^m Bmm state colle:: 'mm A MANUAL OF MARCHING By George A. Cornell, '02 Edited by ELMER BERRY, B. S., M. P. E. International Yottng Mkn's Christian Association College, Springfield, Mass. FIFTH EDITION OCTOBER 1915 The Seminar Publishing Company Springfield, Mass. Copyright, 1906 The Seminar Publishing Co. LIBRARY S^AT"^ TEACHERS C^L'EGE SA TA LASSARA. CALIFORNIA i^(j^ IHSS-^- [5 /C Contents Page Preface 5 Method 7 General Rules 9-12 Cadence 13 Single Rank Marching 14-58 Forming 14 Dressing 15 Resting 15 Dismissing 15 Changing Step 16 Counting 16 Facing 17 Marching 17-25 From a halt or marking time 17-21 To reverse or change direction without marking time or halting and without facing 21-22 To continue, reverse or change direction without halt- ing or marking time with a facing involved 22-25 i Wheehng 25-27 Halting 27-28 ^ Column Movements 28-30 Forming Line From Column 30-33 With change of direction 30-32 Without change of direction 32-33 Forming Column From Column 33-42 With change of direction 33-35 Without change of direction 36-42 Columns Uniting and Separating 42-44 Maneuvers by Fours, Eights, etc C_45-5 Marching in Double Rank 59-61 Methods of Getting On the Floor for Cahsthenic Work 62-70 Bibliography 71 Index 72-74 A Manual of Marching By George A. Cornell, '02 Edited by Elmer Berry, B. S. , M. P. E. International Young Men's Christian Association College Springfield, Mass. Preface The value of marching from a normal standpoint is becoming increasingly evident. The increased demand for a useful textbook has made a fifth edition of Mr. Cornell's Manual a necessity. In this edition the general changes adopted for the fourth edition have been retained. First, the material has been largely rearranged using a topical scheme, bringing similar movements together, rather than the strictly formation scheme of previous editions. It is believed that this has made the material more readily accessible to untechnical tacticians. Second, a number of movements and maneuvers have been added, particularly facings while on the march, de- signed to be executed in a small space and yet give training in alertness. This phase is particularly emphasized in school Mrork. Third, a number of more complicated movements suit- able for fancy or exhibition marching have been added. As far as is consistent with gymnastic purposes, the military method and nomenclature have been retained, though changes and additions have been freely made when prompted by gymnastic needs. It is felt that the marching of men and of boys in such organizations as the Boy Scouts should be closely in accord with the regulation military marching. With this in mind, the present edition has been compared carefully with the Infantry Drill Regu- lations of the United States Army issued August, 1911. Some of the movements previously vague or uncertain have been made clearer and diagrams presented. Elmer Berry. Method The desire is to make marching as simple as possible. Diagrams are used to help obtain this result. The posi- tion from which the given command is to be executed is given first, thus making it clearer for men who have never had a thorough training along that line. To illustrate : If the company is to execute "fours right" from a column of fours, the command will be preceded by a description of the present direction and the new direction of the com- pany. Thus, Marching in column of fours to form a line and change direction. After this will follow the command, 1. Fours left (right), 2. March. Or if the company were marching in company front, and it was desired to use the same command, the following would be indicated : March- ing in line, to change direction and march in column of fours. This should simplify gymnastic marching and avoid mistakes. Alfred T. Halsted's "Manual of Marching for Gymnastic Use" has been gone over carefully and neces- sary corrections and additions made, basing the entire work upon the U. S. Infantry Drill Regulations for the years 1891 and 1904. This system of arranging com- mands was suggested by the Drill Regulations. The defini- tions of terms used in this manual may be found on pages 9 and 10 of the Regulations for 1904. Generally drawings referred to in the references to the Drill Regulations will not be reproduced in this manual. In this revision the manual is brought up to date with the Infantry Drill Regu- lations of 1911. The wording for quotations, however, is that of the Regulations of 1891, except where changes in meaning have been made. The first part of the reference refers to the Regulations of 1891; the second part refers to the pages where the same thing is found in the Regulations of 1904. Methods of Arranging Classes on the Floor An effort has been made to collect the various methods of putting men on the floor for calisthenic work. These are arranged in the form of a glossary for the convenience of the director. I General Rules (1) In giving commands the physical director should always face toward the men. (2) The physical director "should always maintain a mili- tary bearing and by a quiet, firm demeanor set a proper example to the men."^ (3) The physical director "explains each movement in as few words as possible, at the same time executing it hmiself."- (4) "There are two kinds of commands."" "The preparatory command, such as Forward, indicates the movement that is to be executed." "The command of execution, such as 'March,' 'Halt,' causes the execution." The preparatory command should always precede the command of execution, as 1. Company, 2. Halt. "The preparatory command should be given at such an interval of time before the command of execution as to admit of its being properly understood ; the command of execution should be given at the instant the movement is to commence." "Each preparatory command is pronounced in an ascend- ing tone of voice, but always in such a manner that the com- mand for execution may be more energetic and elevated." "The command of execution is pronounced in a firm and brief tone." "The tone of the command is animated, distinct and of a loudness proportional to the number of men under instruc- tion." (5) "Any movement may be executed either from the halt, or when marching or marking time, if not otherwise prescribed."* (1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 10. 1904, p. 13. (2) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 10. (3) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, pp. 8, 9. 1904, p. 12. (4) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 8. (6) "When the execution of a movement is improperly begun and the instructor wishes to begin it anew for the purpose of correcting it, he commands, As you were, at which the movement ceases and the former position is resumed."^ (7) All commands which involve a change of direction to the left (or right) should be given as the left (or right) foot is coming to the floor; for example, By the left (or right) flank, etc. (8) In giving commands which are to be followed by counting to secure precision of execution, such as in Open order from column of three (Swedish Open Order) the command, March, should always count as one. (9) When the command. Fall in line, has been given, the general rule should be observed, that the shortest men fall in on the right of the line. (10) The formation of double ranks should always be made on the right of the line. (11) When marching in column of files, care should be taken to have every man keep closed as nearly as possible to facing distance, i.e., sixteen inches. (13) When marching in line always guide right unless otherwise directed. (13) When marching in column of fours, sixes or eights, and column right or left is given, always guide on the marching flank. (14) Marching flank is the term given to that end of the line that maintains the regular cadence in executing a turn ; the man who is acting as the pivot man and those near him regulate their step so that the men on the marching flank do not have to increase the cadence. (15) "In all wheelings by fours, the forward march is taken up on the completion of the movement, unless the (1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 11. 1904, p. 13. 10 command, Halt, be given. "^ For example. Fours left (or right). (16) "At half step or mark time while obliquing, the oblique march is resumed by the commands: 1. Full step, 2. March."- (17) "In the oblique march, the guide is always without indication on the side toward which the oblique is made. On resuming the direct march in line the guide is announced."^ (18) "If the oblique be executed from a halt, the guide is announced on taking the direct march in line."* (19) In taking hand apparatus while marching in column of files, the command. Half step, or Mark time, may be given to give time to get apparatus and close up to the proper distance. After the close of the drill the same rule may be followed in putting away apparatus. (20) Any command which involves a change of direction may be brought to a halt without the command. Halt, by giving the number of steps in the command that are to be executed in the new direction. For example, ] . By the left (or right) flank, 2. Four steps, 3. March. (21) Marching in column of fours in double rank the rear rank falls back to forty-four inches. (22) A large per cent of the commands in both single and double rank marching can be executed when march- ing in double time ; a number of movements may also be executed in short steps or in double time from a halt or quick time by inserting the proper command: 1. By the right flank, 2. Double time, 3. March ; 1. To the rear, 2. Double time, 3. March ; 1. By the right flank, 2. Half steps, 3. March; 1. Backward, 2. Half steps, 3. March. (1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Anny, p. 71. (2) Infantry Drill Regulations, 1904, U. S. Army, p. 45. (3) Infantry Drill Regulations, 1904, U. S. Army, p. 45. (4) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 50. 11 The company may be made to mark time as soon as the desired movement is executed by inserting the command, Mark time, thus, 1. By the right flank, 2. Mark time, 3. March. Any combination of movements described may be arranged according to the desire and ingenuity of the instruc- tor by simply combining the proper commands as 1. Fours left, right face and sideward left, 2. March. (23) When marching. in column of twos or fours all com- mands should be given from the leading twos or fours, e.g., Marching in columns of twos (or fours), the command Column left and right, alternating, is given, the first set of twos (or fours) turn to the left and the second set of twos (or fours) turn to the right. (24) Observation of this rule will avoid any mixing of the direction for the leading two or four. (25) The column of fours changes direction, marches to the rear and by the flank, wheels in fours, executes the facings and steps, obliques and forms a line, according to the principles laid down for a column of files or twos. (26) Unless otherwise stated, movements are done as pre- scribed from either column or line. 12 Cadence (1) Quick time. "The length of the full step in quick time is thirty inches measured from heel to heel, and the cadence is at the rate of 120 steps per minute."^ The length of the half step is fifteen inches. (3) Double time. "The length of the full step in double time is thirty-six inches; the cadence is at the rate of 180 steps per minute."^ The length of the half step is eighteen inches. (3) Common time. "The cadence of common time is from sixty-four to seventy steps per minute."^ (1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, pp. 20, 21. 1904. p. 24. (2) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, pp. 20, 21. 1904. p. 24. (3) Light Gymnastics, by Anderson, pp. 9, 10. 13 Single Rank Marching Forming (1) To form a line : 1. Fall in line. At this command each man takes his place in line according to height.^ Each man should move by short side steps to the right till he touches the elbow of his neighbor, or give way to the left till there is no crowd- ing. Arms should be straight and hanging at the sides. This position should be retained till the next command. (2) To fomi a column: 1. Fall in column. At the command, Fall in column, the men form in single column, i.e., one behind another according to height, the shortest man at the head of the column ; each man should see that he is within facing distance of the man in front of him, i.e., sixteen inches from back to chest. Attention (1) Having formed in line or column, or being in line or column at rest, to command attention : 1. Company (squad or class), 2. Attention. "At the command. Attention, each man takes the posi- tion of the soldier as follows : Heels on the same line and as near each other as the conformation of the man per- mits ; feet turned out equally and forming with each other an angle of about forty-five degree; knees straight and without stiffness ; body erect on the hips, inclining a little forward, shoulders square and falling equally, arms (1) See General Rule 9. 14 and hands outward, elbows near the body ; head erect and square to the front; chin sHghtly drawn in, without restraint ; eyes straight to the front. "^ Dressing ( 1 ) Being in hne at attention, to dress the hne : 1. Right (or left), 2. Dress. All cast the head and eyes to the right (or left) and place themselves in a position so that they can just see the breast of the third man down the line. The shoul- ders should not be deranged by this movement. Close in until the space of three inches remains between elbows as the arms hang naturally. (2) Having fallen in line and dressed, to face to the front : 1. Front. At the command. Front, each man turns his head and eyes to the front and stands in the position of attention, waiting the next command. Resting ( 1 ) Being at attention at a halt, to rest the men : 1. Rest, or at ease. At the command. Rest, the men keep one heel in place, but are not required to preserve silence or immobility. At the command. At ease, the men keep one heel in place and preserve silence, but not immobility. Dismissing (1) Being in column or line at a halt to break ranks: 1. Break ranks, 2. March. At the command, March, the company takes one step forward before the line is broken, the company being dismissed. (1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 11. 1904, p. 18. 15 Changing Step (1) Marching in column or line, to change step: 1. Change step, 2. March. "At the command, March, given as the right foot comes to the ground, the left foot is advanced and planted; the toe of the right is then advanced near the heel of the left, the recruit again stepping off with the left." "The change on the right foot is similarly executed, the command, March, being given as the left foot strikes the ground."^ Counting (1) Being in line at a halt, to count off from the right flank: 1. Count off, 2. Count. The first man on the right calls, "one," the second man, "two," the. third, "three," the fourth, "four," the fifth, "five," and so on, until the entire company has numbered. (2) Being in line at a halt, to count twos (or threes or fours) from right (or left) flank: 1. Count, 2. Twos (or threes, or fours). This should always be executed from the right flank unless the director for some particular reason wants the men counted off from the left flank, in which case he should precede the command by the caution, "From the left flank." "Each man should turn his head as he speaks his number, to the left, if counting from the right, thus giving the cue to his next neighbor, immediately turning to the front again. "^ (3) Being in a line at halt, to count off in double (or triple) ones and twos: 1. Double (or triple) ones and twos, 2. Count. At the command. Count, the first two (or three) men (1) Marching for Gymnastic Use, by Halsted, p. 6. (2) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 22. 1904, p. 26. 16 number "one," the second two (or three) men number "two," and the third two (or three) men number "one" again; this is continued until the whole line is numbered off in double (or triple) ones and twos. The same gen- eral rules hold as for counting off in twos and fours (Par. 2). Facing At a halt (1) To face to the right (or left), half face to the right (or left), or about face to the right (or left) : 1. Right (or left), 2. Face. 1. Half right (or left), 2. Face. 1. About (or left about), 2. Face. At the command. Face, turn to the right (or left) through an angle of 90° (45° or 180°) on the right (or left) heel and the ball of the left (or right) foot, lift the left (or right) foot and place it beside the right (or left). While marching Any of the above facings may also be executed while marking time or marching, care being taken by the in- structor to give the command "March" on the foot on the side toward which the movement is to be executed. Com- binations of marching with facings will be found under Marching, page 22. After facing on the march continue to march in the same mode as before unless otherwise commanded. Marching From a halt or marking time (1) Being at a halt, to mark time: 1. Mark time, 2. March. "At the command, March, raise the left foot about two 17 inches, bending the knee, and bring it back on a line with the other. Follow with the right. Continue without gaining ground. If on the march, the movement is exe- cuted in the same manner. If at double time, the cadence of double time is retained. To take up or resume the full step, the command,^ 1. Full step, 2. March, is given. "- (2) Being in column at a halt, or marking time, to march in column : 1. Forward, 2. March. "At the command, Forward, throw the weight of the body upon the right leg without bending the left knee ; at the command, March, move the left leg smartly, but without jerk, carry the foot straight forward thirty inches from the right, measuring from heel to heel, sole near the ground, knees straight and toe forward; at the same time throw the weight of the body forward and plant the foot without shock, weight of body resting upon it; next, in like manner, advance the right foot, and plant as above ; continue the march, keeping the face to the front. The director indicates from time to time the cadence of the step by calling, One, two, three, four; or left, right, at the instant the left foot and right foot, respectively, should be planted."^ (3) Being in line at a halt, or marking time, to march forward in line : 1. Forward, 2. Guide right (or left), 3. March. "At the command, March, the men step off, the guide . marching straight to the front. The men preserve their intervals toward the side of the guide, yielding to pres- sure from that side and resisting pressure from the opposite direction. While habitually keeping the head to the front, they may occasionally glance toward the side of the guide, to preserve alignment and intervals. The head is turned as little as possible for this purpose."* (1) See General Rule 22. (2) Infantry Drill Regulations, 1904, U. S. Army, p. 25. (3) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 20. 1904, p. 24. (4) Marching for Gymnastic Use, by Halsted, p. 25. 18 (4) Being at a halt, or marking time, to march in double time : 1. Forward, 2. Double time, 3. March. "At the command, Forward, throw the weight of the body on the right leg; at the command, Double time, raise the hands until the forearms are horizontal, fingers closed, nails toward the body, elbows to the rear. At the command, March, carry forward the left foot, leg slightly bent, knee somewhat raised, and plant the foot thirty-six inches from the right ; then execute the same motion with the right foot ; continue this alternate move- ment of the feet, throwing the weight of the body forward and allowing a natural swinging motion of the arms."^ If in column the men gradually drop back to thirty-six inches. (5) Being at a halt, or marking time, to march in half steps : 1. Forward, 3. Half steps, 3. March. "At the command, March, the class takes steps of fif- teen inches. The full step is resumed at the command, 1. Full step, 2. March." The half step may be taken up from the full step by the command, 1. Half steps, 2. March. (6) Being at a halt, or marking time, to march backward : 1. Backward, 2. March. "At the command, Alarch, step back with the left foot fifteen inches straight to the rear, measuring from heeil to heel, then with the right, and so on, the feet alternating."- (7) Being at a halt, or marking time, to side step to the right or left : 1. Sideward left (or right), 2. March. "At the command, March, carry the left foot twelve (1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 21. 1904, p. 24. (2) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 22. 1904, p. 26. 19 inches to the left, keeping the knees straight and square to the front; as soon as the left foot is planted bring the right foot to the side of it, and continue the movement, j observing the cadence for each foot, as explained for quick time." (Par. 1, Cadence.)^ Side step to the right is executed just the reverse. (8) Being at a halt, to march to the rear: 1. To the rear, 2. March. At the command, March, make a half turn of 180° on the right heel and the ball of the left foot; the left foot is then advanced forward in the new direction and the march taken up. (9) Marking time, to march to the rear: 1. To the rear, 2. March. 1. About face, fonvard, 2. March. At the command, March, given as the right (or left) foot strikes the floor, advance and plant the left (or right) foot, then turn on the balls of both feet, facing to the right (or left) about, and immediately step off with the left (or right) foot in the new direction. Executed in the same manner if marching. (10) Being at a halt, to march by the left (or right) flank: 1. By the left (or right) flank, 2. March. 1. Left (or right) face, forward, 2. March. At the command, March, make a quarter turn of 90° on the left (or right) heel and the ball of the right foot, but instead of lifting the right foot and placing it beside the left as in the left face, it is advanced to the regulation step and the march is taken up. (11) Marking time, to march by the left (or right) flank : 1. By the left (or right) flank, 2. March. 1. Half left (or right) face, forward, 2. March. At the command, March, given as the left (or right) (1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 22. 1904, p. 25. 20 foot strikes the floor, advance the right (or left) foot, turn to the left (or right) through an angle of 90° and step off with the left (or right) foot. Executed in the same manner if marching. (12) Being at a halt, or marking time, to. march by the left (or right) oblique: 1. Left (or right) oblique, 2. March. 1. Half left (or right) face, forward, 2. March. At the command, March, the company execute a half left (or right) face (Par. 1, Facings), but instead of planting the right foot by the side of the left, it is ad- vanced forward the regulation step and the march is started. Marching, to reverse or change direction or mode zvithout marking time or halting and zvithout facing (1) Marching forward, to march backward: 1. Backward, 2. March. At the command, IMarch, given as either foot strikes the floor, advance the other foot to stop the forward impetus, throw the weight back on the foot upon which the command was given and step backward with the opposite foot. (2) Marching backward, to march forward: 1. Forward, 2. March. Executed as above. (3) Marching forward (or backward), to march side- ward: 1. Sideward left (or right), 2. March. At the command, March, given as the left (or right) foot strikes the floor, advance the other foot to stop the impetus and step off to the left (or right) with the left (or right) foot. 21 (4) Marching sideward, to march forward (or backward or sideward right, left). 1. Forward (or backward or sideward, right), 2. March. At the command, March, given as the following foot closes up, advance the leading foot to stop the impetus and step in the direction indicated with the other foot. Marching to continue, reverse or change direction or mode ivithout halting or marking time zvith a facing involved (1) Marching forward, to face about and march for- ward : 1. To the rear, 2. March. 1. Right about face, 2. March. Executed as when marking time (Par. 9, Marching). When turning to the left the command should be given on the left foot. (2) Marching forward, to face about and march back- ward : 1. Right (or left) about face, backward, 2. March. At the command, March, given as the right (or left) foot strikes the floor, advance the left (or right) foot, turn sharply to the right (or left) through an angle of 180° and step backward with the right (or left) foot without interrupting the count. (3) Marching forward, to face and march forward: 1. By the right (or left) flank, 2. March. 1. Right face,^2. March. Executed as when marking time (Par. 11, Marching). (4) Marching forward, to face and march backward: 1. Right (or left) face, backward, 2. March. Executed as above, stepping off with right (or left) foot backward, instead of forward. 33 The command, 1. By the right (or left) flank, back- ward, 2. March, could also be used. (5) Marching forward, to face and march sideward: 1. Right (or left) face, sideward left (or right), 2. March. At the command, March, given as the right foot strikes the floor, advance the left (or right) foot, face sharply to the right (or left) through an angle of 90° and carry the right (or left) foot up to the left (or right). 1. Right (or left) face, sideward right (or left), 2. March. Executed as above, but instead of carrying the right (or left) foot up against the left (or right), replace it in position and carry the left (or right) against the right (or left). (6) Marching forward, to face about and march side- ward: 1. Right (or left) about face, sideward right (or left), 2. March. Executed as No. 2, except that the right (or left) foot is carried to the right (or left), instead of backward. 1. Right (or left) about face, sideward left (or right), 2. March. Executed as above, except that the right (or left) foot is placed beside the left (or right). (7) Marching backward, to about face and march for- ward: 1. Right (or left) about face, forward, 2. March. At the command, March, given as the left (or right) foot strikes the floor, advance the opposite foot, face sharply in the direction indicated through an angle of 180° and take up the forward march without interrupt- ing the count. 23 (8) Marching backward, to about face and march back- ward : 1. Right (or left) about face, 2. March. 1. To the rear, 2. March. Executed as when marching forward (No. 1), except that the command comes on the left foot. (9) Marching backward, to face and march forward: 1. Right (or left) face, forward, 2. March. 1. By the right (or left) flank, 2. March. Executed as in No. 3. (10) Marching backward, to face and march backward: 1. Right (or left) face, 2. March. 1. By the left (or right) flank, 2. March. Give the command, March, as the left (or right) foot strikes the floor. (11) Marching l)ackward, to face and march sideward: 1. Right (or left) face, sideward right (or left), 2. March. Executed as in No. 5, except that the right (or left) foot is carried sideward right (or left). 1. Right (or left) face, sideward left (or right), 2. March. Execute the first part as above, but replace the left (or right) foot in position and carry right (or left) against it. (12) Marching backward, to face about and march side- ward : 1. Right (or left) about face, sideward right (or left), 2. March. 1. Right (or left) about face, sideward left (or right), 2. March. As in No. G. 24 (13) Marching sideward, to face and march forward, backward or sideward : 1. Right (or left) face, forward (or backward or sideward right, left), 2. March. The command, Alarch, should be given in each case as the feet close. Advance the leading foot, turn sharply in the direction indicated and step off in the new direction without interrupting the count. (l-i) Marching sideward, to about face and march for- ward, backward or sideward : 1. Right (or left) about face, forward (or back- ward or sideward right, left), 2. March. Executed as in No. 13. Note. Any of the above may be executed from a halt, or marking time. The movement may be brought to a halt immediately upon completing the facing by substitut- ing words. Company halt, after the directions for facing — thus: 1. Right face, company, 2. Halt. Wheeling (1) Being in line or column of twos or fours at a halt, marking time or marching, to march by the flank by twos or fours : 1. Twos (or fours) right (or left), 2. March. 1. Twos (or fours) right (or left) about, 2. March. 1. Twos (or fours) Va, right (or left), 2. March. 1. Twos (or fours) full right (or left), 2. March. At the command, March, each unit wheels the amount indicated on a fixed pivot, the pivot turning strictly in place, the man on the marching flank maintains the full step, moving on the arc of a circle with the pivot man as a center, taking as many steps as there are men in the unit ; the men dress on the marching flank, shorten their • steps according to their distance from it, and keep their intervals from the pivot man. Upon completing the wheeling indicated, the forward march is taken up. Wheeling by twos when counted in fours, numbers one and three and two and four act as pivots. (3) To have the fours wheel continuously left (or right) : 1. Fours left (or right) circle, 2. March. The fours wheel to the left (or right) as in Fours left, through 360°, and continue until the movement is changed. This is a valuable movement for teaching the fours to wheel together. ' (3) Backward wheeling: Any of the above may be executed backward by insert- ing the command, Backward, as, 1. Fours left circle, back- ward, 3. March, or, 1. Fours right, backward, 3. March. The same principles apply as for forward wheeling, i.e., the individual turns to the right or left as commanded. (4) Wheeling around center pivot: Wheeling around the center as a pivot may be executed by preceding any of the above commands by the caution, Around center pivot, as, 1. Around center pivot. Fours right, 2. March, or, 1. Around center pivot. Fours right circle, 3. March. (5) Being in line at a halt, to turn and form a line in a new direction: 1. Company left (or right), 3. March. "The left (or right) file faces to the left (or right). The other files half face to the left (or right) and march- ing with the regular step, place themselves successively upon the alignment established by the left (or right) file; all dress to the left (or right) without command. The instructor verifies the alignment from the pivot flank and commands front. "^ If done while marching or marking (1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 51. 26 ^ time the left (or right) file halts at command, March, and then faces. (6) Being in line at a halt, to turn and march in line in a new direction: 1. Left (or right) turn, 2. March, 3. Forward, 4. March. "At the command, March, the left (or right) file marches by the left flank in short steps; the other men half face to the left, and moving by the shortest route, place themselves on the new line, when they take up the short step. As soon as all the men have arrived. on the line, the instructor commands, 3. Forward, 4. March. Should the command. Halt, be given during the execution of the movement, those men on the line halt ; the other men halt on arriving in line. All dress toward the pivot. The instructor verifies the alignment from the pivot and commands front. The movement may be executed while on the march or marking time."^ Halting (1) Marching, to come to a halt: 1. Company, 2. Halt. At the command, Halt, as the left (or right) foot is coming to the floor, advance the right (or left) foot one step; the left (or right) foot is then brought up and planted smartly by the side of the right (or left) foot. When marking time, halt on two counts in the same manner without gaining ground. (3) Side stepping, to come to a halt : 1; Company, 2. Halt. At the command, Halt, given as the following foot closes up, take one more side step with the leading foot and halt on two counts as in marching forward. (1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 52. 1904, p. 46. 27 (3) Marching, or marking time, to face and come to a halt : 1. To the rear, Company, 2. Halt. 1. Right face, Company, 2. Halt. 1. By the right flank. Company, 2. Halt. This command is executed the same as given ( Par. 1 ) , doing the turn to the right (or left) in the regular way. The left (or right) foot is advanced one step and the right (or left) brought up and planted smartly by the side of the left (or right). Any facing may be substituted in the above commands. Column Movements Changing Direction (1) Being in column of files at a halt, or marking time, to change direction and march forward : 1. Forward, 2. Column left (or right), 3. March. At the command, March, the leading file executes the change of direction as indicated by the command by a flank movement and marches forward in the new direc- tion, the succeeding files wheeling at the same point as the first and following. Column half left is executed in the same way turning through an angle of 45°. (2) Marching in a column of files, to change direction to the left (or right) : 1. Column left (or right), 2. ]\Iarch. The command, March, should be given as the left foot of the leader strikes the floor ; the right is then advanced, the turn of 90° is made on the balls of both feet and the left foot is then advanced in the new direction. The reverse is observed in turning to the right. The instructor should have this taken on the corners of the gymnasium, toward the open space without command. 28 (3) Marching in column of twos (or fours), to change direction to the left (or right) : 1. Column left (or right), 2. March. At the command, March, the leading rank of twos (or fours) wheels 90° to the- left (or right) op a movable pivot, the pivot man taking steps of ten inches in quick time and twelve inches in double time, gaining ground forward, so as to clear the wheeling point. The man on the marching flank maintains the full step, moving on the arc of a circle with the pivot man as a center; the men, if a four, dress on the marching flank, shorten their steps according to their distance from it, and keep their inter- vals from the pivot. Upon completion of the wheel, the leading rank resumes the full step, and succeeding ranks wheel upon the same spot. (4) Marching in column of files, to change direction and march to the rear : ]. Column left (or right) about, "?. IVIarch. Execute column left, then after taking one step execute column left again. (5) Marching in column of twos (or fours), to change direction and march to the rear : 1. Column left (or right) about, 'i. March. "The pivot man acts as a movable pivot iii this case, turning by short steps through half a small circle (twenty inches), the man on the marching flank at the end of the lines describing the large circle takes regulation steps, the pivot turning slowly to face around with him. Having faced in the opposite direction, the head of the column moves ofif in the new direction, each succeeding two (or four) wheeling on the same ground."^ (1) Marching for Gymnastic Use, by Halsted, p. 12. 29 (6) ]\Iarching in column of files (twos, threes or fours), to march in oblique and to resume the direct march : 1. Left (or right) oblique, 2. March. At the command, March, each man half faces to the side indicated by the command, turning on the balls of both feet, at the same time stepping off in the new direc- tion, keeping his shoulders parallel with those of the men at his side, and so regulates his step as to keep a line drawn through him and the man at his side parallel with such a line drawn when marching forward, abreast. The file lines from front to rear should be straight and parallel with the original line of march. At the command. Forward march, each man half faces to the direction from which he turned and the original direction is taken. Column of twos, threes or fours oblique the same as described above. \^ razE3D Forming Line from Column With change of direction (1) Marching, or marking time, in column of files, to march in line : 30 f 1. By the left (or right) flank, 2. March. See Par. 11, Marching. (2) Marching or marking time, in cohimn of twos (threes or fours), to march in Hne : 1. Twos (threes or fours) left, 2. March. See Par. 1, Wheelings. (3) Marching in column of files (twos or fours), to form a line and change direction : 1. On left (or right) into line, 2. March. "At the command, March, the leading file (two or four) wheels to the left on a movable pivot and moves forward, dressing to the left (or right) ; each of the other files (twos or fours) marches a distance equal to its front, be- yond the wheeHng point of the file (two or four) next preceding, wheels to the left (or right) and advances as explained for the first file (two or four). "At the command, Halt, given when the leading four has advanced a short distance in the new direction, it halts and dresses to the left (or right) ; the other fours halt and dress as they arrive in line. i ' ' ' a r r I ■ t I I ■ ■ j -^ ' ■ « • >^ ^ am -tax X=3 31 "The command, Front, is given when the last four has come into line and dressed."^ In case ]\Iark time is given the men do not dress, but simply guide right. This may also be executed in double time. Without change of direction (1) Marching in column of files (twos or fours), to form a line without change of direction : 1. Left front into line, 2. March. "At the command, March, the leading file (twos or fours) moves straight to the front, guiding to the right: the other files (twos or fours) oblique to the left until (1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 74. 1904, p. 71. m 1 1 ■ I [ 1 II I I I t if-n I r ! » I I I I 1 M * I M I I (■ I \ I » ri I I t n M I « ' ' ' ' 32 opposite their places in the line, when each marches to the front. At the command, Halt, given when the lead- ing file (two or four) has advanced company distance, it halts and dresses to the right, the other files (twos or fours) halt and dress to the right upon arriving in the line. The command, Front, is given when the last file (two or four) completes its dressing. "If marching in double or quick time, the director com- mands. Guide right, immediately after the command, March ; the leading file moves to the front in quick time, the others oblique in double time, each taking the quick time and guiding to the right upon arriving in Hne."^ The movement would be executed in the same manner for columns of twos, fours or eights. Forming Column from Column WitJi change of direction (1) Marching in column of files counted off in triple ones and triple twos, to form column of threes by a flank movement : 1. By the left (or right) flank form threes, 2. March. 1. Column left (or right) form threes, 2. March. At the command, March, the first set of ones executes left flank (or right) as indicated by the command and steps off in the new direction ; the first set of twos con- tinues to march up until it can execute left (or right) flank on the same ground as the first set of ones, and having executed the flank movement it, too, steps off in the new direction, following the first set of ones. This is repeated until the whole column of files is converted into a column of threes. This movement may also be executed from a halt, or marking time. (1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 76. 1904, p. 71. 33 (2) Marching in column of files counted off in fours, to form a column of fours by a flank movement : 1. By the left (or right) flank form fours, 2. March. Executed as in Par. 3, page 21, except that the vmit is now a set of fours. ■^^ '■'''■'' I I I I i J czz « I n 1 L 3 Y ' ' » ■ ■ (3) Marching in column of fours, to form column of files by a flank movement : 1. By the left (or right) flank in file, 2. March. This is executed the same as the command to form fours by the left (or right) flank above. (4) Marching in column of twos, to change direction and form column of fours : 1. Column left (or right) form fours, 2. March. 'At the command, March, the first two sets of twos exe- cute twos left (or right) and march to the front ; the next two sets of twos continue to march until they can execute twos left upon the same grovmd as did the first two sets of twos ; this is continued until the column of twos is converted into a column of fours. ^ (1) Worked out by A. L. Fish, Fellow, '99-00, at Y. M. C. A. College. 34 'ilVJ A , (5) Marching in column of fours, to form a column of twos and change direction : 1. "Column left (or right) form twos, 2. March. At the command, March, each set of twos in the first four wheels to the left (or right) and marches to the front. Each succeeding four marches up to the point and its twos wheel as in the case of the first, thus converting the column of fours into a column of twos. 1^1 I'-j ■ ' ■ ' ' ^ t I M I I I I I I 35 Without change of direction (1) Marching in column of files, counted off in triple ones and twos, to form column of threes without changing direction : 1. Form threes, left (or right) oblique, 2. March. At the command, March, the leading man in each three marks time ; the rear men oblique in the direction com- manded until they uncover the forward man, when they move to the front. The three being formed, the regula- tion step is resumed. (2) Marching in column of files counted oft in tw'os or fours, to form twos or fours without change of direc- tion : 1. Form twos (or fours) left oblique, 2. March. At the command, March, numbers one and three mark time until numbers two and four have obliqued to their sides, respectively, in the direction commanded, when the march is resumed by tw^os. In case of fours, num- ber one marks time until numbers two, three and four have obliqued to his side, when the march is resumed by fours. Column of fours is formed from column of twos in the same manner. The movement may be executed backward by the com- mand, 1. Form twos (or fours) backward, left oblique, 2. March. The leading one (or two) obliques to the left in half steps and the rear one (or two) marches straight ahead, forming the two (or four) when the regular cadence is taken up. (3) Marching in column of twos (threes or fours), to form column of files : 1. Left (or right) by files, 2. March. At the command, March, the left (or right) man moves forward, the other marking time till disengaged, 36 when he obhques into hne behind the other to form col- umn of files or single column. Each man must regulate his step so as to keep closed as nearly as possible to facing distance. The movement may be executed with the men passing forward into file by commanding, 1. Left by files, passing forward, 2. March. The man on the left marks time and the others oblique to the left into file, the last man keep- ing the regular cadence. (4) Marching in column of fours, to form a column of twos : 1. Left (or right) by twos, 2. March. "At the command, March, the two on the side indicated in the command move straight forward, the remaining two mark time till disengaged, when they oblique into their place behind the others ; the march is then resumed in column of twos." As above (Par. 3) may also be executed passing for- ward. (5) The above movements may be executed by a facing, instead of obliquing by the commands •} A. From files. 1. Form fours, right face following, 3. March. (1) School Tactics, Spalding Athletic Library, No. 234, p. 51. I I I 37 1. Form fours, right face following, passing for- ward, 2. March. 4' 3 z. 4- E. From fours. 1. Right by file, right face following, 2. ]\Iarch. ^ Oi N> K) Co ;2. Right by file,- right face following passing for- ward, 2. March. 38 STATE h:;ii:>?AL SCHOOL MAHUAL ART . ^•'•.1 »OlAi. E;*yNOMi' SANTA BA.-<-)M{.\, CALIfORNlA 3 (6) The above movements may also be executed by an evading movement.^ A. From files. 1. Form fours, evading right, 2. March. Executed as in the second drawing for No. 5 A, passing forward, the first men here side stepping and all taking up the forward march as the last man arrives. B. From fours. 1. Right by file evading, 2. March. Executed as in the first drawing for No. 5 B, the pupils side stepping while the leading numbers take up half step, resuming the full step as the file is formed. (7) The movements may also be executed by right angles. - A. From files. 1. Form fours right, by right angles, 2. March. Number one marks time, two, three and four face right, take as many steps forward as they are number (1) School Tactics, Spalding Athletic Library, No. 234, p. 54. (2) School Tactics, Spalding Athletic Library, No. 234, p. 52. 39 in line, execute left face and march into line, the four resuming the march. 2- 3. 4, J .J B. From fours. 1. Right by file, by right angles, 2. ]\Iarch. Number one marks time, two, three and four take as many steps forward as they are number in line, face right, step to the file line, and face left, the whole four stepping forward in file. r Co N >^ OO N 40 (8) The above movements may also be executed by encircling forward or backward either from four to four, file to file, or four to file, or vice versa. A. From fours. 1. Right by file, encircling forward (backward), 2. March. B. From file. 1. Form fours encircling right (or left), 2. March. Executed as above in the reverse direction. C. From four to four. 1. Fours reverse right (left) encircling forward (backward), 2. March. X "^ "V 4 3 3 4- 41 D. From file to file. 1. Fours reverse forward (backward) encircling right (left), 2. March. Columns Uniting and Separating (1) Column of files marching down the center of the %J gymnasium, to form two columns of files : * 1. Ones, 2. Column left and right, alternating, 3. March. The first man executes column left, the second column right, the third column left, and so on, until the entire company is divided into two columns of files, marching around the outside of the gymnasium. A column of twos, threes or fours may be divided into two columns of twos, 42 \-^ 1 7 I I I l-T-T-l D -' I I r M i I I T threes or fours in the same manner, by changing the com- mand to twos, threes or fours, instead of ones, as the case may be. If it is desired to have the two columns of files march back down the center of the gymnasium, the com- mand should be. Column left and right about, alternating. (2) Two columns of files (twos or fours) marching toward each other at the end of a gymnasium, to form a column of files (twos or fours) : 1. Column left and right, alternating, 2. March. At the command, March, the leading file (two or four) wheels to the left or right as found in Par. (1), page 27, the second file (two or four), which is the leading file (two or four) of one column, immediately following the first file (two or four) making its turn as nearly as possi- ble on the same ground as did the first file (two or four) ; this alternating of files (twos or fours) is repeated until the two columns have been converted into one column. 43 >m- 31; '•III I I I I t- J ' ' ' ' ' ' I ' k — ^^ n ' I ' ' X3' ^>» "> 1— r~> m (3) Two columns of files (twos or fours) marching toward each other at the end of a gymnasium, to form a column of twos (fours or eights) : 1. Columns left and right form twos (fours or eights), 3. March. This movement is executed the same as (3) above, except that the men do not alternate, so forming a column of twos (fours or eights). (4) Marching down the center of the gymnasium in col- umn of twos (fours or eights), to form two columns of files (twos or fours), marching around outside of gymnasium : 1. Ones (twos or fours), 3. Column left and right, 3. March. This movement is executed the same as (1) above, except that there is no alternating, the first set of twos simply wheeling apart, one file (two or four) going left and one right at the command, March. 44 Maneuvers by Fours, Eights, etc. (1) Being in line at a halt, or marking time, to march in column of fours to the front : 1. Left (or right) forward fours left (or right), 2. March. "At the command, March, the left (or right) four moves to the front, shortening the first three or four steps, the other fours wheel to the left, each on a fixed pivot, the second four, when its wheel is two-thirds com- pleted, wheels to the right on a moval^le pivot and follows the first, the other fours having wheeled to the left move forward and each wheels to the right on a movable pivot to follow the second."^ (1) Marching for Gymnastic Use, by Halsted, p. 23. \.\\ 1 3 I I I ^- ' ' ' ' r I I 'i -1 I I t '■ 1 I I t t r-r-> A\ 45 (2) Marching in column of fours, to wheel to the left (or right) and march to the front in column of fours : a. 1. Fours left (or right), 2. Left (or right) for- ward fours left (or right), 3. March. At the command, ]\Iarch, the fours execute fours left (or right) (Par. 1, Wheehngs) ; the left (or right) set of fours marches straight to the front, the remaining fours upon coming into line, wheel to the left (or right) and follow the first set of fours as prescribed in left (or right) forward fours left (or right) (Par. 1). i^ H 1 I I I I tri M 1 ^* L ■ ' :v,-^:--% J yip^ ;] ,/'/ b. 1. Fours left (or right), 2. Right (or left) for- ward fours right (or left), 3. March. The same principles apply for this as for (a). It will be noticed, however, that this movement keeps the original leading four still at the head of the column, whereas in (a) the rear four becomes the head of the column, (b) this makes a pretty variation from (a). 46 /.■ I I I , \ Yi ii -'■'/ y^ ^ (3) Marching in column of fours, to wheel to the left (or right) and march by the left (or right) flank by twos : 1. Fours left (or right), 2. Twos left (or right), 3. March. At the command, March, the company executes fours left (or right) (Par. 1, Wheelings). Upon coming into line twos left (or right) is executed, forming a column of twos. Any form of wheeling may be thus combined. (4) Marching in line or column of fours, to execute any wheeling preceded or followed by any facing. Make the proper combination of commands and execute as described under the separate heads, as : 1. Right face, fours left, 2. March. 1. Fours left, by the left flank, 2. March. 1. Fours left, about face, sideward right, 2. March. Any movement of this sort may be executed according to the desire or ingenuity of the instructor. 47 (5) Marching in line, to form a line of fours in column of files and march in the same direction : a. ]. Fours, right (or left) by file, 2. March. The file on the right (or left) of each set of fours com- tinues to march straight to the front. The others oblique and form a column of files. To form in line again : b. 1. F'orm fours left (or right) oblique, 2. March. The leading man in each column shortens his steps until the files in the rear come up on the line, when the company takes up the full step guiding right. To execute above forming forward instead of obliquing in behind : 1. Fours, right by file, form forward, 2. March. (6) Marching in line of fours in column of files, to reverse the four forward or backward : 1. Fours reverse forward (or backward), passing left (or right), 2. March. At the command, March, the leading man marks time, while the others pass forward on the side indicated and take the same relative positions in front, the last man keeping the regular cadence. In executing the movement backward, the three leading men step slightly sideward and mark time until the man immediately behind them has passed and then fall into position. If done from a halt, the halt is resumed upon completing the movement. (7) Being in line at a halt, marking time or marching, to reverse the four sideward : 1. Fours reverse right (or left), passing forward (or backward), 2. March. At the command, March, the man on the right (or left) remains in position ; the other three pass across in front or behind as indicated and take their same relative posi- tion, facing forward. If marching, the man on the end 48 marks time and upon completing the movement the march is resumed. (8) Marching in hne of fours in cohimn of files, to form a column of files, changing direction : 1. Fours column right (or left), 2. March. Each four executes column right. Also marching in column of liles to form a line of fours in column of files, changing direction. 1. Fours column right (or left), 2. March. (9) Marching in column of files, to form on right into line of fours in column of files : 1. On right into line of fours in column of files, Fours column right, 2. March. The first four executes column right, the second marches by and executes column right, and so on, the company halting or marking time at the command of the instructor. (10) Marching in line of fours in column of files, to form a column of files from the right, changing direction : 1. Form column of files from the right. Fours column left, 2. March. The right four executes column left, the others marking time and falling into position as the column of files marches by. (11) Marching in column of fours, to close up: 1. Close in mass, 2. March. At the command, March, the leading four marks time, the other fours close up to facing distance and mark time. The march is resumed at the command, 1. For- ward, 2. March. Any of the flaiik movements, to the rear, obliques, etc., may be executed in this formation. 49 (12) 'The column of fours having closed in mass, to take full distance : 1. Take full distance, 2. Forward, 3. March. The leading fours move off in full step at the command, March. The last fours mark time and move forward in half steps until they have gained full distance, in col- umn of fours. (13) Marching in column of eights, to close to distance of fours : 1. Close to distance of fours, 2. March. At the command, March, the leading fours take half steps. As soon as the rear fours have closed sufiEciently the instructor commands, Forward, March. (14) Marching in column of fours, to bring the rear sets of fours to the front, without change of direction: 1. Rear fours in front, 2. Fours left and right wheel, 3. March. The fours should be numbered off by twos. At the command, March, the fours numbered one execute a two-thirds of a circle to^the left on movable pivot, those numbered two execute two-thirds of a circle to the right, and mark time, thus forming a lane the width of a set of fours ; the last set of fours completes the full circle and marches down the lane thus formed ; each set of fours falls in behind the rear set of fours, which is now to be at the head of the column, as soon as it has passed. This brings the fours that were at the rear to the front of the column. • . 50 f i I j J I i I I ^- fi) /"• c TT i I M Jin ^•■ ^*N?< 51 ^^h^ (15) Marching in column of fours, to bring the rear set of fours to the front and back to the rear again without change of direction : 1. Rear fours front and rear, 2. Fours left and right wheel, 3. March. This is simply a continuation of Par. 14. As soon as the rear four has marched through the lane, to the front, it wheels to the left ; the second four marches through and wheels to the right. The original leading four finally marches through and does not wheel ; the other fours wheel in together, so resuming their original order. This movement requires considerable space, and will probably only be useful for fancy marching with a comparatively small company. (16) Marching in column of eights, to bring the rear sets of eights to the front without changing direction : 1. Rear eights in front, 2. Fours left and right wheel, 3. March. At the command, March, the fours of all the eights wheel to the left and right, as indicated, except the last set, which marches straight to the front. As it passes, the other fours wheel in, reforming their eight, and follow down through the lane, so reversing the order of the eights. (17) Marching in columns of eights, to bring the rear set of eights to the front and back to the rear again without changing direction : 1. Rear eights front and rear, 2. Fours left and right wheel, 3. March. .This is a continuation of Par. 16. The last eight, after marching through, wheels by fours as indicated, and the original leading eight marches through and be- comes the head of the column. 53 «- ' ' ji ■ t ' ' ^ ' I ' ' ■ ' ' ' I I I ■ ■ ' ^-^ 53 (18) Marching down the center of the gymnasium in col- umn of eights, to form two Hues, marching out- ward : 1. Fours left and right, 2. March. At the command, March, the fours of each eight wheel to the left and right, as designated, as if simply in a column of fours. Upon completing the wheel the march outward is taken up, guiding right without closing in. The movement may of course be executed from column of twos or fours, but it looks best when executed from eights. It is well then to have had the eights close up to distance of fours. (See Par. 13.) ■^ mt -11 1 1 TT J — 1 * cm » 1 -f 1 11. ->i- » ' ,,y/k- y*^ (19) Two lines marching toward each other at the center of the gymnasium, to form a column of eights : 1. Fours left and right form eights, 2. March. The instructor should be careful to give the command 54 in time. It is a movement that often causes confusion, as the men persist in forgetting which way they should go. It is, however, a very pretty movement when exe- cuted properly. Confusion may be avoided if the leader will be careful to remember himself which is the head of his column, and make it the general practice to give the command which he wishes that four to do, right or left, as the case may be, first. He can then form the two lines from the column of eights, march them to the side of the gymnasium, bring them back by giving, "To the rear," or "Fours left and right about," and reform the column of eights in the center of the gymnasium. In general prac- tice, however, it is often found simpler to make an arbi- trary ruling that the fours shall always wheel so as to march toward a certain end of the gymnasium when com- ing together in the center and wheel toward the other end of the gymnasium at the sides, or that they shall continue to wheel in the same direction as when they first wheeled outward. >V»- \ • ,1 ' I 111 1 1 J. \ \ \ \ vv \ \ \ \ \ $ C.I 1 It I I I V <~ ((( C 55 • . I .... \ I I M "I II Mil nrjk f» ■ ' -^ I I I I 1 II I I 1 ^ -i-i— I r I I I I cm r I I. I i . .gr3 C3i3...cx3=i=\..c=i=3 > / \. ' ^ ' ^ ' (20) Marching down the center of the g}^mnasium in cokimn of eights, to march the fours to the rear : 1. Fours, 2. Left and right about, 3. March. At the command, March, the fours wheel outward, as designated, through an arc of 180°, just as if execut- ing fours left (or right) about. The eight may then 56 I CO I . -. \ ■• . I M I I III I ■ I DP 1 ^ » M rnzr xi 1 I a n ti im ♦ ,• _ «• e^-'«^ be reformed by the command, 1. Fours, 2. Left and right about, 3. Form eights, 4. March. Or, if desired, each column of fours may now be divided into two cohimns of twos by the command, 1. Twos, 2. Left and right about, 3. March. The fours may then be reformed by the command, 1. Twos, 2. Left and right about, 3. Form fours, 4. March ; or the columns of twos may be divided 57 into columns of files by the command as above, 1. Ones, 2. Left and right about, 3. March. It makes a nice series to form the files from eights in this way and then gradually reform the eights. (21) Marching down the center of the gymnasium in column of eights, to march the columns of fours to the rear : 1. Fours, 2. Column left and right about, 3. March. This is just the same movement as the above (Par. 20), except that here the movement is done in column, where before the fours wheeled. This is capable of the same variations as the above, the commands being exactly the same, except for the insertion of the word "column." (22) Marching in column of eights, counted ofif in fours or eights, to march half the men to the rear : 1. Odd (even) numbers, 2. To the rear, 3. March. The odd numbers execute "to the rear" in the ordinary way. In this manner the company may be counter- marched back and forth, producing a very pretty effect. The column of eights is reformed as the squads counter- march by giving one of them "to the rear" at the proper time. 58 Marching in Double Rank Practically all the movements of single rank marching may be executed in double rank, and are executed in the same way. A file here means two men, the front and rear rank man. Most of the difficulty of double rank marching may be overcome if the instructor will simply impress upon his men the fact that the rear rank man ahvays follows his front rank man. When marching in column the rear rank should fall back to forty-four inches, and close up to facing distance of sixteen inches whenever the fours wheel into line. Only those movements will be mentioned here which need to be especially described for a double rank. Other- wise, the usual command, and explanation for single rank marching will be understood to apply. (1) Being in column of files, to form double rank: 1. In two ranks form company, 2. March. "At the command, March, the man in front faces to the left, the second man places himself in the rear rank, covering the man in front ; the remaining men close and form alternately in the front and rear rank, each facing to the front upon arriving in his place."^ (2) Being in doul)le rank at a halt, to count off in fours: 1. Count, 2. Fours. Executed just as in single rank, the rear rank man calling the same number as the man in front of him. (3) Marching in column of fours, to change direction and march to the rear : 1. Fours left (or right) about, 2. March. "At the command, March, each four wheels 180° to the left (or right), as prescribed for fours left (or (1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 65. 1904, p. 63. 59 right). The man on the marching flank of the rear rank of each four preserves his distance, the man on the pivot flank closes up to his file leader, covers him during the wheel, and on its completion falls back to his proper distance."^ (4) Marching in column of fours, to form column of twos: 1. Left (or right) by twos, 2. March. "At the first command the rear rank of each four closes to facing distance, at the command, March, the two files on the left of each four move forward ; the two files on the right mark time till disengaged, when they oblique to the right and follow the left files. "- "The distance between ranks in column of twos is fac- ing distance." (5) Marching in column of fours, to form column of files without change of direction : 1. Left (or right) by files, 2. March. "At the first command, the rear rank of each four closes to facing distance ; at the command, March, the left file of the leading four moves forward, followed in succession by the files on its right ; when the right file of the leading four is about to commence to oblique, the left file of the second four moves to the front and so on to the rear of the column, the men keeping closed as nearly as possible to facing distance."^ (6) Marching in column of fours, to form a line and march by the left (or right) flank: 1. Fours left (or right), 2. March. "At the command, March, the fours wheel to the left, the rear rank of each four closes to facing distance dur- ing the wheel, and if in double time, takes the distance of (1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 74. 1904, p. 47. (2) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, pp. 78, 79. 1904, p. 45. (3) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, pp. 78, 79. 1904, p. 45. 60 thirty-six inches, should the hne advance on the comple- tion of the wheel. "The guide is announced or the command, Halt, is given, the instant the fours unite in line."^ (7) Marching in double rank, to march by the flank in column of fours : 1. Fours left (or right), 3. March. "At the command, March, the front rank of each four wheels 90° to the left on a fixed pivot, the pivot man turning strictly in his place ; the man on the marching flank maintains the full step, moving on the arc of a circle with the pivot man as a center ; the men dress on the marching. flank, shorten the steps according to their distance from it, and keep their intervals from the pivot. "The rear rank men cover their file leaders and con- form to their movements. Upon the completion of the wheel, the front rank of each four takes the full step, marching in a direction parallel to the former front rank of the company ; the rear rank shortens the step until it gains the distance of forty-four inches ; the front rank of the second four is forty-four inches from the rear rank of the first four, and so on to the rear of the column. "2 (1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 74. 1904, p. 46. (2) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, pp. 69, 70. 1904, p. 46. 61 Methods of Getting on the Floor for Calisthenic Work (1) Being in line at a halt and counted off by fours, to take distance : 1. P'ront take distance, 2. March. "At the command, March, number ones remain in place, number twos take four steps, number threes take two steps, and number fours take six steps. "^ This style of putting men on the floor is good for a small number of men. (2) After the drill, to assemble into line again: 1. Assemble, 2. March. At the command, Alarch, those in the front stand fast, the others move forward to their places in the line, each line w^aiting till those behind have come abreast before starting. Or it may be done by having each line start forward at the command, March. (3) To open order from a column of twos : 1. Open order, 2. March. "In executing this command, the company should be counted oft" in double ones and twos ; the first two men take the number one, the third and fourth men take the number two, and the fifth and sixth men take the number one, etc. "At the command, March, number ones take one side step outward, number twos take one side step outward, then on the second count, number ones take one step to the left, number twos one step to the right. "- To secure precision of execution count two after giv- ing the command, ]\Iarch, which should count as one. (1) Marching for Gymnastic Use, by Halsted, p. 7. (2) Marching for Gymnastic Use, by Halsted, p. 16. 62 (4) To close order after the work (or drill) : 1. Close order, 2. March. "At the command, March, number ones take one side step to the left (or right) and number twos take one side step to the right (or left), then all take two steps inward. "Count as in opening order for precision."^ (5) To open order from a column of threes : 1. Open order, 2. March. The company should be counted off in triple ones and twos and formed into a column of threes. At the command, March, the two outside columns take three steps outward at the count of the instructor, the middle column stands fast; on the fourth count all of number ones take one side step to the left, and all of number twos take one side step to the right. (6) '•To close order after the drill: 1. Close order, 2. March. The instructor should count to close order the same as in open order. At the command, March, which will correspond to num- ber one, all of number ones take one step to the right and all of number twos take one step to the left, and on counts two, three and four, the outside columns take three steps inward to the middle column which in the last three counts stands fast. (7) Marching in column of files counted off in fours, to take intervals : 1. By the left (or right) flank form fours, 2. Open order, 3. March. At the command, March, the leading four will exe- cute the flank movement, as indicated in the command. They will then immediately take their distance by rais- ing the arms to side horizontal and march to the front (1) Marching for Gymnastic Use, by Halsted, p. 16. 63 till the command, halt or mark time, is given. The sec- ond four men continue the march till they can execute the flank movement on the same ground as did the first four, they then follow the first four. This is repeated till the whole column of files have taken their intervals on the floor. (8) Being at regulation distance on the floor, to close order : 1. Forward, close order, 2. March. At the command, March, the men close the distance by marching into close dress position, forming a column of fours. This method of opening order can be modified by having the men, upon executing the first command, continue to march till all have formed into a column of fours, then the second part of the command is given. Numbers one and two left face, and three and four right face. One and four take nine steps, two and three take three steps in the direction they face. They then halt and face the front. (9) Being in column of fours, to take intervals: 1. To the left (or right) take intervals, 2. March. "Having brought the column of fours up to the side of the room and halted them, and having assigned to the three men on the side toward which the movement is to be executed the intervals, nine, six and three paces, or one, two, three and four paces, the above command is executed as follows : "At the command, March, the three men who are to take intervals turn and march, each his required distance and then face forward ; the fourth man remains in place. "^ (10) Being at intervals on the floor, to assemble: 1. To the left (or right) assemble, 2. March. (1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 24. 1904, p. 42. 64 "At the command, March, the man on the side to which the men are commanded to assemble stands fast, the rest turn and march to within facing distance and face for- ward."^ (11) Being in hne in double rank at a halt, to take intervals : 1. To the left (or right) take intervals, 2. March. "At the first command the rear rank steps back four paces ; at the command, March, the man on the right of each rank stands fast, the other men step to the left, each man halting faced to the front, w^hen he has the proper interval. "- (12) Being at intervals, to assemble: 1. To the left (or right) assemble, 2. March. "At the command, ]\Iarch, the front rank man on the left (or right) stands fast, the other men close to their proper places."^ (13) Being in line in double rank at a halt and having counted fours, to take distance : 1. Front take distance, 2. March. "At the command, March, number one of each four of the front rank moves straight to the front, number tw^o moves off as soon as number one has advanced the specified distance (two paces) ; numbers three and four move off in succession in like manner. The rear rank executes what has been prescribed for the front rank, number one moving off as soon as number four of the front rank has advanced two paces. The proper distance being attained, Squad (or company) halt, is given."* (14) To assemble after drill : 1. Assemble, 2. March. (1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 55. 1904, p. 42. (2) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 24. 1904, p. 42. (3) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 55. 1904, p. 42-. (4) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 55. 1904, p. 43. 65 "Number one of front rank stands fast, the other men move forward and close in their proper places."^ (15) Being in hne counted off by fours, to open files : 1. Company, front open files four paces, 2. March. Each pupil will multiply his own number by the number of paces given in the command. At the command, March, he will then take that number of steps straight to the front, and come to a halt. (16) To bring the pupils back to a line give the following command : 1. Front close files, 2. IMarch. "At the command, March, number four stand fast, while numbers one, two and three march to the front, until they are in line with number four."- (17) Marching in column of files counted off in sixes, to open order : 1. Sixes to the left (or right) open order, 2. March. "In the figure the line A B represents a file of scholars marching in the direction of the arrow C. Number one turns to the left and marches in the direction of the arrow D; he is followed by numbers two, three, four, five and six, who fall back from each other about five or six paces. When the first six files have reached the required distance, they execute a left face ; and march in the direction of the arrow E ; they are followed in turn by the second six files, and so on until all the original file of pupils have opened order and are marching in the direction of the arrow E. The director gives the command, Halt, when the first six have marched to the front of the hall. The other sixes will stop at any specified number of paces from the six next in front of them."^ (1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 56. 1904, p. A3. (2) Light Gymnastics, by Wm. G. Anderson, p. 32. (3) Light Gymnastics, by Wm. G. Anderson, p. 33. 66 Q D i » > c (18) To bring the pupils back to single file give the com- mand : 1. Right face, 2. Forward, 3. Close order, 4. March. "At the command, March, numbers two, three, four five and six will march back of number one, in which case the first set can march in any given direction to be fol- lowed by the others in their turn."^ (19) Marching in column of files counted off by sixes, to take intervals. 1. Sixes to the left (or right) take intervals, 2. March. "At the command, March, number one of the first set (1) Light Gymnastics, by Wm. G. Anderson, p. 33. 67 of sixes stands fast, number two marches by the left (or right) flank until he is far enough away from number one so that he cannot interfere with him when his arms are at half abduction ; he then faces to the right and comes to a halt. Number three marches up to number one, then' follow^s number two until his specified distance is reached beyond number two ; he then faces to the front and halts. This is repeated till all of the first set of sixes have taken their intervals. Number one of the second set of sixes marches to within five or seven feet of number one of the first set of sixes, and stands fast ; numbers two, three, four, five and six execute the movement as prescribed for the first six. This is repeated until the whole column of sixes is arranged on the floor for calisthenic work."^ This method is perhaps more used than any other by most Young Men's Christian Associations, as it is par- ticularly simple and useful. 6 'T y i t p a p a p n u - .'. . ••- . i . . . i . . P P p CJ ip 4 '*^ (n Worked out by A. L. Fish. 68 (30) Being on the floor at intervals, to close order: 1. Left (or right) by file, 3. March. "At the command, March, nvmiber one of the first set of sixes marches straight to the front, the remaining five march by the left (or right) flank and follow number one in file ; after the last man of the first set of sixes has come into file, number one of the second set follows. This is repeated until the class is all in column of files. "^ (31) Marching in column of eights, to open order: 1. Fours left and right about, 3. March. "At the command, March, the set of fours on the right flank of the eight, with number one acting as a pivot man, makes a right wheel of 180° and steps off in the new direction ; the set of fours on the left side of the eight, with number four acting as pivot man, makes a left wheel of 180°, and steps off in the new direc- tion ; then the command, 1. Twos left and right about, executed as prescribed for fours ; then follows the command, 3. Ones left and right about, executed as pre- scribed for fours. "^ The close order is just the reverse of that which is given for open order. (83) Being in column of files, counted in fives, to open order : 1. Open order, 3. March. At the command, March, the numbers three should stand fast ; numbers two and four march outward in front of numbers one and five in a circular manner to a position one pace outside of numbers one and five. Num- bers one and five then march outward in a similar manner to a position two paces outside of numbers two and four. (1) Worked out by A. L. Fish. (2) Worked out by A. L. Fish. 69 This movement may be varied in a number of ways, as the instructor will readily see. To close order is just the reverse of that given above for open order. C3 CI C3 C3 C3 t K ^ V 6" I 70 Bibliography Marching for Gymnastic Use. By Alfred T. Halsted. Published by The Triangle Publishing Co., Springfield, Mass., 1894. Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, 1891, 1904 and 1911. Published by D. Appleton & Co., New York. Light Gymnastics. By Wm. G. Anderson, M. D. Published by Maynard, Merrill & Co., New York, 1893. Literature which Dr. McCurdy, Mr. Fish, and writer worked out bearing directly on the subject. Fundamental and Accessory Groups of Muscles in Gymnastics and Athletics. Thesis by Clififord T. Booth, Class of 1900. Physical Exercise for Boys. Thesis by J. E. Sullivan, Class of 1902. An Anthropometric Study of Training School Students. Thesis by F. B. Wise, Class of 1902. School Tactics and Maze Running. Edited by Luther H. Gulick, M. D. Spalding Athletic Library, No. 234, Physical Training Series. School Tactics. By Wm. A. Stecher. "Right Dress !" By F. J. Reilly. Published by Educational Pub- lishing Company, New York, 1909. Teaching of Tactics. By C. L. Schrader. American Physical Education Review, Vols. 16 and 17, 1912. 71 Index Page Assemble : To the front 62 Double rank 65 To the side 62 As you were 10 At ease 15 Attention 14 Backward march 19 Break ranks 15 By the flank : And form fours 34 And form threes 33 And halt 28 From a halt 20 In file 34 Marching or marking time 20 Cadence 13 Change step 16 Changing direction in column : About 29 From a halt (files) 28 Marching (files) 28 Of twos 29 Close in mass 49 Close order : For fours 63 For threes 63 For twos 63 Close to distance of fours 50 Column dividing around sides of gymnasium 42 Forming twos 44 Column left, form fours 34 Column leftj form twos 35 Commands 9 Common time 13 Company front open files ' 56 Front close files 56 Company left 26 Count ofif 16 72 Page Counting : Twos, threes or fours .' 16 Double ones or twos 16 Double rank 59 Double time 13 Dressing 15 Eights, fours left and right about 56 Encircling 40 Evading 38 Facing distance 10 Facings 17 Fall in column 14 Fall in line 14 Fives, to open order 70 Following 36 Fours, left and right about 56 Fours, column left and right about 57 Fours, left and right 54 Form eights 54 Fours left 26 By the left flank 47 Twos left 44 Fours left, left forward, fours left 46 Fours left circle 26 Fours right by file 48 Forming company, double rank 59 Forward march 18 Double time 19 Half steps 19 Front take distance 62 Double rank 65 General rules 9 Guide 10 Guide in obliquing 11 Halting 27 Hand apparatus, to take 11 Left by files 36 Double rank 60 Left by twos 37 Double rank 54 Left forward, fours left 45 Left front into line 32 Left turn 27 73 Page Marching flank 10 Mark time ' 17 Obliquing : Column or line 30 Column of twos, threes or fours 30 And forming twos, threes or fours 36 From fours to files 36 From fours to two 37 And form threes 36 And form fours 36 In file 30 Odd numbers to the rear 57 On left into line 31 Open order : From twos 62 From threes 63 Flank movement from fours 63 Quick time 13 Rear eights, front and rear 52 Rear eights, in front 52 Rear fours, front and rear 52 Rear fours in front 50 Rest 15 Right angles 39 Short men on right 10 Side stepping 19 Sixes to the left : Open order 66 Take interval 68 Take full distance 50 Taking interval 64 Double rank 65 To the rear : And halt 28 From a halt 20 Marching or marking time 20 Twos left 25 Twos ( fours) left about 25 Wheeling 25 74 INTERNATIONAL YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION COLLEGE SPRINGFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS L. L. DOGGETT. Ph. D. President Established in 1885 for the professional training of men for the various departments of the Young Men's Christian Association Department of Humanics prepares for the various forms of secretarial administrative work — general secre- taries, boys' work directors, religious work directors, edu- cational work directors. Department of Physical Education prepares for the physical directorship in Young Men's Christian Associa- tions, in schools and colleges, and in similar institutions. Authorized to confer the degrees, Bachelor of Human- ics, Bachelor of Physical Education, and the correspond- ing master's degrees. Equipment: — Campus of thirty-six acres on shore of lake two miles long, six buildings, and faculty of fourteen men, giving entire time to the College. Admission: — College graduates may secure the tech- nical degrees offered in two years. High school graduates are expected to spend four years. Students who are not candidates for degrees will be graduated with diploma at the end of three years. Catalog sent on request. Ih SEMINAR PUBLISHING COMPANY WORKERS WITH MEN AND BOYS SHOULD READ "Adolescent Boyhood." H^.f K'JD Prof. H. M. Burr 75 cts. "Donald McRea." Prof. H. M. Burr - - - - $1.00 "Handicapped." Prof. H. M. Burr 35 cts. "Tales of Telal." Prof. H. M. Burr ... - $1.00 "Manual of Marching." New Edition, just out Cornell & Berry 25 cts. "Springfield College Songs." Arranged by Prof. F. S. Hyde 40 cts. "Vital Problems in Rural Leadership." Walter J. Campbell, M. A. Paper covers, 25 cts.; board covers, 50 cts. Practical size for pocket or valise, enabling a busy w^orker to educate himself en route, while enjoying his reading as much as a popular novel. Some are technical and hence necessary. 'Recreation Conference Addresses." March and April, 1912, Numbers of THE ASSOCIATION SEMINAR 25 cts. 'The Christian Appeal." Burt B. Farnsworth. Reprint from THE ASSOCIATION SEMINAR for March, 1913 10 cts. THE SEMINAR PUBLISHING COMPANY SPRINGFIELD MASSACHUSETTS 6i/ 17/5 THE LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW. 50m-l,'63(D4743s8)476 hf UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY AA 001 076 202 9