UC-NRLF SB Mb Dflfl ;G ESTIMATES A:::CCUX ctept. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA ANDREW SMITH HALLlDIft . ENGINEERING ESTIMATES, COSTS, AND ACCOUNTS A GUIDE TO COMMERCIAL ENGINEERING WITH NUMEROUS EXAMPLES OF ESTIMATES AND COSTS OF MILLWRIGHT WORK, MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTIONS, STEAM ENGINES, AND STEAM BOILERS ; AND A SECTION ON THE PREPARATION OF COSTS ACCOUNTS BY A GENERAL MANAGER etrtttcm. LONDON CROSBY LOCKWOOD AND SON 7. STATIONERS' HALL COURT, LUDGATE HILL 1896 [All rights reserved] 3 Engineering Library PREFACE. So far as the author of this work is aware, there is no previous publication which attempts either to cover the ground which is here traversed, or to attain the object he has in view. Briefly, the ground covered is represented by that part (by far the most important) of the commercial work of an engineering establishment which centres in the preparation of estimates. The object in view, primarily, is to place a general acquaintance, at least, with com- mercial engineering within the reach of young men receiving a practical training in engineering shops and drawing offices, so many of whom are often placed at serious disadvantage later on in their lives for want of commercial knowledge. The need of a book dealing with the subjects which are herein treated has long been recognised ; and whilst it is not to be supposed that the present work can entirely and in every detail meet that want, the author hopes it may be found sufficiently comprehensive to be practically useful in many quarters. At all events, he can say that there was a time in his own experience when, being called upon unexpectedly to discharge inv . & f\ IV PREFACE. portant managerial duties, such a book as the present would have been of immense service to him. Attention has been confined as closely as possible to matters actually bearing on the purpose in view ; and only such incidental digressions have been introduced as appeared likely ta afford suggestions which might be useful in commercial negociations. No attempt has been made (indeed, none would have been possible within reasonable limits) to deal either with designing on the .one hand, or general book-keeping on the other. Numerous works on both subjects are already available. Whilst specially written for the younger men already mentioned, the author hopes and believes that the present publication and more particularly the sections deajing with indirect expenses and the preparation of costs will prove of interest and use to many principals, managers, and others who are already engaged in direct- ing the commercial work of engineering establishments. LONDON, December, 1889. TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY. Defect in Usual Training of Engineers, Value of Com- mercial Knowledge to Practical Men. Objects of Compilation. General Principles. Profit, how Made and Modified. Prices, how Determined. Qonsidera- tions affecting Tenders. High Quotations and Low Quotations. Detailed and General Specifications. Specifications of Public Bodies. Conditions Deciding Orders. Duty of Sub-Managers or Estimate Clerks in relation to Tenders. Specialties, Patented and other- wise. Importance of Moderate Prices . ; . CHAPTER II. ESTIMATES TECHNICALLY CONSIDERED. Twofold Character of Estimates. Technical Preparation. Materials. Cast Iron. Wrought Iron. Steel Castings. Mild Steel. Copper. Brass and other Alloys. Lead. Timber. Sundries. Calculation of Quantities. Knowledge Necessary. Books of Reference.- " Moles- worth." Tables to be Learnt. Examples. Rough and Finished Dimensions. Allowances for Machining. Timber. Mental Calculations. Estimation of Work- manship. Conditions affecting Workmanship. Classes of Labour. Patterns. Machining. Sources of Infor- mation open to Estimate Clerk. Value of Previous Examples. Assistance of Foremen in Preparing Esti- mates of Workmanship . . . . . . 9 20 VI CONTENTS. CHAPTER III. ESTIMATES COMMERCIALLY CONSIDERED. Two Methods of Pricing an Estimate. Correct Method, giving Cost to Manufacturing Engineer. Rough-and- ready Method, giving Cost to Intending Buyer. Basis Rates for Material. Basis Rates for Labour. General Prices. Iron Castings. Loam and Drysand Castings. Greensand Castings. Spur Wheels. Machine- moulded Wheels. Belt Pulley Castings. Rope Pulley Castings. Fly-wheel Castings. Columns, Beams and Girders. Cast-iron Pipes. Machine Castings. Fire Bars. Wrought-iron Bars. Hammered Scrap Bars and Forgings. Bowling and Low Moor Bars. Mild Steel. Brass and Gun-Metal. Scrap Metals. Timber. Sundries. Bolts and Nuts. Files. Steam and Water Pipes and Fittings. India-rubber. Asbestos. Cements. Iron Borings. Brass Gauze. Lead. Rope Yarn. Packing. Tin. Emery Cloth. Tallow. Candles. Paint. Oils and Turpentine. Pump and Neck Leathers. Hydraulic Tubing. Piston Springs. Workmanship. Draughtsmen. Pattern Makers. Fitters and Millwrights. Machinists, Turners, Planers, &c. Steam Engines. Re-boring Cylinders. Smiths. Labourers. Freight, Erection, &c. Contingencies . 21 37 CHAPTER IV. GENERAL EXAMPLES. Form of Estimate. Cast-iron Columns. Pedestal-Shafting, Hangers, Pedestals and Pulleys. Mitre Wheels. Belt Pulleys. Rope Pulleys. Crank Shaft Pedestals. Piston Rod. Notes on Preceding Examples. Repairs. Form of Tender for Repairs . . . 38 42 CHAPTER V. INDIRECT EXPENSES. Distinction between Estimates and Costs. Elements of Cost. Materials, Direct Labour, Indirect Expenses. CONTENTS. vii Importance of Latter Element. Determining Indirect Expenses. Departmental Expenses. Special Depart- mental and General Indirect Expenses. Drawing Office Expenses. Pattern Shop. Iron Foundry. Summaries of Costs of Castings. Brass Foundry. Costs of dif- ferent Alloys. Smiths' Shop. Machine or Turning Shop. Fitting or Erecting Shop. Percentages to cover Indirect Expenses. Variation in Amounts of Indirect Expenses 43 CHAPTER VI. MILLWRIGHT WORK. Importance of Millwright Work. Mill Fixings. Cast-Iron Footstand. Percentages used for Indirect Expenses. Special Wall Box. Cast-Iron Sole Plates. Special Mill Fixings. Special Bolts and Nuts. Wall Boxes. List of Sizes and Weights. List of Prices. Hangers and Brackets. Examples. Table of Pedestal Hangers and Plain Hangers. Pedestal Wall Brackets. Pedestals, Plumrner Blocks, Seats, or Bearings. Examples No. 19 to 31. Table of Pedestals . . . . .54 CHAPTER VII. MILLWRIGHT WORK, continued. SHAFTING AND COUPLINGS. Materials for Shafting. Hammered Scrap Forgings. Bessemer and Siemens Steel Forgings. Bowling and Low Moor Iron. Rough Turned Forgings. Bowling and Low Moor Bars. Siemens and Bessemer Rolled Bars. Kirkstall Bars. Staffordshire and Scotch Bars. Makers of Forgings and Bars. Couplings. Ex- amples. Defective Forgings. Examples Shafting with Solid Flange Couplings. Summaries of Costs. Shafting with Cast- Iron Flange Couplings. Miscellaneous Ex- amples. Different Methods of Charging for Shafting. Cheap Shafting. Loose Collars .... 7082 Vlll CONTENTS. CHAPTER VIII. MILLWRIGHT WORK, continued. Overhead Quotations for Large Contracts. Advantages and Disadvantages of System. List of Rates for Fixings, Shafting, &c. Millwright Work as a Specialty. Tables of Prices for Pedestals, Hangers, Shafting, Coup- lings and Collars 83 85 CHAPTER IX. MILLWRIGHT WORK, continued. CAST-IRON BELT PULLEYS. Pulley Patterns. Necessity of Sinking Capital in Patterns. Alterations of Patterns. Splitting and Bolting. Flat and Curved Rims. Extra Charges. Straight or Curved Arms. Manufacture of Pulleys. Diversities in Character of Pulleys as made by different Houses. Calculating Prices. Weight Basis and Area of Face Basis. Examples No. 43 to 57. Loom Pulleys. Rates deducted from Examples. Diagram of Prices. Price List of Standard Sizes. Wrought Iron Pulleys . 86 100 CHAPTER X. MILLWRIGHT WORK, continued. ROPE PULLEYS. Development of Rope Driving. Fairbairn's Views. Ad- vantages of Rope Drives. Conditions favourable to Rope Drives. Importance of a good Margin of Ropes. Class of Ropes. Moulding Rope Pulleys. Examples No. 58 to 65. Prices for Rope Pulley Castings. Price List of Finished Pulleys 101 in CHAPTER XL MILLWRIGHT WORK, continued. TOOTHED GEARING. Wheels versus Pulleys. Necessity for Wheels. Varieties of Wheels. Methods of Manufacture. Machine-Moulded CONTENTS. Wheels. Examples. Spur Wheels. Bevil Wheels. Mitre Wheels. Mortise Wheels. Timber for Cogs. Examples. Pitching and Trimming Teeth of Iron Wheels. Re-cogging Wheels. Table of Timber and Time Re-cogging. Price List for Re-cogging . . , 112127 CHAPTER XII. MILLWRIGHT WORK, continued. GENERAL CONTRACTS. Estimate for Flour Mill Extension, made up at Profit Rates. Estimate for Spinning Mill Extension at Cost Rates. Method of Preparing such Estimates. Formal Quotations ., 128 132 CHAPTER XIII. MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTIONS. Specialization of the Engineering Industries. Effects on General Businesses. Fields still Open to General En- gineers. Cast-iron Tanks. Cast-iron Doors ' . 133 138 CHAPTER XIV. MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTIONS, continued. PUMPS. Demand for Pumps. Common Types. Plunger Pumps. Methods of Driving. Barrel Pumps. Methods of Driving. Price List. Steam Pumps. Donkey Pumps. Table of Capacities and Prices. Direct-acting Steam Pumps I39H7 CHAPTER XV. HOISTING MACHINERY. Crab Winches. Price List. Warehouse Cranes. Ex- amples of One and Two-ton Sizes. Wharf Cranes. Examples, Three to Ten-ton Sizes. Warehouse Hoists. Examples, Ten to Thirty-cwt. Sizes 148154 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XVI. HYDRAULIC PRESSES AND PUMPS. Joseph Bramah. Types of Presses. Manufacture. Ware- house or Packing Press. Examples, Eight-inch and Ten-inch Presses. Modifications of Sizes. Pumps. Price List of Presses. Repairs to Presses . . 155159 CHAPTER XVII. BLEACHING MACHINERY. Heavy Character of Machinery. Progress in Bleaching Machinery. Bleaching Kiers. Winches for Kiers. Mangles and Calenders. Mangle Bowls. Beetling Engines 160 166 CHAPTER XVIII. BRICKMAKING MACHINERY. Arrangement and Capacity of Plants. Elements of Com- plete Plants. Examples. Clay Crushing and Grinding Mill. Pug Mill. Receiving and Cutting Tables. Hauling Gear. Summary. Weights and Costs of Smaller Plants. Mortar Mills .... 167 172 CHAPTER XIX. VALVES AND TAPS. Specialization of this Branch. Steam Stop Valves. Junc- tion Valves. Blow-off Cocks. Modification of Patterns. Feed Valves. Importance of Making in Quantities. Brass Wheel Valves. Tables of Standard Sizes and Prices . . . 173179 CONTENTS. XI CHAPTER XX. PRIME MOVERS. Classes of Prime Movers. Types of Steam Engines.* Beam Engines. Horizontal Engines. Type as affecting Cost. Standards of Measurement. Nominal Horse-power. Disadvantages of Term Nominal. Ratios of Nominal to Indicated Horse-power. Prices per Nominal Horse- power. Non-condensing Engines. Condensing En- gines. Compound Engines. Indicated Horse-power. Fair Prices per Indicated Horse-power. Methods of es- timating Prices. Examples. Condensers and Pumps. Further Examples. Engine Repairs. Breakdowns. Example of Account for Breakdown Job. Summary of Cost. Estimates for Renewals of Parts. Valves. Crank Shafts. Crank Pin. Pistons. Examples of Costs of Pistons. Tenders and Specifications for En- gines. Example .- * . . . . 180 206 CHAPTER XXI. STEAM BOILERS. Specialization of Business. Elements of Complete Boiler. Progress of Boiler Making. Preparation of Estimates. Features of Importance as affecting Price. Materials for Boilers. Makers' Limits and Extras. Table of Prices of Material. Workmanship. Table of Rates. Indirect Expenses of Boiler Shop. Donkey Boilers. Example. Cornish and Lancashire Boilers. Examples. Tubular Boilers. Example. Tenders and Specifica- tions. Example . . . . .... . 207 222 CHAPTER XXII. COSTS BOOK-KEEPING. Importance of Subject. Objects of Costs Accounts. Neces- sity of Special Books. Elements of Cost. Indirect Ex- penses. Method of Recording Indirect Expenses. Xll CONTENTS. Order Book. Illustration. Shop Order Forms. Illus- tration. Routine for Orders. Shop Returns. Three Cases of Material. Invoices, inwards. Stores and Storekeeper. Iron Foundry Returns. Illustration. Stores Supplied Forms. Illustration. Materials Cost Book. Illustration. Special Castings and Forgings. , Illustration. Deliveries to Cupolas. Illustra- tion. General Forgings. Deliveries of Iron and Steel to Smithy. Illustration. Wages. Check Time Book. Pay Book. Work Books. Illustration. Workmen's Work Sheets. Abstract Sheets. Illustration. Wages Costs Books. Illustration. Contract and Jobbing Ac- counts. Summaries Costs Book. Illustration. Rela- tions of the various Books. Diagram. Private Items 223251 APPENDIX. Table of Wages of Engineering Labour in London and other Centres 252 INDEX 253256 ENGINEERING ESTIMATES, COSTS, AND ACCOUNTS. CHAPTER I. INT ROD UCTORY. IT is a common complaint, and one which from time to time finds vigorous expression in our technical journals, that young men supposed to be learning their profession in mechanical engineering establishments rarely receive any systematic instruction in estimating, or even have afforded them opportu- nities of acquiring the knowledge necessary to enable them to prepare a formal tender or to give a simple quotation. As a rule, there is no part of the work of an engineering establishment about which it is so difficult to obtain information- as that dealing with the preparation of estimates. This circum- stance undoubtedly constitutes a serious defect in our methods of training young engineers. It is, however, futile to suppose that employers will lay themselves out to remedy this defect. For reasons which all can appreciate, most employers keep everything connected with the methods and rates they adopt in preparing their estimates to themselves and a few confidential officials. It is, moreover, quite true that one may become a skilful engineer and may discharge successfully all the duties expected of a skilled mechanic without knowing anything about the preparation of estimates or how the commercial business of an engineering establishment must be managed. B INTRODUCTORY. At the same time, a young man who enters an engineering establishment, not merely to be a pattern maker or a turner or a fitter, but to learn a business, aims, if he is worth anything at all, to become something more than a simple journeyman or tradesman. He hopes to fill, sooner or later, some responsible managerial position ; but it is obvious that his qualifications for such positions would be immensely increased if, in addition to the technical knowledge and practical skill he acquires in his progress through the shops, he added a knowledge of com- mercial engineering, and particularly of the preparation of estimates. For want of this commercial knowledge on his part, he is very likely to see some coveted post pass into the possession of one who has had no practical training whatever, but has been brought up entirely in the offices. It is the primary object of this work to remedy, as far as may be possible by such means, the defect previously mentioned, and to convey to young men connected with mechanical engineering who possess a healthy ambition to rise in their profession, a general acquaintance with commercial management, and espe- cially with the preparation of .estimates. It is intended, first, to consider the general principles by which we have to be guided and the conditions which commonly control us in the preparation of estimates ; next to review the different classes of material and labour with which we have to deal and the prices at which these may be rated ; then to examine in detail the cost of manufacturing, and the prices at which they are sold, of that large class of articles which consti- tute general millwright work, passing on to deal in like manner with certain representative classes of machinery, engines and boilers. Finally, the organisation and routine of the cost-keeping department of an engineering establishment will be explained and illustrated by specimen rulings of the principal books employed. It is not, of course, pretended that the methods which will be set forth and the rates that will be used in this work are of universal adoption. Every establishment has its own special methods and arrangements. What will be attempted is to explain the lines as it were along which the business of GENERAL PRINCIPLES. estimating and the commercial management of an establish- ment proceeds, and to illustrate the work by practical examples, so as to enable any intelligent young man to adapt himself readily to the methods and arrangements peculiar to any establishment in which he may be placed. There are certain obvious reflections, applicable to all businesses, which it is necessary to have in view. Capital is invested in a manufacturing industry with the primary object of earning a profit for its owners. A profit can only Prin^iptes ^ e m ade in one way by selling the productions of the business for a larger sum than the gross cost of manufacturing and delivering them to the buyers. The amount of profit made is determined by three elements cost of the raw material, cost of manufacturing, and the selling prices of the finished articles. A modification in any one of these elements will have its effect on the profit (or loss) that will be made in any case. The prices, however, at which the productions of any manufacturing industry are sold, are rarely, if ever, quite arbitrary deter- mined solely by the will of the manufacturer. They are determined, first, by the demand that exists for that particular kind of manufactures ; and secondly, by the compe- tition of the makers, actual or prospective. It is true that the manufacturers of a particular kind of articles tube and file makers and the makers of certain classes of iron and steel, for example may combine together and agree not to sell their productions under certain prices. It is, however, the competi- tion amongst themselves which compels them to take this course, and prospective competition which prevents them fixing the rates higher. Competition always tends to equalise the selling prices of the same class of articles in the same market, and thus to set up what may be called a "normal" price for that class of articles. Equally, the prices which must be paid for the raw material required by any manufacturing establishment, are also deter- mined by the demand on the part of the manufacturers and the competition amongst the owners or producers of the raw material. Consequently, both the price which he must pay for his raw material and the price which he can get for his finished productions are largely determined by influences over which the INTRODUCTORY. manufacturer has comparatively little control. Hence we learn the immense importance of the second element mentioned above cost of manufacturing in relation to the profit that can be made in any establishment. Upon the way in which the manufacturing processes are organised and directed, the profit will largely depend. What has just been said will be found strictly applicable to the business of a manufacturing engineer. We may consider engineering productions under two heads ~ General and Specialties. Leaving the latter out of view for a moment, and having regard only to the former, suppose the case of an engineer who proposes to tender for some such work a quantity of shafting Considera- and g earin ' f r example. What are the con- tions deter- siderations by which he will be influenced in mining determining the amount of his tender ? In the Tenders. ^ rst pi acCj he must know what the necessary materials will cost him to buy, and will exercise his knowledge of the markets in finding out the lowest prices at which he can buy material of the requisite quality. Secondly, he will consider how he can convert the material in the raw or half- manufactured condition in which he will receive it, into the condition required by the customer, at the lowest possible cost in labour and expenses. He will clearly wish to fix a price that will leave him a reason- able profit at least. Engineers, like many other manufacturers, are sometimes obliged to work at cost price, and even under. When trade is very bad and orders scarce, it may be better for an engineer to take a contract at cost price, in order to keep his establishment together and in working order, than to be without it. Of course, such a policy will only be adopted when absolutely unavoidable, and cannot be long pursued. Again, an engineer beginning business will often be content to work for very little profit for a time, in order to make a connection. But, of course, as a general thing, the price which an engineer quotes for any work will be one that will leave him some reasonable profit. His leading idea will, indeed, be to make as large a profit as he can. He will, however, probably know that invitations have been sent to other firms to tender for the same work ; he thus be in competition, and must consider his price COMPETITION. accordingly. He will, therefore, be anxious tv obtain any information he can as to the nature and extent of the competition he has to meet. Small circumstances the presence of a representative of a rival house in his district some reference in the specification to a peculiarity of con- struction known to be specially recommended by another firm, will often convey to a shrewd man of business much informa- tion as to the competition he must take into account. He will try to avoid two extremes a very low and a very high quotation. A very low price, would no doubt, secure him the order, but, even if such a price leaves a margin of profit, it is unpleasant to reflect when an order has been secured, that a much higher price might have been obtained. On the other hand, a very high price would not only lose the particular order in view, but might deter the enquirer from asking for tenders on future occasions. It may be that the competition is purely local and that our engineer enjoys a first-class reputation for the w r ay in which he does his work. In this case he may think himself able to add something to what may be considered the normal price of the work, on account of his reputation. On the other hand, he may know that his reputation is not very good or it may be to make in which case he will probably quote something under the normal price, thus discounting his disadvantages with a view to tempt his customer. Again, the work may be for his district and his competitors at a distance. In this case, if his works are modern or as good as his competitors, he may have a slight advantage, and may think himself able to add a little to his tender in consequence. At the same time he will be careful how he tries to avail himself of such an advantage, because his competitors may do what he might be quite willing to do himself if in their circumstances that is, to sink extra carriage and other expenses, or a large part of them, and thus keep their quotations down. Our engineer will be placed under one of two very different Detailed and conditions. Either he, in common with his corn- General petitors, will have received a complete detailed Specifiea- specification, with plans, of the work to be done, tions. or he w jjj mere iy have received a general descrip- tion of what the intending purchaser wishes to accomplish. In INTRODUCTORY. the former case he will simply have to get out his quan- tities and workmanship in accordance with the specification and plan, affix his rates, and obtain his total ; in the latter he will have to prepare his own plan and specification. In the first case he will know that the lowest tender will probably be the one which will be accepted. This is nearly always so with the contracts of railway companies and other public bodies at any rate when tenders are specially invited, and not publicly advertised. Such bodies usually issue very detailed specifi- cations, and when they invite tenders only ask firms in whom they have confidence. It is, therefore, a matter of indifference to them, in all respects save that of price, which tender is accepted, and consequently they take the lowest. Very small differences in amount are in such cases sufficient to win or lose important contracts. In one instance in the author's experience a difference of 3 only in a considerable tender for locomotive boilers lost his firm the order. This being so, our engineer will aim to quote a price which will be just sufficient, and no more, below all the other tenders to secure him the order ; provided, of course, that such price will leave him the minimum of profit for which he is willing to work. In the second case price may not be the only condition that will determine who secures the order. Under this condition there will be opportunities for our engineer to exercise both his mechanical ingenuity and his commercial tact the former in devising the best or most economical method of accomplish- ing the object in view ; and the latter in preparing the specification and in persuading the intending buyer that what the specification proposes is the best, and worth the amount of the tender. It will thus be seen that there are many considerations which may influence a manufacturing engineer in determining the amount of his tender for any proposed work. Considerations of a similar nature will also influence him when charging a customer for work that has been done without reference to any formal tender. In the proper application of such considera- tions lies the highest art of business. It does not, however, usually fall to the lot of the sub- manager or the estimate clerk to make this practical application. Their duty is generally fulfilled by preparing an SPECIALTIES. estimate in accordance with the rules or custom of the estab- lishment, leaving it to the chief manager or principal himself to practically apply such considerations as have just been pointed out, by reducing or increasing the total amount of the estimate so prepared. At the same time it will be well for younger men to endeavour to take the broadest possible views of their business, and to note carefully the considerations that influence their seniors in different cases as they arise, and the degree of success that attends the application of those consider- ations. The prices of specialties are also largely determined by such considerations as those to which we have referred. It by no means follows that a manufacturer will be independent of S eialt* competition, and can afford to disregard the elementary conditions of ordinary business because he makes specialties which are patented inventions. This indeed is very rarely the case only in some exceptional instances, where the inventions are both unique and of great importance. In the great majority of patented specialties the manufacturer is quite as much under the control of competition, as any other. The maker of a patent pump, for example, must determine his price largely by the prices asked by other makers for their pumps, even although his may possess some advan- tages over most other kinds. The users of pumps will pay a reasonable price for improvements, but will put up with the inconveniences of inferior pumps rather than pay an excessive price for a better one. A very high price for any specialty will always operate in two ways to the disadvantage of the maker it will restrict the sale, and will stimulate inventors to produce a cheaper appa- ratus. Hence prudence would clearly dictate a reasonable moderation in fixing the price at which even a valuable pa- tented invention is to be offered to the public. A specialty, however, need not be a patented invention. An engineer may determine, by giving particular attention to one class of ordinary work, to make a specialty of its manufacture. For instance, he may decide to make a specialty of the manu- facture of shafting, or of wheels, or some type of boiler or engine. His object may be to get special prices for his produc- tions, on account of the superior merits they possess, owing to 8 INTRODUCTORY. the particular attention he gives to that kind of work : or it may be. by means of special tools, by purchasing the raw material, manufacturing it and selling the finished article in large quanti- ties, so to reduce the cost of manufacture below what may be considered the normal cost of that particular kind of work as to enable him to make a larger profit than usual out of such work at ordinary rates, or even to sell under the usual prices. CHAPTER II. ESTIMATES TECHNICALLY CONSIDERED. HAVING now briefly indicated certain guiding principles or considerations affecting the preparation of estimates, we may pass on to consider our subject more in detail. Engineering estimates may be considered from two points of view, or may be said to possess a twofold character a techni- cal and a commercial. Technically considered, the preparation of an estimate consists in the calculation of the weights or quantities of material, and in estimating the amount of labour,, skilled and common, that will be required to complete a pro- posed piece of work : whilst the commercial function consists in determining the rates at which the various kinds of material and labour shall be priced in the estimate, in apportioning the proper sums for manufacturing expenses and profit, and in de- ciding the final amount of the tender. In other words, the technical function deals with quantities, and the commercial with prices. In small establishments both technical and commercial duties are often performed by the same person ; but in large works the technical part of an estimate is in most cases performed by one person generally a draughtsman, with the assistance of the foreman ; and the commercial part is dealt with by another an estimate clerk under the direction of the manager, or by the manager himself. The technical preparation of an estimate naturally divides itself into two parts namely: 1st, material; 2nd, labour or workmanship. The materials with which we have to deal are Material. . . .. . r .. principally the following : Cast Iron. In its ordinary condition we meet with cast iron in nearly every estimate, as it enters more or less into most engineer- ing productions, being especially employed whenever the qualities IO ESTIMATES TECHNICALLY CONSIDERED. of stiffness or rigidity or resistance to compression are required, or adherence to a shape which cannot be readily forged is necessary : hence, used for the cylinders and framing of engines, for the framework of nearly every class of machinery, for wheels and pulleys, columns, beams, wall boxes and brackets, and innumerable other objects. Occasionally also we meet with it in the special conditions of malleable and chilled castings, the former being largely used for parts of machines which are required to be as light and strong as possible, but which cannot be made of wrought iron on account of cost or un- suitable shape ; and the latter being employed wherever it is necessary to have great surface hardness to resist abrasion or indentation, as in the roller paths or rollers of swing bridges, the rolls of certain classes of mills, and in other cases. Wrought or "Malleable" Iron. In the shape of forgings for crank-shafts, cranks, connecting and piston rods of engines, axles, and heavy shafting ; in the shape of round bars for com- mon shafting, spindles, small pump rods, tie rods and bolts ; and in the shape of tees, angles and plates for boilers, bridges and roofs. Steel Castings. Now being used in daily increasing quantities in cases where formerly common cast iron, malleable cast iron, or wrought iron would have been employed. Mild Steel. Which, in the forms of forgings, bars, angles and plates, is now largely used "where quite recently the superior classes of wrought iron were employed, and is even displacing wrought iron for many ordinary purposes. Copper. In the form of round bars for special pump rods, for bolts to be used in positions where iron is not admissible, and in the form of sheets for special boilers, kiers, or stills, and steam and other pipes on board ship. Brass y Gun Metal, Phosphor Bronze and other Alloys. Princi- pally in the shape of castings for bearings, bushes, glands, valves, taps, pump and plunger liners, and pumps for use with acid liquors or other special purposes. Lead. Occasionally in the shape of castings, and frequently as sheet lead for lining tanks and other vessels for chemical works and other purposes. Timber. Yellow pine and Honduras mahogany or baywood CALCULATIONS OF WEIGHTS. II for patterns ; beech and hornbeam for the cogs of mortice wheels and for special purposes for example, the beetles of beetling engines ; oak for the jibs of cranes and for water wheels; pitch pine for certain classes of machines the fulling or wash- mills used in the finishing of high-class cotton and linen fabrics, for instance : willow for lining grooved pulleys, and for friction straps or breaks ; lignum vitae for bearings ; sycamore, teak, and mahogany for callender rollers, and occasionally other timbers. Other Materials. Tin, leather, indiarubber, asbestos, cements, ropes, &c., in addition to numerous articles which are bought in a finished condition, occur more or less frequently. The first step in the preparation of an estimate, assuming a sufficient plan and specification to be before us, is to calculate or " take out," to use the drawing office phrase, the weights or quantities of the materials that will be required of C QuantU^es. for the P r P sed work - To enable him to d this, ' the student must be possessed of certain elemen- tary knowledge which it does not fall within our province to convey. He must understand arithmetic, including both vulgar and decimal fractions ; he must have a sufficient know- ledge of mensuration to enable him to calculate the areas of triangles, rectangles, simple polygons, circles and common segments, and the volumes or cubical contents of the simpler solids prisms, cylinders and spheres. He must understand mechanical drawing sufficiently to enable him to " read " perfectly any ordinary plan. He must also know, or, what will do as well so far as this point is concerned, know where to find quickly, the weights per unit volumes or quantities of such materials as those we have just mentioned for example, the weight of a cubic inch of cast iron. All properly-equipped engineering offices contain books of tables from which these particulars as to weights can be obtained, probably the book most frequently consulted being " The Pocket Book of Useful Formulae and Memoranda for Civil and Mechanical Engineers " by G. L. Molesworth, or as it is briefly and familiarly styled in the drawing office, 4< Moles- worth." This or some similar book is indeed indispensable to anyone who has to prepare engineering estimates. The 12 ESTIMATES TECHNICALLY CONSIDERED. tables which have to be most frequently referred to are the following : Areas and Circumferences of Circles. Strength and Weight of Materials. Weight of Flat Bar Iron. Round and Square Bar Iron. Angle and T Iron. Sheet Metals. Plates. Cast-iron Pipes. The student should, therefore, familiarise himself with the arrangement of the above tables ; and it would be well if he would commit to memory at least the following parts : the weights per cubic inch of cast iron, wrought iron, steel and brass ; the weights per lineal foot of round bar iron from ^in. up to 6in. diameter, and the weights per superficial foot of iron and steel plates from in. to lin. in thickness. The weights per cubic inch of average qualities of the four metals mentioned must, indeed, be firmly fixed in the mind. They are : Cast Iron o*26olb. Wrought Iron 0*280,, Steel 0-288 Brass 0*300,, One or two simple examples will serve sufficiently well to illustrate the nature of the work involved in the taking out of quantities. 1. Let it be required to find the weight of a cast-iron plate 2ft. square by ijin. thick. The number of cubic inches in such a plate will be 24 x 24 x I '5 (the length, breadth and thick- ness of the plate in inches) or 864 cubic inches. This number multiplied by 0-26, the weight of one cubic inch of cast iron of average density, will give the weight of the plate in pounds, namely, 224*64 practically 2 cwt. 2. Let it be required to find the weight of a wrought-iron bar loft, long and 2in. in diameter. The length of this bar in inches multiplied by the area of the transverse section in inches will give the total number of cubic inches in the bar 377 with sufficient exactness for our purpose. This number multiplied by 0*28, the weight of a cubic inch of wrought iron, gives the weight of the bar in Ibs. 105. In practice this CALCULATIONS OF WEIGHTS. process of calculation would rarely be gone through. The table of " Weights of round bar iron " in " Molesworth " would be referred to, and it would be seen that the weight of a lineal foot of 2-in. round bar of iron is io*49lb. ; ioft. would con- sequently be practically iO5lb. as above. Similarly, suppose we want the weight of a steel plate (say for a boiler flue) Qft. long by 3ft. wide and Jin. thick. We learn from "Molesworth" Table of weights of plates that the weight of a superficial foot of J-in. steel plate is 2O'81b. ; and as there are 27 superficial feet in the plate supposed, the weight required is simply 27 multiplied by 2O'S, or slightly over 5cwt. 3. Suppose we require the weight of a wrought-iron crank, as shown in the annexed illustration. It is obvious that we cannot find the weight of this crank at one calculation. We must imagine the crank to be split up into several parts, and must find the weight of each part separately. We may take the crank-shaft end first. Here we have a cylinder I2'5in. in diameter by 6'5in. long ; but the cylinder is not solid it has a hole through it 7in. in diameter. Therefore, for the number of cubic inches in the cylin- drical part of the shaft end of the crank we have the area of 12*5 x 6*5 less the area of 7 x 6-5, equal to 547 cubic inches. The crank-pin end of the crank must be taken in a similar manner. There is now the web of the crank to be calculated. The face of this web presents an irregular figure having two straight sides not parallel and two unequal curved sides. The exact superficies of this face can be determined without difficulty by joining the corresponding ends of the straight sides by other straight lines, finding the superficies of the surface so arranged and then deducting the segments of the circles contained within the four straight lines. For all practical purposes, however, it will be sufficient to consider the face of the web as a rectangle, as shown by the dotted lines. The cubic inches in the web will 14 ESTIMATES TECHNICALLY CONSIDERED. therefore equal n x 8 x 4, or 352. Adding all together, we have Shaft end of crank, 547 cubic inches ; pin end of crank, 217 cubic inches ; web, 352 cubic inches; total 1116 equal to 312 lb., or, making an allowance for the fillets at the back of the crank, say 3i5lb. as the weight of the crank when finished to the dimensions marked. It would be easy, but it is quite unnecessary, to multiply examples at this stage. Simple as are the illustrations which have just been given, most of the calculations involved in the taking out of quantities in mechanical engineering may be resolved into problems equally simple. The most complicated mechanical design admits of being divided, in imagination, into a number of simple parts in the same way as we have just divided the crank, and the probable total weight of the structure estimated in a similar manner. It is important to remember, when calculating weights from plans or specifications, that the dimensions given are invariably finished dimensions, and therefore the article, if it has to be Rough and " mac hined " in any way, will require to be cast or Finished forged, as the case may be, larger, in order that it Sizes. may, when finished, be of the required size. It is especially important to remember this when dealing with heavy engine forgings, large iron castings, and all brass or gun-metal castings. The allowances which have to be made for " machining " vary according to the nature of the work, and vary also in different establishments ; some firms, by paying special attention to the moulding of their castings, or by the use of very accurate tools, can work with very small allowances. For turning up rolled steel or iron bars into polished shafts an allowance of T V in. full in the diameter ought to be sufficient up to 3 in. diameter ; larger sizes will require from J- to % in. Much larger allowances in. to | in. have to be made in the case of hammered bars, such bars never being so regular and true as rolled bars ; and still more must be allowed on heavy engine forgings and shafts with large bosses. An allowance of I inch all over in the diameters would not be too much in the case of an ordinary engine crank-shaft which is to be turned up to, say, 6 in. in diameter in the journals ; and larger allowances would be necessary for larger shafts. ROUGH AND FINISHED SIZES. 15 It need scarcely be mentioned that an engine crank will come from the forge solid, without any holes for the crank-shaft or pin, and that this would also be the case with the ends of ? connecting-rod. Hence, in calculating the weight of a forging of a crank to be finished to the dimensions shown in the pre- ceding illustration, we should have to treat the cylindrical ends as solid, and make an allowance of J in. in every direction. The weight of such a forging would consequently be about 460 Ibs. It may be mentioned that it is the usual practice for engineers when ordering their heavy forgings to give merely the finished dimensions, leaving it to the forge people to make the allowances they think necessary; and as forgings are generally sold by weight, it is not an unusual thing for a forge manager, in his anxiety to allow plenty, to allow rather too much. On the flat parts (which have to be machined) of iron castings, it will generally be sufficient for the purposes of an estimate to make an allowance of in. to J in. The latter allowance should also be sufficient for most curved surfaces in cast iron, where fairly good castings can be depended upon, though more has to be made in the case of large pulleys. In the course of the examples which will be given further on, the reader will have opportunities of noting allowances made in different cases. In addition to the' weights of the various metals to be used, it will be necessary, when new patterns have to be made, to estimate the quantity of timber that will be required. This is expressed in cubic feet when the patterns are massive, and in superficial feet of boards of various thickness when the patterns are framed. Other quantities have also from time to time to be calculated or estimated the number of bolts and nuts, when these are of small sizes ; the weight of jointing materials ; the weight of paint when much painting has to be done ; and so on. In passing, it may be mentioned it is a great advantage to be able to make rough calculations mentally of the weights of various engineering objects. It is easy to remember that a cubic inch of cast iron weighs slightly over Ib. CalSfons. ~i lb ' and T** > b - Therefore, to find the weight of any number of cubic inches of cast iron, all that is necessary is to divide by four and add I lb. for every 100 cubic inches, the total being the weight in pounds. Similarly, 16 ESTIMATES TECHNICALLY CONSIDERED. a cubic inch of wrought iron weighs Ib. and T ^ Ib. Again, the area of a circle is approximately f and -g^th of the square of the diameter. For example, the square of 10 is 100 ; three fourths of 100 is 75 ; -^th of 100 is a little over 3, which, added to 75, makes 78 a total that is within half-an-inch of the exact area of a circle of 10 diameter. An acquaintance with details of this kind will often prove of great use to the student. We come now to consider briefly the estimation of workman- ship. This is necessarily a much more difficult matter than the Estimation mere calculation of weights it is largely a matter of Work- of experience and judgment. Few tasks, indeed, manship. are j ess ma tters of rule and calculation, and more matters of special knowledge, reasoning, and judgment, than the estimation of workmanship. The conditions upon which this question of workmanship depends are not only numerous, but are liable to great and not infrequent variation. The power and accuracy of the machine tools employed ; the quality of the steel used for the cutting tools ; the quality of the files used, and the completeness and efficiency of other hand tools and appliances which are at the command of the workmen ; the facilities provided by means of cranes, pulley blocks and other apparatus for the handling of material ; the character and amount of the assistance provided in the shape of common labour ; the general organisation of the shop ; the intelligence and energy of the foreman ; the character of the workmen themselves all these, and often other elements, enter into this question of workmanship and determine the amount of time that will be required to perform a specified work. Hence, the knowledge gained by experience in one place, or at one period, requires to be carefully checked when it has to be applied in another place, or after any considerable lapse of time. Hence, also, all we can do here is to show how the task of filling in the workmanship of an estimate may be gone about, point out how reason and judgment have to be exercised, and indicate some general rules applicable to certain classes of work ; leaving it to the student to extend his knowledge by a study of the examples which will presently be given, and of work that may come under his own observation. The classes of engineering labour with which we have mostly WORKMANSHIP. 17 to deal are the following : Draughtsmen and pattern-makers ; turners, planers, slotters, drillers, and other machinists ; fitters and millwrights ; and smiths. In ordinary millwright and similar work it is not considered necessary to set out moulder's time in estimates. This is obviously not required when the castings are to be bought from outside. In such cases the person whose business it is to price the estimate will know how much per cwt he will be charged for any particular class of castings by his founders ; and if there is anything special in the castings that are contemplated, he will ask the founders for a special quotation. Neither is the moulder's time set out, as a rule, in establish- ments which have a foundry of their own. The work of the foundry is of so regular a character, and so much a matter of repetition, the labour varies so nearly in each class of castings, according to the weight, that it is a simple matter to fix rates which will in each class of castings cover all expenses. Hence all the particulars which the person who prices the estimate requires, as a rule, are the weight and class of casting. In special instances, however, it may be required to set out the moulder's time, particularly in the case of large and important loam castings of a character new to the establishment. It is also generally unnecessary in ordinary smith's work to detail the smith's time ; but in any work of a special or excep- tional nature the smith's time will have to be estimated. Neither is it necessary, except in special cases, to detail the amount of common labour likely to be required in any given case. The general assistance of labourers throughout the shop as also the services of crane-men, engine-drivers, tool-smiths carters, storekeepers, foremen and others, will be covered in the rates that will be put down in the estimate, or by some per- centage or other charge. In preparing estimates for boiler work, particularly boiler repairs and alterations, it is desirable to set out full particulars as to the extent to which certain machine tools, furnaces, &c., will be used. A squad of men engaged upon some important boiler repairs will, whilst making their preparations in the shop, use, more or less, according to the nature of the work, a large furnace, one or more smith's fires, a set of rolls, a shearing and punching machine, drilling machines and so on. Jobbing boiler C 18 ESTIMATES TECHNICALLY CONSIDERED. work is of so variable a character that it would be almost impossible to cover fairly the use of the furnaces, rolls, etc., by the rates charged for the men's time ; hence the desirability of estimating, more or less in detail, the time these special appli- ances will be used in any particular case. In estimating the workmanship on any engineering object there is then generally to be considered : the preparation of the drawings, the preparation of the patterns in the case of castings, the moulder's time or the time of the smith and his strikers or hammermen in special cases, the machining of the article, the fitter's time finishing in the shop and erecting at the destina- tion. In ordinary work it is not usual to detail the amount of drawing and pattern-making that will be required for each individual object ; it is usually sufficient to make a general estimate of the drawing and pattern-making required for the whole contract and set it out at the end of the estimate. Again, an estimate draughtsman, in considering the pattern- making likely to be required, always ascertains whether there are not in the stores some patterns which, either with or without alteration, may be made to fall in for the work required. For special fixings, of course, patterns must be made up specially and the time for them set out more or less in detail in an estimate ; but the ordinary patterns of pulleys, pedestals, hangers, wall brackets, columns, pipes, etc., which are found in the stores of established engineering works, can generally be altered within certain limits to suit the requirements of ordinary cases. For instance, a column pattern may be lengthened or shortened, may have a square base or a round base put upon it, may have one or more brackets attached to its side, and so on. Hence the pattern-making that will be required in the case of a contract can very often be conveniently summed up at the end of the estimate thus : " Alteration of patterns, so much time." For machining the plainer kinds of work it is possible to indicate some rules of a general character, which may help the student and, particularly, suggest to him how he may prepare rules for his own guidance in any establishment in which he may be placed. The time for turning plain flat belt pulleys of from 24in. diameter and 6in. face and upwards should not exceed one hour and a quarter for every superficial foot of WORKMANSHIP. 19 finished surface. Pulleys with rounded faces should be done at not more than one hour and a half per superficial foot. Smaller sizes will require from one and a half to two and a half hours per superficial foot. These allowances will generally cover the time of boring the centres ; but there will be to add the slotting of the key-beds, and, in the case of split pulleys, the time of a fitter splitting and bolting, the latter being one hour's work of a fitter for small-sized pulleys up to half-a-day's work for large sizes. In the case of large and important pulleys, cast in halves, there will also be the planing of the joints to be included. For turning plain rolled shafting bars of moderate diameters, half-an-hour per superficial foot of finished surface should be sufficient ; and for plain hammered shafts, with solid flange couplings, one hour per superficial foot. For forged shafts, with bosses, one hour and a half to two hours and a half must be allowed. Stationary engine crank- shafts, with the usual fly-wheel boss and sunk journals, say of 9 in. diameter, require about two or two and a quarter hours per superficial foot for turning, and a little longer time must be allowed for smaller sizes, much of course depending upon the style of the forging itself that is, whether nicely or roughly forged, with a moderate or with an excessive allowance. Plain piston rods, which require to be very highly polished, require about three hours per superficial foot for turning. As planing machines are not driven so fast as lathes, and are not so continuous in their action, work done upon them requires more time per superficial foot than work done in lathes. Large key-beds on plain crank-shafts will usually be found to take from four and a half hours to six hours per superficial foot, including the time occupied in changing the position of the shaft on the planer table. A large continuous surface will be done in from three to five hours per superficial foot, according to the degree of finish which it is desired to give in the machine. The work done, however, in planing and shaping machines is so irregular in character that it is impossible to lay down rules of anything like general application. This latter remark applies with equal force to almost every kind of fitter's and millwright's work. It must also be borne in mind that the rates just indicated for turning must be approximate they will vary 2O ESTIMATES TECHNICALLY CONSIDERED. in different establishments and in the same establishment from? time to time. It is not expected of a draughtsman or other person who is preparing an estimate that he should be able, entirely unassisted,, to determine the workmanship that must probably be ex- pended. There are two sources of information to which he can most properly apply for information : First, the time records or cost accounts of previous work ; and secondly the foremen of the different departments. If we have to estimate the time that will be required to perform a certain work and we have at hand a record of the time actually expended on some previous occasion on a some- what similar piece of work, obviously that record will constitute the best guide we can possibly have. We have nothing to do but to consider how far, if at all, it is necessary to modify the particulars contained in the record. A reference to past experience, whenever it can be made, is exceedingly valuable. Suppose we are preparing an estimate for a crank-shaft pedestal say of 12 in. diameter. We have not made so large a pedestal before, but we have made 10 in. pedestals of similar con- struction. Clearly it will be a great advantage to have before us the particulars of the time actually expended on the 10 in, pedestals. The larger one will certainly take more time it cannot take less and by a careful comparison of the two designs it will be possible to make a very reliable deduction from the account of the one what will be required for the other. When there are no previous records available, the foremen should be consulted in all cases of importance the foremen are the men best able in any establishment to estimate workman- ship. Indeed, it is hardly possible to consult the foremen too much on questions of workmanship. Their interest in the work of the establishment will thereby be quickened and their sense of responsibility increased. A foreman who is consulted respecting the time likely to be required for any particular job will generally take care that his estimate is, at least, not exceeded. CHAPTER III. ESTIMATES COMMERCIALLY CONSIDERED. THE technical part of an estimate being completed the weights and quantities calculated, the workmanship estimated and the whole set out with the necessary detail and in proper order on the estimate sheets, there remains the commercial part of the work to be done. In performing this, either of two methods may be adopted. In the one, the object in view is to ascertain the probable cost of the proposed work to the manufacturing engineer. The material, therefore, is rated at the prices which he will actually pay for it, and against the various items of workmanship are set the amounts of the wages that will be actually paid. The total so obtained will represent the probable cost of the proposed work in direct materials and workmanship. To this total must be added a certain percentage properly a percentage on the wages of the skilled labour, as will be explained further on which percentage is intended to cover such a proportion of the working expenses of the establishment, including rents, rates, gas, common labour, management, etc., as may be supposed to be fairly chargeable to such a contract as the one in view. The total now obtained will represent the gross cost of the proposed work to the manufacturing engineer, and there remains only to add the amount of profit which the engineer desires to receive from the contract. This is undoubtedly the most perfect method of preparing an estimate, whether for small or large contracts ; and possesses many recommendations. It enables the engineer to see at a glance the lowest sum, with all possible exactness, which he can accept without loss. An estimate so prepared can be most readily compared with the actual cost of the work when completed, assuming, of course, that proper cost accounts are kept. The other method is, however, easier, and is more generally 22 ESTIMATES COMMERCIALLY CONSIDERED. adopted. In this method, the materials and workmanship are simply priced at certain standard rates, which rates are supposed to cover not merely the cost of the materials and workmanship, but also the working expenses of the establish- ment and profit. The total so obtained is an estimate of the cost of the proposed work, not to the manufacturing engineer, but to the intending buyer. It gives at once a selling price for the work in view, but furnishes no indication as to what the work will actually cost to the engineer. This method of preparing an estimate is distinctly empirical, and has as many disadvantages as the first and more scientific method has recommendations. Unless an engineer knows as nearly as possible what a contract will actually cost him, it is evident that he cannot decide upon the sum he will ask for the work with anything like the confidence he ought to be able to feel he can merely hope that the rates in the estimate a; e, on the one hand, high enough to cover the cost, and on the other hand not so high as to put his tender out of the running. We shall give examples of estimates prepared in accordance wi h the first and more exact method ; but as the second and rough and ready plan is so generally adopted, we shall deal with it first, and shall endeavour to give the reader a general view of the rates charged for the ordinary classes of engineering material and workmanship when preparing estimates in ac- cordance with this second method. Of course it will be understood that these rates vary in .different districts. Indeed, in no two establishments, even in th: same district, will they be \he same as a whole, although it is no uncommon thing for the manufacturing engineers of a district to agree to a certain minimum for certain classes of work. The rates charged will also vary from time to time, according to the prices of the raw materials and the rates of wages paid to engineering workmen. The examples that will be given, are mostly taken from a Basis Rates period during which the prices of certain repre- Material, sentative classes of material and labour ruled about as follows, namely : Per Ton. s. d. G. M. B. Scotch pig iron 240 Middlesbro' No. 3 pig iron i 16 o Ordinary marked Staffordshire bars 7100 " Best Best " Staffordshire boiler plates 850 Ingot copper good quality 6000 IRON CASTINGS. 23 Carriage, which must be added to the above, ran about 6s. per ton on Scotch pigs and 14^. per ton on Staffordshire bars and plates. The pig iron actually used in the foundry in question was a somewhat superior Scotch quality, costing, with carriage, usually about 2 i6s. per ton during the period named. LABOUR. s d. s. d. Pattern makers 30 o to 32 o Ironmoulders 34 o 38 o Smiths 30 o 36 o Turners . . 30 o 34 o Fitters and millwrights 28 o 32 o General Labourers 14 o 19 o Per week of 54 hours. There are three general classes of iron castings loam castings, dry-sand castings, and green-sand castings. The latter are moulded from full patterns in the common foundry sand in its damp or " green " condition ; dry-sand Ironlbasti castm & s are moulded in a similar way usually, but " in a slightly different kind of sand, and the mould is afterwards dried in a stove ; whilst loam castings are built up about a mere skeleton pattern, or " swept " up by boards cut to such outlines that their revolution about certain centres forms the shape of the desired casting. What may be called the framework of a loam mould is a substantial erection of brick. This brickwork is lined or faced with loam, to which the moulder gives the required shape and finish with his trowels and other tools, aided by his outline boards and by working drawings. The mould is finally dried in a stove, or by having coke fires built in or about it. The price at which any cast ng will be charged to a customer, or rated in an estimate, depends upon the amount of labour required to mould the casting in proportion to its weight. Loam castings are consequently the most expensive pro- ductions of the iron foundry. A casting will be made in loam, either because it is im- possible to mould it in green sand, or because the risk of losing the casting would be very great, owing to its size or intricacy ; or because, only one or a very limited number of castings being required, the expense of making a pattern would greatly out- weigh the extra cost as compared with green-sand moulding. Consequently loam castings are nearly always of a special ESTIMATES COMMERCIALLY CONSIDERED. character, and are rated at special prices, according to the labour they require. In the following list of some represen- tative loam castings the prices given are those at which the castings were charged to buyers or rated in estimates. Horizontal Corliss engine cylinder, 24 in. x 54 in 44 Cover for ditto 9 Beam engine cylinder 60 Horizontal engine cylinder 9 Sole plate or framing for ditto 17 ag-in. piston block 9 2z-in. 6 Hydraulic press cylinder 36 ,, 19 Clay pug mill cylinder 20 Fixing lor bottom of upright shaft 44 Yarn boiler in two parts 50 43 28 Mangle bowl, 90 x 18 in. . . 30 Marine engine condenser 61 siae frame or column 28 circulating pump 20 air pump 13 bilge pump 2 cylinder . . 80 ,, cover 14 sole plate 82 piston block 13 junk ring 3 ,, slide valve 4 Stern tube 28 Propeller boss or centre 20 blade .. ..12 Per cwt. cwt.qr.lb. s. d. o 21 O O O O O 14 O 4 o o o o o o 7 14 .. 19 o o 23 o 18 o 16 o 26 o o 14 14 6 .. 18 o o .. 13 o o .. 13 o o .. 18 o o 24 o 16 o 16 o 14 o 16 o 14 o 15 o III 16 6 16 o 14 6 14 6 o 22 O 26 O 17 O 14 o 13 6 14 o 14 o The cost of preparing the loam boards is not included in above rates. The marine castings mentioned were sold to another engineering firm, and were subject to a discount of 7| per cent. In all properly managed works, a separate cost is kept of each loam casting, and the prices determined by adding a percentage to the gross cost. The percentage added is commonly about one third. In exceptional cases for instance, where great risk of making a bad casting is incurred, the proportion may be higher up to two thirds. Some detailed costs of loam castings will be given further on. Coming now to green-sand castings, we have the following classes : SPUR WHEELS FROM ORDINARY PATTERNS. Per cwt. Weight each under 7 Ib. 7t0281b. .. .. 28 to 112 Ib. i, i to 5 cwt. 5 cwt. and upwards s. d. s. d. 16 o to 18 o 13 o 16 o 12 15 O 10 O ,, 13 O 9 o 12 o It is a common practice to make a distinction between spur IRON CASTINGS. 25 and bevil wheels, and to charge bevils (and also worm wheels), is. to 2s. per cwt. more than spurs ; also to charge mortise wheel castings is. to 2s. per cwt. more than plain wheels, whether spur or bevil. Wheels cast to split are also charged extra generally 2s. per cwt. for small wheels, and is. to is. 6d. for large wheels. Thus a split bevil wheel of 3 cwt. would be rated from 13^. 6d. to lys. per cwt. MACHINE MOULDED SPUR WHEELS. Each. s. d. s. d. Weight each 28 to 56 Ib. .. .. 12 o to 16 o ,, ,, 56 to 112 Ib. 14 o ., 20 o Pe- cwt. I to 5 cwt. .. 15 c , 18 o ,, 5 to 10 cwt. 14 o ,, 17 o 10 to 20 cwt. 13 o 16 o 20 cwt. and upwards 10 6 13 6 Bevil and mortise wheels usually 2s per cwt. extra. Wheels flanged to pitch line, is. 6d. or 2s per cwt. extra. Wheels cast to split is. 6d. or 2s. per cwt. extra. Hence on a bevil mortise there would be an extra charge of 4s. per cwt. 2s. for the bevil and 2s. for the mortise, and so on with other variations. In wheels to be split, wrought-iron splitting plates are often used, and are charged extra along with the bolts at ^\d. to 6d. per Ib. When two or more castings off the same wheel pattern are ordered at the same time a reduction of is. or 2s. in the rate per cwt. should be made. A brief reference to the difference between ordinary and machine moulded wheels may, perhaps, be desirable. Formerly nearly every toothed wheel used in mechanical engineering was made from a complete pattern, the principal exceptions being large engine fly-wheels and the gearing of water-wheels, these being moulded from large segment patterns, cast in pieces, and the segments subsequently bolted together. The cost of making a wheel pattern, seeing that every cog had to be cut out of wood, was, therefore, very heavy. Now, however, the wheel- moulding machine enables us to mould almost any kind and size of wheel with a pattern of two teeth only, the entire rim being completed by moulding a tooth at a time, the block pattern being moved round on a fixed centre by successive steps to enable this to be done. The arms of the wheels are usually formed by cores made in separate core boxes. 26 ESTIMATES COMMERCIALLY CONSIDERED. The time required to mould a wheel by machine is longer than would be required to mould a similar wheel from a full- sized pattern, hence the weight per cwt. for a machine-moulded wheel is necessarily higher than for a similar common one. This extra rate, however, is more than counterbalanced by the saving in the cost of pattern-making, whilst the casting is much better, as a rule, than any which could be made from a complete pattern, especially if the pattern had been used a few times, or had been in store for any lengthy period. Generally, the rates we are now giving for castings are exclusive of the cost of preparing or altering patterns, though they would usually be allowed to cover the mere use of stock patterns, but one or two firms who lay themselves out specially for making machine-moulded wheels would 'supply castings of wheels of any ordinary size or pitch at about the rates named, including every expense connected with the preparation of patterns. BELT PULLEY CASTINGS. Generally gs. to i$s. per cwt. The following is a fair scale for ordinary straight or curved arm pulleys of moderate widths relatively to the diameters, namely : Per cwt. s. d. s. d. Weight each under i cwt n o to 14 o i cwt. to 5 cwt jo o ,, 13 o , 5 cwt. to 10 cwt 9 o ,, 12 o 10 cwt. to 20 cwt. 8 6 12 o Cast to split, is. 6d. to 2s. 6d. extra per cwt. Flanged on one or both sides, is. 6d. to 2S. 6d. extra per cwt. Larger pulleys would usually have the rims swept up in loam, and would be rated as loam castings at from IQS. to 141. per cwt. ROPE PULLEY CASTINGS. These generally have the rims swept up in loam : Per cwt. s. d. s. d. Weight each under 2 cwt. 16 o to 26 o 2 cwt. to 5 cwt 14 o 20 o ,. 5 cwt. to 10 cwt 12 o 16 o ,, 10 cwt and upwards n o 15 o FLY-WHEEL CASTINGS. Wheels with plain rims, moulded whole, and with the centres divided in the sand to allow for contraction : Per cwt. s. d. s. d. Weight each i ton to 3 tons .. . ., ., .. 8 o to 12 o M 3 tons and upwards ., , 70 , t 10 f IRON CASTINGS. 2J Geared fly-wheel castings of above weights, from segment patterns, is. 6d. to zs. 6d. per cwt. extra. Wheels with plain rims cast in halves or in segments for planing. Per cwt. s. d. s. d. Weight per wheel, 3 to 10 tons 9 6 to ii 6 10 to 20 tons .. . .. .. 96,, no 20 tons and upwards . .. .. 8 6 9 6 Rope fly-wheels in halves or segments : Per cwt. s. d. s. d. Weight per wheel, 3 to 10 tons 12 o to 14 o 10 to 20 tons ii o 13 o> 20 tons and upwards 10 o 12 o COLUMNS, BEAMS AND GIRDERS. Plain heavy columns and beams for buildings, of weights say from 15 cwt. each up to 40 cwt., will range from gs. down to 6s. per cwt, according to quantity required. Moderately light columns, with brackets cast on to carry pedestals, for weaving sheds, from 9^. down to 6s. 6d. per cwt. CAST-IRON PIPES. Per cwt. s. d. s. d. Plain straight-flanged pipes 7 o to 10 o Plain straight-flanged bends 9 o 12 o Straight spigot and faucet pipes 6 6 8 6 Plain spigot and faucet bends 7 o 9 6 If with single branches about 2s. per cwt. extra. Many general founders and engineers now buy spigot and faucet pipes from Scotch and other houses who make specialties of their manufacture, and retail them instead of making such pipes themselves. They can be bought for about 4 $s. per ton and upwards. The special makers of these common pipes are, however, now so well-known that a millowner who required any considerable quantity would apply to these special makers. Hence general founders and engineers do comparatively little now in this class of work, being called upon indeed for little more than special or odd lengths. Cast-iron hangers, brackets and pedestals, gs. to 14$". per cwt. according to weight and character. Wall boxes, Ss. to 12s. per cwt. ORDINARY LOOM AND OTHER MACHINE CASTINGS. Per cwt. s. d. s. d. i to 7 Ib. . . 13 o to 15 o 7 14 Ib. .. 14 28 Ib. .. 28 112 Ib. I cwt. to 5 cwt. 12 o 14 o ii o ,, 13 o ?6 ,, ii 6 o ,, 10 6 28 ESTIMATES COMMERCIALLY CONSIDERED. WHEEL AND PINION CASTINGS FOR LOOMS, ETC. Per cwt. s. d. s. d. I to 3 lb 16 6 to 18 o 3 7 lb. 15 o 17 o 7 14 lb 14 o 16 o 14 28 lb 13 o 15 o FIRE BARS. Common, such as can be moulded on their edges, 5^. 6d. to 7^. per cwt ; 6s. 6d. is a common rate. Such bars are usually moulded by apprentices at the rate of four or six in a box at a time. Very light bars, and such as require to be moulded on their sides, must be charged higher, ?s. 6d. to gs. 6d. per cwt. Side bars and bearers, 'js. 6d. to 9^. 6d. per cwt. When a tender is given for castings only, from a customer's own patterns say to a millowner, or to an engineer who does not make his own castings it is a common practice to quote all-round or overhead prices for the different classes of castings (except loam castings). Such all-round rates run from ics. to I2s. for ordinary wheel castings, and from 8s. to us. for ordinary mill " uses." Common wrought bar iron, costing from 6 to 7 per ton Wrought Iron delivered into the yard, will be rated at from gs. and to 13.$-. 6d. per cwt. Good marked bars, costing Mild Steel. the en gi neer between 8 and 10 per ton, and used largely for bolts, small forgings, etc., will be put down at from 12s. to iSs. 8d. per cwt. Small quantities should be charged 2d. or 2\d. per lb. It is to be remembered that in cutting up bar iron there is necessarily considerable waste, which cannot be covered except by charging rates which may appear high relatively to the cost: of the iron in large quantities. Moreover, it is a distinct con- venience to the public he serves for the manufacturing engineer to keep in store a reasonable supply of such iron as is in frequent demand for numerous purposes, and the manufacturing engineer is entitled to be paid for providing this convenience. Hammered scrap bars and forgings, costing from ^"n to 20 per ton, will be charged from 2os. to 35^. per cwt. ; and Bowling or Low Moor bar iron at 28^. to 38^. per cwt., or Qd. to ^d. per lb. Mild steel, however, as previously mentioned, is now being largely used where formerly Bowling, Low Moor, or Farnley iron was employed ; and as mild steel bars of good quality can BRASS AND GUN-METAL. 29 be bought at from IQS. to 165-. per cwt, they would be rated at a little over the prices usually charged for good marked iron bars, or from i8j. to 30^. per cwt, according to weight. Heavy, plain mild steel crank-shaft forgings, which cost from 2os. to 28^. per cwt., may be rated at from 32^. to 40*. per cwt., and mild steel piston rods at about the same. Generally such forgings are rated at from 30 to 70 per cent, on the prices which, the manufacturing engineer has to pay for them. Several detailed examples of jobs involving crank-shafts, etc., will be given further on. Wrought iron and mild steel in the forms of plates, angles, etc* will be dealt with fully in the section on boiler work. The prices at which brass and gun-metal castings are rated vary very much, as engineers and brass founders have very different ideas as to what may be considered good Gun-Metal qualities of brass or gun-metal. The following range of prices, however, will cover the rates charged by manufacturing engineers to their clients in most districts : Perlb. s. d. s. d. Good yellow metal .. . . 09 to on Good common brass .. .. .. o 10 ,, i o Good bush or gun-metal .. o n ,, 12 Bell metal . . i 2 i 6 Phosphor bronze and otber special alloys, up to - - 20 In the case of heavy brass castings which are to be bored or turned or otherwise machined, an allowance should be made in any estimate which is required to be made up carefully, for the brass borings or cuttings that will result from the [etai. mac hi n i n g operation. These cuttings are valuable, and will be used again in the brass foundry. They may be rated at from 3^. to $d. per lb., according to the quality of the metal used. The borings or turnings that result from the machining of iron or steel, whilst worth collecting as they can be sold at from 2OS. to $os. per ton for use by chemical manu- facturers, wrought-iron makers, and others are not sufficiently valuable to be taken into account in an estimate. A manufacturing engineer is often required by the terms of a specification to take old material about to be replaced by new in part payment for the new work. Apart from estimates, engineers especially if they have their own iron or brass foun- dries are expected by their regular customers to take old 30 ESTIMATES COMMERCIALLY CONSIDERED. material in part payment of the ordinary accounts. The rates at which old material may be credited in an estimate or in an account, under such circumstances, may be taken at about the following viz. : Per cwt. s. d. s. d. Good heavy cast iron (mill fixings, etc.) 2 3 to 2 9 Good light cast iron i 9 2 o Good heavy wrought iron (shafting, bolts, etc.) . . . . 2 3 2 9 Good light wrought iron (sheet iron, etc.) . . . . - - i o Burnt fire bars .. .. .. -- 10 Per Ib. Good bush metal . . o 5 to o 6 Common brass o si o 4! Engineers who have their own foundries are often glad to take scrap iron from old mills in exchange for goods, as the iron from old establishments is usually of very good quality. Pine timber used for patterns will be rated at from $d. to yd. per superficial foot per inch in thickness. Seasoned hornbeam and beech, which are largely used for cogging wheels, are usually rated from 6d. to gd. per superficial foot for every inch in thickness. They cost in the plank from -2d. to 3 per lb. Sheet Tin, generally about 6d. per sheet. Emery Cloth, id. per sheet. Tallow, when costing about 30^. per cwt, charge 6d. per lb. Candles, charge yd. or Sd. per lb. Red Oxide Paint, costing about iSs. per cwt, charge ^d. cr 5^, per lb, SUNDRIES. 33 Raw Oil y Boiled Oil and Turpentine, costing from 2s. to zs. 6d. per gallon, charge 6d. or %d. per pint. Grinding Sand, costing 2s. per stone (14 lb.), charge $d. or 4a o i 6 Fitting brasses and cap, 2\ days Altering pattern, \ day .. 10 6 10 6 i 3 8 053 Quote 5 IDS. net. 570 GENERAL EXAMPLES. 39 EXAMPLE No. 3. INQUIRY : Price for light shafting, with hangers, pedestals, pulleys, etc., as per specification. Tender for shafting, etc., for : Date. 93ft. if in. plain shafting, turned and polished, finished weight 3 cast-iron flanged couplings, bored, faced, slotted and drilled, etc., finished weight 9 finished bolts and nuts for do cwt. qr. Ib. 6 3 14 I 14 >. o o 2 d. ti 5* 5 s. d. ii 4 7 2 17 9 o 18 o 5 hangers and caps with single brass i|in. 2 p'llar brackets with caps and single brasses, ifin 2 ptdestals with single brasses 8 cast-iron pulleys, i6in. diameter by 13 in. wide, bored, turned and slotted '5 15 32 o 6 6 I 10 O I IO O 13 o o Alteration of pattern, i day Keying couplings on shafts, r day o 10 6 o 10 6 (local) ready for frcctior. 36 17 4 EXAMPLE No. 4. INQUIRY : Price for pair of mitre wheels, with 42 and 41 cogs, 2 Jin. pitch and s^in. face. Tender for mitre wheels, with etc. for : Date. cwt. qr. Ib. s. d. s. d. i cast-iron mitre wheel, 42 by 2^ by 5^; i cast- iron mitre wheel, 41 by 2| by 55 vfrom full stock patterns) Boring 42-wbeel to gauge, ^ day Slotting i key bed in 42-wheel and 4 ill 41- 600 14 16 o o 440 080 / Quote 4 i8s. net. 4 18 o EXAMPLE No. 5. INQUIRY: Price for two cast-iron belt pulleys, each 36 in. diameter by 7 in. wide, and with a flange at one side ; both split and bolted. Tender for single flanged pulleys, 36 in. by 7 in. , for : Date. 2 cast-iron pulleys, 36 in by 7 in., each with a flange at one side .. Turning and borii.g ditto, 2^ days cast to split cwt. qr. Ib. 4 2 14 s. ii 16 d. o o s. d. 2 II 2 O Splitting and bolting, I day .. IO 8 |- n. bolts and nuts .. 5 034 Stock pattern, $ day IO o 7 if Quote 5 los. net. 5 12 3 EXAMPLE No. 6. INQUIRY : Price for four cast-iron rope pulleys, each 3 ft. in diameter, with 3 grooves for 5-in. ropes, all split, bolted, bored to gauges, and turned in grooves. Tender : Four cast-iron rope pulleys for : Date. cwt. qr Ib. s. d. f s. d. 4 cast-iron rope pulleys, each 3 ft., 3 5-10. rope grooves, cast to split 19 3 O ib 15 16 o 16 i J-in. bolts and nuts 2 b 5 i 5 10 Turning and boring, 10 days Splitting, bolting and balancing, 4 days.. Preparing patterns, 2$ days .. .. 16 10 10 6 6 8 2 I o o 2 C 6 3 28 10 I Estimated finished weight 17 o 33 6 28 9 6 Quote ?,8 IDS. less z\ per cent. 4 o GENERAL EXAMPLES. EXAMPLE No. 7. INQUIRY : Price for two crank-shaft pedestals, with adjust- able brasses, n in. bore by 20 in. long. Tender for crank-shaft pedestals for : Date. I 2 Cast-iron blocks and caps 8 Best gun-metal brasses 4 Wrought-irpn wedges 12 Wrought-iron adjusting screws and nuts, 17 in. by i in. 8 cap bolts, nuts, guards, and set screws bolts 17 in. by ij in. Planing blocks and caps, brasses and wedges, 12 days Slotting inside ot blocks, 4 davs .. Fitting at brasses, wedges, and caps, 20 days Boring and facing, 5 days Drilling oil holes, i day Turning bolts and nuts, 6 days .. Alteiationot stock patterns, 4 days .. Cr., say i2olb. gun-metal borings.. Quote 140 net. | cwt. qr. Ib. 54 o o 1176 3 o 22 028 i 3 8 i o 8 d f s. d. 9 o 24 6 o i 3 73 IO O o t 3 14 7 5 i 6 8. o 4 3 8 o 20 12 O 18 o 3 12 IO 6 IO IO O 20 o 5 D 13 6 16 o 4 16 o IO 6 2 2 144 18 9 3* I U3 15 o 3 EXAMPLE No. 8. INQUIRY : Price of new piston rod and cost of fitting same to old piston and replacing latter. Tender for piston-rod for : Date. i m'ld steel piston rod about 7*2 in. long, to finish 3! in. diameter, with taper boss to tit piston forged weight 3 wrought-iron cotters Turning and finishing rod, 2\ days Drilling cotter holes in piston rod, i day Boring and turning old gland bush and neck bush of cylinder cover, and boring and facing old crosshead, 2 days Fitters taking old rod out of piston, fitting new rod in piston and crosshead with new cotter?, and refitting bushes, 5 days Engineer out at place, taking out old piston, etc., bringing same to shop, and re-erecting cwt. qr. Ib. 2 I 14 010 $. d. 34 o o 6 i5 o 16 o 10 6 8 i s. d, 409 0-40 I It) O 12 O I 12 O< 2 12 6 i 8 u Man's allowance, 6s. ; Railway fares, 6s. 12 13 8 2 place to be given us. 15 o o The examples just given will serve for the purpose imme- diately in view. Most of these examples will sufficiently explain themselves, but it may be well to refer particularly to one or two points. In example No. 3, it will be observed that the workmanship is not given in detail, but that the articles are priced at certain finished rates the weights given being finished weights. This is a very convenient method of preparing esti- mates of this character for regular classes of work. In most establishments standard rates per pound, per foot or per article, for such work as that indicated in this example, are on record, and can be used in pricing such estimates, thus GENERAL EXAMPLES. saving time both in the drawing and general offices. It is, however, of the utmost importance that these standard rates should be carefully checked from actual costs, from tirm; to time. It may also be added that the work in this example,, being of a light character, is such as could be easily done by small engineering shops ; and many such establishments, buying cheaply and working cheaply, would quote for such a contract from 10 to 20 per cent, less than the amount given. Referring to example No. 6, firms accustomed to the manu- facture of rope pulleys would not, except in very special cases, go through the detailed process of estimating as shown in this example, but would merely calculate the finished weight of the pulleys, and price it at their standard rate per cwt. for this size and kind of pulley. A table of weights and prices for rope pulleys will shortly be given. It will be noticed that the pulleys are described as " cast to- split." A firm, however, wishing to make a very fine job of such pulleys would cast each half separately, plane the joints where the two halves go together, drill the bolt holes and turn the bolts so as to exactly fit the holes. This would add from* 25-r. to 305-. each to the price of the pulleys, though firms who' lay themselves out specially for the manufacture of rope pulleys would make those named in this example somewhat cheaper in either case. The size of the rope that is 5 in. is, of course,, the girth or circumference of the rope, and not the diameter. Example No. 8, it will be seen, is an estimate partly for new work and partly for repairs. The practice of asking quotations for repairs has greatly increased of late years. The case illus- trated in this example is not much out of the way, but some- times very unreasonable requests for repair quotations are made by millowners and others to engineers. Nearly all estimates are more or less problematical, but an estimate for repairs must necessarily be particularly so ; hence engineers endeavour to avoid as far as they can giving tenders for repair work. Even in such a comparatively simple case as that of this example, it was quite likely that, owing to some circumstance which could not possibly be recognised at the time the estimate was made, more time would be occupied in connection with the engine (a beam engine) than the amount put down. Consequently, as will be noted, a sum, small in 42 GENERAL EXAMPLES. fact, but large relatively to the whole work, was put down to cover any contingency of such a character. Difficulties in connection with quotations for repairs and renewals can sometimes be very conveniently got over by undertaking that the work shall not exceed a certain sum, and that if the cost conies out less the advantage shall be given to the person for whom the work is to be done. Such an arrange- ment fairly entered into gives all that a millowner or other proprietor can reasonably expect, whilst it keeps the engineer reasonably safe. It may be useful in, concluding this portion of our task, to illustrate how a tender for such work as example No. 9 may be written out. The tender would usually run : " Messrs. . Gentlemen,- We propose to supply you with one new mild steel piston rod, turned and finished all over, to suit your piston ; take old rod out of piston, fit new one to piston and old crosshead with new cotters to be provided by us ; also to rebore present gland and neck bushes of cylinder cover, and rebore and face up old crosshead to receive new rod ; also to send an engineer out to your place to take out piston and cover ready to be brought to our shop, and to replace all ready for work for the sum of 15 o o (fifteen pounds) net ; all carting to be done by you, and all the necessary assistance of labourers and scaffolding at your place to be provided by you. 11 We shall esteem your order and remain, * Yours truly, CHAPTER V. INDIRECT EXPENSES. BEFORE passing on to deal with estimates of the probable cost of work to the manufacturing engineer, and also with the actual cost of work completed, it is necessary to explain the meaning and import of the phrase " Indirect Expenses," which will fre- quently occur. The preparation of estimates and the recording or charging up of actual costs are, of course, two distinct and independent operations ; but it is impossible to deal with the former without also, more or less, dealing with the latter. The costs of an establishment ought at once to check the estimates of the past and form a guide to the preparation of those in the present and future. The cost of any article may be considered, for our purpose, as made up of three elements the cost of the materials contained in it, the cost of labour directly expended on it, and the general expenses of the establishment. The latter element Elements of . > Cost comprises rent, rates, insurance, interest, deprecia- tion and maintenance, managers' salaries, office expenses, the wages of firemen, enginemen, and common labourers employed generally about the place, cartage, coal, water, gas, oil, and the thousand and one sundries which are required to keep an engineering establishment in motion. The presence of the first two elements in any piece of machinery is, of course, obvious. The presence of the third may not appear so obvious, and would seem sometimes to be overlooked or very much underrated, but it is just as real. Before any piece of machinery can be produced, there must have been a previous expenditure or liability incurred, on ac- count of rent, motive power, tools, and so on. No one would think of presenting an annual balance-sheet without including the rent, rates, and other charges of a like nature. But an annual balance-sheet, so far as the expenditure is concerned, 44 INDIRECT EXPENSES. and taking stock into account, is neither more nor less than a statement of the cost of all the work produced during the year; and as the whole is the sum of all its parts, it follows that every article produced during the year, down to the smallest screw, has had to bear a share of the general expenses of the establish- ment. Hence it is desirable that every estimate of probable, or statement of actual, cost, should contain as a distinct item this element of general or indirect expense ; and not only be- cause an estimate of cost cannot otherwise be considered com- plete, but because when so prepared, the actual pr ^fit that may be expected, or that has been earned, or the loss lhat has been incurred, may be seen at a glance, which cannot be done either when this element is omitted, or when the estimate is made up at rates intended to cover profit as well as indirect expenses. The question now presents itself How is the proper amount of this element of indirect expenses, with reference to any particular piece of work, to be ascertained ? It will be obvious Determining tnat tms element can only be included in a cost or Indirect estimate by a method of average or percentage. Expenses. To ascertain the proportion, all the items con- stituting the general expenses of an establishment that is to say, every item of expenditure which has not been charged directly against some particular job for a buyer or for stock for a given period, generally a year, must be collected together and the sum total ascertained. This sum will constitute a certain proportion to the remainder of the expenditure. To take an illustration the total expenditure, excluding expendi- ture on new tools, &c., charged to capital account, in a certain period, of a general engineering establishment having its own iron and brass foundries and smiths' shops, &c, amounted to a little over 30,000, made up as follows : Material charged direct to the jobs completed during the period or in progress at the end 9,800 Wages ditto 11,583 Other expenditure Rent, rates, insurance, interest, coal, office expenses, managers' salaries, repairs, &c 9,190 30.573 Here it will be seen that the general expenses constituted 30 per cent, of the total expenditure. But another question now arises Whether should the percentage for indirect expenses be determined with reference to the material alone, the direct DEPARTMENTAL EXPENSES. 45 wages alone, or both combined ? This is to a certain extent a matter of indifference, and must be determined by the nature of the business ; but for a general engineering establishment, the safest and most accurate method is to determine the proportion with reference to the direct wages alone, with certain exceptions to be shortly mentioned, and that for the following reasons : The cost of the material of engineering productions iron, copper, &c. is liable to greater and more frequent fluctuations than the cost of labour, and these fluctuations may and do occur without affecting to any serious extent the general working expenses of an establishment the only item liable to be much affected being that of interest on capital. The quantity and value of the material used for different jobs vary immensely ; but it is clear that an article requiring little material but a large amount of skilled labour will cost more for indirect expenses than one containing much material but little labour. Altogether it will be found that the indirect expenses of an establishment will maintain a more constant relation to the skilled labour employed than to the material contained in the articles manufactured. Of course, certain items of the indirect expenses, such as rent, rates, and insurance, vary little from year to year ; but the amount of gas, oil, cleaning waste, tool steel, files, &c., consumed will vary with the number of skilled workmen employed ; as will also the amount of wages paid for common labour engaged to give assistance throughout the works generally. Lastly, it is the skilled labour which earns the profit, and, therefore, the skilled labour would appear to be the most natural basis upon which to calculate the indirect expenses. In the illustration just given, it will be seen that the pro- portion of indirect expenses to direct wages was practically 80 per cent. It is not, however, sufficient to -determine the proportion merely in the gross ; the proportion Departmental must be Determined for each separate department, expenses. . . An enquiry for price, or an order, may be merely for castings from the customers' own patterns ; it is therefore necessary to know the indirect expenses of the foundry. The enquiry may be for castings to sketches, and patterns will have to be made ; it is therefore necessary to know the indirect expenses of the pattern shop. Again, a piece of work may 46 INDIRECT EXPENSES. require the services of every department, but each in a different degree. In order to ascertain the proportions for each department, the general or indirect working expenses have to be analysed and classed under two groups those which are special^ each department and those which are common to alL The latter will at once suggest themselves. They consist chiefly of managers' salaries, office expenses, rent, rates, insurance, interest, gas, &c. In cases where a department is located in a separate building, the rent, rates, insurance and some other items on account of that building, can of course be charged direct to that department ; but otherwise every desirable object is secured by simply distributing these common expenses over the various departments in proportion to the wages paid in each. It is sometimes contended that the two classes of indirect expenses should be shown separately in an estimate or a statement of cost ; that there should first be set out the special departmental expenses and then a separate percentage to cover the general indirect expenses. This, how- ever, means unnecessary trouble and complication. Every useful purpose is gained if the total departmental expenses, in any case, are determined by adding to the special indirect expenses, a proportion of the general expenses ascertained in the manner we have indicated. The indirect expenses special to each department may be briefly considered. The indirect working expenses special to the drawing office are comparatively small, and consist chiefly of drawing materials and stationery, and of a not inconsiderable portion of the wages of apprentices (where these are paid) Drawing anc j tracers. Of course in the drawing office, as in OniCG. every other department, every hour of time which can be so charged ought to be charged against the jobs in hand, and the major portion of the wages of the drawing office will be disposed of in this way. But after all has been done, there will generally remain a considerable portion of the wages of juniors, and possibly, also, of the head draughtsman, which must be included in the indirect expenses of the department. The indirect expenses special to this depart- men t consist principally of timber, nails, glue, sand- paper, repairs and renewals of machine saws and other machine tools, repairs of building and fittings, the wages IRON FOUNDRY. 47 of foremen, and of one or two labourers employed to "fetch and carry" generally. Sometimes the attempt is made to charge direct the timber used for eaqh job. This may be done in special cases and where a good system of store-keep- ing exists ; but, as a rule, the attempt involves more trouble than the results are worth, whilst every practical purpose is attained by treating the timber as one item of the departmental indirect expenses. In some works the drawing office and pattern shop are treated as one department ; and, indeed, it is quite sufficient to treat them so, except in very large establish- ments. The foundries constitute the obvious exception to the rule that expenses should be calculated on direct wages. It is still true in the foundries, as elsewhere, that it is the skilled labour which earns the profit, but the manufacturing pro- Iron cesses in the foundries are extremely simple when Foundry. , . t . * compared with those in other departments. The iron foundry, for example, turns out only one class of article iron castings. It costs just the same to melt a ton of iron, whether the metal be intended for light and difficult castings,, which have required a large amount of labour to mould them, or for plain and heavy castings. The other general expenses of the foundry will also be usually proportionate to the weight of the castings produced. Hence, it is most convenient to reduce all the indirect expenses of the iron foundry, and for certain purposes all the expenditure of every kind, to a rate per cwt. of dressed castings. The indirect expenses special to the iron foundry comprise foremen's wages, the wages of furnace and bank-men and common labourers, coke, limestone, brick, fireclay, sand, blacking, brushes, bellows, chaplets, core irons, iron rods, hay for cores, steam power for fans, loss of iron, &c. ; the wages of one or two workmen, who either wholly or in part work for the foundry a joiner, smith (making core irons), fitter (repairing boxes), and various sums for repairs, renewal of utensils, &c. In some cases the indirect expenses of the loam department of the foundry are kept separate from those of the green-sand side, but generally it will be sufficient to find the rate per cwt. of dressed castings which will cover all the general expenses of the foundry as a whole, merely keeping the wages 48 INDIRECT EXPENSES. of skilled labour of each branch separate. The following summaries will serve as illustrations : SUMMARY OF IRON FOUNDRY EXPENDITURE FOR 27 WEEKS, ENDING T. C. Q. Output of loam and dry-sand castings 138 16 o green-sand 654 12 o Total output of dressed castings .. .. ,. 79^ s Cost per Ton of Dressed Castings. s. d. s. d. Cost of iron 2,231 8 8 = 216 3 Cost of melting s. d. Wages 135 3 4 Coke, &c 341 6 8 476 10 o = o 12 o Cost of fettling or dressing, inclusive 268 n 5 = o 6 9 Sundry wages charged against iron foundry, including foreman, smith, fitters and general labourers 421 18 a = o 10 7! 5,398 83 = 458 General expenses Rent, rates, management, &c. .. M .. 959 3 4 = i 4 2 Cost, exclusive of direct labour .. 4.357 n 7 = 5 9 10 From this statement it will be seen that every cwt. of castings costs in metal, departmental and general expenses common to the foundry as a whole, as nearly as possible 55-. 6d. The costs when the skilled labour and the common labour special to each department of the foundry are included, will appear from the following : LOAM AND DRY-SAND DEPARTMENT. Cost per Ton. T. C. Q. s. d. s. d. Dressed Castings .. 138 16 o 763 3 4 = 5 9 10 Common labour, special to loam shop 265 15 o = i 18 3% Moulders' Wages .. 682 8 7*= 4 18 Total Cost GREEN-SAND DEPARTMENT. T. C. Q. 654 12 o 3,59 7 1 _ Common labour special to department 377 13 o = o n T. C. Q. s. d. s. d. Dressed castings 654 12 o 3,594 8 3 = 5 9 10 Moulders' wages .. .. .. .. 840 Total cost Thus, the total cost per cwt. of loam and dry-sand castings, all round, was slightly over I2S. %d., and of green-sand castings slightly under fs. 6d. To determine the cost of any particular casting during any period to which the above summaries might BRASS FOUNDRY. 49 be considered applicable, we have merely to rate the metal at 7 8s. \\d. per ton (say ys. 6d. per cwt) if a loam-casting, and 6 $s. 6^d. per ton (say 6s. $d. per cwt.) if a green-sand casting, and add the moulders' wages for the casting in question. It may be added that several of the items in the above summaries, particularly " sundry wages," " general expenses," and the items of labour, both skilled and common, in the loam department, are rather high. There was no piece-work in the loam depart- ment and very little on the green-sand side. The rates shown by the above summaries are, however, absolutely "total" they include every expense of manufacture without exception. The departmental expenses of the brass foundry are very similar to those of the iron foundry, there being some special crucibles for example. In this department, owing to the comparatively small proportion which the cost of Brass labour of all kinds bears to the cost of the metals Foundry. . . ., , used, it is not considered necessary, except m special cases, to have the skilled labour returned against each order number, as ought always to be done in the iron foundry. It is sufficient to reduce all the expenses, including skilled labour, to a rate per Ib. of dressed castings. This rate will usually run in an ordinary engineering establishment, from twopence to threepence per pound weight. The rate ought not to exceed the latter figure, and in jobbing foundries, which work for the trade, it is not infrequently brought down to a fraction over a penny. Though it is generally sufficient to allow the skilled labour to be covered by an all-round rate per pound, distinctions have, however, to be made in the brass foundry, arising from the different qualities and characters of the alloys used in making the castings, which alloys vary much according to the purposes for which the castings have to be used. These different alloys will range themselves, generally, under the following heads : yellow metal, good common brass, gun-metal, bell-metal, anti-friction metals, and solders. There will also be special alloys such as those in which phosphor- bronze or phosphor-tin largely enter used from time to time. The cost of the different mixtures may be determined most conveniently, and with sufficient accuracy for all practical purposes, by a simple ca^ulation based upon the proportions of 50 INDIRECT EXPENSES. the metals used by the foreman to form the alloys. Thus, suppose we wish to know the cost of " good common brass." This will probably consist of 16 parts copper, I J of tin, ij- of zinc, and a little lead, which may be neglected and the calcula- tion will stand frhus : s. d. 16 lb. copper ........... .. .. @ 6\d. = 088 i^lb.tin ........ ........ @ io\d. = o i sf i lb. zinc ................ @ zd. = o o 3 19 lb. " good common brass " .......... @ 6\d. = o 10 2| The importance of making the distinction referred to will be evident if we compare the above with the cost of either a hard gun-metal or a yellow brass such as is largely used for taps and valves. The two latter would probably stand thus : HARD GUN-METAL. 3. d. 16 lb. copper ................ @ 6%d. = 088 Slb.tin ................ io%d. = o 2 7^ i lb. hardgun-mstal ............ @ ?%d. = o n si YELLOW BRASS. i61b.copper ................ @ 6\d. = o 8 8 8 lb. zinc ................ @ zd . = o I 4 24 lb. yellow brass .............. @ 5^. = o 10 o The total costs of these different mixtures would therefore stand about as follows : Yellow brass ................ yd. to Sd. per lb. Good common brass ............ 8%d. to g\d. Hard gun-metal .............. g\d. to io\d. being made up of $d. per lb., for metal in the case of the yellow brass for example, and 2d. to $d. per lb. for moulding, melting, loss of metal, crucibles, sundries, and repairs, and a proportion of the general expenses for rent, rates, management, &c. In all properly organised works, weekly or fortnightly statements showing the cost of the castings under all the important heads are prepared. The indirect expenses special to the Smiths' Shop are principally coal, waste of material, iron and steel used to repair and keep in order the smiths' tools, steam-power for fans or blowers and hammers, repairs and renewals of Smiths hearths, wages of smiths repairing and renewing tools, foreman's wages, &c. There is usually very little common labour, strfctly so-called, in the smiths' shop, as SMITHY AND MACHINE SHOP. 51 the helpers, strikers, or hammermen, as they are variously named, are all more or less skilled men ; and as each smith has his own striker or strikers, who work for him and for no one else, and as he cannot as a rule work without them, the wages of both smith and strikers can be added together and treated as one. The wages of the steam-hammer men or boys should also be dealt with on a similar plan, and be distributed over the -different smiths who use the steam-hammer. Thus, say a leading smith earning 38^'. per week returns 9 hours against a job. Instead of merely charging 9 hours at 38^. per week, there will be charged 9 hours at probably 77.$"., made up as follows : ~ s. d. i smith , 9 hours @ 385. = 064 i striker 9 >. @ l8s - =030 I ,, 9 @ 175. = o 2 10 i steam-hammer boy .. .. 4^ @ 8s. = o o 8 o 12 10 equal to 9 hours at i.r. $d. per hour, or 77^. per week. Notwith- standing the fact that nearly all the labour in the smiths' shop may be thus charged direct, the percentage to cover indirect expenses is almost invariably high. The indirect expenses special to this department are the heaviest of all. They comprise steam-power, oil, oil-cans* cleaning waste, tool steel, hammers, leather belts, laces, grind- Machine stones, emery, emery paper, emery wheels, smiths' OP Turning charges dressing tools, a half or other proportion Shop. of the craneman's wages (an overhead traveller being now found in most large shops), repairs of machine tools, repairs and renewals of utensils, labourers' wages, and the wages of foremen. The items of rent, interest on capital, &c., are necessarily also heavy. Whilst in average works it will usually be sufficient to determine the indirect expenses of the machine shop as a whole, in large works or where very large and costly machine tools are in use, it may be advisable to divide the machine shop into two, or even more, sections, placing the large tools by themselves in the one and the ordinary too's in the other, and to determine the percentage for each section. This may be done very conveniently and with sufficient accuracy, as a general thing, by dividing the total indirect expenses of the machine shop into two parts proportionate to the cost of the machine tools in each section. At the same time, it is not at 52 INDIRECT EXPENSES. all difficult where anything like proper book-keeping exists to keep the working expenses of each section separate, and as the power consumed by each section can also be either ascertained by engine indications, or very closely estimated, a very large proportion of the indirect expenses of each section can be ascertained absolutely, leaving only general items rent, management, &c. to be determined by calculation based v.pon the cost of the tools. The fitting department is generally in the same building as the machine department ; but the indirect expenses of the one can easily be kept distinct from the other. The special expenses Fitting 1 f tf 16 fitting shop comprise files (a heavy item), OP Erecting hammers, chisel steel, cleaning waste or cloths, oils Shop. anc j cans, grindstones, repairs and renewals of numerous utensils stocks and dies, ratchet braces, &c. a pro- portion of the craneman's wages, labourers' wages, very often a large portion of the junior apprentices' wages, and the wages of foremen. Owing, however, to the sum total of fitters' and mill- wrights' wages, which can be charged direct, being usually large, the percentage for indirect expenses is generally comparatively small. It is necessary when any considerable staff of fitters is regularly employed on outdoor work to determine a separate percentage for them ; otherwise the percentage, when applied to the wages expended in the shop, will be too small, and when applied to outside work, too large. This will be obvious when it is borne in mind that light and shelter, the assistance of labourers, the use of scaffolding, and numerous sundries are generally provided by the customer for whom the men are working outside. The percentage on direct wages to cover all indirect expenses, both departmental and general, in a general engineering estab- lishment should not exceed the higher rates given in the following scale, whilst they will not often fall below the lower rates : Drawingoffice 25 to 33! per cent. Pattern shop.. 50 to 75 Drawing office and pattern shop when treated as one .. 33! to 50 Smiths' shop ,. 75 toioo Machine shop Joo to 150 Fitting shop 40 to 50 Fitters outbide 13 to 25 That is to say, if a job has required an expenditure of 4 for FLUCTUATIONS. 53 drawings and patterns treated as one department, it must be charged with from 26s. 8d. to 40^. more to cover the indirect expenses that will have been incurred on its account, and so on with the other departments. A remark that applies to every department, and that is suffi- ciently obvious, is that these percentages will be higher when there is little doing than when business is good. In the former condition of things, not only will the rent, office expenses, and many other items be practically the same as in the latter, but many of the workmen who have to be retained will be obliged to charge a not inconsiderable proportion of their time against their shop, instead of against customers. From what has now been said, it will be obvious that whilst at is of the utmost importance to cover in every estimate, and to include in every statement of cost, the indirect charges of the establishment, the sum put down cannot, in any case, be other than an estimate, and will therefore differ, and ought to be shown separate, from the material and labour which, in the case of a cost, will be actual returns. The proportion or percentage may be accurately determined at the close of any period from the accounts of that period. A proportion so determined may be, and as a rule will be, used during the succeeding period ; but whether it will be accurate or not will depend upon the amount of work done in it, and cannot be certainly known until its close. We have thus dwelt at some length upon the question of general or indirect expenses, because it is of the utmost con- sequence that anyone who wishes to prepare estimates should have an adequate conception of the importance of these general expenses as an element in the cost of everything produced ; and, also, some idea of the relative values of this element in the different departments of an ordinary engineering establishment. CHAPTER VI. MILLWRIGHT WORK MILL FIXINGS, PEDESTALS, ETC. WE shall now deal with the cost of manufacturing and with the usual selling prices of general millwright work. The large class of articles comprised in the term " millwright work " may very well be styled the " common objects " of the general engineers' establishment. They are required more frequently and in greater numbers than any other of the productions of the mechanical engineer, being necessary, more or less, to every manufacturing industry in which steam or other motive power is employed. The machinery of a spinning mill, by which the actual manufacturing operation is performed, differs immensely from that of a weaving factory, whilst that of a weaving factory differs in an equal or greater degree from the machinery of a flour mill ; but all these establishments must contain shafting, bearings or pedestals in which the shafting may revolve, fix- ings to carry the pedestals, and also wheels or pulleys to convey motion to the machines. The machinery of conversion in two works may differ enormously, but the machinery of trans- mission will be found to possess many, if not all, its features in common. It is no doubt true that there are now many engineering establishments which have little or nothing to do directly with general millwright work. Undoubtedly mechanical engineering, like most other industries, has been enormously modified during MILL FIXINGS, &C. 55 the past half-century by the great development of the principle of the division of labour which has taken place in that time. There are now many engineering works which are simply fac- tories for the production of some particular class of machinery. Nevertheless there is no department of mechanical engineering in which a young man may be placed in which he will not find a knowledge of the construction and cost of machinery of trans- mission of value to him, if not actually indispensable. It is not, therefore, necessary to offer any apology for dealing in some detail with this branch of our subject. These may be conveniently considered under two heads special, and standard or ordinary fixings. Nearly every mill, . factory, or other manufacturing establishment '* using steam or water-power requires at one time or other a number of special cast-iron fixings to carry some portion of the machinery of transmission in some peculiar or special situation. For these fixings special patterns have usually to be made, and as these patterns are generally of no use as stock or standard patterns, their cost in each instance must be entered against the special casting, and covered by the price charged in the account or estimate. The cost of moulding these fixings which are very often loam castings, or, if they are done in green sand, are unusually difficult must also be taken separately, as should also any workmanship upon the casting itself. EXAMPLE No. 9. Estimate of cast-iron footstand, with bell-metal bush and steel step for upright shaft, for (Profit rates). Dale. Cwts. qrs. Ibs. s. d. s. d. cast-iron stand, in loam 44 2 o 15 o 33 7 6 door . . i i 14 II O O 15 2 wrought-iron plate I 6 o 3l o 9 ii 4 i 6 300 bell-metal step . . 36 i 5 2 II O 2 steel pins, forged 4 bolts and nuts . . si i 6 o 6 030 029 12 studs and nuts.. o 6 060 Turner at stand . . 7 hours 3 o I I steps, &c. 30 2 3OO Planer 10 3 o I 10 Driller (large machine) 10 2 I O O Fitters 35 I 4 268 Grinder 4* 2 O 090 Patterns (extra timber) . 85 I 6 676 Drawings 35 2 3 10 o Less 2^ per cent, discount 59 19 6 MILLWRIGHT WORK. EXAMPLE No. QA. Statement of cost of preceding cast-iron stand. s. d. s. d. s. d. i cast-iron stand, in loam . . . . 43 3 7 6 16 10 2 Moulders' wages 10 5 9 i cast-iron door 120 6 3 095 Moulders' wages 009 i wrought-iron plate, from boiler shop i compressed steel step, per Whitworth i bell-metal step (special) 4 bolts and nuts (stock) . . .. 2 3 3 2 XI rl 18 o I I O O 4 090 i 19 o i 15 o O I IO 12 studs and nuts (stock) .. .. *3 O 2\ 026 li O 2 003 009 Workmanship Smiths at pins. Wages paid . . Turners, 40 hours 009 i 6 8 Planers, 12 065 Drillers, 12 o 4 ii 2 18 7 Grinders, 3^ . . Oil o 10 9 Fitters, 40 i i 6 197 Patterns, 75 i 19 5 062 Drawings, 35 i 4 8 5 5 10 Cost in materials and wages Indirect expenses 37 19 o 5 5 io Gross cost 43 4 ir Profit (35 per cent.) 15 4 7 Amount in estimate, 59 195. fd., less 2^ per cent cS Q fi D y In the above statements we give first an estimate, at profit rates, for a special fixing, and, secondly, the actual cost of the fixing when completed ready for erection. The rates in the estimate were slightly over the usual profit rates of the estab- lishment, as the work was for a very particular customer, and would have to be most carefully done. In the " cost," the rates put opposite the iron castings cover not merely the cost of the metal, but every indirect expense properly belonging to the ironfounder, as previously explained. The sums in the left hand money column represent the indirect expenses for the different classes of labour against which the amounts are set, supposed to be chargeable to the job. These expenses are here calculated on the following scale viz., machinists, 150 per cent; fitters, 50 per cent.; pattern makers, 75 per cent. ; smiths, TOO per cent. ; and draughtsmen, 25 per cent, on the actual wages paid. The four items of machinists' wages amount to i igs. id., and 150 per cent, on this sum equals 2 iSs. yd. It will be noted that the profit in this example amounted to about 35 per cent, on the gross cost of the fixing ; though if the cost ot the principal casting be compared with the sum put down for it in the estimate, it will be seen that the profit on the casting alone was only about 25 . MILL FIXINGS. 57 per cent on the cost certainly not more than ought to be ob- tained on special and risky castings of this nature. Whilst the statement of cost is in this example set out in detail, costs of such work may be much more briefly summarised (the princi- pal items being collected from different books) where proper accounts are kept, as will be explained in due course. One or two other detailed costs of special fixings may hjj given. EXAMPLE No. 10. Summary of cost of i special wall box, prepared to carry crank shaft pedestal at lower part and pedestal for first motion upright shaft above, for s. d. 299 i casting, in loam Moulders' wages Pattern makers (wages paid) Extra timber (special return) 104 i 7 s. d. 7 6 s. d. 39 2 4 13 4 6 3 6 4 o 1 6 o 299 Cost in materials and labour . . Expenses (other than foundry) 56 9 2 299 Profit (33 per cent, nearly) 58 18 n 19 5 9 Tender was 155. per cwt. net. 78 4 8 EXAMPLE No. n. Summary of cost of cast-iron sole plates, prepared for stands to carry 6 in. pedestal, for s. d. i 3 8 i 7 3 o i 3 3 castings (green sand) Moulders' wages Pattern makers' wages Planers' wages Drillers' ,, Fitters' Cost in materials and \ Expenses (other than i however, that a stock pattern of a wall box has to be altered to suit different thicknesses of walls, and in other details. It is a simple matter to do this strips being fixed on when the pattern is to be made wider ; and, if the casting is required narrower than the pattern, the moulder can with a little care " stop off" the superfluous width in the sand. The bridge in the box to carry the pedestal generally admits of adjustment to -a certain extent. The cost of altering the stock patterns must, of course, be covered in any estimate. The cost of wall boxes, as castings, may usually be taken as about the average or all-round cost of the castings turned out of a general engineering foundry. It is rare that any machining has to be done on a wall box a little chipping or filing by the fitter when placing the pedestal being all that is necessary. TABLE No. i. List of wall boxes. Dimensions. Weight. Rate per Cwt. Profit Prices. 3 ft. 6 in. x 3 ft. 6 in. x 2 ft. 5 in. deep, for 9 in. pedestal .. New pattern would require from 3 to 5 days. 3 ft. o in. x 3 ft. o in. X 2 ft. 5 in. deep, for 6$ in. pedestal . . New pattern would require from 3 to 5 days. 3 ft. o in. X 3 ft. o in. x i ft. 6 in. deep, for 5^ in. pedestal. . New pattern would require from 2^ to 4 days. 20 15 o o II O O 75. to 95. 75. to 95. 7s. to 95. 2 ft. o in. x 2 ft. o in. x 2 New pattern wou 2 ft. 6 in. x 2 ft. 6 in. x ft. o in. deep, for 4^ in. pedestal., d require from 2 to 3^ days, ft. 6 in. deep, for 4 in. pedestal 800 800 75. to los. 75. to ios. o x 2 o x 2 4 500 8s. to ios. o x 2 o x o 4 .1 410 fcs. to ios. O X 2 O X 9 4 i 3 I 14 8s. to ios. X 2 X 6 3* 630 8s. to ios. 6 X I 2 X 2 230 8s. to ios. 6 x i 6 x O 3 ! 2 I 14 8s. to ios. 6 x i 6 x Q i 3 o gs. to las. 4 x i 4 x 2 2* ',', 2 O 14 bs. to ios. 4 x i 4 x o 2i i 3 o 9S. tO I2S. 4 x i 4 x Q 2 ,, i 3 o 9S. tO I2S. 4 x i 4 x 9 2 i i 14 9S. tO I2S. WALL BOXES. 6l The " depth " given in the above table is the distance through the wall box from front to back, and corresponds with the thickness of the wall. The above prices would cover the use of stock patterns, but not the cost of any alterations or adjustments that might be necessary. These alterations would have to be covered by a special charge. In a general contract, however, containing a number of wall boxes, it will generally be sufficient, to cover all alterations and preparations, to add from one to three shillings per cwt. to the above rates. The wall box patterns given in the above table were mostly made at different times to suit the requirements of different customers, and without reference to any particular scale. The following would constitute a fair price list for plain wall boxes for ordinary walls, the prices being subject to say 2\ per cent, discount in a month ; delivery F.O.B. (free on board), or F.O.R. (free on rails) in maker's own town. TABLE No. 2. Price list of wall boxes. Size of Pedestal. Size of Box. Thickness of Wall. Approximate Weight. Price per Box. s. d. i\ or 2 in. 12 in. square. gin. 0160 2$ in. 3 3 :; 9 9 i 14 2 O 120 150 3* 16 9 2 I 5 o 4 18 9 3 o I IO O 4 18 isi 2 14 200 a 18 18 9 13* 3 o 2 14 I IO O 2 O O 5 20 13* 330 2 10 54 24 13* 4 3 14 3 10 o 6 27 13* 600 440 io per cent, extra for bolts and nuts and joggle keys to hold pedestal, and for pine packings. Most firms would supply single wall boxes at above rates, and quantities at io per cent. less. Both these fixings are for the purpose of carrying shafting. The term " Hanger " is applied generally to all fixings for this purpose which are bolted to beams overhead, and thus as it were " hang " from above. The term " Bracket " is applied to all fixings for this purpose which are bolted to the sides of walls or columns. Both hangers and brackets may be divided into two general classes viz , those which have brasses fitted actually or directly in them, and thus form in themselves the bearings for the 62 MILLWRIGHT WORK. shafting; and those which have separate pedestals bolted or otherwise fitted on them. The former are cheaper than the latter i.e., the pedestal brackets or hangers are cheaper than independent brackets or hangers with separate pedestals but they are not so good. It is difficult to put a number of them correctly in line when erecting ; they are more difficult to adjust, should adjustment become necessary owing to the settling of the walls of the house or to any other cause ; and they are troublesome when any renewal of bushes becomes necessary. Following are a few examples of costs, and also tables of weights and prices. The hangers given in the examples and tables are of the ordinary " sling " type, in which there are two flanges to bolt to the overhead beams ; though both weights and prices may be taken as practically applicable also to the plain boot-shaped style in which there is only one flange to bolt to the beam. EXAMPLE No. 15. Cost of hanger with single brass and iron cap. Depth to centre of bearing, 14 in. ; bore, if in. s. d. Cast iron .. .. ... .. I if) n\ S. 8 d. o o s. d. 3 2 o 3 o o 6 o I 3 O II Drilling 2 hours Fitter I Apprentice fitter .. .. , 7 . 24 31 9 o o o o II o 7 i 3 O 2 2 Materials and wages . . . . . . . o 8 4 2 2 Gross cost o 10 6 Charged 175. EXAMPLE No. 16. Cost of 2 pedestal hangers with single brasses. centre of bearing, 18 in. ; bore, 2f in. Depth to s. d. 028 o 3 10 I O IO 10 s. d. 8 o IO o 4 24 o 28 o 26 o s. d, 089 084 o i 4 019 063 o i 5 Driller . . 4 hours Fitter 12 Pattern maker 3 (Getting out and repairing stock pattern) Materials and wages 066 I 7 10 066 i 14 4 Gross cost . . Charged 275, 6d. each. HANGERS AND BRACKETS. EXAMPLE No. 17. Cost of pedestal hanger with double brasses. Depth to centre of bearing, 24 in. ; bore if in. . d. I I O s. d. 8 o s. d. g O IO 076 o 4 008 o i 8 o 3 5 Driller Fitter Pattern maker at stock pattern 2i hours 10 3 ,, 28 o 30 o Oil 052 018 o 4 I Materials and wages . . Expenses . . . . . i 6 i o 4 i Gross cost .. I 10 2 Charged 455. EXAMPLE No. 18. Cost of pedestal hanger with single brass, bore, 4 in. Depth, 1 8 in. ; f s. d. s. d. / s d. Cast iron . . . . . . . . . i 3 14 8 o o j - n IO o Q 2 bolts and nu's, | in 6 I o o 4 o Driller, boring 6 hours Fitter .. .. 9 11 o o 2 4 8 8 o 3 5 Altering pattern. Pattern maker 4 23 2 I Materials and wages I IS o T Gross cost 2 2 5 Charged 705. It should be mentioned that the hangers given in the four last examples were made simply in the quantities there given that is, singly in all except one instance to odd orders. Therefore the costs are higher than would be the case in the event of a large number of one size being made at a time ; and the prices at which the hangers are charged are also proportionately higher than would be charged for considerable numbers. TABLE No. 3. Table of pedestal hangers (single brasses) and plain hangers. Bore. Depth. Cast Iron. Brass. Gross Cost (approximate). Price of Pedestal Hanger. Price of Plain Hanger. s. d. s. d. s. d. ii in. 14 in. o i 16 2*lb. o 10 6 o 15 o 076 4 14 i. o i 16 2i o 10 6 0160 090 18 o 2 14 4 o 13 o o 19 o o 10 6 *\ 18 o 2 14 & o 14 6 I 2 6 O 12 6 ^l 18 030 3* o 16 6 i 5 o o 15 o 2 i 18 030 5 ,. o 19 o i 7 6 o 17 6 3 18 100 6t 140 i 15 o o 19 o 3* 24 120 9 it i 13 o 2 10 O i 4 o 4 24 I 3 14 "* 200 300 I 10 i 24 210 14 H 280 3 10 o i 16 o If with double brasses (a brass top and bottom), 20 per cent. 64 MILLWRIGHT WORK. extra; 15 per cent, extra on prices of plain hangers for pine packing, bolts and nuts to hold pedestal, and joggle keys. By " plain hanger " in the last column of the above table is meant a hanger prepared to have a separate pedestal bolted to it. The weight of such a hanger would be slightly over the weight of cast iron in the pedestal hanger of corresponding size, but may be considered as practically the same. Most engi- neering firms would supply pedestal hangers at the rates given in the above table in small quantities at a time, and in large numbers at from 10 to 25 per cent. less. A single pedestal hanger should not cost more to make than the sum opposite each size, and the cost should come out considerably less when a dozen or more are made at once. The costs and prices of pedestal wall brackets that is, of brackets which form in themselves the bearings for the shaft, may be taken at about 10 per cent, more than hangers the distance from the wall to the centre of the shaft in the one case not being more than the depth from the beams to the centre of the shaft in the other. The price of plain brackets that is brackets which are intended to have separate pedestals bolted to them may be taken at from 20 to 25 per cent, more than plain hangers. The only difference is that there is usually from a fifth to a third more cast-iron in the bracket than in the hanger of corresponding size. ^ Pillar bracket pedestals are simply pedestals intended to be bolted to the sides of pillars of columns. In the case of wall brackets and hangers, the centre of the shaft must be at a considerable distance from the wall 01 beams, so that there will be sufficient clearance for the pulleys or wheels which are intended to go on the shaft. But a shaft may be carried quite close to a column, as there will be, in the space between two columns, ample clearance for all pulleys. Hence pillar bracket pedestals have not so much cast-iron in them as wall brackets or hangers, and may, indeed, almost be regarded as ordinary pedestals. If 10 per cent, be added to the prices of plain pedestals which follow, this will generally be sufficient to cover the extra cost of pillar bracket pedestals of corresponding dimensions. These different terms are all used to describe the same class of fixing. These fixings are of many different designs and of all sizes, from the massive pedestal for the crank-shaft of the PEDESTALS, ETC. engine or for the water-wheel axle, down to the neat little Pedestals, bearm S resting on a neat bracket fixed by screws Plummer- to the wall of his workshop, in which the shafting Blocks, Seats, o f .the watch manufacturer revolves. As the Bearings. p e d es tal or plummer-block is undoubtedly the most important of all mill fixings, we give detailed examples of most ordinary sizes. EXAMPLE No. 19. Cost of cast-iron pedestal with double brasses, 8J in. bore by 12 in. long ; planed on sole and top, and with jaws slotted to receive brasses. * d. s. d. s. d. 8 O 14 6 3 2 IO IO Moulders' wages . . . . . . U U xq. u j 084 I O O 10 64? 051 4 bolts with nuts and guards Smith's and helper's wages 6 hours w . y i o 14, 8 o 46 o o 9 o 5 Planer .. t . 40 28 o I O Slotter .. . . . 22 20 o 8 Driller .. , t 3 n 20 O I 34 o O 12 Apprentice tur er a bolts, etc. 1 :: 10 I 368 Screwer . . 20 o O I 102 Fitters .. Pattern maker ?repar ing stock pa 66 " ern 7$ " I 15 II 044 Materials and wages . . .. .. 14 2 I 4 II II Expenses . . . . . 4 II II Gross cost . . 18 14 o The following is a copy of the entry in the sales book and also a copy of the invoice for the above pedestal, which was not made under contract, but ordered without a tender being required : s. d. s. d. June Block and cap for 8i x 12 in. pedestal 8 o 14 10 6 4 5 4 2 best gun-metal steps 119 I 2 8 13 10 4 bolts and nuts and guards Planing sole and top of block and underside of cap, slotting jaws, filing and fitting brasses, i 10 14 o 4 * 273 boring brasses and facing ends of bolts, etc., and preparing patterns (use of patterns in- cluded) .. 12 13 7 28 o o To make complete new patterns for a pedestal of above dimensions would take from 10 to 14 days of a pattern maker. The pedestal given in the above example had more workman- ship than is usually required for ordinary shafting pedestals put upon it. It was, indeed, a crank-shaft pedestal, though used for a first motion shaft in this instance ; and the instructions were F 66 MILLWRIGHT WORK. to make a very good job of it. The following examples repre- sent more the character of ordinary shafting pedestals. From these it will be seen that pedestals as large as the one in the last example can be made much lighter and less expensive. At the same time the following may be considered of high-class character for ordinary purposes. EXAMPLE No. 20. Cost of pedestal with double brasses, 9 in. bore by 14 in, long. S. d. s. d. 638 Brass I I O 7 3 o 10 5 16 8 Bolts and nuts forged Planer .. 13 hours 020 o 3 28 o o 14 o> o 6 o/ Turner .. 24 ii 34 o 15 r Apprentice turner at Grinder at bolts bolts, tc. 12 4 10 o 20 o 023; o i 6 Driller .. 2 ii 20 009 Fitters .. 72 M I 18 8 Materials and wages 12 5 2 Expenses .. 2 18 10 Gross cost .. .. .. 15 4 o Charged 23. EXAMPLES Nos. 21 AND 22. Cost of pedestal with double brasses. 3 in. bore by 12 in. long. 7 in. by 12 in. s. d. s. rf. s. d. s. d. Cast iron 517 7 3 i 18 7 ^ 420 7 3 I 12 8 Brass 3 23 O IO 492 99 O IO 426 Bolts and nuts, forged . . Planer . lohours I 12 o 3 28 o 10 052 7 hours 19 o 4 28 o o 64 038 Turner . 20 at bol s,&c. 9 34 o 28 o o 12 7 048 15 5 >i 34 o 28 o 095 021 Grinder . 2 ,, 20 009 2 20 009 Driller . 2 20 009 2 ,, 20 o 009 Fitters . 60 I II 6 50 M 160- Materials and wages.. 9 13 2 .. 8 4 2 Expenses 2 II 8 i 18 9 Gross cost .. .. 12 4 10 10 2 II Charged ^17 IDS, Charged 15 ios. EXAMPLE No. 23. Cost of pedestal with double brasses, 6 in. by 10 in. long. 300 S. d. 7 6 s. d. 126 70 O IO je O 4 28 o 34 at bolts .. . . 4 a 2 H JO 20 o 009 Driller 2 t, 20 o O O Q I I 6 Materials and wages .. 5i8 4 1 7 3 757 -~ Charged 10 ios. PEDESTALS, ETC. EXAMPLES Nos. 24 AND 25. Cost of pedestal with double brasses. 5 in. bore by 10 in. long. 4 i n . by 9 in. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. Cast iron t 3 14 7 6 o 14 i ., 129 7 6 O'll II Brass Bolts and nuts 47 10 o 10 o 4 I 19 2 03 4 gj O IO o 4 i 9 7 038 Planer .. .. shrs. Drillers(bor:ng,&c.)io Turner, at bolts, &c. 6 28 o 20 O IO O o i 7 039 Oil 3 hours 8 28 o 20 O o i 7 03 o Grinder .. .. 2 20 009 2 ,, 2O O 009 Fitters . . . . 30 o 14 5 2J o 10 9 Materials and wages.. Expenses 3 18 2 0180 ;: 3 i 3 o 13 4 Gross cost .. 4 16 2 3 14 7 Charged 6 IQS. Charged 5 5$. EXAMPLES Nos. 26 AND 27. Cost of pedestal with double brasses. 4 in. by 8 in. 3j in. by 7 in. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. Cast iron I O O 8 o 8 o . 2 21 8 o X, 0. M O56 Brass 27 10 2 6 17 O IO O 14 2 Bolts and nuts Planer . . 2 hours 7 o 4 28 o 2 4 I I 5 o 4 ^ o i 8 Driller .. 7 20 o 2 7 5 hours 20 o O I IO- Grinder .. I Fitter ., 15 20 O i 7 6 1 >i 10 20 o 005 o 5 2- Materials and wages.. 45 .. i 8 9 Expenses o 9 10 .. 060 Gross cost 2 14 3 i 14 9 Charged 3 los. Charged 2 los. EXAMPLES Nos. 28 and 29. Cost of pedestal with double brasses. 3 in. by 6 in. long. 2j in. by 5 in. long. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. Cast iron 020 8 o 040 I 12 8 o 033 Brass i3i O IO o II 3 9 10 076 Bolts and Nuts 4 o 4 014 3* o 4 O I 2 Driller .. .. 3^ hours 20 o 014 20 o o 1,8 Grinder .. .. i 20 005 20 005 Fitter .. .. 9 046 033 Materials and wages . . I 2 10 o 17 3 Expenses o 4 ii 039 Gross cost 179 I I O Charged 2. Charged i 75. 6d. EXAMPLES Nos. 30 and 31. Cost of pedestal with double brasses. 2 in. by 4. in. long. i in. by 3^ in. long. s. d. s. d. 5. d. s. d. Cast iron O 22 8 o 017 009 8 o 008: Brass 6 O IO 050 4 10 3 4 Bolts and nuts 010 008 Driller . . . 2 hours 20 o 009 20 o 009- Grinder .. . i 20 005 20 003 Fitter .. . 4 O 2 O o i s Materials and wages . . Expenses . .. .. o 10 9 029 i o 7 i 026 Gross cost o 13 6 i 097 Charged 185. (id. Charged 15-;. 68 MILLWRIGHT WORK. All the above examples of pedestals are taken from actual experience, and are the costs of pedestals made either singly or in lots of not more than two or three at a time. In most of the cases slight alterations in the patterns were necessary, but the cost of this item has been left out, as it is so variable. The brasses in all these instances will be found on the heavy side pedestals often being made with brasses from 25 to 50 per cent, lighter. The cost pf pedestals with single brasses that is, with one brass let into the block, and with merely a cast-iron shell cap above may be taken at about one-fifth, or twenty per cent, less than the costs shown for the double brass pedestals. The principal saving is in the brass. All the pedestals given in these examples were of the ordf- nary plain type, with soles having double tails ; the bolts being used merely for securing the cap to the block, and not also, as is the case sometimes, for the purpose of attaching the pedestal to the fixing. The cost of side pedestals, with correspondingly weighty brasses, would be about the same. The selling prices given in the above examples would .frequently be allowed to include in the larger sizes at least pine packing when required, joggle keys and the bolts and nuts to attach the pedestal to the fixing, unless the bolts were of extra length or of some special character. Many firms would charge lower prices than those given in the above examples, even with the costs about the same ; but these prices are not at all out of the way for odd pedestals, more particularly if a de- parture from the stock pattern has been made, as something must be allowed for the use of the engineer's patterns. A firm intending to make a specialty of pedestals, and to 'issue or advertise a price list, would endeavour to fix their weights and prices at about the figures given in the table on the other side. The selling prices given in the table would be exclusive of any oil cups, bolts for securing the pedestals to the fixings, or of wood packings. In preparing a list of this kind intended for public use, it is necessary to keep in mind that the selling price must be sufficient to cover not only a cash discount of 2,\ or 5 per cent, to the buyer, when the buyer is the user also, but must be sufficient to cover a still larger discount 10 to 15 per cent. to merchants, agents, and other distributors. PEDESTALS. 6 9 Pedestals can be bought at lower prices than those given in the "selling price " column in the table ; but in the writer's opinion it is not possible to sell pedestals profitably at lower rates than those just given, and at the same time to do justice to the user in the matter of workmanship and quality and weight of brass. TABLE No. 4. Price list of pedestals, with double brasses. Size. Weight of Iron. Brass. Approximate Gross Cost. Selling Price. s. d. s. d. ij in. X 3 in. if x 3* 009 o o 16 cf Ib. 068 070 090 O IO O 2 X 4 20 4* i 076 o ii 6 at x 4) o o 5ft H 096 o 14 6 2i x 5 o 4 t* O 12 O o 17 6 3 x 6 o 20 9 .. o 18 6 I 7 6 3t x 7 o 4 13 i, 170 I 17 6 4 x 8 20 i 18 o 2 15 O 4i X 8* I O 26 2 IO O 3 12 o 5 x 9 I 14 35 350 450 si x 9* 130 42 3 19 o 500 6 x u 2 I O 50 4 15 o 609 With single brasses, 15 per cent. less. It is, perhaps, unnecessary to add that pedestals of reasonable quality can only be made at the costs given above, by being made in quantities, and either on piece-work or on a systematic plan. CHAPTER VII. MILLWRIGHT WORK, contd. SHAFTING AND COUPLINGS. MILL and general shafting is now made principally from the following materials : Hammered Scrap Forgings. Used for heavy upright and other shafts, especially such as have large bosses to receive wheels. These forgings cost the manufacturing engineer from 11 to 20 per ton in the condition in which they leave the hammer, according to the size and the number and shape of the bosses 14. to 16 per ton being ordinary rates. Siemens and Bessemer Steel Forgings. Used for same purposes as the hammered scrap, and costing from 20 to 30 per ton. Bowling and Low Moor Iron Forgings. Now but little used comparatively, the cheaper but, if properly made, equally reliable mild steels being used instead. Many engineering establishments have their heavy forged shafts rough-turned at the forge, especially if time is important or the carnage considerable. The advantage of having the shaft thus rough-turned is that it enables the forge-master to ascertain with tolerable certainty whether or not the forging is sound ; and if it is not, to rectify the defect if slight, or to make a new forging, if necessary, without loss of time. Nothing is more tantalising in an engineering shop than to get in a heavy forging, cenfer-e it in the lathe, possibly get it half or nearly wholly turned, and then to find it is defective and must be rejected and returned to the forge. A rough-turned forging, of course, costs the engineer rather more per ton than if he takes it from the hammer from 2 to 6 extra, accord- ing to character. It is customary for the manufacturing engineer, before SHAFTING MATERIAL. ordering his heavy shaft forgings, to submit outline tracings of the shafts he requires to the forge or forges which he favours, and to invite quotations upon those tracings. Most shafts of five inches diameter and upwards, and also lighter shafts if they have large or numerous bosses, are made from simple forgings ; that is, they are not passed through the rolls. Lighter shafting, however, and not infrequently 5-inch and 6-inch shafting if plain, is made from rolled bars as follows : Bowling or Low Moor Iron Rolled Bars. Used occasionally for special work ; cost from 16 to 26 per ton at the works. Siemens and Bessemer Steel Bars. Cost from about 6 IDS. for the lowest Bessemer, to 20 per ton for the best Siemens. The Siemens or Siemens-Martin steel is generally considered to be better and more reliable than the Bessemer. The new steel made by the basic or Thomas-Gilchrist process is now beginning to be offered in bars at very low prices, even under ; 5 per ton. It is not, however, perfectly reliable as yet, and is usually rather hard ; but it will no doubt be improved .and come into very general use, as it can be produced at a lower cost than other steels. Kirkstall Rolled Bars. Very good, cost from 7 to 12 per ton. It may be noted that, in addition to the plain rolled bars for turning, the Kirkstall Forge also produce a special kind of Tolled bars called " planished " bars, which are intended to be used without being turned at all. They are undoubtedly very good bars, have a fine skin, and are perfectly true they are finally " trued up " by special machinery. These planished or patent rolled bars cost generally about 14 per ton. Staffordshire, Scotch, and other Rolled Iron Bars. These are very largely used for plain shafting, and cost from 6 to 12 per ton, according to sizes and quality. Excellent South .Staffordshire bars, in every way suitable for shafting, can be Ibought in ordinary sizes at j los. or 8 per ton at the works. These prices will buy "marked" bars, that is, bars branded with the marks of particular and well-known makers, and which have become recognised as guarantees of quality, as dis- tinguished from the common bars of any and every maker. It may be added that it ought to be considered a sine qud -.lion in all iron or steel for shafting that it should be mild, soft, 72 MILLWRIGHT WORK. and tough. If hard, it will be liable to be brittle, and therefore unreliable, whilst (what is of equal consequence in a commercial sense) it will take extra time to turn it in the lathe. It may be useful, more especially to some of our younger readers, to mention a few of the leading makers of shaft forgings and bars. Among the best known establishments from which manufac- turing engineers buy their heavy shaft forgings may be mentioned the following, viz. : The Bolton Iron and Steel Co r Makers of ^d., Bolton ; Sir Joseph Whitworth and Co., Ld., Forgings and Manchester ; Sir W. Armstrong, Mitchell, and Co.,. Bars. Ld., Newcastle-on-Tyne ; Steel Company of Scot- land, Glasgow ; The Ince Forge Co., Wigan ; J. and W. Beardmore, Parkhead, Glasgow; Lancefield Forge Co., Glasgow; Mersey Forge Co., Ld., Liverpool; Landore Siemens Steel. Co., Ld., Swansea ; Portland Forge Co., Kilmarnock ; Vickers, Don Works, Sheffield; Cammell and Co., Ld., Sheffield; John- Brown and Co., Ld., Sheffield. The following are well-known makers of rolled bars for shafting, viz. : The Bowling Iron Co., Bradford, Yorks : The Lowmoor Iron Co. (Hird, Dawson, and Hardy), Bradford, Yorks; the Farnley Iron Co., near Leeds ; the Kirkstall Forge Co., near Leeds ; the Bolton Iron and Steel Co., Ld., Bolton ; the Landore Siemens Steel Co., Ld., Swansea ; the Steel Company of Scotland, Glasgow ; the Weardale Coal and Iron? Co., Ld., Spennymoor, Yorks ; J. and W. Beardmore, Parkhead, Glasgow; Pearson and Knowles Co, Ld., Warrington ; and ins the Staffordshire district, John Bagnall and Sons, Ld., West Bromwich ; the Earl of Dudley (E. Fisher Smith, agent), near Dudley; N. Hingley and Sons (Netherton Crown B.and), near Dud'ey ; William Barrows and Sons, Tipton ; Shelton Bar Irorr Co., Stoke-on-Trent ; Coalbrookdale Iron Co., Ld., Coalbrook- dale. It may be mentioned that whilst manufacturing engineers and makers of iron are more and more dealing directly with one another, to the advantage of both parties, a large amount of business in bar iron is still transacted through the medium of iron merchants and agents. The cost of a line of shafting is affected to a very consider- able extent by the kind of coupling adopted to connect the SHAFTING AND COUPI INGS. different lengths together. The best coupling, considered simply as a method of connecting two shafts Couplings, together, is undoubtedly the solid flange coupling. It is, however, expensive, and involves the use of split pulleys or wheels ; and though it is to be preferred for heavy shafts, the cast-iron flange coupling is in every way suitable for ordinary line shafting. The solid flange coupling, as its name implies, is formed by forging a flange on the end of each shaft to be coupled ; the cast-iron flange coupling is formed by keying a cast-iron flange on the end of each shaft to be coupled. The shafts are connected by bolts passing through the two flanges. The two flanges constitute the coupling. The following are a few examples of estimates and costs : EXAMPLE No. 32. Estimate for tender for 2 mild steel shafts, 9 in. diameter art body, each with one coupling flange and one boss. (Profit rates.) s. d. s. d.' One g-in. steel shaft, forged weight .. .. 30 o o 33 o 49 10 o 34 o o 34 o 59 i 6 Turning and polishing bcth shafts ~) all over j 12 days 20 12 O Boring 8 holes in each flange . . Planing 8 keybeds *!" 16 18 o 140 250 Fitter (cutting of centres, &c.) 8 i^-in. bolts and nuts (forged) . . , I i *. 50 10 6 3* o 10 6 o 14 7 Turning and fitting bolts , . . .,2 days 14 o i 8 o 126 13 7 Tender, 126 os. od. (less a| per cent, discount). The cost of the foregoing was as follows, viz. : $. d. s. d. s. d. X, 99 * One g-in. mild steel shaft . . . . 30 30 35 2 o M o o 38 89.- 46 o o Turner at shafts .. .. .. > 116 hours 34 3 13 i Planer .. .. .. .. 27 28 o 14 o 6 18 5 Driller .. .. .. 14 20 05 '*', 020 Fitter.. .. A .. .. .. 7 30 o o 3 ii 8 i^-in. forged bolts and nuts . . .. ... S 2 8 039! o 3 10 Smiths and helpers . . . 4i > 46 o 3 10, 068 Turner at bolts . . - . . ' . , 24 M 10 o p .4 ..a.:' , i Materials and wages .. .. , .. 89 16 ii 7 10 ii 1 Expenses . . . . ' . . . . 7 10 ii Grosscost .. .. .. ' ...' 97 7 10 Finished weights of shafts, 26 cwt. 2 qrs. 9 Ibs. and 29 cwt. 2 qrs. 7 Ibs. It maybe noticed that in last example, the time .of the turner on the bolts, counted in hours, is considerably more in the actual cost than the time put down in the estimate, i This discrepancy, in this instance, is -accounted for by the ; fact that -whilst the ' 74 MILLWRIGHT WORK. time in the estimate is that which it was supposed an ordinary journeyman would take to do the work, the work was actually done by one of the older apprentices. EXAMPLE No. 33. Cost of 6 hammered scrap-iron shafts with bosses, collars, and solid flanges for coupling. s. d. s d. s. d. a shafts, ea. I7ft. 6in. long x 6^in . diam. on body 48 o 14 15 36 I ii 2 18 o x6 ,, >f 44 I 7 15 33 4 8 2 18 o xs^ 39 3 o 15 29 16 3 26 bolts and nuts, 6 in. x i| ii i. o 3 24 i 7 9 Turners at shafts 260 hours 7 9 3 Planers 53 23 i 7 6 Drillers 56 20 o i 9 16 9 8 Turners at bolts bo i 2 3 o 4 3 Fitters *7 8 6 o 7 8 Smiths and helpers at bolts . 9 46 7 8 Materials and wages . n III 6 6 17 z 7 Expenses 17 i 7 Gross cost 128 8 i The estimate for these shafts at profit rates stood as follows : s. d. s. d. 2 hammered scrap shafts, 6$ in. < 47 o o 20 47 o 2 t, 6 . . . 44 o o 20 44 o o 2 u D 5* 40 o o 20 40 o o Turning Planing 27 days 6 ft 16 16 o 21 12 4 16 o o 6 , f 12 Q 3T2 26 bolts and nuts . . . . tt zoo 3 Ii I 8 o Turning bolts and nuts . . "oi." 12 3 18 166 6 Tender, 166 6s. od. nett. The rates given in the above estimate were fully 10 per cent, under those usually put down in the establishment where this work was done, as it was desired in this instance to put in a (comparatively) low tender. These rates would, however, be considered good in many establishments. It will be noted that the forgings were in two out of the three lots slightly heavier than was estimated, but, as previously mentioned, this is a circumstance very liable to occur. It will also be observed that the profit price down for the forgings is exactly 33^- per cent, on the price actually paid for them. It was, however, expected that i6s. per Cwt. would have to be paid for the forg- ings, and 25 per cent, was therefore the percentage counted upon an the estimate. A much higher percentage, as already stated, is often taken on such shafts, as there is a certain amount of risk in connection SHAFTING AND COUPLINGS. with them. That is to say, a shaft of this character may, after a considerable amount of workmanship has been put upon it in the engineers' shop, turn out to be defective, and have to be returned to the forge. In such an event all good forges will replace the defective forging without expense to the engineer, but will not pay the latter for the time and money he has expended upon the bad forging before the defect was discovered. Forgings are usually supplied to engineers upon a kind of tacit understanding to the effect that the maker will take every reasonable care exercise " due diligence " to secure a sound forging ; but if, after all, a defect appears when the shaft or other article is being finished, the engineer must share the loss incurred to the extent of the value of the workmanship that has been expended in his shop, whilst the forge-master takes the other, and usually larger, share of the loss, represented by the replacing of the forging by a new one. Hence it will be seen that if a "reed" is discovered as a shaft is receiving its finishing cut, the engineer may lose the whole of his profit on the forging ; and, therefore, a considerable percentage is justifi- able. At the same time 25 per cent, is a very common percent- age on heavy forgings, and one with which many manufacturing engineers are well satisfied. EXAMPLE No. 34. Estimate for 197 lineal feet of 4|-in. shafting, plain, with 10 cast-iron flange couplings. (Profit rates.) s. d. s. d. ii rolled bars, allowing Jin. diameter for turning .. .. .. .. 103 o o IS O *77 C O Turning 16 days 16 // O u 12 l6 O Planing keybeds for couplings.. si ,, 10 cast-iron flange couplings, each in two 16 2 16 halves . 16 2 o 10 8 e o Turning and boring ditto .. 17^ days 16 o 5 w 14 o o Drilling bolt holes .. .. 7 ,, 12 440 Slotting keybeds i$ 12 o 18 o > bolts and nuts,4$x I in.,forged and screwed urning ditto 12 days I I O 14 268 880 40 wrought-iron keys, 7 x ij x f in Grinder dressing ditto .. .. i day 020 o 6 I 8 o o 15 o Keying couplings on shaft . 6 days 9 6 2 17 O 135 18 8 Tender 135 (less z\ per cent, discount). The cost of the above came out as follows : the cost of the shafting being separated as accurately as possible from that of the couplings. MILLWRIGHT WORK Cost of 4^-in. shafting and couplings : ; s. d. S. d. s. d. Shafting 100 3 o 10 9 54 3 I Turners 164 hours 4 IS 2 8 9 3 Planers 34 28 o 17 8 ! Materials and wages .. i 59 IS ii ; 8 9 3 Expenses .. 8 9 3 Gross cost , . .. 68 5 2 Finished weight, cwt. 93 1 Couplings, bolts and keys 20 iron castings 16 i o 6 3 5 i 7 Moulders' wages . . . . Turners 160 hours o IS 4 4 8 ii Drillers 76 20 o I 8 2 966 Blotter 10 23 073 II I 50 bolts and nuts, forged weigh Smith and helper 13 hours I 20 8 46 o 096 II I Screwer 9 > 20 o 034 Turner 60 ,, 26 i 8 ii ; a 13 4 Apprentice turner at nuts 20 ,i 9 o 034 086 40 wrought-iron keys . . Smith and helper 10 hours 020 8 46 o o 040 086 'Oil 2 Grinder 20 20 o 075 o 13 5 Fitters keying couplings on 64 I 1O 10 Materials and wages .. 17 8 2 14 4 o Expenses .. 14 4 o Gross cost . . , . .. .. 31 12 2 SUMMARY A. Amount of Tender, less discount 131 12 6 Gross cost of shafting .. .. ..... 66 5 2 couplings .. 31 12 2 99 17 4 Profit 3i 15 2 SUMMARY ft. Per Lineal Foot, Shafting only. Per ]b. Finished, Shafting only. Couplings with Bolts, and Keying on. Cost Selling price 070 096 rtfd. 2'i3a. 335 462 EXAMPLE No. 35. Cost of 8 lines of wrought-iron shafting, 3 in. diameter, each line 40 ft. long, in two lengths, joined by solid flange couplings, with turned bolts and nuts. s. d. S. d. s. d. 16 rolled bars, and coupling ends for same . . 89 o o 6 42 5 6 Smiths and assistants forging couplings and II 8 o welding to bars . . . . 176 houis 70 ii 8 o Turners .. 363 IO 14 4 17 ii 6 Drillers 54 20 o I 32 f-in bolts and nuts .. .. . i . . O 2 * TA g Q Q 5n 078, Smith and assistant . . . . 9 hours v A 4 46 O *J 7 8 Screwer 6 18 o 2 O Turner . . 29 28 15 a t 9 10 O I II Apprentice turner at nuts and heads 26 Fitters . . ' 8 6 o o 2 II 3 10 Materials and wages 67 4 3 - N 30 i8"n .Expenses .. .. ... ..;:.. 30 18 ii Gross cost .. .. .., .. 98 3 2 Finished weight 70 cwt. i qr. 4 ID. = 2'77fl. per ID. Total length 320 ft. = 6s. zd. per ioot. per cwt. SHAFTING AND COUPLINGS. 77 The estimated weight of the above lot of shafting was 75 cwt. 3 qrs. The price was 130, being the estimated weight calculated at 3^. perlb., with 5 per cent, extra for packing for shipment. EXAMPLE No. 36.-^C6st of 8 lines of wrought-iron shafting, 2|in. diameter, each line 40 ft. long, in two lengths, joined by 1 solid flange couplings, with turned bolts and nuts. s. d. s. d. s. d. 63 a 16 rolled bars, and coupling ends for same . . Smiths and assistants' 95 hours 47 o 14 9 6 70 o 22 7 8 632 Turners > 296^ - sr> i 2 13 2 10 Drillers 38 " 20 o i o 14 i 24 -in. bolts and n ts- 20 8 o 016 o 3 10 Smith and a sistan 4$ hours 46 o o 3 10 Screwer 2 ., 18 o o o 8" 063 Turner 27 .. 7 o 036 I 10 Fitters 7 i. 28 o 03-8 Materials and wages . 37 19 3- 19 17 n Expenses .. . . . 19 17 ii Total cost.. ..- .. .. 57 17 2 Finished weight 37 cwt. 2 qrs. 8 lbs.=3'3rf. per Ib. Total length 320 ft. = 35. 7d. per foot. Tender 73 i$s., being the estimated weight (38 cwt.) calculated at 4^. per Ib., with 5 per cent, extra for packing for shipment. It may be desirable to explain, with reference to both the two last examples, though the examples really carry this explanation on the face of them, that the flanges to form the couplings were forged on the ends of short pieces of bars in the smiths' shop of the establishment ; the short pieces with the flanges at the ends being subsequently; welded to the plain rolled bars as bought from the makers. ,This is the practice generally followed in works where the smiths' shop possesses a steam hammer. It will be obvious that in preparing the specification of the rolled bars for shafting of this kind for the bar makers, allow- ance must be made for the coupling ends. Thus, in the two last examples the bars were ordered 17 ft. 3 in. in length, and if there had been flanges at both ends of each shaft the length of the rolled bars would have been correspondingly shorter. For the coupling ends themselves iron was taken out of stock. - Let us now see what the difference in cost would probably have been if the3~in. shafting in Example No. 35 had had plain cast-iron flange couplings instead of the solid forged flanges. ; , MILLWRIGHT WORK. EXAMPLE No. 37. Estimated cost of 8 line's 'of wrought-iron shafting, 3 in. in diameter, each line 40 feet long, in two lengths, joined by cast-iron flange couplings, with turned bolts. s. d. s d. s. d. 8 16 8 16 plain rolled bars, sj in. x 20 ft Turning Planing or slot-drilling keybeds 8 cast-iron couplings in halres Turning and boring .. 200 hours 16 90 hours 76 a o ix a o 10 30 20 7 ^o 6 o o 6 40 3 3 5 ii 2 o 5 ii 463 2 10 O- Drilling 30 20 o O II I 4 15 8 Slotting 8 18 O 2 8 6 080 o 7 10 32 -in. bolts and nuts, turned, etc. Fitters keying on 30 hours I 28 9 o 2 l6 O o 15 7 Materials and wages .. .. . 57 9 " 14 o a 1402 Gross cost .. .. .. 71 10 i Equal to nearly 45. 6d. per lineal foot, against 6s. zd. for the solid flanged shafting. It will be seen from above that the gross cost of the material is slightly higher than in No. 35, though the weight of the material is practically the same in both cases. A higher price per cwt. had to be paid for the bars in No. 37 than in No. 35, owing to their greater length. This slight disadvantage on the side of the plain shafting with cast-iron couplings is, of course, much more than counterbalanced by the cost of forging, and the extra turners' time in the case of the shafting with solid flange couplings. Although the total length of the shafting is the same in each case, much more time is required to finish the solid flange shafting than is needed for the plain bars and cast- iron couplings. The cost of the shafting and couplings, as distinguished from each other in the last example, and the probable selling price are shown in the following summary : SUMMARY C. Per Lineal Foot, Shafting only Per Ib. Finished Weight, Shafting only. Couplings and Bolts. Cost Selling Price 035 050 I74<*. 2-5 d. - * ,!.-,& 2 15 o The cast-iron couplings in the examples given were all polished all over, and had in the one half a recess turned out to fit a corresponding projection left on the other half. Some firms offer, and there are people content to take, these couplings roughly turned and with plain faces. These, of course, are much cheaper, but certainly not so good. SHAFTING AND COUPLINGS. Examples such as the following are of almost daily occurrence in a general engineering shop. EXAMPLE No. 38. Summary of cost of 53 ft. of 2^-in. wrought-iron shafting, in four lengths, with three cast-iron flange couplings. s. d. s. d. s. d. 4 Kirkstall K. M. bars, 14 ft.x 2J 9 g-in. bolts and nuts in., from stock 8 3 23 007 9 o 9 -o 4-08* OO*7 006 90 v V W / 006 025 Smith's wages (bolts and keys) 3 cast-iron couplings . . . i i 26 6 3 025 092 o i 8> Turners' wages .. 50 hours i 6 ii Apprentice turner .. Driller .. .. 18 5 7 o 18 o 024 O I 8 Planer .... .. 2 ,, 28 o Oil Slotter .. 2t 18 o O IO" Grinder (at keys) . . *$ ti 20 007* 2 10 2 Fitters .. jei o 7 s 039 Draughtsman . . 40 o Materials and wages . 6 17 4 2 16 4 Expenses .. .. 2 16 4 Gross cost . . 9 13 8 Total net finished weight, 8 cwts. 3 qrs. 27 Ib. EXAMPLE No. 39. Summary of cost of r wrought-iron shaft, 4 in. by 6 ft, ii in. long, with i boss 5^ in. diameter by 12 in. o 7 9 d. 9 3 4 i rolled bar with boss forged on. . .. . . Smith and helper 6 hours Turner .. n Draughtsman.. f . .. 3 i o s. 10 70 30 d. o o 12 I I 6 " 9 2 2 ' o TT Materials and wages . . . .. . . 2 7 7 Gross cost .. j 3 4 II The last two examples were not made under contract ; the orders were given without previous enquiry as to price. The entries in the sales book were substantially as follows, viz. : EXAMPLE No. 38. s. d. *- d. June 30 SMITH AND JOKES, Blanktown. 53 ft. of 2$-in. wrought-iron shafting in four lengths, turned and polished all over, and with keybeds cut for couplings 3 cast-iron flange couplings, turned and polished, keyed on shafts and fitted with 3 9 918 9 turned bolts and nuts 35 o 5 5 o 15 3 9 Subject to 2\ per cent, for cash on July 10. MILLWRIGHT WORK. In some houses the entry would have been made in the following manner : s. d. s. d. June 30 SMITH AND JONES. 4 tolled iron bars, from stock, to make 53 ft. of ' . 2s-in. shafting 8 3 23 14 o 654 9 f-m. bolts and nuts, forged . . . . . . o 7 053 6 wrought-iron keys . . . . . . . . . . 3 cast-iron couplings, in halves Turning and polishing shafting and cutting key- - beds, turning and boring couplings, drilling i i 26 o 7 II 036 o 16 4 ' for bolts and slotting key-beds, turning and fitting bolts, keying couplings on shafts and . facing in lathe . , . . . . . . ..." 7 ro 10 15 t 3 Less 2\ per cent, discount. Again, other firms would charge the customer simply in the following fashion : 3. d. s. d. June 30 SMITH AND JONES. 53 ft. of polished wrought-iron shafting, with cast-iron flanged couplings, turned and polished, keyed on and fitted with turned bolts 3 9 27 O 3! 14 Ij g . - 14 13 9 EXAMPLE No. 39. s. d. s. d. June 30 THOMAS BROWN. i wrought-iron shaft, 4 in. diameter on body x 6 ft. ii in. long over 'all, with i forged boss '> 3x o 03 4 II O ' Turning and polishing do., all over . . . I O o . 5 ii From the examples which have been given it will be seen that plain wrought-iron shafting, not including couplings, can be made in a general engineering shop to sell at about the following fates, and to leave a good margin of profit, viz. : iSs. per cwt. for 4 in. shafting, and 23^. per cwt. for 2\ in., and proportionately for other sizes. But, by making suitable arrangements pre- paring special tools, putting men on piece work, and so on such shafting can be turned out profitably at considerably lower rates. Polished wrought-iron shafting, said to be perfectly true and straight, is, indeed, offered in ordinary sizes as low as I2s. per cwt. Shafting at this price either cannot be very good or CHEAP SHAFTING. 8l cannot leave much profit ; but it is easy to see how tolerably good shafting can be turned out about this figure. Rolled bars to 3 in. can be bought at under 6 los. per ton at the works; plain shafting can be finished with proper arrange- ments at the rate of two superficial feet per hour, or even more, and 100 per cent, on the wages paid ought to be sufficient to cover general expenses in an establishment, or portion of an establishment, specially laid out for this class of work. Therefore, the cost of 3-in. shafting, made under such condi- tions, would stand about as follows, viz. : EXAMPLE No. 40. Estimated cost of 55 ft. of 3-in. plain wrought-iron shafting, in 4 lengths. s. d. s. d. 4 rolled bars, 14 ft Turning ditto General expenses, . . say 24 hours say 100 per cent, on wages it 3 14 6 6 30 o 4 3 8 o 13 4 o 13 4 Gross cost 5 10 4 As this cost is equal to qs. 6d. per cwt, on the finished weight, I2J. per cwt. would leave a margin of sjightly over 25 per cent, on the cost a margin sufficient, indeed, in an establishment kept constantly employed on shafting, to allow a rather better quality of iron to be used. Any good general engineering es- tablishment may, indeed, with suitable arrangements, make plain shafting from cheap bars to sell at from 125. to 14$. per cwt., if orders for large quantities at a time can be secured. Everything in matters of this kind depends upon organization, and upon giving to the workmen the stimulus which is usually supplied by piece-work rates. In connection with plain shafting having removable couplings, collars or rings with set screws are very frequently required, for the purpose of preventing the shafting from moving laterally in its bearings, and for keeping loose pulleys in position on the shafting. These collars are usually made of wrought iron, and are bored to slide along the shaft, turned and polished all over on the outside, drilled and tapped, and fitted with set screws. They can be bought finished from certain firms, but they are usually made in the shop, as they constitute very suitable work for apprentice turners. The following two examples show the time occupied in making these collars, when made, as they very often are, in twos G Loose Collars. 82 MILLWRIGHT WORK. or threes at a time ; and also the prices calculated at profit rates : EXAMPLE No. 41. Two loose collars and set screws for 3-in. shaft. EXAMPLE No. 42. Two loose collars and set screws for 3-|-in. shaft, Ihs s. d. s. d. Ibs. s. d. s. d. Forgings Smith . . i$ hour 16 2 2 O 028 030 Forgings .. Smith .. labour 20 2 2 034 030 App. turner 7$ Driller . . * O IO I 2 063 007 App. turner o Driller.. * O IO I 2 076 007 App. fitter i o 4 004 App. fitter i o 4 004 O 12 IO o 14 9 . Selling price, 6s. 6d. each. Selling price, 75. 6d. each. When made in quantities, say of a dozen at a time, for stock, as they ought always to be, the time per collar comes out con- siderably less. A complete list of prices will be found in a subsequent table. ^CHAPTER VIII. MILLWRIGHT WORK (continue. .-OVERHEAD RATES AND MILLWRIGHT WORK AS A SPECIALTY. "LARGE contracts for fitting up mills or factories with the neces- sary machinery of transmission are not infrequently made at certain rates per cwt. or per Ib. of the material actually supplied. This system is somewhat liable to be abused. It P resents a strong temptation to many firms to quote very low rates for the purpose of securing the -contract, and then to compensate themselves by putting more weight than is at all necessary into any parts of the work which admit of such manipulation. It is not always easy for even the best firms to resist this temptation, especially when dealing with a certain class of people. At the same time, this method of contracting is a very safe one for the buyer ; that is to say, the buyer may depend upon getting full weight in all the parts of his machinery. It is, moreover, a method which permits changes to be made in the original designs, during the progress of the work, without raising troublesome questions as to the amounts of extras, and alto- gether is a very simple and convenient plan. The rates asked under such contracts vary very considerably amongst engineering firms, according to the value which different houses set upon the character of their work, but the following figures may be taken as representing about the general range for such portions of machinery of transmission as have just been passed in review the prices of pig iron and copper, etc., and the rates of wages mentioned previously being kept in mind. Overhead Rates for Mill Fixings, Shafting, &c. s. d. s. d. Wall boxes and fixings (green sand castings only) . . . . 13 o to 15 o per cwt. Cast iron in hangers and pedestals 14 o 18 8 ,, Brass in ... i 3 ,, i 8 per Ib. Bolts and nuts in hangers and pedestals o 5 o 8 Bolts and nuts (general) o 3 o 5 Cotter bolts and nuts ,, . .. o af,, o 3^ Coach screws ,.. . . .... .. o 3 o 4 Rolled wrought-iron shafting, with cast-iron couplings, bolts, keys, and collars weighed in and including forging ordinary bosses 24 o 30 o per cwt. Ditto, with solid flange couplings 27 o ,, 35 o Hammered scrap-iron . . . . 36 o 50 o 84 MILLWRIGHT WORK. The rates quoted for hangers and pedestals are sometimes rates per cwt., inclusive of brasses and bolts. In such cases the rates run about as follows, viz : Hangers .. ,. .. .. .. .. 245. to 30$. per cwt. Pedestals 355. 505. The general rates just given will be entirely inclusive, incases- where the mill or factory in which the machinery is to be erected is anywhere in the neighbourhood of the engineering works.. That is to say, the rates will include the cost of taking the necessary working dimensions, preparing working drawings and patterns, and the cost of skilled labour erecting the necessary scaffolding and common labour being provided by the buyer. It is scarcely necessary to mention that these rates only apply to comparatively large general contracts ; small jobbing orders- would not pay at these prices. There are many firms who, more or less, make a specialty of certain portions of millwright work. That is to say, they have laid out their establishments, or a portion at least, specially for . the production of mill fixings, shafting, etc. In Specialties. some cases they have put down special tools, pre- pared special designs, adopted certain standard dimensions to which they adhere, introduced piece work largely,, and generally made such arrangements as they considered suit-, able for turning out these articles in large quantities as cheaply as possible. There are few general engineering firms who have not felt the competition of these " specialty houses," as they may be con* veniently termed ; and those who are wise in their generation have prepared themselves, as far as possible, to meet this competition. In the following table are given three different sets of prices, marked, respectively, A, B and C. A and B are the rates of " specialty houses" A being about the lowest and B the highest with which the writer is acquainted whilst the rates opposite C are those at which these articles can, in the writer's opinion, be made to sell at a fair margin of profit, by most general engineering establishments, by proper arrangements and with the appliances usually available in such works. SUMMARY OF PRICES. ^ O O o o o O o o VO 1 1 1 nO 000 1 1 - 1 1 1 0^ I 1 -*,o ** OA ' $ TrO in CO "-CO JS vg M mtxtx M M , ts" o o 000 O *'* "s O O O O COO V O OVO Q o o -o O 000 cr.0 O O O O O VO CO ol co NOO rx W N M &8.S? n 1 in mvn^ Tt^io moo in COfxVO ts VO OVO VO o o o VO OO O OcoO * 1 1 tN mmvo NO M M CO CO^CO ts VO O OVO O O O 000 cow 000 VOVO * r* 1 m JT2D- I? co 8 *?' ;? 8, 5- A CO * CO ,0 :o -" <. . sil ^fg O JS w ^Tj' l IP ii rt 0? Q) .2 l." 0) * 11 "3 : ^.2 Ji: t5 1 : 3 1 S : ' U TJ || i 3 *j O ^3 O couplings, tun th turnedbol ts, keyed-on shaft g w *l 51 II Q 111 III Jl a-2 11 ll ^j as 11 go 2 -3S^2 c^. i> || 5 1* f * O 01 CHAPTER IX. MILLWRIGHT WORK, continued CAST-IRON BELT PULLEYS BELT pulleys of ordinary dimensions are usually moulded from* full patterns in green sand. The patterns themselves, except in some small sizes, are almost invariably of cast iron, as it is- obvious that, owing to the slight structure of a Patterns P u ^ e y> a wooden pattern would immediately lose its proper shape after being once used. In making the pattern, the centre, or boss, and the arms are made in wood,, but the rim in all the larger sizes, at least, is usually swept up in loam, the casting being subsequently turned up in the lathe,, and carefully dressed all over. Of course, double contraction is allowed when a cast-iron pulley pattern is being prepared. These patterns are necessarily somewhat expensive, and in large establishments considerable capital is sunk in the stock of pulley patterns. This outlay of capital on pulley patterns is, however, quite unavoidable. It would be out of the question to attempt to- charge a customer for making a pattern for some ordinary size of pulley, except in very rare cases. A buyer would not incur such a charge, as he knows that if one firm has not a pattern of the size he requires, or that can be modified to suit, another house will. He has, therefore, only to inquire of two or three- houses, and he will find what he wants, provided, of course,, that the pulley he requires is of ordinary dimensions. Hence- an engineering firm wishing to do business in pulleys must be- prepared to make patterns of ordinary sizes on their own. account. If a number of pulleys of the one size are ordered at once,, the cost of the pattern may be immediately covered. If only one pulley is required, the cost of the pattern will almost certainly not be covered by the profit on the transaction ; and BELT PULLEYS. 87 the manufacturing engineer has simply to be content to take the pulley pattern into his stock and put it on his list, in the expectation that sooner or later he will be able to make use of it again, and thus be fully recouped in due time. Of course, the price charged for a finished pulley must include a reasonable amount for the use of the engineer's pattern ; whilst any alterations or modifications of the pattern made specially to suit the buyer's requirement, must also be charged for specially or sufficiently covered in the price put down for the finished pulley. Pulley patterns only admit of modification withki certain not very wide limits. The centre or boss can be modified more freely than any other part, as it is a simple matter to make the bore or eye of the pulley larger or smaller than Modi ymg t j ie g j ze f or w hi c h the pattern was originally de- signed. If the pulley was originally designed to go on, say, a 3-in. shaft, all that is required to make it suitable for any smaller size is for the moulder to put in a smaller core. If the pulley is required to go on a larger shaft than one of 3 in., the centre or boss of the pattern can be lined up by the pattern- maker to the required extent. ,K *>;, A slight variation is possible in the finished diameter of the pulley by lining up the rim of the pattern. By lining up on the outside the pulley may be finished to a quarter or even half-an- inch larger than the original diameter. In such a case the rim of the pulley will be turned out on the inside a little for the sake of appearance, leaving merely a belt of the full thickness at the centre where the arms join the rim. By lining up on the inside of the rim of the pattern, the pulley may be finished to a quarter or half-an-inch less in diameter than the original size. In the matter of width, a skilful moulder can increase this an inch or two in an ordinary size, by "drawing" the pattern in the sand without any alteration of the pattern ; whilst if the finished pulley is required narrower than the pattern, the cast- ing is just made of the full size and the superfluous width cut off by the turner, when finishing the pulley. Hence it will often occur that there is a very great discre- pancy between the weight of the casting and the finished weight of the pulley. In the cost or account, the full weight of the casting as made must, of course, be put down, notwithstand- 88 MILLWRIGHT WORK. ing that a large proportion, it may be, had to be cut to waste. A full pattern would not be made for a very large pulley, or one of some exceptional character. The rim would simply be swept up in loam, although the centre and arms might be moulded in green sand from full patterns. The same pattern will usually serve for both solid and split Splitting and pulleys, but it requires to be specially prepared if Bolting, the pulley is to be split. It is usually sufficient to split the casting of a pulley just as it comes from the foundry, then to bolt the two halves together, and afterwards to pass the pulley on to the turner. In some very special cases, pulleys are cast in halves, the two halves planed on their faces (that is, where the two halves go together), the holes for the bolts drilled, and the halves con- nected with turned bolts carefully fitted into their holes. The splitting and bolting of an ordinary pulley, or the planing of the faces in special cases, are, of course, all done previously to the turning up of the rim. Very small split pulleys often appear, relatively, very costly, owing to the fact that the two halves cannot be bolted in the usual way, but have to be connected by dowels and cottars, which are frequently very troublesome to put in. Large or heavy pulleys which are not required to be put on the shaft in halves, are, nevertheless, frequently split in the centre by having two or three flat cores inserted in the mould. This is done to relieve the strains which are liable to be set up by unequal contraction. The centre is afterwards hooped with wrought iron the rings being put on hot. This, of course, means extra expense. Belt pulleys have their rims finished either flat, or curved more or less convex, the latter kind being variously styled "crown," " round," " rounding," "curved," or "convex faced." Where the belt from a pulley is to drive on to fast Curved mms and loose P ulle y s > the P ulle 7 wil1 nave a flat rim J " but where the belt will always run in the one plane that is, will not require to be shifted from side to side the pulley will have a rounded face. The cost of pulleys with round faces is, of course, higher than the cost of equal- sized pulleys with flat faces ; and the cost BELT PULLEYS. 89 of pulleys which are split and bolted is higher than the cost of solid pulleys of the same dimensions. There are consequently two elements of extra cost which frequently arise and must be charged to the buyer, when in- curred, either specially as extras, or in the price charged for the pulley as a whole viz., first, the extra cost of Charges, splitting and bolting or making the pulley in halves ; and, second, the extra cost of rounding the face. Very often both these extras occur in the same pulley Other extra charges arise when pulleys have flanges cast on one or both sides ; when they are made of extra strength ; and -when some departure from the ordinary or standard type or dimensions is desired. A question frequently discussed by engineers is whether pulleys ought to have straight or curved arms. Both types have their advocates ; but the curved arm would now appear to Strai htor ^ e m St S enera ^y recognised as the right thing. Curved Arrns.^ ^ ar however, as the cost of making pulleys is concerned, the question of curved versus straight arms is of little importance. The only difference in cost arises in the pattern-making the straight arm naturally costs a little less to make at this initial stage than the curved arm. A cast-iron belt pulley is so elementary a structure, and the workmanship on it of so simple and straightforward a character, that there would hardly appear room for much difference to Manufacture occur between the cost of manufacturing a pulley " of a given size in one establishment and the cost in another. Nevertheless, very considerable differences are found, arising partly from differences in the character of the metal used in the foundry, but still more from the greater care and thoroughness with which pulleys are finished in one shop, as compared with the way in which such work is done in another. In a general engineering establishment there is but little chance, as a rule, of effecting any particular economy in the cost of manufacturing pulleys, owing to the great variety of sizes and conditions in and under which they have to be made. The only occasions on which any special economy can be effected, are when a large number of pulleys of one size are ordered at a time, as in the case of the pulleys for the line shafting of a 9P MILLWRIGHT WORK. weaving shed. Arrangements can then be made for turning two or three pulleys at a time in the same lathe, and a very considerable saving of time may be thus gained. In machine shops the conditions are much more constantly favourable to economy. In such works, very large numbers of pulleys, mostly of small sizes, are required, and the cost of their manufacture may be brought very low. Handy labourers are, in many cases, put at the lathes, and are paid so much per dozen pulleys bored or turned, or both. For convenience in quoting prices for pulleys, or charging up accounts, most establishments either arrange a complete graduated price list, or adopt some scale or rule by which to calculate the price of any given pulley. The two most common bases of calculation are the weight of the finished pulley in pounds, and the area of the face of the pulley in square inches. There can be no doubt that the latter basis is decidedly the more scientific of the two, and is the best on every ground, except, perhaps, from the point of view of those who believe in putting in plenty of weight into machinery which is to be sold by the pound or ton. , Whichever basis of calculation is adopted, it will be most con- venient to regard every pulley, first of all, as being solid (not .split) and flat faced, and then to add extras to the price so found, for splitting and bolting, for rounding the face, or for flanging, v by a pre-determined percentage. It will also be desirable to graduate the rates per pound or per superficial inch, to some extent, according to the size of the pulley. A rate that would be quite fair for a pulley 8 in. diameter by 4 in. wide, would be too high for one 48 in. diameter by 12 in. wide. Two or three comprehensive divisions, as in the scale which follows, will generally be sufficient. Where pulleys are priced according to weight, the average rate per pound in some establishments is put as low as 2%d. t whilst in others it is put at 3 j d. A mean between these two extremes ought to represent a fair rate at which most houses should be willing to work. Where the price is calculated according to the finished face of the pulley, the average rate for solid, flat-faced pulleys is, in some places, put as low as three- eighths of a penny per superficial inch, whilst in others it is put at three-fourths of a penny per superficial inch. BELT PULLEYS. The table given after the following examples exhibits a convenient scale and fair rates on the superficial basis of calculation. A complete price list of all ordinary sizes is, how- ever, to be preferred as more convenient, though the preparation^ of such a price list is decidedly tedious. Following are a few examples of costs and prices, with reference to which it should be mentioned that the pulleys were made from the stock patterns of a 1 general' engineering establish- ment ; that is to say, from patterns which were not made all at one time, in accordance with one general design, but were made as required, over a period of many years, and contained in con- sequence more than one modification of design, according to the ideas that happened to prevail in the drawing office at different periods. The weights, therefore, are not so strictly proportionate as they might be made. EXAMPLE No. 43. Cost of cast-iron pulley, 66 in. diameter by 15 in. wide,, made extra strong and with heavy rim, so as to serve as a fly-wheel, split, bolted, and with one key-bed slotted and turned convex on face. S. d. s. d. s. d. 13 O 6 3 i a Moulders' wages .. . A J W W o 8 J 4 Bolts and nuts .. . .. .. Z 9 9 o o 3 o o 3 3 Smiths' wages .. . o 3 3 Turner Wages paid . 24$ hours 15 9 i 4 6 Slotter . . i\ o o 7 o o 4 ii 7 5 Fitter Splitting and bolting i6fc Pattern makers Strengthening stock pattern .. .. .. 26 . 1 o 9 15 i 2 Materials and wages 6 16 5 2 3 9 Expenses .. .. M M ... 2 3 9 Gross cost 9 o 2 Charged 14, less z\ per cent. . This example is introduced as illustrating one of the numerous "special cases" which arise in engineering practice* It will be seen that an ordinary belt pulley pattern was taken, strengthened and made sufficiently heavy for the purpose in view. It will be observed that although this pulley was split, it had a key-bed cut in it. It is not usual for pulleys which are split and bolted to have keys also ; a pulley which is bolted in halves hard upon a shaft will usually hold sufficiently by friction only. Sometimes, however, when a heavy power is to- pass through a split pulley, a key is fitted as well to make assurance doubly sure. MILLWRIGHT WORK. EXAMPLE No. 44. Cost of cast-iron pulley, 80 in. diameter by nin. wide, -split and bolted, bored 8 in. diameter and turned convex on face. s. d. s. d. s. d. g a ii 6 3 300 Moulders' wages .. O 12 S z 06 Bolts and nuts (stock) . . Turner Wages paid .. 20^ hours 12* o 3* 038 o 13 8 . 027 Fitter 10 o 5 a . o 8 5 Pattern makers Enlarging centre and strengthening arms, &c. 21 o ii a Materials and wages 5 6 z i ii 6 Expenses .. .. .. i ii 6 Gross cost ... 6 17 7 Charged 11 us. iod., less z\ per cent., being equal to id. per superficial inch of the rim, or 2%d. per Ib. weight ; the finished weight being 8 cwt. 2 qr. 4lb., including the bolts. The price per superficial inch for the pulley in last example may appear high, but a pulley of this diameter cannot be con- sidered of ordinary dimensions, besides which the width of the rim relatively to the diameter is small, hence a comparatively high rate is to be expected. EXAMPLE No. 45. Cost of one pair fast and loose pulleys 62^ in. diameter by 9 in. wide, loose pulleys bushed with brass, both split and bolted, and joints of loose pulley planed. Rims swept up in loam. s. d. 3 i Cast iron (rims in loam) Moulders' wages Bolts and nuts Smitns' wages Brass . . .... 10 l 7 40 az s. d. 7 6 9 o o zo s. d. 3 17 4 196 034 o 3 i o 17 6 229 o 3 10 o 13 5 005 Turners Wages paid .. .. 41! hours Planers ,, .. .. 2 Drillers .. .. a . ,, Fitters .. .. 14 Pattern makers Wages paid . . 33 Draughtsman . . i$ z 6 10 o o zz 009 077 o 17 ii o i 6 336 Materials and wages 9 6 3 336 Gross cost .. ,. ,. .. .. 12 9 9 .Charged 16 135., less *i\ per cent, discount. This is another example of a " special case." The pulleys, it will be seen,, are treated, entirely as loam castings; the rims having been swept up in loam, it was considered that sufficient loam shop expenses had been incurred to justify the metal foeing put down at the loam shop rate. r lt is generally considered objectionable to make a loose pulley in halves, and this should not be done where it can be avoided. In this case, however, a solid pulley could not have been got on the shaft without taking down a portion of a building, at very considerable cost and much inconvenience. BELT PULLEYS. 95 EXAMPLE No. 46. Cost of cast-iron pulley 41 in. diameter by ii in. wide, split and bolted and turned convex on rim. s. d. o 15 o Oil O 2 I 2 3 H O XX s. d. 6 3 o 3* s. d. o 18 o 042 033 O 10 O 2 I 029 Moulders' wages . . . . . Bolts and nuts (stock) . . . Turner Wages paid . . . Fitter Pattern maker Wages paid . . i6 hours 4 ii * 5 11 o 18 2 203 o 18 2 Gross cost 2 18 5 Charged 4 as., 2$ per cent., being equal to f d. per superficial inch of the rim, or 4^. per Ib. weight finished the finished weight, including bolts, being 2 cwt. i qr. 12 Ib. EXAMPLE No. 47. Cost of 2 cast-iron pulleys, 36 in. by 7 in., each with flange- on one side, split and bolted, and turned convex on rim. s. d. 42 14 s. d. 6 3 .. d. i 8 ii o 16 6 026 020 Moulders' wages . . . . Bolts and nuts (stock) Turner Wages paid Fitter ,, Pattern maker at flange, etc. . . 20 hours 9 ii 5 ii 16 3* 095 048 O II O 050 027 I I O Materials and wages . . 3 i 7 Gross cost . . . . 427 Charged 5 155., less z\ per cent., being equal to |d. per superficial inch of rim, counting ther surface of both sides of the flange, which was i in. deep both sides of the flange being turned. A tender was given for the above flanged pulleys, the price being based upon the following esti- mate, calculated at profit rates, viz. : Estimate for 2 pulleys, etc. , profit rates. t. d. s. d. 2 pulley castings Bolts and nuts ., 43 16 12 o 5 2 17 O 068 Turner 2j days 16 o I 16 o- Fitter i day 10 6 o 10 6- Pattern maker at flanging, etc. . . 1 ,, 12 o 090 Quote 5 15$., less z\ per cent. 5 19 2 EXAMPLE No. 48. Cost of cast-iron pulley, 34 in. by 4 in., solid, turned con- vex on face, one key- bed slotted. s. d. x 3 14 s. d. 6 3 s. d. O II Q '" 050 O II Moulders' wages . . . . Turner Wages paid . . Slotter Pattern maker . . . . . . 5 hours .. i hour 2 hours I II O 2 If OO5 o i 3 O 5 II Materials and wages . . o 18 3 Gross cost . . . . 142 Charged i 125., less z per cent., being equal to Id. per superficial inch of rim, and rather Li than 2\d. per Ib. finished weight, the latter being i cwt, 2 qr, 13 Ib. MILLWRIGHT WORK. EXAMPLE No. 49. Cost of 4 cast-iron pulleys, each 32 in. by 8 in., split and bolted, and turned round on face. s. d. s. d. s. d. Cast iron .* ... 7. o 26 6 3 253 Moulders' wages O 12 5 159 16 bolts and nuts, J in., sto Turners Wages paid Driller k 28 hours 2 ,, o 4 040 o 16 4 o o 10 032 Fitters; .12 063 - 2 8 Pattern maker 6 036 Materials and wages .. 487 X ii 7 Expenses .. i ii 7 Gross cost 6 o a Charged 2 los. each, less 2\ per cent., being equal to |d. per superficial inch of rim, and rather more than $\d. per Ib. of the finished weight, latter being 6 cwt. o qr. 7 Ib. EXAMPLE No. 50. Cost of 7 cast-iron pulleys, each 30 in. by 8 in., split and bolted, and turned round on face. s. d. i 19 ii 058 p_3 o a 8 7 ii i 9 s. d. 6 3 o 4 s. d. 3 10 o i i ii 094 1 5 I O I o ii 4 041 Moulders' wages -..,, .. ... ., .. 28 bolts and nuts, | in., stock . . Turners Wages paid . . . . , 43 hours Drillers .. .. 3$ Fitters ... .. 21 Pattern maker,preparing stock pattern 7, Materials and wages ... , .. .. Expenses .. .. Gross cost 733 287 9 ii 10 Charged 2 7$. each, less z\ per cent., being equal to $d. per superficial inch of rim, and z per cent., eng equa to . per superficial Ib. weight, latter being 9 cwt. 2 qrs. 7 Ib. total. per EXAMPLE No. '51; Cost of 3 cast-iron pulleys, 26 in. by 5 in., split and bolted and turned convex on face, eye bored 2| in. diameter. s. d. s. d. s. d. 6 3 Moulders' wagers 12 bolts and nuts, stock . : :: :: O 3 058 ) O 2 O o 13 O 2 2 4 Turners Wages paid Fitters . . i6& hours . 9 089 048 II Pattern makers . . 2 012 o 16 S Materials and wages .. Expenses .. .. . .. .. 2 I 3 o 16 5 Gross cost . . 817 8 Charged 305. each, equal to $d. per. superficial inch of rim, and about \d. per Ib. of finished weight, latter being 2 cwt. i qr. 2 Ib. for the three pulleys. EXAMPLE No. 52. Cost of i cast-iron pulley, 24 in. by 5 in., solid, turned round on face and bored 3^ in. diameter. s. d. s. d. s. d. 6 3 Moulders' wages . . .... o i 6 056 Turners Wages paid 5$ hours Slotter i 033 005 008 Pattern maker ij O O II 062 Materials and wages . . . . Expenses .. .... o 13 10 062 Gross cost zoo Charged 25$., being equal to a little over \d. per superficial inch. BELT PULLEYS. EXAMPLE No. 53. Cost of i cast-iron pulley, 24 in. by 12 in., solid, turned flat on face and bored sf in. diameter. s. d. I I O s. d. 6 3 , p 7 3 014 Moulders' wages Turners Wages paid Slotter Pattern maker ,, 8 hours i 3 H o -p o I II 4 5 o 5 i 9 o 8 7 Materials and wages Expenses Gross cost . . . .. .. o I 16 4 8 7 4 ii Charged 395., being equal to a fraction over Jrf. per superficial inch' of rim. The two last examples are useful as illustrating the high cost of a narrow pulley as compared with the cost of a wide one of the same diameter. It will be seen that although the narrow pulley was charged over \d. per inch (really too low a rate for so narrow a rounded pulley), the percentage of profit on the cost was less than half that shown in the case of the wider pulley, notwithstanding that the latter was charged considerably less per inch. Of course this is accounted for to some extent by the circumstance that the narrow pulley had a rounded face and the wide one a flat face ; but still more by the facts that the weight of the casting relatively to the width is necessarily greater in a narrow than in a wide pulley, and that, as the time occupied in preparing to turn and bore a narrow pulley is practically the same as for a wide one, the cost of turning, and indeed of all other elements of workmanship, relatively to the width, is- greater in a narrow pulley than in a wide one. There was, however, in the particular case of this narrow pulley this additional circumstance (which often occurs, as already mentioned), that a considerable proportion of the metal was cut to waste, the pattern being some inches wider than the specified width of the pulley. Of course the superfluous width of a casting is, in such cases, cut off at once before the actual turning up of the rim commences, but it nevertheless means an ad- ditional amount of turner's time quite appreciable in so small a job, apart from the value of the metal thrown away. The wider the pulley the lower may be the price per superficial inch of the rim up to the point when it becomes necessary to use two cast-' ings to make the pulley required. ; , MILLWRIGHT WORK. EXAMPLE No. 54. Cost of 50 cast-iron pulleys, 16 in. by 8 in., split and bolted* bored 2f in., and turned flat on face and balanced. s. 10 7 14 I 9 o 8 XC 2 d. 6 5 3 2 39 o 14 I 2 o s. d. 6 3 9 s. d. 12 4 7 39" o 13 6 o 10 o 4 17 4. 058 2 18 10 II Moulders' wages . . 200 J-in. bolts and nuts, iron Smith and helper Wages paid . . 12 hours Turners .. 177 ,. Screwer ,, .. 17 ,, Fitters .. 114 Pattern makers, overhauling and preparing two stock patterns wages paid . . 20 hours Materials and wages . . . . . . Expenses Gross cost . . . . . 25 10 ID- IO 2 2 35 13 o Charged 205. each, being equal to a fraction under |rf. per superficial inch of rim. EXAMPLE No. 55. Cost of 30 cast-iron pulleys, 14 in. diameter x 12 in., split and bolted, bored 2f in., and turned flat on face and balanced. s. d. s. d. s. d. Cast-iron .. .. .. tf 19 Z 21 6 3 6 I y Moulders' wages 2 12 6 120 |-in. bolts and nuts stock .. *.*. '.'. 2j I 5 c 4 10 9 Turners Wages paid 1 10 hours 306 o 10 6 Fitters 56 I O II II Pattern makers it ;; 012 522 Materials and wages Expenses .. .. .. 14 i a 522 Gross cost .. .. 19 3 10 Charged 205. each, being equal to ^d, per superficial inch of rim. The pulleys illustrated by the two last examples are two very common sizes, being often required in large numbers for spinning mills and weaving sheds. They are consequently sometimes offered at very low prices by firms who have them very cheaply made by piece work. The writer has known 14 by 12 pulleys supplied at nj. 6d. each. The pulleys were decidedly light, very rough castings, and roughly finished. Very common prices for this size of pulley are from 14^. to i6s. 6d. each. It may be asked : " What does it matter whether a pulley is rough or not so long as it will do its work ? " There are, however, still people who like to have the satisfaction of knowing that everything they have is good, whether it is absolutely essential to be so or not, and who are willing to pay a fair price for that satisfaction. Lower prices might have been taken than those mentioned in the two last examples and still left a profit, but the prices given were, in both cases, readily paid, as very good jobs were made of the pulleys. Single BELT PULLEYS. 97 pulleys of these dimensions would, of course, be charged at a much higher rate 20 to 30 per cent, higher. EXAMPLE No. 56. Cost of I cast-iron pulley iaj in. x 4 in. wide, solid, rounded on face and bored if in. * d. O X IX v. d. 6 3 s. d. 023 007 o 3 ii TI Turner Wages paid Blotter Pattern maker lining up 12 in. pattern .. 4 hours i 2 hours 022 005 OI2 o 3 5 Materials and wages Expenses Gross ccst .. 067 o 4 10 o ii 5 Charged 155., being equal to a fraction over ijd. per superficial inch. EXAMPLE No. 57. Cost of i cast-iron pulley, 7 in. diameter x 6 in. wide, split, turned round on face and bored 2 in. o o i 9 3 o i i 3 2 I 26 008 s. d. 6 3 o 9 o o o o o o 3 i I 2 2 4 15 9 d. i 3 8 9 o i 2 O O Iron for dowells and cotters Smiths' wages Turner Wages Fitter Pattern maker widening and pre- paring stock pattern for splitting Materials and wages .. Expenses Gross cost 2 hours 3* 4 8 M 9 o I 4 Charged 255., being equal to nearly 2\d. per superficial inch obviously a very costly pulley, as indeed small pulleys of this kind generally are. It will be noted that the pulley was prac- tically charged at cost price in this case. The examples which have now been given will have suffi- ciently illustrated the variation in the costs and selling prices of cast-iron pulleys, according to the three determining elements viz., kind, size, and quantity made at one time. It will be noted that the split and rounded pulleys were charged at from jt ,, ,, both sides = 15 per cent. STANDARD SIZES. Any diameter advancing by i in. at a time from 6 in. to 20 in. ; by 2 in. at a time from 20 in. to 30 in. ; by 3 in. at a time from 30 in. to 60 in. ; and by 6 in. at a time from 60 in. to 84 in. Any width of face advancing by i in. at a time from 3 in. to i8in. Intermediate sizes to be charged same as the next highest standard size. Larger sizes special. Of course a scale on a plan of this kind may be " shaded " to any required degree, but the above is quite sufficient for all practical purposes, and indeed many people would consider this scale " shaded " more than is necessary. According t o th s scale a solid, flat-faced pulley 18 x 6 would be rated at \d. per inch, one 18 x 9 at d. per inch and so on with the extras added when incurred. For example, the price of a pulley 20 x 6 split, bolted, turned round on face and bored would be found as follows : 20 x 6 pulley at f d. per superficial inch 138 Extra for rounding face at 5 per cent 013 splitting and bolting at 10 per cent 025 And ..040 i " J_ The prices determined by this scale would allow a discouut of 5 per cent, for single pulleys to ordinary users, and a discount of 10 per cent to merchants or to users ordering a large number of pulleys at a time. Many firms would be satisfied with a scale ranging from T V to J less than the one above as their basis. There are, however, objections to a scale of this BELT PULLEYS. 99 character, and it is no doubt better to prepare a complete detailed list of prices, after the manner of the following table, which contains two lists which may be taken as fairly repre- sentative of the rates charged by firms which make a specialty of this kind of work. PRICE LIST OF CAST-IRON PULLEYS. BREADTH OF FACE IN INCHES. Finished Diameter. 4 1 6 8 10 12 13 .. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s.d. s. d. s.d. 6 A 6-0 8-0 I0'0 B 7-6 8-6 I0'0 9 A 7-0 9-0 iro B 8-6 10-6 12-6 12 A IO'O I2'O 14-0 18-0 B u-6 13-6 i.yo 18-6 15 A I2'O 14-0 i6 - o 20-0 26*0 B 13-6 16*0 18-6 22-6 28-0 18 A B I4'0 iG-6 ili'o 19-0 20'O 23-0 28-0 29'O 32-6 38-0 42-0 21 A 17-0 20-0 24*0 29*0 34-o 46-0 58-0- B 19-0 22-6 26-6 32-6 37'0 50*0 64'0 24 A 19-0 23'0 27-0 32-0 38-0 50-0 6o'o B 2r6 25-6 3O'O 37'o 43*0 59'0 72-0 27 A 22'0 26-O 32-0 37' 44-0 60-0 72*0 B 2 3 -6 28-6 35'0 42-0 48-6 68-0 82-0 30 A 24-0 30*0 37'o 42-0 49-0 70.0 82-0 B 26-6 33'0 39-0 48-0 54'0 76-0 90*0 36 A 28-0 36-0 46-0 54*0 64-0 88-0 I OO'O B 31-6 41-0 49-0 6o'o 71-0 96-0 IIO'O 43 A 39'0 43*0 S5'o 64-0 80-0 104*0 120-0' B 48 A 35'0 46-0 48-0 52-0 59'6 64-0 70-0 8ro 86-0 100-0 n6'o I2I-0 i35'o J45'o B 42-0 560 72-0 91-0 II2'0 I32-O iSS'o 60 A 6o'o 77-0 95 'o 1 1 8'o 138-0 I52-O 2OO'0 B S4'o 80-0 97.6 135*0 150.0 it8-o 20O'O 84 A lOO'O 135-0 150-0 175-0 195-0 225-0 300-0 B 80-0 115-0 148-0 I95'0 215-0 245-0 30o - o Extras for rounding face i, splitting, etc. ..A 5 per cent., B 10 per cent. . . A 15 per cent, and 35. each. B 10 per cent, and 55. each. Discounts from 5 to 10 per cent. During recent years wrought-iron pulleys have been very largely introduced, and have seriously affected the business of general engineers so far as pulleys are concerned. They undoubtedly have many recommendations, though Wrought j t ma y k e q ues tioned whether, if the merits of each of the two classes of pulleys were carefully added up, the balance would be found so very decidedly on the side of wrought iron as against carefully designed and well made cast- iron pulleys ; whilst for heavy work at least the latter unquestionably have the advantage. At present, wrought-iron pulleys are almost solely made by a few firms who hold patents for certain features of construction ; 100 MILLWRIGHT WORK. and hence general engineers who are called upon to supply wrought-iron pulleys, either to their regular customers who take a fancy that way, or as part of some contract, simply buy the pulleys from one or other of the special makers, and content themselves with the trade discount allowed by them. There is, however, no reason, apart from questions of patent right, why general engineers should not design and make wrought-iron pulleys themselves profitably, provided only that their works are fairly well equipped and erpecially if the works include a boiler shop. CHAPTER X. MILLWRIGHT WORK, continued. ROPE PULLEYS. THE application of ropes to the purpose of transmitting heavy powers, as in the main drives of modern cotton mills and other works, if we have regard not merely to the novelty of the appli- n.i^ + cation but also to its advantages and extent, must .us v eioprneni .11 of Rope be considered one of the most remarkable develop- Driving. men t s which has been made in mechanical en- gineering during the present generation. Doubtless a rope or cord of some kind was the very earliest form of driving band employed; and engineers have long been familiar with the use of ropes for certain special purposes, as in hoisting gear for example, and for transmitting light powers across considerable spaces, but rope driving in the sense in which the phrase is now generally employed may be said to have been practically invented within the past twenty-five years. When Sir William Fairbairn wrote his " Treatise on Mills and Millwork" he dismissed the subject of rope driving with a merely casual reference; but certainly no one would now think of writing a treatise on mills and millwork without devoting a considerable section to main driving by ropes, no matter how partial he might be either to gearing or flat belts. It is safe to say that the next quarter of a century will see a still greater extension of rope driving than has taken place in the past. There will of course always remain conditions under which either flat belts or wheels will have unquestionable ad- vantages over any other method of conveying power and wil[ therefore be used. . It must also be admitted that a rope drive is sometimes very costly, that it takes up considerable space, and may involve a certain loss of power. Nevertheless, two considerations alone the ease and smoothness of a rope drive, and the facility with which it lends itself to high speeds, both of engine and machinery, .will be in innumerable cases sufficient to 102 MILLWRIGHT WORK. determine owners of power in its favour. And certainly it is something to be thankful for, when so much in mechanical engineering is almost unavoidably both ugly and noisy, that so graceful and quiet a method of transmitting heavy powers, as we see in a well-arranged rope drive, possesses so many practical advantages and daily finds people willing to pay for it. However, it is not so much with the merits, practical or aesthetic, of rope driving that we are here mostly concerned, but with its manufacture and cost. At the same time it is desirable to briefly indicate the Conditions considerations, at once practical and commercial, Favourable to which must in any given case determine whether a Rope Drives. r0 p e drive shall be adopted or not. They are principally : First, can the prime mover be arranged with its shaft parallel to the principal line shafts of the mill or other works ? Secondly, can direct access be obtained from the fly-wheel to the principal line shafts to be driven ? Thirdly, can a section of the house be built off, so as to form a space enclosed from the rooms in which the manufacturing operations are carried on, to constitute the race for the ropes ? This consideration is important, in view of the communication of fire from one floor to another in houses containing a number of floors. It is obvious that where ropes simply drive through openings in the floors, these openings, as in the case of an unenclosed hoist, offer the most perfect facility for the commu- nication of fire from one floor to another. Fourthly, will the prime mover and the machinery to be driven run at high speeds? Rope driving is generally unsuitable where the prime mover is a water-wheel or a beam engine, though perfectly suitable for horizontal turbines driving high speed machines. Lastly, can sufficient space be allowed to provide a liberal number of ropes for the power to be transmitted ? This consideration is of the utmost importance. A rope drive is distinctly unsuited for any case where, owing to structural difficulties or cost, ample space cannot be allowed. When a certain number of ropes are only just sufficient at the speed at which they are running for the power to be transmitted, they must either be stretched very tight and thus set up excessive ROPE PULLEYS. 103 friction in the journals, or there will be considerable slip, rapid wear of the ropes, and loss of power. A liberal margin in the number of ropes with reference to the speed and power is absolutely essential to a successful rope drive on any con- siderable scale. Where the queries which have just been put can all be answered in the affirmative we have the best possible conditions for a rope drive. Hence the peculiar suitability of modern cotton and woollen mills for rope drives, also, in a less degree, modern flour mills. A weaving shed does not offer quite so favourable a field for rope driving. The number of shafts to be driven, with reference to the total power, is so great that it is usually out of the question to drive all, or even a large proportion, direct from the engine fly-wheel ; whilst the shafts are too close to- gether to allow one to be driven from another advantageously. Hence the best practice is to drive by ropes direct on to one or more main shafts running the entire length of the house, and to drive the cross shafts from which the looms are driven by bevil gear from the main shafts. The ropes used for rope driving are usually of hemp or cotton, and range from one to two inches in diameter. They are, however, described by their girth, or circumference, as often as by their diameter. The price, of course, varies, but fine Manilla hem P r P es > suitable for driving purposes, may be bought at about 4.6s. per cwt. In ordering the ropes for any particular drive, a considerable length nine to ten feet must be allowed for the splicing. The ropes are sometimes used plain, but more frequently they are thoroughly smeared with some preparation of tallow and plumbago. Saturation in molten paraffin wax is recommended for increasing the flexibility and prolonging the life of ropes used for driving purposes. Single groove rope pulleys of standard sizes may be moulded in green sand from full patterns made in halves, that is, cut as it were right through the bottom of the groove transversel y to the axis - The making of the ' pattern in halves in this manner is rendered necessary by the obvious impossibility of removing a whole pattern from the moulding box or flask after the sand has been rammed into the groove. 10* MILLWRIGHT WORK. Pulleys with more than a single groove but of moderate sizes may have the rims swept up in loam, using a board cut to form the grooves, and the arms and centre formed by sand cores. Large pulleys and pulleys with many grooves are invariably- moulded entirely in loam. There is no reason, however, why rope pulleys of moderate dimensions should not be moulded in green sand from small segmental patterns on the same principle as wheels are moulded in the wheel-moulding machine. Like common pulleys, rope pulleys may be either solid or split. It is a convenience to make pulleys larger tharn about 8 ft. in diameter in halves in any case ; whilst rope fly-wheels are almost necessarily made in smaller seg- ments. Following are a few representative examples of costs and estimates, and tables of weights and prices. EXAMPLE No. 58. Cost of 4 cast-iron rope pulleys, each 24 in. in diameter,, with two grooves turned for 3^-in. ropes, pulleys cast in halves, joints planed,. centres bored to gauge, and pulleys balanced. * * s. /. s. d. Cast iron (loam rims) ., 514 7 6 204 Moulders''wages .. 30 hours o 18 9 16 bolts and 32 nuts .. o o 25 9 o 020 o i 8 Smiths' wages o i Planer Wages paid . 22 hours 058 Turner 37 o 18 i I 16 it Screwer zi M o o 10 Fitter 6 ,, 033 037 079 Apprentice ditto (balancing, & Pattern makers Wages pa.d ) 21 30 o 3 10 o 10 4 1 Materials and wages .. 549 2 9 II Expenses .. .. 2 9 ii Gross cost 7 i| 8 Charged as follows in the Sales Book, viz. : June ao. 4 caPt-iron rope pulleys, each 24 in. diameter, with two grooves, cast in halves, joints planed, halves bolted with f -inch bolts and double nuts, grooves turned and polished for ^-inch ropes, centres bored to gauge, pulleys carefully balanced, and including a proportion of cost of special patterns . .. .. . .. .. s. d. Co o s. d, 12 O O One or two points in the above should be noted. It will be seen that the wages paid to the planer are very small in com- parison to the number of hours, the explanation being that the ROPE PULLEYS. 105 man worked two small machines, and had both going at the time he did this work. The number of hours returned against the pulleys is the number that the planer had them in hand, but he was working on another job during the same time. We touch here a question with which we shall have to deal when treating of cost accounts. Suffice it to say now that the sum set opposite the time in this case was fixed by the cost clerk, who kept in view the other work that the planer was doing at the same time. The sum opposite pattern makers will also appear small. Examination showed that a considerable amount of the work had been done by an apprentice in his last year. Having reference to the amount of work done in this case by apprentices, the charge made for the pulleys must be con- sidered very moderate. For it must be mentioned that a. manufacturing engineer is fully entitled to derive all the ad- vantage he can from his apprentices. It does not follow that because a job costs less than usual, owing to the fact that apprentices have done a large part of it, it should be charged less than what may be considered the normal price to the buyer. The engineer is entitled to what benefit he can get under such circumstances; besides, it is nothing but ordinary prudence to charge the normal price in these cases. The order may be repeated at a time when apprentices cannot be utilised ;. but if a job be charged low at one time it will be very difficult to get a higher rate on a future occasion, there having been no rise of prices in material or labour generally in the interval to- account for the difference. EXAMPLE No. 55. Cost of 4 rope pulleys, 30 in. diameter (solid), each with- two grooves for 3^ in. ropes, turned, bored, slotted and balanced. s. d. s. d. s. d. Cast iron (loam rims) } Moulders' wages . . Turners Wages paid , 24 hours 8 i o 7 6 3 i ii o 16 4 I i 2 i 18 o Blotter 9 ii 042 031 Fitters ' 12 062 039 Pattern makers Wages paid 8 050 Materials and wages .. .. 5 14 9 2 4 10 Expenses .. .. ... 2 4 10 Gross cost .. .. 7 19 7 Charged 155., less 2 per cent., being equal to 355. per cwt. of the finished we'.ght, latter being 6 cwt. sqr. ic6 MILLWRIGHT WORK. EXAMPLE No. 60. Cost of one 48 in. and one 36 in. rope pulley, each with two grooves for i^-in. (or 4-in.) ropes, turned, bored, slotted and balanced. s d. s. d. 7 6 s. d. 145 7 6 o iS 8 i 9 o O I II 053 Moulders' wages Turners Wages paid .. Slotter Fitter Pattern makers Wages paid . . 18 hours 30, ,, 2* 7 > 12 o n 3 Ii 2 012 3 13 070 I 16 2 Materials and wages Expenses Gross cost .".' .'.' 446 I lo 2 608 Finished weights, 2cwt. 3 qr. iolb., and 2cwt. oqr. 10 Ib. Charged j8 135., less 2j per cent., being at the rate of 353. per cwt. EXAMPLE No. 61. Cost of two rope pulleys, 39 in. in diameter, and two 36 in., 'each for three 5-in. ropes, all cast in halves, planed, bolted, bored and turned up in grooves and balanced. Bolts turned and bolt holes drilled. 5. d. S. d. s. d. Cast iron . . . . 22 O 14 7 6 y 6 o Meulders' wages 50 hours / u i 16 4 8 bolts and nuts, 8 in. by i^ in. "> 8 5 n. by i^in.j .. 2 12 9 o 056 o 5 I Smiths' wages .. 051 Driller 17 hoars 079 Turners at pulleys 81 273 at bolts 21 097 6 4 Planer .. ... 35 n o 18 i o 7 6 Fitters .. ... 29 n o 14 ii o 8 9 Pattern makers . .. 20 o ii 8 O I i Draughtsmen 5 ii 042 7 6 5 Material and wages .. .. .. 16 6 4 76s Gross cost .. .. / u J 23 12 9 .Fiuished weight, 18 cwt. i qr. 21 Ib. Estimated finished weight, 17 cwt. 2 qr. Tender, 30 12$. 6d., less 2j per cent., being at the rate of 355. per cwt. ol the estimated finished weight. The castings in last example were somewhat heavier than they ought to have been, and the time machining was greater in consequence than ought to have been necessary. At the .-same time, there can be no doubt that the weight was slightly under-estimated when the tender was prepared. The estimated weight, finished, was 17 cwt. 2 qr. It no doubt ought to have been 18 cwt. 2 qr., and this would have made the tender ^32 75. 6d., instead of ^30 I2S. 6d. The profit would con- sequently have been at the rate of nearly 35 per cent, on the gross cost, instead of at the rate of a trifle under 30 per cent. However, there is frequently an element of consolation in cases 'Of this kind where work has been under-estimated. Instead of dwelling upon the apparent loss of the 355., we may reflect that if the tender had been this amount higher, the order itself mi jht liave been lost. ROrE PULLEYS. 107 EXAMPLE No. 62. Cost of one rope pulley 60 in. diameter, by 4 grooves, for 5|-in. ropes, cast in halves, joints planed, bolt holes drilled, bolts turned and pulley balanced : s. d. Oil 2 5 o o 3 10 G 14 I O 34" 15 o o 010 s. d. 7 6 9 o s. d. 5 12 6 i I 3 023 Oil o 18 8 027 o 4 ii 034 006 078 o 18 8 040 Moulders' wages 34 hours 4 i-in. bolts and 4 |-in. bolts and nuts Smiths' wages ij hours Turner (pulley) Wages paid . . 28 ,, (bolts; 5 Blotter (facing joints of the two halves) Wages paid .. . . n Driller . ... . - n a Fitter Bolting and balanc ng Pattern makers 14 . 33 , Materials and wages . . 9 17 34" 13 2 4 Gross cost . . Finished weight, '13 cwt. 14 Ib. Cost per cwt. i. Charged 17, less 2$ per cent., being at the rate of i 6s. per cwt. of the finished weight. It will be noticed that the two halves of this pulley had the joints faced in the slotting machine. Work of this kind is usually more conveniently done in a good slotting machine than on a planer, and at a somewhat less cost, as a rule, in wages. EXAMPLE No. 63. Cost of one rope pulley 72 in. diameter, by 5 grooves, for 51 in. ropes, and one pulley 50 in. diameter, same grooves, both cast in halves, joints planed, bolt holes drilled, bolts turned and pulleys balanced : s. d. S. d. s. d. Cast iron (72 pulley) . . 19 2 21 7 6 7 7 3 (50 ).. 13 O 21 7 6 4 18 ii Moulders' wages 85 hou s 2 16 8 c 8 o 16 bolts and nuts and pins . I key (for 72 pulley) . . 2 forcings for balance weights Smiths' wages 8$ hours 030 003 12 9 o 9 o 9 o 069 003 I O 080 Turners (pulleys) Wages paid 77 ,, 286 (bolts) 24 M o 12 5 Planer 24 M o 12 5 Slotter 1T 045 Drillers 41* >. o 14 7 732 o?3 Grinder (key and balance weight Filters Wages paid.. ) 8* 37fr ,, 031 o 14 5 i ici 8 Patternmakers .. . . !V 2 II 7 023 Draughtsman .. .. 9 ii 090 Material and wages .. 24 9 8 9 19 4 9 19 4 Gross cost . .. .. 34 9 o Finished weight, 26 cwt. 2 qr. Cost per cwt. i 3$. 4^. Charged 41 55., being at the rate of i 75. 6d. per cwt. on an estimated finished weight of 30 cwt. The workmanship generally, but more particularly the items of pattern makers, drillers, and fitters, as shown in above state- ment of cost, must be considered rather excessive. The rate of io8 MILLWRIGHT WORK. profit on the gross cost is, in consequence, comparatively low, being, when the usual discount is deducted from the price, only about 15 per cent. There is, however, to be kept in view the fact that in addition to this profit the engineer has obtained payment for the patterns, which he retains. In this instance the patterns, which would consist of loam boards for moulding the rims, and boxes for forming the arms and centres, were prob- ably entirely new. It would be a mistake to put too much value on such patterns, as the chances of using them again without extensive alterations are usually not very great. EXAMPLE No. 64. Cost of rope pulleys, as follows, viz. : One 64 inches diameter One 52 One 62 One 48 Two 52 by 12 grooves. 12 n 6 6 ii 3 ii All for 5j-in. ropes (a^-in. pitch of grooves), solid, centres bored and slotted, grooves turned and pulleys balanced and fitted with wrought-iron keys. s. d. s. d. s. d. Cast iron 64 in. pulley 35 3 14 52 , 29 i o ,, 62 18 2 7 48 14 o o ,. 52 830 Moulders' wages " . . 320 hours 8 2 7 7 6 43 2 6 10 o 9 6 W I keys . Old 9n O 2 V 10 I Smiths' wages. . ii hours \j x q. u *~> f, / o 10 r Turners Wages paid 298 9 6 3 Slotter 34 M 14 2 15 9 5 Grinder (keys) 14 n o 5 10 064 Fitters 23 i o 12 7 200 Pattern makers 99 >i 2 14 5 036 Draughtsmen . . 12 o 14 o IS Q 4. Material and wages 68 3 2 18 9 4 * y T Gross cost . . 86 12 6 Total finished weight, 99 cwt. 3 qr. 14 Ib. Average cost per cwt. 175. 4^. Charged 106 165. net,. in accordance with tender based on estimate, as follows : Estimated weights and prices of above rope pulleys for Actual Estimated Rate Finished Finished per s. d. Weight. Weight. cwt. 32 o 14 25 2 o One rope pulley, 64 in. diameter, by 12 grooves, for si-in. ropes, bored, turned and key bedded One ditto, 52 in. diameter 34 o o 26 o o 20 20 o 34 26 o o 16 i 7 One ditto, 62 in. x 6 grooves , . . . 1600 21 16 16 o ii 3 7 One ditto, 48 in. x 6 , .. 12 22 o 14 o 14 Two ditto, 52 in. x 3 .. .. 14 o o 24 o 16 16 o 99 3 14 106 16 o ROPE PULLEYS. 109 EXAMPLE No. 65. Cost of one rope pulley 96 in. in diameter, by 7 grooves, for 5^-in. ropes, rim solid, centre split and hooped with wrought-iron hoops. Also one pulley 60 in. diameter, with 3 grooves, and one 50 in. diameter, with 4 grooves, both solid, and to work with 96 in. pulley, all bored, turned, slotted and fitted with keys. s- d. s. d. s. d. 38 3 o IO 2 12 IO I 26 7 6 22 8 8 Moulders' wages 166 hours 5 3 10 O34 9 o 07 i \Vrought-iron for keys . . . O O 22 90 v O I Q o ii 6 Smiths' wages izi hours w j. y o ii 6 Turners (pulleys and hoops) Wages paid 138 463 Turners (preparing two mandrils to gauges supplied) .. .. ., 8 045 Planer (preparing two mandrils to gauges supplied) 3\ 019 Slotter 15 o 6 ii 7 ii ii Grinder 3 013 o 14 5 1 5 7 Fitters (hooping and keying on).. 61 Pattern makers . . . . . . 62 189 I 14 I O 2 II Draughtsman 5 u o s 10 Materials and wages 37 2 i 10 6 4 Expenses ... . . . .. 10 6 4 Gross cost .. . . .. 47 8 5 Total finished weight, 52 cwt. oqr. 26 Ib. Average cost per cwt., i8s. 4^. Charged 61 net, in accordance with tender based on estimate at profit rates, as follows viz. : ESTIMATED WEIGHTS AND PRICES OF ABOVE ROPE PULLEYS. Actual Finished Weights. Estimated Finished Weights. R c p ite wt. S. d. s. d. i rope pulley, 96 in. diameter x 7 5^-in. ropes, rim solid, centre grooves, for split, bored, 34 I o turned and slotted .. 33 o o 20 o 33 oo 2 W. I. hoops, extra .. .. Turning and boring hoops . . Fitters hooping "fday" 3 days 030 O 16 10 5 6 i 15 o O 12 O i ii 6 Smith and fire *day 20 o 10 22 3 4 i rope pulley, 60 in. x 3 grooves i rope pulley, 50 in. x 4 grooves Turner at two mandrils . . . . i day 900 8 2 14 23 o o 10 7 o 9 IS 5 o 16 o Planer at two mandrils * 18 090 3W I keys 21 6 Fitters keying pulleys on mandrils 3 days 10 6 i ii 6 52 o 26 60 17 ii Quoted 61 net, delivered free on rails (makers' town). These pulleys were for existing shafts in a mill at some dis- tance, and were to be keyed on mandrils in the makers' works to save time when erecting. It was known that existing man- drils could, with some slight alterations, be utilised, otherwise, of course, the charge for preparing the mandrils would have been greater. Gauges were supplied by the mill-owner. The examples which have now been given will sufficiently IIO MILLWRIGHT WORK. illustrate the character of the work which presents itself in a general engineering establishment in connection with rope pulleys. It will be seen that the cost of the pulleys in these examples ranges from about 34^. per cwt. to a little over 17 s. per cwt., whilst the selling prices range from 40*. to 2os. per cwt. The cost of the castings alone runs from iu. to gs. per cwt. Rope pulley castings can be bought by engineering firms who have no foundry of their own from founders at from about I2j. per cwt. for the lightest loam rim castings to gs. for heavy castings, all patterns, boards or core boxes being provided by the buying firm. One or two houses, who make specialties of mill castings, will supply engineers with ordinary rope pulley castings ready for the lathe, to specification, and including all preparation of patterns, at about the following rates, viz. : Pulleys under 5 cwt i6s. to 205. Pulleys of 5 cwt. and under 10 cwt. 14*. Pulleys of 10 cwt. 20 cwt. 135. Pulleys of 20 cwt. 40 cwt. ias. Extra for casting in halves for planing, about 2S. per cwt. Rope pulleys above 8 ft. in diameter are rarely required. Rope fly-wheels are, of course, made much larger than this, but these will be dealt with in connection with engines. It will be noticed that, with one or two exceptions, the examples just given deal with pulleys in pairs or sets. It is rare for only one rope pulley to be ordered at a time. Single belt pulleys are frequently ordered with a general engineering house, the pulleys being required to drive direct on to machines with which pulleys are provided ; but as ropes are principally used to convey motion from one line shaft to another, or from the engine to the line shafts, and rarely for driving direct on to machines, at least two pulleys are generally required at a time. In example No. 65, three pulleys constituted the set, the power being taken off the 96 in. pulley by three ropes on to the 60 in. pulley at one side, and by four ropes on to the 50 in. pulley at the other side. As with belt pulleys, a list of prices for convenience when quoting is almost indispensable to any house intending to do much in rope pulleys. We append a list giving prices and approximate finished weights for the most common sizes. For the sake of comparison, the prices of a second house are also given, but it must be understood that the weights only apply to ROPE PULLEYS. Ill the prices opposite the A's, exact particulars of the weights corresponding to the prices opposite the B's not being avail- able : Table of prices and approximate finished weights for grooved pulleys for 5|-in. ropes (pitch of grooves 2^ in.), pulleys solid. Prices include boring, turning, and slotting key-bed. Number of Grooves. I Cwts. A B Diameter in Feet. 4 5 6 7 8 4 2 is*. 5 os. 4 os. 6 ios. 4* .5 ios. 8 cs. 6 7 ios. 10 os. 7* 9 ios. 13 os. 2 Cwts. A B 5 ios. 6 ios. 7 i5S. 8 os. 8 10 os. 10 os. 13 12 ios. 13 os. 12 15 os. 16 os. 3 Cwts. A B 6 6 i S s. 8 os. 9 10 os. 10 os. ii 12 os. 13 os. I3l 15 os. lO OS. 16 18 os. . 20 os. 4 Cwts. A B 8 8 155. 10 os. ii 12 os. 12 os. r I4 15 ios. 16 os. 17* i9 os. 20 os. 20 22 os. 24 os. 5 Cwts. A B IO 11 os. " 5s. 13 13 155. 14 os. x6 17 ios. 18 ios. 20* 21 ios. 22 155. 24 25 os. 27 os. 6 Cwts. A B 12 l2 IOS. 13 os. 15 os. 16 os. 20 20 os. 21 os. /. 24 24 os. 25 ios. 28 28 os. 30 os. 7 Cwts. A B 14 14 os. i5 os. 17 os. 18 ios. 23 23 os. 24 os. 28 28 os. 29 ios. 33 os. 34 ios. 8 Cwts. A B 16 16 os. i7 os. r ig ig os. 21 os. r 2S * 25 ios. 27 os. 31 31 os. 33 os. r 37 37 os. 39 os. 9 Cwts. A B 18 18 os. 19 ios. 22 22 os. 24 os. 28 28 os. 31 ios. 35 os. 36 ios. r 4I 41 os. 44 ios. 10 Cwts. A B 20 20 os. 22 os. 22* 25 25 os. 27 os. 31 31 os. 34 ios. 38 38 os. 40 os. 45 05. 50 os. II Cwts. A B 28* 28 ios. 34* 33 os. r 42 41 os. r 49 49 os. 12 Cwts. A B 25 /. 32 32 CJ. ?8 37^ os. r 46 45 os. 54 54 os. Extras, if cast in halves, planed and bolted, and including bolts, from 50 per ceijt. on smaller sizes, down to 15 per cent, on the larger sizes, on the above rates. The above rates may be taken as subject to the usual dis counts, ranging from 2\ per cent, in ordinary cases to users, to 10 per cent, in special cases, or to engineers intending' to sell again. CHAPTER XL MILLWRIGHT WORK, continued. TOOTHED GEARING. UP to a comparatively recent date toothed wheels were almost universally employed as the first, and in innumerable cases as the only, distributors of the power of prime movers. Of late Wheels y ears > however, and principally under the influence versus of the demand for higher speeds, the position Pulleys, formerly occupied almost exclusively by toothed wheels has been in a constantly increasing measure filled by ropes and wide belts. We have previously referred to Fairbairn's " Mills and Mill- work," a work which will, of course, long remain an engineering text-book. It is interesting to observe the complacency with which the distinguished author regarded the fact that toothed gearing was, at the time he wrote, so universally employed in the great manufacturing districts of the North of England. Wide belts were then beginning to be used in London and the South, but the great engineer entertained no doubt that the North was right in holding steadily to toothed gearing. We now see that in this matter of power distribution, as in so many others, the country has to a very large extent followed the lead of London. It is still more singular to observe how a great advance in mechanical science and skill, which has been made at one stage of manufacturing operations, as evidenced by the higher speeds at which modern machinery of conversion is driven, has been concurrent with, and in a very large measure has compelled the adoption of, what must be considered less scientific and exact methods of distributing power. Two of the principal objects which the scientific millwright has in view are : First, to secure an exact and constant velocity ratio between the prime mover and the machinery to be driven ; and secondly, to reduce the friction on his journals to a mini- TOOTHED WHEELS. 113 mum. It cannot be questioned that, theoretically always, and practically also, when they are properly designed and carefully made, toothed wheels are better calculated to secure the two objects named than either belts or ropes. Hence, in resorting so largely to the latter in these days for distributing power, we are not adopting the most exact and scientific means that would appear to be available. It would thus seem that the machine maker had distinctly outrun the millwright. Notwithstanding, however, the popularity of ropes and belts at the present time, toothed gearing is likely for a long period yet to constitute one of the most important sections of a general engineer's business, although it may not bulk quite so largely in it as in some former days. Certain heavy classes of machinery rolling mills, for example must almost necessarily be driven by gearing ; a large proportion of the shafting in most manufactories is still most conveniently and advan- tageously driven by wheels ; whilst, apart from entirely new installations, large numbers of wheels are required for those renewals, alterations, and extensions of existing establishments which form so large a proportion of the work which passes through a general engineering shop. Moreover, it is by no means certain that gearing will not recover some of the ground which it must be held to have lost of late years in the estimation of power consumers. The adoption of more perfect forms of teeth, and especially of various modifications of stepped teeth, as in the now well-known types of helical wheels, and the use of the wheel-moulding machine, enable wheels to be made to-day which are quite suitable for speeds which would have been thought pre- posterous not many years ago ; whilst a more general resort to cast steel as the material for wheels will no doubt permit a still further advance. Toothed wheels present themselves in an engineering estab- lishment in a considerable number of different forms and modifications. We have, first, the general division of spur wheels, bevel wheels, screw and worm wheels. of A11 these ma y be either solid > cast to s P lit: > or cast 11111 in halves. Spur and bevel wheels, again, may be entirely of metal, or may be mortice wheels that is, have wooden cogs ; and may either have plain open teeth I 114- MILLWRIGHT WORK. or have the teeth flanged or shrouded. The shrouding may be the full depth of the teeth, or carried only to the pitch line. Again, wheels may be put into use literally as they come from the dressing or fettling shop, as in some cases of very low speeds, or, on the other hand, they may be bored, slotted, turned up in the lathe on the face and ends of the teeth, and have the teeth accurately " pitched and trimmed" either by hand or by machine, and finally be carefully balanced, as ought to be the case with all wheels intended to run at high speeds. There are at least four distinct methods in which wheels may be made : Firstly, a casting may be made with a solid or blank rim, and teeth be cut out by a milling machine having special cutters, and provided with dividing apparatus for Manufacture. the P ur P se - This method is as y et rarel 7 used for any but comparatively small wheels. Secondly, the wheel may be moulded from a full pattern. Thirdly, the wheel may be made by having the rim moulded from a small segmental pattern by the aid of the moulding machine, the centre and arms being formed by dry sand covers. Fourthly, the wheel may be made in segments, the rim seg- ments being either moulded from a full pattern or by machine, and the segments subsequently built up to form the complete wheel. Large geared engine flywheels are generally made in the latter manner. In whatever way the wheels may be made, the castings are invariably greensand castings. The introduction of the wheel-moulding machine undoubtedly constitutes the most important advance which has been made in connection with the manufacture of wheels. It is safe to say that by far the larger proportion of new wheels now made for mill gearing are made by the aid of the machine. Whilst several wheel-moulding machines are now offered, they are all the same in principle, the essential features being a radial arm to which can be attached the block pattern for the Machine- teetn at tne proper distance from the centre, and Moulded which admits of being very accurately turned Wheels. round upon its centre ; means for withdrawing the block pattern from the sand after the tooth (or teeth in some TOOTHED WHEELS. cases) has been moulded, and for returning the pattern preparatory to moulding further teeth ; and accurate dividing apparatus. The use of the machine not only effects a considerable saving in the cost of making patterns, but secures a greater degree of accuracy in the castings themselves than can be obtained when full patterns are employed. This advantage obtains even as compared with castings made from new full patterns, and of course very much more decisively in the case of wheels moulded from patterns which have been used once or twice or stored for ;a considerable time. A third advantage, by no means in- important, is the saving effected in the space required for the storage of wheel patterns. Hence a wheel-moulding machine of some kind has become indispensable to any firm wishing to command any considerable business in mill gearing. The following are a few typical examples of costs and /estimates of toothed gearing : EXAMPLE No. 66. Cost of two machine-moulded spur wheels, each with 53 teeth, if in. pitch by 3^ in. face, turned on face and ends of teeth, bored and key-seat slotted. New pattern for machine : . s. d. cwt. qr. Ib. o 2 10 s. d. 6 3 ^ d. 2 6 X) 18 ii Moulder's wages . . . . . Turner Wages paid . . . Slotter 22 hours 20 2 14 8 ii 6 O II o ii 5 Apprentice do.,, II i 8 z 10 4 Material and wages .. .. .. .. 3 4 10 i 10 4 Gross cost . . . . .. .; 4 15 2 From the above the following appears : Cost of castings only i 175. zd. Cost of castings, including patterns . . . . 3 35. iod. The wheels were charged as follows : . IDS. 4d. per cwt. , . 175. 6d. per cwt. cwt. qr. Ib. s. d. s. d 2 machine-moulded spur wheels, each, etc. . . Turning on face and ends of teeth, boring eyes, and slotting one key-bed in each wheel 3 2 10 19 o 3 8 2 2 5 8 2 Less 2$ per cent. It will thus be seen that the charge made for the castings MILLWRIGHT WORK. only just covered their cost, including patterns. As far as the castings were concerned, the maker had to be satisfied with the patterns for his profit. If only one casting had been required, the cost of the patterns would not have been covered at the rate charged in above statement for the castings. Hence, either a special charge would have had to be made to cover cost of patterns, or the value of the latter would have had to be considered as an equivalent. The remarks made upon the question of charging for patterns, when dealing with belt pulleys, now apply with equal force in the matter of wheels. A manufacturing engineer who wishes to make or keep a business in wheels must be prepared to make patterns on his own account, except in special cases. That is to say, millowners and other buyers of wheels are now quite familiar, through the medium of printed price lists and the advertisements of specialty houses, with the prices at which machine-made wheels can be bought from such houses, and will not, therefore, as a rule, allow a general engineer to charge them higher rates. In the above example, and, indeed, in most of the following examples, the cost of patterns stands high. The patterns were all made by hand, the teeth being carefully dovetailed into the block and not merely cut out of the solid the entire patterns being thoroughly well made, as they were intended to be kept for future use and included in the wheel list of the establish- ment. The cost of patterns, however, as indicated in these examples > might be very considerably reduced by proper arrangements. Example No. 66 may be compared with the following : EXAMPLE No. 67. Cost of one spur wheel with 68 teeth, if in. pitch by 3^ in. wide, and one pinion with 16 teeth, to work with above wheel, both bored and slotted : s. d. 090 i 8 10 Cast-iron wheel pinion Moulder's wages Turner Slotter Patternmakers (new whee patte . g\ hours . 8| 2 ,, rn only) 71 cwt.qr. Ib. 2 IO o i 14 s. d. 6 3 s. o 15 8 057 051 II i 18 5 I 17 10 Material and wages Expenses 3 5 8 i 17 ra Gross cost 536 Cost for castings only, i is 3d. = 8s. yd. per cv t. TOOTHED WHEELS. 117 In this instance the cost of the castings only, without re- ference to the patterns, was i is. $d., or 8s. yd. pir cwt ; being, therefore, 16 per cent, less than the cost per cent, of the castings only in the preceding example. The two examples, whilst not identical, ofter a fair comparison. Charged as follows, viz : ! cwt. qr. Ib. s. d. r t. d i cast-iron spur wheel, 68 x if x 3$ in. wide 2 O IO 12 O i I i pinion with 16 teeth for ditto Boring wheel and pinion, slotting key-b~d in o i 14 14 o o 5 3 each and including net cost of preparing new wheel pattern latter to remain ours. . 4 4 5 5 14 9 Less 2j per cent. This was a case where wheels and pinions as above v/ere very frequently required. The wheel pattern had become unfit for use, and it became necessary to make a new one either a full pattern or a segment for the moulding machine. As the customer required the castings often, he preferred to pay the cost of a new full pattern in order that he might get the castings at I2s. per cwt., rather than pay i6s. or iSs. per cwt. for machine-moulded wheels and nothing specially for patterns. In the account, iSs. was reckoned for the boring and slotting of the wheel and pinion, the amount for the pattern being merely the gross cost, as shown in above statement no profit being charged on the pattern in consideration of the fact that it remained the property of the engineer, and of the regular business which the latter received in connection with it. EXAMPLE No. 68. Cost of 7 pairs of bevel v/heels and pinions, aft. 4^ in. x o x i x 3j face and i ft. 7^ in. x 40 x i X 3^ face, machine made, wheels split and bolted, pinions solid, all bored and slotted : s. d. cwt. qr. Ib. s. d. s. d. Cast iron 7 wheels .. 10 3 o 7 pinions .. Moulders' wages 105 hours 700 6 3 5 10 ii 3 5 8 14 bolts and nuts, 4 in. x i in. 14 ,, 4 in. x ijin. Turners Wages paid | stock 32 hours 037 o 3 I 2 9 o 18 8 i 16 3 Slotter 12^ ,, 056 041 Fitters I5f if 082 o 18 4 Pattern makers 44f > 1 4 5 Material and wages . . 12 16 I 2 18 8 Expenses 2 18 8 Gross cost . . .. 15 14 9 Cost of castings only 8 16;. 7^. .. gs. Sd. per cwt. Cost of castings and patterns . 10190.4^. ., us. gd per cwt. n8 MILLWRIGHT WORK. Charged as follows : cwt qr. Ih. s. d, f <; d 7 machine-moulded bevel wheels, 60 etc. . . 10 3 18 o 9 1.1 6 7 ,. n pinions, 40, etc. . . . . 2$ bolts and nuts . , 7 o 31 20 o 1 7 I O 17 o it Boring and slotting all, and splitting and bolt- ing wheels 4 T^> 5 23 3 10 Less 25 per cent. It will be seen from above that when a number of castings oft the one pattern are made at a time, such rates for the castings as those shown in this example pay very well, even including, the cost of the patterns. It should be added that in the establishment where these- wheels were made, cast iron splitting plates were generally used. Some makers use wrought iron plates and charge extra for them along with the bolts. EXAMPLE No. 69. Cost of one pair of machine-made mitre wheels, 2 ft. 6 in, by 42 and 2 ft. 5$ in. by 41 by 2^-in. pitch and 5^-in. face; 42 wheel bored to gauge and with one key-bed slotted ; 4 key-beds slotted in 41 wheel : s. d. cwt. qr. Ib. s. d. s. d~ Cast iron . . . . . . . . . . , 600 6 3 i 17 6 Moulders* wages 26 hours o 16 g> Turner Wages paid . . . . 4 2 31 6 5 Slotter 4$ ,, 020- i 2 3 Pattern maker, at new patterns for machine 54 i 9 8 Materials and wages .. .. .. .. 482 x 8 8 i 8 8 Gross cost 5 16 10 Cost for castings only 2 145. 3^. = gs. od. per cwt. and patterns . . . . 5 6s. id. = 175. 6d. ., Charged 19$. per cwt. for the castings and 155. for the boring and slotting. Total, 6 gs., less. z\ per cent. As in No. 66, it will be seen that the above job only just paid when taken as a whole. Of course, any subsequent castings off the same patterns would pay very well if rated (as they would be) from i6s. to 19*. per cwt. It should be added that in the above case, the wheels being mitres and differing in size by one tooth only, whilst a separate block pattern was made for mould- ing the rim of each, the one core box, with slight modifications, was used for forming the arms of both. TOOTHED WHEELS. EXAMPLE No. 70. Cost of one pair of machine-made mitre wheels, 60 and 59 by 2| in. by 6-in. face, both bored and slotted : s. d. o ii 9 i 3 ii cwt. qr.lb. s. d. s rf 7 i o 6 3 I4> 6 3 4 4 I 10 o 6 O I i ii 9 3 7 10 Moulders' wages Turner Wages paid Slotter ,, Pattern makers, at new patterns for machine Materials and wages . . . . 48 hours 58 i 15 8 7 H i 15 5 8 Gross cost . . . . .. .. 9 10 i Cost for castings cnly 5 14$. gd. = 8s. id. per cwt. and patterns . . . . 8 los. 6d. = 12s. id. Charged 13 55. zd., being at the rate of 175. per cwt. for the castings, with i 55. for boring and slotting. This job, it will be seen, paid very well, although only one pair of wheels was supplied. In connection with this example, it may be pointed out that the cost of the patterns was very little more than in Example No. 69, although the wheels were more than twice as heavy. This is, of course, only what would be expected, seeing that the patterns for the rim would have the same number of teeth in both cases. If only a single wheel had been required, the cost would have been about 14*. 6d. per cwt, including patterns. Hence, single machine-made wheels of 6 cwt. or over will generally cover the cost of patterns, when charged at about the rates given. EXAMPLE No. 71. Cost of one mitre wheel, 4 ft. gf in. diameter by 56 by 3^ by g-in. face, and two 4 ft. 9 in. by 55 by 3^ by 9-in. face, flanged to pitch-line, all machine-made, all turned on ends and face of cogs and on flanges, centres bored, and key-bed slotted in each : . d. 2 3 5 239 cwt. qr. Ib. 53 2 21 s. d. 6 3 \ s. d. 1615 7 390 i 6 o 2 II 2 18 4 Moulders' wages . . . . . 112 hours Turners Wages paid .. .. 44^ Slotter , ii 6i ii Pattern makers, at new patterns for machine 98 , Materials and wages Expenses .*. Gross cost 472 24 ii 10 472 28 19 o Cost for castings only 20 45. jd. = 75. 6d. per cwt. and patterns .. .. 25 6s. od. = gs. 6d. It will be obvious that, if only two instead of three wheels had been ordered, the cost for the pair, including patterns, would have been about 18 I2J, or IQS. ^d. per cwt., as the pattern-making would have been the same. I2O MILLWRIGHT WORK. The above wheels were charged as follows : cwt. qr.lb. s. d. s, d. z machine-made mitre wheel, 4 ft. 9! in. and 56 teeth ; and 2 ditto 4 ft. 9 in. and 55 teeth, by 3i-in. pitch and g-in. face ; all flanged to pitch Turning teeth on ends and face, turning flanges, boring centres and slotting key-bed in each 5 o O 45 5 3 Less 2j per cent. It is, of course, unnecessary to remind any of our readers of the reason why, in pairs of mitre wheels, one wheel is invariably made with a tooth more than the other, as in all the three last examples. The introduction of this extra cog the " hunting- cog " or tooth necessitates a separate pattern for each wheel of the pair when full patterns are used, and a separate block tooth pattern for each wheel, when the wheel-moulding machine is used ; but there is no question that the advantages secured the equalising of the wear of the teeth and the consequent smoothness of running fully justify this extra cost. EXAMPLE No. 72. Cost of one machine-made spur wneel, 53 cogs, 4^-in. pitch by i2-in. face, and one pinion, with 42 cogs to suit above wheel, both made of extra strong cold blast iron mixture ; four key-ways slotted in each, and both hung on shafts in shop with new keys : s. d. cwt. qr. Ib. s. d. s. d. i casting wheel . .. .. .. 36 2 o I pinion . .. .. . 30 3 o 8 3 27 14 10 Moulders' wages . . . . . 144 hours 430 8 W I keys I I 14 9Q u O 12 1 o 17 6 o 13 ii 098 Smiths' wages . . . . . Slotter Wages paid Grinder (at keys) wages paid . . Fitters Wages paid 19 hours 14 .. 9 ii 37 ii o 17 6 063 030 o 19 3 a 19 ii Pattern makers, at new patterns for machine .. .. 134 ii 3 19 o Materials and wages .. . . . . 38 15 3 5 I Expenses .. Gross cost . . . . .. .. 43 16 3 Cost for castings only . . and patterns = gs. 6d. per cwt. = us. 6d. An estimate of probable cost was made up for above. This estimate came out 41 ; 25 per cent, was added, and the tendei given in at ^53 6s., less 2\ per cent. It will be noted that 2s. per cwt. was added to the ordinary rate put down in the cost, on account of the extra quality of iron used in the mixture of which the wheels were cast. TOOTHED WHEELS. 1 2.1 EXAMPLE No. 73. Cost of one machine-moulded spur wheel, 9 ft. lof in. diameter ; 108 cogs, sj-in. pitch by lo-in. face, cast in halves, joints planed and bolted, centre bored and slotted : s- d. cwt. qr. lb. A7 2 O .s. d. 7 6 I s. d. 1*7 tfi 3 Moulders' wages 131 hours TV * U / u */ Au 3 3 10 ci 16 bolts and nuts . . . o 3 12 9 o 7 9 039 Smiths' wages . . . . . Turner Wages paid Blotter at joints and key-way 9 j hours 18 039 o U 3 269 Wages paid Turner at bolts Wages paid 26 34 . o i 3 o I 6 n 4 5 Fitters J 7 . 089 2 O IO Pattern makers . . 95 it 2 14 5 " Materials and wages 26 13 o 4 15 9 Expenses .. 4 15 9 Gross cost .. 31 8 9 per lb. for the etc. Cost for castings only 21 ys. zd. gs. per cwt. and patterns . . . . 26 2s. 5^. = us. Charged 41, less 2$ per cent., being at the rate of 145. per cwt. for the casting, $d. p bolts as forgings, and a sum of 3 6s. for the turning, planing and bolting, The general foundry expenses connected with large machine- moulded wheels being to so large an extent similar to those incurred in connection with ordinary loam castings, it becomes desirable to treat such wheels as loam castings. Hence the wheel in this example is put down at loam-casting rate. It may be observed that there is nothing specially put down in these examples for expenses or charges in connection with the wheel-moulding machine. What special charges were in- curred in connection with the machine were simply included in the general foundry expenses ; but, of course, where a large business is done in machine-moulded wheels, it is desirable to open a separate account for expenses in connection with the moulding machines. EXAMPLE No. 74. Cost of one cast-iron spur wheel, 9 ft. 5| in. diameter, 84 cogs, 4^-in. pitch by i2-in. face, cast in two halves from full pattern, joints faced and bolted, and four key-beds slotted in centre : s. d. cwt. qr. lb. s. d. *. d. , 2 castings . . *'-:, ,. , . . . . 55 i o 6 3 17 5 4 Moulders' wages . . .. 51 hours I 14 9 16 bolts and nuts .. . . . 03 9 9 o 076 043 I ii 3 Smiths' wages .. Blotter at joints and key- ways Turners at bolts . . . . . 5 1 hours . . 26* .. i? ii 043 o ii 8 092 063 Fitters .. .. .. . . 23 12 6 Materials and wages . . . 21 5 2 219 Expenses > t . 219 Gross cost . . . .- 23 6 ii ,. -} os. id. = 6s. nd. per cwt. Charged 31 ys less 2* per cent., being at the rate of gs. per cwt. for the casting, 4^. per lb. for the bolts, and 4 19$. for the plan- ing and bolting, etc. Cost for castings only, ig os. id. 122 MILLWRIGHT WORK. The wheel in above example was made from a stock pattern. To have made a new full pattern for the half of this wheel would have taken about 30 days of a pattern maker, and would, therefore, have cost about 12 IQS. in wages and expenses, or about 4s. 6J. per cwt. We shall conclude this section with a few examples of mortise wheels and a list of rates for cogging. EXAMPLE No. 75. Cost of one bevel mortise wheel with 54 cogs, if-in. pitch by 4^-in. face, bored, turned, slotted, and cogged with best seasoned beech : s. d. cwt.qr. Ib. s. d. s- d - Cast iron . ... 217 6 4 Moulders' wages Beech .... 22 ft. 5i hours by i^ in. o 7 i 036 o 13 2. Wire for pins . Turner Wages paid Driller 10 hours 2* ,, o 5 10 O O II o 10 9 Slotter i ,) 005 o 13 it 2 II Millwrights Apprentice do. Pattern maker, altering stock pattern 43 58 7 109 o 7 i o 3 10 1 7 7 Materials and wages . . . . .. .. 3 10 7 177 Gross cost . . . . .. .. 4 18 2 Charged as follows in sales book, viz. : cwt.qr. Ib. s. d. f C. d. i cast-iron bevel mortise wheel Boring and slotting centre, turning and dril- 217 14 o i 12 5 ing rim for cogging, altering pattern and cogging with best seasoned beech 5 2 7 6 15 Less 2$ per cent. The amount included in above charge of $ zs. ^d. for cogging alone was $ i6s. 6d., being at the rate of is. $d. per cog ; of course, including the timber. It will be observed that the timber in above example is rated as costing $d. per superficial foot per inch of thickness. The actual rates per foot per inch paid for the timber were i\d. to 3^/., but this was for the timber in the green state, though in pl&nk ; and the timber had, therefore, to be seasoned. It was consequently reckoned that interest on capital, rent, maintenance of racks and stores, handling and loss of timber, brought the cost up to 5 308 Materials and wages : 118 3 8 40 18 5 Gross cost 159 2 i Equal to g igs. per wheel. The above wheels were charged 209 14^. net, in accordance with a tender based upon an estimate at profit rates, the full detailed particulars of which it is not necessary to give. It will suffice to say that the castings were reckoned at 9^. d. per cwt, the bolts md nuts at $d. per lb., and the cogging at is. per cog. I2<5 MILLWRIGHT WORK. An equal number of iron pinions to work with above were supplied at the same time. The pinions had 33 teeth each, weighed on an average 2 cwt. I4lbs. ; were rated at I2s. per 4 15 9 Materials and wages . . . . 57 12 7 12 Q O Gross cost . . . . .. .. 70 i 7 Charged 95 net, in accordance with estimate made up at profit rates, in which the weights &c., were approximately as above, the casting being rated at 135. 6d. per cwt., the bolts at 3^. per Ib., the turning at i8s. per day, and the cogging at ios. 6d. per cog. An alternative tender for the wheel cast in halves, and with the joints planed, bolt-holes drilled, and bolts turned, was also given at 105 net. The re-cogging of wheels constitutes an important part of the gearing business of an engineering establishment ; but the general range of re-cogging costs will have been sufficiently indicated by the examples of new wheels just Re-cogging. . ,-, . , J , given. Re-cogging in any case simply means the same millwright's time, or, perhaps, 10 per cent, more on account of knocking the old cogs out ; the same amount of timber, and from a third to a half of the turner's time, as in the case of a new wheel. The following table, however, summarises a number of cases of re-cogging, which may be taken as fairly representative, and will sufficiently indicate the variations which occur in this class of work : MORTISE WHEELS. 127 TABLE OF TIMBER AND TIME RE-COGGING WHEELS. Kind of Wheel. Dimensions. Timber used. Millwrights' Time. Apprentice Millwright. Turner. ft. in. in. Hours. Hours. Hours. Bevel H 43 x i| x 4 Co x i| x 44 43 x 2 x s 13 o x ii 13 o x ii 20 o x if 40 3i 25 2 4 44 40 x 2 x 5 16 o x i| 48 42 58 x 2 x s 30 o x i 103 S 28 x 2j x 6 24 o x i| 52 4 2 f| 79 x 2 J x 6 49 o x i| looj 38 4 f| 60 x 2j x 5 40 o x i| 125 10 4 66 x 2! x 84 68 o x 2 113 26 44 Spur 82 x 2! x 7! 56 O X 2 iSl 12 84 -j 44 x 2! x 8 46 O X 2 76 _ 4 f 81 x 3 x 9 82 O X 2 346 25 IO Jf 78 x 3 x 9 8l O X 2j 204 27 8 Bevel 50 X 3| x 8 75 o x 2j 138 37 Spur 60 x 34 x 12 113 O X 2j 260 39 6 " 41 x 4 x 13 77 o x 3 170 50 10 The following is a table of charging prices for re-cogging, which should cover all expenses, allow thoroughly-seasoned timber to be used, the work to be done carefully, and leave a fair margin of profit : TABLE OF PRICES FOR RE-COGGING (HANDWORK). Price per Cog. Breadth of Face. 4 5 6 7 8 9 IO ii 12 13 14 Pitch. . d. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. rf. s. d. J 2 3 A 3 4 * -^ _ M - T j 4 1 I 7 i 6 i 8 i 9 I 10 2 O - = - - ~ "~ - 2 9 ii 2 2 2 6 2 10 *4 2 2 2 4 1 I 2 IO 3 2 3 4 3 9 ~ ~ ~ 2 _ 3 o 3 6 4 o _ _ 3 4 o 4 6 5 o 5 6 i si - - 4 4 5 o 4 9 5 6 6 o I 1 9 S 9 7 o 8 o 9 = I - 4 ~ ~ - * 6 7 a 8 o 8 9 9 9 10 6 Subject to usual terms to millowners. Some firms would charge from 10 to 20 per cent, less than above rates. CHAPTER XII. MILLWRIGHT WORK, continued. GENERAL CONTRACTS. WE have now reviewed and illustrated by examples, in suffi- cient detail, all those large classes of productions which go to constitute millwright work. General estimates and contracts for millwright work simply consist of combinations, of course in ever-varying proportions, of those productions which we have now examined ; but it may be desirable, before passing on to deal with machines and engines, to give two examples of general estimates of millwright work. The first shall be an estimate for work in connection with a flour-mill extension, and the second for work in connection with a spinning-mill extension. The former will be made up at profit rates, in accordance with the method most generally adopted, because of its con- venience, and the latter will be an estimate made up in accord- ance with the more scientific and useful method, which seeks to set out the probable actual cost of the work in view to the manufacturing engineer. It will be seen that the latter method involves rather more labour than the former, both actual in the preparation of the estimate itself and retrospective, as much careful analysing and tabulating must be done before the per- centages and some of the other rates can be determined. The information which this method conveys to the practical man of business is, however, worth very much more than the extra trouble necessitated. Of course it is quite easy to determine what the selling price of any particular part of the estimate will be. The percentage added to the whole for profit, if added to any particular item (with its corresponding charge for indirect expenses if an item for labour) will, of course, give the pro- posed selling price for that item. GENERAL ESTIMATES. 129 EXAMPLE No. 80. September , 188 SPECIFICATION OF FIXINGS, SHAFTING, GEARI* G, ETC , RE- QUIRED IN CONNECTION WITH 16 PROPOSED NEW PAIRS OF MILLSTONES FOR MESSRS.. i wall box, 3 ft. 6 in. by 3 ft. 6 in. by 2 ft. 5 in. cwt. qr. Ib. s. d. s. d. deep, with bridge for 9 in. pedestal . 20 o o 8 o 800 2 wall boxes, 3ft. by sit. by 2 ft. 5 in, with bridges for 6^ in. pedestals 30 o o 9 o 13 10 o 8 pedestals, 6^ in. by 12 in. long no o IOO O 44 o o 90 o 27 O O (Ail with shell caps and single brasses.) */ u \J 40 tail bolts and nuts i 3 14 o 3 2 12 6 2 hammered scrap-iron shafts, each 17 ft. Sin. by 6| in. diameter, with bosses and collars Forged weight 48 o o 20 o 48 o o 2 di'to, each i8ft. by 6 in. 44 o o 2O O 44 o o 2 ditto, each 18 ft. by 5^ in., with solid flange 1 40 o o 20 o 40 o o Turning shafts all over . . . . 27 days 16 O 21 12 Planing key-beds 6 16 o 4 16 o Drilling bolt-holes in flanges .. 6 ,, 26 bolts and nuts, 6 in. by i in., lor coupling. . IOO 12 o 3 3 12 O I 8 o Turning and fitting bolts . . . . t$ days 12 3 18 o i machine-made spur wheel, 7 it. 2jin. by 78 31 o o 13 o 20 3 o 2 ditto pinions, 4 ft. 9^ in. by 52 by 3$ by 9 Slotting four key-beds in each . . i| day 12 wrought-iron keys, 12 by 2^ by i| . . 40 o o o 3 17 13 6 14 O o 6 27 o o I I 2 10 6 4 wrought-iron hoops for 78 cog wheels 130 o 41 3 13 6 Keying three wheels on shaft . . 6 days 2 14 o Smith (shrinking on hoops) .. i day 16 bevel mortise wheels, 4ft. 6 in. by 80 by 2^ by 5|, split and bolted 64 bolts and nuts, 5 by ij "> 32 5 by if ) Splitting and bolting . . . . 14 days Boring centres and turning rims 28 116 o o 500 12 o 3 9 o 15 IOO 69 12 700 660 21 O O Slotting key-bed in each . . . . 3 fl Cogging with seasoned beech 1280 cogs 16 wrought-iron keys, 8 by 2 by i Grinding ditto . . . . . . j day o a 15 14 o 2 o 6 16 o 2 2 O 128 I 15 6 104 Keying all wheels on shafts . . 8 days 3 12 2 pairs of fluted cast-iron columns for first- shaft bearings, 6 ft. 8 in. by 7 in. diameter. . 16 o o 9 740 2 cast-iron bridges for ditto . . . . . 420 9 206 8 bolts and nuts, 4 in. by i in o o 14 o 4 048 8 coach screws lor tops of columns . .. ) 8 rag end bolts for bottom . . . , . j O 21 o 4 070 Fitting and bolting 2 days 9 o o 18 o 18 cast-iron columns, 5 ft. loin, by 5 in. by | in. thick, to carry platforms 36 coach screws, 5 in. by f in. . . . . . ) 36 ras end bolts, 6 in. by g in } 40 o o o i 18 9 o o 5 18 o o o 19 a Pattern making on above .. .. Wall boxes and pedestals.. .. 6 days TO O 300 Columns .. i day 10 10 Mortise wheel, new full pattern 12 days ") Spur wheel and pinions, patterns for machine $ Carriage and freight, say Erection of above two millwrights only all assistance to be provided by mill-owners Included in prices. 24J tons 40 o 49 o o 80 days 9 o 36 o o Travelling time and expenses 4 10 o Draughtsmen (making working drawings, tracings, etc.) 6 days 12 3 12 o 1 :?i? 3 s Net amount of tender, 717 35. 8d. Order entered at 700 net. 130 MILLWRIGHT WORK. The rates in above specification were in several respects somewhat below those usually asked in the establishment in question. They are, however, very fair rates, and such as most engineering firms would be willing to accept. The rate put down for the erection was intended to include the men's allow- ance ; and it will be seen that it was not considered necessary to add anything specially for contingencies. EXAMPLE No. 81. February , 18. ESTIMATED COST OF FIXINGS, PEDESTALS, SHAFTING, PULLEYS, ETC., REQUIRED FOR PROPOSED EXTENSION AT MILL, MESSRS. s. d. cwt. qr. Ib. s. d. s. a. 16 hangers, 13 J in. from beam to centre of shaft, for 4^-in. pedestals 23 o o 7 6 8 12 6 64 gibhead bolts and nuts, 5 by i| 1 3 4 2j I 17 6 i C. I. channel beam, 9 ft. long 620 6 9 2 6 II 8 bolts and nuts 4jin by S in. . .. .. O O 12 o *i 066 2 C. I. beams, 19 ft. 6 in. by 16 in. deep .. 30 o o 6 9 IO 2 6' i C. I. bridge for ditto.. 220 7 6 o 18 9 OO6 2i 013 o i 10 Fitting and bolting fday 2 C. I. fixings to go on top of fireproof beams .. 6OO O O 12 \j *2 4 10 7 6 O 2i 038 250 026 2 C. T. crossbeams, lift, by 16 in i C. i. bridge between ditto 19 o o 6OO " ^2 6 9 7 6 683 250 025 12 bolts and nuts, 4 in. by i in. and 4^ in. by | in. i wall box, 2 ft. by 2 ft. by 2 ft., for 4J m. pedestal Fitting and bolting beams iday O O 2O 800 I 2j 7 6 4 10 042 300 o 4 ia i wall box, 3 ft. by 3 ft. by i ft. 6 in., for si-in. pedestal . .... II O O 7 6 A 2 C 22 pedestals, 4! in. by 6f in. long, with double / u 4 * i> brasses, oil dish at each side with lubricating rings, cap bolts long enough for fixing 2 C. I. pedestals and caps, 5$ in. by 14 in. 4 brasses for ditto 6 o 18 i i 8 50 o 7 6 O IO 55 o a 263 6 3 4. 4 cap bolts, 12 in. by ij in. o o 20 2j o 4 2 4 tail bolts, 6 in. by ij in. .. .. o o 17 2j 037 12 6 Boring and facing 2 days 5 o 10 o 14 6 4- TO loo I O Drilling 2 hours J.U 3 y 008 ii lengths of 4^in. wrought-iron shafting, about 197 ft. in all, all plain except one boss on one length (J in. in diam. allowed for turning) . . 100 O O 10 9 53 IS o Turning ditto 13 days 5 3 5 o 539 Planing key-beds 3! 4 8 o 17 6 5 10 Forging one boss J ii 8 o 5 10- ii C. I. face couplings in 22 pieces 55 bolts and nuts, 4^ in. by i in 44 W. I. keys, two in each half coupling, 7 in. by 16 2 o i i 16 7 6 2j 639- I 12 6 ijin.byfin 026 o 4 108- Boring and turning couplings . . 19^ days 5 o 4 16 3 Drilling bolt holes 8| 3 4 i 7 6 Turning bolts 13! 4 8 342 '495 Slotting key-beds i* 3 4 050- o 14 6 Keying on couplings 6" i hammered scrap-iron shaft, 7ft. 6 in. long over all, with boss 3 ft. Gin. by 6$ in., two bearings 5^ by 14, and coupling end 4^ 7 o 14 4 10 16 o 190 5 H o 23 5 9 Carried forward 102 15 GENERAL ESTIMATES. s. d. cwt. qr. lb. s. d. s. d. 23 5 9 Brought forward 192 15 o Turnrng ditto all over z\ days 5 12 6 112 Planing key-beds 3 hours 4 8 017 2 C. I. beams at carding room, ii ft. by 16 in. . . 19 o o 6 9 683 i bridge between ditto 600 7 6 250 12 bolts and nuts C ZO 2j 042 025 Fitting and bolting I day i wall box, 3 ft. by 3 ft. by I ft. 6 in., with bridge 4 i o 4 10 for sj pedestal II 7 6 426 2 pedestals, sj ' n - by J 4 m -> as before 12 5 o i hammered scrap shaft, loft, long overall, boss 6ft. by 6jin., two beaiings sJ, one end left 9 2 14 16 o 7 14 o I o 8 025 Turning ditto all over 2| days Planing key- bed 3 hours 5 o 4 8 o 13 9 017 3 ii i piece H. S. shaft, 4 ft. by 3 in Welding ditto 3 hours 3 12 16 o ii 8 o 13 9 o 3 ii 039 Turning ditto Jday e o 026 i C. I. flanged counling in two parts, 3-in. bore. . 4 bolts and nuts, 3 Jin. by in i 3 o 007 7 6 O 2j 13 2 o i 6 2 keys, 6 in. by | in. by Jin Boring and turning coupling .. ij day 002 o 4 5 o 008 076 Drilling holes i ,, 3 4 o i 8 Turning bolts 3 4 8 030 o 19 8 Slotting key-beds I hour 3 4 005 013 Keying on coupling J day 4 10 025 2 C. I. beams, ii ft. by 14 in. deep 16 o o 6 9 580 i C. I. bridge for ditto 420 7 6 i 13 9 O I 10 8 bolts and nuts, 4j in. by in Fitting and bolting I day O O 12 2j 4 10 026 038 i wall box, 2ft. by 2tt. by i ft. 6in., for sjin. 7OO 7 6 2 12 6 2 C. I. pedestals and caps, sj in. by ii in. 2 I 16 7 6 o iS o 4 brasses for ditto o i 24 O 10 234 4 cap bolts and 4 tail bolts Boring and facing .. . .. i day o o 15 2* 032 050 089 Drilling J 3 4 10 086 Fitting and bolting 3* days 4 10 o 16 ii 2 pedestal hangers, 3-in. bore, with single brasses i ditto, 3 J in 24 o 33 o 280 i 13 o i rope pulley, 64 in. diameter by 12 grooves, 2j-in. pitch, sJ-in. ropes, bored, turned and slotted. Finished weight 31 2 16 o 25 4 o i ditto, 52 by 12 grooves i ditto, 62 by 6 25 2 O 16 o o 16 o 16 o 15 8 a 12 16 a i ditto, 48 by 6 . . . . , 12 O 16 o 9 12 o 2 ditto, 52 by 3 ., 14 o o 16 o 1140 6W. I. keys O I o 4 097 o 14 6 Keying pulleys on shaft in shop . 6 days 4 10 190- Pattern making 4j hanger and pedestal .. . 9 Channel beam . . . . . 2 Beams, bridges and fixings . 32^ Wall boxes and pedestals . . . 14! Couplings i day Hangers i ,, ii 5 o Total 60 days 5 o 15 o a Taking working dimensions and making draw- I O ings 12 days 6 8 400 6 o 10 Erecting all at mill (local) . . . . 50 (Cartage included.) 4 10 K I 8 All builder's work to be done by millowner, and all scaffolding and common labour to be pro- vided by him. Estimated cost, materials, &c 355 " 7 47 o 5 47 5 Total estimated cost 402 12 o Add 25 per cent. .. ,. .. .. 100 13 o 503 5 o Quoted 500, less 2j per cent. 132 MILLWRIGHT WORK. Many engineers would add a smaller percentage for profit, especially if they could place reasonable dependence upon the estimate of the gross cost. The method in which such estimates as above are prepared will be sufficiently obvious. The general plans having been prepared it may be roughly, but in sufficient detail for the purpose the estimate draughtsman goes carefully over them and writes out on his sheets every item that will be required, calculating weights and filling in other necessary particulars. The sheets are then handed in to the estimate clerk to be priced. In quoting prices for work, such as illustrated in the last two examples, it is generally advisable to send a separate specification setting out the proposed work, and a separate letter or tender giving the price. The former can then, during the progress of the work, if ordered, or at any time, be handed about amongst foremen or others, without the price being observed ; and as a rule neither the engineer who sells nor the millowner who buys cares to have prices too publicly displayed. The specification, after setting out all the principal items, should conclude with a general paragraph somewhat as follows, viz. : All the necessary bolts and nuts will be supplied by us. The whole of the work specified above to be delivered at your mill [if local] and erected ready for starting ; it being understood that you will do all masons' or joiners' work, and provide our men with the necessary assistance of labourers and scaffolding. The ropes for the pulleys to be also supplied, and put on by you. (Signature) The tender would then simply be a letter somewhat as follow.5, viz. : To MESSRS., GENTLEMEN, We propose to supply you with fixings, shafting, rope pulleys, etc., for your new extension, all in accordance with specification and outline plan [when supplied] enclosed, for the sum of 500 (Five hundred pounds), less 2^ per cent., payable upon completion of the work. We shall be obliged by your order, which shall have our best attention. Your respectfully, When very complete plans are prepared and tracings from them are submitted, the detailed specification may be omitted and reference made in the formal tender merely to " enclosed tracing." CHAPTER XIII. MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTIONS. HAVING now discussed, as fully as is necessary for our purpose, the millwright section of the business of a general engineering establishment, we shall treat briefly of the miscellaneous pro- ductions of such an establishment before passing on to deal with steam engines. Those economic forces with which we associate the terms "division of labour," "competition," and so on, are constantly leading engineering as well as other manufacturers to devote themselves more and more to special branches of tion* t * ie * r businesses, and to the establishment of new houses for the manufacture of very limited classes of productions, and in many cases for the manufacture of only one kind of appliance. The manufacture of machinery for preparing, spinning, and weaving textile materials has, of course, long constituted a separate branch of mechanical engineering ; but even this is now subdivided into numerous departments. There are a few large establishments which still undertake to supply machinery for nearly every operation in connection with the preparing, spin- ning, and weaving of every textile material ; but for one such house there are dozens which devote themselves principally to machinery for one class of textile material, or to machinery for one or two operations only in connection with one or two materials. 134 MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTIONS. The production of wood-working machinery, flour-milling machinery, iron-rolling machinery, machine tools, sugar machinery, gold mining machinery and other classes, are also now firmly constituted special departments of mechanical en- gineering, mostly carried on specially, though occasionally as portions of general engineering businesses. Subdivision, however, by no means stops merely with the concentration in the hands of a few special firms of the manu- facture of machinery for a particular industry. We have special- ists for nearly every kind of engineering productions, including such as are used in common by different industries for pumps, hoists, cranes, hydraulic presses, weigh-bridges, steam valves, taps, and so on. So much, indeed, is this the case, that the first question anyone who requires any mechanical appliance nowadays asks himself is, " Who makes a specialty of it ? " The assumption, of course, is that an article will be obtained at a less price from a house which makes a specialty of it than from one where the article is only made incidentally, as it were. It is, however, by no means a universal rule that an article will be bought for less from a specialty than from a general house. The former may be able to make it more cheaply ; but it is well to keep in mind that a specialty house requires a very extended market, and to secure such market must incur expenses for travellers, agencies, or some form of advertising, for keeping up a stock and on other special accounts, which a general engineering establishment, depending principally upon a local connection, does not incur. Neither does it follow that an article obtained from a specialty house will be better than one of a similar class obtained from a general establishment. On the contrary, specialty houses are usually under influences which are calculated to make their productions inferior to those of a good general engineering establishment. In the former, the desire to produce as cheaply as possible, and especially to make the cost of an article at one time less than on former occasions, is particularly strong, and very often leads to a reduction of material below what is necessary for securing reasonable durability ; whilst piece-work, unless most rigidly supervised, will lead to hasty, and conse- quently imperfect, workmanship. However, we are not particularly concerned here either with SPECIALTY AND GENERAL HOUSES, 135 the advantages and disadvantages, or the causes of this speciali- sation of mechanical industry. What we are concerned with Effect on is the e ^ ect f this tendency to specialisation General upon those general engineering businesses which Businesses. are to be found in every industrial centre. That it has had a very decided effect upon these busi- nesses no one will question. It has limited, and is con- stantly tending to limit, the number of productions which can foe profitably manufactured in a general engineering establish- ment. Formerly, anyone who required a mechanical appliance turned, as a matter of course, to local engineering firms. But 'now he will consult a directory or the advertising pages of an engineering journal, and send to the end of the kingdom or beyond for quotations. Nevertheless, there are still many productions of a general character which may be manufactured profitably in a general engineering establishment possessed of fair resources. Amongst these may be reckoned cast-iron tanks and cisterns, iron doors, pumps for general purposes, cranes, hoists, weigh-bridges, rail- way turn-tables, hydraulic and other presses, mortar mills, clay machinery, millstone frames and gearing, some brewers' and distillers' plant (as mashtuns and backs), some bleaching and finishing machinery (as yarn and cloth boilers or kiers, wash- rnills, mangles and calenders), flax scutching apparatus (in certain districts), and so on. It will be obvious that many of these would, if required, lend themselves readily to the development of a specialty business. It would take too long, and is not necessary for our purposes, to deal with all these productions in detail ; but we shall endeavour to give the student a general acquaint- Tanks ance, at least, with the costs and prices of some which may be considered of a representative cha- racter, commencing with an example of a plain cast iron tank for holding water. Most manufacturing establishments where steam power is employed require one or more large tanks ; whilst engineers are also frequently called upon to quote for such tanks for hospitals, asylums, workhouses, prisons, and other public institutions, either in connection with the arrangements for extinguishing fire, for supplying the steam boiler or boilers, or for the general water supply of the establishment. 136 MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTIONS. EXAMPLE No. 82. Estimated price for a cast-iron tank loft, long by 8 ft. wide cwt. qr. lb. s. d. S. d. 4 flanged plates for bottom, 5 ft.by4 ft.byy^ thick ] 4 ditto for sides, 5 ft. by 3 ft. 6 in. by fin. [ 4 ditto for ends, 4 ft. by 3 ft. 6 in. by f in. } 164 bolts and nuts, 2| in. by in. for joints 47 o o 3 o 10 31 23 i 10 2 0' 9 i W. I. stay, 10 ft. by | in. diameter . . 2 ditto, 8ft. by |in. diameter i 15 o 4 14 4 6 bolts and nuts for ditto, 3^ ft. by fin. o o 7 o S o 2 ii Cement putty for joints Fitting tank together in shop . . 3 days X o 9 4 o I I 17 7 4 o Preparing patterns 4 Paint ard painting 2 coats red oxide IO 6 2 O 2 15 o 31 II 4 Delivery free on rails; erection not to be included. Quoted 31 IDS., less aj per cent. This tender, it will be seen, is equal to rather more than I2s. IDC?, per cwt, on the gross weight of the tank. This is a moderate price, though in some establishments the rate would be at least i per ton less. The cost of this tank came out as follows, viz. : s. d. cwt.qr. lb. s. d. s. d. 48 o 14 6 Q 16 4 10 Moulders' wages . 63 hours u y i 18 ii Bolts and nuts . . . . 3 J 4 18 o 15 9 033 085 Wrought-iron for sta Smith, forging ends Cement, prepared . Fitters 3f hours 32 j hours 020 100 10 2| 050- 033 134 o 16 10 o 16 8 Pattern-makers 38 122 033 Painter 18 066 . Materials and wages .1 22 16 7 i ii 7 Expenses i ii 7 Gross cost 482 Net selling price, 30 155. yd.; gross cost, 24 8s. zd. profit, 6 75. 5<*.-equal to 25 per cent- on gross cost. A much smaller rate of profit has, however, frequently to be taken in work of this kind, which is obviously plain, involves little risk, and includes little skilled labour. Occasionally, where a cast-iron water tank is to occupy a con- spicuous position on a building, attempts, more or less (generally less) successful, are made to give an ornamental character to the tank by casting a design of some kind upon the front of the plates, or by casting the plates themselves with curved tops and bottoms. Of course, such tanks are much more expensive than plain ones, as in the above example. Their price may run up to 20 per ton. IRON DOORS. 137 EXAMPLE No. 83. Estimated price for 5 plain single iron doors and frames, 6ft. by 3ft. in clear. (Profit rates.) 5 cast-iron frames, 5 in. by ij-in. section, and with joggles for building into walls and pro- jections for hinges cast on 5 wrought-iron plates, 6 it. i in. by 3 ft. i in. by T ^j 10 cast-iron hinges cwt. qr. lb. 16 i o IO 2 O 100 i d. 6 o 6 s. 7 14 6 6 O 10 o 4 5 6 Rivets for hinges 5 strong wrought-iron latches and keepers . . Drilling holes 2j days Fitting .. .. 7 Pattern -making preparing stock- pattern | day Boiler makers, levelling plates at boiler-shop i TO 6 3 10 10 5 o 6 o 6 o 4 I 10 i 13 3 10 o 7 I 2 o- 9 a ii 23 o it Equal to 4 i2s. per door. Quoted 4 155., less 2^ per cent, per door. j4 4S. net. Cost as follows : Order accepted at s. d. cwt. qr. lb. s. d. s. rf_ Castings (frames and hinges) .. Moulders' wages 40 hours 17 2 7 6 9 5 18 7 104 5 wrought-iron (ship) plates .. IO I O 7 3 3 14 4 O O " 9Q u O O 7 Z 5 Smiths, at ditto i hour VI V y v v / 015 5 latches, per account . . . . .. 3 10 O 10 2 Rivets . . . . O IO O 2 fr o 16 6 Boiler makers' charge, levelling Driller 25 hours 17 6 II o 16 2 Fitters 68 I 12 4 o 4 3 Pattern maker Q 058 Materials and wages . . . . .. 15 2 7 i 18 4 Expenses .. i 18 4 ' Gross cct . . . . Net price paid, 21 ; gross cost, 17 os. nd. , profit, 3 19:. id. EXAMPLE No. 84. Summary of cost of 14 pairs of single iron doors (two- doors back to back), 6ft. 7 in. by 2 ft. 7 in. in the clear, doors panelled by having flat bars riveted on one side, delivered and fitted up at place (local). ' d. 28 castings (frames) cwt. 72 qr. 2 lb. 4 5. 6 d. 3 s. 22 19 d. 7 56 (hinges) Moulders' wages v 5 I 6 3 I 12 4 13 10 o 28 wrought-iron plates Wrought iron for panelling i, ,, straps (to tie frames through wall) and pins for hinges . 64 24 4 I I 3 4 o o 7 7 8 16 3 3 o o 2! 6 8 9 I 18 O 12 i IO o. o 28 thumb latches M tt 3 g 5 5 o Paid boiler-makers for levelling. . 1 1 2 14 o I ,i 5 o Smiths Wages paid Machinists " 1,1 5 y **J 6 2 Fitters .. -^5 t > 12 4 o 1 I 6 (at place) .. 4 6 o o 4 9 Patternmakers Wages paid at stock patterns o 6 4 Materials and wages ., .. 98 4 i 20 II i Expenses .. 20 II 8 Gross cost . . 118 15 9 Equal to 8 los. neai ly psr pair of doors. 138 MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTIONS. Tender, 9 i2s. 6d. per pair net. The latter rate is really a low one for iron doors of this kind well made. 10 los. would have been a very fair price. At the same time, there is no doubt that some little saving might have been effected by careful arrangement and supervision in the workmanship. It may be added that it is unwise to include erection of such doors in the price if it can be avoided, as so much depends upon the builders. EXAMPLE No. 85. Cost of 10 double iron doors for hoist openings, 8 ft. by 4 ft. in clear, with panelled fronts, sliding bolts, and i Chubb lock to each double door. s. d. 10 frames and mouldings 20 wrought-iron plates Wrought iron in panels, pins, hinges, bolts, cwt. qr. Ib. 129 o o 26 3 o 26 I o s. d. 7 3 s. d. 45 3 o 9 13 ii 94 7 2 6 12 e 6 10 Chubb locks Boiler-maker's charge Smiths and helpers 6 9 3 7 6 6 14 o 726 8 3 10 409 916 o 9 10 12 9 24 ii 4 Pattern-makers at stock patterns .. Draughtsmen Material and wages Expenses o 13 I 2 II ioi 14 4 24 ii 4 Gross cost 126 5 8 Equal to 12 IQS. 6d. per door. Charged 15 per door, less 2\ per cent. The doors in the last example were a particularly good job, the frames being planed across the face, the edges of the doors planed and most accurately fitted to the frames ; the sliding bolts were specially forged and turned, and the whole very care- fully done to please a fastidious customer. We have given an example of each of the three kinds of iron doors in general use, as doors of one or the other kind are in regular demand, sometimes in considerable numbers, in all manufacturing districts. They are, moreover, amongst the few things of which no one as yet appears to have attempted to make a specialty. CHAPTER XIV. MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTIONS, continued. PUMPS, BEING required in connection with nearly every manufacturing industry, and in large numbers in connection with some pre- senting no special difficulties in the matter of designing, and requiring only very ordinary plant for their production pumps form an attractive object of manufacture to most engineers, and are within the capacity of most general engineering establish- ments, at any rate, so far as the common sizes of the ordinary types of pumps are concerned. We have in consequence numerous makers of pumps, many of whom profess to make a specialty of this branch of engineer- ing productions. Nor can it be questioned that in some in- stances the pumps of the advertising makers really do possess special features of more or less merit ; though in a number of cases the specialty, so far as the design is concerned, consists in some trifling and not always advantageous departure from some well-known standard type. In other instances, again, no special features whatever are set forth a low price being relied upon for securing business. Notwithstanding the numerous advertising and special makers of pumps, most large general engineering establishments find it worth while to keep patterns of certain common sizes of some one or other type of pump suitable for general use. In good establishments these patterns will generally be, and always ought to be, of extra strong design, for if a user goes to a local general engineer for a pump it will, as a rule, be because 140 MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTIONS. he thinks he will get a stronger and better made article than he will obtain from the ordinary run of makers, and will be prepared to pay a somewhat higher price in consequence. There are two types of pumps, at least, of which most large establishments have patterns, viz., the common single-acting plunger pump, which is still frequently used fcr feeding boilers and for forcing moderate volumes of water con- Types!, 11 siderable heights; and the plain barrel pump, with plunger of the piston type having cup leathers, or some form of metallic packing in the best makes. The latter is generally designed so that it may be made up, in any of the standard sizes, as a single or double-acting pump. The former type is usually made in sizes from ij to 3in. diameter of the plunger, and the latter from 3 to 12 in. diameter of the barrel. Plunger The following example illustrates the cost of a Pumps. plain plunger pump. EXAMPLE No. 86. Cost of one 2 in. plunger pump (4^ in. stroke), all of cast iron, -with strong square base, plunger turned, end slotted and drilled for con- necting to pump rod, neck and stuffing box of barrel bored, gland bored and turned, valve seats bored, valves turned, top of valve chest faced, cover turned,, and flanges of suction and discharge faced : s. d. cwt. qr. Ib. s. d. s. d. Iron castings 107 6 3 068 Moulders Wages paid .. o 4 10. 2 gland and 4 cover bolts stoc c o 3 o i 6 Packing for gland 014 I 2 8 O 2 IO Machinists Wages paid . Fitters o 15 i 058 i 5 6 Materials and wages Expenses i IS i i 5 6 Gross cost . . 307 Charged 4 155., less z\ per cent. The above cost and charge include only the pump, and do not cover any driving apparatus. Various methods of driving these pumps are adopted, the most common being either a disc on the end of a shaft, with a pin and pump-rod connected direct to the head of the P lun g er > or an eccentric on a shaft similarly connected to the plunger. The latter was adopted in the case of the pump of which the cost is given above. The eccentric block was keyed on a 3-in, shaft making 38 revolutions per minute. PUMPS. 141 Very frequently these pumps have brass plungers and valves, and sometimes are entirely of brass. In the above case, if the plunger and valves had been of brass the cost would have been about 2os. higher, and if the pump had been entirely of brass it would have stood about 90^. higher. An air vessel of cast iron would have added about i$s. to the cost as given in the state- ment. It will be observed that there is no charge for patterns in above statement. A set of patterns for such a pump would cost from 6os. to 8os., according to the design of the valve chest. The following table exhibits a fair scale of prices for pumps of this type, and of the most usual sizes : PRICE LIST OF PLUNGER PUMPS. Diameter of plunger Inches i* if 2 2* 3 Cast iron 400 450 4 15 9 6 15 9 9 o o Air vessel, extra o 18 o I 2 6 150 i 15 o 200 Brass plunger and valves SOD 5 10 o 650 800 10 O O All brass 660 7 15 o 10 5 o 12 O O 15 o o Many of the cheaper class of houses would put these prices from 10 to 20 per cent. less. Barrel Pumps. The following examples will illustrate the cost of pumps of the second type mentioned that is, the ordinary barrel type. EXAMPLE No. 87. Cost of one 3-in. vertical double-acting barrel pump (i2-in. stroke), cast-iron barrel, valve chests, covers, and connecting branches, cast-iron bucket with cup leathers, wrought-iron pump and forked connecting rod, brass valves and seats, and cast-iron bow guide for pump-rod : s. d. Iron castings cwt. qr. Ib. 5 o 14 s. d. 6 3 s. d. I 12 I o 13 2 8 9 o Moulders' wages Brass castings 4 valves and 4 seats, and pairs brushes for connecting rod . . Wrought iron in rod, guard, crosshead, etc Cup leathers and sundry bolts, etc. stores Smiths Wages paid Machinists 16 3 4 O TO 10 o 13 i o 13 4 o 7 10 043 o 13 9 I 12 O o 5 7 Fitters .. .. O II 2 Materials and wages 676 3 7 4 Expenses .. .. .. 374 Gross cost 9 14 10 Piice charged for pump as above, and not including any driving gear, air vessel, suction or discharge pipe, 15, less z\ per cent. As in the case of plunger pumps, many different methods of driving vertical barrel pumps are adopted. Some- Driving" times the pump is driven by a disc plate and pin at the end of a short piece of shafting carried on 142 MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTIONS. brackets attached to a wall, and receiving motion from some main or other shaft. A compact, self-contained driving arrangement for a single or double-barrelled pump is formed by a stout cast-iron column with a broad base, or a separate base, to which the pump can be attached, and having the gear for driving at the top. The driving gear will usually consist of a short shaft with a broad pulley to receive the motion from a pair of fast and loose pulleys, and having a small geared wheel at the end working into a larger wheel so as to bring down the speed to a suitable rate for the pump. The large wheel will have a pin to which the connecting rod can be attached. Such a driving arrangement admits of being duplicated to work two pumps, one on each side of the column, and is probably the cheapest self-contained driving arrangement that can be devised for one or two barrels. The column may be utilised as an air-vessel where desired. A better self-contained arrangement is formed by two A- frames with a crank-shaft, which may either be driven direct by a belt or through the medium of gearing, where it is neces- sary to reduce the speed. The A-frames form bearings both for the crank-shaft and for the axle on which the pulley and small driving-wheel are placed. The pump in Example No. 87 was driven in this manner, the cost of the entire driving gear being as follows, viz. : Cost of A-frames and driving gear for 3-in. single-barrel double-acting pump : s. d. cwt. ar. Ib. s. d. s. d. Iron castings, A-frames, base, caps, spur-wheel and pinion, and pulley 720 6 3 2 6 II Moulders' wages . . . . . . . . o 13 4 8 brass bushes 14 10 on 8 o 10 6 Wrought iron in single-throw crank-shaft pulley shaft, pin, tie bars, etc Smiths' wages 3 7 12 O o 10 6 080 Materials and wages .. .. .. 6 10 i 380 Expenses 280 Gross cost 8 18 i Charged 12 ios., less that described for the s-in. pump, of which the cost has already been given, would be about 17,, and pump as given in above cost, together with framing, would be charged about 55. Barrel pumps of the kind we are now dealing with are frequently combined in sets of two or three, and arranged to be driven by a double-throw or three-throw crank-shaft. The cost of a pair of pumps, so far as the pumps alone are concerned,, would be practically double the cost of a single one, and a set of three practically treble. For determining the probable cost with framing, if the cost of a single barrel pump be doubled in the case of a pair, and a third be added to the cost of the framing and gear for a single pump, and if the cost of the pump be trebled in case of a three- throw arrangement, and a half be added to the cost of framing and gear for a single pump, a reliable approximation will be obtained. For example : Probable cost of pair of 3-in. double- acting vertical pumps with framing and driving gear Cost of single pump doubled, g 145, lod. and g 145. iod., equal \() 95. 8d. ; framing, etc., for single pump, 8 i8s, id., plus one-third, equal 11 175. 6d. ; total 31 75. 2d. Such a pair of pumps would be charged from 40 to .47, complete. Pumps of this kind may be arranged as well pumps, the pumps proper being placed in the well and connected with the framing and gearing at the top by long rods, and are applicable to numerous other purposes. The following table gives a fair scale of prices for the most usual sizes. 144 MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTIONS. PRICES OF VERTICAL DOUBLE-ACTING LIFT AND FORCE PUMPS. Diameter of barrel .. .. Inches 3 4 5 6 8 Stroke . 12 13 12 15 18 Price of pump only . . Price of pump and driving gear with A- iraming 15 2710 18 10 32 24 40 fib 50 4* Extra with brass-lined barrel, brass bucket and rod 6 75 8 10 10 20 Capacity of gallons per hour 1,300 2,50O 3,750 6,000 12,000 The pump referred to in Example 86 belongs to the class of simple-force pumps ; those in Examples 87 and 88 to the class of combined lift and force pumps ; but the patterns of the latter admit of being utilised for the construction of simple lift pumps, 'by substituting for the solid pump buckets, buckets with valves, and by modifying the valve chests ; although simple lift pumps constructed from these patterns would be considerably heavier and more costly than pumps of corresponding size made from patterns specially prepared as simple lift pumps. Pumps of the classes we have just discussed, whilst they may often be used with advantage, and are still constantly required for many purposes, are not so much in demand now as in Steam former years. Their places are being taken by Pumps. centrifugal pumps, and still more by steam pumps of the donkey and other direct steam-driven types. Few general engineers attempt to make centrifugal pumps. Their field of usefulness is not so wide as that of the vertical barrel pump, although in certain circumstances, as for lifting very large volumes of water short heights as in the drainage of low lands they are probably the most efficient of all pumps. Steam pumps that is, direct-driven pumps are, however, in such regular demand, and suitable for such an immense variety of circumstances, that it is almost certain to be worth while to go into their manufacture in any well-equipped general establish- ment. We shall give one or two costs of pumps of this class by way of illustration. The following is a summary of the cost of a donkey pump Donkey f tne ordinary type, but of strong design, Pumps. suitable for high pressure, quick speed, and heavy duty. PUMPS. 145 EXAMPLE No. 89. Cost of i double-acting donkey pump with steam cylinder 7 in. diameter, pump 3 J in. diameter, stroke 7 in. s. d. cwt. qr. s. d. s. d. Iron casting (dry sand), steam cylinder and framing and pump . 6 I 14 '7 6 2 6 10 Moulders' wages . . 410 Iron castings (green sand) . 3 o 14 6 3 o 19 7 Moulders' wages 064 Brass castings 100 O IO 434 Wrought iron in rods, spin le, co lars tc. I o 7 12 12 9 o 14 5 Smiths' wages g o 14 5 i ij-in. steam valve , o ii 9 2 " Ramsbottom" rings 086 Drain taps, oil cups, etc., ] r stor es o 14 4 930 Machinists Wages paid 620 322 Fitters 6 4 3 Materials and wages t 27 5 i 12 19 7 Expenses 12 19 7 Gross cost 40 4 8 Charged 50, less i\ per cent., as in table below. The above was the cost of one pump made by itself. Where half-a-dozen or more can be made at a time, the cost in wages per pump can usually be considerably reduced. Patterns are not included in above they cost for this size, including drawings, 16 $s. material, wages and expenses. The pump in this example formed one of the following range : TABLE OF DONKEY PUMP PRICES, CAPACITIES, ETC. Diam. steam cylinder Inches 4i 7 8 IO water - 2* || 5 7 Length of Stroke . . t ' 6* 7 9 10 115 IOO 80 60 Diam. steam pipe . . , Inches i^ 4 'J 2 exhaust pipe , ij 2 2 4 suction pipe delivery pipe . it M 2^ 2 850 4 * 3 o 700 Approximate weight 8 cwt. Ao 1 1 CWt. Ao 14 cwt. 6* iScwt. /8o The pumps in above list have brass buckets, liners, valves, and seats, and pump glands and muntz metal rods. The capacities given are supposed to be those which may be obtained when working with say 8olb. steam pressure and against a pressure of about Solb. From the ordinary donkey pump we pass by a natural transition to the newer types of direct-acting Direct Acting steam pumps w hi c h n ow receive so large a share S 'of the favour of pump users. In the donkey pump a direct connection is made between the piston of the 146 MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTIONS. engine and the pump rod, and a donkey pump therefore repre- sents a distinct advance, so far as the reduction of working parts and simplification are concerned, as compared with any pump in which a belt drive or gearing is employed. Still, in a donkey pump, what is practically a complete steam engine with connecting rod, crank-shaft, eccentric and fly-wheel, and some- times a governor, is employed to drive the pump. In those pumps to which the term "direct-acting steam pump " is now applied simplification and reduction of parts is carried a step further, the connecting-rod, crank-shaft, fly-wheel and ether parts being dispensed with.. There are two general types of direct-acting steam pumps now in common use. In the one the valves of the steam cylinder are actuated by levers or tappets connected with the piston and pump rod ; in the other there are no external levers whatever, the valve con- trolling the admission and eduction of steam being actuated by supplementary pistons contained in the valve-chest or forming a part of the main piston. The Worthington pump, which is a duplex pump, the motion of one piston being utilised to control the admission and eduction of steam in the other cylinder reciprocally, may be taken as representative of the first type, and the well-known " Special " and " Universal " pumps of the second type. The latter type occupies rather less space than the former, but probably has no other special advantage it must indeed be considered as the more complicated type. Whilst special economy in the matter of steam consumption can hardly be claimed for the direct-acting pumps, they have sufficient advantages to entirely outweigh any little extrava- gance in this regard, being, as they are, extremely convenient, requiring little space and no very heavy foundations, and suitable for almost every purpose for which a pump is required, from the feeding of a boiler to the putting out of a fire. Conse- quently, a very large business is done in them, and a business which is no doubt profitable to the large makers. The pumps are now made in an immense variety of sizes, and in several modifications for special purposes, by the special makers ; and the prices, at least of English-made pumps, have of late been put very low doubtless under the stress, to a certain extent, of the competition of American-made pumps, PUMPS. 147 "which, however, are still sold at comparatively high rates. Not- withstanding this, these direct-acting pumps are still well worth the attention of manufacturing engineers who can either lay themselves out to make them on the factory system in competition with the makers who now occupy the field, or can depend upon a local or special connection for regular, though not necessarily numerous, orders. The following is the summary of the cost of a direct-acting pump with external levers for working the steam valve, designed for sale under the latter circumstances. EXAMPLE No. 90. Summary of cost of i direct-acting steam pump, having i steam cylinder and i double-acting pump pump barrel 6 in. diameter, steam cylinder loin, diameter, stroke 15 in. brass-lined barrel, brass bucket, brass .glands and muntz metal pump rod. Material, including moulders' wages and all cwt. qr. Ib. 5. d. Wages Machinists, fitter and smiths II 10 O Gross cost 49 6 o This pump was intended to work up to a capacity of about 9000 gallons per hour, against a pressure of 100 Ib. to the square inch, at a speed of 50 strokes per minute, corresponding to a piston speed of 125 ft. per minute. Of course, the pump would admit of being worked at a still higher rate if required. It is one of the advantages of direct-driven pumps that the quantity of water thrown can be regulated within such wide limits. The above pump was intended to be sold at from 60 to 6$. The cost of the drawings and patterns stood at 21. A saving in the cost of manufacture, as stated above, to from 5 to 10 was expected to be made in future cases. CHAPTER XV. MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTIONS, continued. HOISTING MACHINERY. THERE are at least three classes of hoisting machinery usually made in most large general engineering establishments, viz., crab winches, jib cranes and mill or warehouse hoists. It is safe to say that crab winches are rarely made in such Crab establishments as cheaply as they can be bought from one or two special makers ; but apart from the fact that most large firms who have much erecting to do prefer to make winches for the sake of being sure that they have strong and substantial apparatus for their own require- ments, winches constitute very suitable and convenient work for apprentices and junior hands at slack times. Hence they are very generally made, though perhaps not with much consideration for their own intrinsic value as profit- earning productions. Two sizes at least are usually made one to lift up to one ton direct, and up to five tons with the assistance of two and three sheave pulley blocks ; and one to lift two and a half tons direct, and up to twelve with blocks. Larger sizes, to lift up to four or five tons direct, are also occasionally made. The best are made so that they may be worked either single or double purchase, and so that the load (nay be lowered by means of the brake, without the handles revolving. CRAB WINCHES. 149 The following summary gives costs and prices of two perhaps the most common sizes. EXAMPLES Nos. 91 and 92. Costs and prices of crab winches (single or double purchase at will ; with plain lever brakes, and with brass bushes in bearings) : Material including moulders' wages 5 Tons. s. d. 3 18 6 197 12 Tons. s. d. 6 i 6 260 I 4 it I 18 4 6 13 o 10 5 10 7 10 o 12 Weight ;cwt. 10 CWt. To lift with Blocks 2 and 3 Sheaves. The smaller sizes may be bought from some houses at from 6 to 7 ios., and the larger at from g 55. to 11, including brakes and brass bushes in bearings. Single-purchase winches of the smaller size can be bought for from 4 155. to 6 ios. For the larger size a double-purchase winch would always be used. There is nothing included in above costs for patterns. In the establishment where the above were made no other sizes were manufactured ; but anyone wishing to make a regular business in crab winches would require to make a range of sizes, somewhat as indicated in the following table, which also gives the highest and lowest prices with which the writer is acquainted. The lower rates can only allow a very moderate margin for profit, for a good article the higher will allow both a reasonable margin and very good work. PRICE LIST OF CRAB WINCHES. Singh Purchase. To lift with 2 and 3 Sheave Blocks. Prices. Extra for Brake. Brass Bushes. i Ton 3 About 13 O 2 ,, 3 4 >i 2 2 5 9 id O O O to 4 ii 5 n 4 5 o 6 10 12 12 o to o fl o ,, 20 22 7?: O o From I2S. 6d. ir. 3 4 g ii 5 n 7 IS o 12 16 o 22 o to 255. 9 ii 5 6 n 8 18 25 o MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTIONS. PRICE LIST OF CRAB WINCHES. Double Purchase. To lift with 2 Prices. Extra for Brake. Brass Brushes. and 3 Sheave Blocks. 4 Tons 3 10 o to 7 o o 10 to 25 o 18 o to 27 6 5 4 o 5 10 o 12 , 25 18 o 27 6 6 5 8 o o 17 o , 25 20 O 27 C 9 6 o 10 17 , 25 o 22 35 o 12 7 o 9 5 18 , 25 22 O 35 o 9 g o 12 IO o 20 , 25 o 31 o 40 o 18 )', ii 16 16 o o 28 40 40 o 20 16 o 40 . . 42 . . 24 .. 19 o o I 60 o 40 o 1 A simple form of crane in regular demand for warehouse- purposes is formed by combining a common crab winch placed inside the warehouse with a wrought-iron jib frame placed 1 , outside the warehouse, and provided with grooved P ulle y s for the chain to P ass over * The best form has a complete triangular frame of wrought-iron,. with the jib curved a little towards the crane post and suspen- sion bar, strengthened by one or more circular stiffening rings placed in the space formed by the three sides of the triangle and riveted to all three sides. The bottom and top of the crane posts have pivots which rest in sockets in cast-iron brackets attached to the wall. The crane is usually placed by the side of the top warehouse door, a small pair of guide pulleys being placed on the top wall bracket to guide the chain through the wall, and another guide pulley being placed inside the wall to guide the chain down to the winch. On the opposite page are notes of costs and prices of two very common sizes of this type of crane. To the figures given in the examples must be added the costs of crab winches of suitable power, bringing the prices of the cranes complete except chain, which is usually charged so much per foot, up to- iy and ^23 los. respectively, the two winches referred to in Examples Nos. 91 and 92 being those included. The chain usually supplied is J in. in the small size, and f in. in the larger, being B B short link tested crane chain and charged lid. and is. id. per foot respectively. CRANES. EXAMPLES Nos. 93 and 94. Costs and prices of wi ought-iron jib cranes, fre- quently called warehouse cranes : To lift eft 5 ft 6 in 1 4ft. 4 ft. 6 in. Material Wrought-iron frame, cast-iron brackets, and wall plate, cast-iron guide pulleys, wrought-iron pins, s d. 2 18 6 s. d. 220 2 l8 O 264 366 / TO 9 10 6 Charged 9 10 o II 10 O Prices of other makers 900 IO O Wharf Cranes. A cheaper form of crane, in which the crane post is dispensed with (the wall being allowed to form the post), is sometimes supplied ; but there can be no doubt that the type described above is a much more substantial arrangement. Engineers who have a connection with docks and harbour boards, railway companies, and other public bodies find a mode- rate and fairly profitable business, as a rule, in connection with the ordinary hand wharf crane. This may be briefly described as consisting of a stout central crane post of cast iron, partially sunk in the ground in the best types and connected with single or double foundation plates (usually a casting with six or eight radiating arms). The crane-post has a framing of cast iron carrying the winding gear swung upon it in such a manner that it may be turned completely round. To the lower part of the gearing frame a jib, generally of oak, is attached, the head of the jib being connected with the head of the gearing frame by wrought-iron suspension bars. Sometimes the jib is made of iron in the form of a hollow casting ; but good sound oak is mostly preferred, and is no doubt better. The timber offers very great resistance to compression and is more clastic than iron. Its great elasticity is, of course, a valuable feature, enabling it to withstand better than metal the sudden and frequent shocks which it receives. The type will be quite familiar, being found on wharves, railway sidings and goods platforms, contractors', ironfounders' and en- gineers' yards, and in numerous other situations. The crane is to be obtained in sizes from a half to ten tons lifting capacity, the most common size being the three ton. We append sum- maries of costs of three sizes. 152 MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTIONS. EXAMPLES Nos. 95, 96 and 97. Costs and prices of hand wharf cranes (single d double purchase) : To lift 3 tons 5 tons 10 tons 13 ft. 14 ft. i5ft. Approximate weight 54 cwt. 92 cwt. 180 cwt. Cost of materials, including foundation bolts and plates, oak jib, sufficient length of BB tested short link crane chain to reach the ground level, single-sheave chain pulley with hook, brass bushes in bearings, brake, etc., and including moulders' wages Other wages paid s. d. 29 14 o 7 14 6 8 15 o s. d. 50 ii 8 ii 16 4 13 o 6 5. d. 97 10 o 21 14 o 24 6 8 Gross cost Charged Prices of other makers for comparison 46 3 6 60 o o 48 o o to 65 o o 75 8 6 95 o o 85 o o to 105 o o 143 10 8 185 o o 160 o o to 210 Patterns are not included in above. The patterns for the three ton size cost in wages, ma l erial and expenses practically 20. The crane posts were in all the sizes loam castings, though there is no reason whatever why the pillars of the small size at least should not be cast in green sand. It should be understood that the costs are in each case the costs of cranes made singly at odd times, and in an establish- ment where no special efforts were made to cultivate a business in cranes. The weights might be reduced probably ten or fifteen per cent, in the three ton size, and about five per cent, in the two larger sizes, whilst savings in the time and consequently in the expenses might also be made. The ordinary warehouse hoist is another hoisting appliance which lies in the way of most general engineering shops of moderate capacity, or at least of such as are situated in towns. This hoist in its simplest form consists of a stout timber ca S e sheeted on two or three sides and strengthened by wrought-iron tie bolts at each corner and at other points, arranged to slide freely up and down the well of the hoist between two or four guides attached to the wall. One or two ropes attached to the top of the cage pass over a grooved pulley or pulleys at the top of the hoist, and are connected with a balance weight of cast iron arranged to slide in a recess in the wall. The cage is raised or lowered by means of one open and one crossed belt, which drive the pulleys through the medium of a screw and screw wheel. A brake is attached, being carried, together with the whole of the driving HOISTS. 153 gear, on a cast-iron frame fixed at the highest point of the hoist. Passing through the cage are ropes, by which the hoist can be worked from the inside of the cage, as well as from the outside. Provision is also generally made by which the rage will be automatically stopped when it reaches the highest point to which it is intended to go ; and refinements in the shape of safety clips or catches, by which the cage will be prevented from falling if the rope breaks, are also sometimes provided, although the screw and screw wheel constitute a sufficient element of security in all ordinary cases where they are em- ployed. Following are summaries of the costs of three common sizes of such hoists. EXAMPLES Nos. 98, 99 and 100. Costs and prices of warehouse lifts or hoists : To lift 10 CWt. 20 CWt. 30 cwt. Size of cage .. .. 54 in. x 42 in. 60 in X48in. 60 in. x 60 in. X72in. high, in clear. X76in. high, in clear. x 76 in. high, in clear. Gross weight .. ... ... 29 cwt. 33 cwt. 42 cwt. s. d. s. d. s. d. Cost of material, in eluding moulders' wages, and ropes 20 5 o 24 9 7 30 2 n Smiths' wages .. . . 2 15 7 350 4 12 6 Machinists' .. 2 14 I 3 16 o 580 Fitters' (in shop) .. 4 13 10 6 '5 5 8 14 3 Joiners and pattern-makers' wages. Draughtsmen's wages Fitters' (erecting) 3 10 o 2 I O i 14 o 3 12 I 2 17 4 i 16 i 4 18 2 16 o 320 Material and wages .. 37 19 6 46 n 6 59 13 8 Expenses ... 12 17 16 4 i 21 16 8 Gross cost 50 16 6 62 15 7 81 10 4 Price charged .. 65 o o 80 o o no o o While the above figures included ropes, they did not include either belts or guides for the cage. A drawing was handed in each case to the buyer, showing how the guides for the cage and the beams at the head of the lift were to be fixed, and all this work was done by the builder. The two smaller sizes had two guides only one at each side ; the largest size had a guide at each corner. All the cages were sheeted with pine on three sides, as well as on the bottom and top. The framework of the cages was of oak. The erection was in each case local. Of course, had it been at a distance, there would have been some additional expense on account of travelling time and ex- penses, etc. It must not be supposed that the amounts opposite Joiners' 154 MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTIONS. and pattern-makers " covered the whole cost of the patterns in wages. Most of the pattern-makers' wages, strictly-speaking, were simply on account of alterations of stock patterns, the remainder and all the joiners' time being on the cages. These hoists or, to be more accurate, lifts, seeing that the actuating power is placed at the top have almost always to be made up specially, and the design modified as compared with any previous cases. Hence, there will always be found in the cost a (comparatively) large item for draughtsmen's wages incurred in taking working dimensions, making general design, and so on. CHAPTER XVI. MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTIONS, continued. HYDRAULIC PRESSES AND PUMPS. IT is now close upon a hundred years since Joseph Bramah gave his great invention to the world, and, in the natural exaltation of the moment, claimed for it the distinction of a new mechanical power. Bramah was doubtless a osepn little extravagant in his claims, but even his enthu- Braman. . T--.. ,, , ,, , , siastic imagination could hardly have conceived how many and how varied would be the applications of his invention. A mere catalogue of the purposes to which the hydrostatic or, to use the popular and commercial term the hydraulic press has been applied would fill many pages, whilst there are now numerous industries in which the press ia simply indispensable. We may divide hydraulic presses into two or three great classes. First will come those which are used for compressing or packing material into a comparatively small bulk for con- venience of handling during shipment, and for the saving of space (and consequently of charges for freight or Presles f cari "i a g e ) during transit by sea or land. Under this head we may range the ordinary warehouse press now so largely used in this and all textile manufacturing countries, for packing piece goods of nearly every description, together with all the modifications made specially for baling cotton, wool, skins, esparto grass, flax, hemp, hay, straw, and 156 MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTIONS. other substances, most of which are, of course, made for use abroad. Secondly may be placed those presses which are used for expressing liquids or semi-liquids from fibrous, granular and pulpy or paste-like substances, under which head come presses used for expressing water from saturated yarns, particularly linen and other heavy yarns (now being to some extent dis- placed by centrifugal drying machines or hydro-extractors), together with tallow, stearine and paraffin presses, and presses for expressing the oil from olives and other fruits, linseed, cotton and rape seed, and other substances. In addition to these two great classes, there are a number of types of presses for example, forging or moulding presses, printers' presses, and presses used in the manufacture of certain kinds of tobacco each of which might be held to constitute a class by itself. A good deal of mystery is sometimes, and certainly quite unnecessarily, attempted to be associated with the manufacture of hydraulic presses, more especially in connection with the proportioning of the cylinder and in connection Manufacture. with the mixtures of iron used for cylinder and ram. Of course, an apparatus, some parts of which are intended to work under a pressure of one or perhaps ten tons to the square inch, and to exert a total pressure of from fifty to a thousand tons, must be well designed and made from good material, but at the same time there is nothing in either of these conditions which need deter any fairly well-equipped establishment from -entering upon the manufacture of these presses. Most large shops, in textile manufacturing places at least, already make them. The ordinary warehouse or packing press may be considered the most representative. This is made in many sizes, from 5 in. diameter of ram up to 12 in., and with a rise of from 15 in. Warehouse to J 2Oin. Probably the two most useful siz^s are or Packing the two which are the subjects of the summaries Press. on the opposite page. It will be noticed that in these two examples, although both the cylinders and the rarns are loam castings, the former are rated rather higher than the latter. This arises from the fact that a superior mixture of metal was used for the cylinders, of course with the object of HYDRAULIC PRESSES. 157 securing in the highest degree the two qualities essential in such cylinders great strength and soundness. EXAMPLE No. 101. Summary of cost of 6 hydraulic presses, witR rams 8 in. diameter, having a rise of 27 in. ; platen, or table, 48 in. by 38 in. j height from top of platen when down to underside of head of press, 72 in. $ d* cwt. qr. Ib. s. d s. d. 6 cylinders (loam) .. .. 6 rams (loam) .. . 140 o o 38 3 o 8 6 7 6 59 10 o 14 10 & Moulders' wages .. .. .. . . 18 16 Greensand castings . 379 , i o 6 3 118 10 4 Moulders' wages . . . . ^ 15 18 10 24 wrought-iron columns, with collars forged at each end, 48 nuts, etc. column s 3* in. finished diameter 86 3 14 9 39 I 10 4 o Smiths' wages 0> 10 4 o Brass castings 6 neck leathers (stores) . 24 10 6 o 100 I 16 o 27 6 9 Machinists' wages . 18 4 6 4 18 o 9 16 o 062 Pattern makers' wages (getting out stock pat- o 8 3 Materials and wages "" 307 16 6 42 14 II 42 14 ii Gross cost 350 ii 5 Sum in contract for above 6 presses, 450 net. Usual price per press, 85. The above size of press was designed to work up to three tons per square inch in the cylinder, giving, therefore, a total pressure of 150 tons. Pumps are not included in above. EXAMPLE No. 102. Summary of cost of i hydraulic press, with ram 10 in. diameter, having a rise of 36 in. ; platen or table, 64 in. by 48 in.; height from top of platen when down to underside of head of press, 90 in. 2 7 o o 10 s. d. 3 7 4 6 19 ii 9 o 17 o Cylinder (loam) Ram (loam) .. '.. Moulders' wages Greensand castings Moulders' wages Columns (3$ in.), etc. Smiths' wages *' ' cwt. qr. Ib. 36 3 o 10 2 108 o o 16 2 o 9 s. d. 8 6 7 6 6 3 9 o 10 15 3 4 33 4 7 2 o \ 80 10 91 12 18 14 is 3 ,i 16 *9 12 9 17 6 d. 5 9 o 6 I 4 4 10 3 o 3 Neck leather, etc. (stores) . . Machinists' wages Fitters .. .. .. Pattern makers (getting out stock patterns and repairing same) Materials and wages . . ., Expenses .. .. .. Charged 130 net for press alone, as above. This press was intended to work with a press of two and OF THE 158 MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTIONS. a-half tons per square inch in the cylinder, giving a total pressure, therefore, of close upon 200 tons. It may be pointed Modifle t' out ^ at a var ^ at ^ on m tne height of a press may of Size. easily be made at a trifling additional expense when the height is increased, and without additional expense when the height is reduced the columns merely require lengthening or shortening. An increase in the rise of the ram may also be made, within certain limits, at a moderate additional cost, as the cylinder and ram merely require to be made longer ; all the other parts of the press may remain the same. An increase in the size of the table, or platen, means new patterns for platen, sill or base, and the top of the press, and, consequently, considerable extra cost practically, in fact, a new size of press altogether. For both the two sizes of presses given above a similar set of pumps was usually supplied. The pumps were of the ordinary type for hand power, with cast-iron cistern, brass barrels, valves, and plungers, and wrought-iron levers. Press Each set had two pumps, one 2 in. in diameter, and one I in. in diameter the large pump being, of course, used for quickly filling up the cylinder, and the small one for putting on the extreme pressure. The pumps cost about 20 per set, including the usual expenses, and were charged $0- The usual quotation for an 8 in. press, with set of double pumps, the necessary connections between press and pumps, and including delivery and erection (local), was 120, and for a loin, press and pumps, etc., ^"165 the foundations for the presses being, of course, prepared by the buyer. In cases where steam or gas power is available, pumps con- structed so that they may be driven by power, instead of by hand, are frequently supplied. A set of double pumps as de- scribed above, with power drive attachment, and provision for working by hand also, when necessary, cost ^"42, and was charged 60. Pumps for power drive only are frequently made with both plungers of equal size (i in. diameter generally), the press cylinder being filled up with sufficient rapidity when the pumps are driven by power, without the use of the large-sized plunger. Power pumps with three plungers for serving a number of presses are occasionally required. HYDRAULIC PRESSES. 159 The following table exhibits a range of sizes of plain hydraulic presses, from which most ordinary requirements may be filled : Diameter of ram .. . , Inches 6 8 10 12 Rise of ram 24 27 36 48 Pressure per sq. in. in cylinder Tons 3 3 2* 2 Total power Clear height with platen down Inches & 150 72 190 90 226 TOO Size of platen 46 x 36 ? 48 x 38 64 x 48 130 90 x. 56 220 2 5 4 to 30 30 * 60 f6o 60 60 4 5} H 12* The ram of any hydraulic press in constant use will wear, and in course of time will require to be renewed. Quotations, definite or approximate, are not infrequently asked for for such a renewal, and the other work at the press which is always necessitated by the renewal. The following is a copy of an estimate for such a case : Press Repairs. EXAMPLE No. 103. Estimated price of 8 in. hydraulic press repairs for . (Profit rates.) cwt. qr. Ib. s. d. o S. 18 d. Turning ditto 2 days 20 o 2 o o Drilling and fitting pin Re-boring present cylinder |day if days 15 25 o 2 7 5 6 o ,, platen . . I day 25 o I 5 Taking out present cylinder and ram, replacing same, and putting in new ram, leaving press ready for work: Fitter f , 3 says 12 o I ib o fi e I new neck leather . . .. O ij o I 13 18 o Quoted 14 net, and ordered at this price. One small point in above should, perhaps, have special re- ference. It will be seen that a labourer's time outside is specially included the press being at a warehouse only, suitable labour for assisting a mechanic was not attainable there, and had, therefore, to be sent from the engineers' shop. CHAPTER XV1L MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTIONS, continued. BLEACHING MACHINERY. MUCH of the machinery used in the bleaching, printing, and finishing of textile material particularly cotton and linen is of a heavy description ; some, indeed the larger-sized calenders and mangles, for example being of a very massive character. Consequently, such machinery lies very decidedly in the way of good general engineering shops situated in those districts where it is used. Most large general establishments, indeed, situated in districts where much bleaching is done, have a connection more or less intimate and complete with the bleachworks, and will actually manufacture some classes of the machinery or plant required in bleaching, although few, if any, may produce every kind of machinery used in this and its allied industries. Great changes have, however, been made during recent years in many of the processes connected with bleaching and finish- ing ; and some old-established engineering houses who formerly had practical monopolies in regard to certain classes of bleach- ing plant have found themselves cut out by younger and more enterprising firms, who have either introduced novelties of their own or have taken up and developed ideas or processes suggested by practical bleachers. Much of the machinery, therefore, which the older firms formerly supplied, and cou'd still make better than anyone else, is now obsolete. We cannot dwell upon this class of machinery, but may adduce the following few examples by way of illustrating its character and possibilities in the way of manufacturing profits. BLEACHING MACHINERY. 161 It may be premised that there is rarely much opportunity in this class of machinery for the introduction of piecework, or for effecting economy in manufacture by making in quantities. Such machinery is almost invariably made up ' specially to definite orders ; and modifications of design to satisfy some special requirement or some whim on the part of the buyer are frequently required. It will be seen that in none of the following examples is the cost of complete new patterns included. Complete patterns for the mangles would be expensive ; but the cost of patterns for the kiers would not be serious, as the kiers themselves are made from very simple loam boards. The costs per cwt. of the prin- cipal castings in examples Nos. 104 and 105 are practically gs. gd. and us. respectively. EXAMPLE No. 104. Cost of one yarn boiler (also styled " kier " and " kieve "), 6 ft. 6 in. diameter across top, 6 ft. 3 in. diameter at bottom, and 6 ft. deep, with inlet and run-off branch cast on bottom, and fitted with perforated false bottom, central stand or vomit pipe, and wrought-iron cover or lid, with spreader on underside, safety valves on top, and provided with wrought-iron hinge and holding-down bolts and nuts with handles : s. d. cwt. qr. Ib. s. d. j d Boiler (loam casting) .. ,. . 43 o o 7 6 16 2 6 Moulders' wages 4 16 8 Green-sand castings t . .. . 12 o o 6 3 3 15 o Moulders' wages . . ,. , . . 18 o Brass castings .. Wrought iron in bolts, handle-nuts, hinge am holding-down straps, etc. I 6 2 14 O 10 o o 5 17 o IO i 13 i Smiths' wages, including riveting, straps, on lid or cover etc IO 2 o i I 13 I i 3 3 i boiler cover, per boiler-shop account Machinists Wages paid 5 2 8 o 6 15 o 6 o 15 3 Fitters ^ i 10 5 083 Pattern makers (stock patterns) . o ii o Materials and wages . . tt M 62 I 2 39 12 8 3IQ 10 JQ IO *-y AW Gross cost . . " - 43 12 6 Charged 60 net, no pipes or valves external to the boiler or kier proper being included. Kiers or boilers practically the same as described above con- stitute an essential element of a bleaching plant, whether for yarn or cloth. Larger kiers, when made in cast iron, are usually made in two parts, the upper one being simply a large hollow truncated cone, with a flange top and bottom, the bottom part being in the shape of a large deep dish, flanged at the top to join to the upper part. The upper half of such a kier is some- times called a " crib." The following summary shows the cost of a kier of this kind. 1 62 MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTIONS. EXAMPLE No. 105. Summary of cost of boiling pot or kier 7 ft. diameter at top inside, tapered to 6 ft. 6 in. at false bottom, in two parts crib or upper part 3 ft. 3 in. deep, bottom 3 ft. 6 in. deep, with wrought-iron cover and accessories, as in Example No. 104 : s. d. 9 8 10 232 I 2 IO 060 cwt. qr 19 o 34 i ii 2 i 3 6 i . Ib. o 21 14 s. d. 7 6 7 6 6 3 2 30 o s. d 726 12 16 II 920 3 ii II o 19 i I 2 9 024 2 8 10 9 7 & i 8 g 258 080 Moulders' wages .. .. .. Moulders' wages 12 wrought-iron straps, 2 hinges, 12 hinged bolts and lever nuts, 2 eye bolts, 30 join bolts and nuts and other wrought-iron Wrought-iron cover, 7ft. 6 in. diam. I in. thick, per boiler-shop account Machinists' wages Fitters' wages Pattern-makersstock patterns . Materials and wages . . Expenses Gross cost . . . . of plate 6 o 10 73 o 7 50 16 3 6 o 10 56 17 i _ Charged 75 net for a single kier ; charged 72 ics. net per kier for 6 kiers. These prices being at the engineer's shop, no cartage or erection or any accessories external to the kier being included. It will be noticed that the kiers referred to in the two last examples had each a lid or cover, covering the whole of the top, the hinge being placed at the edge of the kier. As these covers are necessarily too heavy to be con- Wil j?. h s f r veniently raised by hand, a small winch is usually provided for the purpose, the winch being generally attached to a wall. The price charged for a wall winch in con- nection with the above kiers was 7 or 7 IQS. The material to be boiled may be most conveniently put into and taken out of such pots, or kiers, as those in the above examples, by being first placed in a large net and then lifted into the pot by a crane, the net being hung on to a wrought-iron cross attached to the end of the crane chain. A crane for the purpose, and having a timber (memel) pillar, jib and stay, screw wheel gearing, chain and sheaves, was usually charged ^45 to ^55, with 5 extra for wrought-iron cross. A suitable net was charged from 6 ios. to 8. In some cases kiers are required with open tops that is, without lids ; whilst, again, wrought- iron kiers for boiling under high steam pressure, with closed tops provided with large manholes (two usually), to allow the goods to be put in and taken out, are not infrequently wanted. BLEACHING MACHINERY. i6 3 EXAMPLE No. 106. Cost of i starch mangle with 2 sycamore bowls, 50 in. face, 20 in. and 16 in. diameter, i brass bowl, 50 in. face and loin, diameter, brass plate spreader, compound levers (top and bottom), coupling rods and adjusting screw boxes, wrought-iron top-setting screws and hand-wheels, strong cast-iron side frames and brass bearings, etc. ; driving gear, c 5 insisting of spur wheel on end of bottom roller axle, pinion and pair of fast and loose pulleys, 18 in. by 4 in., on axle 4ft. long, with cast-iron stands, and 2 2-in. pedestals with double brasses. Speed arranged to deliver cloth at 60 yards per minute : s. cl. cwt qr. Ib. s. d. s. d. Iron castings (greersand) 2 side frames 10 3 o 6 3 372 7 o o G 3 2 3 Q Moulders' wages * J y I 10 4 Brass roller, i in. thick on body . . . . . . 5 i I o 8 o o 10 10 24 10 o 5OO 3 19 10 7 2 10 3 15 o 3 *9 10 Smiths' wages . . . . , . 2 sycamore rollers 35 3 10 o 10 19 o Set screws, etc. per stores .... Machinists' wages 090 760 i 13 4 Fitters' wages 368 18 5 Pattern-makers' wages alterations of stock patterns, new spreader pattern, etc I 4 6 Materials and wages 31 2 8 Co 2 3 17 10 7 Expenses 17 10 7 Gross cost i 77 12 10 Charged 98 net, delivered (local), and 2 los. extra for erecting, the cost of which is not included in above. No trough included this being provided by buyer. EXAMPLE No. 107. Cost of i mangle, similar to the one described in last example, but with 2 sycamore rollers, each 20 in. diameter by 63 in. long, and I brass roller, 10 in. diameter by 63 in. long, with cast-iron core : 3. d. cwt. qr. Ib. s. d. e. d. Iron castings (greensand) 2 side frames ii 3 o 6 3 3 13 5 4^o 6 3 198 6 i o 6 3 i 19 i Moulders' wages .. i 18 10 Brass bowl and spreader . . 6 2 14 o 10 30 *8 4 Brass plates, blocks, etc. . . 3 10 O JO 3 18 4 - * 2 sycamore bowls 5 10 o Wrought iron . . 734 10 3 17 504 Smiths' wages 5 -i 4 Bolts, etc. per stores 082 14 it o Machinists' wages 9 14 o 390 Fitters' wages 6 18 o o 15 3 055 Pattern-makersgetting out, r strengthening stock patterns Draughtsmen pairi g an I 4- i i 8 Materials and wages . . 77 8 i 4 I Expenses 24 i o Gross cost 101 9 i Charged 150, less 5 per cent, commission, and including packing for shipment and delivery free on rails (local). Packing cost 3 45., which must be added to above to make total cost. No trough included. Drawings for making this of timber at destination were supplied. No driving gear included. The replacing of mangle and calender bowls constitutes an important element of the work in connection with bleaching i6 4 MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTIONS. and finishing, which is done in those engineering shops where machinery for the purposes named is made. The Mangle following examples will sufficiently illustrate this kind of work : EXAMPLE No. 108. Cost of two sycamore bowls, each 50 in. face by 20 in. diameter, with wrought-iron axles 2j in. diameter at ends, collars, filling rings and wedges : s. d. cwt. q* Ib. s. d. '* d. 2 sycamore sticks.. Wrought iron . . . . 3 o ax 35 o IO O 3 10 o I ii ii o 14 4 Smiths' wages o 14 4 198 026 Machinists (turner, 36 hours) Fitter (9 hours) o 19 9 050 Materials and wages . 7 i o 266 Expenses i 266 976 Charged ^13 IDS. net. Frequently an old bowl is sent in to be replaced by a new one, and to have as many of the old parts as can be, used again. Following is copy for an entry of a job of this kind. EXAMPLE No. 109. Charge for replacing old sycamore mangle bowl with new bowl old parts used again. Size about same as in No. 108 : cwt. qr. Ib. s. d. s. d. i new sycamore bowl 300 Piercing old axle 2 new wrought-iron collars and 8 new wedges Taking out old axle, etc., boring new bowl, fitting in repaired axle, turning grooves for old filling rings, and turning up bowl and axle ends and collars (about 16 hours of a X 14 27 o 4 o 5 o 14 o o n 3 turner and 8 of a fitter or millwright) . . i 17 6 629 Less 2\ per cent, monthly. EXAMPLE No. no. Summary of cost of cast-iron calender bowl, 4ft. face by 1 2 in. diameter, with wrought-iron axle : s. d. cwt. qr. Ib. s. d. s. d. Cast-iron bowl (loam) 820 7 6 300 Moulders' wages o 18 4 Wrought iron in axle and keys I X 21 10 6 o 15 i 070 Smiths' wages 070 i 10 3 Machinists (turner 36 and planer i h ur) 102 o 3 ii Fitters (14^ hours) O 7 10 036 Pattern-makers (8 hours) . . / **r 048 009 Draughtsman 030 Materials and wages . . 6 16 i 255 Expenses 255 Gross cost 9x6 Charged 13 net. BLEACHING MACHINERY. EXAMPLE No. in. Estimated price of cast-iron mangle bowl, 90 in. face by i8in. diameter, with wrought-iron axle loft, long over all, 3^ in. diameter m body, with two bosses 5 in. diameter. (Profit rates) : cwt. qr. lb. s. d s. d i cast-iron bowl in loam (extra hard mixture) 30 o o 12 6 1815 O i wrought-iron axle 2 wrought-iron keys Boring and turning bowl and axle 9$ days Planing key-bed in axle 4 day Cutting key-beds in bowl and keying on 320 005 28 I 20 16 o o 4 18 o 5 9 o 8 o o axle 2 days IO o I O o Pattern making i day is o 12 34^ o Quoted at 35 net. Order placed with another house at about 10 per cent. less. EXAMPLE No. 112. Summary of cost of three mahogany calender bowls, each 44 in. face by 16 in. diameter, with wrought-iron axles : s. d. i mahogany log, i8ft. x rate of is. per superficia Wrought iron in axles, 17 in. Hoot i loops, (bein >erinc wed^ gatth h thicl ;es an e ) d cwt. qr. lb. So 14 s. d. 70 10 s. d. 15 6 o 2 l8 Q 282 5 18 6 o 6 i II 8 13 8 Smiths' wages Machinists' wages.. Fitters' wages Draughtsman Material and wages Expenses Gross cost . j i 282 3 19 .0 12 I 036 25 7 6 13 8 34 i 3 Charged 45, less 2^ per cent. EXAMPLE No. 113. Summary of cost of one brass spread roller, face by 6 in. diameter, with wrought-iron axle : 5ft. s. d. cwt. qr. lb. s. d. s. d. Brass casting . . . . . 2^8 o 10 T J Q A Wrought-iron axle . . 4 J O O 2 14 IO O A J 3 4 063 021 246 Smiths' wages . . Machinists' wages . . 021 198 o i 8 Fitters' wages 033 020 Pattern makers' wages O28 Material and wages 15 7 3 2 10 3 Expenses 2 IO 3 Gross cost . . . , . t 17 17 6 Charged 25 net. It may be interesting in this connection to give the amounts of the tenders made for a " 3-bovvl calender, having two bowls of cast iron, covered with rubber and 42 in. face by 18 in. diameter ; one bowl of brass, 42 in. face by 9 in. diameter, with the usual compound levers, entering rails, batching gear, and cast-iron framing, with brass side-plates, etc.'* Four tenders were sent in two English, one Modern Calender. i66 MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTIONS. Scotch, and one Irish. They were respectively as follow 210 (with a lighter alternative arrangement of framing at ^185)^225, ^215. Side gearing for driving extra, varying from 22 to $$ All at works or free on rails in maker's town. EXAMPLE No. 114. Summary of cost of two double beam beetling engines, with sycamore beams loft. 6 in. face by 18 in. diameter, beech beetles, cast- iron wipers, and framing, and with single traversing gear for each machine : s. d. s. d, 82 4. O 4 13 o 32 i o S mi ihs' wages Machinists, millwrights, fitters, etc. .. .. 4 13 o 41 6 o 36 14 o Material and wages Expenses Gross cost ,. 128 3 o 36 14 o 164 17 o Price 220 net, packing and delivery on rails in maker's town 7 extra. Sometimes charged about 5 per cent. less. New beetling beams for above, with wrought-iron gudgeons, rings and wedges, etc., turned and finished complete, were usually charged from 10 los. to 12. The sycamore logs, roughly squared to finish to size given above, cost from ^4 IOJ. to ^5. Extra beetles of seasoned beech about 6 ft. long by 4j in. by 4 in., in the rough, were usually charged about $os. per dozen. CHAPTER XVIII. MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTIONS, continued. BRICK- MAKING MACHINERY AND MORTAR MILLS. IT cannot be contended that brick-making machinery has realised the expectations formed of it some j'ears ago, either with reference to the quality of the brick produced or with reference to the cost of manufacture, as compared with hand- made bricks. There is still unquestionably much room for improvement in the construction of brick-making machinery alike with the view of producing a more perfect brick than is usually made now, and in saving time in drying and expense in handling. Notwithstanding, however, the admitted imperfection of brick-making machinery, there is quite sufficient demand for such machinery, both at home and abroad, to justify a good and well-equipped general engineering establishment in devoting some time to its study, and even in sinking some capital in patterns, with a view to cultivating a business in machinery of this class. In its simplest form, a brick-making plant consists of a pug mill with two mouthpieces and two cutting tables. An elementary plant of this character is not infrequently required for use with horse-power, and to make 5,000 to Arrangement 7>ooo bricks per day O f ten hours. Of course ai of Plants. y such a P lant means that the cla 7 as g ot fr m the ground is in a fit condition to be put into the pug direct, and also assumes that the clay will be fed into the pug by hand. l68 MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTIONS. What may be considered a complete plant will include, apart from motive power, a clay-crushing roller mill, which may either have a single or a double pair of rollers, or five rollers ; a pug mill with mouthpiece ; a pair of cutting tables ; hauling gear and clay wagons for hauling the clay out of the pit direct up to- a platform on a level with the top of the rollers ; and a brick pressing machine for giving a more compact structure, more exact shape, and better-finished appearance to bricks required for facing and other special purposes. Plants of this character are required for producing from 10,000 to 25,000 or 30,000 bricks per day of ten hours. Sometimes an edge roller mill, similar to a mortar mill, is substituted for the horizontal roller mill for the preliminary grinding or crushing of the clay. Mixing pans and screens are also sometimes required ; whilst a complete plant will usually in- clude dies for making perforated, hollow, and other special bricks, pipes, and tiles. We append notes of the costs and selling prices of a plant capable of making 30,000 bricks per day. It may be well to note that all the machines in the following four examples are on the heavy side. The weights would admit of appreciable reduction without serious detriment to the efficiency of the machinery. It is, of course, true that machinery of this character must be very strong, as the work is, under the most favourable circumstances, very heavy; whilst the occurrence of a particularly hard or stony lot of clay may at any moment put enormous strain upon the framing, bearings and gearing. It is, therefore, far better to err by putting in too much weight than in the other way. Still, in the following examples there is no doubt a rather excessive margin. In the case of the cutting tables (No. 117), there is also, no doubt, room for some economy of workmanship, and the same remark applies to the pug mill (No. 116). The workmanship in the other two examples is probably about right, and would not admit of any appreciable reduction without doing injustice to the machinery. A wise buyer will appreciate good and sound workmanship even in rough machinery of this kind, as such workmanship means the consumption of less power, a greater output, fewer repairs and less loss of time. BRICK-MAKING MACHINERY. EXAMPLE No. 115. Summary of cost of one 5-roller clay crushing and grind- ing mill: s. d. Loam castings (rollers) cwt. qr. Ib. 169 2 o s, d. 7 6 t. d. 63 II 3 4 17 6 620 16 i 6 5 i 10 Green-sand castings .. .. Moulders' wages Hammered scrap axles Wrought iron (sundries) .. B. boiler plate for scrapers Brass castings Beech and pine packings Sundries (bolts, washers, etc. per stores) Smiths' wages paid Machinists' , .. Fitters' 74 i 14 1600 6 i 7 200 304^ 6 3 16 o 9 o 12 O O IO 23 4 it 394 12 16 2 16 10 140 14 3 9 084 12 0- 620 10 14 4 10 3 7 Material and wages 271 o 25 154 3 10 27 c 4" - Gross cost 181 g 2 EXAMPLE No. 116. Summary of cost of one vertical pug mill, with double mouthpieces, one set brass dies, for plain perforated bricks, and lubricating boxes, etc. , to work with above mill : s. d. cwt. qr. Ib. 1 s. d. s. d. Loam castings (cylinder and bracket) .. 28 i 21 7 6 10 13 3 Moulders' wages 4 i to Green-sand castings ( 39 i o 6 3 12 5 4 Moulders' wages 209 Hammered scrap shaft Steel footstep (Whitworth) 8 3 21 o 2 15 16 o 35 o 730 122 730 a o 14 9 o O IO 399- 9 18 4 Brass castings e> Sundries per stores M 049 5 4 8 8 12 5 Smiths' wages Machinists' wages . . 5 4 8 5 14 ii 6 7 ii Fitters' M 12 15 II Material and wages 87 o 15 74 14 8 20 5 o 20 5 o Gross cost 94 19 8 EXAMPLE No. 117. Summary of cost of two receiving tables, with cutting-off gear, for above pug : s. d. cwt. qr. Ib. ' s. d. * d. Green-sand castings Moulders Wages paid .. 2 14 400 6 21 6 3 9 o 9 o o 3 n 021 I 16 o 2 15 8 Wrought iron in angles and plates Brass castings Pins for rollers .. 31 O IO I 5 10 066 3 2 10 2 13 8 Cloth, nails, pet cocks, etc. per stores Tin cylinders, per account Smiths Wages paid Machinists 068 056 5 2 IO i 15 9 2 15 10 Fitters .. 5 ii 8 Material and wages II 10 19 12 5 IO 12 4 IO T2 A Gross cost .. ! 30 4 9 MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTIONS. EXAMPLE No. 118. Summary of cost of hauling gear to work With above no wagons included : s. d. 443 5 19 o I 16 4 Green-sand castings Moulders' wages cwt. qr. Ib. 24 2 o 437 4 3 7 46 s. d. 6 3 9 o 16 o 10 s. d. 7 13 2 i 8 4 234 3 17 o i 18 4 120 4 4 3 3 19 4 3 12 7 Brass castings Sundries, per stores Smiths' wages II 19 7 Material and wages 34 2 4 29 18 4 ii 19 7 41 17 ii Gross cost GENERAL SUMMARY. ! Weight. Gross Cost. Price. i Roller mill T. c. 13 ii q. Ib. O ,1 S. Q d. 2 240 s. (f. Pug mill .. Tables .. 4 7 II o 15 O 10 94 30 18 4 8 9 135 40 o Hauling gear .. .. i 14 2 4 41 II fe 20 3 3 * 348 ii 6 Draughtsmen and pattern makers 20 4 o Erection wages and expenses 22 II 10 Total cost, exclusive of patterns 391 7 4 480 The above plant was exceptionally strong and well made. It made fully 30,000 plain perforated bricks in ten hours from a strong coarse clay, having probably rather more than an average percentage of stones. On a more favourable clay, and with proper arrangements for carrying off, it would, no doubt, work up to a higher capacity still. Having regard to the weight of the plant and its capacity, the price named in above summary cannot be considered ex- cessive. The price included erection (local) though cartage was done at the buyer's cost. The cost does not include the driving gear to connect the mills with the engine. This item will, of course, vary according to the arrangements of the site. The -extra price of the driving gear in the above case was ^"165. A complete set of patterns for above would cost from 60 to The above plant would be described as a complete " four- process " plant that is to say, the clay is hauled to the head of the mill, crushed and ground in the rollers, pugged, and made BRICK-MAKING MACHINERY. 171 into bricks in one continuous operation. Had the hauling gear been omitted, the plant would only have been a " three-process." A simple pug mill with mouthpieces and tables cgnstitutes a " two-process " or " double-process " plant. Below are general summaries of two smaller plants than the one of which particulars are given above : EXAMPLE No. 119. Brick-making plant for 20,000 bricks per day of 10 hours: Roller mill (4 rolls) Pug mill (vertical) Tables Hauling gear Weight. Gross Cost. Price. T. c. q. lb. 8 13 2 o 3000 730 I I 2 * d. 150 8 o 71 10 8 14 9 4 27 4 6 s. d. 2OO O O 100 20 O O 40 o o 12 2 3 263 12 6 360 o o EXAMPLE No. 120. Brick-making plant for 15,000 bricks per day of 10 hours : Roller mill (4 rolls) Pug mill (vertical) Tables Hauling gear Weight. Gross Cost. Price. T. c. q. lb. 6220 i 14 o o 7 i o 19 3 o s. d. 108 4 6 44 2 o 13 10 o 29 o o s. d. 145 66 o o 20 38 o o 9320 194 16 6 269 o o Nothing is included in either of above summaries, either for any special alteration of patterns or for erection. It may be well, in this connection, to add the following summaries of the costs, etc., of edge roller mills or mortar mills. These mills are occasionally used in connection with brick-making, both for dry and wet grinding ; but, Mills. f course have a very much wider field of useful- ness. They are, consequently, made by many general engineers who do not make brick machinery. These mills may be obtained in sizes from 5 ft. diameter of the revolving pan to 9 ft. diameter, and in two designs one with the driving gear below the pan and one with the gear above. The former is the less costly arrangement, and for all practical purposes is as good as the latter. All the mills in the following summary are under-driven. The following three sizes are probably the most useful and the sizes most frequently required. 172 MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTIONS. EXAMPLE No. 121. Summary of costs, etc., of mortar mills : Diameter of pan . . 6ft. 6 in. 7 ft. 6 i. 9 ft. o in. Diameter of rollers 3 ft. o in. 3ft. 6.1. 4ft. oin. Width of rollers I ft. o in. i ft. 2 in. i ft. 8 in. Weight of rollers, each iScwt. 24 cwt. 30 cwt. Gross weight 4 tons 15 cwt. 8 tons. 10 tons. s. d. s. d. s. d. Cost of materials . . Cost of wages . . 45 2 o 6 16 o 71 o o 8 14 4 86 14 o 10 3 o Expenses . . . . 724 8 13 8 II I Gross cost 59 o 4 88 8 o 107 18 o Selling price 80 o o 105 o o 135 0. Prices of other makers . f , ( 55 o o 85 o o IIO to to to go o o 105 o o 160 o o When required with pans perforated in the bottom for dry grinding, an addition of from 5 to 10 per cent, will be made to above prices. Patterns are not included in above particulars. The gross weights given might be safely reduced about 10 per cent. It is unnecessary to add that all the above mills are for use in connection with steam or water power. Smaller mills for driving by horses or cattle are required both for home and abroad, but come more under the head of agricultural ma- chinery. CHAPTER XIX, MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTIONS, continued. VALVES AND COCKS. THE manufacture of valves and cocks is a branch of mechanical engineering which is probably now more specialised than any other, there being numerous houses, many of high standing, who devote themselves almost exclusively to this business. Two circumstances have principally contributed to bring about this condition ; first, the immense demand which exists for valves and taps, and other steam and water fittings ; and, secondly, the moderate character of the plant and the comparatively small amount of capital required to conduct a business in these pro- ductions. Probably the larger part of steam and water fittings required by general engineering establishments are purchased by them from the special makers. Particularly is this the case with the smaller class of fittings water gauges for boilers, oil and tallow cups, and the smaller brass valves and taps, for example. At the same time, most large establishments prefer to make the heavier valves and cocks they require themselves. They have the tools, must keep men who can be put to work of this kind when neces- sary, and usually have a range of patterns sufficient for all ordinary requirements. Further, a large part of the work in connection with valves and cocks is very suitable for the older apprentices and junior journeymen. Some large houses, having their own brass foundries, find it an advantage to keep one or two brass finishers also, and are thus able to make for themselves nearly all they require, even MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTIONS. the smaller class of valves and taps and other fittings except, of course, patented or very special articles. It will, however, very rarely be the case for brass valves and taps of standard types to be produced in a general engineering establishment anything like so cheaply as they might be bought from some of the special makers. It may be, and no doubt is the fact, that a very large propor- tion of the brass goods offered by some of the special makers is of very inferior metal, light in design, and roughly finished ; but what has just been stated with reference to relative cost of pro- duction will apply when the comparison is made with the manufactures of first-class houses. The following examples may be taken as fairly representative of the class of work we are now considering, so far as it is done in general engineering establishments, though of course they must not be taken as exhaustive. EXAMPLE No. 122. Cost of three 2 J-in. steam stop valves (frequently called Mather and Platt valves), with cast-iron bodies, covers, hand-wheels and bridges, and brass valves, seats and spindles, flanges faced and turned : s. d. cwt. qr. lb. s. d. 60 s. d. Moulders' wages Brass .. 27 4 10 2 10 126 I 9 o 3 6 5 Bolts and nuts per store Machinists' wages (turner, 21 hours ; apprentice ditto, 26 ; slotter, 3 ; driller, 7) 052 o 19 8 o 6 10 I 12 II Material and wages Expenses .. 3 12 4 I 12 II Gross cost 553 Charged 7 ios., less 2^ per cent, for the three. Valves of this size can be bought at as low as 295., less 15 per cent, discount. The best special makers will, however, ask from 355. to 455., less from 15 to 20 per cent, discount to engineers. EXAMPLE No. 123. Cost of one 5-in. valve, as above: 5. d. cwt. qr. lb. s. d. s. d. Cast iron 6 a Moulders' wages 030 Brass .. ... 2ol 112 Bolts, etc. per stores Machinists (turner, 19 hours; apprentice do., 023 8; driller, 4) o 14 i 036 Material and wages 2 17 I I 4 8 Expenses I 4 8 Gross cost 4 i 9 Charged 5 ios., less z\ per cent. Special makers' prices for this size range from 4 to A 55., less trade discount. VALVES AND TAPS. 175 It will, of course, be obvious that when a general engineer makes up a single valve as above, he places himself at a disad- vantage as compared with the specialty houses when lae comparison is with the standard patterns of the latter, seeing that such houses usually make their valves by the dozen, and by piece-work. Under piece-work arrangements the total sum paid for finish- ing a valve such as above would probably not exceed I2s. 6d.\. the iron castings would be bought from some general founder at Ss. per cwt. or under, whilst the brass would cost from gd. .to- lod. perlb. ; and the general expenses would be put at probably 30 or 50 per cent, less than in our example. Where, however, a departure from the standard dimensions has to be made for a single valve, the specialty house has not such a decided ad- vantage over the general engineer. The following was a case in point, the valve having special- sized flanges and being exceptionally short between the two* flanges. The price charged was less than the amount of a quotation received for the valve from a good specialty house. EXAMPLE No. 124. Cost of one 7-in. steam stop valve, generally as in two last examples : s. d. cwt. qr. Ib. 217 s. d. 6 3 s. d. o 14 5 Moulders' wages Brass .. 35 o 10 o 4 i 192 I 8 6 Bolts, etc. per stores Machinists (turner, 25 hours ; slotter, 5 ; drillers 5) 034 o 19 o 044 030 Fitters (journeyman, 5 hours ; apprentice fitters, 32) Pattern makers (altering patterns) 088 040- i 15 10 Material and wages Expenses 4 2 8 i 15 10 Gross cost 5 18 6 trade discounts. The above examples relate solely to the ordinary type of steam stop valve, having the centres of the two flanges in the one straight line. The type used for connecting steam pipes to boilers, and having the flange at the discharge side at right angles to the flange at the inlet side, known as "Kingston" valves, and as "Junction'* valves are usually a littfe more costly, but may be taken Junction Valves. 376 MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTIONS. as practically the same. It is unnecessary, therefore, to give detailed examples of this type. EXAMPLES Nos. 125 and 126. Costs of 2^-in. and 3-in. brass blow-off cocks, plain stuffing-boxes and glands : at in. 3in. AO lb. 56 lb. Finished weights .. M .. .. . M . . 37*,, 49*,, Cost castings Machinists' wages .. ... Fitters' wages .. .. s. d. i 15 10 083 074 s. d. 268 o ii 5 071 Material and wages . Expenses .. .. M M 2 II 5 o 16 i 352 I O O Gross cost Price charged . . . . . . 3 7 6 4 10 o 452 5 10 o The simpler type of cock in which the stuffing-box and gland are dispensed with, variously styled " plain plug cock," " self- packing cock," etc., costs about one-third less than above; whilst the type now largely used by the best firms, in which there is a kind of double or compound gland, which permits the upper stuffing-box of the cock to be re-packed under pressure, costs about a third more. EXAMPLE No. 127. Cost of two 3-in. plain stopper or self-packing cocks, with cast-iron barrels, flanged at each end, and brass plugs or stoppers: s. d. o 19 5 056 cwt. qr. lb. 3 o 33 s. d. 6 3 O 10 s. d. 048 020 i 7 6 O 12 II 10 II Moulders' wages . . Brass castings . . Machinists' wages (turne Fitters' wages.. Material and wages Expenses Gross cost ;r, 21 hrs. ; driiler, 2) 21 hours in i 4 ii 2 18 o i 4 ii 4 2 ii Charged 3 each, less 2\ per cent. Numerous changes may be, and are in most large shops, rung upon the type of cock referred to in the above example, to meet the demands which arise from time to time in connection with M d'fi t* bleach, dye, and print works, and other establish- of Patterns. ments where large volumes of liquids have to be dealt with. A cock of this type may be required all brass or all iron ; with one flange and one spigot end ; with one flange and one bent or nose end ; with one spigot and one faucet end ; or with two faucet ends, and so on. VALVES AND TAPS. 177 An engineer's patterns and core boxes for cocks of this type generally admit of modification, within certain wide limits, to meet such requirements as those indicated, as in the follvwing case, where a double flange cock was converted into a spigot and faucet cock. EXAMPLE No. 128. Cost of one 6-in. spigot and faucet cock, all cast iron, faucet bored and spigot turned on rim : s. d. cwt. qr. Ib. 207 s. d. s. d, 63 O 12 II Moulders' wages .. I 042 o 16 ii Turners' wages 19 hours ! . o ii 3 024 o 6 ii Fitters' wages Pattern makers' wages . . 9 t, 17 ,. 048 093 Material and wages 223 I 6 2 Expenses i 6 1 1 . Gross cost 3 8 5 ! Charged 5, less z\ per cent., including alteration of pattern. EXAMPLE No. 129. Cost of one 2-in. boiler feed valve, cast-iron body or shell, brass valve, seat and spindle (two flanges, one at right angles to the other) : i s. d. Cast iron .. .. .. .. .. cwt. qr. Ib. s. d. 6 3 s. d. o 13 3 024 Moulders' wages Brass castings Bolts and studs per stores Machinists' wages Fitters' wages 6J O IO o i 8 053 O I 2 o 8 10 048 o 15 7 Material and wages Expenses i 4 8 o 15 7 Charged 2 155., less 2$ per cent. Valves such as above should never be made up singly, except in special cases. Wherever there is sufficient demand Quantities. . ... to justify the making or keeping up of patterns, it will always pay to make standard valves in quantities of not less than half-a-dozen at a time. On occasions when merely half-a-dozen feed valves, as in the last example, were made up at a time, the workmanship per valve was reduced fully one.third, as compared with the example, the gross cost per valve as put into the store standing usually about i los. 6d. Making up in larger numbers and the adoption of piece-work would have effected still greater economy in manu- facture. The following tables show the weights, time of brass finisher N i 7 3 MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTIONS. occupied in finishing, gross cost (expenses being reckoned as 100 per cent, of the wages) and selling prices of plain brass wheel valves and plain brass plug cocks, as made in the brass finishing department of a general engineering shop : BRASS WHEEL VALVES (FEMALE ENDS). Size. Brass Castings. Time finishing. Gross cost. Usual Selling Price. fin. i in. 2 in. 3llb. Jjib! lib. gib. ii Ib. z\ hours. 3i .1 6 ;; 9 s. d. 5 3 7 10 12 2 14 o 19 o s. d. 7 6 10 6 15 6 18 o 25 o BRASS PLUG COCKS. Size. Brass Castings. Time finishing. Gross Cost. Selling Price. s. d. s. d. Jin. I in. i in. iflb. 2flb. Jib. i hours. 2 it 3 .- 3 4 J 6 8 5 9 7 o 9 6 jl ffj 7lb. II 2 14 o i^in. 6 13 8 17 6 None of the scales shown in the above tables can be con sidered perfect. That is to say, anyone designing a new and complete set of patterns would arrange to have the weights, and consequently the selling prices, better graduated. However, for work of this kind done in a general engineering shop, in ordinary day's time, and in quantities rarely exceeding half-a-dozen or a dozen valves or taps at a time, the results shown in the above tables (which, of course, varied somewhat from time to time) cannot be considered unsatisfactory. Better arrangements in the matter of tools and fixings for the lathe would, no doubt, have enabled some time to be econo- mised ; whilst in the special brass shops, where piece-work is adopted, very much less is paid in wages for the workmanship on these articles. In the valves, for example, from is. for the f in. size to 35. for the 2 in. size would be considered good rates to pay for finishing. On the other hand, it not infrequently happens where brass- work of the kind we are now considering is done in a general engineering shop, that one or two valves or cocks have to be VALVES AND TAPS. 179 finished by themselves ; and in such cases the time finishing will be from a third to a half more than the amounts given in the tables, the result being that these articles are sometimes sold for less than they cost. Valves and taps of fair quality and finish can be bought by engineers at fully a third less than the selling prices given in the above tables. The following tables exhibit the rates charged in a general Tables engineering shop for the valves, etc., specified, all of Standard the articles being made in the shop, most of them Sizes. being probably heavier than necessary, and all carefully finished : Stop Valves (M. and P. Valves), Brass Valves, Seats and Spindles, Cast-Iron Bridges for Outside Screws. Junction (or Kingston) Valves for Boilers, otherwise same as the Stop Valves. s. d. d. 3 in ^ o 4 in. A o 7 in 800 7 m. 8 ID Feed Valves (Angle Pattern), Brass PacI* Spindles. S> a *A Riw n ff 1 Brass Self-Packing Blow-off igtt p B a rrn ff g t C t k e S r ^. ngle - inverted Plu ^ d. 2 in 2 15 o 2 in. 2jin 35) 2j in. 3 in 3 10 o 3 in. s. d. | s. d. 2 15 o i 2 in 2 10 o 3 15 o 2in. .. .. 350 .. 4 15 o 3 in 450 Single Lever Safety Valves. Double Lever Safety Valves. s. d. s. d. 3 in. 5 10 o Brass Water Gauge Cocks. Brass Try Cocks (Polished). Per Set s. d. Each s. d. i-in. 2 15 o |in o 15 6 For brass wheel valves and plain brass plug taps or cocks see ^tables already given. CHAPTER XX. PRIME MOVERS. THE prime movers at present in practical use are the follow- ing, viz., steam engines, waterwheels, turbines, windmills, gas. engines, hydraulic engines (so-called), and hot-air engines. Of these only three steam engines, waterwheels, and wind- mills come within the scope of general engineering shops \ the others remain in the hands of certain special makers, and are, besides, mostly of very limited application. Windmills only come within the sphere of establishments situated in certain districts, as in the Midland and Southern Counties of England, or of houses who export to Windmills. .-. L . * , , , , certain countries abroad, and will not be dealt with here, as the writer has no experience of their manufacture. Waterwheels come within the scope of a larger number of firms. Most old-established houses in the great manufacturing districts of the kingdom have experience of their manufacture ; and whilst few new wheels are now made, the renewal of buckets, segments, bearings,. and axles, and other repairs, constitutes in some districts by no means an unimportant item of business. Steam engines, however, naturally constitute the class of prime movers which claims special attention here. It is no doubt true, as we are reminded from time to time by very high authorities, that the steain engine will some day Steam ^ Q entirely discarded in favour of more direct methods of utilising heat ; and it is unquestionably the fact that the gas engine (which probably foreshadows the TYPES OF ENGINES. l8l type of heat engine of the future) has already displaced the steam engine for certain purposes, as well as occupied fields which the steam engine very likely never could have entered. Nevertheless, the steam engine is still the prime mover cf manufacturers, and will probably remain so for more than one generation. Innumerable types of steam engines are now made, with all of which it would, of course, be impossible to deal within the limits at our disposal, apart altogether from the question of experience. We can only select certain represen- Types of tative types, and deal generally with them. Engines ^he types of engine now most favoured for manufacturing purposes are : The horizontal direct- acting engine, the beam engine, and, to a small extent, the in- verted direct-acting engine or the marine type. The latter is i only very occasionally adopted, and appears to be only supplied by engineers who have a marine as well as a general connection. This type occupies comparatively small ground space, and may be, therefore, well adapted in some very exceptional circum- stances ; but it is doubtful whether this advantage, such as it is, is not gained at the expense of qualities of more importance in manufacturing industries steadiness and smoothness of running, for example. This type is, however, extremely well adapted for small high-speed engines. Comparatively few beam engines are now made for manu- facturing uses. This type possesses the great recommendation of being subject to little and very regular wear and tear, and is the most durable type and the most economical in the matter of maintenance yet made. It may also, of course, be made, within the limits for which it is suitable, as economical in fuel consump- tion as any other indeed, up to recently the most economical engines working on land were beam engines. For the purpose for which James Watt first made engines that is, the pumping of water the beam engine is still the most convenient and economical, and therefore easily holds its own. This type does not, however, lend itself to the high speeds now required in manufacturing industries quite so readily as the horizontal direct-acting engine, which is the type now most favoured and most generally adopted in these industries. , The horizontal engine is itself made in numerous modifica- l82 PRIME MOVERS. tions. We have, first, the single-cylinder engine, which may be either condensing or non-condensing. Secondly, engines with a pair of cylinders of equal size placed side by side, and with the piston rods coupled up to the same crank-shaft. This arrange- ment is commonly though, perhaps, rather loosely described as a " pair of engines," and may also be either condensing or non-condensing, though, of course, invariably the former in the larger sizes. Thirdly, engines with a pair of cylinders of unequal diameters placed side by side, with the piston rods connected with the same crank-shaft, and working compound. This is the arrangement generally indicated by the term "compound engine," and is also what is very commonly meant by the expression, "pair of compound engines." Fourthly, we have engines with two cylinders of unequal diameters, placed one behind the other, with a piston rod passing through both cylinders, and working compound, this being the arrangement indicated by the term, " compound tandem engine." Fifthly, we have engines with two sets of cylinders, each set arranged tandem, working compound, placed side by side and connected to the same crank- shaft, this being the arrangement understood to be described by the expression, "pair of compound tandem engines." Other modifications are also in existence, but the five just described are the most important and those in most general use. The cost, and therefore the selling price, of an engine of any type admissible for manufacturing uses and for a given power, will be largely affected by the following conditions, viz. : Speed of piston, pressure of steam, character of valves, Type as va i ve gear and its auxiliaries ; construction of affecting cost. . . , & . . , , . cylinder that is, whether steam jacketed or not ; class of fly-wheel, whether plain, geared, turned up for belt or for ropes ; and, of course, the general conditions of the quality of material employed and the character of the workmanship and finish. It will be obvious that an engine which is to run at a high speed may, for a given power, have its parts made lighter than one which is to run at a slow speed ; also, that one which is to work with a high pressure of steam may be made with a smaller cylinder than one which is to work under steam of a low pn ssure ; also, that an engine with a common slide valve HORSE-POWER. 183 having a fixed and invariable cut-off, and with the admission of steam controlled merely by the governor acting upon a common throttle valve, may be made for less money than an engine with valves, say, of the Corliss type, worked by gear constructed to give a variable cut-off according to the load, and controlled direct by the governor. The modifying influence of the other conditions mentioned upon the cost of an engine will be equally apparent. A question which very naturally presents itself the mcment we enter upon the consideration of the costs and prices of steam engines, is the following, viz., Is there any standard or rule by which engines are measured for commercial pur- Standard of c ? Measurement. P ose8 ' The importance, and indeed, necessity of exact standards of measurement have long been recognised in every branch of science and industry. Nor are engineers at all wanting in regard to the exactness and completeness with which they can measure and express the actual power that is at any moment being exerted by their engines. It would, therefore, be very reasonable to suppose that, for commercial purposes, for calculating prices, for selling or buying so important an appliance as a steam engine, manufacturing engineers would possess equally complete and exact standards or rules of measurement. This, however, is not the case. There is at present no standard or rule of measurement for commercial purposes of anything like universal or even general use engines being described very largely according to the ideas or whims of their respective makers. At one time there did exist a universal standard of measure- ment, but that was when there was only one firm of steam- engine makers Boulton and Watt. At present there are used numerous formulae, to all of which the misleading expression, " nominal horse-power," is applied, and in addition there is used as a standard for calculating prices the probable indicated horse power of an engine. It furnishes a striking illustration of the extent to which Watt impressed his individuality upon the steam engine, that not only is the steam engine, structurally considered, to all intents and purposes the same to-day as he left it, but a dis- tinctly crude stan iard of measurement which he devised is now 184 PRIME MOVERS. in one form almost universally employed for practical purposes, and in another also largely for commercial purposes, although it never can now be used for the latter without qualification, expressed or implied, and always vague. One of the standards mentioned nominal horse-power is now falling into disuse, engines being described, more especially in the larger sizes, simply by their leading dimensions, or by the actual horse-power for which they are con- Nominal s tructed or will indicate under a certain pressure Horse-power. e T . , of steam. It is, however, necessary to understand what the term implies, as it is still used, more especially in the price lists of makers of the smaller classes of engines. Briefly, " nominal horse-power " is a descriptive measurement of an engine which is usually intended to convey an idea of its size, on the assumption that its size will be a measure of its value without reference to the power which it will actually give out. Originally, and as still sometimes used, the formula for determining the n.h.p. was the area of the cylinder in inches, multiplied by 220, as the piston speed, and 7 as the mean effective pressure, and divided by 33,000. These figures gave approximately the indicated horse-power of Watt's time, and powers thus determined became associated with certain sizes of engines. Afterwards, when higher pressure steam began to be used expansively, and higher speeds were adopted, these figures no longer gave approximately the actual horse-power, but as the power determined by them had become associated with certain sizes of engines, it appears to have been considered necessary to retain them, and to use the term "nominal" to distinguish the power they gave from the actual horse-power. The above formula is equivalent to 2i'S square inches of piston per horse-power ; also to the diameter squared divided by 27 ; and both these formulae were, and are still, used for simplicity. Subsequently a modification of the formula, into which the length of the stroke enters as one term, was intro- duced, and at present the most generally-accepted formula is the diameter in inches, squared, multiplied by the cube root of the stroke in feet and divided by some figure supposed to be a constant, but which in fact appears to be anything between NOMINAL HORSE-POWER. 185 30 and 60 for condensing engines, and 10 and 25 for non- condensing engines, according to the fancy of makers. Summarising these formulae, and taking a condensing engine of 36-in. cylinder and /2-in. stroke, it will be seen that they give the n.h.p. as follows : 1018 (area of cylinder) x 220 x 7 - i --- - - - - = 47-5 n.h.p. 33,000 1018 = 47-3 n.h.p. = 48-0 n.h.p. Such an engine would be described by some makers as a 40, and by others as a 50 nominal horse engine. The following list gives the sizes of some condensing engines, with the n.h.p. by which they are described by several makers : Diam. of Cylinder. Length of Stroke. N.H.P. Inches. laches. 24 .. .. .. .. 42 ........ 16 to 20 25 ........ 42 ........ 18 20 28 .. . ..... 60 ........ 25 30 30 ... .. -. .. 60 ........ 30 35 36 .. ...... 60 ........ 40 ,, 45 36 ........ 74 ........ 45 i. 50 46 .. .. ... ..82 ........ 80 go The difficulty with regard to n.h.p. is twofold. In the first place there is no definite principle generally recognised upon which to base the formula for determining it. Hence hardly any two makers use exactly the same formula. Secondly, almost equal diversity exists as to the number of times over the nominal horse-power to which engines may be worked. A number of makers may be found who agree approximately in the descrip- tions they give of their engines in so far as what they call the nominal horse-power is concerned, as in the list of engines given above ; but, at the same time, very great diversities will be found. For example, one maker calls his 24-in. by 42-in. con- densing engine a 20 nominal horse engine ; another calls his 24-in. by 48-in. (only 6 inches longer in the stroke than the former it will be observed) a 50 nominal horse engine ; whilst another describes his 24-in. by 48-in. as a 60 nominal horse engine. The piston speeds given by all the three are practically the same. 186 PRIME MOVERS. Again, whilst probably the majority of makers use different figures for determining the nominal horse-power of non- condensing to those they use for condensing engines, some makers allow no distinction and use the same formula and figures for both. Formerly it was not uncommon to find an engineer who had unsuccessfully tendered for an engine, attribute his failure to having understated the nominal horse- power of his engine, or understated the number of times the nominal horse-power up to which his engine might be worked, and who would, in consequence, resolve to be less scrupulous in future and to use higher descriptive rates without altering his sizes. Hence, whilst any reasonable formula for determining nominal horse-power may be very useful in an engineering office, where it is consistently employed for the purposes of ready calculation as to prices, there is none of any value for the purposes of general comparison. Obviously, the ratio between the nominal horse-power of an engine and the actual power up to which it may be worked R ,. will depend upon the way in which the former is nominal to determined. If we take as the nominal horse- indicated power for condensing engines 22 square inches Horse-power. O f pj s t on area, or what will generally amount approximately to the same thing, (diameter piston in inches) 2 x v' stroke in feet, , c non-condensing engines, n square inches of piston area or (diameter piston in inches) 2 x */ stroke in feet _ ,. . which will be found to agree approximately with the practice of probably most of the best makers then we shall find that as a general thing the indicated horse-power up to which modern engines are worked will be about the following, viz. : Non-condensing engines, three to five times the nominal horse-power. Simple condensing engines, five to eight times the nominal horse-power. Compound condensing engines, four to seven times the nominal horse-power. In calculating nominal horse-power, the area, or the squares, of all the cylinders which go to constitute the complete engines must, of course, be added together. The sole use of the nominal horse standard of measurement, PRICES OF ENGINES. 187 where it is employed at all, is as a basis for commercial calcula- tions. The cost or price of any engine, per nominal horse- power, will, of course, depend upon the formula P ^ c s _ used for determining the nominal horse-power, and per N.H.P. .,, , ,.- , , , ,.,_. , , will be modified by the conditions already men- tioned. Taking the formulae last given, viz : (diameter) 2 x v^stroke , (diameter) 2 x V stroke ... - and selling 46 19 prices will range about as follows, viz. : Horizontal non-condensing engines, with plain ing Engines slide-valves, governors, equilibrium throttle valves, plain fly-wheels, and all usual mountings: From 2 to 5 n.h.p., 22 to 17 per n.h.p. From 5 to 15 20 to -14 ios. per n.h.p. From 15 to 50 14 los. to 10 IQS. per n.h.p. The higher rates given for the larger sizes would, with most makers, be allowed to cover some simple form of variable expansion valve gear which would admit of adjustment by hand whilst the engine was in motion ; the turning up of the rim of the fly-wheel to make it suitable for carrying a belt, and the construction of the cylinders with steam jackets. For Corliss valves and automatic cut-off gear, from 4 IQS. to 3 IDS. extra per nominal horse-power should be required ; and for fly- wheels turned up for ropes about i or i $s. extra per nominal horse-power. The weights per nominal horse-power would vary from 1 6 cwt. down to 6 cwt. The above rates apply to good strong engines, such as would be made in a first-class general engineering shop (see list of engines following). Some special houses offer lighter classes of engines in a number of small sizes to run at high speeds, the weights of which range from 3 to 2\ cwt. per nominal horse-power, and the prices from 12 los. to g per nominal horse-power. Coupled engines, or pairs of above type, that is engines with two cylinders of equal diameter placed side by side and coupled to- the same crank-shaft, would by some makers be charged at the same rate per nominal horse-power, as they are, of course, practically two complete engines. Others would, however, rate them about 5 per cent, less per nominal horse-power. Horizontal simple condensing engines, with plain slide-valves, l88 PRIME MOVERS. governors, and equilibrium throttle valves, plain fly- wheels and horizontal air pumps worked irom back prolon- g ation of P iston r o ds ' m the smaller sizes, and in the large sizes, vertical or diagonal air pumps worked from crossheads or from back prolongation of piston rods : From 10 to 20 n.h.p., 35 to 25 per n.h.p. 20 n.h.p. and upwards, 32 los. to 20 per n.h.p. If with variable and automatic expansion valves and gear, say of the gridiron type, working at the back of plain slide- valves ; or with Corliss valves, and automatic gear, from 7 IDS. to $ per nominal horse-power extra. If with rope fly-wheels from ^3 to 2 per nominal horse-power extra. Weights would range from about 12 cwt. per nominal horse-power in the smaller sizes to 25 cwt. in the larger. Pairs of engines (two cylinders, side by side, coupled to same crank-shaft), about 10 per cent, less per nominal horse-power. Horizontal compound condensing engines (cylinders side by side) with plain or geared fly-wheels, plain slide-valves on low- pressure cylinders, gridiron cut-off slide-valves or Corliss valves with automatic gear controlled direct by governors Engines on high'P ressure cylinders, and with plain (not steam-jacketed) receivers between high and low- pressure cylinders, from ^30 to 22 los. per nominal horse- power. Steam-jacketing both cylinders and also receiver would add from i IDS. to i per nominal horse-power. Rope fly- wheels from ^3 to 2 per nominal horse-power. Horizontal tandem compound engines, otherwise as above, from 28 to 20 per nominal horse-power. Simple condensing beam engines, with wrought-iron con- necting rods, plain or geared fly-wheels and cast-iron beams, from $6 to ,22 per n.h.p., according to character of valves and gear and size of engine. The higher rate would now cover -equilibrium, conical or double-beat valves, or Corliss valves with automatic gear. This rate might also in some cases be allowed to cover wrought-iron beams instead of cast-iron beams. For engines as above, in pairs, about 10 per cent, less per n.h.p. As already intimated, nominal horse-power as a standard of measurement is not so much used now as formerly ; many of PRICES OF ENGINES. the best houses rarely employ it in their calculations, but prefer to rate their engines at so much per the actual Indicated indicated horse-power up to which they are con- * structed to drive. The rates per indicated horse- power for horizontal non-condensing engines range from f down to 4. in the smaller sizes, and from 6 down to 3 m the larger sizes. For horizontal simple condensing engines, the rates range from 7 down to 5 ; for horizontal compound engines, from 8 down to 4. ; and for horizontal compound tandem engines, down to as low as 3 los. For beam engines, the rates range from 10 down to $ per indicated horse- power, and to about 10 per cent, less for engines in pairs or coupled. From the figures just given it will be seen that very great variations exist in the prices quoted for steam engines. These differences are determined partly by the class or type of engine r partly by the style or finish in which it is got up, Fait* Rate^ partly by the material employed, and partly by the different values which different houses set upon their pro- ductions, or the amount of profit for which they are willing to work. Good plain horizontal non-condensing engines can be made in a general engineering establishment to indicate, say, up to 80 or 100 h.p., and to leave a reasonable margin of profit at from 4. los. to 3 los. per i.h.p. ; and high-class non-condensing engines of this type, with Corliss valves and automatic gear, and with fly-wheels turned up for belts or ropes, at from $ ios. to 4 ios. per i.h.p. Good strong horizontal condensing engines with compound slide-valves (gridiron cut off valves on back of plain slides) and automatic gear, to indicate up to, say, 150 h.p., can be made at from 5 to 4. per i.h.p. ; with rope fly-wheels from $ ios. to 4 ios. ; and with Corliss valves, steam jacketed cylinders, and rope fly-wheels at j to 6 per i.h.p. Good strong horizontal compound condensing engines, with Corliss valves and automatic gear on high-pressure cylinder at least, and to indicate up to 200 i.h.p., can be made at from 6 ios. to 5 5 J - P er i-h.p., an d larger sizes up to, say, 400 i.h.p., at from 4. ios. to 4 ; or, including steam jacketing throughout and rope fly-wheel, at from 5 to 4. ios. Good plain beam engines, in pairs, to indicate up to 400 i.h.p., igo PRIME MOVERS. and with automatic valve gear, can also be made at from 6 i Os. down to 5, whilst an extra IDS. or 15$. would permit a high-class job to be made. These rates will cover delivery and erection locally, and all the usual mountings and accessories, but not, of course, any builder's work. Some makers would include steam pipes from boilers to the engine ; but others would charge these extra at a rate per cwt. erected say from 12s. to i6s. per cwt. The rates per i.h.p. just given would allow the engines to be constructed so as to develop their specified powers with a reasonable weight of steam say, not exceeding, in the compound engines, a con- sumption of 2j or 2\ Ib. of good coal per i.h.p. per hour, provided, of course, that the boiler efficiency is reasonable. When making up a formal estimate of the cost or price of an engine of a type more or less new to the establishment, it is convenient to take a plain or simple type which has already been made as the basis of calculation, and to add Modes of sums to cover the p ro bable extra cost of the Estimating. . r , f departures proposed to be made from the plain type used as the basis ; and this, of course, whether the nominal or the indicated horse-power be used as the standard of measurement, thus, EXAMPLE No. 130. Estimated price of one horizontal, non-condensing, high- pressure steam engine, with cylinder 14^-in. diameter by 36-in. stroke, spring coil piston, Corliss valves and automatic gear for admission valves controlled direct from governor, rope fly-wheel 10 ft. 6 in. in diameter, with grooves for five ropes and to weigh about 3^ tons. Engine to indicate 60 h.p. at 65 revolutions per minute with 80 Ib. steam pressure in boiler. Profit rates : s. d. it. d. Basis type. Horizontal engine with plain slide- valve, equilibrium throttle valve, high-speed go- vernor and plain fly-wheel, 60 i.h.p. at . . . . Extra for Corliss valves with eccentric drive for 4 5 o 255 exhaust-valves and automatic gear for steam-valves connected direct with governor . . . . _ 60 Extra for rope fly-wheel, say 3^ tons, at I 28 o 343 o IO o 33 o o Steam and exhaust pipes extra at i6s. per cwt. erected (local). Quoted net accordingly, and order secured. We now supplement the general rates for steam engines which have already been given, by the following notes of the actual costs and selling prices of a number of engines, most of which may be considered as of a representative character. EXAMPLES OF ENGINES. The engines in all the examples were strong and well a^d carefully made. Probably the weights were in most cases on the heavy side in one or two instances decidedly so. It is safe to say the workmanship might, in every instance, have been reduced by better organisation and direction. EXAMPLE No. 131. Horizontal, high-pressure, non-condensing engines, with metallic-packed pistons, steel piston-rods, crank-shafts and crank-pins, hammered scrap-iron connecting rods, plain slide-valves, quick-speed governors, equilibrium throttle valves, plain fly-wheels, boiler feed-pumps, steam stop-valves, lubricators and other mountings, strong cast-iron bed-plate, and foundation bolts complete ; cylinders lagged with felt and polished wood. Delivered and erected locally : '* Size of cylinder 6 X 12 9 x 18 12 X 24 Nominal h.p. ( 2 5 10 Indicated h.p. Steam pressure Revolutions per minute 8o 9 lb. 150 16 80 Ib. IOO 80%. 80 Gross weight . 21 CWt. 46 cwt. 80 cwt. cost Price (patterns s ock) ! & 84 105 m The above costs are the costs of engines made up singly. Anyone, however, laying himself out to make engines of this class on a proper system, and making, say, half-a-dozen of the small size at a time, and two or three of the larger sizes, could cheapen the actual cost of manufacture, as compared with the above figures, considerably, and thus secure a larger profit, or reduce the prices. In order to compete with engines of this class as made and sold to-day by good specialty houses, the prices would have to be within the figures as shown in the following table, viz. : Size of cylinder 5 x 10 6 X 12 8 x 16 9 x 18 IOX20 12x24 15x30 Weight of engine . . cwt. 7* IO 18 29 3^ 40 85 fly-wheel . . 4 6 10 13 16 24 40 Price 35 40 65 80 no J 35 20O Extra for foundation bolts 2 2 O 2 IO 4 o 5 o 60 9 feedpump.. 4 4 o 5 o 6 10 8 o IO 15 variable expansion gear 15 17 o 19 o 30 o There is no doubt that good, fairly strong, and well-made engines can be made profitably to sell at the above rates by anyone whose connection is such that he can depend on regular orders, or who will lay himself out to make such a connection. The prices given would allow a discount of 2 J per cent, to users where delivery and erection are charged extra, or the usual commission and discount to merchants for re-sale, say j\ per cent, or not more than 10 per cent, altogether for prompt cash. 192 PRIME MOVERS. EXAMPLE No. 132. Horizontal, high-pressure, non-condensing engine, with cylinder 12 in. by 21 in. stroke, same as No. 131, but with spur fly-wheel. Strong and well-made engine : 12 X 21 Called n.h p Intended for i.h.p 35 to 40 IOO 87 cwt wages, including 4 for erection . 43 o o Price 165 o o 426 Considering the weight of above engine, and the fact that it was really very well and carefully made, the price charged is very moderate. It will be seen that the profit is 23 per cent on the gross cost, which cannot be considered excessive, as something must be allowed for the use of the patterns. The term " patterns stock " simply means that existing patterns were used. Hence the wages included only a small amount of pattern maker's time for getting out, repairing and making slight modifications. EXAMPLE No. 133. Horizontal, high-pressure, non-condensing engine, with cylinder 12 in. by 26 in. stroke, with steel coil piston, steel piston-rod, crank- shaft and crank-pin, hammered scrap-iron connecting-rod and cross-head, Corliss valves, separate eccentric for exhaust and steam valves, latter with trip gear controlled direct by governor, quick-speed governor (Porter type), fly-wheel 8 ft. 6 in. diameter, turned up for five ropes ; cylinder lagged with felt and polished mahogany with brass bands, all usual mountings. A good, high-class engine : 12 x 24 Nominal'h.p. To work up to i.h.p 10 60 2OO IO O 231 10 o per i.h.p. 4 15 o It will be seen that the price charged just about covered the total cost, including patterns and drawings ; but as the patterns, etc., were considered to be fully worth to the establishment the amount which stands opposite to them in the above summary, and as the above cost was of the first engine made from the patterns, and it was anticipated that savings could be effected NON-CONDENSING STEAM-ENGINES. 193 in future engines from the same patterns, the total result was not considered unsatisfactory. I EXAMPLE No. 134. Horizontal, non-condensing, 14 by 30, with compound slide-valves, adjustable by hand (separate valves for steam and exhaust, and separate eccentrics), rope fly-wheel loft. 6 in. diameter, for four ropes; plain governor and equilibrium throttle valve, cylinder lagged, all mountings, etc. : Approximate i.h.p 60 142 cwr 208 o o Price peri.h.p 468 Some alterations of patterns, amounting to about 10 total cost, are included in the cost given above. EXAMPLE No. 135. Horizontal, non-condensing, 15 in. by 3ft., with Corliss -valves and automatic cut-off gear for steam valves, controlled direct by quick- speed governor, separate eccentrics for steam and exhaust valves, rope fly-wheel 10 ft. 6 in., for five ropes; cylinder lagged with felt and polished mahogany, -steam-valve and all usual mountings : 15 x 3 ft. 17 je 75 Gross weight engine only .. .. .. . .. .. 92 cwts. 223 o o Weight fly-wheel 78 cwts fe.Z O O Total cost engine and fly-wheel (excluding patterns) 275 o o 350 o o peri.h.p Gross cost patterns and drawings 4 13 6 58 16 o It will be seen that the above did not leave any large margin as profit when the cost of the patterns is included in the total amount ; but it will be clear that if the same price is obtained for other engines from these patterns, they will pay fairly well, apart from the possibility of making the engines for less than the amount which appears opposite total cost in above summary. All the engines, of which the particulars are given above, were, it will be seen, constructed to work as non-condensing engines. Any one, however, from No. 132 to and Pumps ^' T 35' m ig nt vei T conveniently be converted * into a condensing engine by having a horizontal condenser and air-pump placed at the back of the cylinder so as to be worked by a prolongation of the piston-rod. The 194 PRIME MOVERS. costs of suitable condensers and pumps, and the extra prices which might reasonably be charged for them, would run about as follows : Approximate costs. Extra prices. Examples Nos. 132 and 133 ... 65 ... ... go ,, No. 134 74 100 No. 135 78 105 Cheaper condensers might be made, but the above figures would permit the condensers and connections to be well made, so as to be in keeping with the engines. The approximate costs given would not cover entirely new and complete patterns, so that something would have to be added on this account in the case of the first manufactured. EXAMPLE No. 136. Horizontal, condensing, steel coil piston, mild steel piston ,rod, crank-shaft and pin, plain slide valve, . plain governor, equilibrium throttle valve, plain fly-wheel, cylinder lagged as before, steam stop valve and usual mountings. Air-pump vertical below engine level, and worked from back pro- longation of piston. Good plain job : 18 x 36 " 10 Approximate i.h.p 70 8| tons Gross coat, exclusive of patterns, but including erection . . 301 12 o 365 o o per i.h.p. 543 The above cost was considered too high, and should have been at least 10 per cent. less. EXAMPLE No. 137. Horizontal, condensing, i8in. X36in. steel coil piston, steel piston rod, crank-shaft and pin, hammered scrap crank, connecting rod and crosshead, slide valves with gridiron cut-off valves at back, latter worked by trip gear driven by horizontal shaft and connected direct to quick-speed governor ; condenser and air-pump under engine level, and worked off back prolongation of piston-rod, rope fly-wheel, 12 ft. diameter for six ropes. Good, strong, high- class job : Size of cylinder .. .. .. .. Revolutions per minute . . Nominal horse-power Approximate i.h.p Gross weight, engine only .. cost ditto, including about 40 on account of alterations of patterns, and including erection .. .. .. ., Weight of fly-wheel Cost of ditto .. Price of engine complete per i.h.p. 18 x 36 70 10 80 9 tons 14 cwt. 344 o o 4 tons 6 cwt. 61 4 o 450 o o 5 12 6 The above engine was considerably heavier than was neces- sary, and might have been made lighter to the extent of 5 to 7^ CONDENSING STEAM-ENGINES. 195 per cent, without disadvantage to the engine and with advantage to the makers. Other quotations for the above ranged from 390 to 500. EXAMPLE No. 138. Horizontal, condensing engine, cylinder 2oin. x 36in. spring coil piston, slide valves with gridiron cut-off valves and automatic gear, etc., generally same as last, but with plain fly-wheel : Intended for i.h. p. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 90 cost ditto, including 43 on alteration of patterns Weight of fly-wheel . . . . . . . . . . ^345 c o Total cost of engine and fly-wheel Price . . . . . . . . 32 5 o peri.h.p 500 EXAMPLE No. 139. Horizontal, condensing engine, 2oin. X36in. spring coil piston, Corliss valves and automatic gear for steam valves, condenser, mount- ings, etc., as before ; cylinder steam-jacketed ; spur fly-wheel : 24 x 48 Intended for i.h. p 150 ,, patterns and drawings 102 O O Total p r i ce . . 668 EXAMPLE No. 140. Horizontal, compound, condensing engine, with cylinders 12 in. and 2i in. by 36 in., Corliss valves and automatic gear on high-pressure cylinder, plain slide valves on low-pressure cylinder, plain fly-wheel about 12 ft. liameter, receiver between cylinders ; condenser and mountings, etc., as before : Size of cylinders Nominal hope-power To work to i.h.p. Revolutions per minute Weight of fly-wheel .. Gross cost of engine . . Price peri.h.p 12 and 21 x 3 demur to giving tenders for general repairs, yet as the workmanship in con- nection with the renewal of a definite part can usually be pretty closely estimated, there is no objection to giving quotations for such renewals. EXAMPLE No. 147. Estimated price for renewing set of 9 in. equilibrium valves cwt. qr. Ib. s. d. s. d. 4 g-in- equilibrium valves, with seats, spindles, nuts, and thimbles, all best brass 440 I 2 25 13 4 16 $-in. steel set screws for seats, turned and chased i 6 140 4 steel taper pins and keys Turning, boring, chasing and finishing valves, seats, spindles and nuts.. .. 18 days i 6 16 o 060 14 8 o Drilling *day 12 060 Re-chasing two old covers.. .. 16 o o 12 a Fitters at socket ends, keying and marking; off 2 days 10 O TOO Pattern makers altering patterns 6 ,, Draughtsman taking dimensions and draw- 10 6 3 1 o. ing 2 days 12 6 150 Turner making gauges .. .. i day Fitters taking out old valves and putting in 16 o o 16 o new, including overtime .. 6 days IO 300 5 1 J 3 4 Quoted 50 net, and order taken at this figure. The cost of the above turned out to be ^38 js. iod., the estimated time proving to be very nearly as above. The time turning up the valves was a little more than estimated, and the time erecting a little less. The castings came out a few pounds heavier. ENGINE REPAIRS. EXAMPLE No. 148. Estimated prices of i mild steel crank shaft and 2 crank- shaft pedestals for ditto for (Profit rates) : cwt. qr. Ib. s. d. s. d. I mild steel crank-shaft loft. gin. long over all, with centre boss 16 by 23, crank bosses 12 by 10, bearings n by 21. Forged weight . . Turner at shaft 9 days 51 o ,o 30 o 2O 76 10 o 900 Planer at key-beds aj 20 2 IO O Fitter at ends of shaft . . . . i day IO IO O Turner, re-boring one crank . . ij days Extra for engine, etc., working at night (about 20 O I 10 5 o o Net, delivered (local) ready for erection .. 96 o o 2 cast-iron blocks and caps for pedestals 53 o o 9 23 17 o 1160 i 67 13 8 4 wrought-iron wedges, forged 12 adjusting screws and nuts, forged . . 8 cap bolts, nuts and guards, forged .. Planers at blocks, caps and bushes 12 days 330 65 200 o i o 20 3 8 9 i 7 i 368 12 o a Blotters at do. . . . . 4 16 340 Turners at do. . . . . 5 20 500- Turners at bolts and nuts . . 6 16 4 16 o Drillers .. .. .. 2 13 6 170 Fitters . . 20 IO O IO O Pattern-makers altering stock patterns 4 Extra for night work zo 6 220 600 Net, delivered ready for erection . . . . 144 2 2 All ordered at the sum of 240, less 2^ per cent. EXAMPLE No. 149. Cost of i hammered scrap-iron crank-pin : s. d. cwt. qr. Ib. s. d. s. d. Hammered scrap-iron I 2 O 14 o I I O o 17 5 Smiths Wages paid 13 hours o 17 4 Turner 30 o 18 9 I IO 2 Planer .. 3 it 014 o 3 n Fitter J 5 n 079 008 Draughtsman 3 026 Material and wages . 388 a 12 I Expenses .. 2 12 I Total cost 609 Charged 8 net. Cases similar to the one indicated in the following example are of not infrequent occurrence in establishments situated inr manufacturing districts. EXAMPLE No. 150. Account for mild steel crank shaft to replace broken one.. No tender given : cwt. qr. Ib. s. d. s. d. .June, 1888 i mild steel crank-shaft forging Turning and polishing ditto all over, and plan- ing flats for flywheel keys and sunk beds for crank keys, cutting off both ends of broken 79 3 H 36 o 143 15 > shaft with cranks on, boring, slotting and driving ends of shaft out of cranks, and truing up cranks in lathe 3 9 9 Extra for engine working at night 9 10 o (Subject to z\ per cent, discount.) i*3 15 3 202 PRIME MOVERS. The cost of the above job, as far as the part included in the above extract is concerned, was as follows, viz. : s. d. cwt. qr. Ib. s d. s. d 25 o 99 16 ii 4 18 9 Turners 158 hours Planer .'. 5 it 121 9 i? 9 o 18 4 Slotter (cutting old shafts, etc.) Fitters (old cranks, etc.) . . 35 7 o 13 o i 16 9 o 3 ii Draughtsman 20 o 15 6 890 Extra labour at night, including engineman . . 4 18 o Material and wages 114 i o 13 9 o 13 Q O Gross cost .. .. 127 10 o Pistons. The renewal of pistons is another important element of the section of an engineer's work which we are now reviewing. A crank-shaft, connecting-rod, crank or crank-pin, will as a rule only require renewal in the event of a breakdown (if made of good material in the first instance) or in the event of a flaw in the forging showing itself in course of time. A piston will require renewal, sooner or later, owing to mere wear and tear. Frequently, though not always, the renewal will be accompanied by the re-boring of the cylinder. Whilst a new piston, however, does not necessitate the re- boring of the cylinder, the re-boring of the cylinder invariably necessitates a new piston. Tenders are frequently required for new pistons, but an esti- mate clerk or draughtsman is rarely called upon to make up an estimate for a new piston in detail. Every establishment where much engine work is done has its own scale of prices for pistons, based upon former costs and upon the experience of the esta- blishment as to what prices are to be obtained in ordinary competition. The following table may be taken as showing the range of prices for good pistons with steel coil springs. The rates given are per inch of the diameter : TABLE OF PRICES OF PISTONS WITH STEEL COIL SPRINGS. Diameter. 12 inches to 20 inches. 20 30 Price per Inch. s. d. 16 o 18 o 19 o 20 O 22 O s. a. 18 o 20 o 21 O 22 O 24 o PISTONS. 203 For pistons below about 12 in. diameter plain flat springs are most generally used. The above rates will also apply to air and other pump buckets when of iron. Brass buckets are, of course, much dearer. It is a common and wise practice when it is suspected that a cylinder will, before long, require re-boring or a piston renewing, to have either or both examined some little time before the approach of a season of the year at which it will be convenient to have the one done or the other put in. If L is decided that a new piston will be required, the order is usually placed so that the piston may be made under ordinary working con- ditions, and be ready when wanted. We append one or two examples of costs of pistons. EXAMPLE No. 151. Cost of piston 18 in. diameter, with steel coil spring: s. d. cwt. qr.lb. s. d. s. d. Loam casting? block, junk and packing rings 3 2 14 7 6 7 2 Green-sand ditto 9 6 3 o 7 Moulders' Wages . IO II 10 J-in. bolts and nuts , 14 IO O o i 3 I 2 Smiths- Wages paid Steel coil spring and carriage Turners Wages paid 50 hours o 2 I 2 2 6 9 7 Driller 9 ii 3 o a 12 2 Apprentice turner (at bolts) Wages paid *3 it o 2 2 II I O I II Fitters' Wages Pattern Makers' (at stock patterns) 46 I 2 2 Wages A 2 6 Material and Wages %m 7 3 o 364 3 6 4 Gross cost ..' -.'. : '. IO 9 4 Charged ,16 45. net, or i8s. od. per inch diameter. EXAMPLE No. 152. Cost of one piston, 24 in. diameter, with steel coil spring: 5 - d. cwt. qr. Ib. s. d. s. d. Loam castings 717 7 6 2 14 IO Green-sand ditto .. .. .. .. ii 6 3 007 Moulders' wages i 6 o i O O IO Bolts, nuts and hoop 20 10 O I IO 340 O 4 io Smi'hs Wages paid Turners .. 61 hours 4 19 i 16 i 2 18 5 I'riilers .... 7 > 2 10 138 Fitters .. 86 2 I 6 029 Apprentice Wages paid .. .. 35 Pattern makers (stock patterns) .. 8 c 5 io o 3 io O O IO o i 8 Material and Wages .. .. 12 4 8 4 io 6 Expenses 4 io 6 Gross cost 16 15 2 Charged 24, less z\ per cent., or 2os. per inch diameter 204 PRIME MOVERS. EXAMPLE No. 153. Cost of one piston, 34 in. diameter, with steel coil spring : s. d. cwt. qr. Ib. s. d. s. d. Loam castings 14 2 18 i 6 5 10 o Green-sand ditto J 4 6 3 O IO Moulders' Wages 2 6 3 Brass i O O IO> o 4 10 Bolts, nuts and hoop Smiths' wages 26 10 O 022 o 4 10 Steel coil spring 4 10 o Carriage on ditto Turners Wages paid Apprentice do. (bolts, etc.)V Cages' 78 hour )aid 14 s 044 289 046 4 14 ii 10 Fitters 93 2 6 I I 8 o 056 Apprentice ditto .. MM 39 Pattern makers (alterations only) ii ,, o 9 ii 074 6 13 3 Material and wages 19 5 10 6 13 3 Gross cost 25 19 I Charged 35 145. net or 2is. per inch diameter. It will be understood that the costs of pistons just given do not include the making of complete patterns or boards, but merely general alterations and adjustments. The cost of com- plete boards, etc., for pistons is not, however, very much where the castings are made in loam. It may be well, before leaving this section of our subject, to Tenders &* ve an exam P^ e f a specification of an engine, and as sent out, accompanied by a tender, by an Specifications. engineering establishment. Many tenders for engines are merely letters, simply des- cribing the leading features and giving the leading sizes of the engine, and stating price. Most people, however, who are contemplating the purchase of an engine of moderately large dimensions like to receive a more detailed description of any engine offered to them, and most engineers prefer to give a detailed specification, with the twofold object in view of tho- roughly impressing the buyer with all the meritorious features of the engine offered, and of preventing misunderstandings. Hence it is desirable for the student to have an idea how to draft such a specification. Some large firms who have complete engineering staffs draw up specifications of their own when requiring engines, and invite tenders upon those specifications. Many public bodies, also, as, for example, water or sewage authorities, when requiring pumping engines, follow a similar practice, or, perhaps, have SPECIFICATIONS. 205 specifications drawn up for them by professional consulting engineers. The specification is most conveniently written on foolscap paper, having a wide margin, in which the headings of the paragraphs may be written ; thus, Part Copy of Engine Specification. SPECIFICATION OF HORIZONTAL HIGH-PRESSURE CONDENSING STEAM ENGINE, TO INDICATE 180 HORSE-POWER AT 60 REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE, AND WITH SOLE. STEAM PRESSURE, FOR MESSRS CYLINDER. The engine proposed will have a cylinder 24 in. in diameter for a stroke of 4 ft., with valve-chests for Corliss valves cast on, and made from an extra strong mixture of cast iron. The cylinder will be jacketed for steam by having a liner or inner shell, also made of an extra strong and hard mixture of metal, accurately fitted in the outer shell, and will be accurately bored, bell- mouthed and faced, and be provided with covers for cylinder proper, and for valve-chests, all turned and polished. Both cylinder covers will have brass, bushed stuffing boxes and glands, and the valve-chest covers will also be bushed with brass. The cylinder will also be lagged with hair-felt and polished maho- gany staves, belted with polished brass bands. PISTON. The piston will have block, junk-ring and double packing rings, carefully bored, turned, faced and scraped, and provided with a steel coil spring. VALVES AND GEAR. The valves will be of the Corliss type, two for steam and two for exhaust. The steam valves will be worked by our patent releasing gear, actuated by eccentric on the crank-shaft, and controlled direct from the governor, so as to give an automatic and variable cut-off proportionate to the load. The gear will have suitable dashpots for steadying the motion of the valves. The exhaust valves will be worked by separate eccentric and rod. PISTON-ROD, CONNECTING-ROD, etc. The piston-rod will be of mild steel, turned and polished all over, and will be prolonged through the back of the cylinder for the purpose of driving the air and force pumps. The cross-head, connecting-rod and crank will be of the best hammered scrap iron. The con- necting-rod will have the necessary straps, gibs and cotters, and will be bushed with the best brass. The crank-pin will be of the best mild steel. CRANK-SHAFT. The crank-shaft will be of the best mild steel, with journals of extra length and ample diameter. FLY-WHEEL. The engine will have a spur fly-wheel 15 ft. in diameter, with teeth 3-in. pitch by 9-in. face, and will be about 10 tons in weight. The wheel will be machine moulded, cast in three segments, will have the joints planed, and the segments carefully bolted with strong bolts. PUMPS AND CONDENSER. The engine will have an air-pump, feed-pump and condenser, all arranged vertically below the level of the engine, and at the back end. The air-pump will be i8-in. by 24-in. stroke, and will have a bucket with steel coil spring. Both pumps will be worked from the back prolongation of the piston-rod. The pump-rods and levers will be of forged iron or mild steel, and will be bushed with brass where necessary. The condenser will be provided with the necessary cocks, and will have an ornamental stand for the injection for the house floor, with polished index plate and lever handle. FRAMING AND PEDESTALS. The engine framing will be of the Corliss type, of extra strong section, and will be planed to bed upon the foundation, planed for the cross-head slides, faced to connect to the cylinder, and will have the jaws for the crank-shaft bearing slotted. The crank-shaft bearing on the framing, and 206 PRIME MOVERS. also a strong pedestal which will be provided to carry the outer end of the crank- shaft, will both be fitted with adjustable brasses of the best quality. All the necessary foundation bolts and cotters will be provided. GENERAL. The engine will be provided with all the necessary pressure and vacuum gauges, lubricators, tallow cups, drain and indicator cocks and other mountings; and will be throughout of the best material and workmanship. All the parts usually so finished will be polished bright. DELIVERY AND ERECTION. The engine will be delivered and erected by us at your mill, it being understood that you will prepare the foundations to our plans, and give our men the necessary assistance of labourers and scaffolding. (Signed) Such a specification will be accompanied by a brief letter stating price for engine "according to specification enclosed.'* It will be obvious that the specification may be amplified to any desired extent, and filled up with details as to sizes of the various parts. All that we have desired to do is to indicate the general character and arrangement of such a specification. CHAPTER XXI. STEAM BOILERS. WE shall now deal with the preparation of estimates for steam boilers and the cost of making boilers. The manufacture of steam boilers is, of course, quite a busi- ness by itself, requiring special shops, tools and other appliances and a special class of workmen, and is largely carried on inde- pendently of any other. It is, however, probably most conve- niently and economically conducted as a branch of a general engineering establishment. Space will not permit of the treatment of this section of our subject in great detail, and we shall therefore deal simply and briefly with those classes of boilers which most commonly occur in the business of a combined engineering and boiler-making establishment. A complete boiler, as usually sold to a buyer, may be con- sidered as made up of three elements, viz., first, the boiler Elements of P r P er > with the manhole and the seats, saddles or Complete blocks, as they are variously termed, for the mount- Boiler. j n g S) riveted thereon ; secondly, the furnace fittings ; thirdly, the steam and water mountings. As a rule, the boiler shop of a combined establishment deals only with the first two of these elements, leaving the third to the engineering branch. Where boiler making is carried on as an independent business, the mountings are, in the great majority of cases, bought by the boiler maker from firms who make a specialty of their manu- /208 STEAM BOILERS. facture. The boiler maker being allowed a discount of from 15 to 30 per cent, from the list prices of the manufacturers of the mountings, he earns a good commission for passing the mount- ings through his hands. Occasionally a boiler is sold without mountings, the latter being purchased by the buyer of the boiler direct from some of the special makers. Up to within a comparatively recent date, a boiler shop was a -distinctly crude and primitive establishment, in which the mate- Progress r * a l usec * m ^e construction of boilers was treated of Boiler in what cannot be considered as other than a bar- Making, barous fashion the drift might indeed have been taken as emblematic of the character of the entire establish- ment and method of manufattuie. Of recent years, however, the adoption of high-pressure steam and the use of steel plates have compelled boiler makers to adopt more scientific, reasonable and exact methods of handling their material ; and a complete modern boiler shop, with plate edge planing and turning ma- chines, multiple drills, shell-drilling machines, flanging machines, portable riveters and other mechanical appliances, must be placed amongst the most exact and scientific constructive estab- lishments of our day. At the same time the business of boiler making is still com- paratively simple. We have to deal in it with comparatively few and simple materials, and comparatively few classes of workmanship, whilst the finished pro- ductions, although imposing, are simple, and present few variations of type. The preparation of estimates of .the probable cost of boilers is, consequently, easy. In most large establishments, where proper records of the toilers made are kept, it will only occasionally be necessary to make up an estimate in detail. Suppose we have an inquiry for the price of a boiler of some standard . . type, size, and pressure. The list of boilers pre- viously made will, very likely, contain one or more examples of boilers similar to the one for which a quotation is now required. The gross weight of the boiler and the total cost of manufacture will therefore be easily obtained from the cost books, and if the rates for material and wages are practically the same now as when the previous boilers were made, there is nothing further to do we know the probable cost of the boiler in question, and PREPARATION OF ESTIMATES. 20Q have merely to consider whether we shall quote the same price as in the previous examples, or make some modification. If the rates for materials or wages are different to what they were on the former occasions, we have the weight of the boiler, and one or two simple calculations v/ill enable us to make the necessary deductions or additions, as the case may be. The rates per ton at which boilers of standard types, sizes, and pressures can be manufactured in any boiler shop, and also the rates per ton for which they can be sold under ordinary condi- tions, ought to be as familiar to those having charge of the commercial part of the business, as the rates of wages paid to the men and the rates which have to be paid for plates. At the same time the calculation of the weight of material required to make a boiler is so simple and so readily per- formed, that it is preferred by many to make such a calcula- tion in nearly all cases. The points which require particular attention in making such a calculation are, principally, the number of rings in which the shell of the boiler will be made; the number of plates which will be used for each ring ; the widths of the laps of the circular seams ; the style of the longi- tudinal joints, whether butt-jointed or lap-jointed, and, if the latter, the width of the lap. These points will determine the sizes of the plates to be used, which must be kept within certain limits, partly to suit the tools of the establishment and partly to avoid having to pay excessive " extras " in the prices of the plates. Other points are, whether the angle iron round the front end of the shell will be put on inside or outside (this obviously determining the size of the end plate), the angle iron at the back end being invariably put on inside ; whether the end plates will be made in single solid pieces or halves, the length of the furnaces, the number of rings in the flues and the character of the joints, whether the longitudinal joints will be butted or lapped, and whether the circular joints will be lapped, flanged, or made with expansion hoops, or partly one and partly the other. And, lastly, the style of the riveting in the different parts of the boiler, whether single, or double, or treble ; what pitches and what sizes of rivets will be used a consideration of these points is obviously necessary to determine what weight of rivets will be required. 210 STEAM BOILERS. For example : We are required to quote for a Lancashire boiler, 24 ft. long and 6 ft. diameter, with furnaces and flues 2 ft. 4 in. in diameter. The shell of this boiler will probably be made in seven rings. 24 ft. divided by seven will give 3 ft. 5 in. as the net width of each ring without allowing for lap. As the boiler is only to work at 60 Ib. pressure, the circular or trans- verse joints of the shell will merely be single-riveted, and if we allow 2^ in. to each ring for lap we shall have sufficient. The width of the plates will therefore be put down at 3 ft. J\ in. Each ring of the shell will probably be made of three plates. The circumference of 6 ft. being 18 ft. 10 in. practically, the net length of each plate will require to be 6 ft. 3^ in. ; but as the longitudinal seams are to be double-riveted, we shall have to allow about 5 in. to each plate for lap, making the total length say, 6 ft. 8^ in. The plates for the shell will therefore be set out in the estimate form, as follows viz., 21 shell plates 6 ft. SJ in. x 3 ft. 7^in. x f in. steel = 3 tons, n cwt. A table such as may be found in Molesworth's Pocket Book, of the weights per superficial foot of plates of different mate- rials and thicknesses, would, of course, be used in calculating the weight of the plates required. The sizes of the plates for other parts of the boiler and their weights will be found in a similar manner, as will be apparent from the few examples which will shortly be given. It has already been stated that the materials required by the boiler maker are comparatively few they are principally plates, flat, tee and angle bars, and rivets. These Materials ^ either be steel or iron in the case of ordinary of Boilers. . , .. , . . / stationary boilers (copper plates are also used in boiler construction, but only for locomotive and some special types of boilers). Both steel and iron plates are divided into different classes and qualities ; steel plates will be either Bessemer or Siemens process plates, the latter being generally considered more reli- able than the former, and therefore preferred, especially for parts exposed to the direct action of the fire or for parts which have to be flanged or otherwise much worked. In iron plates we have at the head, the Bowling, Lowmoor, and Farnley plates (the well-known Yorkshire brands) which, however, are only MATERIALS. 211 used for special parts of boilers the furnaces, for example, and sometimes also for the flues, especially if they have to be welded longitudinally and flanged transversely, and occasionally for Galloway tubes. The mild Siemens steel is now largely used where Bowling or Lowmoor iron was formerly employed. Ordinary iron plates for boilers are divided into three quali- ties, distinguished respectively by the brands B., BB., and BBB., meaning best ; best, best ; and best, best, best, or treble best ; whilst in addition there are certain extra qualities, called "extra treble best," "special flanging," "charcoal" plates and other terms. These extra qualities come between the ordinary plates and the Bowling and Lowmoor, and are largely used for fur- naces, flues, and Galloway tubes. It is important to bear in mind, in preparing an estimate, that all plate makers have certain limits of thickness, length, breadth, area, and weight, within which, and within which only, their ordinary rates apply. For plates exceeding these limits, in any particular, extra rates per cwt. are charged, whilst extra rates are also charged for plates which are of any other than rectangular shape. For example : One maker's standard rate for "best" boiler plates is 7 ios. per ton at his works, but if a plate is over 15 ft. long it will be charged 40^. per ton extra, whilst if it is also over 4 ft. wide, it will be charged a further 2OS. per ton extra. The limits adopted, and the extras charged by different makers, vary considerably. The limit for weight ranges from 4 cwt. at one works to 10 cwt. at another. The limit for length runs from 15 feet to 25 feet; and for area from 36 to 60 square feet. The limits for width and for thick- ness are fairly uniform amongst the principal makers, being, with regard to iron plates at least, usually 4 feet for width and from a J to I inch inclusive for thickness. The extras charged for weight are, in some cases, simply los. per ton for every cwt. or part of a cwt. which a plate weighs above the limit. In other cases the extra begins at 2Os. per ton and advances, as the weight of the plate increases, to Sos. per ton ; and so on with other extras. Most steel plate makers will include all sizes required for ordinary boiler purposes in their general rates, except round plates for ends. In the following tables we summarise the principal classes o/ 212 STEAM BOILERS. boiler material, indicating the purposes for which they are used, and give the cost prices and the rates which may Materials ^ e char g ec * when supplied in small quantities for repairs. SUMMARY OF MATERIAL USED IN BOILER MAKING. Material. Approximate Cost Price per Cwt. Selling Rates per Cwt. Uses. Steel plates and angles Circles and half circles Iron plates Lowmoor and Bowling .. .. 75. 6d. to 125. IZS. to 20S. i8s. to 355. I2S. to 20S. 2os. to 355. 30$. to 6os. Furnaces, flues, and throughout. Ends. Furnaces, flues, C allo- Ditto angles and tees. . Scotch plates Best [(according to weight ; limit without extra 2* CWt.) iSs. 6s. 6d. (usually about 365.) 28s. to 365. saddles. Ends and strengthen^- ing hoops for flues. Gussets, furnace front plates, shells occa* BB. ditto 75. 6d. I2S. tO 20S. sionally. Shells, flues, ends. BBB. ditto 105. Od. Shells, nues, ends, fur* naces. Above Scotch plates are usually free of extras up to 20 ft. length, 4 ft. width, 36 ft. area, and 10 cwt. each plate. Rounds and half-rounds zs. per cwt. extra. STAFFORDSHIRE AND SHROPSHIRE PLATES: 6s. 6<1. ( Furnace front plates. 75. 6d Gusset plates shells. BB.ditto 8s. 6d. I2S. tO 20S. Shells, flues, ends. BBB ditto .... IDS. 6d. to I2S. 6d Furnaces, flues. Special and char- coal plates 135. d. to 195. 6d. 20S. tO 365. Flanged flues, Gallo- way tubes, manholes, &c. Usually free of extras up to 15 ft. length, 4 ft. width, and 5 or 6 cwt. Rounds and half-rounds, for ends is. to 2s. per cwt. extra. Angles and tees Marked Best 8s. $d. I2S. Gussets. t BB gs. 6d. to i6s. Hoops for ends. Rivets Iron and steel Steel expansion hoops* gs. to 2os. (usually i2s. to 145.) 45. 145. to 365. 66s. One quality of rivets is usually used through- cut. Furnaces and flues. These hoops cost from 405. to 6os. each usually, according to size of flue. To the cost prices given in above list must be added carriage or freight, which will, of course, vary according to the distance of the boiler-works from the iron-works, from a few shillings to WORKMANSHIP. 213 a couple of pounds per ton. It should also be added that for certain special brands of iron plates which are sometimes specified" Snedshill," " R. H ," " Bloomfield," and others- higher rates of from one to three or four shillings per cwt. are required. It is customary, however, to submit specifications of all the plates required for a boiler or boilers to the iron makers or their agents, and to get exact quotations for them before giving the order ; and it is worth while to do so, before giving in quotations for boilers, when there is time. Prices for plates, of course, fluctuate at times rapidly and considerably and it is always an advantage, when much esti- mating for boilers has to be done, to have at hand some recent issue of a journal like Ryland^s Iron Trade Circular, for example. In many boiler shops certain parts Galloway tubes, flanged flues ready for drilling or riveting, wrought-iron manholes, etc. are bought ready-made from other establishments having special appliances for their production. The following table shows the rates of wages paid in the Workman- sn P where, and during the time when, the boilers ship on given in the succeeding examples were made or Boilers, tendered for, also the usual rates charged for the different classes of workmen inside and outside the shop, when engaged on repairs or on work for which no tender had been given I- TABLE OF RATES FOR WORKMANSHIP. Class of Workmen. Waees per day of Nine Hours. Charging Rates Inside. Charging Rates Outside. y$ od 155. os. los. od t 55. gd. (including fire.) 8s. od. 8s. od. 35. 6d. and 35. od 55. 6d. 55. 6d. zs. 6d. 4 s. 6d. 4$. 6d. is. 6d. zs. 6d. zs. 6d. 55. zd. i2s. 6d. (including use'af hearth.) Strikers .. zs. lodf (including fire.) 45. 6d. _ Engineers or fitters . . 55. od. 75. 6d. 75. 6d. Apprentices in their last two years were usually rated as journeymen, and younger apprentices at the same rates as labourers. Of course, in addition to the rates for the men when 214 STEAM BOILERS. working outside, the allowances paid to them for diet were also charged to the customer, as in the engineering department ; whilst in the case of men working inside the shop, in addition to the rates as given for workmanship, the use of the boiler- makers' machine tools was also charged punching and shearing machines being usually charged at 2,s. per hour, a plain vertical drilling machine at is. or is. ^d. per hour, small rolls at is. and large rolls at 2s. per hour, and a hydraulic riveter at from 3^. to $s. per hour. When work involving the use of a steam hammer was done, the hammer was charged at from 35. to 4$. per hour, including the attendant. The particulars as to the use of the machine tools were ob- tained by the time clerk from the men when collecting his returns of time spent on the different jobs in hand during each day. It is hardly necessary to say that, as a rule, the par- ticulars as to the use of the machine tools were merely approxi- mations ; when any charge for tools was made, it was for at least half an hour. The indirect working expenses of a boiler shop ought to be comparatively light. There should be very little general labour charged to the shop ; whilst the jobs in hand are usually so straightforward and obvious, so little liable to Indirect bccome m i xe d, that no difficulty should be found Expenses. . 7 r in charging everything used candles, oil for lamps, paint, etc., down to the smallest detail to its own proper number. Coal for the plate-heating furnaces, being usually of a special quality, may all be charged to the furnaces and covered by a special rate per hour. The principal items of indirect expense, which will have to be covered by some percentage, will therefore be rqnt, rates and taxes, maintenance of buildings and plant, renewal of utensils or loose tools, management and office expenses, firemen's wages, steam power, coal for smiths' and other fires (excluding the furnaces), and some small amount of general labour. As in most other departments of an engineering business, it is most convenient to apportion all the indirect working ex- penses to the direct wages that is, to the wages spent on work for sale. The percentage will, of course, vary in different places ; in the examples we give it is put down at 40 per cent., this being the rate for all work done inside the shop. The rate DONKEY-BOILERS. 215 reckoned for work done outside was 25 per cent. The per- centage was determined with reference to the entire labour of the boiler shop that is, no divisions into classes were con- sidered necessary. The total average weekly wages of the boiler shop where this rate prevailed was 250. Very little piecework was done the making of Galloway tubes and some occasional things being all that was done by piece. Donkey We- shall now give one or two examples of Boilers. estimates and costs : EXAMPLE No. 154. Estimated cost of I vertical cross tube boiler (donkey boiler) 13 ft. high, 5ft. diameter, with furnace 7 ft. high and 4ft. diameter at top, with 4 cross tubes, uptake 12 in. diameter. Vertical seams of shell to be double riveted. Working pressure 70 Ib. Hydraulic test 140 Ib. s. d. cwt. qr. Ib. s. d. s. d. 3 plates, shell, | in. steel .. 29 o o 11 15 19 o i 6 ft. diameter, crown, J in. steel 510 12 O 330 2 furnace, Jin. steel 18 i o II 10 o 9 i sft. diameter, crown Jin. steel 3 2 14 12 236 i 2ft. 4 in. diameter, firedoor, Jin. steel o 3 14 12 O o 10 6 j uptake, Jin. B.B.B. " Barrows" 407 2O O 4 i 3 4 tubes, | in. B.B.B. "Barrows" 6 3 21 2O b 18 9 2 bars, 3 by 2, B.B 3 I 20 10 O i 14 5 o 3 21 IO O o 9 " 50 o V \J 13 o 350 Plate of bar iron for man and mudlids and 2 3 14 9 o i 5 it Wrought iron for 6 stays Wrought iron for grate ring 6 3 12 120 9 o 9 o 3 i 9 o 13 6 Boilermakers' wages (all classes) 40 o o 1 6 oo Plate furnace, 10 hours 3 o I IO O i 5 8 Boiler-shop smiths at rings, stays, etc. 8 days 8 o 340 072 Driller and helper 3 6 o o 18 o 17 12 IO Material and wages 98 18 9 17 12 10 Total cost boiler proper .. .. 88 2 II 116 ii 7 i cast-iron stand for ashpit 500 IO O O 5 6 i 15 o 2 15 O 121 I 7 Add for profit 25 per cent. 30 5 5 Price for boiler, as above . . . . . . . 151 7 o Mountings (at profit rates): i 4-in. steam stop valve 4 10 o i 3^-in. lever safety valve . . . . . . 400 i i$-in. brass check feed valve . . . . 200 i i^-in. brass blow-off tap i set gauge cocks and glasses, etc i 15 o 200 i 5-in. steam gauge I 12 6 Bolts and nuts and jointing material Fitter, fitting mountings in shop IO O I O 2 IO O Quoted 170 net on wagon at boiler shop 170 14 6 The above was an estimate for a donkey boiler of somewhat special size and character, and will sufficiently illustrate the method of preparing an estimate for boilers of this type. It will be seen that whilst the net cost of the boiler proper is made 2l6 STEAM BOILERS. up, the mountings are simply put down at profit rates. The boiler-making department bought the mountings the valves and cocks from the engineering department, and the steam and water gauges from outside and had a discount of about 20 per cent, all over from the prices put down, for its profit on the mountings. Donkey boilers of standard sizes are now largely made as stock jobs and by piece work by certain houses, and whilst some of the special makers keep up their prices, others quote very low rates. In addition, numerous special types of donkey boilers have been introduced of late years, the specialty usually lying in the form or arrangement of the tubes. Consequently comparatively few donkey boilers are now made in general boiler shops, and, unless made to special specification, they are not, in such shops, particularly profitable as a rule. Occasionally, very large vertical cross-tube boilers are re- quired for situations where a horizontal boiler is inadmissible, or where it is inconvenient to provide a proper brick setting and a chimney. Such boilers being, of course, departures from the ordinary sizes of donkey-boilers, fall naturally into a general boiler shop. The principal business, however, of a modern general boiler Cornish and shop lies in the manufacture of Cornish, and still Lancashire more of Lancashire boilers. The Cornish boiler. Boilers. w ith its single flue, lies intermediate between the donkey-boiler and the Lancashire type as to the duty for which it is usually intended. The Cornish boiler is supplied foi moderate duties, and is consequently largely used in connection with the smaller classes of manufacturing industries. It is rarely made of a diameter exceeding 6' o". For any work requiring a boiler above 5' 6" diameter, or representing more than 50 or 60 horse-power, a Lancashire boiler will now usually be supplied. For modern factory use either the Lancashire or " Galloway " boiler (which latter is a boiler with two furnaces opening into one large oval combustion chamber containing a large number of " Galloway" tubes) is generally adopted. EXAMPLE No. 155. Estimated cost of one Cornish boiler, iSft. 6 in. by 5ft. diameter, with furnace and flue, 2 ft. 9 in. diameter, having one steel expansion hoop and three Galloway tubes Working pressure, So Ib. Test, 140 Ib. Longi- tudinal seams, shell, lap-jointed and double-riveted. Longitudinal seams, furnace, butt-jointed and single-riveted, with covering strips inside and out. Longi tudina' CORNISH BOILERS. 217 seams, flue, lap-jointed. Angle irons at ends, welded into solid hoops, and front one put on outside shell. Edges of all plates planed. All rivet holes drilled after plates are rolled and in position : *. * Shell, 12 plates, 8ft. lin.xsft. 3$in.x T Vn., B.B. turnace, 2 plates, 8 ft. 8^ in. x 3 ft. i in. x f in., steel .. cwt. qr. Ib. 50 o o 720 5. i. 10 3 12 O s. d. 25 12 6 Strips for do., 3 ft. i in. x 5 in. x -f z in., steel i expansion hoop, Bolton steel Flue, 4 plates, 8ft. nin. x sft. 2$in. x ? in., B.B, Ends, i plate, 5 ft. diameter x $ in., B i 5 ft. 7 in. diameter x $ in., B. .. 4 bars, angles, B.B Plates lor gusset stays, stock, B. Angles Galloway tubes, 3 plates, " Weardale " 2 21 3 22 15 o o 320 4 I 20 410 230 2 O O 230 520 12 O 45 o 10 3 I* C 12 O 9 9 9 o 8 6 16 o 12 O 083 227 7 13 9 220 2 I 3 2 215 I 4 9 o 17 o 240 10 080 o 15 o O 12 6 ,, for tubes, stock, " Bowling ' .. Paint and sundries Boiler makers' wages all classes making tubes Furnace 18 hours Plate edge planing machine .. 30 Shell drilling machine .. .. 25 21 5 tons 30 o & 3 o 058 o 15 o 25 o o o 19 6 2 14 o ii 15 6 Material and wages 99 2 o 84 9 7 if T5 6 Gross cost boiler .. .: 4 cast-iron branches for mountings Wrought iron for manhole ring, cover and crossbars, etc. .. .. .. .. I 3 14 I O O 7 o IO O 96 5 i O 13 2 o 14 o o 14 o Rivets for saddles or branches Boiler makers' and smiths' wages Planing, drilling, etc., in engine shop .. Expenses X 21 16 o 070 i 15 o o 15 o o 14 o Estimated cost, boiler and saddles .. .. Add for profit, say, 25 per cent Price for boiler, etc., as above FURNACE FITTINGS AND MOUNTINGS PROFIT RATES. Furnace front and door, wrought-iron bead- ing, brackets and bolts ISO IO O 100 19 3 25 5 o 126 14 3 3 10 o 620 6 6 221 4-in. steam stop valve .. . 4 I I 2-in. feed valve, cast-iron shell 2-in. brass blow-off cock .. . .. Ci.st-iron bend pipe for ditto . . . . . 5-inch steam gauge 2 10 15 12 12 sets J-in. water gauge cccks and glasses . . anti-priming pipe .. internal feed pipe.. .. damper complete .. flue doors and frames floor frame and lid Bolts and jointing material Fitting mountings in shop Loading and cartage (local) Putting boiler on seat Attaching mountings at place 35 o 12 6 : 10 16 15 5 15 IO IO 16 3 6 o o 5 o if3 8 6 Quote 174 net. EXAMPLE No. 156. Estimated cost of one Lancashire boiler, soft, long by 7 ft. 6 in. diameter, with furnaces and flues 3 ft. in diameter, last plate in each flue tapered to 2 ft. 7 in. in diameter, five Galloway tubes to each flue ; longi- tudinal seams of shell, butt-jointed and double-riveted on each side joint, with 218 STEAM BOILERS covering strips inside and out ; circular seams double-riveted ; longitudinal seams of furnaces and flues, butt-jointed and single riveted, with strips inside and out ; circular seams of furnaces and flues, all formed by steel expansion hoops ; end plates, each in one piece and turned on edges and for furnaces and flues ; angle iron for front, put on outside and also turned on edge to correspond with edge of plate. Edges of all plates planed ; all rivet-holes drilled with plates in position. Working pressure, roolb. ; hydraulic test, 150 Ib. : s. d. Shell plates, -in., steel Furnace plates, ,Vin., steel cwt. qr. Ib. 142 o o 21 I O 6100 s. d. IO IO O IO O s. d. 71 o o IO 12 6 30 10 o 25 i o 18 o 22 14 6 Angle iron for ditto steel . 020 IO O 4 15 o 18 o o 10 O 900 Plates for gusset stays B . . . . 17 i o 9 7 IS 3 Angles B. 14 steel expansion hoops, Bolton 10 Galloway tube plates, Weardale Rivets steel . . 20 o o 16 i o IO O O 35 o o 9 o 45 o 14 o 12 O 900 36 ii 3 700 21 O 41 8 o i 5 4 Rivets for tubes, Bowling Paint and sundries (service bolts, etc.) Boiler makers' wages Boiler makers at tubes (piece-work) Turning end plates and angle-iron ring, per 030 1 8 tons 30 o 5 15 6 6 126 I IO 103 10 o 350 3 10 o 150 I 17 6 Plate edge planing machine . . 50 hours Shell drilling ditto 75 Furnace 20 3 o 300 45 IS 10 Materials and wages Expenses Cost, boiler only i wrought-iron manhole frame and cover, i wrought-iron mudhole ditto, and 4 wrought- iron branches, per tender (riveting included 376 o o 345 16 o 45 15 io ^ 391 ii 10 13 10 o Estimated gross cost boiler and saddles .. Add for profit say, 20 per cent Price for boiler, as above . . . . FURNACE FITTINGS AND MOUNTINGS AT PROFIT RATES. 2 doors, with plates, brass headings, etc., corn- 45 i 10 bi o__4 486 2 2 Brackets and bolts Cast-iron bearers o 3 14 320 o 4 9 o 6 6 I 12 8 i ii 6 6 16 6 i 6-in. steam junction valve i Hopkinson valve and plates . . . . . i dead-weight safety valve 7 10 o IO 10 900 300 i internal feed pipe and hangers I 10 i 5 o 5 10 o cast-iron stand pipe for ditto . . t internal scum troughs and hangers ., anti-priming pipe (round) .. . ,. Bourdon steam gauge, 7 in. sets brass water-gauges and glasses . . . brass water-level index 2 fusible plugs and spare caps i 3-in. blow-on' cock, brass i cast-iron elbow pipe i floor frame and plate 2 flue doors and frames . . . . . . . i damper and mountings .. .. . .. Bolts and jointing material .. . .. Fitting on mountings in shop . . . Number of boilers required Deduct 25 per cent, for 3 720 12 O 40 o 30 o i 5 o 4 10 o i 15 o 200 400 066 300 5 10 o o 15 c 2 15 C i 5 o 400 I IS 200 579 4 4 1__ 737 13 o 43 8 6 Quote 1,694 net on wagons at our shop . . 694 4 6 LANCASHIRE BOILERS. 219 The two examples just given, being in complete detail, suffi- ciently explain themselves. It will be noted that a small special sum is placed in the expenses column opposite the plate edge planer and the shell drilling machine. These machines not being used fjr every boiler made, it was con- sidered necessary to fix a small additional rate for them to cover such expenses drills, tool steel, &c. as were sj ecial to them, although the wages of the men who worked Uiem were included with the boiler makers. Example No. 156 may be taken as fairly representative of a high-class Lancashire boiler, both as regards the boiler proper and its equipment. Some makers would prefer to make a boiler of this type and for so high a pressure with the longi- tudinal joints in the furnaces and flues welded and the circular joints flanged and with the Galloway tubes welded in, in which case some of the higher brands of iron would probably be used in preference to steel. The cost of a pair of furnaces and flues so made would be between 100 and 120, and would bring the total cost of the boiler below that of the example, as the steel expansion hoops, when used throughout, add very consider- ably to the cost of the boiler, though they undoubtedly make a fine job. As already intimated, estimates for boilers are frequently made up in a much more summary fashion, as, for instance : EXAMPLE No. 157. Estimated cost of one Lancashire boiler 32 ft. long by 7 ft. 6 in. diameter, with furnaces and flues 3 ft. diameter, 12 Galloway tubes, 2 expansion hoops of steel, " Best " iron throughout, except furnaces, which are to be of mild steel. Working pressure, 70 Ib. Hydraulic test, 120 Ib. Tons. s. s. d. i Lancashire boiler, as above . . 13 o o " 5 146 5 o Making ditto and expenses 5 15 74 '5 o 221 i cast-iron manhole frame and cover 2 10 O I mudhole ditto .. 2 10 O 4 branches .. ., 2 10 228 10 o Add for profit, say 20 per cent 45 14 o 274 4 o Mountings, etc. (these are generally detailed, and it is desirable that they should be for reference) 85 o o 359 4 o Cartage, putting on seat and fixing mountings 15 10 o 374 14 o Quote 375 net. 22O STEAM BOILERS. For many situations where considerable heating surface is required, but where space or other considerations preclude the adoption of an ordinary Lancashire boiler, and Boiler particularly for shipment abroad, multitubular boilers possess many advantages. The tallowing is an example of an estimate for a useful type of multitubular boiler : EXAMPLE No. 158. Estimated cost of one multitubular boiler, 16 ft. long by 6 ft. diameter, with two furnaces, 7 ft. long by 2 ft. 4 in. diameter ; one combus- tion chamber, i ft. 9 in. long, 5 ft. 2 in. wide, and 3 ft. high ; and 55 iron tubes, 7 ft. 3 in. long by 3! in. outside diameter, including 7 sta.f tubes; end plates single, front stayed with 4 gusset plates, and back with 9. Rivet holes of shell drilled after plates are rolled. Edges of plates planed ; working pressure, 60 Ib. ; hydraulic test, 100 Ibs. ; longitudinal seams, shell double riveted : 5. d. Shell, 15 plates, f-in. steel Furnaces, 4 plates, f-in. steel Combustion chamber, A-in. and |-in. steel, i elliptical tube plate, f-m. steel Back end plate, 6 ft. diameter x f-in. steel . . Front 6 ft. 8 in. diameter x -^-in. cvvt. 48 IS 5 4 6 qr. 2 2 2 2 Ibs. o o 21 O 7 o s. ii ii ii ir ii ii d. o o o & 8 3 2 3 3 s. 8 10 2 4 12 n d. 6 7 3 6 1 Angle iron, 3 xsxj-in. ends, BBB Gusset plates. B Angle iron for gusset plates, B. Rivets steel.. . ... . . 5 4 2 I 3 o o 12 9 9 o o 3 i 18 4 o 3 9 VO o 14 o 12 O O IO O 48 plain tubes, 7ft. 4 in. xsf-in. outside di- ameter x No. 9 W. G., expanded at one end to s| in. = 352 ft., at 7 stay tubes, 7 ft. 6 in. x T 5 ri -in. thick, screwed at both ends = 51 J ft 21 nuts for tubes Boilermakers' wages Driller and attendant at tube plates Shell drilling machine . . . . 25 hours Plate-edge planing machine . . 20 Furnace 18 Paint, painting and sundries (18 (2 3 3 12) 8) i 2 I 3 o o 4 o r? 5 i 50 i 2 I 12 o 15 14 5 o o o 21 16 Material and wages Expenses .. . . 137 21 I 16 IO o Gross cost boiler Wrought-iron for man and mudhcle rings and plate for feed valve . . . . . . i patent manhole door .. I mudhole door Cast-iron branches 2 3 IO 7 16 o 158 I I O 17 I I 14 ft 10 6 6 o O 15 2 Boilermakers' Wages I 18 O IS 2 o IS Estimated cost boiler and saddles .. .. Add for profit 30 per cent 166 49 3 16 9 Furnace fittings and mountings . . . Price free on rails at works, net . . . . 2IS 58 2/3 19 19 9 9 As in the case of large steam engines, tenders for new boilers are usually accompanied by specifications setting out in more DIVERSITY SPECIFICATIONS. ^| .22-1 or less detail the dimensions of the boilers, thickness of plates, style of riveting, and any features of construction * mountin S supposed to have special merits or advantages. Most large boilermakers have printed specifications of the standard type or types of boilers which they make, the printed form having certain blank spaces left in it, where the dimensions of the various parts of a boiler may be filled in by hand, according to the requirements of any particular case. The following is a sufficiently detailed form for ordinary Lancashire boilers, viz. : Copy of Boiler Specification. Victoria Boiler Works, Blanktown, Nov. , 1888. SPECIFICATION OF NEW STEAM BOILER FOR M... The boiler will be of the Lancashire type, constructed in accordance with the- best modern practice, principally by the aid of patent machine tools specially designed for the various processes, so as to secure the greatest possible accuracy and soundness throughout. . SHELL. The shell will be ft. long by ......... diameter, and will be made in rings, plates to each ring, of plates of an inch in thickness. The longitudinal seams will be jointed and riveted, and crossed so as to avoid a continuous line of rivets. The circular seams will be riveted. The edges of the plates will be planed, and the rivet holes will be drilled after the plates have been rolled and put in position. Each end will be provided with a solid welded ring of angle iron for attaching to- the end plates, the ring at the front end being fixed externally. FURNACES AND FLUES. The furnaces will be ft in. in diameter and ft in. long, made in rings, each ring of a single plate of and of an inch thick. The longitudinal seams will be jointed and riveted and placed below the fire-bed. The circular seams- will be The flues will be ft in. in diameter, in rings, each ring cf a single plate, all of and of an inch in thickness. The longitudinal seams will be jointed and riveted. The circular seams will be Each flue will have conical water circulating tubes arranged in- the usual alternately vertical and diagonal manner. The last ring in each flue will be tapered to ft in. in diameter to facilitate cleaning and inspection. ENDS. Each end will be made of a rolled plate of and of an, inch in thickness, with the edges turned up in lathe and the holes for the flues cut out by machine and accurately finished. Each end will be sufficiently stayed to the shell by means of strong gusset plates with double angle irons. MANHOLE, MUDHOLE AND BRANCHES. The boiler will be provided with a iron manhole frame riveted on top of shell, and a iron mudhole frame on the front end plate below the furnaces, both with strong faced covers with the necessary bolts and nuts and crossbars. branches of will be riveted to the shell to receive the mount- ings. All the flat flanges of the frames and branches will be turned or planed. The boiler will have the following fittings and mountings, viz. : FURNACE FITTINGS. Two wrought-iron furnace fronts with cast-iron doors 222 STEAM BOILERS. having air-regulating slides, brass headings, cast-iron dead plates, wrought-iron brackets, cast-iron bearers and set of fire bars complete. STEAM VALVE. One inch steam junction or stop valve with brass spindle, gland, valve lid and seat. SAFETY VALVE. One Hopkinson high-steam and low-water safety valve complete. (And so on with the other mountings.) PRESSURE. The boiler will be suitable for a daily working pressure of Ib. per sq. in., and will be proved by hydraulic pressure to Ib. per sq. in. before leaving our works, and in the presence of your engineer or inspector. DELIVERY, &c. The boiler, mountings, &c., will be delivered by us free at , the boiler put upon its seat, and the mountings attached, for the sum of (Signed) It is probably better to give the price and terms in B. separate letter. CHAPTER XXII. COSTS' BOOK-KEEPING. WE shall now conclude by dealing, as fully as space will permit, with the keeping of costs. The subject has already been briefly introduced in chapter V, and it would be well if the student would re-read that chapter before going further. Great interest has of recent years been taken by those connected with the commercial work of engineering (and indeed numerous other manufacturing) establishments in the question of the best and most convenient methods of keeping costs accounts. The days are past when a manufacturing engineer of any considerable position was content to form an idea how his business was going on by an occasiona 1 examination of his bank book and of his stocks, even with a complete stocktaking and the preparation of a balance-sheet once a year. The necessity of being able to ascertain the cost of every individual job done throughout the year, promptly upon its completion, and even of being able to follow the progress of large and important jobs in systematic costs books, week by week, is now generally recog- nised. In most large engineering establishments arrangements more or less complete and reliable are now made with the view of securing these ends. In seeking to attain these objects, the manufacturer has two important considerations in view. In the first place, he wishes 224 COSTS' BOOK-KEEPING. to localise his profits or his losses he wishes to know what jobs have paid him, and on which, if any, he ^Accounts* has sustaine< ^ a l ss J anc * in the second place, he desires a safe guide by which to check his future estimates and determine his future tenders. It will be obvious that whilst a business may upon the whole be profitable, some portions may be the very reverse ; but unless a detailed system of costs be in use it will be impossible to know this, and the manufacturer may go on year after year keeping up an unprofitable department, or class of work, at the expense of other departments or classes. Again, a business may upon the whole result in a loss, but this may be entirely due to excessive losses in certain depart- ments or on certain classes of work. If, however, detailed costs are kept, the manufacturer can detect the weak place in a moment, and may therefore concentrate his attention upon it with a view of strengthening it ; or, if this be found impossible, he knows exactly what department or class of work he must abandon. Theordinary systems of book-keeping, whilst perfectly adapted for keeping the accounts of a manufacturer with the people from whom he buys and those to whom he sells, for exhibiting the conditions of a business as a whole at stated intervals, and for other general commercial purposes, are not adapted to the particular purpose of ascertaining and recording the costs of the individual jobs that makeup the business cf a general engineering establishment. Hence a special set of books must Special Books be Devised, anc j j j n i arge establishments a separate office should be appropriated to, and a special staff appointed, under the immediate supervision of the chief commercial manager, for the business of keeping the costs books. We shall here confine ourselves to the costs books proper, and shall only touch upon such counting-house books as admit of being used in connection with the keeping of the costs. Neither shall we attempt to discuss more than incidentally the relative merits of different systems, but shall content ourselves with setting out and illustrating one system : practicable, accurate, and sufficiently complete and detailed for all ordinary purposes. It would be easy to multiply books and forms for the keeping of costs to almost any extent ; it is desirable to attain the object OBJECTS IN VIEW. 225 in view with the fewest possible books and the minimum of labour. It is necessary to have the object to be attained clearly in view. That object is to keep a correct account of the cost of every job undertaken by the establishment, and to keep the account as closely as may be feasible concurrently with the progress of the work itself. It ought to be possible for a principal to call for particulars of the cost of any job in hand up to date, and to have a reliable statement put before him in the course of an hour, or two at the most. This will be rarely required, but should be always possible. For all ordinary purposes, it will be sufficient if the accounts of the costs of all work in hand are completed up to the end of one week or fortnight (according as wages are paid weekly or fortnightly), before the end of the next week or fortnight. Any less degree of readiness and completeness ought not to be considered satisfactory. As was previously pointed out, the cost of any piece of machinery may be best considered as made up of three elements viz., the cost of material used for the construction of the article ; the cost of labour directly expended upon it ; and a sum, most conveniently determined by a percentage upon the direct wages, to cover all the indirect expenses of the establishment. In the writer's opinion, the percentage added for indirect expenses should cover every item of expenditure which cannot be charged direct, but which is necessary, in the case of any establishment, to the production of the article in question. This percentage should, therefore, cover management and office expenses, depreciation or maintenance, and interest on capital, as well as rent, foremen's wages, and other items of indirect but necessary expenditure. It is sometimes contended that man- agement and office expenses and interest on capital should not be treated as elements of the cost of production. They enter, however, as elements into the cost of production, to a greater or less extent in nearly every establishment, and it is difficult to see what advantage is to be gained by treating them separately. Before the price of an article can be fixed, something must be added to the other elements of cost on account of interest, office and management expenses, and it is, therefore, surely better, and certainly more convenient, to let these items be covered by a general percentage which has been determined with reference Q 226 COSTS' BOOK-KEEPING. to the average volume and value of the business of an establish- ment, rather than to allow them to be covered by a separate rate determined by the whim or fancy of a principal at any particular moment. In some instances, as for example in the case of a firm making a specialty, advertising largely, and employing many travellers or agents, a useful purpose will be served by making a distinction between the cost of production and the cost of distribution ; but it will rarely be necessary to make such a distinction in the case of a general engineering establishment. We have already explained generally in a previous chapter the methods to be observed in ascertaining the indirect ex- penses of an establishment, and in apportioning these expenses properly over the different departments. The nature of these indirect expenses has also been fully dealt with. It is only necessary here to add two remarks : First, that in the scheme of cost-keeping about to be described, accounts are opened in the various costs books in the names of each department, or section of a department, and also in the name of the general indirect expenses of the establishment, and these accounts are kept exactly as the account for any order that may be in hand. That is to say, an account will be opened in the materials costs books and the wages costs books in the name of " Pattern-shop Indirect Expenses," and when the pattern-shop obtains a supply of nails or of glue for general use from the store, these items will be charged to the account in the former of the books named in the same way as a cylinder or any other item of material would be charged to the account under which it had been made ; and so on with all the other departments, no matter how many there are. By thus observing the same routine and using the same books for the indirect expenses accounts as for any contract that may be in hand, the work of keeping these accounts is much simplified and labour is saved. Secondly, we remark here that an elementary rule, the strict observance of which is indispensable to the satisfactory working of any scheme of cost-keeping, is that every item of expen- diture, must be charged to some account in the costs books. All expenditure for material intended for consumption or conver- sion in the works, or required for the maintenance of the buildings and fixed and loose p'ant in a proper state of repair; all expenditure for labour and management, for rent, rates, ORDER BOOK. 22/ taxes, insurance, interest ; all expenditure, in short, incurred for the working of the establishment, should be fully accounted for by the costs department in conjunction with the stores. It will be better if even expenditure on capital account is also passed through the costs books. Suppose it is intended to enlarge a building or put down a new machine tool, an order ought to be entered in the order book for this extension or o addition in the name of " New Buildings" or "New Fixed Plant " or " Capital Account" generally, and all expenditure in connection therewith should be dealt with in the costs books, just as in the case of an ordinary contract. It may be added that both the costs department and the general management must carefully see that items of wages and of miscellaneous expenditure are not heedlessly charged to the working expenses accounts. " When in doubt charge to the shop " would appear to be a rule which both workmen and clerks are extremely liable to follow, either consciously or un- consciously. It will help to hold this tendency to " charge to the shop " in check if it is made a rule that nothing is to be made for the shops, either to replace a worn-out utensil or to repair a machine tool, without an order being entered in the order book. The first essential element of a sound scheme of cost-keeping is an accurate and systematic method of recording orders, and dis- tributing these orders, together with specifications sufficiently complete and detailed, amongst the various depart- ments which will be concerned in their execution. In some establishments a number of order books are employed one for the general offices, one for the drawing offices, and one for each of the principal departments. This method, however, involves a large amount of labour, and is inconvenient, inasmuch as the foremen must be without their order books during certain parts of the day, whilst the books are being written up in the general offices. This plan would, indeed, appear to com- bine the maximum of labour with the minimum of advantage ; and is quite indefensible now that so many efficient methods of multiplying copies of writing are available. A far more convenient and perfectly satisfactory method of dealing with orders is the following : A general order book is provided and kept in the general offices. In this book every 228 COSTS' BOOK-KEEPING. ILLUSTRATIVE FORM No. i, ORDER BOOK. LEFT-HAND PAGE. Date when Ordered. Order No. NAME AND ADDRESS OF CUSTOMER. DESCRIPTION OF ORDER. 1 88 Jan. 6 67 Thomas Robinson and Sons, Victoria Saw Mills, Blanktown. One horizontal high pressure non-con- densing steam engine, with cylinder 9 x 1 8, to work at 100 revolutions per minute, and to indicate 15 h.p., with boiler pressure of 80 Ibs. ; metallic piston, steel rod, crank shaft and pin, hammered scrap-iron con- necting rod, plain slide valve, quick speed governor, equilibrium throttle valve, plain fly-wheel turned up on rim, feed pump, stop valve, and other mountings, cast-iron bedplate, foundation bolts, &c., complete, de- livered and erected as per specifica- tion. Jan. 6 68 James Smith, Castle Street Mills. One cast-iron elbow pipe to sketch ; face flanges and drill bolt holes. order is entered as received, its consecutive number put opposite, together with any necessary references as to the estimate book, tender book, or letter book. All that is necessary in this book is for the entries to be sufficiently descriptive of the work re- quired to be done. The arrangement of the book is shown above : ORDER BOOK. 22Q ILLUSTRATIVE FORM No. i. ORDER BOOK. RIGHT-HAND PAGE. Estimate Book Folio. 82 Specifica- tion or Tender Book Folio. - J3 99 Date when delivered, and space for any remarks or notes it may be desirable to record during pro- gress of work, or for instructions as to delivery of goods. Forward per G. N. R. to Blanktown Station ; Ro- binsons will cart to mill. See letter Jan. 24th. Delivered Feb. 188 Completed Feb. 22, 188 Folio in Sales or Day Book or No. of Delivery Docket. Docket Nos. 672 694 Verbal order by Mr. - to J. T. (pattern foreman). shop Day Book. 301 The book is of post size, giving a page of fully 15 in. in length, by 9^ in. width. Omitting the name of the customer, but leaving space for it, and putting in the order number, an exact copy of the entry in the order book is then written out in multiple copying ink on a " Shop Order Form." A separate form is taken for each entry. 23 COSTS' BOOK-KEEPING. The form is a single sheet or page, nearly 16 in. by 10 in., ruled as follows : ILLUSTRATIVE FORM No. 2. O.N? 67 Order No. 67 Issued to Drawing Office Shop Order completed Drawing Numbers. Description of Order and Enumeration of Parts here. This space is utilised for Remarks or Notes of Weights. - - .-- . ORDER FORMS. 23! The form is copied in a copying book as a record merely, and afterwards sent into the drawing or works' manager's office. Before being sent in, however, the name of the customer is written on in pencil, merely for the information Shop Orders. r , . . r , , J of the chief draughtsman, or works manager. It should be made a fixed rule for all formal orders to be sent into the shops through the drawing office. If the order is simply a casual one for some standard article or simple repair, and on the face of it enumerates all the parts that will be required, it is at once copied in a copying book, called the " Shop Orders Copy Book D. O." (Drawing Office). Then from the back or inked side of the leaf in the copy book, as many more copies will be taken, each on a separate sheet of stout paper, as there are departments through which the work *vill have to pass. For example, if the order be for " One cast- aron pulley, 30 in. by 9 in. face turned convex, bored 3 in. diameter (gauge herewith), and with one key bed cut," four copies will be taken, one each for the pattern-shop foreman, the foreman moulder, the turning-shop foreman, and the storekeeper. A boy, of course, takes the copies with the aid of a strong press. If the entry does not enumerate the parts required, the chief draughtsman sees that a complete enumeration of every part is written out on the same sheet or on continuations, with any special instructions and all necessary references to the numbers of the working drawings. This enumeration of the parts may appear a formidable task, but seeing that it has to be done by someone in some way, it is decidedly the best to have it done in the proper office at the outset. Much loss of time at subse- quent stages is thus avoided. Of course, it not infrequently happens that a job must be started before all the drawings are completed, and before all the parts can be enumerated. Supple- mentary order forms have then to be issued. In cases where a detailed estimate has been prepared in the drawing office, this is got back from the estimate clerk, the prices being first torn ofTat the side, and is utilised as the basis of the shop order sheets. Each sheet, before being sent to the fore- men, has the number of the order (which is already written on it) stamped at the head in bold figures by indiarubber stamps. Each foreman has a strong guard book in which to keep his sheets. The sheets are allowed to project at the top sufficiently 232 COSTS' BOOK-KEEPING. to enable the stamped number to be read, so that the book can be opened at any order number with perfect convenience. As soon as each foreman has finished his part of the work on any order, he initials the sheet and returns it to the drawing office ; and as soon as the order is entirely completed, the original sheet received from the general office, with every original addi- tion made in the drawing office, if any, is sent to the forwarding clerk. Where much jobbing is done it will frequently happen that work on an order is commenced before the order is entered at all. It is difficult to prevent this entirely. Engineers of mills and others will come and give their orders verbally to foremen or managers, and the work, if urgent, must be promptly started. For such cases the foremen have " Verbal Order Forms," upon one of which they must enter the particulars of the order, with the name of the customer and of the person giving the order,, and send it in to the general office to be entered, numbered, and passed through the usual course as soon as they conveniently can. The objects sought to be attained by a complete and sys- tematic method of distributing orders through the shops, such as the one just described, are principally two viz., first, to- ensure that nothing shall be made except under a distinct order ; and, secondly, to assist in securing accurate returns of material and workmanship from the shops. We have now to consider how these returns may be best obtained. First, as to material. It must be premised that all work is supposed to be done under an order number, and that anything made or done is to be charged against its number; except in the case of work done for the shop, in which case it will be done under arc order in the name of the shop account, and must be charged against that name. It is sometimes preferred to appropriate certain numbers to the different shop accounts, and have work done for the shops returned against those numbers. There can- be no particular object or advantage in adopting this plan, whilst the use of names for the shop accounts necessitates much less explanation in the case of new hands, and is less liable to- cause confusion or error than numbers. It will very often happen that other work will be returned MATERIALS. 233 against names against the names of customers, instead of against order numbers, especially where much jobbing is done. This cannot be entirely avoided, and is another of those irregu- larities which must be tolerated, and with regard to which dependence must be placed upon the scrutiny and supervision of the costs office. We have three general cases of material to deal with first, material bought specially from outside for particular jobs ; secondly, material, such as castings and forgings, manufactured ' Material ' m tne works ; and thirdly, sundries from the Three Cases, stores. Material or work is only ordered from First Case. ou t s ide upon a formal requisition being sent in to the general offices. The requisition is prepared and signed by one of the foremen, or by the storekeeper, or by some draughts- man in charge, and is always passed through the drawing office (or works' manager's office, which generally means the same thing), and countersigned by the chief draughtsman or manager. The requisition states the order number or name of account or department for which the material is required, and this number is entered on the order form in the " Outwards Order Book." 1 Upon the priced invoice being received, it is at once compared generally by the outwards orders clerk with the order, and stamped with a bold rubber stamp as follows : ILLUSTRATIVE FORM No. 3. REQUIRED FOR OUTWARDS O.B., folio , PRICE WEIGHT OR QUANTITY STORES JOURNAL, folio COSTS BOOK, folio INVOICE BOOK, folio In the first line is entered the number of the shop order, or the name of the account on behalf of which the goods were ordered. The first three lines and the last are filled up in the general offices. The invoice is then sent to the storekeeper,, who certifies the receipt of the goods, and the correctness of the weight, by putting his initials in the fourth line ; and if the goods were ordered for the stores, he enters the invoice in the " Stores Journal," and puts the folio or page in the fifth line. 234 COSTS' BOOK-KEEPING. The invoice then passes into the costs office, where, if the goods were ordered for stores, it is simply initialled in the sixth line to show that it has properly passed through the office. But if the material or work was ordered for some particular job or shop account, which will be apparent at a glance at the first line, there will be no folio, but simply the storekeeper's initials in the fifth line. The costs clerk will therefore enter the material in his " Costs Book Materials," against the proper order number, and put the folio in the sixth line. It will thus be seen that everything received must pass through the stores and costs office, and be accounted for by the one or the other, or by both. It may be here remarked that a good store and competent storekeeper are absolutely essential to the correct keeping of costs. It is impossible to obtain accurate and reliable returns of material used for different jobs unless the distribution of that material is carefully supervised and recorded. It will also be equally impossible to make up correct accounts of the departmental expenses. There- fore a well-organised store, under intelligent and, of course, reliable direction and control, should be one of the first objects of the proprietor or manager who desires to put his cost-keeping on a proper basis. Referring now to material manufactured in the establish- ment iron castings, for example. We have already explained how the foreman moulder gets his authority to make castings. In addition to the formal order sheet sent in to " the foundry, the patterns when sent there from the pattern shop have, as a rule, a ticket gummed on, stating the number of the order, and the number of castings required. After the castings are fettled or dressed, they are sent to the stores weighing machine, where the storekeeper, or an assistant, receives them, weighs them, and enters them, with the number of the order for which they are required (which has usually been chalked on the castings by the foreman moulder or under his direction), upon an " Iron Foundry Returns" sheet. If the castings require workmanship to be put upon them, they are sent, accompanied by a simple docket, stating number, weight, and order number, into the turning or fitting shop. If they are to be delivered as castings to the customer, the storekeeper MATERIAL. 235 retains them, pending the receipt of a forwarding order from the proper quarter. The return sheets are of post size and ruled, as follows : ILLUSTRATIVE FORM No. 4. IRON FOUNDRY RETURNS. Date Sheet No Total Sheets Order No. or Name. Number of 1 Castings. | Description of Castings. Cwt. Qr. Lb. The columns at the right-hand side which are left blank above are utilised for special notes or remarks, and occasionally in the costs office, for noting against particular castings the time spent in moulding them, the rate of the moulder's wages, and the total cost in wages. For example, if a casting has been made in loam, the word "loam" will be written boldly across these columns. The particulars of the time spent in moulding are frequently required by the manager or head clerk, who prices the castings in the sales book ; and whilst the total cost of moulding in wages is always to be found under each order number in the " Costs Book Summaries," and in the " Costs Book Wages," it is frequently desirable in the case of jobbing orders to have the particulars in greater detail. In such instances, the columns on the sheets can be very conveniently used for noting the necessary details. As soon as the sheets for the day are completed, they are copied in a press copy book in the stores office as a formal record that they were completed, and sent into the general offices, and finally into the costs office, where from them the particulars are posted by the costs clerk into the proper book 236 COSTS' BOOK-KEEPING. under each order number or account. Returns from the brass foundry and smithy are obtained in the same manner. It is desirable to have one man, under the supervision of the storekeeper, specially appointed to attend to the work which has just been described in connection with the shop returns sheets. In a moderately large establishment he may also attend to the giving-out of the raw material required by the foundries and smithy. In very large works, a subdivision of these duties will, of course, be necessary. In addition to goods ordered specially for particular jobs, and which are entered in the " Costs Book " direct from the invoices ; and material manufactured in the works, we have to deal with sundries supplied by the stores. Goods can only Third Case. be obtained from the stores under the authority of Stores. - r ^t j i j. a foreman, or ot an authorised leading hand, which authority is usually conveyed to the storekeeper in the shape of a simple docket or requisition form, on which is briefly stated what is wanted, and the order for which it is required. The docket is initialled by the foreman or leading hand, and is retained by the storekeeper after the goods have been given out. At intervals, and after a sufficient length of time has elapsed to make it unlikely that any question will arise respecting the goods supplied under the authority of the dockets, the accu- mulated papers are destroyed. As goods are handed out of the stores, they are entered in a " Stores Waste Book," which lies conveniently near to the delivery window or counter. This " Waste Book" merely records the number, weight and description of the articles, with the order number. Two " Waste Books " are in use (for alternate days), so that one may always lie at the delivery desk, whilst the other is in the stores office. From the " Waste Books " the storekeeper compiles a " Stores Supplied " sheet for every order number or account. The compilation of these sheets is simply a "posting" operation. In some establishments, instead of posting at once on to sheets, the entries are made in a book, under the different order numbers or accounts, and copies of the accounts as they appear in this book are made from time to time for the general or costs offices. It serves every useful purpose, however, to compile the "sheets" we are now describing, and to press- copy these sheets in a copybook, which latter, of MATERIAL. 237 course, will be properly indexed for convenience of reference. The " stores supplied " sheets are similar to those already described in connection with the orders and the foundry returns, but are differently tinted, and are ruled as follows : ILLUSTRATIVE FORM No. 5. STORES SUPPLIED. Order No Date supplied. Order No. ll Description of Articles. Cwt. Qr. Lb. Rate. s. d. The storekeeper is required to send in his sheets for all orders completed and all work in progress, weekly, to the general offices. He is also not infrequently called upon during the course of the week for immediate returns of orders completed, and for which priced invoices are required at once. The sheets from the stores are, like all the other returns sheets, first copied out by hand into books which are kept in the general office. The principal use of these books is to enable the forwarding clerk to check and fill in the particulars of weights and other details into his delivery dockets or advice notes, from the originals of which the entries are made in the Day or Sales Book. In small establishments this copying of the sheets may be dispensed with, and the forwarding clerk may use the " Costs Book Material " for filling up his delivery dockets. The sheets finally pass into the costs offices, where the particulars contained on them are entered into the " Costs Book Material." This book is a rather wide and not very deep Costs Book book each page measuring about 16 in. in width Jt . g fuled ^ follows .__ Material. 238 COSTS' BOOK-KEEPING. ^ i (0 OT" s sfi So a %& .si u n IH rt rder No. 1 ft X5 SUl^SB3 uoii jo uopduos -aQ pun J9qran^[ der Comple u 1 en 15 b O o 1 1 9 rt Q MATERIALS. 239 Two of these books are in constant use, one for jobbing orders and one for contracts. In the latter, orders are entered consecutively, as they come up in the returns, as much space being allotted to each as the costs clerk judges, from the nature of the order, will be required. In the jobbing book space is allotted to each regular customer, and all orders received from that customer are entered in the space reserved, each being kept separate, and entered as they come up in the returns. Jobs from casual customers are entered towards the end of the book. The two books are distinguished by having the letters J. and C., respectively, boldly stamped on the backs. In addition to these, the principal Materials' Books, two sub- sidiary books, are also used, one for "Special Castings" (loam Special Cast- or drysand) and one for " Special Forgings." The ings and costs of all loam, or dry-sand castings, are made up Forgings. separately in the former book ; the latter is used for making up the costs of forgings which it is desired to keep separate from the general body of a contract. The following will sufficiently illustrate the character and use of both books : ILLUSTRATIVE FORM No. 7. SPECIAL CASTINGS. COSTS BOOK." Order No C. B. M. fo. : Summaries fo. : Name of Customer. f s. d. C. qr. lb. s. d. Oct. Oct. 16 4 i horizontal engine cylinder . . Wages week ending 3 18 4 38 2 14 7-6 14 9 9 it II i) ii 4 14 b H 18 " I 10 2 10 3 o 10 3 o Total cost 38 2 14 12-9 24 12 8 The particulars of the wages shown in the above example are obtained from abstract sheets, to be presently described. The first intimation that the costs clerk will have that the cylinder in question is in hand will be from his work sheets. He will, when he has made up his wages abstract sheet for the week ending October 4th, open the entry as above in the " Special Castings Cost Book," but will, of course, have to leave the weight column and the date opposite the casting blank until the cylinder has 240 COSTS' BOOK-KEEPING. been cast. The filling in of the weight of the cylinder will probably be the last entry he will make under this heading, preparatory to calculating the total cost of the castings. Whilst, however, the costs of special castings and forgings are thus made up in detail in subsidiary books, they are always entered in the gross in the general Materials' Book as well, so that all essential particulars of the material supplied under any order number may be obtained on reference to one book. We have now explained the methods by which the costs de- partment obtains particulars of the material obtained or made fotf customers under the order numbers. It is not, however, Ascertaining sum ^ ent f r tne costs departments to be merely Costs of informed of the numbers and weights of the cast- Material, ings, forgings, and other parts, as such, which enter Casting's, &e. j n j- j-n e composition of the different jobs. It is necessary for the costs department to be also fully informed as to the quantity and character of the raw material used in the establishment for the production of the castings, forgings, and other parts, in order that they may determine such rates, for example, as the 'js. 6d. in the illustration just given, which was the cost of loam castings under every count except moulders' wages during a certain period. The necessary particulars, so far as material is concerned, are obtained from the storekeeper. All pig iron, scrap iron, coke and limestone for the iron foundry ; all copper, etc., for the brass foundry ; all bar iron, coal, breeze, etc., for the smithy pass through the storekeeper's books. In the case of the iron foundry the assistant storekeeper has a book ruled as follows : ILLUSTRATIVE FORM No. 8. DELIVERIES TO CUPOLAS. Date. No. i. Scotch Pigs. No. 3. Scotch Pigs. No. 4. Scotch Pigs. Haematite. Common Scrap. Light Scrap. Coke. ^wt. qr. Ib. :l We only show seven columns above. Each page of the book MATERIAL. 24! actually contains ten more. The above headings, being daily required, are printed ; the remaining columns have the headings left blank, so that they may be filled in by hand by the store- keeper's assistant according as they are required. As the dif- ferent classes of iron are weighed over the bridge the weights are entered in the proper columns. The totals under each column are added up at the close of each day's deliveries. A page of the book is taken for each day. - From this book a monthly summary is prepared on a sheet ruled exactly like the book itself, except that it has an addi- tional column at the left-hand side for dates. The totals of the different classes of iron supplied each day are entered in the proper columns, and the totals of the different classes supplied during the month are found by adding up the columns. If any quantity of a special brand of iron has been supplied to the furnace for a special casting, the order number under which the casting is made is noted under the entry of the weight of the iron. There is usually a small stock of pigs or other iron at the furnace bank or mouth. The weight of this can usually be estimated with sufficient accuracy, and is taken into account in the statement. That is to say, the first entries on the monthly sheet represent the stock at the furnace bank at the end of the preceding month. This is included in the addition of the columns, and then the stock at the bank when the summary is completed is deducted. The balance, of course, gives the quantity consumed during the month. This monthly summary sheet is sent in to the costs office, and from it a monthly statement of the overhead cost of castings, as illustrated in Chapter V., page 48, is prepared and entered in a book kept for the purpose. The particulars of the metals supplied to the brass foundry are recorded in an exactly similar method to that adopted for the iron foundry. The proper accounting for the bar iron and steel supplied to the smithy presents greater difficulties. In many establishments all bar iron and steel is simply charged to the smithy, and the price at which the material of a forging is rated in irgings. a cQst , g t ^ e p r j ce p er cw f. p a jd f or t^ bars, waste and loss being entirely covered in the percentage added for shop expenses. A somewhat less summary method is certainly desirable. R 242 COSTS' BOOK-KEEPING. The following answers for all practical purposes. The iron, etc., supplied to the smithy for the manufacture of forgings is recorded on sheets ruled as follows : ILLUSTRATIVE FORM No. 9. DELIVERIES TO SMITHY. Date. Order No. Class of Iron, &c. Special. General. Returned to Stock. Feb. 6 601 i Bar 3 in. Shop " Special " Steel 2 Bars i in. "Crown" 4 20S. 4 5 3 gs. 6 9 2 2G. 2 The two entries shown above will indicate the use of this sheet. All iron of ordinary character supplied to the smithy for the manufacture of general forgings is simply noted as supplied to the smithy itself, and is entered in the " general " column. The iron that appears in this column will only vary as to its cost price to very small extents one or two shillings. Probably none of this iron will be returned to store, except in the shape of a quantity of scrap at the end of the month. The weight of this scrap will be duly noted in the " returned " column. When, however, any bars of special character are supplied to the smithy, the order number of the job for which they are required is noted (the foreman smith's requisition to the storekeeper will give the number), and the iron or steel is entered in the " special " column. In the instance shown above it will be seen that half the bar of steel was returned, and this was considered as still worth the original price per cwt, and would consequently be taken back into the store at the full price. Only a small piece of the bar might have been returned, in which case it would only have been worth probably half-a-crown per cwt, and would have been so noted in the " returned " column. The costs clerk, in entering up order No. 601, will come WAGES. 243 across some forging of special steel weighing about 2 cwt., and will at once turn up the "deliveries to smithy " sheet, where he will find the particulars of the bar of steel supplied to the smithy for the job. From the price recorded as the price of the bar, and from the value of the returned part, if any is entered, he will ascertain and put down the price for the material con- tained in the forging. These sheets as completed are copied in a press copy-book, and at the end of the month are sent in to the costs office. They give the total weight of iron, etc., supplied to the smithy during the month, and at the same time show at a glance all the particulars required to determine the cost in material of any special cases. All material of a general character supplied to the foundries and smithy, such as does not enter directly into the composition of the castings and forgings produced, is recorded in the general stores sheets under the heads of the different shop expenses accounts. It will have been noticed that all material, whether in a raw condition, as for example pig iron for the foundry, or in a half manufactured condition in the form of castings or forgings for the turning or fitting shops, must pass through the stores. The strict observance of this rule will minimise error, secure regularity and economise labour. We come now to deal with wages, and the means to be adopted to secure that every penny paid for wages, like every penny paid for material, shall be charged against ages * some customer, or against some shop or expenses account in the costs book. In this connection we have the following books : First, a " Check Time Book," in which the names and numbers of all workmen are entered under their proper departments, and in which the arrival of the men, as indicated by their lime Book checks, is noted, in accordance with the system of "time checks" adopted. This it is unnecessary to describe in detail. This book is kept by the gateman, and records the total hours made by the men in the shops. From it the names and numbers of the men, Pay Book. to g et h er w ith the total time made by each, are entered in a " Pay Book," ruled with columns for the tofal 244 COSTS* BOOK-KEEPING. hours, rate? of wages, gross amounts of wages, deductions, and, net amounts of wages. The " Pay Book " is kept in the general office. From the " Check Time Book," also, the names and num- bers of all men are entered by the costs clerks in weekly "Work Books," the rates of wages being obtained from the "Pay Book." In the case of a considerable portion of the men that is to say, all foremen, engine-drivers or firemen, furnace-men, gate- keeper, storemen, and shop labourers, the costs clerks simply take the particulars of the total time made by Work Books. ., ,, . , ,, , them, or the wages paid them where these are standing or invariable wages, from the " Check Time Book" or the "Pay Book." But in the case of all journeymen or trades- men, apprentices and some labourers, the costs clerks obtain the particulars of the time made from the workmen themselves. These workmen will be employed on different jobs, in all. probability, during the week, and it is necessary to know how much time each man or apprentice has spent on each job. For ascertaining this, a costs clerk, in some establishments, goes round, ascertains the particulars from each man, and enters them in a book which he carries with him. It is, however, better to require the workmen to record the particulars themselves, either on slates, sheets on boards, or in books. Slates are rather heavy and inconvenient to handle, and are very liable to get broken. Books very soon Decome extremely dirty. Probably as good a material as any is a block formed by a stout, piece of common cardboard, with thirteen sheets of paper attached to it, and to one another also, by being thoroughly gummed all round their edges, except at one corner. Each sheet is large enough to contain a week's record (ten inches by eight inches is a good size), and is ruled with columns for the order number or name, the description of the job, and for each day in the week. When a sheet is filled, it is raised at the ungummed corner, and a knife slipped under, and run all round, thus detaching the sheet, and leaving z new one for a new week. The blocks are collected by a boy before breakfast each morning, and left in the costs office. They are distributed again during the forenoon. The particulars recorded by the men are entered in the weekly "Work Books," the total time being, at the end of WAG LS. 245 .week, checked by comparison with the " Pay Book." It is a rule that the amount of wages for each workman must agree in ,the two books before the wages are paid. The following example will illustrate the form and use of the " Work Books": ILLUSTRATIVE FORM No. 10. WORK BOOK. Week ending 6th Dec., 188 en Workman's m i ii Name and No. of Order or Customer's Description of Job. F. S. M. T. W. Th. E 1 Z Name. o cd T H TURNING SHOP. 324 William Brown. 601 Armstrong. 640 584 6o-5n. rope wheel . . Brass gland Valve-gear engine . . Gland cylinder 94 a 94 * 54 9 9i 9 o o 19 I 5 5 i 7 4 (fitter). 53? 32 I ii 8 201 John Jones. Walker & Co. Out time, per signed docket Allowance . . 54 30,' I o IO 6 o I 16 o 340 Thomas Green. Shop. (labourer). 4* I3/ o ii 3 '-" ' The entire wages of the establishment are dealt with in the rnanner indicated above. A book simply bound in a stout 246 COSTS' BOOK KEEPING. paper cover is used for each week. By using a book for each week, the work of posting or abstracting the wages can be carried on by one clerk without interfering with the work of entering up the books from the men's sheets. Each page of the work-book is nearly 16 in. deep by loin. wide. From the work-book the wages paid in all contract jobs and on account of OVl shop or general expenses are collected, under oiieeis. . . certain classes and under the order numbers or accounts, on " Abstract Sheets," which are large sheets ruled on one side only, as in Form No. i r. No headings are printed these being written in as required. That is to say, all the wages paid to draughtsmen on any contract job are collected together under the order number on the sheet, and the sum total found by adding up the collected items, and so on with the wages paid to pattern makers, moulders, smiths, and all other classes into which the workmen of the establishment are divided. It will be understood that all the columns on the " Abstract Sheets " are ruled alike. In the Illustrative Form No. u, the two first sets of columns are shown different from the rest simply for convenience in introducing the figures. From these figures it will be seen that three draughtsmen worked on job No. 60 1 during the week covered by this sheet, that they spent altogether 5 r hours on the work and received in wages on account of this job 2 $s. gd. The particulars of wages required for the loam castings and special forging books are also obtained from the work-book or abstract sheet. The totals of the wages paid to the different classes of work- men under each order number or account are then C S Wagesf~ posted from the abstract sheets into the " Costs Book Wages (C) " (contract and shop and general expenses accounts). This book is the same size as the " Costs Book Materials," and is ruled as in Form No. 12. The sums on each horizontal line are added up as soon as the posting for each week is completed, and the total put in the " totals" column. This column, therefore, shows at a glance the amount of w?ges that has been paid in any week on any contract. When a job is completed, all the vertical columns are added up, all the machinists grouped together (as a rule), and the totals posted to the " Costs Book Summaries," which will be presently described. WAGES. 247 ^ a . g w .CO o o <- sjnoj| S si* *. <= . ^ ^; '. . is o .2 ^ sjnoj-i *o 1 '>*? ^s t/) CO | *HJ o 'SjajnoqBT o 5 h^l ^<. sjnoH e en 0) 5JJ p. r^ S2 15 u5 S o o J <-* O M ^ sanoH o TJ 75 M c5 IPIAI P U B > M 10 SJ3MI.!! ^ j O g ^1 <-rf *S sanoH 1 saapinojAi ^0 M a M -U99JO v^j O C ^ 2 sanoH sjsptno^ v> ^ | oo 00 t uiBoq V+,0 M 1 >0 C (/) ^JM bf g Woo o II oSl *__ V+J M CO q g f. Lining Brasses (14) 75. 8d. . . IO o I 9 IO 5 lo i 2 9 In addition to the three columns shown above, which are utilised for collecting the wages paid to the pattern-makers, turners and fitters, there are a number of other columns which we omit in order not to overcrowd our illustration. Altogether there are columns with printed headings for the following, and in the following order, viz., draughtsmen, pattern-makers, loam moulders, green-sand moulders, smiths, machinists, fitters and millwrights, and two blank columns. The book is the same size as the " Contracts Costs Book/ and in order to gain space for the descriptive columns, all the machinists are grouped under one heading, and the money columns are ruled for shillings and pence only. In the course of t!_e month (the accounts for jobbing work are presented WAGES. , 249 monthly) probably several ,orders for jobbing .work will be sent in by Thomas 'Smith and Co., and, it may be, two cr three different orders will be running through the shops at the same time for them. It will not infrequently happen that the returns of the workmanship will be found rather mixed, but from the brief descriptions thus brought forward and collected into the ;" Costs Book," the manager who prices the accounts in the *' Sales Book " will usually have no difficulty in appropriating the different items to the proper entries as taken from the forwarding clerk's delivery dockets, which contain, besides an enumeration of the articles supplied, a brief description of the work done upon them, which the forwarding clerk obtains from the foreman and checks by the order. It will thus be seen that this book is designed with the double object of facilitating the charging of the jobbing accounts, and for ascertaining quickly the total wages which have been paid on account of any job done for a customer, or, at least, paid on his account during any period, it being only necessary to add Mp the vertical money columns and bring their totals into the final totals column for the latter purpose. The results shown by the materials and wages costs books Costs Book are finally collected into the " Costs Book Sum- Summaries, maries," which is a private book accessible only to the principals and confidential members of the staff. We give an illustration of this book overleaf, selecting for example? a srr.al 1 contract and a small jobbing account. The letters S. B. and the figures under, refer to the folios in the Sales Book ; the letters C. and J., and the figures annexed, refer to the folios in the Materials Costs Books, Contract and Jobbing, and to the corresponding Wages Costs Books. The figures in the % column indicate the percentages on the wages, which are added on account of all indirect expenses the actual amounts of the " expenses " so calculated appear in the expenses column. It will be readily understood that a book cf this kind, properly kept, will constitute a most valuable summary of the entire business of the establishment. All the jobs completed in any one month are entered up consecutively in this book, so that the entries correspond with the monthly entries in the " Sales Book." Hence to determine. 250 COSTS' BOOK-KEEPING. ILLUSTRATIVE FORM No. 14. DflJ COSTS BOOK SUMMARIES. LEFT-HAND PAGE. BROWN AND JONES. June 10 O. No. 712 Eight lines of wrought-iron shafting, s-in. diameter, each line 40 ft. long, in 2 lengths, joined by cast-iron flange couplings, with turned bolts. July 4 S. B. Delivered f. o. r. here. July 0. No. 780 THOMAS SMITH AND Co. 791 Sundries. S. B. 315 approximately at least, the profit that has been made in any month, it is only necessary to add up the two last columns in this book, and to subtract the one from the other. We say "approximately," because the sums which appear in the "total .cost" column include an item which, in the nature of the case, is problematical that is, the shop or indirect and general ex- penses. We have now traced all the elements that go to constitute a complete cost through the different books to their final destina- tion. The following diagram shows the relations of the books : MATERIALS. Invoices. Iron Foundry Returns. Brass Stores. LBra: Smithy Cost .Costs Books Materials (Special Castings and Forgings Books. ) "' I rials. 1 WAGES. Time Book. Pay Book. Men's Sheets. Work Books.. (Abstract Sheets.) Costs Books Wages. -Costs Books Summaries. - It only remains to add that certain items of a private cha- racter, such as managers' salaries, interest, and a few others, are furnished by the cashier in a gross sum to the chief costs clerk, when required for the purpose of completing, yearly or half- SUMMARIES. 251 ILLUSTRATIVE FORM No. 14. COSTS BOOK SUMMARIES. RIGHT-HAND PAGE. Fol. Weights. Cost Materials. Wages. % Expenses. Total Cost. Price. ii C 4 6 J 14 Ji6 Wrought-iron Cast-iron Stores (Bolts, etc.) .. Machinists Fitters .. Cast-iron Brass Pattern-makers Machinists . . Fitters .. ;6 ri o 2 2 I 18 10 ( 63 (0 3 2 3 ii 16 8 ii o 9 16 15 8 7 150 5 13 o II 7 10 ^9 I 18 46 ii 7 10 12 3 75 150 50 13 18 10 71 2 8 95 o 2 14 12 6 3 1C I 13 10 3 4 4 I 3 I 8 12 6 10 9 4 I 1 1 i 12 6 19 4 6 I 9 3 6 'o II 3 i yearly, as the case may be, the various " expenses " accounts in the costs books. Space will not permit us to illustrate the different shop or in- direct expenses accounts. These accounts are, however, as already stated, simply treated as contracts, such items as rents and rates being dealt with as materials, and entered in the " sundries" column in the " Materials Costs Book." At the end of the year, summaries of all the indirect expenses accounts are collected together in the "Summaries Costs Book"; an abstract of all the items of indirect expenses, under their different head- ings, which have been included in the costs accounts of the year, is made ; and a comparison instituted, by which the accuracy of the percentages which have been used during the year is tested, and the percentages to be used in the succeed- ing year determined. , K APPENDIX. TABLE OF ENGINEERING WAGES IN LONDON COMPARED WITH TWO OTHER ENGLISH ENGINEERING CENTRES. OCTOBER, 1889. LONDON. MANCHESTER. NEWCASTLE-ON- TYNE. From From From Pattern Makers 5. d. s. d. 39 o to 41 o s. d. s. d. 38 o 5. d. s. d. 25 o to 38 6 Iron Moulders ^8 o ,, 42 o 38 o 24 o 37 o Smiths 38 o ,, 40 o 34 25 o 37 6 Smiths' Strikers 24 o 20 o 21 o 23 o Iron Turners 38 o ,, 42 o 32 o to 38 o 24 o 38 6 38 o ,, 40 o 26 o 29 o 21 o 32 o Drillers 38 o 24 o 29 o 18 o 23 o Fitters 38 o ,, 40 o 32 o 36 o 24 o 38 o Millwrights 39 o ,, 42 o 34 o 38 o 24 o 38 o Brass Finishers 38 o 32 o 38 o 24 o 37 o General Labourers 18 o ,, 24 o 17 o 20 o 18 o 20 o As the large engineering centres, except London, are either in the midst of, or very convenient to, iron, coal and coke pro- xiucing districts, most classes of engineering material cost con- siderably more in London than in the other principal engineering towns. The disadvantage of London in this respect, of course, varies with the material and with the district with which the comparison is made. As a matter of fact, the special brands of Yorkshire iron, for example, cost less in London than in Glasgow or Bristol ; but, upon the whole, it may be taken that the greater portion of heavy engineering raw material costs from 5 to 15 per cent, more in London than in most other larje manu- facturing centres. I N D E X. \ BSTRACT sheets for wages, 246 f\ Account for engine repairs, 199 Allowance, men's, 35 Allowances for turning, &c., 14 Alloys, brass, &c., costs of, 49 Alteration of patterns, 18 Asbestos, 32 T) EETLING engines, 166 J-) Bleaching machinery, 160 ,, kiers, 161 Blow-off cocks, 176 Boiler makers, rates for, 213 plates, 212 ,, shop expenses, 214 ,, specifications, 321 Boilers, yarn &nd cloth, 161 steam, 207 donkey, 215 ,, Cornish, 215 ,, Lancashire, 215 ,, Multitubular, 220 Bolts and Nuts, 31, 59 Bowling forgings, 70 ,, bars, 71 ,, plates, 212 Bowls for mangles, &c., 164 Brackets, examples of, 61 Brass, purposes used for, 10 rates for, 29 composition and costs of, 50 ,, foundry expenses, 49 ,, taps and valves, 178, 179 Breakdowns, engine, 197 Brickmaking plants, 167 /CALENDERS, bleachers', 163 V Candles, 32 Cast iron, purposes used for, 9 rates for, 23 Cast iron, fixings, 57, 58 tanks, 136 Castings, iron, costs of, 48 brass, 49 books and forms, 235, 239, 240 Cements, rates for, 32 Clay grinding mills, 169 pugging mills, 169 Cloth boilers, 161 Coil springs for pistons, 202 Collars, loose for shafting, 8r, 85 Columns, cast-iron, estimates for, 38 Commercial knowledge, importance of, 2 Condensers, engine, 193 Copper, purposes used for, 10 hydraulic tube, 33 Cornish boilers, 216 Cost, elements of, 43, 225 ,, of material, how ascertained, 233 Costs accounts, objects of, 224 ,, books for, 224 order book, 227 order forms, 230 invoices, 233 ^ books, for material, 237 forgings, 241 special castings, 239 , wages, 245, 247 ,, ,, summaries, 250 Couplings, 173 Crab winches, 149, 150 Cranes, wharf, 151 warehouse, 150 Crank shafts, 201 pedestals, 40, 201 pin, 201 Cupolas, delivery of iron to, how re- corded, 240 Cutting tables, brick, 169 Cylinders, re-bcring, 36 254 INDEX. pvEPARTMENTAL expenses, 45 JLS Donkey pumps, 144 ,, boilers, 215 Doors, iron, 137 Draughtsmen, rates for, 34 Drawing office expenses, 46, 52 Drillers, rates for, 35 T^ RECTING-SHOP expenses, 52 -EL Erection of machinery, 36 Estimates, different methods of price- in^ 21 Estimating weights of material, n workmanship, 33 Extras on boiler plates, 211 VALVES, 177 JP Files, rates for, 31 Firebars, rates for, 28 Fireproof doors, 137 Fitters, rates for, 33 Fitting-shop expenses, 52 Fly-wheel castings, rates for, 26 Foremen, use of, for estimating, 20 Forgings, rates for, 28 ,, varieties of, 70 ,, makers of, 72 books and forms for, 242 Freights, 36 41 /^ALLOWAY " TUBES, 213 \Jf Gauge cocks, 179 Grinders, rates for, 35 T T AMMERED scrap forgings, 70 JLJ. ,, makers of, 72 Hangers, estimate for, 39 ,, examples of, 61 lists of, 63, 85 Hauling gear for clay, 170 Hoists, warehouse, 152 Hydraulic presses, varieties of, 155 i, M " warehouse, 156 ii ii repairs of, 159 : ti i, list of, 159 ti ii pumps, 159 TNDIA RUBBER, rates for, 32 JL Indicated horse power, 186, 189 Indirect expenses, how ascertained, 44, 225, 251 i, departmental, 45,214 ., M table of, 52 Invoices, 233 Iron bars, rates for, 28, 71 ,t ,, makers of, 72 boiler plates, 212 ,, forgings, 29, 70 ii makers of, 72 borings, 32 ,, doors, costs of, 137 ,, foundry expenses, 47 returns, 235 KIERS, bleaching, 161 Kirkstall bars, 71 LABOUR, prices paid for, 23 Labourers, rates for, 36 Lancashire boilers, 217 Lead, purposes used for, 10 sheet, 32 Loom castings, rates for, 27 Lo .v Moor forgings, 70 bars, 71 plates, 212 A/T ACHINE-SHOP expenses, 51, Machinists, rates for, 35 Mangles, bleachers, 163 Materials, basis costs of, 22 prices for, 23 cost of, how ascertained, 233 ,, costs book for, 237 Mill fixings, 55, 58 Milling machine men, rates for, 35 Millwright work, rates for, 83 > ,, contracts, 129, 131 Millwrights, rates for, 34 "Molesworth," n Mortar mills, 171 Multitubular boilers, 220 XT ECK LEATHERS, rates for, 33 Nominal horse power, 184 DER BOOK, 227 Order forms for shop use, 230 INDEX. 255 PAINT, rates for, 32 Pattern makers, rates for, 34 Pattern-shop expenses, 47, 52 Patterns, utilisation of old, 18 Pedestals, 38, 39, 40, 65 lists of, 69, 85 Pipes, cast-iron, rates for, 27 ,, steam and water, rates for, 31 Piping, hydraulic, rates for, 33 Piston springs, rates for, 33 Pistons, 202 1'ianers, rates for, 35 Plates for boilers, 211 ,, rates for, 212 Presses, hydraulic, 155 Prices, how determined, 3 Profit, how made and modified, 3 Pug mill, clay, 169 Pulley castings, rates for, 26 ,, patterns, 86 Pulleys, 39, 91 lists of, 99 rates for, 90, 98 varieties cf, 88 Pump leathers, rates for, 33 Pumps, barrel, 141 list of, 144 ,, direct-acting steam, 145 donkey, 144 ,, list of, 145 ,, hydraulic, 158 plunger, 140 list of, 141 steam, 144 y^vUANTITIES, calculation of, n RE-COGGING wheels, 123-127 ,, rates for, 127 Repairs, estimating for, 40 engine, 197 Rolled bars, rates for, 71 , , , , makers of, 72 Rope drives, advantages of, 101 [102 ,, ,, conditions favourable to, ,, pulley castings, 26, no ,, pulleys, 39, 41. 4 list Of, III ,, moulding, 101 yarn, 32 Ropes for driving, 103 SAFETY VALVES, 179 Scrap metal, rates for, 9 Screwers, rates for, 35 Scotch bars, 71 ,, plates, 212 ^ Shafting, 39, 73, 80 , list of, 85 materials for, 70 ,, cheap, 80 Shaping-machine men, rates for, 35 Slotters, rates for, 35 Smiths, rates for, 36 Smiths'-shop expenses, 50, 52 Specialization of engineering work, 133 Specialties, considerations affecting prices of, 7 Specifications, varieties of, 5 millwork, 132 engine, 205 boiler, 221 Staffordshire bars, 71 ,, plates, 212 Stram boilers, Cornish, 216 ,, . ,, donkey, 215 ,, ,, estimating cost, 208 ,, Lancashire, 217 ,, materials of, 210 ,, multitubular, 220 ,, progress in making, 208 ,, specifications, 221 [35 engines, charges for per hour, compound, 188 ,, condensing, i r 8 estimating prices, 187 ,, non-condensing, 187 ,, rates per n.h.p., 187 i.h.p., 189 renewals of parts, 200 repairs, 197 specifications, 205 ,, varieties of, 181 pumps, 144 valves, 174 lists of, 178 Steel bars, rate for, 28, 71 ,, ,, makers of, 72 ,, boiler plates, 212 ,, forgings, rates for, 29, 70 ,, ,, makers of, 72 - - - purposes^ used fcr^io 256 INDEX. Stores and storekeeper, 234 ,, accounts, 237 Sundries, rates for, 30 TALLOW, 32 Tanks, cast-iron, 136 Tenders, considerations affecting, 4 for repairs, 42 ,, for millwright work, 132 for engines, 206 ,, for boilers, 221 Timber, purposes used for, 10 ,. rates for, 30 Time books and sheets, 243 Tuck's packing, 32 Turners, rate for, 35 Turning-shop expenses, 51, 52 Turning, time occupied ir, 18 V ALVES, engine, 200 feed, 177, 179 junction, 175, 179 lists of, 178, 179 safety, 179 steam, 174, 179 slap, 174, '79 WAGES, books for, 245,247 Wall boxes, 57, 61 Warehouse cranes, 150 ,, hoists, 152 Water gauge cocks, 179 Weights, calculation of, it Wharf cranes, 151 Wheels, 39, 115, 120, 126 ,, bevil, 117 machine moulded, 24, 114 making, 114 mitre, 118, 119, 124 mortise, 122, 124, 126 prices for, 24 re-cogging, 123, 127 list of, 127 varieties of, 113 Winches, crab, 149, 162 Work books and sheets, 244 Workmanship, estimating, 16 rates for, 23 Wrought iron, purposes used for, 10 rates for, 28 plates,2i2 Y ARN BOILERS, i6x OGDEN, SMALE AND CO, LIMITED, PRINTERS, GREAT SAFFRON HILL, B.C. " To all manufacturers we commend the study of ^Factory Accounts.' "Athenaum. Just published. Fourth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Demy 8vo, 280 pages. Price 6s. (post free), strongly bound. FACTORY ACCOUNTS: THEIR PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE. & i^au&booft for Accountants auB manufacturers, WITH APPENDICES ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF MACHINE DETAILS; THE INCOME TAX ACTS; THE RATING OF FACTORIES; FIRE AND BOILER INSURANCE; THE FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACTS, etc. INCLUDING ALSO A GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND A LARGE NUMBER OF SPECIMEN RULINGS. By EMILE GARCKE and J. M. FELLS. OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. The Athenaeum. " Messrs. Garcke and Fells have rendered good service to industrial economy by the statement of the principles which regulate the proper keeping of factory accounts. . . . Carefully and lucidly explained by the authors. To all manufacturers we commend the study of * Factory Accounts.' To railway pro- prietors it may be suggested that the adoption of the system here sketched out would lead to a large and permanent increase of dividend, as enabling them to ascertain the respective profit or loss of the various branches of their traffic, as to which they are at present entirely ignorant." Industrial Review. "The authors maybe congratulated upon having ren- dered a service to all interested in industrial pursuits, since they have reduced the art of factory book-keeping to order and method. . . . The principle proposed is sound, and the details are readily adaptable to any class of business, even where the number employed is comparatively small. The volume is, on the whole, accurate, philosophical and reliable ; and inasmuch as to the man of business it will teach much and suggest more, it may be commended as supplying a want, and as facilitating good book-keeping by one's own servants." The Electrician. 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STANDARD BOOKS FOR ENGINEERS, etc. PUBLISHED BY CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON. THE WORKS' MANAGER'S HANDBOOK OF MODERN RULES, TABLES AND DATA. For Civil and Mechanical Engineers, Mill- wrights and Boiler Makers ; Tool Makers, Machinists and Metal Workers ; Iron and Brass Founders, &c. By W. S. HUTTON, Civil and Mechanical Engineer. With upwards of 150 Illustrations. Fifth Edition, carefully Revised, with Additions. In One thick Volume, medium 8vo, price 155., strongly bound. "The author treats every subject from the point of view of on- who has collected work- shop notes for application in workshop practice, rather than from the theoretical or literary aspect. The volume contains a great deal of that kind of information which is gained only by practical experience, and is seldom written in books." Engineer. "The volume is an exceedingly useful one, brimful with engineer's notes, memoranda and rules, and well worthy of being on every mechanical engineer's bookshelf There is valuable information on every page." Mechanical World. THE PRACTICAL ENGINEER'S HANDBOOK, comprising a Treatise on Modern Engines and Boilers, Marine, Locomotive and Stationary. And containing a Large Collection of Rules and Practical Data Relating to Recent Practice in Designing and constructing all kinds of Engines, Boilers and other Engineering Work. The whole constituting a Comprehensive Key to the Board of Trade and other Examinations for Certificates of Competency in Modern Mechanical Engineering. By WALTER S. HUTTON, Civil and Mechani- cal Engineer, Author of " The Works' Manager's Handbook for Engineers," &c. With upwards of 370 Illustrations. Fourth Edition, carefully Revised, with Additions. Medium 8vo, price 185. strongly bound. " We have kept it at hand for several weeks, referring to it as occasion arose, and we have not on a single occasion consulted its pages without rinding the information of which we were in quest." Athenceum. "A thoroughly good practical handbook, which no engineer can go through without learn- ing something that will be of service to him." Marine Engineer. STEAM BOILER CONSTRUCTION : A Practical Handbook for Engineers, Boiler-Makers and Steam Users. Containing a Large Collection of Rules and Data Relating to Recent Practice in the Design, Construction and Working of all Kinds of Stationary, Locomotive, and Marine Steam-Boilers. By WALTER S. HUTTON, Civil and Mechanical Engineer, Author of " The Works' Manager's Handbook," "The Practical Engineer's Handbook," &c. With upwards of 300 Illustrations. Second Edition. Medium 8vo, 185. cloth. " Every detail, both in boiler design and management, is clearly laid before the reader. 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CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON, 7, Stationers' Hall Court, London, E.G. STANDARD BOOKS FOR ENGINEERS, etc. PUBLISHED BY CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON. THE NAVAL ARCHITECT'S AND SHIPBUILDER'S POCKET BOOK of Formulae, Rules and Tables, and Marine Engineer's and Surveyor's Handy Book of Reference. By CLEMENT MACKROW, Member of the Institution of Naval Architects, Naval Draughtsman. Fifth Edition, Revised and Enlarged to 700 pages, with upwards of 300 Illustrations. Fcap., 125. 6d., strongly bound in leather. " Should be used by all who are engaged in the construction or design of vessels. . . . Will be found to contain the most useful tables and formulae required by shipbuilders, carefully collected from the best authorities, and put together in a popular and simple form." Engineer. " The professional shipbuilder has now, in a convenient and accessible form, reliable data ior solving many of the numerous problems that present themselves in the course of his work." Iron. " There is scarcely a subject on which a naval architect or shipbuilder can require to refresh his memory which will not be found within the covers of Mr. Mackrow's book.'" English Mechanic. THE PRACTICAL MECHANIC'S WORKSHOP COM- PANION. Comprising a great variety of the most useful Rules and Formulae in Mechanical Science, with numerous Tables of Practical Data and Calculated Results for Facilitating Mechanical Operations. By WILLIAM TEMPLETON, Author of "The Engineer's Practical Assistant," &c. Seventeenth Edition, Revised, Modernised and considerably Enlarged by WALTER S. HUTTON, C.E., Author of "The Works' Manager's Handbook of Modern Rules, Tables and Data for Engineers," &c. Fcap. 8vo, nearly 500 pp., with 8 Plates and upwards of 250 Illustrative Diagrams, 6s., strongly bound for workshop or pocket wear and tear. f3" TEMPLETON'S " MECHANIC'S WORKSHOP COMPANION " has been for more than a quarter of a century deservedly popular, having run through numerous Editions ; and, as a recognised Text- Book and well-worn a-nd thumb-marked vade mecum of several generations of intelligent and aspir- ing workmen, it has had the reputation of having been the means of raising many of them in their position in life. In its present greatly Enlarged, Improved and Modernised form, the publishers are sure that it will commend itself to the English workmen of the present day all the world over, and become, like its predecessors, their indispensable friend and referee. " In its modernised form Hutton's"Templeton" should have a wide sale, for it contains much valuable information which the mechanic will often find of use, and not a few tables and notes which he might look for in vain in other works. This modernised edition will be appreciated by all who have learned to value the original editions of 'Templeton.'" English Mechanic. " It has met with great success in the engineering workshop, as we can testify ; and there are a great many men who, in a great measure, owe their rise in life to this little book. 1 ' Building News. BOILER MAKER'S READY RECKONER. With Examples of Practical Geometry and Templating, for the Use of Platers, Smiths, and Riveters. By JOHN COURTNEY, Edited by D. K. CLARK, M.I.C.E. Second Edition, Revised, with Additions. lamo, 55., half-bound. " A reliable guide to the working boiler maker." Iron. " Boiler makers will readily recognise the value of this volume. . . . 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PAGE Mechanical Engineering. . ... 1 Steam Engines and Boilers ... 3 Civil Engineering 10 Hydraulics 11 Surveying 12 Marine Engineering 17 Mining and Metallurgy .... 19 Colliery Working 21 Electrical Engineering .... 23 Architecture and Building ... 26 PAGE Sanitation and Water Supply . . 28 Carpentry and Timber .... 29 Decorative Arts 31 Natural Science 33 Chemical Manufactures . . . .34 Industrial Arts 36 Commerce, Tables, &c 41 Agriculture and Gardening . 43 Auctioneering, Valuing, &c. . . . 46 Law and Miscellaneous . , 47 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, ETC. THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER'S POCKET-BOOK. Comprising Tables, Formulae, Rules, and Data : A Handy Book of Reference for Daily Use in Engineering Practice. By D. KINNEAR CLARK, M. Inst. C.E. Fifth Edition, thoroughly Revised and Enlarged. By H. H. P. POWLES, A.M.I.C.E., M.I.M.E. Small 8vo, 700 pages, bound in flexible leather cover, rounded corners . . [Just Published. Net 6/- SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. MATHEMATICAL TABLES. MEASUREMENT OF SURFACES AND SOLIDS. ENGLISH WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. FRENCH METRIC WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. FOREIGN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. MONEYS. SPECIFIC GRAVITY, WEIGHT AND VOLUME. MANUFACTURED METALS. STEEL PIPES. BOLTS AND NUTS. SUNDRY ARTICLES IN WROUGHT AND CAST IRON, COPPER, BRASS, LEAD, TIN, ZINC. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. STRENGTH OF TIMBER. STRENGTH OF CAST IRON. STRENGTH OF WROUGHT IRON. STRENGTH OF STEEL. TENSILE STRENGTH OF COPPER, LEAD, ETC. RESISTANCE OF STONES AND OTHER BUILDING MATERIALS. RIVETED JOINTS IN BOILER PLATES. BOILER SHELLS. WIRE ROPES AND HEMP ROPES. CHAINS AND CHAIN CABLES. FRAMING. HARDNESS OF METALS, ALLOYS AND STONES. LABOUR OF ANIMALS. MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES. GRAVITY AND FALL OF BODIES. ACCELERATING AND RETARDING FORCES. MILL GEARING, SHAFTING, &c. TRANSMISSION OF MOTIVE POWER. HEAT. COMBUSTION: FUELS. WARMING, VENTILATION, COOKING STOVES. STEAM. STEAM ENGINES AND BOILERS. RAILWAYS. TRAMWAYS. STEAM SHIPS. PUMPING STEAM ENGINES AND PUMPS. COAL GAS, GAS ENGINES, &c. AIR IN MOTION. COMPRESSED AIR. HOT AIR ENGINES. WATER POWER. SPEED OF CUTTING TOOLS. COLOURS. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING. " Mr. Clark manifests what is an innate perception of what is likely to be useful in a pocket-book, and he is really unrivalled in the art of condensation. It is very difficult to hit upon any mechanical engineering subject concerning which this work supplies no information, and the excellent index at the end adds to its utility. In one word, it is an exceedingly handy and efficient tool, possessed of which the engineer will be saved many a wearisome calculation, or yet more wearisome hunt through various text-books and treatises, and, as such, we can heartily recommend it to our readers." The Engineer. " It would be found difficult to compress more matter within a similar compass or produce a book of 700 pages which should be more compact or convenient for pocket reference. . . . Will be appreciated by mechanical engineers of all classes." Practical Engineer. CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. MR. MUTTON'S PRACTICAL HANDBOOKS. THE WORKS* MANAGER'S HANDBOOK. Comprising Modern Rules, Tables, and Data. For Engineers, Millwrights, and Boiler Makers ; Tool Makers, Machinists, and Metal Workers ; Iron and Brass Founders, &c. By W. S. HUTTON, Civil and Mechanical Engineer, Author of "The Practical Engineer's Handbook." Sixth Edition, carefully Revised and enlarged. In One handsome Volume, medium 8vo, strongly bound . 15/ rgi The Author having compiled Rules and Data for his own use in a great variety of modern engineering work, and having found his notes extremely useful, decided to publish them revised to date believing that a practical work, suited to the DAILY REQUIREMENTS OF MODERN ENGINEERS, would be favourably received. " Of this edition we may repeat the appreciative remarks we made upon the first and third. Since the appearance of the latter very considerable modifications have been made, although the total number of pages remains almost the same. It is a very useful collection of rules, tables, and workshop and drawing office data." The Engineer, May 10, 1895. " The author treats every subject from the point of view of one who has collected workshop notes for application in workshop practice, rather than from the theoretical or literary aspect. The volume contains a great deal of that kind of information which is gained only by practical experience, and is seldom written in books." The Engineer, Tune 5, 1885. "The volume is an exceedingly useful one, brimful with engineer's notes, memoranda, and rules, and well worthy of being on every mechanical engineer's bookshelf." Mechanical World. "The information is precisely that likely to be required in practice. . . . The work forms a desirable addition to the library not only of the works manager, but of any one connected with general engineering." Mining Journal. " Brimful of useful information, stated in a concise form, Mr. Hutton's books have met a pressing want among engineers. The book must prove extremely useful to every practical man possessing a copy." Practical Engineer. THE PRACTICAL ENGINEER'S HANDBOOK. Comprising a Treatise on Modern Engines and Boilers, Marine, Locomotive, and Stationary. And containing a large collection of Rules and Practical Data relating to recent Practice in Designing and Constructing all kinds of Engines, Boilers, and other Engineering work. The whole constituting a comprehensive Key to the Board of Trade and other Examinations for Certificates of Competency in Modern Mechanical Engineering. By WALTER S. HUTTON, Civil and: Mechanical Engineer, Author of "The Works Manager's Handbook for Engineers," &c. With upwards of 420 Illustrations. Sixth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Medium 8vo, nearly 560 pp., strongly bound . . . 18/- ig| This ivork is designed as a companion to the Author's " WORKS MANAGER'S HANDBOOK." It possesses many new and original features, and contains, like its predecessor, a quantity of matter not originally intended for publication, but collected by the Author for his own use in the construction of a great variety of MODERN ENGINEERING WORK. The information is given in a condensed and concise form, and is illustrated by upwards of 420 Engravings ; and comprises a quantity of tabulated matter of great value to all engaged in designing, constructing, or estimating for ENGINES, BOILERS, and OTHER ENGINEERING WORK. " We have kept it at hand for several weeks, referring to it as occasion arose, and we have not on- a single occasion consulted its pages without finding the information of which we were in quest." A thenatum. " A thoroughly good practical handbook, which no engineer can go through without learning some- thing that will be of service to him." Marine Engineer. " An excellent book of reference for engineers, and a valuable text-book for students of engineering." Scotsman. " This valuable manual embodies the results and experience of the leading authorities on mechanical engineering." Building News. " The author has collected together a surprising quantity of rules and practical data, and has shown much judgment in the selections he has made. . . . There is no doubt that this book is one of the most useful of its kind published, and will be a very popular compendium." Engineer A mass of information, set down in simple language, and in such a form that it can be easily referred to at any time. The matter is uniformly good and well chosen-, and is greatly elucidated by the illustrations. The book will find its way on to most engineers' shelves, where it will rank as one of the most useful books of reference." Practical Engineer. "Full of useful information, and should be found on the office shelf of all practical engineers." English Mechanic. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, &>c. MR. MUTTON'S PRACTICAL HANDBOOKS continued. STEAM BOILER CONSTRUCTION. A Practical Handbook for Engineers, Boiler-Makers, and Steam Users. Con- taining a large Collection of Rules and Data relating to Recent Practice in the Design, Construction, and Working of all kinds of Stationary, Locomotive, and Marine Steam-Boilers. By WALTER S. HUTTON, Civil and Mechanical Engineer, Author of "The Works Manager's Handbook," "The Practical Engineer's Handbook," &c. With upwards of 540 Illustrations. Fourth Edition, carefully Revised, and Enlarged. Medium 8vo, over 680 pages, cloth, strongly bound. [Just Published. 18/- &iP THIS WORK is issued in continuation of the Series of Handbooks written by the Author, viz : "THE WORKS MANAGER'S HANDBOOK "and" THE PRACTICAL ENGINEER'S HANDBOOK," which are so highly appreciated by Engineers for the practical nature of their information; and is consequently written in the same style as those works. The Arithor believes that the concentration, in a convenient form for easy reference, of such a large amount of thoroughly practical information on Steam-Boilers, will be of considerable service to those for whom it is intended, and he trusts the book may be deemed worthy of as favourable a reception as has been accorded to its predecessors. " One of the best, if not the best, books on boilers that has ever been published. The information is of the right kind, in a simple and accessible form. So far as generation is concerned, this is, undoubtedly, the standard book on steam practice." Electrical Review. " Every detail, both in boiler design and management, is clearly laid before the reader. The volume shows that boiler construction has been reduced to the condition of one of the most exact sciences ; and such a book is of the utmost value to the fin de siecle Engineer and Works Manager." Marine Engineer. " There has* long been room for a modern handbook on steam boilers ; there is not that room now, because Mr. Hutton has filled it. It is a thoroughly practical book for those who are occupied in the construction, design, selection, or use of boilers." Engineer. "The book is of so important and comprehensive a character that it must find its way into the libraries of every one interested in boiler using or boiler manufacture if they wish to be thoroughly informed. We strongly recommend the book for the intrinsic value of its contents." Machinery Market. PRACTICAL MECHANICS' WORKSHOP COMPANION. Comprising a great variety of the most useful Rules and Formulae in Mechanical Science, with numerous Tables of Practical Data and Calculated Results for Facili- tating Mechanical Operations. By WILLIAM TEMPLETON, Author of "The Engi- neer's Practical Assistant, "&c., &c. Eighteenth Edition, Revised, Modernised, and considerably Enlarged by WALTER S. HUTTON, C.E., Author of "The Works Manager's Handbook," " The Practical Engineer's Handbook," &c. Fcap. 8vo, nearly 500 pp., with 8 Plates and upwards of 250 Illustrative Diagrams, strongly bound for workshop or pocket wear and tear . . . . . . 6/- " In its modernised form Hutton's 'Templeton' should have a wide sale, for it contains much valuable information which the mechanic will often find of use, and not a few tables and notes which he might look for in vain in other works. This modernised edition will be appreciated by all who have learned to value the original editions of ' Templeton.' " English Mechanic. " It has met with great success in the engineering workshop, as we can testify ; and there are a great many men who, in a great measure, owe their rise in life to this little book." Building News. " This familiar text-book well known to all mechanics and engineers is of essential service to the every-day requirements of engineers, millwrights, and the various trades connected with engineering and building. The new modernised edition is worth its weight in gold." Building Neivs. (Second Notice.) " This well-known and largely-used book contains information, brought up to date, of the sort so useful to the foreman and draughtsman. So much fresh information has been introduced as to constitute it practically a new book. It will be largely used in the office and workshop." Mechanical World. " The publishers wisely entrusted the task of revision of this popular, valuable, and useful book to Mr. Hutton, than whom a more competent man they could not have found." Iron. ENGINEER'S AND MILLWRIGHTS ASSISTANT, A collection of Useful Tables, Rules, and Data. By WILLIAM TEMPLETON. Eighth Edition, with Additions. i8mo, cloth 2/6 " Occupies a foremost place among books of this kind. A more suitable present to an apprentice to any of the mechanical trades could not possibly be made." Building News. " A deservedly popular work. It should be in the ' drawer ' of every mechanic." English Mechanic. A 2 4 CROSBY LOCK WOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER'S REFERENCE BOOK. For Machine and Boiler Construction. In Two Parts. Part I. GENERAL ENGINEERING DATA. Part II. BOILER CONSTRUCTION. With 51 Plates and numerous Illustrations. By NELSON FOLEY, M.I.N.A. Second Edition, Revised throughout and much Enlarged. Folio, half-bound . . Net 3 3s. PART I. MEASURES. CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS, &c., SQUARES, CUBES, FOURTH POWERS. SQUARE AND CUBE ROOTS. SURFACE OF TUBES. RECIPROCALS. LOGARITHMS. MENSURATION. SPECIFIC GRAVITIES AND WEIGHTS. WORK AND POWER. HEAT. COMBUSTION. EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION. EXPANSION OF GASES. STEAM. STATIC FORCES. GRAVITATION AND ATTRACTION. MOTION AND COMPUTATION OF RESULTING FORCES. ACCUMULATED WORK. CENTRE AND RADIUS OF GYRATION. MOMENT OF INERTIA. CENTRE OF OSCILLATION. ELECTRICITY. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. ELASTICITY. TEST SHEETS OF METALS. FRICTION. TRANSMISSION OF POWER. FLOW OF LIQUIDS. FLOW OF GASES. AIR PUMPS, SURFACE CONDENSERS, &c. SPEED OF STEAM- SHIPS. PROPELLERS. CUTTING TOOLS. FLANGES. COPPER SHEETS AND TUBES. SCREWS, NUTS, BOLT HEADS, &c. RECIPES AND MISCELLANEOUS MATTER. WITH DIAGRAMS FOR VALVE-GEAR, BELTING AND ROPES, DISCHARGE AND SUCTION PIPES, SCREW PROPELLERS AND COPPER PIPES. PART II. TREATING OF POWER OF BOILERS. USEFUL RATIOS. NOTES ON CONSTRUCTION. CYLINDRICAL BOILER SHELLS. CIRCULAR FURNACES. FLAT PLATES. STAYS. GIRDERS. SCREWS. HYDRAULIC TESTS. RIVETING. BOILER SETTING, CHIMNEYS, AND MOUNTINGS. FUELS, &c. EXAMPLES OF BOILERS AND SPEEDS OF STEAMSHIPS. NOMINAL AND NORMAL HORSE POWER. WITH DIAGRAMS FOR ALL BOILER CALCULATIONS AND DRAWINGS OF MANY VARIETIES OF BOILERS. " Mr. Foley is well fitted to compile such a work. The diagrams are a great feature of the work. It may be stated that Mr. Foley has produced a volume which will undoubtedly fulfil the desire of the author and become indispensable to all mechanical engineers." Marine Engineer. " We have carefully examined this work, and pronounce it a most excellent reference book for the use of marine engineers." Journal of A merican Society of Naval Engineers. TEXT-BOOK ON THE STEAM ENGINE, With a Supplement on GAS ENGINES, and PART II. ON HEAT ENGINES. By T. M. GOODEVE, M.A., Barrister-at-Law, Professor of Mechanics at the Royal College of Science, London; Author of " The Principles of Mechanics," "The Elements of Mechanism," &c. Fourteenth Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth . 6/- " Professor Goodeve has given us a treatise on the steam engine, which will bear comparison with anything written by Huxley or Maxwell, and we can award it no higher praise." Engineer. " Mr. Goodeve's text-book is a work of which every young engineer should possess himself." Mining Journal. ON GAS ENGINES. With Appendix describing a Recent Engine with Tube Igniter. By T. M. GOODEVE, M. A. Crown 8vo, cloth 2/6 " Like all Mr. Goodeve's writings, the present is no exception in point of general excellence. It is a valuable little volume." Mechanical World. GAS AND OIL ENGINE MANAGEMENT. A Practical Guide for Users and Attendants. Being Notes on Selection, Construction and Working. By M. Powis BALE, M.I.M.E. Crown 8vo, cloth [just Published. Net 3/6 THE GAS ENGINE HANDBOOK. A Manual of Useful Information for the Designer and the Engineer. By E. W. ROBERTS, M.E. With 40 full-page Engravings. Small Fcap. 8vo, leather Net 8/6 A TREATISE ON STEAM BOILERS. Their Strength, Construction, and Economical Working. By R. WILSON, C.E. Fifth Edition. i2mo, cloth 6/ " The best treatise that has ever been published on steam boilers." Engineer. THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER'S COMPANION. Of Areas, Circumferences, Decimal Equivalents, in inches and feet, millimetres, squares, cubes, roots, &c. ; Strength of Bolts, Weight of Iron, &c. ; Weights, Measures, and other Data. Also Practical Rules for Engine Proportions. By R. EDWARDS, M.Inst.C.E. Fcap. 8vo, cloth 3/6 " A very useful little volume. It contains many tables, classified data and memoranda, generally useful to engineers." Engineer. "What it professes to be, 'a handy office companion,' giving, in a succinct form, a variety of information likely to be required by mechanical engineers in their everyday office work." Nature. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, A HANDBOOK ON THE STEAM ENGINE. With especial Reference to Small and Medium-sized Engines. For the Use of Engine Makers, Mechanical Draughtsmen, Engineering Students, and Users of Steam Power. By HERMAN HAEDER, C.E. Translated from the German with Additions and Alterations, by H. H. P. POWLES, A.M.I.C.E., M.I.M.E. Third Edition, Revised. With nearly 1,100 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth Net 7/6 " A perfect encyclopaedia of the steam engine and its details, and one which must take a permanent place in English drawing-offices and workshops." A Foreman Pattern-maker. " This is an excellent book, and should be in the hands of all who are interested in the construction and design of medium-sized stationary engines. ... A careful study of its contents and the arrange- ment of the sections leads to the conclusion that there is probably no other book like it in this country. The volume aims at showing the results of practical experience, and it certainly may claim a complete achievement of this idea." Nature. "There can be no question as to its value. We cordially commend it to all concerned in the design and construction of the steam engine." Mechanical World. BOILER AND FACTORY CHIMNEYS. Their Draught-Power and Stability. With a Chapter on Lightning Conductors, By ROBERT WILSON, A.I.C.E., Author of "A Treatise on Steam Boilers," &c. Crown 8vo, cloth . . 3/6 "A valuable contribution to the literature of scientific building." The Builder. BOILERMAKER'S READY RECKONER & ASSISTANT. With Examples of Practical Geometry and Templating, for the Use of Platers, Smiths, and Riveters. By JOHN COURTNEY, Edited by D. K. CLARK, M.I. C.E. Fourth Edition, 480 pp., with 140 Illustrations. Fcap. 8vo, half-bound . 7/- " No workman or apprentice should be without this book." Iron Trade Circular. REFRIGERATION, COLD STORAGE, & ICE-MAKING. A Practical Treatise on the Art and Science of Refrigeration. By A. J. WALLIS- TAYLER, A.M.Inst.C.E., Author of " Refrigerating and Ice-making Machinery." 600 pp. With 360 Illustrations. Medium 8vo, cloth . . . Net 15/- "The author has to be congratulated on the completion and production of such an important work, and it cannot fail to have a large body of readers, for it leaves out nothing that would in any way be of value to those interested in the subject." Steamship. " No one whose duty it is to handle the mammoth preserving installations of these latter days can afford to be without this valuable book." Glasgow Herald. THE POCKET BOOK OF REFRIGERATION AND ICE- MAKING FOR 1903. Edited by A. J. WALLIS-TAYLER, A.M.Inst.C.E. Author of " Refrigerating and Ice-making Machinery," &c. Small crown 8vo, cloth. [Just Published. Net 2/6 REFRIGERATING & ICE-MAKING MACHINERY. A Descriptive Treatise for the Use of Persons Employing Refrigerating and Ice- Making Installations, and others. By A. J. WALLIS-TAYLER, A.M.Inst.C.E. Third Edition, Enlarged. Crown 8vo, cloth . .'*.- . 7/6 " Practical, explicit and profusely illustrated." Glasgow Herald. " We recommend the book, which gives the cost of various systems and illustrations showing details of parts of machinery and general arrangements of complete installations." Builder. " May be recommended as a useful description of the machinery, the processes, and of the facts, figures, and tabulated physics of refrigerating. It is one of the best compilations on the subject." Engineer. TEA MACHINERY AND TEA FACTORIES. A Descriptive Treatise on the Mechanical Appliances required in the Cultivation of the Tea Plant and the Preparation of Tea for the Market. By A. J. WALLIS- TAYLER, A.M.Inst.C.E. Medium 8vo, 468 pp. With 218 Illustrations. Net 25/- " When tea planting was first introduced into the British possessions, little, if any, machinery was employed, but now its use is almost universal. This volume contains a very full account of the machinery necessary for the proper outfit of a factory, and also a description of the processes best carried out by this machinery."; Journal Society of Arts. CROSBY LOCK WOOD & SOWS CATALOGUE. ENGINEERING ESTIMATES, COSTS, & ACCOUNTS, A Guide to Commercial Engineering. With numerous Examples of Estimates and Costs of Millwright Work, Miscellaneous Productions, Steam Engines and Steam Boilers ; and a Section on the Preparation of Costs Accounts. By A GENERAL MANAGER. Second Edition. 8vo, cloth .... 12/- " This is an excellent and very useful book, covering subject-matter in constant requisition in every factory and workshop. . . . The book is invaluable, not only to the young engineer, but also to the estimate department of every works." Builder. " We accord the work unqualified praise. The information is given in a plain, straightforward manner, and bears throughout evidence of the intimate practical acquaintance of the author with every phase of commercial engineering." Mechanical World. AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON HOISTING MACHINERY, Including the Elements of Crane Construction and descriptions of the various Types of Cranes in use. By JOSEPH HORNER, A.M.I.M.E., Author of " Pattern Making" and other works. Illustrated with 215 Engravings. 8vo, cloth. [Just Published. Net 7/6 PATTERN MAKING, A Practical Treatise, embracing the Main Types of Engineering Construction, and including Gearing, Engine Work, Sheaves and Pulleys, Pipes and Columns, Screws, Machine Parts, Pumps and Cocks, the Moulding of Patterns in Loam and Greensand, Estimating the Weight of Castings, &c. By JOSEPH G. HORNER, A.M.I.M.E. Third Edition, Enlarged. With 486 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth Net 7/6 "A well-written technical guide, evidently written by a man who understands and has practised what he has written about. . . . We cordially recommend it to engineering students, young journeymen, and others desirous of being initiated into the mysteries of pattern-making." Builder. "An excellent vade mectnn for the apprentice who desires to become master of his trade." English Mechanic. PLATING AND BOILER MAKING. A Practical Handbook for Workshop Operations. By JOSEPH G. HORNER, A.M.I.M.E. 380 pp., with 338 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth . . 7/6 " This work is characterised by that evidence of close acquaintance with workshop methods which will render the book exceedingly acceptable to the practical hand. We have no hesitation in com- mending the work as a serviceable and practical handbook on a subject which has not hitherto received much attention from those qualified to deal with it in a satisfactory manner." Mechanical World. TOOTHED GEARING. A Practical Handbook for Offices and Workshops. By J. HORNER, A.M.I.M.E. With 184 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth 6/- " We give the book our unqualified praise for its thoroughness of treatment and recommend it to all interested as the most practical book on the subject yet written. "Mechanical World. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TERMS (Lockwood's Dictionary of). Embracing those current in the Drawing Office, Pattern Shop, Foundry, Fitting, Turning, Smiths', and Boiler Shops, &c., &c. Comprising upwards of 6,000 Definitions. Edited by J. G. HORNER, A.M.I.M.E. Third Edition, Revised, with Additions. Crown 8vo, cloth . . Net 7/6 " Just the sort of handy dictionary required by the various trades engaged in mechanical engineer- ing. The practical engineering pupil will find the book of great value in his studies, and every foreman engineer and mechanic should have a copy." Building Neivs. MOTOR CARS OR POWER CARRIAGES FOR COMMON ROADS. By A. J. WALLIS-TAYLER, A.M.Inst.C.E. Author of " Modern Cycles," &c. 212 pp., with 76 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth 4/6 "The book is clearly expressed throughout, and is just the sort of work that an engineer, thinking of turning his attention to motor-carriage work, would do well to read as a preliminary to starting operations." Engineering. AERIAL OR WIRE-ROPE TRAMWAYS. Their Construction and Management. By A. J. WALLIS-TAYLER, A.M.Inst.C.E. With 81 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth 7/6 ''This is in its way an excellent volume. Without going into the minutiae of the subject, it yet lays before its readers a very good exposition of the various systems of rope transmission in use, and gives as well not a little valuable information about their working, repair and management. We can safely recommend it as a useful general treatise on the subject." The Engineer. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, AERIAL NAVIGATION* A Practical Handbook on the Construction of Dirigible Balloons, Aerostats, Aeroplanes, and Aeromotors. By FREDERICK WALKER, C.E., Associate Member of the Aeronautic Institute. With 104 Illustrations. Large Crown 8vo, cloth. Net 7/6 STONE-WORKING MACHINERY* A Manual dealing with the Rapid and Economical Conversion of Stone. With Hints on the Arrangement and Management of Stone Works. By M. Powis BALE, M.I.M.E. Second Edition, Enlarged. Crown 8vo, cloth . . 9/- "The book should be in the hands of every mason or student of stonework." Colliery Guardian. " A capital handbook for all who manipulate stone for building or ornamental purposes." Machinery Market. PUMPS AND PUMPING. A Handbook for Pump Users. Being Notes on Selection, Construction, and Management. By M. Powis BALE, M.I.M.E. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth 3/6 " The matter is set forth as concisely as possible. In fact, condensation rather than diffuseness has been the author's aim throughout; yet he does not seem to have omitted anything likely to be of use." Journal of Gas Lighting. "Thoroughly practical and clearly written." Glasgow Herald. MILLING MACHINES AND PROCESSES. A Practical Treatise on Shaping Metals by Rotary Cutters. Including Informa- tion on Making and Grinding the Cutters. By PAUL N. HASLUCK, Author of " Lathe Work." With upwards of 300 Engravings. Large Crown 8vo, cloth 12/6 " A new departure in engineering literature. . . . We can recommend this work to all interested in milling machines ; it is what it professes to be a practical treatise." Engineer. " A capital and reliable book which will no doubt be of considerable service both to those who are already acquainted with the process as well as to those who contemplate its adoption." Industries. LATHE-WORK. A Practical Treatise on the Tools, Appliances, and Processes employed in the Art of Turning. By PAUL N. HASLUCK. Seventh Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth 5/- " Written by a man who knows not only how work ought to be done, but who also knows how to do it, and how to convey his knowledge to others. To all turners this book would be valuable." Engineering. "We can safely recommend the work to young engineers. To the amateur it will simply be invaluable. To the student it will convey a great deal of useful information." Engineer. SCREW THREADS. And Methods of Producing Them. With numerous Tables and complete Directions for using Screw-Cutting Lathes. By PAUL N. HASLUCK, Author of " Lathe- Work," &c. Fifth Edition. Waistcoat-pocket size . . . 1/6 "Full of useful information, hints, and practical criticism. Taps, dies, and screwing tools generally are illustrated and their action described." Mechanical World. " It is a complete compendium of all the details of the screw-cutting lathe ; in fact a multum-in- parvo on all the subjects it treats upon." Carpenter and Builder. TABLES AND MEMORANDA FOR ENGINEERS, MECHANICS, ARCHITECTS, BUILDERS, &c. Selected and Arranged by FRANCIS SMITH. Sixth Edition, Revised, including ELECTRICAL TABLES, FORMULA, AND MEMORANDA. Waistcoat-pocket size, limp leather. . . n . . ,/- -.'" . ; .^ . . . . . 1/6 " It would, perhaps, be as difficult to make a small pocket-book selection of notes and formulae to suit ALL engineers as it would be to make a universal medicine ; but Mr. Smith's waistcoat-pocket collection may be looked upon as a successful attempt." Engineer. " The best example we have ever seen of 270 pages of useful matter packed into the dimensions of a card case." Building News. " A veritable pocket treasury of knowledge." Iron. POCKET GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS* English-French, French-English; with Tables suitable for the Architectural, Engineering, Manufacturing, and Nautical Professions. By JOHN JAMES FLETCHER. Third Edition. 200 pp. Waistcoat-pocket size, limp leather 1/6 " It is a very great advantage for readers and correspondents in France and England to have so large a number of the words relating to engineering and manufactures collected in a liliputian volume. The little book will be useful both to students and travellers." Architect. " The glossary of terms is very complete, and many of the Tables are new and well-arranged. We cordially commend the book." Mechanical World. 8 CROSBY LOCK WO 00 &- SON'S CATALOGUE. THE ENGINEER'S YEARBOOK FOR 1903* Comprising Formulae, Rules, Tables, Data and Memoranda in Civil, Mechanical, Electrical, Marine and Mine Engineering. By H. R, KEMPE, A.M.Inst.C.E., M.I.E.E., Principal Technical Officer, Engineer-in-Chief's Office, General Post Office, London, Author of " A Handbook of Electrical Testing," " The Electrical Engineer's Pocket-Book," &c. With 1,000 Illustrations, specially Engraved for the work. Crown 8 vo, 900 pp., leather . . . [Just Published. 8/- " Kempe's Year-Book really requires no commendation. Its sphere of usefulness is widely known, and it is used by engineers the world over." The Engineer. "The volume is distinctly in advance of most similar publications in this country." Engineering. "This valuable and well-designed book of reference meets the demands of all descriptions of engineers." Saturday Review. "Teems with up-to-date information in every branch of engineering and construction." Building News. "The needs of the engineering profession could hardly be supplied in a more admirable, complete and convenient form. To say that it more than sustains all comparisons is praise of the highest sort, and that may justly be said of it." Mining Journal. "There is certainly room for the new comer, which supplies explanations and directions, as well as formulae and tables. It deserves to become one of the most successful of the technical annuals." A rchitect. " Brings together with great skill all the technical information which an engineer has to use day by day. It is in every way admirably equipped, and is sure to prove successful." Scotsman. " The up-to-dateness of Mr. Kempe's compilation is a quality that will not be lost on the busy people for whom the work is intended." Glasgow Herald. THE PORTABLE ENGINE. A Practical Manual on its Construction and Management. For the Use of Owners and Users of Steam Engines generally. By WILLIAM DYSON WANSBROUGH. Crown 8vo, cloth ........ 3/6 " This is a work of value to those who use steam machinery. . . . Should be read by every one who has a steam engine, on a farm or elsewhere." Mark Lane Express. " We cordially commend this work to buyers and owners of steam engines, and to those who have to do with their construction or use." Timber Trades Journal. " Such a general knowledge of the steam-engine as Mr. Wansbrough furnishes to the reader should be acquired by all intelligent owners and others who use the steam engine." Building News. " An excellent text-book of this useful form of engine. The ' Hints to Purchasers' contain a good deal of common-sense and practical wisdom." English Mechanic. IRON AND STEEL. A work for the Forge, Foundry, Factory, and Office. Containing ready, useful, and trustworthy Information for Ironmasters and their Stock-takers ; Managers of Bar, Rail, Plate, and Sheet Rolling Mills ; Iron and Metal Founders ; Iron Ship and Bridge Builders ; Mechanical, Mining, and Consulting Engineers ; Architects, Contractors, Builders, &c. By CHARLES HOARE, Author of " The Slide Rule, " &c. Ninth Edition. 321110, leather 6/- " For comprehensiveness the book has not its equal." Iron. " One of the best of the pocket books." English Mechanic. FIRES, FIRE-ENGINES, AND FIRE-BRIGADES. With a History of Fire-Engines, their Construction, Use, and Management ; Foreign Fire Systems ; Hints on Fire-Brigades, &c. By C. F. T. YOUNG, C.E. 8vo, cloth 24/- " To such of our readers as are interested in the subject of fires and fire apparatus, we can most heartily commend this book." Engineering. CONDENSED MECHANICS. A Selection of Formulae, Rules, Tables, and Data for the Use of Engineering Students, &c. By W. G. C. HUGHES, A. M.I. C.E. Crown 8vo, cloth . 2/6 "The book is well fitted for those who are preparing for examination and wish to refresh their knowledge by going through their formulas again." Marine Engineer. THE SA.FE USE OF STEAM. Containing Rules for Unprofessional Steam-users. By an ENGINEER. Seventh Edition. Sewed ........... 6d. " If steam-users would but learn this little book by heart, boiler explosions would become sensa- tions by their rarity." English Mechanic. THE CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF STATIONARY STEAM ENGINES. A Practical Handbook for Men-in- charge. By C. HURST. Crown 8vo, cloth. * Net 1/- MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, THE LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE. The Autobiography of an Old Locomotive Engine. By ROBERT WEATHERBURN, M.I.M.E. With Illustrations and Portraits of GEORGE and ROBERT STEPHEN- SON. Crown 8vo, cloth Net 2/6 SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. PROLOGUE. CYLINDERS. MOTIONS. CONNECTING RODS. FRAMES. WHEELS. PUMPS, CLACKS, &c. INJECTORS. BOILERS. SMOKE Box. CHIMNEY. WEATHER BOARD AND AWNING. INTERNAL DISSENSIONS. ENGINE DRIVERS, &c. " It would be difficult to imagine anything more ingeniously planned, more cleverly worked out, and more charmingly written. Readers, whether young or old, of a mechanical turn, cannot fail to find the volume most enjoyable as well as most instructive." Glasgow Herald. THE LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE & ITS DEVELOPMENT. A Popular Treatise on the Gradual Improvements made in Railway Engines between 1803 and 1903. By CLEMENT E. STRETTON, C.E. Sixth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. With 130 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth. [Just Published. Net 4/6 " Students of railway history and all who are interested in the evolution of the modern locomotive will find much to attract and entertain in this volume." The Times. LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE DRIVING. A Practical Manual for Engineers in Charge of Locomotive Engines. By MICHAEL REYNOLDS, formerly Locomotive Inspector, L. B. and S. C. R. Eleventh Edition. Including a KEY TO THE LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE. Cr. 8vo, cloth. 4/6 " Mr. Reynolds has supplied a want, and has supplied it well. We can confidently recommend the book not only to the practical driver, but to everyone who takes an interest in the performance of locomotive engines." The Engineer. " Mr. Reynolds has opened a new chapter in the literature of the day. This admirable practical treatise, of the practical utility of which we have to speak in terms of warm commendation." Athencenm. THE MODEL LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEER, Fireman, and Engine-Boy. Comprising a Historical Notice of the Pioneer Locomotive Engines and their Inventors. By MICHAEL REYNOLDS. Second Edition, with Revised Appendix. Crown 8vo, cloth . . . . 4/6 "We should be glad to see this book in the possession of everyone in the kingdom who has ever laid, or is to lay, hands on a locomotive engine." Iron. CONTINUOUS RAILWAY BRAKES. A Practical Treatise on the several Systems in Use in the United Kingdom : their Construction and Performance. By MICHAEL REYNOLDS. 8vo, cloth 9/- " A popular explanation of the different brakes. It will be of great assistance in forming public opinion, and will be studied with benefit by those who take an interest in the brake." English Mechanic. STATIONARY ENGINE DRIVING. A Practical Manual for Engineers in Charge of Stationary Engines. By MICHAEL REYNOLDS. Sixth Edition. With Plates and Woodcuts. Crown 8vo, cloth 4/6 " The author's advice on the various points treated is clear and practical." Engineering. " Our author leaves no stone unturned. He is determined that his readers shall not only know something about the stationary engine, but all about it." Engineer. ENGINE-DRIVING LIFE. Stirring Adventures and Incidents in the Lives of Locomotive Engine-Drivers. By MICHAEL REYNOLDS. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth . . . 1/6 " From first to last perfectly fascinating. Wilkie Collins's most thrilling conceptions are thrown into the shade by true incidents, endless in their variety, related in every page." North British Mail. THE ENGINEMAN'S POCKET COMPANION, And Practical Educator for Enginemen, Boiler Attendants, and Mechanics. By MICHAEL REYNOLDS. With Forty-five Illustrations and numerous Diagrams. Fourth Edition, Revised. Royal i8mo, strongly bound for pocket wear . 3/6 " A most meritorious work, giving in a succinct and practical form all the information an engine- minder desirous of mastering the scientific principles of his daily calling would require." The Miller. io CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, ETC. LIGHT RAILWAYS FOR THE UNITED KINGDOM, INDIA, AND THE COLONIES. A Practical Handbook setting forth the Principles on which Light Railways should be Constructed, Worked, and Financed ; and detailing the cost of Construction, Equipment, Revenue and Working Expenses. By J. C. MACKAY, F.G.S., A.M.Inst.C.E. Illustrated with Plates and Diagrams. 8vo, cloth 15/- "Mr. Mackay's volume is clearly and concisely written, admirably arranged, and freely illustrated. The book is exactly what has been long wanted. We recommend it to all interested in the subject. It is sure to have a wide sale." Railway Nezvs. TUNNELLING. A Practical Treatise. By C. PRELINI, C.E., with Additions by C. S. HILL, C.E. With 150 Diagrams and Illustrations. Royal 8vo, cloth . . Net 16/- PRACTICAL TUNNELLING. Explaining in detail Setting-out the Works, Shaft-sinking, and Heading-driving, Ranging the Lines and Levelling underground, Sub-Excavating, Timbering and the Construction of the Brickwork of Tunnels. By F. W. SIMMS, M.Inst.C.E. Fourth Edition, Revised and Further Extended, including the most Recent (1895) Examples of Sub-aqueous and other Tunnels by D. KINNEAR CLARK, M.Inst.C.E. With 34 Folding Plates. Imperial 8vo, cloth . . 2 2s. "The present (1896) edition has been brought right up to date, and is thus rendered a work to which civil engineers generally should have ready access, and to which engineers who have con- struction work can hardly afford to be without, but which to the younger members of the profession is invaluable, as from its pages they can learn the state to which the science of tunnelling has attained." Railway Neivs. THE WATER SUPPLY OF TOWNS, AND THE CON^ STRUCTION OF WATER-WORKS. A Practical Treatise for the Use of Engineers and Students of Engineering. By W. K. BARTON, A.M.Inst.C.E., Consulting Engineer to the Tokyo Water- Works. Second Edition, Revised and Extended. With numerous Plates and Illustrations. Super-royal 8vo, buckram .... . . 25/- I. INTRODUCTORY. II. DIFFERENT QUALITIES ! CHINERV. XVII. FLOW OF WATER IN CONDUITS OF WATER. III. QUANTITY OF WATER TO BE i PIPES AND OPEN CHANNELS. XVIII. DISTRI- PROVIDED. IV. ON ASCERTAINING WHETHER A PROPOSED SOURCE OF SUPPLY is SUFFICIENT. V. ON ESTIMATING THE STORAGE CAPACITY REQUIRED TO BE PROVIDED. VI. CLASSIFICA- TION OF WATERWORKS. VII. IMPOUNDING RE- SERVOIRS. VIII. EARTHWORK DAMS. IX. MASONRY DAMS. X. THE PURIFICATION OF WATER. XI. SETTLING RESERVOIRS. XII. SAND FILTRATION. XIII. PURIFICATION OF WATER BY ACTION OF IRON, SOFTENING OF WATER BY ACTION OF LIME, NATURAL FILTRATION. XIV. SERVICE OR CLEAN WATER RESERVOIRS WATER TOWERS STAND PIPES. XV. THE CON- i APPENDIX II. By JOHN DE RIJKE, C.E NECTION OF SETTLING RESERVOIRS, FILTER BEDS ON SAND DUNES AND DUNE SAND AS A AND SERVICE RESERVOIRS. XVI. PUMPING MA- SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY. "The chapter upon filtration of water is very complete, and the details of construction well illus- trated. . . . The work should be specially valuable to civil engineers engaged in work in Japan, but the interest is by no means confined to that locality." Engineer. " We congratulate the author upon the practical commonsense shown in the preparation of this work. . . . The plates and diagrams have evidently been prepared with great care, and cannot fail to be of great assistance to the student." Builder. RURAL WATER SUPPLY. A Practical Handbook on the Supply of W T ater and Construction of Waterworks for small Country Districts. By ALLAN GREENWELL, A.M.I.C.E., and W. T. CURRY, A.M.I.C.E., F.G.S. With Illustrations. Second Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, cloth 5/- " We conscientiously recommend it as a very useful book for those concerned in obtaining water for small districts, giving a great deal of practical information in a small compass." Builder. " The volume contains valuable information upon all matters connected with water supply. . . . It is full of details on points which are continually before waterworks engineers." Nature. BUTION SYSTEMS. XIX. SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR THE EXTINCTION OF FIRE. XX. PIPES FOR WATERWORKS. XXI. PREVENTION OF WASTE OF WATER. XXII. VARIOUS APPLIANCES USED IN CONNECTION WITH WATERWORKS. APPENDIX I. By PROF. JOHN MILNE, F.R.S. CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING THE PROB- ABLE EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER- WORKS, AND THE SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN IN EARTHQUAKE COUNTRIES. CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, <5rv. n THE WATER SUPPLY OF CITIES AND TOWNS. By WILLIAM HUMBER, A.-M.Inst.C.E., and M.Inst.M.E., Author of "Cast and Wrought Iron Bridge Construction," &c., &c. Illustrated with 50 Double Plates, i Single Plate, Coloured Frontispiece, and upwards of 250 Woodcuts, and containing 400 pages of Text. Imp. 4to, elegantly and substantially half-bound in morocco . Net 6 6s. LIST OF CONTENTS. XIII. DISTRIBUTION OF WATER. XIV. METERS, SERVICE PIPES, AND HOUSE FITTINGS. XV. THE LAW AND ECONOMY OF WATER WORKS. XVI. CONSTANT AND INTERMITTENT SUPPLY. XVII. DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. APPENDICES, GIVING TABLES OF RATES OF SUPPLY, VELO- CITIES, &C., &C., TOGETHER WITH SPECIFICA- TIONS OF SEVERAL WORKS ILLUSTRATED, AMONG WHICH WILL BE FOUND: ABERDEEN, BlDEFORD, CANTERBURY, DUNDEE, HALIFAX, LAMBETH, ROTHERHAM, DUBLIN, AND OTHERS. I. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF SOME OF THE MEANS THAT HAVE BEEN ADOPTED FOR THE SUPPLY OF WATER TO CITIES AND TOWNS. II. WATER AND THE FOREIGN MATTER USUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH IT. III. RAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. IV. SPRINGS AND THE WATER-BEARING FORMA- TIONS OFVARIOUS DISTRICTS. V. MEASUREMENT AND ESTIMATION OF THE FLOW OF WATER. VI. ON THE SELECTION OF THE SOURCE OF SUPPLY. VII. WELLS. VIII. RESERVOIRS. IX. THE PURIFICATION OF WATER. X. PUMPS. XI. PUMPING MACHINERY. XII. CONDUITS. " The most systematic and valuable work upon water supply hitherto produced in English, or in any other language. . . . Mr. H umber's work is characterised almost throughout by an exhaustiveness much more distinctive of French and German than of English technical treatises." .Engineer. HYDRAULIC POWER ENGINEERING. A Practical Manual on the Concentration and Transmission of Power by Hydraulic Machinery. By G. CROYDON MARKS, A.M.Inst.C.E. With nearly 200 Illustrations. 8vo, cloth Net 9/- SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. PRINCIPLES OF HYDRAULICS. THE FLOW OF WATER. HYDRAULIC PRESSURES. MATERIAL. TEST LOAD. PACKINGS FOR SLIDING SUR- FACES. PIPE JOINTS. CONTROLLING VALVES. PLATFORM LIFTS. WORKSHOP AND FOUNDRY CRANES. WAREHOUSE AND DOCK CRANES. HYDRAULIC ACCUMULATORS PRESSES FOR WORKING AND FORGING MACHINERY. HYDRAULIC RIVETERS. HAND AND POWER PUMPS. STEAM PUMPS. TURBINES. IMPULSE TURBINES. RE- ACTION TURBINES. DESIGN OF TURBINES IN DETAIL. WATER WHEELS. HYDRAULIC EN- GINES. RECENT ACHIEVEMENTS. PRESSURE OF WATER. ACTION OF PUMPS, &c. BALING AND OTHER PURPOSES. SHEET METAL- " We have nothing but praise for this thoroughly valuable work. The author has succeeded in rendering his subject interesting as well as instructive." Practical Engineer. "Can be unhesitatingly recommended as a useful and up-to-date manual on hydraulic transmission and utilisation of power." Mechanical World. HYDRAULIC TABLES, CO-EFFICIENTS, & FORMULAE. For Finding the Discharge of Water from Orifices, Notches, Weirs, Pipes, and Rivers. With New Formulae, Tables, and General Information on Rain-fall, Catchment-Basins, Drainage, Sewerage, Water Supply for Towns and Mill Power. By JOHN NEVILLE, Civil Engineer, M.R.I. A. Third Edition, carefully Revised, with considerable Additions. Numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth 14/- " It is, of all English books on the subject, the one nearest to completeness." A rchitecl. HYDRAULIC MANUAL, Consisting of Working Tables and Explanatory Text. Intended as a Guide in Hydraulic Calculations and Field Operations. By Lowis D'A. JACKSON, Author of "Aid to Survey Practice," "Modern Metrology," &c. Fourth Edition, Enlarged. Large crown 8vo, cloth 16/- " The author has constructed a manual which may be accepted as a trustworthy guide to this branch of the engineer's profession." Engineering. WATER ENGINEERING. A Practical Treatise on the Measurement, Storage, Conveyance, and Utilisation of Water for the Supply of Towns, for Mill Power, and for other Purposes. By CHARLES SLAGG, A.M.Inst.C.E. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth . 7/6 " As a small practical treatise on the water supply of towns, and on some applications of water- power, the work is in many respects excellent." Engineering. "The author has collated the results deduced from the experiments of the most eminent authorities, and has presented them in a compact and practical form, accompanied by very clear and detailed explanations. . . . The application of water as a motive power is treated very carefully and exhaustively." Builder. 12 CROSBY LOCK WOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. THE RECLAMATION OF LAND FROM TIDAL WATERS. A Handbook for Engineers, Landed Proprietors, and others interested in Works of Reclamation. By ALEX. BEAZELEY, M.Inst.C.E. 8vo, cloth . Net 1O/6 "The book shows in a concise way what has to be done in reclaiming land from the sea, and the best way of doing it. The work contains a great deal of practical and useful information which cannot fail to be of service to engineers entrusted with the enclosure of salt marshes, and to land owners intending to reclaim land from the sea." The Engineer. "The author has carried out his task efficiently and well, and his book contains a large amount of information of great service to engineers and others interested in works of reclamation." Nature. MASONRY DAMS FROM INCEPTION TO COMPLETION. Including numerous Formulae, Forms of Specification and Tender, Pocket Diagram of Forces, &c. For the use of Civil and Mining Engineers. By C. F. COURTNEY, M.Inst.C.E. 8vo, cloth 9/- " The volume contains a good deal of valuable data. Many useful suggestions will be found in the remarks on site and position, location of dam, foundations and construction." Building News. RIVER BARS. The Causes of their Formation, and their Treatment by "Induced Tidal Scour; " with a Description of the Successful Reduction by this Method of the Bar at Dublin. By I. J. MANN, Assist. Eng. to the Dublin Port and Docks Board. Royal 8vo, cloth 7/6 " We recommend all interested in harbour works and, indeed, those concerned in the improve- ments of rivers generally to read Mr. Mann's interesting work." Engineer. TRAMWAYS : THEIR CONSTRUCTION & WORKING. Embracing a Comprehensive History of the System ; with an exhaustive Analysis of the Various Modes of Traction, including Horse Power, Steam, Cable Traction, Electric Traction, &c. ; a Description of the Varieties of Rolling Stock; and ample Details of Cost and Working Expenses. New Edition, Thoroughly Revised, and Including the Progress recently made in Tramway Construction, &c. &c. By D. KINNEAR CLARK, M.Inst.C.E. With 400 Illustrations. 8vo, 780 pages, buckram ........... 28 - "The new volume is one which will rank, among tramway engineers and those interested in tramway working, with the author's world-famed book on railway machinery." The Engineer. SURVEYING AS PRACTISED BY CIVIL ENGINEERS AND SURVEYORS. Including the Setting-Out of Works for Construction and Surveys Abroad, with many Examples taken from Actual Practice. A Handbook for use in the Field and the Office, intended also as a Text-book for Students. By JOHN WHITE- LAW, Jun., A. M.Inst.C.E., Author of " Points and Crossings." With about 260 Illustrations. Demy 8vo, cloth .... [Just Published. Net 1O/6 "This work is written with admirable lucidity, and will certainly be found of distinct value both to students and to those engaged in actual practice." Th Builder. PRACTICAL SURVEYING. A Text-Book for Students preparing for Examinations or for Survey-work in the Colonies. By GEORGE W. USILL, A.M.I.C.E. With 4 Lithographic Plates and upwardsof 330 Illustrations. Seventh Edition. Including Tables of Natural Sines, Tangents, Secants, &c. Crown 8vo, 7/6 cloth; or, on THIN PAPER, leather, gilt edges, rounded corners, for pocket use ...... 12/6 " The best forms of instruments are described as to their construction, uses and modes of employ- ment, and there are innumerable hints on work and equipment such as the author, in his experience as surveyor, draughtsman and teacher, has found necessary, and which the student in his inexperience will find most serviceable." Engineer. "The first book which should be put in the hands of a pupil of Civil Engineering." Architect. AID TO SURVEY PRACTICE. For Reference in Surveying, Levelling, and Setting-out ; and in Route Surveys of Travellers by Land and Sea. With Tables, Illustrations, and Records. By Lowis D'A. JACKSON, A.M.I.C.E. Second Edition, Enlarged. 8vo, cloth 12/6 " Mr. Jackson has produced a valuable vade-mecum for the surveyor. We can recommend this book as containing an admirable supplement to the teaching of the accomplished surveyor." Athencemn. " The author brings to his work a fortunate union of theory and practical experience which, aided by a clear and lucid style of writing, renders the book a very useful one." Builder. CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, dw. 13 SURVEYING WITH THE TACHEOMETER. A Practical Manual for the use of Civil and Military Engineers and Surveyors. Including two series of Tables specially computed for the Reduction of Readings in Sexagesimal and in Centesimal Degrees. By NEIL KENNEDY, M.Inst.C.E. With Diagrams and Plates. Demy 8vo, cloth .... Net 1O/6 "The work is very clearly written, and should remove all difficulties in the way of any surveyor desirous of making use of this useful and rapid instrument." Nature. ENGINEER'S & MINING SURVEYOR'S FIELD BOOK. Consisting of a Series of Tables, with Rules, Explanations of Systems, and use of Theodolite for Traverse Surveying and Plotting the Work with minute accuracy by means of Straight Edge and Set Square only ; Levelling with the Theodo- lite ; Setting-out Curves with and without the Theodolite ; Earthwork Tables, &c. By W. DAVIS HASKOLL, C.E. With numerous Woodcuts. Fourth Edition, Enlarged. Crown 8vo, cloth 12/- "The book is very handy; the separate tables of sines and tangents to every minute will make it useful for many other purposes, the genuine traverse tables existing all the same." Athenceum. LAND AND MARINE SURVEYING. In Reference to the Preparation of Plans for Roads and Railways ; Canals, Rivers, Towns' Water Supplies ; Docks and Harbours. With Description and Use of Surveying Instruments. By W. DAVIS HASKOLL, C.E. Second Edition, Revised, with Additions. Large crown 8vo, cloth . ... . . . 9/- " This book must prove of great value to the student. We have no hesitation in recommending it, feeling assured that it will more than repay a careful study ."Mechanical World. " A most useful book for the student. We can strongly recommend it as a carefully-written and valuable text-book. It enjoys a well-deserved repute among surveyors." Builder. PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF LEVELLING. Showing its Application to purposes of Railway and Civil Engineering in the Construction of Roads ; with Mr. TELFORD'S Rules for the same. By FREDERICK W. SIMMS, M.Inst.C.E. Eighth Edition, with LAW'S Practical Examples for Setting-out Railway Curves, and TRAUTWINE'S Field Practice of Laying-out Circular Curves. With 7 Plates and numerous Woodcuts, 8vo . . 8/6 " The text-book on levelling in most of our engineering schools and colleges." Engineer. " The publishers have rendered a substantial service to the profession, especially to the younger members, by bringing out the present edition of Mr. Simms's useful work." Engineering. AN OUTLINE OF THE METHOD OF CONDUCTING A TRIGONOMETRICAL SURVEY, For the Formation of Geographical and Topographical Maps and Plans, Military Reconnaissance, LEVELLING, &c., with Useful Problems, Formulae, and Tables. By Lieut. -General FROME, R.E. Fourth Edition, Revised and partly Re-written by Major-General Sir CHARLES WARREN, G.C.M.G., R.E. With 19 Plates and 115 Woodcuts, royal 8 vo, cloth . ; .'.."' . . 16/- " No words of praise from us can strengthen the position so well and so steadily maintained by this work. Sir Charles Warren has revised the entire work, and made such additions as were necessary to bring every portion of the contents up to the present date." Broad Arrow. TABLES OF TANGENTIAL ANGLES & MULTIPLES. For Setting-out Curves from 5 to 200 Radius. By A. BEAZELEY, M.Inst.C.E. Sixth Edition, Revised. With an Appendix on the use of the Tables for Measuring up Curves. Printed on 50 Cards, and sold in a cloth box, waistcoat- pocket size . "r^- : - *" V-" ' 3/6 "Each table is printed on a small card, which, being placed on the theodolite, leaves the hands free to manipulate the instrument no small advantage as regards the rapidity of work." Engineer. " Very handy: a man may know that all his day's work must fall on two of these cards, which he puts into his own card-case, and leaves the rest behind." Athenceum. HANDY GENERAL EARTHWORK TABLES. Giving the Contents in Cubic Yards of Centre and Slopes of Cuttings and Embankments from 3 inches to 80 feet in Depth or Height, for use with either 66 feet Chain or 100 feet Chain. By J. H. WATSON BUCK, M.Inst.C.E. On a Sheet mounted in cloth case ......... 3/6 i 4 CROSBY LOCK WOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. EARTHWORK TABLES. Showing the Contents in Cubic Yards of Embankments, Cuttings, &c., of Heights or Depths up to an average of 80 feet. By JOSEPH BROADBENT, C.E., and FRANCIS CAMPIN, C.E. Crown 8vo, cloth 5/- "The way in which accuracy is attained, by a simple division of each cross section into three elements, two of which are constant and one variable, is ingenious." Atlienaum. A MANUAL ON EARTHWORK. By ALEX. J. GRAHAM, C.E. With numerous Diagrams. Second Edition. i8mo, cloth 2/6 THE CONSTRUCTION OF LARGE TUNNEL SHAFTS. A Practical and Theoretical Essay. By J. H. WATSON BUCK, M.Inst.C.E., Resident Engineer, L. and N. W. R. W T ith Folding Plates, 8vo, cloth . 12/- " Many of the methods given are of extreme practical value to the mason, and the observations on the form of arch, the rules for ordering the stone, and the construction of the templates, will be found of considerable use. We commend the book to the engineering profession." Building News. " Will be regarded by civil engineers as of the utmost value, and calculated to save much time and obviate many mistakes." Colliery Guardian. CAST & WROUGHT IRON BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION. (A Complete and Practical Treatise on), including Iron Foundations. In Three Parts Theoretical, Practical, and Descriptive. By WILLIAM HUMBER, A. -M.Inst.C.E., and M.Inst.M.E. Third Edition, Revised and much improved, with 115 Double Plates (20 of which now first appear in this edition), and numerous Additions to the Text. In 2 vols., imp. 4to, half-bound in morocco. 6 16s. 6d, " A very valuable contribution to the standard literature of civil engineering. In addition to elevations, plans, and sections, large scale details are given, which very much enhance the instructive worth of those illustrations." Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal. " Mr. Humber's stately volumes, lately issued in which the most important bridges erected during the last five years, under the direction of the late Mr. Brunei, Sir W. Cubitt, Mr. Hawkshaw, Mr. Page, Mr. Fowler, Mr. Hemans, and others among our most eminent engineers, are drawn and specified in great detail." Engineer. ESSAY ON OBLIQUE BRIDGES (Practical and Theoretical). With 13 large Plates. By the late GEORGE WATSON BUCK, M.I. C.E. Fourth Edition, revised by his Son, J. H.WATSON BUCK, M.I. C.E. ; and with the addition of Description to Diagrams for Facilitating the Construction of Oblique Bridges, by W. H. BARLOW, M.I. C.E. Royal Svo, cloth 12/- "The standard text-book for all engineers regarding skew arches is Mr. Buck's treatise, and it would be impossible to consult a better." Engineer. " Mr. Buck's treatise is recognised as a standard text-book, and his treatment has divested the subject of many of the intricacies supposed to belong to it. As a guide to the engineer and architect, on a confessedly difficult subject, Mr. Buck's work is unsurpassed." Building News. THE CONSTRUCTION OF OBLIQUE ARCHES (A practical Treatise on). By JOHN HART. Third Edition, with Plates. Imperial Svo, cloth 8/- GRAPHIC AND ANALYTIC STATICS* In their Practical Application to the Treatment of Stresses in Roofs, Solid Girders, Lattice, Bowstring, and Suspension Bridges, Braced Iron Arches and Piers, and other Frameworks. By R. HUDSON GRAHAM, C.E. Containing Diagrams and Plates to Scale. With numerous Examples, many taken from existing Structures. Specially arranged for Class-work in Colleges and Universities. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Svo, cloth 16/- " Mr. Graham's book will find a place wherever graphic and analytic statics are used or studied." " The work is excellent from a practical point of view, and has evidently been prepared with much care. The directions for working are ample, and are illustrated by an abundance of well-selected examples. It is an excellent text-book for the practical draughtsman." Athenceum. WEIGHTS OF WROUGHT IRON AND STEEL GIRDERS. A Graphic Table for Facilitating the Computation of the Weights of Wrought Iron and Steel Girders, &c., for Parliamentary and other Estimates. By J. H. WATSON BUCK, M.Inst.C.E. On a Sheet 2/6 CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, &c. PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. For the Architect, Engineer, and Mechanic. Giving Rules for the Delineation and Application of various Geometrical Lines, Figures, and Curves. By E. W. TARN, M.A., Architect. 8vo, cloth 9/- " No book with the same objects in view has ever been published in which the clearness of the rules laid down and the illustrative diagrams have been so satisfactory." Scotsman. THE GEOMETRY OF COMPASSES. Or, Problems Resolved by the mere Description of Circles, and the use of Coloured Diagrams and Symbols. By OLIVER BYRNE. Coloured Plates. Crown 8vo, cloth 3/S EXPERIMENTS ON THE FLEXURE OF BEAMS. Resulting in the Discovery of New Laws of Failure by Buckling. By ALBERT E. GUY. Medium 8vo, cloth .... [Just Published. Net 9/- HANDY BOOK FOR THE CALCULATION OF STRAINS In Girders and Similar Structures and their Strength. Consisting of Formulae- and Corresponding Diagrams, with numerous details for Practical Application,. &c. By WILLIAM HUMBER, A.-M.Inst.C.E., &c. Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo, with nearly 100 Woodcuts and 3 Plates, cloth . . . . . . 7/C5 "The formulae are neatly expressed, and the diagrams good." Athenaeum. "We heartily commend this really handy book to our engineer and architect readers." English Mechanic. TRUSSES OF WOOD AND IRON. Practical Applications of Science in Determining the Stresses, Breaking Weights, Safe Loads, Scantlings, and Details of Construction. With Complete Working Drawings. By WILLIAM GRIFFITHS, Surveyor, Assistant Master, Tranmere School of Science and Art. Oblong 8vo, cloth 4/6 " This handy little book enters so minutely into every detail connected with the construction of roof trusses that no student need be ignorant of these matters." Practical Engineer. THE STRAINS ON STRUCTURES OF IRONWORK. With Practical Remarks on Iron Construction. By F. W. SHEILDS, M.I.C.E. 8vo, cloth . .. .. ; .. . . . ..,.*. ... . 5/- A TREATISE ON THE STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. With Rules for application in Architecture, the Construction of Suspension Bridges, Railways, &c. By PETER BARLOW, F.R.S. A New Edition, revised by his Sons, P. W. BARLOW, F.R.S. , and W. H. BARLOW, F.R.S. ; to which are added, Experiments by HODGKINSON, FAIRBAIRN, and KIRKALDY ; and Formulae for Calculating Girders, &c. Edited by WM. HUMBER, A.-M.Inst.C.E. Demy 8vo, 400 pp., with 19 large Plates and numerous Woodcuts, cloth . 18/- " Valuable alike to the student, tyro, and the experienced practitioner, it will always rank in future,. as it has hitherto done, as the standard treatise on that particular subject." Engineer. SAFE RAILWAY WORKING. A Treatise on Railway Accidents, their Cause and Prevention ; with a Descrip- tion of Modern Appliances and Systems. By CLEMENT E. STRETTON, C.E., Author of "The Development of the Locomotive Engine," &c. With Illus- trations and Coloured Plates. Third Edition, Enlarged. Crown 8vo, cloth 3/6 " A book for the engineer, the directors, the managers; and, in short, all who wish for information on railway matters will find a perfect encyclopaedia in Safe Railway Working. 1 " Railway Review. " The author may be congratulated on having collected, in a very convenient form, much valuable- information on the principal questions affecting the safe working of railways. Railway Engineer. EXPANSION OF STRUCTURES BY HEAT. By JOHN KEILY, C.E., late of the Indian Public Works Department. Crown 8vo, cloth , 3 U 6 "The aim the author has set before him, viz., to show the effects of heat upon metallic and other structures is a laudable one, for this is a branch of physics upon which the engineer or architect car* find but little reliable and comprehensive data in books." Builder. 1 6 CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. THE PROGRESS OF MODERN ENGINEERING/ Complete in Four Volumes, imperial 410, half-morocco, price 12 12s. Each volume sold separately, as follows : FIRST SERIES, Comprising Civil, Mechanical, Marine, Hydraulic, Railway, Bridge, and other Engineering Works, &c. By WILLIAM HUMBER, A.-M.Inst.C.E., &c. Imp. 4to, with 36 Double Plates, drawn to a large scale. Photographic Portrait of John Hawkshaw, C.E., F. R.S..&C., and copious descriptive Letterpress, Specifications, &c., half-morocco 3 3s. LIST OF THE PLATES AND DIAGRAMS. VICTORIA STATION AND ROOF, L. B. & S. C. R. (8 PLATES); SOUTHPORT PIER (2 PLATES); VICTORIA STATION AND ROOF, L. C. & D. AND G. W. R. (6 PLATES) ; ROOF OF CREMORNE Music HALL ; BRIDGE OVER G. N. RAILWAY ; ROOF OF STATION, DUTCH RHENISH RAIL (2 PLATES) ; BRIDGE OVER THE THAMES, WEST LONDON EXTENSION RAILWAY (5 PLATES) ; ARMOUR PLATES : SUSPENSION BRIDGE, THAMES (4 PLATES) ; THE ALLEN ENGINE ; SUSPENSION BRIDGE, AVON (3 PLATES) ; UNDERGROUND RAILWAY (3 PLATES). " Handsomely lithographed and printed. It will find favour with many who desire to preserve in a permanent form copies of the plans and specifications prepared for the guidance of the contractors for many important engineering works." Engineer. HUMBERTS MODERN ENGINEERING. SECOND SERIES. Imperial 4to, with 3 Double Plates, Photographic Portrait of Robert Stephenson, C.E., M.P., F.R.S., &c., and copious descriptive Letterpress, Specifications, &c., half-morocco 3 3s. LIST OF THE PLATES AND DIAGRAMS. BlRKENHEAD DOCKS, LOW WATER BASIN (15 PLATES) ; CHARING CROSS STATION ROOF, C. C. RAILWAY (3 PLATES) ; DIGSWELL VIADUCT, GRBAT NORTHERN RAILWAY ; ROBBERY WOOD VIADUCT, GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY ; IRON PERMANENT WAY ; CLYDACH VIADUCT ; MERTHYR, TREDEGAR, AND ABERGAVENNY RAILWAY ; EBBW VIADUCT, MERTHYR, TREDEGAR, AND ABERGAVENNY RAILWAY ; COLLEGE WOOD VIADUCT, CORNWALL RAILWAY ; DUBLIN WINTER PALACE ROOF (3 PLATES) ; BRIDGE OVER THE THAMES, L. C. AND D. RAILWAY (6 PLATES) ; ALBERT HARBOUR, GREENOCK (4 PLATES). " Mr. Humber has done the profession good and true service, by the fine collection of examples he has here brought before the profession and the public." Practical Mechanic's Journal. HUMBERTS MODERN ENGINEERING. THIRD SERIES. Imp. 4to, with 40 Double Plates, Photographic Portrait of J. R. M'Clean, late Pres. Inst. C.E., and copious descriptive Letterpress, Specifica- tions, &c., half-morocco ......... 3 3s. LIST OF THE PLATES AND DIAGRAMS. MAIN DRAINAGE, METROPOLIS. North Side. MAP SHOWING INTERCEPTION OF SEWERS; MIDDLE LEVEL SEWER (2 PLATES) ; OUTFALL SEWER, BRIDGE OVER RIVER LEA (3 PLATES) ; OUTFALL SEWER, BRIDGE OVER MARSH LANE, NORTH WOOLWICH RAILWAY, AND Bow AND BARKING RAILWAY JUNCTION ; OUTFALL SEWER, BRIDGE OVER Bow AND BARKING RAILWAY (3 PLATES) ; OUTFALL SEWER, BRIDGE OVER EAST LONDON WATERWORKS' FEEDER (2 PLATES) ; OUTFALL SEWER RESERVOIR (2 PLATES) ; OUTFALL SEWER, TUMBLING BAY AND OUTLET ; OUTFALL SEWER, PENSTOCKS. South. Side. OUTFALL SEWER, BERMONDSEY BRANCH (2 PLATES) ; OUTFALL SEWER, RESERVOIR AND OUTLET (4 PLATES) ; OUTFALL SEWER, FILTH HOIST ; SECTIONS OF SEWERS (NORTH AND SOUTH SIDES). THAMES EMBANKMENT. SECTION OF RIVER WALL ; STEAMBOAT PIER, WESTMINSTER (2 PLATES) ; LANDING STAIRS BETWEEN CHARING CROSS AND WATERLOO BRIDGES ; YORK GATE (2 PLATES) ; OVERFLOW AND OUTLET AT SAVOY STREET SEWER (3 PLATES) ; STEAMBOAT PIER, WATERLOO BRIDGE (3 PLATES) ; JUNCTION OF SEWERS, PLANS AND SECTIONS ; GULLIES, PLANS, AND SECTIONS ; ROLLING STOCK ; GRANITE AND IRON FORTS. " The drawings have a constantly increasing value, and whoever desires to possess clear representa- tions of the two great works carried out by our Metropolitan Board will obtain Mr. Humber's volume." Engineer. HUMBER'S MODERN ENGINEERING* FOURTH SERIES. Imp. 4to, with 36 Double Plates, Photographic Portrait of John Fowler, late Pres. Inst. C.E., and copious descriptive Letterpress, Specifi- cations, &c., half-morocco 3 3s. LIST OF THE PLATES AND DIAGRAMS. ABBEY MILLS PUMPING STATION, MAIN DRAINAGE, METROPOLIS (4 PLATES) ; BARROW DOCKS (5 PLATES) ; MANQUIS VIADUCT, SANTIAGO AND VALPARAISO RAILWAY (2 PLATES) ; ADAM'S LOCOMO- TIVE, ST. HELEN'S CANAL RAILWAY (2 PLATES); CANNON STREET STATION ROOF, CHARING CROSS RAILWAY (3 PLATES) ; ROAD BRIDGE OVER THE RIVER MOKA (2 PLATES) ; TELEGRAPHIC APPARATUS FOR MESOPOTAMIA ; VIADUCT OVER THE RIVER WYE, MIDLAND RAILWAY (3 PLATES) ; ST. GERMANS VIADUCT, CORNWALL RAILWAY (2 PLATES) ; WROUGHT-!RON CYLINDER FOR DIVING BELL ; MILL- WALL DOCKS (6 PLATES) ; MILROY'S PATENT EXCAVATOR ; METROPOLITAN DISTRICT RAILWAY (6 PLATES) ; HARBOURS, PORTS ; AND BREAKWATERS (3 PLATES). " We gladly welcome another year's issue of this valuable publication from the able pen of Mr. Humber. The accuracy and general excellence of this work are well known, while its usefulness in giving the measurements and details of some of the latest examples of engineering, as carried out by the most eminent men in the profession, cannot be too highly prized." Artizan. MARINE ENGINEERING, NAVIGATION, drv. 17 MARINE ENGINEERING, SHIPBUILDING, NAVIGATION, ETC. THE NAVAL ARCHITECTS AND SHIPBUILDER'S POCKET-BOOK Of Formulae, Rules, and Tables, and Marine Engineer's and Surveyor's Handy Book of Reference. By CLEMENT MACKROW, M.I.N.A. Eighth Edition, care- fully Revised and Enlarged. Fcap., leather Net 12/6 SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. SIGNS AND SYMBOLS, DECIMAL FRACTIONS. TRIGONOMETRY. PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. MEN- SURATION. CENTRES AND MOMENTS OF FIGURES. MOMENTS OF INERTIA AND RADII GYRATION. ALGEBRAICAL EXPRESSIONS FOR SIMPSON'S RULES. MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES. CENTRE OF GRAVITY. LAWS OF MOTION. DISPLACEMENT, CENTRE OF BUOYANCY. CENTRE OF GRAVITY OF SHIP'S HULL. STABILITY CURVES AND METACENTRES. SEA AND SHALLOW-WATER WAVES. ROLLING OF SHIPS. PROPULSION AND RESISTANCE OF VESSELS. SPEED TRIALS. SAILING, CENTRE OF EFFORT. DISTANCES DOWN RIVERS, COAST LINES. STEERING AND RUDDERS OF VESSELS. LAUNCHING CALCULATIONS AND VELOCITIES. WEIGHT OF MATERIAL AND GEAR. GUN PARTICULARS AND WEIGHT. STANDARD GAUGES. RIVETED JOINTS AND RIVETING. STRENGTH AND TESTS OF MATERIALS. BINDING AND SHEARING STRESSES, ETC. STRENGTH OF SHAFTING, PILLARS, WHEELS, ETC. HYDRAULIC DATA, ETC. CONIC SECTIONS, CATENARIAN CURVES. MECHANICAL POWERS, WORK. BOARD OF TRADE REGULATIONS FOR BOILERS AND ENGINES. BOARD OF TRADE REGULA- TIONS FOR SHIPS. LLOYD'S RULES FOR BOILERS. LLOYD'S WEIGHT OF CHAINS. LLOYD'S SCANT- LINGS FOR SHIPS. DATA OF ENGINES AND VESSELS. SHIPS' FITTINGS AND TESTS. SEASONING PRESERVING TIMBER. MEASUREMENT OF TIMBER. ALLOYS, PAINTS, VARNISHES. DATA FOR STOWAGE. ADMIRALTY TRANSPORT REGULATIONS. RULES FOR HORSE-POWER, SCREW PRO- PELLERS, ETC. PERCENTAGES FOR BUTT STRAPS, ETC. PARTICULARS OF YACHTS. MASTING AND RIGGING VESSELS. DISTANCES OF FOREIGN PORTS. TONNAGE TABLES. VOCABULARY OF FRENCH AND ENGLISH TERMS. ENGLISH WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. FOREIGN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS. FOREIGN MONEY. DISCOUNT AND WAGE TABLES. USEFUL NUMBERS AND READY RECKONERS. TABLES OF CIRCULAR MEASURES. TABLES OF AREAS OF AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES. TABLES OF AREAS OF SEGMENTS OF CIRCLES. TABLES OF SQUARES AND CUBES AND ROOTS OF NUMBERS. TABLES OF LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS. TABLES OF HYPERBOLIC LOGARITHMS. TABLES OF NATURAL SINES, TANGENTS, ETC. TABLES OF LOGARITHMIC SINES, TANGENTS, ETC. " In these days of advanced knowledge a work like this is of the greatest value. It contains avast amount of information. We unhesitatingly say that it is the most valuable compilation for its specific purpose that has ever been printed. No naval architect, engineer, surveyor, seaman, wood or iron shipbuilder, can afford to be without this work." Nautical Magazine. " Should be used by all who are engaged in the construction or design of vessels. . . . Will be found to contain the most useful tables and formulae required by shipbuilders, carefully collected from the best authorities, and put together in a popular and simple form. The book is one of exceptional merit." Engineer. "The professional shipbuilder has now, in a convenient and accessible form, reliable data for solving many of the numerous problems that present themselves in the course of his work." Iron. "There is no doubt that a pocket-book of this description must be a necessity in the shipbuilding trade. . . . The volume contains a mass of useful information clearly expressed and presented in a handy form." Marine Engineer. W ANNAN'S MARINE ENGINEER'S GUIDE To Board of Trade Examinations for Certificates of Competency. Containing all latest Questions to Date, with Simple, Clear, and Correct Solutions ; 302 Elementary Questions with Illustrated Answers, and Verbal Questions and Answers ; complete Set of Drawings with Statements completed. By A. C. WANNAN, C.E., Consulting Engineer, and E. W. I. WANNAN, M.I.M.E., Certificated First Class Marine Engineer. Illustrated with numerous Engrav- ings. Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 500 pages. Large crown 8vo, cloth [Just Published. Net 1O/6 " The book is clearly and plainly written and avoids unnecessary explanations and formulas, and we consider it a valuable book for students of marine engineering." Nautical Magazine. " This is an excellent book. The young engineer with the world before him could hardly make a sounder base. The feature of the volume is its simplicity." Glasgow Herald. "The work covers all points on which information is indispensable, and does so in a manner which affords those who go to it for guidance an opportunity of not only gaining knowledge, but ol testing to what extent they have succeeded in mastering the multifarious details with which the volume abounds." Scotsman. W ANNAN'S MARINE ENGINEER'S POCKET-BOOK, Containing latest Board of Trade Rules and Data for Marine Engineers. By A. C. WANNAN, C.E. Third Edition, Revised, Enlarged, and Brought up to Date. Square i8mo, with Thumb Index, leather 5/- " There is a great deal of useful information in this little pocket-book. It is of the rule-of-thumb order, and is on that account, well adapted to the uses of the sea-going engineer." Engineer. "The work, with its many diagrams, condenses the information that is contained in the larger works on the subject, in such a manner as to be very handy for reference." Nautical Magazine. i8 CROSBY LOCK WOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. SEA TERMS, PHRASES, AND WORDS (Technical Dictionary of) used in the English and French Languages. (English- French, French-English.) For the Use of Seamen, Engineers, Pilots, Ship- builders, Shipowners, and Ship-brokers. Compiled by W. PIRRIE, late of the African Steamship Company. Fcap. 8vo, cloth limp .... 5/- " This volume will be highly appreciated by seamen, engineers, pilots, shipbuilders and ship- owners. It will be found wonderfully accurate and complete." Scotsman. " A very useful dictionary, which has long been wanted by French and English engineers, masters, officers and others." Shipping World. ELECTRIC SHIP LIGHTING. A Handbook on the Practical Fitting and Running of Ship's Electrical Plant, for the Use of Shipowners and Builders, Marine Electricians and Sea-going Engineers in Charge. By J. W. URQUHART, Author of "Electric Light," "Dynamo Construction," &c. Second Edition, revised and extended. With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth ...... 7/6 MARINE ENGINEER'S POCKET-BOOK, Consisting of useful Tables and Formulae. By FRANK PROCTOR, A.I.N.A. Third Edition. Royal 32mo, leather . 4/- " We recommend it to our readers as going far to supply a long-felt want." Naval Science. "A most useful companion to all marine engineers." United Service Gazette. ELEMENTARY MARINE ENGINEERING, A Manual for Young Marine Engineers and Apprentices. In the Form of Questions and Answers on Metals, Alloys, Strength of Materials, Construction and Management of Marine Engines and Boilers, Geometry, &c. With an Appendix of Useful Tables. By JOHN SHERREN BREWER, Government Marine Surveyor, Hongkong. Fifth Edition, small crown 8vo, cloth . . 1/6 "Contains much valuable information for the class for whom it is intended, especially in the chapters on the management of boilers and engines." Nautical Magazine. MARINE ENGINES AND STEAM VESSELS, A Treatise on. By ROBERT MURRAY, C.E. Eighth Edition, thoroughly Revised, with considerable Additions by the Author and by GEORGE CARLISLE, C.E., Senior Surveyor to the Board of Trade at Liverpool. Crown 8vo, cloth. 4/6 PRACTICAL NAVIGATION. Consisting of THE SAILOR'S SEA-BOOK, by JAMES GREENWOOD and W T . H. ROSSER ; together with the requisite Mathematical and Nautical Tables for the Working of the Problems, by HENRY LAW, C.E., and Professor J. R. YOUNG. Illustrated. I2mo, strongly half-bound 7/- THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SAILMAKING. By SAMUEL B. SADLER, Practical Sailmaker, late in the employment of Messrs. Ratsey and Lapthorne, of Cowes and Gosport. With Plates and other Illustra- tions. Small 410, cloth 12/6 "This extremely practical work gives a complete education in all the branches of the manufacture, cutting out, roping, seaming and goring. It is copiously illustrated, and will form a first-rate text-book and guide." Portsmouth Times. CHAIN CABLES AND CHAINS. Comprising Sizes and Curves of Links, Studs, &c., Iron for Cables and Chains, Chain Cable and Chain Making, Forming and Welding Links, Strength of Cables and Chains, Certificates for Cables, Marking Cables, Prices of Chain Cables and Chains, Historical Notes, Acts of Parliament, Statutory Tests, Charges for Testing, List of Manufacturers of Cables, &c., &c. By THOMAS W. TRAILL, F.E.R.N., M.Inst.C.E., Engineer-Surveyor-in-Chief, Board of Trade, Inspector of Chain Cable and Anchor Proving Establishments, and General Superintendent, Lloyd's Committee on Proving Establishments. With numerous Tables, Illustrations, and Lithographic Drawings. Folio, cloth, bevelled boards. 2 2s. "It contains a vast amount of valuable information. Nothing seems to be wanting to make it a complete and standard work of reference on the subject." Nautical Magazine. MINING, METALLURGY, AND COLLIERY WORKING. 19 MINING, METALLURGY, AND COLLIERY WORKING. THE OIL FIELDS OF RUSSIA AND THE RUSSIAN OIL INDUSTRY. Comprising a Complete Account of the Physical Features and Productions of the Russian Oil Regions, and a Practical Guide to the Exploration, Exploitation, and Management of Oil Properties in Russia and elsewhere. By A. BEEBY THOMPSON, A.M.Inst.M.E., Chief Engineer and Manager of the European Petroleum Company. Super-royal 8vo, with Plates and other Illustrations. [In the Press. Price about 30/- Net. MACHINERY FOR METALLIFEROUS MINES. A Practical Treatise for Mining Engineers, Metallurgists and Managers of Mines. By E. HENRY DAVIES, M.E., F.G.S. 600 pp., with Folding Plates and other Illustrations. Medium 8vo, cloth .... Net 25/- WATER AS A MOTIVE POWER. WIND ENGINES AND VENTILATING MACHINERY. STEAM BOILERS, STEAM ENGINES, AND OIL ENGINES. HOISTING MACHINERY. THE DRAINAGE OF MINES AND PUMPING MACHINERY. ROCK DRILLING MACHINERY. BORING MACHINERY. COARSE CON- CENTRATION MACHINERY. SIZING AND CLASSIFICATION TROMMELS. JIGGERS AND JIGGING. MACHINERY FOR FINE CONCENTRATION. THE MILLING OF GOLD ORES. THE MILLING OF SILVER ORES. AMALGAMATING PLATES AND MACHINERY. DRYING AND ROASTING MACHINERY. THE CHLORINATION AND CYANIDE PROCESSES FOR THE EXTRACTION OF GOLD. CONCENTRATION MILLS OR DRESSING FLOORS FOR THE ORES OF LEAD, ZINC, COPPER, ETC. OTHER METHODS OF CON- CENTRATION, THE WORKING OF MILLS, ETC. ELECTRICITY AS A MOTIVE POWER FOR MINING MACHINERY. ELECTRIC LIGHTING AND ELECTRIC BLASTING. AERIAL WIRE ROPEWAYS AND WIRE ROPES. TRANSPORT BY RAIL AND ROAD. " Deals exhaustively with the many and complex details which go to make up the sum total of machinery and other requirements for the successful working of metalliferous mines, and as a book of ready reference is of the highest value to mine managers and directors " Mining Journal. " Mr. Davies has done the advanced student and the manager of mines good service. Almost every kind of machinery in actual use is carefully described, and the woodcuts and plates are good. " A thenceum. THE DEEP LEVEL MINES OF THE RAND AND THEIR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT, Considered from the Commercial Point of View. By G. A. DENNY (of Johannes- burg), M.N.E.I.M.E., Consulting Engineer to the General Mining and Finance Corporation, Limited, of London, Berlin, Paris, and Johannesburg. Fully Illustrated with Diagrams and Folding Plates. Royal 8vo, buckram . . . Net 25/- " Mr. Denny by confining himself to the consideration of the future of the deep-level mines of the Rand breaks new ground, and by dealing with the subject rather from a commercial standpoint than from a scientific one, appeals to a wide circle of readers. The book cannot fail to prove of very great value to investors in South African mines." Mining Journal. " Will interest all who are concerned in any way with the WitwatersrandGoldfields." The Times. PROSPECTING FOR GOLD. A Handbook of Practical Information and Hints for Prospectors based on Personal Experience. By DANIEL J. RANKIN, F.R.S.G.S., M.R.A.S., formerly Manager of the Central African Company, and Leader of African Gold Pros- pecting Expeditions. With Illustrations specially Drawn and Engraved for the Work. Fcap. 8vo, leather Net 7/6 "This well-compiled book contains a collection of the richest gems of useful knowledge for the prospector's benefit. A special table is given to accelerate the spotting at a glance of minerals associated with gold." Mining Journal. THE METALLURGY OF GOLD. A Practical Treatise on the Metallurgical Treatment of Gold-bearing Ores. Including the Assaying, Melting, and Refining of Gold. By M. EISSLER, M.Inst.M.M. Fifth Edition, Enlarged. With over 300 Illustrations and Numerous Folding Plates. Medium 8vo, cloth .... Net 21 /- "This book thoroughly deserves its title of a 'Practical Treatise.' The whole process of gold mining, from the breaking of the quartz to the assay of the bullion, is described in clear and orderly narrative and with much, but not too much, fulness of detail." Saturday Review. "The work is a storehouse of information and valuable data, and we strongly recommend it to all professional men engaged in the gold-mining industry." Mining Journal. THE CYANIDE PROCESS OF GOLD EXTRACTION* And its Practical Application on the Witwatersrand Gold Fields and elsewhere. By M. EISSLER, M.Inst.M.M. With Diagrams and Working Drawings. Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 8vo, cloth Net 7/6 " This book is just what was needed to acquaint mining men with the actual working of a process which is not only the most popular, but is, as a general rule, the most successful for the extraction of gold from tailings." Mining Journal. B 2 20 CROSBY LOCK WOOD &> SON'S CATALOGUE. DIAMOND DRILLING FOR GOLD & OTHER MINERALS. A Practical Handbook on the Use of Modern Diamond Core-Drills in Prospect- ing and Exploiting Mineral-bearing Properties, including Particulars of the Cost of Apparatus and Working. By G. A. DENNY, M.N.E.Inst.M.E., M.Inst.M.M. Medium 8vo, 168 pp., with Illustrative Diagrams ..... 12/6 "There is certainly scope for a work on diamond drilling, and Mr. Denny deserves grateful recognition for supplying a decided want. We strongly recommend every board of directors to carefully peruse the pages of the work." Mining Journal. FIELD TESTING FOR GOLD AND SILVER. A Practical Manual for Prospectors and Miners. By W. H. MERRITT, M.N.E.Inst.M.E., A.R.S.M., &c. With Photographic Plates and other Illustra- tions. Fcap. 8vo, leather ........ Net 5/- "As an instructor of prospectors classes Mr. Merritt has the advantage of knowing exactly the information likely to be most valuable to the miner in the field. The contents cover all the details of sampling and testing gold and silver ores. A useful addition to a prospector's kit." Mining Journal THE PROSPECTOR'S HANDBOOK. A Guide for the Prospector and Traveller in Search of Metal-Bearing or other Valuable Minerals. By J. W. ANDERSON, M. A. (Camb.), F.R.G.S. Ninth Edition. Small crown 8vo, 3/6 cloth ; or, leather, pocket-book form, with tuck . 4/6 " Will supply a much felt want, especially among Colonists, in whose way are so often thrown many mineralogical specimens the value of which it is difficult to determine." Engineer. " How to find commercial minerals, and how to identify them when they are found, are the leading points to which attention is directed. The author has managed to pack as much practical detail into Iris pages as would supply material fora book three times its size." Mining Journal. THE METALLURGY OF SILVER. A Practical Treatise on the Amalgamation, Roasting, and Lixiviation of Silver Ores. Including the Assaying, Melting, and Refining of Silver Bullion. By M. EISSLER, M.Inst.M.M. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth . . 1O/6 "A practical treatise, and a technical work which we are convinced will supply a long felt want amongst practical men, and at the same time be of value to students and others indirectly connected with the industries." Mining Journal. " From first to last the book is thoroughly sound and reliable." Colliery Guardian. THE HYDRO-METALLURGY OF COPPER. Being an Account of Processes Adopted in the Hydro-Metallurgical Treatment of Cupriferous Ores, including the Manufacture of Copper Vitriol. With Chapters on the Sources of Supply of Copper and the Roasting of Copper Ores. By M. EISSLER, M.Inst.M.M. Medium 8vo, cloth . . Net 12/6 " In this volume the various processes for the extraction of copper by wet methods are fully detailed. . . . Costs are given when available, and a great deal of useful information about the copper industry of the world is presented in an interesting and attractive manner. ... A very welcome addition to the literature of copper." Mining Journal. THE METALLURGY OF ARGENTIFEROUS LEAD. A Practical Treatise on the Smelting of Silver-Lead Ores and the Refining of Lead Bullion. Including Reports on various Smelting Establishments and Descriptions of Modern Smelting Furnaces and Plants in Europe and America. By M. EISSLER, M.Inst.M.M., Author of " The Metallurgy of Gold," &c. Crown 8vo, 400 pp., with 183 Illustrations, cloth ..... 12/6 "The numerous metallurgical processes, which are fully and extensively treated of, embrace all the stages experienced in the passage of the lead from the various natural states to its issue from the refinery as an article of commerce." Practical Engineer. METALLIFEROUS MINERALS AND MINING. By D. C. DAVIES, F.G.S. Sixth Edition, thoroughly Revised and much Enlarged by his Son, E. HENRY DAVIES, M.E., F.G.S. 600 pp., with 173 Illustrations. Large crown 8vo, cloth . Net 12/6 " Neither the practical miner nor the general reader, interested in mines, can have a better book for his companion and his guide." Mining Journal. EARTHY AND OTHER MINERALS AND MINING. By D. C. DAVIES, F.G.S., Author of "Metalliferous Minerals," &c. Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged, by his Son, E. HENRY DAVIES, M.E., F.G.S. With about 100 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth 12/6 BRITISH MINING* A Treatise on the History, Discovery, Practical Development, and Future Prospects of Metalliferous Mines in the United Kingdom. By ROBERT HUNT, F.R.S., late Keeper of Mining Records. Upwards of 950 pp., with 230 Illustra- tions. Second Edition, Revised. Super-royal 8vo, cloth . . 2 2s. MINING, METALLURGY, AND COLLIERY WORKING. 21 POCKET-BOOK FOR MINERS & METALLURGISTS/ Comprising Rules, Formulae, Tables, and Notes, for Use in Field and Office Work. By F. DANVERS POWER, F.G.S., M.E. Second Edition, Corrected. Fcap. 8vo, leather 9/- "This excellent book is an admirable example of its kind, and ought to find a large sale amongst English-speaking prospectors and mining engineers." Engineering. THE MINER'S HANDBOOK. A Handy Book of Reference on the subjects of Mineral Deposits, Mining Operations, Ore Dressing, &c. For the Use of Students and others interested in Mining matters. Compiled by JOHN MILNE, F.R.S., Professor of Mining in the Imperial University of Japan. Third Edition. Fcap. 8vo, leather . . 7/6 " Professor Milne's handbook is sure to be received with favour by all connected with mining, and will be extremely popular among students." Athenccum. IRON ORES OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND: Their Mode of Occurrence, Age and Origin, and the Methods of Searching for and Working them. With a Notice of some of the Iron Ores of Spain. By J. D. KENDALL, F.G.S., Mining Engineer. Crown 8vo, cloth . . . 16/- MINE DRAINAGE. A Complete Practical Treatise on Direct-acting Underground Steam Pumping Machinery. By STEPHEN MICHELL. Second Edition, Re-written and Enlarged, With 250 Illustrations. Royal 8vo, cloth Net 26/- HORIZONTAL PUMPING ENGINES ROTARY AND NOK-ROTARY HORIZONTAL ENGINES- SIMPLE AND COMPOUND STEAM PUMPS VERTICAL PUMPING ENGINES ROTARY AND NON- ROTARY VERTICAL ENGINES SIMPLE AND COMPOUND STEAM PUMPS TRIPLE-EXPANSION STEAM PUMPS PULSATING STEAM PUMPS PUMP VALVES SINKING PUMPS, &c., &c. "This volume contains an immense amount of important and interesting new matter. The book should undoubtedly prove of great use to all who wish for information on the subject." The Engineer. ELECTRICITY AS APPLIED TO MINING. By ARNOLD LUPTON, M.Inst.C.E., M.I.M.E., M.I.E.E., late Professor of Coal Mining at the Yorkshire College, Victoria University, Mining Engineer and Colliery Manager ; G. D. ASPINALL PARR, M.I.E.E., A.M.I.M.E., Associate of the Central Technical College, City and Guilds of London, Head of the Electrical Engineering Department, Yorkshire College, Victoria University; and HERBERT PERKIN, M.I.M.E., Certificated Colliery Manager, Assistant Lecturer in the Mining Department of the Yorkshire College, Victoria University. With about 170 Illustrations. Medium 8vo, cloth . [Just Published. Net 9/- (For SUMMARY OF CONTENTS, see page 23.) THE COLLIERY MANAGER'S HANDBOOK* A Comprehensive Treatise on the Laying-out and Working of Collieries, Designed as a Book of Reference for Colliery Managers, and for the Use of Coal-Mining Students preparing for First-class Certificates. By CALEB PAMELY, Mining Engineer and Surveyor ; Member of the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers ; and Member of the South Wales Institute of Mining Engineers. With 700 Plans, Diagrams, and other Illustrations. Fourth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 964 pp. Medium 8vo, cloth . 25/- GEOLOGY. SEARCH FOR COAL. MINERAL LEASES AND OTHER HOLDINGS. SHAFT SINKING. FITTING UP THE SHAFT AND SURFACE ARRANGEMENTS. STEAM BOILERS AND THEIR FITTINGS. TIMBERING AND WALLING. NARROW WORK AND METHODS OF WORKING. UNDERGROUND CONVEY- ANCE. DRAINAGE. THE GASES MET WITH IN MINES ; VENTILATION. ON THE FRICTION OF AIR IN MINES. THE PRIESTMAN OIL ENGINE; PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS. SURVEYING AND PLAN- NING. SAFETY LAMPS AND FIRE-DAMP DETECTORS. SUNDRY AND INCIDENTAL OPERATIONS AND APPLIANCES. COLLIERY EXPLOSIONS. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. Appendix : SUMMARY OF REPORT OF H.M. COMMISSIONERS ON ACCIDENTS IN MINES. " Mr. Pamely's work is eminently suited to the purpose for which it is intended being clear, interesting, exhaustive, rich in detail, and up to date, giving descriptions of the latest machines in every department. A mining engineer could scarcely go wrong who followed this work." Colliery Guardian. " Mr. Pamely has not only given us a comprehensive reference book of a very high order, suitable to the requirements of mining engineers and colliery managers, but has also provided mining students with a class-book that is as interesting as it is instructive." Colliery Manager. " This is the most complete ' all-round ' work on coal-mining published in the English language. . . . No library of coal-mining books is complete without it. "Colliery Engineer (Scranton, Pa., U.S.A.). 22 CKOSBY LOCKWOOD &> SON'S CATALOGUE. COLLIERY WORKING AND MANAGEMENT. Comprising the Duties of a Colliery Manager, the Oversight and Arrangement of Labour and Wages, and the different Systems of Working Coal Seams. By H. F. BULMAN and R. A. S. REDMAYNE. 350 pages, with 28 Plates and other Illustrations, including Underground Photographs. Medium 8vo, cloth . 15/- " This is, indeed, an admirable Handbook for Colliery Managers, in fact, it is an indispensable adjunct to a Colliery Manager's education, as well as being a most useful and interesting work on the subject for all who in any way have to do with coal mining. The underground photographs are an attractive feature of the work, being very life-like and necessarily true representations of the scenes they depict." Colliery Guardian. " Mr. Buhnan and Mr. Redmayne, who are both experienced Colliery Managers of great literary ability, are to be congratulated on having supplied an authoritative work dealing with a side of the subject of coal mining which has hitherto received but scant treatment. The authors elucidate their text by 119 woodcuts and 28 plates, most of the latter being admirable reproductions of photographs taken underground with the aid of the magnesium flash-light. These illustrations are excellent." Nature. COAL AND COAL MINING. By the late Sir WARINGTON W. SMYTH, M.A., F.R.S., Chief Inspector of the Mines of the Crown and of the Duchy of Cornwall. Eighth Edition, Revised and Extended by T. FORSTER BROWN, Mining and Civil Engineer, Chief Inspector of the Mines of the Crown and of the Duchy of Cornwall. Crown 8vo, cloth 3/6 " As an outline is given of every known coal-field in this and other countries, as well as of the principal methods of working, the book will doubtless interest a very large number of readers." Mining Journal. NOTES AND FORMULA FOR MINING STUDENTS. By JOHN HERMAN MERIVALE, M.A., Late Professor of Mining in the Durham College of Science, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Fourth Edition, Revised and Enlarged, by H. F. BULMAN, A.M.Inst.C.E. Small crown 8vo, cloth . 2/6 " The author has done his work in a creditable manner, and has produced a book that will be ot service to students, and those who are practically engaged in mining operations." Engineer. INFLAMMABLE GAS AND VAPOUR IN THE AIR (The Detection and Measurement of). By FRANK CLOWES, D.Sc., Lond., F.I.C. With a Chapter on THE DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF PETROLEUM VAPOUR, by BOVERTON REDWOOD, F.R.S.E., Consulting Adviser to the Corporation of London under the Petroleum Acts. Crown 8vo, cloth . . . Net 5/- " Professor Clowes has given us a volume on a subject of much industrial importance. . . . Those interested in these matters may be recommended to study this book, which is easy of compre- hension and contains many good things." The Engineer. COAL & IRON INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. Comprising a Description of the Coal Fields, and of the Principal Seams of Coal, with Returns of their Produce and its Distribution, and Analyses of Special Varieties. Also, an Account of the Occurrence of Iron Ores in Veins or Seams ; Analyses of each Variety ; and a History of the Rise and Progress of Pig Iron Manufacture. By RICHARD MEADE. 8vo, cloth ..... 28 - " Of this book we may unreservedly say that it is the best of its class which we have ever met. . . . A book of reference which no one engaged in the iron or coal trades should omit from his library." Iron and Coal Trades' Review. ASBESTOS AND ASBESTIC. Their Properties, Occurrence, and Use. By ROBERT H. JONES, F.S.A., Mineralogist, Hon. Mem. Asbestos Club, Black Lake, Canada. \Vith Ten Collotype Plates and other Illustrations. Demy 8vo, cloth . . . 16/- " An interesting and invaluable work." Colliery Guardian. GRANITES AND OUR GRANITE INDUSTRIES. By GEORGE F. HARRIS, F.G.S. With Illustrations. Crown Svo, cloth . 2/6 TRAVERSE TABLES. For use in Mine Surveying. By WILLIAM LINTERN, C.E. With two Plates. Small crown Svo, cloth Net 3/- ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, &c. 23 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING. THE ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING. A First Year's Course for Students. By TYSON SEWELI,. A.I.E.E., Assistant Lecturer and Demonstrator in Electrical Engineering at the Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Second Edition, Revised, with Additional Chapters on Alternating Current Working, and Appendix of Questions and Answers. 450 pages, with 274 Illustrations. Demy 8vo, cloth [ Just Published. Net 7/6 OHM'S LAW. UNITS EMPLOYED IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING. SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS; CURRENT DENSITY AND POTENTIAL DROP IN THE CIRCUIT. THE HEATING EFFECT OF THE ELECTRIC CURRENT. THE MAGNETIC EFFECT OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT. THE MAGNETISA- TION OF IRON. ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY; PRIMARY BATTERIES. ACCUMULATORS. INDICATING INSTRUMENTS ; AMMETERS, VOLTMETERS, OHMMETERS. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY METERS. MEASURING INSTRUMENTS, AND THE MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE. MEASUREMENT OF POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, CAPACITY, CURRENT STRENGTH, AND PERMEABILITY. ARC LAMPS. INCANDESCENT LAMPS; MANUFACTURE AND INSTALLATION; PHOTOMETRY. THE CONTINUOUS CURRENT DYNAMO. DIRECT CURRENT MOTORS. ALTERNATING CURRENTS. TRANSFORMERS, ALTERNATORS, SYN- CHRONOUS MOTORS. POLYPHASE WORKING. APPENDIX OF QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. " An excellent treatise for students of the elementary facts connected with electrical engineering." The Electrician. "One of the best books for those commencing the study ot electrical engineering. Everything is explained in simple language which even a beginner cannot fail to understand." The Engineer. " One welcomes this book, which is sound in its treatment, and admirably calculated to give students the knowledge and information they most require." Nature. CONDUCTORS FOR ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION. Their Materials and Manufacture, The Calculation of Circuits, Pole-Line Con- struction, Underground Working, and other Uses. By F. A. C. PERRINE, A.M., D.Sc. ; formerly Professor of Electrical Engineering, Leland Stanford, Jr., University; M. A. Inst.E.E. Demy 8vo, cloth [Just Published. Net 2O/- CONDUCTOR MATERIALS ALLOYED CONDUCTORS MANUFACTURE OF WIRE WIRE-FINISHING WIRE INSULATION CABLES CALCULATION OF CIRCUITS KELVIN'S LAW OF ECONOMY IN CONDUC- TORS MULTIPLE ARC DISTRIBUTION ALTERNATING CURRENT CALCULATION OVERHEAD LINES POLE LINE LINE INSULATORS UNDERGROUND CONDUCTORS. "The book has much to recommend it, and the mains engineer will do well to add it to his library." The Electrician. ELECTRICITY AS APPLIED TO MINING. By ARNOLD LUPTON, M.Inst.C.E., M.I.M.E., M.I.E.E., late Professor of Coal Mining at the Yorkshire College, Victoria University, Mining Engineer and Colliery Manager ; G. D. ASPINALL PARR, M.I.E.E., A.M.I.M.E., Associate of the Central Technical College, City and Guilds of London, Head of the Electrical Engineering Department, Yorkshire College, Victoria Univer- sity ; and HERBERT PERKIN, M.I.M.E., Certificated Colliery Manager, Assistant Lecturer in the Mining Department of the Yorkshire College, Victoria University. With about 170 Illustrations. Medium 8vo, cloth. [Just Published. Net 9/- INTRODUCTORY. DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY. DRIVING OF THE DYNAMO. THE STEAM TURBINE. DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY. STARTING AND STOPPING ELECTRICAL GENERATORS AND MOTORS. ELECTRIC CABLES. CENTRAL ELECTRICAL PLANTS. ELECTRICITY APPLIED TO PUMPING AND HAULING. ELECTRICITY APPLIED TO COAL-CUTTING. TYPICAL ELECTRIC PLANTS RECENTLY ERECTED. ELECTRIC LIGHTING BY ARC AND GLOW LAMPS. MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICITY. ELECTRICITY AS COMPARED WITH OTHER MODES OF TRANSMITTING POWER. DANGERS OF ELECTRICITY. "The book is a good attempt to meet a growing want, and is well worthy of a place in the mining engineer's library." The Electrician. " It is very readable and instructive, and will doubtless prove of considerable value to mining engineers." The Engineer. "The work is well written, well got up, and well illustrated. It is as concise as possible, and exactly suited for rapid reference by men to whom time is an object of the first importance." The Athen&um. WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. Its Origins, Development, Inventions, and Apparatus. By CHARLES HENRY SEVVALL, Author of "Patented Telephony," "The Future of Long-distance Communication." 220 pages, with 85 Illustrations. Demy 8vo, cloth. [Just Published. Net 1O/6 24 CROSRY LOCKWOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. DYNAMO ELECTRIC MACHINERY: ITS CONSTRUCTION, DESIGN, AND OPERATION. By SAMUEL SHELDON, A.M., Ph.D., Professor of Physics and Electrical Engineering at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, assisted by HOBART MASON, B.S. In two volumes, sold separately, as follows : Vol. I. DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES. Third Edition, Revised. Large Crown 8vo. 280 pages, with 200 Illustrations . . Net 12/- Vol. II.- ALTERNATING CURRENT MACHINES. Large Crown 8vo. 260 pages, with 184 Illustrations Net 12/- jaTDesigned as Text-books for use in Technical Educational Institutions, and by Engineers whose work includes the handling of Direct and Alternating Current Machines respectively, and for Students proficient in mathematics. ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC CALCULATIONS. For the Use of Electrical Engineers and Artisans, Teachers, Students, and all others interested in the Theory and Application of Electricity and Magnetism. By A. A. ATKINSON, Professor of Electricity in Ohio University. Crown 8vo, cloth Net 9/- "To teachers and those who already possess a fair knowledge of their subject we can recommend this book as being useful to consult when requiring data or formulae which it is neither convenient nor necessary to retain by memory." The Electrician. ARMATURE WINDINGS OF DIRECT CURRENT DY- NAMOS. Extension and Application of a General Winding Rule. By E. ARNOLD, Engineer. Assistant Professor in Electrotechnics and Machine Design at the Riga Polytechnic School. Translated from the Original German by FRANCIS B. DE GRESS, M.E., Chief of Testing Department, Crocker- Wheeler Company. With 146 Illustrations. Medium 8vo, cloth . [Just Published. Net 12/ SUBMARINE TELEGRAPHS. Their History, Construction and Working. Founded in part on WUNSCHEN- DORFF'S "Traite de Telegraphic Sous Marine," and Compiled from Authoritative and Exclusive Sources. By CHARLES BRIGHT, F.R.S.E., A.M.Inst.C.E., M.I.E.E. 780 pp., fully illustrated, including maps and folding plates. Royal 8vo, cloth. Net 3 3s. "There are few, if any, persons more fitted to write a treatise on submarine telegraphy than Mr. Charles Bright. He has done his work admirably, and has written in a way which will appeal as much to the layman as to the engineer. This admirable volume must for many years to come hold the position of the English classic on submarine telegraphy." Engineer. " This book is full of information. It makes a book of reference which should be in every engineer's library." Nature. "Mr. Bright's interestingly written and admirably illustrated book will meet with a welcome reception from cable men." Electrician. " The Author deals with his subject from all points of view political and strategical as well as scientific the work will be of interest not only to men of science, but to the general public. We can strongly recommend it." Athenceum. THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER'S POCKET-BOOK. Consisting of Modern Rules, Formulae, Tables, and Data. By H. R. KEMPE, M.I.E.E., A.M.Inst.C.E., Technical Officer, Postal Telegraphs, Author of "A Handbook of Electrical Testing," &c. Second Edition, Thoroughly Revised, with- Additions. With numerous Illustrations. Royal 32mo, oblong, leather 5/- " It is the best book of its kind." Electrical Engineer. "The Electrical Engineer's Pocket-Book is a good one." Electrician. " Strongly recommended to those engaged in the electrical industries." Electrical Review. POWER TRANSMITTED BY ELECTRICITY. And applied by the Electric Motor, including Electric Railway Construction. By P. ATKINSON, A.M., Ph.D. Third Edition, fully Revised, and New Matter added. With 94 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth .... Net 9/- DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. By PHILIP ATKINSON, A.M., Ph.D., Author of " Elements of Static Electricity," &c. Crown 8vo, 417 pp., with 120 Illustrations, cloth .... 1O/6 ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, S-v. 25 THE MANAGEMENT OF DYNAMOS. A Handybook of Theory and Practice for the Use of Mechanics, Engineers, Students and others in Charge of Dynamos. By G. W. LUMMIS-PATERSON. Third Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, cloth 4/6 " An example which deserves to be taken as a model by other authors. The subject is treated in a manner which any intelligent man who is fit to be entrusted with charge of an engine should be able to understand. It is a useful book to all who make, tend or employ electric machinery." Architect. THE STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY. A Popular Encyclopaedia of Words and Terms Used in the Practice of Electrical Engineering. Containing upwards of 3,000 Definitions. By T. O'CoNOR SLOANE, A.M., Ph.D. Third Edition, with Appendix. Crown 8vo, 690 pp., 390 Illustrations, cloth Net 7/6 " The work has many attractive features in it, and is, beyond doubt, a well put together and useful publication. The amount of ground covered may be gathered from the fact that in the index about 5,000 references will be found." Electrical Review. ELECTRIC LIGHT FITTING. A Handbook for Working Electrical Engineers, embodying Practical Notes on Installation Management. By J. W. URQUHART, Electrician, Author of "Electric Light," &c. With numerous Illustrations. Third Edition, Revised, with Additions. Crown 8vo, cloth . . . . . * . ' . . . 5/- "This volume deals with the mechanics of electric lighting, and is addressed to men who are already engaged in the work, or are training for it. The work traverses a great deal of ground, and may be read as a sequel to the author's useful work on ' Electric Light.' " Electrician. " The book is well worth the perusal of the workman, for whom it is written." Electrical Review. ELECTRIC LIGHT. Its Production and Use, Embodying Plain Directions for the Treatment of Dynamo-Electric Machines, Batteries, Accumulators, and Electric Lamps. By J. W. URQUHART, C.E. Sixth Edition, Enlarged. Crown 8vo, cloth . 7/6 "The whole ground of electric lighting is more or less covered and explained in a very clear and concise manner." Electrical Review. " A vade-mecum of the salient facts connected with the science ot electric lighting." Electrician. DYNAMO CONSTRUCTION. A Practical Handbook for the Use of Engineer Constructors and Electricians-in- Charge. Embracing Framework Building, Field Magnet and Armature Winding and Grouping, Compounding, &c. By J. W. URQUHART. Second Edition, Enlarged. With 114 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth . ' . * ',..' , 7/6 " Mr. Urquhart's book is the first one which deals with these matters in such a way that the engineering student can understand them. The book is very readable, and the author leads his readers up to difficult subjects by reasonably simple tests." Engineering Review. ELECTRIC SHIP-LIGHTING. A Handbook on the Practical Fitting and Running of Ship's Electrical Plant. For the Use of Shipowners and Builders, Marine Electricians, and Sea-going Engineers in Charge. By J. W. URQUHART, C.E. Second Edition. Revised and Extended. With 88 Illustrations, crown 8vo, cloth .... 7/6 "The subject of ship electric lighting is one of vast importance, and Mr. Urquhart is to be highly complimented for placing such a valuable work at the service of marine electricians." The Steamship. ELECTRIC LIGHTING (ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF). By ALAN A. CAMPBELL SWINTON, M.Inst.C.E., M.I.E.E. Fourth Edition, Revised. With Sixteen Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth . . . 1/6 ELECTRIC LIGHT FOR COUNTRY HOUSES. A Practical Handbook on the Erection and Running of Small Installations, with Particulars of the Cost of Plant and Working. By J. H. KNIGHT. Third Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, wrapper 1/- HOW TO MAKE A DYNAMO. A Practical Treatise for Amateurs. Containing Illustrations and Detailed Instructions for Constructing a Small Dynamo to Produce the Electric Light. By ALFRED CROFTS. Sixth Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, cloth . 2/- THE STUDENTS TEXTBOOK OF ELECTRICITY. By H. M. NOAD, F.R.S. 650 pp., with 470 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth. 9/- 26 CROSBY LOCK WOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE, ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, ETC. PRACTICAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. A Handbook for Students Preparing for Examinations, and a Book of Reference for Persons Engaged in Building. By JOHN PARNELL ALLEN, Surveyor, Lecturer on Building Construction at the Durham College of Science, Newcastle- on-Tyne. Fourth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Medium 8vo, 570 pages, -with over 1,000 Illustrations, cloth .... [Just Published. Net 7/6 "The most complete exposition of building construction we have seen. It contains all that is 'necessary to prepare students for the various examinations in building construction." Building News. "The author depends nearly as much on his diagrams as on his type. The pages suggest the Hiand of a man of experience in building operations and the volume must be a blessing to many teachers as well as to students." The Architect. " The work is sure to prove a formidable rival to great and small competitors alike, and bids fair to take a permanent place as a favourite student's text-book. The large number of illustrations deserve particular mention for the great merit they possess for purposes of reference, in exactly corresponding to convenient scales." Jour. hist. Brit. Archts. PRACTICAL MASONRY. A Guide to the Art of Stone Cutting. Comprising the Construction, Setting-out, and Working of Stairs, Circular Work, Arches, Niches, Domes, Pendentives, Vaults, Tracery Windows, &c. ; to which are added Supplements relating to Masonry Estimating and Quantity Surveying, and to Building Stones, and a Glossary of Terms. For the Use of Students, Masons, and other Workmen. By WILLIAM R. PURCHASE, Building Inspector to the Borough of Hove. Fourth Edition, Enlarged. Royal 8vo, 210 pages, with 52 Lithographic Plates, comprising over 400 Diagrams, cloth . . . [Just Published. Net 7/6 " Mr. Purchase's ' Practical Masonry ' will undoubtedly be found useful to all interested in this important subject, whether theoretically or practically. Most of the examples given are from actual work carried out, the diagrams being carefully drawn. The book is a practical treatise on the subject, the author himself having commenced as an operative mason, and afterwards acted as foreman mason on many large and important buildings prior to the attainment of his present position. It should be found of general utility to architectural students and others, as well as to those to whom it is specially addressed." Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects. MODERN PLUMBING, STEAM AND HOT WATER HEATING. A New Practical Work for the Plumber, the Heating Engineer, the Architect, and the Builder. By J. J. LAWLER, Author of "American Sanitary Plumbing," &c. With 284 Illustrations and Folding Plates. 4to, cloth . . Net 21/- CONCRETE: ITS NATURE AND USES* A Book for Architects, Builders, Contractors, and Clerks of Works. By GEORGE L. SUTCLIFFE, A.R.I.B.A. 350 pages, with Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth 7/6 " The author treats a difficult subject in a lucid manner. The manual fills a long felt gap. It is careful and exhaustive ; equally useful as a student's guide and an architect's book of reference." Journal of Royal Institute of British Architects. LOCKWOOD'S BUILDER'S PRICE BOOK FOR 1903* A Comprehensive Handbook of the Latest Prices and Data for Builders, Architects, Engineers, and Contractors. Re-constructed, Re-written, and Greatly Enlarged. By FRANCIS T. W. MILLER. 800 closely-printed pages, crown 8vo, cloth ' . [Just Published. 4/- " This book is a very useful one, and should find a place in every English office connected with the building and engineering professions." Industries. " An excellent book of reference." Architect. " In its new and revised form this Price Book is what a work of this kind should be comprehensive, reliable, well arranged, legible, and well bound." British Architect. DECORATIVE PART OF CIVIL ARCHITECTURE. By Sir WILLIAM CHAMBERS, F.R.S. With Portrait, Illustrations, Notes, and an EXAMINATION OF GRECIAN ARCHITECTURE, by JOSEPH GWILT, F.S.A. Revised and Edited by W. H. LEEDS. 66 Plates, 4to, cloth 21,- ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, &c. 27 THE MECHANICS OF ARCHITECTURE. A Treatise on Applied Mechanics, especially Adapted to the Use of Architects. By E. W. TARN, M.A., Author of "The Science of Building," &c. Second Edition, Enlarged. Illustrated with 125 Diagrams. Crown 8vo, cloth . 7/6 " The book is a very useful and helpful manual of architectural mechanics." Builder. A HANDY BOOK OF VILLA ARCHITECTURE. Being a Series of Designs for Villa Residences in various Styles. With Outline Specifications and Estimates. By C. WICKES, Architect, Author of "The Spires and Towers of England, "&c. 61 Plates, 4to, half-morocco, gilt edges 1 11s. 6d. "The whole of the designs bear evidence of their being the work of an artistic architect, and they will prove very valuable and suggestive." Building News. THE ARCHITECT'S GUIDE. Being a Text-book of Useful Information for Architects, Engineers, Surveyors, Contractors, Clerks of Works, &c., &c. By F. ROGERS. Crown 8vo, cloth 3/6 ARCHITECTURAL PERSPECTIVE. The whole Course and Operations of the Draughtsman in Drawing a Large House in Linear Perspective. Illustrated by 43 Folding Plates. By F. O. FERGUSON. Third Edition. 8vo, boards . . . [Just Published. 3/6 " It is the most intelligible of the treatises on this ill-treated subject that I have met with." E. INGRESS BELL, ESQ., in the R.I. B. A. Journal. PRACTICAL RULES ON DRAWING. For the Operative Builder and Young Student in Architecture. By GEORGE PYNE. 14 Plates, 4to, boards ." '. . 7/6 MEASURING AND VALUING ARTIFICERS* WORK (The Student's Guide to the Practice of). Containing Directions for taking Dimensions, Abstracting the same, and bringing the Quantities into Bill, with Tables of Constants for Valuation of Labour, and for the Calculation of Areas and Solidities. Originally edited by E. DOBSON, Architect. With Additions by E. W. TARN, M.A. Seventh Edition, Revised. With 8 Plates and 63 Woodcuts. Crown 8vo, cloth . . . . . . 7/6 "This edition will be found the most complete treatise on the principles of measuring and valuing artificers' work that has yet been published." Building News. TECHNICAL GUIDE, MEASURER, AND ESTIMATOR. For Builders and Surveyors. Containing Technical Directions for Measuring Work in all the Building Trades, Complete Specifications for Houses, Roads, and Drains, and an Easy Method of Estimating the parts of a Building collectively. By A. C. BEATON. Ninth Edition. Waistcoat-pocket size, gilt edges . 1/6 " No builder, architect, surveyor, or valuer should be without his ' Beaton. 1 " Building News. SPECIFICATIONS FOR PRACTICAL ARCHITECTURE. A Guide to the Architect, Engineer, Surveyor, and Builder. With an Essay on the Structure and Science of Modern Buildings. Upon the Basis of the Work by ALFRED BARTHOLOMEW, thoroughly Revised, Corrected, and greatly added to by FREDERICK ROGERS, Architect. Third Edition, Revised. 8vo, cloth 15/- "The work is too well known to need any recommendation from us. It is one of the books with which every young architect must be equipped." ,4 rchitect. THE HOUSE-OWNER'S ESTIMATOR* Or, What will it Cost to Build, Alter, or Repair? A Price Book for Unpro fessional People, as well as the Architectural Surveyor and Builder. By J. D. SIMON. Edited by F. T. W. MILLER, A.R.I.B.A. Fifth Edition, carefully Revised. Crown 8vo, cloth Net 3/6 " In two years it will repay its cost a hundred times over." Field. 28 CROSBY LOCKWOOD &- SON'S CATALOGUE. SANITATION AND WATER SUPPLY. THE HEALTH OFFICER'S POCKET-BOOK* A Guide to Sanitary Practice and Law. For Medical Officers of Health, Sanitary Inspectors, Members of Sanitary Authorities, &c. By EDWARD F. WILLOUGHBY, M.D. (Lond.), &c. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Fcap. 8vo, leather Net 1O/6 " It is a mine of condensed information of a pertinent and useful kind on the various subjects of which it treats. The different subjects are succinctly but fully and scientifically dealt with." The Lancet. THE BACTERIAL PURIFICATION OF SEWAGE: Being a Practical Account of the Various Modern Biological Methods of Purifying Sewage. By SIDNEY BARWISE, M.D. (Lond.). 8vo, cloth. Net 6/O THE PURIFICATION OF SEWAGE. Being a Brief Account of the Scientific Principles of Sewage Purification, and their Practical Application. By SIDNEY BARWISE, M.D. (Lond.), M.R.C.S., D.P.H. (Camb.), Fellow of the Sanitary Institute, Medical Officer of Health to the Derbyshire County Council. Crown 8vo, cloth. .... 5/- WATER AND ITS PURIFICATION. A Handbook for the Use of Local Authorities, Sanitary Officers, and others interested in Water Supply. By S. RIDEAL, D.Sc., Lond., F.I.C. Second Edition, Revised, with Additions. Large crown 8vo, cloth . . . Net 9/- RURAL WATER SUPPLY. A Practical Handbook on the Supply of Water and Construction of Waterworks for Small Country Districts. By ALLAN GREENWELL, A.M.I.C.E., and W. T. CURRY, A.M.I.C.E. Revised Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth . . . 5/- THE WATER SUPPLY OF CITIES AND TOWNS. By WILLIAM HUMBER, A.M.Inst.C.E., and M.Inst.M.E. Imp. 4to, half-bound morocco. (See page n) Net 6 6s. THE WATER SUPPLY OF TOWNS AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF WATER- WORKS, By Professor W. K. BURTON, A.M.Inst.C.E. Second Edition, Revised and Extended. Royal 8vo, cloth. (See page 10) 1 5s. WATER ENGINEERING. A Practical Treatise on the Measurement, Storage, Conveyance, and Utilisation of Water for the Supply of Towns. By C. SLAGG, A.M.Inst.C.E. . 7/6 SANITARY WORK IN SMALL TOWNS AND VILLAGES. By CHARLES SLAGG, A.M.Inst.C.E. Crown 8vo, cloth .... 3/- MODERN PLUMBING, STEAM AND HOT WATER HEATING. A New Practical Work for the Plumber, the Heating Engineer, the Architect, and the Builder. By J. J. LAWLER. With 284 Illustrations and Folding Plates. 4to, cloth Net 21/- PLUMBING. A Text-Book to the Practice of the Art or Craft of the Plumber. By W. P. BUCHAN. Ninth Edition, Enlarged, with 500 Illustrations. Crown 8vo 3/6 VENTILATION. A Text-Book to the Practice of the Art of Ventilating Buildings. By W. P. BUCHAN, R.P. Crown 8vo, cloth . . . 3/6 CARPENTRY, TIMBER, &>c. 29 CARPENTRY, TIMBER, ETC. THE ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF CARPENTRY. A Treatise on the Pressure and Equilibrium of Timber Framing, the Resistance of Timber, and the Construction of Floors, Arches, Bridges, Roofs, Uniting Iron and Stone with Timber, &c. To which is added an Essay on the Nature and Properties of Timber, &c., with Descriptions of the kinds of Wood used in Building ; also numerous Tables of the Scantlings of Timber for different purposes, the Specific Gravities of Materials, &c. By THOMAS TREDGOLD, C.E. With an Appendix of Specimens of Various Roofs of Iron and Stone, Illustrated. Seventh Edition, thoroughly Revised and considerably Enlarged by E. WYNDHAM TARN, M.A., Author of "The Science of Building," &c. With 61 Plates, Portrait of the Author, and several Woodcuts. In One large Vol., 4to, cloth. 1 5s. " Ought to be in every architect's and every builder's library." Builder. " A work whose monumental excellence must commend it wherever skilful carpentry is concerned. The author's principles are rather confirmed than impaired by time. The additional plates are of great intrinsic value." Building News. WOODWORKING MACHINERY, Its Rise, Progress, and Construction. With Hints on the Management of Saw Mills and the Economical Conversion of Timber. Illustrated with Examples of Recent Designs by leading English, French, and American Engineers. By M. Powis BALE, A.M.Inst.C.E., M.I.M.E. Second Edition, Revised, with large Additions, large crown 8vo, 440 pp., cloth 9/- " Mr. Bale is evidently an expert on the subject, and he has collected so much information that his book is all-sufficient for builders and others engaged in the conversion of timber." Architect. " The most comprehensive compendium of wood-working machinery we have seen. The author is a thorough master of his subject." Building News. SAW MILLS* Their Arrangement and Management, and the Economical Conversion of Timber. (A Companion Volume to "Woodworking Machinery.") By M. Powis BALE, A.M.Inst.C.E. Second Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, cloth *] . 1O/6 " The administration of a large sawing establishment is discussed, and the subject examined from a financial standpoint. Hence the size, shape, order, and disposition of saw-mills and the like are gone into in detail, and the course of the timber is traced from its reception to its delivery in its converted state. We could not desire a more complete or practical treatise." Builder. THE CARPENTER'S GUIDE. Or, Book of Lines for Carpenters ; comprising all the Elementary Principles essential for acquiring a knowledge of Carpentry. Founded on the late PETER NICHOLSON'S standard work. A New Edition, Revised by ARTHUR ASHPITEL, F.S.A. Together with Practical Rules on Drawing, by GEORGE PYNE. With 74 Plates, 4to, cloth . . . . ..:..,,'. ' :' , 1 Is. A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HANDRAILING. Showing New and Simple Methods for Finding the Pitch of the Plank, Drawing the Moulds, Bevelling, Jointing-up, and Squaring the Wreath. By GEORGE COLLINGS. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged, to which is added A TREATISE ON STAIR-BUILDING. With Plates and Diagrams. lamo, cloth 2/6 "Will be found of practical utility in the execution of this difficult branch of joinery." Builder. "Almost every difficult phase of this somewhat intricate branch of joinery is elucidated by the aid ot plates and explanatory letterpress." Furniture Gazette. CIRCULAR WORK IN CARPENTRY AND JOINERY* A Practical Treatise on Circular Work of Single and Double Curvature. By GEORGE COLLINGS. With Diagrams. Third Edition, lamo, cloth . . 2/6 " An excellent example of what a book of this kind should be. Cheap in price, clear in definition, and practical in the examples selected." Builder. THE CABINET-MAKERS GUIDE TO THE ENTIRE CONSTRUCTION OF CABINET WORK. Including Veneering, Marquetrie, Buhlwork, Mosaic, Inlaying, &c. By RICHARD BITMEAD. Illustrated with Plans, Sections, and Working Drawings. Crown 8vo, cloth 2/6 30 CROSBY LOCK WOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. HANDRAILING COMPLETE IN EIGHT LESSONS. On the Square-Cut System. By J. S. GOLDTHORP, Teacher of Geometry and Building Construction at the Halifax Mechanics' Institute. With Eight Plates and over 150 Practical Exercises. 4to, cloth 3/6 " Likely to be of considerable value to joiners and others who take a pride in good work. The arrangement of the book is excellent. We heartily commend it to teachers and students." Timber Trades Journal. TIMBER MERCHANT'S & BUILDER'S COMPANION. Containing New and Copious Tables of the Reduced Weight and Measurement of Deals and Battens, of all sizes, and other useful Tables for the use of Timber Merchants and Builders. By WILLIAM DOWSING. Fourth Edition, Revised and Corrected. Crown 8vo, cloth 3/- " We are glad to see a fourth edition of these admirable tables, which for correctness and simplicity of arrangement leave nothing to be desired." Timber Trades Journal. THE PRACTICAL TIMBER MERCHANT* Being a Guide for the use of Building Contractors, Surveyors, Builders, &c., comprising useful Tables for all purposes connected with the Timber Trade, Marks of Wood, Essay on the Strength of Timber, Remarks on the Growth of Timber, &c. By W. RICHARDSON. Second Edition. Fcap. 8vo, cloth . 3/6 " This handy manual contains much valuable information for the use of timber merchants, builders, foresters, and all others connected with the growth, sale, and manufacture of timber." Journal of Forestry. PACKING-CASE TABLES. Showing the number of Superficial Feet in Boxes or Packing-Cases, from six inches square and upwards. By W. RICHARDSON, Timber Broker. Third Edition. Oblong 4to, cloth 3/6 " Invaluable labour-saving tables." Ironmonger. " Will save much labour and calculation." Grocer. GUIDE TO SUPERFICIAL MEASUREMENT. Tables calculated from i to 200 inches in length, by i to 108 inches in breadth. For the use of Architects, Surveyors, Engineers, Timber Merchants, Builders, &c. By JAMES HAWKINGS. Fifth Edition. Fcap., cloth . . . 3/6 " These tables will be found of great assistance to all who require to make calculations in superficial measurement." English Mechanic. PRACTICAL FORESTRY. And its Bearing on the Improvement of Estates. By CHARLES E. CURTIS, F.S.I., Professor of Forestry, Field Engineering, and General Estate Manage- ment, at the College of Agriculture, Downton. Second Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, cloth 3/6 PREFATORY REMARKS. OBJECTS OF PLANTING. CHOICE OF A FORESTER. CHOICE OF SOIL ANI> SITE. LAYING OUT OF LAND FOR PLANTATIONS. PREPARATION OF THE GROUND FOR PLANTING. DRAINAGE. PLANTING. DISTANCES AND DISTRIBUTION OF TREES IN PLANTATIONS. TREES AND GROUND GAME. ATTENTION AFTER PLANTING. THINNING OF PLANTATIONS. PRUNING OF FOREST TREES. REALIZATION. METHODS OF SALE. MEASUREMENT OF TIMBER. MEASUREMENT ANF> VALUATION OF LARCH PLANTATION. FIRE LINES. COST OF PLANTING. " Mr. Curtis has in the course of a series of short pithy chapters afforded much information of a useful and practical character on the planting and subsequent treatment of trees." Illustrated Carpenter and Builder. THE ELEMENTS OF FORESTRY. Designed to afford Information concerning the Planting and Care of Forest Trees for Ornament or Profit, with suggestions upon the Creation and Care of Woodlands. By F. B. HOUGH. Large crown 8vo, cloth . . . 1O/- TIMBER IMPORTER'S, TIMBER MERCHANTS, AND BUILDER'S STANDARD GUIDE. By RICHARD E. GRANDY. Comprising: An Analysis of Deal Standards, Home and Foreign, with Comparative Values and Tabular Arrangements for fixing Net Landed Cost on Baltic and North American Deals, including all intermediate Expenses, Freight, Insurance. &c. &c. ; together with copious Information for the Retailer and Builder. Third Edition, Revised. lamo, cloth . . 2/- " Everything it pretends to be : built up gradually, it leads one from a forest to a treenail, and throws in, as a makeweight, a host of material concerning bricks, columns, cisterns, &c." English Mechanic. DECORATIVE ARTS, <2rY. 31 DECORATIVE ARTS, ETC. SCHOOL OF PAINTING FOR THE IMITATION OF WOODS AND MARBLES. As Taught and Practised by A. R. VAN DER BURG and P. VAN DER BURG,. Directors of the Rotterdam Painting Institution. Royal folio, i8 by 12^ in., Illustrated with 24 full-size Coloured Plates ; also 12 plain Plates, comprising' 154 Figures. Fourth Edition, cloth . . [Just Published. Net 25s. LIST OF PLATES. i. VARIOUS TOOLS REQUIRED FOR WOOD PAINTING. 2, 3. WALNUT ; PRELIMINARY STAGES OF GRAINING AND FINISHED SPECIMEN. 4. TOOLS USED FOR MARBLE PAINTING AND METHOD OF MANIPULATION. 5, 6. ST. REMI MARBLE ; EARLIER OPERATIONS AND FINISHED SPECIMEN. 7. METHODS OF SKETCHING DIFFERENT GRAINS, KNOTS, &c. 8, 9. ASH : PRELIMINARY STAGES AND> FINISHED SPECIMEN. 10. METHODS OF SKETCHING MARBLE GRAINS. n, 12. BRECHE MARBLE; PRELIMINARY STAGES OF WORKING AND FINISHED SPECIMEN. 13. MAPLE ; METHODS OF PRODUCING THE DIFFERENT GRAINS. 14, 15. BIRD'S-EYE MAPLE ; PRELIMINARY STAGES AND FINISHED SPECIMEN. 16. METHODS OF SKETCHING THE DIFFERENT SPECIES OF WHITE MARBLE. 17, 18. WHITE MARBLE ; PRELIMINARY STAGES OF PROCESS AND FINISHED SPECIMEN. 19. MAHOGANY ; SPECI-MEN OF VARIOUS GRAINS AND METHODS OF MANIPULATION. 20, 21. MAHOGANY ; EARLIER STAGES AND FINISHED SPECIMEN. 22, 23, 24. SIENNA MARBLE ; VARIETIES OF GRAIN, PRELIMINARY STAGES AND FINISHED SPECIMEN. 25, 26, 27. JUNIPER WOOD ; METHODS OF PRODUCING GRAIN, &c. ; PRELIMINARY STAGES AND FINISHED SPECIMEN. 28, 29, 30. VERT DE MER MARBLE; VARIETIES OF GRAIN AND METHODS OF WORKING, UNFINISHED AND FINISHED SPECIMENS. 31, 32, 33. OAK ; VARIETIES OF GRAIN, TOOLS EMPLOYED AND METHODS OF MANIPULATION, PRELIMINARY STAGES AND FINISHED SPECIMEN. 34, 35, 36. WAULSORT MARBLE; VARIETIES OF GRAIN, UNFINISHED AND FINISHED SPECIMENS. "Those who desire to attain skill in the art of painting woods and marbles will find advantage in consulting this book. . . . Some of the Working Men's Clubs should give their young men the opportunity to study it." Builder. " A comprehensive guide to the art. The explanations of the processes, the manipulation and 1 management of the colours, and the beautifully executed plates will not be the least valuable to the student who aims at making his work a faithful transcript of nature." Building News. " Students and novices are fortunate who are able to become the possessors of so noble a work." The Architect. ELEMENTARY DECORATION. A Guide to the Simpler Forms of Everyday Art. Together with PRACTICAL HOUSE DECORATION. By TAMES W. FACEY. With numerous Illustrations. In One Vol., strongly half-bound 5/ HOUSE-PAINTING, GRAINING, MARBLING, AND SIGN WRITING, A Practical Manual of. By ELLIS A. DAVIDSON. Eighth Edition. With Coloured Plates and Wood Engravings. Crown 8vo, cloth . . . 6/-- "Amass of information, of use to the amateur and of value to the practical man." English Mechanic. THE DECORATOR'S ASSISTANT. A Modern Guide for Decorative Artists and Amateurs, Painters, Writers, Gilders, &c. Containing upwards of 600 Receipts, Rules and Instructions ; with a variety of Information for General Work connected with every Class of Interior and Exterior Decorations, &c. Seventh Edition. 152 pp., crown 8vo, in wrapper. 1/- " Full of receipts of value to decorators, painters, gilders, &c. The book contains the gist of larger treatises on colour and technical processes. It would be difficult to meet with a work so full of varied information on the painter's art." Building News. MARBLE DECORATION And the Terminology of British and Foreign Marbles. A Handbook for Students. By GEORGE H. BLAGROVE, Author of " Shoring and its Application," &c. With 28 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth 3/6- "This most useful and much wanted handbook should be in the hands of every architect andv builder." Building World. " A carefully and usefully written treatise ; the work is essentially practical." Scotsman. 32 CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. DELAMOTTE'S WORKS ON ILLUMINATION AND ALPHABETS. ORNAMENTAL ALPHABETS, ANCIENT & MEDIEVAL. From the Eighth Century, with Numerals ; including Gothic, Church-Text, large and small, German, Italian, Arabesque, Initials for Illumination, Monograms, Crosses, &c. &c., for the use of Architectural and Engineering Draughtsmen, Missal Painters, Masons, Decorative Painters, Lithographers, Engravers, Carvers, &c. &c. Collected and Engraved by F. DELAMOTTE, and Printed in Colours. New and Cheaper Edition. Royal 8vo, oblong, ornamental boards . 2/6 " For those who insert enamelled sentences round gilded chalices, who blazon shop legends over shop-doors, who letter church walls with pithy sentences from the Decalogue, this book will be useful." Athenceum. . MODERN ALPHABETS, PLAIN AND ORNAMENTAL. Including German, Old English, Saxon, Italic, Perspective, Greek, Hebrew, Court Hand, Engrossing, Tuscan, Riband, Gothic, Rustic, and Arabesque ; with several Original Designs, and an analysis of the Roman and Old English Alphabets, large and small, and Numerals, for the use of Draughtsmen, Sur- veyors, Masons, Decorative Painters, Lithographers, Engravers, Carvers, &c. Collected and Engraved by F. DELAMOTTE, and printed in Colours. New and Cheaper Edition. Royal 8vo, oblong, ornamental boards . . . 2/6 "There is comprised in it every possible shape into which the letters of the alphabet and numerals can be formed, and the talent which has been expended in the conception of the various plain and ornamental letters is wonderful." Standard. MEDIAEVAL ALPHABETS AND INITIALS* By F. G. DELAMOTTE. Containing 21 Plates and Illuminated Title, printed in Gold and Colours. With an Introduction by J. WILLIS BROOKS. Fifth Edition. Small 4to, ornamental boards ...... t Net 5/- " A volume in which the letters of the alphabet come forth glorified in gilding and all the colours ot the prism interwoven and intertwined and intermingled." Sun. A PRIMER OF THE ART OF ILLUMINATION. For the Use of Beginners ; with a Rudimentary Treatise on the Art, Practical Directions for its Exercise, and Examples taken from Illuminated MSS., printed in Gold and Colours, By F. DELAMOTTE. New and Cheaper Edition. Small 4to, ornamental boards 6/- "The examples of ancient MSS. recommended to the student, which, with much good sense, the author chooses from collections accessible to all, are selected with judgment and knowledge, as well as taste." A thencEwn. THE EMBROIDERER'S BOOK OF DESIGN* Containing Initials, Emblems, Cyphers, Monograms, Ornamental Borders, Ecclesiastical Devices, Mediaeval and Modern Alphabets, and National Emblems. Collected by F. DELAMOTTE, and printed in Colours. Oblong royal 8vo, ornamental wrapper Net 2/- "The book will be of great assistance to ladies and young children who are endowed with the art of plying the needle in this most ornamental and useful pretty work." East Anglian Times. WOOD'CARVING FOR AMATEURS. With Hints on Design. By A LADY. With Ten Plates. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo, in emblematic wrapper 2/- "The handicraft of the wood-carver, so well as a book can impart it, may be learnt from 'A Lady's ' publication." A thenceum. PAINTING POPULARLY EXPLAINED. By THOMAS JOHN GULLICK, Painter, and JOHN TIMES, F.S.A. Including Fresco, Oil, Mosaic, Water Colour, Water-Glass, Tempera, Encaustic, Miniature, Painting on Ivory, Vellum, Pottery, Enamel, Glass, &c. Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth 5/- * ** Adopted as a Prize book at South Kensington. " Much may be learned, even by those who fancy they do not require to be taught, from the careful perusal of this unpretending but comprehensive treatise." Art Journal. NATURAL SCIENCE, &v. 33 NATURAL SCIENCE, ETC. THE VISIBLE UNIVERSE. Chapters on the Origin and Construction of the Heavens. By J. E. GORE, F.R.A.S., Author of " Star Groups," &c. Illustrated by 6 Stellar Photographs and 12 Plates. Demy 8vo, cloth ' 16/- STAR GROUPS. A Student's Guide to the Constellations. By J. ELLARD GORE, F.R.A.S., M.R.I. A., &c., Author of " The Visible Universe," " The Scenery of the Heavens," &c. With 30 Maps. Small 4to, cloth 5/- AN ASTRONOMICAL GLOSSARY. Or, Dictionary of Terms used in Astronomy. With Tables of Data and Lists of Remarkable and Interesting Celestial Objects. By J. ELLARD GORE, F.R.A.S., Author of " The Visible Universe," &c. Small crown 8vo, cloth . . 2/6 THE MICROSCOPE. Its Construction and Management. Including Technique, Photo-micrography, and the Past and Future of the Microscope. By Dr. HENRI VAN HEURCK. Re-edited and Augmented from the Fourth French Edition, and Translated by WYNNE E. BAXTER, F.G.S. Imp. 8vo, cloth . . . . . 18/- A MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA. A Treatise on Recent and Fossil Shells. By S. P. WOODWARD, A.L.S., F.G.S. With an Appendix on RECENT AND FOSSIL CONCHOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES, by RALPH TATE, A.L.S., F.G.S. With 23 Plates and upwards of 300 Woodcuts. Reprint of Fourth Edition (1880). Crown 8vo, cloth .... 7/6 THE TWIN RECORDS OF CREATION* Or, Geology and Genesis, their Perfect Harmony and Wonderful Concord. By G. W. V. LE VAUX. 8vo, cloth . 5/- LARDNER'S HANDBOOKS OF SCIENCE. HANDBOOK OF MECHANICS. Enlarged and re-written by B. LOEWY, F.R.A.S. Post 8vo, cloth 6/- HANDBOOK OF HYDROSTATICS AND PNEUMATICS, Revised and Enlarged by B. LOEWY, F.R.A.S. Post 8vo, cloth . . . 5/- HANDBOOK OF HEAT. Edited and re-written by B. LOEWY, F.R.A.S. Post 8vo, cloth 6/- HANDBOOK OF OPTICS. New Edition. Edited by T. OLVER HARDING, B.A. Small 8vo, cloth 5/- ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM AND ACOUSTICS. Edited by GEO. C. FOSTER, B.A. Small 8vo, cloth S/- HANDBOOK OF ASTRONOMY. Revised and Edited by EDWIN DUNKIN, F.R.A.S. 8vo, cloth 9/6 MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND ART. With upwards of 1,200 Engravings. In Six Double Volumes, 1/1/-. Cloth, or half-morocco . 1 11s. 6d. NATURAL PHILOSOPHY FOR SCHOOLS . . 3/6 ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY FOR SCHOOLS 3/6 THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH. Revised by E. B. BRIGHT, F.R.A.S. Fcap. 8vo, cloth 2/6 34 CROSBY LOCK WOOD &> SOWS CATALOGUE. CHEMICAL MANUFACTURES, CHEMISTRY, ETC. THE OIL FIELDS OF RUSSIA AND THE RUSSIAN OIL INDUSTRY. Comprising a Complete Account of the' Physical Features and Productions of the Russian Oil Regions, and a Practical Guide to the Exploration, Exploitation, and Management of Oil Properties in Russia and elsewhere. By A. BEEBY THOMPSON, A.M.Inst.M.E., Chief Engineer and Manager of the European Petroleum Company. Super-royal 8vo, with Plates and other Illustrations. [In the Press. Price about 3O '- net. THE ANALYSIS OF OILS AND ALLIED SUBSTANCES, By A. C. WRIGHT, M.A.Oxon., B.Sc.Lond., formerly Assistant Lecturer in Chemistry at the Yorkshire College, Leeds, and Lecturer in Chemistry at the Hull Technical School. Demy 8vo, cloth . . [Just Published. Net 9/- THE OCCURRENCE AND COMPOSITION OF OILS, FATS, AND WAXES. THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF OILS, FATS, AND WAXES, AND THEIR DETERMINATION. THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF OILS, FATS, AND WAXES FROM THE ANALYTICAL STANDPOINT. DETECTION AND DETERMINATION OF NON-FATTY CONSTITUENTS. METHODS FOR ESTIMATING THE CONSTITUENTS OF OILS AND FATS. DESCRIPTION AND PROPERTIES OF THE MORE IMPORTANT OILS, FATS, AND WAXES, WITH THE METHODS FOR THEIR INVESTIGATION. THE EXAMINATION OF CERTAIN COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS. "The book fills a decided want. The author appears to have succeeded in the task he has set himself, and the subject-matter is carefully brought up to date." Nature. THE GAS ENGINEER'S POCKET BOOK. Comprising Tables, Notes and Memoranda relating to the Manufacture, Distribution and Use of Coal Gas and the Construction of Gas Works. By H. O'CONNOR, A.M.Inst.C.E. Second Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, leather 1O/6 "The book contains a vast amount of information. The author has certainly succeeded in making a compilation of hard matters of fact absolutely interesting to read." Gas World. "Contains a great quantity of specialised information, compiled from trustworthy sources, which should make it of considerable value to those for whom it is specifically produced." Engineer. LIGHTING BY ACETYLENE Generators, Burners and Electric Furnaces. By WILLIAM E. GIBBS, M.E. With Sixty-six Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth . . . . . 7 '6 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY. A Practical Treatise for the Use of Analytical Chemists, Engineers, Iron Masters, Iron Founders, Students and others. Comprising Methods of Analysis and Valuation of the Principal Materials used in Engineering Work, with numerous Analyses, Examples and Suggestions. By H. JOSHUA PHILLIPS, F.I.C., F.C.S. Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 420 pages, with Plates and other Illustrations. Large crown 8vo, cloth .... Net 1O/6 " In this work the author has rendered no small service to a numerous body of practical men. . . The analytical methods may be pronounced most satisfactory, being as accurate as the despatch required of engineering chemists permits." Chemical News. NITRO-EXPLOSIVES. A Practical Treatise concerning the Properties, Manufacture, and Analysis of Nitrated Substances, including the Fulminates, Smokeless Powders and Cellu- loid. By P. GERALD SANFORD, F.I.C., Consulting Chemist to the Cotton Powder Company, Limited, &c. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth . 9/- " One of the very few text-books in which can be found just what is wanted. Mr. Sanford goes steadily through the whole list of explosives commonly used, he names any given explosive and tells us of what it is composed and how it is manufactured. The book is excellent throughout." The Engineer. A HANDBOOK ON MODERN EXPLOSIVES. A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture and Use of Dynamite, Gun-Cotton, Nitro-Glycerine, and other Explosive Compounds, including Collodion-Cotton. With Chapters on Explosives in Practical Application. By M. EISSLER, M.E. Second Edition, Enlarged. Crown 8vo, cloth 12/6 "A veritable mine of information on the subject of explosives employed for military, mining and blasting purposes." Army and Navy Gazette. CHEMICAL MANUFACTURES, CHEMISTRY, &v. 35 DANGEROUS GOODS. Their Sources and Properties, Modes of Storage and Transport. With Notes and Comments on Accidents arising therefrom. A Guide for the Use of Govern- ment and Railway Officials, Steamship Owners, &c. By H. JOSHUA PHILLIPS, F.I.C., F.C.S. Crown 8vo, 374 pages, cloth . . . . . . 9/- " Merits a wide circulation and an intelligent, appreciative study." Chemical News. A MANUAL OF THE ALKALI TRADE. Including the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid, Sulphate of Soda, and Bleaching Powder. By JOHN LOMAS, Alkali Manufacturer. With 232 Illustrations and Working Drawings. Second Edition, with Additions. Royal 8vo, cloth JB1 1OS. " Not merely a sound and luminous explanation of the chemical principles of the trade, but a notice of numerous matters which have a most important bearing on the successful conduct of alkali works, but which are generally overlooked by even experienced technological authors." Chemical Review. THE BLOWPIPE IN CHEMISTRY, MINERALOGY, Etc. Containing all known Methods of Anhydrous Analysis, many Working Examples, and Instructions for Making Apparatus. By Lieut. -Colonel W. A. Ross, R.A., F.G.S. Second Edition, Enlarged. Crown 8vo, cloth 5/- " The student who goes conscientiously through the course of experimentation here laid down will gain a better insight into inorganic chemistry and mineralogy than if he had ' got up ' any of the best text-books of the day, and passed any number of examinations in their contents." Chemical News. THE MANUAL OF COLOURS AND DYE-WARES. Their Properties, Applications, Valuations, Impurities, and Sophistications. For the Use of Dyers, Printers, Drysalters, Brokers, &c. By J. W. SLATER. Second Edition, Revised and greatly Enlarged. Crown 8vo, cloth . 7/6 " There is no other work which covers precisely the same ground. To students preparing for examinations in dyeing and printing it will prove exceedingly useful." Chemical News. A HANDYBOOK FOR BREWERS. Being a Practical Guide to the Art of Brewing and Malting. Embracing the Conclusions of Modern Research which bear upon the Practice of Brewing. By HERBERT EDWARDS WRIGHT, M.A. Second Edition, Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 530 pp., cloth ............ 12/6 " May be consulted with advantage by the student who is preparing himself for examinational tests, while the scientific brewer will find in it a resume of all the most important discoveries of modern times. The work is written throughout in a clear and concise manner, and the author takes great care to discriminate between vague theories and well-established facts." Brewers' Journal. "We have great pleasure in recommending this handybook, and have no hesitation in saying that it is one of the best if not the best which has yet been written on the subject of beer-brewing in this, country, it should have a place on the shelves of every brewer's library." Brewers' Guardian. " Although the requirements of the student are primarily considered, an acquaintance of half-an- hour's duration cannot fail to impress the practical brewer with the sense of having found a trustworthy guide and practical counsellor in brewery matters." Chemical Trade Journal. FUELS: SOLID, LIQUID, AND GASEOUS. Their Analysis and Valuation. For the Use of Chemists and Engineers. By H. J. PHILLIPS, F.C.S., Formerly Analytical and Consulting Chemist to the Great Eastern Railway. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth . . 2/- " Ought to have its place in the laboratory of every metallurgical establishment, and wherever fuel is used on a large scale." Ch'emical News. THE ARTISTS' MANUAL OF PIGMENTS. Showing their Composition, Conditions of Permanency, Non-Permanency, and Adulterations, &c., with Tests of Purity. By H. C. STANDAGE. Third Edition, crown 8vo, cloth 2/6 "This work is indeed multum-in-parvo, and we can, with good conscience, recommend it to all who come in contact with pigments, whether as makers, dealers, or users." Chemical Review. A POCKET-BOOK OF MENSURATION & GAUGING. Containing Tables, Rules,' and Memoranda for Revenue Officers, Brewers, Spirit Merchants, &c. By J. B. MANT (Inland Revenue). Second Edition, Revised, i8mo, leather 4/ " Should be in the hands of every practical brewer." Brewers' Journal. 3 6 CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. INDUSTRIAL ARTS, TRADES AND MANUFACTURES. TEA MACHINERY AND TEA FACTORIES. A Descriptive Treatise on the Mechanical Appliances required in the Cultivation of the Tea Plant and the Preparation of Tea for the Market. By A. J. WALLIS- TAYLER, A.M.Inst.C.E. Medium 8vo, 468 pp. With 218 Illustrations. Net 25/- SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. MECHANICAL CULTIVATION OR TILLAGE OF THE SOIL. PLUCKING OR GATHERING THE LEAF. TEA FACTORIES. THE DRESSING, MANUFACTURE, OR PREPARATION OF TEA BY MECHANICAL MEANS. ARTIFICIAL WITHERING OF THE LEAF. MACHINES FOR ROLLING OR CURLING THE LEAF. FERMENTING PROCESS. MACHINES FOR THE AUTOMATIC DRYING OR FIRING OF THE LEAF. MACHINES FOR NON-AUTOMATIC DRYING OR FIRING OF THE LEAF. DRYING OR FIRING MACHINES. BREAKING OR CUTTING, AND SORTING MACHINKS. PACKING THE TEA. MEANS OF TRANSPORT ON TEA PLANTATIONS. MISCELLANEOUS MACHINERY AND APPARATUS. FINAL TREATMENT OF THE TEA. TABLES AND MEMORANDA. "The subject of tea machinery is now one of the first interest to a large class of people, to whom we strongly commend the volume." Chamber of Commerce Journal. " When tea planting was first introdueed into the British possessions little, if any, machinery was employed, but now its use is almost universal. This volume contains a very full account of the machinery necessary for the proper outfit of a factory, and also a description of the processes best carried out by this machinery." Journal Society of Arts. FLOUR MANUFACTURE. A Treatise on Milling Science and Practice. By FRIEDRICH KICK, Imperial Regierungsrath, Professor of Mechanical Technology in the Imperial German Polytechnic Institute, Prague. Translated from the Second Enlarged and Revised Edition, with Supplement. By H. H. P. POWLES, Assoc. Memb. Institution of Civil Engineers. Nearly 400 pp. Illustrated with 28 Folding Plates, and 167 Woodcuts. Royal 8vo, cloth 25/- " This invaluable work is, and will remain, the standard authority on the science of milling. . . . The miller who has read and digested this work will have laid the foundation, so to speak, of a successful career ; he will have acquired a number of general principles which he can proceed to apply. In this handsome volume we at last have the accepted text-book of modern milling in good, sound English, which has little, if any, trace of the German idiom." The Miller. "The appearance of this celebrated work in English is very opportune, and British millers will we are sure, not be slow in availing themselves of its pages." Millers' Gazette. COTTON MANUFACTURE. A Manual of Practical Instruction of the Processes of Opening, Carding, Combing, Drawing, Doubling and Spinning of Cotton, the Methods of Dyeing, &c. For the Use of Operatives, Overlookers, and Manufacturers. By JOHN LISTER, Technical Instructor, Pendleton. 8vo, cloth . . . . . . 7/6 " This invaluable volume is a distinct advance in the literature of cotton manufacture." Machinery. "It is thoroughly reliable, fulfilling nearly all the requirements desired." Glasgow Herald. MODERN CYCLES. A Practical Handbook on their Construction and Repair. By A. J. WALLIS- TAYLER, A.M.Inst.C.E., Author of " Refrigerating Machinery," &c. With upwards of 300 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth 1O/6 "The large trade that is done in the component parts of bicycles has placed in the way of men mechanically inclined extraordinary facilities for building bicycles for their own use. . . . The book will prove a valuable guide for all those who aspire to the manufacture or repair of their own machines." The Field. " A most comprehensive and up-to-date treatise." The Cycle. " A very useful book, which is quite entitled to rank as a standard work for students of cyele construction." Wheeling. MOTOR CARS OR POWER CARRIAGES FOR COMMON ROADS. By A. J. WALLIS-TAYLER, Assoc. Memb. Inst. C.E., Author of " Modern Cycles," &c. 212 pp., with 76 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth . . 4/6 " The book is clearly expressed throughout, and is just the sort of work that an engineer, thinking of turning his attention to motor-carriage work, would do well to read as a preliminary to starting operations." Engineering. INDUSTRIAL AND USEFUL ARTS. 37 PRACTICAL TANNING. A Handbook of Modern Processes, Receipts, and Suggestions for the Treatment of Hides, Skins, and Pelts of every Description. By L. A. FLEMMING, American Tanner. 472 pages. 8vo, cloth . . . < [Just Published. Net 25/- " This work is just what its name implies a practical man's handbook on leather manufacture. We are pleased to see much care, thought, and space are devoted to the modern methods of chrome tanning, sheep, goat, calf, and side leathers. Mr. Flemming's book is essentially the tanner's working handbook, and we have no doubt but that in a very short time we shall see many a copy on the manager-foremen's desks bearing tan, chrome, and dye stains a pure evidence that the work of the writer has not fallen upon unfruitful ground. The Leather Trades' Review. THE ART OF LEATHER MANUFACTURE. Being a Practical Handbook, in which the Operations of Tanning, Currying, and Leather Dressing are fully Described, and the Principles of Tanning Explained, and many Recent Processes Introduced ; as also Methods for the Estimation of Tannin, and a Description of the Arts of Glue Boiling, Gut Dressing, &c. By ALEXANDER WATT. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth. . . . 9/- "A sound, comprehensive treatise on tanning and its accessories. The book is an eminently valuable production, which redounds to the credit of both author and publishers." Chemical Review. THE ART OF SOAP-MAKING. A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Hard and Soft Soaps, Toilet Soaps, &c. Including many New Processes, and a Chapter on the Recovery of Glycerine from Waste Leys. By ALEXANDER WATT. Sixth Edition, including an Appendix on Modern Candlemaking. Crown 8vo, cloth . . . 7/6 " A thoroughly practical treatise. We congratulate the author on the success of his endeavour to fill a void in English technical literature." Nature. PRACTICAL PAPER-MAKING* A Manual for Paper-Makers and Owners and Managers of Paper-Mills. With Tables, Calculations, &c. By G. CLAPPERTON, Paper-Maker. With Illustrations of Fibres from Micro-Photographs. Crown 8vo, cloth .... 5/- "The author caters for the requirements of responsible mill hands, apprentices, &c., whilst his manual will be found of great service to students of technology, as well as to veteran paper-makers and mill-owners. The illustrations form an excellent feature." The World's Paper Trade Review. THE ART OF PAPER-MAKING. A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Paper from Rags, Esparto, Straw, and other Fibrous Materials. Including the Manufacture of Pulp from Wood Fibre, with a Description of the Machinery and Appliances used. To which are added Details of Processes for Recovering Soda from Waste Liquors. By ALEXANDER WATT. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth . . . 7/6 " It may be regarded as the standard work on the subject. The book is full of valuable information The 'Art of Paper-Making 'is in every respect a model of a text-book, either for a technical class, or for the private student." Paper and Printing Trades Journal. A TREATISE ON PAPER For Printers and Stationers. With an Outline of Paper Manufacture ; Complete Tables of Sizes, and Specimens of Different Kinds of Paper. By RICHARD PARKINSON, late of the Manchester Technical School. Demy 8vo, cloth 3/6 CEMENTS, PASTES, GLUES AND GUMS, A Practical Guide to the Manufacture and Application of the various Aggluti- nants required in the Building, Metal-Working, Wood- Working, and Leather- Working Trades, and for Workshop and Office Use. With upwards of 900 Recipes. By H. C. STANDAGE. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth . 2/- " We have pleasure in speaking favourably of this volume. So far as we have had experience, which is not inconsiderable, this manual is trustworthy." Athenceum. FRENCH POLISHING AND ENAMELLING* A Practical Work of Instruction. Including Numerous Recipes for making Polishes, Varnishes, Glaze-Lacquers, Revivers, &c. By R. BITMEAD . 1/6 WOOD ENGRAVING. A Practical and Easy Introduction to the Study of the Art. By W. N. BROWN 1/6 " The book is clear and complete, and will be useful to any one wanting to understand the first elements of the beautiful art of wood engraving." Graphic. 38 CA'OSffy LOCKWOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. WATCH REPAIRING, CLEANING, AND ADJUSTING, A Practical Handbook dealing with the Materials and Tools Used, and the Methods of Repairing, Cleaning, Altering, and Adjusting all kinds of English and Foreign Watches, Repeaters, Chronographs, and Marine Chronometers. By F. J. GARRARD, Springer and Adjuster of Marine Chronometers and Deck Watches for the Admiralty. With over 200 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth. [Just Published. Net 4/6 " To the apprentice who wishes to gain a clear insight into the repairing branch of the industry, and even to those who are adepts in the art and mystery of horology, this little book can be well recommended." Watchmaker, Jeweler, and Silversmith. MODERN HOROLOGY IN THEORY AND PRACTICE. Translated from the French of CLAUDIUS SAUNTER, ex-Director of the School of Horology at Macon, by JULIEN TRIPPLIN, F.R.A.S., Besan?on Watch Manu- facturer, and EDWARD RIGG, M.A., Assayer in the Royal Mint. With Seventy- eight Woodcuts and Twenty-two Coloured Copper Plates. Second Edition. Super-royal 8vo, 2 2s., cloth; half-calf 2 1OS. " There is no horological work in the English language at all to be compared to this production of M. Saunier's for clearness and completeness. It is alike good as a guide for the student and as a reference for the experienced horologist and skilled workman." Horological Journal. "The latest, the most complete, and the most reliable of those literary productions to which continental watchmakers are indebted for the mechanical superiority over their English brethren in fact, the Book of Books, is M. Saunier's 'Treatise.' " Watchmaker, Jeweller, and Silversmith. THE WATCH ADJUSTER'S MANUAL. A Practical Guide for the Watch and Chronometer Adjuster in Making, Springing, Timing and Adjusting for Isochronism, Positions and Temperatures. By C. E. FRITTS. 370 pages, with Illustrations, 8vo, cloth 16/- THE WATCHMAKER'S HANDBOOK. Intended as a Workshop Companion for those engaged in Watchmaking and the Allied Mechanical Arts. Translated from the French of CLAUDIUS SAUNIER, and enlarged by JULIEN TRIPPLIN, F.R.A.S., and EDWARD RIGG, M.A., Assayer in the Royal Mint. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth 9/- "Each part is truly a treatise in itself. The arrangement is good and the language is clear and concise. It is an admirable guide for the young watchmaker." Engineering. " It is impossible to speak too highly of its excellence. It fulfils every requirement in a handbook intended for the use of a workman. Should be found in every workshop." Watch and Clockmaker. HISTORY OF WATCHES & OTHER TIMEKEEPERS* By JAMES F. KENDAL, M.B.H.Inst. 1/6 boards; or cloth, gilt . . 2/6 " The best which has yet appeared on this subject in the English language." Industries. " Open the book where you may, there is interesting matter in it concerning the ingenious devices of the ancient or modern horologer." Saturday Review. ELECTRO-PLATING & ELECTRO-REFINING OF METALS. Being a new edition of ALEXANDER WATT'S " ELECTRO-DEPOSITION." Revised and Largely Rewritten by ARNOLD PHILIP, B.Sc., A.I.E.E., Principal Assistant to the Admiralty Chemist. Large crown 8vo, cloth . . . Net 12/6 Altogether the work can be highly recommended to every electro-plater, and is of undoubted ist." Elec " Eminently a book for the practical worker in electro-deposition. It contains practical descriptions ses and materials, as actually pursued and used in the workshop." Engineer. interest to every electro-metallurgist." Electrical Review. "Eminently a be of methods, processe ELECTRO-METALLURGY. Practically Treated. By ALEXANDER WATT. Tenth Edition, including the most recent Processes. i2mo, cloth 3/6 "From this book both amateur and artisan may learn everything necessary for the successful prosecution of electroplating." Iron. JEWELLER'S ASSISTANT IN WORKING IN GOLD. A Practical Treatise for Masters and Workmen, Compiled from the Experience of Thirty Years' Workshop Practice. By GEORGE E. GEE, Author of the " Gold- smith's Handbook," &c. Crown 8vo, cloth 7/6 " This manual of technical education is apparently destined to be a valuable auxiliary to a handi- craft which is certainly capable of great improvement." The Times. INDUSTRIAL AND USEFUL ARTS. 39 ELECTROPLATING. A Practical Handbook on the Deposition of Copper, Silver, Nickel, Gold, Aluminium, Brass, Platinum, &c., &c. By J. W: URQUHART, C.E. Fourth Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, cloth 5/- " An excellent practical manual." Engineering. " An excellent work, giving the newest information." H or ological Journal. ELECTROTYPING. The Reproduction and Multiplication of Printing Surfaces and Works of Art by the Electro-deposition of Metals. By J. W. URQUHART, C.E. Crown 8vo, cloth 5/. " The book is thoroughly practical ; the reader is, therefore, conducted through the leading laws of electricity, then through the metals used by electrotypers, the apparatus, and the depositing processes, up to the final preparation of the work." Art Journal. GOLDSMITH'S HANDBOOK. By GEORGE E. GEE, Jeweller, &c. Fifth Edition. i2mo, cloth . . 3/- " A good, sound educator, and will be generally accepted as an authority." Horological Journal. SILVERSMITH'S HANDBOOK. By GEORGE E. GEE, Jeweller, &c. Third Edition, with numerous Illustrations. i2mo, cloth 3/ " The chief merit of the work is its practical character. . . . The workers in the trade will speedily discover its merits when they sit down to study it." English Mechanic. %* The above two works together, strongly half -bound, price 7s. SHEET METAL WORKER'S INSTRUCTOR. Comprising a Selection of Geometrical Problems and Practical Rules for Describing the Various Patterns Required by Zinc, Sheet-Iron, Copper and Tin- Plate Workers. By REUBEN HENRY WARN, Practical Tin-Plate Worker. New Edition, Revised and greatly Enlarged by JOSEPH G. HORNER, A.M.I.M.E. Crown 8vo, 254 pages, with 430 Illustrations, cloth .... 7/6 BREAD & BISCUIT BAKER'S & SUGAR-BOILER'S ASSISTANT. Including a large variety of Modern Recipes. With Remarks on the Art of Bread-making. By ROBERT WELLS. Third Edition. Cr. 8vo, cloth . 2/- " A large number of wrinkles for the ordinary cook, as well as the baker." Saturday Review. PASTRYCOOK & CONFECTIONER'S GUIDE. For Hotels, Restaurants, and the Trade in general, adapted also for Family Use. By R. WELLS, Author of "The Bread and Biscuit Baker." Crown 8vo, cloth 2/- " We cannot speak too highly of this really excellent work. In these days of keen competition our readers cannot do better than purchase this book." Baker's Times. ORNAMENTAL CONFECTIONERY. A Guide for Bakers, Confectioners and Pastrycooks ; including a variety of Modern Recipes, and Remarks on Decorative and Coloured Work. With 129 Original Designs. By ROBERT WELLS. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth. " A valuable work, practical, and should be in the hands of every baker and confectioner. The illustrative designs are alone worth treble the amount charged for the whole work." Baker's Times. MODERN FLOUR CONFECTIONER. Containing a large Collection of Recipes for Cheap Cakes, Biscuits, &c. With Remarks on the Ingredients Used in their Manufacture. By ROBERT WELLS, Author of " The Bread and Biscuit Baker," &c. Crown 8vo, cloth . 2/- " The work is of a decidedly practical character, and in every recipe regard is had to economical working." North British Daily Mail. RUBBER HAND STAMPS And the Manipulation of Rubber. A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of Indiarubber Hand Stamps, Small Articles of Indiarubber, The Hektograph, Special Inks, Cements and Allied Subjects. By T. O'CoNOR SLOANE, A.M., Ph.D. With numerous Illustrations, Square 8vo, cloth . ... 5/- CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. HANDYBOOKS FOR HANDICRAFTS. BY PAUL N. HASLUCK, Editor of "Work" (New Series), Author of "Lathe Work," " Milling Machines," &c. Crown Svo, 144 pages, price i/- each. i^T These HANDYBOOKS have been written to supply information for WORKMEN, STUDENTS, and AMATEURS in the several Handicrafts, on the actual PRACTICE of the WORKSHOP, and are intended to convey in plain language TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE of the several CRAFTS. In describing the processes employed, and the 'manipulation of material, workshop terms are used; workshop practice is fully explained ; and the text is freely illustrated with drawings of modern tools, appliances, and processes. METAL TURNER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual for Workers at the Foot-Lathe. With 100 Illustrations 1/- "The book will be of service alike to the amateur and the artisan turner. It displays thorough knowledge of the subject." Scotsman. WOOD TURNER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual for Workers at the Lathe. With over 100 Illustrations 1/- " We recommend the book to young turners and amateurs. A multitude of workmen have hitherto sought in vain for a manual of this special industry." Mechanical World. WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual on Cleaning, Repairing, and Adjusting. With upwards of 100 Illustrations 1/- " We strongly advise all young persons connected with the watch trade to acquire and study this inexpensive work." Clerkenwell Chronicle. PATTERN MAKER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual on the Construction of Patterns for Founders. With upwards of 100 Illustrations 1/- " A most valuable, if not indispensable, manual for the pattern maker." Knowledge. MECHANIC'S WORKSHOP HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual on Mechanical Manipulation, embracing Information on various Handicraft Processes. With Useful Notes and Miscellaneous Memo- randa. Comprising about 200 Subjects 1/- " A very clever and useful book, which should be found in every workshop ; and it should certainly find a place in all technical schools." Saturday Review. MODEL ENGINEER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual on the Construction of Model Steam Engines. With upwards of 100 Illustrations . 1/- " Mr. Hasluck has produced a very good little book." Builder. CLOCK JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual on Cleaning, Repairing, and Adjusting. With upwards of 100 Illustrations ............ 1/- " It is of inestimable service to those commencing the trade." Coventry Standard. CABINET WORKER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual on the Tools, Materials, Appliances, and Processes employed in Cabinet Work. With upwards of 100 Illustrations . . . . 1/- " Mr. Hasluck's thoroughgoing little Handybook is amongst the most practical guides we have seen for beginners in cabinet-work." Saturday Review. WOODWORKER'S HANDYBOOK. Embracing Information on the Tools, Materials, Appliances, and Processes Employed in Woodworking. With 104 Illustrations .... 1/- " Written by a man who knows not only how work ought to be done, but how to do it, and how to convey his knowledge to others." Engineering. " Mr. Hasluck writes admirably, and gives complete instructions." Engineer. " Mr. Hasluck combines the experience of a practical teacher with the manipulative skill and scientific knowledge of processes of the trained mechanician, and the manuals are marvels of what can be produced at a popular price." Schoolmaster. " Helpful to workmen of all ages and degrees of experience." Daily Chronicle. " Concise, clear, and practical." Saturday Review. COMMERCE, COUNTING-HOUSE WORK, TABLES, <&v. 41 COMMERCE, COUNTING-HOUSE WORK, TABLES, ETC. LESSONS IN COMMERCE. By Professor R. GAMBARO, of the Royal High Commercial School at Genoa. Edited and Revised by JAMES GAULT, Professor of Commerce and Commercial Law in King's College, London. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth . 3/6 "The publishers of this work have rendered considerable service to the cause of commercial education by the opportune production of this volume. . . . The work is peculiarly acceptable to English readers and an admirable addition to existing class books. In a phrase, we think the work attains its object in furnishing a brief account of those laws and customs of British trade with which the commercial man interested therein should be familiar." Chamber of Commerce Journal. " An invaluable guide in the hands of those who are preparing for a commercial career, and, in fact, the information it contains on matters of business should be impressed on every one." Counting House. THE FOREIGN COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENT. Being Aids to Commercial Correspondence in Five Languages English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish. By CONRAD E. BAKER. Third Edition. Care- fully revised throughout. Crown 8vo, cloth 4/6 " Whoever Wishes to correspond in all the languages mentioned by Mr. Baker Cannot do better than study this work, the materials of which are excellent and conveniently arranged. They consist not of entire specimen letters, but what are far more useful short passages, sentences, or phrases expressing the same general idea in various forms." Athenteum. " A careful examination has convinced us that it is unusually complete, well arranged and reliable. The book is a thoroughly good one." Schoolmaster. FACTORY ACCOUNTS: THEIR PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE. A Handbook for Accountants and Manufacturers, with Appendices on the Nomenclature of Machine Details ; the Income Tax Acts ; the Rating of Factories; Fire and Boiler Insurance; the Factory and Workshop Acts, &c., including also a Glossary of Terms and a large number of Specimen Rulings. By EMILE GARCKE and J. M. FELLS. Fifth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Demy Svo, cloth . , 7/6 " A very interesting description of the requirements of Factory Accounts. . . . The principle of assimilating the Factory Accounts to the general commercial books is one which we thoroughly agree with." Accountants Journal. " Characterised by extreme thoroughness. There are few owners of factories who would not derive great benefit from the perusal of this most admirable work." Local Government Chronicle. MODERN METROLOGY. A Manual of the Metrical Units and Systems of the Present Century. With an Appendix containing a proposed English System. By Lowis D'A. JACKSON, A.-M.Irist.C.E., Author of "Aid to Survey Practice," &c. Large crown 8vo, cloth 12/6 " We recommend the work to all interested in the practical reform of our weights and measures." Nature. A SERIES OF METRIC TABLES. In which the British Standard Measures and Weights are compared with those of the Metric' System at present in Use on the Continent. By C. H. DOWLING, C.E. Svo, cloth 1O/6 " Mr. Bowling's Tables are well put together as a ready reckoner for the conversion of one system into the other." Athenceum. IRON AND METAL TRADES' COMPANION. For expeditiously ascertaining the Value of any Goods bought or sold by Weight, from is. per cwt. to 1125. per cwt., and from one farthing per pound to one shilling per pound. By THOMAS DOWNIE. Strongly bound in leather, 396 pp. . 9/- " A most useful set of tables, nothing like them before existed." Building News. " Although specially adapted to the iron and metal trades, the tables will be found useful in every other business in which merchandise is bought and sold by weight." Railway News. 42 CROSBY LOCK WOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. NUMBER, WEIGHT, & FRACTIONAL CALCULATOR. Containing upwards of 250,000 Separate Calculations, showing at a glance the value at 422 different rates, ranging from xf^th of a Penny to 205. each, or per cwt., and ^20 per ton, of any number of articles consecutively, from i to 470. Any number of cwts., qrs., and Ibs., from i cwt. to 47ocwts. Any number of tons, cwts., qrs., and Ibs., from i to 1,000 tons. By WILLIAM CHADWICK, Public Accountant. Third Edition, Revised and Improved. 8vo, strongly bound 18/- " It is as easy of reference for any answer or any number of answers as a dictionary. For making of up accounts or estimates the book must prove invaluable to all who have any considerable quantity calculations involving price and measure in any combination to do." " The most perfect work of the kind yet prepared." Glasgow He THE WEIGHT CALCULATOR. Being a Series of Tables upon a New and Comprehensive Plan, exhibiting at one Reference the exact Value of any Weight from i Ib. to 15 tons, at 300 Progressive Rates, from id. to i68s. per cwt., and containing 186,000 Direct Answers, which, with their Combinations, consisting of a single addition (mostly to be performed at sight), will afford an aggregate of 10,266,000 Answers ; the whole being calcu- lated and designed to ensure correctness and promote despatch. By HENRY HARBEN, Accountant. Fifth Edition, carefully corrected. Royal 8vo, strongly half-bound ............ 1 5s. " A practical and useful work of reference for men of business generally." Ironmonger. " Of priceless value to business men. It is a necessary book in all mercantile offices." Sheffield Independent. THE DISCOUNT GUIDE. Comprising several Series of Tables for the Use of Merchants, Manufacturers, Ironmongers, and others, by which may be ascertained the exact Profit arising from any mode of using Discounts, either in the Purchase or Sale of Goods, and the method of either Altering a Rate of Discount, or Advancing a Price, so as to produce, by one operation, a sum that will realise any required profit after allowing one or more Discounts ; to which are added Tables of Profit or Advance from i to 90 per cent., Tables of Discount from i to g8f per cent., and Tables of Commission, &c., from to 10 per cent. By HENRY HARBEN, Accountant. New Edition, Corrected. Demy 8vo, half-bound .... 1 5s. "A book such as this can only be appreciated by business men, to whom the saving of time means saving of money. The work must prove of great value to merchants, manufacturers, and general traders." British Trade Journal. TABLES OF WAGES. At 54, 52, 50, and 48 Hours per Week. Showing the Amounts of Wages from One-quarter-of-an-hour to Sixty-four hours in each case at Rates of Wages advancing by One Shilling from 45. to 555. per week. By THOS. GARBUTT, Accountant. Square crown 8vo, half-bound ...... 6/- IRON-PLATE WEIGHT TABLES. For Iron Shipbuilders, Engineers and Iron Merchants. Containing the Calcu- lated Weights of Upwards of 150,000 different sizes of Iron Plates from i foot by 6 in. by in. to 10 feet by 5 feet by i in. Worked out on the basis of 40 Ibs. to the square foot of Iron of i inch in thickness. By H. BURLINSON and W. H. SIMPSON. 4to, half-bound ......... 25/- AGRICULTURE, FARMING, GARDENING, &c. 43 AGRICULTURE, FARMING, GARDENING, ETC. THE COMPLETE GRAZIER AND FARMER'S AND CATTLE BREEDER'S ASSISTANT. A Compendium of Husbandry. Originally Written by WILLIAM YOOATT. Fourteenth Edition, entirely Re-written, considerably Enlarged, and brought up to Present Requirements, by WILLIAM FREAM, LL.D., Assistant Commissioner Royal Commission on Agriculture, Author of " The Elements of Agriculture," &c. Royal 8vo, 1,100 pp., 450 Illustrations. Handsomely bound . 1 11s. 6d. SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. BOOK I. ON THE VARIETIES, BREEDING, REAR- ING, FATTENING AND MANAGEMENT OF CATTLE. BOOK II. ON THE ECONOMY AND MANAGEMENT BOOK VII. ON THE BREEDING, REARING, AND MANAGEMENT OF POULTRY. BOOK VIII. ON FARM OFFICES AND IMPLE- OF THE DAIRY. I. MENTS OF HUSBANDRY. BOOK III. ON THE BREEDING, REARING, AND j BOOK IX. ON THE CULTURE AND MANAGE- MANAGEMENT OF HORSES. MENT OF GRASS LANDS. BOOK IV. ON THE BREEDING, REARING, AND BOOK X. ON THE CULTIVATION AND APPLICA- FATTENING OF SHEEP. TION OF GRASSES, PULSE AND ROOTS. BOOK V. ON THE BREEDING, REARING, AND j BOOK XI. ON MANURES AND THEIR APPLI- FATTENING OF SWINE. CATION TO GRASS LAND AND CROPS. BOOK VI. ON THE DISEASES OF LIVE STOCK. I BOOK XII. MONTHLY CALENDARS OF FARMWORK. %* OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. " Dr. Fream is to be congratulated on the successful attempt he has made to give us a work which will at once become the standard classic of the farm practice of the country. We believe that it will be found that it has no compeer amdng the many works at present in existence. . . . The illustrations are admirable, while the frontispiece, which represents the well-known bull, New Year's Gift, bred by the Queen, is a work of art." The Times. " The book must be recognised as occupying the proud position of the most exhaustive work ot reference in the English language on the subject with which it deals." Athenaeum. " The most comprehensive guide to modern farm practice that exists in the English language to-day. . . . The book is one that ought to be on every farm and in the library of every land owner." Mark Lane Express. " In point of exhaustiveness and accuracy the work will certainly hold a pre-eminent and unique position among books dealing with scientific agricultural practice. It is, in fact, an agricultural library of itself." North British Agriculturist. . FARM LIVE STOCK OF GREAT BRITAIN. By ROBERT WALLACE, F.L.S., F.R.S.E., &c., Professor of Agricultural and Rural Economy in the University of Edinburgh. .Third Edition, thoroughly Revised and considerably Enlarged. With over 120 Phototypes of Prize Stock. Demy 8vo, 384 pp., with 79 Plates and Maps. Cloth 12/6 "A really complete work on the history, breeds, and management of the farm stock of Great Britain, and one which is likely to find its way to the shelves of every country gentleman's library." The Times. " The ' Farm Live Stock of Great Britain ' is a production to be proud of, and its issue not the least of the services which its author has rendered to agricultural science." Scottish Farmer. NOTE-BOOK OF AGRICULTURAL FACTS AND FIGURES FOR FARMERS AND FARM STUDENTS. By PRIMROSE MCCONNELL, B.Sc., Fellow of the Highland and Agricultural Society, Author of " Elements of Farming." Sixth Edition, Rewritten, Revised, and greatly Enlarged. F'cap. 8vo, 480 pages, leather, gilt edges . . 6/- CONTENTS. SURVEYING AND LEVELLING. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. MACHINERY AND BUILDINGS. LABOUR. OPERATIONS. DRAINING. EMBANKING. GEOLOGICAL MEMORANDA. SOILS. MANURES. CROPPING. CROPS. ROTATIONS. WEEDS. FEEDING. DAIRYING. LIVE STOCK. HORSES. CATTLE. SHEEP. PIGS. POULTRY. FORESTRY. HORTICULTURE. MISCELLANEOUS. "No farmer, and certainly no agricultural student, ought to be without this miiltum in parvo manual of all subjects connected with the farm." North British Agriculturist. " This little pocket-book contains a large amount of useful information upon all kinds of agricultural subjects. Something of the kind has long been wanted." Mark Lane Express. " The amount of information it contains is most surprising ; the arrangement of the matter is so methodical although so compressed as to be intelligible to every one who takes a glance through its pages. They teem with information." Farm and Home. THE ELEMENTS OF AGRICULTURAL GEOLOGY. A Scientific Aid to Practical Farming. By PRIMROSE MCCONNELL, B.Sc., Author of " Notebook of Agricultural Facts and Figures," &c. Royal 8vo, 330 pp., with Coloured Map and numerous Illustrations, cloth .... Net 21 /- " On every page the work bears the impress of a masterly knowledge of the subject dealt with, and we have nothing but unstinted praise to offer." Field. 44 CROSBY LOCK WOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. BRITISH DAIRYING. A Handy Volume on the Work of the Dairy-Farm. For the Use of Technical Instruction Classes, Students in Agricultural Colleges and the Working Dairy- Farmer. By Prof. J. P. SHELDON. With lllusts. Second Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, cloth. 2/6 " Confidently recommended as a useful text-book on dairy farming." Agricultural Gazette. " Probably the best half-crown manual on dairy work that has yet been produced." North British A griculturist. " It is the soundest little work we have yet seen on the subject." The Times. MILK, CHEESE, AND BUTTER, A Practical Handbook on their Properties and the Processes of their Production. Including a Chapter on Cream and the Methods of its Separation from Milk. By JOHN OLIVER, late Principal of the Western Dairy Institute, Berkeley. With Coloured Plates and 200 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth . . . 7/6 " An exhaustive and masterly production. It may be cordially recommended to all students and practitioners of dairy science." N.B. Agriculturist. " We recommend this very comprehensive and carefully-written book to dairy-farmers and students- of dairying. It is a distinct acquisition to the library of the agriculturist." A gricultural Gazette. SYSTEMATIC SMALL FARMING. Or, The Lessons of my Farm. Being an introduction to Modern Farm Practice for Small Farmers. By R. SCOTT BURN, Author of " Outlines of Modern Farming," &c. Crown 8vo, cloth 6/- " This is the completes! book of its class we have seen, and one which every amateur farmer will read with pleasure, and accept as a guide." Field. OUTLINES OF MODERN FARMING* By R. SCOTT BURN. Soils, Manures, and Crops Farming and Farming Economy Cattle, Sheep, and Horses Management of Dairy, Pigs, and Poultry Utilization of Town-Sewage, Irrigation, &c. Sixth Edition. In one vol., 1,250 pp., half-bound, profusely Illustrated 12/- FARM ENGINEERING, THE COMPLETE TEXT-BOOK OF. Comprising Draining and Embanking; Irrigation and Water Supply; Farm Roads, Fences, and Gates ; Farm Buildings ; Barn Implements and Machines ; Field Implements and Machines; Agricultural Surveying, &c. By Professor JOHN SCOTT. In one vol., 1,150 pp., half-bound, with over 600 Illustrations, 12/- " Written with great care, as well as with knowledge and ability. The author has done his work well ; we have found him a very trustworthy guide wherever we have tested his statements. The volume will be of great value to agricultural students." Mark Lane Express. THE FIELDS OF GREAT BRITAIN. A Text-Book of Agriculture. Adapted to the Syllabus of the Science and Art Department. For Elementary and Advanced Students. By HUGH CLEMENTS (Board of Trade). Second Edition, Revised, with Additions. i8mo, cloth . 2/6 " It is a long time since we have seen a book which has pleased us more, or which contains such a vast and useful fund of knowledge." Educational Times. TABLES AND MEMORANDA FOR FARMERS, GRAZIERS, AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS, SURVEYORS, LAND AGENTS, AUCTIONEERS, &c, With a New System of Farm Book-keeping. By SIDNEY FRANCIS. Fifth Edition. 272 pp., waistcoat-pocket size, limp leather .... 1/6 " Weighing less than i oz., and occupying no more space than a match box, it contains a mass of lacts and calculations which has never before, in such handy form, been obtainable. Every operation on the farm is dealt with. The work may be taken as thoroughly accurate, the whole of the tables having been revised by Dr. Fream. We cordially recommend it." Bell's Weekly Messenger. THE ROTHAMSTED EXPERIMENTS AND THEIR PRACTICAL LESSONS FOR FARMERS. Part I. Stock. Part II. Crops. By C. J. R. TIPPER. Crown 8vo, cloth . 3/6 " We have no doubt that the book will be welcomed by a large class of farmers and others interested in agriculture." Standard. AGRICULTURE, FARMING, GARDENING, &c. 45 FERTILISERS AND FEEDING STUFFS* Their Properties and Uses. A Handbook for the Practical Farmer. By BERNARD DYER, D.Sc. (Lond.). With the Text of the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act of 1893, &c. Third Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, cloth . 1/- " This little book is precisely what it professes to be ' A Handbook for the Practical Farmer." Dr. Dyer has done farmers good service in placing at their disposal so much useful information in so intelligible a form." The Times. BEES FOR PLEASURE AND PROFIT: Guide to the Manipulation of Bees, the Production of Honey, and the General Management of the Apiary. By G. GORDON SAMSON. With numerous Illustra- tions. Crown 8vo, wrapper 1/ BOOK-KEEPING FOR FARMERS AND ESTATE OWNERS. A Practical Treatise, presenting, in Three Plans, a System adapted for all Classes of Farms. By JOHNSON M. WOODMAN, Chartered Accountant. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth 2/6 "The volume is a capital study of a most important subject." Agricultural Gazette. WOODMAN'S YEARLY FARM ACCOUNT BOOK* Giving Weekly Labour Account and Diary, and showing the Income and Expenditure under each Department of Crops, Live Stock, Dairy, &c., &c. With Valuation, Profit and Loss Account, and Balance Sheet at the end of the Year. By JOHNSON M. WOODMAN, Chartered Accountant. Second Edition. Folio, half-bound Net 7/6 " Contains every requisite for keeping farm accounts readily and accurately." Agriculture, THE FORCING-GARDEN. Or, How to Grow Early Fruits, Flowers, and Vegetables. With Plans and Estimates for Building Glasshouses, Pits and Frames. With Illustrations. By SAMUEL WOOD. Crown 8vo, cloth 3/6 " A good book, containing a great deal of valuable teaching." Gardener's Magazine, A PLAIN GUIDE TO GOOD GARDENING. Or, How to Grow Vegetables, Fruits, and Flowers. By S. WOOD. Fourth Edition, with considerable Additions, &c.. and numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth 3/6 "A very good book, and one to be highly recommended as a practical guide. The practical directions are xcellent." A thenceum. MULTUM-IN-PARVO GARDENING. Or, How to make One Acre of Land produce ^620 a year, by the Cultivation of Fruits and Vegetables ; also, How to Grow Flowers in Three Glass Houses, so as to realise 176 per annum clear Profit. By SAMUEL WOOD, Autkor of " Good Gardening," &c. Sixth Edition. Crown 8vo, sewed ... I/. THE LADIES' MULTUMJN-PARVO FLOWER GARDEN. And Amateur's Complete Guide. By S. WOOD, Crown 8vo, cloth . 3/6 POTATOES: HOW TO GROW AND SHOW THEM/ A Practical Guide to the Cultivation and General Treatment of the Potato. By J. PINK. Crown 8vo 2/- MARKET AND KITCHEN GARDENING. Bv C W SHAW, late Editor of " Gardening Illustrated." Crown 8vo, cloth, 3/6 46 CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. AUCTIONEERING, VALUING, LAND SURVEYING, ESTATE AGENCY, ETC. INWOOD'S TABLES FOR PURCHASING ESTATES AND FOR THE VALUATION OF PROPERTIES. Including Advowsons, Assurance Policies, Copyholds, Deferred Annuities, Freeholds, Ground Rents, Immediate Annuities, Leaseholds, Life Interests Mortgages, Perpetuities, Renewals of Leases, Reversions, Sinking Funds, &c., &c. ayth Edition, Revised and Extended by WILLIAM SCHOOLING, F.R.A.S., with Logarithms of Natural Numbers and THOMAN'S Logarithmic Interest and Annuity Tables. 360 pp., demy 8vo, cloth . . . Net 8/- " Those interested in the purchase and sale of estates, and in the adjustment of compensation cases, as well as in transactions in annuities, life insurances, &c., will find the present edition of eminent service." Engineering. " This valuable book has been considerably enlarged and improved by the labours of Mr. Schooling, and is now very complete indeed." Economist. " Altogether this edition will prove of extreme value to many classes of professional men in saving them many long and tedious calculations." Investors' Review. THE APPRAISER, AUCTIONEER, BROKER, HOUSE AND ESTATE AGENT AND VALUER'S POCKET ASSISTANT, For the Valuation for Purchase, Sale, or Renewal of Leases, Annuities and Reversions, and of property generally ; with Prices for Inventories, &c. By JOHN WHEELER, Valuer, &c. Sixth Edition, Re-written and greatly Extended by C. NORRIS. Royal 32mo, cloth ........ 5/- " A neat and concise book of reference, containing an admirable and clearly-arranged list of prices for inventories, and a very practical guide to determine the value of furniture, &c." Standard. " Contains a large quantity of varied and useful information as to the valuation for purchase, sale, or renewal of leases, annuities and reversions, and of property generally, with prices for inventories, and a guide to determine the value of interior fittings and other effects." Builder. AUCTIONEERS: THEIR DUTIES AND LIABILITIES. A Manual of Instruction and Counsel for the Young Auctioneer. By ROBERT SQUIBBS, Auctioneer. Second Edition, Revised. Demy 8vo, cloth . 12/6 " The work is one of general excellent character, and gives much information in a compendious and satisfactory form." Builder. " May be recommended as giving 'a great deal of information on the law relating to auctioneers, in a very readable form." Law Journal. THE AGRICULTURAL VALUER'S ASSISTANT. A Practical Handbook on the Valuation of Landed Estates ; including Example of a Detailed Report on Management and Realisation ; Forms of Valuations of Tenant Right ; Lists of Local Agricultural Customs; Scales of Compensation under the Agricultural Holdings Act, and a Brief Treatise on Compensation under the Lands Clauses Acts, &c. By TOM BRIGHT, Agricultural Valuer, Author qf " The Agricultural Surveyor and Estate Agent's Handbook." Fourth Edition, Revised, with Appendix containing a Digest of the Agricultural Holdings Acts, 1883-1900. Crown 8vo, cloth Net 6/- "Full of tables and examples in connection with the valuation of tenant-right, estates, labour, contents and weights of timber, and farm produce of all kinds." Agricultural Gazette. "An eminently practical handbook, full of practical tables and data of undoubted interest and value to surveyors and auctioneers in preparing valuations of all kinds." Farmer. POLE PLANTATIONS AND UNDERWOODS* A Practical Handbook on Estimating the Cost of Forming, Renovating; Improv- ing, and Grubbing Plantations and Underwoods, their Valuation for Purposes of Transfer, Rental, Sale or Assessment. By TOM BRIGHT. Crown 8vo, cloth 3/6 '.' To valuers, foresters and agents it will be a welcome aid." North British Agriculturist. "Well calculated to assist the valuer in the discharge of his duties, and of undoubted interest and use both to surveyors and auctioneers in preparing valuations of all kinds." Kent Herald. AUCTIONEERING, VALUING, LAND SURVEYING, &c. 47 AGRICULTURAL SURVEYOR AND ESTATE AGENTS HANDBOOK. Of Practical Rules, Formulae, Tables, and Data. A Comprehensive Manual for the Use of Surveyors, Agents, Landowners, and others interested in the Equip- ment, the Management, or the Valuation of Landed Estates. By TOM BRIGHT, Agricultural Surveyor and Valuer, Author of " The Agricultural Valuer's Assistant," &c. With Illustrations. Fcap. 8vo, Leather . . Net 7/6 " An exceedingly useful book, the contents of which are admirably chosen. The classes for whom the work is intended will find it convenient to have this comprehensive handbook accessible for reference." Live Stock Journal. " It is a singularly compact and well informed compendium of the facts and figures likely to be required in estate work, and is certain to prove of much service to those to whom it is addressed." Scotsman. THE LAND VALUER'S BEST ASSISTANT. Being Tables on a very much improved Plan, for Calculating the Value of Estates. With Tables for reducing Scotch, Irish, and Provincial Customary Acres to Statute Measure, &c. By R. HUDSON, C.E. New Edition. Royal 321110, leather, elastic band 4. - " Of incalculable value to the country gentleman and professional man." Farmers' Journal. THE LAND IMPROVER'S POCKET-BOOK. Comprising Formulae, Tables, and Memoranda required in any Computation relating to the Permanent Improvement of Landed Property. By JOHN EWART, Surveyor. Second Edition, Revised, Royal 32mo, oblong, leather . 4. - " A compendious and handy little volume." Spectator. THE LAND VALUER'S COMPLETE POCKET-BOOK. Being the above Two Works bound together. Leather . . . . 7/6 HANDBOOK OF HOUSE PROPERTY. A Popular and Practical Guide to the Purchase, Tenancy, and Compulsory Sale of Houses and Land, including Dilapidations and Fixtures : with Examples of all kinds of Valuations, Information on Building and on the right use of Decorative Art. By E. L. TARBUCK, Architect and Surveyor. Sixth Edition. i2mo, cloth 5/- " The advice is thoroughly practical." Law Journal. " For all who have dealings with house property this is an indispensable guide." Decoration. " Carefully brought up to date, and much improved by the addition of a division on Fine Art. A well-written and thoughtful work." Land Agents' Record. LAW AND MISCELLANEOUS. MODERN JOURNALISM. A Handbook of Instruction and Counsel for the Young Journalist. By JOHN B. MACKIE, Fellow of the Institute of Journalists. Crown 8vo, cloth . . 2/- " This invaluable guide to journalism is a work which all aspirants to a journalistic career will read with advantage." Journalist. HANDBOOK FOR SOLICITORS AND ENGINEERS Engaged in Promoting Private Acts of Parliament and Provisional Orders, for the authorization of Railways, Tramways, Gas and Water Works, &c. By L. L. MACASSEY, of the Middle Temple, Barrister-at-Law, M.I. C.E. 8vo, cloth. 1 53. PATENTS FOR INVENTIONS, HOW TO PROCURE THEM. Compiled for the Use of Inventors, Patentees and others. By G. G. M. HARDINGHAM, Assoc.Mem.Inst.C.E., &c. Demy 8vo, cloth . . . 1/6 CONCILIATION AND ARBITRATION, IN LABOUR DISPUTES. A Historical Sketch and Brief Statement of the Present Position of the Question at Home and Abroad. By J. S. JEANS. Crown 8vo, 200 pp., cloth . 2/6 CROSBY LOCKWOOD SON'S CATALOGUE. EVERY MAN'S OWN LAWYER. A Handy-Book of the Principles of Law and Equity. With a CONCISE DICTIONARY OF LEGAL TERMS. By A BARRISTER. Forty-first Edition, care- fully Revised, and comprising New Acts of Parliament, including the Motor Car Act, 1903 ; Employment of Children Act, 1903 ; Pistols Act, 1903 ; Poor Prisoners' Defence Act, 1903; Education Acts of 1902 and 1903; Housing of the Working Classes Act, 1903, Etc. Judicial Decisions pronounced during the year have also been duly noted. Crown 8vo, 800 pp., strongly bound in cloth. \_Just Published. 6/8 %* This Standard Work of Reference forms A COMPLETE EPITOME OF THE LAWS OF ENGLAND, comprising (amongst other matter) : THE RIGHTS AND WRONGS OF INDIVIDUALS LANDLORD AND TENANT VENDORS AND PURCHASERS LEASES AND MORTGAGES JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES MASTERS, SERVANTS AND WORKMEN CONTRACTS AND AGREEMENTS MONEY-LENDERS, SDRETISHIP PARTNERSHIP, SHIPPING LAW SALE AND PURCHASE OF GOODS CHEQUES, BILLS AND NOTES BILLS OF SALE, BANKRUPTCY LIFE, FIRE, AND MARINE INSURANCE LIBEL AND SLANDER CRIMINAL LAW PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS COUNTY COUNCILS DISTRICT AND PARISH COUNCILS BOROUGH CORPORATIONS TRUSTEES AND EXECUTORS CLERGY AND CHURCHWARDENS COPYRIGHT, PATENTS, TRADE MARKS HUSBAND AND WIFE, DIVORCE INFANCY, CUSTODY OF CHILDREN PUBLIC HEALTH AND NUISANCES INNKEEPERS AND SPORTING TAXES AND DEATH DUTIES FORMS OF WILLS, AGREEMENTS, NOTICES, ETC. Hjgsp The object of this work is to enable those who consult it to help themselves to the law ; and thereby to dispense, as far as possible, with professional assistance and advice. There are many wrongs and grievances which persons submit to from time to time through not knowing how or where to apply for redress ; and many persons have as great a dread of a lawyer's office as of a lion's den. With this book at hand it is believed that many a Six-AND-EiGHTPENCE may be saved ; many a wrong redressed; many a right reclaimed; many a law suit avoided; and many an evil abated. The ivork has established itself as the standard legal adviser of all classes, and has also made a reputation for itself as a useful book of reference for lawyers residing at a distance from law libraries, who are glad to have at hand a work embodying recent decisions and enactments. %* OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. "The amount of information given in the volume is simply wonderful. The continued popularity of the work shows that it fulfils a useful purpose." Law Journal. ' As a book of reference this volume is without a rival." Pall Mall Gazette, ' No Englishman ought to be without this book." Engineer. ' Ought to be in every business establishment and in all libraries." Sheffield Post. ' The 'Concise Dictionary' adds considerably to its value." Westminster Gazette. 1 It is a complete code of English Law written in plain language, which all can understand. . . . Should be in the hands of every business man, and all who wish to abolish lawyers' bills." Weekly Times. 'A useful and concise epitome of the law, compiled with considerable care." Law Magazine. ' A complete digest of the most useful facts which constitute English law." Globe. ' Admirably done, admirably arranged, and admirably cheap." Leeds Mercury. ' A concise, cheap, and complete epitome of the English law. So plainly written that he who runs may read, and he who reads may understand." Figaro. " A dictionary of legal facts well put together. The book is a very useful one." Spectator. LABOUR CONTRACTS. A Popular Handbook on the Law of Contracts for Works and Services. By DAVID GIBBONS. Fourth Edition, with Appendix of Statutes by T. F. UTTLEY, Solicitor. Fcap. 8vo, cloth 3/6 BRADBURY, AGNEW, & CO. LD., PRINTERS, LONDON AND TONBRIDGE. WEALE'S SERIES OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL WORKS. " It is not too much to say that no books have ever proved more popular with or more useful to young engineers and others than the excellent treatises comprised in WEALE'S SERIES." Engineer. 31 ClassiM list. PAGE Civil Engineering and Surveying 50 Mining and Metallurgy . . Mechanical Engineering . . Navigation, Shipbuilding, Etc. Architecture and Building . 51 52 53 54 PAGE Industrial and Useful Arts . . 57 Agriculture, Gardening, Etc. . 58 Mathematics, Arithmetic, Etc. . 60 Books of Reference and Mis- cellaneous Volumes. ... 62 CROSBY LOCKWOOD AND SON, 7, STATIONERS' HALL COURT, LONDON, E.C, 1904. 50 CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. CIVIL ENGINEERING & SURVEYING. Civil Engineering*. By HENRY LAW, M. Inst. C.E. Including a Treatise on HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING by G. R. BURNELL, M.I. C.E. Seventh Edition, revised, WITH LARGE ADDITIONS ON RECENT PRACTICE by D. KINNEAR CLARK, M. Inst. C.E 6/6 " An admirable volume, which we warmly recommend to young engineers." Builder. Pioneer Engineering. A Treatise on the Engineering Operations connected with the Settlement of Waste Lands in New Countries. By E. DOBSON, M.Inst.C.E. Second Edition. . 4/6 " Mr. Dobspn is familiar with the difficulties which have to be overcome in this class of work, and much of his advice will be valuable to young engineers proceeding to our colonies." Engineering. Iron and Steel Bridges and Viaducts. A Practical Treatise upon their Construction. For the use of Engineers, Draughtsmen, and Students. By FRANCIS CAMPIN, C.E . 3/6 Iron Bridges of Moderate Span: Their Construction and Erection. By H. W. PENDRED. With 40 illustrations 2/O "Students and engineers should obtain this book for constant and practical use." Colliery Guardian. Constructional Iron and Steel Work, As applied to Public, Private, and Domestic Buildings. By FRANCIS CAMPIN, C.E. 3/6 " This practical book may be counted a most valuable work." British Architect. Tubular and other Iron Girder Bridges, Describing the Britannia and Conway Tubular Bridges. With a Sketch of Iron Bridges, &c. By G. DRYSDALE DEMPSEY, C.E. Fourth Edition . . . 2/0 Materials and Construction. A Theoretical and Practical Treatise on the Strains, Designing, and Erection of Works of Construction. By FRANCIS CAMPIN, C.E. Third Edition . 3/O " No better exposition of the practical application of the principles of construction has yet been published to our knowledge in such a cheap comprehensive form." Building News. Sanitary Work in Small Towns and Villages. By CHARLES SLAGG, Assoc. M. Inst. C.E. Third Edition, Enlarged . . 3/0 " This is a very useful book. There is a great deal of work required to be done in the smaller towns and villages, and this little volume will help those who are willing to do it." Builder. Construction of Roads and Streets. By H. LAW, C.E., and D. K. CLARK, C.E. Sixth Edition, revised, with Additional Chapters by A. J. WALLIS-TAYLER, A.M. Inst. C.E 6/0 " A book which every borough surveyor and engineer must possess, and which will be of considerable service to architects, builders, and property owners generally." Building News. Construction of Gas Works, And the Manufacture and Distribution of Coal Gas. By S. HUGHES, C.E. Re-written by WILLIAM RICHARDS, C.E. Eighth Edition, with important Additions . 5/6 "Will be of infinite service alike to manufacturers, distributors, and consumers." Foreman Engineer. Water Works, for the Supply of Cities and Towns. With a Description of the Principal Geological Formations of England as influencing Supplies of Water. By SAMUEL HUGHES . 4/0 "Everyone who is debating how his village, town, or city shall be plentifully supplied with pure water should rear! this book." Newcastle Courant. Power of Water. As applied to drive Flour Mills, and to give motion to Turbines and other Hydrostatic Engines. By JOSEPH GLYNN, F.R.S., &c. New Edition. Illustrated . , 2/O Wells and Well-Sinking*. By J. G. SWINDELL, A.R.I.B.A., and G. R. BURNELL, C.E. Revised Edition 2/O "Solid practical information, written in a concise and lucid style. The work can be recommended as a text-book for all surveyors, architects, &c." Iron and Coal Trades Review. Drainage of Lands, Towns, and Building's. By G. D. DEMPSEY, C.E. Revised, with large Additions on Recent Practice in, Drainage Engineering, by D. KINNEAR CLAKK, M.I. C.E. Fourth Edition . 4/6 WEALE'S SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SERIES. 51 Blasting 1 and Quarrying? of Stone, For Building and other Purposes. With Remarks on the Blowing up of Bridges. By Gen. SirJ. BURGOYNE, K.C.B. 1/6 Foundations and Concrete Works. With Practical Remarks on Footings, Planking, Sand, Concrete, Beton, Pile-driving, Caissons, and Cofferdams. By E. DOBSON, M.R.I. B.A. Ninth Edition . . 1/6 Pneumatics, Including Acoustics and the Phenomena of Wind Currents, for the use of Beginners. By CHARLES TOMLINSON, F.R.S. Fourth Edition, enlarged. Illustrated . 1/6 Land and Engineering? Surveying?. For Students and Practical Use. By T. BAKER, C.E. Nineteenth Edition, revised and extended by F. E. DIXON, A.M. Inst. C.E. With Plates and Diagrams . 2/0 Mensuration and Measuring?, With the Mensuration and Levelling of Land for the purposes of Modern Engineering. By T. BAKER, C.E. New Edition by E. NUGENT, C.E 1/6 MINING AND METALLURGY. Mining? Calculations. For the use of Students Preparing for the Examinations for Colliery Managers' Certificates, comprising numerous Rules and Examples in Arithmetic, Algebra, and Mensuration. By T. A. O'DoNAHUE, M.E., First-class Certificated Colliery Manager. 3/6 Mineralog?y, Rudiments of. By A. RAMSAY, F.G.S. Fourth Edition. Woodcuts and Plates 3/6 "The author throughout has displayed an intimate knowledge of his subject, and great facility in imparting that knowledge to others. The book is of great utility." Mining Journal. Coal and Coal Mining?, By the late Sir WARINGTON W. SMYTH, M.A., F.R.S., Eighth Edition, Revised and Extended by T. FORSTER BROWN, Chief Inspector of the Mines of the Crown and of the Duchy of Cornwall 3/6 "Every portion of the volume appears to have been prepared with much care, and as an outline is given of every known coal-field in this and other countries .as well as of the two principal methods of working, the book will doubtless interest a very large number of readers." Mining Journal. Metallurg?y of Iron. Containing History of Iron Manufacture, Methods of Assay, and Analyses of Iron Ores, Processes of Manufacture of Iron and Steel, &c. By H. BAUERMAN, F.G.S., A.R.S.M. With numerous Illustrations. Sixth Edition, revised and enlarged . . . 5/0 "Carefully written, it has the merit of brevity and conciseness, as to less important points ; while all material matters are very fully and thoroughly entered into." Standard. Mineral Surveyor & Valuer's Complete Guide* Comprising a Treatise on Improved Mining Surveying and the Valuation of Mining Properties, with New Traverse Tables. By W. LINTERN, C.E. , Fourth Edition, with an Appendix on Magnetic and Angular Surveying, with Records of the Peculiarities of Needle Disturbances. With Four Plates of Diagrams, Plans, &c. 3/6 " Contains much valuable information, and is thoroughly trustworthy." Iron &* Coal Trades Review. Slate and Slate Quarrying?, Scientific, Practical, and Commercial. By D. C. DAVIES, F.G.S. , Mining Engineer, &c. With numerous Illustrations and Folding Plates. Fourth Edition . . . 3/O " One of the best and best-balanced treatises on a special subject that we have met with." Engineer. A First Book of Mining? and Quarrying?. By J. H. COLLINS, F.G.S 1/6 " For those concerned in schools in the mining districts, this work is the very thing that should be in the hands of their schoolmasters." Iron. Subterraneous Surveying?. By THOMAS FENWICK. Also the Method of Conducting Subterraneous Surveys without the use of the Magnetic Needle, &c. By T. BAKER, C.E. . . . 2/6 Mining? Tools, Manual of. By W. MORGANS, Lecturer on Mining at the Bristol School of Mines 2/6 Mining? Tools, Atlas Of Engravings to the above, containing 235 Illustrations drawn to Scale. 410. . 4/6 "Students, Overmen, Captains, Managers, and Viewers may gain practica* knowledge and useful hints by the study of Mr. Morgans' Manual." Colliery Giiardian. 52 CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. Physical Geology, Partly based on Major-General PoRTLOCK's "Rudiments of Geology." By RALPH TATE, A.L.S.. &e. Woodcuts 2/0 Historical Geology, Partly based on Major-General PORTLOCK'S " Rudiments." By RALPH TATE . 2/6 Geology, PHYSICAL and HISTORICAL. Consisting of " Physical Geology," which sets forth the Leading Principles of the Science; and "Historical Geology," which treats of the Mineral and Organic Conditions of the Earth at each successive epoch. By RALPH TATE, F.G.S. With 250 Illustrations 4/6 "The fulness of the matter has elevated the book into a manual. Its information is exhaustive and well-arranged, so that any subject may be opened upon at once." School Board Chronicle. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING. Workman's Manual of Engineering Drawing. By JOHN MAXTON, Instructor in Engineering Drawing, Royal Naval College, Green- wich. Eighth Edition. 300 Plates and Diagrams 3/6 "A copy of it should be kept for reference in every drawing office." Engineering. Fuels : Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous. Their Analysis and Valuation. For the use of Chemists and Engineers. By H. J. PHILLIPS, F.C.S., formerly Analytical and Consulting Chemist to the Great Eastern Railway. Third Edition 2/0 " Ought to have its place in the laboratory of every metallurgical establishment, and wherever fuel is used on a large scale. " Chemical News. Fuel, Its Combustion and Economy. Consisting of an Abridgment of " A Treatise on the Combustion of Coal and the Prevention of Smoke." By C. W. WILLIAMS, A. I. C.E. With extensive Additions by D. KINNEAR CLARK, M. Inst. C.E. Fourth Edition 3/6 "Students should buy the book and read it, as one of the most complete and satisfactory treatises on the combustion and economy of fuel to be had." Engineer. Boilermaker's Assistant In Drawing, Templating, and Calculating Boiler Work, &c. By J. COURTNEY, Practical Boilermaker. Edited by D. K. CLARK, C.E. Seventh Edition . . 2/0 "With very great care we have gone through the ' Boilermaker's Assistant,' and have to say that it has our unqualified approval. Scarcely a point has been omitted." Foreman Engineer. Boilermaker's Ready Reckoner, With Examples of Practical Geometry and Templating for the Use of Platers, Smiths, and Riveters. By JOHN COURTNEY. Edited by D. K. CLARK, M.I. C.E. . 4/0 %* The last two Works in One Vol., half-bound, entitled "THE BOILERMAKER'S READY RECKONER AND ASSISTANT." By J. COURTNEY and D. K. CLARK. Price 7/0 " A most useful work. No workman or apprentice should be without it." Iron Trade Circular. Steam Boilers. Their Construction and Management. By R. ARMSTRONG, C.E. Illustrated . 1/6 "A mass of information suitable for beginners." Design and Work. Steam and Machinery Management. A Guide to the Arrangement and Economical Management of Machinery, with Hints on Construction and Selection. By M. Powis BALE, M. Inst. M.E. . . . 2/6 " Gives the results of wide experience." Lloyd's Newspaper. Steam and the Steam Engine, Stationary and Portable. Being an Extension of the Treatise on the Steam Engine of Mr. J. SEWELL. By D. K. CLARK, C.E. Fourth Edition .... 3/6 " Every essential part of the subject is treated of competently, and in a popular style." Iron. The Steam Engine, A Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of, with Rules and Examples for Practical Men. By T. BAKER, C.E 1/6 "Teems with scientific information with reference to the steam-engine." Design and Work. The Steam Engine. For the use of Beginners. By Dr. LARDNER. Illustrated .... 1/6 Locomotive Engines. A Rudimentary Treatise on. By G. D. DEMPSEY, C.E. With large Additions treating of the Modern Locomotive, by D. K. CLARK, M. Inst. C.E. With Illustrations 3/0 "A model of what an elementary technical book should be." Academy. WEALE'S SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SERIES. 53 Loeomotive Engine-Driving*. A Practical Manual for Engineers in Charge of Locomotive Engines. By MICHAEL REYNOLDS, M.S.E. Eleventh Edition. 3/6 cloth boards .... 4/6 " We can confidently recommend the book, not only to the practical driver, but to everyone who takes an interest in the performance of locomotive engines." The Engineer. Stationary Engine Driving. A Practical Manual for Engineers in Charge of Stationary Engines. By MICHAEL REYNOLDS, M.S.E. Seventh Edition. 3/6 ; cloth boards .... 4/6 "The author is thoroughly acquainted with his subjects, and has produced a manual which is an exceedingly useful one for the class for whom it is specially intended." Engineering. Smithy and Forge. Including the Farrier's Art and Coach Smithing. By W. J. E. CRANE. . 2/6 " The first modern English book on the subject. Great pains have been bestowed by the author upon the book ; shoeing-smiths will find it both useful and interesting." Builder. Modern Workshop Practice, As applied to Marine, Land, and Locomotive Engines, Floating Docks, Dredging Machines, Bridges, Ship-Building, &c. By J. G. WINTON. 4th Edn., Illustrated 3/6 "Whether for the apprentice determined to master his profession, or for the artisan bent upon raising himself to a higher position, this clearly-written and practical treatise will be a great help." Scotsman. Mechanical Engineering. Comprising Metallurgy, Moulding, Casting, Forging, Tools, Workshop Machinery, Mechanical Manipulation, Manufacture of the Steam Engine, &c. By FRANCIS CAMPIN, C.E. Third Edition 2/6 "A sound and serviceable text-book, quite up to date." Building News. Details of Machinery. Comprising Instructions lor the Execution of various Works in Iron in the Fitting- shop, Foundry, and Boiler- Yard. By FRANCIS CAMPIN, C.E 3/0 "A sound and practical handbook for all engaged in the engineering trades." Building World. Elementary Engineering : A Manual for Young Marine Engineers and Apprentices. In the Form of Questions and Answers on Metals, Alloys, Strength of Materials, &c. By J. S. BREWER. Fifth Edition 1/6 "A useful introduction to the more elaborate text-books." Scotsman. Power in Motion : Horse-power Motion, Toothed-Wheel Gearing, Long and Short Driving Bands, Angular Forces, &c. By JAMES ARMOUR, C.E. With 73 Diagrams. Third Edition . 2/0 " The value of the knowledge imparted cannot well be over-estimated." Newcastle Weekly Chron. Practical Mechanism, And Machine Tools. By T. BAKER, C.E. With Remarks on Tools and Machinery by J. NASMYTH, C.E. . . . . . . . . . . . 2/6 Mechanics. Being a concise Exposition of the General Principles of Mechanical Science, and their Applications. By CHARLES TOMLINSON, F.R.S. . . 1/6 Cranes, The Construction of, and other Machinery for Raising Heavy Bodies for the Erection of Buildings, &c. By JOSEPH GLYNN, F.R.S 1/6 NAVIGATION, SHIPBUILDING, ETC. Sailor's Sea Book: A Rudimentary Treatise on Navigation. By J AMES GREENWOOD, B.A. With numerous Woodcuts and Coloured Plates. New and Enlarged Edition. By W. H. ROSSER 2/6 " Is perhaps the best and simplest epitome of navigation ever compiled." Field. Practical Navigation. Consisting of the SAILOR'S SEA BOOK, by JAMES GREENWOOD and W. H. ROSSER ; together with Mathematical and Nautical Tables for the Working of the Problems, by HENRY LAW, C.E., and Prof. J. R. YOUNG. Half-bound in leather . . . 7/p "A vast amount of information is contained in this volume, and we fancy in a very short time that it will be seen in the library of almost every ship or yacht afloat." Hunt's Yachting Magazine. Navigation and Nautical Astronomy, In Theory and Practice. By Prof. J. R. YOUNG. New Edition. Illustrated . 2/6 " A very complete, thorough, and useful manual for the young navigator." Observatory. 54 CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. Mathematical Tables, For Trigonometrical, Astronomical, and Nautical Calculations ; to which is prefixed a Treatise on Logarithms, by H. LAW, C.E. Together with a Series of Tables for Navigation and Nautical Astronomy. By Professor J. R. YOUNG. New Edition 4/0 Masting, Mast-Making, and Rigging* of Ships. Also Tables of Spars, Rigging, Blocks; Chain, Wire, and Hemp Ropes, &c., relative to every class of vessels. By ROBERT KIPPING, N.A 2/0 Sails and Sail-Making. With Draughting, and the Centre of Effort of the Sails. Weights and Sizes of Ropes ; Masting, Rigging, and Sails of Steam Vessels, &c. By R. KIPPING, N.A. . 2/6 Marine Engines and Steam Vessels. By R. MURRAY, C.E. Eighth Edition, thoroughly Revised, with Additions by the Author and by GEORGE CARLISLE, C.E 4/6 " An indispensable manual for the student of marine engineering." Liverpool Mercury. Naval Architecture. An Exposition of the Elementary Principles. By JAMES PEAKE . . . 3/6 Ships for Ocean and River Service, Principles of the Construction of. By H. A. SOMMERFELDT .... 1/6 An Atlas of Engravings To Illustrate the above. Twelve large folding Plates. Royal 410, cloth . . 7/6 Ships and Boats. By W. BLAND. With numerous Illustrations and Models. Tenth Edition . 1/6 ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING. Constructional Iron and Steel Work, As applied to Public, Private, and Domestic Buildings. By FRANCIS CAMPIN, C.E. 3/6 " Anyone who wants a book on ironwork as employed for stanchions, columns, and beams, will find the present volume to be suitable." British Architect. Building Estates: A Treatise on the Development, Sale, Purchase, and Management of Building Land. By F. MAITLAND. Third Edition . 2/0 " This book should undoubtedly be added to the library of every professional man dealing with building land." Land Agent's Record. Science of Building: An Elementary Treatise on the Principles of Construction. By E. WYNDHAM TARN, M.A. Lond. Fourth Edition . . 3/6 Art of Building, Rudiments of. General Principles of Construction, Strength, and Use of Materials, Working Drawings, Specifications, &c. By EDWARD DOBSON, M. R.I.B.A. &c. 2/0 " A good book for practical knowledge, and about the best to be obtained." Building News. Book on Building, Civil and Ecclesiastical. By Sir EDMUND BECKETT, Bart., LL.D., Q.C., F.R.A.S., Author of " Clocks and Watches and Bells," &c. Second Edition . . . 4/6 "A book which is always amusing and nearly always instructive." Times. Dwelling-Houses, Erection of, Illustrated by a Perspective View, Plans, Elevations, and Sections of a Pair of Villas, with the Specification, Quantities, and Estimates. By S. H. BROOKS 2/6 Cottage Building. By C. BRUCE ALLEN. Twelfth Edition, with Chapter on Economic Cottages for Allotments, by E. E. ALLEN, C.E 2/0 Acoustics of Public Buildings : The Laws of Sound as applied to the Arrangement of Buildings. By Professor T. ROGER SMITH, F. R.I.B.A. New Edition, revised. With numerous Illustrations 1/6 Practical Bricklaying. General Principles of Bricklaying ; Arch Drawing, Cutting and Setting ; Pointing ; Paving, Tiling, &c. By ADAM HAMMOND. With 68 Woodcuts . . . 1/6 "The young bricklayer will find it infinitely valuable to him." Glasgow Herald. Art of Practical Brick-Cutting and Setting. By ADAM HAMMOND. With 90 Engravings 1/6 WEALE'S SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SERIES. 55 Brickwork : Embodying the General and Higher Principles of Bricklaying, Cutting and Setting ; with the Application of Geometry to Roof Tiling, &c. By F. WALKER . . 1/6 " Contains all that a young tradesman or student needs to learn from books." Building News. Bricks and Tiles, Rudimentary Treatise on the Manufacture of. Containing an Outline of the Principles of Brickmaking. By E. DOBSON, M.R.I.B.A. Additions by C. TOMLINSON, F.R.S. Illustrated 3/0 " The best handbook on the subject. We can safely recommend it as a good investment." Builder. Practical Brick and Tile Book. Comprising : BRICK AND TILE MAKING, by E. DOBSON, M.Inst.C.E.; Practical BRICK- LAYING, by A. HAMMOND ; BRICK-CUTTING and SETTING, by A. HAMMOND. 550 pp. with 270 Illustrations, strongly half-bound ........ 6/0 Carpentry and Joinery THE ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF CARPENTRY. Chiefly composed from the Standard Work of THOMAS TREDGOLD, C.E. With Additions, and a TREATISE ON JOINERY by E. W. TARN, M.A. Eighth Edition 3/6 Carpentry and Joinery. Atlas of 35 Plates to accompany and illustrate the foregoing book. With Descriptive Letterpress. 410. . . . 6/0 " These two volumes form a complete treasury of carpentry and joinery, and should be in the hands of every carpenter and joiner in the Empire." Iron. Practical Treatise on Handrailing : Showing New and Simple Methods. By GEO. COLLINGS. Third Edition, including a TREATISE ON STAIRBUILDING. With Plates 2/6 " Will be found of practical utility in the execution of this difficult branch of joinery." Builder. Circular Work in Carpentry and Joinery. A Practical Treatise on Circular Work of Single and Double Curvature. By GEORGE COLLINGS. Third Edition 2/6 "Cheap in price, clear in definition, and practical in the examples selected." Builder. Roof Carpentry : Practical Lessons in the Framing of Wood Roofs. For the use of Working Carpenters. By GEO. COLLINGS, Author of " Handrailing and Stairbuilding," &c. . . 2/O Construction of Roofs, of Wood and Iron : Deduced chiefly from the Works of Robison, Tredgold, and Humber. By E. WYNDHAM TARN. M.A., Architect. Fourth Edition 1/6 " Mr. Tarn is so thoroughly master of his subject, that although the treatise was founded on the works of others he has given it a distinct value of his own. It will be found valuable by all students." Builder. The Joints Made and Used by Builders. By WYVILL J. CHRISTY, Architect. With 160 Woodcuts . . . . 3/0 " The work is deserving of high commendation." Builder. Shoring, And its Application : A Handbook for the use of Students. By G. H. BLAGROVE 1/6 " We recommend this valuable treatise to all students." Building News. Timber Importer's, Timber Merchant's, and Builder's Standard Guide. By R. E. GRANDY 2/0 " Everything it pretends to be : built up gradually, it leads one from a forest to a treenail, and throws in, as a makeweight, a host of material concerning bricks, columns, cisterns, &c." English Mechanic. Plumbing : A Text-Book to the Practice of the Art or Craft of the Plumber. With Chapters upon House Drainage and Ventilation. By WM. PATON BUCHAN, R. P., Sanitary Engineer. Ninth Edition, with 512 Illustrations ......... 3/6 "A text-book which may be safely put into the hands of every young plumber, and which will also be found useful by architects and medical professors." Builder. Ventilation : A Text-Book to the Practice of the Art of Ventilating Buildings. By W. P. BUCHAN, R. P., Author of " Plumbing," &c. With 170 Illustrations .... 3/6 The Practical Plasterer: A Compendium of Plain and Ornamental Plaster Work. By WILFRED KEMP 2/O House Painting, Graining, Marbling, and Sign Writing: With a Course of Elementary Drawing, and a Collection of Useful Receipts. By ELLIS A. DAVIDSON. Eighth Edition. Coloured Plates 5/0 %* The above, in cloth boards, strongly bound, 6/0. "A mass of information of use to the amateur and of value to the practical man." English Mechanic. 56 CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. Grammar of Colouring'. Applied to Decorative Painting and the Arts. By GEORGE FIELD. New Edition, revised and enlarged by ELLIS A. DAVIDSON. With Coloured Plates . . 3/0 " The book is a most useful resume of the properties of pigments." Biiilder. Elementary Decoration: As Applied to Dwelling-Houses, &c. By JAMES W. FACEY. Illustrated . . 2/0 "The principles which ought to guide the decoration of dwelling-houses are clearly set forth, and elucidated by examples ; while full instructions are given to the learner." Scotsman. Practical House Decoration. A Guide to the Art of Ornamental Painting, the Arrangement of Colours in Apartments, and the Principles of Decorative Design. By JAMES W. FACEY . . . 2/6 %* The last two Works in One handsome Vol., half-bound, entitled "HOUSE DECORATION, ELEMENTARY AND PRACTICAL," /rfe* 5/0. Portland Cement for Users. By HENRY FAIJA, A.M. Inst. C.E. Third Edition, corrected .... 2/0 " Supplies in a small compass all that is necessary to be known by users of cement." Building News. Limes, Cements, Mortars, Concretes, Mastics, Plastering*, &e. By G. R. BURNELL, C.E. Fifteenth Edition 1/6 Masonry and Stoneeutting>, The Principles of Masonic Projection, and their Application to Construction. By E. DOBSON, M.R.I.B.A 2/6 Arches, Piers, Buttresses, &e. Experimental Essays on the Principles of Construction in. By WILLIAM BLAND 1/6 Quantities and Measurements, In Bricklayers', Masons', Plasterers', Plumbers', Painters', Paperhangers', Gilders', Smiths', Carpenters' and Joiners' Work. By A. C. BEATON, Surveyor . . 1/6 " This book is indispensable to builders and their quantity clerks." English Mechanic. Complete Measurer; Setting forth the Measurement of Boards, Glass, Timber, and Stone. By R. HORTON. Sixth Edition 4/0 Guide to Superficial Measurement. Tables calculated from i to 200 inches in length, by i to 108 inches in breadth. For the use of Architects, Surveyors, Engineers, Timber Merchants, Builders, &c. By JAMES HAWKINGS. Fifth Edition 3/6 Lig-ht : An Introduction to the Science of Optics. Designed for the Use of Students of Architecture, Engineering, and other Applied Sciences. By E. W. TARN, M.A. . 1/6 Hints to Young 1 Architects. By GEORGE WIGHTWICK, Architect, Author of " The Palace of Architecture," &c., &c. Sixth Edition, revised and enlarged by G. HUSKISSON GUILLAUME, Architect . 3/6 " A copy ought to be considered as necessary a purchase as a box of instruments." Architect. Architecture Orders. The Orders and their ^Esthetic Principles. By W. H. LEEDS. Illustrated . 1/6 Architecture Styles. The History and Description of the Styles of Architecture of Various Countries, from the Earliest to the Present Period. By T. TALBOT BURY, F. R. I. B. A. , &c. Illustrated 2/O "ORDERS AND STYLES OF ARCHITECTURE," in One Vol., 3/6. Architecture Design. The Principles of Design in Architecture, as deducible from Nature and exemplified in the Works of the Greek and Gothic Architects. By EDW. L. GARBETT, Architect 2/6 "We know no work that we would sooner recommend to an attentive reader desirous to obtain clear views of the nature of architectural art. The book is a valuable one." Builder. *** The three preceding Works in One handsome Vol., half-bound, entitled " MODERN ARCHITECTURE, "price 6/0. Architectural Modelling 1 in Paper, The Art of. By T. A. RICHARDSON. With Illustrations, engraved by O. JEWITT 1/6 "A valuable aid to the practice of architectural modelling." Builder's Weekly Reporter. Perspective for Beginners. For Students and Amateurs in Architecture, Painting, &c. By G. PYNE . . 2/0 WEALE'S SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SERIES. 57 Glass Staining 1 , and the Art of Painting* on Glass. From the German of Dr. GESSERT and EMANUEL OTTO FROMBERG. With an Appendix on THE ART OF ENAMELLING 2/6 Vitpuvius The Architecture of Marcus Vitruvius Pollio. In Ten Books. Translated from the Latin by J. GWILT. With 23 Plates . 5/0 N.B. This is the only Edition of VlTRUVius procurable ctt a moderate price. Grecian Architecture, An Inquiry into the Principles of Beauty in ; with an Historical View of the Rise and Progress of the Art in Greece. By the EARL OF ABERDEEN .... 1/0 %* The two preceding Works in One handsome Vol., half-bound, entitled "ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE, "price 6/0. INDUSTRIAL AND USEFUL ARTS. Cements, Pastes, Glues, and Gums. A Guide to the Manufacture and Application of Agglutinants for Workshop, . Laboratory, or Office Use. With 900 Recipes and Formulae. By H. C. STANDAGE . . 2/O " As a revelation of what are considered trade secrets, this book will arouse an amount of curiosity among the large number of industries it touches." Daily Chronicle. Clocks, Watches, and Bells for Public Purposes. A Rudimentary Treatise. By EDMUND BECKETT, LORD GRIMTHORPE, LL.D., K.C., F.R.A.S. Eighth Edition, with new List of Great Bells and an Appendix on Weathercocks. [Just published. 4/6 * # * The above, handsomely bound, Cloth Boards, 5/6. " The best work on the subject probably extant. The treatise on bells is undoubtedly the best in the language." Engineering. " The only modern treatise on clock-making." Horological Journal. Electro-Metallurgy, Practically Treated. By ALEXANDER WATT. Tenth Edition, enlarged and revised. With Additional Illustrations, and including the most Recent Processes . . 3/6 " From this hook both amateur and artisan may learn everything necessary." Iron. Goldsmith's Handbook, Containing full Instructions in the Art of Alloying, Melting, Reducing, Colouring, Collecting, and Refining. The processes of Manipulation, Recovery of Waste, Chemical and Physical Properties of Gold ; Solders, Enamels, and other useful Rules and Recipes, &c. By GEORGE E. GEE. Sixth Edition . , ... . , , . ... . . 3/0 " A good, sound, technical educator." Horological Journal. Silversmith's Handbook, On the same plan as the above. By GEORGE E. GEE. Third Edition . . 3/0 " A valuable sequel to the author's ' Practical Goldworker.'" Silversmith's Trade Journal. %* The two preceding Works, in One handsome Vol., half-bound, entitled "THE GOLDSMITH'S AND SILVERSMITH'S COMPLETE HANDBOOK," 7/0. Hall-Marking 1 of Jewellery. Comprising an account of all the different Assay Towns of the United Kingdom ; with the Stamps at present employed ; also the Laws relating to the Standards and Hall- Marks at the various Assay Offices. By GEORGE E. GEE 3/0 French Polishing 1 and Enamelling. A Practical Book of Instruction, including numerous Recipes for making Polishes, Varnishes, Glaze-Lacquers, Revivers, etc. By RICHARD BITMEAD . . . 1/6 Practical Org'an Building. By W. E. DICKSON, M. A., Precentor of Ely Cathedral. Second Edition, Revised 2/6 "The amateur builder will find in this book all that' is necessary to enable him personally to construct a perfect organ with his own hands." Academy. Coach-Building : A Practical Treatise, Historical and Descriptive. By JAMES W. BURGESS . 2/Q " This handbook will supply a long-felt want, not only to manufacturers themselves, but more particularly apprentices, and others connected with the trade of coach-building." Eiiropean Mail. The Cabinet-Maker's Guide To the Entire Construction of Cabinet- Work, including Veneering, Marqueterie, Buhl- Work, Mosaic, Inlaying, Working and Polishing Ivory, Trade Recipes, &c. By RICHARD BITMEAD. With Plans, Sections, and Working Drawings . . 2/6 Brass Founder's Manual: Instructions for Modelling, Pattern Making. Moulding,Turning,&c. By W.GRAHAM 2/0 Sheet Metal-Worker's Guide. A Practical Handbook for Tinsmitns, Coppersmiths, Zincworkers, &c., with 46 Diagrams and Working Patterns. By W. J. E. CRANE. Fourth Edition . . 1/6 " The author has acquitted himself with considerable tact in choosing his examples, and with no less ability in treating them." Plumber, 58 CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. Sewing? Machinery. Construction, History, Adjusting, &c. ByJ. W. URQUHART, C.E. . . . 2/0 Gas Fitting 1 : A Practical Handbook. By JOHN BLACK. Revised Edition. With 130 Illustrations 2/6 " It is written in a simple practical style, and we heartily recommend it." Plumber and Decorator. Construction of Door Locks. From the Papers of A. C. HOBBS. Edited by CHARLES TOMLINSON, F.R.S. With a Note upon IRON SAFES by ROBERT MALLET. Illustrated 2/6 The Model Locomotive Engineer, Fireman, and Engine-Boy. By MICHAEL REYNOLDS 3/6 Art of Letter Painting made Easy. ByjAMES GREIG BADENOCH. With 12 full-page Engravings of Examples. . 1/6 "Any intelligent lad who fails to turn out decent work after studying this system, has mistaken his vocation. " English Mechanic. Art of Boot and Shoemaking, Including Measurement, Last-fitting, Cutting-out, Closing and Making ; with a Description of the most Approved Machinery employed. By J. B. LEND . 2/0 " By far the best work ever written on the subject." Scottish Leather Trader. Mechanical Dentistry: A Practical Treatise on the Construction of the Various Kinds of Artificial Dentures, comprising also Useful Formulas, Tables and Receipts. By C. HUNTER . . 3/0 Wood Engraving : A Practical and Easy Introduction to the Study of the Art. By W. N. 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Farm Roads, Fences, and Gates: A Practical Treatise on the Roads, Tramways, and Waterways of the Farm ; the Prin- ciples of Enclosures ; and on Fences, Gates, and Stiles. By Prof. JOHN SCOTT . 1/6 " A useful practical work, which should be in the hands of every farmer." Fanner. Farm Buildings: A Practical Treatise on the Buildings necessary for various kinds of Farms, their Arrangement and Construction, with Plans and Estimates. By Professor J. SCOTT 2/0 " No one who is called upon to design farm buildings can afford to be without this work." Builder. Barn Implements and Machines: Treating of the Application of Power to the Operations of Agriculture ; and of the various Machines used in the Threshing-barn, in the Stockyard, Dairy, &c. By Professor JOHN SCOTT. With 123 Illustrations 2/0 Field Implements and Machines: With Principles and Details of Construction and Points of Excellence, their Manage- ment, &c. By Professor JOHN SCOTT. With 138 Illustrations .... 2/0 Agricultural Surveying : A Treatise on Land Surveying, Levelling, and Setting-out ; with Directions for Valuing and Reporting on Farms and Estates. By Professor J. SCOTT . 1/6 Farm Engineering. By Professor JOHN SCOTT. Comprising the above Seven Volumes in One, 1,150 pages, and over 600 Illustrations. Half-bound 12/0 "A copy of this work should be treasured up in every library where the owner thereof is in any way connected with land." Farm and Home. WEALE'S SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SERIES. 59 Outlines of Farm Management. Treating of the General Work of the Farm ; Stock ; Contract Work ; Labour, &c. By R. SCOTT BURN, Author of "Outlines of Modern Farming," &c. 2/6 "The book is eminently practical, and may be studied with advantage by beginners in agriculture, while it contains hints which will be useful to old and successful farmers. "Scotsman. Outlines of Landed Estates Management. Treating of the Varieties of Lands, Methods of Farming, the Setting-out of Farms, &c. ; Roads, Fences, Gates, Irrigation, Drainage, &c. By R. S. BURN . . . 2/6 "A complete and comprehensive outline of the duties appertaining to the management of landed estates." Journat of Forestry. Soils, Manures, and Crops. (Vol. I. OUTLINES OF MODERN FARMING.) By R. SCOTT BURN. Woodcuts . 2/0 Farming 1 and Farming Economy, Historical and Practical. (Vol. II. OUTLINES OF MODERN FARMING.) By R. SCOTT BURN 3/0 " Eminently calculated to enlighten the agricultural community on the varied subjects of which it treats ; hence it should find a place in every farmer's library." City Press. Stock: Cattle, Sheep, and Horses. (Vol. III. OUTLINES OF MODERN FARMING.) By R. SCOTT BURN. Woodcuts 2/6 " The author's grasp of his subject is thorough, and his grouping of facts effective. . . We com- mend this excellent treatise." Weekly Dispatch. Dairy, Pigs, and Poultry. (Vol. IV. OUTLINES OF MODERN FARMING.) By R. SCOTT BURN. Woodcuts 2/0 " We can testify to the clearness and intelligibility of the matter, which has been compiled from the best authorities." London Review. Utilization of Sewage, Irrigation, &e. (Vol. V. OUTLINES OF MODERN FARMING.) By R. SCOTT BURN. Woodcuts 2/6 " A work containing valuable information, which will recommend itself to all interested in modern farming. " Field. Outlines of Modern Farming. By R. SCOTT BURN, Author of " Landed Estates Management," &c. Consisting of the above Five Volumes in One, 1,250 pp., profusely Illustrated, half-bound . . 12/0 "The aim of the author has been to make his work at once comprehensive and trustworthy, and in this aim he has succeeded to a degree which entitles him to much credit." Morning Advertiser. Book-keeping for Farmers and Estate Owners. A Practical Treatise, presenting, in Three Plans, a System adapted for all classes of Farms. By J. M. WOODMAN, Chartered Accountant. Fourth Edition . . 2/6 " Will be found of great assistance by those who intend to commence a system of book-keeping, the author's examples being clear and explicit, and his explanations full and accurate." Live Stock Journal. Ready Reckoner for Admeasurement of Land. By A. ARMAN. Revised and extended by C. NORRIS, Surveyor. Fifth Edition 2/0 " A very useful book to all who have land to measure." Mark Lane Express. " Should be in the hands of all persons having any connection with land." Irish Farm. Ready Reckoner for Millers, Corn Merchants, And Farmers. Second Edition, revised, with a Price List of Modern Flour Mill Machinery. By W. S. HUTTON, C.E 2/0 " Will prove an indispensable vade mecum. Nothing has been spared to make the book complete and perfectly adapted to its special purpose." Miller. The Hay and Straw Measurer: New Tables for the use of Auctioneers, Valuers, Farmers, Hay and Straw Dealers, &c., forming a complete Calculator and Ready Reckoner. By JOHN STEELE . . 2/0 " A most useful handbook. It should be in every professional office where agricultural valuations are conducted." Land Agent's Record. Meat Production: A Manual for Producers, Distributors, and Consumers of Butchers' Meat. By JOHN EWART 2/6 " A compact and handy volume on the meat question." Meat and Provision Trades Rer>ieiu. 60 CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. Sheep : The History, Structure, Economy, and Diseases of. By W. C. SPOONER. Fifth Edition, with Engravings, including Specimens of New and Improved Breeds . . . 3/6 " The book is decidedly the best of the kind in our language." Scotsman. Market and Kitchen Gardening. By C. W. SHAW, late Editor of " Gardening Illustrated " 3/6 " The most valuable compendium of kitchen and market-garden work published." Farmer. Kitchen Gardening made Easy. Showing the best means of Cultivating every known Vegetable and Herb, &c., with directions for management all the year round. By GEO. M. F. GLENNY. 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Tree Pruner: Being a Practical Manual on the Pruning of Fruit Trees, including also their Training and Renovation, also treating of the Pruning of Shrubs, Climbers, and Flowering Plants. With numerous Illustrations. By SAMUEL WOOD, Author of "Good Gardening," c. 1/6 " A useful book, written by one who has had great experience." Mark Lane Express. %* The above Two Vols. in One, handsomely half-bound, entitled "THE TREE PLANTER, PROPAGATOR AND PRUNER." By SAMUEL WOOD. Price 3/6. Art of Grafting and Budding. By CHARLES BALTET. With Illustrations 2/6 "The one standard work on this subject." Scotsman. MATHEMATICS, ARITHMETIC, ETC. Descriptive Geometry, An Elementary Treatise on ; with a Theory of Shadows and of Perspective, extracted from the French of G. MONGE. To which is added a Description of the Principles and Practice of Isometrical Projection. By J. F. HEATHER, M. A. With 14 Plates. 2/O Practical Plane Geometry: Giving the Simplest Modes of Constructing Figures contained in one Plane and Geometrical Construction of the Ground. By J. F. HEATHER, M.A. . 2/0 "The author is well-known as an experienced professor, and the volume contains as complete a collection of problems as is likely to be required in ordinary practice." Architect.". Analytical Geometry and Conic Sections. By JAMES HANN. New Edition, Enlarged by Professor J. R. YOUNG . . 2/0 " The author's style is exceedingly clear and simple, and the book is well adapted for the beginner and those who may be obliged to have recourse to self-tuition." Engineer. Euclid, THE ELEMENTS OF ; with many Additional Propositions. and Explanatory Notes; to which is prefixed an Introductory Essay on Logic. By HENRY LAW, C.E. . 2/6 *#* Sold also separately, viz. : EUCLID. The First Three Books. By HENRY LAW, C.E 1/6 EUCLID. Books 4, 5, 6, ii, 12. By HENRY LAW, C.E 1/6 Plane Trigonometry, The Elements of. By JAMES HANN, M.A. Sixth Edition .... 1/6 WEALE'S SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SERIES. 61 Spherical Trigonometry, The Elements of. By JAMES HANN. Revised by CHARLES H. BOWLING, C.E. 1/0 %* Or with " The Elements of Plane Trigonometry," in One Vol., 2/6. Differential Calculus, Elements of the. By W. S. B. WOOLHOUSE, F.R.A.S., &c 1/6 Integral Calculus. By HOMERSHAM Cox, B.A 1/6 Algebra, The Elements of. By JAMES HADDON, M.A., formerly Mathematical Master of King's College School. With Appendix, containing Miscellaneous Investigations, and a col- lection of Problems ........ 2/O Key and Companion to the Above. An extensive repository of Solved Examples and Problems in Illustration of the various Expedients necessary in Algebraical Operations. By J. R. YOUNG . 1/6 Commercial Book-keeping. With Commercial Phrases and Forms in English, French, Italian, and German. By JAMES HADDON, M.A., formerly Mathematical Master, King's College School . 1/6 Arithmetic, A Rudimentary Treatise on : with full Explanations of its Theoretical Principles, and numerous Examples for Practice. For the use of Schools and for Self-Instruction. By J. R. YOUNG, late Professor of Mathematics in Belfast College. Fourteenth Edition 1/6 Key to the Above. ByJ. R. YOUNG .. 1/6 Equational Arithmetic, Applied to Questions of Interest, Annuities, Life Assurance, and General Commerce : with various Tables by which all calculations may be greatly facilitated. By W. HlPSLEY 1/6 Arithmetic, Rudimentary, for the Use of Schools and Self-Instruction. By JAMES HADDON, M.A. Revised by ABRAHAM ARMAN . 1/6 Key to the Above. By A. ARMAN ' . .' .-, ., 4 .. . . 1/6 Mathematical Instruments, A Treatise on ; Their Construction, Adjustment, Testing, and Use concisely explained. By J. F. HEATHER, M.A., of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. Fifteenth Edition, Revised with Additions, by A. T. WALMISLEY, M.I.C.E., Fellow of the Surveyors' Institution. Original Edition in One Vol., Illustrated . . . 2/0 *** In ordering be careful to say ''Original Edition," to distinguish it from the Enlarged Edition in Three Vols. (see below). Drawing* and Measuring Instruments. Including I. Instruments employed in Geometrical and Mechanical Drawing, and in the Construction, Copying, and Measurement of Maps and Plans. II. Instruments used for the purposes of Accurate Measurement, and for Arithmetical Computations. By J. F. HEATHER, M.A 1/6 Optical Instruments. Including (more especially) Telescopes, Microscopes, and Apparatus for producing copies of Maps and Plans by Photography. By J. F. HEATHER, M.A. Illustrated 1/6 Surveying and Astronomical Instruments. Including I. Instruments used for Determining the Geometrical Features of a portion of Ground. II. Instruments employed in Astronomical Observations. By J. F. 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By the late Rev. ROBERT MAIN, M.A., F.R.S. Third Edition, revised and corrected. By WILLIAM THYNNE LYNN, B.A., F.R.A.S 2/0 " A sound and simple treatise, very carefully edited, and a capital book for beginners." Knowledge. Statics and Dynamics, The Principles and Practice of ; embracing also a clear development of Hydrostatics, Hydrodynamics, and Central Forces. By T. BAKER, C.E. Fourth Edition . 1/6 BOOKS OF REFERENCE AND MISCELLANEOUS VOLUMES. Manual of the Mollusca : A Treatise on Recent and Fossil Shells. By Dr. S. P. WOODWARD, A.L.S. With Appendix by RALPH TATE, A.L.S., F.G.S. With numerous Plates and 300 Woodcuts 7/6 "A storehouse of conchological and geological information." Hardiuicke's Science Gossip. Dictionary of Painters, And Handbook for Picture Amateurs ; being a Guide for Visitors to Public and Private Picture Galleries, and for Art Students, including Glossary of Terms, &c. By PHILIPPE DARYL, B.A 2/6 "Considering its small compass, really admirable. We cordially recommend the book." Builder. Painting Popularly Explained. By THOMAS JOHN GULLICK, Painter, and JOHN TIMES, F.S.A. Including Fresco, Oil, Mosaic, Water Colour, Water-Glass, Tempera, Encaustic, Miniature, Painting on Ivory, Vellum, Pottery, Enamel, Glass, &c. Sixth Edition .... 5/0 *#* Adopted as a Prize Book at South Kensington. " Much may be learned, even by those who fancy they do not require to be taught, from the careful perusal of this unpretending but comprehensive treatise." Art Journal. Dictionary of Terms used in Architecture, Building, Engineering, Mining, Metallurgy, Archaeology, the Fine Arts, &c. By JOHN WEALE. Sixth Edition. Edited by ROBT. HUNT, F.R.S., Keeper of Mining Records, Editor of " Ure's Dictionary." Numerous Illustrations . . 5/0 " The best small technological dictionary in the language." Architect. Music, A Rudimentary and Practical Treatise on. By CHARLES CHILD SPENCER . 2/6 " Mr. Spencer has marshalled his information with much skill, and yet with a simplicity that must recommend his works to all who wish to thoroughly understand music." Weekly Times, Pianoforte, The Art of Playing the. With Exercises and Lessons. By C. C. SPENCER . 1/6 " A sound and excellent work, written with spirit, and calculated to inspire the Pupil with a desire to aim at high accomplishment in the art." School Board Chronicle. WEALE'S SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SERIES. 63 House Manager: Being a Guide to Housekeeping, Practical Cookery, Pickling and Preserving, House- hold Work, Dairy Management, the Table and Dessert, Cellarage of Wines, Home- brewing and Wine-making, the Boudoir and Dressing-room, Travelling, Stable Economy, Gardening Operations, &c. By AN OLD HOUSEKEEPER . . 3/6 " We find here directions to be discovered in no other book, tending to save expense to the pocket as well as labour to the head. John Bull. Manual of Domestic Medicine. By R. GOODING, B.A., M.D. Intended as a Family Guide in all Cases of Accident and Emergency. Third Edition g/0 " The author has performed a useful service by placing at the disposal of those situated at a distance from medical aid, a reliable and sensible work in which professional knowledge and accuracy have been well seconded by the ability to express himself in ordinary untechnical language." Public Health. Management of Health. A Manual of Home and Personal Hygiene. By the Rev. JAMES BAIRD, B.A. . 1/0 "It is wonderfully reliable, it is written with excellent taste, and there is instruction crowded into every page." English Mechanic. House Book, Comprising I. THE HOUSE MANAGER. By AN OLD HOUSEKEEPER. II. DOMESTIC MEDICINE. By RALPH GOODING, M.D. III. MANAGEMENT OF HEALTH. By JAMES BAIRD. In One Vol., strongly half-bound 6/0 Natural Philosophy, For the Use of Beginners. By CHARLES TOMLINSON, F.R.S 1/6 Electric Lighting- : The Elementary Principles of. By ALAN A. CAMPBELL SWINTON, M.Inst.C.E., M.I.E.E. With 16 Illustrations. Fifth Edition. [Just published. 1/6 Handbook of Field Fortification. By Major W. W. KNOLLYS, F.R.G.S. With 163 Woodcuts 3/0 " A well-timed and able contribution to our military literature. . . . The author supplies, in clear business style, all the information likely to be practically useful." Chambers of Commerce Chronicle. Logic, Pure and Applied. By S. H. EMMENS ........ 1/6 " This admirable work should be a text-book not only for schools, students, and philosophers, for all litterateurs and men of science, but for those concerned in the practical affairs of life, &c." The News. Locke's Essays on the Human Understanding*. Selections, with Notes by S. H. EMMENS 1/6 Compendious Calculator (Intuitive Calculations] ; or Easy and Concise Methods of performing the various Arithmetical Operations required in Commercial and Business Transactions ; together with Useful Tables, &c. By DANIEL O'GORMAN. Twenty-eighth Edition, carefully revised by C. NORRIS 2/6 " It would be difficult to exaggerate the usefulness of this book to every one engaged in commerce or manufacturing industry. It is crammed full with rules and formulae for shortening and employing calculations in money, weights and measures, &c., of every sort and description." Knowledge. Measures, Weights, and Moneys of all Nations, And an Analysis of the Christian, Hebrew, and Mahometan Calendars. By W. S. B. WOOLHOUSE, F.R.A.S., F.S.S. Seventh Edition .... 2/6 "A work necessary for every mercantile office." Building Trades Journal,. Grammar of the English Tongue, Spoken and Written. With an Introduction to the Study of Comparative Philology. By HYDE CLARKE, D.C.L. Fifth Edition 1/6 Dictionary of the English Language, As Spoken and Written. Containing about 100,000 Words. By HYDE CLARKE, D.C.L. 3/6 Composition and Punctuation, Familiarly Explained for those who have neglected the Study of Grammar. By JUSTIN BRENAN. Nineteenth Edition 1/6 4 CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. French Grammar. With Complete and Concise Rules on the Genders of French Nouns. By G. L. STRAUSS, Ph.D. 1/6 English-French Dictionary. By ALFRED ELWES , . 2/0 French Dictionary. In Two Parts : I. French-English. II. English-French. Complete in One Vol. 3/0 French and English Phrase Book. Containing Introductory Lessons, with Translations, Vocabularies of Words, Collection of Phrases, and Easy Familiar Dialogues 1/6 German Grammar. Adapted for English Students, from Heyse's Theoretical and Practical Grammar, by Dr. G. L. STRAUSS 1/6 <*erman Triglot Dictionary. By N. E. S. A. HAMILTON. Part I. German -French-English. Part II. English- German-French. Part III. French-German-English . . . . . 3/0 German Triglot Dictionary (As above). Together with German Grammar in One Vol. .... 5/0 Italian Grammar, Arranged in Twenty Lessons, with Exercises. By ALFRED ELWES . . . 1/6 Italian Triglot Dictionary, Wherein the Genders of all the Italian and French Nouns are carefully noted down. By ALFRED ELWES. Vol. I. Italian-English-French 2/6 Italian Triglot Dictionary. By ALFRED ELWES. Vol. II. English-French-Italian 2/6 Italian Triglot Dictionary. By ALFRED ELWES. Vol. III. French- Italian-English 2/6 Italian Triglot Dictionary (As above). In One Vol 7/6 Spanish Grammar. In a Simple and Practical Form. With Exercises. By ALFRED ELWES . . 1/6 Spanish-English and English-Spanish Dictionary. Including a large number of Technical Terms used in Mining, Engineering, &c. , with the proper Accents and the Gender of every Noun. By ALFRED ELWES . . 4/0 *** Or with the GRAMMAR, 6/0. Portuguese Grammar, In a Simple and Practical Form. With Exercises. By ALFRED ELWES . . 1/6 Portuguese-English and English-Portuguese Dic- tionary. Including a large number of Technical Terms used in Mining, Engineering, &c., with the proper Accents and the Gender of every Noun. By ALFRED ELWES. Fourth Edition, revised 5/0 %* Or with the GRAMMAR, 7/0. Animal Physics, Handbook of. By DIONYSIUS LARDNER, D.C.L. With 520 Illustrations. In One Vol. (732 pages), cloth boards . 7/6 %* Sold also in Two Parts, as follows : ANIMAL PHYSICS. By Dr. LARDNER. Parti., Chapters I. VI I. . . 4/0 ANIMAL PHYSICS. By Dr. LARDNER. Part II. Chapters VIII. XVIII. . 3/0 A>o OF THE ^J-\ [36.19.4-1904] UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY BERKELEY Return to desk from which borrowed. This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. ENGINEERING LIBRARY JUL 27 1949 /< LD 21-100w-9,'481B399sl6)476