraved the llages of this jour- 
 ney; which we have inferted, as well as we could, into the 
 map which accompanies thefe fragments. 
 
 NOTE XV. 
 
 Page 20, line 24. T/iefe events clofed with the year l665.} — 
 The death of Jyfing, mentioned by Bernier, confines the con- 
 clufion of this pretended revolt of Sultan Mauzum, at the 
 lateft, to the beginning of the year 16"67. Bernier dates his 
 letter, on the Gentiles of India, from Shiraz in Perfia, on the 
 4th of October 1667, fo that he muft at the lateft have left 
 India in the beginning of this year, and he fpeaks of the 
 death of Jyfmg, as an event before his departure. Manouchi, 
 who accompanied Sultan Mauzum, mentions exprefsly the 
 concern which the Rajah Jyfmg took in this fictitious revolt; 
 and we have no right to impute to him fuch a defedl of mc- 
 iiiory fupj)lied 1)}' invention, as we flionld, by fuppofing that 
 Jyfing was at this time dead. On the other hand, Mr. Dow 
 places the revolt in the year 1668, and confiders it as really 
 
 c c 2 intended.
 
 196 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SECT, intended, if Sultan Mauzum could have leized Dcliie Khan, 
 ^^l,^/ "Nvho, apprized of" the defign, marched away to Delhi. ]Mr. 
 Dow makes the Maha Rajah (JeflVont Sing) the principal 
 abettor of the Sultan; and does not even mention either the 
 Rajah Jjfing or si:vagi, in the account he gives of this 
 bufmefs. Thcfc differences can only be decided by authentic 
 informations from India. 
 
 N O T E XVP. 
 
 Page 21, line 3. " Sliah Abbas died at Tai/ris in September 
 1666, and the infancy of hia fuccejfor changed the councils of 
 Peifa to peace.] — Chardin fays, that Shah Abbas died on the 
 25th of September 1666, at Tel)er Eftoon, a palace two 
 leagues from Damagaan, an ancient city, which the Perfian 
 geographers place in long. 78° 15' lat. 37° 20', at twelve days 
 journey from Ifpahan, and nine from the Cafpian Sea. 
 
 His fucceffor was not an infant, but was entering into his 
 twentieth year. However he knew nothing, having never been 
 out of the feraglio. 
 
 The mufic continued twent}' days, on account of his age. 
 He never came out of the palace, in w Inch he was born, until 
 the day after he was crowned, when, according to the ufage, 
 he rode gently round the inclofure of the palace, to Ihew him- 
 felf to the people. He appeared difconcerted, and his inex- 
 perience feared by the pco})le. 
 
 N O 1' E
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 197 
 
 SECT. 
 I. 
 
 NOTE XVII. '^'^ 
 
 Page 21, line 26. The gauts.] — We have met with two 
 defcriptions of the palfagc over the gauts, one at each ex- 
 tremity of the coNCAX. To the north, Mr. Fryer, in his 
 journey to Jenneah in 1674*, ])a(Ted over the gaut of Decii", 
 fifty miles north-eafi; of Bombay; and returned by an eaher, 
 called Nunny gaut, a little lower down : his defcription feems 
 to partake of the fatigue he endured. IVIr. Anquetil du Perron, 
 in his journey from Coa to Poonah and Aurengabad, in 
 March 17-58, went over the gaut of Pondah, which is thirty- 
 five miles to the fouth-eall of Goa; and fays, "A fept heures 
 " et demie, je mc trouvai au pied des giiatks; J'anivai an 
 " haut a onze heures, apres metre repofe trois fois en route; Ic 
 " chemin etoit affreux et prefque a pic; a droite & a gauche 
 " fe precipitoient au milieu des ronccs, des arbrifleaux et des 
 " roehers, des torrens (pii faifoient un bruit effrayant." Ilis 
 defcription of the magnificent profpecl from the fummit 
 towards the fea, is fublime. We liave inferted his route from 
 Goa to Aurengabad in oui- map; and refpecl to the improve- 
 ment of geography induc(?s us to fay, that no traveller, con- 
 tinually itruggling M'ith fo many difficulties, ever kept fo 
 accurate a regifter of his way, in all his journies. He not only 
 gives every diltance that has a name or note, on the road, but 
 
 * See Note VII. Article 9. 
 
 the
 
 19S HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 the nature of the country, with every thing remarkable within 
 his view, on either hand. We fufpecl a few errors of the prefs 
 in his pubhcation ; and tlierefore M'ilh the more that \vc liad 
 maps made under his own infpedtiou, to follow in the routes 
 we have infertcd in our oM'n from his details; which other- 
 wife would leave the compafs of the geographer nothing to 
 doubt. 
 
 NOTE xviir. 
 
 Page 24, line 9- The cohlahs.] — We do not recollect to 
 have found tins term in ufe in any other part of India. But 
 RfBEiJio, in liis account of Ceylon, fays, that the ancient 
 principalities of this illand, before the conqueft of the Portu- 
 guefe, were thus called; and accordingly M. Dclille, in the 
 map which he compofed for the tranflation of Ribeiro by the 
 Abbe Ic Grand, gives the name of conr-Aus to all the prin- 
 cipal dixifions. The word is rightly ipcit in the ancient 
 records of J3ombay, but has by degrees changed into cor- 
 hffs, which is ihe only term in ufe there at prefent to iignify 
 the difh'itSs on the oppofite main; which we meuti.tn merely 
 that the enquirers in our behalf may know what we mean. 
 
 N O T E XIX. 
 
 Page '24, hne 17- The fort ijicd ijland of Gmgcrah.] Mr. 
 Alexander Dairy mple has given a very neat view and plan of 
 
 Gingerah,
 
 I. 
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 199 
 
 Gingernh, with a plan of the harbour and entrance of the river sect. 
 of Dunda Rajapore. It is in his collection of plans of ports 
 in the Eaft Indies, publilhed London 1775. 
 
 NOT E XX. 
 
 Page 2.5, line 1. And at the end of 1 66Q, appeared fiiddenh/ 
 at the head of his army before Siirat, &c. &c.] — Carre, in his 
 firft volume, opens the hiflory of sevagi in thefe terms: 
 " L'an 1669, Surate fut pillee pour la feconde Ibis par I'ar- 
 "■ m6e de sevagi." Carre afterwards relates many parti- 
 culars of this fecond ranfack; but without mention of the 
 leafon, \vhich we have ventured to fuppofe the end of the 
 year, from combination, always doubtful, and with for cer- 
 tainty from better authority; which may be obtained at Surat, 
 but not from Englifli records, for there are none of this date 
 in the factory. Other cotemj^orary publications agree that 
 Surat was twice facked by sevagi, and none fix the fecond 
 pillage before 1669- 
 
 It is likeuiie from Carre that we take the death of the 
 governor of Surat; who, he fays, dropped down dead on kifs- 
 ing a letter fent to him by Aurengzebe, in confequence of his 
 treachery with sevagi; and the French furgeons who opened 
 his head, cafily perceived the trace of the poifon. A bold 
 aflfertion ! The governors of Surat were not at this time pow- 
 erful enough to fccure even their meals from the influence of 
 
 Aurengzebe,
 
 200 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SECT. Aurengzebe, and this governor might have been poilbncd by 
 y^^ his means; which ignorance, and the love of wonder, con- 
 verted to their own conceits: lor amongft the Mahomedans 
 of India, as well as of Turkey, it is a mark of fcience to be . 
 credulous in alchymies, and to fpend money in queft of the 
 philofopher's ftone, the elixir of life, and other fupernatural 
 eftcds; and where the better fort believe the pollibility, the 
 many rarely doubt the fa6t; as in this inftance, how a poifon, 
 of which the effluvia was to produce inftant death, could 
 be prepared or fixed to a letter, Mithout detriment to the 
 operator. 
 
 Nothing has contributed more to bring the authenticity of 
 travels into difrepute, than this propenfity to relate and 
 believe events which contradid; the experience of philof()j)hy. 
 "What traveller, on the Malabar coalt, has not fcen the ordeal 
 trial in boiling oil, without harm to the patient? ovington 
 believes a prediction related to him by INIr. liartholomew 
 Harris, in ifiyo, and made by a bramin to Mr. Angier, con- 
 cerning the arrival of a Ihip from England, which was verified 
 at the very hour. Another bramin, according to ha.milton, 
 foretcls the death of theEnglifh chief at Carwar; which hap- 
 pened with equal pun(^luality. The imissionariks abound 
 in necromancies, and the power of fafcination. The Ihrewd 
 but credulous Navarette has a houfe affaulted every night by 
 invifd)le fiends, ducks and mice produced from the leaves of 
 trees, &c. &c. 
 
 Even
 
 I. 
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 201 
 
 Even the judicious Sir Thomas Roe has one doubtful lloiy. sect. 
 Mr. Anquetil du Perron, none. 
 
 NOTE XXI. 
 
 Page 25, line \6. And reinforcements were ordered to join 
 tliem even from the province ofBehar.] — de graae, the Dutch 
 furgeon, arrived in b e n g a l at the end of 1 669 • In September 
 of the next year, he was fent from their fa6lory at Coffimbuzar, 
 to cure the chief of their fadlory at Patna; and being a good 
 draughtfman, was inftru(5led to take plans and views of what 
 he might fee worthy of remark along the Ganges; on which he 
 proceeded in a boat, accompanied by a young writer. He 
 accordingly went alhore at IMonghir, and walked round the 
 fort, mcafuring by his paces the circumference from the river to 
 the river, and the <liftances between the towers, of which he 
 took notes as he went; but had been obferved from the walls, 
 and when he came again to his boat, found it under a flrong 
 guard, which carried him and his companion to the fort, 
 Monghirattlus time had been little frequented by Europeans; 
 foi the governor allied him what nation the Dutch Avere, and 
 whether they believed in Mahomed; and not knowing what 
 to judge of the travellers, confined them under much hardlliip 
 in the common prifon of criminals: at length, after fevcral 
 eouncils held at his Durbar, and farther interrogatories, he 
 told DE GRAAF, " that tlicy wcro not Dutchmen, for none 
 
 D d •" came
 
 O03 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 " came there; but two ralcall}'- Portuguefe, fent by sevagi, 
 " who was in rebelHon at Surat, lo examine the country and 
 " its cities, in order to attack them when the o])portunity 
 " ftiould offer." Likewife, " that he Ihould keep them pri- 
 foners until he heard from the Mogul at Agra." On wiiich 
 DE GRAAF wrotc to the Dutch fa6lories at Ilugiiley and 
 Patna, who procured orders from the Nabob of Behar, for their 
 immediate releafe; which the governor of Monghir would not 
 obey, until the Nabob threatened to come from Patna, and 
 bring them away himfelf. 
 
 Thus, after feven wxeks confinement, they were releafed on 
 the 26th of November. " Three days after they left Monghir, 
 " they met the troops of a Gentoo prince called amarting 
 " (Amarfing) which confifted of twelve hundred horfemea 
 " well equipped, forty camels, fix elephants, many oxen, 
 * and a large body of foot. There were befides a groat num- 
 " ber of boats of various kinds, which carried the baggage 
 " and provifions. I'hefe people came from the mountain of 
 " Affang, and wei'e going to Delhi and Agra, in order to join 
 ♦' the army of the Mogul, and afterwards march againll 
 " the rebel sevaci." 
 
 NOTE XXlf. 
 
 Page 25, line 23. la conjuii&ion with the Jket commanded 
 by the Siddee.'] — At the end of this year 1669, or in the be- 
 ginning
 
 Notes.] O F TH E MO G U L EM PI RE. 203 
 
 ainning of 1670, Father NaAarette failed from China. This sect. 
 we con{;hid(\ hecaufe the Ihip arrived at Pvfalacca on the eve ^* 
 of tlie purification, which eve is the ift of Febr.nary. He faj's, 
 chap. XVII. "Juft before m\' departure from China, fome neAvs 
 arrived out of Europe: one piece was, that Bandarra had 
 hccn a notorious Jew, and that his tomb was thrown down, 
 and liis prophecies fuj)preil:" — " that the Englifli at Bom- 
 bay overthrew the churches, and cut to pieces the pictures 
 of the altars:" — " that the infidels attacked Goa, took two 
 thoufand chriltians, and killed a Francifcan, and the Viceroy 
 did not behave hinifelf well." 
 
 If this news concerning Bombay and Goa came from 
 Europe, it muft have gone thither firft, and muft be at leaft 
 eio'hteen months old Avhen Navarette received it, Mhich would 
 be June 1668. But we muft fuppofe it came from India, and 
 moll likely from Goa to Macao; but no fliip could arrive 
 from India at ]\Iacao in December or January, nor could 
 any from Goa, which had not failed before the end of ]\Iay; 
 for then the monfoon fets in on that coaft. A fliip failing 
 from Goa in all May, might arrive at Macao in all i\uguil, or 
 earlier. If they ftaid on the coaft of Malabar until the mon- 
 foon grew more temperate, which is in Auguft, avc don't fee 
 how the fliip could get to Macao againlt the monfoon of the 
 China fea, in December: ftill Navarette received the news in 
 December. We fuppofe the news came to the Philippines, 
 and Avas brought from thence to Macao by fome China Junk, 
 
 D d 2 or
 
 204, HISTORICAL FRAGiMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SECT, or fmaller veflll, although not ufual to make this voyage at 
 ^V^ that fealon. Kow the infidels ap[)car, by what Navarette 
 fays afterwards, to be Sevagi's army, wliether Sevagi himfelf 
 commanded, although Ave think he did. After all, it is an 
 admillible conelufion, that Sevagi \v as before Cu)a fome time 
 in April or May 1669, or at Icaft he muft have been there in. 
 L6b'.8, if the news came from Europe. 
 
 NOTE XXIII. 
 
 Page 25, line 25. In 1670 he fcnt a large detachment to 
 attach the town of Rajapore.} — Father Navarette was at Gol- 
 condah in July 1670, and had thoughts of travelling by land 
 from thence to Goa; but, in his own words, — "Perceiving 
 *' how difficult a matter it was to go to Goa,. and that the dif- 
 " ficulty increafcd every day, becaufe a rebel whofe name 
 ** was Subagi (Sevagi) ranged thofe countries with a pow- 
 ** erful army, I made to thofe gentlemen (the French fadory);. 
 •* and, finding a fit opportunity, accepted of the favour they. 
 ♦* oflered me;" — which was, to give him a paflagc, in a fliip 
 of theirs, to Surat. 
 
 Navarette writing, as it lliould feem, on board a fliip, 
 in his pafTage to Surat fionr ]\lafulipatani, whence he 
 failed on the 17th of Odober 1670, adds, " It is fit to fay 
 fomething of the Great Mogul. He that now reigns put his 
 father to death, and ufurpcd the crown. This man had a 
 
 fon.
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 205 
 
 fon, who governs a province eight day's journey from Gol- sect. 
 coudah, towards Bengala" (a niiftake; it is more even to the ^^ 
 Nerbeddah: of this fon and government hereafter), "which 
 properly belongs to the prince, wdio defigns to follow the 
 example his father fct him, and get all into his own hands. 
 Anthony Coello, who had ferved under him, told me that he 
 had already two hundred thoufand horfc and three hundred: 
 thoufund foot: a brave army, if they are but good men, lie. 
 defigns to join in league with the rebel Subagi, who is very, 
 great and powerful. I mentioned, in another place, how 
 he attacked the temtory of Goa, and. carried a,way two or 
 three thoufand chriftians, and a Fraucifcan. He fent to de-^ 
 mand. of the Viceroy of Goa to make good a fhip of his the. 
 Portuguefe had taken. The Viceroy was in a palfion, and 
 beat his embaflador: an acition nobody could approve of. 
 The Englilli governor of Madrafs told me, that Infidel would, 
 make war upon Goa, by fea and land, and make flaves of all 
 the Portuguefe men and women he could lisfht of. Subasi. 
 may do it, and the Mogul better, but he will not take fniall; 
 things in hand. The king of Golcondah is more to be feared,, 
 becaufe Coromandcl and all thefe coafls are fubjeft to him." 
 This being a confiderable point, an account of it was fent. 
 feveral ways to Goa and Madrafs. So here we fee Se vagi, 
 dreaded at Goa in 1670, and a treaty between him and the', 
 Mogul's fon threatened. Who was this fon .'' 
 
 Navarette failed from Goa on the 1 6th of November l670j, 
 and ill the paffage up the coafl lay fomc days in light of. 
 
 Dabulj.
 
 206 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 Dabul, which, he f;i3's, is a ftrong and handfome fort bc- 
 lonsinc: to Subao;!. 
 
 Continuing the voyage, fays Navarette, " we went on to 
 Bombay, Bacain, and on the 8lh of January (l 671) by break of 
 day, were before Daman. On the 1 1 th we paficngers went 
 up to Suah, in a Dutch boat that came to us." Chap. xxv. 
 begins thus: " I came to Suah, much tired, and had a mind to 
 wait for a rehgious man, who dcfigned to travel by land; but 
 the next day I had a letter from him, giving mc an account 
 he had not been able to come by land, by reafon of Subagi's 
 army, which lay in the way, he having already drawn near to 
 Golcondah, and deltro3'ed many towns and villages about 
 that court." I'his determined Navarette to go to Europe in a 
 IVench fliip, for which he oljtaincd letive of Carron, the 
 French dire6loi", who, he fays, was a rank heretic, but that ho 
 treated him with great refpedt and attention. 
 
 Navarette left Golcondah on the 2Sth of July, and Mafuli- 
 patam on the 17th of October (lO"/0). It is therefore jiro- 
 bable, although not certain, that Sevagi's irruption towards 
 Golcondah was about or after the middle of October; for if 
 it had been before, Navarette would have heard of it beft)ie 
 he failed from Mafulipatam, and if it had been later, Sevagi 
 would not have appeared, as we fay, in the beginning of 
 1671, before Surat. 
 
 Navarette continued at Siu'at imtil the 21(1 of January 
 
 1670, when he embarked on the French Ihip for Europe; f(> 
 
 that his ftay there was njot more thari eleven days. lie fays, 
 
 2 " AVluift
 
 I. 
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 207 
 
 " Whiifl; I was there, the Portuguefc httle fleet arrived, which sect. 
 runs along that coaft every year. Near Bacain they met 
 another Imall fleet, belonging to Subagi, confifting of fifteen 
 fniall fliips. They drove it up to the fliore, and took every 
 one of them Avithout the expence of a grain of powder." — ^This 
 is the firft pofitive mention we meet of Sevagi's having a fleet 
 of his own at lea. But it could be only his. 
 
 NOTE XXIV. 
 
 Page 26, line 10. In the heginning of 1671, he appeared 
 again before Siirat, ^-c.'] — We take this from De Graaf, when 
 arrived at Patna ; who fays, after the 3 ifl; of January 1671, 
 " The letters which Avere received at or about this time from 
 " Surat, by the way of Agra, gave information of the pil- 
 " lages exercifed by the prince sevagi, the contributions 
 *' he exadled, and the ravages he committed at Surat and the 
 *' adjacencies. He demanded a large fum from the Dutch 
 " fa6tory, but it was refufed." 
 
 NOTE XXV. 
 
 Page 32, line 11. Ricklafe Van Goen.'] — He reduced 
 Manar and Jaffnapatan in 1658, which completed the ex- 
 termination of the Portuguefe out of Ceylon; and in 1661, 
 1662, he took from them Coylan, Crangainore, and Cochin. 
 He was fucceeded by his fon Ricklofic in the government 
 
 of
 
 208 rnSTOrvICAL fragments [Notes. 
 
 SECT, of Ceylon, in 1675; and in 1678 became governor-general 
 s^^ of Batavia. 
 
 NOTE XXVI. 
 
 Page 32, line 25. Five French Jliips had come into ihe har- 
 "hour. 'I — * Dcllon, the phyfician, was in one of thefe fliips; 
 but wc write from the Bombaj^ records of the year. 
 
 NOTE XXVII. 
 
 Page 34, line 19- At Ilubeli/.] — This place, notwith- 
 llanding its importance, is not mentioned in an}' map that 
 ■\ve have feen, nor in our manufcript of the Decan; but 
 ]\Ir. FiiYER (iiys, that Viziapore is ten days journey from 
 Carwar, and iiubely fix. Wc have placed it accordingly 
 ill our map. 
 
 NOTE xxvni. 
 
 Page 35, line 16. The EngliJJi compani/, as before, at the 
 taking oj" Rajapore, had loft cffeBs to a cuiij/dcrable value in the 
 Jack of Ihibeli/.'] — The Englifli fadtory at Car\var generally 
 kept a broker at iiubelv to fell their imports, and colleA 
 the cloth intended for England, which was all provided 
 «n the other fide of the gauts: for, according to j\lr. Fryer, 
 *' CARWAR has no peculiar commodities or manufadories of 
 >* its own produd." lie was there in 1676; and fays, " the 
 
 ♦ See Note vn, article v. page j 7.^, of thcfc Notes. 
 
 *' fadory
 
 I. 
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. «09 
 
 " factory was then decajing, by reafon of tlie embroils of sect. 
 *• the country, merchants being out of heart to buy or fell." 
 Novcrthelels, the inveihncnt ordered for 1683 was confider- 
 ablc, and confided of the folloAving articles : 
 
 200 tons oi' pepper. 
 
 51.000 pieces of dungarees, full yard-wide, and eighteen 
 yards long (above 1 ,000 bales). 
 
 8,000 pieces oi pautkaes. 
 
 10,600 pieces of percolkies, of 15 yards long the pancura, 
 and yard broad. 
 
 50 bales of cardainums. 
 
 2,000 pieces of boftaes, broad. 
 
 2,000 pieces of fevaguzzles. 
 
 50 candies, each 500 lb. of cajjia Ugmnri. 
 
 Dungaree is the lighter fail cloth of India ; and this quan- 
 tity might liave been ordered in confequencc of fome expec- 
 tation of a war with the dates of Holland; but only 8,000 
 pieces were procured. The intention, neverthelefs, proves 
 that Viziapore was at this time in repute for the abundance 
 of its manufactures, Avhich at prefent fcarcely fupply more 
 than the confumption of its diminiflied inhabitants. 
 
 NOTE XXIX. 
 
 Page 41, line 1 . As king of the Morattoe nation, Sec. &c.]— 
 TERisiiTA pretends, that the fabuhhis hiftories of the Hin- 
 doos defcribe the divificns and fubdivifions of their own 
 country, by perfonifying them into a genealogy from hind, 
 India, who was the eldell fon of Ham, the fon of Noah. 
 
 E e iiiNO
 
 r. 
 
 210 IIISTOIIICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SECT. HIND had four fons; pourib, the uorlh (divillon); bang, 
 Bengal; decan, the fouth, or the coiintiy fouth of tiie 
 Ncrbcddah; narwaal, Guzerat. Decan had three fons,. " 
 iiARHAT, all the countries inhabited by the Marattoes;, 
 GONiiER, all in Avhich the language of the Canarins is- 
 fpoken; telinc, all in which the Telinga, or what Euro- 
 peans cali the Gentoo language. We have no notion that 
 the Hindoos admit any fuck genealogy. Their chronology 
 reckons by myriads. 
 
 'L'he fame i-erishta, in his hiftoiy of the Decan, which is 
 not tranflatcd, * fays, that the j\Iorattoes claim an antiquity 
 of 5,000 years as a nation and a fovcreignty, which iy many 
 centuries before the deluge. 
 
 However both affertions prove, that tlic Mahomedans ' 
 cilcem the Morattoes to be as ancient as any other of the 
 Hindoo races. 
 
 It is a very admiffible conjecture, to fuppofe that their 
 ancient country extended wherefoevcr their language prevails 
 at prefent. It is from Mr. anquetil du peurox we learn 
 that it is fpoken weftward of the gauts, from the ifland of 
 Bardez near Goa, to the river Tapti, on which Surat is fitu- 
 ated. Our manuscript account of the Decan fays, they 
 Averc anciently in poircHlon of the country' which is at prefent 
 comprized under the Circar, or immediate government, of 
 
 * Since the fird cilition of this woilv in tlic year i 782, reridilii's Iliftorv of 
 llie Dokkaii li;is been tuinfl.ilcd into luiglill), by capliiin JonuUian Scolt, of the 
 Eaft India Clompany's fervicc, and Peifjan fecrctavy to Warren IluftingSj efq. 
 ilUifir.iled with many curioui anil valuable notes ; in 2 vols. 4to. 1 794. 
 
 "^ iVurengabad.
 
 KoTLS.] OF TIVZ MOGUL EMPIRE. 0,1 
 
 Aurengabad. Allowing the fame extent from north to foutli 
 as far as this meridian to the eaft\vard of the gauts, as from 
 Bardcz to the Tapti on the wellward, their inland country 
 exceeded that on the fea-coaft b}' one hundred and fifty 
 miles in breadth, and the whole on both fides of the moun- 
 tains may be cfteemed three hundred and forty miles from 
 north to fouth, and two hundred from wefl to eaft, in the 
 fineft climate of India. 
 
 Their language, as all others of any purity in India, is a 
 derivation of the Sanfcrit, partakes of its difficuUies, and is 
 efteemed b}' themfelves nearer the original than either the 
 Canarin or Malabar. Their creed and religious rites are 
 peculiar to themfelves ; but the Canarins ufe the fame cha- 
 racter, and regulate their chronology by the fame cycle. This 
 from Mr. Anquetil du Perron. 
 
 That part of their country which forms at prefent the 
 ,governmcnt of Aurengabad, was the firft that felt the fury of 
 the IVIahomedans, Avhen ravaged in the 3'ear 131 1, b}'^ CafFoor, 
 the general of Sultan Alaeddin, or Secunder Sani, emperor of 
 Delhi; under which fovereignty.it continued forty year's: but 
 we cannot afcertain the fubfequent fubje6lions of the nation 
 to the Mahomedan kings of Candifli and Viziapore, and to 
 the prefent dynafty of IMoguls. At the time of sevagi's 
 revolt) the king of Viziapore poflfeffed all the Morattoe coun- 
 try on the coaft, from the diftrids of Bonfolo to Gallian, and 
 the mountains and caftern country farther north; but the 
 Portuguefe had their fortrefs of Chaul on the main, with tlie 
 
 E e g illands
 
 • 12 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SECT, il^-ands of Boiubay and Salcette. The Moguls levied a flight 
 ^' tribute in Ibiijc of tlie more northern hills, and poirclVcd all 
 the better country between Surat a.ud Aurengabud. The 
 nation, thus fubje(?l;ed, adhered, in many divifions, to different 
 chiefs, comfoi'ted by prophecies of recovering their ancient 
 dominion,, but without confederacy, until sevagi, a llranger^ 
 encouraged by his firfl fuccefles, formed the idea of collecting, 
 all tlie divifions into one ftate.. 
 
 NOTE XXX. 
 
 Pao'C 41, line 22. Tliey (the Dutch fleet) met, near Metch- 
 lepatam, a fleet of ten Eaji Indiamen*] — Mr. Fryer, the phy- 
 fician, failed in the Unity, one of the fliips of tliis fleet,, of 
 Avhich all but one arrived together on the coafl; of Coro- 
 niandel, and falling to the northward of J\Iadrafs, went to 
 Metchlepatam, from whence, after a month's ftay, they came 
 to Madrafs, either at the end of July or the beginning of Au- 
 guft 1C73, where they found the milling fliip. Having flaid 
 nine days at Madrafs, all the ten failed again to Mafuli- 
 patam, and v/ere difpatched from thence to the fa(!i!lory at 
 Pettipolly, Avhere they fell in with the Dutch' fleet of twent}'- 
 two fail, which they might have avoided, but chofe to fight, 
 although not all with equal refolution. 'I'he Bombay, captain 
 Erwin, received eighty fliot in her hull, and fome of theiTL 
 
 * See a Dutch account of this- action in Ilavart, page; 163 cl fcq. 
 
 between;
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 213 
 
 between wind anil water, -vvhicli filled her with fo much, that 
 fhe quitted, after an hour's engagement. The Admiral's fliip, 
 the London, captain Bafs, having loft thirtj-fix men, likewife 
 bore awa}', but after a longer fight, to ftop her leaks; and 
 joining the Bombay, was followed by the Maffinberg, caj)tain 
 "Weiilock, the Unity, captain Craft, the Ann, captain Brown, 
 the Eaft India Merchant, captain Cooley, and the Cffifar, cap- 
 tain Andrews: leaving their three comrades furrounded by 
 the whole of the enemy's fleet of twenty-two fliips, againft 
 ■which they neverthelefs maintained the fight until utterly 
 difabled. The Prefident, captain Hide, vice admiral, was 
 boarded feveral times; and in the Sampfon, captain Ernningy 
 the rear adn)iral was killed; before either llruck: captain 
 Goklfberry flranded his fliip Antelope, rather than let her 
 belong to the Dutch; and had the good fortune to efcape 
 afliore with what remained of his crew. The feven fliips 
 who had borne away, came to Madrafs on the ifl of Sej)tem- 
 ber. We take this account principally from Fryer, who was 
 not in the engagement, having been detained at Madrafs 
 when the fliips returned to Metchlepatam. 
 
 NOTE XXXI. 
 
 Page 43, line 6. Mr. Ilcnrij Oxcndcn teas deputed, and 
 Sevagi received Ins vifd zvith civiUiy.'] — fryer has given Mr. 
 Qxenden's Narrative of this eml^afTy te Sevagi, and the jour- 
 ney
 
 £14 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes/ 
 
 nry to liaiiee. Mr. Oxenden has not been curious in the 
 geography of his journey; he only mentions the refting-^ 
 places, -which are only four, and, excepting Efthemy, the firft 
 ftage, leaves iis to gucfs the hours, and rate of his travelling, 
 in order to determine the diftances of the ftages. Elthemy, 
 he fa^'s, is fix leagues up the river of Cliaul, but does not 
 mention the courfe of the river; but from combination Mith 
 an improbable pofition,. which mufl othcrwife be given to 
 Raiiee, avc have ventured to fuppofe that it flows from the 
 fouth-well, and, according to this conjedlure, have marked 
 the ftao'cs of Mr. Oxenden's iournev, and the fituation of 
 RAiREE in our map, Mr. Fryer has given this track fepa- 
 rately, on the fame plate as his map of the peninfula, but 
 fets Eithcmy e. n. e. of Chaul. 
 
 NOTE XXXII. 
 
 Page 43, hue 1 1 . He was puhlicly weighed againjl goldi 
 and the fum amounting to 1 6,000 pagodas.'] — which is equal to 
 112 pounds avoirdupoize, and agrees Avith fuch a make as 
 his pid;ure defcribes; 
 
 NOTE XXXIII. 
 
 Page 43, hnc 18. Admitting eighteen of twenty articles 
 ^ropoJ'ed.']—\Nc have the twenty articles from the Bombay 
 
 record?}
 
 I. 
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 515 
 
 records of the time, as feltled there witli Sevagi's agent, and sect. 
 delivered to JVIr. Oxendcn, to procure Sevagi's ratification 
 of them at Ilaiicc. 
 
 NOTE XXXTV. 
 
 Page 44, hue 25. In the ru'tncd town of GciUian.^— 
 This town, at the time of sevagi's revolt, belonged to the 
 kingdom of Viziapore. It was taken by the Portuguefe ia 
 1535, who do not feem to have maintained it with a conftant 
 garrifon. Mr. Fryer was there in April 1675; and we iliull 
 give his defcription, as it marks the ancient magnificence of 
 a city, which no one elfe mentions as of confiderable note. 
 He fays, " Early therefore the next morning (April the £6th) 
 " I left the moft glorious ruins the Mahomedans in Decan 
 " ever had caufe to deplore: for this city, once the chief 
 " empory, excelled not only in trade, but the general confe- 
 " quent, fumptuoufnefs, if the relitiues of the ilately fabrics 
 " may add credit to fuch a belief; which reliques, notwith- 
 " Handing the fury of the Po^tugals, afterwards of the Mo- 
 " gul, iince of sevagi, and now lately again of the Mogul 
 " (whofe flames were hardly extinguillied at my being here, 
 " and the governor and people on that fcore being prepared 
 " more for flight than defence at prelent) are ftill the extant 
 " marks of its priftine height. The remainino- buildinss hav- 
 '* ing many ftoiics of fquare facing ftones, and the mofqucs,, 
 
 " whiclii
 
 OH5 HISTORICAL FP.AGMEXTS t^'orts. 
 
 5ECT. " uliich are ininierous, of the fame, abating little of their 
 ^* ^' ancient luftrc, beins; all watered Avith delicate tanks, about 
 " which arc cofll}^ tombs,' Avith their diftinc^l chapels or 
 *' molques, where formerly, the mullahs (or priefls) had fat 
 " penfions to jmij for their departed fouls, which is main- 
 -" taincd by them as efficacious: wherefore they covet fune- 
 *' rals in tiic moll; confpicuous places, which the pleafunt 
 *' funnner-houfcs hanging over here, eaufe thele places to be. 
 " The unemployed people of the town daily wafting their 
 *^ time in thefc inviting varieties, Avhich is the only thing 
 " pleads for their continuance, sk vagi, as a Gcntu, being 
 " otherwife inclined to raze them ; yet purpofely to pervert 
 '• them from the ufe of the donors, and intention of the found- 
 ** ers, orders them to be converted into granaries, efpecially 
 *' thofc within the city. The houfes the prefent inhabitants 
 *' kennel in, are mean; the people beggarly, bj- reafon of 
 *' thefe hoftile incurfions." 
 
 J\Ir. Yxyev was received with civility b}' Sevagi's officers 
 in the town, and they appointed a great molipie for his 
 lodging. 
 
 It is probable that Gallian exifted early in the 14th cen- 
 tury, as the immediate metropolis of Salcette, Bombay, 
 Baffein, and all the adjacent countrj', although under a 
 higher power. Friar Oderic of Priuli, avIio had returned 
 from his travels to India, and wrote his account of them in 
 the year 1330, fays, that he arrived in twenty-eight days from 
 
 Onnus,
 
 I. 
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. £ir 
 
 Ornius, at a city called Thana (on the iflaiid ofSalcctte) and sv.c'f. 
 defcribcs particularly the martyrdom of four friars, which had 
 happened there fome time before his arrival; whofe piety had 
 led them to difpute before the Cadi, or ecclefiaftical judge of 
 the town, and to tell him that his prophet Mahomed was in 
 hell with his father the devil: on which the governor, whom 
 Oderic entitles Meleck, executed them under exceflive tor- 
 tures: but the king of the country, dodsi, called up the 
 Meleck, and, having examined the cafe, put him and all his 
 family to death for his defpotifm and cruelty; on which the 
 Cadi of Tannah fled the country. Friar Oderic collected and 
 carried away with him the bones of the martyrs, to which he 
 imputes feveral miracles> 
 
 It is evident from this account, that Tannah was under a 
 Mahomedan governmenf, and moll probably gallian like- 
 wife: but king iioDsi muft have been a Gentoo, who en- 
 trufted the command of them to Mahomedans, in order to 
 encourage the refort of their trade from Perfia and Arabia. 
 
 We are aware, from Mr. D'Anville, that Tannah only is 
 mentioned in the tables of Naffereddin, and Uleg Beg, who 
 flouriflied in 1261 and 1437, and by Abulfeda, who was 
 cotemporary with Friar Oderic. But as no veftiges of mag- 
 nificence have been difeovered at Tannah, and as no veflels 
 of burthen can pafs beyond it towards Gallian, Tannah might 
 be the port of depofite; to which merchants occafionally re- 
 
 F r paired
 
 ^^\ 
 
 ojg HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SECT. P'^ircd to tranfad, bufinefs with the fliips, who nevertheleftj 
 i-^ might confecrate the enjoyment of their fortunes to the more 
 fplendid refidencc of Gahian. And Mr. D'Anvillc himfelf 
 fiipports us in the notion, even of an earher antiquity, by 
 fuppofmg, that the famous Calhana of the Periplus Maris 
 Erythreei, and of Cofmas Indicopleuftcs, is the ifland of 
 Caranjah, in the harbour of Bombay; for we have no doubt 
 that he wouhl have appropriated CalUana to Galhan, if he 
 had ever feen a map in which this place liad been laid down. 
 The Periplus is imputed to the fecond century — Cofmas tra- 
 velled in the fixth. 
 
 NOTE XXXV. 
 
 Page 45, line 17- The armada which uj'ed lo cruife etery 
 year from Coa, to ajfcrt the fovcreigntij of the Indian feas, had 
 the year before crojj'cd over to the gulph of Feijia.l — Cliardin 
 fays, that he received news of this expedition of the Arabs to 
 Baflein, on the 4th of April 1674, he being then at Gom- 
 broon. The latter part of Chardin's account dillers from 
 ours; that the Arabs were routed by an ambufcade of fixty 
 Portuguefe near Daman, as far as which they had marched, 
 and there abandoned all their booty in a precipitate Hight 
 back to their vclVcls, from which it Ihould iecm they were 
 twenty leagues diftant when defeated. We wrote from the 
 
 Bombay
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 219 
 
 Bombay records, which do not mention this defeat, and 
 Chardin writes from letters which might be not authentic, 
 and from report (on rapporte) which might be lefs fo. 
 
 In June 1674 a fliip returning from Gombroon was aban- 
 doned in a ftorm in the gulph of Cambay, and the govern- 
 ment of Surat demanded all that was faved with the people 
 in the long-boat, in virtue of the Mogul's title to wrecks. 
 
 Chardin writes under the 15th of February 1675; he then 
 at Ifpahan. 
 
 NOTE XXXVI. 
 
 Page 49, line 23. In the ijland of Sooloo — where his tomb is 
 Jlioxmi at this day."] — Mr. Dulrymple has feen the tomb. 
 
 NOTE xxxvir. 
 
 Page 49, line 26. That he continued alive in Indojian.] — 
 SEVAGi, when he plundered Surat in 1664, gave out, in 
 mockery of Aurengzebe, that he had Sultan Sujah in his 
 camp, who, as rightful emperor, had given him the town. 
 
 NOTE XXXVIII. 
 
 Page 51, line 20. For a cejjation of hoftilities until Pondah 
 fiould he reduced.^ — Chardin gives an account of the difpute 
 between the Portuguefe armada in the gulph of Perfia, with 
 the government of Perfiaj concerning the revenues of Conguc, 
 
 p F 2 and
 
 220 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SECT, and thence takes occafion to fpeak of the general declenfion 
 I- of then- power and aftairs in the Eaft Indies. This feems to 
 he Avritten at Ifpahan, under June the 28th 1675 — the period 
 we are now treating in the Fragments. He fays, " the Por- 
 tuguefe, in lofing the maritime countries of the Indies, have 
 loft the former refpe6l which ufed to be paid to them, info- 
 much that thofe who M'cre under the grcateft degree of fub- 
 jeCtion to their domination, are thoib who afterwards infulted 
 them the moft, and who at this prefent prcfs upon them the 
 hardeft. I mean to fpcak of the people of Malabar, in which 
 the city of Goa is fituated. Sevagi, that famous conqueror, 
 who is the moft powerful prince of this country (Malabar) 
 ravages, when he pleafes, to the very gates of the city, and 
 probably will drive them out of it one time or other." 
 
 As Pondah was taken in the end of April, the news could 
 fcarcely have arrived at Ifpahan by the 23d of June 1675; 
 but the march of Sevagi's troops to invcft, which was in 
 February or March, might. 
 
 NOTE XXXIX, 
 
 Page 54, line 2. A fort called Sibon, belonging to the Tor- 
 iuguefe, in tht neighbourhood of Baffein.] — Mr. Anquclil du 
 Perron, towards the end of 1760, travelled from Surat to 
 fiaftein, in order to examine the famous excavations in the 
 ifland of Salcettc, which he has dcfcribed, as well as his jour- 
 ney,
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 221 
 
 nej, Avitli his ufual diligence. He returned to Surat nearly 
 by the road he came ; but the fort of Sibon did not fall in his 
 wa}^ either coming or going. We have inferted his route 
 into our map. One of the Portugueie country, from Daman 
 to Bafl'ein, is much wanted; for we find feveral places of 
 fome confequence in this territory, mentioned in the re- 
 cords of Bombay, whofe fituations have not yet come to 
 our knowledge. 
 
 NOTE XL. 
 
 Page CO, line 21. They (sevagi's army) laid Jiege at the 
 fame time to two Jirong forts, one called Billigong, near Bancu' 
 pore, the other at Jive days journey from this, a7id called Ray im.] 
 — Neither of thefe places is mentioned in our manufcript 
 of the Decan, either under the fuhah of viziapoke or of 
 beder; confequently neither have the rule over a purgiiU' 
 nah or tliilrid;, in either of thefe fubahs> but ftrong forts are 
 often feparated as feifs or jaghires, from the ordinary muni- 
 cipal government; and we have no doubt of the exiflence of 
 thefe, becaufe we find them mentioned in a letter dated the 
 6th of 0<^l;ober of this year 1676, from the government of 
 Bombay to the prefidency at Surat, 
 
 " This day arrived Narranfinay; (he had been fent on bu- 
 *' finefs to Rairee). Sevagee is not gone down the coaft, 
 '^ but ftruck up the hill, and has befieged two cafi;les in 
 
 « Balgot
 
 223 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 " Balgot (Balagat) one called Billigong, near Bancapore, 
 " the other aillcd Rayim (or \^ayiiT), for it is doubtful in the 
 " manufcript) about Jfive days journey on this fide of it. He 
 " has made great havock in the Vivjiapore country, and does 
 " intend to continue it, which w€ believe will much prejudice 
 " the company's inveftments at Uajapore and Carwar. We 
 " hear not of any array intended towards Surat, or that way, 
 " and fuppofe none will be fent, becaufe himfelf is gone fo 
 " far up the hill." 
 
 NOTE XLT. 
 
 Page 61, line 3. Bahadar Khan — UJiened to propofals front 
 Sevagi, who offered, it is /aid, 400,000 pagodas with his homage 
 9f fealty to the Mogul, on condition that permiffton were obtained 
 for his parage through the tei'ritory of Golcondah, to attack that 
 part of the Carnafic which was fuhjeH to Viziapore.] — Neither 
 SEVAGi's intention of attacking the Carnatic, nor his ftipula- 
 tion for the pafifage of his army through the territory of Gol- 
 condah, were publicly known when he concluded the terms 
 of peace with Bahadar Khan. At that time an agent, named 
 Narransinay, was fent from Bombay to Morah Pundit, at 
 Chaul, in order to fettle the payment of what remained due 
 from SEVAGi on Mr. Oxenden's agreement, and other detri- 
 ments. This Narransinay writes from Chaul. in the beginning 
 of December (1676) that " Sevagi is to pay the Mogul 400,000' 
 ^ " pagodas
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE, 223 
 
 *' pagodas yearly, to affift him with five thoufand horfe, and that 
 *' faw Morah Pundit fend to Rairee for four lacks (400,000) 
 " of pagodas, to fend away immediately for the firft year's pa}-- 
 " ment; and that the five thoufand horfe were gone under the 
 " command of Narangi Pundit." Such an agreement, con- 
 fented to by fuch a dealer as Sevagi, would have been equi- 
 valent to an open avowal of his intentions not to abide by it; 
 he neither parted with his money nor his troops fo eafily on 
 any terms, much lefs on expedlation. We have no doubt 
 that Morah Pundit fent fonie money to Bahadar Khan, and 
 intended to fend more, as circumfl;ances might require: on 
 the other hand, it Avas natural that IMorah Pundit fliould wifli 
 the Englifli at Bombay might believe that Sevagi's country, 
 during his abfence, was under the immediate protedion of 
 the Mogul; fince from this refped; they would be lefs cau- 
 tious of refufing their liarbour to the Siddee, who only claimed 
 it on the fame pretenfion. Accordingly Bombay writes to 
 Sural on the i20th of December, that " the peace is broken, 
 " becaufe Sevaoi would not deliver his fon SambuQ;i as a 
 *' hoftage." But again, Bombay Avrites to England, oh the 
 19th of March ^677^ "We have fome credible reports that 
 " there is peace concluded between Sevagi and the Mogul, 
 *' but dare not abfolutely affirm it, though fome of our fer- 
 " vants that are now come from, up the bill' faj' that there is 
 *' free egrefs and. regrcfs out of Sevagi's into the Mogul's 
 " dominions: if fo, we have hopes to open a trade directly 
 
 «up
 
 £4. HISTORrCAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 " up the couutiy, %vhicli in time may nuuh advance the cuC- 
 " toms, and increafe the trade and Iplentlor, of the ifland." 
 There was peace, and no mention of hoftihtics in the Bombay 
 record during the reft of the j'car. 
 
 Manouchi, fo far from fuppofing that Sevagi paid any 
 tiling for the truce, liiys that Aureng-zcbc, from his greater 
 apprehenfions in the wai* of the Pitans, ordered his foiv 
 Sultan INIauzum " to make peace with Sevagi, without re- 
 " gard to the dignity of the empire, and to the chaftifemcnt 
 " of an adventurer who had crowned himfcit" with lii^» 
 " own hands." 
 
 NOTE XLIT. 
 
 Page 61, hne 14. Bicf the king (©f Chandergherri, at the 
 clofe of the l6th century) is JUled king of Bifnagar, fof what 
 tea/on me do not find, unlefs from the ancient title of a lojl pof- 
 feffion; for the citi/ of Bifnagar isfituated on the other fide of the 
 Carnatic mountains, two hundred miles to the N. JV.of Chanderg^ 
 herri, and was at this time part of the dominion of the Maho- 
 medan king of Viziapore.] — Caefar Frederic, the Venetian, fet 
 dut in 1553, and continued in tlie Eaft Indies until 1581. Jn 
 1567 he went from Goa to Bifnagar: the account he gives of 
 the ftate of this kingdom is very obfcure, neverthclels we fliaU 
 endeavour to guefs his meaning. The hereditary king of 
 Uifnagar, a Gen too, had for many j-ears been kept in confine- 
 ment
 
 Notes,] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 225 
 
 ment by his miniilers, Ramragio*, who rcprefentcd on the sect. 
 throne, and was called king; Timiragio-j-, Avho held the feals, \„^.^^ 
 and managed the revenues; Bcngatrej., who commanded the 
 arra}^, in which were two Moorifli captains of note and influ- 
 ence. The three miniilers became impatient of the life of 
 tlie king, and the fon of Timiragio put him to death in his 
 confinement, which raifed difcontent, of which the tvv'o Moor- 
 ifli captains took advantage, and invited an invaflon, which 
 ■\ras accordingly made by the four neighboairing Mahomedan 
 kings, Avho v.ere Dialcun (Idal C'aun) king of ^'iziaporc; 
 Zamuluc (Nizamahnuluck, king of Berar) avIio reiidcd at 
 Ahmcdnagur; Cotamuluck (Cuttub Shaw) king of Golcondah; 
 Vindy (king of I don't know what, unlefs it be Candifli). 
 Rann-agio and Bengatre fell in the battle againfl: the four 
 kings, and I'imiragio fled with the lofs of an eye : but the 
 ■wives and children of all the three were font away in fafety. 
 The four kings entered bisnagar, and remained in it four 
 months, fearching and digging for treafure; and then, fays 
 Frederic, " departed to their own kingdoms, becaufe they 
 *' were not able to maintain fuch a kingdom as that was, lb 
 " far diftant from their own country." 
 
 After the departure of the four kings, Timiragio returned 
 to Bifnagar, and invited tlic merchants at Goa to bring horfcs, 
 
 * Tuitn Rajah. t Temi Rajdi. % Venkitrou. 
 
 G G Avhora
 
 2^6 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 Sect, whom he afterwards cheated. I'redcric went in company 
 
 . ^' , -with two of thcfe horfe merchants, to buy diamonds, which 
 
 were brought from the mine of Raolkondah, and ftaid fevcii 
 
 months at Bifnagar, until the ways were cleared of thieves, 
 
 but miaht otherwife have done his bufmefs in one. 
 
 He then fays, that the king and his court, by reafon of the 
 
 facking of the four kings, went to dwell in Penigoiidali, a caftle 
 
 eight days up in the land from Bifnagar; that this city was 
 
 twenty-four miles in circumference, and had fallen to fuch 
 
 decay, in confequcnce of the war and capture, that many 
 
 parts of it were infefted by tygers; but that the palaces of the 
 
 three tyrants, and the pagodas, were remaining unimpaired : 
 
 that he had feen many, but never faw fuch a palace as that of 
 
 Hifnagar; by which we fuppofe he means the ancient palacQ 
 
 of the ancient kings. By the king and his court, who went 
 
 to dwell at Penigondah, Ave conclude he muft mean Timi- 
 
 ragio. There is a Femikonda marked by Mr. d'anvillk, as 
 
 a fort on a rock, fituated on the bank of the Pcnar, about 
 
 midway in its courfe to the north, before it turns to the eaft: 
 
 twenty miles weft of this fort is a Pakonda, which is only 
 
 marked as a common town; but from a later map of the 
 
 Decan, of which we may hereafter trace the documents, ■we 
 
 have inferted into our own a confiderable fort on a rock, 
 
 called Pallko7idak, which ftands north of the other two, and 
 
 twenty miles wcH of the elbow of the Paliar, not far from 
 
 Shirpi.
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. S27. 
 
 Sliirpi. ^Vc cannot determine whether either, or Avhich, is the 
 Penigondah of Frederic, but all the three Hand equally con- 
 venient for the transfer of a fugitive governmcjit to ciiax- 
 DERGUEKRi, froui wliicli they are diftant one hundred and 
 twenty, one hundred and thirty, and one luuidred and forty 
 miles. It Itill remains to knoM', whether the king of Chan- 
 dergherri, to whom the Jefuits went in 1599, was a defcend- 
 ant of Timiragio, or of the rightful king of Bifnagar, mur- 
 dered by Timiragio's fon; but we believe of Timiragio. 
 We willi all this were enquired for in India, \\hicli may per- 
 haps be found at once with the Bramins at Tripetti. 
 
 Frederic, after his return from Bifnagar to Goa, faw, in 
 different voyages, all the ports from hence to Cape Comorin, 
 and on the coaft of Coromandel fiom Comorin to San Thome. 
 It appears from his evidence, that the kingdom of Bifnagar 
 extended from fea to fea : on the weftern coaft from the river 
 of Carwar to Mangalore, one hundred and twenty miles; oa 
 the eaftern, from Negapatam to San Thome, and probably 
 farther north to Nelore, which would be two hundred and 
 forty; the breadth acrofs the peninfula is nearly three hun- 
 dred miles. The whole of the prefent kingdom of Tanjore 
 Avas under the dominion of Bifnagar, and governed by a 
 Naigue or deputy, who treated the Portuguefe at Negapatam 
 with imperioufuefs ; and at San Thome they fubmitted to 
 whatfoever exactions were impofed. The fea-coaft of the Ma- 
 aavars and Tinivelly was under other jurifdi<5lion. 
 
 Gca NOTE
 
 2CS HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SECT. 
 I. 
 
 ^^ NOTE XLIII. 
 
 - Page Cl, line 20. Two Portuguefe Jefiiits tvent from St^ 
 Thome to Chandergherri in ihc year 1599? and wax received with 
 attentions hij the Gentoo king, whofe Joxcreignty they defcribe as 
 extending over the countries of Taiyore and Madura ; and other 
 Jefuits who travelled at the fame time into thefc countries, confirm 
 the ajfertion.'] — Our authorities may be found from page 726 
 to page 808 of the book entitled, " De rebus Japonicis, In- 
 " dicis, & Peruvianis, E})iftolai recentiores, a Joanne Hayo, 
 " Scoto, Societatis Jefu, in Librum uniun coaccrvatte. Ant- 
 " vcrpicC, M,Dc,v. Otlavo." Thefe jefuits, one or other, were 
 at Negapatam, Tranquebar, Tanjore, Chillambarum, Gingee,. 
 Thcvenapatam, Conimeer, Trivadi, Salawauk, Sadrafs, Chingla- 
 pett, Conjeveram, Tripetti, Vulliacat, Armegon, Cotapatam, 
 Trivalore ; hkewife at Madura, but none make mention of 
 Tritchinopoly ; nor they ^vho went to Chandergherri, of Arcot: 
 their relations arc very curious. 
 
 The Thefaurus of .Tarric, printed at Cologne in IC15, not 
 only gives all that is publillied by Have, concerning this mif- 
 fion of Chandergherri, but a farther account of it frou) fuble- 
 quent letters, which confirni the fovereignty of Chandergherri 
 over the Naiques of ginger and tanjore, but defcribe 
 tliem as too powerful not to be often refractory : and in 1609 
 the governor of VE to RE, at their inftigation, rcfufed his tri- 
 bute,
 
 I. 
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. ' ©29 
 
 bute, and ftood a fevere fiege, but was at length reduced sect. 
 by the king; who, amongft his other titles, which are very 
 extravagant, ftilcs himfelf Mahometanorum exercituum de- 
 bellator; which, with other paflages, prove him to have 
 been a gentoo.. 
 
 NOTE XLIY. 
 
 Page 62, line 1. About the year lG4o, a defcendant of this- 
 Gentoo king of Chanderghcrri, permitted the Englijh to purchafs 
 the ground of Chin^patam, on which they raifcd Fort St. George^ 
 and the town of Madrafs.'\ — IMadraCs, from its firft eflabliili- 
 ment, became important to tlie company's commerce on the 
 coaft of Coromandel, Avhich had before centered iat Mafuli- 
 patam: but lince the year 1744, it has been the metropolis 
 of the national war in India, although Bengal has lately at- 
 tempted to have its fliare in this fame; of which both are at 
 this time partaking largely. The origin of famous men and 
 places is always an object of curiohty ; and we have lately, by 
 the help of a record, come nearer to the foundation of Ma- 
 drafs than ever we could get before. In 1661 the prefidenc}'- 
 at Surat blamed the agency of Madrafs for perfilling in 
 giving protedion to two or three capuchin friars, who were 
 Frenchmen; although one of them had fufFered an imprifon- 
 ment of five years in the inquifition atGoa, foraccommodatino- 
 liis miniftiy to the convenience of the fettlement. The agency 
 pleaded the reafons which originally induced the permiihon 
 
 of
 
 230 - HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes, 
 
 of tlicir rcfidencc; to which the friavs were invited in order to 
 diaw the Portuguefe from San Thome, who lacing confidered 
 as Europeans, would add to the mihtary reputation of 
 Madrafs, confequently attract the refort of the natives, and 
 with them an increafe of trade; all which would go back to 
 San Thome, or be difperfed, if the capuchins Avere expelled. 
 In the courfe of this argument, the agency fay, "At the com- 
 ♦' pany's Jirji beginning to build a fort, there were only the 
 « French padres, and about iix filhermen's houfcs; fo to 
 " entice the inhabitants to people the place, proclamation 
 '• was made in the company's name, that for the term of 
 " thirty years, no cuftom of any thing to be eaten, drank, or 
 " worn, fliould be taken of any of the town-dwellers. No\r 
 *' twenty-one years of that tune being expired," and the town 
 become flourilhing both in inhabitants, trade, and commer- 
 cial cuftoms, all will be to begin anew if the capuchins are 
 expelled. If twenty-one years of a term of thirty were 
 expired in the year l66l, it follows tliat Madrafs was founded 
 in the year 1640. 
 
 NOTE XLV. 
 
 Page 62, line 8. The forces of Viziaporc reduced Velore, 
 widch probably zoas their fnji conqueji.] 
 
 Page 62, line 17. It is /aid the kingdom of Tanjorc was 
 likewife reduced by Viziapore, but we have met uiih no docu- 
 
 tnients to confirm this pofition.^ 
 
 I Mr.
 
 Notes] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 
 
 231 
 
 Mr. Thevenot fays, p. 273, that "the king of Viziapore, sect. 
 " after having taken what was in his neighbourhood, pudiecl ,J-' 
 *' liis conqueft to the cape of Negapatam." Again, p. 274, 
 defcribing the extent of the kingdom of ^^iziapore, he fays, 
 " that it is bounded on the fouth by the country of the 
 " Naique of IVIadura, whofe ftate extends to Cape C'oniorin. 
 " This Naique is tributary to the king of Viziapore, as well as 
 " THE Naique of Tanjore, to whom belonged the cities 
 " of Negapatam, Tranquebar, and fome others on the coaft 
 *' of Coromandcl, when taken by the king of Viziapore." 
 Thefe are pofitive afl'ertions of the conqueft of Tanjore, but 
 we find nothing to confirm them in fuch letters as we have 
 feen, written to and from Madrafs in 1661, 1668, 9, 70, 72, 
 73, 74, 75, although they clearly point out Gingee as fubjedl 
 to Viziapore. Notwithftanding our refped; to Mr. Thevenot's 
 authorit}^ we muft remark his miftake in fuppofing the king 
 of Bifnagar or Chandergherri, conquered by Viziapore and 
 Golcondah, in 1652, 1656, was a INIahomedan, with the- 
 ancient title of Adil Shah, king of Narfingah; whereas the 
 j\Iadrafs records prove him- undoubtedly a Gentoo. ]\Ir. 
 Thevenot fays, velor.e was the capital of this king, which 
 may be true. 
 
 NOTE XLVr. 
 
 Page 62, line 19. The army of Golcondah, led by the famous 
 
 Emir Jumlahi reduced all the hilly country which firetcheth 
 
 - . north
 
 5232 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 sxCT^ north of Velorc from Gandicotah toicards the fea, .&€.] — 
 y^^ Tavernier went from Madiafs in 1652, to fell pearls to 
 Emir Jumkili, bcfieging Gandicotah, and arrived there on 
 the ift of September, Jix da};s after the place had furren- 
 dered. He afcribes the fuccefs to four pieces of cannon 
 planted on a neighbouring hill, and managed by European 
 gunners, againft two, A\hich were all the garrifon had to 
 oppofe: but Thevenot fays, that Jumlah invited the gover- 
 nor to a conference, on alfurance of free return to his for- 
 trels, and kept him prilbner, until he gave orders for tlie 
 furrcnder. 
 
 NOTE XLVII. 
 
 Page 63, line 5. Thei/ (Aurengzebe and Emir Jumlah) 
 hcfteged the king of Golcondah in his capital ; zeho, to prefenc 
 his diadem, fuhmitted his government to the controiil of the 
 Mogul, which had continued until this time, and enabled Baha- 
 dur Khan to procure the humiliating permijjioii zchich Sevagi 
 requejicd.'l — Mr. Bernier fays, that Aurengzebe, on making 
 the peace, " fit confentir le roy (de Golconde) que toute Ja 
 " monnoye d' argent qui fe fairoit deformais porteroit d' uii 
 " cote la marque de Cha Jehau." We have read fomcwhere 
 clfe, that the king obliged himfelf to give the Mogul's 
 embalfador at his court, inlbrmation of all the material refo- 
 , lutions of his government. Manouchi, Ipeaking of the pcr- 
 milfiou whicli sr.vAoi rec^uelled, fays, that "I'autorite d'Au- 
 
 " rengzcb^
 
 Notes,] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 233 
 
 " rengzebe fit confentir aifement le roi de Golconde aux sect. 
 " demandcs du cevagi." ^^J^ 
 
 NOTE XLVIII. 
 
 Page 63, line 10. Tlie want of cotemporary record has dif- 
 ahled ns from acquiring any regular account of Sevagi's expedi- 
 tion into the Ca7'natic.'\ — This expedition, the moft important 
 of sevagi's Hfe, had important confequences, which will 
 appear hereafter, as M^ell as we have been able to colle6l 
 them. It is therefore more efpecially om- willi, that enqui- 
 ries may be made in India concerning the whole of this por- 
 tion of the hiftory of Coromandel, which operates even at 
 this day in the events of that country. We have reafon to 
 believe, that no cotemporary records of the company will be 
 found either at Madrafs, Bombay, or Surat, which we have 
 not difcuffed in England; but the informations they afford 
 on this fubjed; are very fcanty. 
 
 Bombay writes to Surat, June 27th, 1677. " * Mr. Child 
 " (from Carwar, where he was chief of the factory,) writes, 
 " that SEV AG! is in a caftle of the king of Golcondah, where 
 " he intends to winter; and after the rains, it is thought, 
 " intends againft the Carnatic. Several of the Decan Om- 
 " rahs are joined with him, and its believed that Bullul 
 *' Cawn and he have agreed to fliare all between them. The 
 
 * He was afterwards Sir John Child^ governor of Bomba}-. 
 
 H h " Dccan
 
 jgg^ HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes, 
 
 " Decau country is ib niifcrably harafled, that Mr. Child 
 " does not expc6l to provide * a piece of goods this year, 
 " and v.'e believe Carsvar to be in little better ftate. Morah 
 *' Pundit has lately been to vifit the northern garrifon of 
 " Salere, and is now pall by and gone to Rairee, ^vhcre we 
 " fliall be fure to find him." 
 
 July ] 1, 1677. Again, " Sevagi at prefent is a great way 
 " off in the Carnatic country, zahere he zcintercd. In his 
 " abfence, Morah Pundit and Anagi Pundit, and another 
 " Braniin, are left to govern aflairs, to Avhom we have 
 " fent to procure their cowl (pafs) to all generals of armies 
 " that fliall come towards Surat, that they moleft not the 
 " Englilh in any part where they come, nor plunder any 
 *' of their goods." 
 
 Auguft 24th, 1677. " sEVAGiis at prefent in the Upper 
 " Carnatic, where he has taken the ftrong caftle of Chingy 
 " (Gingee) Chingavore-f, Pilcundah:]:, and feveral others, and 
 " fliamefully routed the Moors §, and 'tis believed has robbed 
 " Seringapatamjl, and carried away great riches from thence; 
 " and they fay he defigns, on his return back, to take Brid- 
 " roorf , and fo join Canara to his own conquefts." 
 
 * See Note x.xviii. page 208. 
 
 + Chingavore is the Moor's name (or rather pronunciation) of Tanjore. 
 
 J Pilcundal), perhaps Volcondah. 
 
 ^ Tlic troops of Viziapore. 
 
 II Capital of Mjfore. 
 
 ^ Bidaoor. 
 
 Madrafs^
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 235 
 
 IMadrafs, in a letter dated September l, 1677, Avliicli is 
 not to be found, advife the company, that the nearnefs of 
 SEVAGi engageth all their attention to fortify; they defcribe 
 his force and fuccefs, and had received three meffengers from 
 him with letters. July 9, 1678, they fay that little adioa 
 hath paffed between the armies of the king of golcondah 
 and SEVAGI. 
 
 It is from a fubfequent record nine years later, in 1687, 
 that we find sevagi paiTed by Trivadi, where we fuppofe he 
 paid his devotions, as all the Morattoe generals have done 
 ever fince, who have been near it. We have ventured to 
 afcertain the outline of se vagi's conquefts in the Carnatic, 
 by the indication of ful)fequent occurrences, of which none 
 fuggeft that he entered the kingdom of tanjore. It ap- 
 pears by Manouchi, that Sambagi accompanied his father 
 into the Carnatic. 
 
 In our hiftory of the national wars in India, we have fup- 
 pofed Velore to have been built by the Morattoes, having 
 underftood fo when there;* probably miftaking poffeffion for 
 foundation, from our ignorance of sevagi's conqueft; which 
 muft intirely overfet that aflTertion, unlefs we fliould hereafter 
 find that the Carnatic had been in more ancient times a 
 Morattoe fovereignty; of which we have hitherto dilcovered 
 no traces, excepting in the inaccurate talk of the people of 
 the country. 
 
 * See The Military Tranfaclions in Indoftan, vol. i. page 45. 
 
 H h s
 
 236 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 NOTE XLTX. 
 
 Pao-e 67, line 1. JVe now refnme the war which Aurcngzebe 
 had conducted in per/on againjl the Pitans beyond the Indus, 
 where he arrived in the beginning of the year 1673.] We have 
 taken all we fay, both before and now, concerning this war of 
 ^e Pitans, from Manouchi: but have adjufted the few dates 
 we give (for he gives none) from the records of Surat and 
 Bombay, which often received intelligence of the diftaiit 
 affairs of the empire, and fometimes mention them, but ab- 
 ilradedly, referring to the original letters in Perfic, which we 
 fuppofe arc all loft now, as well as the tranflations, if any 
 were made; even the dates of the intelligence are not re- 
 corded, but the mention afcertains the time of receipt, and 
 we have allowed for the journe}'. 
 
 We can have no expcdlation that an account of this war 
 will ever be collected by any of our own nation, or other 
 Europeans in India, all being, luckily for themfelves, at too 
 great a diftance from the country of the Pitans; but it may 
 have been compiled by fome writer at Delhi, and it is not 
 improbable that an account of it, either more or lefs explicit 
 /than Manouchi's, is at prefent in Europe. Mr. anquetil 
 Du PERRON, in his Legiflation Orientale, gives an extraordi- 
 nary jnftance of the benevolent juftice of Aurengzebe to an 
 old woman, who maintained her family by a mill, of which 
 
 hi»
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 237 
 
 his foldiers had turned off the water: this happened in 1674, 
 at Affanaliad ; which we fuppofe the Aflenabdal of Manouchi 
 on the Indus, when Aurengzebe was marching to this war of 
 the Pitans. Mr. Anquetil du Perron cites the incident from 
 a manufcript hiftory of Indoftan, compofed by ]Mr. Gentii,* 
 who fervcd long with reputation in the French army in India; 
 and, with the languages, acquired much knowledge of the 
 country. We flatter ourfelves that this work will be pub- 
 lifhed. Every information concerning the Pitans and their 
 country, will afilft the hiftory of the Sikes, the invafion of 
 Nadir Shah, and the later invafions of the Afghans under 
 their prince Abdalla. 
 
 NOTE L. 
 
 Page 70, line a 2. Fanwell, a large town on the river Pemi.~\ — 
 Panwell is not on the river Penn; but on another to the north 
 of it, which opens due east from the middle of the illand of 
 Bombay; whereas the entrance of the river Penn is in the 
 angle of the harbour, south-east of the ifland. The au- 
 thority we followed is entitled to more than half the error; and 
 this fe(Stion of the Fragments was printed before we were fet 
 to rights by a plan of the march of the Englifli army, in 
 January 1 778, from Bombay, to attack pconaii, the capital of 
 the Morattoes. This plan, befides the inland march, com- 
 prizes the harbour of Bombay, and the ifland of Salcette^ 
 
 * See Note in page 171. 
 
 The
 
 S38 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [^'otes- 
 
 SECT. The army landed, and commenced their firft march from 
 sJ'„^ Panwell, which continued the depofit of their ftores and pro- 
 vifions fent from Bombay. The plan was fent by Air. R. H. 
 Boddam, the chief of Siu-at, to his brother Mr. Charles 
 Boddam, the diredlor, and we were favoured with a copy of 
 it by Mr. Dalrymple. It not only afcertains the real fituation 
 of PANWELL, but likcwife of aeita, which foon occurs in 
 our narrative; but it gives no indication concerning the river 
 of Negotan, which is often mentioned in the ancient records 
 we have confidered, and in the firft conqueft of the Portu- 
 guefe, in 15S6, when they took Baflein and Tannah. Mr. 
 D'Anville has inferted the river Negotan in a fituation where 
 we do not fee how it can exift; neverthelefs we have given his 
 pofition in our map, as a help to combinations which may 
 tend to remove the obfcurity. 
 
 NOTE LI. 
 
 Page 73, line 6. Of his (Aurengzebe's) brothers, Darah 
 had written a treatife, endeavouring to reconcile the doctrines of 
 Bramoh with the tenets of the Alcoran.^ — This treatife was 
 brought to England by Mr. frazer, and is in the Radclift'e 
 library, under the following title, as given by Mr. Frazcr. 
 " aiujMAH AL BARiiAiN f/. f. tlic Uniting of both fcas). A 
 " treatife wrote by Suitan Darah She/cowh, eldeft brother to 
 " Auring-zebe ; in which he endeavours to reconcile the 
 *' Brahmins religion with the Mahotnmedan; citing paflagcs 
 
 " from
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE, 239 
 
 " ft'om the Koran to prove the feveral points. It was his 
 " writing this book, and converting fo much with the Brahmins, 
 " that chiefly loft him the empire ; for Aurcnozebe made a 
 " pretence of that, and confequently had all the bigoted 
 " IMahomedans to join him." 
 
 We learn from ]\Ir. iVnquetil du Perron, that " Sultan 
 " Darah, in 1656, likewife caufed a Perlic tranllation to be 
 " made by the Brahmins of Benaras, of the oupnekhat*, 
 *' a work in the Sanfcrit language, of which the title fig- 
 " nifies, " the word that is not to be faid ;" mcanino-, the 
 " fecret that is not to be revealed. This work is an extradl 
 " of the FOUR VEDES (Bedes) and gives, in fifty-one feifions, 
 " the complete fyftem of the Hindoo theology ; which efta- 
 " bliflieth the unity of the Firft Being ; whofe perfecSlions and 
 " operations perfonified, become the names of the principal 
 " divinities of the Hindoos ; and demonftratcs the re-union 
 " of all nature to this first cause, the deity." Of tiiis 
 curious work, JNIr. Anquetil has proniifed to publilli a 
 tranflation-f*. 
 
 * There is a copy of die Perfian verfion of this work in the Britifli Mufeiimj 
 with a MS. trandalion^ which we uuderftand was made by N. B. Halhed, Efq. 
 —This title, as wri'ten and pronounced by the Bralinians of Banaras, is ac- 
 cording to the Englidi orthography Oupaneeshat, and of the French Oupa- 
 NicnAT. The Satijlivit character anfwering to the Enghdi Jh and the French 
 ch, is, by the vulgar of India, often pronounced lilvp kh, or k aspirated. 
 
 f This work has fince been publilhed at Paris, by M. Anquetil du Perron, 
 in two large volumes in quarto, in which, at page 755 of the fecond volume, is 
 the following compliment to Mr. Orme : in alio ejufdem hiilorias e.xemplari. 
 MS. (fol. 6 re(5lo) quod ad me miftt amicus meus erudiliinmus et veritatis aman- 
 tiffimus Indiiu hiftoriographus, D. Ormks (tcrrenafne an ccelcfies auras fpiral?) 
 eadeni prsecife : v-eritm haj'cht, oiio poft bijl (28) iwfatcljog addito ; quod rediils. 
 
 Mr. Bernier.
 
 240 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 Mr. Bernier fays, that in the laft council held by Aureng- 
 zebc concerning the fate of Darah, an Omrah infilled on the 
 neceffity of his death, becaufe he had long quitted the reli- 
 gion of Mahomed, and was become a coffre, a pagan, and 
 an idolater. He was accordingly put to death; for which 
 Aurengzebe made the fame apology to Sultan Shekowh, the 
 fon of Darah, Avhom he allured of fafety, but dellroj^ed by the 
 poppy draught at Gualion 
 
 Mr. Halhed's traujlation of Darah's Preface to theOupaneeJIiat. 
 
 " Dara Shekc^h's Preface. 
 " Praifed be the Being among the eternal fecrets of whom is 
 the dot of B of the bifmillah in all the heavenly books, and 
 glorified be the Aim of the mother of books, which in the 
 Poly Koran is a token of his glorious name: and the angels, 
 and the heavenly books, and the piophets and faints, are all 
 comprehended in this name. And be the blefling of God 
 upon the bell of his creatures, jNIahomed, and upon his 
 children, and upon his friends univerfally. — To proceed: 
 Whereas the uniblicitous Fakeer Maliommtd Dora Shekoh, 
 in the lOJOth year of the llejra, went to CaJIimeer, the refeni- 
 blance of Paradife, by the attraction of the favour of God, 
 and the blclling of the Infinite. He there obtained the au- 
 fpicious intercourfe of that moft Perfect of the PerfeiH:, of 
 that Flower of Gnoftics, of that Tutor of Tutors, of that Sage 
 of Sages, of that Guide of Guides, of that Unitarian Ikilled in 
 Truths, MoltJlnii Shah, on whom be the peace of God ! And 
 1 Avhereas
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 241 
 
 whereas he was iniprefled with a longing to behold the gnof- 
 tics of every fedt, and to hear the lofty exprellions of jNIono- 
 thcifni, and had caft his eye on very many theological books, 
 and been a follower of them for years ; and as the third for 
 inveftigation, which is a boundlefs ocean, became every mo- 
 ment increafed, fubtile doubts came into his mind, for which 
 he had no poffibility of folution, except by the words of God, 
 and the direction of the Infinite Beinji;. And whereas the 
 holy Koran is almoft totally myfterious, and at the prefent 
 day the underftanders thereof are very rare, he was defirous 
 to collect into view all the heavenly books, that the very 
 word of God itfelf might be its own commentary; and if in 
 one book it be compendious, in another book it might be 
 found difFufive; and from the detail of one, the concifenefs of 
 the other might become comprehenfible : he had therefore 
 caft his eyes on the books of Mofes, and the Gofpels, and the 
 Pfalms, and other holy pages; but the explanation of Mono- 
 theifm in them alfo was compendious and myfterious ; and 
 from the flovenly tranilations ^vhich prejudiced perfons had 
 fet forth, their purport was not intelligible. Thereafter he 
 confidered, on what account is Hindoftan confpicuous for 
 Monotheifm, is there fo much difcourfe of the Divine Unity, 
 and wherefore, l)oth in the exterior and interior prac^lices of 
 the moft ancient feiil of Hind, is there no difavowal of the 
 Divine Unity, and no apoftac}? againft Unitarians; but there 
 is even a ftock of faith in oppofition to the blockheads of the 
 
 I i prefent
 
 jg42 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes 
 
 prefcnt time, who have cftabhflied thenifclves for erudite, and 
 who, falling into the traces of murder and moleftation, and 
 apoftatifmg from, and difavowing the true proficients in Cod, 
 and Unitarians, difplay rchftance againft all the words of 
 INIonotheifm, A\hich is nioft evident from the glorious Koran, 
 and the authentic traditions of indubitable prophecy; and 
 are highwaymen in the path of God. After verification of 
 tliefe circumftances it appeared, that among this molt ancient 
 tribe, out of all their heavenly books there are four principal 
 holy books, which are, the Rik Ved{% the yijiir VcdC), the Scim 
 VM{"), and the J tlierben Ved(), together with a number of 
 ordinances defcended upon the prophets of thofe times, the 
 moft eminent of whom was Adam, on whom be the peace of 
 God ! and this purport is manifeft from thofe fame books. 
 And it is alfo known out of the holy Koran, that there is no 
 tribe without a Prophet, and without a Bible; and from 
 fundry paifages therein it is proved, that God inflidis not 
 punilhment on any tribe, until a Prophet hath been fent to 
 them ; and that there is no country wherein a religion ac- 
 companied with prophecy hath not been placed : and of a 
 
 (') Rik Vcd — The word of (Jod, in which the lythmsof tlic leUcis of eacL 
 Uemyftych are equal in number. 
 
 ('■) Yejur Ved — Ti>e word of God, in whicli the letters of the fourth lleniy- 
 flych are unecjual in number. 
 
 (') Sam Ved — The word of God, which is clmnted with mufic. 
 
 {*) Atherbcn Vcd— Tlie fourth book of God. 
 
 certainty,
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 243 
 
 certainty, Prophets with confpicuous miracles have been fent, sect. 
 and holy books with them. And the principal part$ of thofe v^J^^ 
 four books, wherein are contained all the fecrets of the 
 Shloks* and of the conteu)plative exercifes of pure Mono- 
 theifm, are called opnekliets (') : and the Prophets of that time 
 having extracted them, have written conmientaries, with 
 com})lcte and diffufivc interpretations thereon ; and being 
 even ftill undcrftood as the beft part of their religious wor- 
 fliip, they are always ftudied. And whereas the views of this 
 Seeker of plain truth were dire6ted to the origin of the unity 
 of the Being, in the Arabic language, and the Syriac, and the 
 Chaldaic, and the Shanfcrit, he was defirous to comprehend 
 thefe opnekhets, which are a treafury of Monotheifm, and in 
 which the proficients, even among that tribe, were become 
 very rare, by tranflating, and without any w^orldly motives, in 
 a clear ftyle, woid for word. Since as this fecft hath kept them 
 fo exceedingly hidden and concealed from the profeifors of 
 Iflam, what are the fecrets contained therein .'' And as at 
 this period the city of Benans, which is the metropolis of the 
 fciences of this tribe, M^as in certain relations with this Seeker 
 of truth, having alfembled together the Pundits and Se/ii/^sees, 
 who were the moft learned of their time, and proficients in 
 
 * Or Sl^% Verfe«. 
 
 (*) Opnekhet, Qopaneefl\at, or Upaiiifhat — A fetltence of Monotheifm, which 
 if a Secret to be concculedj according to the Sanjfcrit. 
 
 I i 2 the
 
 244 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes 
 
 SECT, the opnekhels, himfelf free from prejiulices tranflated tliefc 
 ^' eflential parts of Monotheifm, whicli are the opnekhets, i. e. 
 Secrets to be concealed, and the end of the purpsrt of all the 
 faints of God, in the 1067th year of the Hejr^. And every 
 difficulty, and every fublime topic, which he had defired and 
 fought, and had looked for and not found, he obtained from 
 thefe effcnces of thofe moft antient books, which without 
 doubt or fufpicion are the firft of all heavenly books in point 
 of time, and the fource of the fountain of verity, and an 
 ocean of Monotheifm, and are in conformity with the holy 
 Koran, and even a commentary thereon. And it becomes 
 clearly manifefi;, that this fentence is literally applicable to 
 thefe ancient books, viz. the venerable Koran is in a book, 
 •which book is hidden, and which cannot be difcovered ex- 
 cept by the heart which is become purified, and which hath 
 defcended from Providence. It is evident to any perfon, that 
 this fentence is not applicable to the Pfalms, or to the books 
 of Mofes, or to theGofpel; and by the word ^defcended,' it is 
 clear that it is not applicable to the referved tables of def- 
 tiny. And whereas the opnekhets, which are Secrets to be con- 
 cealed, are the eflence of this book, and the fentences of the 
 holy Koran are literally found therein, of a certainty there- 
 fore the ^hidden book' is this moft ancient book, and hereby 
 things unknown became known, and things incomprchenfible 
 became comprehended by this Fakecr. In beginning this 
 
 tranilation
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 245 
 
 tranflation he opened the holy pages as an omen, and the 
 chapter of Araf * came up, of which the fiift fcntence is 
 thus : " A. L. M. S. a book hatli been fent down unto thee, 
 " and therefore let there be no doubt in thy breaft concern- 
 " ing it; that thou mayefl preach the fame, and that it may 
 " be an admonition to the faithful:" and he had no intention, 
 and no purport, except for the religious advancement of his 
 children, and his friends, and the feekers of truth. Happy is 
 he, who having abandoned the prejudices of vile felfilhnefs,, 
 fmcerely and with the grace of God renouncing all par- 
 tiality, fliall ftudy and comprehend this tranflation, which is 
 to be denominated ^ mighty fecrtts,' knowing it to be a tranf- 
 lation of the words of God : he fliall become unperifliable, 
 and without dread, and without folicitude, and eternally 
 liberated." 
 
 Sultan Darah's Prayer to Ruder. 
 
 A Prayer direBccl hy the Brahmins to he offered up t& 
 the Supreme Being ; written originally in the Shanscrit 
 language, and tranjlated hy C. W. Bough ton Rouse, 
 Efquire, from a Perjic verjion of Darah Sheko, a fon 
 of Shah Jehan, Etnperor of Hindofian. 
 
 " O Ruder, I reverence thee in thy majefty, and in thy 
 difpleafure. I reverence thy arrow's, Avhich convey deilruc- 
 
 * Al Ar^f is the 7lh Chapter of the Koraiij and this fentence is boiTOwed 
 from Sale's tranflation^ p. 117. 
 
 tion;
 
 ^46 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 tion; and thy bow, thy quiver, and thy amis, which are the 
 givers of vitloi'y. Look toward me with that countenance 
 of benignity, mild Hke the face of the moon, by which thou 
 beftoweft py, and doeft away all fins. 
 
 " O thou, who art the Lord of mighty mountains, difpel the 
 pains of all mankind ; make them joj'ful, and defend them 
 from harm ; and grant that I may remain fecure under thy 
 guardianlhip and protc6lion. Thou art the great Phyfician 
 of Phyficians ! heal thou my infirmities ; difperfe my vicious 
 and malevolent inclinations, which lead me into the road 
 of evil. 
 
 " I reverence thee in the fun, which is thy image, whilft it 
 fcatters a hundred thoufand vivif^'ing rays over the univerfe; 
 whilfi; in meridian brightnefs it difVufes gladnefs : nor lefs 
 when at morn or eve its flaming countenance denotes thy 
 anger. Turn away that anger from me. — I reverence him 
 M'ho is the fource of joy to living creatures, whofe nature 
 is exempt from decay, and knows not the increafe of age. 
 To him and all that fprings from him I owe reverence and 
 honoiu". 
 
 •' O IIlder, filing thy bow to defend me from all my open 
 or fecret enemies. Shoot the an'ows of thy quiver to deitroy 
 tliem. When thou hail deftroyed my enemies, and unftrung 
 thy bow, and taken off the points of thy arrows, and art re- 
 joiced, then grant thai 1 likewife may rejoice. But thy bow 
 is not like other bows, nor thy arrows like other arrows. Thou 
 necdefl; not to llring the bow, nor to fliarpen the points of 
 S . arrows.
 
 I. 
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. $47 
 
 arrows. Thou neeclelt not the fword like other Avords, to sject 
 acconiplifli thy purpofes. O thou who caiift fulfil defires, 
 whole defigns no enemy can baffle, guard and ])rotetl me ou 
 every fide, and drive my enemies far from me. 
 
 " O Ruder, thy arm is like fliining gold. Thou art the 
 Lord of all armies. All caufes of things have their origin in 
 thee. Thou art the caufe of caufes. Thou art fpace. The 
 verdure of the fields is thine. Thou art Lord of all the bea;fl:s, 
 and the birds, and other living creatures. Thou art the 
 guide : every light that ihines is thy light. Thou entered 
 into all : thou fuftaineft all. 
 
 " O puniiher of thofe who go aftray, O Lord of life, O pu- 
 rell of beings 1 terrify not thy creatures, fi:rike them not, de- 
 ftroy them not; nor let even one of them fuft'cr pain from thee. 
 O thou, who giveft Itrength to the feeble, and medicines to 
 the lick ; grant me thy fupport, that I may enjoy health, and 
 live. O lluDEK, turn my underftanding toward thee, for 
 thou art the Lord of power. I befeech thee to keep all 
 creatures which belong to me, whether man or beaft, in quiet 
 and fecuiity. Preferve all the inhabitants of this city. 
 AfHi(5l them not with ficknefs : do thou, Ruder, give them 
 health,and drive difeafes far from them. We all come before 
 thee in fupplicatiou : grant mito us all thofe bleflings m hich 
 onr fathers alked of thee for us, when they were defirous of 
 l)ringing us into exiftence. Old men, and young chilJreyQ, 
 and infants yet unborn, all join in iaaifice anxl prayer unto 
 
 thee.
 
 248 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 thee. O thou, Mho art ever young and mighty, thou fource 
 of joy, be gracious toward me. O tliou, who wanteft nothing, 
 who art Avorth}" of adoration, I reverence thee. O thou, who 
 employefl thy arms for my fecurity, who haft thoufands of 
 thoufands of weapons, fcatter my enemies, and deftroy them; 
 for thou. Ruder, art fupreme in every part of nature. Exert, 
 for my proteftion th}^ powers, which are over the earth, tlie 
 air, and the heavens, and under the earth; which lliow them- 
 felves in the plains, in the vegetation of the trees, in the vari- 
 ous fpecies of living creatures, in the waters, and in food, 
 provided for the fupport of life. Thou, who deftroyelt all 
 which eat the food and drink the waters; who art amidft the 
 guardians of the highways, and in the places of worfliip: in 
 all thou art the infinite Ruder; in every one I implore thee 
 to protedl me, and to difarm my enemies. To thee, and all 
 thy other various powers and attributes not here enumerated, 
 I offer reverence. Ten times toward the cail, ten times toward 
 the fouth, ten times toward the wef^, and ten times toward 
 the north, I bow myfelf before thy earthly powers, and invoke 
 their aid, that I may enjoy health, and fee the deftrudlion of 
 my enemies. Ten times toward tlie eaft, ten times toward 
 the fouth, ten times toward the weft, ten times toward the 
 north, and ten times with my eyes on heaven above, 1 bow 
 myfelf before thy aerial and heavenly powers, whofe arrows 
 are the wind and rain : I invoke their aid, that I may enjoy 
 health, and fee the dcftrudion of my enemies. Every one of 
 
 theft)
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 249 
 
 thefe is Ruder, whofe infinite power I reverence : Ruder, sect 
 whofc fulaefs is in all. All that has been, it is he. All that ^ ^' 
 is, it is he. All that lliall be, it is he." 
 
 The foregoing PraTjer is extraSed from the Judger Bede ; 
 to U'hich it may be curious to fubjoiii a Defcription q/" Ruder, 
 to rchom. it is addrcjjed, as contained in another facrcd book, 
 intitled, the Atherbun Bede. 
 
 " The angels, having aflenibled themfelves in heaven before 
 Ruder, made obeifance, and afl^ed him, O Ruder, what art 
 thou? Ruder replied, were there any other, I would de- 
 fcribe myfelf by fimilitude. I always was, I always am, and 
 always fliall be. There is no other, fo that I can fay to you, 
 I am like him. In this Me is the inward eflence, and the 
 exterior fubftance, of all things. I am the primitive caufe of 
 all. All things that exiit in the eafl:, or weft, or north, or 
 fouth, above or below, it is I. I am all. I am older than 
 all. I am King of Kings. ]\Iy attributes are tranfcend- 
 ent. I am truth. I am the fpirit of creation ; I am the 
 Creator. I am the knowledge of the four Bedes*. I am 
 Almighty. I am purity. I am the firft, and the middle, and 
 the end. I am the light. And for this purpofe do I exift, 
 that v/hofoever knows Me, may know all the angels, and all 
 
 * The Sacred Writings of the Hindoos, in the SJiavfcrit language. 
 
 K k booksj
 
 250 ■ HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 books, and all their ordinances. And whofocver knows the 
 learning of the Bedes, from thence he will learn the duties of 
 life, he will underftand truth, and his actions will be vir- 
 tuous. And to tliofe who pra(5life virtue m ill 1 give fulncfs 
 and tranquillity." 
 
 Ruder having pronounced thcfc words to the angeb, was 
 abforbed in his OM'n brightnefs. 
 
 o 
 
 NOTE LII. 
 
 Page 73, line 15. ife (Aurengzebc) (hter mined to enforce 
 the. converfion of the Hindoos throughout the empire, hi/ the fe- 
 vereji penalties.^ — de graaf, when at H uglily in Bengal, in 
 the year 1670, fays, " Au mois de Janvier tons les gouverneurs 
 ■" ^- officiers maures rerurent ordre du Grand Mogul d' empecher 
 " r eaercice de la religion poyenne dans taut le pays, i^- dc fairc 
 " nnircr tous les temples ou pa godes des idolatres. On diniinua 
 " en meine temps les taxes des marchands Mahomedans Sc 
 " on augmenta celles des idolatres dans 1' efperance que 
 " qiielques Payens embraflbroient la religion Mahomcdannc. 
 " Etpour mieux fairc paroitre fa piete, I'empereurcnvoya a 
 " la Meccpic une trcs groflfe fomme d' argent a I'honneur de 
 " fon grand prophcte Mahomed. II depecha auffi des ordrcs 
 " pour dcfendre tous les lieux publics de debauche; inais 
 ■" pour lui il n' obf(M'voit pas ces ordres dans fon palais." 
 
 In
 
 Note*.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 251 
 
 In 1674 he forbad the ufe of cochineal in the dyeing of sect. 
 garments, as too fplendid a colour for the fandlity of a ^• 
 IMahomedan. 
 
 NOTE LIII. 
 
 Page 73) line 23. An olcl woman led a multitude in arms.'] — 
 This ftory is told by Manouchi, as well as by Dow, but with 
 different circumftances. 
 
 NOTE LIV. 
 
 Page 74, line 9. Abnir, Chit ore, and Joudpore, are the 
 three great Rajah/Jiips of Indojian^ — The Handing force and 
 revenue of thefe princes in 1 770, were reputed, 
 
 Of ABNIR, twenty thoufand horfe and eighteen thoufand 
 foot; revenue fourteen millions of rupees. 
 
 Of JOUDPORE, which is more commonly called the Rajah 
 of MARVAR, thirty thoufand horfe; his revenues above ten 
 millions of rupees. 
 
 Of CHiTORE, twenty thoufand horfe and ten thoufand foot; 
 his revenues likewife are computed at ten millions of rupees. 
 
 We have this note from Mr. C.AV. Bouguton Rouse ; and 
 hope that the late expedition from Bengal into the province 
 of JNIalva, will have acquired ample information concern- 
 ing the language, geography, and ancient hiftory of thefe 
 "i — 5- K k 2 countries ;
 
 252 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SECT, countries; for I'uch an opportunit}' will not foon occur 
 
 NOTE LV. 
 
 Page 75, line 29. The Rojah JeJJzcont Sing died in tht 
 beginning of the year 1 67 SJ\ — He had vritten the following 
 letter to Aurengzebe.- 
 
 " All due praife be rendered to the glory of the Almighty, 
 " and the munificence of your majefty, which is confpicuous 
 " as the fun and moon. Although I, your Avell-wiflier, have 
 *' feparated myfclf from your fublime prefence, I am never- 
 " thelefs zealous in the performance of every bounden a6l of 
 " obedience 'and loyalty. My ardent willies and ftrenuous 
 " fervices are employed to promote the profperity of the 
 " Kings, Nobles, Mirzas, Rajahs, and Roys, of the provinces 
 " of Iliudolhin, and the chiefs of iEraun, Turaun, Room, and 
 *' Shawn, the inhabitants of the fcven climates, and all per- 
 " fons travelling by land and by water. This my inclination 
 " is notorious, nor can your royal wifdom entertain a doubt 
 " thereof Reflecting therefore on my former fervices, and 
 '' your majefty's condefcenfion, I prefume to folicit the royal 
 " attention to fonic circumftances, in which the public as 
 " well as [)rivalc welfare is greatly intereftcd. 
 
 " I have been informed, that enormous funis have been 
 " dilfipated in the profccution of the defigns formed againft 
 " me, your well-wiflicr; and (hat you have ordered a tri- 
 
 " butc
 
 Notes.] O F THE MOG U L EMPIRE. S53 
 
 " bute to be levied to fatisfy the exigences of your ex- 
 " hauiled treafurv. 
 
 " Ma}' it pleafe your niajeAy, 3'our royal anceftor Malio- 
 " med Jelaul ul Deen Akbar, whofe throne is now in heaven, 
 " conduced the affairs of this empire in equity and firm 
 " feeurity for the fpace of fifty-two years, preferving every 
 " tribe of men in eafe and happinefs, whether the}' were fol- 
 " lowers of Jefus, or of Mofcs, or David, or Mahomed; were 
 " they Bramins, were they of the fe6l of dharians, which 
 " denies the eternity of matter, or of that which afcribes the 
 " exiilence of the world to chance, they all equally enjoj'cd 
 " his countenance and favour; infomuch that his people, in 
 " gratitude for the indifcriminate protection he afforded 
 " them, diftinguiflied him by the appellation of Juggut 
 " Grow (Guardian of Mankind). 
 
 " Ills majcfty lilahomcd Noor ul Deen Jehangheer, like- 
 *^* wife, whofe dwelling is now in paradife, extended, for a 
 " period of twenty-two years, the Ihadow of his prote(?^ion 
 *' t)vcr the heads of his people; fuccefsful by a conftant 
 " fidelity to his allies, and a vigorous exertion of his arm 
 " in bufinefs. 
 
 " Nor lefs did the illuftrious Sh^h Jelian, b\' a propitious 
 " reign of thirty-two \ears, acquire to himfelf immortal rcpu- 
 " tation, the glorious reward of clemency and virtue. 
 
 '* Such were the benevolent inclinations of your anceftors. 
 *' ^Vhillt they purfucd thefc great and generous principles, 
 
 '• v.hercfoevcr
 
 I. 
 
 254 . HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SECT. " wlicrefoever they diret'Hicd their fteps, conqueft and prot"- 
 '• perity went before them; and then they reduced many 
 " countries and fortrefles to their obedience. During your 
 " majeily's reign, niany liave been alienated IVoni the eni- 
 " pile, and farther lofs of tcrntoryniuft neceilarily follow, 
 '; iincc devaftation and rapine now ujiiverfa'Uy prevail with- 
 " out reftraint. Your fubjecls are tranij)led under foot, and- 
 '■ every province of your empire is impovcrilhed ; depopu>- 
 '•hit ion fpreads, and difficulties accumulate. AVhen indi- 
 " wence has reached the habitation of the fovereiiin and his- 
 " princes, what can be the condition of the nobles ? As to- 
 '• the Ibldiery, they are in murmurs ; the merchants com- 
 " plaining, the Mahomedans difcontented^ the Hindoos def- 
 " titute, and multitudes of people, wretched even to the 
 " Avant of their nightly meal, are beating their heads through- 
 " out the day in rage and dcfpcration. 
 
 " IIow can the dignity of the fovereign be preferved, who- 
 " employs his power in exading heavy tributes from a people 
 " thus miferably reduced ? At ihis juncture it is told from 
 " eaft to weft, that the emperor of Hindoftan, jeahnis of the 
 " poor Hindoo devotee, will exa6l a tribute from Bramins, 
 " Sanorahs, Joghics, Berawghics, Sonaffees ; that, regardlefs 
 " of the illuftrious honour of his Timurean race, he conde- 
 " fcends to exercife his power over the folitary inoffenfive 
 " anchoret. If your majefty places any faith in thofe books, 
 « by diftindion called divine, you will there be inllruded,. 
 
 " that
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 255 
 
 " that God is the God of all mankind, not the God of 
 " JMahomedans alone. The Pagan and the INIufluhnan are 
 *' equally in his prefencc. Diftin6lions of colour are of his 
 " ordination. It is he mIio gives exiftence. In your temples, 
 " to his name the voice is raifed in prayer ; in a houfe of 
 " images, where the bell is lliaken, ftill he is the objed: of 
 " adoration. To vilify the religion or cufloms of other 
 " men, is to fet at naught the pleafure of the Almighty. 
 " When we deface a pi6lure, we naturally incur the refent- 
 " ment of the painter; and juftly has the poet faid, Prefumc 
 " not to arraign or fcrutinize the various works of power 
 " divine. 
 
 " In fine, the tribute you demand from the Hindoos is 
 " repugnant to juftice : it is equally foreign from good po- 
 " licy, as it muft impoAcrifli the country : moreover, it is an 
 " innovation and an infringement of the laAvs of Hindoftan. 
 " But if zeal for your own religion hath induced you to deter- 
 *' mine upon this meafure, the demand ought, by the rules of 
 " equity, to have been made firft upon ram sing, who is 
 " efteemed the principal amongft the Hindoos. Then let 
 " your well-wiflier be called upon, with whom you will have 
 " lefs difficulty to encounter ; but to torment ants and flies 
 " is unworthy of an heroic or generous mind. It is wonder- 
 " ful that the minifters of your government fliould have 
 " negleded to inllrud your majefty in the rules of redlitude 
 " and honour." 
 •^ "^ K K 4 The
 
 256 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SECT. The elegant tranflatiou of this letter was made and given to 
 . r- us bv Mr.C.W.Bonditon Roufe. 
 
 o 
 
 NOTE LVI. 
 
 • Page 79, line 2. The ijland of Kcnary.'] — We have ex- 
 traded all we iky of the difputc, Avhich enfued for this and 
 the adjacent idand of Kenar}', from the daily correfpondence 
 between the council of Bombay, and their cruizcrs on this 
 fcrsice. 
 
 NOTE LVn. 
 
 Page 84, line 23. Dongong, zcherc the Eiiglijh had factors, 
 Chiipra, and other great marts, were again plundered, and 
 Brawpore Jiut its gates.'] — Dongong is ]ike^^'ife fpelt in the 
 records, Dorongom, and Drongom. Cong means a town, 
 and occurs frequently in the geography of Candifli and 
 Aurengabad, and Hill more in the Morattoe country. We 
 find that the Englifli prcfidcncy at Surat, cftabliflicd a 
 fad;ory at Drongom, in April l6"7-i; but their correfpond- 
 ence docs not afcertain the fituation of the place, which 
 appears to have been under the jurifdidion of Aurengabad ; 
 for on fome injury which the fadory had received fVom 
 the Phoufdar of the diftrid (it was towards the end of 
 1682) the prcfidcncy procured a letter frouj tijc governor of 
 
 Surat
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 
 
 Surat to the Duan at Aurengabad, to rcdrcrs tlie grievance. 
 The fadlors fay, that Drougom is 130 cofs from Surat: the 
 road -ivas by Saler Molcr and Nourdabar, whereabouts a 
 caphila of the compauy's goods, coming from Drongom, 
 was phmdercd in Jannary 1681, by a troop of banditti, who 
 M'ere not Morattoes. 
 
 jMr. D'Anville, following Thevenot, in liis route from 
 Brampore to ]3idor and Golcondah, gives a Deuigong, to 
 the eaft of Brampore and Aurengabad, nearly equally diilaut 
 from both. And its dillance from Surat agrees nearly with 
 the 1 30 cofs given by the factors. We find this place in our 
 Mss. of the Decan, under the province of berar, as the 
 head of a purgunnah or diftrid, in the government or circar 
 of Mekker. 
 
 A T>ongom arifes in the marches of IMr. Buffy, between 
 Aurcno-abad and Golcondah ; but its diftance from Surat is 
 too great, not to prefer the other : this Dongom is not 
 mentioned in our aiss. of the Decan, under the fubahs either 
 of Aurengabad, Bider, or Golcondah ; to one of which it 
 niuft belong. 
 
 The invethrrent provided for the company at Drongom in 
 16" 8 3, was, 
 
 10,000 pieces of broad baftacs. 
 
 1 0,000 pieces of fevaguzzies. 
 
 -2,500 maunds (100,000 lbs.) of turmerick. 
 
 L L 
 
 257
 
 258 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SECT. 
 I. 
 
 NOTE LVlil. 
 
 Ptige 86, line 23. Amongst others, they Jacked Tluttanrj, a 
 very coufiderahle mart.'] — llutlaiiy is mentioned as fucli, not 
 oniy by Fryer, but likewife in the records of the Enghfli fac- 
 tory at Carwar, which had continual dealings there; never- 
 thelcfs, if at that time, it has not of late years been the head 
 of a purgunnah or dill;ri6i, becaufe the name does not occur 
 in our iiss. of the Decan. ]\Ir. D'anville has placed a 
 town called Atfeni, forty miles west of Viziapore, and twenty 
 EAST of Raibaug; but this is too near the capital to have 
 been maintained for any time, although it might have for- 
 merly been plundered by Scvagi. AVe have inferted the 
 Attcni of ]\Ir. D'Anville into our map. 
 
 NOTE LIX. 
 
 Page 89, line 14. JUs (Sevagi's) dijorder, although iiicrcaf- 
 ing every day, was kept fecret within his palace at Ilairce ; and 
 if it had been piihUJlied u-ould not have been believed, J/nce he 
 had more titan once Jent abroad reports of his death, at the very 
 time he was Jetting out on fome Jignal excurfion.'\ 
 
 Page 90, line '2. lie expired on the 5th of April 1680, and 
 in the fijty-fecond year of his age.] — bomuav, on the 28th of 
 April 1680, write to the prcfidency of Surat; " We have cer- 
 
 « tain
 
 I. 
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 259 
 
 " tain news that skvagee kajaii i.s dead; it is now twenty- sect. 
 
 " tlirec days lincc he dcccafed, 'tis laid of a bloody flux, 
 " being lick tMelve days. How affairs go in his country, we 
 " lliall advife as comes to our knowledge ; at prcfent all is 
 " quiet, and Sambagee Rajah is at Parnella." The purport 
 of another letter from Bombay to Surat, which is dated the 
 3d of May 1680, likewiie confirms the death of Sevagi. 
 
 Surat, anfwering, on the 7th of May, to the letter from 
 Bombay of the 2Sth April, fay, "sevagef/s death is con- 
 " firmed from all places ; yet fome are ftill under a doubt of 
 " the truth, fuch reports having been ufed to run of him before 
 " fome confiderable attempt; therefore fliall not be too confi- 
 " dent until better allured." The next letter from Surat is of 
 the 18th of ]\Iay, in which they exprefs no farther doubt of 
 his death ; and two Englifh fat!:^ors, who had been fent to 
 Rajapore in order to receive the balance of account allowed 
 by Sevagi to the compan}', write on the £2d of June to 
 Bon^bay, that they were difappointed by the arrival of a new 
 fubadar or governor, who declared that he lliould pay nothing 
 without the exprefs orders of samdagee; on which the lac- 
 tors fent a nielTengcr to Sambagee, Avho was certainly at 
 Pannela, and aufwered, that he Ihould examine the accounts, 
 but was at that time employed in other affairs. 
 
 '1 he agency of Bengal, in anf\ser to the advices they had 
 received from Bombay of sevagi's death, write on the 13th 
 of December 1U80, "sevagi has died fo often, that fome 
 
 L L 2 " begin
 
 260 HISTORICAL FHAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SECT. " begin to think him iinmortal. 'J'is certain, little belief caiv 
 y^'^ " be given to any report of his death, until experience tell 
 " the-wainhig of .his hitherto profperous affairs; fince when 
 ^^ We dies indeed, it^i^ thought he lias none to leave behind 
 " liim that' is capacitated to carry on tilings at the rate and 
 " fortune he has all along done." 
 
 The dates we have quoted from IJombay, Surat, and- 
 Rajapore, inconteftably prove, that Mr. Fryer is niillaken in 
 fayingv sevagi died on the firft of June 1680; but as Mr. 
 Fryer did not digcft his letters for publication until twenty 
 years after their date, his memory might cafily fail in cor- 
 redling the error of his memorandum. But Catrou, although 
 guided by manoucui (who fays more of Sevagi than all 
 the other writers, and particularizes the canfe of his death) 
 fimply fays, that he died in 1679: from which we con- 
 clude, that Catrou did not find the particular date in Ma- 
 nouchi's manufcript, and gave it generally from a conjedlure 
 of his OAvn, 
 
 NOTE LX. 
 
 Page DO, line 6. Attendants, animals, and wives, were burnt 
 with his corpfe.^ — We have thefe circumflances of Se vagi's 
 funeral from Mr. Fryer; from whom we likewife learn, that 
 Sevagi, during Mr. Oxendcn's cmbafly in 1674, married his 
 fourth wife; but the mother of his fon Rann'ajah Avas ex- 
 4. cniptcd
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. q61 
 
 empted from his flincial pile; and fo would Sarnbagi's, if flie sect, 
 had been ahve, as having botli paffed the term of beauty, ■^'^^ 
 which feems alone to bo confecratcd to this cruel penalty, 
 and almoft revokes the refpe6t which contemplation cannot 
 refufe to the gentle manners of the Hindoos in all other 
 obfervanccs. 
 
 The Bramins always prefide and officiate in thefe facrifices, 
 and with more zeal than in any other of their prieftly func- 
 tions, excepting when they facrifice themfelves to fave the 
 temple of their religion. 
 
 The Jefuits in jarric fay, that three hundred and feveu- 
 ty-five women burnt with the naigue of Tanjore, who died 
 in 1602; Avhich we fuppofe to be the honeft but enthufiaftic 
 credulity of miffionaries lamenting the infernal ftate of the 
 lieathens they wiflied to convert. 
 
 If the princes of the Hindoos, who alone could have fup- 
 prefied, have encouraged thefe deathful rites, by fuffering the 
 profufion devoted to their own obfequies; they themfelves 
 are ol^liged to furrender even an infant daughter, if be- 
 trothed, to the immolation, when called for by the manca 
 of a hufband. 
 
 NOTE LXr. 
 
 Page 91, line 20. Broods were ra'ifcd from iltc mojl ap^ 
 proved.] — The liorfcs bred in India, although naturally more 
 
 vicious
 
 I. 
 
 262 HISTORICAL FRAGMExNTS [Xotes, 
 
 SECT, vicious than thofe of Arabia, Perfia, and Tartary, are, like 
 thcni, preferved intire. It is rare that any of race or value 
 have been feen by the European travellers at open pafturc; 
 which in Coromandel is too arid, and in Bengal too rank, to 
 give them fize and vigour; neverthelefs a few are feen ftrag- 
 gling in every part of thefe countries, but fo diminutive and 
 naught, that no one owns them, and they may be taken up 
 for the fee of a {ew pence to the Zemindar : and there is a 
 breed at colar, weft of velore, which, although rcftive, 
 and not hardy, ferve for the wretched cavalry of the neigh- 
 bouring polygars. Sevagi, at the time of his death, had 
 60,000 horfe, and as many foot, always ready for the field, 
 befides his ftationary guards and garrifons. The IMorattoc 
 horfes are of all forts and fizes, but always lean, active, and 
 hardy, the efl'ec^l of continual exercife and fatigue, fo that it 
 is probable fewer furvive than perilh under the experiment 
 of fervice. In detachments of ambufcade they rode mares, 
 not to be difcovered by neighing. It is worth the inquiry 
 to know in what parts of India the good horfes are bred, 
 together with the properties of the foil, and the care of the 
 breeder. 
 
 A raec which have height and agility arc bred on the river 
 KUTCii; another, ftronger, on the indus, but in what part wc 
 have not yet difcovered. 
 
 Mr. Fryer fays, that sevagi ftablcd his choiceft horfes at 
 DECiR, at the foot of the guut going to Jenneah, "for the 
 
 " conveniency
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 263 
 
 " conveniency of this plain to fupply thcni with liay and sect, 
 " corn, which caufeth them to have tlic greater force." By v^^ 
 corn we fuppofe he means rice. M. Anquetil du Perron, in 
 his journey from Surat to BaflTein, faw near Naucari " des 
 *' paturages garnies de chevaux." We have found no other 
 mentions ofjiahles or hoffe paftures in the Morattoe country. 
 AVliere are the rell ? 
 
 NOTE LXII. 
 
 Page 94, Hne 3. In perfonal aBivity lie exceeded all gene- 
 rals of whom there is record.l — Mr. Fryer fays, that he even 
 wiilicd to command his fleet in perfon, and tried the element; 
 but his conftitution could not overcome the naufea. 
 
 NOTE LXIII. 
 
 Page 95, line 5. His Ji ate has been aluiays increafing.'] — 
 It is faid that Aurengzebe ufed to call Sevagi, the Mountain 
 Rat; and we have often wondered what affinity there could 
 be, to give occafion for this epithet. One fays, that Seva 
 means a rat, in one of the Indian languages. AVe thought it 
 might be in derifion of his figure, which was fhort, thick, and 
 black : but wc have now found (Jan. 1785) in Bretl's Feyjoo, 
 vol. 1, page 58, a defcription of the properties of an animal 
 which Feyjoo calls the Rat of India, that makes the appel- 
 lation
 
 264 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SECT, lation applied to Sevagi a compliment, ami very chara6teriltic 
 
 I. 
 
 of his military policy. 
 
 However we muft not be fure that Aurcngezebe liad this 
 animal in his idea, until we know whether it exiils in India 
 Proper; for if it does not, but in other parts of the Eaft. 
 Indies, and if not there, in America, which the Spaniards 
 call India, it may be that Aurengzebe never had any idea 
 of the animal, unlcfs he read it in fomc Arabic, Turkifli, 
 or Pei'fic hiftory, in all which languages he was completely 
 Ikilled. — This mull be inquired into, for the allufion is moil 
 appofite. 
 
 NOTE LXIV. 
 
 Page 95, line (>. This Jiafe comprifed, on the zccftcrn fide 
 of India, all the coafl, with the baek country oj the hills from 
 Mirzeou to Verfal ; excepting the Jmall territonj of Goa to the 
 fouth, Bombay, Salcette, and the Portuiruefe country between 
 Bajj'ein and Daman to the north.'\ — Thus sevagi had re- 
 duced the whole trad; of the fea-coaft, which had been fub- 
 jecl to the kingdom of Viziapore; and, according to bald.^^us, 
 who was in India from 1655 to J666, extended from the river 
 Mirzeou to Dando. Dando lies between As;acim and Da- 
 man ; from whence to Verfal, thirty miles, we fuppofe be- 
 longed cither to the IMoguls, or to indc])cndent llajalis. 
 
 N O T E
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE, 265 
 
 NOTE LXV. 
 
 Page 95, line 12. The zs)hole (of sevagi's dominion to the 
 weft) may he ejieemed four hundred 7niles in length, and one 
 hundred and iuentij in breadth.] — To fave doubt, and the 
 trouble of comparifon, we fliall obferve, that this extent dif- 
 fers from what is given in Note xxix; becaufe there we are 
 computing what we fuppofe to have been the original country 
 of the Morattoes, but here, the territory which sevagi had 
 reduced under his own fovereignty. 
 
 NOTE LXVI. 
 
 Page 100, hne 16. acbau] — berjtieii fays, that Aureng- 
 zebe (in the year IGG4) " fummoned his privy council, and 
 " the moft; learned pcrfons of his court, to decide on the new 
 " preceptor he fliould give to his third fon acbar, Avhom he 
 " intends to be his fucceftbr." Acbar was at this time about 
 feven years of age; and we find by other accounts, that this 
 preference arofe from Acbar being the fon of a Mahomedan 
 mother, the daughter of Shdnavaze Khan, who, as one of the 
 Sophy famil}', was defcended from IMahomed, by his daugh- 
 ter married to Ali; whereas the Sultans Mauzum and Azim 
 were born of the daughters of Rajpoot princes. We are 
 ignorant hoAv long the preference of Acbar continued ; but it 
 had ceafcd fome time before the commencement of the war 
 
 M M againft
 
 2(56 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 againft the Rajpoot Rajahs; and probably from the concur- 
 rence of feveral caufes. Sultan Mauzum had nianifefted 
 abilities, courage, and on all occafions implicit obedience ; 
 and in thefe qualities even Sultan Azim exceeded Acbar; 
 who, naturally wayward and arrogant, atfumed the fuccellion 
 to the throne as a right, inftead of an undue predilection in 
 his favour; which diminiflied ftill more after the birth of 
 Cawn Bukfli, whom Aurengzebe cherillied with the utmoft 
 tendernefs, as the fon of his old age, and of his favourite wife 
 Udeperri, who governed him in all concerns relating to his 
 family: and from this time Aurengzebe no longer held out 
 Sultan Acbar as the general heir of the empire; whom this 
 change in his expectations exafpcrated to the revolt we are 
 relatinc 
 
 N O T E LXVII. 
 
 Page 101, line l-i. This day was the Wth (read the 9th) of 
 January 16S1.] — AVe have taken this date from Manouchi, 
 one of the very few he gives; although it barely allows time 
 tor what paifcd within the limit of another date, of which 
 there can be no doubt. 
 
 NOTE LXVIII. 
 
 Page 102, line 15. The pavilions of Aurengzche^ — AVhick 
 
 are dcfcribcd by ivianouciii as compartments of wood; but 
 
 i Bernicr,
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 267 
 
 Bernier, who went on the journey to Caflimire in 1664, sect. 
 
 defcribes the field equipage of Aurengzebe at that time, as v^^. 
 confilting of tents. 
 
 NOTE LXIX. 
 
 Page 103, line 3. Achar put Ids treafure, with his infant 
 fon and daughter, and the females of his family, on his elephants 
 and camels^ 
 
 * Page 103, line 10. But Achar only accepted the fervice of 
 500 Rajpoots, and the protection of the Jtate to his children and 
 family.] 
 
 Neither Manouchi, ^vho we believe was at this time in the 
 arm}' of Sultan ]\Iauzum, nor ovingtojst and hamiltoiv, 
 who were at Surat in 1 690, and fpeak of this revolt, make any 
 mention of Sultan Acbar's children : they appear in the 
 Surat records of the year 1693, and explain a point of hiftorj', 
 left in great obfcurity by all the accounts we have feen of the 
 acceilion of the emperor Mahomed Shah, in 171 8. 
 
 NOTE LXX. 
 
 Page 104, line 15 and 16. Achar — arrived on the Jirfl of 
 June (IC8I) at Pawlee Gur, a fort and town at the foot of the 
 Gauts, a day's Journey from the fliore oppojite to Boinhay.^ — 
 Bombay writes to Surat on the 10th of June 1 681, "There 
 
 IT M s has
 
 CG8 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [x\otes. 
 
 sr.cT. " has been rt flying report here for feme days, that sultan 
 ^' *' ECBAR is come down into Samhao;ee's country; and two 
 " davs ago came over hither from the main a Moor inhabi- 
 " tant of our ifland, who fays he faw him at a place called 
 " Fawlee, about a day's jom'ney from Negofan, -whete he is 
 " with about four hundred horfe, and two hundred and fifty 
 " camels, and fome fmall number of foot, being all that is 
 " with him ; that he is fainted as king; at his entrance into 
 " the Rajah's dominions was met by fevcral of his grandees, 
 *' l)y his order, and conducted to the aforefaid place, where 
 " it is faid the Rajah is daily expeded to wait on him. "We 
 " intend a man over to the main, who fliall go where he is, 
 ♦' and learn what he can, and then fliall give you a full ac- 
 " count of all. It's faid that the ranah* and sambagee 
 " RAJAH intend to join their forces, and endeavour to fet 
 " SULTAN ECBAR lu liis father's kingdom-f-." 
 
 Again, Bombay, on the twenty-firft of June, writes to 
 Surat; " Our laft was of the tenth inftant, fent by the Carwar 
 " exprefles. We then wrote you of sultan ecbar's being 
 " at a place called Pawlee, near Negofan, and of our inten- 
 ♦' tions to fend a man thither to enquire into the truth of it, 
 " and learn what might be farther worthy your knowledge. 
 '• The man we fent returned to us lad night, and brings us 
 " this account: The sultan is really there; he is a white 
 
 * We fuppofe, of Cliitoie. 
 
 •|- A niiftivkc, we fuppofe, for tliioiK', 
 
 " man
 
 Notes.] O F TH E M O G U L E M P I RE. 269 
 
 " man of middle ftature, of about Co vears* of age: he is 
 " lodged in a large houfe covered with Itraw, at the foot of 
 " Pawlee Gur: it has tallah walls; but fmce his being there, 
 " are jJuUed down; it is lined within with white calico, and 
 '• fpread with ordinary carpets : he fits open : with him of 
 " any note is but one man, called Drugdas, a liajhpoot of the 
 " ranch's, in great efteem with his mafter; about five hun- 
 " dred horfe, and but fifty camels; a fmall parcel of foot: 
 *' they are all lodged near about the sultax, and are mofi; 
 " HdJJipouts, very few 3Ioors. Without them is quite round 
 " placed about three lumdred foot, Sambagee Rajah's men, 
 " who keep guard : all the Subadars near about are there to 
 " wait on him; and about fimr days ago came from Sambagee 
 •' Rajah to him, one Harji Pharfang, a perfini of great 
 " quality and efteem : he brought with him a letter from his 
 " mafter, and a prcfcnt that Avas laid down at the sultan's 
 " feet; 1000 pagodas, a large firing of great pearl, hanging 
 *' to it a rich jewel fet with a very large diamond, and a large 
 " jewel of diamonds for the head, with many pieces of rich 
 " India and Perfia ftuffs : the 1000 pagodas the next day he 
 " divided amongfl: his men. All the refpedl imaginable is 
 *' paid him ; and provifions for himfelf, horfe, and men, is 
 " daily brought in by the feveral Subadars, being sambagee 
 " KAjAii's orders; who himfelf waits for a good day to fet 
 
 * See Note lxvi. concerning Acbnr's age. 
 
 " out
 
 S70 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 " oul of Pernella * towards the Sultan, which, it is talked, 
 " Av ill be ill a lew days more ; and that he will wait on the 
 " Sultan Handing, and not lit in his prefonce; for the Sultan 
 " permits none to fit in his prefence, and all that come to 
 *' him falute him as king. He is in want of money, but 
 " hath with him jewels of great value. It is in every body's 
 " mouth on the main, that the ranaii and sambagee 
 *' RAJAH, (Sec. Rajahs, do refolve to join all their forces, and 
 *' endeavour to make him king : and this is all we have 
 " concerning him." 
 
 NOTE LXXI. 
 
 Page 105, line 21. ramrajah was fent to rejide in one of 
 the forts of the Camaticl — We have not yet been able to 
 difcover in what fort : but fuppofe the knowledge might eafily 
 be obtained at JNIadrals, although with more difficulty, what 
 is of more concern, the circumllanccs of his life, during the 
 nine enfuing years. 
 
 NOTE LXXll. 
 
 Page 118, line 5. In thin year, iG82, the Englijh company s 
 fadiors were expelled from Bantam, in the ijlaml of Java.]. — 'J"he 
 
 * Pannela. 
 
 nmrderous
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 271 
 
 nnirflerous Ijufincfs of Amhoi/na in 1624, with the later ex- 
 pulfion of the Enghtli from MacnJ'ar in 1670, and now from 
 BANTABi, Avith the inevitable fall of their diftant fa6lories 
 under this agency, gave the dutch, who likewife held the 
 coafts of cfiYLON, the exclufive pofleffion of the four rich 
 fpices, with the greateft fliare of the pepper, produced in 
 the Eaft Indies; and this monopoly had been fo evidently 
 the objed: of their policy, from the firft outfets of their trade 
 to India*, that the revolution of Bantam was imputed, 
 even before examination, by all except themfelves, to the 
 profecution of the fame defign. The difcuffion foon followed. 
 Mr. Chidlie, the Englifli envoy, delivered a memorial to the 
 States General in April 1683, and was atTifted by Sir John 
 Chardin, the traveller, deputed by the Eaft India company. 
 But at the end of the year the company prepared twenty-two 
 fliips, and avowed their intention of reinftating themfelves in 
 Bantam by force of arms: on which the states broke off the 
 negotiation; and in INIarch 1684 the king, ciiarles th6 2d, 
 flopped the armament, ready to fail, and ordered the negoti- 
 ation to be refumed by his miniftcrs; when, after many de- 
 lays, it was agreed that four commiflioners fhould be named 
 
 * See efpeciiilly Memoire drefle par 1' admiral C. Matclief an fujet de I'Etat 
 et du commerce des Indes, vol. 6 of tlie Recueil drs Voyages qui ont fcrvi a 
 retabliflemeut et au progrez de la Compagnie dcs ludcs Orientates des Pais 
 Bas. 8vo. A Rouen mdccxxv. 
 
 And indeed the narratives in tliis wliolc collct^ion prove tlicir earnefr puifuit 
 to acfpiire tliis monopoly lo Uiemi'elvcs. 
 
 by
 
 I. 
 
 272 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SECT, hy each of the companies, ^vho were to prefer their demands 
 and obje^ions to a board of dccifors, confining of eight 
 members, four appointed by the king, and four by the ftates. 
 The Englifh dccifors were the Lords Sunderland, Clarendon, 
 Piochefter, and Middlelon. The Dutch were hkewife of high 
 rank*; and four directors of their company-f- were oppofed 
 to Sir Jofeph Aflie, the governor, Sir Jofiah Child the de- 
 puty-governor. Sir John Bathvuft and Sir Jeremy Sambrooke, 
 directors of the Engl i 111 company. Tlie procefs was held in 
 London, to which the Dutch direc^tors and dccifors repaired. 
 The allegations and teftimonies were all preferred in writing ; 
 and the firft was delivered by the Dutch diredors on the 27th 
 of !May iGSj; but after fixteen anfwers and replies, befides 
 much more in proofs and arguments, nothing was decided in 
 January iGSG ; when, from the ceffaiion of the pleas, we fup- 
 pofe the Dutch reprefentatives returned to Holland, where 
 Ave find the negotiation renewed by the Marquis D'Abbeville, 
 in Auguft 1G87, wiih additional complaints of new violences 
 committed at Gombroon, Mctchkpatam, and on the INIalabar 
 coaft. But ftill no reparation was made, and probably no 
 
 * Lord And). TIciiifuis, councillor and ponfionar^' of tlie city of Dclf; .John 
 GoeSj lord of Abainade, conful of the cit}' of Leyilon; Ifaac V'andeii Ileuvcll, 
 councillor; Adrigan de Borirdc Vander Hogc, fenator of the fupreme court of 
 Holland. 
 
 'h 'lie Hecr Gerrard Ilooft of the council of Amftcrdam ; Jacob Van Hoorn 
 of the council of Flulhing; Solomon Van dc Ulocciuerii, and Adrian Taels, of 
 the council of Rotterdam. 
 
 longer
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 273 
 
 longer urged b\' the councils of England, agitating Mith the 
 Dutch a REVOLUTION of very different import.* 
 
 The pleas of the tAvo coni])anies appear in two publica- 
 tions. The one intitled, " A J uilification of the Dire6lors 
 " of the Netherlands conn)any, as delivered to the States 
 *' General the 522nd of July 1 6S6, touching the affair of Bail- 
 " tani, and other controverfies at Macajfar, and on the coaft 
 ^^,'oi Malabar, and at Gamron; with a juftification in anfwer 
 " to feveral memorials lately given to the States General by 
 *' the Marquis of Albeville, touching Majlipatam and othej* 
 " parts of India." The whole factum is dated the 4th of 
 October 1687, and Avas tranllated into French, and miferable 
 Englifli. It is a dull and conceited performance, and was 
 anfwered by " An impartial vindication of the Englifli 
 " Eaft India cQnipany from the iinjufl and flanderous iinpu- 
 " tations caft upon them in a treatife, intitled, A Juftification 
 " of the Directors of the Netherlands Eaft India company, 
 " iS:c." London, i678. The Dutch treatife was annexed to 
 the Englifli vindicationj-, in which are feveral pofitious 
 Avhich, without his name, fufhciently indicate the knowledge 
 and good fcnfe of Sir Jofiah Child, whofe opinions % con- 
 cerning the commerce of India, although continually cla- 
 
 * See Additional Note concerning the expulnon of the Englifli from 
 JIacaflar in 1670^ and from Bantam in 1682, page 277. 
 
 t Both were printed together, London, 1678, oftavo. 
 
 I Publiflied in a treati'fc, intitled, Tiie Eaft India trade a riwft profitable trade 
 to tlie nation. London, 1677^ quarto. 
 
 N N mottreJ
 
 274 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SKCT. niourecl againft, have not been confuted by the experience 
 '• of a century. 
 
 The Dutch company denied the accufation of having infti- 
 gated the young king to expel tlie Enghih from bantam^ 
 and inliiled that it proceeded naturally from liis relentment 
 of the affiftance -which the Englifli had given his father 
 when beheging him, until routed by the Dutch forces from 
 Batavia. It was iinpofiible at that time to prove the infli- 
 galion by pohtive witneffes or documents; but the confe- 
 quences left no doubt; for they got both kings into their 
 power, confined the father, and kept the young king in fub- 
 je(9;ion under their own guards, allowing him indeed a main- 
 tenance, with fome reprefentation, but obliging him to 
 authenticate whalfoever regulations they thought proper to 
 make in the government. The M-hoIe kingdom of Bantam 
 was fenfible of this condition, even whilft the commiflTaries 
 were difputing in London, as appears by the relation which 
 father tachaiid the jefuit has publifhed, of the embalTy fent 
 by LOUIS the xivth to the king of siam. The two fliips 
 which efcorted Monfieur de Chaumont*, put into Bantam 
 in Auguft 1685, and were denied all communication with 
 the fliore; but acquired fufficient knowledge to afcribe the 
 revolution to the fame arts and motives as were allcdged at 
 this very time by the dire6lors of the Englifli company in 
 
 * The embuflador, 
 
 London.
 
 XoTts/ OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 275 
 
 London. The Chevalier vorbin, in his ingenuous memoirs sect. 
 of his own life, agrees Avith father Tachard on this fubjeft, ^• 
 although on no otlier concerning the fplendid and nonfen- 
 lical embafly in which they were employed. 
 
 Nothing is faid of the military operations of the revolution, 
 either by Forbin or Tachard; and ver^' little by either of the 
 two companies : but they are amply, although not diftin^lly, 
 related by fryke^^ the furgeon, Avho ferved through the Avar, 
 and continued at Bantam eighteen months after it ended. 
 An army of three thoufand Europeans and five thoufand 
 natives marched by land from Batavia, fighting their Avay, 
 and oppofed by fortieffes; whilfl twenty-tAvo fliips, Avith 
 many fmall veffels, co-operated from the fea : but the credit 
 of fryke's relation is much impaired by his exaggerations 
 of the tlaughter; for, according to his account, not lets than 
 forty thoufand JaA^ans Avere flain in the different fights and 
 engagements; of the Europeans with the Dutch, only five 
 hundred. 
 
 Fryke has cxprefied his opinion of this revolution Avith 
 much fimplicity. After the Avar, " the Javans," he fays, could 
 '• iiardly bear the Hollanders for a gi-eat Avhile; and truly 
 
 * Fryke failed for Batavia in May i6So, and rcluincd to Holland in Auguft 
 1085. His voyage is tranllatcd, and [jubliflied in London, 1700 (ot^avo) together 
 Avilli sciiEWirzEii's, who went from Holland in the beginning of 1675, and 
 returned in Auguft 1682. We partieularize the terms which the different 
 writers we mentioii continued abroad, that fuch of our readers who wifli to 
 inveftigate any portions of the hiftory of India, may know where to fcek 
 cotemporary authorities. 
 
 N N 2 " their
 
 #76 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 " their anli[)atliy againft us was not vholly without Ibmc 
 " grounds;, feeing that we, being foreigners, had invaded their 
 " territories, and talcen poffeilion of all they had, and thea 
 ^ " lorded it over them. They being a very liily fort of people, 
 " had no other May to fliew their fpite and refentnient, than 
 " by making mouths at the Dutch as they paffed by, and 
 " fometimes fpitting upon Ihcm — of which- the}' were cured 
 " by a good box on the ear. 
 
 " Admiral tagk was all this while lodged in the apart- 
 " ment which belore belonged to the estglisii, where the 
 " 3^ouMg king ufed to come and vifit him almoft every day, 
 " and maintained a faithful friendlhip with him. In a little 
 *^ time, things being fettled, a propofal was made to the 
 " young king by the Dutch, that if he would refign intirely 
 *' all claim of power and jurifdi<5^iou over his people, cuftom, 
 " &c. they would allow him fuch a fum as would enable him 
 "' to keep up his^ grandeur, and live like a king, (a titular one, 
 " that is) and would be obliged to pa}^ him fome thoufands 
 " of gilders every month. To this he condefcended, whether 
 " through fear or indifference I cannot well fay; and a 
 *' certain, penfion was likewife fettled upon his two. young 
 " piinces : all which was paid according to agreement. The 
 " reft of the nobility and chief of the land remained in pof- 
 " feffion of their goods and lands as before, only that they 
 " were now fubje6l to the Dutch government. Thus the 
 '*'■ Dutch compaiTcd their whole dcfign by force and policy, 
 
 " and
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 277 
 
 *' and by fail' means became mafters of that kingdom, which 
 " Mas and had been fo long flouriihing, and famous for its 
 " vail trade and traffic; and that in fo little time as from 
 •' 1682 to 1685. That I believe hiltory will hardly aiford 
 " an inftance of a more fudden change of affairs in fo great 
 " a kingdom." 
 
 Fryke, although a German, had no prejudices againll the 
 Dutch company, but Irequently admires the policy and regur 
 larity of their government. 
 
 The armament which the Englifli company prepared 
 to recover Bantam, enabled them afterwards to enoaoe in 
 other wars.. 
 
 Fadors were left at Bantam b}-^ Sir James Lancafter, in the 
 firft voyage made on the company's account to the Eaft 
 Indies. He failed from Bantam, on his return to England, 
 in February 1603*; but the regular factory, which continued 
 imtil the expulfion under notice, was eftablifhed by captain 
 Keeling, in leopjv 
 
 2\DDiTio]srAL Note. 
 
 xAuTHORiTiES for the date of the expulfion of the Englifli 
 from Macaffar in 1670, ai'e, 
 
 I. The treaty between Matzuyher, general of Batavia, with 
 the king of jMacaflfar, dated in November 1667; in which 
 treaty the king engageth to expel the Portuguefc, and the 
 Englifli with them. 
 
 * Purchas, in hisPiLOEiMSj yol, i. page 162. t Idem, page C04. 
 
 2. la
 
 278 iilSTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SECT. -• 1" l^^e JuUifiration of the Dutch Eaft India company, 
 , ^" printed London 1688, in odlavo, p. 46, 47, Avhich Juftifi- 
 cation is dated October the 4th, 1687, they wonder the Enghfli 
 dare to publifl), that the EnghHi were fechided fiom the 
 commerce of jVIacaffar, by a contraB with thofe peo{)]e, as 
 printed at Batavia in November 1667 — becaufe all former 
 fubje(5ls of compUiiut were given to obhvion by the treaty 
 or agreement of l67f, and two treaties before this agree- 
 ment; — l)ecaufe the Dutch can juftify to tlie world their right 
 of making fuch contrads; — becaufe the contra6l in queftion 
 T^as made duiing the war with England, or at leaft before 
 the peace concluded in 1667 was or could be known in the 
 Indies, or at INIacaffar. 
 
 And now, fays the Dutch writer, the Englilh make com- 
 plaints (on this fubjed of Macaffar) eighteen years after. 
 
 Eighteen years back from the 4th of Ot^ober 1687, carries 
 us up to 0<ftober 1669: allow eighteen to be meant as a 
 general number, we may conclude for the year 1670, as we 
 have faid. 
 
 Burnet, under the year 1684, mentions the buiinefs of 
 Bantam as follows: — "A quarrel was depending between the 
 Englifli and the Dutch Eaft India company. The Dutch had a 
 mind to drive us out of Bantam; for they did not love to fee 
 the Emilifli fettle fo near ]3atavia. So thcv cnga2;ed tiie old 
 king of Bantam into a war with his fon, who was in poficirion 
 of Bantam : and the fon was fupported by the EngHlh. But 
 ^ the
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 279 
 
 the old king drove out his fan, by the help that the Dutch 
 gave him; and he drove out the Enghfli likewife, as having 
 efpoufed his fon'^s rebellion againft him; though v/e under- 
 liood tliat he had refigiied the kingdom to his fon, but that 
 by the inlligation of the Dutch he had now invaded him. 
 It is certain, our court laid up this in their heart, as that 
 upon which they would lay the foundation of a new war 
 with the ftates, as foon as we lliould be in a condition 
 to undertake it. The Eaft India company faw this, and 
 that the court preffed them to make public rcmonltrances 
 upon it, which gave a jealoufy of an ill defign under it. 
 So they refolved to proceed, rather in a very flow nego- 
 eiation, than in any thing that might give a handle to a 
 rupture." 
 
 Farther on, under the year 1688, Burnet fays, "I begin 
 the year with Albevillc's negociation after his coming to 
 the Hague. He had, before his going over, given in a 
 threatening memorial upon the bufmefs of Bantam, that 
 looked like a prelude to a declaration of war ; for he de- 
 manded a prefeut anfwer, fmce the king could no longer bear 
 the injuftice done him in that matter, which was fet forth in 
 very high words. He fent this memorial to be printed at 
 Amfterdam, before he had communicated it to the ftates. 
 The chief effed that this had, was, that the anions of the 
 company did fmk for forae days ; but they rofe foon again : 
 and by this, it was faid, that Albeville himfelf made the 
 
 greateft
 
 £80 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SECT, greateft gain. Tlic Eaft India fleet was then expeded home 
 x^^ every day ; fo the merchants, who remembered well the bufi- 
 nefs of the Smirna fleet in the year feven£y-two, did appre- 
 hend that the king had fent a fleet to intercept them, and 
 that this memorial was intended only to prepare an apology 
 for that breach, when it fliould happen : but nothing of that 
 fort followed upon it. The fl;ates did anfwer this memorial 
 with anotiier, that was firm, but more decently expreffed. By 
 tlieir lafl: treaty with England it was provided, that in cafe 
 any difputes fliould arife between the merchants of either 
 flde, commillioners fliould be named on both fides, to hear 
 and judge the matter. The king had not yet named any of 
 his fide; fo that the delay lay at his door: they were there- 
 fore amazed to receive a memorial in fo high a ftrain, fince 
 they had done all that by the treaty was incumbeiit on them. 
 Albeville after this gave in another memorial, in which he 
 defired them to fend over commiflioners for cndins: that dif- 
 pule. But though this was a great fall fi-om the height in 
 which the former n>emorial was conceived, yet in this the 
 thing was fo ill apprehended, that the Dutch had reafon to 
 believe that the king's mini^^ers did not know the treaty, or 
 were not at leifure to read it: for, according to the treaty, 
 and the prefent pofture of that bufinefs, the king was obliged 
 to fend over commiflioners to the Hague, to judge of that 
 affair. AVhen this memorial was anfwered, and the treaty 
 was examined, the matter was let fall." 
 
 NOTE
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE, £81 
 
 NOTE LXXIII. 
 
 Page 129, line 6. Cliacft Khan.] — We find, iu a Uengal 
 record of the year 16S7, that he came into the pro- 
 vhice as nabob, in the year 16G6; he kept liis court at 
 Dacca, and by other injuftices provoked the war of Job 
 Chanock.* 
 
 Sojne account of Job Chanock from Mr. Orme's 
 mamifcript collection. 
 
 Joii Chanock was appointed by the Enghfli Eaft India 
 Company, governor of their factory at Golgot near Hughley, 
 Avhcre a quarrel arofe with the king's people, upon a foldier's 
 going to bu}' mutton. As the difpute ran very high, Job 
 Chanock wrote to Madrafs for a ftrong reinforcement of men, 
 which was accordingly fent him. Thcfe troops were quar- 
 tered at a little diftance in the day-time, and privately drawn 
 into the fort at night, unknown to any but the garrifon. Thus 
 ftrengthened, Job Chanock meditated revenge, and com- 
 menced hoftilities againft the king's people, by attacking 
 Abdul Gunnee, the phoufdar of Hughley, who being difcom- 
 fited in the firft day's fight, tied a confulerable way, and font 
 an account of his proceedings to the king. On receipt of 
 this letter, the king detached twenty-two Jemidars, with a 
 
 * See The Military TrunfaiSlionj in Indoftan, vol. ii. page 12. 
 
 O o orcai 
 
 SECT 
 I.
 
 £8Si IIISTOKICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SECT, great body of hoifc and mulketcers, to his affiftance. Upon 
 ^',„^ this junAion the phoufdar held a council of M'ar; in confe- 
 quence of \vhich the army was divided into two equal parts, 
 one of which was fiationcd at liughley, and the other fent 
 to Tillianpurrah near Ghiretty garden, and Tannah fort near 
 Surman's. Thefe parties Avere furnilhed with iron chains, 
 vhich they ftretched acrofs the river, to obftru^l the paflage 
 of veflels. Job Chanock, on advice of this ftep, abandoned 
 the fort, and embarked all the troops, llores, and baggage, on 
 board his fliipping : he himfelf went in a budgerow, ordering 
 his people to fire the villages on both fides the river. When 
 lie came to Tillianpurrah, he broke the chain; and being fired 
 upon by the king's people, from both lliores, returned it from 
 his fleet, and landed a fniall body to keep them in play. In 
 this manner he fought his way down to Tannahs fort, where 
 he forced the fecond chain. Here the king's people halted; 
 and Job Chanock dropt down to Ingelee. A few days after, 
 the Bengal king marched down againft the fouthcrn king. 
 When be reached the fouthern country. Job Chanock went, 
 attended by Benjali Gungaroo, Beyah ]3ofeman, and Dr. 
 Chundcrfeeker, to prefer a petition to his majefly, which 
 was delivered by a vacqucel, Avho had initructions to be 
 very loud in his complaints the moment the fleet began to 
 fire, which he was to tell the king was a falute in compliment 
 to his majefty. The king then required what was the pur- 
 port of his bufinefs; to which lie replied, that the Englifli 
 
 company
 
 I. 
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. «83 
 
 company had fent Mr. Chanock out as governor of their skct. 
 factory at Golgot, to condud their trade under his majefty's 
 protection ; but that the nal)ob and the phoufdar of Hughley 
 had, upon a flight difpute about fome meat, taken thefc vio- 
 lent meafures, and driven them down to Ingelec; where, adds 
 the vacqueel, my mafler pays his devoirs to your majefty by 
 a difcharge of all his cannon. The king, having heard this 
 ftory, ordered him to bring his mafter into the royal prefence. 
 'J'he vacqueel having reported the fubftance of his conference 
 with the king, and his order for Mr. Chanock's appearing in 
 perfon, Mr. Chanock made the vaccpieel a handfome prcfent, 
 and ordered his army to attend him to the king, by way of 
 Afiwaree. Job made a falam koornis, or low obeifance, 
 every fecond fl;cp he advanced, and flood with folded arms 
 befidc his majefty, who promifed to do him juftice. At this 
 juncture fome of the king's people whifpered him, that his 
 proviflons were quite expended, which Job Chanock obferv- 
 ing created much uneaflnefs in his majefty, ordered his 
 people privately to bring an ample fujiply of every kind, from 
 his fleet, which he prefented to the king. This hofpitable, 
 generous ad;, fo won upon his majefl}', that he defired him to 
 afli what he had to folicit in return. Job replied, the firft 
 command he requefted his majeft}' to-lay upon him, Avas, to 
 order him to defeat his enemies. The king checrfull}- ac- 
 cepting this otfer, he quitted the prefence iuftantly, and 
 joining a few of the king's troops wilh his own, marched 
 
 o o ,'J immediately
 
 I. 
 
 284 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SECT, immediately againft, and routed the enemy, and then paid 
 his koornis to the king again, avIio loaded him with prefents, 
 and granted him a perwannali for Calcutta. After this vic- 
 tory the king returned to Delhi, and Job Chanock took 
 poffelTion of Calcutta, Avhich, after clearing of the jungles, 
 he fortified. That, or the fuceeeding year, feme gentlemen 
 came out with a recruit of ftores and foldiers. Job Chanock, 
 upon the arrival of this fleet, fent the king a ver}' handfome 
 prefent of European things, under charge of his vacqueel, 
 Dr. Chunderfceker his phyfician, and two or three other 
 gentlemen. When they reached Delhi, they learnt that the 
 king lay fo dangeroudy ill, that none but his phyficians were 
 admitted into his prefence. 'J'he embaflfadors, confidering 
 what could, under this dilemma, be done in execution of 
 their commifTion, determined to wait upon the vizier, who 
 told them, his majelly was forely tormented with caruncles, 
 which his phylicians could not cure, and that all accefs had 
 been denied to him on that account. One of the Englifli 
 gentlemen, who was a phyiician, undertook the tafk, and was 
 condu6led by tlic vizier to the king, whom he made a perfe(!^ 
 cure of, to the inexprefllblc joy of the whole court. He Mas 
 honoured with a genteel gratification, and received a prefent 
 for the company, accompanied with a phirmaund excufing 
 them from all duties, 'i'lie embaiiadors, thinking this total 
 exemption from duties might give umbrage to fome suc- 
 ceeding Shah, preferred a petition, deliring they might pay a 
 
 (HI it-
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 285 
 
 quit-rent, or final! annual confideration, which being agreed sect, 
 to by the king, they returned to Calcutta. v— ^^ 
 
 NOTE LXXIV. 
 
 Page 138, line 1. Charles the Jecoiul^ — This fliip was the 
 admiral of the fleet intended againft Bantam. 
 
 NOTE LXXy. 
 
 Page 143, line 8. To make their ablutions at NaOir Tur~ 
 meck.'\ — Head Nafiick Tirmeck. According to our Jiss. of 
 the DEC AN, TIRMECK is a purgunnah or diftri6t of san- 
 GAMNEK, which is one of the circars or governments of 
 the suBAii or province of aurengabad. " The river 
 " GUNGAii comes from the mountains of Concan, on which 
 " Tirmeck is built, and pallcth through the middle of the 
 " circar of Sangamncr, to Goulchonabad, commonly called 
 " Naffick ; the diftance twenty cofs; below wliich the bed of 
 " the river becomes much broader. Numbers of Hindoos 
 " refort every year from the moft diftant parts, to wafli at 
 " Tirmeck on the day that the fun enters the Scorpion. Every 
 *' twelfth year the multitude is much greater, and fome come 
 " on every day in every year. The tax levictl on thefe pil- 
 " grhns amounts to a great fum, and belongs to the kellidar, 
 " or governor, of the fort of Tirmeck. The Hindoos prefer 
 
 " this
 
 286 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SECT. " this place for their purifications, bccaufe the Gungah has its 
 
 y^^^^^ " ibiirce here. In the rock out oi'Mhicli it fprings has been 
 
 " fafliioned the head of a cow." The fame has been faid by 
 
 Tamerhme's hiftorian, of the rock of Toglipoor, where the 
 
 great Ganges enters Indoftan. 
 
 N O T E LXXVI. 
 
 Page 144, line 14. GocucJc, Ilubelij, and fcveral other toziii.< 
 of note, furrcndered without rejijiance; and the Jlronger citadel 
 of Darwar zcifh little. From hence he (Sultan Mauzum) ad- 
 vanced thirtij miles farther to Gudvck, which is Jixti/ from 
 Viziaporc-I — Vie fpeak from the letters of the time, written 
 liy the Euglidi fa<Slory at Carwar to the })rclidency of Surat. 
 Ilubcly is afcertained in note xxvii, page £08; and we find 
 GocucK, DAiiwAU, and GUDUCK, in our mss. of the Decan, 
 under the kingdom of Viziapore, in which Bancapore is rated 
 as a circar or government. It faith, 
 
 " CIIICAR OF BANKAPOUR 
 
 " Contains fixteen purgunnahs : the adjacencies oi' Banlcapour, 
 " Karoli, Lahnir, Kamiran, Goundkoiil, Raimouli, Nerengal, 
 " Ramali, Angal, Nafurabad or darvak, Aribara, Mahapoiir, 
 *' Bdjferikankona, guduck, Tatimal, Marcli. 
 
 " 'J'o the eaft, the woods which the Tombadra iVparates 
 
 " from the country oi Sera; to the north, the purgunnahs of 
 
 ** Moudgal, and Nourgal; to the M-eft, A;«anuiagur ; to the 
 
 1 *' fouth.
 
 I. 
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 287 
 
 «' foutli, the circar of Mahammadnagur, through wliich sfxt. 
 " paffeth the river Vardah." 
 
 We do not find Moudgal either as a purgunnah, or circar 
 of Viziapore, and fuppofe the word an error of the copyift ; 
 but Nourgal is a circar of Viziapore, and, as well as part of 
 Azamnagur, ftretcheth to the north of Bancapore, dividing 
 tliis from the circar of Raibaug; and under Azamnagur we 
 find GOCUCK as a circar, of which the town in queflion is 
 the head place. 
 
 NOTE LXXVII. 
 
 Page 143, line 22. In Ocioher (1685) he fent off a body of 
 fix thoufand liorfe from Ihiiice, which crofed the Tapti and 
 Nerbcddah, and affaulted the city of Broach, within a few hour$ 
 after their approach was knozon.l — We have this from the 
 Englifh fa(5lors in the town, writing in the hour of alarm to 
 the })refidency of Surat. 
 
 The territor}' of bkoacii was well able to have maintained 
 the ward of the city, producing at this time, as it had for a 
 century before, more manufadures, and of the finefl; fabricks, 
 than the fame extent of country in any other part of the 
 empire, not excepting Bengal. Accordingly we find the 
 Engliili agents reforting to Broach, as foon as they were 
 permitted to have a fadory in Surat. 
 
 The
 
 288 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SECT. The importance of the company's eltabhOinicnt at Surat, 
 ,^"^ having induced us to trace the events by whicli it Mas ob- 
 tained and confirmed, we fliall give the account apart at the 
 end of this fe(^ion of our Notes,* 
 
 Tlie inveftment for England, provided at I'roach, in tlie 
 3'ear 1683, conliilcd of 
 
 1 7,000 pieces broad baftaes ; viz. 
 
 9,000 Avhite,) 
 
 S of the ulual lengths and breadths. 
 4,000 blue, ) 
 
 4,000 black, fuch as the Dutch provided for the 
 
 Europe markets. 
 
 4,000 pieces fevaguzzies, white. 
 
 9,000 pieces baftaes, narrow, white.' 
 
 4,000 pieces tapfeils, broad. 
 
 G,000 pieces niecannees, 1 3 yards long, 
 
 15,000 pieces of Guinea ftuffs. 
 
 55,000 pieces. 
 
 NOTE LXXVllI. 
 
 Page 147, line 15. Malquei'] — is not mentioned in any 
 map; l)ut manouciii, from whom alone catrou can have 
 
 * Tliis curious Tra6l was not finiflied by the author: whiit was printed off in 
 his hfc lime, in odlavo, but never publiOicd, is reprinted and inl'erted at the end 
 of thefe Notes, 
 
 taken
 
 I. 
 
 Notes.] O F TH E M OG U L EMPIHR. S8y 
 
 taken it, is right. For we find in our mss. of the Decan, sect 
 MALKAK as the liead place of a circar or government in the 
 province of BEDEiJ, and extending between c alb erg a and 
 coLcoNDAH. ^Vc tranflato 
 
 " CIRCAU OF IMOUZAFERNAGAR. 
 
 " This circar, which is more commonly called malkai;, 
 " has fourteen purgunnahs. 
 
 " The adjacencies of Momafe ma gar, Karimour, ISicrgounda, 
 " Mangalguin, Kaukoiir?u, Sindatn KonJci, Sanoiir, Koudouni, 
 " Adjouli, Ounthour, Mankael, Downer, Amcrdjena. 
 
 " Thefe purgunnahs have one hundred and nine villages, 
 " which give to the treafury ijOgijiaf.") rupees, 2 annaes J. 
 
 " To the eaft of this circar, that of golcondaii; to the 
 " north, BEDER (meaning the city); to the weft, Kanjoimi, of 
 " the circar of Naldourouck, and the circar of k a lb erg a : to 
 " the fouth, the foubah of Viziapore*. 
 
 " The Bimra cometh from the circar of Naldourouck into 
 " this circar of malkar, and from hence into the foubah 
 *' of Viziapore. The river of Kakna, which cometh from 
 " berar, and paifeth near KaHani, enters this circar; 
 " from whence it flows to join the Bimra, which afterwards 
 " paffeth below Feroiizeahad, and from thence to the fort 
 " of Bidnour.." 
 
 * By which it fliould feeaij that both Malkar and Calbevga lie to the nortli 
 of Viziapore. 
 
 P p We
 
 ugo HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SECT. Wc likewife find in the acconnt of the next circar of Fe- 
 ^' , rouzgnr, Avhich is a fort on a mountain, that malkar ftanch 
 twelve cofs to the northward of Ferouzgur. 
 
 None of thefe fubordinate places are in any of the maps 
 hitherto publiflied : nor can their fituations be afcertained 
 with any degree of juftneis, from the documents concerning 
 them in the mss. of the Decan. Mr. D'Anville has not even 
 ventured to give c alb erg a. 
 
 NOTE LXXIX. 
 
 Page 147, line 19. Ibrahim Khnn.'\ — The defection of 
 Ibrahim Khan, related by Manouchi, is confumed by the 
 letters of the agents at Madrafs ; whom he corrcfponded with, 
 and befriended, when in power atCoIcondah ; and afterwai'ds 
 endeavoured to do them lervicc with Aurengzebe. 
 
 NOTE LXXX. 
 
 Page 148, line 16. T/ie cih/ ofViziapore was cxtenfive, and 
 capable offome defence, and had a citadel of greater Jlrengthi] — 
 The defcriptions given ofViziapore ditier. 
 
 Tuvernier, who was there in 1648, fays, "Viziapore is a 
 kind of great village, which has nothing remarkable either in 
 the public edifices or in regard to trade. The palace of the 
 
 king
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 291 
 
 king is fufficiently extenfive, but ill built; ncverthelefs the 
 approach to it is difficult, becaule the ditches which furround 
 it are full of water, and ftored w^ith crocodiles." 
 
 Bernier fays, " That Viziapore is very ftrong; but fituated in 
 a bad dry countr}^ -which has icarcely any good water, ex- 
 cepting what is within the city." 
 
 Baldaeus, fpeaking of the kingdom of Viziapore, fays, 
 'Its capital city, which bears the fame name, lies feventy 
 ' leagues beyond Goa, eighty from Dabul, and is faid to be 
 ' five leagues in compafs, with very ftrong walls, and five noble 
 ' gates, on which are mounted above a thoufand brafs and 
 
 * iron pieces of great cannon. They tell vs, among thefe 
 " there is one carrying no lefs than five hundred and forty 
 
 ' pounds weight of gunpowder, caft by a certain Italian, a 
 ' native of Rome; who, being queiUoned by one of the 
 
 * king's commiflumers concerning the money he had dif- 
 ' burfed on this account, threw him into the fame hole 
 ' where he had call the cannon before*." 
 
 INIr. Thevenot fays, " The city of Viziapore is more than 
 ' four or five leagues in circumference; it is inclofed by a 
 ' double wall, provided with a quantity of cannon; and by 
 ' a ditch, a fond de cuve. The palace of the king is in the 
 
 * micldle of the city; and it is likewife furrounded by a ditch 
 ' full of water, in Avhich are fome crocodiles. This city has 
 
 * BaUlivnis, in Churchill's collection, vol. iii. p. 540. 
 
 p p 2 " feveral
 
 £92 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 " fcvcral large fiiburbs, filled with fliops of goldfmiths and 
 " je\vellei*s; befides which there is little other trade, and little 
 " elfe to remark." 
 
 Neither Bernier, Baldfeus, nor Thevenot, had ever been at 
 Viziapore; nor do we know of any perfon now living who 
 has : for the marches of Mr. Bufly*, when ferving in the 
 Decan, never came much nearer to it than Calberga : but 
 tliere may be fome Portugucfe priefts who have fecn it, in 
 their miffionary journies to and from Goa. 
 
 NOTE LXXXL 
 
 Page toO, line 7. Tlie Jang of Perfia receixed h'un with all 
 the attentions fidtahle to his high birth and fallen efiafe-l — 
 KzEmpfer, in his Amaniitates Exoticse, fays, That Ecbar 
 arrived in that part of Arabia bordering on Perfia, in the 
 beginning of the year 1687; and that the governor of Ear 
 liad hkc to have loft his head, for neglecting to give early 
 intelligence to the king, of Ecbar's arrival; and that Ecbar 
 arrived at Ifpahan on the 24th of January 16SS; and that 
 the king went out to meet him near the city, in a llyltt of 
 magnificence ufual at the reception of fovereigns. 
 
 Centil fays, that on the 2nd of April 1686, Aurengzcl^e 
 received an envoy from his fon Acbar, who had retired into 
 
 * See llie mai) of liis inuichcs in llie Decan ; given lo iiSj and inferUd at 
 page 3 of llic Fiuguicnts. 
 
 Perfia.
 
 I. 
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 093 
 
 Peifia. The cnvo}- offered to Aureng^ebc two Pcrfian horfes, sect. 
 and allied pardon for his fon. 
 
 NOTE LXXXIL 
 
 Page 152, line 2. Calberga.] — In our iiss. which is a 
 later arrangement of the Decan, Calberga is rated as a go- 
 vernment under Viziapove, with the following account of it, 
 according to our own tranllation ; for the text is not very 
 clear : 
 
 " CIRCAK OF ASSENABAD. 
 
 " This circar, which is alfo named kalberga, has only 
 " one purgunnah ; of the lame name, kalberga; which 
 " contains two hundred and eighty-eight villages : they give 
 " 737, 1 1 7 rupees, 1 3 annaes and | to the treafur^-. 
 
 " The fortrefs of kalberga is in a plain; it ii^ furroundcd 
 *' Avith good ditches, which may be filled from a neigh- 
 " bourino- tank. 
 
 " Before the introduftion of Mahomedanifm, the Hindoos 
 " had M'ithin tlie fortrefs a great temple; which the Muflul- 
 " men have deftroyed, and with the materials built a magni- 
 " ficent mofque, which exifts at this day : it is one of the 
 " largeft and beft conftrud:cd in the Decan. There was 
 " formerly, between the fortrefs and Sultanpour, at two cofs 
 " diftance, a market, where every thing that could be ro- 
 " quired, was fold: it exifts no longer, hncc the continual 
 
 " troubles
 
 29+ HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 " troubles which have leioned iii the Decan. Without tlic 
 " fortrcfs is the tomb of Shckferadje, where are foine houfes. 
 " To the weft is the quarter of the Bramins, where one 
 " named Kongoy firft began to build ; and in courfe of time, 
 " the Hindoos, by degrees, have fixed their abode here. 
 " Between the fort, and the tomb of a celebrated mufl'ulman, 
 " has been raifed a toMn, to Avhidi he has given his name, 
 " Mogdounabad. This pir (or faint) was called INIogdoim 
 " Sa^'ed IVIahomed Guefouderage. Towards the end of the 
 " reign of the Sultan Togoul Schah, all the lords of the 
 " Decan, Mhom he had fubducd, unable to fupport or refift 
 " his tyranny, retired to the frontiers, where, having made 
 " fome eftablifliments, they raifed troops. The moft confi- 
 " dcrable amongft them was Affen Kongoy Bamani, fur- 
 " named Moufafir Khan, who firft got pofiellion, not Avithout 
 " good fortune, of Raibague and INIaitche*. Thefe fuccefles 
 " having increafed his forces, he advanced againft kal- 
 " BERG a; and having killed the governor (who licld it 
 " for Togoul Schah) in a flvirmilh, the place furrcndered to 
 " him. On which all the fugitive lords united their forces, 
 " recovered the Decan, and acknowledged Alien Kongoy 
 *' Bamani their fovereign, with the title of Sultan Alaoudin. 
 " And this prince, the firft of the Bamanis, gave the 
 " name of assenabad to kalberga, which he rendered 
 " flourifliing, and made his capital in the year 7-i8 of the 
 
 * Pcihaps Mirdsjc. See llio map. 
 
 " llegira.
 
 Notes] O F THE MOGU L EM PIRE. 295 
 
 " Ilegira, a. c. 1347. Magcloun Sa3'e(l Mahomed Giicfou- 
 " derage, the famous faint, came from the Indus to Kalberga, 
 " in the 3'ear 915 of the Hegira, a. c. 1544, in the time of 
 " FirouzSchah Bamani, and liad the addrefs to engage the bro- 
 " ther of this prince to become his difciple, and build him a 
 " fine houfe. The Sultan Firou;^ Schah, from affection to his 
 " fon, was defirous of refioiiing the crou'n to him, and con- 
 " fulted JNIogdoun, who advifed him to give it to liis bro- 
 " ther, Ahmed Schah, as much more capable of governing 
 " the kingdom ; to which the Sultan replied, that this counfel 
 " was the price of the houfe, and the effe(?t of his dcfire to 
 " have a king devoted to himfelf. INIogdoun^ ftung by the 
 " reproach, quitted the houfe, and came to dwell where his 
 " tomb now ftands. After the death of Firouz Schah, his 
 " brother Ahmed Schah fucceeded to the throne, when the 
 " houfe of Mogdoun became fo much reforted to, that by 
 " degrees a town was built about it; which is the ]Mo2;dou- 
 " nabad above mentioned. The credit of Mogdoun became 
 " fo great under Ahmed Schah, who had been, and canti- 
 " nued to profefs himfelf his difciple, that from the lord to 
 " the artificer, all made it. their glory to inlift themfelvcs 
 " under his inftru(^ion. Nothing was done Avithout him. 
 " After his death, Alnned Schah came to Beder, and made 
 " this city his capital. The Bimra pafleth within fix cofs 
 " of Kalberga. 
 
 '^ To
 
 I. 
 
 206 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 sr.cT. " To the east of kai.uerg a, Ferouzegaia ; to the north, 
 " KandJoU, a purgunnah oi^ Nahloiironck ; to tlic wkst, the 
 " j'ort of Naldoiiroiick; to the south, the fort of Sakkar, 
 " upon a mountain dependant on Naklourouck, wlieie 
 " pafl'eth the Binira." 
 
 From KALREUGA, 
 
 To the fort of Sakkar twenty cofs. 
 
 To Nahlouroiick, s. w. twenty-four cofs. 
 
 To Angoiijler'i, e. twenty cofs. 
 
 To Fefgourl Mctkal, e. thirty cofs. 
 
 To the purgunnah of Balgui; n. e. twentN'-four cofs. 
 
 To Valemgarah, thirty cofs. 
 
 To BEDER, thirty cofs. 
 
 To KALI AN I, twenty cofs. 
 
 To the purgunnah of Kandjoli, twenty cofs. 
 
 To the purgunnah of Tchit Koka, twenty cols. 
 
 NOTE LXXXIII. 
 
 Page 153, line '22. It was on the £7th of September.] — 
 No account has hitherto afcerlained the time when Golcon- 
 dali was taken by the Mogul's army ; there have been doubts 
 even of the year. But it is afccrtained by a letter to Mr. 
 Yale, the governor of Madrafs, from Ahadaed Caun, and 
 Wallcdaed Caun, two officers of Colcondah in the Conje- 
 vcram country. This letter is dated the I5th of Odober 1G87, 
 1 and
 
 Notes.] OF THE MO GUL EMPIRE, 297 
 
 and fays, " Jf'e arc informed this daij, that the Mogul took sect. 
 
 " Gokondah eighteen days finec, and that the ]\Iogul lias 
 " given the Carnatic country government to INIahonied 
 '' Ebrahim, wlio is coming down to poffefs hinifclf of it." 
 This INIahomed Ebrahim is the Ibrahim Khan mentioned 
 before in Note lxxix, page 290. 
 
 NOTE LXXXIV. 
 
 Page 154, hne 21. Jie formerly placed this Revolution in 
 1680.] — In the hiftory of the mihtary tranla(9:ions, full pub- 
 liflied in the year 1763, we have faid, 
 
 " In the year 1680, the king of Taujore, attacked and well 
 " nigh overpowered by the king of Tritchinopoly, called the 
 " ]\Iorattoes to his affiftance. The famous Sevagee, who at 
 " that time reigned o^'er all the IVIorattoe nations, fent his 
 *' brother with a ftrong army, which foon left the king of 
 *' Tanjore nothing to fear from his enemy, but every thing 
 *' from thefe free-booters ; for they made out fo large an 
 " account of expences, that all the riches in the kingdom 
 " would have been infufficient to difcharge what they de- 
 " manded. Under pretence therefore of colle6ting this mo- 
 " ney, they took poffeHion of the government ; and fliortly 
 " after, the brother of Sevagee declared himfelf king of Tan- 
 " jore. lie le'igwed Ji,i years, and left three fons."* 
 
 * Sec The Military Tranfadions in Tndoftan^ vol. i. page loS. oi' the fourth 
 c<iilian, 1803, 
 
 Q Q We 
 
 I.
 
 I. 
 
 298 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SECT. ^^ <-' received this inlbrmation from a perfon mIio was con- 
 cerned in the expedition undertaken in favour of a pretender, 
 hy Fort St. David, againft the king of Tanjore, in 1749. But 
 om" later refearches leave us no .light to think that Eccogi 
 entered Tanjore in ICSO. And at whatfoever time he made 
 the conqueft, it appears doubtful whether he was a(fling as a 
 member or officer of the Morattoc government. 
 
 The objection, which firft and immediately occurs to the 
 date of 1680, is the death of Sevagi, which happened in the 
 early part of this very year*; and the jierplexity w hich cnfued, 
 and continued for a while, in the Morattoe government, in 
 confequence of this event, feems fufllicient to have flopped 
 the profecution of an expedition of fuch unportance as 
 Eccogi's, whatfocver arrangements might have been made to 
 promote it before Sevagi died. Neverthelels, this objection, 
 if unfupportcd by others, would not alone confute the date 
 in queftion. 
 
 "VYe have no cotemporary records during the period, in 
 Avhich even their filence on the revolution of Eccogi would 
 have been prcfumptive evidence that he was not ac^ting in 
 the Tanjore country during the year 1680: for altliough the 
 company's agents at this time troubled themfelves veiy little 
 with enquiries which did not inmiediately coucern the in- 
 terefts of their commerce and fettlements, yet thcie atten- 
 tions were fometimcs aflfec^ed by the general events of the 
 country, which accordingly received mention in their corrc- 
 
 * Sec page 90, ami note lix. 
 
 fpondeuce
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EAIPIRR 299 
 
 fpondcnce with the natives, their own fervants, and other 
 Europeans. * When Mr. Elihu Yale was fent, in December 
 1681, to treat with Hargee Rajah for a fettlement at Ciulda- 
 lore, he went firit to Porto Novo, in order to fettle the terms 
 of his reception, and the prelents he was to make at Gingee ; 
 and the council of Madrafs write to him, December the 28th, 
 complaining that the prefents expe6led were intolerable ; and 
 permit him, in confequence of a fuggeftion from himfelf to 
 treat with the agent of the naigue of tanjore (who 
 feems to have been at Porto Novo) for a fettlement at Trim- 
 liwafli, which is in the Tanjore country. 
 
 This fingle expreffion of "the naigue," is almoft fufh- 
 cient to determine us, that eccogi was not at tliis time the 
 ruler of the countr}'. 
 
 The three great Naigues of Coromandel, under the ancient 
 Gentoo fovereignty, whether of Bifnagar or Chandergherri, 
 were Gingee, Tanjore, and j\fadura. After the conqueft of 
 Gingee by Viziapore, about 1655, the rulers of Tanjore and 
 Madura retained their titles of Naigue ; which, although 
 meaning a lieutenant, will not decide the degree of their 
 dependance on Viziapore, becaufe they had long retained it 
 with very little, on the Gentoo fovereignty of Chandergherri, 
 and Bifnagar. 
 
 The Viziapore governor of Gingee was ftiled the cawn. 
 Haiji Rajah, appointed bv Sevagi, after he conquered Gingee 
 in 1677, is ililcd, when fpoken of, the great subad vr, and 
 
 * Sec Fragments, page 115. 
 
 Q Q 2 afTumes
 
 300 inSTORICx\L FRAGMENTS [Note?. 
 
 SECT, affumes the ciuineut title of m ah a kajaii, to ^vhich he had 
 ^' no light, nor could ufe to his fuperior Sevagi, or his fuccelTor 
 Sambagi. AVe fee the ruler of Tanjorc, in 1681, called the 
 NAiGUE. It is not probable that eccogi, the brother of 
 Sevagi, ihould, after he had obtained the government or 
 fovereignty of Tanjore, have admitted, or have been defig- 
 nated by, a title fo inferior in phrafc to that which had been 
 afTumed by an officer of his brother Sevagi. However, ad- 
 mitting the contrary, December 1681 preflTeth fo clofe upon 
 the conqueft of 1680, that we muft fuppofc he would at that 
 time have been diftinguiflied by fome epithet, fignificant 
 of the latenefs of his acceffion to the government, inftead of 
 being fimply called The Naigue, as if he were the ruler of the 
 ancient line, whom he had juft difpoflefled. 
 
 We have likewife faid, as in the extract above cited, that 
 he reigned Ji.v years; but his reign muft have extended 
 longer, if he Avere the naigue oe tanjore, with whom 
 Mr. Yale wiflicd to treat for Trimliwafl), iu December 16SU 
 for w'e find him alive, from an authentic record, in Sep- 
 tember 1688. 
 
 We therefore relinquifli our pofition of 1680, but arc yet to 
 feck the time of his death, as well as of his acceffion to th« 
 government of Tanjore, and the nature of his tenvne. 
 
 A late publication*, fupplicd with documents out of our 
 reach, faith, 
 
 * Tlic Iliftory and Mauagenieiil of llic Euft India company. London^ 
 1770, (|uarto. 
 
 " Some
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 301 
 
 " Some time after the reduction of Bijapour (commonly called 
 " Viziapore) one Ecko-ji, and other Alarrattas, fervants to 
 " the detln'oned king, ilcd, with a few troops, irom the per- 
 " fecution of the Moguls, and eftablijhed themfelves at Gingee, 
 " in the Carnatic. Some differences fubfifting at that time 
 " between Wagira, the Naig of Tanjore, and Trimul, Naig 
 " of Madura and Tritchinopoly, the former applied to 
 " Ecko-ji for affiftance; but the treacherous Maratla feized 
 " the government he had been called to defend. The 
 " unfoilunate Wagira was forced to fly, and take refuge in 
 " Seringapatam, the capital of Mi/fore^. This revolution 
 " in the government of Tanjore, happened about the year 
 
 " I696"t. 
 
 " Ecko-ji, not content with his acquifition of Tanjore, 
 " began to extend his territories, and to give alTiftance to 
 " rebels, though he owned himfelf its fubjedl. His death, 
 " which happened about the year 1702, transferred the ven- 
 " geance prepared for him by the INIoguls, to his fon, and 
 " fucceflbr, Shaw-ji, or Suhu-ji," &c. 
 
 The notes which accompany the portion we have ex- 
 tra(^cil, are, 
 
 * to Mt/fon.'] — ''Wagira had a fon, Cliimgul Muklafs, whofe fon, the giand- 
 foii of V\ agira, tlie expelled Naig, is Itill living in or near Seringapatam." 
 
 •j- to 1696.] — "Authentic mss. account of Tanjore, taken on the fpot, and now 
 m the hands of the author of this difquilition, 8cc. Culnamma of Zulfacar 
 Caun. Nabob's papers, vol. i. page 41." 
 
 The
 
 I. 
 
 $02 ' HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SECT. The date of 1696, afciibed to tlie revolution, nnift be an 
 overfight. 
 
 Shah-Gi* was the father of Sarnbagi, kccogi, and the 
 famous SEVAGi: all had emplo3'ment under the government 
 of Viziapore, in whieh Sarnbagi and Eccogi continued aiter 
 the revolt of their brother. What became of Sarnbagi, we 
 liave not learnt; but adiiiit, that eccogi remained in the 
 fervice of Viziapore, if not imtil the fall, at leait until he 
 defpaired of the kingdom. 
 
 The city of Viziapore was taken, at the carliefl, in June 
 1686"; the king, perhaps, a month or two after. We have a 
 letter from Madrafs to Cuddalore, which fliews that Eccogi 
 was confidered as the ruler of Tanjore, in September 1687. 
 It is the firft and only mention we find of him in this year ; 
 for, although we have not the letters received before Jul}'', we 
 have the letters written by Madrafs from the beginning of the 
 year. Hence it follows, that if eccogi came to Cingce /owe 
 time offer the vednHion of Viziapore, the revolution by which 
 he acquired 'J'anjore muft have been accompliflied in the 
 fpace of fix or feven months at moft; which however might 
 be, if there were much treachery, and little refiftance. 
 
 That Eccogi fliould have brought with him a body of 
 Morattoe troops, is not improbable; for being a Hindoo, the 
 troops of his command in the fervice of Viziapore, were, in 
 all likelihood, of the fame diftiu(ftion; and no where nearer 
 
 •* Saow, according to M. Gentil's MS. iD French. Sec pp. 170 & 17J. 
 
 to
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. - gos 
 
 to make his levies, than in the countries which fpoke the sect. 
 Morattoe language ; not that we fuppole they were of the x^ ^' 
 fame hardinefs and adivity as the cavalry of the JMoiattoe 
 government, eltabliflied by Sevagi. 
 
 That Eccogi, with his Morattoes, Ihould have eftahli/hed 
 tlicmfelves (in the itriA fenfe of the word) at Gingee, is inipof- 
 liblc ; for we find Hargi Rajah, Sambagi's vicegerent, govern- 
 ing there with as full authority, in the iDcginning of 1687, as 
 when j\Ir. Yale was fent to treat with him for a factory at 
 Cuddalorc, at the end of 1681. 
 
 We have little of IVIadrafs during the interval between 
 1681 and the beginning of 1687, or might otherwife have 
 difcovercd this dubious date of Eccogi's expedition into 
 Tanjore ; but if conje(^ture might be fubftituted to the 
 defe(?fc of record, it would be no improbable account to 
 fuppofe, that 
 
 " SAMii.vGi, the fon of sevagi, and his fucceffor in the 
 " fovereignty of the ]\Iorattoe ftate, was in correfpondence 
 " with his uncle eccogi; avIio, inftead of waiting, as is faid, 
 ." until fome time after the rccluFtion of Jiziapore, went of}', as 
 " Icveral other commanders did, before the city was invefled, 
 " and came with recommendations from his nephew, to 
 " Hargi Rajah, at Gingee ; who accordingly permitted him 
 *' to advance, and encamp near the fortrefs, and accomino- 
 " dated him in other refpeds. This reception, at the dif- 
 
 " tancc
 
 304 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SECT. " tancc of a ccntuiy, may have been miftaken, l)y curlbry 
 ^* ^ " enquiry, for an ellablilhmcnt made by eccogi at Cjingee. 
 " The reft naturally follows. The war exifting on the other 
 " fide of the Coleroon, found employment for eccogi; who, 
 " fuccefsful againft Tritchinopol}', feized the government of 
 " Tanjore." All this might have happened in the latter half 
 of 1685, and the firft of 1686. 
 
 By the rebels whom Eccogi aflifted after his acquijifion of 
 Tanjore, we fuppofe are meant the IVIorattoes of Gingec ; and 
 M'C were furprized not to find this confederac}' as foon as the 
 Mogul troops began to approach the Carnatic; but, until the 
 end of 1688, neither Eccogi nor any officer feeming to belong- 
 to him, appears taking any part in the hoflilities mo have 
 mentioned. They may afterwards; and fliould avc find 
 them fo ading, will give fome light to two or three j-ears 
 of obfcurity. 
 
 The death of Eccogi, imputed to 1702, is another overfight. 
 For in the fame publication, his fucceflbr, Suhuji, appears 
 reigning in 1695. "NVe remark, that the two miftaken dates 
 of I6y6 and 1702, afcribed to the acceffion and death of 
 Eccogi, give the fix years which we formerly allotted to th« 
 extent of his rcisn. 
 
 We admire, that in a difpute of fuch importance as tiiat 
 
 •Nvhich has been lately agitated between the Nabob of Arcot 
 
 and the Rajah of Tanjore, no regular hiftory has been pro- 
 
 1 duced
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 305 
 
 'duced of this countiy, from the acceflion of jxcogi, Avho is sect. 
 the anceftor of the prefent rajah; not even the dates of ^• 
 death in the fucceflion, nor of the hoftiUties, whether in the 
 family or with their neighbours ; their acknowledgments or 
 refiftance of the Mogul government. All that is neceflary to 
 know in Europe, if dates are given, might be compofed in a 
 few pages. The public a6ls, agreements, and treaties, would 
 be mere tranflations; and, for obvious reafons, ought not to 
 be prefented in any other form. 
 
 NOTE LXXXV. 
 
 Page 162, line 11. CahUsCaum.'] — His name occurs vari- 
 oufly fpelt. In the letter which sambagi wrote to Keigwin, 
 on concluding the treaty which adjufted the terms of trade 
 and intercourfe between his weftern country and Bombay, and 
 confirmed the company's trade and fadories in the Ginoee 
 country, he fays, " You fliall alfo take notice what fliall be 
 " written to you by mi/ loving ajid faithful Cavy Callas ;" 
 unufual terms in the ftile either of the Mahomedan or 
 Hindoo princes, unlefs when fpeaking of their Ions or bro- 
 thers : the epithets which they give to their officers are gene- 
 rally expreflive of the fuperiority of their dignity over others, 
 and fubfervience to themfclvcs. 
 
 •^^ Rr note
 
 306 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS [Notes. 
 
 SEC T. 
 I. 
 
 NOTE LXXXVl. 
 
 Page i6£, line £2. In f/ic month of June.'] — .\ii abftracl is 
 prcfervcd of the letter written by the government of Aladrafs 
 to the company, on the L'Oth of July 1689, in which no men- 
 tion is made of Samljagi's death. The next letter is dated 
 Augufl 27th; and the abftrad; fays, "Have news from the 
 " JMoors camp (in the Carnatic) ; their forces had furprized 
 " SAMBAGEE, brouglit him prifoner to the mogul: was 
 " mounted on a camel, his eyes put out, and beheaded ; his 
 " quarters difperfed as a traitor." Allowing more than 
 twenty days for the coming of the news, Sambagi might 
 have been taken at the end of June; if lefs, in the beginning 
 of July. The letter of the 27th of Auguft gives no intima- 
 tion how long the news had been received at Madrafs ; fo 
 that the event might have happened in the end of July.* 
 The circumfcription to the interval of a month or fix weeks, 
 may aflift inquiry to afcertain the real date, which we hope 
 will be done. 
 
 Death of Aiirengzele.]—l\\ February 17©7, Aurengzebe 
 died at Ahmednagur, in the Decan, three hundred and forty 
 miles from Delhi. Ilis will, which was made publick, feemcd 
 
 * Mr. Gentil makes it January nth, 1690. 
 
 to
 
 Notes.] OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE. 307 
 
 to fignity, although equivocally, that his Ton IMahomcd "Mau- 
 zum, Vy-ho was at Cabul, ihoukl have Delhi, and the northern 
 provinces; and his fon A>jim, wiio Avas with hinifclf in the 
 Decan, Agra, and the countries to the fouth. Both averted 
 the whole empire ; the con Left was decided a few months after, 
 b}^ a pitched battle fought near Agra with prodigious numbers 
 on both fides. 
 
 The tMO armies met at the river Chumbul, which ■\Iauzum 
 had placed in his rear; and never did two fuch mighty hofls 
 appear in fight of each other. A lifi; of Mauzum's has been 
 publiflied : it confifl:ed of one hundred and fev-ent^^ thoufand 
 horfe, and one hundred and feventy thoufand foot, three 
 thoufand elephants, and two thoufand pieces of cannon. The 
 army of Azim is faid to have been little inferior. Such num- 
 bers appear improbable; but the two princes fliared between 
 them the colledted force of the Avhole empire, as far as it 
 extended at the time when Aurengzebe entered the Decan ; 
 and with the followers and attendants the multitude nuifl 
 have exceeded a million. 
 
 The battle was fought on, the 9th of June 1707, and main- 
 tained with an obftinacy equal to the importance of the 
 conteft ; for as the two princes fought for the empire, fo did 
 their followers for their o>vn fortunes. All the oreat Omrahs 
 who had ferved under Aurengzebe, difplayed their ftandards 
 in the line of jMahomed Azim. Many of them fell. The com- 
 "^ "^ K R 2 mander
 
 308 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS, &c. [Notes. 
 
 SECT, mander of the artillery, and Buxey, or paymafter-gcncral, 
 !• and the names of feven others, are mentioned. The two eJder 
 fons of Mahomed Azim were likewife llain, and the twt) 
 others were taken prifoners. Neverthelefs Azim flood his 
 ground, until he was left with only fix thoufand horfe, which 
 Avere furroundcd by ten times their number ; when, to 
 avoid the inflictions of captivity, and the remembrance of 
 this fatal day, he ftabbed himfelf to the heart witii his 
 poignard. 
 
 No vidory could be more decifive. Mahomed Mauzum 
 immediately fat on the throne, and was proclaimed with the 
 name of Bahadar Shah, or the Vidorious King, which he 
 had taken before he left Cabul. He does not feem to 
 have difgraced his fuccefs by any fubfequent ads of cruelty 
 
 or revenge. 
 
 END or THE NOTES.
 
 • 
 
 ^O J.^nJnmiJndf -jj 
 
 Z.-ft/.n Vl./M'rf-' M*.^J6»^.,IW.7/*/7*?. ty,: JViiur^ ,» A^Jl^J 
 
 iRnflLuiigfi-ciniLoiiiloii. Hi
 
 SUBJECT OF THE 
 NOTES 
 
 TO THE 
 
 FRAGMENTS. 
 
 Note i. p. 165. — Informations reqtdred from India, to fupply sect. 
 the defeSis of the Fragments. Importance of the period under v^^^ 
 conf deration. 
 
 Note ii. p. 166.— Per^c accounts relating to the reign of 
 Aurengzebe. 
 
 Note hi. p. 168. — Mr. Frazer. 
 
 Note iv. p. 168. — Catrou's hijiory of the Mogul empire. 
 Manouchi's manufcript. 
 
 Note v. p. i69. — Scope of the Aluraguimama, one of the 
 Perfc histories of Aurengzebe. 
 
 Note vi. p. 170. — Aurengzebe— ^rom Gentil's French MS. 
 
 Note vii. p. 171. — Cotemporary accounts hy Europeans, which 
 mention Sevagi. Modern^ Mr. Dow and Mi;. Kerr. 
 
 Note
 
 •jio SUBJECT OF THE NOTES 
 
 «ECT. Note viii. p. \Sl. —Defceiit 0/ Sevagi, and of the Rnja/ts 
 ^^ of Chitorc. 
 
 Note ix. p. 1S2. — JJaJIInation of //;c Viziapore general by 
 
 SEVAGI, 
 
 Note x. p. 182. — O/Tanncla and its d/Jbici. 
 
 Note xi. p. 185. — FamUy of Cliacft Khan. — iVc^iniAd ul 
 Dowlah, his grandfather.— -Is oor Jehan, his aunt, ■v;ifc of 
 Jehangire. — Afiph Jab, his father. — Munilaza Zcmani, his 
 fifter, wife of Shah Jehan. — Shrm^vaze Khan, his brother, 
 whofe daughter was married to Aurengzel)c. — Promotion of 
 Chaeft Khan hy Shah Jehan. — His attachment to Aureng- 
 zebe, and fervices to him during the revolution. — By zvhom 
 appointed vice-roy of the Decan. 
 
 Note xii. p. 192. — Chagnah taken hy fhjing a paper-kite. 
 
 Note xiii. p. 193. — Sevagi'5 reception at Delhi. — His efcape 
 from thence. 
 
 Note xiv. p. 194. — Jenneah Ghur. 
 
 Note xv. p. 195. — Doubts of the date of J y{{ngs death. 
 
 Note xvi. p. 196. — The death of Shah Abbas the fecond, 
 kifig of Perfia. — The infancy of his fuccejj'or. 
 
 Note xvii, p. 197. — The gauts. 
 
 Note xviii. p. 198. — The corlaiis. 
 
 Note
 
 TO THE FRAGMENTS. 311 
 
 NoTC XIX. p. 198. — Gingerah. sect. 
 
 I. 
 Note xx. p. 199. — Smvit jyillagcd ht/ Sevagi in \669.—Tiie "*— ^'-^ 
 
 governor poifuned by Aurengzebe, — Credulity of the natives, 
 
 and of the travellers to India. 
 
 Note xxi. p. 201. — Sevagi dreaded in Bengal. — Troops from 
 Beliar march againji him. 
 
 Note xxir. p. 202". — F«Mer Navarette's warraf/t'e o/" Sevagi, 
 before Goa, in 1669- 
 
 Note xxiii. p. 204. — Father Navarette's narrative from 
 Golcondah to Goa. — Sevagi's fleet. 
 
 Note XXIV. p. 207. — Sevagi ravaging about Surat, in January 
 1671. 
 
 Note xxv. p. 207. — Ricklofie Van Goen. 
 
 Note xxvi. p. 208. — French fliips takefliclter at Bombay. 
 
 Note xxvii. p. 208. — Hubely, a mart in Viziapore. 
 
 Note xxviii. p. 208. — Trade of the EngJiJIi fa&ory at 
 Carwar, in 1676 and 1683. 
 
 Note xxix. p. 209. — Origin of the Morattoes, according to 
 the Mahomedans. — Extent of their ancient country. 
 
 Note xxx. p. 212. — Fight between ten Englifli a7id twenty- 
 two Dutch fliips off Pettipolly, near Mafuhpatam. 
 
 Note
 
 312 SUBJECT OF THE NOTES 
 
 SECT. Note xxxi. p. 213. — Mr. Oxendcn's jour7iey to Sevagi at 
 ,,_J|^ Rairee. 
 
 Note xxxii. p. 214. — Sevagi weighed againjl gold at liis 
 coronation. 
 
 Note xxxiii. p. 214. — Treaty te/a^een Bombay and Sevagi. 
 Note xxxiv. p. 215. — Ancient Jplendor of GixWian^ and fame 
 of Tannah. 
 
 Note xxxv. p. 218. — Chardin's narrative of the Portugucfe 
 armada in the gulph of Cambay. — A flip lojl in a form — 
 The Mogul's governor claims the wreck. 
 
 Note xxxvi. p. 219. — Tomh of Sultan Sujab at Sooloo. 
 
 Note xxxvi i. p. 219- — Death of Sultan Sujah not believed. 
 
 Note xxxviii. p. 219- — Chardiui- account of the difpute 
 between the Porttiguefe in the gulph of Peifia, with the 
 government of Perfia, concerning the revenues of Congue. — 
 Declenfwn of the Portuguefe pozver in India. — Pondah 
 taken. 
 
 Note xxxix. p. 220. — Sibon and other forts belonging to the 
 Portugucfe between Baflein and Daman. 
 
 Note xl. p. 221. — Billigong and Rayim Inficgcd b ij Sevngi. 
 
 Note xli. p. 222. — Peace between Sevagi and the IMogulV 
 general, previous to Sevagi's expedition into the Carnatic. 
 ^ Note
 
 I. 
 
 TO THE FRAGMENTS. 3J3 
 
 Note xlii. p. 22-i. — The ancient kingdoms of Bifnagar and sect. 
 Chandergherril 
 
 NoTE-XLiii. p. 228. — Accounts of QXvandev^xcni hj thejefuit 
 mifiionaries, in \592 and IG09. 
 
 Note xliv. p. 229. — Foundation of Madrafs. 
 
 Note xlv. p. 230. — Extent of the conqiiefts made lifY'izm- 
 pore, in the Cariiatic. — Doubt if Tanjore. 
 
 Note xlvi. p. 232. — Gandicotta taken by Emir Jumlali, 
 when general of Golcondah. 
 
 Note xlvii. p. 232. — The king of Golcondali hefieged hy 
 Aurengzebe and Emir Jumlah, fubmits to humble conditions. 
 
 Note xlviii.- p. 233. — The country of Gingee conquered by 
 Sevagi. 
 
 Note xlix. p. 236. — Ani-engzches war againji the Vdans. — 
 Manufcript hijiory of Indoftan by Mr. Gentil. 
 
 Note l. p. 237. — iPanwcll, the river Penn, Abita, the river 
 Negotan. 
 
 Note li. p. 238. — A treatife written by Sultan Darah to 
 
 reconcile the Bramin with the Mahomedan religion. — The 
 
 Oupnekhat of Mr. Anquetil du Perron, an extraSi of the 
 
 four Bedes, tranjlatcd out of tite Sanfcrit language. — Darah's 
 
 preface to the Oupnekhat. — His prayer to Ruder. — De- 
 
 fcription of Ruder. 
 
 S s Note
 
 Jit SUBJECT OF THE NOTES 
 
 SECT. Note lti. p. 250. — Aurengzcbe endeavours to c07iveri the 
 ^J^' Hindoos to Mahomedanifin. 
 
 Note liit. p. 231. — Rebellion of an old woman aga'injl 
 Aurcngzebe. 
 
 Note liv. p. 251. — Force o/Abnir, Chitore, and Joudpore, 
 
 in 1770. 
 
 Note lv. p. 252. — Tranjlation of a letter from the Maha 
 Rajah Jclfwont Sing to Aurengzebe. 
 
 Note lvi. p. 256. — J//a«(^ o/" Kenaiy. 
 
 Note lvii. p. 256. — The company s fact or\j at Dongong, ajid 
 invejlment there in 1683. 
 
 Note lviii. p. £58. — Huttany, a mart m Viziapore. 
 
 Note lix. p. 258. — Death of Sevagi. 
 
 Note lx. p. 260. — Funeral of Sevagi. — Wives burning with 
 the bodies of their liujbands. 
 
 Note lxi. p. 261. — Broods of the Morattoe horfes. — What 
 other broods in India. — Sevagi's anny at his death. 
 
 Note lxii. p. £63. — Sevagi's intention to command his own 
 feet. 
 
 Note lxiii. p. 263. — Aurengzcbe compares Sevagi to the 
 mountain rat. — Fejjoo'* defcription of the properties of that 
 animal. 
 
 Note
 
 TO THE FRAGMENTS. 315 
 
 Note lxiv, p. 264. — Tcrritorif obtained by Sevagi on the sect. 
 wejiern Jide of India. v-^^^^ 
 
 Note lxv. p. 265. — Computed extent of his territory to the wefl. 
 
 Note lxvi. p. S.65. — Sultan Acbai's expectation of the throne. 
 — His difappointment, and revolt. 
 
 Note lxvii. p. 266. — Date of Sultan Acbai's revolt. 
 
 Note lxviii. p. 266. — Paw7/o??s o/ Aurengzebe. 
 
 Note lxix. p. 267. — Sultan Acbai's children. 
 
 Note lxx. p. 2Q7. — Arrival of Sultan Acbar in Sambagi's 
 country. 
 
 Note lxxi. p. 270. — Ramrajah, brother of Sambagi. 
 
 Note lxxii. p. 270. — Englijh expelled from Bantam by the 
 Dutch in 1682. — Authorities for the date of the exptiljion of 
 the Englifli from Macaffar in 1670. — ExtraB from Burnet 
 on the bufmcfs of Bantam. 
 
 Note lxxiii. p. 281. — Chacfl Khan's arrival as Nabob in 
 Bengal. — Some account of Job Chanock. 
 
 Note lxxiv. p. 285. — Ship Charles thefecond. 
 
 Note lxxv. p. 285. — Naffick Tirmeck. 
 
 Note lxxvi. p. 286. — Gocuck, Hubely, Darwar, Guduck, 
 circar of Bancapore. 
 
 s s 2 Note
 
 316 SUBJECT OF THE NOTES, &c. 
 
 SECT. Note i.xxvii. p. GR7. — Broach ajf'aulted hij Sambagi's troopi. 
 ,^;^^ — on I G IX of the company's trade there and at Surat.— ^ 
 Inveftment at Broach in 1683. 
 
 Xorr. Lxxviii. p. 288. — maxquek, circar and forti^efs. 
 
 Note lxxix. p 290. — Ibrahim Khan gf/iera/q/" Golcondah — 
 hk dij'ertion, and friendlhip to the Eiiglijli. 
 
 Note lxxx. p. 290, — Defcriptions of the city q/' Viziapore. 
 
 Note lxxxi. p. 292. — The king o/'Perfia's rec€ptio7i of Achaw 
 
 Note lxxxii. p. 293. — Ancient account o/'calberga. 
 
 Note lxxxiii. p. 29G. — Date of the taking q/ golcondah. 
 
 Note lxxxiv. p. 257. — Conqueji of the tanjore country 
 by Eccogi. 
 
 Note xxxxv. p. 305. — Cablis Cawii, the traiterous favourite 
 of Sambagi, and companion of his death. 
 
 Note lxxxvi. p. 306. — Date of the death of Sambagi.— 
 Death o/" Aurengzebe. — Decifive battle betti^een Sultan 
 Mauzum and Sultan Azim.
 
 O R I (; I N 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ENGLISH ESTABLISHMENT, 
 
 AND OF THE 
 
 COMPANY'S TRADE, 
 
 AT 
 
 BROACH, AND AT ^URAT,
 
 [ 3li) ] 
 
 ESTABLISHMENT 
 
 or THE 
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SURAT. 
 
 'TPHE firit Englilh fliip which came to Surat, was the 
 Heclor, commanded by captaui William Hawkins; who 
 brought a letter from the compaii}', and another from the 
 king, James the firft, to the great Mogul Jehangirc, rc- 
 quefting the intercourfe of trade. 
 
 The Heftor arrived at Surat in Auguft 1608, but as in a loos. 
 voyage of experiment; the contingency of ill fuccefs at this o" 
 
 port was provided for, by a farther deftination of the fliip to 
 Bantam; to which feveral voyages had alread}^ been made, 
 Avith fufficicnt encouraoement to continue the refort. 
 
 At this time the Portuguefe marine predominated on the 
 weflern feas of India, in fo much that they made prize of all 
 vefTels which had not taken their pafs; and the fear of their 
 refentment on the {hips which traded from Surat to the 
 gulphs of Arabia and Perfia,, deterred the Mogid's ofFicei-s 
 from giving the encouragement they miglit wifh, to the 
 Englidi llrangers. Tiiey, however, permitted Hawkins to 
 land his lead and ijou, with fome treafare; but obliged him 
 
 In
 
 S£0 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 1608. to bay and fell with much delay and diladvantage. In 
 '^^'*' September the northern armada of the Portuguefe, con- 
 ■^'t^no- of forty fail of grabs and gallivats, came into the road, 
 ' -latening to burn the city and all its veffels, if the Englifli 
 <hip, and all that belonged to her, were not fent away^ 
 Hawkins haftened her dil'patch, but not equal to the impa- 
 - tience of the Portuguefe, who feized his longboat, with 
 goods to a confiderable amount, and twenty-feven men, 
 vhom they kept prifoners; but did not venture to atta<;k 
 OBob. the llii[), Avhich lailcd a few days after, on the 5th of Oc- 
 tober, for Baulaiii. 
 
 Notwithftandiug the menaces of the Portuguefe, the go- 
 vernment of Surat dared not difobey the Mogul's order, 
 that Hawkins lliould repair to his court. He fet out for 
 
 1609. Agra on the ift of February 1609, travelling in continual fear 
 
 Icb 
 
 of poifon or alfaiVmation from his attendants, at the inftigation 
 
 of the Portuguefe, whofe jealoufy followed all his fteps. He 
 left behind him William I'inch, with three or four Englilb 
 domellics, to fell the remainder of what goods had been 
 landed ; whom the favourable reception of Hawkins at the 
 Mogul's court prefervcd from open, but not from fecret vex- 
 atious ; for Mocrib Caun, the governor, retained his terrors, 
 and perhaps the bribes of the Portuguefe. 
 Stpt. In September*, the Afcenfion, coming to Surat, was 
 
 wrecked at Gundavie. This fliip had left England iu 
 
 * The 5lh. 
 
 IMarch
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SURAT. 321 
 
 March 1608, a month before the Hector, which had brought 
 -captain Hawkins ; but came laft from Mocha, and was the 
 firft Enghlh Ihip which had ever entered the gulph of Arabia. 
 Her crew, feventy-five men, travelled to Surat, •where they 
 ■were not permitted to enter the city, but Finch to maintain 
 them in a neighbouring village. In January 1610, Finch ]6\Q. 
 "went to Agra, on the fummons of Hav.kins, and from thence "'^ 
 came over land, by Lahore and Perfia, to England. 
 
 Sir Henry jMiddleton, after his captivity, efcape, and rc- 
 prifals at Moclia, arrived with his three Ihips at Surat, on 
 die 26th of September lOll. Tlie northern armada of the 16 1 1, 
 Portugueie were ready llationed at the bar, and within the ^^^ 
 river, to prevent the intercourfc of his boats with the city, 
 in which no Engliflimen, excepting Bangham, a joiner, who 
 had lately returned from captain Hawkins, Avas remaining, 
 ,all who had been laved from the Afcenfion having difperfed, 
 moft to get livelihood as foldiers in the countr}'; but the few 
 of better condition, with the captain, Sharpeigh, had repaired 
 to Hawkins, at Agra, who feems to have been much fitter to 
 fight the Portuguefe at fca, than to countera6l; their intrigues 
 iit the jMogul's court, where thcj^ had jefnits of great fub- 
 lletv. He accepted a wife, who however was a chriftian and 
 a maiden, out of the JMogul's fcraglio, and his Icrvice, with a 
 penfion, which was very ill paid; itill retaining his pretenfion 
 to the character he had affumcd of an embailador from the 
 king of England. He received frequent alTurances of the 
 
 T T jH'iviiegcs
 
 322 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 iGll. privileges he foliciled for tlic company's trade; which were 
 conftantly retraced vvithout apolog}-. Even Mocrib Caun 
 had been fummoned to court, lobe puniihed, on his com- 
 plaint; but returned to Surat with greater power. At length 
 Hawkins loll hope, and began to think of nothing elfe but 
 his return to England; when the relations of his wife, fet on 
 by the jefuits, forbad her departure off the fliore of India-;, 
 and Hawkins agreed with the fame jefuits to procure a 
 palfage for them both at Goa. Fortunateh'^, at this time 
 news came to Agra of the arrival of Sir Ilenrv ^Middleton at 
 Surat; when Hawkins formally- demanded his difmiilion from 
 the Mogul, and requcClod an anfwer to- the letter he had 
 brought from the king, which was denied ; but he was per- 
 mitted to depart, and arrived at Cambay on the 11th of 
 
 Dcctm. December iGll, accompanied by the brothers of his wife, 
 to prevent him from carrying her farther. Captain Sharpeigh, 
 and what other Englilh men had joined him at Agra, had 
 gone before, and came to Gambay foon aiter Sir Henry 
 JMiddleton arrived at Surat, 
 
 In the mean time Sir Henry Hiddlcton, apprized b}' 
 Bangham of the evil intentions of the government of Surat, 
 either from their ov/n inclination, or dread of the Portuguefe, 
 fcizod three iliips which belonged to the town, and were 
 riding in the road, and refufed to releafe them until he had 
 received all the Englplhmen he expeded. This exertion 
 produced compliments, provifions, and promifes of trade: 
 9 but,.
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SURAT. 323 
 
 but, as his communication was on the open beach, the Por- i6ii, 
 tugiiefe landed the foldicrs of their armada, who feveral 
 times attempted to furprifc his people, but never rifqued 
 themfclves fufficientlv to hurt a fmo-Je man. Bansham 
 cfcaped from Surat, and all the others from Cambay, ex- 
 cepting Hawkins, who was not yet arrived there. Mocrib 
 Caun, and other officers, came to the fliore, vifited the fliips, 
 made bargains, and cheated at the fcales ; which IVIiddleton 
 endured, ftill fearing harm to Hawkins, Avho, procuring two 
 jefuits on miffion at Cambay, to be fureties for the furrender 
 of his wife, prevailed on her brothers to return to Agra; 
 and then, by fome fcheme not explained, but fuggefted by 
 Middleton, efcaped with her, met cfcort, and arrived fafely 
 at the fliips on the 2j6th of January 1612. 1612. 
 
 The accounts of dealing, which Avere to no great amount, 
 had already been fettled with the chapmen of Surat; and 
 whilft Sir Henry was preparing to depart, ^locrib Caun, 
 contrary to his former promifes of a factory, peremptorily 
 ordered the agent in the town to be gone, pretending the 
 U^Iogul's order, that the Englifli fliould have neither trade 
 jior iii^tory there. 
 
 The Ihips failed from the road of Swally on the 9th of 
 February, and coaited down to Dabul, which at this time jva. 
 belonged to the king of Viziapore, and was governed l)y a 
 Siddee, whofe fliip theyliad Itoppcd the year before in the Red 
 Scii; which, with tlic report of theii' late conduct at Surat, 
 procured thcni a lerpcflful reception, and fonic trade; during 
 
 T T 2 which.
 
 3=4 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 \6l~> which, they ilopj^otl and examined two merchant fiiips be* 
 longing to the Poitugucfc, and difmiffed them without injury. 
 
 On his departure from ]!)abul, Sir Hcnr}' ]\liddleton fum- 
 moned his council, to deliberate on what he had long before 
 determined, but kept fecret in his own m.ind. On leaving 
 Mocha', he had agreed not to revive any claim for the injuries 
 he had fuftained from this government, if his confifcated 
 goods, or their value, were rcftored, and the fum of 18,000 
 dollars paid as a compenfation for damages. The governor 
 reftored the goods, but obliged the merchants of the Indian 
 fliips, which Sir Henry had Hopped on his efcape, to pay the- 
 money; which Sir Henry feems to have regarded as a breach 
 of the treaty, but ought therefore to have refufed the benefit. 
 He now propofed to ret am to the Red fea, and feize all the 
 fliips coming from the coafts of India to Mocha. The ranfonl 
 of the fliips from the Mogul's country, was to compenfate the 
 injuries he had lately received at Surat. The withholding of 
 the cuftoms on the others, would oblige the government of 
 Mocha to make full refiitution for their iniquities in the 
 preceding year. Vow fchcmes have been formed with . 
 greater probability of fuccefs. The fliips failed from Dabul : 
 
 M^rch. on the 5th of March, and arrived at Socatra on the 26th, 
 where they received information that three fliips from 
 England had pafled into the gulph, under the command of. 
 captain Saris*. Middieton, liowever, kept at the entrance,, 
 
 * Aftevwanls famous for tlio voyage to Japan, on which he proceeded after . 
 \c left the Red fea.
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SURAT. 325 
 
 and ill tlurty-feven days, from the 3d of April to the 10th 1612. 
 of iVIay, flopped and detained fifteen Ihips coming from Maul 
 the coafts of India, bcfides fmaller veflels of tlie Arabian 
 fliores, not fubjed; to the Turks, which they difmifii^d. Of 
 the fhips, nine were from the Mogufs ports of Sindy; Diul, 
 and Sural, three from each; from Dabul, two; one from 
 Barcelore; two from Calhcut; and one from Cananore. 
 Befides thefe, two other fliips- of vahie, one from Chaul, the 
 other from Cananore, got into the ftreights before Middleton^ 
 and unloaded at Mochva whilft Saris was there. The Rehemy * 
 of Surat was of 1 500 tons, had on board, it is faid, 1 500 fouls, 
 and belonged to the Mogul's mother, whofe devotion had 
 built and maintained this fliip for the accommodation of 
 pilgrims to Mecca; moft of whom, as in all the other fliips, 
 carried adventures of trade. The Mahmoodic of Dabul was 
 of liJOO tons burthen. 
 
 Tlie oflenflve governor of jMocha had been removed, and 
 his fucceflbr, in obedience to Orders from the JBaflia of Senaar, 
 
 * Saris, in his journal^ fays, " The ninth of May 1612, I caufed the Indian Maf. 
 ■' fliips to be meafuved, which were found to be of the fcanthngs following;; 
 " viz. the liehony was long, from fterne (Jlcm, perhaps) tiJ fterne poft, an hiui- 
 '•' drcd three and fiftie foot; for rake from the poft aft, fevenlcciie foot; from 
 " the top of her fules in brcatllh, two and forlie; her depth, one and thirtie. 
 
 " The Mahomedce in length, an hundred fix and ihirfie foot; her nike aft^ 
 " twentic. In bredtli one and fortie ; in depth nine and iwentie and an halfe. 
 " Her main mall in length was fix and thirtie yards, an liundred and eight; her 
 " main yard four and fortie yards, an hundred two and thirtie. 
 
 " The otlicr were not mucii leifc." In this is fome miftake, for none of the 
 other fliips arc defcribed as above five hundred ton.<> 
 
 had
 
 Si6 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 1612. had treated captain Savis with courtefy, although not unfuf- 
 ped:ed of treacheiy, before the arrival of Sir Henry Middleton.; 
 vho, releafing three, kept the other twelve fhips of India at 
 Aflab on the oppofite lliore, and demanded 100,000 dollars 
 of the government of IMocha, as a compenfation for the iu- 
 j.uries of the preceding year. A negotiation enfued, and was 
 continued by various inventions of delay; during which the 
 Englifh fliips bartered commodities to a confiderable amount 
 with their prizes, and took no advantage of their conftraint 
 in the bargains. At length ]\Iiddleton, finding that he had 
 nothing to expect from Mocha, fignificd to his prizes that 
 they muft accompany him out of the gulph; by which they^ 
 would lofe a year in the falc of their cargoes; and this 
 impending detriment induced them to fatisfy him by an 
 airelTmcnt;, of which neither the amount, nor the fliips which 
 contributed to it, are diftindly afcertained*; but the fliare 
 of the Rehemy was 15,000 dollars. All reckonings and pay- 
 
 -^I'g- raents were finiflied by the I2th of Auguft; and by the 17tli, 
 
 * Ciptnin Nicliolas Downton, who commandecl llic I'cppcr-coin, one of Sir 
 Henry Middlcton's ll)ips, fays in liis journal, as piildilliod in Purclias, Pilgrims, 
 
 vol. i. p. 309.— " il/«y (Ac 261I And to begin withal, compofition was this 
 
 " day made with Mcere Mahumct Tiuke}', Nohnda (fupr.i cargo) of the 
 " Rcliemi/, for iifleene tlioufand rials of tight, flic being in value near equal to 
 " the other J'uuvc JJii}n\' which fourlhips are not enumerated cither in this 
 or the other journals. It is from hence, wc fuppofe, that J'urclias }n his 
 RKLATioNS, wiiioli is a difiiiic't work from liis I'ilgrims, fays (page 525) " they 
 " had money of tliefe fliips fome 32,000 rials of eight, wliereof the Kthcmee 
 " paid 15,000." Neverthelefs F'urehas had otlicr opportunities of knowing, 
 iicing peilbnally acfiuaiulcd with olhccrs who I'erved in the voyage. 
 
 all
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SURAT. 3-7 
 
 atl the Englifli fliips were out of the gulph, bound to Bantam; l6lS.^ 
 from Avhencc, fome to Europe, others on farther voyages to 
 the eaftward. 
 
 The news of thefe proceedings at Mocha had not reached 
 Surat, when two of the company's fliips, dire6lly from 
 England, arrived thereon the' 5 th of September, under the Sept; 
 condud of captain Bell. The Dragon, which he com- 
 manded,^ was large, but the Ofiander very fmall. The fac- 
 tors who Avent up to the town, were well received by the 
 officers of the government; and no reafon is affigned for 
 this chan2;e of their behaviour. A few davs after*, fixteen 
 Portuguefe frigates put into the river, in order to ftop the 
 communication, and took a purfer, with another Englifliman, 
 either coming or going to the town, and it fliould feem witli 
 goods ; on which captain Beft, on the 30th of September, 
 fecured a large Guzerat fliip, probably one of thofe juft re- 
 turned from the (ame durance at Mocha, and declared that 
 he fliould not releafe her until he had received his men on 
 fliore, and the value of the goods, which he had landed on 
 invitation ; for which he allowed five days. On the 6th of Ociobi 
 06lober, the governor Medi Jaffeir, accompanied by four 
 principal men, aixl many others, came on board the Diagon^, 
 and brought a great pvefent, intreating the releafe of the 
 Guzerat fliip, and the continuance of trade ; on Avhich captain 
 laaft removed from the bar of Surat to the road of Swall v, as 
 
 * The i3tli of September. 
 
 having
 
 328 ESTABLISHMENT OF TFiE 
 
 l(TlC. having a better beach, and with fafer communication 'to the 
 town by land; for the Portuguefe frigates infefted the banks 
 of the river. The principal merchant faid, thatSuratmuft 
 biun all its fliips, if friendlhip were not maintained with the 
 Englifli : and on fuch reprefentation. Sheik Suflee, the go- 
 vernor of Ahmcdabad, came down to Swally on the 17th, 
 and gave pledges; on which captain Befl went afliore, and in 
 two days fettled a treaty; of which the firft article is thus 
 expreffed : " Imprimis, that all which concerneth Sir Hcnrie 
 " ]\Iiddleton be remitted, acquitted, and cleared to us ; that 
 " they fliall never make fcizure, ftoppage, nor ftay of our 
 " goods^ wares, and merchandizes, to fatisfye for the fame." 
 By the £d, a confirmation of all the articles now agreed to, 
 was to be obtained under the feal of the great mogul within 
 forty days. By the 3d, an cmbaflador for the king of 
 England to refide at the Mogul's court, Tiic 4th, That on 
 the arrival of the company's fliips atSwidly, proclamation be 
 made in Surat, three fcveral days fuecclfively, that the people 
 of the country may freely come and trade with -the Englifk 
 at the water fide. — 5th, All Englilh commodities to pay a 
 duty of three and a lialf per ceni. 6th, But petty wares, 
 above ten dollars, to be free of cuftom. 'J'he 7th fettles the 
 rate and mode of ciu'riage between Swally and the city. 
 The 8th releafes theefi'ects (it" Englifli fubjccts dying in the 
 Mogul's dominions from forfeiture or claim. And by the 
 9tb, it is provided, that if all the Engliili left cm fliorc ihould 
 
 die
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SURAT. 329 
 
 die in ilio iiUcrval between the departure and ariival of the 1612. 
 company's lliips, the government of Surat fliould fee that 
 their efFedis vere faithfully collc(51ed and prefcrved, and 
 deliver them to the firft captains which fliould arrive. lOth, 
 All men and goods Avhich may be taken by the Portugnefe, 
 to be recovered by the government, and reftored without 
 charge. The llth, exempts the trade diad factory from re- 
 f])onfibility for the robberies of Englifli pirates. The l£th, 
 No provifions, except exceeding one thoufand dollars, to pay 
 cuftoms. And by the I3th, That in all queftions of wrongs 
 and injuries done to the Englilli nation, jufticc be rendered 
 without delav, or exorbitant charge. 
 
 The fcope of thelb articles provided fufficiently for the 
 fecurity of Sijirji eftabliiliment. They were figned on the 2 ill 
 of Ocilober, when captain Beft delivered the governor of OSlobcr. 
 Ahmedabad a coftly prefent from the compan}^, which he 
 well deferved ; and fliewed him the prefent intended for the 
 Mogul, which he fcnt back to the fliip, to wait the confir- 
 mation of the articles. 
 
 In the mean time factors reforted to Surat, where they 
 difcovered that the mailer of the cuftoms, whofe authority 
 was fecond only to the governor's, befriended thePortuguefc; 
 and foon after, that a fleet was coming from Goa, to drive 
 away the Englilli ihips. 
 
 The Portuguefe fleet confifted of four gallions, and more 
 than twenty frigates. The admiral of the gallions mountod 
 
 U u thirty.
 
 530 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 l"5l2. tbirt3--eiglit gims; the three others, twenty-eight and thirty. 
 The frigates had no cannon, but feemcd intended for boarding, 
 and the fervices of fiioal water. This fleet appeared off the 
 
 Ociob. bar of Sural on the S8th of Od;ober; and being joined by 
 the fiigates in the river, the numl^cr of this craft amounted 
 to forty fail. 
 
 Tlie next day captain Beft bore do\ni fioni the road of 
 Swally, and engaged the vice-adiniral. fcparated by the tide 
 and fands from the others. A fliot from her funk his long- 
 boat, another wounded his mainniaft. The day after, he 
 engaged all the four; and three of them, cither from igno- 
 rance or confufion, grounded on the fands, where they would 
 have overfet, if tlie frigates had not fliored them up with 
 their yards until the tide and farther aflTiflance got them 
 afloat again. On the 31ft the fight was renewed; and at 
 night, a frigate, prepared as a fire-fliip, bore down on the 
 Dragon ; which difcovered her in time, and funk her. Eiglity 
 dead bodies floated to the fliorc. Of the Engliih, only two 
 were killed in the three fights. 
 
 The four fucceeding days pafled Avithout a<5^ion, in the 
 repair of tackle; when captain Befl, not doubting that the 
 Portugucfe would follow him, refolvcd to try them in an 
 
 Novemb. opener fca; and crofting the gulph, anchored on the 9th at 
 
 Madrafabad, which at this time was invcfted by an army of 
 
 the Mogul's. From hencfe he continued cruizing along the 
 
 fiiores on each hand, in order to learn the foundings ; during 
 
 •T- which
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SURAT. 331 
 
 Avhicli he received leverul invitations from the general of the 1613. 
 army; who' fending pledges, captain Beft went afliore on 
 the 2 ill to his camp, and was much intreated by him to 
 afiift in the fiege with two pieces of cannon; but refilled: 
 neverthclefs prefents were exchanged, and he was difmifled 
 with civilit}'. 
 
 The next day, which was the 2L'd, the four Portuguefe Novemb. 
 gallions appeared, and at night anchored Avithin lliot. 
 Early in the morning captain Beft ftood towards them, 
 who weighed, and put before the wind, cannonaded until 
 out of reach ; for tliey failed better. The next morning, at 
 fun-rife, he ftood to them again, and maintained tlie fight 
 until noon, when both fides, weary, fuch is the phrafc, 
 parted. When Beft, finding on examination that both his - 
 fliips had expended more than half their ftore of anmiu- 
 iiition, refolved to referve the remainder for defence, and 
 fteered towards Daman. The Portuguefe followed, to pre- 
 ferve the fliew of their flag; but did not venture near enough 
 to renew the fight. Onl}' one man was killed in thefe two 
 laft days; but the Ihot expended in all were, fix hundred and 
 twenty-five from the cannon, and three thoufand from the 
 fmall arms. 
 
 On the 27th, the two fliips, no longer dogged by the 
 Portuguefe, anchored at Swally, and renewed the intercourfc 
 Avith their fa(5lors at Surat; where the event of their fights 
 raifed the Englifli reputation, even in tiic opinion of ill will; 
 
 u u 2 which
 
 332 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 1612. ^vhicll ncvcrlhelefs continued ; and by means of the cuftoni- 
 maft^r, the confirmation of the articles b}' the IVIogul, which 
 arrived a few days after, was fent to Swally as a common 
 letter of bufmefs, which raifed- fufpicion that it might be a 
 counterfeit ; and captain Jieft, aware of the intended con- 
 tempt, and its confequences, whether it were or not, refufed 
 to receive ir, nnlefs dchvered with the ufual folemmties. 
 Tliis fpirit brought the governor and his fon-in-law, the 
 cuftom-mafter, to Swalljs who prcfented it in ftate*, and 
 congratulated; but were very curious to knoAv whether the 
 Englifli fliips had not fuftcred more than was faid, in the 
 late eng-agjements. 
 
 Decern! . I'his paiTcd on the 1 1 th of December. The goods in- 
 tended for the factory Avere immediately landed; and thofe 
 provided there, received on board. In the interim, on the 
 14th, the four gallions appeared again, but anchored at a 
 diftance. Ca])tain Bed fet fail in the night of the 17th, and 
 ■was followed by them for two hours, when they parted with- 
 
 * Captain Bed, in this part of his journal^ calls the confirmatioa he leceived, 
 n phirmaiind, which is the higheft rank of patent, exprefled to be iffiied by 
 order of the King, and authenticalcd by the Vizir. But we are inclined to 
 think it was no more tiian a hufbulihookuni, or injunction from the Vizir, which 
 was foon after followed by a real phirmaund. for in the fubfequent partof tlie 
 joiirnalj captain Beft, when at Atchin, fays, 
 
 " The fcven and Iwcntieth (of May) ]\fa/im Gam/ came to Atdthi, by whom 
 " I received letters from our mcrchanU at Siirat, and alfo a copie of the king's 
 " fir ma, fetil ihcin from Agra, bearing date tiie twenty-fifth of January, and 
 " the fcvftilh year of the Great Mogul's leigne, confirrviing all that was parted 
 " between tl.e govcrnour of AlimedaUud and mc." 
 
 out
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SURAT. 33s 
 
 out filing. Near Cananore he difcovered the fouthern ar- 1612. 
 rtiada of Portuguefe frigates, and took a merchant fliip from 
 aniongft them, Avhich he funk after he had taken out the 
 cargo of rice and fugar. He then continued cruizing down 
 the coaft until the lall of February, when lie put off fi'om Ftb. 
 Cape Comorin for Atcliin. 
 
 The principal factors left by captain Bcft at Surat, were 
 Aldworth, Canning, Kerridge, and Withington ; and Andrew 
 Stai key, to proceed overland to England, with advices of the 
 fettlement. Canning was fent with the king's letter and the 
 prcfent, which was of little value, to Agra, travelling through 
 much trouble, and was attacked by robbers, who killed fome 
 of his escort, and wounded more, with himself and another 
 Englifliman. He arrived on the 9th of April, and was aiked J^ril. 
 by the Mogul, whether that prefent was fent by the king ; 
 but anfwered, that it was fent by the merchants. He con- 
 tinued in daily dread of poifon from the Portuguefe jefuits ; 
 and died on the 29th of May, which confirmed the fufpicion. Maij. 
 Andrew Starkey, was poifoned Ibmewhere on the way by two 
 fi'iars. Kerridge, was fent from Surat on the £2d June, to Jwu. 
 fupply the place of Canning, at Agra. 
 
 The Portuguefe, from vexation at the permifllon of 
 the EngUfli fadory, and exafperated by the reproach of their 
 own infufficiency, in not driving their lliips frojn the road, 
 refolved to keep no meafures with the government of Surat ; 
 and in Odober fcized a Ihip belonging to the port, which Oaob. 
 
 had
 
 334 ESTABLISHMEKT OF THE 
 
 1613. had on board five hundred perfons, and cfte^ls to the amount 
 of 100,000 pounds ; they carried her with the prifoners to 
 Goa. This violation produced an interdict of all intcrcourfe, 
 unlefs under efpecial paffport for the purpofe of recon- 
 ciliation. 
 
 Novemb. In November, Aldworth and Witliington travelled from 
 Surat to examine the marts of Broach, Jumbafeer, Brodera, 
 Neriad, and Ahmedabad, where they received intelligence, 
 that three Englilh fliips were arrived at Laureebunder, in 
 the liver Indus : and Withington proceeded in order to aliiil 
 them with his advice. 
 
 This journey is five hundred miles, and mofily through the 
 inoft inhofpitable country in India. He fet out on the 13th 
 
 Dccemb. of December, travelling for fafety with a caravan, which was 
 attacked in the night of the third Itage ; and the next day 
 met the Mogul's officer returning with two hundred and 
 fifty heads of the Coolies, a nation of robbers. The fixth 
 inarch brought them to Rndcnpore *, on the river Kutch, 
 where they provided water and meat for the journey acrofs 
 the dcfert, in which they marched fix days, watering their 
 camels at brarkifh wells, until they arrived at Nagar Parkar, 
 h village on the fkirts of the better country ; where came in 
 a caravan, which had been robbed within two days of Tatta, 
 the capital and emporium of Scindy. From Nagar Parkar 
 they travelled three days, partly in the desert, to a town 
 
 * Is iu Mr. D'^Vnville'B Carte tie L'liidc, Nuv. 1752. 
 
 called
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SURAT. 335 
 
 called Bardiana, where they provided more water, but bad, 1613. 
 for the enfuing journey of" five days, all through the defert, to 
 Narainquar*; and arrived without mifchance, but much 
 ficknefs, when the caravan feparated, leaving Withington 
 with four fervants, two merchants Avith five, and five drivers 
 to their ten camels ; who hired an efcort at Naramquere, 
 which favcd them from a band of robbers in the next march 
 to Gundaiwa. The next day they were twice attacked, but 
 cleared themfelves by a fmall prefent, and arrived at Surruna, 
 a laige town with a caftle, belonging to the Rajpoots ; Avhofe 
 chief, Rajah Bulbul, had been taken by the Moguls, and 
 bhnded ; but neverthelefs had lately efcaped to his own 
 mountains, and excited his kindred to revenge. His fon 
 Boomah, who Avas in Surruna, alked AVithington many quef- 
 tions concerning England, invited him to fupper, and drank 
 freely. A Banian, who pretended to give intelligence con- 
 cerning the Englifli at Laureebunder, peifuaded Withington 
 to hire Boomah to efcort him to Tatta, as the journey was I6l4. 
 full of danger, although not thirty miles. 
 
 Boomah attended with fifty horfe ; the first halt, at ten 
 miles, was on the bank of a river, from whence he renewed 
 the march at two hours after midnight ; and leading a quite 
 contrary way, brought them, at break of day, into a thick 
 wood; when his gang feized all, camels, men, and goods, 
 and ftranglcd the two Hindoo merchants and their five fcr- 
 
 * Isia Mr. D'AiiviUe's premiere purtk de ia Carte d'Afie. 1751. 
 
 vants
 
 330 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 16 14. vants with their own tackle ; but only bound "NVitliington 
 and his, and fent them forty miles into the mountains to 
 Boomah's brothers, by whom they were kept twenty-two days in 
 clofe confinement; and then fent to Parkar, where the Rajpoot 
 governor had orders to forward them to Radenpore. In the 
 journey to Parkar they were robbed of their clothes, and lived 
 from hence to Radenpore by begging, and the price of 
 Withino-ton's horfe, which the thieves did not think worth the 
 taking. At Radenpore their Avants m ere relieved by a Banian 
 whom Withington had known at .Vhmedabad, where he ar- 
 
 AprU. rived on the 2d of April, after a diihefsful abfence of one 
 hundred and eleven days. Proceeding by Cambay and 
 Broach he arrived on the 18tii at Surat, where Aldworth 
 was returned before, having left a houfe, hired on the com- 
 pany's account, at Ahmedabad, and another at Broach, with 
 brokers and domeftics to provide goods, until the factors 
 from Surat Ihould come to examine them, and fettle the 
 prices. 
 
 The report of three fliips in the Indus, which had called 
 forth Withington, had arifen from the arrival of one, named 
 the Expedition, on board of which was fir Robert Shirley, 
 who had been fent by the Sophy, Shah Abbas the great, 
 as his enibaffador to king James; and was returning to Per- 
 fia, accompamed by fir Thomas Powel, whom the king fent 
 as his own to the Sophy. Both embafl'adors had their 
 wives with them; and in the retinue of fir Robert Shirley 
 
 were
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SURAT. 337 
 
 were leveral Perlians. The (hip was provided for the voyage 1614. 
 of Surat and Bantam ; hut the company, grateful to the 
 ftate, and perfpicacious of their omii future interefts in Perfia, 
 undertook to conve}'^ the enibafladors. 
 
 The Portuguefc in poUeilion of Ormus, Avhere their gar- , 
 lifon and galhes proudl}'' barred the entrance of the Perfiaii 
 gulpli, and vaunting hkewife their hold of JNIufcat on the 
 Arabian Ihore, deterred all approach within their reach, not 
 licenfed by their paflport; and the embaflTadors, ignorant of 
 the countries between Perfia and the Indus, prudently rated 
 the long journey from Surat to Candahar, as the moll fecure 
 and Hiorteft way of getting to Ifpahan. But the Expedition 
 putting into the bay of Saldania, where they arrived in April, 1613, 
 met feveral of the company's Ihips returning from Bantam; 
 and with them captain Hawkins, whole acco,unt of Sir Henry 
 INliddleton's proceedings, as well at Surat as in the Red-fea, 
 made the embafiadors dcfpair of reception at that port ; and 
 it was refolved to try the lliores adjoining to Perfia; in fight 
 of which they came on the 10th of September, about orie 
 hundred miles to the eaftward of Cape Jafques. 
 
 Sir Thomas Powel went afliore to get intelligence in a 
 little village, and learned that the country was called Mekrau, 
 the people Baluches, and fubjeft to a prince tributary to 
 Perfia, who rcfulcd at Guadel, a }X)rt five days fail to the 
 eaftward, and would willingly convey the embafiadors to the 
 So]>hy's court; on which they ftood towards Guadel, and in 
 
 X X the
 
 335 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 1614. the \vay endeavoured to flop two trading boats, wliieh beat 
 l6\o. ^^^' ^''C lliip's pinnaee, not without bloodflied ; and when 
 purlUed by the long-boat better armed, puflied into a bay, 
 ■where one of them ran alliore, and was wreeked; and the 
 other was with difficulty prevented ; but all the men, except- 
 ing nine, fwam afliore, wlio, "with the boat, were brought 
 to the fliip, and treated with civility. They belonged to 
 Guadel, and had a pal's from the Portuguefe at Blufeat, to 
 uhieh they Avcre bound, and begged to go, but were denied, 
 from the fear of fpreading alarm, and piloted the fliip to 
 Stptmb. Guadel, where ihe arrived on the lOth of September, the 
 fifth day's tail from the village, where Sk Tliomas Powel 
 had landed. 
 
 The governor of (niadel fparcd neither humilities, promifes, 
 nor preparations, to gain the confidence of the embaffadors. 
 The carriages and efcort of their journey were colledled and 
 lliewn ; on which they landed their prefents, furniture, and 
 money, and agreed to come alhore on the 2 iff, at four in. 
 the afternoon. 
 
 It wanted only half an hour to this time, and all were 
 ready drefled on the deck, when the fliip's boat came on. 
 board with intelligence from the Perfian, Nazerbcg,. that the 
 Baluches intended to murdt^r all who might land, excepting 
 the chirurgeons, muficians, women, and boys. Neither the Joy, 
 nor indignation of the danger efcaped difconcerted flirewdnefs 
 or prefence of mind. Sir Robert Shirley fent a meffkge to tlie 
 
 governor.
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SURAT. 
 
 339 
 
 governor, that a fudden illncls prevented him from coming l6l4. 
 alhore until the next day, and mentioned the hour; but in- 1615 
 tending to hind in ceremony, wiflied the governor to fend 
 tliree boats, with fome of his principal men, to honour the 
 proceflion of liis own. The counter-fnarc was not fufpe6led. 
 In tlie interval the money Mas fecretly conveyed back to the 
 pinnace, and a chell of old lumber, fent from the fliip, was 
 changed for one of much value, which it was pretended had 
 been brought afliorc by miftake. The governor's boats, Avith 
 fift}' perfons, ariived on Ijoard the fliip whilft the pinnace 
 was Hill on fliore ; and to get her awav without fufpicion 
 was the pinch of the ftratagem ; for Nazerbeg, -with three 
 Europeans, were at the tent; and it was refolved to fave 
 Hodgee Comal, the governor's phyfician, who had revealed 
 the plot, and now obtained his leave to go to the fliip in 
 order to buy the proper medicines for his diforder. 'J'he 
 Europeans pafi'ed as muficians necefliuy to the proceflion ; 
 and Nazerbeg prevailed on a man of rank to go with him in 
 order to fee rarities. As foon as the boat was well on the 
 way, all the Baluches on Ijoard the lliip were feized and dif- 
 armed ; the meaner fuffered to return ; the3' of better con- 
 dition confined ; and a meflage fent to the governor, that 
 their liberty fliould anfwer the rcftoration of the effects on 
 Ihore. A deceitful apology produced a fecond fummons, 
 which limited their lives to two hours, and the hour-glafs was 
 fet before the mcflenger. This terror brought oft' every thing, 
 
 X X 2 when
 
 v,o F.STABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 U)l4. when all the prilbners were releafed, excepting one, detahicd 
 1613. to pilot the fliip to Scind}^ which arrived at Diul*, in the 
 Sept. Jiver Indus, on the 26th of September. : 
 
 ]Many Portuguefe, although without regular force or go- 
 vernment, were fettled and trading at Diul, who reprcfented 
 the Engliih as pirates. Nevertheiefs the Mogul's gover- 
 nor received the embalfadors with courtely, and proniifed to 
 aflift their journey, but reiufcd the peiniillion of trade, bccaufe 
 the lliip had brought few comniodilics ; and the Portuguefe 
 threatened to leave the port, which gained largely by their 
 cuftoms. He, however, proniifed in Avriting, that if the Eng- 
 lifli would engage to make their trade as valuable, he would 
 give them the preference. 
 
 So little was the intercourfe between Diul and Surat, that 
 the Expedition heard nothing, of the factory fettled here 
 by captain Bell ; to mIucIi, as well for the certainty of trade 
 as the convenience of the embalfadors' journey, they would 
 otherwife have repaired : but difembarked with their families 
 and effects at Diul, intending to proceed from hence by Can- 
 dahar to Ifpahan. The (hip iailed for Sumatra and Bantam 
 Oftob. on the 9th of October, two months before Withington fet out 
 for Ahmedabad to find her in the Indus. 
 
 The mifs of this (liip loft the factors at Surat without the 
 arrival of one from Ennjland durino; the two full feafons after 
 their eftabliflimer.t, which might have expolliHl them to the 
 
 * Not the ilkud of Diu. 
 
 contempt
 
 J. 
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SURAT. 341 
 
 contempt and opprcfllon of the ]Moonfli government, but for 1614. 
 cxpedlation of aOiftance from the fnfl which might an'ive, 16 1 
 againfl the Portuguefe ; ulio, after taking the great Ihip, had 
 continued outrages by fea and land againfl the Mogul's fub- 
 jedls within their reach, until, in confequence of thefe provo- 
 cations, an army, under the command of Mocrib Caun, 
 marched from Ahmedabad againft their town and territory of 
 Daman, and another againft their fortrefs in the ifland of 
 Diu. 
 
 AVithington, foon after his forlorn journey to Scindy, pro- 
 ceeded to Agra, where he arrived in the middle of June, and j„,,,f. 
 found all the catholics, wdio were many, prohibited from the 
 public exercife of their religion ; their churches fliut up under 
 guard ; and the two Portuguefe jefuits, who had hitherto 
 been in great favour with the emperor, forbidden his 
 prefence. 
 
 The occafion which called Withington to Agra, was the 
 death of John Mildenall, a name of earlier note in the rcfort 
 to India. Ke was bred a merchant, and was employed w'hilft 
 the eftablifliment of the company was under adjuftment, to 
 bear a letter from queen Elizabeth to the Mogul, acbar, 
 requcfting the freedom of trade in his dominions. He left 
 Aleppo in July ICOO, but did not arrive at Agya until the 
 year 1603, where he was much thwarted by the friars; but 
 after a refidence of three years, obtained a phirmaund, 
 Acbar being dead, from Jehangire, with which he returned 
 
 as
 
 342 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 -I'd 4. as lie came through Perfia, and was at Cafbin in 06lober 1 606. 
 The advices of his fucccfs, we fuppofe, promoted the million 
 of captain Hawkins, who failed for Surat in March 1607; at 
 which time Mildenall mi^iht not have been arrived in Eno;- 
 land. The reft of his ftory is very obfeure. He returned to 
 Perfia, if not before, in 1610, with fome commifllon, in which 
 two others, young men, were joined ; whom it is faid he poi- 
 foned, in order to embezzle the efledts committed to their 
 common charge, with which he repaired to Agra, where he 
 turned Roman catholic, and died himfelf of poifon, leaving 
 all he poflbfTed to a Frenchman, whofc daughter he intended 
 to marry. Mr. Kerridge was at that time the refident at 
 Agra; but being conftantly occupied in attendance on the 
 court, fent for Withington to collect the efiefls left by 
 ^lildenall; of which to the amount of 20,000 dollars were 
 recovered, in conformity to the exemptions allowed in the 
 phirmaund granted to captain Beft. 
 
 At length the long-expe(51:cd fuccour from England ap- 
 
 Ociob. pcared at the bar of Surat on the ILHh of Oc^tobcr, two 3cai's 
 and eight months after the departure of the fliips with caj)tain 
 Beft; during which interval, none belonging to the 3'iUglilli 
 had been feen there. The fleet conlifted of four lliips, of 
 6jO, 500, three hundred, and two luuuhcd tons; and the 
 crews would have been fix hundred men, if not impaired l\y 
 firkncfs. The general (for fuch was the title given in thcfe 
 early voyages to the chief commruxlcr, even of a fuigle ihip, 
 
 if
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SURAT. 343 
 
 if independent of any other) was Nicholas Downton, who l6l4. 
 hatl been e;i[)(ain of one of thofe with Sir Henry Middleton. 08oh. 
 Thev left Kiitiland on the 111 of March, and had been in- 
 formed at Soeotra of the fights and phirmauiid of captain 
 Beft. Trom Daman they were followed in the night by four- 
 teen frigates, which avoided the day. The 15th they moored 
 at Swally, where the next day came down Mr. Aldworth, the 
 principal merchant, accompanied by Richard Steele, lately 
 arrived from Aleppo, and font by the company on experi- 
 ment. Thefe two, with one Biddulph, were the only fadlors- 
 reniaining at Surat when the fleet arrived, which brouo,ht 
 a fuflicient recruit.. 
 
 JMocrib Caun not only commanded the army againft, 
 Daman, which had done nothing, but likewife held, with 
 the title of Nabob, the governments of surat, broach, 
 Brodera, and Neriad, which extended from the Nerbeddah 
 to the territory of the Portuguefe. His former condm5l to 
 Sir Henry Middleton had left a prejudice in the mind of 
 Downton, which Aldworth could not remove by reprefenting 
 his prefent want of affiftance from the Englifli. He was at 
 this time at Surat, and expetfted the firft overtures ; which 
 not coming, he font one of his principal officers, named Coja 
 Nazar, to Swally, on the 27th of the month, to whom captaia 
 Downton delivered a prefent for Mocrib Caun, and another 
 for himfelf ; but neither of much value; and demanded redrefs 
 for impofitioDs in the cufloms, ef])ecially at broach, and a 
 
 market
 
 Oclob. 
 
 344 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 If) 14. market for beeves on the ft rand at S wall y : but Coja'Nazar 
 anfwered, that the cviftoms of broach were out of the power 
 of the government, being farmed to a merchant ; and that 
 the Banians at Surat had paid a larg« fum to prevent the 
 kilHng of beeves. On which the three fenior fa6lors, newly 
 arrived, were fent with Aldworth to treat with the Nabob, 
 who propofed various means by which he might be afllftcd ; 
 but was told, that the peace which fubfifted betAveen the two 
 nations in Europe, prohibited the Englifli from any holli- 
 lities againft the Portuguefe, excepting in their own de- 
 fence ; in which diftin6lion, finding them inflexible, he faid, 
 that as they would do nothing for him, he ihould do nothing 
 for them. 
 
 On the 27th, all the natives who had gathered at Swall}'^, 
 for dealing or employment, difappcarcd. And on the fame 
 day, the factors in the cit}^ intending to return to the flii()s, 
 were feized at the gate, and forced to prifon ; where Aldworth. 
 imprndenlly faid, that fuch treatment would drive the Englilh 
 to join the Portuguefe; which cncreafed the feverit}' ; for this 
 violence was occafioned by the contrivance of two jcfuits in 
 the town, who had counterfeited a letter, as from the vicc-roy 
 of Goa, ordering them to inform the Nabob, that unlcfs he 
 made peace with his nation, he fhould join the Englifh 
 againft the Mogul's government ; and the angry words of 
 Aldworth confirmed the fufpicion, until cxphuiation dclec'-tcd 
 the fraud, wlicn the Nabob apologized, and permitted the 
 2 liic^'tors
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SURAT, 345 
 
 fa(3;ors to return to Swally ; from whence the country people 161 
 had removed by his order given, not in defpite, but in confe- 
 quence of injunftions from Agra, not to fuffer any thing to 
 be bought out of the fliips which might arrive, l)cforc the 
 Mogul's purveyors, Avho were expecfted, had chofen what 
 "was fit for his ufe. 
 
 With the fac^toi's came down what goods were in the fac- 
 tory, provided fmcc the departure of captain Beft. They 
 were only fixty bales of indico, and eleven bales of cotton- 
 yarn, not in the whole exceeding 20,000 rupees. Money, 
 and goods for fale, to a much greater amount, had been left 
 with Aid worth; but the produce had been expended in jour- 
 nies, maintenance, refidences, equipages, and prefents. 
 
 The intercourfe now opened with the city did not entirely 
 remove the fufpicions of captain Downton ; which Mocrib 
 Caun did not leffen, by holding out a claim for reftitution, 
 on a pretended account of unfair dealings in the barters 
 made with the .Surat ftiips, when detained by hr Henry 
 Middleton in the Red-fea ; which Downton knew to be falfe. 
 At the fame time came intelligence, that the vice-roy of Goa 
 was preparing the whole marine of his Itate, to attack the 
 Englilh fhips at Swally; and Downton doubted whether he 
 might not be joined by Mocrib Caun ; who a few days after 
 threatened the factors in the city with leverities, becaufe they 
 rcfufed to lliew him the prefent intended for the Mogul, 
 
 Y y Avhich
 
 346 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 ■16U. which nevertlieleis they were at laft obliged to do. Thele 
 miftrults deterred Downton from rifquing himfeJf on fliorc, 
 until his anxieties were alleviated by the arrival of officers 
 lent by the Mogul to examine the prefents, who brought 
 orders that the Englifli Ihould be treated with favour in all 
 their Avants and dealings ; on which JMocrib Caiin made ho- 
 norary prefents to the principal fadlors, and gave the allotted 
 fum for expences to thofe who were to accompany the 
 Mogul to Agra, advifmg them to fct out without delay, 
 and promifing efcort as far as his authority reached. This 
 
 'Sovemh. puffed on the 25th of November: a few days after, he fent 
 merchants to make purchafes in the fliips for his own ufe ; 
 
 T>ecemb. and then his fon, on the 9th of December, to vilit Downton, 
 who met him on the llrand at Swally. 
 
 Fovir days after appeared a licet of twenty-two frigates, 
 which paifcd unmolelled, although near the fand of Swall}'^ ; 
 for Downton adhered to his rclblution of not commencing 
 hoftility. They croffed the gulph to the road of Gogo, M'here 
 they burnt one hundred and twenty trading boats, and. feveral 
 fliips, of which one was the Ilehemy, without doubt, at this 
 time, the largeft on the feas of India ; after which the ioldiers 
 landed, and deflroyed feveral villages ; but Gogo, being 
 walled, was fafe. The news of this devaluation arrived at 
 Surat on tlie l6th of December, and renewed the fufpicion 
 .of INIocrib Caun, that the Englilh were in league with the 
 
 rortugucfe.
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SURAT. 347 
 
 Portuguefc, bccaufe they had not fired on the fi'igates as if J 4. 
 they palled. 
 
 Before their return, captain Downton weighed from Sually, 
 and anchored his fliips off the bar of Surat, in order to pro- 
 tect the communication of his boats with the city. The road 
 is feven miles from the lliore ; and every where along the 
 coaft are fantis which afford refuge to fliallow veffels againft 
 the approach of Qiips of deep burthen, of which the frigates 
 availed themfelves, anchoring much nearer the fliore, from- 
 whence thc}'^ gave chacc, even into the river, to every boat 
 which appeared either coming in or going out; whilft others 
 cruized as they lilted around. On feveral nights fome bore 
 down, as if they intended to fet the fliips on fire; which were 
 kept in continual alerts, either of guard, defence, or chace, 
 with very little detriment done or received, until the 29th, 
 when captain Downton, finding that he could not prevent 
 the cruizes of the frigates at the mouth of the river, returned 
 to Swally. On the l6th of January, a ileet of near forty 1615, 
 more appeared from the fouth, and joining thole already at '^'^"' 
 the bar, went all together into the river to get water, and 
 came out the next day. The day after arrived nine fliips, 
 which were followed the next day by two gallics. 
 
 The crews of the Portuguefe marine in India were com- 
 pofed of two different orders. The fighting men were rated 
 as genuine Portuguefe ; who, proud of this pre-eminence, 
 
 Y Y a refufcd.
 
 348 ESTABLISHMENT OF -^r^. 
 
 1615. velufcd, unlefs in cafes of extremity, to take i the for- 
 
 Jan. vices necelikry to navigate the vellel ; i)ut reieivccl to them- 
 felves the management of the cannon, tire-woiks, and fmall 
 arms.' The mariners were either fla\es, or Hindoos of the. 
 meaner cafts, or iliil more degenerate chriflians, horn in the 
 country, and confidered as unworthy of the mihtary chara6ter, 
 -were entirely allotted to the management of the tackle. The 
 armament, which now appeared at the harof Surat, was com- 
 manded by the vice-roy of CJoa, Don Jeronimo de Azevedo, 
 who hoifted his flag as admiral, in the Todos Santos of 
 eight hundred tons, two hundred and fixty fighting men, of 
 whom thirly were of family and diftinclion, and twenty-eight 
 • pieces of ordnance, which probably were of the larger ca- 
 libres ; ibr two arc exprefsly faid to be forty pounders, 
 rive others of the fliips Avere from feven to four hundred 
 tons ; from one hundred and eighty to one hundred and 
 forty men, from twenty to fourt(,'en guns. Thefe fix were 
 rated as galleons ; a diltinction we do not comprehend- 
 The two next in force were each of two hundred tons, fifty 
 men, and eight guns ; and a pinnace of four guns had eighty 
 fighting men. The two gallies had each fifty. The frigates 
 Jiad eighteen oars on a fide, and were ecpially manned with 
 thirty befides the rowers, who weie probably two to an oar; 
 in which cafe they amounted to four thoufand three hundred 
 and twenty, and, with the mariners in the larger vcfiL-ls, made 
 
 the
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SURAT. 349 
 
 tlie number of fix thoufand natives ferving in the fleet ; in which 1 G 1 5. 
 the Portuguefe, or Europeans, were two thoufand fix hundred, 
 who managed, with very* httle fliill, one hundred and thirty- 
 four pieces of cannon, againft eighty of much inferior Ihot. 
 
 Captain Downton confidered the fuccefs of this arma- 
 ment as the certain dcftrudlion of the Enghfli commerce in 
 the Mogul's dominions ; reafoning, that if his own fliips 
 fliould be driven from their ftations, in the roads of Surat and 
 Swally, the vice-roy, by devaftation even of the city itfelf, 
 would compel the Nabob to refufe the Englifli all future re- 
 fort and intercourfe ; and, computing the lofs of his fliips as 
 a detriment much inferior to fuch a confequence, he refolved 
 to perifli with them, rather than recede ; but did not de- 
 fpair that ftratagem might avail to fupply the defect of 
 force. 
 
 The Nabob, terrified by the appearance of the armament, 
 fent his fliabander, or cuftom-mafter, and feveral other prin- 
 cipal men, to the vice-roy, with a large prefent of provifions, 
 and many promifes, to obtain peace; which the vice-roy 
 refuled, not doubting that he fliould deftroy the Englifli 
 
 * We have endeavourccl to compute the force of this armada, from the depo- 
 fition in Piirchas, of a Portuguefe who ferved in one of tlie galleons. rARiA 
 DE souzA relates this campaign ; and, although differing in ibme particulius 
 from the Englilh accounts, without partiality to the Poi-tugucfe. Defcribing 
 that part of the fleet, which failed with the vice-roy from Gon, and confifted of 
 all the veffels which mounted cannon, befides some others, he fays, "Llevavaa 
 " mil y quatrocicntos Portuguefes nvucha y podei-ofa arliUeria : pero ignorantes 
 manejitdores della." 
 
 fliips ;
 
 350 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 I6i5. fliips; after which he intended to cxad much fevtrer terms, 
 or the full price of remifhon. 
 
 The channel of Swally is about a mile and a half in brearlth, 
 . and fcven in length. It lies between a fpot of fand of this 
 length, winch is dry at low water, and the main Ihore. The 
 ihips, when Swally uiied to be the ftation, now deferied, an- 
 chored in a cove which cuts into the kind, about midway of 
 the channel, and is called Swally-hole. The wind, during 
 the northerly monfoon, blows conftantly from the n . e. and 
 at this time generally frelh enough to fiem the flood, which 
 comes from the fouth. 
 
 Early in the morning of the 20th, at low water, Downton 
 fent the Hope, of three hundred tons, to anchor at the fouth 
 entrance of the channel, where the galleons woidd not have 
 depth fufficient to come near her until the flood was high. 
 The three other fliips foon after came out of the cove, but 
 anchored again in the channel. Thefe manoeuvres pro- 
 duced the intended mift;ake, that the Englifli fliips had quitted 
 Swally to put to fea and fly the coaft. And the Hope had 
 fcarcely anchored, before the whole fleet of the Portuguefe 
 were under full fail, plying to flop the channel. The two 
 fmaller fliips, with the pinnace, Avhich were foremoft, all at 
 the fame time grappled and boarded the Hope ; in which, 
 the attack being expcdcd, was well refifted. Downton, with 
 the three other fliips, leaving their anchors, came down, and 
 chofe their fliot on the enemy's fliips entangled with the 
 
 Hope .;
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SURAT. 35 
 
 Hope; which thrice beat off the Portuguefe who had en- ih'ij. 
 tered, to find more danger on board their own ; which the 
 confufion of continual flaughter difablcd them from cutting- 
 clear of tiie Hope, until in defpair, they fet fire to all the 
 three, and took to the water; when a number of frigates, 
 which had hitherto given no alTiflance, now rifqued themfelves, 
 and faved many, but many were drowned. 
 
 In the mean time the Hope had taken fire in her main and 
 fore rigging, but neverthelefs difengaged herfelf from the 
 three (liips in fiercer flames, which drove on the fands, and 
 burnt until overwhelmed by the flood. All this while the 
 galleons kept on the outfide of the fpit, acrofs which they 
 cannonaded the Engliili fliips within the channel, which was 
 anfwered ; but with little detriment on either fide. 
 
 This fuccefs changed the face of affairs. The vice-roy 
 fent a deputation to the Nabob propofing an alliance ; who 
 anfwered with a prefent of provifions, and refufalj to make 
 any peace in which the Englifli fliould not be included ; to 
 Avhom he ordered his officers at Swally to give ever}'- affift- 
 ance, and even fent timber from the city to replace the main- 
 maft of the Hope, which had been deftroyed by the fire. 
 And the En'glifh fliips carried on their ufual occupations in 
 the channel, fometimes alarmed, but never attacked, by the 
 Portuguefe, who waited for reinforcements ; which arrived 
 on the 3d of February, confifting of two fliips, two large 
 junks, and eight or ten of the country boats.
 
 Feb. 
 
 ^^z ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 1()1.5. On the 8th, in the forenoon, the two junks, witli the two 
 galHes before arrived, came driving up the channel with the 
 flood, as if intending to fire the fliips, tor which they were 
 faid to be prepared ; but as foon as the fliips weighed and 
 flood towards them, they put about, and got away with the 
 wind. Captain Down ton fufpecled, that this appearance 
 was onl}"^ meant to fix his attention to this end of the channel, 
 whilfl it Avas really intended to make the attack from the 
 other, M'here, during the ebb, the wind and tide ferved toge- 
 ther ; whereas the wind conflantly oppofed the flood, which 
 was the only help of approach from the fouth. Nor was he 
 miftaken ; for foon after dark, the interception of a large light 
 on an ifland, at a great diftance, or perhaps on the coaft 
 itfclf, on the other fide of the bay towards Gogo, difcovered 
 that veflTels were moving to the north of the channel ; and 
 before midnight four were defcried coming down with the 
 ebb: they were two fire-boats not yet lighted, towed by two 
 frigates. The cannon and finall arms of the fliips foon 
 obliged the frigates to throw ofl' the boats, fetting fire to 
 them ; which coming on were avoided by three of the fliips, 
 but both at fome interval fell on the Hope, one athwart her 
 haufe, the other on her quarter ; but flie cleared herfclf with- 
 out damage, and the flood brought them back, ilill burning in 
 the morning, when the fliips boats towed them aground. 
 
 On the night of the 10th came down two boats, towed by 
 
 four frigates, which, as before, were forced by the fire of the 
 
 7 Ihips
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SURAT. ^o'o 
 
 fliips to cafl oft' and kindle tlie boats at too great a diflance, \G\!i. 
 wlien the ftrenglh of the wind drove them to leeward of the 
 (liips. They were fcarcely palled, when many more frigates 
 Avere difcerned, which had in tow four boats chained together 
 ahead : all flemmed direcStly on the Hector, affording fpa- 
 cious mark to the fire of all the fliips; which again beat away 
 the frigates, in fuch terror, that they only lighted two of tlie 
 boats. The Heftor, by fwinging round on her cable, avoided 
 them. A fliot from the admiral fet fire to the third boat, 
 which fired the other; and ail, confounded together, were 
 driven bv the a;ule on the ft rand of S wall v. 
 
 The Portuguefe galleons, which had this while continued 
 anchoring to the northward, fell down the next day to the 
 bar of Surat, where captain Down ton cavrfed them to be 
 watched, fufpefting the vice-roy might land and attempt the 
 city, in which cafe he refolved to attack the galleons, de- 
 prived of their fighting men ; but the vice-roy faw the danger, 
 and only fent the frigates into the river, to give importance 
 to the neo'ociation which he renewed with the Nabob, who 
 anfwered as before, that he could not aljandon the Englilli. 
 And on the 13th the vice-roy failed away with all the armada, 
 excepting twenty frigates; whicli created various conjectures 
 concernins his future intentions. 
 
 Notwithftanding the alarms to which the Englilh fliips had 
 been lately expofed, they had not defifted from landing their 
 outward cargoes, and receiving on board the goods provided 
 for England ; all of which were fliipped, as well as the water 
 
 Z 7. and
 
 354 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 161 5. and provifions; when captain Downton, deeming the fair 
 I'oafon too far f|y?nt to permit the ai'mada, if they fliould 
 retum, to attack tlie city, fignified his intention of departing 
 to the Nabob, who intreatcd him to defer it for fifteen days, 
 and after much fceming objection he confented to eight; on 
 svhich the Nabob fent his tents and pomp to Swally, and 
 arrived there himfclf with a great train on the £i4t]i in the 
 morning, before captain Downton was apprized, who landed 
 two horns after, with one hundred and twenty men regularly 
 armed, and was efcorted by them to the tent, wlicre the 
 Nabob received and entertained him with much courtcfy, 
 and on his invitation went on board his lliip, which he exa- 
 mined with intelligent curiohty; and Downton accompanied 
 him back to the fliore. Two days after, his fon, and fon-in- 
 law, came on board to take leave ; and the next, feveral of 
 the piincipal men of the town. 
 
 ilarcfi. On the 3d of March the Englini fliips weighed from Swally, 
 and faw a fleet of frigates coming from the weftward to the 
 river, moll of which pafled in Ihoal-water, out of cannon-fliot; 
 but the fliips fucd on the ncareft, to give the la ft teftimony 
 of good-will to their friends on Ihore. Veflels going from 
 Siurat to the fouth, even in the northerly monfoou, fave their 
 ground by anchoring on the thiod, unlefs the wind is very 
 fliff. At day-break the Portuguefc armada were difcerned 
 at anchor towards the fliore ; Avho weighed and ftood after 
 the Englifli fliips through the day, but loft ground by not 
 anchoring, as they did, on the flood. The next day, the 5th 
 
 of
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SURAT. 355 
 
 of the month, both fleets flood on to the fouth; but the ifiis. 
 Portuguefe did not gain, although the 7/oj9e failed fo ill, that 
 the IIcBor, which failed the beft, was obliged to take her in 
 tow. The fucceeding day, Downton, thinking he had led the 
 armada far enough from their own poits and Surat, refolved 
 to let tliem come up, and then putting about liiddenl}^ to 
 attack them unexpected, hoping nmch from the furprize of 
 conceited fuperiority. He accordingly went in his boat to 
 the three other fliips, to animate and inftrut^l them; during 
 which the flood fet in ; when his own, which had the admiral's 
 flag aloft, meaning to accommodate the quicknefs of hi'i 
 return to her with the tide, fell aftcrn of the others. At this 
 time the vice-roy's galleon failing well, was far a-head of the 
 reft of his fleet, and near enough to have brought Downton's 
 to engagement; and his gunner proflered to flnk her with the 
 two forty-pounders, which fcem to have been the pride of 
 the armada; but the hhialgocs, or gentry, faid that the Englifli 
 admiral had fallen aftcrn witii no other intention than lo 
 tempt the vice-roy to the trial, when the three other fliips 
 would bear down, and be an overmatch ; on v. hich he hauled 
 his wind * towards the fliore, was followed by his fleet, and 
 
 * FAiMiV DF. SOUS A fiiys, that the Enn;lll]i (liiiii maflo their acknowledgments 
 to the vice-roy for this refolution of not lighting them, by a falule, aa from 
 friends, of tlieir cannon without bull; and reafon good, that tlicy fliould confult 
 the fafety and fatisf;i(5^ion of thofe who had eonfultcd theirs. " Finalmente los 
 " Inglefes agradecierou aquelta refohicion a los utieftros, con un falva como de 
 *' amigos, porque fuc dc artilleiia fin bala: que era razon proem alien el gufto y 
 " la fahid de quien les procurava el fuyo y la fuyu." — IJiit r.otwilhllanding the 
 wit of FARiA, the Englilh falute was ;i very ironical compliment. 
 
 X 2 i all
 
 2S-0 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 1615. all v.cre foou out of ilglit, as tlic Englilli- iliips continued 
 tlieir courfe. AVlicn the vice-roy was afterwards, arraigned 
 on various crimes duriuo- his o;ovcrnnient, liis condud; on this 
 clay was one of the articles of accufation, aiid the very hi- 
 dalgocs, in deference to whofe opinion he had refrained IVona 
 the attack, v/itueffcd againil him. The Enghfli fliij)? pro- 
 ceeded down the coaft, and on the 10th of the mouth the 
 Hope Avas fent off for England ; the other three doubled Cape 
 Jane. Conioriu ou thc 19th, and arrived on the fecoud of June at 
 
 Jii'T. Bantam, where captain Down ton died on the Gth of Augull, 
 lamented, admired, and unequalled. 
 
 16 1 4. The prefent for the Mogul had fet out from Surat ou the 
 lad of November, luuler the chai'ge of Mr. Edwards, the 
 
 Decern, fenior merchant of thofe who arrived in the fleet: an efcort 
 was furniflicd by Mocrib Caun ; and Mr. Aldworth, the juin- 
 cipal agent, with feveral other fatT;ors, availed thcmfelves of 
 the fafety and I'cputc of this opportunity, to vifit the towns 
 Avhere the comjiany had relidencies or trade. The efcort was 
 changed at broach, again at Demy-rode; but at Chamon- 
 dyle only twenty-fiv.e meji were allotted, and Lhey Mere in 
 concert Avith the rcjbbers, of whom a band of fifty horfemeu 
 came near the caravan whilil haltins; at nisiht, but were dc- 
 terred by tlie difpofitions of defence which the faftors made 
 witli their own fervants. On the 81h they anived at lirodera, 
 Avhere a prefent to the governor, and a fight of the nialufl" 
 dog intended for the ]\Iogul, procured them kind reception, 
 and an efcort of one liundrcd foldicrs, avIio accompanied 
 1 thcnt
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SURAT. 357 
 
 them to Ahmedabad, where they arrived on the 13th. From 1G15 
 hence Richard Steele and John Crouthcr were fent off on 
 their deftincd journc}', to Perfia ; and on the ad of January, j^,;,^ 
 ]\Ir. Edwards continued his with the prefent to Agra. 
 
 The exchifion of the Portuguefe enabled the Enolifji factors 
 abroad to make tlieir purchafes Eit Ahmedabad with difpatch 
 and sufficient cheapnefs. They fet out on their return from 
 thence, on the Q6ih of Januarj'^, Avith forty carts, and an 
 efcort, which the government encreafed, Ijecaufe murders 
 and robberies had been committed, two nights before, clofc 
 to tlie walls of the city. At Mundevas, the governor in- 
 formed them of the fight, which had paffed on the 20th, 
 between the Hope and the three fliips which boarded her, 
 acknowledging that Surat owed its prefervation to that fuc- 
 cefs, and in gratitude augmented their efcort ; to which more 
 were fortunatcl}' added when they arrived at Brodera ; for 
 on the march to Broach, the caravan was attacked in a clofe « 
 lane, thick fet on each fide Avith hedges, by three hundred 
 Rajpoots, who with their lances and arrows wounded many, 
 although few dangeroufly, and before the line could get out 
 again into the plain, cut off two of the carriages, with which 
 they retii'ed to divide the booty. On the 5th of February the p^^.^ 
 caravan arrived at Surat, and the goods were fent to the fliips 
 at Swally. 
 
 The miiTion of Steele and Crouther was intended to pro- 
 cure a phirmaund for tiie pcrmillion of Englifli fliips to trade 
 
 in
 
 358 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 1615. in the ports of Perfia ; and the hopes of fucccfs were autho- . 
 rizcd by the circuraftances of the thnc, and the cxpcded af- 
 fil\ance of lir Robert Shirley. 
 
 r^^^n^ The lliip Expedition had no fooner left the Indus, as we 
 
 Odob l^*^"^'^ iixxd, in Odober 16 13, than the governor of Diul, 
 ■who was a Banian, and either bribed or intimidated by tlie 
 Portuguefe, falfified the promifes which had induced the two 
 embafladors to land under his protection ; a tiigatc had been 
 difpatched to Ormus, which brought back twelve alVaffins, if 
 other means fhould fail, to flop their Journey to Perfia ; which 
 obliged them to keep conftant guard in their own houfe, 
 often expofed to the outrages of the Portuguefe rcfiding in 
 the town ; which the governor, if he did not encourage, 
 would not, although called on, prevent, but even refufed his 
 penniflion for their departure ; during thefe dilhcflcs, iir 
 
 l6l4, Thomas Powel, and one of his followers, died. At length iir 
 » Robert .Shirley fet out with his own means ; which, as he 
 took his company', mufl have been openly, and witJiout hin- 
 drance ; but when they came to where they intended to crofs 
 the river, ivo boats would venture to carry them over : on 
 Avhich they made a raft, and Shirley full embarkc-d with Na- 
 zerljeg, to try the paflage, when a party of horle, lent from 
 Diulfmde, appeared on the bank, and fwinmicrs brought 
 back the raft. Meanwhile a fray enfued on Ihore, and Mr. 
 Ward, who had long been the companion of fa- Robert 
 Shirley, fncd his piftol in the face of one of the troop, and 
 
 was
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SURAT. sS9 
 
 vas iuftantly fliot dead by another. All were feized and carried 1-6 1 5. 
 back, their effects pillaged in the way, and the whole com- i b 1 4. 
 pany put into prifon. At length the were releafed, and per- 
 mitted to get boats, in which they proceeded to Tatta, where 
 the governor, being a Perlian, treated them with civility ; but 
 as all the roads were infeftcd by robbers, tliey waited two 
 months for the efcort of an orarah of diftin6tion travcllino; to 
 Agra. During this delay, the widow of fir Thomas Powd 
 was brought to bed, and died with her infant ; and foon after 
 IMichael, the brothei' of fir Thomas, likewife died. 
 
 Sir Robert Shirley, on his arrival at Agra, was received with 
 much courtcfy by the emperor, who wiflicd to entertain him in 
 his fervice, and fent for the governor of Diulfinde, on whon> 
 he offered to inflict any punifliment fir Robert might chufc, 
 if he would ftay to fee it inflicted. But fir Robert prefi'cd to 
 continue his journey, and gave offence by a retort to a 
 harfh reflection on the king of Perfia; which neverthelefs did 
 not prevent the fometimes generous humour of Jehangire 
 from difmifiing him with rich prefents*, equipage, pravifions, 
 and an .efcort, which was continued to the frontier of Can- 
 dahar, from whence he arrived fafely Mdth his lady at Ifpahan; 
 bearing the purpart of fir Thomas Powel's cmbafly from, 
 KING jAMhs, which was not unacceptable to suah abcas; 
 who having lately reduced the provmce of Lar, wiflied to dif^ 
 poflefs the Portuguefe of Ormus, and their other lordfhips in 
 
 * Piuchas I'aysj to the amount of q,oool. 
 
 the
 
 3^0 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 1614. the Perfian gulph, but wanted the airillance of an equal force 
 
 at fea, which he forefaw might be furnilhcd by the Englilli 
 
 '^'"^ nation. 
 1515. 
 
 March. Tlic Portuguefe vicc-roy, after retreating from captain 
 Downton, flopped at BafliMn, Ijefore he proceeded to Coa, 
 and inftructed his governor of Daman to endeavour a recon- 
 cihation with Surat; to which end the jefuit Hieronimo 
 Xavier worked more efficacioufly at Agra, by jjrofters and 
 apologies, Avhich gained the cmj)eror's motlicr from mo- 
 tives of religion, and his wife by expectation of prefents ; at 
 whofe folicitations the emperor gave the government and re- 
 venue of Surat in appanage to his third fon Sultan Currom, 
 who fucceeded to the throne with the name of Shah Jehan. 
 
 Sultan Currom appointed his favorite Zulfacar Caun to 
 a6t as his manager and vicegerent at Surat, from whence 
 Aug. INIocrib Caun fat out as foon as the rains began to abate, and 
 Mr. Aldworth, with feveral factors, took the advantage of his 
 efcort, to repair to Cambay and Ahmedabad *. 
 ^^pi Zulfacmr Caun, vexed at the detriments which the ftate 
 
 and revenues of his new government had fuftained from the 
 Portuguefe, imputed the caufe to the Englilh, whom he de- 
 tcfted accordingly, and concluded a treaty with the governor 
 of Daman, which, according to the hiftorian fauia, confifted 
 
 * We find this firoiul journey of -AWwortii, and the dopaiUire of Mocrib 
 Caun, not in am- of the relations in Purchas, but in a I'eparate trad of forty 
 patics in 12° — printed London i6;',3, and wriUcn by fiiRisToviiEii farewell, 
 one of tlie fa<^turs who accompanied Mr. .'Udworth in this journey. 
 
 of
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SURAT. 361 
 
 'of the following articles, " Tliat neither the emperor, nor the \G\5. 
 " vice-roy fliould hold any correfpondence either with the En- "^ " 
 " glifli or the Dutch : that they fliould not flielter either of tliefe 
 " nations in their ports ; but obliged themfelves to drive them 
 " out of the fea of Guzerat within three months after their 
 " appearance in it : that if the Englifli fliould come into the 
 " WELL of Surat, the Portuguefe fliould be permitted to raife 
 '• batteries on the fliore, and expel them: that, former injuries 
 " and lodes on both fides beins: foroot, the Moguls and 
 " Portuguefe fhould trade freely in each others ports: that 
 " the prifoners on both fides fliould be reftorcd, and the Mogul 
 " reftore all effects in his poffeifion belonging to the Portu- 
 " guefe, after paying himfelf feventy thoufand xerafins, 
 " for the eftimated lofs in a fliip coming from ]\Iecca : that 
 " the hulk of a fliip fliould be given to the emperor's mother, 
 " in compenfation for that* Mdiich had been burnt at Gogo : 
 " that the vick-roy fliould permit two fliips for one year, and 
 " one every 3'ear, to make the voyage from Surat to Mecca, 
 " exempt from all duties : that the MaJabars fliould be 
 " driven out of the porte of both, as pernicious pirates ; and 
 " that nothing in this peace fliould alter the rights of the 
 " king of Portugal to lev^' duties at his cuftom-houfo of Diu,' 
 " on all veflels navigating the gulph of Canibay." "We can- 
 not afcertain the date of this treaty ; Avhich taria places 
 towards the end of this .3'ear 161 5, and it might have been 
 
 * The ReheiTiy, fee page 2'^ 5 and 34G. 
 
 s A executed
 
 ^62 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 :> 
 
 161 5. executed in September, foon after the arrival of Zulfacar 
 Sept. Caun ; who at all events could not prcfunie to fulfil all its 
 engagements, until confirmed by the J\Iogul. 
 
 Frequent information given by intelligent perfons who 
 had been at Agra, concerning the itate and mannei's of the 
 jVIogul's court, had convinced the company of the expediency 
 of a formal embafly from the king, to be executed by a per- 
 fonofmore diftindtion than any who at this time fought their 
 mercantile fervice. Accordingly fir Thomas Roe was ap- 
 pointed ; but, as if the royal connniilion required not the ac- 
 companiments of fplcndor, frugality prcfcribed his allowances, 
 his retinue, and even the prefent to the JMogul, with little 
 conformity to the fumptuous prejudices of the molt magni- 
 ficent court in the imiverfe. 
 
 Sir Thomas Roe embarked in one of four fliips which 
 failed together. They left the land's end on the 6th of 
 Marcli. March of 1615, touched at the Cape, at Mohila, and at So- 
 S^pt. cotra; and anchored at Swally on the I8th of September. 
 The fad;or Biddulph came down, and returned with feveral 
 of thofe arrived, in order to provide and furnifli the embaf- 
 lador's houfe; neverthelefs each of them \vns ftri6lly fearched 
 at tlie city gate, for the cuftoms on what to3's or implements 
 they might have about them. Zulfacar Caun, notwith- 
 ftanding his averfion to the Englifli, was deterred by refped; 
 to liis own fovereign from infulting their embaflador without 
 pretext, and fent down his principal men to receive fir 
 
 Thomas
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SURAT. 363 
 
 Thomas Roe on the ftrand : who landed on the 24th under 161^. 
 a general falute, and the beft apparel of the lliips, accompa- 
 nied by all their officers, the factors, his own retinue, and one 
 liundred men under arms. 
 
 On his arrival at the cit}^ his own perfon, with four of his 
 followers, were exempted, but not until after remonftrance, 
 from the cuftom-houfe fearch ; but Zulfaoar refufed the rest, 
 pretending to fee no dift'erence between his, and the quality 
 of thofe who had been employed as the company s refidents 
 at Agra *, all of whom had afllimed the title of embaffador 
 from the king of England. This was followed by other af- 
 fronts ; which determined him to wait for an anfwer from the 
 eourt ; during Avhich, ]\Ir. Aldworth died at Ahmedabad, and 
 Mr. lierridge, who took the management of the factory there, 
 was fined and imprilbned by the government. The letters 
 from coui't ordered proper refped; to fir Thomas Roe ; who 
 lat out from Suraton the 30th of October. Oiioi. 
 
 At B RAM PORE were encamped the Sultan Parviz, fecond 
 fon of the emperor, and Chan Chanan, the rival of Afiph Jah, 
 with forty thoufand hoife, defigned aginft Melee Amber. Sir 
 Thomas vifited the Sultan, and requefted his permilfion to 
 establifh a factory in the cit}' ; which he not only granted, 
 but immediately ifllied the phirmaunds for the coming and 
 vejidence of the faftors : he likewife ordered new carriages for 
 * Hawkins, Canning, Keriidge, Edwards. 
 
 3 A 2 the
 
 364 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 1615. the Mogul's prefont. Sicknefs detained him at Branipore for 
 Deccmb. fome da3'8. On the 23d of December he arrived at Azmir. 
 
 to which the ]\Iogul had removed from Agra, and was met 
 the day before by Edwards the refidcnt, and Thomas Coryat 
 the traveller. 
 
 1616. His ficknefs delayed the firft audience until the 10th of 
 Jot- January: he was received by the Mogul Avith more than the 
 
 ufual courtcfy to embufiadors in the eaft, and delivered the 
 prefents from the king. On the I4th he vifited Sidtan 
 Currom, with one, as from the company; and demanded 
 redrefs of him, as lord of Surat, for the many injuries 
 which had been inflitlcd on their trade and facftors by the 
 officers of that government; adding, that refped; to the Sultan 
 had prevented him from complaining to the emperor. The 
 Sultan promifed that the grievances Ihould be immediately 
 remedied. On the 24th fir Thomas, at a public audience, 
 reprcfentcd to the emperor the violences and indignities 
 which the factors had fuffered at Ahmedabad; on which lie 
 ordered two phirmaunds of injunction ; the one, that the 
 money exacted from Mr. Kerridge fliould be reftored, and the 
 Engliih be treated with all favour; the other, to releafe all 
 cuiloms, levied on whatfoever pretence, on the roads ; and 
 to repay what had been received. Jle moreover willed fa- 
 Thomas Roe to complain again, if thcfc orders were not foon 
 and pundtually obeyed. 
 
 6 But
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SURAT. 365 
 
 But tliefe profeffions were only occafional reliefs, and no 1616. 
 earneit for fuch a treaty as fu' Thomas Roe was inltruded to 
 obtain for the general and permanent fecurity of the Englilh 
 trade in the Mogul's dominions ; which, although not openly, 
 were inveterately oppofcd by the nioft powerful influences 
 in the court. ]\Iany had been perfuaded by the jefuit, and 
 Sultan Currom by Zulfacar Caun, of whofe condu6l fa- 
 Thomas Roe had complained, that Surat would be more 
 benefited by the friendiliip and intercourfe of the Portuguefe, 
 than the trade of the Englifli ; or at leaft, that this trade 
 woukl never compenfate the detriment of the Portuguefe 
 hoftihties, which would never ceafe whilft the Englifli were 
 encouraged. Sultan Currom had married the dauohler of 
 Afiph Jah, the vizier; whofe filler, Noorniahil*, was married 
 to the emperor, and rarely failed to influence all his refo- 
 lutions. The aunt and father-in-law indulged the prejudices 
 of the Sultan, and thwarted the fuccefs of fir Thomas Roe; 
 who having borne the delays and cxcufes of office for two 
 months, and finding nothing confonant in the terms offered 
 by Sultan Currom, fpoke direcT;]y to the emperor, and re- Man-h 
 quefled a definitive anfwer to his own [)r()pofals. The ^ 
 emperor afked what prefents he fliould receive yearly, ex- 
 pected rubies and diamonds (which the Portuguefe gave) but 
 feemed content with the promife of curious nianufa6lures, 
 and wiflied to have a large Engliih horfc. Renewing the 
 
 * See note xi. to the Iliftorical Fragments, page 185. 
 
 difcoiirfe
 
 366 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 }6lC). tlifcourfe af the tl'caty, fir Thomas Roe faid that the EngUfh 
 March, j^^^j [jqqj^ often zcrongcd, and could not continue on fuch 
 terms. The emperor caught the word, and afl-Lcd, with much 
 emotion, By whom zcronged? Sir Thomas ordered his intei- 
 preter, in broken Spanilli, to fa}^ " that he "would not trouble 
 " his niajefty, but a(k redrefs of his fon, from Avhom he 
 " doubted not to obtain it." The king underftanding the 
 word JigUo, thought his fon was accufed, and fcolded him 
 roundly, before he would liflen to the explanation of the;, 
 miftake; which reftored quiet, and renewed the convcrfation 
 on the phirmaund offered by the Sultan, which i)roduced 
 other altercations of heat; when Mocrib Caun fpoke out in 
 favour of the Portuguefe, and llightingly of the Engliih, and 
 was fcconded by the jefuit ; to which fir Thomas Roe replied, 
 that he offered them a conditional peace, but fet their friend- 
 lliip at a mean rate, and their hatred and force at lefs. The 
 emperor faid, his demands were juft, his rcfolution noble, 
 and bade him propound. But Afij)h Jah, who had hitherto 
 been filent, although very fignificant, was apprehenfive that 
 more difpute would break out, and propofed, that the Englifh 
 demands fliould be prefented to the emperor in writing ; fir 
 Thomas, that the Sultan's tenns Ihould accompany them, 
 which was agreed to with fecming fatisfadlion on all fides, 
 but with diifembled by Sultan Currom. On the 26tli of 
 March, fir Thomas Roe delivered his demands to the 
 emperor at the public audience ; they were difpofcd into 
 
 nine-
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SURAT. 367 
 
 nineteen articles*, wiiich compiehcnd-ed every necefiliry pro- I6l6. 
 viiaon for the fafety and fuccefs of the company's trade in 
 
 the 
 
 * The articles, as penned by fir Thomas Roe, wore, 
 
 1. Ihal there be perpetual peace and amity between ibc king of Great 
 IJritain and his Indian niajcfty. 
 
 J I. Tliat tile lubjcL'ts oi' lingland have free trade in all ports oC India. 
 
 III. That tiie governors of all ports pubiiih this agr'.'eincnt lluce limes, upon 
 ilie arrival of any Englifli fhij)*. 
 
 IV 'That the merchants and their firvantsjlinll not he fearchcd or ill ufed. 
 
 V. That no prefentsfent to the Mogul Jkall he opened. 
 
 VI. That the Englijh goods Jli all not be flopped above twenty-four hoiir^ at the. 
 cujlom-hoitfe, only to be there fealed, and lent to the merchant's houfe, tiicre to 
 be opened and rated within fix da^'s after. 
 
 VII. Tiiat no governor (hall take any goods by force, but upon payment at 
 tiie owner's price; nor any taken upon pretenee of the Icing's Jervice. 
 
 VIII. That the merchants (liall not be hindered felling their goods to whom 
 they pleafe, or fending them to other facSlories, and liiis without paying any 
 other duty than what is paid at the port. 
 
 IX. Tliat whatfoever goods the Englifli buy in any part of the Mogul's 
 dominions, they may fend down to tlie ports, without paying any dut}' more 
 than fliall be agreed on at the port at Ihipplng them ; and this witliout hin- 
 drance or nioleftation. 
 
 X. That no goods brought to any port fliall be again opened, the Englifli 
 fliewing a certificate of tlieir numbers, qualities, and conditions, from the go- 
 vernor or officers of the place where they were bought. 
 
 XI. That no confifcation fliall be made of the goods or money of any Englifli 
 dving. 
 
 XII. That no cuftom be demanded for provifions during the ftay of Englifli 
 fllips at any port. 
 
 xin. That the merchants' fervanls, whether Englifli or Indians, fliall not be 
 puniflied or beaten for doing their duty. 
 
 XIV. That the Mogul fliall punifli any governor or officer for breach of any 
 of thefe articles. 
 
 XV. That the Englifli fliips fliall fufller all others to pafs and repafs freel}' to 
 the Mogul's ports, except their enemies ; and that the Enghfli afliore Ihall be- 
 have themfeives civilly as merchants. 
 
 XVI. That they fliall yearly furnifli the Mogul widi all rarities from Europe, 
 and all other fuch things as he ftiail defire, at reaibnabk prices. 
 
 XVII. The
 
 368 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 16 IG. the Mogurs dominions, and guarded, by fpecial expreffion, 
 v-^-v-w ngainft the repetition of fuch injuries and indignities as he 
 
 hinilclf had feen or fuffercd at Surat. 
 1615. The vice-roy Azevedo, on his return to Goa, armpd a fleet 
 of twelve fliips and twelve fmallcr veflels, of which he gave 
 tiie eommand to Ruy I'reyre, a man of quahty, and an officer 
 of reputation. They failed at the end of Odober, in the 
 preceding year; and during the pafiage, as well as at the 
 tmb. outfet, took under their convoy all the trade of the coaft 
 bound to the northward. Prom Balzar, near Daman, two 
 of the fliips went off" to convoy the veflels bound into the 
 gulpli of Cambay, and to return with what were ready to fail 
 from thence; but Freyrc, Avith the main body of his fleet, 
 anchored at the bar of Surat; from whence, we fuppofc *, the 
 Englifli fliips, which had brought flr Thomas Roe, expelled 
 to be attacked by him at Swally. Zulfacar Caun fent 
 
 xvii. The Englifli to pay the duty of thire and a Ii a If per cent, for goods 
 reafonably rated ; and tuo per cent, for pieces of eight ; and no other duty 
 elfevvhere. 
 
 xvni. That the Englifli fluill he ready to allift the Mogul agaiiift all his 
 enemies. 
 
 xix. Laftly. That the Porluguefe may come into this peace ^vilhin fix 
 months; or, if they rcfufc, the Englifli be at liberty to cxercife all holtiiities 
 againfl them. 
 
 * Tlie journal of captain Peyton, who commanded the fliip Expedition, is the 
 only one concerning this voyage ; and it fays iiotliing of what palled at Surat 
 after the 5tli of November to the departure of the fliips; fo lliat we fpeaiv of this 
 armada, from the [)articuliir account given of it by Faria y Soufa, who even 
 mentions the long nanus of iwenty-lhrce commanders, and nineteen iiidalgoes, 
 commanding or lerving in tlie dilferent veflels; and oommenioiates with com- 
 jilacence the gallant difinterelledaefs of their admiral. 
 
 ofiicers.
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SURAT. 369 
 
 officers, with two boats fi'oin the city, laden, as he fnid, with \6l6. 
 provifions, which he rcqucfted Ruy Freyrc to accept; but 161.5. 
 they contained bales of curious cloths and filks ; which ^^'^^"^ • 
 Freyrc opened, examined, praifed, and returned to the of- 
 ficers, in the prcfence of all his captains, whom he had fum- 
 iiioned to participate in the refufal ; but referved one piece, 
 which was a fliawl, and profefPed the fame affurance of his 
 fervices to the governor, as if he had accepted tlic whole 
 prefent. The fliawl was dedicated to the faired miflrefsv 
 The tieet failed to Dii* and Gogo, whilll the trading vellels 
 were preparing at Cainbay, which joined at the end of 
 December, and was the largeft convoy of many years. Olf Dtccmb. 
 Daman they were aflailed by a violent tcmpeft, which 
 ■wrecked or funk four iliips of the armada, and only one man 
 was faved out of three of them ; of the other, all. Thus ended 
 this cruife, without giving any molelhition to the Englilli 
 fliips,, notwithftanding the late j)retended treaty with the 
 government of Surat; who were probably deterred by the 
 refpedl with which they were ordered to treat hr Thomas 
 Roe, from encouraging the armada to the hoftilitics they 
 wiflied. 1616, 
 
 In February the Englifli fliips failed from Swally, and Feb. 
 proceeded as ufual down the coaft. On the 29th they took 
 a Portuguefe fliip ; and on the 3d of JMarcli anchored at Marc/t, 
 Callicut, where the samorin, always at enmity, and now at 
 war with that nation, having heard, from the merchants of 
 
 3. B his
 
 37° 
 
 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 1616. his own port, the fame of captain Downton's defence at Surat 
 in the preceding year, fent his miniftcr to invite the Enghfli 
 general, KeeUng, to meet him at Crangainore, A\hich he was 
 befieging. In the way thither, the fliips took another prize ; 
 and, on receiving a hollage for the vifit, KeeUng went on 
 fliore. The Samorin received him m ith much complacence, 
 and requefted to enter hito a league with the Englilh nation; 
 which was concluded on the 8th, and expreflTed in provifional 
 promifes, opening Avith thefe words : " As I have been ever 
 " an enemy to the Portuguefe, fo do*I purpofe to continue 
 " for ever." He then " j^romifes to give the fort and ifland 
 " of Crangainore, when taken, with nine mile of the coaft ; 
 " but referves a houfe, and the refidencc of a hundred of his 
 " own j>cople in the iiland ; cngagcth to take Cochin, with 
 " the aid of the Englifli, and to give it them, with the whole 
 " kingdom; but tlie charge and fpoil of the capture to be 
 " equally fliared ; and laftly, exempts them from all duties 
 " and cuftoms throughout his dominions : the terms to be 
 " i)erpctua1:" M'hich induced Keeling to leave three fa(5iors, 
 with a you ill, to manage fome trade, and a gunner to fcrvc 
 the Samorin. 'i'he fhips failed from Crangainore on the loth 
 of March, when one went off for England; the other three 
 took two more priiics before they quitted the coaft, when 
 feparaling, two went for Atchin, and the other for Bantan?. 
 'j'hc Saniorip., inftcxid of favouring the factors he had invited 
 to rcmuiu in his country, exaded profents from them, and 
 
 they
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SURAT. 371 
 
 they were glad to got away with their goods to Callicut, 16I6. 
 
 where they took up their refidcnce in April, and met with all Jiml. 
 
 difeouragement, excepting open violence, which was fonie- 
 
 times threatened, in confequence of their own indifcrctions. 
 
 Such Avas the origin of the factory at Callicut, whicli has 
 
 continued ever fince. 
 
 Sultan Currom and Afiph Jah not only continued their 
 
 oppofition to the demands of fir Thomas Roe, but even 
 
 treated him more than once with ill manners, in the prefence 
 
 of the emperor ; who repaired theii- affronts by the conftant 
 
 courtefy of his own behaviour, but decided nothing in the 
 
 bufmefs ; Avhich, left at large to its enemies, they introduced 
 
 deputies from the Portuguefe government, with prefents, and 
 
 the offer of other jewels of rare value, at lov; prices ; and by 
 
 holding out the trade of the Red-fca, and the pilgrimage to 
 
 Mecca, as dependant on the will of the Portuguefe, turned 
 
 the refped; of the court to their alliance, and excited equal 
 
 avei-fion towards the Englifh, infomuch that hr Thomas Roe 
 
 had made no progrefs in the treaty at the end of July, when J«/y. 
 
 he received a phirmaund from Mahobet Caun at Braniporc, 
 
 granting all the immunities he had requefted of him for the 
 
 trade of Broach*; by which, bcfides other advantages, a 
 
 faving 
 * The words of fir Thomas Roc will beft defcribe his opinion of the vahdity 
 of thefe privileges: to which we fliall add what more may be pertinent to this 
 difcufiion. 
 
 " The two and twentieth (of July \6\6) T received letters from Brampore, 
 " in aufwcr of thofe to Mahobet Chan, who ixXfirjl (reqiieft) granted my dcfire, 
 
 3 B 2 " inaliing.
 
 372 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 1616. faving was procured in the cuftoms alone of one thoufand 
 "^' fnc hundred pounds a 3'ear; and the grant was not likely 
 
 to 
 
 " making his firman to barooch inoll eflecliuil to receive oui niition, ami to 
 
 " give them a honfe near the governor ; ftriclly commanding no man to molcft 
 
 " them bv fea or land, or to lake any ciijlome of them, or any way trouble them 
 
 " under colour thereof. Finally, that they mij^hl buy, fell, and tranfpoit any 
 
 " commodity at their pleafures, without any moleftation, concluding, that 
 
 " thev flionld expcd to hear no other from him, and llierefore they fliould be 
 
 " careful in execution. 1 received with it a letter from himfelf, which was more 
 
 " civility than all the Indies yielded me, full of courtefie and humanity, and 
 
 " great ref[)ccl:, proleiiing his defire to give me content, and that wliat I had 
 
 " demanded, 1 (hould make no doubt of performance : and if 1 had any othcv 
 
 " occafion to ufe him, he defired me to write, and it fliould be performed. The 
 
 " copies are worthy the feeing, for the riuenefs of the phrafe. The firman 
 
 " I caufed to be fent to Surat (in order to be forwarded by the agency there to 
 
 *' Broach): fo ilifii boroooh is provided for a good retreat from the rniNCK's 
 
 " injuries, and the ciijiom given, whereby fifteen hundred pounds per annuni 
 
 " will be faved, befidcs all manner of fearchcs and extortions. For the per- 
 
 / ^' formaiice of this no man maketh any doubt, for that all men confess, that he 
 
 " neither carelh for the prince, and fo feareth not, nor needeth any man, being 
 
 " the only beloved man of the king, and fccond perfon in his dominions, and 
 
 " in all his life fo liberal of his purfe, and honourable of his word, that he hath 
 
 " ingrolled good reports from all ot'ners : and concerning cii/lome, the king 
 
 ■•' takes none, the governors make it their profit, which he profefleth to fcorn, 
 
 " that be fliould abufc the liberty of the king's iiorts." 
 
 M'c cannot difcover what office in the ilatc was held by Mahobct Caun, 
 which entitled him to give this patent for Broach : he is mentioned by fir 
 Tiiomas Hoc as one of the principal generals in the army commanded by 
 Sultan Parviz and Ciiaii Clianan at Brampore, but could fcarceiy be the go- 
 vernor of this cily, fince iir Thomas Roe was treated there with negledl and 
 flight, when on his' jinirney to Azmir, in \(')i^\ at which time Ahmcdabiifl was 
 governed by AbdallaCaun, and Surat belonged to Sultan Cmrom, Sir Thomas 
 Jlerbert, who arrived at Surat in 1626, when mentioning the revolt of Sultan 
 Curroni in Ajiril 1622, and his march to feize the cafile of Agra, fays, "The 
 " PRiNcr, immedialily commands all his otlicers out of fucli provinces as his 
 <■' father /lad uffigned him from Brampore to Surat, and all Cambaya to Ama- 
 " dabat, the governors of barocii, JaunbaO'er, Medapore, and of the maritime 
 '''■ coall, G'o^rt, Dial, y at/fart/, Mangcrclpore, and Urmrpore ; as alfo out of 
 
 " Maiido,
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SUllAT. J73 
 
 to be repealed during the lilc of Gchanghire, from the higli 16 1 6. 
 refpecl and elleem in which he had always held the exalted 
 charad;cv of Mahobet Caun. 
 
 The emperor's birth-day fell on the 2d of September ; and Sept. 
 at the aflembly of congratulation, hr Thomas Roe told Aliph 
 Jah, the vizier, that having now waited feven months without 
 eftedl, he Ihould, on the morrow, requeft the emperor to de- 
 clare the caufes of the delay, and what he really meant to 
 grant. Afiph Jah apologized, imputing the hindrance to the 
 preparations for the fcail (which as ufual had fuperfeded all 
 other attentions) but promifed, now it was over, to expedite 
 
 " Mando, Ganderfee, Oudeporc, Baraer, Amnadagar, 8cc. in an enteipiiie fo 
 " full of peril, defuous to engage and bring them under like hazard, the better 
 " to oblige their future dependance upon his fortunes : and fo, with no lefs than 
 " feventy thoufand horfe, he marches towards Mando, as if he intended a con- 
 " trary progrefs." If this account be authentic, broach and Surat were under 
 the fame government in i6'23 ; and fo they feem to have been in I6I4, by the 
 applications of captain Downton, on his arrival, to the government of Sural, for 
 tlie redrefs of grievances at broach. 
 
 " In quondam times," fays fir Thomas Herbert, " the royalties of broach 
 " were fpacious, as fovereigni/.ing over many towns and provinces of note a 
 *' great way diitant ; as Medapon; feventy miles thence, Radgcepore or Bro- 
 " dera, eighty; JownbtiJJ'er, thirty; and Janagar,m Soret ; each of which now 
 " enjoys peculiar podeftates : howbeit, the Mogul has received hereout, as aji 
 " annual tax or tribute, no lefs than one million two hundred and tineefcore 
 " thoufand mammooders (or (liilUngs in our money), which revenue, from one 
 " province, fliews what a vaft. exchequer all his empire yearly contributeth." 
 Si.\ty thoufand pounds was then the annual revenue of broach ; and Jchang- 
 ire, from policy as well as particular afi'cciion, might have entrufted this go- 
 vernment to the integrity of J\TahobetCaun,by a fprcinl conimiflion ; for Ahmc- 
 dabad and Surat were in the hands of rapine. Sir Thomas Herbert, as well as 
 Mr. Dow, gives the whole life of Jehangire ; and in ihe latter revolution of this 
 rei"-n, 51 a ho bet caun appears the greateft captain and chara^fterin the empire. 
 Leifuremay be amufed by comparing the accofmts of tliefe two writers. 
 
 tho
 
 374 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 1 6 1 6. the privileges he folieited before all other bufinefs : but in the 
 ^^ ' dileuflion whieh enfiied bj appointment, Afiph Jah at laft 
 declared, that feeing the terms were fo drawn as to exempt 
 the Engliih, and their trade at Surat, from any dependance 
 on the authority of Sultan Currom, he himfelf would never 
 give his confent to them. Sir Thomas Roe kept his temper, 
 offered to make a new model, and fcnt it, with rc(pieft that 
 it might receive the feal, or he be permitted to receive the 
 denial from the emperor, and fo depart the country. Afiph 
 Jah refufed the feal, but offered Sultan Currom's phirmaund, 
 which he faid would be fufficient. Sir Thomas, leeing no 
 better refource, changed his ground, and adopted the ap- 
 pearance of relying entirely on the Sultan's favour ; to whofe 
 lecretary, SocoroUa, he had font four articles * to be 
 expedited for the ufe of the factory at Surat, when the 
 fliips expelled from England fliould arrive : he accordingly 
 attended the Durbar, or public audience of the Sultan, on the 
 10th, who, not without haughtinefs, delivered the phirmaund 
 in which the articles were altered and abridged. Socorolla bore 
 the repute of an honeft man, who took no bribes. Sir Thomas 
 vifited him, and reprefented the objedlions ; on which he ad- 
 mitted the firlt meanings, and gave a phirmaund, exprcffed in 
 very effectual terms, and with it a letter to the governor of 
 Surat, commanding the cuftom-mafter to pay for fifty pieces 
 of broad cloth, which he had purchafed many months before 
 
 ♦ Tbcfc articlcB are not publiflicd in fir Tliomas Roe's journal. 
 
 of
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SURAT. 375 
 
 of the factory, and wanted to return, becaufe the price bud l6lG. 
 fallen. He like wife frankly explained the Sultan's wifli, that 
 fir Thomas Roe Ihould rely on him in the bufmefles of his 
 own government, inftead of eroding him by requefts to the 
 emperor: in which cafe he would he found a better friend 
 than fir Thomas expelled : who repaid thefe profeffions by a 
 Vifit to the Sultan. 
 
 On the 25th of September arrived four fliips from England, 
 M'hich left the land's-end on the l3lh of March, in company March. 
 with ttt'O others ; of which one feparated during a violent gale 
 of wind in the bay of Bifcay, and the other tarried behind 
 at the Cape ; but both at length got fafe to Bantam, whither 
 they were bovind. The four fliips were under the command of 
 general Jofcph, a brave and long experienced mariner, and 
 came on, as all * which had hitherto come to Surat, through 
 
 * They were 
 
 The Hecftor, capUiu Hawkins, in I607, I60S. 
 
 The Afcenfion, captain Alexander Sharpeigbj in 1608, 1609. 
 
 The Trade's Inercafe, the Pepper-Corn, the Darling, under fir Henry Middle- 
 ton, in idio, 1611. 
 
 The Dragon and Hofiander, under captain Bcfr, in 1612. 
 
 The Expedition, captain Chriftopher Newport, which went to Guadel and 
 Diulfinde, but did not come on to Surat, in 1613, 
 
 The New Year's Gift, the Hedor, the Merclianl's Hope, the Salomon, 
 under captain Nicholas Downton, in 1614, 1615. 
 
 The Expedition, Dragon, Lyon, P('[)pcr-Corn, which brought fir Thomas 
 Roe. This fleet was commanded by captain Keeling ; the voyage written by 
 Walter Peyton, captain of the Expedition, in 1615, 1616. 
 
 The fliips which arrived this 3car i()i6, and had tailed under the command of 
 captain J ofeph, were, the Charles, the Uniconi, the Jimies, the Globe. 
 
 tlie
 
 376 ESTABLISHxMENT OF THE 
 
 161 6. the inner channel between Madagafcar and 'die main; at the 
 '■'"^*^ head q\^ which, aniongft the illands of Comora, they defcried, 
 Ju"iiiL 'It day-break ol" the .'ith of Auguft, a carrack of enormous 
 fize, bearing the Portnguefe flag at the main-top-maft head, 
 and fteering the fame courfe. The Globe, Avhich failed 
 the beft, but was the fniallcll of Jofeph's fquadron, chafed, 
 came up at noon to windward, hailed, and received opprobri- 
 ous lanffuase, with a command to fall to leeward ; which not 
 doing, the carrack fired five great (hot, each of which went 
 through her, Avhilil Ihe returned eighteen, of much lefs efted, 
 and fell aftern. The carrack was commanded by Don INIa- 
 nuel de Menefes, admiral of three, which had failed this 
 year from Lilbon bound to Goa. At three in the afternoon, 
 captain Jofeph came up in his fliip the Charles, which was of 
 one thoufand tons ; and hailing, bid the commander of the 
 carrack come on board to account for his attack on the 
 Globe ; but was anfwered, that he had no boat ; on which he 
 fent his own, which brought three officers with a meffage, " that" 
 " Don Menefes had promifed his mailer, the king of Spain, 
 " not to quit his fliip ; out of which he might be forced, but 
 " never commanded." Jofeph repeated the fummons in 
 Avriting ; and faid to the officers, " that he M'ould fihk by his 
 " fide, or compel him." Menefes perfiftcd ; the fight be- 
 gan ; in a few minutes a fliot killed captain Jofeph; the 
 maftercontinued the engagement half an hour; when night 
 approaching, he fell oft" to call a council ; and captain PepwelJ, 
 
 of
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SUllAT. 377 
 
 of the James, who was the viec-admiral, took the command I6I6. 
 of the Charles, and the fqiuuhon. IVIenefes kept out a hght ^,^^"1^ 
 to diredl his enemies; but the next morning, of the 7th, was '^"•^' 
 at anchor fo near thelliore, that Pepwell did not deem it pru- 
 dent to attack him in that fituation. In the evening Menefes 
 fetfail, leading out to the open fea; and when dark, again 
 hoilted his light, which led to the encounter at fun-rife. 
 
 Captain Pepwell had inftrudcd his fliips to engage by 
 turns, and began himfelf in the Charles; which had not con- 
 tinued half an hour, Avhen a bullet from the carrack llruck one 
 of the iron guns, which ihivered it : its fragments could not 
 have chofen better execution ; for, befides dangeroufly 
 wounding three of the common fcamen, and tearing the 
 Uiafter's arm, one piece struck out the eye of captain Pepwell, 
 and two others wounded him in the jaw and leg. The mate 
 took up the command of his difabled fuperiors, and deferved 
 it, maintaining the fight with vengeance beyond the fliare of 
 time ; when the other fliips took their turns with the fame 
 ardour ; which the carrack refifted until three in tJic after- 
 noon, by Avhich time her main-maft and mizen-maft were 
 brought by the board, her forc-top-maft ihot away, and her 
 fides fliattered into feveral breaches. The illand of Angazija 
 ■was not far oflf, to which flie turned with wluit little fail fhe 
 could fct, and flood in fo near the fliore, that the Engliih fliips 
 would not venture to follow her dole ; but a boat was fcnt 
 with ]Mr. Conuock, the principal mevchant, and a flag of 
 
 3 C truce
 
 Jlugujl. 
 
 378 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 1616. truce, as a fignal of parley, which was accepted by another. 
 
 iJ.^^ Mcncfes received Air. Connock with courtefy ; but was not 
 moved, cither by the offers, or admiration due to his valour, 
 to delilt Irom his liril resolve ; and faid that if able, he would 
 wet out to fea again on the morrow, and renew the fight ; 
 when, if taken, he expctled the treatment wf a gentleman *. 
 In the night the wind and furf grew high; the carrack drove, 
 and, for want of fail to weather the danger, Itruck, and was 
 jammed between two rocks ; which ftretching inw'ard \vithiii 
 a ftep of the Ihore, relieved the crew from the folieitude of 
 their own prefervation, and gave them time to fet the carrack 
 on fire, which blazed amain at midnight They carried off 
 what they chofe of the treafure, of which the whole on board 
 was to a great amount, and all the jewels. The Englifli 
 fhips kept near throughout the next day, in hopes of gleaning 
 valuable drifts, but took up nothing; and bore away for refrefli* 
 ment to the neighbouring ifland of Mohila, where they 
 arrived on the 10th. The natives of Angaiiija regarded the 
 crew of the fliipwreck as invaders, and affailed them w^itli 
 flones ; but ceafed on the difplay and offer of jirefents, until 
 they had received them; when, inflcad of returning provi- 
 fions, they renewed their attacks ; on which the Portuguefe 
 employed their hand-guns, and loft, in the retreat of the na- 
 tives, the only hopes of fuftenance. In this diftrefs the admi- 
 
 * FAR I A fays, lie threatened lo liang the nextperfon who fliould bring him a 
 propofal offurrender. 
 
 ral
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SURAT. ^T) 
 
 ral Menefes yielded to the advice of his c^innoneer, as more I6l(). 
 pradlilcd in tlie Aoyages of India, to throw their guns into the '^' ' 
 fea ; when the natives returned in great numbers, and over- 
 poAvered them ; and then ftrippcd thcni of all their clothes 
 and raiment, fetting fo much value on every thing which 
 might ferve for their own, that they threw away the dollars, 
 in order to put their -lieads into the empty bags. The Por- 
 tuguefe wandered in difterent companies to gain food; many 
 endured mucii diftrefs, and fome died ; but all were proted;ed 
 by their nakednefs from farther infult. The pilot, and a fe\T 
 more, went in the boat (for, notwithftanding the firfl denial 
 to captain Jofeph, they had one) and coafted to find a more 
 hofpitable fliore ; they fortunately met two junks belonging 
 to a IVIahomedan, which came from Pate on the main, and 
 were going for trade to Madagafcar. This man took up the 
 boat, and, having influence with the chief of that part of the 
 ifland where the fliip was wrecked, failed thither, colle<fted 
 all the Portuguefe, clothed them, gathered their treafure, fe- 
 cured their jewels, and font them away in his own veflels to 
 their own port of Mombaze, Avhere they arrived on the 4th of 
 September, and were afterwards conveyed to Goa. Here the 
 valour and misfortunes of Menefes were received by the vice- 
 roy, Azevedo, and the city, with the highell veneration ; he 
 ■was fent back to Liibon in an advice-boat, and arrived fafe, 
 to receive the, fame acknowledgments in his own country. 
 And indeed his defeat merited a trophy of vi^'tory ; for his 
 
 3 c 2 force
 
 38o ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 i6\6. force bore no proportion to the Englilli Ihips*; of which 
 
 '^ ■ neverthelcfs, cither of the ftrongeft would probably have 
 
 maintained an equal conflict againit the fame fuperiority ; for 
 
 at this time the highefl fpirit of military honour animated all 
 
 the officers and feamen of the company's marine. 
 
 On the £4th, fir Thomas received intelligence of the ar- 
 rival of the four fliips at Swally, with the letters to himfelf ; 
 and prefented the compliments of his fovereign to the em- 
 peror ; who hurried through the mere decent enquiries, to 
 qucftion what prefcnts the king had fent, hoping jewels; 
 but difappointed, alked for velvets ; and was much pleafed 
 that two dogs had efcaped the fight ; of which he fpoke with 
 praife ; but was much vexed that the great horfe had not 
 come, and offered a lack of rupees if fir Thomas Roc would 
 procure him one; who requefi^ed that the prefcnts might be 
 fent up without fearch, or tax, and that the people of the 
 jdiips might receive good ufage. The emperor faid, the port 
 
 * Edward Terry, who was aftcrwaj'ds chaplain to fir Thomas Roc, failed ia 
 the Charles, which he calls a "new built goodly fliip of a ihoufand Ions; the 
 " Unicorn, a new fliip likewife, and ainioft of as great a burthen ; the James, a 
 " great (liip too;" the Globe, a leller. He hkewife fays, that " feven hundred 
 " men failed in the Carruck, for flic was a fliip of exceeding great bulk and bur- 
 " den : our Charles, though a (hip of a thoufand tons, looking but like a pin- 
 " nace, when ihe was befule her." Alfo, that only five men were killed in the 
 fight, three in^lhe Charles, two in the James, and about twenty wounded ia all 
 the four fliips. 
 
 Sir Thomas Roc fays, thai " the Carrack was of fifteen hundred tons burthen ;" 
 and that " Don Emanuel dc Mencfes had twice been general of their forces ;"' 
 but not in India, where he neither appears before or after this voyage. 
 
 of
 
 fiNGLISH TRADE AT SURAT. 381 
 
 of Surat was his fun's ; but fent for him, and gave pofitive ]G\6. 
 orders in pubhc concerning the prcfenls and people, con- '^'* 
 formably to fir Thomas Roe's defue. 
 
 The company, although they had approved, and per- 06lob. 
 haps folicited, the embally of fir Thomas Roe, had not 
 empov.ered him to controul the condud: of their own fer- 
 vants at Surat and its dependencies ; -who feem to have 
 availed themfelves of this exemption, with much lefs refpeft 
 than was due to fuch a chara6lcr *. The Ihips now arrived, 
 brought orders to profecutc the intention of efl:ablifliing a 
 trade in the kingdom of Perfia, although the fuccefs of Steele 
 and Crouther, who had been fent for this purpofe from Surat 
 in the beginning of the preceding year, was not known in 
 England at the departure of the fliips. 
 
 Thefe travellers pafling by Candahar, arrived at Ifpahan 
 on the 18th of September, where they found fir Robert 
 Shirley on depavture to execute another commifllon from the 
 Sophy. 
 
 The means by which the two extraordinar}^ adventurers of 
 that name obtained fuch important employment from the 
 ableft and fierceft fovereign of the call, would not have borne 
 
 *" Your fa^lors fent nie four or five claufes of your commifliou tliat con- 
 " cerned Perfia, a fort, a plantation in Bei.gala, all which they knew were not 
 " ofufe: with no other propofition or refolution they will acquaint me. They 
 " cannot abide 1 (liould undcrltand or direct tliem. If they refolve of any thing 
 " in their opinion for your profit, I will effecil the court-part ; but you will find 
 " in HI}' letters and journal how ihcy »_/( me ; which doubtlefs at firlt was fowed 
 " hyfomejealotify oft/oitrs, which will cofi you dearly." 
 
 much,
 
 582 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 1616. much rcfpe6l in our times, uhich permit no enthufiafins to 
 "^ ° ■ cover or coniecrate the latent views of hixurious ambition. 
 ANTHONY SHIRLEY, the cldcr brother of Robert, was a de- 
 pendant on the Earl of Eflex, uho fent him, in 1598, with 
 fome foldiers to fight for the duke of Fcrara againft the pope • 
 but, by the time they arrived in Italy, the quarrel was recon- 
 ciled. Efiex ncverthelefs, unwilling that his knight fliould 
 return to Eno;land with the derifion of havins; done iiothin£c, 
 not only confented to his propofal of proceeding to Perfia 
 with offer of ferviceto Shah Abbas, whofe fame had fpread 
 with much renown throughout Europe; but alfo furnilhed 
 him with money and bills for the journey. shiuley em- 
 barked from Venice, in IMay 1599, with twenty-five followers, 
 fome of education, all of refolution, and amongft them his bro- 
 ther Robert, at that time a youth. After various efcapes by fea 
 and land, they arrived at Aleppo, where getting money for 
 their bills, they proceeded in the company of a larg(>- cara- 
 van to Bagdad, Sliirley profelfmg hin)felf a merchant, who 
 expedted goods by the next; but this pretence, and the num- 
 ber of liis retinue, excited fufpicions, and all he brought was 
 feized at the cuftom-houfe ; which reduced them to live on 
 the piccc-meal fale of the clothes they wore : his anxiety in 
 this fituation was obferved by a Florentine named Vi(^lorio 
 .S{)iciera, who was proceeding to Ornuis in order to embark 
 for China, and had frequently convcrfed with Shirley during 
 the journey from Alep[)o. He tried by repeated queftions to 
 '■'^ difco\er
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SURAT. 383 
 
 difcover liis real condition and purpofe, but failing, made up 1616. 
 his own conjectures, tliat Shirley intended fome fignal niifcliief 
 either againft the Tuikifli empire, or the fovereignt}' of the 
 Portuguefe in India, of v, hich the one was as deteftable to 
 his piety, as the other to his traflic : from thefe motives, mixed 
 perhaps with admiration of a character, "vvhich knew to pcr- 
 fonate romantic dignity-, the Florentine determined not only 
 to extricate him from the dangers of his prefent fituation, but 
 enable him to profecute his views,- whatfoever they might be. 
 The emergency prefled : for the fecond caravan from Aleppo 
 was come within ten days of Bagdad, and Spiciera knew, 
 that when the goods which Sliirle}-^ had pretended to expert, 
 fliould not appear, he and all his followers would be doomed 
 to imprifonment, if not worfe. Fortunately, a caravan re- 
 turnino; from Mecca to Perfia arrived at this time, and en- 
 camped under tlrc walls. Spiciera hired amongll them 
 camels, horfes, with all other neceflarics of travel, and when 
 the caravan was ready to depart, revealed to Shirley the 
 dangers which awaited him, and the meafures he had taken 
 for his prefervation and fucccfs, confirming thefe aflurances 
 by the deliverj'^ of a great fum in gold, and many rarities of 
 great value; fo much in the Avhole amount, that Shirley de- 
 clines to mention it, becaufe he fays it would not be believed. 
 The Florentine left it to his honour to repay him when he 
 could ; and, for five days after the departure of the caravan, 
 diverted fufpicions of his cfcape by living in Shirley's houle, 
 
 to
 
 J 
 
 84 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 1616. to whom lie pretended to have lent his ow'n, that he might 
 recover in more quiet from a fit of ilhiefs ; he even re- 
 ([uciled the governor for his phyfician, knowing he had 
 none ; but was aftervrards fined leverelj for thefe generous 
 coUufions. 
 
 Fifty janifarics were font in purfuit of Shirley, but milled 
 the caravan ; which employed fifty days on the march to 
 Calbin ; where the aids of Spicicra enabled Shirley to equip 
 himfelf and followers in fumptuous array, to live fplendidl}', 
 and to make prefents; which procured connuendations to' 
 Shah Abbas, who arrived at Calbin a month after, and was 
 faluted by Shirle}' and his company at his entrance into the 
 city, when the king diftinguiflied him with the moft honour- 
 able notice. The next day Shirley fent the king a prefent of 
 jewels and Italian rarities, Mhioli were not only curious, but 
 collly beyond the expectation of homage ; and the more he 
 profeficd, that he had come to ofter his fervice on his own 
 account, and at iiis own expence, the more tlie king inclined 
 to believe, that the denial was intended, by concealing, to 
 heighten the elegant compliment of his monarch ; and at all 
 events eould not refill the complacence of regarding the 
 refort of this band of lit angers as a iignal proof of the great 
 extent of his own fame ; Avhich Shirley took care on all 
 occafions to inculcate. 
 
 It was the wa}' of Shah Abbas, to difccrn thofe he em- 
 ployed, by famiUaritics. Shirley was folcmn in behaviour, 
 
 pompous
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SUIIAT. 3S5 
 
 pompous in elocution, quick in apprclienfion, and guarded \6l6. 
 in argument; and having ferved both at land and fca^ Mas ^'^^°^- 
 ca])able of fuggefting the military ideas of Europe ; which 
 could not fail to attrad; the attention of a monarch vhofe 
 nUing paffion was the fame of Avar : he even vifited Shirley 
 in his houfe, to examine a book of fortifications ; and 
 haying, during a daily converfe of fix weeks, treated him more 
 with the refpe6l of a gueft, than the diftance of a folicitor, 
 on the very day before his departure to Cafllin, declared him 
 a Mirza, or lord, in his fervice, and referred him to the trea- 
 furer ; who, as foon as the king was gone, fent to Shirley a 
 prefcnt, which confided of money to the amount of fixteen 
 thoulimd ducats, forty horfes, all accoutred ; two, intended for 
 his brother and himfelf, with faddles plated with gold, and fet 
 with rubies and torquoifes ; the others, with filver and em- 
 broidered velvet; twelve camels laden with tents, and all 
 furniture, not only for the field, but for his houfe in Cafbin, 
 which likewife was beftowed on him : he was ordered to fol- 
 low the king to Caffan, from whence he accompanied him to 
 Ifpalian, and was treated by him with the fame deference as 
 before he had accepted his fervice. 
 
 Daily and artful fuggeftions prepared the way to the ad- 
 vice which Shirley had long premeditated, that the king 
 fliould renew the war againft the Turks, and depute an em- 
 bafiiidor to excite the princes of Chriftcndom to co-operate 
 by land and fca from the Aveft, Avliilft Perfia invaded the 
 
 3 D TurkilU
 
 3S6 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 1616. Tuikifli territories on the eaft: this comniitrion Shirley de- 
 ^''"'^- iigncd for himfelf, but avoided the mention. Neverthelefs 
 this intention was penetrated by the vizir, and feveral other 
 of the principal noblemen, who faid that the propofal was 
 the artful fcheme of a needy adventure)-, feeking the fump- 
 tuous enjoyment of exalted fortune at the rifk of an empire; 
 but the king inclined to the war, which he regarded as inevi- 
 table ; and reafoned, that if the miflion of Shirley fliould be 
 inefic6tual, the detriment vvould be no more than the lofs of 
 the expence, which lie forefaw Avould, even in this event, 
 increafe the reputation of his magnificence, Avithout dimi- 
 nilhino; the folid eftimation of his abilities. 
 
 But wliilft he was w^eighing in his own mind the ultimate 
 probabilities of fuccefs, two incidents intervened, which were 
 of oppofite tendency to each other in the decifion of this 
 important queftion. 
 
 The Portugucfe at Ormus, who with all their pofleffions in 
 the eaft, as well as their ftate in Europe, were at this time 
 fubjedl to the king of Spain, had flopped a prefent of thirteen 
 female flavcs, which the Great Mogul, Acbar, had fent to 
 Shah Abbas, and nine others which had been purchafed for 
 Alavei'di Khan, the military favourite of Shah Abbas, who 
 had hitherto encouraged the fchemes of Shirley; but this 
 injury changed his opinions, and urged him to join with 
 Shirley's opponents in reprcfentations, that it would be vain 
 for tlie king to place any reliance on the chriftian princes in 
 
 Europe,
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT S.URAT. 387 
 
 Europe, fince the fubjed;s of one of tbcm, from whoio alii- i()i(). 
 
 Octub. 
 
 ance much was expelled, had dared to commit fucli an 
 outrage againft his majcfty, at the very gale, as it vrcrc, of 
 his own dominions. 
 
 The other event, was the arrival and condu6l of an emhaf- 
 lador from the Grand Signior, mIio came from Bagdad, where 
 he commanded the janifarics of the garrifon. This man, in 
 a very pompous fpecch at his audience, required the king to 
 reftore the prince of Chorafan and his peoj^le, whom he had 
 lately fubdued, to their former ftate and condition ; and de- 
 manded the return of ten thoufand fiimilies, which had quit- 
 ted their country under the Tuik, to feek refuge in that part 
 of Curdiftan which was fubje<Sl to Perfia. To thcfe imperious 
 demands, he added reafons, arguments, and advice, in terms 
 which would have been infulting even from a pedagogue to 
 His pupil. The king anfwered with temperate magnanimit\', 
 in what related to his own rights, againft the demands of the 
 Grand Signior, and bid the embafiador depart, as a fool unfit 
 to be employed on the bufnicfs he had !)cen fent : he ap- 
 peared no more. 
 
 The next morning the king went to Shirley's lioufe, and 
 entered fully into the difcufllon of the war and embaflTy to 
 Europe, affeding to expcd; little hope from it, hut to comply 
 merely as a teftimony of his extreme regard to Shirk}', from 
 whom he had received fuch undoubted proof of his own, by 
 the fatigue and expence of his journey to Perfia, and the 
 
 3 D 2 rifques
 
 Octob. 
 
 388 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 161 6. lifques to which he now offered to expofe hinifclf for his fer- 
 vice. Shirley, in a very long tlifcourfc, explained all the 
 probabilities of his plan: that the emperor of Germany was 
 already at war with the Turks ; that the pope would exeite 
 all the other catholic princes ; that the king of Spain was at 
 continual enmity Avith the government of Algiers, which was 
 iiibfervient to the Turkifli empire ; that the invitations of the 
 king would attract merchants, and chriftians of all other arts, 
 trades, and occupations, who would not only increafe the 
 commerce of his country, but introduce new methods and 
 inventions of great utility, efpecially to the improvement of 
 his warfare ] and that the liberal fchifm of religion, which the 
 king Aviflied to promote as a defcendant of Sefi, between his 
 own fubjedls and the Turks, would be encouraged by the 
 intercourfe of chriftians, whom they would be accuftomed to 
 fee drinking wine, and exercifmg other tolerances, which the 
 Turk* held in deteftation. 
 
 The king Hill cautioufly avoided any cxprefllons which' 
 might indicate much expectation, or any folicitude of aflift- 
 ance from the chriftian princes ; in which he properly main- 
 tained his OAvn dignity, by not trufting to tlic report of a 
 Aranger fuch a confeilion of the hopes or wiflies he might 
 entertain; but appeared much content wilh the probability 
 of drawing European merchants to his country; for the in- 
 creafe of its trade had long been a principal attention of his 
 government. On this ground he coufentcd to the cmbiilly, 
 7 and
 
 ENGLISH TRADE AT SURAT. 389 
 
 and required Shirley to undertake it; avIio, after many apo- 1616. 
 logies of his infufficiency, accepted the commiirion vith as 
 much fatisfaction as he had pretended diffidence. Shirley 
 requeiled, that a young nobleman of diftint^ion, named 
 Allan Cawn, might accompany hiu), to be the Avitnefs of his 
 conduct; which Avas granted, but foon after revoked by 
 reafon of his marriage with an aunt of the king; when 
 Shirle}^ to conciliate the viijir, and other miniflers, accepted 
 Cuchin AUabi, a man of ordinary rank, and fufpedled cha- 
 i'a6ler. As Shirley could not pafs through the Turkifli domi- 
 nions to Aleppo, excepting in difguife, it was refolved that 
 lie fliould proceed through RuOia ; Avhich at this time was 
 fo little frequented by travellers, and fo fufpicious of them, 
 that the king fent forward one of his officers as an embaflador 
 to the Czar, in order to announce his miffion, and to procure 
 him good reception through the countrj-. 
 
 The day before the day appointed for his departure, the 
 king vifited him, as if to recapitulate all the points of the 
 various negociations which he had entrufted to his conduct; 
 and now, with his ufual forefight and fagaeit}-, broke his lall 
 jDropofal, wdiicli, although didlated by warrantable fufj)icion, 
 he clothed with the garb of elegant compliment. It was, 
 that Robert Shirley ihould remain at his court during his 
 brother's abfence. Robert was prefent; and, Avithout M-aiting 
 his brother's anAver, proffered himfelf to remain. This refolu- 
 tion produced a new arrangement in the retinue of Anthony; 
 
 and
 
 Oclob. 
 
 390 ESTABLISHMENT, &c. 
 
 1616. and feveral of his Englifli followers were left with Robert. 
 The king, as the laft compliment, according to Sliirle3''s rela- 
 tion, rode with him, when he fet out, fix miles on the way 
 from Ifpahan ; and then, he fa3's, took leave of him, not 
 without tears ; although the}^ had never fpoke to one another, 
 but through an interpreter. 
 
 The travellers were two months, not without evil chances, 
 before they had paffed the Cafpian to Aftrachan, Avliere they 
 found the embalTador, fent to the Czar * * * * 
 
 This curiaui traSi wai left mfinijlud hy the Author,
 
 GENERAL IDEA 
 
 OF THE 
 
 GOVERNMENT and PEOPLE 
 
 OP 
 
 I N D O S T A N. 
 
 BY 
 
 ROBERT O R M E. 
 
 September id, 1753.
 
 Some fmall parts of this essay, ajid of the fuhfcquent one, 
 
 on the EITEMINACY OF THE INHABITANTS OF INDOSTAN, 
 
 ai'e printed in /he dissertation prefixed to the fr^ 
 volume of the milItauy transactions of the British 
 NATION in Indnjlan : hut the whole is here reprinted 
 from the Author s manuferipts, that the narrative may not h& 
 -hroken into.
 
 P R E F A C E. 
 
 ALL general ideas arc fubje(5i to exceptions, and I doubt 
 not but that feveral may be made to this General Defcription 
 of the Government and People of Indoflan. But if the far 
 greater number of the examples which may be produced, 
 are correfpondent to my obfervations, the intent of giving a 
 general idea is anfwered. 
 
 I can only fay in favour of the following flieets, that they 
 are the refult of an attention given to this fubject during 
 a refidcnce of feveral years in India ; and that although I 
 may be deceived myfelf, I can have no end ia millcading 
 others. 
 
 I am of opinion, that fome reflciftions, of no mean import- 
 ance to the commerce of the Indies, may be drawn from an 
 attention to this work. 
 
 1',
 
 CONTENTS. 
 B O O K I. 
 
 OF THE GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLE OF INDOSTAN. 
 
 ■CAP. I. Nature of the government of Indoftan in general. 
 II. Particular govermnent of the j^rovinces. 
 in. Of the lands. 
 IV. Of the mechanics. 
 V. Of the arts and fciences. 
 VI. Of the people. 
 VII. Of the manufad;ures. 
 VIII. Of the trade. 
 IX. Of the war. 
 
 BOOK II. 
 
 CIIAKACTER OF THE MQOrvS AND GENTOOS OF INDOSXAN. 
 
 CAP. I. Of the JVIoors of Indoftan. 
 
 II. Manners of the Moors. 
 
 III. Of the polilenefs and ceremonials of the Moors. 
 
 IV. Of their diffimulation. 
 
 V. Of the Gentoos in general. 
 A' I. Of the Brachmans. 
 VII. Of tlu'Gentoo principalities. 
 
 :1 E 2
 
 CONTENTS. 
 B O O K III. 
 
 OF THE LAWS AND JUSTICE OF IMDOSTAN". 
 
 CAP. I. Of" the laws of Indoftan. 
 11. Of civil cafes. 
 
 III. Inheritance and commerce permitted; and from. 
 
 hence arife the civil cafes of Indoltan. 
 
 IV. Spirit of the Moors and of the Gentoos, in litigious 
 
 contentions. 
 V. Of the adminiftration of juftice in civil cafes. 
 VI. Of arbitrations. 
 VII. An objection anfwered. 
 viii. Abufe of the forms of juftice. 
 IX. General idea of the oppreflions of the government. 
 X. Of criminal cafes, and of the juftice adnnniftcred 
 
 in them. 
 XI. A reflection.
 
 [ 397 ] 
 
 OF THK GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLE OF INDOSTAN. 
 
 B O O K I. 
 
 CAP. I. 
 
 Nature of i lie Government of Indojian in general. 
 
 TT 7TI0EVER confulers the vaft extent of the empire of 
 ' ' Indoftan, will eafily conceive, that the influence of 
 the emperor, however defpotic, can but faintly reach thofe 
 parts of his dominion which lay at the greatell diftance from 
 his capital. 
 
 This extent has occafioncd the divifion of the whole kino- 
 dom into diftim^ provinces, over each of which the Mogul 
 appoints a Vice Koy. 
 
 Thefe Vice Roys are, in their provinces, called Nabobs; and 
 their territories are again fubdivided into particular diftricls, 
 man}^ of which are under the government of Ilajahs. Thefe 
 are the defcendants of fuch Gentoo Princes, who, before the 
 conqueft of the kingdom, ruled over the fame diftricts. 
 
 The Ccntoos, having vaftly the fuperiority in numbers 
 throughout the kingdom, have obliged the Moors to fubmit 
 to this regulation in their government. 
 
 'I'he Nabobs ought annually to remit to the throne the re- 
 venues of their provinces, which are either alcertained at a 
 fixed ium, or arc to be the total produce of the country, 
 
 autUcu-
 
 398 GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLE 
 
 authenticated l)y regular accouuts, after deductions made for 
 the expenccs of the government. 
 
 If the officers of tlie throne are fatisfied, which is oflencr 
 eifefted by intrigue, than l)v the juftice of his adminiftration, 
 the Nabob continues in favour; if not, another is appointed 
 to fuccecd him. 
 
 A new a]>poiated Nabob fet out from Delhi, riding with 
 his back turned to the head of his elephant : his attendants 
 allied him the reafon of that uncuftonuuy pofture ; he faid 
 that he was looking out for his fucccflTor. 
 
 On the temper of the Nabob or his favourites, depends the 
 haj)pinefs or mifery ol' the province. On the temper of the 
 King or his minifters, depends the fecurity of the Nabob and 
 his favourites. 
 
 The Eaja/is who gtn-«rn in particular diftrifts, are, notwith- 
 ftanding their hereditary right, fubjed: to the caprice and 
 power of the Nabob, as the army is with him. 
 
 Even this appointment of Vice Roys was found too weak 
 a reprefentation of the Royal Power in the extreme parts 
 of the kingdom ; to which orders from the court are thrcQ 
 months in arriving. 
 
 This infurmountable inconvenience occafioncd the fub- 
 jeiting fcveral provinces, with their diftinCt Nabobs, to the 
 authority of one, who is deemed the highcll roprefentalive 
 of the Mogul. 
 
 Princes of this rank are called Siibalis. Nizamalmuluck 
 
 was Subah of the Dccan (or fouthcrn) provinces. lie had 
 
 1 under
 
 OF INDOSTAN. 
 
 o 
 
 99 
 
 under his government all the countries laying to the foutli of 
 Auroigahod, bordered on the Avelt by the Moralioes and the 
 Malabar eoaft, to the eailward extending to the fea. The 
 Nabobs of Condanore, Cudapah, Carnal lea, Valore, Sec. the 
 Kings of Tritchinopolij, ]\ftjJore, Tanjorc, are fubje6t to this 
 Subahfliip. Here is a fubje(^l ruling a larger empire than any 
 in Europe, excepting that of the Miifcovife. 
 
 The confequcnce of fo large a dominion at fueh a diftance 
 from the capital has been, that an active, wily prince, could 
 overwhelm the empire itfelf, which Nizamalmuluck actually 
 did, by bringing Thamas Kou LI Kuan into the kingdom. 
 
 Allaverdy Khan the Prince of Bengal is a Suhali. He 
 too lies at a vaft diftance from Delhi, lie is a great warrior, 
 and has never paid the court any tribute. I'he JMorattoes 
 were fent as free-hooters into his country, to divert him from 
 attempting the throne itfelf. He has, notwithftanding, been 
 able to add to his dominion the whole province of Pafna, 
 v/hich before was dependant only on the King. His relations 
 are at this time the Nabobs of that province. 
 
 Thus the contumacy of Vice-regents rellfting their fove- 
 reign, or battling amongft themfelves, is continually pro- 
 ductive of fuch fcenes of bloodilied, and of fuch deplo- 
 rable devaftations, as no other nation in the univeife is 
 fu):>je6t to. 
 
 If the fubjedts of a defpotic power are every where 
 miferable, the miferies of the people of Indoftan are mul- 
 
 , liphed.
 
 400 GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLE 
 
 tiplied by the incapacity of the power to contioiil the vaft 
 extent of its dominion. 
 
 CAP. II. 
 
 Partkiilar Government of the Provinces. 
 
 Every province is governed by a fubordination of Oflicers, 
 who hold from no other power than that of the Nabob. 
 
 • Nabob (derived iVom Naib, a w^ord fignifying deputy) is 
 a title which, at Delhi, none but thofe who are ftyled thus 
 in a comniillioii given by the King, dare to alUuiie. In 
 diftant i)rovinces Nabobs have governed, mIio have been 
 rcgiltered as dead at Delhi. A Nabob, although appointed 
 by a Subali, ought to have his commillion confirmed by 
 the King, or one with an authentic commillion appears 
 to fu])})lant him. lie then depends upon his own force, 
 or the fupport of his Subah, and a war between the com- 
 petitors enfucs. 
 
 A Nabob is fo far defpotic in his government, as he can 
 rely upon the protection of his fovereign or his fuperior. 
 Secure of this, he has nothing to apprehend, but poifon 
 or alliillination from the treachery or refentmcnt of his 
 fubje6ls. 
 
 Nabobs more particularly attach themfelves to the com- 
 mand of the army, and leave the civil adminiltration to the 
 Diian. 
 
 Duan —
 
 OF IN DO STAN. 401 
 
 Duan is properly the judge of the province in civil mat- 
 ters. This otiice is commonly devolved on a Gentoo, in 
 provinces which by their vicinity or importance to the throne, 
 are more immediately fubje6i to its attention. This officer 
 holds his commiffion from the King. But by the nature of 
 the government of Indoftan, where all look only to one head, 
 he is never more than an affiltant : he may be a fpy ; he 
 cannot be a rival to the power of the Nabob. 
 
 He therefore comprehends in his perfon the offices of 
 Prime Mhiijier, Lord Chancellor^ and Secretary of State, with- 
 out prefuming to advife, judge, or iffue orders, but according 
 to the will of his mafter, or to the influence which he has 
 over it. Under the Duan is an officer called the Bugg^/hi, or 
 Buxey, who is the paymafter of the troops, and the dif- 
 burfer of all the public expences of the government. — This 
 muft be a poll of great advantage. The Buxey has under 
 him an Amuldar, Avho is the overfeer and manager of all the 
 occafions of expence. 
 
 Revenues, impofts, and taxes, are levied throughout the 
 country, by the appearance, if not by the force of the foldiers. 
 The other officers of the province are therefore more imme- 
 diately military. 
 
 VhotiJ'dar lignifies the commander of a detached body of 
 the army, and in the militar\r government, is a title next lo 
 that of the Naboli. As the governors of particular parts of 
 
 3 F the
 
 402 GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLE 
 
 the province have ahva^'s Tome troops under their command^ 
 fuch governors are called Phoiifdars ; although very often the 
 Nabob himfelf holds no more than this rank at the court of 
 Delhi, from whence all addreiles to the rulers of inferior pro- 
 vinces, make ufe only of this term. 
 
 PoUi/gar, from the word Folium, which fignifies a town 
 fituated in a wood, is the governor of fuch a town and ihe 
 country about it; and is likewife become the title of all who 
 rule any confiderable town, commanding a large diftri6t of 
 land. This term is only ufed on the coaft of Coromandel-.' 
 In other provinces of the empire, all fuch governors pafs 
 under the general title of Zemindars. 
 
 A Havildur is the officer placed by the government to 
 fuperintcnd a fmati village. 
 
 The IJiivildar plunders the village, and is himfelf fleeced by 
 the Zemindar; the Zemindar by the Phoufdar ; the Phoufdar 
 by the Nabob, or his Duan. The Duan is the Nabob's head 
 flave : and the Nabob compounds on the beft terms he can 
 make, with his Subah, or the throne. 
 
 Wherever this gradation is interrupted, bloodflicd enfues. 
 
 KclUdar is the governor or commander of a fort. 
 
 Munfubhar is now a title of honour licld from the throne, 
 and exalted according to the number of horfemcn Avhich he 
 is permitted in his commiiiion to connnand. There are 
 Miaijubbars of ten thoufand, and others of two hundred 
 
 and
 
 OF INDOSTAN. 403 
 
 and fift}'. This title originally fignificd a commillioncd 
 office)-, who by favour,from the throne had obtained a par- 
 ticular diftrid; of lands, to be allotted for his maintenance 
 inftead of a falary. 
 
 Zemindar, derived from Zemin, the woi"d fignifying lands, 
 is the proprietor of a tra6l of land given in inheritance by 
 the King or the Nabob, and Avho ftipulates the revenue which 
 lie is to pay for the peaceable poffeflion of it. Such Zemin- 
 dars are not now to be frequently met with; but the title 
 CA'ery where : it is transferred to all the little fuperintendants 
 or officers under the Phoufdar. 
 
 Cazee is the mahomedan judge ecclefiaftica], who fu[)- 
 ports and is fupported by the Alcoran. He is extremely 
 venerated. 
 
 In treating u]:)on the adminiftration of juftice in Indoftan, 
 farther lights will be thrown upon this fubjedl of the govern- 
 ment of the provinces. 
 
 CAP. III. 
 
 Of the Lands. 
 
 All the lands in the kino-dom belong to the King: there- 
 fore all the lands in the provinces are fubje6i to the Nabob. 
 With him, or his rcprefentatives, farmers agree for the culti- 
 vation of fuch an extent, on referving to themfelves fuch a 
 proportion of the produce. This proportion is fettled ac- 
 
 3 f 2 cord in 2:
 
 404 GOVERNMENT, AND PEOPLE 
 
 cording to the difficulty or cafe of raifing the grain, and 
 fcldom exceeds a third. 
 
 On the coaft of Coromandel vhere exceffivc heats and 
 infrequent rains exacT: the utmoft labour to bring rice to per- 
 feftion ; if thefe farmers v, ere not mildly dealt with, they 
 would undertake nothing, and the whole country would be 
 faniiflied. Here therefore encouragement is given to them, 
 and the goveinment will fometimes be at the expence of 
 works to affift them in the labour of raiiing and conveying 
 water through the land. 
 
 'J'he province of Bengal is the moil fertile of any in the 
 univerfe, more fo than Egypt, and with greater certainty. — 
 A ftmtum of the richeft mould upon a bottom of fand, the 
 equal level of the country, and not a ftone to be picked up 
 in the fpace of fonie hundred miles, whilil fliells are found 
 ever}' where. Such figns declare the foil to have been formed 
 by the retreat of the fea ; and in fuch a foil excenive rains 
 falling at particular periods, cannot but render the cultivation 
 of it to be fcarce a labour. 
 
 The country about Dacca, where the Ganges difembogues 
 itfelf by a hundred mouths into the ocean, is alone fufficient 
 to fupply the whole province of Bengal with rice : and every 
 other part of the province, if duly cultivated, would produce 
 exceedingly more than its occafions. 
 
 Here therefore the people depend more iqjon the elements 
 
 than on thcmfelves for fubfiftcnce. No encouragements are 
 
 1 given,
 
 OF INDOSTAN. 40^ 
 
 given, or regulations made, concerning the grain ; and the 
 farmer is as little exempt from violence, as any other fub- 
 jett. Nature, at times, will leave her ordinary courfe. If 
 the rice countries fail, the fevered of famines afflicts this 
 land of exccfiive plenty, as no part of the province is cul- 
 tivated in proportion to the -wants of the inhabitants who 
 rcfide on it. 
 
 This has happened in the year 1 752 : at Muxadavad the 
 capital of Bengal, rice became fix times dearer than the ufual 
 price : the confequence of Avhich, in a country where nine- 
 tentlis of the people daily fpend Avhat they daily earn, may 
 be eafily conceived. 
 
 CAP. IV. 
 
 Of the MechanicJcs.. 
 
 TiiT. mechanick or artificer ^vill work only to the meafurc 
 of his neceflities. He dreads to be diftinguilhed. If he be- 
 comes too noted for having acquired a little more money 
 than others of his craft, that will be taken from him. If con- 
 fpicuous for the excellence of his (kill, he is feized upon by 
 fome perfon in authority, and obliged to work for him night 
 and day, on much harder terms than his ufual labour ac- 
 quired when at liberty. 
 
 Hence all emulation is deftroyed ; and all the luxury of an 
 Afiatick empire has not been aJjle to countcrad by its pro- 
 
 penfity.
 
 4o6 GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLE 
 
 penfity to magnificence and fplendour, the difpiriting eftc6ls 
 of that fear which reigns throughout, and without which a 
 defpotick power would reign no more. 
 
 If any improvements have been made in the few years of 
 a milder adminiftration, they are utterly loll again when the 
 common methods of government fucceed. 
 
 Hence rudcnefs and inelegance are feen in all the works of 
 wealth and magnificence ; and Milton has juftly faid, 
 
 ■ The gorgeous eaft with richefl hand 
 Pours on her I'ons Barbaric pearl and gold. 
 
 CAP. V. 
 
 Of the Arts and Sciences. 
 
 t N happier climes, the arts and fciences have been courted, 
 to heighten -the bleflings of life, or to aflilt the labours and 
 wants of it. 
 
 But fuch a fpirit cannot cxift where mankind are treated on 
 principles dire(ftly contrary to all ideas of their hap})inefs. 
 
 Were the ideas of virtue, morality, and humanity, difcuffed 
 by fuch genii as have enlightened happier nations, notions 
 would foon be eftablilhcd, which would teach men what Mas 
 due to them — notions which would overfet every principle 
 and every praftice of the conflitution. 
 
 Who therefore fliall'dare to make fuch refearches his fludy 
 or difcourfe ? 
 
 We
 
 OF INDOSTAN. 407 
 
 We cannot therefore admue, that arts and fcienccs of all 
 kinds have been able to make no greater progrefs in the 
 empire of Indoftan. 
 
 CAP. VI. 
 
 Of the People. 
 
 Where the human race is flriis-olinCT throuo;h fuch mighty 
 ills as render its condition fcarcely fuperior to that of the 
 brutes of the field ; fliall we not expec^l to find throughout 
 Indofi;an dreary plains, lands uncultivated, miferable vil- 
 lages thinly interfperfed, defolatcd towns, and the number 
 of inhabitants as much diminilhcd as their miferies appear 
 multiplied. 
 
 On the contrary, we find a people equalling if not exceed- 
 ing in numbers the moft populous ftates, fuch as enjoy the 
 beft of governments and the beft of laws. 
 
 EfFcdls of the climate of Indoftan feeni to counterad;, in 
 favour of the human race, the violences to which it is fubje6t 
 from the nature of the government. 
 
 1 . The fun forbids the ufe of fuel, and renders the want of 
 rayment to be fcarcely an ijiconvenience. iJ. The bare earth,, 
 with the fligliteft hut over it, affords a rei:>ofe without the 
 danger of difeafes to a people vaftly temperate. 3. Pro- 
 dudions peculiar to the foil of India exceedingly contribute 
 to the cafe of various labours : a convenient houfe may be 
 
 biiilt
 
 4o8 GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLE 
 
 built ill llirec clays, with no other materials than what are 
 furniilied by the bamboo and kajan : a boat, with all its 
 appurtenances, may be made from the iingle coco-nut tree; 
 ■which at the fame time fupphes oil, and a nouridimcnt in 
 much requeft; the eafc of producing and manufacturing 
 cotton is evinced by the plenty and price of linen. 4. Health 
 is bell preferred in this climate, by the flighteft and fnnpleft 
 diet: perhaps it is from this confideration that religion has 
 forbid the ufc of tlelli meats and fpirituous liquors amougil 
 the Gentoos. 
 
 Thus the general wants of other climates become extremely 
 leflened in this. Now if men multiply in proportion to the 
 eafe of gaining a fubfiftence, it will no longer be admired 
 that the kinsdcmi of Indoftan fliould, even under tlve iron 
 fway of defpotilin, continue populous; cfi)ecially if we add 
 this better fundamental canfe, which, refidting like the other 
 from the eff'ecls of the climate, is ftill rendered more effedual 
 by the moft facred of cuiloms. 
 
 In Indoftan, the fecundity of the women is extreme; and 
 the propenfity of the men to jiropagate their fpecies is equal 
 to it. Every Gentoo is by his religion obliged to marry, and 
 is permitted to have more wives than one. It has been 
 proved, that the number of females exceeds ihat of the males; 
 fo that a plurality of wives i)roduces not the effecft in India, 
 which it is imagined to do in other countries, that of decrcaf- 
 
 ing the nvnubers of a people. 
 
 CAr.
 
 OF INDOSTAN:. 409 
 
 CAP. VII. 
 
 Of the MowfiiBurea. 
 
 A people born under a fun too fultry to admit the exercUe 
 and fatigues neceflary to form a robuil nation, will naturall}-, 
 from the weaknefs of their bodies (efpe.cially if they have ia^ 
 Avants), endeavour to obtain their fcanty livelihood by the 
 cafieft labours. 
 
 It is from hence, perhaps, that the manufaftures of cloth 
 are fo multiplied in Indollan. Spinning and weaving are the 
 flighteft talks which a man can be fet to ; and tlie numbers 
 that do nothing elle in this country are exceeding. 
 
 It is obfervabic, that the manufacturers of cloth prevail 
 molt, both in quantity and .perfection, in thofe provinces 
 where the people are leaft capable of robuft labours. 
 
 In the northern parts of the kingdom, where the men 
 have more bodily ftrength, they weave hair, or the coarfefl 
 of cloths. " 
 
 On the coaft of Coromandel, and in the province of Bengal, 
 when at fome diftancc from the highroad, or a principal 
 town, it is difficult to find a village in which every man, 
 woman, and child, is not employed in making a piece of 
 cloth. ♦ . 
 
 The aihftance which a wife and family are capable of 
 affording to the labours of the loom, may have much con- 
 
 3 G tributcd
 
 410 GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLE 
 
 1ril)utc(l to the preference given by a lazy people to tluT 
 manufa(!'^ure. 
 
 The thread is laid the whole length of the piece of cloth : 
 hence the weavers live entirely in villages, as they could work 
 nowhere clfe in this manner. 
 
 A weaver aniongft the Gentoos is no defpicable caft. He 
 is next to the fcribe, and above all the mechanics. lie would 
 lofe his caft, were liQ to undertake a drudgery which did not 
 immediately relate to his work. 
 
 After what has been faid of the difcoura2;ements to which 
 the mechanic of every denomination is fubjedl; it may bo 
 afkcd, in what manner the amazing perfection to mIucIi the 
 linen manufacture has been brought in Indoftan, can be 
 accounted for; 
 
 The diftin6lions of drefs in Indoftan confift entirely in the 
 fmenefs of the linen of which the habit is made. The habit 
 has at this day the fame cut which it had a ihouland years 
 ago. Ornaments of gold and fdver are marks of foppery, 
 which are indulged only to the children : jewels arc not wore 
 dbout the pcrfon, excepting on particular occafions, even by 
 Uie grandees : the richeft man in the empire affedts no other 
 advantage in his drefe, but that of linen extremely fine. Th« 
 particularity, of this tafte nmft have been a great encourage- 
 ment to the linen manufadlure. 
 
 Let it be again obferved, that at prefent (whatever it may 
 Ijave been formerly) much the greatell part of whole pro- 
 vinces-
 
 OF IN DO STAN. 4^' 
 
 Tinces arc employed in this fingle manutU(!^urc : and this will 
 be allowed another good rcaibn for the iniprov(!incnls whicli 
 have been made in it. 
 
 Other trades in Indoftan are not fubdividcd as they are in 
 Eitrope, where fix or fevcn niechanies contribute to the 
 niakins; of a finole inftrument. Here one man makes all the 
 parts himfelf: by which he becomes exceedingly liable to 
 oppreliion ; for when once his fmgle peribn is fecured, all 
 that is necelTary is fecured. 
 
 It is quite contrary in regard to the weaver : to this trade 
 fix or feven hands contribute. To get a piece of cloth made 
 by compulfion, a man, with one or two wives, and five or fix 
 children, mult be taken up ; and inftead of being confined to 
 a narrow room, muft be placed in a fpacious orchard : all 
 this would be vaftly inconvenient. 
 
 Jf guards were placed upon the village, which is the only 
 method of compulfion that can be ufed, the alarm would be 
 taken ; and half the country, by the retreat of thefe people, 
 w-ould be depopulated in a day's time. 
 
 But cloth being the ftaple of the trade of Indoftan, and 
 trade in general being better encouraged than it ufually is in 
 a defpotic ftate ; fuch proceedings would too much injure 
 the public revenues, in one of their greateft refources. 
 
 This manufacture is therefore lefs liable to outrages, 
 dian any other trade ; and hence another caufe of its 
 improvements. 
 
 S G Q But
 
 412 GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLE 
 
 But it will be faid. that although thefe reafons may account 
 foi" the quantities ot" cloth made in Indoftan, yet there re- 
 mains a puzzle: how works of I'uch extraordinar}' nicenefs 
 can be produced by a people, who, if wdiat is faid of their 
 mechanics be true, mult be deprived of fuch tools as feera 
 abfolutely neceffary to finifli fuch fine manufa6iures. 
 
 The furprize will be heightened when we find, that at 
 Dacca, in the province of ]5engal, where all the cloths for 
 the life of the king and his feraglio are made, thefe are of 
 fuch wondertul finenefs as to exceed ten times the price of 
 any linens permitted to be made for Europeans, or any one 
 clfe in the kingdom. 
 
 As much as an Indian is born deficient in mechanical 
 ftrength, fo much is his whole frame endowed wilii an ex- 
 ceeding degree of fenfibility and pliantness. The hand of an 
 Indian cook-wench fliall be more delicate than that of an 
 European beauty : the Ikin and features of a porter fliall be 
 fofter than thofe of a profefTed petit maitre. 
 
 The ^vomen wind off the niw filk from the pod of the 
 worm. A fingle pod of raw filk is divided into twenty dif- 
 ferent degrees of finenefs ; and fo exquifite is the feeling of 
 thefe women, that whilft the thread is running through their 
 fingers fo fwiftly that their eye can be of no afiiftance, they 
 will break it off exactly as the affortments change, at once 
 from the firft to the twentieth, from the nineteenth to the 
 fecond. 
 
 The
 
 OF INDOSTAN. 413 
 
 The -women likcwife fpin the thread defigned for the 
 cloths, and then deliver it to the men, who have fineers to 
 model it as exquifitely as thcf'e have prepared it. Tor it is 
 matter of fa61;, that the tools which they ufe are as flmple 
 and plain as they can be imagined to be. The rigid, clnmfy 
 fingers of an European would fearcely bo able to make a 
 piece of canvafs, with the inftruments which are all that an 
 Indian employs in making a piece of cambric. 
 
 It is farther remarkable, that every diftind; kind of cloth 
 is the produce of a particular difliid, in which the fabric has 
 been tranfmitted, perhaps for centuries, from father to fon — 
 a cuftom which muft have conduced to the perfection of the 
 manufa(ilure. 
 
 I fliould perhaps, with my reader, have thought this detail 
 of fo fun pie a fubjeft unnecefi'ary, had I not confidered, that 
 the progrefs of the linen manufacture includes no lefs than a- 
 dcfcription of the lives of half the inhabitants of Indoftan. 
 
 CAP. VIII. 
 
 Of the Trade. 
 
 The numerous productions of Indoftan,. and the dift'er- 
 ence of wants in different parts of it, afford a large fcope 
 for an extenfive trade within itfclf; which is carried on 
 with no fmall degree of application, Avherever the fword is 
 flieathed.. 
 
 The
 
 414 GOVERiNMENT AND PEOPLE 
 
 Tlie European nations, importing bullion and metals, 
 v;hich the Indians Avant, and exporting the clotks wliich 
 they can eafily fpare, have much contributed to confirm the 
 fpirit of trade. 
 
 The king, by being proprietor of the lands, fells to his 
 tubjerts their fubfifteiice, inllead of receiving fupplics from 
 tliem. Hence a refourcc exceeding that of all the taxes, 
 inipolls, and cuftoms of other governments; but fiill a re- 
 Iburce incapable of producing gold or lilver without the 
 ailiftance of commerce. 
 
 The multitude of valuable productions, the cunning and 
 induftrious temper of the people, the avarice of the rulers 
 of Indoftan, have all equally concurred to eliabliili the ex- 
 tenfive commerce of this country. The government has 
 found, by repeated experience in the confequences of op- 
 preliion, that they bell confidt the iutereft of tlieir revenues 
 in confulting th<3 fecurity of their merchant's. 
 
 The cuftoms and impoils throughout Indoftan are fixed and 
 unalterable. The merchant may at any time make an exadl 
 calculation of the dedud;ions to which his trade is fubje6l. 
 Cuftoms paid at any of the Mogul's ports, are not to be de- 
 manded at any other for the fpace of twelve montlis. 
 
 The diamond mines, like all other lands, are the property 
 of the fovereign, who receives a vaft revenue from the farmers 
 admitted to M'ork in ihcm. This revenue is certain, be the 
 Jfucccfs wiiat it will ; and all diamonds above a particular and 
 
 very
 
 OF INDOSTAN. 415 
 
 vei'}' moderate weight, belong to the king. The penalty of 
 death, to all concerned in concealing a large ftone, is exe- 
 cuted with the utmofl rigour, and is the caufe why fo few are- 
 feen in Europe, except when a Nazir Jing is murdered*. 
 
 None but princes who have been as weak in their intelle6la 
 as violent in their inclinations, have diitrcfled the merchants 
 under their jurifdiction, by outrages exceeding the common- 
 bounds of impofition ; which the flavery of an Indian fpirit 
 contentedly receives as his lot. 
 
 AVhen the Europeans entered India, they found at Surat 
 one of the greateil marts in the Avorld. Arabia, Perfia, and 
 China, were from hence fupplied v.ilh cloths, and all other 
 produ6tions of the kingdom. Later we have known 0, 
 merchant of that city the fole proprietor of twenty fliips, 
 none of Icfs burthen than five hundred tons : at prefent 
 tlie merchants are feen ruined by the violences of an im- 
 politic government, and we now only hear of the trade of 
 this city. 
 
 Some 3'ears ago the province of Oude, laying to the north- 
 weft of Bengal, became quite impovcrilhed by the excefs of 
 the cuftoms and tlic feverity of the colleftors : the trade 
 went round the province, inftead of going through it. AYlien 
 Munfurally Cawn, the prefent Vizir of the empire, obtained 
 that Nabobfliip, he inftantly redlified the errors of his prede* 
 
 * See TJie Military Tranfiic^ions in Iiuloftan, vol. i. page 162. 
 
 Gcflbrs..
 
 4i6 GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLE 
 
 celVors. He lowered the cuftoms exceedingly, and fubjeded 
 the collection of them to better regulations. 1 his province, 
 being the fliorteft thoroughfare, immediately recovered its 
 loft trade, and ilouriihed untler his adminiftration beyond 
 M hat it ever was known to do. 
 
 Bengal, by its lituation and produd^ions, has the moft 
 cxtenfive conunerce of any province of tlie empire. Delhi 
 is from hence fup])lied with all its linens and fdks; the 
 foreign marts of India, Arabia, and Perlia, with fdk, raw and 
 manufa6lured, with cloths, with fugars, opium, grain, &c. 
 The European nations make their largeft and moft valuable 
 inveftments here. The Nabob Allaverdy Khan obtained the 
 government by his fword, and by that has ever fmce main- 
 tained it. The pay of a very numerous ftanding army has 
 obliged him to be more rapacious than any of his prede- 
 ceflbrs were ; the merchants therefore are obliged to buy 
 their trade at dearer exadions than they were ever known to 
 fuffer : but this prince has not yet exceeded fo much, as to 
 leave the commerce of his province dcftitute of a profit fuffi- 
 cient to excite adventurers. 
 
 The European nations are poflefted of confiderable fettle- 
 ments and much property within his territory ; by quilting of 
 which their companies would be ruined : this Allaverdy 
 ]vhan knows full well : he therefore hefitates not to make 
 exorbitant demands from them ; and if matters are not foon 
 1 con)pro-
 
 OF INDOSTAN. 417 
 
 coniproniifecl, he ifTucs forth orders to flop every branch of 
 iheir inveftrncnts, which arc difperfed throughout the country 
 at great diftances from then- principal fa(^lories. 
 
 It is not to be expelled that navigation fliould have made 
 great progrefs aniongft fo enervated a people as thofe of 
 Indoftan. They are unfkilful practitioners, and worfc theo- 
 rills. It is common to find a Moor fliip wafting three years 
 on a voj^age which might eafdy be performed in one : heuce 
 the Europeans are the general carriers of the eafl. 
 
 With this advantage, with the advantage of particular fitu- 
 ations, tlie colonies abroad arc enabled to create many private 
 fortunes, without interferins; with the interefts of the com- 
 panics on which they depend. 
 
 CAP. IX. 
 
 Of the War. 
 
 TriE rudenefs of the mihtary art in Indoftan can fcarce be 
 imagined, but by thofe who have feen it. The infantry con- 
 fifts in a multitude of people afiemljled together without 
 regard to rank and file : fome with fwords and targets, who 
 can never ftand the fliock of a body of horfe: fome bearing 
 match-locks, which in the beft of order can produce but a 
 very uncertain fire: fome armed with lances too long or too 
 weak to be of any fervice, even if ranged with the utmoft 
 regularity of difcipline. 
 
 3 H Little
 
 4i8 GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLE 
 
 Little reliance is therefore placed in this force. To kee[>' 
 night-watches, and to plunder defencelefs people, is their 
 grcateft fcrvice, except it confilts in their being a pcrquifitc 
 to their commanders, who receive a fixed price for every man, 
 and hire every man at a different and lefs price. 
 
 As the Moors arc the lords of the country, they arc of 
 confequence the warriors of it. Thefe derive from their 
 originals, the Tartars, the affection which that people arc 
 famous for bearino- towards their horfes; and the love of 
 eafe, in an inclement climate, has fixed this preference. The 
 strain of all the war refts upon the numbers and goodnefs of 
 horfe which are found in an army. 
 
 Every man brings his own horfe, and oficrs himfelf to be 
 uiliftcd. The horfe, and not the man, is carefully examined ; 
 and according to the fize and value of the beaft., the mafter 
 receives his pay. A good horfe will biing thirty or forty 
 rupees a month. Sometimes an ofliccr contrails for a whole 
 troop which he has iulifted. 
 
 A horfe in Indoftan is of four times greater value than in 
 Eurojie. If the horfe is killed, the niivn is ruined. Strange 
 that fuch a regulation fliould be cf^abliflied, as makes it the 
 interefl of the foldier to fight as little as pollible. 
 
 The privileges of free-booty and phuider, together with 
 
 fudden and fanguinary executions, in fome meafure check 
 
 this confe(pience. The ofHcer who commands a troop Avhich 
 
 I he
 
 OF INDOSTAK. 4x9 
 
 lie lias railed hinifelf, is rerjionfible for the bclmviour of his 
 alien : he therefore brings them of his omii family, or at leall 
 as he can cle[)end on. Thefc interefts and connexions do 
 but indificrently fupply the eifeds of a real love to their 
 •country, or a real attachment to their prince — principles 
 •which are very rarely found to influence the people of 
 Indollan. 
 
 The vi6lory is commonly decided by the fall of the prin- 
 cipal men in the ami}'. Tliefe begin the onfet, and are fol- 
 lowed b}^ the hardiell of their partizans ; nho no fooner fee 
 their chief deflroycd than they take to flight. Numbers of 
 fuch Ikirmiflies compofe what is called a battle in Indoftan. 
 The greateft (laughter falls around the commander in chief, 
 as the vidlory is confirmed in the inflant of his death. 
 
 Armies more encumbered with the conveniences of life, 
 than with the preparations for war, form loofe, ftraggling, 
 iind difordeily camps, and make irregular, dilatory marches. 
 The mutual inactivity becomes the general fecurity ; for as 
 it is a cuftom of the eaft to make the great meal at night, 
 and of confequence to fall into deep fleep immediately after 
 it, a handful of refolute men might eafdy beat up a camp of 
 many thoufands. 
 
 The courage of the people depends on the climate. In the 
 northern parts of the kingdom, firmer fibres produce a pro- 
 portionable degree of refolution : in the foutheni all is fenli- 
 
 3 II '2 bilitv;
 
 420 GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLE 
 
 bility ; and fear mufl be predominant in fuch as are infinitely 
 fiifceptible of the minuteft impreffions. 
 
 Perfons of high rank and diftiiiction are feldom wanting m 
 an intrepidity as httle fcnfible to the apprehenfions of danger, 
 as the pufillanimity of the lower and meaner people is inca- 
 pable of refifting fuch impulfes. 
 
 END OF THE FIRST BOOK. 
 
 Compofed at Calcutta in Septemher 1 752. 
 
 CorreBcd on hoard the JJiip Pelhatn, September 1753.
 
 OF INDOSTAN. 4^1 
 
 BOO K ir. 
 
 CAP. I. 
 
 Of the Moors of Imhftan. 
 
 THE Dcfcendants of thofe Moors ov Tartars, who under 
 tlie command of Tamerlane conquered Indoilan, are now 
 become exceedingly numerous; and, if colle6led together, 
 would form a ver}^ populous nation. 
 
 But being difperfed throughout the vaft extent of tliis 
 empire, their numbers appear fo very fmall, when compared 
 to that of the Gentoos, who are all the original people of the 
 country, that rx)thing but an etfeminacy and rellgnation of 
 fpirit, not to be paralleled in the world, could make it con- 
 ceivable how thefe can remaui fubje6ted to mafters whom 
 they outnumber ten to one. 
 
 The number of JNIoors in the northern countries,, and about 
 Delhi the capital, is found vaftly to exceed that of the 
 fouthern and more diftant provinces. 
 
 In the principal cities of the provinces, they are likewife 
 in great numbers, as forming the great eft part of the foldiery, 
 or depending upon the officers and offices of the government. 
 Out of thefe cities it is difficult to find a trade or manu- 
 faclore carried on by a JMoor. 
 
 Tke
 
 422 GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLE 
 
 Tlie Moois in Indoftan may be divided into two kinds of 
 people, differing in every relpe6l, excepting in the protefllon 
 of the fame reliiiion. Under the fnft are reckoned tlie de- 
 fcendants of the conquerors; Tartars continually naturali^^nng 
 themfelves in Indoitan, through the encouragement Avhich 
 their martial fpirit is furc to receive ; Arabians and Perfians 
 uho have quitted their own, to fcek their fortunes in this 
 country. The fecond nmk of ^foors comprehends all the 
 defcendants of converted Ccntoos — a miferablc race, as none 
 but the mod miferable of the Centoo calls are capable of 
 changing their religion. 
 
 CAP. ir. 
 Of the Manners of the Moors. 
 
 Tun Tartars are known amongft themfelves to be of honed 
 and fimple manners; and if at times fierce and cruel, they 
 ceafe to be fo when they ceafe to be enemies of war. 
 
 The conqueft of Indoftan was made by them Mith little 
 difficulty, and has fince been maintained with lefs : a diftinc- 
 tion of religions (that of Mahomed, and that of the Gcntoos) 
 lias enfued, whilft the conqueror may without controul vaunt 
 his own, and infult that of the fubjec^ ; the fubjed, by 
 being more numerous has only become more defpicable, 
 from this proof of not daring to exert his ftrenglh. Ahnoft 
 the whole wealth of this vail territory is divided amongft the 
 
 IMoors,
 
 OF IN DO STAN. 423 
 
 Moors, the effect; of their tenacioufnefs in keeping all offices 
 of the government aniongft thenifelves. The principle of the 
 government has ncverlhelefs reduced all tliefe mighty lords 
 to be as much the flaves to fome powers, as others are flaves 
 to theirs. A licentioufnefs and luxury peculiar to this cner- . 
 rating climate, have fpread their corruption, and inftead of 
 meeting with obftables from laws or opinions, is cheriflied as 
 the fupreme good to the utmoft exceffes. 
 
 All thefe will furely be deemed caufcs fufficient to have 
 changed, in the prefent Moors of Indoftan, the fpirit which 
 tlieir anceflors brought with them into it : and from hence 
 many and dreadful vices are now naturalized amongft them, 
 
 A domineering infolence towards all who are in fubjed:ion 
 to them, ungovernable wilfulnefs, inhumanity, cruelt\% mur- 
 ders and aflaffinations, deliberated with the fame calmnefs 
 and fubtlety as the rell of their politics, an infcnfibility^ to 
 icmorfe for thefe crimes, which are fcarcely confulered other- 
 wile than as nccellary accidents in the courfe of life, fcnfuaL 
 exceffes which revolt againfl nature, unbounded thirll of 
 power, and an cxpacioufncfs of wealth equal to the extrava- 
 gance of his proj)cnfilies and vices — this is the charafter of 
 an Indian l\Ioor, Avho is of confequencc fuflicicnt to have 
 any character at all. 
 
 ]t would be injuftice to human nature, were we not to 
 think all general defcriptions of it liable to exceptions. 
 
 Inhumanity
 
 424 GOVERNMENT A;ND PEOPLE 
 
 Inhumanity and cruelty is not always the propenfity of a 
 Rloor, as fuch ; but as of a man determined to remove all 
 obftacles to his ambition: this cftc(^icd, it is common to fee 
 the prince of a difpofition lefs fanguinary than that of the 
 beft of his courtiers. Such is Allaverdy Khan, the }>refent 
 Nabob of Bengal ; and Avhat is more fmgular in a perfon of 
 his ftation and religion, this prince has always peifilled to 
 live the hufl>and of one wife. 
 
 It remains to fpcak of the military rcfolution of the 
 
 iVloors. Where all is maintained by the fword, it is natural 
 
 that the profcfTion of a foldicr fhould be the nearell road not 
 
 only to honours but to power. Every one urg-cs on to be as 
 
 hioh in the rank of Haves as he can ; and fome have even 
 
 afte(fted intire* independancc. A governor of a province will 
 
 fcarce be able to maintain it, if he is not a very brave man, 
 
 and at every inftant ready to enter the field ; nay, fuch a 
 
 dignity is rarely conferred, but upon fuch as have given 
 
 proofs of their abilities to command an army in perfon. 
 
 Where courage is become fo indifpenfible a qualification, in 
 
 all who attempt to better their fortunes in the fiate, it is no 
 
 wonder that we fee all of the higheft rank of Moors poflefll'd 
 
 of it in no contemptible degree. 
 
 * Nizamalmuluck, tlic Subah of the fouthcrn provinces] Allaverdy Khaii, Ui« 
 Nabob of Bengal. 
 
 CAP.
 
 OF INDOSTAN. 42: 
 
 C A P. III. 
 
 Of the FoUtencfs and Ceremonies of t/ie Moors. 
 
 The climate and habits of Indofian have enervated the 
 ftrong fibres with which the Tartars conquered it ; and the 
 rude fenfe of that people is now refined in their defcendants, 
 ui a great meafure, to the fenfibilitj of the Indians. 
 
 I mnfl: apologize for reminding the reader fo often, of the 
 gradation of flavcry which fubfifts throughout Indoftan ; 
 without carrying this idea continually with us, it is impoffiblc 
 to form any idea of thefe people. 
 
 'J'hat tribute of obedience which a man pays to his fupe- 
 rior, he naturally exacts from his inferior; and where every 
 man is ol)liged to pay, and expcc'^s to receive, this obedience, 
 it is natural that a check iliould be put to all outward inde- 
 corum. If to this we join the idea of a people in whom 
 fubtilty has been fubftituted to impetuous manners, wo fliall 
 not wonder to fee them become vaftly polite. It is deftro^-^ino- 
 the nature of things, for any more than one or two perfons 
 in any affembly, to be off their guard in the point of cere- 
 monial or behaviour. 
 
 We find, therefore, amongfl; the IVIoors, the ceremonies of 
 outward manners carried to a more refined pitch than in any 
 other part of the world, excepting China. Thefe manners 
 are become a fundamental of their education, as without 
 
 3 I theiM
 
 426 GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLE 
 
 them a man would, inftead of making his fortune, be liable 
 to lofe his head. 
 
 An uncivil thing is never faid amongft equals : the 
 moft extravagant adulation, both of gefture and words, is 
 laviflied upon the fuperior. The grandee is feated in his 
 * Durbar, where all who approach to pay their refpedls are 
 ranged according to their refpeclive degrees of ftation or 
 favour. All is attention to his countenance : if he afks a 
 queftion, it is anfwered with the turn that will pleafe him : 
 if he aflerts, all applaud the truth: does he con trad i6l, all 
 tremble : a multitude of domefticks appear in waiting, as 
 fdent and immovable as ftatues. This is the ceremonial 
 of paying court. I fpeak not of the Durbar as the tri- 
 bunal of juilice: there injuries muft cry aloud, or will not 
 be heard. 
 
 By the experience which they have had of Europeans, 
 they deny us all pretenfions to politenefs. Our fan)iUarities 
 appear fliocking to their notions of awe and refped; ; our 
 vivacities quite ridiculous to their notions of folcmnity. I 
 ihall be pardoned for giving an inllance of this. 
 
 The gentlemen of one of the European factories in Bengal, 
 were invited to fee the ceremony of a facred day at the 
 Nabob's palace, where all the great men of the city were to 
 
 * Durbar is llic name of the place in which the prince makes Iiis pubHc 
 appearance to receive homage, and likewifc of that in whicli juftice is achuini- 
 lu.rccl by himfclf or his officers. 
 
 be
 
 OF INDOSTAN. 4ty 
 
 be aflenibled. The Europeans were placed near the Nabob's 
 perfon. The fcene was in a large area of the palace ; in the 
 middle of which, dire6lly oppofite to the Nabob, a fountain 
 was playing. The Moors who entered, approached no nearer 
 than juft before the fountain ; there made obeifance, and 
 then retired to their feats. A man of fome diftin6tion added 
 a ftep or two too much to his retreating bow, and fell back- 
 wards into the ciftern of the fountain. I queftion whether 
 half the foreign ambafladors of any court in Europe, could 
 have fupprefled their niii th on fach an occafion : our foreign 
 vifitors burft into repeated peals of laughter, and flung them- 
 felves into all the attitudes which ufually ai;company the 
 excefs of it. Not a mufcle was changed in the countenance 
 of, any other perfon in the afl'embl3\ The unlucky'' man 
 Avent out with great compofure, to change his raiment; and 
 all the attention of the company was diverted from him upon 
 the boifterous mirth of the flrangers, which became real mat- 
 ter of aftonifliment to thefe nice obfervers of decorum. 
 
 The deputies of an European fettlement on the coaft of 
 Coromandel, arrived at the camp of Nazirjing, late Subah of 
 the fouthern provinces, who had at that time occafion for the 
 -fervices of their prefidency. In ftipulating the ceremonies of 
 their audience, they infifted that they could not fit crofs- 
 legged upon the ground, without being cramped : it was an- 
 fwered, that they could not be admitted to fit upon chairs 
 (according to the European cuftom) in the prefence of a 
 prince of Nazirjing's dignity ; as, according to their cuftoms, 
 
 3 I 2 iw
 
 428 GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLE 
 
 no inferior could be placcil on a feat raifed higher than that 
 on which his fuperior was feated. The deputies then defired 
 that a hole might be dug in the ground of the tent, in which 
 they might put their legs without injuring the dignity of that 
 prince. This was granted, to the no fmall aftonifliment of all 
 prefent, that thefe gentlemen fliould chufe, on inch an occa- 
 fion, to appear in a fituation which amongft the Moors is a 
 puniflimcnt for mifdemeanors committed by the lower clafs 
 of people. It had juft ihe fame effect upon them, as upon 
 us would have the requeil of a ftranger, who at fuch an 
 ill trod udtion fliould delire, inilead of a cliair, to be fet in a 
 pair of flocks. 
 
 The Moors are much attached to fuch Europeans as 
 comply ealily with the folemnity and ceremonies of their 
 manners ; and nothing revolts tliem fooner than a contempt 
 of their cufloms. 
 
 Perfons of diftin^lion have been known, through a fenfe of 
 lliame, to make away with thcmfelves, after having committed 
 an involuntary indecorum in the prefcncc of their fuperiors. 
 Need T fay any thing more of their notions of behaviour 
 and decorum ? 
 
 GAP. IV. 
 
 Of their DiJIhnulafioiu 
 
 The politcncfs of other nations may have its rife from a 
 natural cafe and happinefs of temper, a point of honour, the 
 idea a man conveys of himfclf by the ref])e6l he fliows to 
 
 others ;,
 
 OF INDOSTAN. 429 
 
 ollieis ; but the decorum with which the common cere- 
 monies and occurrences of life are conducted in Indoflan, is 
 derived from the conftant idea of fubordination, joined to 
 a conftant habit of the deepeft difguife and diffimulation 
 of the heart. 
 
 In Indoftan, every man may hterally be faid to be the 
 maker of liis own fortune. Great talents, unawed by fcruples 
 of confcience, feldom fail of fuccefs : from hence all perfons 
 of diftind;ion are feen running in the fame courfe. The pcr- 
 feverance neceffary to attain his end, teaches every man to 
 bear and forbear contraiy to the common inftincls of human 
 nature : and hence arifes their politenefs. 
 
 Let us carry thefe reflections a little fartlier. The general 
 competition has put an end to mutual confidence : a fend^ 
 bility capable of difcerning every thing, is foon taught a 
 difguife capable of concealing every thing. Where morality 
 has no check upon and)ition, it muft form the bhickeft refa- 
 lutions; and the diffimulation neceifary to carry tiiefe into 
 execution, will, amongft a people circumftanccd as I have 
 defcribed them, be carried to exceffes, which different man- 
 ners and better morals will fcarcely imagine human nature to 
 be capable of. 
 
 An expreffion of indignation has coft a confiderable officer 
 his life, three months after he had betrayed himfelf to ths 
 apprehenfious of his general, who never afterwards thought 
 himlelf fecurc from the refentments of a man whofc vio- 
 lence
 
 456 GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLE 
 
 lence was capable of tpiufpovting him to a public maiii- 
 feftation of difgull: in the interim, nothing but the utnioft 
 complaifancc and refpeA has fubfiftcd between them. Jull 
 as the rafli man has thought his peace was made, he has 
 found his deftrinflion determined. 
 
 I cannot afk credit for the multiplicity of facls of this nature, 
 which I could relate : How man}^ princes have been ftabbed 
 in full Durbar? How many have been poifoned in their beds? 
 Chiefs of armies circumvented and cut off at conferences in 
 the field ? Favourite courtiers ftrangled without previous 
 notice of their crime, or whilfl they thought themfelves on 
 the eve of deftrojing tlieir mailers ? A century of the po- 
 litics of Indoftan would afford more examples of this nature, 
 than can be found in the whole hiflory of Europe fince the 
 reign of Charlemagne. 
 
 How grateful, how noble are the reflc(5tions infpired by 
 fuch a retrofpcft, in favour of the caufe of Chriftianity, and 
 in favour of the caufe of Liberty \ 
 
 CAP. V. 
 
 Of the Gcnioos in general. 
 
 A people believing in metampfychofis, who are forbid by 
 their religion to deftroy the fmalleft infed; ; a j)eoplc conti- 
 nually affembling to celebrate the feflivals of their gods, mIio 
 believe that ads of charity to the poor can atone for all their 
 
 +- flHS,
 
 OF INDOSTAN. 431 
 
 fins, who are fond to excefs of the enjoyment of a domcflic 
 hfe, and extremely foUcitous in the cares of it — fuch a people 
 muil acquire humane and gentle manners. 
 
 The Gentoos are very affedlionate parents, and treat their 
 domeftics with great mildnefs. They are charitable, even to 
 relieving the neceilities of ftrangers : and the politenefs of 
 their behaviour is refined by the natural effeminacy of their 
 difpofition, to exceed even that of the Moors. 
 
 The fway of a defpotic government has taught them the 
 necefiity of patience ; and the coolncfs of their imagination 
 enables them to pra6life it better than any people in the 
 world. They conceive a contemptible opinion of a man's 
 capacity, who betrays any impetuofity in his temper. 
 
 Slavery has fliarpened the natural finefs of all the fpirits 
 of Afia ; from the difficulty of obtaining, and the greater 
 difficulty of preferving it, the Gentoos are indefatigable in 
 bufinefs, and mailers of the moft exquifite dilhmulation in 
 all affairs of intereft. They are the acuteft buyers and fellers 
 in the world, and preferve through all their bargains a de- 
 gree of calmnefs, which baffles all the arts that can be 
 oppofed againfl it. 
 
 The children are capable of affifting them in their bufniefs at 
 an age when ours fcarce begin to learn. It is conmion to fee 
 a boy of eleven years enter into an affembly of confiderable 
 men, make his obeifance, deliver his nieffagc, and then retire 
 with all the propriety and grace of a very well-bred man. 
 
 It
 
 43^ GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLE 
 
 It has before been faid, thai the Gentoos in general are a 
 v(;ry limorovis people. In the northern parts of the empirs 
 tlicy are of flronger bodies, ruder manners, and have fearcc 
 a religion, Avhen it is compared to the multitude of cere- 
 monies and olifervanees -which the Ibutheru (jentoos adhere 
 fo ftridlyto: here they are better foldiers, and fometimes 
 take the fieid againft the IVIoors, but rarely ^vith fuccels. 
 
 CAP. VI. 
 
 Of the hraclwwns. 
 
 Every fon of a Brachman inherits the priefthood of hi:i 
 father: from hence their numbers are more than rcciuifite to 
 attend the fervice of their gods ; and many of them are feen 
 verfant in the common occupations of life, with no other 
 diftin^tion than that of particular reverence paid to their 
 perfons by all who accoil them, being every where confidered 
 as the highell caft of Gentoos. 
 
 The influence of prieftcraft over fuperflition is no where fo 
 vifible as in India. All the commerces of life have a ftri(^ 
 analogy with the ceremonies of religion ; and the Brachman 
 lias inculcated fuch a variety of flrange perfuafions, that the 
 Gentoo finds himfelf every hour under the neceflity of con- 
 fulting his fpiritual guide. The building of a pagoda, and 
 maintaining within it a fet of priefts, is believed the beft 
 nction which human virtue is capable of. Every offence 
 
 is
 
 OF INDOSTAN, 433 
 
 is capable of being expiated by largefles to the Braclimans, 
 prcfcribed by themlelves according to tlieir own meafures of 
 avarice and fenfuality. 
 
 Neverthelefs it may be aflTcrted, that if ever fuperftition 
 produced an univcrfal good, it is in Indoftan, where we fee 
 it the foundation of an univcrfal benevolence. 
 
 The fuprcme good of the Brachmans feems to center in 
 the idea of plenty enjoyed in peace. They quit not the 
 filence of their groves to join the tnninlls of the ftate, nor 
 point the brand flaming from the altar againft the battle- 
 ments of iJie citadel. Their ideas of power are confined to 
 their own little community : here they live in a ftate of 
 fubordination which knows no refiftance, and (lumber in a 
 voluptuoufnefs which knows no interruption. 
 
 But if the precepts and exhortations by which they obtain 
 this affluent fubfiftence, recommended no other objed; but 
 their own important perfons to the confideration of charity, 
 the}" would have all the world, excepting their bigofs, for 
 enemies ; and thefe too might become undeceived, by tlie 
 flagrancy of fiich interefted commands. 
 
 AAvare of this, the Brachmans have made their gods require, 
 befides the neceflity of endowing their temples, the practice 
 of all other kinds of charities, by which the necefhtics of 
 human nature may be relieved. A third part of the wealth 
 of every Gentoo is expended upon fuch occafions. A\ e fee no 
 where fb numerous and fuch vaft fabricks built tor the fervicc 
 of reli2;iou: jcfettories built on the hiiih road for the relief 
 
 3 K and
 
 434 GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLE 
 
 and lodging of paHengcrs : fpacions ponds dug for the cafe 
 of the labourer, and the convenience of the inhabitants: 
 daily diftribution of vidnals given to the poor: — fuch cflfcc'ts 
 concur to give us an idea of the charity of the Gentoos, not 
 exceeded by that ol" the praftice of Chriftians. 
 
 'I'he Brachmans themfelves profefs great hofjjitalit}', and 
 by this addrefs prcfcrve that extreme veneration, which other- 
 vife would be loft through the efte^ls of envy, in a detcilatioii 
 of their inipofitions. 
 
 Far be fron.i mc the malignity of attributing to the Aveak- 
 nefs of human nature, the effects which might juftly be given 
 to its virtues : weie not the Gentoos infamous for the want 
 of generofity and gratitude in all the commerces of friend- 
 fliip; were the}^ not a tricking, deceitful people, in all their 
 dealings ; their charit}- could not be deemed to arife from the 
 influence of fuperftition. ^ 
 
 A very ftrangc cuflom j^i-evails in fome parts of India : a 
 Brachman devotes himielf to death, by eating until he ex- 
 pires with the furfeit. It is no wonder that fuperliitiou is 
 convinced of the nccclVity of cramming the })rielt, whcii 
 he profefles to cat like a cormorant through a principle of 
 
 religion. 
 
 CAP. vir. 
 
 Of the Gcntoo TrincipaUties.. 
 
 It is a remark warranted by conftant obforvation, that 
 wherever the govcrnmeiit is adminiflcrcd by Gcntqos, the 
 
 people
 
 OF INDOSTAN. 435 
 
 pcoi»le are fubjed; to more and fevercr oppreffions than ;\-hen 
 ruled by the IMoors. 
 
 I have inii)utcd this to inteUigent Gentoos, who have con- 
 i'cilcd the jufticc of the accufation, and have not fcrupled to 
 give their opinions concerning it. 
 
 A Gentoo, fay the}^ is not onl}' born vith a fpirit of more 
 fubtile invention, but by his temperance and education be- 
 comes more capable of attention to affairs, than a Moor ; 
 who no fooner obtains power, than he is loft in vohiptuoul- 
 nefs ; he becomes vain and lordly, and cannot difpenfe with 
 fatiating the impulfes of his fenfual appetites: whereas a 
 •Gentoo prince retains in his Durbar the fame fpirit wliich 
 would actuate him if keeping a (liop. Avarice is his predo- 
 minant paflion; and all the wiles, addrefs, cunning, and 
 perleverance, of which lie is fo exquilite a mafier, are exerted 
 to the utmoft in fulfilling the dictates of this vice ; and his 
 religion, inftead of infpiring, frees him from, the remorfe of 
 liis crimes ; for whilft he is haralfing and plundering his 
 people by the moft cruel oppreffions, he is making peace 
 with his gods by denying nothing to their priells. 
 
 The prefent king of Travencore has conquered or carried 
 war into all the countries which lay round his dominions, 
 and lives in the continual exercife of his arms. To atone fol* 
 the blood which he has fpilt, the Brachmans perfuaded hint 
 that it was neceffary he fhoukl ])e born anew: this ccre- 
 ijiony confifted in putting the prince into the body of a 
 
 3 K 2 golden
 
 436 GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLE 
 
 golden cow of immenfe value, where, after he had laid the 
 time prefcribed, he came out regenerated, and freed from 
 all the crimes of his former life. The cow was afterwards cut 
 up and divided amongft the seers who had invented this 
 extraordinary method for the remiffion of his hns. 
 
 END OF THE SECOND BOOK. 
 
 Compofed at Calcutta in September 1752. 
 CorreBed, retrenched in fome, enlarged in other places, on hoard 
 the Felham, in September 1753.
 
 OF IN DO STAN. 457 
 
 BOOK III. 
 
 -,pF THE LAWS AND JUSTICE OF I^"DOSTA]Sr. 
 
 CAP. I. 
 
 Of the Lazos of Indoftan. 
 
 A government depending upon no other principle than 
 the will of one, cannot be Aippofed to admit any abfolute 
 laws into its conftitution ; for thefe would often interfere 
 Avith that will. 
 
 There are no digefts or codes of laws exifling in Indoftan : 
 the Tartars Avho conquered this country could fcarcely read or 
 write ; and when they found it impoffible to convert them 
 to Mahomedanifm, left the Gentoos at liberty to follow their 
 own religion. 
 
 To both thefe people (the lords and flaves of this empire) 
 cuftom and religion have given all the regulations which are 
 at this time obferved in Indoftan. The fanftion of fuch im- 
 prefTions continue the policies of this empire, fuch as they 
 are, with a conftancy not exceeded in legiflatures founded 
 upon the beft of principles. 
 
 A detail of thefe cuftoms and policies is not to be cx- 
 pedled. A whole life fpent in fuch enquiries, Avould at the 
 end remain ignoiant of the hundredth part of them : every 
 province has fifty fe6ts of Gentoos; and every fe6l adheres 
 to different obfcrvances. My intent is only to give a general 
 
 idea
 
 438 GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLE 
 
 idea of the foiirces of civil and criminal cafes, and of the 
 methods of procefs by wbich tlio\' arc adjudged. 
 
 CA r. II. 
 
 Of Civil Cdjis. 
 
 It is a maxim, that civil inftitutions Mill always be found 
 infinitely more circumfcribed, and much lefs complicated, in 
 defpotick Hates, than in thofe of libcrt}'. If thefe in Indoftan 
 are found lefs frequent than in freer governments, they cerJ- 
 tainly are more than could bo e\pc6led in one fo abfolule : 
 and this I fliall endeavour to account for. 
 
 No property in lands admits of difputcs concerning them. 
 The (lavery to which the rights of parent and hufband fub- 
 je(fts the female (who neither amongft the Moors or Gentoos 
 is fuffered to appear before an}^ of the other fex, except her 
 neareft relations) abohflies at once all fuits of dowries, di- 
 vorce, jointures, and fettlements : but if thefe two of the 
 fundamental caufes of difpute arc removed, the other two 
 remain ; commerce and inheritances are permitted, and 
 naturally produce contentions. 
 
 CAP. Ill, 
 
 Inheritances and Commerce permitted ; and from hence Civil 
 Cafes arife in Indq/lan. 
 
 Although the notion of abfolute power admits of nothing 
 which can be fandlifyed from its grafp, whence the king, as 
 
 in
 
 OF INDOS^AN. 439 
 
 in other clefj)olick flatcs, may, if he pleafes, become heir to 
 any iDuii ill his kingdom; yet cufloin has not eftablilhed 
 this right to huii in Incloitan ; and thefe perliaps are the 
 rcafous Avhy ncitlier the JMoors or Gentoos have been lub- 
 je<^ctl to it. 
 
 1. All the })o]itical inftitutions of the Gentoos are {o 
 blended with the idea of relioion, that this is tfcncrallv ef- 
 feifted where thcfe are concerned, 'j'he foftncfs of manners 
 whicii thefe {)eople receive from the climate, has fixed all 
 their attention to the folaces of a domeftick life. There are 
 not more tender parents, or better mailers, in the world : 
 fuch a people will make wills in favour of their otispring : 
 and the prince finds himfelf reftrained by policy' from eftab- 
 lidiing a rigjit fo utterly lliocking to the nature and dilpo- 
 fition of the fubjecl. He is likewife reftrained by religion ; 
 the name of God invoked in the teftament of a Gen too, 
 gives it as facred an aulhority as with thofe who have better 
 notions of a Deity ; and the Brachman is too much interefted, 
 as father of a famil\% to fand;ify a practice which would 
 affetl his own property. Thus the Gentoo princes were 
 never i^cen to aflcrt this right, excepting when avarice had 
 got fo far the afcendant, as not only to confound all their 
 notions of policy, but even to make them look on religion a:> 
 the prejudice of education. 
 
 2. The IMoors, in the firft outrages of conqueft, doubtlefs 
 pofl'eilbd thcmfelves of all kinds of property : but when the 
 
 Gentoos
 
 440 GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLE 
 
 Gentoos would not be converted, and were left to the oblerx - 
 ance of their own rites, the right of teftanients was continued, 
 and Hill fublifts amongft them. The Gentoos, by their fub- 
 tilty and application, find many means of gaining wealth 
 under the Moors; and this wealth lluy devolve by will to 
 their male children. The obftacles which thefe may meet 
 with in taking poflfeirion, will be ex[)]ained hereafter. 
 
 3. '["he idea of being fellow-conquerors; the complacency 
 arifing from perpetual vi6lories; the iminenfe wealth which 
 thefe conquefts afforded ; might have been tlie caufes which 
 prevented the firft JMahomcdan princes of Indoftan, from 
 ellablilhing amongil thofe of their own religion, this utmoft 
 effort of abfolute power. They were contented with knowing 
 that they had at all times the power to fei/e, without declaring 
 that they intended to inherit every man's property. 
 
 4. When the kinodoni came to be divided into dilliuct 
 
 o 
 
 provinces; when many of thefe provinces rendered their 
 Nabobs almofl independant of the throne ; it would have 
 been the height of impolicy' to have attempted fuch an 
 inftitution ; it would have been impoflible to have cf- 
 fecSted it. 
 
 5. Had the throne attempted fuch violence upon fuch 
 fubjects as were more immediately within its reach, the next 
 province, or, if not that, one beyond it, would have alVorded 
 an afylum, where a part of the perfecuted wealth, bellowed 
 with addrefs, could not fail to procure i'littiy and prote(ftion 
 
 ■^- to
 
 OF IN DO STAN. 441 
 
 to the rcmaindei'; efpociany if (lichcirs, as ihcy (louljlkisly 
 would, took faiH''tiiary -with princes, uho eilluM' Avorc dil- 
 tatisficd with, or difreganicd, the authority of the court : 
 hence confulions and I'cvolts may l)e itrcngthened, if not 
 produced. 
 
 6. If a Nabob thought his power fufficiently eftabhllicd to 
 perpetrate, and fnoukl attempt the violence of fuch acqui- 
 litions, the fubjeOt would remove to the governmeni of the 
 neighbouring prince, whom he would probably fmd in a ilatc 
 of war with him tVoni whofc outrages he had fled. 
 
 If the right of inheritance in the fovereign were as chime- 
 rical a notion as it appears inconfiftent with the exiftencc of 
 a powerful nation, 1 fliould not have infifted upon thefc 
 conje6lures ; but this right is certainly eftabliflied in the 
 dominions of the 'J'urk : and the emperor of Japan is not 
 gnly the abfolute lord of the property of his fubjec^ts, but is 
 likewife fo, in the r.tinoft fignification of the term, over their 
 perfons, Avhich he n}aHJicres and tortures at his pleufure, at 
 fome times exterminating a whole city for the offence of a 
 fmole man. 
 
 The different methods of inlieritance amongft the Gentoos, 
 are fettled b}' their religion, according to the different cafts 
 by which they are diftinguillied. In general, the females are 
 recommended to the care of the brothers; and thefe are com- 
 monly ordered to divide equally: Ibmctimes firft coufms, 
 efpecially if born \mder the fame roof, flmrc equally with the 
 brothers: fometimes the lirftwife of the doccafcd is intrufted 
 
 3 L with
 
 442 GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLE 
 
 villi tlie management of the whole eftate during hfe — a. 
 cuftom attended with no confequences prejudicial to the 
 children, as flie cannot enter into a fecond marriage. It is 
 always recommended by the parent, that the houfe, if in a 
 way of trade, be not divided; and as furcly it happens, that 
 divifions enfue amongft the heirs. 
 
 If the riiihtn of inheritance are feen to be a fourcc from- 
 ■R hence a multiplicity of litigations may arifc in Indoftan, the 
 free exercife of commerce will be found to produce ftill more 
 frequent occalions of difpute. 
 
 The varied and extenfive commerce which exifts in In- 
 doftan, both by fea and land, is more than can be imagined 
 by thofe who are unacquainted with the multiplicity and 
 value of t]ie produAions of this wealthy, empire : the high 
 roads are full of caravans ; the navigable rivers of boats; the 
 fea-coafts of barques ; and fliips witli the richeft cargoes 
 make voyages from one part of the kingdom to another. 
 
 CAP. IV. 
 
 Spirit of the Moors and of the Gcntoos, in Litigious Contentions. 
 
 It may not be thought unneceffary to view the difpofitions 
 of the people of Indoilan in litigious contentions. 
 
 The Moors hold the office of a fcribe in contempt: com- 
 merce therefore cannot be held by them in honour. The 
 Moors wjio engage in it have nothing but the name of the 
 merchant; the bulincfs is tranfa6led by fonie fubtile Gcntoo, 
 who, when he wants his maftcr to confirm a bargain, is fure 
 -t- to
 
 OF INDOSTAN. 44- 
 
 to find him in the Avomen's apartment, or falling afleep over 
 his Kaloon*. Notlung is lb indolent as a Moor out of the 
 track of ambition: he will readily compromife a caufe, if he 
 entertains the leaft doubt of gaining it; and if there is a 
 neceffity of profecuting it, he fends a Gentoo to Ihc Duibar. 
 ias his reprefentative folicitor. 
 
 That pufdlanimity and fenfibility of fpirit, which renders 
 the Gentoos incapable of fupporting the contentions of dan- 
 ger, difpofes them as much to profecute litigious contells. 
 No people are of more inveterate and Heady refentments in 
 civil difputes. The only inilance in which they feem to have 
 a contempt for money, is their profufion of it in procuring 
 the redrefs and revenge of injuries at the bar of Juftice. 
 Although they can, with great refignation, fee thenifelves 
 plundered to the utmoft by their fuperiors, they become mad 
 with impatience when they think themfelves defrauded of 
 any part of their property by their equals. Nothing can be 
 more adapted to the Ibminine fpirit of a Centoo, than the 
 animofities of a law-fuit. 
 
 CAP. V. 
 
 Of the AdininiJ't ration of Jiiflice in Civil Cafts. 
 
 The fuperiority of their numbers in c^ery province of 
 Indoftan, may have firft given rife to the cuftom of de- 
 volving the office of Duan upon a Centoo: and the fciife 
 
 * An iBftimueut out of which they fmokc tobacco. 
 
 3 L 2 of
 
 444 GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLE 
 
 of their fuperior induftry and abilities may have contirmed 
 this cuftoin ; Avhich nevertlielefs is> not fo abfijlute as to ex>- 
 clude'the Moors intirely : if any favourite of the Nabob 
 iuilh application and capacity equal to the tafk, his being 
 a. Moor will certainly give him that preference, \vhich a 
 kind of neccHity alone feems to Imvc eftabliflied amongiV 
 tiie Gcntoos. 
 
 . The Duan is, by his oflice, the chief judge of the pro- 
 vince : from whofe tribunal no apjieal is made, as by fuftcring 
 him to prefide in the feat of judgment, it is known that the 
 Niibob will confirm his decrees. 
 
 A Nabob, who through humanity, is led to inquire inta 
 the condition of his fiibjecfts, may fomctimes be feen to pre^ 
 fide at the Durbar in perfon ; during which time the Duau 
 has no authority but what the countenance of his maftcr 
 gives hiuK 
 
 No man is reiufed acccfs to the Durbar, or feat of judgr 
 ;nent;. which is expoled to a large area, capable of con*- 
 taining the multitude : here juflice, or the appearance of itj 
 is adminiftered upon all but fcftival days, by the Duan,. 
 if the Nabob is abfent; or by a deputy, in the abfence 
 of the Duan. 
 
 The plaintiff- difcovers himfelf by crying aloud, Juftice ! 
 Jufticc ! until attention is given to his importunate clamours. 
 He is then ordered to be fdent, and to advance before his 
 judge ; to whom,^ after, liaving profiratcd himfeJfv and made 
 
 his
 
 OF IN DO STAN. 445 
 
 his offering of a piece of money, lie tells his ttory in the 
 plaineft manner, with great humility of voice and geflure, 
 and without any of thole oratorical embellifliments which 
 compofe an art in freer nations. 
 
 The wealth, the confequence, the intereft, or the addrefs 
 of the party, become now the only confidcrations. He vifits 
 his judge in private, and gives the jar of oil : his adverfary 
 beflows the hog, which breaks it. The friends who can 
 influence, intercede ; and, excepting where the cafe is fo 
 manifeflly proved as to brand the failure of redrefs with 
 glaring infamy (a reflraint which human nature is born to 
 reverence) the value of the bribe afcertains the juftice of 
 the caufe. 
 
 This is fo avowed a pra<5lice, that if a ftranger fliould 
 enquire, how much it would cofl him to recover a juft debt 
 from a creditor Avho evaded payment, he would ever}-^ where 
 receive the fame anfwer — the government will keep one- 
 fourth, and give you the refl. 
 
 Still the forms of juftice fnbfifl : witnefTes are heard ; but 
 brow-beaten and removed : j^roofs of writing produced ; but 
 deemed forgeries and rejed;ed, until the way is cleared for a 
 decifiouy Avhich becomes totally or partially favourable, in 
 proportion to the methods which have been ufed to render it 
 fuch ; but flill with fome attention to the confequences of a 
 judgment, which would be of too flagrant iniquity not to pva- 
 duce univerfal deteftation and rcfcntment. 
 
 The q^uicknefs of dccifions Vvhich prevails in Indof^an, as 
 
 well
 
 446 GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLE 
 
 •well as ill all other d^^fpotic govenuiu^nts, ought no longer 
 to be admired. As foon as the judge is ready, every thing 
 that is neceflary is ready : there are no tedious briefs of cafes 
 no various interpretations of an infinity of laws, no metho- 
 dized forms, and no harangues to keep the parties longer 
 in fufpence. 
 
 Providence has, at particular feafons, bleflcd the miferies 
 of thefe people with the prefence of a righteous judge. The 
 vaft reverence and reputation which fuch have acquired, are 
 but too melanchol}'^ a proof of the infrcquency of fuch a 
 character. The hiftory of their judgments and decifions is 
 tranfmittcd down to poflerity, and is quoted with a vifible 
 complacency on every occafion. Stories of this nature 
 fupply the place of proverbs in the converfations of all the 
 people of Indoftan, and are applied by tjiem with great 
 propriet3^ 
 
 CAP, vr. 
 
 Of Arbiti'ations. 
 
 The abufes of public juftice naturally produced the prefe- 
 rence of private arbitrations : thefe would foon have removed 
 all caufes from the tiibunal of the Ibvereign ; all arbitrations 
 are therefore prohibited, excepting under the infpe(ftions and 
 reftri<ftions of the Durbar, which confirms fuch umpire as arc 
 defired, or elects fuch as are dreaded, conformable to the 
 jcomplacency or difpleafure which have been infpired by the 
 addrefs of the parties. 
 
 Many
 
 OF INDOSTAN. 447 
 
 . i^Iany of the caufes which arife from the intricacies in 
 commercial accounts, are referred to arbitration, as the at- 
 tention neceffary to fcrutinize them would employ too much 
 time at the Durbar. Thefe are fometimes decided with fuf- 
 ficient candour, as the umpire capable of fuch a tafk are not 
 always the immediate iaftruraents of the government. 
 
 CA p. vir. 
 
 Ah Objcciion anfwerecL 
 
 It may be objedled, that the ftridl attention given to the 
 forms of juftice in Indoftan, appears inconfiftent with the 
 nature of a government acknowledged to be defpotic. 
 
 Thefe forms wo\dd, without doubt, be defpifcd, were not 
 the inhabitants of the province lets fubjedled to the will of 
 their Nabob, than the vicegerent himfelf is dependant upon 
 the will of his fovereign. 
 
 A government depending upon the will of one, exilts no 
 longer if another abfokite will exifts in any part of it ; 
 that part immediately becomes a feparate kingdom. This is 
 openly the cafe in the revolts of Indoftan whilft they laft ; 
 and fometimes is fecretly fo in the dominions of fuch vice- 
 gerents, who, relying on their power, diftance, or addrefb, 
 think that they have little to fear from the throne ; but at 
 the fame time do not openly give defiance to it. 
 
 The Nabob is commilfioncd to reprefent his prince as a 
 fteward, who is bound to take all meafures for the prcler- 
 vation and incrcafe of his mafter's eftate. It would be 
 
 abfurd
 
 448 GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLE 
 
 a'bfurd to iiuagine that the emperor ihould delegate to any 
 f ibjecl the power of plunderiiig and murdering at pleafure : 
 this monftious privilege is ackuo\^ledgedi\i none buthimreU"; 
 and others mult iilt^ oljrKjue means to attain it. 'J'he hill 
 psfonree from injuftiee lays at the throne, Avhich has been 
 often feen to reeall a Nabob, when th<! eries of a provinco 
 have been loud enough to penetrate its recedes. 
 
 It is well known that the emperor is eommonl^' the moft 
 ignorant man in his dominions, of the tranfaclions of his 
 government. The Im'dly minifter who thus excludes all af- 
 fairs from liis mailer's infpedlion, fubjeds them as much to, 
 his own. The cabals, the caprico, the revolutions of a 
 court, are every hour to be dreaded by every vicegerent, 
 if not of overgrown authority ; and he is never without 
 enemies and rivals ready to exaggerate all pretexts for fup- 
 plantJng him. 
 
 From the imprelTion of thefe reftraints, fuch as they are, 
 the forms of juftice are revered in all the governments of 
 Indoftan, as much as the reality of it is abufed. 
 
 CAP. VIII. 
 
 Monftrom Ahiife of the Forms of Jttfdce. 
 
 From the imi)reffion of fuch reftraints, we likewife fee no 
 a<St of violence committed but under the malk of juftice. 
 
 As foon as a man becomes confpicuous for his poflTeflions, 
 and begins to defpife keeping raeafurcs with the Durbar, by 
 neglei^ting to fupply the voluntary contributions which are 
 
 expci^ed
 
 OF IN DO STAN. 449 
 
 expet^led from him ; inftead of giving him poifon, which 
 would not anfwer the end propofed, as his treafures arc 
 buried, he is befet with fpies, commonly of his own domeftics, 
 who report even to the minuted of his adlions : ofters from 
 difcontented parties are made to him ; a commerce with the 
 enemies of the province is propofed; if he avoids thefc 
 fnares, a profitable poft in the government is tendered to 
 him ; which if he accepts, his ruin is at hand, as the flighteft 
 of the villanies pradlifed in every branch of it, becomes foun- 
 dation fufficient to render him a public criminal : fliould he 
 have efcaped this too, it remains that fome more glaring and 
 defperate mcafure of iniquitous jultice hurry him to de- 
 ftru6tion. Let the following example fuggcil and fupply tJie 
 many which might be produced . 
 
 A very wealthy houfe of Gentoo bankers were admoniflicd 
 at ]\Iuxadavad of the Nabob's necefllties for money : and 
 better verfed in the arts of amaffing, than in the methods 
 neceffary to preferve their riches, they prefcntcd a fum much 
 more agreeable to their own avarice, than to the expedations 
 of their perfecutors. None of the ufual fnares were likely to 
 fucceed with people of their exceflive caution. One of the 
 dead bodies, which are continually floating upon the river 
 Ganges, happened to be thrown afliorc under the wall of 
 their dwelling-houfe; which was immediately furrounded by 
 the ofhcers of the civil magiilratc, and* nothing heard but 
 execrations againft thefe devoted criminals, who were pro- 
 claimed the murderers of a fon of Mahomed. The chief of 
 
 3 M the
 
 450 GOVERNiMENT AND PEOPLE 
 
 tlic houfe was hurried away to a dungeon prepared for his 
 reception ; where, after having thrice endured the fcourge, 
 he coniprouiifed the price of his hbert}', and the remiilion of 
 his pretended crime, for Uie funi of fifty thoufand rupees. 
 This man I perfonally knew. 
 
 Warned by fuch examples, the more intelhgent man of 
 condition fees at once the neceflity of ingratiating himfelf 
 into tlie favour of his prince by making acceptable ofterings, 
 proportioned to his fortune. It would not be credited, that 
 the family of Tuttichchuud, Ihortly after his death, gave in 
 one prefeut to the Nabob of Bengal, the fum of three hundred 
 thoufand pounds fterling ! were it not known that this man, 
 by having managed the mint and treafury of the province 
 for forty years fucccflivcly, was become the richcft private 
 fubjedi in. the empire. 
 
 CAP. IX. 
 
 General Idea, of the Oppref^hn of the Government. 
 
 Imitation has conveyed the unhappy (yftem of oppreflion 
 which prevails in the government of Indoftan throughout all 
 ranks of the peojile, from the highcll even to the loweft 
 fiihje(^ of the (nnpiuc. Every head of a village calls his 
 habitation the Durbar, and plunders of their meal and roots 
 the wretches' of his precinc't : from him the Zeniindar extorts 
 the fmall pittance of filver, Avhich his penurioxis tyranny has 
 fcraped together: the Phoufdar leizes upon the greateit 
 ftiare of the Zemiudav's coUcAions, and then fecurcs the fa- 
 
 vouc
 
 OF INDOSTAX. 451 
 
 voiir of his Nabob by voluntary contributions, which leave 
 him not poflcfied of the half of his rn])ines and exadlions : 
 ilie Nabob fixes his rnpacious eye on every portion of wealth 
 which appears in his province, and never fails to carry oft' 
 part of it: l)v large dcdutlions Ironi thefe acquifitions, he 
 purchafes fecurity from his fupcriors, or maintains it againft 
 them at the cxpcnce of a war. 
 
 Subject to fuch oppreffions, property in Indoftaii is feldom 
 feen to defccnd to the third o-eneration. 
 
 c A p. X. 
 
 Of Criminal Cafes, and of the Jiijiice adminijlered in them. 
 
 It now remains to fpeak of the juftice adminiftered in 
 criminal cafes. 
 
 Thefe meet Avith fevcrer and more various punilliments 
 amongft the Gentoos, who are guided by their own caprice 
 in appointing them, than amongft the ]\Ioors, who are directed 
 by their Alcoran — a law which, amongft its abfurdities, has 
 not admitted that of cruelt}' in the puniflnnent of crimes. 
 
 The punifliment of all oftences is executed inmiediately 
 after conviction ; and the proofs of this conviction are gene- 
 rally attended to with more juftice than prevails in any other 
 cafes : perhaps, becaufe the guilty have feldom any thing but 
 their lives to lofe. 
 
 IMurders and robberies upon tiic highway incur death; 
 other felonies, labour during life, and the Icrourge, a mul(5l, 
 or imprifonment. 
 
 3 3M 2 Tiie
 
 452 GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLE 
 
 The offices in the civil inagiftrate are comprized in an 
 inltitution, which is too pecuhar to Indoftan to be exprcflcd 
 by any word in our language. 
 
 In every city, and in every conliderable town, is appointed 
 a guard, direc^ted by proper officers, whofe duty it is to 
 coerce and punilh all I'uch crimes and mifdemcanors as afle(5l 
 the policy of that diitriCl, and arc ut the fame time of too 
 infamous or of too infignificant a nature to be admitted be- 
 fore the more folemn tribunal of the Durbar. Tlicfe miniftcrs 
 of juftice are called the Catwall; and a building bearing the 
 lame name is allotted for. their conftant refort. 
 
 At this place are perpetually heard the clamours of the 
 populace : fome demanding redrefs for the injury of a blow, 
 or a bad name ; others for a fraud in the conmierce of far- 
 thin2;s : one wants affiftance to take, another has taken a 
 thief: fome offering themfelves for bondfmen ; others called 
 upon for witneiTes. The cries of wretches under the fcourge, 
 and the groans of expiring criminals, complete a fcene of 
 perfe<5l mifery and confufion. 
 
 After thefe employments of the day, parties are fent from 
 the Catwall, to patrole and watch through the town by 
 night. 
 
 The intelligence which the Catwall conftantly receives, of 
 fvery tranfadtion Avhich pafics within the limits of its jnrif- 
 di(ftion, renders it very capable of affiftini^f the fuperior powers 
 of tlie government in their iyftem of oppreffions. 
 
 Gentoos who have commerce with public women ; IMoofs 
 ^ who-
 
 OF INDOSTAN. 453 
 
 ■who are addi(flc(l to drinking fpirituous liquors ; all perfons 
 Avho hazard money in gaming; — fucU are fubject to be 
 narrowly watched by the Catwall; and, when dete(fled, find 
 that nothing but money can exempt them from public 
 difgrace. 
 
 In fiicli governments Avhere the fuperiors are loll to all 
 fenl'e of humanit}^ the moft execrable of villanies are perpe- 
 trated by this inftitution, defigned to prevent them. 
 
 The Catwall enters into treat}' with a band of robbers, who 
 receive from hence the intelligence neceffary to direct their 
 exploits, and in return pay to it a itipulated portion of their 
 acquifitions : bcfides the conceffions neceflary to fecure im- 
 punity when detedled, one part of the band is appointed to 
 break into houfes, another aflaults the traveller upon the 
 road, 'a third the merchant upon the river: I have feen thcfe 
 regulated villains commit murders in the face of day, with 
 fuch defperate audacity as nothing but the confidence of 
 protection could infpire. 
 
 In jurifdidions of narrow limits and little importance, it is 
 cuftomary to blend the Durbar and Catwall in one tribunaJ. 
 In thefe all caufes Avherein money and property are in con- 
 tention, thofe wherein the terror of his prefencc is necef- 
 fary to fupport the intended extortions, — fuch are brought 
 before the governor of the diftrid, who leaves to inferior 
 minifters the execution of what are properly the duties of 
 the Catwalk 
 
 CAP.
 
 454 , GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLE 
 
 CAT. XI. 
 
 Some Rcjic&ioiis. 
 
 Having brouolit to a conclufiou this eflav on the govern- 
 ment and people of Indoftan, 1 cannot lefrain from making 
 the reflections wliich fo obvioufly arife from the fubje(?t. 
 
 Chriltianity vindicates all its glories, all its honour, and 
 all its reverence, when we behold the moft horrid impieties 
 avowed amongft the nations on whom its influence does 
 not fhine, as a6tions neceflary in the connuon condu6t of 
 life : I mean poifonings, treachery, and affalfinations, in the 
 Ibns of ambition; rapines, cruelty, and extortions, in the 
 minifters of juftice. 
 
 I leave divines to vindicate, by more fan<5tified reflections, 
 the caufe of their Religion and their God. 
 
 The fons of Libert}' may here behold the might}' ills to 
 which the flaves of a defpotic poAver nnifl; be fubjecl : the 
 fpirit darkened and dcpreflcd by ignorance and fear; the 
 body tortured and tormented by pnnifliments infli(^\ed 
 without jullicc and without mcafure: fuch a contrail to the 
 bleflings of liberty, heightens at once the fenfe of our hap[H' 
 nefs, and our zeal for the prefervation of it. 
 
 END OF THE TIIIKD BOOK. 
 
 Compojcd on board the Ship Pclham, Scptcmha- 25th 1753.
 
 EFFEMINACY 
 
 OP THE 
 
 INHABITANTS 
 
 OF 
 
 I N D O S T A N.
 
 EFFEMINACY, &c. 
 
 EUROPEANS underftand by the Eaft Indies, all the 
 countries and empires, which laj'ing to the fouth of Tartary, 
 extend from the eaftern frontiers of Perfia to the caftern 
 coafts of China. The illands of Japan are likcwife included 
 in this denomination, as are all the Malay iflands, in which 
 the Dutch have fuch A'aluable pofTefllons, and which extend 
 to the fouthward as far as the coafts of New Holland, and to 
 the eaftward to lands unknown. 
 
 The dominion of the Great Mogul, to which the name of 
 India can only with propriety be applied, are defignated in 
 Afia as well as in Europe, b}^ the kingdom of Indostan ; and 
 although the Moguls arc not matters of all the countries which 
 are accepted imder this denomination, j'ct there are ver}' few 
 trails which have not formerly been, or which are not at 
 prefent, fubje6t or tributary to Mahomedans. 
 
 That part of the weftern fide of Indoftan, which is not 
 bounded by the fea, is feparatcd from Pei-fia and the Ufbeg 
 Tartary by defarts, and by thofe mountains which were 
 known to the ancients under the name of Paropamifus. The 
 courfe of mount Caucafus forms its barrier to the north, and 
 fepaiates it from various nations of Tartars, from the Great 
 and Little Thibet. Where mount Cau.cafus ceafes, marlhes 
 
 3 N and
 
 45? EFFEMINACY OF THE 
 
 and rivers divide it from the kingdoms of Tepra, Aflam, and 
 Aracan, and circumfcribe to the eaftward the dominions of 
 the INIogul, until they reach the fea at Chitigan. The fea 
 from Chitigan to the cape of the peninfuia of India, and 
 from this cape to the dominions of Perfia fonns the remaining 
 boundary, and embraces more than one half of the kingdom 
 of Indoftan': there are few empires of which nature has 
 more ftrongly marked the outline. 
 
 The moll northern parts of this empire laying in the 35th 
 degree of latitude, and the moll fouthern in the 8th, the dif- 
 tance from the northern to the fouthern extremity is more 
 than 1,620 geographical miles; the greateft extent from call 
 to well is about 1,500 miles. 
 
 This great extent of country has, from the earliell anti- 
 quity, been inhabited by a people who have no refemblance, 
 either in their figures or manners, with any of the nations 
 •which are contiguous to tliem ; and although thcfc nations 
 have at different times f^nt conquerors amongll them, who 
 have eftabliflied themfelves in diflerent parts of the country ; 
 although the Mogul Tartars under Tamerlane and his fuc- 
 ceflbrs have at lall rendered themfelves lords of almoll the 
 whole of it, yet have the original mhabitants loft very little 
 of their original character by thcfe mixtures; contrary to the 
 effc<5ls of conqueft in all the Chriflian, and in moll of the 
 Mahomcdan empires, in which Cyrus, Vercingetorix, and 
 Ca-far, if rifen from the dead, could not dillinguifli any trace* 
 
 * See Tavemier, alfo Mr. D'Anvillc's Mop of India. 
 
 of
 
 INHABITANTS OF INDOSTAN. 459 
 
 of the men who obeyed them in Perfia, in Gaul, and in Italy; 
 but this might Porus in India^ on the very fpot in whieh he 
 Aibmitted to Alexander. 
 
 * Read the defcription given by Diodovus, of the Iiulian woman who burnt 
 lieilcU' Willi the corpfe oi" her hufband, in tlie army of Eumenes. She dilhibulcs 
 her ornaments amongft her friends and relations, as a pledge of her regard lo 
 them, and as a mark of her difne to be remembered by them. Tliefe ornaments 
 are a great number of rings IcL with precious Itoncs of all colours, which flie 
 •wore on her fingers ; her head was adorned widi flars of gold, and with the 
 fame kind of flones ; her neck with ornaments or chains, which lell down to her 
 breafts. One would liiink that the defcription of thefe ornaments, and of the 
 alacrity and fpirit with which this wo:iian facrifices herfelf, was wrote yefterday. 
 It is not probable that any great changes can have been introduced amongft a 
 people, who have prel'ervcd for two thouland years, a cuftom which ib Itrongly 
 revolts the firft feelings of humanity. 
 
 ISIr. Tlievenot fa^-s, that the Indians were ignorant of the time when the 
 fiupendous works of the temple of Elora near Aurengabad were perfo/mcd, at 
 the fame time that they were giving hiflories of the gods worihipped in thole 
 temples. 
 
 There are, in tl* temple of the Elcphanta near Bomba}', veftiges of an anti- 
 quity, perhaps not later than the ineurfion of Alexander. Helmets, a faerifice, 
 of vvhicli the hhits fcem to be taken from ftrangers ; for the Indians do not fcruple 
 to think foreign modes a proper ornament in their temples, and even for the 
 figures of their divinities, although they will not adopt them to their own ufe. 
 
 Mr. D'Anville : — Beiidcs that it has been remarked, that the Indians, having 
 never quitted their own country, have never mixed themfelves with other 
 people, we do not find that they have fuifcrcd at liome any revolutions which 
 have overfet the conititution and cuftom of the country. The Scythians have 
 formerly penetrated into India, and eftabliflied themfelves there; from thence 
 it comes to pals, that we find Indo Scylliia in the ancient Indodan. SeveraJ 
 Mahomedan princes, and amongft others, Mahmud Ion of Sebah-takiii, very 
 zealous for Muffulmanifm, have made coiK|uefts in India; and India has been 
 governed for two cejituiics by a houfe whofc origin is from Tartary, and whole 
 religion is that of Mahomet. But thefe circumftanccs, which have unnatu- 
 raliijcd, if we may be allowed the exprefhon, otlier nations, have not had the 
 fame cfl'ect upon the Inthans : they have piefervcd, befides fevcral idioms which 
 are proper to them, their religion and its minifters, Brachmans and Gymnofo- 
 phifts; their.divifion into cafts and tribes; diftinguiflied every one by its pro- 
 felfion, its rites and fuperltitions : in a word, all that is particular to themfelves, 
 and diftinguilhcs ihcin from other nations, iince tiie earlieft times. Bepuis les 
 letups les plus recules. 
 
 a N 13 Belides
 
 46o EFFEMINACY OF THE 
 
 Befides the particular denominations which they receive 
 from the calls and countries in which they are born, there is 
 one more general, which is applied indifcriminately, to dif- 
 tinsruilli the original natives from all who have intruded 
 themfelves amongft them. Ilendoo, from whence Indian, 
 and throughout the millions of Indians which inhabit In- 
 doftan, although fituated at fuch dillances as would fufhce 
 to form them into feveral diftin6t nations, are vilible the 
 ftrongeft marks of one general chara6ter, in their difpofitions, 
 in their obfcrvances, and in theli- form. 
 
 The colour of the Indians is generally either that of cop- 
 per or of the olive, but both with various fliades. It is not 
 abfolutely the proximity of the inhabitant to the equator, 
 that determines his complexion in India; other phyfical 
 caufes, from differences which arife as by Harts in regions 
 equally diftant from the fun, and it is in their complexion 
 that lefs national generality is found, than in any other of 
 the properties of their figure : fome are almoll black ; but 
 thefe are either inhabitants of the woods, or people in- 
 ured to labour and fatigues uncommon to the reft of their 
 countrymen. 
 
 The hair of the Indians is without exception long, fine, 
 and of a jet black. The nofe, if not always aquiline, is never 
 buried in the face, nor with large diftorted noftrils, as in the 
 Coffrccs of Africa, and in the Malay nations. Their lips, 
 though' in general larger than in Europeans, have nothing of 
 that difagrceablc protubcrancy projc(fting beyond the nofe, 
 7 which
 
 INHABITANTS OF INDOSTAN, 461 
 
 which charad;enfes the two people jull mentioned, '['he 
 ej'ebrows are full in the men, ilendcr in the women, well- 
 placed in both. The eyelid is of the fmeft form, — long, nei- 
 ther opening circularl}^, as in many of the inhabitants of 
 France, nor fcarce opening at all, as in the Chinefe. . The 
 iris is always black, but rarely with luftre, excepting in their 
 children, and in fome of their women : nor is the white of the 
 eye perfectly clear from a tinge of yellow; their countenance 
 therefore receives little animation, but rather a certain air of 
 languor, from this feature. From the noftrils to the middle 
 of the upper lip they have an indenture, ftrongly marked by 
 two ridges, feldom obfervable in the northern Europeans, 
 but often in the Spaniard and Portuguefe ; and from the 
 middle of the under lip there is another fuch indenture, which 
 lofes itielf a little above the chin : thefc lines, chiefly re- 
 marked in perfons of their habits, give an air of fagacity to 
 the men, and of delicacy to the phyfiognomy of the women. 
 The outline of the face is various, oftener oval than of any 
 other form, particularly in the women ; and this variety of 
 outline is another of the principal chara6lers which diftin- 
 gviiflieth the Indian from the Tartar as well as Malay ; whofe 
 faces are univerfally of the fame fliape ; that is, as broad as 
 they are long. 
 
 ' The climate of India is divided into two feafons : from the 
 month of 0(^lober to March, the wind continually blows from 
 the northern, and in the other months from the fouthern points 
 of the con)pafs. Thefe feafons, called- by navigators mon- 
 
 foons,
 
 462 EFFEMINACY OF THE 
 
 foons, are fufpeiided twice in the year, for the fpace of fwenty 
 or thirty days, vvhilft one of the reigning -winds is lofuig, and 
 the other acquiring ftrength. Tlie fouthern winds, palling 
 through regions inflamed by a perpendicular fun, and accom- 
 panying its approach, diminilli nothing of its influence; the 
 feafon of their duration is therefore very hot indeed. The 
 northern winds, after having fcoured the vaft plains of 
 Tartary, I'cceive additional keennefs in their paflage o\ er the 
 fummits of mount Caucafus, covered with eternal fnows : 
 they bring intenfc cold into the countries which lay at the 
 foot of thcfc mountains ; but do not carry more than a ver^' 
 moderate degree of it beyond the 30th degree of latitiide ; 
 iur as during the whole time of their continuance the air is 
 pure and unclouded, the fun has always heat at noon ; and (b 
 much in the fouthern parts of India as to give Europeans very 
 little, it" any fcnfc of cold, not more than that of the month, 
 of June in England. 
 
 The textui'e of the human frame in India, fcems to bear 
 proportion with the rigidity of the northern monfoon, as that 
 does with the difiance from Tartary ; but as in the fouthern 
 monfoon heats are felt at the very foot of mount Caucafus, 
 intenfe as in au}^ part of India, very few of the inhabitants 
 (if IiKlofl;an are endowed with the nervous flircngth, or 
 athletic fize, of the robuflefl; nations of Europe. 
 
 On the contrary, fouthward of Lahore w'e fee throughout 
 India a race of men, whofe make, i)hyfu)gnomy, and nnif- 
 cular fl;rength, convey ideas of an efleminacy which furprizes 
 
 when
 
 INHABITANTS OF INDOSTAN. 463 
 
 when piufiied through fucli numbers of the fpecies, and when 
 compared to the form of the European who is making the 
 obfervation. The failor no fooncr lands on the coaft, than 
 nature dictates to him the full refult of this comparifon ; he 
 brandilhes his ftick in fport, and puts fifty Indians to flight 
 in a moment : confirmed in his contempt of a pufillanimity 
 and an incapacity of refiftance, fuggefi:ed to him by their ph}'- 
 fiogoon'\y and form, it is well if he recollects tliat the poor 
 Indian is ftill a man. 
 
 The mufcular ftrength of the Indian is ftill lefs than might 
 be expected from the appearance of the texture of his frame. 
 Two Englifli fawyers have performed in one day the work of 
 thirty-two Indians : allowances made for the difference of 
 dexterity, and the advantage of European inftruments, the 
 difparity is Hill very great ; and would have been more, had 
 the Indian been oblio-ed to have worked with the initrument 
 of the European, as he would fcarcely have been able to 
 have wielded it. 
 
 As much as the labourer in Indoftan is deficient in the 
 capacity of exerting a great deal of ftrength at an onfet, fo 
 is he endowed with a certain fupplenefs throughout all his 
 frame, which enables him to work long in his own degree of 
 labour ; and which renders thole contortions and jioiturcs, 
 which would cramp the inhabitant of northern regions, no 
 conftraint to him. There are not more extraordinary tum- 
 blers in the v,orld. Their meflengers will go fifty miles a 
 
 dav,
 
 4<J4 EFFEMINACY OF THE 
 
 day, for twenty or thirty days -without intcrmilTion. Their 
 iuftiutry march fafter, and Avith lefs wearincfs, than Euro- 
 peans ; but could not march at all, if they were to carry the 
 :(ame baggage and accoutrements. 
 
 Exceptions to this general defe&, of nervous flrength, are 
 found in the inhabitants of the mountains which run in ranges 
 of various directions throughout the continent of Indollan. 
 In thefe, even under tlie tropic, Europeans have met M'iih 
 a favagc whole bow they could fcarcely draw to the head of 
 a formidable airow, tinged with the blood of tigers whole 
 ikins he offers to fale. Exceptions to the general j^lacid 
 countenance of the Indians, are found m the inhabitants of 
 the woods, -who, living chiefl}^ on their chacc, and per})etually 
 alarmed by fummons and attacks from the princes of the 
 plains, for tributes withheld, or ravages committed, wear an 
 air of difmay, fufpicion, treacher^^ and wildnefs, which ren- 
 ders them hideous; and would render them terrible, if their 
 phyfiognomy carried in it any thing of the fierccnefs of the 
 mountaineer. 
 
 'J'he ftature of the Indian is various : the northern inhabi- 
 tant is as tall as the generality of our own nation : more to 
 the fouth their height diminiflies remarkably ; and on the 
 coaft of Coromandel we meet with many whole ftature would 
 appear dwarfifli, if this idea was not taken oft' by the ftimnefs 
 and regularity of their figure. Brought into the w^orld with 
 a facility unknown to the labours of European women; 
 
 never
 
 INHABITANTS OF INDOSTAN. 465 
 
 never fliackletl in their infancy by ligatures ; fleeping on 
 their backs without pillows; they are in general very ftraight; 
 and there aie few deformed perfons amongft them. 
 
 Labour produces not the fame efFe6l on the human frame 
 in Indoftan as in other countries : the common people of all 
 forts are a diminutive race, in comparifon with thofe of higher 
 cafts and better fortunes ; and yield ftill more to them in all 
 the advantages of phyfiognomy. Prohibited from marrying 
 out of their refpe^live tribes, every caft feems to preferve its 
 refpedlive proportion of health and beauty, in fanitj- and 
 iiglinefs. There is not a handfomer race in the univerfe, than 
 the Banians of Giizcrat : the Haramcores, whofo bufinefs is 
 to remove all kinds of filth ; and the buryers and burners of 
 dead bodies ; are as remarkably ugly. 
 
 Nature feems to have rtiowered beauty on the fairer fox 
 throughout Indoftan, with a more lavifli hand than in moft 
 other countries. They are all, without exception, fit to bo 
 married before thirteen, and wrinkled before thirt}- — flowers 
 of too fliort a duration not to be delicalc ; and too delicate 
 to laft long. Segregated from tlie company of the other fex, 
 and ftrangers to the ideas of attracting attention, thej'^ are 
 only the handfomer for this ignorance ; as we fee in them, 
 beauty in the noble fimplicity of nature. Hints have already 
 been given of their phyfiognomy: their fkins are of a polilh 
 and foftnefs bevond that of all their rivals on the dobe : a 
 llatuary would not fuccecd belter in Greece itfelf, in his 
 purfuit of the Grecian form ; and although in the men he 
 
 3 O v.'ould
 
 4d6 EFFEMINACY OF THE 
 
 would find iiotliing to furiiilli the ideas of the FanieliaQ 
 Hercules, he would find in the women the fiiicfl; hints of the 
 iNIedicean Venus. 
 
 If we confider the inipoffibilty of a ftranger being admitted 
 into any one caft, to which a Bramin will adminifter any of 
 his facerdotal fun6lions, and the univerfal refl;rid.ion of raas^ 
 liage to perfons of the fame caft; we fliall not be furprized to 
 find that the Indian has preferved his phyfiognomy from, a 
 refcmblance with any of his neighbours. 
 
 INlontefquieu attributes much to the cfte6l of climate; and 
 liis critics impute to him, to have attributed much more to 
 this cffedl than he really docs. It is certain, that there is no 
 climate in which we may not find the fame effe(3;s produced 
 in the human fpecies, as in climates entirely different in fitu- 
 ation, and in every other circumft^ance. The Sybarites, whofe 
 territory was not more than a day's journey from the country 
 of the Iloratii, the Cincinnati, and the Scipios, Avcrc more 
 efieminate than the fubje6ls of Sardanapalus ; and there are 
 Sybarites at this day in the country of Vercingetorix. The 
 Britons, although they poflefs at this day all the courage of 
 their painted aiiceflors, who beat the greateft general of the 
 world out of their country, arc doubtlefs incapable of bearing 
 like them the fatigues and hardfliips of a campaign. 
 
 But it would be to contradi(5l all our feelings, not to allow 
 that it is much more difficult to bring the human race to 
 l)articular habits in fon\e countries than in others. To make 
 a Sybarite of an inhabitant of the 50th degree of latitude, 
 
 infinite
 
 INHABITANTS OF INDOSTAN. 467 
 
 infinite inventions nuift have been carried to the greatcft 
 degree of perfection : apartments niuft be clofed and fuelled 
 fo asto render the alterations of feafons little fenfible to him : 
 he muft be carried in vehicles contrived to be as warm as 
 the apartments he leaves, and almoft as eafy as the chair 
 in which he llumbcrs : his food muft be every thing that is 
 not ftmple. 
 
 To produce the fame effect in fucli a climate and fuch a 
 country as Indoftan, nothing is neceiTary but to give the man 
 his daily food, 'i'he cftccl of I he fun on tlic perfpiration of 
 the human body, together with the foftnefs of the air, ren- 
 ders this fecretion in India more powerful than the efFe6t of 
 labour in other countries. The awkward conftraint ariling 
 from reft in northern climates, is the call of nature to 
 throw otf fomething obnoxious to the habit, or to quicken 
 the circulation into Avarmth. Senfdile of neither of thefe 
 impulfes, and fatisfied with the ])rcfent fenfe of eafe, the 
 inhabitant of Indoftan has no conception of any thing fa- 
 lutary in the ufe of exercife; and receiving no agreeable 
 fenfation from it, efteems it, in thofe not obliged to it by 
 neccftity, ridiculous, or the effedl of a difcontented fpirit. 
 
 This general tendency to indolence being admitted, we 
 fliall find nature encouraging them in it. 
 
 The favage, b}-^ his chace, and the perpetual war in which 
 he lives with the elements, is enabled to devour almoft raw 
 the flefli of the animals he has killed. In more civilized na- 
 tions, the plowman from his labour is enabled to digeft in its 
 
 3 o 2 coarfeft
 
 468 EFFEMINACY OF THE 
 
 coarfcft prpeaiations the wheat hehasfown. Either of thefc 
 foods would deftioy the common inhabitant of Indoftan, as 
 he cxifts at prefent : his food is rice. 
 
 To provide this grain, -sve fee a man of no mufcular ftrength 
 carr3'ing a plough on his ilioulder to the field, which the feafon 
 or refervoirs^of water have overflown. This flender inftrumcnt 
 of his agriculture, yoked to a pair of diminutive and feeble 
 oxen, is traced, with fcarcc the impreflion of a furroM-, over 
 the ground, which is afterwards fown. The remaining labour 
 confifts in fupplying the field with water ; which is generally 
 effcffeed by no greater a toil than undamming the canals,, 
 wliich derive from the great refei'vt)ir. If iii fome places this 
 Avater is drawn from wells, ia moft parts of India it is fupplied 
 by rain ; as the riee in thofe parts, when the rainy feafon is 
 of two or three months duration, is always fown juft before 
 this feafon begins. "When reaped, the women feparate the 
 grain from the liufk in wooden mortars, or it is trampled by 
 oxen. Inflead of hedges, the field is in_clofocl Mith a flender 
 bank of earth. 
 
 A grain obtained with fo little labour, has the propert}^ of 
 being the moft cafily digeftible of any preparation ufed for 
 food, and is therefore the only proper one for fuch an efl'emi- 
 nale race as I have dcfcribed. 'J'hcre is wheat in India; 
 it is produced only in the fliarpcr regions, Avhere rice will not 
 fo eafily grow, and where the cullivator ac(iuires a firmer fibre 
 tlian the inhabitant of the plain. It was probably introduced 
 with the Alcoran, as all tlic IMahomedans of noi thorn ex- 
 trad ion
 
 INHABITANTS OF INDOSTAN. 469 
 
 traction prefer it to rice, as much as an Indian rejects a 
 noiiriflimcnt which he cannot well dioeft even in its fineft 
 preparation. 
 
 Water is the only drink of every Indian ref[:)eftable enough 
 to be admitted into their aflemblies of public worlhip^ as all 
 inebriating liquors are forbore through a principle of religion ; 
 not that the foil is wanting in produ(5lions proper to conipofe 
 the moft intoxicating, nor themfelves in the art of preparing 
 them for the outcafts of their own nation, or others of per- 
 fuafions different from their ow^n, Avho chufe to get drunk. 
 They have not equally l>een able to refrain from the ufe of 
 fpices, and tlicfe the hottell, without which they never make 
 a meal. Ginger is produced in their gardens as eafily as 
 radidies are in ours ; and chilli, the higheil of all vegetable 
 productions ufed for food, infoamch that it will blUler the 
 fkin, grows fpontaneoufly : thefe, with turmeric, arc the prin- 
 cipal ingredients of their cookery, and by their plenty are 
 always within the reach of the pooreft. A total abftinencc 
 from animal food is not fo generally obfervcd amongft them 
 as is imagined ; even the Bramins will cat fifli ; but as they 
 never prepare cither fifli or flefli Avithout mixing them with 
 much greater quantities of fpices than Europeans fuffer ia 
 their ragouts, animal food never makes more than the ilighteft 
 portion of their meal ; and the preference of vegetables, of 
 which they have various kinds in plcnt}', is decifively marked 
 amongft them all. The cow is facred every where : milk, 
 from, a fuppofcd rcfciublance with the amortam or nectar of 
 
 their
 
 g^yo EFFEMINACY OF THE 
 
 tlieir gods, is religiouily eftccmed the pureft of foods, and re- 
 ceives the prefeieiicc to vcgctal)lcs in tlieir noiniilimcnt. 
 
 ]f the rice harvefts fliould fail, mIucIi fometimes happens 
 in fonic parts of India, there are many other rcfources to pre- 
 vent tiie inhabitant from pcrilhing : there arc grains of a 
 coarfer kind and hu'ger voknne than rice, which require not 
 the fame continuation of heat, and at the fame time tJic fame 
 fupphes of water, to be brought to perfection : there arc roots, 
 fuch as the Indian potatoc, raddiOi, and others of the turnip 
 kind, which without manure acquire a hirger fize than the fame 
 fpecies of vegetable in Europe, when aflitled with all the arts 
 of - agriculture, although much inferior to thofe of Peru, of 
 which GarcilaiTa della V^ega gives fo aftoniihing a dcfcription : 
 lliere are ground fruits of the pumpkin and melon kind, 
 which come to maturity with the fame facility, and of whicii 
 a fingle one is fufficient to furniih a meal for three perfons, 
 ^•A\o receive fufficient nourilhment from this ilender diet. 
 The fruit-trees of other countries furniih delicacies' to the 
 inhabitant, and fcarccly any thing more ; in India there arc 
 many which furnifli at once a delicac}^ and no contemptible 
 nom-ilhmcnt: the palm and the coco trees give in their large 
 nuts a gelatinous fubllance, on which men, when forced to 
 the experience by ncceffity, have fubfifted for fifty days : the 
 jack-tree produces a rich, glewy, and nutritive fruit : the papa 
 and the plantain-tree grow to perfection, and give tlieir fruit 
 within the year : the plantain, in fome of its kinds, fupplies 
 the place of bread, and in all is of excellent nourilliment. 
 
 Thefc
 
 INHABITANTS OF INDOSTAN. 471 
 
 Thcfe arc uot all the prcfents which the luxuriant hand of 
 nature gives as food to the inhabitant of India ; but as the na- 
 tural hiftory of this country is refcrved for more diligent and 
 able enquirers, this imperfedl enumeration is fufficient to prove 
 that the Indian, incapable as he is of h^rd labour, can rarely 
 run the rifk of being famiflied ; and that from the plenty 
 which furrounds him, he is confirmed in the debility in -which 
 Ave now fee his frame. 
 
 Nature has made them ftill other prefents, which fupply 
 many other of their wants, without exa(!^ting from them the 
 exertion of much labom*. The bamboo, Avhich grows every 
 \\here, requires only one flroke of the hatchet to fplit it from 
 one end to the other, and to divide it into laths of all lengths 
 and of tli€ fmallcll fizcs, at the fame time that intire, it is 
 large and ftrong enough tx) ferve as the fupport of fuch houfes 
 as the climate demands; for in the greateft part of Indoftan 
 the bare earth affords a repofe without the danger of difeafea 
 to fo temperate a people. The pahn and the coco-nut tree 
 give their large fan leaves, which naturally feparate into fe- 
 vcral long divifions, with, wliich a mat may be made in a few 
 minutes : a number of thcfe mats laid over the fcaffolding, 
 created with no other materials than the bamboo and pack- 
 tlu'cad, ^ompofe in a day a houfe, in which the Indian may 
 live for fix months, in thofe parts of Indoftan which are not 
 fubjed. to much rain. If a better houfe is required, walls of 
 mud arc carried up to the height of fix or fcven feet, and reur 
 dercd in a few days extremely hard by the intenfe heat of 
 
 the
 
 ^.ya EFFEMINACY, kc. 
 
 the fun : thcfe are covered with thatch made of ruihcs or the 
 draw of rice ; and many perfons of good cafts, and Air from 
 diftrefs in their fortunes, even Bramins, are fatisficd M'ith 
 fuch a habitation. There are bricks, and very good ones, in 
 India ; but a brick houfe is a certain mark that the inhabi- 
 tant is extravagant or rich. 
 
 The fun forbids the ufe of fuel in any part of the year, 
 as neceifary to procure warmth ; and what is neceflary to 
 drefs their vi<Stuals, is chiefly fupphed by the dung of their 
 cows. 
 
 The want of raiment is fcarce an inconvenience ; and the 
 moil wealthy remain by choice almoll naked, when in their 
 own families and free from the intercourfe of flrangers ; fo 
 that all the manufa6tures of cloth, for which India is fo fa- 
 mous, derive more from the decency of their character; the 
 luxurious tafte of a rich and enervated people ; and from the 
 fpirit of commerce which has prevailed among them from 
 time iunnemorial ; than from wants really felt; and if the 
 manufacture of a piece of cloth was not the leaft laborious 
 taflv in which a man can be employed in India, it is probable 
 that the whole nation would at this day be as naked as their 
 Gymnofophifts, of which the ancients fay fo much and knew 
 fo little. Breathing in the fofteft of climates; having fo few 
 real wants ; and receiving even the luxuries of other nations 
 with little labour, from the fertility of their own foil; the In- 
 dian mud become the moft effeminate inhabitant of the globe; 
 and this is the very point at which we now fee him. 
 
 1 AL'TIIORITIKS.
 
 AUTHORITIES 
 
 CITED Oil MENTIONKD IN THIS VOLUWJ:. 
 
 The Titles which are printed in Italics, arc in die Perfic language. 
 
 ^BDUL Fazel, compiler of the Aijin Acbari, - . _ - 182. 
 
 ^ Abidfcda, 217. 
 
 jUjin Jcbari, defcription of the INIogul empire under Acbar, - - 182. 
 
 Alcoran, - - 32. 73. 75. 189. 238. 239. 240. 
 
 Alhimgiri: Namma, hiftory of the firft ten years of Aurengzcbe's reign, - iGj. 
 Alumgidrnama, tlie f;niie, - - - - - - 5. 166. 1O7. i6g. 
 
 Anquctil du Perron, M'. - 149. 168. 186. 197. 201. 210. 211. 220. 236. 237. 
 
 239. 263. 
 Archives of the Decan, - - - 183. See mss. of Eaftern writers. 
 
 Baldicus, ._...->... 264.201.292. 
 
 Bedes, the four, in the Sofifcrit language^ - - . - 239. 249. 250. 
 Bernier, .... 172.182,195.232.240.26.5.267.291.292. 
 
 Boddam, Mr. Charles, 238. 
 
 Boddam, Mr. R. H. o_,8. 
 
 Boughton, Roiife, SirC. W, 169.245.251.256. 
 
 Brett, Mr. the tranflator of Feyjoo, ..--.-- 263. 
 
 Britilh Miifeum, 239. 
 
 Burnet, Billiop, -- 278, 279. 
 
 Bufiy, Mr. 257. 292, 
 
 Capuchins at Surat, .____.... 'i-Ti- 
 
 Qirre, 29. 173. 174. 199. 
 
 Catrou, - - - - - 4.168,169,178.179.182.260.288. 
 
 Chardiii, _..._-- 48.51.196.218.219.271. 
 
 Charters and A'^s of Parliament of the Eafl India Company, - 24. 1 27. 
 
 Child, Sir Jofiah, 272.273. 
 
 Chunderfeckcr, Dr. 282. 284. 
 
 Churchill's Collection of Voyasies, - - - - - - - tQi. 
 
 Coryat, Thomas, .--...-- - 364. 
 
 3 P Co/inaj
 
 AUTHORITIES. 
 
 Coi'mas Iiiclicoplculles, - - - - - - - - - Cj8. 
 
 Dalrvmple, Mr. Alexander, - . - - - ipS.219. 238. 
 
 D'Anvllle, 182. 183. 184.217. aiS. 226. 238. 257.258.290.334.335.458.459. 
 Darah, SulUn, eldeft brother ol' Aureiigzebe, - - 73. 238. 239. 240. 
 
 De Grauf, 176.201.202.207.250. 
 
 Del'Ille,, 19S. 
 
 Delloii^ 174- 1 7.5. 208. 
 
 Diodonis Siculus, -- - - - - - - - - 459. 
 
 D'Orleaas, le Pere, . - - 178. 
 
 Dow, Mr. Alexander, - 167. 179. iSo. 185. 192. 193. 105. 196. 251. 373. 
 Downtoii, Cnpt. ---------- 326. 
 
 Eallern writers, ---------- 179. 
 
 Epi(tola3 ab Hayo eclitse, -------- 228. 
 
 Farewell, Chrlllopher, --------- 360. 
 
 Fcrijhta, --------- 1(57.170.209.210. 
 
 Fcvjoo, ..--------- 263, 
 
 Forbyn, le Clievalier, .-_._--_- 07 j. 
 
 Frazer, Mr. 4.166.167.168.238. 
 
 Frederic, Caifar, - - 224. 225. 226. 227. 
 
 Fryer, - 177. 178. 104. 195^ 197. S08. 212. 213. 2I4. 2I5. 216. 258. 260. 
 
 262. 263. 
 
 Frjke, 275. 277, 
 
 Gaiciiafl'a della Vega, ..---_--- 470. 
 Geiilil, M'. - - - - 17.146.148.149.171.237.292.302.306. 
 Grand, Abbe le _-.-----_- 198. 
 
 Halhed, Mr. - - 839. 
 
 llaniillOD, .-------_. 200.267. 
 
 liavart, - - - - - - - - - - 62. 153. 212. 
 
 Ilaye, Monfieur de la, . - _ - 30.32.48.173.174.176.177. 
 
 Hayiis, 228. 
 
 Herbert, St. lliomas, ----.-.. 372. 373. 
 Hiftoire de Sevagi, et de Ion rucccireur, par le Pere D'Orleans, - - 178. 
 Hiftoryar.d nianagenienl of llie Eaft India company, _ - - 300. 
 
 Iliftory of Indoftan, from the death of Atbar, by Mr. Dow. See Dow. 
 Jarrici Thefaurus, --------- 228. 261. 
 
 Jefuits, - -- 61.168.227.228.261. 
 
 Journal de Monf.de la Haye. See Haye. 
 
 Juftilicalion of the Netherlands company concerning Bantam, - - 273. 
 
 Kaeinpfer, -r"" ------- 292. 
 
 Kf/«i«/ !/j/i<//, remarkable fayiugs of Aurengzcbc, - - - - 166. 
 
 Kerr, Mr. Alexander, -------- 180. 181. 
 
 Lrgiflation orientale, by M'. A. du Perron, - 16S. 236. See Auqiielil du Perron. 
 
 >* MANOUCHl.
 
 AUTHORITIES. 
 
 MANOUCHI, - 153. 164. 168. 179. 195. 224. 232. 235. 236. 237. 251. 260. 
 
 2fi6. 267. 288. 290. 
 Manufcripts of eaftcin writers, 166. i6j. tSS. i6g. 171. iSo. 183. 193. 208. 210. 
 
 221. 222. 237. 257. 258. 285. 286. 289. 290. 293. 301. 
 ISlarch of the Eiiglilli army, Jan. 1778, to attack Poonah, - - - 237. 
 Rlalelief, Dutcli admiral, - - - - - - - - 271-. 
 
 Military tranfaiSlions Of the Britifli nation in Indofian, 3. 6. 235. 281. 207. 415. 
 l^irat Allum, mirror of the world, ------- 167. 
 
 J1f/;-rtM</ Wtf;v't/«f, the mirror of occurrences, ----- 1(^7, 
 
 jNIiflionarics, --------- -- 200. 
 
 Monlef(iuieu, -_--.----. 4t56. 
 
 M'ljmah al BarJiaiii, the uniting of both feas, ----- 238. 
 
 Narrative of the rife, 8cc. of the Marattnh itute, by Mr. Kerr, - 1 So. 181. 
 Naflcreddin, - - - - - - - - - - - 217. 
 
 Navarette, ------- 01.200.203.204.205.200. 
 
 Nobavah Mounir, fplendid intelligence, ------ 168. 
 
 Oderic, Fiiar, ---------- 21(3.217. 
 
 Oupnekhat, in the Saufcril language, the word which is not to be faid, - 239. 
 Ovington, ---------- 200. 267. 
 
 Oxenden, Henry, - - - 43. 44. §8. 136. 213. 2i4. 215. 222. 2c5o. 
 Pcriplus Maris Erythra-i, - - - - - - - - 218. 
 
 Petfiait Geographers, --------- iqo. 
 
 J\7-/««« vcrfion of die Oupnekhat, ------- o.^p. 
 
 Ptrjlc Hiftorians, ---------- iSo. 
 
 Pnrchas, -------- 277. 326. 349. 350. 3G0. 
 
 Iladclilfe iibrar}', --------- jod. 238. 
 
 Records of Bengal, --------- 259. 2S1. 
 
 Records of Bombay, - 198. 208-. ti/^. 223. 224. 233. 234. 236. 238. 250. 258. 
 
 259. 267. 2(j8. 305. 
 Records of the Englifli factory at Broach, - - - - eg-. 288. 
 
 Records of the Eiiglifli facUiry at Caruar, - - - 2o8. 233. 258._286. 
 Records of tlie Eaft India company, - - . - - - 181.233.208. 
 llecords of Madrafs, - 229. 230. 231. 233. 233. 200, 206, 302. 303. 304. 
 Records of the Enghili faaory at Kajapore, - - - - oep_ 260. 
 
 Records of Sural, - - - - iqq. 233. 236. 256. 259. 260. 267. 
 
 Recueil des vovagcs qui out fcrvi a I'etabliiltmcnt et au piogrez de la coinpagnie 
 des Indes orientalcs dcs I'ais I5as. 8vo. ------ 271 
 
 Relation d'un voyage aux Indes orientalcs, 167], - - _ _ ly-j^ 
 llibeiro, his ncccmnt of Ceylon, ------- j^g^ 
 
 Roe, fir Thomas, - 1S2. 201. 362. 363. 364. 305. 360. 367. 368. 369. 371. 372, 
 
 373- 374- 375- 380. 381. 
 Ro/f A"«»!7«a, journal of Aurengzcbe, - - - - - - 167. 
 
 3 p 2 f chcwitzcr,
 
 AUTHORITIES. 
 
 Schewitzer, -----__--_» 275. 
 
 Scottj captain Jonathan, - - - - - - - -- 210. 
 
 Shirley, Anthony, -----__-.- 382. 
 
 Shirley, fir Robert, .-__--.__ g^S. 
 
 Smith, genera] Richard, --------- 183 
 
 Tachard, Ic Pcre, --------- 274. 275. 
 
 Tamerlane's hillorian, -_-----_. 286. 
 
 Tavernier, ---__.. 171.172.232.290.458. 
 
 Terry, Edward, .----_-.._ 380. 
 
 Theveuot, le Jeune,- - 172. 173. 182. 194. 231. 232. 257. 291. 292. 459. 
 Vindication of the Englifli Eaft India company, concerning Bantam, &c. - 273. 
 
 Vliig Beg, 217. 
 
 . Univerfal'Hilfbiy,' - 1G8. 178. 
 
 Zoroafter, --------_-- i8a. 
 
 INDEX.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 The Ge9GIiapiiical Names are printed in Ilaltts. 
 
 AB DALLA, prince of Itie Afghans, 237- 
 Abdalla Caun, governor of Aluneda- 
 bad, - - - - 372. 
 
 Abdul, commander of the king of Viziapore's 
 troops, - - - - 7. 
 his fon, - - - - 8. 
 
 Abdul Fazel, Acbar's learned general, 1S2. 
 Abdul Gunnce, phoufdar of lUigliley, 281. 
 ALifa, town, - - - io£). 238. 
 
 Ablutions fn the GK«g(7, - - 143. 
 
 Abnir, a great rajah/hip of Indoftan, 13. 7i. 
 231. See J^fmg. 
 Abftinence from animal food not fo general 
 in India as is imagined, - - 4<ii). 
 Abulfeda, cotemporary with Friar Oderic, 
 
 217. 
 
 Abjlfliiia, ----- 56. 
 
 Acbar (Akbar), emperor, p.Q. l67- 17.0, 182. 
 
 18a. 186". 341. 386". 
 
 Acbar (Ecbar),fultan, fun ot >Tureng2ebe,6'8. 
 
 76. 86. 98. 100. J 01. 102. 103. 
 
 104. 105. 106. loy. no. 123. 125. 
 
 133. 141. 14t). 149. 150. 26"5. 26'6'. 
 
 267. 2JSS. 260. 270. 292. 
 
 his fon and daughter, 102. 103. 2^7. 
 
 Aflicad Chan, fon of Actnnad ul Dowlah, 187. 
 
 Adimad ul Doulah, vizir, - 185. 187. 188. 
 
 Ads of parliament and charters of the Eaft 
 
 India company, - - - 127. 
 
 Adam, the moft eminent prophet, - 242. 
 
 Adil Shah, king of Narfingah, - 231. 
 
 Adjuuti, - . . - . 2S9. 
 
 Adminiflration of juflice in civil cafes in 
 
 Indoftan, - . . - 44.3. 
 
 Admiral, the mogul's, 133. See Mogul under 
 
 the mentions relating to his ikcts. 
 
 Admiral in chief, Sam'oagi's, - 1 14, 
 
 Admiralty' court, Bombay, - - 140. 
 
 Adrigan de Borfelp Vander Iloge, - 272. 
 Adventurers. See Interlopers. 
 TEiaun, chiefs of, - - _ 252, 
 
 Afghans, - . - - 037, 
 
 Africa, ----- 56. 4()(). 
 Agacim, ----- 25"4.. 
 
 Agra, city, 4. 19. 73. 74. 142. lo2. l67. 188. 
 
 I89. 190. 191. 192. 202. 207. 307. 32 0. 
 
 321. 322. 323. 332. 333. 341. 342. 345. 
 
 3A-6. 357. 359. 360. 36'2. 36"3. 364. 372. 
 y^n-ra, province, - - 74.142.307. 
 AhadaedCaun, an officer of Golcondah, 296. 
 Ahmcdabad, city, 12. 172. 186. I90. 328. 32o. 
 
 332. 334. 336. 340. 341. 357- 360. 363. 
 
 364. 372. 373, 
 
 Ahmedabad, fubah or province, - 146. 
 
 Ahmcdnagur, 5. 10: 16. 30. 107. 111. 125. 
 
 143. 144. 146. 183. 225. 306. 373. 
 
 Ahmed Schah, - - - - 295. 
 
 .■\iafs, a Tartar, his good fortune, 185. 187. 
 
 his wife, - - - - 185. 
 
 their daughter, born in the defurt, 
 
 became the firft of women, - 185. 
 
 Aijin Acbarri, a general defcription of the 
 
 empire, - - _ - . 182. 
 
 Alaeddin fultan, cr Secunder Sani, emperor 
 
 of Delhi, - - - - 211. 
 
 Alaverdi Khan, 3S6. Sec Allavcrdy Khan. 
 Albeville, marquis of, 272. 273. 2^9. 280. 
 Akhymies, I\Iahomedans credulous in, 200. 
 Alcoran, 32. 73. 75. ISy. 23S. 239- 240. 
 241 242. 244. 245. 403. 451. 468. 
 Alderton, mafler of one of the company's 
 
 \efrels at Bombay, - 131. 134. 135. 139. 
 
 Aldwor^li,
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Aldworth, Mr. 333. 33 1. 036. 343. 344. 345. 
 
 3o6. 36o. 3()3. 
 Aleppo, - - 341. 343. 3S2. 3«3. 3S(). 
 Alexander the Great, - - . .j.5(). 
 Algiers, govornmeiit of, - ' - 3SS. 
 
 Ali, a dercciulunt IVoiu Mahomed, - 26';>. 
 AUahnbad, - - - - ' - iflC). 
 
 AUaveidy Khun, fubah of Bengal, 3,99. 41 6. 
 
 424. 
 Allunigirc Ts'amnia, - ]67. See Allumguir- 
 
 nania. 
 Ally Afcar Cawn, nabob of the Carnatic, 1 57. 
 
 Aim, 240. 
 
 Alunighire, name of Aurengzebp, 157. 167. 
 Alumguirnama, - 5. 11)0. 10'7. lOy. See 
 
 Alluuigirc Namma. 
 Amarfmg, a Gciitoo prince, - - 202. 
 Aniarting - - 202. See Amarfing. 
 Amball'adors, 75. 8S. .07. 427. Sec Enibuf- 
 
 fadors. 
 Amhoi/iia, - - - - - 27 1 . 
 Avicrdjcna, ----- 2S<). 
 America, called by the Spaniards India, 2()4. 
 
 Amuklar, 401. 
 
 Anagi Pundit, minifter of Scvagi, 70. .95. ,90'. 
 
 105. 234. 
 Anchidcxa, iflands of, near Goa, - 23. 111. 
 
 122. 123. 
 
 Anciait country (j^ IhcyionxUaQs, - 210. 
 
 Anconah, a Hrauiin, miniltcr of the king of 
 
 Golcondah, - - - - 147. 
 
 Andrews, captain, . - - 213. 
 
 Angal, - . - . . 286'. 
 
 Aiignzija, ifland of, - - 377- 'o7f^- 
 
 Angicr, Mr. the l'",nglifl) prefident of Sural 
 
 and Bombay, 31. 33. 36'. .-5,9. 41. 55. 200. 
 
 Aiigoiijlcri, ----- L'9()'. 
 
 Ann, the, an Eaft Indiaman, - 213. 
 
 Anquctil du Perron, M'. 14.9. I68. 186. 1.97. 
 
 201. 210. 211. 220. 2.36. 237. 239. '-'6'3. 
 
 Antelope, the, an Kaft Indianian, - 213. 
 
 Antiquity of the .Moraltoes, - - 210 
 
 Ambit/, - - 173.217.2.92.415.416. 
 
 Arabian guljih, - - 13.319.321. 
 
 liojie, - - - - 262. 
 
 Jhort; - - 127. 325. 337. 
 
 Arabic hifiury, Aurcugzcbe wtll verfed in, 
 
 26'4. 
 
 laii"n: ' r, - - _ 242. 
 
 Arabs, 46". 120. 121. 21,8,, 4,2'^ 
 
 Arac'un, - - - - 49, 1(^2! .158. 
 
 Araf al ArSif, the 71I1 ehaptcr of Ihc K/jr^n. 
 
 21;.. 
 Arbitrations, in Indolbin, - - 416'. 
 
 Archives of the Dccan, 
 Arcot, city of, - 
 
 nabob of, - 
 Aribara, - - - 
 Vrillocratical republic, 
 
 183. 
 
 61. 62. 158. 228. 
 
 304. 
 
 286. 
 
 57. 
 
 - 45. See 
 
 .\niiada, Portuguefe, of Goa, 
 
 Poi^tuguefe. 
 
 Armegoii, 228. 
 
 Arts and Sciences of the Hindoos. 406. 407. 
 Afcenfion, the, an Englifli Eart Indiannin, 
 
 320. 321. 375. 
 Aflie, firJofeph, - - - - 272. 
 
 4/ia, ------ 4..57. 
 
 Ajin, flavcry has fliarpencd the natiir.il fineffe 
 
 of all the fpirits of Alia, - - 431. 
 
 Ajkidc empire, - - - - 405. 
 Afijih Jah, fon of A(?limad ul Dov.lah, 187. 
 188. 36'3. oiio. 366. 371. 373. 374. 
 Ajlhb, - - - - - 326. 
 
 Ajjhm, kingdom of, . - - 4,)j<. 
 Aj/'biiabad circar, - 237. 2.93. 294. Seo 
 
 Afleiiabdul. 
 Adiin Cawn, - - . - .3,s,9. 
 
 -ijjiuig, mountain, - - - 202. 
 
 .\ira(lination of Abdul, by Sevagi. 7. .94. 1 S2. 
 Afl'allins, - - - " - - 35». 
 AjI'eiKibdul, on the Indus, - - 237. 
 .Mien Kongoy Uaoiaui, - - - 2,94. 
 
 Ajlhiinr, 28.3. 
 
 Ajlraclian, ----- .igo. 
 Afirologer, fultan .Vcbar's, - 101.102. 
 Alc/iara, - - - - - 17.5. 
 Atc/iiit, - - - 332. 333. 370. 
 Atherbcn ^'cd — the fourth book of Gud, 242. 
 ,'\theibun liede, a facred book of the Hin- 
 doos, 249. 
 
 Attail, 25S. 
 
 .\us;ee Puudit, Sambagi's enibalTador to lioni- 
 
 bav, ----- y,s. 
 
 Anrcngahad, 5. 10. 16. 19. 20. 24. 28. 30. 31. 
 
 47. 76. 84. 8.9. 107. no, 11.5. 125. 129. 
 
 149- 172. 197. 211. 212. 'Zaii. 257. 285. 
 
 3.9.9- 459. 
 .AuuE.icozEliK, (/. e. the ornament of ihe 
 
 throinv) not only wheu exprelied by nuuie, 
 
 but whtn meant Vjy eni;.er".r, king, and 
 
 mosiui, 4. 5. 7, .9. 10.. 11. 13. 14. \:>. 16. 
 
 17.^^ 18. 19. 20. 11.. 25, 2J}. 31. 49. 50. ,'jl. 
 
 52. 57. 63. 67. 68. 6.9. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 
 
 85, 86. 90. .94. i}G, 98. og, uio. 101. U)2. 
 
 103. 106. 107. 113. 114. 115. 119. 120. 
 
 123,124.125, 12.9. U2. 134. IcLI. 142.. 
 
 143. 144, )>1^, U6, Ji*&... 14i.9. laOi. Vi^. 
 
 152.153.151. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 
 
 161.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 1^1. loC. iC.l. iGl: 165. 166. T6'7. iCS. 
 Itj'y. 170. 171. 17.9- 180. 1S7. 188. 1S9. 
 
 lyo. lyi. ly'i. ly.i. lyy. 200. 2iy. 2:24. 
 
 232. 2.33. 236". 237. 23S. 23y. 210. 350. 
 2(;4. 255. 266". 26'7. 290. 2y2. 293. 30G. 
 
 307. 
 
 .AuRENGXEBE, liis death, - 306. 30*. 
 
 completely fkillcd in the 
 
 Arabic, I'cific, and Tiirk- 
 
 idi bitlory, - 2^64. 
 
 his armies, - - 107. 
 
 governors, - 74. 
 
 public audience, - 151. 
 
 ufed to call Sevagi the 
 
 mountain rat, - 26'3. 
 
 Aiamnagur, circar, - 184. 286. 287- 
 
 Azamtara, - - - - - 184. 
 
 Azim, I'ultan, fon of Aurengzebe, 76, 86. 98. 
 
 100. 101. 107. 111. 113. U4. liy. 120. 
 
 134. 141. 144. 145. 146'. 150. 152. 153. 
 
 154. 2()5. 20'6. 307. 308. 
 
 Aziiiii\cilyr 74. 86". 98. 100. 101. 107.' 191- 
 
 364. 372. 
 
 Bfnain. See BaJJUn. 
 Baftaes, ... 009. 257. 
 Basyiiad, ... 33o_ 383, 
 Bagland, country, - - - 
 
 Baiiadar Khan, 21. 51. 52. 53. 60. 6I 
 69. 104. 113. 115. 143. 222. 
 
 264. 291. 
 
 338. 
 
 Shah, or the vidlorious king, 
 Balagat, - - - _ - 
 Kaldaeus, 
 
 Balgot (Bala gat), 
 Bu/giii, purgnnnah. 
 Balk, . . - . - 
 Baloon, or boat of ceremony, 
 Baluches, people of, - 337- 
 Balzar, - . . _ 
 Bauianis, fultans, - - . 
 Bamboo, - - . . 
 BaiHiras, Beiiaras, city, - 
 Bancapurc, a circar, 60. 221. 222 
 Bandarra, a notoriou.s jew, - 
 Bang. See the fabulous hiftory of tlie 
 
 dnos, note xxix". - - 209- 
 Bangham, a joiner, - 321.322. 
 
 Banians, - 72. 335. 336. 344. 358. 
 iJflH/flw, in the ifland of Java, - 118. 
 
 271. 273. 274. 275. 277. 278. 279. 
 
 319- 320. 327. 337. 340. 356. 370. 
 
 jBa;i/rt»i, city, - - - 118. 
 
 new king, - 118. 274. 276. 
 
 294. 
 408. 
 239. 
 286. 
 
 288. 
 3S7. 
 170. 
 . 6-5. 
 223. 
 232. 
 308. 
 222. 
 292. 
 222. 
 296. 
 171. 
 117. 
 339. 
 36s. 
 
 295. 
 471. 
 243. 
 287. 
 203. 
 Hin- 
 210. 
 323. 
 465. 
 270. 
 285. 
 375. 
 274. 
 279. 
 
 Bantam, old king, - 118. 274. 27S. j279. 
 
 Baracr, 373. 
 
 Barcelore, 325. 
 
 Bardez, illand of, nearGoa, 40. 41. 210. 211. 
 
 fiver, - . . . 133. 
 
 Bardge, rajah of Bagland countr}'. - 170. 
 
 Burdiana, ----- 335. 
 
 Baron, M'. the French direiftor at Surat, 33. 
 
 BaHia of Senaar, - - - - 325. 
 
 Bafkets, Sevagi and his fon made their efcape 
 
 from Delhi in, - - - - lo. 
 
 Bafs, captain, - - .- - 2T3. 
 
 BaJJtin, 12. 23. 41. 45. 46. 54.71. 79. 81. 95. 
 
 115. 116. 126. 140. 141. 142. 175. 206. 
 
 207.216. 218. 220. 221. 238. 263. 264. 
 
 360. 
 
 J?(7^e/K, fleet of, - - - - 141. 
 
 governor of, - 46. 71- II6. 
 
 BnJ/irika/ikona, - - . - 2S6. 
 
 Batavia, in the ifland of Java, 118. 177. 20S. 
 
 274. 275. 277. 278. 
 
 Bathurft, fir John, - - - 272. 
 
 Bcda; - 5. 172. 221. 289- 295. 29<i^ 
 
 Bedes, four Vedes, the facred writings of 
 
 the Hindoos in the Shanfkrit language, 
 
 239. 249T 250. 
 
 Behar, province, - 3. 25. 201. 202. 
 
 Bc/iat, river, in Caflmiire, - - 187- 
 
 Bdiapatam, - - _ _ 174- 
 
 Rendal, an Englifliman, - - 150. 
 
 BENGAL, province, 3. 5. 49. 76. 127. 128. 
 
 176. 177. 183. 190. 192. 201. 210. 229. 
 
 250. 351. 287. 404. 405. 409. 412. 415. 
 
 416. 426. 
 
 BENGAL, government, - - 128. 
 
 nabob of, - 129. 399. 424. 426. 
 
 427. 450. 
 
 records, 281. See Authorities. 
 
 Bengal, too rank for liorfes, - - 26c. 
 
 Bciigala, - - - 205. 381. 
 
 Bciigiilore, - - - 155. 156. 137. 
 
 Brngatrc, a commandant, - - 225. 
 
 Benjah Gungaroo, 
 
 Bcrar, 
 
 Berawghies, 
 
 Bergcia/i, 
 
 282. 
 
 5. 84. 188. 225. 257- 289. 
 
 254. 
 
 174. 
 
 Bernier, I\P. 172. 182. 195. 232. 240. 265. 
 
 267. 291. 292. 
 
 Beft, captain, of the Dragon. - 327. 328. 
 
 329. 330. 331. 332. 333. 340. 342. 343. 
 
 345. 375. 
 Beyah Bofeman, - - - - 282. 
 Bible, no tribe without one, - 242. 
 
 Bk/iolin, near Goa, - - 123. 125. 
 
 Biddulph,
 
 JNDEX. 
 
 Biddulpl), Mr. 
 Bidcr, 
 Bid/ioor, 
 liilUgoiig, fuit 
 ISimra, river, 
 Bijcaii, bay of, 
 Piiimillali, 
 
 3-1:5. 362. 
 257. 
 
 2.34.. ssy. 
 
 Co. 221. 222. 
 
 2S9. 295. 2iX). 
 
 375. 
 
 210. 
 
 m/iiagai; city, 6l. 224. 225. 226. 227. 2.<.;9. 
 
 ldn£^ of, - - 01. 227. 2,'>1. 
 
 kingdom, . . - 2'27. 
 
 Boats of Goa, armed with peteraroes, 124. 
 
 Boddam, .Mr. Charles, - - 2.)8. 
 
 Mr. R. n. - - - 238. 
 
 BOMBAV— hay, 30. ."53. 38. 70. 20(5. 212. 
 
 2Ui. 222. 223. 224. 
 
 boats, 7.0. 81. 82, 83. 87. 107. 
 
 council, 72. 82. J)7. 107. 108. IO.9. 
 
 llf). 117. 122. 137. 140. 250'. 
 
 fleet, vcli'els, - - 6"9. 80. 
 
 fort - 05. 113. 131. 13«). 
 
 fiallivats, - - . ]07. 
 
 garrifoii of, - SO. SI. 121. 
 
 government, 43. 44. 40. 05. 71. 
 
 79. 80. So. 88. 118. 130. 139. 
 
 140. 221. 
 
 governor, - - 23. 140. 
 
 grabs, - - - - 80. 
 
 BOMB.IY—hiirhouT, - 22. 31. 32. 36. 38. 
 
 39.42. 45. 53. ti9. 70. 72. 77. 112. 119- 
 
 125. 126. 102. 134. 139. 175. 218. 237. 
 
 2O7. 
 
 £Oii;B./r— inand, 23. 31. 32. 35.36. 38. 3y. 
 
 41. 42. 47. 48. 49. 54. 55. 71. 78. 7.9. 81. 
 
 82. 83. 95. .90.97. 98. 104. 108. IO9. 110. 
 
 an. 112. 114. 115. llO. 119. 120. 127. 
 
 134. 136. 139. 140. 197. 1.98. 203. 212. 
 
 224. 237. 238. 258. 259. 264. 207. 
 
 130-17B.;r— military, - - 33. 130. 
 
 inilitiii, . - - ,03. 
 
 port, - - - - 64. 
 
 ]ire(id( nr.v, - - 138. 140. 
 
 records, 208. 214. 219. 221. 224. 
 
 233.230. 260. See Authorities. 
 
 town, 20. 42. 88. 121. 1.30. 134. 
 
 177. 19^. li>7. 203. 210. 237- 
 
 208. 
 
 trade, - - - 305. 
 
 Bombay, the, an Kaft Ii.dianian, 212. 213. 
 
 Bombs, not made ufe of in the armies of 
 
 Aurengzcbe, - - - - 1.03. 
 
 Bon-mots of A urengzebe, - - lOO. 
 
 yjoH/b/o, diftricts of, - - - 211. 
 
 B jnfolo, name of Sevagi's f.miily, - .90. 
 
 Boomah, the fon of llajali Bulbul, 335. 33(.. 
 
 Boucher, Mr. - 127. 128. 129. l.^o. 
 
 Boughton, procured the firl't phirmaunds and 
 
 eflablilliment of the company in Bengal, 
 
 in 1O3O, - - - - - 128. 
 
 Boiirhoii, iile, -• - - 174. 176". 
 
 Brachmans, the - 432. 433. 434. 435. 439. 
 
 459. See Bramins. 
 iiramah, llie (loctrines of, - 73. 23S. 
 
 Biiimin — Bramins, 40. 43. 65. 70. 90. 147. 
 
 148. 200. 227. 234. 238. 239. 245. 253. 
 
 254. 20 1. 294. 432. 433. 434.' 435. 430. 
 
 466. 472. 
 
 Bramin — Bramins, wife, - - 54. 
 
 will cat fi(h or llelli, 4O9. 
 
 Brnmpore, 5. 17. 20. 47. 75. 76. 84. 89. IO6. 
 
 107. 113. 143. 144. 172. 2.56. 257. 363. 
 
 364. 371. 372. 
 
 Brett, Mr. his tranflation of I'cjjook quoted, 
 
 263. 
 Bribes given by Scvagi, how judicioudy aj)- 
 
 plied, i):i. 
 
 Bricks, very good ones in India, - 472. 
 
 Bridroor, - - 234. See BidnoDr. 
 
 Biitidi imifcnni, - 239. See llalhed. 
 
 nation, - - - - ;?. 
 
 Britons, ----- 46(j. 
 
 Broach, citv, 145. 149- 287. 288.. 334. 330'. 
 
 "343.. 344. 356. 357. 371. 372. 373. 
 
 territory, - . - og^. 
 
 Bi-o'dn-a, a mart, - 334. 343. 356. 35". -373. 
 
 Brown, captain, - - - - 213. 
 
 Budgcrow, ----- 282. 
 
 Buggflii - - - 401. See Buxey. 
 
 Bullal Khan, a Pitaii, general and officer of 
 
 the \'i;iapore government, - 34. 76. 14 1-. 
 
 145. 233. 
 Bundchiiiid, - - - - J 70. 
 
 Burnet, Biiliop, quoted. - 278. 27.0. 
 
 Biijliire, 150. 
 
 Biijitrali, - - - - - 172. 
 
 BiiflTy, M'. - - - - 257. 292. 
 
 Buxev, or pavmalter-general, 308, 401. See 
 
 Buj.'{2(hi. 
 Byram Chan, . - - - 1O7. 
 
 '.'aljlis Cawn, miniller of Sambagi, 125. 16,'. 
 
 163. 305. 
 Cabiil, - :>. 21. 49. 67. 171. 307. 308. 
 C^adi, or ecdefiafucal judge, - - 217. 
 
 ofMiana, - - - - 17'J. 
 
 of Tannah, - - - 217. 
 
 Cxfar, - - - - - 458. 
 
 C;efur, the, an Kali Indianian, - 213. 
 
 Cicfar, i'rcdcric, the Wnelian traveller, 22*. 
 
 225. 226. 227.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 riiS)or, the emperor's gpiifral, - 911. 
 
 Vnlhrr^n, - 15'i. 28.9. 2.90. 29'J. 2.').'3. 
 
 <Vi/fH//n, prc-fulency, - 3. llS. SSi. CSS. 
 
 CaHiaiia, the famous, of the Periplus Maris 
 
 I^iythrici, - - - - 2 IS. 
 
 Calliciif, - - - 33. 174.. 325. .".(\9. 
 
 Knglifli fadory there, - 131. .371- 
 
 Camhaj/, factory, - . - 48. 3.'5(). 
 
 gulph, - 219. 352. 360. 36"l. .368. 
 
 30> 372. 
 
 ports, - 2.>. 104. 172. 322. 3Q:i. 
 
 Conanorc, - - - - 325. Hoi- 
 
 C'lnara, - - - - 52. 60. 234 . 
 
 queen of, - - - 52. fiO. 
 
 Canarins, their lancjuage, - 210.211. 
 
 Cundahar, - 14. 21. 171. 337. 340. iiiQ. 381. 
 
 .Sec Kandahar. 
 Candies, ----- 209. 
 C«/i(///.^, kings of, 211. 225. 2.3(). SceViudy. 
 Canning, Mr. - - - 333. ,S6'3. 
 Cannon. See Sevagi, under the mentions 
 
 relating to his warfare. 
 
 Cape Comoriii, 21. 227. 231. 333. 356'. 458. 
 
 Cafif Jaj'qucs, - - - - 3.i7. 
 
 Cape of Guud Hope, - - 362.375. 
 
 Capitation tax, levied by Aurrngzebe on the 
 
 Hindoos and foreigners, 74. 75. ^(S. 10b'. 
 
 Capuchin friars, - - - 229- 230. 
 
 Capuchins of Siirat, . . - 173. 
 
 Captains of Eaft India fliips, - 121.131. 
 
 Captive kings, - - - - i,').i). 
 
 Caraiiju/i ifland, near Bombay, 126. 141.218. 
 
 Cardaniunis, . - . - 209. 
 
 Caniatic, the, .30. 6I. 62. 63. 64. 66. 68. 69. 
 
 9'2. 95. 105. 111. 115. 155. 156. 157. 159. 
 
 160. 177. 222. 224. 23.3. 234. 235. 270. 
 
 297. 301. 304. 306. 3.9.9. 
 
 mountains, - - 61. 155. 
 
 Carrack, a I'ortugucfe ihip, 376. 377. 378. 
 
 380. 
 Carre, M'. - ' - 29- 173. 17+. 1.99- 
 Carron, M'. the French director general, 173. 
 
 206. 
 
 Caniar, - 34. 35. 36. ,37. 38. 52. 111. 123. 
 
 124. 177. 178. 200. 208. 222. 
 
 233. 234. 268. 
 
 Englilh fadory there, 52. 131. 208. 
 
 233. 258. 286. 
 
 river, ... - '^-ij. 
 
 territory, - . - 145 
 
 Can/, river, . - . - 133, 
 
 Cc/i'iii, - - - - 342. 384. 385. 
 
 Ciijliwlre, - - 187 l^^'S' 240. 267. 
 
 C(tJ'i>wnJea, - - - - 196. 3i)0. 
 
 CnlJ'an, ----- 3S.>. 
 
 Callia lignum, - . - - - 209, 
 Catholic princes, - - . 38:*. 
 
 Catrou, the jefuit, - 4. I68. 169- 178. 17.9- 
 
 1S2. 260. 288. 
 Catwall, oppreflions committed m the, 452. 
 
 45.3. 
 Cavalry of India, - - - 262.418. 
 Ctnicfinis, mount, - - - 457. 4()>. 
 Caves of Raitrc, a, proverbial fymbol of eaft- 
 ern wealth, . - - - go. 
 Cavy Cidlas, - 305. See Cablis Cawn. 
 Cawn Buklli, fon of Aurengzebe, - 143. 150. 
 
 266. 
 
 Cazce, or the Mahomedan .judge eccleliafii- 
 
 cal, ----- 403. 
 
 Ceremonies and politenefs of the Moors, 42."'^ 
 
 C<-«(OH,inand,30. 32. 42. I98. 207. 208. 271. 
 
 Cliaelt Khan, the uncle of .Aurengzebe and 
 
 fon of Ar!ph.lah, 11. 12. 14. 
 
 129. 171. 185. 187. 188. 
 
 189. lyO. 192. 194. 281, 
 
 his wife incited Auiengzebe to 
 
 deliroy Sevagi, - 14, 
 
 Chagnah, a rock inacceffible to alTault, taken 
 
 bv a paper kite, - - - 11.1 92. 
 
 ChaJehan, - 232. .See Shah Jehan. 
 
 Chaldaic language, - . , oV2, 
 
 Chalij, - - - - - 174. 
 
 Chamberlain, Aurengzcbe's, - 102. 
 
 C/iumuiidi/lc, - - . . 356, 
 
 Chan Chanan, - - - 363. 372. 
 
 Chaiiderg/iciri, - 61.62.224.228.2.99. 
 
 government, - 227. 2.99. 
 
 king, - 227. 228. 22y. 231. 
 
 CJinnrtel of GiiigcraA, .Sambagi rcfolved to 
 
 till it up, - - - - no. 
 
 Chanock job, I'onie account oi', - 281. 282. 
 
 283. 284. 
 Chardin, the traveller, - 48. 5!. 1; 6. 2i S. 
 
 219. 271. 
 ('h;vrleinagne, - - - . .130, 
 
 Cii .MILES the fecund, king, fcnt a ftpiadroii 
 
 with a regiment to take polieiiion of tliB 
 
 illand of i'lomb.iy, - 2.3.271.280. 
 
 Charles the fecond, an En.ulilh man-of-war 
 
 of 80 guns, - 137.138.1,3.9.285. 
 
 Charles, 'the, an I'.ift Indiaman, 375. 376. 
 
 377. 380. 
 Charter of the l.afi India Comi nnv. March 
 
 27 tb 1668, - - - '. 24. 
 Charters and aifts of parliafneut of the Iv.ill 
 
 India comjiany, ... - l^ij. 
 
 Chaul, bcloni;in£ to the Portugueft, 12. 22. 
 
 •■ '\^ " 41.
 
 1 X D E X. 
 
 41. SO. 10.0. 111. IC-S. 12S. 1/3. 211. 2U. 
 
 2-22. 3±-). 
 
 'Ciaiil, i'ppir, biloiiging to .'levagi, - 65. 7~. 
 
 109. I'i'Z. 173. 3'25. 
 
 lubiuiur, 01" jjovcrnor ot", - 72- 
 
 C/k!uI riin; - - - - 21-1. 
 
 C'luiiiniont, M''. llje ambaflador from Louis 
 
 XIV. lb the kini; of Siani, - - l.'?-!-. 
 
 Cliidlif. Mr. the Eiiglilh envoy, - '27 i. 
 
 C'Jiild, lir.Johii, preficlent oFbiirat, 1'2J). IJl. 
 
 13-'. 134. l.'?9. ■,'.M3. 03-1. 
 
 firJwfiah, - - - ',7-'. -'73. 
 
 'Chillaiiiliiinmi, . - - . ^:.',s. 
 
 <'hilli, llio hottcft of all vcg( tabic jiroduiftions 
 
 iifetl for food, - - - - 40(). 
 
 Chiiiigul JIuklafs, fon of WagivR, - 501 
 
 0///«, - - 203. 3S','.'4i.5.-J-aj. 4J7. 
 
 junk, . - - . ooj_ 
 
 Veu, 20.i. 
 
 ■Chinapafaiii, on v. hich was raifed Fort St. 
 George aiicl town of Madrafs, 16-10, 62. 
 
 229. 230. 
 
 Chincfe, -itil. 
 
 -CMiigcwore, - - 23-t. See Tanjorc. 
 Chingltipctt, . - . . '•22&. 
 
 Clmiiiij, - - - ■234-. Sec Giitgcc. 
 •Chiligan, ----- 4.')S. 
 Chitoie, citv, n great rajalifliip, /-l'- 76- S5. 
 "y«. .Vy. 100- 107. '42. 1S2. 2.)1. 
 
 20"8. 
 
 raj all of, - - - - 7i. 
 
 rajahs ol, - G. See Raiiuli. 
 
 CMftapelt, - - - - 160. 10' i. 
 
 Chorujan, ■■ - - - - _3.S". 
 
 t'hout, the fourtfi part of the revenue, - 4.>. 
 
 Chriftendoiii, princes of, - 08.5. 38tf. 388. 
 
 <^hriltian militia al llonibay, - - 'Si. 
 
 Clml'tianity, favouraljle in the cauft» of li- 
 
 b( rty, - - 430. 454. 
 
 its glories, - - 454. 
 
 Chrifiians, 45. 2o3. 205. 321. 348. 388. 434. 
 
 458. 
 Chronology of the Hindoos, - 2W). 
 
 iSIoratloes, - 211. 
 C^imibul, river, - - - 1S8. 30". 
 
 thunderleeker, Dr. - - 282. 284. 
 CAvpra, . . . . 84. 256'. 
 
 Churchill's collfiTiion of voyages, - 2;)t. 
 Cincnmali, the cduntrj'of, - - 466. 
 
 Circar of Nabichadourouk, - 183.184. 
 
 Cirtars, or governments, 183.184. 210.285. 
 Circaflian wife of Aurengzebe, - 8.'). 
 Civil cafes of Indoftan, - - -138. 
 
 Clarendon, Lord, - . . <r^<y. 
 
 Climate of India, - 211 . 407. 40S.425. 
 Cloth, the fta'ple of the trade of liuiofian, 
 409. 410 411. -112. 413. 472. 
 Cocliiii, ... - <207. 370. 
 
 Cochineal garnieiUs, too fplendid for the 
 fanc'tity of a Mahomedan, - 251. 
 
 Cocoa-nut tree, - - 408.47.0.471. 
 Coello, Anthony, - - - 005. 
 
 Cofl"ree.=, -" - . 56. 240. 4(j0- 
 
 (Joi^iiaUi), ----- 174. 
 
 Coja Nazar, ]\IocribCa\vn's oflicer, 343. 344. 
 Co/rt/-, ii breed of Iio) lis there, - 26'2. 
 Colbert, the I'rcnch niinilier, - 173. 
 
 Colcrouii, river, - - 62. 6.9. 304. 
 
 Connnerce, the fpirit of - - 127- 
 of India, - - 41-4. 4J8. 
 Commiffion of ihc king agaiiil^ pirates, 138. 
 CoRunillioners ;',ppointcd to govern the ifland 
 
 of Bombay, 24. 
 
 on the aiVairs of 
 
 Bantam nnd Mu- 
 
 call'ar, 271. 272. 
 
 Comoro, ifland of, - - - 37(1". 
 
 Coniuiin. See Cape CoiiMiiii. 
 
 CoMi'.iNY, meaning the Knglifli Fall India 
 
 company, of which, even when c.\prelV( d, 
 
 the references arc inferted under thisheafl 
 
 of Comp.iny; as are the references of 
 
 I'.NGLisii, when meaning the Company, 
 
 24. 26. 34. 35. 36. ,39. 62. 88. 118. 127. 
 
 128. 1.30. 131. 135. 136. 230. 235. 270. 
 
 271.272. 273. 279- 319- 329. 3.37. 341, 
 
 343. 364. 381. 
 
 Co:«I'.\nv, their charter, March 27th l668, 
 
 2-k 
 charters and aiflsof parlia- 
 ment, - - 127. 
 commerce, 229. 230. 273, 
 company, new, - 136. 
 eftaljlilliment of Sural, 288. 
 fleet or veliels ut Bombay, 
 82. S3. 
 [For otlitr particulars con- 
 ceniiiig this Jirct, fee 
 vuilrr the article of 
 BOMB.ty.] 
 governments of India, 127. 
 iiitcrefts, - • 107. 
 invcliment, - 161. 222. 
 licence, - - 128. 
 marine, - - 380. 
 property, - • l.)9. 
 Cum-
 
 I N D E X. 
 
 CosPASY, tlKir records, 29S. Set AiUho- 
 rities. 
 relklcuces, - - 356. 
 fervice, - 1?S. l.'iS. 
 
 fc'lUeinents, - 127. 
 
 Uiips from Engliiiul, com- 
 monly called Eiill India- 
 infii, 34.. 41. 109. I'JO. 
 1:1. 131. rT?. 135. 137. 
 140. S'29. 337. 312. 34-3. 
 trade, - 36. 115. 131. 223. 
 22 1-. 230. 273. 305. 32'2. 
 341. 3.")6'. 367. 381. 
 Compeiulious hiftory of the Mogul empire, 
 
 167. 
 
 Compenfatiou of loflcs Tuftainecl, - 137. 
 
 Cuncah, 5. 7. 10. iti. 18. 22. 25. 52. 66. ()>). 
 
 77. 93. 105. 134. 180. 184. l,i)7. 
 
 285. 
 
 its fituation, - - - 21. 
 
 ConJanore, nabobs of, - - - 390. 
 
 f.'ywfif/c, revenues of, - - - 2!y. 
 
 Conher, fon of Decan. See Uie fabulous 
 
 liiuory of the Hindoos, nete xxix. page 
 
 209. 210. 
 
 Cuiijrvcram, - 1.57. 15S. iCO. 228. 296. 
 
 C'o)iimccr, - 62. 115. 137. I6I. 228. 
 
 Connock, Mr. . . - 377. 37;?. 
 
 Confpirators trampled to death by elqjhants, 
 
 105. 
 
 Conjlantiiioplc, - • - - 172. 
 
 Cook, fccretary to fir ,\ndrc\v Sliijmjan, 23. 
 
 Cooley, captain, - - - - 213. 
 
 Cooley, one, killed, - - - 81. 
 
 Coolies, a nation of robbers, - 104. 354. 
 
 CuiliiLs, nieanini; diftricts, 24. 31. 32. 39. 43. 
 
 53. S3. 97. 107. 108. 109. 111. 
 
 112. 116. lis. 119. 19s. 
 
 Scvagi's - - - 53. 66. 
 
 Corumandd, coatt of, 30. 41. 115. 121. 176. 
 
 177. 305. 212. 227. 
 
 229. 231. 233. 402. 
 
 404. 409. 427. 464. 
 
 too arid for horfes, - 262. 
 
 naiguosof, - - 299- 
 
 provinces of, - - 3. 
 
 Carries, - - - iQS. See Corlah.t. 
 
 Coryat Thomas, the traveller, - .304. 
 
 C'ofmas Indicopleuftes, travelled in the fixth 
 
 centurv, - - - - - 218. 
 
 Cofinographical kno\vle<lge, - - 172. 
 
 Cofroes, ----- 1S2. 
 
 (Jojimbuzar, faclory at, - - 201, 
 
 Coffirr, Khan, - - - - 6'7.6S- 
 Colfim, Siddee, admiral of the Siddfc's fleets f 
 
 the references are cither w hen he is e.\- 
 
 prell'ed by name, or iTieant by his title of 
 
 Thk Sidijee, 55. 57. 64. 65. 66.69. 70. 
 
 71.73. 82. 83.87. 88. 96. .97-98. 107.108. 
 
 109. 110. 112. 113: 115. 116. 119. 121. 
 
 122. 125. 126. 140. 
 
 Cotnmuluck (Cuttub Sliaw) king of Golcon- 
 
 dah, 325. 
 
 Cotapatam, - - - - 228. 
 
 Council, a member of the council of Hnmbav, 
 
 115. 117. 
 
 of Bombay. See under Bombay. 
 
 at Snrat, - - 130. 137. 
 
 Councillor of Bombay, - 120.121.135. 
 
 Country, defolatcd by the armies of Aureng- 
 
 zebo and the 3Ioratloes, - - I61. 
 
 Coxrepiiuk, ----- 160. 
 
 Cow, held facred in tiidoftan, - 469. 
 
 Sambagi's devotion to one that was 
 
 killed, - - - 124.125. 
 
 the dung of, a fubftitule for fuel, 472. 
 
 Cowis Cawn, Siddee, minifter and general of 
 
 ^'iziapore, - - - - 76. 
 
 Cow], or pafs, - - - - 234. 
 Cui/lun, ----- 207. 
 Craft, captain, - - - - 213. 
 
 Craft, fnial-l, - - - - 112. 
 Crangnbiorf, ifland of, - - 207. 370. 
 Cream, a plate of, prefented by Sevagi to 
 
 INIahommed IMauzum, - - I". 
 
 Creed of the Morattoci, - - 211. 
 
 Criminal cafes of Indoftan, - - 451. 
 Crocodiles, great ftore in the ditches at Vi- 
 
 ziapore, - - - - - 291. 
 Crouther .lohn, ~ - - 357. 381 » 
 Cuchin Allabi, a Perfian of ordinary rai;k, 
 
 ^f^9. 
 Cudalore, - 1 16. 137. 158. 161. 299. .302. 
 faclory, - ' - - 3().'*. 
 
 Ciir!ir])a/i, - - - 62.157-159.399. 
 
 Ciilr.anuna of Zulfacar Caun, - 3ol. 
 
 CttwAnrrew illand, near Go;). - r.:3. 124. 
 Curdytan, - - - - -3^7. 
 Currom, fultan, fon of .Iehangir(% 187, 360. 
 304. 56.'k 366. 37 1 . .37 3. 374.' 375. 
 Currv, riddee.rommandin».in Gingerah, 1 10. 
 Culioms. tlie Mogul's, -138.401.411.414. 
 Cuttub liliaw, - 325. Sue Cotamuluck. 
 
 Cyrus, 458. 
 
 C^ar, ----- 38.0: 390. 
 
 .1 'i 
 
 Viibi,
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Bab,rf, - \%%. 20C, CDl. ZICk ncV. SCJ. 
 Dacca, - - • L'81. 40!-. -H'->. 
 
 Dalryniplc. Mr. Alexander, ly8. '^ly. 238. 
 Damagaoii, an ancient city in Perlia, li;G. 
 Daman, Dnmiun, -CI. 2','. l'?. CS. 41. 53. .'>.'>. 
 71. .9.'. ll'i. 1C(). I'-'p, ui. 17.5, I7.i. i20(). 
 2 IS. 2-31. 26'4. ;331. 311. 3i3. 36'0. 36^. 
 
 .06,0. 
 
 D'.Anvillc, yi', IS'.?. 18 ). 1R4. CI7. 218. 226'. 
 
 23.S. 2.i7. 2.5S. 290. 334. 335. 4.iS. 4.'jy. 
 
 Z)ai'ah, Sultan, tlder brother of .Aiireugzebe, 
 
 49. 7.3. l(i"0. 187. 188. 180. 
 
 190. 191. 2.18. 2:39. 240. 
 
 ]iJ3 pravcr to Rudpr, - 245. 
 
 his prcluce to the Oupntkhat, 
 
 240. 
 
 Darhthaii, ----- 184. 
 
 Darling, the, au Ivift JndiaiHan, - 37 .i. 
 
 Damnpuraiii, - - - - 6";). 
 
 Dandu, ----- 26'4. 
 
 Darvor, ----- ^SO". 
 
 Danaii; citadel, - - - 144. 2S(i. 
 
 David, 253. 
 
 Davis, commander of an Kafi Indiaman, 137. 
 Di'bore Chan, - - - - 191. 
 
 DEC AX, ,s. 6. 7. 9. 11. 12. 13. 16. 17. i.O. 
 
 20. 21. 28. 61. 52. 5b'. 63. .03. 99. 100. 
 101. 106". lOp. 142. 152. 170. 171. ISU 
 18:i. 188. 192. 208. 210. 221. 22fl. 23.3. 
 234. 257. 258. 2S5. 286. 289. 290. 2.92. 
 
 293. 294. 306. 307. 3.08. 
 Deran, fon of llix i). See the fabulous hif- 
 
 tory of the lUiidous, in note xxix. page 
 
 209. 210. 
 Dccir, - - - 27- 110. 197. 2G2. 
 De Graaf, the Dutch furgcon, 176". 201.202. 
 
 207. 250. 
 Dcira Strang, .Scvagi's admiral, - 70. 
 Dekkan, - - - 210. See Dccan. 
 I)claHaye. St:(> Ilavp. 
 DF.SJII, 3. 4.7- 13." 14. 15. 17. 18. 19. 20. 
 
 21. 50. 51. 52. 64.67-73. 75. SC). 91. 120. 
 151. 152. \b6. 150. 185. 18S. 18.0. 1.90. 
 191. t.02. 1.03. 1.0(). 202. 211. 236". 284. 
 306. 307. 398. 3.99. 400. 402. 416. 421- 
 
 Ddhirc, Delirf Khan, liciitenant-iieneral to 
 fultaii .'Vzini, 18. 21. 26. 27. 28. 69. 84. 86. 
 100. 106'. I 19. 196. 
 Dclifle, M'. - - . . i;)ti. 
 
 DcUon, tliephyfician, - 174.175.208. 
 Ihmy-rode, ----- 3.')ii. 
 
 Uiuug/iir, - - - - - 171. 
 
 Deputation, from Bombay to Ramnaut CawTi, 
 
 117. 
 Deputy-governor of Bombay. See Mi. Ward, 
 
 J31. I.i2. 139. 
 Defoys, chiefs of IcfTcr note, - 35,37.145. 
 Device, Abdul ftabbed by a, - - 7. 
 
 Dculgong, 257. 
 
 Dhariaus, the leCt of, - - - 25.3. 
 Dialcan (Idal Caun), kiugof Vi/.iapore, 225. 
 Diamond nuues tlie property of the fove- 
 
 roign, - - - - - 414. 
 Diamonds, froTn the mine of llaolkoudah, 
 
 226. 
 Diodorus SicuUis, his account of an Indian 
 
 woman, who buiiil herfelf with the corpl'e 
 
 of her huihand, . . - 459. 
 Directors of the Kaft India company, -y 130. 
 Diffimulation of the Indians - '428,431. 
 Divine unity, . . - . 241. 
 
 D/«, iliand,'46. 175. 540. 341. 36l. .369. 372. 
 Diiil, port, - - - 325. 340. 05S. 
 Diul/iiidc, - - - 358. 359. 375. 
 Djoiancr, fortrefs, - - - i,S4. 
 
 73hh6, country, - . - - ji^o. 
 
 DoDSi, king, - - - - 21". 
 Dog, poifon oYered to Sambagi, proved on 
 
 one, ----- 105, 
 
 Dogs, Sambagi's limbs and body devoured 
 
 by dogs, by order of .\ureiigzehe, 
 
 164. 
 
 fent as prefenls to the emperor, 380. 
 
 Dongoilg, Druiigmn, Doniiigoni, - 84. 1 13. 
 
 256. 257. 
 Don .Teronimo de Aze.vedo, viceroy of Goa, 
 
 318, 351, 353, 355, 356, 360, 36l, 368, 
 
 37.9. 
 D'Orleans, I'ere, jefuit, - - 178. 
 
 Duultabad., - - - - 154. 170. 
 
 Doumcr, ----- 28y. 
 Dove, one of the Bombay grabs, - 8U. 
 Dove, Mr. .\lexander, 167. 170. 180. 185. 
 192. 193. 19.'>. 196. 251. 373. 
 Dowlet Cawn, Sevagi's admiral, 70. 71. 80. 
 
 83. S7. 98. 114. 
 
 liis fleet, - - 80. 
 
 Downton, captain Nicholas, 326. 343. 345. 
 
 346. 347. 349. 350. 352. 353. 354. 355- 
 
 35(). 360. 370. 373. 375. 
 
 Dragon, the, an FaH Indiaman, - 327. 330. 
 
 375.. 
 Dreff, in Indoftan, - - . 410- 
 Dingdas, a raj])not, ... 260. 
 
 Duaii,
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Diian, thief judge of the province, O/i?. 400. 
 
 4U1.40'i. 44-3.4-14. 
 
 Dunda Rrjnporc, 8. finpaiit by llajii]«)ic, p.) 
 
 24. 31.60. 70. 71. 'j(i- lOy. J 10. 111. li':>. 
 
 1. •).')• 
 
 Dungaree, the ftiil-dotl) of fndiii, - ?0f). 
 
 l)url)ar, or puljlii: auciienre, 201. 374. 4'l6 
 
 430. 4:55. 41J. 444. 4*6. 447. 448. 4.")0. 
 
 4.5'2. 4.53. 
 
 D.UTcii, tlie nation in genoral, 30. 170. ','01. 
 
 Cri'J. i21.i. 27<)'. 3S0. 2S8. 3<il. 
 
 company, 17()- 271. 273. 274. 277- 
 
 27 s. 27.9. 
 
 company'.s villages, - 03. 
 
 dccilbrs on the biifinrfs of .Am- 
 
 boyna, Bantam, and Macali'ar, 
 
 272. 
 
 directors, ... 072. 
 
 fadory atCofllnibuzar, - 201. 
 
 Hughley, - 202. 
 
 Patna, "- 201.202. 207. 
 
 Surat, - 13. 2.). 
 
 faiflory and factors at A'ingorlah, 
 
 53. 12.). 
 
 fleet in India, 30. 32. 41. 4.2. 4S. 
 
 120. 173. 176'. 177. 212. 213. 
 
 2S0, 
 
 forces, - - - - 274. 
 
 government, - - - 276. 
 
 in India, - 47.48.118.177.201, 
 
 200'. 273. 275. 270". 457. 
 
 prize, - - - - 33. 
 
 revolution, - - . 27.3. 
 
 fettlcnient?, - - . 170. 
 
 Duties, the Mo>;ul'Sj on European imports, 
 
 <)6. See CuUoius. 
 
 y.afierp writers . - - - ijc). 
 
 E.V.ST Indi.^ Co.Mr.A NY, meanin.t; the Kug- 
 li.'h, 24. 118. 171. 181. See Company. 
 Eafi Indiamen, meaning the Englifh compa- 
 ny's fliips, 41. 121. 132. See C'ojip.any. 
 i'.uft India merchant, the, an Eaft Indiarnau, 
 
 137. 138. 213. 
 East I.sdies, 82. 176'. 177. l.OJ). 220. 224. 
 271.277.278. 457. 
 Etbar. See .Acbar. 
 
 Eccogi, brotlicr of Sevagi, 154. 298. 2<)J). 
 
 300.501, 302.303. S04. 305. 
 
 .Edwards, Mr. lenior, merchant at Surat, 
 
 350". 357. 30'3. 36'4. 
 
 l",FtF.Mi.\' ACY of the Inhabitants of In- 
 
 DOSTA.V, - - - _ 4.'5.0. 
 
 ^i^Pi, . - - - 172.4 01. 
 
 r./ep/ianta, iH.ind of, near BoiTib.iy, 111. 45.Q. 
 Ele])hants, confjiirators trampled to death by, 
 
 105. 
 
 two, fighting, feparated by 
 
 icngzebe, 
 
 Emzahf.tii Queen, . - - 
 
 r.lurti, tenipl(.' of, near Aurengabad, - 
 
 lunball'ador, from the rebels at Bombay to 
 
 Sambagi at llairee, - 135. 
 
 Sambagi's to Bombay, II6". 117- 
 
 See Augee Pundit. 
 
 EmbafTadors, - 28. 44. 1 15. 1 16. 205. 
 
 284.. 321. 32S. 3.36. 337. 338. 340. 
 
 3:1). .362. 3&"3. 364. 387- 3&9- 3yo. 
 
 Ambaffadors. 
 
 Embafl'v to Sevagi, - - - 
 
 Emir Jumlah, - 49. b"2. 60. 154. 1 92. 
 
 Au- 
 170. 
 341- 
 450. 
 
 232. 
 
 35 S. 
 
 See 
 
 213. 
 231. 
 232. 
 liis fon, - - . 154. 
 
 E;?;oj/, fadory, - - - - H**- 
 
 Ejii'EUOU, meaning Aurengzebe, 18. 100. 
 102. See Aurengzebe. 
 Emperor of the Moguls, fultan .^cbar pro- 
 claimed by Sambagi, - - lOtf. 
 Eniperors of Lidoftan, 187. 1S8. I89. 21 1. 
 267. 359. 360. 361. 363. 36'4. 365. 371. 
 
 
 
 373. 
 
 380. 
 
 Emperor's mother. 
 
 - 
 
 
 361. 
 
 Empire, . - - 
 
 166. 
 
 101. 
 
 307. 
 
 E^ GLAND, 23. 29. 34. 41 
 
 . lis 
 
 . 121. 
 
 129. 
 
 130. 131. 132. 137. 138. 
 
 140. 
 
 177. 
 
 178. 
 
 200. 208. 223. 233. 238. 
 
 277. 
 
 27 .S. 
 
 280. 
 
 320. 321. 322. 324. 327. 
 
 333. 
 
 335. 
 
 3.W. 
 
 342. 343. 353. 356. 30'7. 
 
 370. 
 
 374. 
 
 381. 
 
 
 
 382. 
 
 462. 
 
 councils of. 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 273. 
 
 crown of - 
 
 - 
 
 " 
 
 23. 
 
 EifGi.isn admiral. 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 355. 
 
 afl'airs. 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 127. 
 
 agents, 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 2S7. 
 
 army, - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 237. 
 
 at Bantam, 
 
 118 
 
 274. 
 
 279. 
 
 Bombay, 
 
 31 
 
 203 
 
 223. 
 
 captains of the Bombay fleet, 87. 
 chief at C;irwar, his death fore- 
 told, - - - 200. 
 concerns in the Mogul empire, 
 164. 173. 
 dtcifors on the bufinefs of Am- 
 boyna. Bantam, and Macafi'ar, 
 271. 272. 
 Eaft India company, 26. 34. 35, 
 30". 30. 62. 118.'210. 274. 277. 
 278. 281.282. 33()'. 
 
 E.NCLlSltl
 
 I N D E X, 
 
 Essr.isn envoy, ■"- . . 07l. 
 
 facilirs at Droiigoni, RV. l-lo. Cj6. 
 
 tuctoiy, - - - 2(i. lOS. 
 
 at C;illic»it, -. 131. 370. 
 
 Caiwar, 57. 208. 2.iS. 
 
 2S(). 
 
 PcttipoUv, - 21 -2. 
 
 burat, 13.25. 15)9- 3'^3. 
 
 32.9. 333. 343. 370. 
 
 fleet or vefTcls belonging to the 
 
 government of Bombay, 80. S 1 . 
 
 82. 87. 
 
 goods, ... ;5()7. 
 
 goveruraeiit at Bombay, 57. 72. 
 
 78. 
 ISIadrafs, - ]6'l. 
 Sural and Bom- 
 bay, 82. 120". 
 32J). 
 governor at Madrafs, - 203. 
 horl'e, the emperor's \\\([\ to have 
 a large one, - - 3').">. 
 hi India, 88. 10.0- HI. HJ- 117. 
 123. 157. 17J-. 23-1.. 271. 273. 
 276". 277. 278. 2S4-. 320. 328. 
 330. 331. 335. 3-10. 342. 343. 
 i344. 346. 349. 351. 353. 3()0. 
 361. 30'6'. 367. 3{)8. 
 merchants, - - - 333. 
 nation, - 44. 329. 360. 370. 
 oflicer, - - - ISS. 
 
 pirates, . - - ;;oq. 
 prefidency at Surat, 70. S3. Sy. 
 1 12. 121. 25"(i. 
 prefident, Mr. Angier, - d:>. 
 records, - - 199. 303. 
 
 lalutc, ... 3.-,5. 
 
 ihips, - 200. 319. 320. 321. 326". 
 327. 329. 332. 334. 336". 345. 
 349- 350. 35). 353. 354. 355. 
 356'. iol. 378. 380. 
 fl rangers, - - - 319. 
 lubjeds, - - 123.328. 
 
 at Surat, ... \'2'2. 
 
 trade, - 319. 322. 323. 328. 329. 
 349. 357. oGj. 370. 374. 
 wrecks, ... 43. 
 
 See Aiij^icr, liantani, Bondiuij, 
 Carunr, Dioiigoni, Smut. 
 r.n,i;lifli, Afr. Joliii, agent of Perlia, - 1.39. 
 Lnglilhman, individuals, 35. 135. 150.321. 
 
 327. .333. 
 Englidnnen, fome at Surat, - 123. 321. 322. 
 r.ntlironement of Sevagi, inagnifitent, 40. 43. 
 r.pil'!ola; ab Ilayo cditx, - - 228. 
 
 Er.nning, captain, 
 
 I'rwin, captain, - 
 
 Enif/irai maris, - 
 
 V.n'cs, earl of, 
 
 Eli/icmi/, 
 
 I'.umenes, the army of. 
 
 ■JlX 
 212. 
 218. 
 382, 
 214. 
 459. 
 
 EUROVr., 13. 127. lO'O". 182. 193. 203. 204. 
 20()'. 23(). 305. 327- ^i'u . 382. 385. 386. 
 387. 399. 411. 415. 418. 427- 430. 457. 
 
 46'2. 470. 
 European commerce in India, - 48. 
 
 cuftom, ... ^2.7. 
 defence, ... -[oq. 
 
 fadors in Bengal, - 426. 
 
 fortification, - - 122. 
 
 gunners, ... 232. 
 imports into India, - - ()G. 
 markets, ... of^(._ 
 nations, - 34. 44. 344. 414. 415. 
 
 416. 
 
 power, any, . - - 124. 
 
 fettlemcnts in India, - 125.427. 
 
 foldiers - - - ' ■ - 8u. 
 
 travellers have rarely feen liorfes 
 
 at open palture in India, 2()2. 
 
 women, ... 464. 
 
 Europeans in cencral, - 4. 30. 57. 77- 10'6. 
 
 178. 17.9. 180. 191. 201. 210. 
 
 230. 236. 275. 299. 339. 349. 
 
 412. 413. 417. 426. 427. 428. 
 
 460. -1()1. 4(i2. 463. 464. 
 
 Dutch, - - - - 48, 
 
 in the Dutch fleet, - - 34. 
 
 Enghlh, - .33. 72. 79- S2. 130. 
 
 military, serving in India, - 230. 
 
 Portuguefe, - - 12-2. 123. 
 
 E.xpedition, the, an Eaft Indiaman, 336.337. 
 
 340. 358. 368.375. 
 
 Fabulous hiftories of the Hindoos, 209. 2^10. 
 
 I'adois, 84. 116. 118. 125. 132. 143. 2.57". 
 
 259. 277. 287. 329. 343. 344. 346. 356'. 
 
 357. 360. 362. a(vx 
 
 raaorics, 13. 25. 26. .37.53. 115. 118. 125. 
 
 131. 133. 137. 161. 174. 175. 199. 201. 
 
 202. 204. 207. 208. 212. 2.">6. 271. 277. 
 
 281. 303. 332. 333. 340. 3631 
 
 I'akeer, .,-.-- ^40. 244<. 
 
 I'ainincf, - - - - 405. 414. 
 
 rarcwell, Chriftoplicr, a factor, - 3601, 
 
 Faria de Souza, - '3-19. 355. 360. 36l. 368. 
 
 378. 
 Farmers, ... 403. 404. 405. 
 Farncriaii Hercules, ... 466. 
 
 Ferara,
 
 INDEX, 
 
 I'prain, dukr of,- 
 I'Vrid/ihtul, near Agi"i, 
 iMiiidita. 
 rcnnizcdliad, 
 Ferouzgiir, ciicur, 
 
 5S2. 
 
 167. 
 
 167. 1?.'). 20.9. '210. 
 
 2S.I). 
 
 Q90. 296. 
 
 IVyjoo, liib del'cription of lliu lal ol' India, 
 
 a63. 
 
 Fiiftitioiis revoltof fultaii Mauzum, 20. 1.95. 
 
 Kiefs, or .Taghiies, - - - 67. 221. 
 
 Finch, Wiliiani, : - - 320.321. 
 
 Firouz Scliah Hamuni, - - - 2y5. 
 
 Firft Caule, the deity, in ihe Hindoo theo- 
 
 ^ logy, - - - - - 239. 
 
 JFlacour, tlie French agent, - - 175. 
 
 Fleet of BaOcin, - Ul. &ee Uufthi. 
 
 I5.iinbay. See BOMllAY. 
 
 the. Dutch, in India. See Dutch. 
 
 the Mogul's, cxpreli'c-d or meant, 1 14-. 
 
 116'. 133. See under Mogui,. 
 
 the Siddoe'i;, - 82. 88. ys. See under 
 
 -Siddee. 
 
 Fleets, the Mogul's and Siddcc's united, 2,9. 
 
 31. 35. 54.6.9.70. 119. 103. 
 
 F'letcher, lieutenant, - 130. 131. 140- 
 
 Floating platforms, - - . 57, 
 
 Footmen, enured to travel in Sevagi's annv, 
 
 ,92. 
 Forbin Ic Chevalier, - - - 275. 
 Forms of Juuice, abufe of the, - 44S. 
 Fort St. David, - - - - 298. 
 ■Fort St. George, - - - 6'2. 229. 
 F.jrts, - 116". 117. 126. 137. lOU 321. 
 Fu.\GMT.Nrs, - 4. 16'5. 181. 1.95. 220. 227. 
 
 2y2. 2.99. 365. 
 
 TR.'INCE, 29. 30. 137. 172. 173. 174. 175. 
 Francil'ean, - - - . 203. 205. 
 Frazer, .Mr. - 4. \66. 167. I68. 23S. 
 
 .Frederic, - 224. 225. 226. 227. See Casfar 
 
 Frederic. 
 French, agent, - - - - 175. 
 
 army in India, - - 237. 
 
 company, _ - . 174.. 
 
 director" of Surat, 33. 38. 173. 206. 
 
 -directory, - . - 2o6. 
 
 k>5torv, - - 174.175.204. 
 
 men, " - - - 22y. 342. 
 
 padres, - - - - 230. 
 
 polle.fTions in the northern provinces 
 of Coromandel, - - 3. 
 
 fettlements. - - 174. 176". 
 
 fiiips, - 32. 33. 137. 174. 175. 206". 
 
 fnrgeons, . - - lyy. 
 
 trade, - - - 174.. 175. 
 •Friar?, - - - 217.230.333.341. 
 
 Fruit-trees in India, furnifli a deli<'ary and 
 nonrinmient, - - - - 470. 
 Frver, tlie phyfician, - 177. 178. 1.94. 19.5. 
 197. 208. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216". 258. 
 260. 262. 263. 
 Fryke, the furgeon, in the Dutch company's 
 fcrvice, - - - - 275. 277. 
 Funera-l pile of Scvagi, his attendants, ani- 
 mals, and wives burnt with 
 his corpfe, - yO. SCO. 
 of Sevagi's eldcft fon, - 15- 
 
 Gallian, - U. 46. 53. 54. 55. 58. 70.71. 81. 
 
 57. 110. 111. 116. 117. 120. 126", 
 
 141. 143. 211. 216. 217. 218. 
 
 town of, its ancient raagni("u:cnce, 
 
 215. 
 Gallivats, vefTelsfor fwift failing, 94. 46. 5.3, 
 78. 79- 80. 81. 82. 83. 88. .98. 107. IO9. 
 111.112. 113. 114. 116.117. 126. 134.135. 
 Giiviron, ----- 273. 
 Gimdcrfcc, ----- 373. 
 Gandicotali, - - - 62. 141. 232. 
 Gangcf river, - lyo. 201. 2S6". 404. 41-9. 
 Gaiijam, - - - - - 156. 
 Garcilafla della Vega, - - - 470, 
 Gary, captain, originally a Greek, 135. 136. 
 
 Gaul, 45y. 
 
 Gaut, Gaiits, 21. 22. 27.38. 44. -I6. 57. 104. 
 
 111. 113. 116. 122. 126". 132. 
 
 141. 142. 143. 158. 161. 184. 
 
 197. 208. 210. 211. 267. 
 
 of Decir, 110. 111. iy7. 262. 
 
 GeaiToudin Khan, father of Nizamahnuluck. 
 
 14(). 
 Gcntil, M^ 17. 1 16^ 148. 149. 171. 237. 2.92. 
 
 302. 306. 
 
 Gentiles of India, - - - iy,5. 
 
 Gento'o — Gentoos, 70. 157. 3.97. 401. 408. 
 
 410. 421. 422. 430. 431. 432. 433. 434, 
 
 435. 437. 438. 439. 440. 442. 443. 451. 
 
 452. 
 
 bankers, - - - . 44;). 
 
 different methods of inheritance, 
 
 amongft them, - - 441. 
 
 king of C'handergherri, 61. 62. 224. 
 
 225. 228. 22y. 231. 
 
 language, - - - 210, 
 
 prhices, - - 397-435.439. 
 
 prince's army, - - - 202, 
 
 I'overeigiUy, " - - - 2.99. 
 
 Germany, emperor of, - - - 388. 
 
 G hates, - - - 107. See Gaiif.'. 
 
 Glieriah, ----- 26. 53, 
 
 Llurett^
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Chhrtty (garden, - - - - ~S'2. 
 
 (ihniir, dour, ;i lerriloiy near Danian, - C7. 
 
 Ciilt'ciid, Ml. iirelidont ot I\Iii(iiai's, - 11,). 
 
 07 .Vt;i>i;, country, 115. 121. ir.fj. 1:^. 1.>V. 
 
 Ij6. 159. 16"1. C?28. 2.51. 234-. 
 
 301. 302. 30.>. 304. 30.->. 
 
 fort, - 63. 64. 69. 115. 155. 158. 
 
 2.0.0. 
 
 govevnor, - - - c.9,0. 
 
 Ginapr produced eafilv in the gardens nf 
 
 India, ------ 4()".'). 
 
 Ciiigiid/i, governor of, - - 54. 57- 
 
 illaiid and fort, .9- 24. 31. 32. 36. 
 
 38. 44. 48. 52. 54. 55. 56. 57, 
 
 64. 6j. 70. 71. 72. 7S. S3. 110. 
 
 112. 11.0. 1,99. 
 
 Gladman, Mr. .Tohn, of llie council Bombay, 
 
 1 .V'). 
 Globe, the, an F.afl Indianian, 375- 376- 3S(). 
 CO J, bar, - - - - 133. 
 
 dtv, - 21. 23. 34. 35. 37. 38. 40.45. 
 52. 53. 60. 111. 120. 123. 124. 125. 
 127. 132. 133. 134. 175. 176. 177- 
 178. 1.97. 203. 204. 205. 220. 224. 
 225. 227. 229. 292. 334. 360. 368. 
 376. 379- 
 government, or council of, 23. 122. 
 
 140. 145. 
 harbour of, - - 133. 329- 
 
 illand, - 40. 210. 224. 225. 291.322. 
 northern territory of, meaning of 
 lialVcin and Uanian, - 145. 
 
 territory of, adjacent to, - 21.122. 
 
 205. 26.1-. 
 
 viceroy of, - 23. 122. 123. 133. 205. 
 
 344". 345. 348. 34.9. 351. 353. 355. 
 
 356. 3()'0. 361. 368. 
 
 6'orufZ-, - - - 144. 286. 287. 
 
 6ocu(Vf, in the Carnatic, - - 177. 
 
 God, the words of, - 240.241.242.439- 
 
 Oodaicri, r'wcr, - - - - 157. 
 
 Goen, Ricklofte ^'an. See llicklorte. 
 
 Goes .lohn, Lord of .Abamade, - 272. 
 
 Cnan, - 138. .■!46. 352. 36 1. .369- 372. 
 
 OOLCOXDAIJ, army, 48. 62. 152. 177- 231. 
 
 ravahy, - - 147. 
 
 city and fortrefs, - 29- 30. 
 
 31. 58. 148. l.')2. 153. 
 
 172. 188. 197. 231. 257. 
 
 296. 2<)7. 
 
 city and fortrefs taken, 153. 
 
 king, 30. 31.48.51. 62.63. 
 
 91. 141. 147. 148. 150. 
 
 151. 152. 153. 151. 156'. 
 
 GOLCONDAII, king, 176. 225. 232. 233. 2:!.'!. 
 kingdom, 5. 7. 10. 61. 6'2. 
 91. 141. 147. U.S. 150. 
 151. 157. 159. 188. 2S.9. 
 ■ 290. 
 torritnry, - - 22^. 
 Gold, acquired a hundred degrees of excel- 
 lence in receiving the name of Noor 
 .khiui, - - - - 1R6. 
 
 moluirs, - - - 104.186. 
 
 Scvagi publicly weighed againrt, 43. 
 
 214. 
 and filvcr ornaments marks of fop- 
 pery, - - - - 410. 
 Goldfljerry, captain, - - - 213. 
 (lolgof, the company's factory there, 281. 283. 
 Gumhroon, - 175. 1/7. 218. 219. 272. 
 
 Gong, meaning a town, - - 256, 
 
 Gofpels, the, . - - 241. 244. 
 
 (loiilclionahad, . - _ - 285. 
 
 Cutindkutil, 286. 
 
 Gi»ir. See Gliniir. 
 
 Governefs of Ahmcdabad, Noor Jehan, ap- 
 pointed, ----- 186. 
 Government of Indofian, nature of, - 397- 
 Governor of Malulipatam, deteUed by his 
 people, ----- 157, 
 Grabs, 46. 53. 78. SO. S3. 8". 88. 111. 120. 
 
 124. 145. 
 Grand, .\bbe le, - - - - I.9S. 
 
 Grand Signior, - - . . 387. 
 Grantham, fir Thomas, commander of the 
 n>ip Charles the fecond, - 138. 139. 140. 
 Guttdcl, - - - 337. 338. 375. 
 
 governor of, - - 338. 339. 
 Giidinh; - - - 144. 146. 286. 
 
 Guialaiir, - - - - 192. 240. 
 
 (niinea lUifi's, - ■ - - - 288. 
 Giiiidrihi'a, ----- 335. 
 
 Giiiidtirii; - - - - - 320. 
 Giinga/i, Giniga, river, - 113. 143. 285. 2S6. 
 GuliaVus Adolphus, Sevagi comparr^l to, 
 
 174. 
 
 Giiza-uf, - 9- 11. U. 15. 74. 103. 142. 1.''6. 
 
 188. 190. 210. 361. 465. 
 
 rtiip, - - - - :i27. 
 
 GvmnofophiUs, - - - 459. 4.7-,-'_ 
 
 Hague, the king fends commifldoners there, 
 
 280. 
 
 Ilalhcd, ^fr. N. B. his tranflation of tlic 
 
 Oupncklnit in the Urit(h Muleum, - 239. 
 
 Ilani, tlic fun of Noah. .Sec; the fabulous 
 
 hiflory of the Hindoos in note x.\ix. 
 
 209. 2U». 
 Jlamedrow,
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Hamedrow, Sambagi's principal general, 1 14. 
 
 Ilaniihon, Mr. - - - oqo. 267. 
 
 riaramcores, the buryers and burners of 
 
 dead bodies, - - - - 465. 
 
 llargee, Ilargi Rajah, 64. 115. II6. 155. 156'. 
 
 158. 159. 160. Q99. 303. 
 
 Ilaiji, Hargi Pharfang, a perfon of great 
 
 quality, - - - - 105. 269, 
 
 Harris, Mr. Bartholomew, believes a pre- 
 
 dic'lion, ----- 200. 
 
 Hafliiigs, Warren, Efq. - - - 21O. 
 
 Havart, - - - - 62. 153. 212. 
 
 Havildar, ----- 402. 
 
 llawlvins, captain William, of the Ileftor, 
 
 3}9. 320. 321. 322. 323. 337- 342. 363. 
 
 375. 
 Ilaye, Monfieur de la, 30. 32. 48. 173. 174. 
 
 176. 177. 
 
 Hayu5, 228. 
 
 Hazari, conimander of one thoufaHd horfe, 
 
 170. 
 
 Heflor, Eaft Indiaman, the firft Englifh (hip 
 
 ^Yhich came to Surat, in Auguft 16O8, 318. 
 
 321. 353. 355. 375. 
 
 Ileer Gerrard Hooft, - - - 272. 
 
 Hegira, - - - - 186. 244. 
 
 Keinlius, Lord Anth. - ^ - - 272. 
 
 Hell, Mahomed the prophet in hell wiih his 
 
 father the devil, - - - 217. 
 
 Helmets, in the temple of Elephanta, - 449. 
 
 Hendoo, from -nhcnce Indian, - 460. 
 
 Herbert, Sir Thomas, - - 372. 373. 
 
 Hereditary lords of the land of 'V'iziapore, 
 
 144. 
 
 Heretic, 206. 
 
 Hidalgofis, or gentry, - - - 353. 
 Hidden book, the mod ancient - 244, See 
 
 Oupnekhat. 
 
 Hide, captain, - - 213. See Hyde. 
 
 Hieronimo Xavier, ajefuit, - - 36"0. 
 
 Hind, India. See the fabulous hillory of 
 
 the Hindoos in note xxi.n. page 
 
 209. 210. 
 
 the ancient feft of, - - 241. 
 
 Hindoo, Hindoos, 56. 73.7t. 75. 76. S6. 125. 
 
 180. 182. 209. 210. 249. 250. 254. 
 
 255. 261. 285. 293. 294.348. 
 
 gods, Sevagi the ciiampion of, 90. 
 
 239. 
 marriages, . - - 162. 
 merchants, . - - 33J. 
 powers, - - . - 76. 
 princes, . - _ 6. 305. 
 
 Hindoo races, 
 rajahs, 
 
 Hifiory 
 
 210- 
 
 14- 
 
 fovereigns, - . - 40- 
 
 theology, - * - - 239- 
 
 wordiip, - - - - 99- 
 
 and management of the Eaft India 
 
 company, ' - - - - 300. 
 
 Hodgee Comal, the governor of Guadel's 
 
 phylician, . - . - 339. 
 
 Hog, the, given to a judge to obtain juftiee, 
 
 445. 
 HoLL.\ND, ftatcs of, 30. 47. 169. 176. 209. 
 
 272. 275. 
 Hollanders, the Javans could hardly bear 
 
 them, 275. 
 
 Hope, an Eaft Indiaman, • 350. 351. 352. 
 
 355. 356. 357. 
 Horatii, the country of, - - 466. 
 Horfe merciiants, - - - 226. 
 
 Horfes bred in India rarely feen at open 
 pafture - . - 261.262. 418. 
 Ilubcly, 34. 35. 36. 44. 137- 144. 208. 286. 
 liirg/ihy, - 202. 250. 281. 282. 283. 
 
 Hiindry, ifland, 78. 87. 96". 98. 107. 108. 
 
 126. 
 139. 
 332. 
 112. 
 
 no. 
 
 113. 
 258. 
 
 Hunter, frigate, - - 82. 131 
 Huft)ullhookum, or injundion, 
 Huflars of the lea, - - - 
 Hufl'ein AII3', a general of Aurengzebe, 
 
 Hill fail]/, a mart, - - 86. 137 
 Hyde, commander of the fliip Prefident, 120. 
 
 213. 
 Hi/derabad, - - 30.58.147.152. 
 
 Jaflier, nabob of Bengal, - - - 4. 
 .Jaffnapatmn, ... - 507. 
 
 Jaghires, or feifs, - - - 171.221, 
 
 Jamboo, - - - - - 115. 
 
 James, the, an Eaft Indiaman, 375. 377- 380. 
 
 James the firft, king, 
 .Janagar in Surct, 
 Janill'aries, - 
 Japan, 
 
 emperor of, 
 
 319. 336. 359. 
 
 373. 
 
 384. 387. 
 
 324. 457. 
 
 441. 
 
 Jar of oil given by the plaintiff to a judge to 
 obtain juftiee, - - - - 445. 
 Jarrici thcfaurus:, - - - 228.261, 
 JaimbujJ'er, ----- 372. 
 y«ra, ifland of, - . - 118.270. 
 principalities, - - - 118. 
 Javans, forty tlioufand flain in different en- 
 gagements with tlie Dutch, - 275. 
 3 11 Ibrahim
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Ibrahim Klian, captair.-geneial of Ihc king 
 of Golcondah, 1+7. 148. 
 152. 156". 159. 2.90. 297- 
 r*t trufted with the govern- 
 ment he had betrayed, 
 
 ioy. 
 
 Idal Cawn, - - 225. See Dialcan. 
 Jehangire, or lord of the world, - 185. 186. 
 1&7. 1S8. 319- 341. 359. 373. 
 Jeraidars, - - - - - 281. 
 Jamea/i, town, l6. 26. 27. 46. 47. 195. 197. 
 
 262. 
 
 Jcvneah Gur, fort, - 16. 17. 22. 24. 47. HO. 
 
 177. 195. 
 
 JefTwout Sing, the Maha Rajah, of .loudporc 
 
 orMaraviiF, when mentioned either by his 
 
 i»me or title, 11. IS. 71-. 75.90. 103. 190. 
 
 1.96. 
 
 his letter to .Aurengzebe, 25'2. 
 
 Jefuits, - 61. 168. 169. 22(. 228. 261. 321. 
 
 322. 360. 365. 
 travellers, - - - 6I. 
 
 Jefus, the followers of, - - - 253. 
 Jcttapore, town, - - . - 6'4. 
 Jew, Bandarra, a notorious one, - 203. 
 Ignorance, and the love of wonder, con- 
 verted to their own conceits, - 200. 
 Imaun or prince of Mui'cat, - - 45. 
 Irapofier. Sec Sultan, a prelrnder. 
 INDIA, 21. 23. 36. 38. 56. 57- 91- .05. 123. 
 127- 165. 166. 16s. 171. 172. 173. 178. 
 179. ISO. 193. 195. 19s. 203. 209. 211. 
 216. 227. 229. 233. 235. 236. 264.-273. 
 275. 322. 325. 326. 334. 341. 347. 367. 
 379. 380. 407. 408. 415. 4l6. 432. 434. 
 457. 459. 467. 468. 470. 472. 
 houfe, keeper of the. records there, 
 
 181, 
 languages of, - - 263. 
 
 many refourccs to [irevent the in- 
 habitants of from perilliing by 
 famine, . . - .170. 
 of the human frame in, 462. 464. 
 peninfular of, - - 458. 
 
 plough of, a flender inllrumcut, 
 
 468. 
 
 principalities of, - - 35. 
 
 proper, - - - - 264. 
 
 feasof, - - 45.319-346. 
 
 Mor4, - - - - 21. 
 
 worth the enquiry, in what parts 
 
 good horfcs are bred, - 262. 
 
 Indian— Indians, - 412.413.414.425.4.59 
 
 460. 461. 463. 464. 4()6. 
 
 469. 471,472. 
 
 Indian— Indians, colour of, - - 46O. 
 devotee, Sambagi drefled 
 in the fantaltic orna- 
 ments of a wandering 
 Indian devotee, - l64. 
 extraordinarv tumblers, 
 463. 
 hair of, - - 460- 
 mufcular firengthof, 463. 
 ftature of, - - 464. 
 Indo-ficytMa, - - - . 4,59. 
 INDOSTAN, 3. 4. 29. 49. 50. 74. 99- 145. 
 
 166. 187. 241. 254. 
 407. 408. 409. 410. 
 417. 421. 422. 423. 
 
 464. 
 
 286. 397. 403, 
 412. 413. 414. 
 429. 433. 437. 
 445. 447. 452. 
 467. 471. 
 419. 
 
 461. iGr. 
 397. 407. 
 
 401. 448. 
 463. 
 
 411. 
 
 425. 
 438. 439. 440. 442. 443. 
 457. 458. 459. 460. 462. 
 battle in, 
 
 cliauitc of, - 407. 
 
 eni])irc of, 
 
 government of - 
 
 labourer of, - 
 
 people of, 399.407.413.419. 
 
 442. 446. 454. 467. 468. 
 
 471. 
 
 politics of, - - 430. 
 
 Indus, river, 5. 51. i2. 67. 74. 236. 295. 334. 
 
 336. 337. 340.358.. 
 
 a race of ftrong hoxfes are bred 
 
 neai, - - - 062. 
 
 Infidels, . - . . 203. 204. 205. 
 
 Iiigclce, - . - . 282. 283. 
 
 Inheritances in Indoflan, - - 438. 
 
 Inijuililion of Goa, burnt prifoners, 123. 129. 
 
 Interlopers, - - 127. 129. 130. 137. 
 
 Interloping Ihips, - - 127.128.129. 
 
 trade, - - - 129. 
 
 Inveftmeut at Broach, l683, - 288, 
 
 Carwar, l683, - 209. 
 
 Invifible fiends, Navarctte's houfe AlTaiiltcd 
 
 by, ----.- 200. 
 
 .Toghies, - .^ - . . oc,^^ 
 
 John, Dr. S. an anfiliant to the council 
 
 Bombay, 139. 
 
 Jorc, Siddee, - - - - 8. 9. 
 JouJpore, ii great raJLililhip of Indoftan, 11. 
 18.74. 76. 90. 100". 103. 104. 107. 142.251. 
 Jofeph, captain, - - 375.376.379- 
 Jownbafler, - - - - 373. 
 Ifpa/iaii, 150. 172. 196. 219. 220. 292. 337. 
 340. 359. 381. .390. 
 Italy, 382. 459. 
 
 Judge 
 
 his manner 
 Indoftan, 
 
 of deciding 
 
 caules in 
 445. 446. 
 Judge,
 
 INDEX. 
 
 •Judge of the admiralty court, iJom'b'ay, 
 3iKl^('r Bcdc, Darali's prayi^- to Ui.id(^i- 
 
 traded from, . - - - 
 
 JtiSmit Gryw, jiuardian of niaiikitid, - 
 Juiius Cicfar, Scvagi compared to, - 
 Jiimbnjicr, a mart, - - oZi. 
 
 Jii/iiiia, river, - . - 15. 
 
 Junks, . . - - - 
 
 Juftiiiian, . - - - 
 
 Jufticc! Jufticc! — the cry of the plaiiiti 
 the Durbar to obtain attcu 
 
 forms of, obfervcd in India, 4 l.i. 
 Jyfing, rajah of Abnir, 13. 15. 18. 20. 
 75. 191. 1.95. 
 
 140. 
 ox- 
 
 •2i9- 
 
 Qr^rj. 
 171. 
 S7-2. 
 190. 
 ;579. 
 
 1 8'J. 
 tl at 
 tion, 
 •Itl. 
 417. 
 74- 
 
 iy6". 
 
 293. 294. -'95. ■^96. 
 
 29''. 
 408. 
 289. 
 
 See 
 
 ■Ktempfer, his account of F.cbar's cfcape to 
 Ifpahai), - 
 
 Kajan, 
 
 Kal.iia, river, 
 
 Kalhirga, - 289 
 Calberga. 
 
 Kaliani, ... - C89. 296. 
 
 Kalnon, an inftrumcnt out of which the In- 
 dians fmoke tobacco, - - 443. 
 
 Kaloundgi, rajah, - - - 171. 
 
 Kamiran, ----- 2SG. 
 
 KatiJnhar, - 14. 21. See CawJa/iar, 17 1 . 
 
 Kaniljuli, purgunnah, - - - 096'. 
 
 Kmijuuiii, ~ - - - - 2S9. 
 
 Kurimour, ----- 289. 
 
 Karoli, 2S6. 
 
 Katiieuixe, princefs of Portugal, queen of 
 Charles the 2d, - - - " - 23. 
 
 Kmihovrni, ----- 289- 
 
 Kfeling, captain, eftablifhcd faflors at Ban- 
 tam in 1009, - - 277. 376. 375. 
 
 Keigwin, Captain of the military of Bombay, 
 80. 82. 83. 130. 131. 137. 138. 139. 305. 
 
 Keiflwa Puntolo, - 155. 156. 157- 158. 159. 
 
 Kellidar, or governor of a fort, - 285. 402. 
 
 Kelmat Tybat, or remarkable fayingsof Au- 
 rengzebe, - - - - igg. 
 
 Kenanj idand, 78. 79- 80. 81. 82. 83. 87. 9^^. 
 S7. 112. 130. 135. 256. 
 
 Kerr, Mr. Alexander, - - 180, 
 
 Kel-ridge, Mr. - 333. 342. 363 
 
 Khan Jehan Bchadoor, 
 
 KidgwaJi, near AUaliabad, 
 
 Kine permitted to be killed, - 
 
 King, meaning of England, 
 280. 321. 322. 328. 333. 
 
 his miniftcrs, 
 
 181. 
 364. 
 146. 
 190. 
 75 
 130. 131. 138. 
 336. 362. 363. 
 364. 367. 380. 
 280- 
 
 King, ofGoIeondali, - - 30.31.51. 
 
 of the Titans, - - - 4y. 
 
 of Vizia|)ore, - - 34. 35. 60. 
 
 meaning the Oreat Mogul. See Mo- 
 
 -ul. 
 
 Kings of Clulcondah and Viziapore, captives 
 
 1.59. 
 
 lilirary at Paris, - - l6s. 169. 
 
 m»hoiuedan, - - .. 40. 
 
 veliels, - - - . oy. 
 
 Kingdom, a now one raifed by Sevagi, - 95. 
 
 Killing a hHti'r from .\\ucngzcbe, occalions 
 
 the death of the go\ernor of Surat, - 199- 
 
 Kongoy, a Braniin, - . - 294. 
 
 Koran^ 239. 240. 241. 242. 244. 245. See 
 
 Alcoran. 
 Kouduiiiii, ----- 289. 
 
 Kotiiidilgorn, - - . - 184. 
 
 Kiilbia.'rh-er, - . - 159. 184. 
 
 Kntc/i, river, a race of horfc bred there, 262. 
 
 334: 
 
 /.fl/o;r, jirovince, - 51.159.190.321.462. 
 
 Liihiiir, 286. 
 
 Lands of Indoftan, - - - 403. 
 
 Lancaller, fir .lames, - - - 277. 
 
 Language of the INIorattoes, - 210. 211. 
 Lar, the governor of, - - - 292. 
 
 province, - . - - 359. 
 Lafcars, ----- 80. 82. 
 Laureehiindcr, in the river Indus, - 334. 335. 
 Laws of Indoftan, . - - 437. 
 
 Legiflation orientale of M'. Anquetil du 
 
 Perron, - - - - 168. 2S6. 
 Liberty favourable in -the caufe of Chriftia- 
 
 nity, 430. 
 
 Lieutenant, one of the Bombay marine, 79. 
 I,ightlioufe on Kenary, - - - 78. 
 Linen mahufaifturc, 408. 410. 411. 412. 4l6. 
 Lijlot,, - - - - 175. 376. 379. 
 Litigious contentions of the Moors and Gen- 
 
 toos, - - - - - 442. 
 Loiidun, the Englirti and Dutch decifors met 
 
 there, - - - - 272. 274. 
 London, the, an Eaft Indiaman, - 213. 
 Lewis XIV. fends an embxilly to the king of 
 
 Siam, 274. 
 
 Lucas, fir Samuel, - - . 23. 
 
 Lucky day, 101. 
 
 Lyon, the, an Eaft Indiaman, - 375. 
 
 Macao, 
 Macajl'ar, 
 
 king of, 
 
 3 K 2 
 
 203. 
 
 271. 273.277.278. 
 
 277. 
 
 Mddasafcur,
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Madagnfcar, - - 174. 176. 376. 379. 
 
 Madrafabad, ... - 330. 
 
 MJDRASS, - 48. 62. 63. 115. 116. 1()8. 
 
 205. 212. 213. 229. 230. 
 
 231. 232. 233. 235. 270. 
 
 agency, - IIS. 229. "30. 290. 
 
 council, 116. 299. 302.303. 
 
 founded in iClO. - 230. 
 
 government, - 136. 157. I6'0. 
 
 l6'l. 281. 306'. 
 
 governor of, - - 2.96 
 
 records, 229- 230. 231. 233. 
 
 235. 290. 296. 302. 303. 
 
 304. 
 
 Madura, country, - 61. 228. 231. 299- 301. 
 
 Mafiammadnagur, chcAY of, - - 287. 
 
 Mahapoiir, 2S6". 
 
 Maha Rajah, . . - . 300. 
 
 Maha llajab, Jeflwont Sing of Joudpore, .U. 
 
 90. 103. 190. 101. 196. 
 
 3/a/iiw, channel of, - - 33.71- SI. 
 
 fort, - - - - 71. 
 
 ^lahmoodie, the, an Indian (liip, - 325. 
 
 Mahmud, fon of Sebah-takin, - 4-."9. 
 
 Rluhobet Caun, - - 371.372.373. 
 
 Mahomed, the founder of the religion, l64. 
 
 201. 217. 240. 253. 265. 422. 449. 459. 
 
 Mahomed, eldeft fon of Aurengzebe, - 188. 
 
 189. 
 Jelaul ul Decn Akbar, - 253. 
 KazHi, the fame as MirzaCaffini, 
 
 167. 
 Mauzum, fon of Aurengzebe, 
 commonly called Sultan Mau- 
 zum. - 17. See Mauzum. 
 Noor ul Deen Jehangheer, 253. 
 Sadick, commander of Aureng- 
 zebe's army, - - 160. 
 Shah, - - 167. 267. 
 
 Shuffia, of Delhi, author of the 
 Mirat ul Waridat, - 167. 
 Mahomedan, Maliomedans, 56". 73. ^6. 108. 
 124. 147. 162. 163. 180. 210. 
 211.215.217.231.239.250. 
 251. 254. 255. 265. 305. 379- 
 457.468. 
 blood, - - - 122. 
 cavalry in India, - f)\. 
 defcent, - — - 56. 
 empires, - - 458' 
 
 government, - - 217. 
 king of X'iziapore, - 61. 
 kings, meaning of X'iziapore 
 and Goldoudah, - 40. 225. 
 
 Mahomedan power, 
 princes, 
 prophet, 
 religion, 
 dates, 
 
 - 6, 
 
 440. 459. 
 
 250. 
 
 238. 250. 
 
 91. 
 
 Maliomedans in India, as well as in Turkey, 
 credulous in akhcmy, - - 200. 
 
 ^Mahomcdauifni, - " - - 293. 4-37. 
 
 Maifon ProfelVe, Paris, the jefuits' library 
 there, -. - - - - i6"8. 
 
 Maitche, 294. 
 
 Malabar, coaft of, 32. 42. 77. 120. 200. 203. 
 
 207. 21 1. 220. 272. 273. 333. 399. 
 
 pirates, - - — 33. 3(;i. 
 
 Malabars, ----- 36], 
 
 ISIalay iflands, . - - . 457', 
 nations, . - - 460. 46l, 
 
 Malacca, ----- 203. 
 
 Malim Gany, .- . . . 332. 
 
 Mallior, circar, - - - 289. 290. 
 
 Malqiier, - . - - 14.7. ogg. 
 
 Maha, province, - 19. 20. 74. 76. 142. 251. 
 
 Malxanar, river, - - - - 134., 
 
 Manor, - . . - - 207. 
 
 Mandal, ----- 1S4.. 
 
 Mando, - - - . - 373_ 
 
 Mangnlgiiiii, . . - - 289. 
 
 Manga lure, - - - - 175. 227. 
 
 Mangerclpore, ... - 372. 
 
 Mankael, 289. 
 
 Manouchi, 153. l64. I68. 179- 195. 224. 232. 
 235. 236. 237. 251. 260. 266. 267. 288. 
 
 290. 
 
 Manfgexiaka, ... - ()2_ 
 
 Manufactures of Indoftan, - 409.413. 
 Manufcripts of lialiern writers, - 106. 167., 
 
 168. l6y. 171. 180. 183. 193. 208. 210. 
 
 221. 222. 237. 257. 258. 285. 2S6. 289, 
 290. 293. 301. 
 Majialam, ----- jsi.. 
 
 Maravars, - - . - . 227. 
 
 Marcti, purgunnah, ... 286. 
 Marhat, fon of Di can. See the fabulous hif- 
 
 tory of the Hindoos in n<jle .\x x. page 
 
 209. 210. 
 Marriages of the Hindoos contrafted by the 
 
 parents durmg tlie earliell infancy of their 
 
 children, - - - . . 162. 
 Marts, Englifh, 40. 47- 64. 84. 86. 293. 334. 
 
 415. 416". 
 -l/ff/Tar, rajah of, ... 251. 
 
 Maruar, ... - - 85_ 
 MajUpalam, - 273. See Metchlepatam. 
 JIallinberg, the, an I^aft Indiaman, - 213. 
 ! Maditl'
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Jlaftiff dog, intended tor tlie Mogul, - 356. 
 Mnjiilipatam. See Metchlqyatam. 
 Matchlocks, - - - 3S. 66. 417. 
 INIatelief, the Dutch Admiral, - 2~1. 
 
 Matora, 184. 
 
 Matt lira, ISp. 
 
 IMatzuyher, general of Hatavia, - 2/7. 
 Mauhabat Cawn, - - - 170. 
 
 Waunds, ----- 057. 
 
 Mdiirilius, ifle, - - - - 170". 
 
 Mauzum, Mahomed, fulfnn, fou of .\u»'eTig- 
 
 zebc, generally called i'ultan Mauzum, 17. 
 
 18. 10. 20. 2j'. 28. 29. 31. 51. 6S. 7'^. 76. 
 
 77. 93. .99. 101. 103. 104. 107. 110. 132. 
 
 103, 134. 142. 144. 146. 147. 148. 150. 
 
 151. 16s. 179- 195. 196. 224. 2(i5. ■266. 
 
 267. 280". 307. 308. 
 
 Maiagong, 32. 42. 57. 64,60". 70. 71. 96. 97. 
 
 98. 100. 107. 109. 113. 117. 121. 135. 
 
 Mecca, called the Port, - 13. 250. 325. 36l. 
 
 371.383. 
 IMechanics of the IIindo®s, - - 405. 
 Medaporc, - - - - 372. 373. 
 
 Medi Jaffeir, the governor of Mocha, • 327. 
 ^Mediccan Venus, the form of the Indian 
 
 women afford the linoft hints of, - 466. 
 Meere Mahumet Tuckey, - - 326. 
 Meiiduh, - - - -. - 107. 
 
 Mikran, 337. 
 
 Mekker, circar of, - - _ 057 
 
 Mt leek, governor of Tiiana, - 217. 
 
 Mclce .Amber, - - - - S,6^. 
 Men, women, and children, fold for flaves, 
 
 39. 96. 
 INIenefes, Don Manuel de, - 376.-377. 378. 
 
 379- 380. 
 ]Merchant's Hope, the, an Eall Indiaman, 
 
 375. 
 Mcrd.ye, circar, - - - - 184. 
 
 jl/cWc^, a fufng fort, - - 114.119 
 Mitc/i/cpafaiii, Mdfidipatam, 41. 62. 120. 156'. 
 172. 204. 206. 212. 213. 229. 272. 273. 
 Mher ul Nifla, or the fun of women, wife of 
 
 Shere Afkuii, 186, See Noor Jehan, and 
 
 Noor Mahil. 
 
 Miaiia, a town in Perfia, - - 172. 
 
 Middleton, Lord, - - - 270. 
 
 fir Henry, - 321. .322. 323. 324. 
 
 325. 326. 328. 337. 343. 345. 
 
 375. 
 
 Miglity Secrets. - 245. See Oupnekhat. 
 
 Mi/lie, river, - - - - 104. 
 
 MildenallJohn, - - » 341.34.2. 
 
 Military art, in Indoflan, - - 41". 
 Mihtary at Bombay, 130. See Bombay gar- 
 
 rifoM. 
 Military tranfaCtions of the Brililh nation in 
 Indoftan, - 3. 6. 235. 281. ,297. 415. 
 Militia of Bombay, 114. See Bombay gar- 
 
 rifon. 
 Milk, the fuppofed amertam or nedlar of the 
 gods of India, - - - - 469. 
 
 Milton, the poet, quoted, - - 406. 
 Mincliui, captain, - - - - SO. 
 
 Mirat AUum, or the mirror of the world, 
 
 167. 
 Mirat ul Waridat, or the mirror of occur- 
 rences, ----- 167. 
 Mirdijc, ----- 294. 
 Mirza Amin, fccretary to Aurengzebe, - 167. 
 Callim, author of Rufe Namma, - 167. 
 llolTein, fon of .Miph Jah, . - 187. 
 MiOi, fon of Afiph Jah, - 187. 
 Morad, - 187. See Chaeft Khan. 
 Mirzas, or lords of theiirovinces ot Indoftan, 
 
 252. 3S5. 
 
 Mirzcoii, river, - - 52. 9^- l64. 
 
 town, - - 35. 52. 174. 175. 
 
 Mifery, Siddee, - - - 113.114. 
 
 Mij'ure. See Mijirc. 
 
 Millionaries, the, abound in necroniances, 
 
 200. 
 Mocha, - - 321.324.325.326.327. 
 Mocrib Caun,. governor of Surat, - 320. 32?. 
 323. 341. 343. 345. 346. 356. 360. 366. 
 Mvgduunabad, - - - 294. 295. 
 
 Mogdoun Saved Mahomed Guefouderage, 
 apir, orfaint, - - - 294.295. 
 Mogedine, fultan, fon of Mahomed Mauzum, 
 
 151. 
 Mocui. meaning Aurengzebe, when per- 
 fonally ading or affefted, - 27. 31. 40. 61. 
 91. 109. Il6ri28. 129. 133. 149. 155. 157. 
 158. Thefe references are likewifo in- 
 cluded under Aurengzebe. 
 Mqctu, when meaning the emperor in ge- 
 neral as king or fovereign, - 7 ■ 10. 32. 2a. 
 ■^6. .39. 43. 44. 54. 55. 57. 59. 61. 6i. 66. 
 74. 91. 105. 112. 114. 115. 123. 128. 133. 
 141. 142. 143. 145. 146. I49. 157. I60. 
 168. 177. 202. 204. 205. 215. 222. 223. 
 232. 297. 306. 319. 320- 322. 323. 328. 
 329. 332. 333. 341. 345. 346. S:^6. 362. 
 364. 366. 367. 36s. 372. 373. 386. .397. 
 398. 300. .100. 401. 412. 41-].. 415. 438. 
 
 45.7. 458. 
 AIOGUI.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Mogul empire, 3. 21. H'-V l67. \7'2. 1*3. 
 
 17;)- 
 MoGrL, mentions relating to Ins Ad- 
 min istraTIOn and govern- 
 ment, 
 aiubaflador, - - . 235. 
 council, - - . ijo. 
 ceurt, - 125. 128. 320. 321. 028. 
 
 362. 
 dynaftj-, - - - 211. 
 government in general, 84. 128. 
 158. 305. 341. 
 at Sural, - 82. 128. 
 governor of Diul, - - 340. 
 Pilliavir, - 4f). 
 
 Jenneah, - 195. 
 governors of Sural, - ()3. 
 
 officers, - - 319. 334. 346". 
 prefent, ... so'j.. 
 purveyors, - - - 34..5. 
 
 ieraglio, - - - 321. 
 fnbalis of Ihe Decan, - 93. 
 fubjects, - - 13.73.341. 
 Mogul, nuniions relating to his Do- 
 minion. 
 country, 77. 183. 223. 324. 328. 
 349. 365. 367. 368. 
 knds, - . - - 15. 
 ports, - - - 367. 414. 
 territoiy, - - - 51. 
 Mogul, mentions relating to his Fleet. 
 admiral, - - 10. 133. 
 
 licet, - 27. 29. 35. 36. 38. 54. 64. 
 114. 115. 116. 117. 119. 121. 
 126. 133. 134. 135. 
 frigates, ... 33. 
 
 fliips, - - - 64. 65. 66. 
 title to wrecks, - - 219. 
 vcfl'els (called the king's), - 29. 
 Mogul, mentions relating to his Wau- 
 
 FAUE. 
 
 army, 17. 18. 37- 53. 67- 84. 114. 
 
 li6. 133. 134. 149. 152. 153. 
 
 156. 159. 160. 161. 195. 202. 
 296. 330. 341. 343. 
 camp, - . 7. 47. 195. 
 
 cavalry, - - 132. l63. 
 encampment, - - 161. 
 forces, - - . Co. 126. 
 general, - - (io. 160. 
 
 general's horfe, - 24. 66. I60. 
 ftations ... 89. 
 
 foklicry, - - - 18. 
 
 .Mogul troops, 10. 16. 18. 47. 72. 00. 101. 
 115- 142. 145. 157. 161. 16;;, 
 
 304. 
 MoGirLs, emperor of the, - - ia6. 
 Moguls, meaning their fovereigntv in India^ 
 4. 5. .50. 158. 212. 301.' 36 1. 4.57. 
 Mogul's mother, - - - - .-325. 
 Mogul's fon, - w , . oo5_ 
 
 Mo/ii/n, idand of, - - - 3^2. 378. 
 Mohurs gold, .... 104. 
 
 Molana Shah, - - . . 04.0. 
 
 Moluiuhi, territory, - . . i;?,). 
 
 Momhazr, port ot', . - . 3-j). 
 
 Monghif, fort, - . - oqi. oq.^^ 
 
 Monopoly of the trade to India, by the Dutch. 
 
 271. 
 Monotheifm, - - 241.242.243.244. 
 
 IMonfoon, 41. 42. 49. 64. 107. HO. 113. 150. 
 
 203. 350. 461. 
 
 Monftrous abufes of the forms of jultice iit 
 
 Indoftan, - - , - - 448. 
 
 Montcfquieu, - - . . ^ti'o". 
 
 Moodapah, bramin, - - - 147. 
 
 Moorifli captains, ... i'^ri. 
 
 government, - - - 341. 
 
 governor of San Thome, - 30. 
 
 Moors, 32. 41. II7. 234. 268. 269. 306.397. 
 
 418. 421. 422. 423. 424. 425. 427. 428. 
 
 431. 432. 435. 438. 439. 440. 442. 443. 
 
 444. 451. 452. 
 
 Moor fliip, 417. 
 
 Morad Buklh, - 171- SeeCawn Bukih. 
 
 fullan, brother of Anrengzebe, - 73. 
 
 187. I89. 190. 191. 192. 
 
 Morah Pundit, Sevagi's principal general, 
 
 and firft minirter, - 27- 29. 44. 46. 55. .57. 
 
 64. 66. 70. 84. 85. 87. 90. 95. ()6. 222. 
 
 223. 234. 
 MoRATTOE, country, 6. 41. 211. 212. 2.56". 
 
 263. 265. 
 
 creed, - - - 211. 
 
 cutlom, - - - 143. 
 
 government, - 114. l64. 2.<)S. 
 
 30.?. 304. 
 
 governor of Porto Novo, II6. 
 
 individual, - - 143. 
 
 language, - 41.210.211.303. 
 
 nation, - 6.41.171. 178- 180. 
 
 181.210.235.237.257.297. 
 
 301. 
 
 religion, - - 45. 211. 
 
 fovereignly, - 45. 235. 
 
 ftate, - - r 303. 
 
 ^loRATTOES
 
 INDEX. 
 
 MoRATTOEs in War. 
 
 
 boats, 
 
 134 
 
 cavalry, 
 
 .91. .92 
 
 detachments, 
 
 - 160. l6l 
 
 foot, . 
 
 123 
 
 '29-i: 
 
 184. 
 289. 
 21 6. 
 
 goncrals, - 15.5. l6o. iGl. 233. 
 
 horfe, 84. 123. 157. l()3. 225. 
 
 220". 2(i2. 
 
 troop.':, mentioned or implied, 
 
 8. U<). 146. l60. 16"1. 302. 
 
 3Q3. 
 
 Mofes, the books of, - 041.- 244. 253. 
 
 Mofques, - - 75. 152. 215. 2l6'. 2.93. 
 
 Moudgal, purguniiab, - - 280". 287. 
 
 Mouiilaiu rat, Sevagi compared to, - 'IGZ. 
 
 Moufafcr Khan, - 
 
 Movjlaphabiid, circar (/. c. Dabiil), - 
 Mouzafcrnagar, circar, - - . 
 IMulhihs, or priefis, - - - 
 Mujniah al Barhain, i.e. tlie uniting of both 
 
 leas, 238. 
 
 Multan, province, - - - 7G. lyo. 
 MumlazaZemani, the moft exulted of the age, 
 
 187. 188. 
 JMunchuas, boats, - - - 80. 82. 
 MunJcvns, ----- 357. 
 IMundii, author of .Alumguirnama, - I66. 
 Jlunrtii Maliommed Kalm ben Mahonimen 
 Aniin, - . . - . 166. 
 Miinful)bar, . . - . 4.02. 
 
 JMunfurally Cawn, ... 415. 
 Mvfiat, - 45. 120. 127. 150. 337. 338. 
 Mufcovite empire, - - . ygy. 
 IMufiuhnanifm, - - - - 459. 
 IMun'ulmen, - - - 255.293.294. 
 Muxadarad, the capital of Bengal, 405. 449- 
 MuJbrCjMifurc, kingdom, ()3. 141. 155. 15(). 
 157. 175. 234.301. 399. 
 
 Niibichadoiiroiik, circar of, - 183. 
 
 Nabob, - 157. 202. 3i3. 344.349.351. 
 
 354. 397. 398. 3.99. 400. -JOl. 402. 
 
 416. 424. 440. 441. 441. 447. -148. 
 
 Naboljfhip, - - - 
 
 Madu- Shah, - 
 JS^agar Parkar, a village, 
 ISaib, Nabob, 
 Isaigues or lieutenants, 
 Naiques, - 228. 231 
 Naldourouck, circar, 
 Naraniqtiere, - - - 
 
 Narangi Pundit, Sevagi's general, 
 Marranfinav, _ - . 
 
 167. 
 
 154. 
 See 
 
 184. 
 353. 
 403. 
 449. 
 451. 
 415. 
 337. 
 336. 
 400. 
 231. 
 
 ifiS. 
 334. 
 
 227. 
 
 Maigucs. 
 
 289. 296. 
 
 335. 
 
 - 223. 
 221. 222. 
 
 'Karjiiigak, 231. 
 
 Narwaal. See the fabulous hiftory of the 
 
 HukUios in note xxix. p^ige '.?0<>. 2U). 
 Naflereddin, fiouridied in 126"l, the lahiesof, 
 
 217. 
 Kafir, or Naffick Tirmeck, - 113. 143. 285. 
 ^^aj'urabad, - . - - - 286". 
 Native powers of fndia, - - 193. 
 Navarettc, father, - 91. 200. 203. 204. 205. 
 
 206. 
 
 liis credulity, - - 200. 
 
 Navigators of India, ... .57. 
 
 Nuucuri, . - - . . 263. 
 
 Natifcnj, 37'2. 
 
 NazerljRg, the Perfian, - 338. 339. 358. 
 
 Nazir Bmhtar Chan, a man of letters, author. 
 
 of iNIirat Allum, - - - iQj^ 
 
 Nazir Jing, - - - - 415.427. 
 
 Necromancies, the miffionaries abound in 
 
 them, - - - - . ^>oo. 
 
 Negapatam, - - - 227. 228. 231. 
 
 Negociations, 81. &3. 101. 106. II6. 140. 151. 
 
 Neguta/i, river, - 38. 72. 81. 82. 83. 87. 88. 
 
 107. 111. 112. 113. 114. 117. 126. 238. 
 
 268. 
 Ndnre, . - - - 30. 63. 227. 
 
 Nerbeddah, river, 5. 145. 205. 210. 287. 343. 
 Nerengal, ----- 286. 
 Nergoimda, ----- 289. 
 Nei-iad, a mart, - . . 334.. 343. 
 Ncic-Holla/id, - - - _ 4.57. 
 Newport, Chriftopher, captain of the Expe- 
 dition, - - - . . 37j_ 
 New Years Ciift, an Eaftlndiaman, - 375. 
 Niccannec.s, . - . . 288. 
 
 Nizanialmuluck, or regulator of the country, 
 170. 171. 225. 39s. 399. 424. 
 Noah. See the fabulous hiltory of the Hin- 
 doos, in note xxix. page 20;). 210. 
 Nobavah Mounir, or fplendid intelligence, 
 
 168. 
 Nohuda, fupra cargo of the Rchemv, - 326". 
 Noor Jeliaii, emprel's, or light of the world, 
 
 ISO". 187. 
 INIahil, the light of the foraglio, IsC. 
 
 365. 
 Northern, coaft above the Concan, - 77. 
 provinces of Coromandel, - 3. 
 territory dependant on Goa, mean- 
 ing under Baffein and Daman, 
 
 145. 
 Nofes cutoff iiT outrage, - - 112. 
 NoTi;s to the IhsrouiCAL Fk.icmemt.s, 
 
 165. 
 Naurdttbar,
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Nnunhihar, ----- ^ 2.57. 
 
 ■ Aouigal, i>urpuiuiuli, - - 2S6. 287- 
 
 Is'ourchirvau, king of Pcifia, - 182. 
 
 Kunny.gaut, - - ' ' . ^97- 
 
 0<!enc, fiiiir, of PiiuU, fiouiiflied in 1300, 
 
 2l6. 217. 
 Omrali, Omnilis, 11. 21. O'S. 159. 2.}^. 2-iO. 
 
 307. 359. 
 OofTer Khan, - - - - 156". 
 
 Oppreflion of the government of Indoftan, 
 
 450. 
 
 Oiankoys, principal lords of Bantaru, - 118. 
 
 Ordeal trial, in boiling oil, - - 200. 
 
 Origin of famous nu-n and places, always an 
 
 objeacifcuriofity, - - - 229. 
 
 Oiigiu of the con>pany's eftabliftiment 
 
 at I'antam, lfi03, - - - 277- 
 
 Bengal, l6:i6, - • - 128. 
 
 Bombay, I6'(i2, - - - 23. 
 
 Broacli, lO'lO", - - 371. 372. 
 
 Calcutta, - - 118.284.285. 
 
 Callicut, ifiU), - - - .371. 
 
 Madrafs, lO"40, - 62.229-230. 
 
 Surat, lO'OS, - - 288. 319. 
 
 Orixa, - - - - - - 5. 
 
 Orme, Mr. his origin.al nianufcripts now in 
 
 the library of thu honourable Ea(t India 
 
 company,"- '- - 171.239.281. 
 
 Ormcporc, ----- 372. 
 
 Ormus, - 217. 337. .3.58. 359- 3S2. 386. 
 Oliander, the, an Kaft Indianian, - 327. 375. 
 ('(/f/f, province of, - - - 415. 
 Ouclipore, - - - - 99-3/3. 
 
 Omitkoiir, - - - - - 289. 
 
 Oviugton, lic'lievcs a prediAion, - 200. 26'7. 
 Oupnekhat of M'. Anquetil du Perron, tranf- 
 latcd out of Ihe S.uifcrit language, mean- 
 ing, the feirel not to be revealed, - 239- 
 240. 243. 244. See note li. page 238. 
 to 250. 
 O.xentien, Mr. Henry, 43. 44. 88. 136. 213. 
 214. 215. 222.260. 
 
 ■pacts, Adrian, - - - - 272. 
 Pagan, militia at Bombay, - - 33. 
 
 Pag'jda.s, meaning templee, 73. 75. 133. 226". 
 VaLundti, - - - - - 226. 
 :I'ulaiikin, fent by the king of Golcondah to 
 Sevfigi, covered with plates of gold, kc. 60. 
 I'uliar, river, - - 63. 158, 16O. 226. 
 Valikomlak, ... - 226. 
 
 Palm tree of India, - - 470.471- 
 I'aniiura, CO9. 
 
 Pnnniln, near Daman, - 55. 71- 259- 
 
 ranncla, of Viziapore, 7. 8. 9. 22. 77. 84. 87. 
 
 95. 96. 104. 105. 114. 155. 158. 161. 163. 
 
 183. 295. 
 Panvidl, - - - 10. Jl. 237. 238. 
 Papa tree, - - - - - 470. 
 Paper kite, Chagnah taken by one, 11. 193- 
 rurkur. See Kogar Parkar. 
 Varnala, - - - - 183. 184. 
 
 Panid, - ■ - - - - 183. 
 
 Pamela, - 182. 259- 270. See Paniiela. 
 Ptiniir, - - - - - 183. 
 
 Pdiopaiiil/us, mountains, - - 457. 
 Pafs, pari'ports, - - - 129. 135. 
 
 Pah; .----. 379. 
 Patiia, city, - - 4.201.202.207. 
 province, . - - - 399. 
 
 Patri, 172. 
 
 Pautkaes, 2O9. 
 
 Pavilions of Aiircngzebe, - 102.266. 
 Pazclce Gur, a fort and town, 104. 105. 267. 
 
 268. 269. 
 Pelham, the, an Eaft Indiaman, - 420. 436. 
 
 454. 
 Pcnar, river, - - - - 63. 226. 
 Pcnigondah, a caftle, - - 226. 227. 
 Pcnwfitia of India, - - 5. 69. 227. 
 
 Pam, river, 22. 24. 38. 70. 72. 88. 111. 1 16, 
 
 1 26. 237. 
 Peimkonda, ----- 226. 
 Pepper, - . - - . 209. 
 P(;i)per-corn, the, an Eaft Indiaman, - 326. 
 
 375. 
 Pepwell, captain of the James, - 376. 377. 
 
 Percollaes, 209. 
 
 Periphis I\Iaris Erythrai, imputed to the 
 
 fecond century, - - - 218. 
 
 PERSI.4, 20. 21. 32. 42. 6S. 139. 1*9- 172. 
 
 177- 1.95. 217. 293. 321. 336. 337. 349. 
 
 357. 358. 381. 382. 383. 385. 386. 387. 
 
 415. 416. 457. 458.459. 
 
 government of, - - 219- 
 
 gulph of, - 13.45.82.21.9.319- 
 
 337. 360. 
 
 horfe, - - - 262. 293. 
 
 king of, 150. 1 82. 292. 3.>9. 384. 
 
 385. 3S6- 387. 388. 3Sy. 3.90. 
 
 ports of, . - _ 3j8. 
 
 Perfian, Perfians, - 21. 337- 338. 359. ^22. 
 
 geographers, - - - 196. 
 
 verlion of the Oupnekhat, in the 
 
 Britilh Mufcuni, - - 239. 
 
 Pcrfic hillorians, - - - - 180. 
 
 language, I69. 180. 236.239. 2-15. 264. 
 
 Peru,
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Peru, 470. 
 
 Perwaniiali, . . - . - CS4. 
 
 Pefgouri, Mdkal, - - - 2.96. 
 
 Peftilence, Sultan INIauzum's camp afflicted 
 
 by, .... W'i. 15()'. 
 
 Peteraroes, ... - 104. 
 
 Petit, Mr. one of the company's faftors, 7v!. 
 
 127- 128. 129. 130. 135. 137. 138. 
 
 Pettipnl/i/, fadory, - - - 2IJ. 
 
 Pevton, captain, of tlie Expedition, 36'8. 375. 
 
 Philippines, .... 203. 
 
 Philofophers ftone, the Mahomedans fpeud 
 
 money in queft of, - - - 200 
 
 Phirmaunds, from the Mogul to the Eafc 
 
 India company, - 128. I29. 332. 341. 
 
 342. 343. 363. 366. 3/1. 372. 374. 
 
 from the Mogul to Petit and 
 
 Boucher, .... 136. 
 
 from Saiubagi, for the trade in 
 
 tlie Gingee country, 11 6. 
 
 Phoufdar, or governor, 282. 283. 40 1. 402. 
 
 403. 450. 
 
 of Carwar, - 36'. 
 
 Sambagi's, on the main, 108. 
 
 Vilcundah, 234. See Vokondah. 
 
 Pilgrims, tax levied on them, - 285. 
 
 Pinna, C/iuukna, fort, - - - 26. 
 
 Pir, or Saint, " ' T " ^^*- 
 
 piracy, encouraged by Sevagi, - 10. 
 
 Pirates, Malabar, . - - 77. 
 
 Pi/havir, - - - 21. 49. 67. 68. 
 
 Pitan, Pitans, tribes of Pilhavir and Cabal, 
 
 21. 224. 236. 237- 
 
 war of, 25. 49. 67. 68. 76. 106. 
 
 Pitan, animpollor, - - - 50. 
 
 BuUal Khan, minirter and general of 
 
 Viziapore, . - - 76. 
 
 Teaver Cawn, - - - 102. 
 
 two belonging to the Sid-dee, 121. 
 
 l>itt, Mr. I'-^S- 
 
 Plantain tree, . - - - 470. 
 Pole tax. See Capitation tax. 
 Politeuefs and Ceremonies of the Moors, 425. 
 Pollum, 402. See Polygar. 
 Polygars of Coromandel, 160. 202. 402. 
 
 Pondah, 22. 38. 40. 44. 51. HI. 123. 124. 
 
 155. 197. 220. 
 
 Poo7iaA,capi.talof the Morattoes,146. 197.237. 
 
 Pope, the, - - - - 382. 388. 
 
 Porto Novo, - 62. 116. 137,29.9. 
 
 Morattoe governor of, lib. 
 
 Porus, - - - 6. 182. 459. 
 
 PoBTUGAJ., crown of, - 23. 79- 
 
 gentry of, - - 23. 
 
 king of, - - - 361. 
 
 P0RTUGAI-, princefsof, Katherine, queen otf 
 
 Charles II. - 23. 
 
 PouTiiouESii, the, meauiiiii theirOovERX- 
 
 MENT or people in India, 8. 22. 27. 28. 
 
 30. 35. .37. 39- 40. 41. 45. 52. 54. 71. 
 
 7«. 81. 82. 111. 112. 115. 122. 123. 124. 
 
 126. 127. 133. 134. 1.36. 141. 198. 202. 
 
 205. 207. 211. 215. 218. 220.221.227. 
 
 2.30. 238. 277. 320. 321. 322. 329. -3.33. 
 
 337. 338. 340. 341. 343. 344. 347- 349. 
 
 3.57. 358. 359. 360. 361. 365. 366. 368. 
 
 376. 371. 3/8. 379. '-iSS. 336. 
 
 Portuguese, their Country, diftricU, 
 
 territory in India, exprelfed 
 
 or implied of Baffein, 45. 40'. 
 
 71.95. 126. 141. 142. 264. 
 
 Daman, 53.95.126.141.204. 
 
 town of Chaul, - IO9. 
 
 See BafTein, Chaul, Daman, Goa. 
 
 Portuguese, iheir Marine. 
 
 armada, 21 9. 320. 321. 323. 
 
 349. 353. 354. 355. 068. 
 
 boats, - - - 124. 
 
 fleet, 123. 207. 329.330.331. 
 
 347. 349. 350. 35 1.355. 36S. 
 
 frigates, 126. 327. 328. 33:^. 
 
 348. 351. 352. 3.')3. 3.J4. 
 
 gallions, 329. 331. 332.337. 
 
 347.348.349.350.353.355. 
 
 gallivats, - 46. 320. 
 
 grabs, - - iliiJ. 
 
 junks, - - 351. 352. 
 
 ftiips, 120. 324. 347. 369.376. 
 
 Portuguefe governor of Bafiein, - II6. 
 
 government of Surat, 320. 37 1 . 
 
 Jefuits, 61.292.333.34I.344.366. 
 
 trade, - - 145. .v»7l. 
 
 Pourib. See tlie fabulous hidory of the 
 
 Hindoos in Note .xxix. page 209. 2I.'>. 
 
 Puiinia liver, ... IS4. 
 
 Powel, Michael, brother of fir Thomas, 359. 
 
 firThomas, 3.36. 337. 338. 358.359- 
 
 hiswuiow, - 359. 
 
 Prcdidions believed in India, - 200. 
 
 Prelidency, Engliih, at Sural. See Surat. 
 
 Prtridcijt,tlie Kaft Indiaman. 120. i?13. 
 
 Pretender to the throne, as king of Indoftan, 
 
 50. 68. 298. 
 
 Prince, meaning fultan Mauzum, 17. 
 
 Hindoo princes, 6. 
 
 Priuli, - - - - - 216. 
 
 Property in Indoftan, fubjeft to opprefTions, 
 
 451, 
 Prophet, no tribe without aprophet or bible, 
 
 242. 243. 
 3 S Brovidencej,
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Providence, 
 Pfalnis, the, 
 Pultkafte, • 
 Punamalee, 
 Pundits, 
 Purchas, - 
 
 044. 
 241. 244. 
 61- 228. 
 157. 158. l60. 
 24!. 
 277. 326. 34.9. 359. 36'0. 
 
 Pvrgjtnnahs, ordiftricls, 183, 184. 221.257 
 258. 286. 28t)'. 287. 289. 293. 
 
 RadclifiFelibmry, Oxford, - 166.238. 
 liadriiport; on tlie river Kutch, 334. 336. 
 liailiricpurc, - » . - 373. 
 
 Rachtiii forts, - - - 146". 
 
 Ruibtnig, the purgunnabs of, 184. 258. 287. 
 
 294. 
 •Raiment, very little ufed in India, 47. 
 
 Raimoiili, ----- 286. 
 Raiice, Rari, 22. 24. 25. 26. 27. 30. 31. 
 34. 35. 37. 38. 39. 40. 47. ft2. .53. 
 54. 55. 58. 60. 63. 64. 69. 71. 76. 
 77. 81. 84. 85. 87. 88. 89. 90. 92. 
 95. 96. 104. 10(5. 107. 109. 110. 
 115. 116. 117. 119. 120. 126. 134. 
 140. 143. 145. 146. 214. 215. 221. 
 223. 234. 358. 287. 
 government of, - - 108. 
 
 Rajah, of Abnir, Jyling, - 13. 15. 
 
 Arracan, - - 49. 192. 
 
 Rerar, ... 84. 
 
 Bulbul, - - - 335. 
 
 Chitore, - - 6. 75. 182. 
 
 Ghonr, - - 27. 28. 
 
 Jefl'wont Sing, vvho is likewift 
 meant by tlie Rajah of Marwar 
 and .louilpore, - - 75. 85. 
 Myfore, - - - 141. 
 
 Rainnagnr, - - - 27. 28. 
 Serinap;iir, - - - i_q<^. 
 Sundah, - . . ]"i4. 
 See Abnir, Chitore, .TelTttrint Sing, 
 Joudporc, Jj'fing, Marwar, Raj- 
 poot, Ramfiiig, Raiiah. 
 Rajahs in general, 170. 171. 182. 264. 268. 
 269. 270. 397. 398. 
 M.-ihoirif'd Sadick's army from 
 Golcondah, - - 16O. 
 Sultan Manzum's army, 18. 
 
 between Rajapore and Mirzeou, 
 
 35. 
 
 petty, - - - 73. 103. 
 
 rajpootf, ... 100. 
 
 Ranah, lord of the, 35. 40. 75. 
 
 263. 269. 270. 
 
 Rajuhfliifs in general, - - 74. 95- 
 
 Rajaporc, dift'mft from Dunda Rajapore, 
 
 22. 25. 26. 35. 56. 08. 40. 44. 51. 
 
 53. 64. 88. 111. 12(». 133. 137.145. 
 
 150. 174. 175. 222. 259. 260. 
 
 records, - - 259. 260. 
 
 river of, - - - 22. 
 
 meaning Dunda Rajapore, p. 
 
 Rajpoot, general of Joudpore, - 103. 
 
 nation, - - . po, 
 
 officer, - - . 106. 
 
 princes, - . - 265, 
 
 rajahs, - - 100. 266. 
 
 tribes, - - - 6. 267, 
 
 Rajpoots, 6. 45. 74. 75. 76. 85. 98. 99. 
 
 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 106. 142. 182, 
 
 267. 269. 335. 336. 357. 
 
 Ramali, ----- 286. 
 
 Ramdeo, fort, - - - - 113. 
 
 Rfitmiagvr, - - - - 27. 28. 171, 
 
 Raainaut Cavvn, a Mogul general, I16. I17. 
 
 119. 120. 
 Ramragro, . , - . 225. 
 
 Ram Raj.ah, fon of Sevagi, 95. 105. 225. 
 
 260. 270. 
 Ramfnig, fon of Jyfing, - 75. 255. 
 
 Ranah, or lord of the rajahs, 35. 40. 75. 
 or lord of the rajahs of Chitore, 75. 
 76. 85. 86. 99." 100. 104. 106. 107. 
 Rnolkoudah, diamond mines, - 226. 
 Rat of India, Sevagi compared to, 263. 254. 
 Raijim iori, - - - 60.221.222. 
 
 Rebellion, Kaloundgi, Rajah, his, 171. 
 
 Rebels, - - 170.204.301.304. 
 
 ofBombay, 132.134.135.137.138. 
 Records belonging to tlie Kail India Com- 
 pany, - - - 181.2.'«. 298. 
 Rvd Sea, fliips trading to the, 82, 323. 324. 
 
 337. .'^45. .371. 
 
 Reflections in favour of ChrilHanity and 
 
 Liberty, - - - - 454. 
 
 Rehemy, the, an Indian fhip, the largrft on 
 
 the leas of India, ;i25. 326. 346. 361; 
 
 Religious Rites of the Morattoes, 21'!'. 
 
 Revenge frigate, - - 79- 80. 134i 
 
 Revenues of the Decan, as rated in rhft 
 
 king's books, - 1«S. 401.4U. #141 
 
 Ribeim, 198. 
 
 Rice, eafily digefted, - 404. 405. 46i<, 
 liar\erts lometinics fail in India, 4701 
 Rickloffe Van Goen 30. 32. 33. 41. 42. 46'. 
 his fon, - 207. 
 
 Rik Ved, the word of God, - 24^. 
 
 Rol*er?, bands ol', . - - • J^. 
 
 Rodiclte, 176. 
 
 •Rttchefler, lord, - - - - ■ - 272. 
 
 Roe,
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Roe, fir Thomas, IS?. dOl.sGz. 363. 364. 
 
 365. 366. 367. 368. 369. 371. 
 
 .372. 373. 374. 373. 380. 3.S1. 
 
 his articles of trade demanded 
 
 of the Mogul, - 367. 
 
 Rohilla Cawn, Ramaaut Cawn's lieutenant 
 
 general, - - - - IIS. 159. 
 
 Rome, a furprifing piece of cannon call by 
 
 an Italian of, at Viziapore, - 291- 
 
 Room, chiefs of, ... 050. 
 
 Rofe Namnia, bj' Mirza Cafliin, - 167. 
 
 Roufe, tir C. W.Bout^hloi!, 169. 245. 251. 
 
 '256. See authorities. 
 Royal power, . - - - c>i)S. 
 Roys of the provinces of Indoftaii, 2.J2. 
 
 Ruder, Darali's prayer to, - - 245. 
 defcription of, - - 249. 
 
 Rupees, ftruck by Noor Jehaii, - 186. 
 
 Rtijlja, 389. 
 
 Ruftum Roy, the king of Golcoudah'a general, 
 
 147. 152. 
 Ray Freyre, an ofllcer of reputation, 368. 
 
 369. 
 
 Sacred animals of religion, - - S6. 
 
 writings of the Hindoos. 249- See 
 
 Bedes. 
 
 Sadrafs, . . . . 30.63.228. 
 
 Safeguards, Sevagi's, a few trufty men, 58. 
 
 Saiflt John Baptift, a French ftiip, 177. 
 
 John's headland, - - 138. 
 
 Helena, jfland, - - . 6"5. 
 
 Sakhar fort, ... - 296. 
 
 Salam Koornis,orlow obeifance, 283. 284. 
 
 Salaicaiik, 228. 
 
 Salctite lUand, near Bombay, 33. 39. 44. 71. 
 55. 110. 132. 134. 142. 212. 2l6. 217. 
 
 220. 237. 264. 
 
 Saldaiiia bair, - - - - 337. 
 
 Suler Mule?, - - 22. 26. 27. 257. 
 
 Salcre garrifon, - - - - 234. 
 
 Sale's tranllation of the Koran - 245. 
 
 Salomon, an Kaft Indiuman, - 375. 
 
 Sambagi, Sambagee,./«« and fucceflbr of 
 
 Sevagi, 54. 76. 77. 84. 87. 9>. 
 
 96. 97. 98. 104. 105. 106. 109. 
 
 110. 112. 113. U4. 116. 117. 119- 
 
 120. 122.123. 124. 125. 127- 132. 
 
 134. 135. 136. 140. 141. 142. 143. 
 
 145.146. 147. 149. l.M). 151.154. 
 
 155. 158. 159. 161. 1G2. 163. 179- 
 
 223. 235.259.261.268. 269.270. 
 
 300. 303. 305. 
 
 his invincible courage, and deatii, 
 
 164. 306. 
 
 Sambagi, his defoys in' Suadah and Carwar, 
 
 145. 
 embafi'ador to Bombay, 11 6. 
 
 phoukiar, or governor oa the 
 main, - . - 108. 
 
 relating to his Country. 
 ccafts, - - - 119. 
 
 country, IO9. 110. 123. 268. 
 
 frontiers, - - - 1 14. 
 
 mountains, - - 107. 
 
 fhores, - - - 112. 
 
 relating to his Wau. 
 army, . _ . 124. 
 
 force, . . - 123. 
 
 infantry, ... \^^, 
 See under iVIorattoes, after page 95. 
 relating to liis Fleet. 
 admiral iu tliief. - - 114. 
 
 fleet, 98. 107. 110. 119. 145. 
 galhvats, - - - 126. 
 Sameaci, brother of Sevagi, - 302. 
 Sanibolc, the Siddee, admiral and command- 
 er in chief of the ftate. The references 
 include the mentions that are made of 
 him, either by his title of Siddee, or by 
 his proper name. 31. 35. 38. 39. 41. 44. 
 53. 54. 55. 57. 64. 65. 66. 113. 
 Sambrooke, fir Jeremy, - - 272. 
 
 Sanioiiii, - . - . 369. 370. 
 
 Sauiplon, the, an Eaft Indiamau, 213. 
 Sam \'L'd, tho word of God chaunted with 
 niufic, - ... - 2\2. 
 Saiigamner, ... - ^85. 
 
 Saiigua.ll.er, . . - - i'2ii. 
 
 Sanorahs, - - - - 25 4. 
 
 Sanoiir, . _ _ , . 289. 
 
 Sanicrit language, 211. 23.9. 243. 245. 249. 
 6'a/i7'/io»(<,30.4S.6l. 173. 174. 176.227.228. 
 Santogee, Santogi Row, - 155. 156. 15;). 
 Saow, father of Sevagi, a powerful Zeniinriur. 
 170. 302. See Shah-Ci. 
 Sarala, - - - - - 184. 
 Hardanapalus, - - - . 46'6. 
 Saris, captain, - - 324. 325. 326. 
 
 Stclara, purgunnahs of, - - 184. 
 
 5u/ayaA, fortrefs of, 37. 11 1.1 1 4. 119.126.1 55. 
 Say, Mr. an interloper, - - 127. 
 
 SCHAil Ai:bas II. - - - 20. 21. 
 meant by Sophy of Perfia. 
 21. Set Shuh. 
 SciiAii Jehan. SecShah Jehau. 
 Hchamlial river, - - - - 20. 
 
 Schewiizer, his voyage to India, - 275. 
 Scindy, - - - 334. 340. 341. 
 
 Scipios, tbe country of, - - 4t)6. 
 3 S 2 Stott,
 
 INDEX 
 
 Scott, Captain Jonathnn, - - 210. 
 Scythians, - . . . 45() 
 
 Sebah-iakiii, father of Mahmud, ibid. 
 
 Secrets to be concealed, Si^. SeeOiipnekhat. 
 Seconder Sani, orfultan Alae<ldin, emperor 
 of Delhi, - - - - 211. 
 
 Seers, .... - 435". 
 
 Sefi, the king of Perfia a defcendant of, 388. 
 belim, ton ol Acbar, - - - I85. 
 Seitaur, - - - - . 325. 
 
 Senyafees, 243. 
 
 Sepulchre at Agra, faid to have cofl 750,000/. 
 
 I'SS. 
 
 Sera, country of, ... - 286. 
 
 Seraglio, - - - - 186. 412. 
 
 the ladies of, folicited Aurengzebe 
 
 to deftroy Sevagi, - 14. 
 
 Seriiwgur, - - - - IpO. 1.92. 
 
 Seriu"a Kajali, laft king of Carnatica, 62. 
 
 Serin oapatam, the capital of Myfore, 63. 
 
 ° 141. 145.234. 301. 
 
 Serji Khan, the general of Viziapore, 77.86. 
 
 144. 145. 
 
 Seva, meaning a rat, - • - 263 
 
 Sevagees, Sevagi's people or troops, 178. 
 
 Sevagi,6.7.8..9. 10.11.12. 13. 14.15.16. 
 
 17. 19. 20. 21. 22. 24. 25. 26. 27- 
 
 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 34. 35. 36. 37. 
 
 38. 39. 40. 41. 43. 44. 46. 47. 48. 
 
 51. 52. .53. 54. 55. 56. 58. 59. 61. 
 
 63. 64. 65. 66. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 
 
 76. 77. 78. 7.9- 80. 82. 83. 84. 85. 
 
 86. 87. S9- yi- .92. 93. P*. 95. 96. 
 
 97. 98. 100. 101. 111. 114. 115. 
 
 129. 136. 154. 155. 162. 170. 171. 
 
 172.173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 
 
 179. 180. 181. 192. 193- 1.94. 196. 
 
 199. 202. 204. 205. 2()6. 207. 211. 
 
 212. 213. 215. 216. 219. 220. 221. 
 
 222. 223. 224. 232. 233. 234. 235. 
 
 258. 259. 260. 263. 264. 265. 297. 
 
 398. 299. 300. 302. 303. 
 
 his chara(?^er, from page 90 to 95. 
 
 his funeral, - - - 26(). 
 
 implied by father, - - 12^1, 
 
 a confumniate hero and fovereign. 
 
 174. 
 hiseldeft fon, - 13. 14. 15. 
 
 his fons Sambagi and Ramrajah ; 
 
 wliich fee. 
 
 Anreiiczcbc ufed to call him the 
 
 mountain rat, - - 263. 
 
 mentions of his Country. 
 
 roafis, . - - 48. .5.3,64. 
 
 «:orlabs, - - - - 53. 66. 
 
 Sevaci, countries, - . . 6p_ 
 
 country, - - 26.223.265. 
 
 fliore, - - - - 79. 96. 
 
 fliores, the whole of his dominion oti 
 
 the fea, - - - 105. 
 
 upper or northern country, 26. 
 
 mentions of his Government 
 
 and Administration. 
 
 bribes, how judicioufly applied, 93. 
 
 government, - - 65. 70. 03. 
 
 governors, - _ . (,'5. 
 
 i'ubadar, or governor of Upper Cliaul, 
 
 65. 72. 
 treafures, . - - pn. 
 
 treafuries, - - - in. 
 
 mentions of his Warfare. 
 agents, - - - - 215. 
 army, 14,27.34.47.58. 204.221.262. 
 
 artillery, ... 40^ 
 
 aflaflins, - » - 11. 
 
 afiiftaiice, . - _ gp^ 
 
 attacks - - - - 75, 
 
 bands, - - - - 16. 
 
 batteries, ... 72. 
 
 body of troops - - 29. 
 
 booty, . - - - 34_ 
 
 camp, - - - - J 5, 
 
 camps, - - - - 12. 
 
 cannon, 36.38. 41.81. 109.232.307. 
 
 cavalry, - - . 91. ofig. 
 
 conqueft, ... 155, 
 
 detachment, - - 25. 89. 
 
 exertions, . - - - 25. 
 
 mentions of his Warfare. 
 
 expedition, - 63.66.68.233. 
 
 flouting platforms, - - 57. 
 
 foot, - - - - 262. 
 
 force, - - 27. 37. 40. 84. 
 
 fortrcfles, ... g^, 
 
 forts in the northern hills, - 10. 
 
 general, - - - 44. 55. 
 
 gcnernl defcription of his warfare, 
 ofjonfive and defenfive, from page 
 91 to page 94. 
 
 horfe, - 30. 55. 58. 84. 223. 262. 
 
 horfe and foot, - - 46. 
 
 march . - - . 26. 
 
 men, - - - 44. 57-71. 
 
 mogul's war againft him, - lOO. 
 
 crticers, - - - J73. 216. 
 
 oiitpofts, - - - 11. 
 
 f.irties, ... 47. 
 
 party, - - - - 12. 
 
 plundering, . - - n)_ 
 
 in Viziapore, - 16. 
 
 StVAOJ,
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Sevaoi, ports, - 
 ravaging, 
 rcfiftunce, 
 retreat, - 
 revolt, 
 fipges, 
 fiiiall parties. 
 
 93. 
 - 26. 77. 
 13. 
 86. 
 211. 215. 
 92. 
 
 troops, 6. 7. 15. 37. ^9- 40. 51. 71. 
 
 77.81. 90. 220. 
 
 mentions of his Marine. 
 
 admirals, ... 70. 80. 
 
 .irmada, - - - - 80. 
 
 boats, - - - 70. 79. 81. 
 
 feize Kenary, - 79- 
 
 convoy, . . - - 83. 
 
 fleet, - - 77. 78. 80. 207. 
 
 fight the Siddees and are beaten, 
 
 87. 
 
 increafed to 57 fail, - 5.3. 
 
 Sevagi wilhed to command 
 
 at fea, - - 263. 
 
 gallivats, 53. 78. 80. 81. 8?,. 88. 
 
 grabs, - - 53. 78. 87. 88. 
 
 fea ports, - - - 10. 
 
 veflels, - - - - 24. 
 
 of trade and war, - 58. 
 
 See Ancliideva, Cai-war, Hendary, 
 
 Kenary, Rajapore, Siddee. 
 
 Sevaguzzies, " - - 209. 257. 288. 
 
 Seven climates, the inhabitants of the, 252. 
 
 SewSji, prince of Cokin, meaning Sevagi, 180. 
 
 Shabandcr, or cullom maiter, - 34-9. 
 
 IShah Adbas II. died at Tauris, 20.21. 
 
 196.336. 359. 382. 384. 386. Meant by 
 
 Sophy of Perfia. 
 
 Shah-Gi, fatlier of S.imbagi, Eccogi, and 
 
 Sevagi, 302. See .'^aow. 
 Shah Jeham, i. e. kingofthe world, father 
 of .Aureniizebe, 4. 5.20. 7.3. 107. I66. 170. 
 187. 188. 190. 192. 232. 24.5.253. 360. 
 Shah Zad '\,or heirof the Mogul empire, 3. 
 ShaillaCawn, 185. See Chaelt Khan. 
 Shanavaze Khan, fon of Afiph Juh, 187. 19O. 
 
 191. 265. 
 ■Sharpeigh, captain of the Afcenfion, 321. 
 
 3. '2. 375. 
 Shaw-ji, or Suhu-ji, fon of Eccogi, 301. 
 
 Shawn, cliid's of, . . - 050. 
 
 -Sheike SuHee, governor of Ahmedabad, 
 
 328. 
 Sheko Soliman, fon of fultan Dar.-th, 189. 
 190. 192. 210, 245. 
 Shekferadje, the tomb of, - - 294. 
 fhere Afkun, - - - 185. 
 
 Shibars. trading bo^ts ufed at Bomb.ay. 79- 
 
 SO. 82. 
 
 Shipman, fir Andrew, died - 23. 
 
 Shiraz in Perfia, ^ . . \95. 
 
 Shirley, Anthony, 382. 383. 384. 385. 38ff! 
 
 387. 388. 389. .390. 
 
 fir Robert, 336. 338. 358. 359. 381. 
 
 382. 389. 390. 
 
 Shh-pi, 227. 
 
 SiiliSks-verfes, 243. See S16ks. 
 Sum, .... iig, 274. 
 
 Siboii, a Portuguefe fort, 54. 220. 221. 
 
 Siddees, the people fo called, 10.44.56.78. 
 
 107. 108. 323. 
 their origin, - 55. ^6. 57. 
 meaning thofe in the fleet, or the 
 fleet itfelf, 31.71.72. 97. 
 Siddee, the, meaning the admiral or com- 
 mander in chief of the ftate, 24. 25. 
 29. 134. 135. 139. 202. 223. Thefe 
 references are only to the title, when the 
 perfon is not afcertained. 
 Siddee Coflim, admiral and commander in 
 chief. See Coflim. 
 Cowis Cawn. See Cowis Cawn. 
 Curry, See Curry. 
 Jore. See Jore. 
 Mifery. See Mifery, 
 Sambole, admiral and commander 
 in chief. .See Sambole. 
 .SiDDKES, mention of their Flelt and the 
 crews, 
 admiral's fljip, - 121. 122. 
 
 boats, . - - , 4.2. 
 
 fleet, 27. 29. .''5. 36. 38. 39. 40. 
 41. 42. 45. 46. 48. 53. 54.71. 
 7f. 82. 87. 88. 98. lU. 114. 
 121. 126. 134. 
 gallivats, 82. 88. 107. 108.111. 112, 
 men, ... - 36. 97, 
 pitaiis, - - - - 121. 
 
 quarters, ... 71. 
 
 fliips, - 29.39.53.82. III. 
 fmaller vefleLs, - - 111. 
 
 veflels, 31. 36. 55. 56. 57. 71. 87. 
 Sidi ,\iuber, governor of Doultabad, 170. 
 Sikes, the, .... 0.37. 
 
 Silvf-r chains, ... 104. 14.Q. 
 
 Sindam Jiunki, .... 289. 
 iiiiiili/, port, - - - - 3o_5_ 
 
 Siiiganianveffeh, ... - ] js. 
 
 Sioit, town in Bombay, - - - 4„>. 
 
 Slavery, has fliarpened the natural linefl'e of 
 all the fpirits of .\lia, - - 431. 
 
 Slaves, ... 83. S6. 96. 205. 
 
 Sloks-verfes, 243. See Shloks, 
 Smith, Ceneral Richard, - - 183. 
 
 Siiliru;'.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Smirna fleet, the Dutch, - - 280. 
 Society, the, an interloping fliip, - 1'29. 
 Socorolla, Secretary to Suhau Currom, 074. 
 Socotra, - . - 324. 34J. 36"2. 
 
 Soloporejort, ... 144.146'. 
 
 gonairees, 254. 
 
 Sooloo, iiland, - - - - 49. 
 
 SoriiY oi I'erfia, nieaninii Shall Abbes II. 
 
 I'l. 336. .337.381. 
 
 family - - - - 26"5. 
 Soubah. See Subah. 
 
 Spain, king of, - - 376.386.388. 
 
 Spaniards call America India, - 26"4. 
 Spanifli lansiuage, - - . - 366. 
 
 Spi<;iera,Vktorio, aFlorentine,382.383. 384. 
 Spies, Sevagi's, - - - I9. 37. 
 
 Squadron, the Englifli, - - 23. 33. 
 States General, - - 271.273.280. 
 Starkey, Mr. Andrew, - - - 333. 
 Steele, Richard, - - 343. 357. 38 1 . 
 Stuffs, of India and Perfia, - - 26y. 
 Suali, 206. See Swally, 
 Subadar, great, - - - - 299. 
 Subadars, or eovernors of Upper Chaul, 65. 
 
 72. 269. 
 Subagi, meaning Sevagi, 204. 205. 206. 207. 
 Subali, - 11. 186. lyO. 221. 285. 398. 399- 
 400. 402. 424. 427- 
 Subahfliip, ... - - 399- 
 Subahs, or provinces of the Decan, 93- ^83. 
 
 398. 
 Suhuji, 304. SonofEccogi. SeeShaw-Ji. 
 Sujah, Sultan, brother of Aurengzebe, 49. 
 
 50. 73. 106. 128. 187. 190. 192.219. 
 Sultan. See Acbar, Azim, Currom, Maw- 
 zum, Sujar. 
 
 a pretender, - - - 68. 
 
 Sultan .Maoudin, _ - . 294.. 
 
 Sultan Parviz, Jecond foa of the emperor, 
 
 063. 372. 
 Sulianpour, - - - - 171. 293. 
 
 Sultan Togoul Schah, - - - 294. 
 
 Sumatra, 340. 
 
 Sundah, near Goa, - - 35. 38. 52. 
 
 Rajah of, ... 124. 
 
 territory, ... 14.5. 
 
 Sunderland, Lord, . - - 272. 
 
 Sub AT, city, 4. 10. 12. 14. 15. 22. 24. 26. 
 
 27. 28. 30. 31. 32. 35. 37. 38. 41. 45. 
 
 47. 52. 55. 58. 71. 72. 77- 82. 85. 87. 
 
 89. 91. 107. 109. 114. 115. 118. 120. 
 
 121. 122. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 
 
 132. i:)5. 137. 113. 146. 149. 172. 
 
 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 19-1. 
 
 iqp. 202. 204. 206. 207. 210. 212. 
 
 219. 220. 221. 222. 223. 233. 234. 
 
 257. 259. 263. 26?. 268. 319. 320. 
 
 321. 322. 323. 324. 327. oJS. 329- 
 
 333. 334. 336. 337. 340. 343. 344. 
 
 346. .347. 349. 354. 355. 356. 357. 
 
 360. 361. Siid. 364. 365. 36s. 370, 
 
 372. 373. 375. 381. 415. 
 
 SuRAT, chief, .... 238. 
 
 Company's broker there, - 72. 
 
 Eiiglilh fadorv, 108. 287. 327. 331. 
 
 336. 340. 344. 364. 374. 375. 
 
 trade, eftabliihed there, 186. 
 
 firft eftal;lilhment of the Company 
 
 there, - - - - 329. 
 
 government of, 6. 48. 73. 82. 96. 219. 
 
 322. 333. 343. 360. 364. ■oi^9. 373. 
 
 governor of, 12. 23. 25. 29- 'i9- *0- 
 
 41. 48. 52. 55. 65. 70. 89. 93. 108. 
 
 129. J 35. 199. 256. 374. 
 
 merchants, . . - 332. 
 
 port of, 25. 30. 33. 34. 35. 40. 41. 
 
 43. 49. 64. {io. 98. 115. 125. 126. 
 
 131. 133. 135. 137. 138. 140. 325. 
 
 327. 330. 333. 342. 347. 348. 353. 
 
 368.381. 
 
 Prefidencv, 23. 24. 82. 98. 107.108. 
 
 112. 116." 117- 128. 131. 132. 135. 
 
 137. 138. 139. 221. 229. 256. 258. 
 
 286. 287. 
 
 Prefident's L'uard of Europeans, - 82. 
 
 records, 199. 233. 236. 256. 259. 
 
 260. 267. 
 
 river, - 327- 328. 330. 347. 353. 
 
 fliip?, - . - - 345. 
 
 trade of, - - - 364. 374, 
 
 well of, - - - - 361. 
 
 Surman's garden, ... 282. 
 
 SurriDina, ----- 335. 
 
 Swalli/, 23. 89. 146. 328. 332. 343. 344. 345. 
 
 ■3i6. 347. 349. 350. 351. 3.53. 354. 
 
 3.57.362. 368. 369. 380. 
 
 channel of, - - . 350. 
 
 hole, .... 350. 
 
 marine, or (bore of, - - 89. 
 
 road of, 132. 135. 130. 206. 323. 
 
 327. 330. 331. 343. 
 
 Sybarites, - . . - . 466. 
 
 Syriac language, - - - - ■ 242. 
 
 Tachard, father, ... 274. 275. 
 lack, the Dutch adniiial, - - 276. 
 Tallah walls, ... - 269. 
 Tamerlane, - . - - 421.458. 
 Tamerlane's hiftorian, - - - . '28§, 
 Taxjore, country, 61. 62. 154.228. 231. 
 234. 298. 299. ^^'0- 302. 303. 304. 
 ' Tan.iokk,
 
 INDEX. 
 
 TanJORK, king, - - 297. 0.9s. 
 
 kitisjdom, - 227. 235. 301. 
 jiaigue of, 29.9. 300. 301. 37 i. 
 women burnt with tlie, 26 1. 
 fovereignty, - - 300.301. 
 town, - - - 228. 2;»9. 
 
 Tttnks, 2I(j. 
 
 of water, poifoned by Sambagi, 158. 
 TannaJi, - - 71. HI. 217. ■-'38. 282. 
 Tanorc, ..... 174. 
 
 Tapl'eils, 288. 
 
 Tapti, river, - 22. 41. 145. 210. 211. 287. 
 Tartars, - 9I. 185. 4-18. 421. 422. 425. 4,37. 
 
 457. 458. 461. 
 
 Tartary, ... 457. 459. 462. 
 
 horl'es of, - - - 262. 
 
 Tafimal, purgunnah, - . • 286. 
 
 Tatta, 3:,(). 
 
 the capital of Scindy, - 334. 335. 
 Tavernier, - 171, 172. 232. 2y0. 458. 
 Taiirii, Shah Abbas II. died at, - 21. 
 
 Taxes, eftabliflied, ... 140. 
 Tchit Koha, purgunnah, - • 2.96. 
 Tihitpcl, - - - - - 184. 
 'leaver Cauii, one of Acbar's generals, 102. 
 Teber Ertoon, a palace in Perfia, - 196. 
 Teling, the ton of Decan. See the fabulous 
 
 liiflory of the Hindoos, in Note xxix, 
 
 page 209. 210. 
 Telinga, or the Gentoo language, - 210. 
 'J'cllkhcrrrj, - . - - 174. 175. 
 
 'I'enii Rajah, .... 225. 
 
 'I'enure, 300. 
 
 'J'cj'ra, kingdom of, - - - 458. 
 Terry, E(iward, chaplain to Sir Thomas 
 
 Roe, - . . - . 380. 
 Th.imas Kouli Khan, - - - 399- 
 'I'hniiff, city, - - - - 217. 
 
 Thcvcmipatiim, - - 137. 158. 228. 
 
 Thevenot, 172. 173. 182. 194. 231. 232. 257. 
 
 ! 291. 292. 459. 
 
 mhct, great and little, - - 4.'.7. 
 
 Thornhnni, Lieutenant, - 130. 131. 139. 
 Tillinnpmra/i, - - - -■ 282. 
 Timiragio, - - - 225.226.227. 
 his fun, - - - 227. 
 'I'iniurean race, ... - 254. 
 Tinivelh/, ----- 227. 
 Todos Santos, a Tortuguefe man of war, 348. 
 Toglipoor, rock, - - - - 286. 
 
 Tombailiti, river, - - - - ihid. 
 'lombs, - - - 216. 294. 29.'"). 
 
 'Jhiiqi/iiL, - - ■■ - - 118. 
 
 Topalles, - - - - 130. 145. 
 
 Trade of Indoftan, ... 4.1,!, 
 
 Trade's Increal'e, an Eaft Indiaman, - 375. 
 
 Trading-boats, 
 TraiiijHvbar, - 
 Tifiicncorc, king of. 
 Tribute to tlie Moguls, 
 Trimlnvajh, - 
 
 112. 
 
 228. 231. 
 
 435. 
 
 212. 
 299. 300. 
 
 Trimul, naigue of ;\IaduraandTritchinopoly, 
 
 301. 
 Trinconamalce, • - 30. 32. 176. 177. 
 Trinomalce, ----- 157, 
 
 Tripctti, ... - 63.227.228. 
 Tritchinopoly, - - 154.228.301.304. 
 
 king, - - - 297. 
 r,ha,li, . - - - 228. 235. 
 
 Trivalorc, 228. 
 
 Ttdl, .... - 24.78. 
 Turaun, chiefs of, ... 252. 
 
 Turkeii, - . - - , 200. 
 Turkifh empire, - 383.388.380.441. 
 
 hillory, .... 264. 
 
 territorie.s, ... 356. 
 Turks, ... 325. 385. 387. 388. 
 Turmerick, .... - 257- 
 Tultichcliund, family of, - - 450. 
 
 Vacqucel, - - - 282. 283. 284. 
 Valaru, river, - . - - 62. 
 
 Vakm^arak, . - . . 296- 
 
 \'an de Blocqnerii, Solomon, - 272. 
 
 Vnnden Heuvell, Ifaac, - - 272. 
 
 VatuUvajh, - - - - 160. 101. 
 
 \'an Goen, Uicklofle. See Rickloft'e. 
 Van Hoorn, Jacob, ... 272. 
 Vaiiiumbmlii, valley of, - - - 62. 
 Vardah, river, - - - - 287. 
 
 Vauxe, Mr. John, of tbe council, Bombay, 
 
 139. 
 J'ai/im, 222. See Rayim. 
 UoEPEURi, favourite wife of Aurengzebe, 
 and mother of Cawn Buklli, 85. 150. 266. 
 Udieg-Tartary, .... 457. 
 Vedts, four Bedes, - - - 239. 
 
 Vclore, - 62.228.230.231.232.235.262, 
 Venice, • - - ' • 382. 
 
 \enkitrou, - . - - - 225. 
 
 V'ercingetorix, - . . 458.466. 
 
 ;>/./-•//, - - - . - - 95. 261. 
 
 Va-Jbvah, fufftors, ... i.j'^. 
 
 Vice-regents, - - - - 391). 
 Viceroy in the Decan, ... 63. 
 of Goa, 23. 1.33. 203. See Uoa and 
 Portuguele. 
 Viceroys or Nabobs, - - ,397. 398. 
 Vmeeiit, Mr. - - - 128.129- 
 
 \'iiidv, fiippofi.'d king of Candirti, - 225. 
 Viitg'fjik/i, - 42. 53. 98. 125. 133. 177. 
 
 VlZI.\PO«E,
 
 INDEX. 
 
 V12IAPORE, armies, 
 army, . 
 ca])ital, 
 cavalry, 
 circar, 
 citadel. 
 
 6'2. 
 
 6. 60'. 146". 
 
 7. 
 
 144. 
 
 2S7. 
 US. 
 
 city, 7. 8.9. 17. 29. 30.37. 6). 
 
 Ul. 144. 146'. 147. US. Up. 
 
 152. 159. 161. 173. 184. 208. 
 
 209. 2JS. 291. 292. 293. 302. 
 
 303. 
 
 taken, - - US. 149. 
 
 council, ... 6"4. 
 
 country, 34. 183.222. 234.286'. 
 
 287. 2S9. 299.301. 
 
 ' inland, - - 38. 
 
 defcription of the city of, 290. 
 
 291- 
 dominions, - - - 8. 
 fleet,- - - - 8.9. 
 forces, - 62. 144. 230. 
 
 forts, . - . 155. 
 
 frontier, - - ' - 77. 
 general, - - 76. 86'. 
 
 government, 137- 141. 144. 231. 
 
 302. 
 
 governor of Gingee, 115. 299- 
 
 KiNG of, 6. 8. 9- 10. 16. 26". 34. 
 
 35.37.44.56. 61. 69.91.114. 
 
 119. 141. US. 149. 211. 224. 
 225. 231. 291. 301. 302. 323. 
 
 palace of, - - -. 291. 
 KINGDOM, 5. 7. 10. 16. 22. 34. 
 
 35. 37. 51. 56. 57. 60. 62. 6(). 
 
 77. 84. 86. 91. 114. 115. 119. 
 
 120. 125. 1.34. 144. U8. 149. 
 154. 158. 215. 221. 230. 231. 
 
 234. 264. 286. 291. 
 
 minifter, - - - 76. 
 
 aorthern divifion - 144. 
 region - - 60. 
 
 ©perations, - - 142. 
 
 fubah or province, - 183. 289. 
 
 territory - - - 141. 
 
 troops, - 7. 10.51. 148. 
 
 •war of, - - 125. 141. 
 
 weftern frontiers, - 155. 
 Vizir, - - - 3.284.332.415. 
 
 UlegBeg, flourifhed in 1437, tables of, 217. 
 I'nicorn, the, an Eaft Indiaman, 375.380. 
 Unitarians, - - - 2.10.241.242. 
 Unity, the, an Eaft Indiaman, - 212.213. 
 Univcrfal Hirtory, - - 168. 178. 
 
 Volcondah, - - - 62. 63. 234, 
 
 Upanifliat, 243. See Oupnekhat. 
 Upper Cliaul. See Chuul. 
 
 Waaira, naigue of Tanjore - - 301. 
 Walledued Caun, an officer of Golcondah, 
 
 296. 
 Wallets, twenty thoufand prepared by Se- 
 vagi, ----- 37. 
 
 War of the Hindoos, - . - 417. 
 Ward, Mr. Charles, deputy governor of 
 lionibay, - - - 131.139.358. 
 
 Water, the drink of the Indian, - 46'9. 
 Weltlock, captain, - - - 213. 
 
 Wheat in India produced in (harp regions, 
 
 468. 
 Widow of Jeffwont Sing, of Joudpore, 75. 76. 
 
 lOU. 103. 
 
 Wife of Auvengzcbe, - - - 85. 
 
 a Braniin, ... 54. 
 
 Chaeft Khan, ... 14. 
 
 Withington, Mr,. 333. 334. 335. 336. 340. 
 
 341.342. 
 Woman, an old, led a multitude in arm.s 
 againft Aureiigzebe, 73. 251'. 
 Aurengzebe'sbenevolentjuftice 
 to, - - - 236. 
 Women, none admitted inSevagi's army, 9^1. 
 of India, tiie elegance of their form 
 would furnirti the ftatuary with 
 the finell hints for the Medician 
 Venus, - 461. 465. 46'6- 
 
 oflndoftan, - 412.413.461.468. 
 Sambagi's propenfity to, bis de. 
 rtruttion, - - . 162. 
 and children of the king of Gol- 
 condah, ... 145. 
 Women, burnt with their huibands,. - 26l. 
 
 459. 
 
 Yale, Mr. Elihu, prefident of Madrafs, 115. 
 
 296. 299- 300. 303. 
 
 Valore, Nabobs of, - - - 399. 
 
 Vejiir ViSd, the word of God, - 242. 
 
 Zamuluc, Nizamalmuluck, king ofBerar, 
 
 225. 
 
 Zemin, 403. See Zemindar. 
 
 Zemindar, - 170. 262.402. 403. 450. 
 
 /inzan, Mr. Charles, deputy governor of 
 Bombay, ..... 1,39. uo. 
 
 Zoroaftcr, the religion of, - - IS'.;. 
 
 Zulfacar Caun, . 301. 36'0. 362. 3ti3. 365. 
 
 36». 
 
 .l.\ikc Hantard, Ptinttr, Linccln's-Inn Fields.
 
 UCLA-GSM Library 
 
 ^.'■°."''°"'*''S 461.7 073h 1805 
 
 L 005 037 337 2