UC-NRLF ■ ■ilillllill B M SbS mE LiBRARY UNlVEtSITY Of CAUFOHNIA aca (i ^/ Ai A CONCISE GRAMMAR OF THE HINDIJSTANl LANGUAGE, TO WHICH ARE ADDED, SELECTIONS FOR READING. E. B. EASTWICK, M.R.A.S., PROFESSOR OF URDU IX THE EAST-IXDIA COLLEGE AT HAILEYBURY. ^cconti icliition, culargcti, WITH A VOCABULARY, DIALOGUES, TWELVE FAC-SIMILES OF PERSIAN AND DEVANAGAKI WRITING, &C. BY THE REV. GEORGE SMALL, M.C.P., TEACHER OF ORIENTAL LANGUAGES ; LATE MISSIONARY, FOR TEN YEARS, IN INDIA. LONDON: BERNARD QUARITCH, ORIENTAL PUBLISHER, 15 AND IC CASTLE STREET, LEICESTER SQUARE. M DCCC LYIII. LOAn ^STAOt W. M. WATTS, CROWN COURT, TEMPLE BAR. CONTENTS. TKnss lgS8 GRAMMAR. CHAPTER I. PAGE Alphabet and Character, 1 9 10 10 12 13 Solar and Lunar Letters Diacritical Marks . . . The Vowel System . . Tanwin, or Nunation . . The Devanagari Character CHAPTER II. Nouns 16 Gender of Nouns . . . .17 Declension .... -21 Paradigms of 1st and 2d De- clensions 22 Rules for the Declension of Masculine Nouns . • .23 Paradigms of 3d Declension, 25 Adjectives 26 Pronouns, Personal . . -28 Possessive . . .30 Indefinite . . .32 Numerals . . ... 33 CHAPTER III. The Verb 38 Indicative Mood . . . .39 Imperative 43 Infinitive 44 Participles 45 Auxiliary Substantive Verb, 46 Paradigm of Intransitive Verbs 51 Paradigm of Transitive Verbs, 5 5 Paradigm of Transitive Verbs, Passive Voice . . . .60 PAGE Formation of Transitive and Causal Verbs . . . .65 Compound Verbs, formed from the Root . . . .67 Compound Verbs, formed from the Past Participle . 67 Compound Verbs, formed from Nouns 68 CHAPTER IV. Syntax. Arrangement of Sentences 69 Of the Article . . .69 Of Nouns 70 The Nominative . . . .71 The Genitive and its Regimen,7 1 Tlie Dative 72 The Accusative .... 73 The Ablative 74 Of the Pronouns ... 74 The Possessive LjI . . .77 Interrogative 78 Relative and Correlative . 78 The Verb 79 Tenses of the Present Parti- ciple 80 Tenses of the Past Participle, 8 1 TheAorist 81 The Future .82 APPENDIX L List of Grammatical Terms, 83 Days of the Week ... 86 Months 86 List of useful Postpositions, 87 r,Ki CONTENTS, PAGE List of Persian and Arabic Postpositions . . . .88 List of Adverbs of frequent occurrence 88 List of Conjunctions . . .90 List of Interjections . . .90 APPENDIX IL Variety of Hindustani Cha- racters 91 The Devanagari Alphabets, 92 Devanagarl Compound-Let- ters 94 READING LESSONS. Part I. Short sentences of common use in the Persian and Nagari characters 98 READING LESSONS. Part II. Short Stories in the Nagari and Persian Characters, 104 Translation and Grammatical Analysis of the First Story,109 PAGE Translation and Grammatical Analysis of the SecondStory,l 1 1 Miscellaneous Notes on the Third Story . . . .117 Romanized Key to Specimens of Persian and Nagari Writing . . .120 READING LESSONS. Part III. Extracts from the Ihioan-us- safd. Vocabulary of Words in the Reading Lessons. Lithographed Plates. PL I. Alphabets in the Kaithi Character. Pis. II. — VI. Specimens of Writing in the Persian, Nas-Ta'Uk Character. PI. VII. Ditto in the JDeva- nagar'i Character. Pis. VIIL IX. Ditto in the Kaithi Character. Pis. X. XI. XII. Ditto in the Talih Shikasta and vulgar Kaithi Characters. PREFACE. ORIGIN OF THE LANGUAGE, ITS DIALECTS, AND THE COUNTRIES WHERE THEY PREVAIL. Ihe word Hindustan, when used by a native of India, implies, in general, that Northern Province of which Delhi is the capital. Hindustani, there- fore, is strictly the language of that province. Though at present widely diffused through the whole peninsula, and indeed the general medium of communication between all Musalman, and the Sipahis of every caste in the armies of Bengal and Bombay, as well as at the seats of Government, it is nevertheless spoken with the greatest purity at Delhi, where it arose. We are indebted to Mir Amman, the translator of the Bagh-o-Bahar, who was himself a native of Delhi, for an account of its origin. He tells us that it sprung up in the camps of the Moghal emperors, being a sort of lingua Franca adopted between the foreign PREFACE. soldiery of those princes and the peasantry of the surrounding country. Hence its name of ^b| ^dj\ Urdu Zabdriy or camp language. Consistently with this account, we find one moiety of its words Persian or Arabic, and of the other moiety three- tenths Sanscrit, and the rest pure Hindi. A few Portuguese and English words have been introduced of late. The best specimen of Hindustani with which we are acquainted is the Bagh-o-Bahar. 2. The Hindi differs from the Hindustani in the exclusive adoption of Sanscrit words, where, in Hindustani, Persian or Arabic would be used. Another point of difference is its being usually written in the Deva Nagari character, while the Persian is employed for Hindustani. There are, moreover, some unimportant variations in the post- positions, and in the inflections of the verbs and pronouns. The groundwork, both of Hindi and Hindustani, is, without doubt, as stated by Mr. Colebrooke in the seventh volume of the Asiatic Researches, the Hindawi, the language of Canoj, the ancient metropolis of Northern India. It is still spoken in the district of Braj, in the neigh- bourhood of Mathura. Hence it is also called Braj Bhakha, from the cowpens (Vraja) and PREFACE. ' 111 dairies in the forest of Vrinda, where Krishna, was educated. Many works have been written in Hindi, especially poetry. Among the best specimens may be mentioned the seven hundred couplets of Bihari Lall, and the verses of Sundar and Matiram. The first of these flourished at the court of Amber towards the beginning of the sixteenth century. Sundar wrote in the reign of Shah Jahan, between 1628 and 1658 A.D. It will be seen that Hindi is a more ancient and original language than Hindustani, which can hardly date earlier than the thirteenth or fourteenth century. 3. The bakhani is, as the name implies, a dialect in use in the South of India, and in the Presidency of Madras. Its distinctive marks are not of sufficient importance to claim attention. EDITOR'S PREFACE. The history of the present edition of Professor East- wick's Grammar is briefly as follows : Mr. Quaritcli, the Philological and Oriental bookseller, having, shortly before the final close of the East-India Com- pany's College at Haileybury (at which the Gram- mar was previously used), purchased from the pro- prietors all the remaining copies of the work, requested me to add a Vocabulary, Dialogues, Specimens of Oriental MSS., &c., so as to adapt it to the actual wants of civil and military officers proceeding to India. This I cheerfully undertook to do. Having taken in hand the work of adaptation, and being left by the Publisher very much to my own discretion as to the nature of the supplementary matter, I have introduced into the volume aU such additions as seemed to me desirable to render it specially eligible, either as a class-book or a manual. How far I have suc- ceeded in accomplishing this design, it is not for me to say. GEOEGE SMALL. London, 76 Lamb's Conduit Street, April 1858. ERRATA. IN THE GRAMMAR. Page Line For Read 17 . 17 . . lea . liyd. 66 . . last . . 61 m 64. 115 [ THE IHWAN-US-SAFA. 1 . . 16 . • j4 .A-. 5 . . last . • J r^ ■J}^- S 9 . . 9 . 9 .£«?-• 11 . . 1 . . JW^>^ ■ . J^\J^ 14 . . 2 . .U/ . ^J. — . . 12 . . . — 16 . . 19 . ■^J •e?-> 17 . . 17 . . t>^ . . (JaWJ. 122 . . 22 . . Daktur Batar . . Ddktar Batar CHAPTER I. ALPHABET AND CHAEACTER. 1. Hindustani is generally written in the Per- sian character. In the same way as the Persians have added to the original Arabic alphabet the four letters c-> pe, or ly*^ ^ bd ^ajami, ^ che, or ^^*'^ f-^ Ji'"^ 'ajamiy J zhe, or ^, 3, j, (a, da^ and ra; the former representing the Sanscrit cerebral z (a, the latter two the cerebral ^ da. We have there- fore, in the Hindustani alphabet, thirty-five letters, which, according to the native system, are all considered as consonants, the vowels being repre- sented by certain signs, used either separately or in combination with the letters ^, ^, \. Let us attend first to the consonants, and the varieties of shape they assume according as they are initial, medial, final, or detached. 6 TABLE OF CONSONANTS. 1 a> Form if attached I a Form if attached a if it t3 iS |-° » 3 1 -2 Si- O (3 1| ^A ■< T (3 •p <=> rj ^ ^ o «! "T g ■> ® rS,-, ^ o ^ u% U 2 S •?^ o to ;z; 1 2 12 .2 bO > n 1- i p< P4 1 2| il L^ II t2 Alif a, &c. \ I • • sad 5 Be & (^ ^ j^ J zad z U^ U^ Ji ^ Pe 7^ V V V V Toe t 1. 13 ^ 1. Te t CL) ^ I i Zoe 'fl,&c.or Is ^ t li Ta t ^ (J!^ A Ain [ 'a,kc. t X C Se s (^ ^ Ghain gh e L i C Jim J z t 25 - Fe f <_i cJ A 5 Che ch ^ V :5>- K-af k J J A J* He h z t =S !>■ Kdf k CJ Cl < r Khe hh a: s>- GRf ^ Zhe zh A 7 t. J •• •• Lam-) alif] la % a • • •• Sin s LT cr )> ]> J> J' ^^d j ; neither do they unite with a letter following. L and ^ admit of but -a very trifling alteration. The sound of cd is softer than the English t, it resembles the Italian t in notte. {±j , with the Arabs, is th in " thick "; but with the Persians and Indians it is s. — is always hard, and never like the French ch in " chose^ — is a very strong aspirate. t> is softer than c?. i is, with the Arabs, th in "thy''; but in Hin- dustani, z simply. . is very distinct, as in the German, er, " he.'' J. In pronouncing this letter the tip of the tongue must be reverted to the roof of the mouth. jr is like the French j in "jolV ^jCi in Arabic, is a stronger and more hissing sound than the common s ; but this distinction is not retained in Hindustani. fjay with the Arabs, is dh ; but in the Hindu- stani, z, c is a much deeper and more marked guttural than hamzah, just as -^ is a stronger aspirate than 2r. » ALPHABET AND CHARACTER. c resembles g in the German " wagen.'"' \Lf is always hard ; never like g in " gentle." J in words purely Persian, when preceded by ^ moveable by fathah and followed by 1, is scarcely pronounced, and is called lt) ddnah, " a grain ": it is then called ^aJ^ uf^^ hd i mukhtafi, " imperceptible h.'' In Arabic words it is some- times written 1: it is then sounded like cl? . The letter Sb or ^.is sometimes a mere aspirate in com- bmation with ^_> , l-j, ci.>, \jl>\ ^, ^; t>, J , J ; lLJ , and viJ* ; and in such cases the above two forms of this letter are used in contradistinc- tion to ^ which is used only after a vowel ; as, jl^ bhdr, "weight," iTR, opposed to .1^ bahdr, "spring"; ^ bhi, "also," to ^^ bihi, "guava"; ^J>^ thdn, "piece of cloth," to ^L^ tahdn, "there"; ij^ phal " fruit," to Jw^j pahah " flock of cotton." t^ final, in some Arabic words preceded by fathah, is called ^^^iL© c— all alif-i-mahsiirahy " abbre- viated alif "; it is then sounded as a, and is written SOLAR AND LUNAR LETTERS. V thus, I J US taala; but when pronounced in connection With the following word it has the power of fathah only ; as, -^UJI jic ala-s-sabdh. 3. (a) The letters LiJ, -^, ^^, fjo. Is, )o, c, and ^j, shew that the words containing them are borrowed from the Arabic. (6.) Words with ^, 4),j, and c may be Persian or Arabic, but are not of Indian origin. (c.) Words with^ are purely Persian. (y»J> i^/-» (^» (^j ^_^, L, li>, ^j, are called solar, because the word i^j^^aJH* Shawns, " the sun," begins with one of them. The rest are called lunar, because^^ kamr, "the moon," commences with one of them. When the Arabic definite article Jl al precedes one of the solar letters the J I assumes the sound of that letter, which is then marked with tashdid. Thus, ,J3l an-nuTy **the light"; |»J^i ar-rahim, **the merciful"; ^^jJi u-fi-^l Asafu-d-daulaU "the Asaf of the state." 10 THE VOWEL SYSTEM. Waslah, or Conjunction. Arabic nouns introduced into Hindustani are generally constructed with some substantive pre- ceding them, like the Latin words ''jus gentium^ In such cases the last letter of the first ^eii governing word is pronounced with the vowel w, and the 1 of c the article has the symbol — , called <)ioj waslahy superadded; thus, ^Jo^yj^\ jj^ Amir ul-Muminin. Tashdidy or Strengthening. To double a consonant the mark -^, called Jo.xiJ tashdid, is used ; as, \s^ kachchd, " raw/' Jazm, or Amputation. To shew that a consonant has no vowel sound it ^ following it the mark — j^y>-jazm, is used ; as, U^ karndf " to do/"' The letter over which the — is placed is called ^L sdMnt "quiescent/' 5. THE VOWEL SYSTEM. To express the vowels three symbols are used, — zabary — zer, and — pesh, either alone, or in combination with the letters uf> j, i. — , called in Persian^* zdbar, "over,'" and in Arabic ^lis^ fathah, " opening,'' represents a. —^, in Persian zerjij, "under," in Arabic y^ji kasr, " breaking," represents i. THE VOWEL SYSTEM. 11 * p — , in Persian . S:j^ pesh " before,"" in Arabic ^ zamm, " contraction," represents u. To exp^ss the long vowels the above symbols must be combined with ^, •, 1 ; thus, But as it is a rule that a vowel cannot begin a syllable, in such a position one I alif must always be used as a fulcrum on which the vowel may rest. So if the syllable is to begin with — = a, we use 1, as in t«j), ah, "now;" if with — = z, we use 1, as in Ubl Una, " so much;"" if with — = w, we use I , as in 1^ ,^j^l m kd/' of him ;' ' if with I = d, instead of II we use 1, which is then called u-ilt Xfc>^t>^M) alif i mamdudahy " prolonged alif,'''' as v«^ 1 dp, "himself;" if with ^^^ i, we \NTite ^^^1, as in iJUbl int, " a brick ;" if with • =4 we use •), as "^9 ' in ^.1 upar, " over." But when the initial vowel occurs after another vowel in the middle of a word, ^ua hamzah, which is nothing more than a substitute for alif, is used in its stead, as ^j^U- jaun, ** I may go." Besides the six vowels above mentioned, there are two more which are called {}y^ mafhul, " unknown,"' or ^^^^^ ajami, " Persian," from their 12 TANWIN, OR NUNATION. not being known in the Arabic alphabet. They are represented by ^^ and ^, without any of the vowel symbols; slsj^j roz, "a day ;"" JXo mez, "a table." Here the J^^^* ^|; ^dw i majhul, and i}Ji(?^ u^^ yd i majhuh are opposed to the uJ«.it« ^Ij wdw i mar{if, and v— ijjjto j_^b yd i maru/y in JU jj . rumdl, " a kerchief/' and Jji y^^, "an elephant," which are the only vowel-sounds of those letters recognised in Arabic. We have, moreover, in Hindustani, two diph- thongs represented by ^ with zabar, and ^ with zabar ; as /-^;i maiuj "I," «^ gh aur, "reflection." Thus in all we have ten vowels or diphthongs ; as, paun pain pon pen pirn pin pan pun pin pan 9 9 ^ aun ain on en un in an un in an TANWIN, OR NUNATION. 6. Before leaving the subject of the vowels, we must mention the Arabic mark ^^^* or nunation, which adds the sound of ^j to the last vowel at the end of a word, this vowel being then doubled, and alif subjoined if the vowel be <)C:^ fathah. Thus, ^99 99 s 9 9 (Jchususan) U^^i- {khususin) fjcya>- (Mususun) ^yc^ ( 13 ) THE DEVANAGARl. 7. As Hindustani may be written either in the Nagari or Persian character, though the latter is the more common, it becomes requisite to con- sider how the alphabets may be made to corre- spond ; — how Persian or Arabic words may be expressed in the Nagari, and, on the other hand, how Sanscrit words may be represented by Persian letters. Let us consider first how to express the Deva- nagari characters in Persian. It will be seen that the initial vowels correspond exactly, with the exception of ^j. The medial — has no repre- sentative in the Nagari connected vowels. . INITIAL VOWELS. II. MEDIAL VOWELS. ^ 1=5 ^ Jo ^T T = d ^ t>l> , 1=1 f^ Jo % i = i ^ ^ y 7 !=M 1^ A ^ y=t/ 1^ '>> ^ j=Tt ^ JOJ H i) = e % Jof 14 THE DEVANAGARI. I. INITIAL VOWELS. ^ ^=ai ^? ^i>. ^ jl = ^> ^^ ^ ^ = au w. JO II. MEDIAL VOWELS. III. Consonants. ^ .i^ ^< 4 ^ ^ ^ ^ '^ 4J «-^ ^> ^ ^.3 ^ ^ ^ ^ ? Obs. (a) It will be seen that the ten aspirates of the Nagan alphabet are represented in Persian by the corresponding unaspirated letter, together with the butterfly form of /i a, ^, as XR ghar, "a house,"^ ; >R dhar, " place/' Jbt) . The ^ of the Nagari is denoted by .^f, as w^ kahd, "he said,'' l,^ ; but if ^, T, or ^, precede ^, then the form a must be used, with the appropriate vowel. (b) ^ and ^ have sometimes the sound of r and rh ; in which case they have a dot subscribed ; thus ^ and ^, and are represented by J or J, as ^ bardy " great," \y> . THE DEVANAGARI. 15 (c) The four nasals of the N'gari have but one representative in Persian ^^, which is sometimes marked with a dot over it, to shew it stands for the three first nasals. (d) IT is occasionally represented by -.. ^ generally by ^jt, sometimes by ^^. ^ generally by ^, rarely ,1, ^ generally by ,^, or ^, rarely ^^ . ^ is represented by J, as ^TTfTT q/wd, by bil. (e) The Nagari, therefore, may be nearly ex- actly represented in the Persian character; but in the Persian, on the contrary, there are fourteen characters which have no exact Nagari symbol. These are, The use of the dotted letters is not universal ; as, where Persian words are adopted into the Nagari, their sound is constantly corrupted to suit that alphabet. (/) c is represented in Nagari by the vowel with which it is allied, in the initial form, and with a dot subscribed ; as, ^J^nTcf ci^Jjti lanat; hiid. This is a substitute for hamzah. CHAPTER 11. NOUNS. ^\. 8. As Oriental Grammarians divide the parts of speech differently from ourselves, and a know- ledge of the terms used by them is essential, the words they employ should be committed to me- mory. See Appendix I. 9. According to Indian Grammarians there are only three parts of speech ; 1st, Noun ^^1 ism ; 2d, Verb t>i fil ; 3d, Particle uJp- harf. Under the noun are included the , 1. Substantive, uJ^^ >*wl ism i mausuf. 2. Adjective, ci^sA^ ***.! ism i sifat. ^ ^^ y GENDER OF NOUNS. 17 3. Pronoun,^j.^ ^1 ism i zmnir. 4. Infinitive, jS,a< masdar. 5. Participle Past, ^}f^ ^^ ism i maful. 7. Participle Present, ^ bhali ddmU "a good man/' ^^t>l %^i bhald ddmi, where the adjective distinguishes the sex. Inanimate Things, 13. Nouns in 4_f i, ci^ ^^ ^ sh are generally feminine. There are only eleven nouns in j^^, denoting inanimate things, which are masculine. They are, ^'L» sdthU "kind of rice. (Jb jodwi, " water." f^J^mabni, "foundation." t_5Uj t/amani," carnelion." ^^^^ dahi, "curds." -^^7^t, ''clarified butter." tjj^ motU "a pearl." ^jl, "life." --ol^ khawdss-i, ** the place behind a great man on an elephant." L«il afatty "serpent." JLi, ^Ad/i, " rice." Nouns introduced from the Sanscrit retain the gender they had in the mother language. 14. There are forty-eight masculine nouns denoting inanimate things in ci^ ^; twenty-four in C^ t ; thirty-seven in ^ sh ; but two of these are names of animals ; ^yo mush, " a mouse " ; flf> Asm siydh gosh, " a lynx." There is but one * This applies only to Arabic nouns derived from verbal roots to which ci; is added, and to Persian nouns similarly formed by adding ^1 . GENDER OF NOUNS. 19 feminine noun in L ; two in ^ ; two in j ; three in 3 ; three in v±^ ; four in ^ ; four in ^ ; seven in -. ; nine in — , ; nine in ^jo ; ten in uJ , &c. In all there are eight hundred and seventy-two feminine nouns, names of inanimate things, beside the exceptions in ^^, ci^, ^. From the above observations it will be manifest that it is difficult to lay down precise rules for the gender of Hindustani nouns. These four rules following, however, are of universal application ; and the three first will be found especially useful. 15. Persian words in ,^, derived from verbs, and Arabic dissyllables of the form JoxaS tafih i- e. commencing with ^ju U and having ^^ between their final consonants, are feminine ; as, t— ftjvJLaS tasnif, " composition ''; jjWJo tadbir, " counsel' ';^,jw^' taksir, " crime "; except ijytj tawiz, " an amulet," which is masculine. 16. Compounds follow the gender of the last word when the first word merely qualifies the last ; as, Jil^l^ shikdrgdh, " hunting ground," which is feminine because so gdh, is feminine. 17. It is better to err by using a feminine noun as a masculine than the reverse. 18. The names of the following thirteen letters 20 GENDER OF NOUNS. are masculine, I, -^, f^, ^, (^>c^»P» p» ^^ l1/, J, A, ^: the rest are feminine. Formation of Feminine Nouns from Masculine. 19. If the masculine ends in I, b, or j{, which becomes ^ in the inflexion, those terminations are changed into ^^ for the feminine.^ Ex. Giw , " a son,'' jjuj , tS\j J$li , "a prince,'' ^^j]ji(U , " princess," [i\ji^ , " foreign man," ij\j^ , " foreign woman," But ik\^d , " bridegroom," makes ^^<^ , " bride." 20. I inflexible adds ^J ; as, 1« , " a doctor," ^jLc ; or j^ ; as, Uu^ , " a poet," ^^>IXj^ , " poetess." 21. ^jl or ^jb is changed into ^; as, ^jl^J, " tenth," fern. ^ji^t> ; ^JJ^^ , " left," /eyw. ^f{) . 22. t-^ in the masculine is changed into ^J ; as, ^•^fc} , " a washerman," ^^ybt> ; or into ^1 ; as, jJ.*L« , ^J^J^ , " a law officer among Musalman." 23. Or if the termination is any other vowel, or a consonant, ^J , (Jl , ^) , or jjJ> , is added ; as, J^ja , ** a doe," from ^yb , " a roe "; ^i;^ , " a pea- hen," from ,^ ; ^]yf ^ " wife of a religious pre- ceptor," from ^i . * Probably from the influence of the ^^ in the last syllable. DECLENSION. 21 24. Persian masculines and feminines, however, are distinguished by the wordsy , " a male," and Xt)U) , " a female "; as, jSy , " a bull "; ^Xfadl^ ,. " a cow." And Arabic feminines are sometimes formed by the addition of ^ ; as, i^ , " a queen," fromi^^AU, "aking." DECLENSION. 25. Nouns have two numbers, singular and plural ; and seven cases, the nominative and vocative, and five oblique cases, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, and agent. These are formed by the addition of certain particles called postpositions ; which are, for the genitive J, ^, ^; for the dative and accusative, ^ or ^^ ^ ; for the ablative, ji ' (jJ^ » ^ ' ^^^ ^^^ *^^ agent, Jj These post- positions inflect all plural nouns, and those of the first declension in the singular also ; the nouns of this declension being all masculine, and ter- minating in I, ^J, or 8, which in the singular inflection is changed into ^. * The use of this postposition depends on the gender and case of the thing possessed. When this is in the nom. sing, masc, is is used ; as, Uy^ ^ ,^1 , " his horse "; ^ when masculine and in any other case ; and ^ with all feminines. 22 DECLENSION. First Declension. \]^, "horse." Norn. ]«^^^ Gen. Jl^^)^4 Dat. / ^j^ Ace. /^y Agent ^^ji^ Voc. Nom. I. 6\d V Nom. jjj Gen. Jl^^^Jy Dat. / ^^j;^ Ace. / ^;j;^ AW. y, ;^ ^ ^!fjy4 Agent ^ ^^^j^ Voc. Gen. ^ l^ ^L> Dat. Ace. Abl. Instr. Voc. a gram. Nom. Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl. Instr. Voc. ^J^ yb i^l Second Declension, 26. Comprises masculine nouns terminating in a consonant, or in an unchangeable vowel ; as, j^ , e. g. J^^^ a soldier ^' a person DECLENSION. 23 ^U, "a judge''; or in 1, of which there are ahout twenty nouns, either Arabic or Sanscrit ; as, IjX, "God"; \jj\, "nobles"; Iju^' "poet"; L, " a doctor " ; U-J; , " a prince " (but this is some- times inflected) ; ^^ , " a master " ; bb , "a father " ; IL, "a father"; K*^, "a prince"; ]dy^, "melan- choly"; \Si, "a beggar"; l^^u, "a leader"; U^ , "a maker " ; Ui)^ , " a warrior," and some proper names. Ex. ^, " a house." SINGULAR. I >LURAL. Nom. J Nom. Jy Gen. ^Jl'^J Gen. J i^ii}^ Dat. ^J Dat. ^ A Ace. ^J; Ace. ^^J Abl. ^J Abl. ^ ^^J^ Instr. u Instr. lu^J Voc. . J^'^ Voc. a^^ 27. From the above examples may be deduced the rules for the declension of masculine nouns, which all belong to the first two declensions. RULES. 1st, If the noun singular ends in 1, ^^^1, or j$, with the exception of the pure Sanscrit or Arabic words in 1, given above, the other cases of the 24f DECLENSION. singular and the nominative plural are formed by changing the final I , ^jl , or ^ into ^ : the remain- ing cases of the plural change 4_^ into ^lJ^, except the vocative, which drops the ^ and ends in ^ . 28. Masculines terminating in a consonant, and those exceptions which have been already given in 1 , are unchanged in the singular and nominative plural. In the other cases of the plural they add ^^ , except the vocative, which adds only j . 29. Words of two short syllables, the last of which has fathah for its vowel, drop the fathah on receiving a plural termination ; as, ij^'^S baras, " a year,'' becomes in the plural genitive, not ^y**j\ barasoUi but ^^J barson, 30. Some Persian and Arabic nouns form their plurals as in those languages ; thus, ^U3U , " cup- bearers,'' from j^'L ; l^U , " years," from JU ; .Ui-I , " news," from jj^ ; UJu: , " the learned," from Jlc ; b^ka^, " letters," from la>. ; and to these the Indian plural affix ^^ is sometimes added ; as, ^J^^list) from ^1^1 , " orders," plural of SL . 31. Words ending in yl, as, yU, "a foot," transpose the J in the oblique plural, as, J^^U ; or add only ^ , as ^^\j . DECLENSION. 25 The Third Declension 32. Contains feminine nouns which are all unchangeable in the singular. In the nominative plural they add /j if they terminate in a conso- nant in the singular ; if in a vowel, they add ^^1 ; as, j»;^, "a wife""; ^j^v^, "wives." In the oblique cases of the plural they change the ^ or ^ of the nominative into ^^ , except the vocative, which drops the ^ and ends in j . ci^b , " a word." SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. CL^b Nom. ^"'. Gen. Jl^^\ Gen.^^i^^y"b Dat. /-u Dat. /oiy^ Ace. ^cul Ace. / . ..1 Abl. ^ ei^lj Abl. ^ uy ^ Agent, ^ CLj'o Agent, i_ c;^'"^ Voc. ^jijj^\ Voc. yb J Jii."B. daughter." SINGULAR.** PLURAL. Nom. v^ Nom. ^^ Gen. JA'^Jf- Gen. ^ ^^ iJ^rM^ Dat. :f Jii Dat. /ij^ Ace. ^^ Ace. /tt)^ Abl. ^ ^Jf. Abl. ^i^ ^yihi Agent, ^ JL^^ Agent, l^y^. Voc. ^. i^' Voc. jJjLu ijfl 26 THE ADJECTIVE. 33. The rule given regarding masculines of two short syllables, the last of which has fathah for its vowel, applies also to feminines of the same form ; as, .^^ , " a place/' SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. ^>^^ Nom. (i;:HA^ Gen. J^l'i^ Gen. ^ i ^ ^^£^ Dat. / ^ Dat. / ^^ Ace. ^ „^ Ace. / ^,^ Abl. ^ ,.*^ o Abl. ^ u^iA" Agent, ^ ,^ Agent, ^ ^;;^r- Voc. ,.^X-. J Voc. ^.^^ 4_^1 THE ADJECTIVE (.U^vH^ r;- 34. The adjective generally precedes the substan- tive, and is indeclinable, except those which are purely Indian words, and end in 1, and a few trom the Persian in %, These are declined like nouns of the first declension, if masculine, and like nouns of the third declension, if feminine. Thus^ y, "a fair boy." SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. ^ ly? Nom. Jj ^j^ Gen. Ji^S^J^ Gen. Jl^^^fj ^^/ THE ADJECTIVE. 27 SINGULAR, Dat. Ace. Abl. Agent, Voc. Nom. ^ s ^/ Dat. Ace. Abl. Agent, Voc a fair girl. / ^/i US' />^;/ SINGULAR. Gen. Jl^'^j ^jj Ace. Abl. Agent, Voc. J^^J PLURAL. Nom. Gen. Jl\i ^y^^ ^J Dat. Ace. Abl. Agent, Voc. . 35. In the oblique cases plural of the masculine, and generally in all the plural feminine cases, the affixes (^^ or ^ , ^1 , ^ , ^^^ or ^) are added only to the last of two words, whether substantive or adjective. 36. Ordinals are declined like adjectives. 37. There is no peculiar form for the degrees of comparison. To denote them the positive is used with a postposition or an adverb, or it is W M sometimes doubled ; as, L^-^1 l-i^^ » " very good," 28 PRONOUNS. wl 9 ** better ;'"' ft 1^1 ^ ^J\ ^, " this is better than that ;" ^ 1^1 ^ ^,^^Jg^ ^, or ^ \^\ e>.^ ^., " this is best." PRONOUNS. j^M ^\. 38. Pronouns in Hindustani differ from nouns in their inflections. In the genitive cases of the two first persons, the terminations j^ , 4^)^\)' ^^^ used instead of the postpositions ^y ^, i^, which are subjoined to nouns. The dative and accusa- tive cases have, besides the postposition ^, an afiix . in the singular, and ^^^ in the plural ; as, ^sr', "to thee,"" ^\AAai, "to us." The case of the agent in the pronouns of the first and second persons is the same as the nominative ; being the only two exceptions to the rule for inflecting nouns with the postposition ^. The oblique cases in all pro- nouns have a peculiar formation, as the plural affix ^^ may be always, and is generally, elided. The declension is as follows : First Person. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. ^o^, "I." (4Jt., "we." . Gen. t^ ^^ j;^' " of me." ^jl^ ^^Ua ];'^, " of us." Dat. ^ or ^ ^^ , " to me." ^ ijy^ o^ \j^^ or ^^, " to us.' PRONOUNS. 29 t SINGULAR. Acc. ^ or / ,^, " Abl. ^ ^«=s^» "from me Agent, ^^,"1." me. ^ M.^ or ci)^ ^"^ ^ ^ ' " ^^'^ ^ e;.y*^ or ^ f^ ♦ " from us."" ^^, "by us" or "we." ' Second Person. SINGULAR. Nom. y, "thou." Gen.^^"^^-|^- Dat. ^'oT^ ^ PLURAL. ■ye. Acc. ^*or/^ / ^^ or / ^- Abl. ^ ^* <£< tj;**^ or ^ jj Agent, ^y ^1^' For the third person the remote demonstrative 8J, " he," "she,'' " it," or " that," is used, or the proximate demonstrative ^ , " this ;" which are thus declined : SINGULAR. he, "she," "it.' PLURAL. Nom. Gen. Jl^u-^ Dat. or / LT Acc. ^1 ory 1^1 Abl. Agent, ^^ /u^'or^^l or/ J) / J;^; o^ / u; or/ d>;^V' or / ^ \ d3 30 PRONOUNS. -V^.' SINGULAR. U^' Nom. ^^ Gen. J^l^^l Dat. ^1 or Ace. ^I or Abl. Agent, ^ ,^^1 ^ ,^1 this." Nom. Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl. Agent, ^^\^ or ^ J Similarly are declined the relative ^ or ^v^ ; the correlative y or ^^y; and the interrogative ^y, " who ?" But the interrogative \jSy " what ?" is irregular. Thus, Nom. W, "what?" Gen. ^ ^ \^ ^\^, "of what?" Dat. / ^, "to what?" Ace. b^, "what?" Possessives. 39. The genitives singular and plural of the personal and demonstrative pronouns are used as possessives. Thus, ' ijj^t i_j^> L^» "mine." ^j^^ L^j^^'^J^^ *' thine." PRONOUNS. 31 ^^Ua, ^^Ua, ];l»Jb, " our/' 40. There is another possessive, UjI , resembling the Latin '' suuSy"" which is of very common oc- currence, and is to be used where the possessive, which in English follows the verb, refers solely to the nominative of the verb ; as in \j^^ UjI ^ ^^^ U^ ,(jj, " I got ready my horse f' where Ijul refers only to jjXo the nominative to the verb. The distinction between the use of Ubl, and that of other possessives, may be seen in the sentence, " He went to his garden,"" where, if his mean his ^ 9 own garden, we should say Lo ^ ^'"^^' ^j 5 ^^* if his imply the garden of some other person, w^e ^ 9 9 must say Lji ^ cU ^ ^^1 %^ . The nominative of this word, l-jT signifies " self,'' and is used with or without the personal pronouns ; as, ^«;T ^< , " I myself," or honorifically for the pronouns of the second and third persons ; as, J *^ l_->T, " Your honour said ;'V ^ i^T, "His honour went." It is thus declined : 32 PRONOUNS. Norn. c_?T, " your honour." Gen. ^ ^ ^ L-j 1 , ** of your honour." Dat. and Ace. y l-jI, "to your honour." Abl. ^ ^^y " from your honour," Agent, ^ L-;l, " your honour." There is also a plural inflexion of frequent oc- currence, yj^ ; thus, (^^->^ L/^T' " among themselves." When L-j I denotes " self " it is thus declined : V Nom. ^^T or k_?T, " self." Gen. Jl.1 Jbl U.I or ^ ^ 1^ ^.1 Dat. and Ace. ^ or^ ^1 or ^ ^Tor^c-j| Abl. ^ ^1 or ^ jj^l or ^ l-j1 Indefinite Pronouns, 41. Of these there are many ; as c^l , one ;" ]^jt>, "another ;" lL)j1^, "each;"^^, " other ;" &c. ; but the only two that are irregular in their inflec- tion are ^y, "any one," and ^, "any thing ;" which are thus declined : Nom. (^^, "any person." D. and Ace. ^ ^^^ Abl. Agent, ^^ Nom. ^, " any thing." Gen. J £^ Is Dat. and Ace. S y**S Abl. MM.S Agent, ^y*S NUMERALS. S3 A plural is given by some, but is never used. The word ^^ is used in the phrase qui hi, ^Jb ^y^ " Is any one there ? " It is properly applied to persons, but sometimes, by the vulgar, to things; as, ^1^ ^* a^ ^j^ Ui s^, "He went for something." ^^ is properly applied to things, but is also, by a vulgarism, sometimes used of persons. 42 NUMERALS. EUB. 1 AR. IND. CARDINALS. ORDINALS. EUR. 13 AR. ir IND. CARDINALS. ORDINALS. CJbJ i^e »^" .i;'j*> 2 3 5^ ^•5 14 15 16 CO 4 '^^ d f 16 n ^\ O ijWr- 5 " t M €k 17 IV ^i 32 rr ^^ L^^ 52 cr M:^ G 33 rr ^^ CHHJ:^'^' 53 cr M^ ujey 34 rF ^a G ^ 54 CF M^ 15^ 35 re ^M w 55 ec MM 36 ri ^^ u-^3^^ 56 CI M^ e;^^ 37 rv ?* ^jyw^jUAJUw 57 Cv MS 38 rA ^b 58 CA Mb 39 ri ^ 43 Fr ^? ur^>" 63 Tr ^^ .«J^/' 44 JCJC dd LT:^^^ 64 IF ¥ NUMERALS. 85 EUR. AR. 16 IND. CARDINALS. ORDINALS. EUR. 83 AR. Ar IND. b3. CARDINALS. ORDINALS. 65 G G -^ O S^^ ^1^''} 66 11 ^^ G G &c. 84 AJC b^ ei-];jf &c. 67 IV 85 AC bM 68 1A G GG 86 A1 b^ 69 IS ^^ 87 AV b^ 70 V • ^0 >. 88 A A bb ^5^^*1 71 VI <9«i A? 89 Al t^ 72 vr *:^ ^ 90 u ^0 73 vr S^ yV 91 11 ^^ s?y*^j 74 vp S^ >jf 92 u ^^ y 75 ve *M w 93 \r ^^ •^yj; 76 77 VI vv >9S W G^ W GG 94 95 10 y ^^\^ ^i''^., 78 V A St • 96 n ^^ 79 80 v9 A« S^ bo 97 98 SV SA ^s ; yw lLAjI ; 102, .t) yw ^i} ; &c. It must be observed that wlJjl, put directly after another numeral, implies "about;" as,^ " tenfold ""j or l^ , Ij! , or IS^ , to express the folds or rows of any thing ; as L^l ** single *"; H^d " double/' Fractionals are, i *>r or h li y ^y. f ^*V" H ^J 1^ i l»jT H er'Uj^l i }k c^" o'' oi 2f (J:^^■ -e^r It 'y H ^ 'r* li sjjI 3i U:*^"^^'^ tjo means " a quarter less " ; \yu "with a quarter " ; ^jrU " with a half"; and j^^WI "two and a half/' CHAPTER III. THE VERB Jxi. 46. Verbs in Hindustani are intransitive, as, iil^ holnd, " to speak''; transitive, as, UL, " to call "; or causal, as, lil^, "to cause to call." They are all conjugated alike, save in the tenses formed from the past participle, as will hereafter be explained. 47. There are two voices, active and passive ; four moods, indicative, conditional, imperative, and infinitive; and three participles, the present, past, and past conjunctive. 48. The root is the second person singular of the imperative, and is generally monosyllabic ; as, Jy, "speak thou""; ^J, "give." In the indica- tive mood there are eight tenses; two formed from the root direct, three from the present parti- ciple, and three from the past participle. In the conditional mood there are three tenses ; and in the infinitive and imperative, one. 49. The principal parts of the verb are the infinitive jii^o^, and participles which are formed from the root as follows : The infinitive adds U c to the root; as, J»^, " speak ""; Ul^ ,** to speak." The present participle adds U, and the past parti- ciple I, to the root; as, Ul^, "speaking"; ^^, THE VERB. SO " spoken." But if the root end in the vowels,) or ^, a euphonic ^ is inserted between it and the affix of the past participle ; thus, T, " come/' makes U. It will be necessary to bear in mind, that throughout the verb the termination 1 can be used only with a noun in the masculine singular ; and is changed into ^ for the masculine plural ; into i^ for the feminine singular; and into ^^^t or ^^b for the feminine plural. The conjunctive participle is the same as the root, or adds ^, ^, ^> ^i^' or^^; thus, Jy, Indicative Mood* 50. The two tenses in this mood, formed direct from the root, are, the aorist c »Lac, and future JaiilW) ; the former of which adds ^£;^ , and the latter 10^ , to the root ; thus, from J^ comes the aorist ^j^^ , " I may speak "; future Uo^y , "I shall speak/' 51. The three tenses formed from the present participle are, the indefinite ^J^ J^> which is the same as that participle ; as, Ul^ ^;» y » t:;f<» " !»' "thou," or "he speaks"; the definite JU-, which adds ^^^2& , the present of the verb Uyt , " to be "; 40 THE VERB. as, ^^ U!^ ^^JX^, "I am speaking"; and the im- o perfect tj^j;>«^l t/^^' which adds \^ , the imper- fect of ^^^, to the present participle ; as, lli»j . j^ If, " I was speaking." 52. The three tenses formed from the past participle are, the past indefinite ,jIlao ^U> , which is the same as the past participle ; as, ^y -.yk^, "I said"; the perfect (*«^^' ^U, which adds ^^ to the past participle ; as, ^j^ il^ ^^, " I have said"; and the pluperfect S^jo ^^U, which adds l^, the imperfect of the auxiliary Uyt), to the past participle; as, l^V il^ ^^, " I had said."" We must observe, that in all past tenses of transitive verbs a peculiar construction is used, which essentially distinguishes them in those tenses from intransitive verbs. This consists in rendering what is the nominative in English by the case of the agent in Hindustani; and either putting the object in the accusative, with the post- position y, and the verb in the third person sin- gular masculine, or retaining the object in the nominative, and making the verb agree with it in gender and number. But if the object be not expressed at all, the English nominative must still be rendered by the case of the agent, and the THE VERB. 41 verb must be in the third person singular mascu- line. For example, Past Ind. lU ^ 15^4^1 ^/-^ ^ 4J^«» " I struck the man.'* Per. Jt KU ^ ^d \ ^1 ^ ^^^y "I have struck the man." Pluperf. l^* 1|U y ^t) 1 ^j^l ^ j^ , " I had struck the man." Here we see that " I " is rendered by ^ ^^ , the case of the agent : ** the man," which is the object, is in the accusative with the postposition S, and the verb remains in the third person singular masculine. In the same way, if no object be ex- pressed at all, as in simply conjugating the verb, the English nominative is represented by the case of the agent, and the verb is invariably retained in the third person singular masculine. Thus, f y 9 9 );U ^ ^ » ,^ ];^ ^ ^ » ^^^ V V-* , " The warders had closed the gate." Here the verb is in the singular, agreeing with its object, ^'^j jt>» though the English nomina- tive is plural. The construction is in fact a pas- sive one. The active past tense in English is represented in Hindustani by the passive, the auxiliary, Ij^, being understood. It will be seen from the above examples, that the only difficulty is in the use or rejection of the postposition S with the object. Practice alone can determine this. With things inanimate, however, ^ is gene- rally used when we wish particularly to define or point out the object ; as, bi^ u-ilo y J^ ^ fj^ ^^jy J L5**l^' "^ cleaned the table, not the chair.'''' With animate objects it is always proper to use ^ ; as, \ih y ^U/w Zlt^ ' " ^® called the soldier."" 53. The tenses in the conditional mood are JU- j^^^iJU, or present, formed by compounding the present participle and the aorist, or future of THE VERB. 9 » the auxiliary ; as, ILi^ yt or ^^yb CiS^ ^j^ , " I may or shall be speaking/' This tense has some- times a future meaning. The past \^^JL^ ^^^ » which is formed by adding the aorist, or future of the auxiliary to the past participle ; as, 11^ ^^^^^ j^.Jb or IXJ.yb, "I may or shall have spoken''; and the pluperfect l^ ,^^' which is either the same as the present participle, or adds to the past participle the present participle of the aux- iliary. Thus, Uyb Hy or UiJy, j^, which both signify " If I had spoken." This tense is used conditionally in both mem- bers of the same sentence ; in which case it must be rendered into English by ** had " for the for- mer verb, and " would have " for the latter ; as, Uj J ». J IST ^i^ J>\ , " If I had come he would have given " ; ^\J>Jb y llx^^. , or l^ . Thus, if an inferior asked a superior to speak, he would not say J^^ , " speak " ; but l^jJ^ or ^^.; in which case, instead of the pronoun ^ the words ci^;-isv, or <««^^%^Lo, or l-j1 would be used. The roots ^, "drink"; y, "do"; y&, "be"; ^J, "give"; ^i "take"; and all other roots that end in ^^ , and most gene- rally those also in ^, interpose — before these affixes, and the four latter are themselves slightly altered. Thus, ^J^.-^ . " Be pleased to drink " , Mjj^d ^^^^^s>^ , " Let the Saheb (you) give " ; »j^i , " Be pleased to take " ; >-^^^, " Be pleased to do " ; and ^A>-y&, " Be pleased to be."" The affix ^^ or •Jo- is added to the third person also in a precative or permissive sense ; as, y^Jbj ^f^>" May he remain happy "; ^\s>- ^^, "He may go." Infinitive. c 55. The infinitive has but one tense ; as, U^, " to do." When in construction with another verb it must be inflected ; as, Ul ^^» " He began to do." THE VERB. 45 It is also used as a gerund, and is then declined exactly like a noun of the first declension ; thus, Nom. lily , " speaking."" Gen. i^ ^ ^ ^^ , *' of speaking."" Dat. ^ ^ , " to or for speaking."" Ace. Ulo , " speaking."" Abl. ^ ^y, "from speaking." Thus we may say J& jyj^ U^ , " To speak is necessary '■■ ; Cl^j ^ ^U-, "The time of depart- ing," &c. 56. By the addition of illj or Kla to the infinitive, a verbal noun of very extensive use is formed. Participles, 57. In addition to the participles that have been mentioned, a compound form is frequently used, in which lyb, the past participle of (jy& , "to be," is added to the present or past participles of other verbs ; thus, ^j ^ Jlj/ ^y& ^^ ^=>- , " Who may stop the departing Gopal ? " ^yb J<^ t^r J, j^ ^ ^ ^d, "On the counter loaves were placed arranged." This form seems to imply that a certain time has elapsed since the commencement of the action implied in the principal verb. The past conjunctive participle, used with another verb, 46 THE VERB. renders the conjunction, which is in English indis- pensable, unnecessary in Hindustani. Thus, in the latter language, we should translate " Go and tell,'' by ^yU- ; lit " Having gone tell." 58. Before proceeding to the regular conjuga- tion of verbs, it is requisite to learn two irregular tenses of the auxiliary Uyb, "to be." These are the present and imperfect. Fresent. SINGULAR. vi)y> ij^*» "I am.' l^ or ^^y thou art.' J^h^ he is." ^^Ua or ^^ >a , " we are. ^jjib or Jb J , " ye are. ^^ ^ , " they are." Imperfect. \4 ^.''l was." l^ J , " thou wast. V^' »! he was.' we were. ^> jj , " ye were." ^ ^y "they were. These tenses are of most general use, not only as auxiliaries in the formation of compound tenses, but also in affirming mere existence. The man- ner in which they are applied for the former purpose will be seen in the substantive verb liyt, " to be " or " to become." THE VERB. 59. Boot f>. PRINCIPAL PARTS : Infinitive, Uyb, "to be." Present Participle, Uyb, being.'' Past Participle, Ijb, "been." Past Conjunctive, ^^yb ^^yjf*^ ^y^» ^ ^J^ , " having been." Indefinite. — " I am," or " become." 47 SINGULAR. ^> ^J'^' ^ PLURAL. ^ey^ ^y r"' r* Present — " I am becoming.' U;* li'^ ^^ ^ 9 "^ 9 jb \S^ s^ 9 Imperfect. — " Becoming. 9 9 Pa^A — " I was," or " I became." 9 9 9 '' 1^ «j, y, ^^ yb, ^^, ^% ^ 48 THE VERB, Perfect. — " I have been,'' or " I have become/' SINGULAR. 9 9 -'9 9 "^9 9 u^ ^^ f^ 9 S Pluperfect. — " I had been," or " I had become.' 9 9 9 AORisT. — " I may or shall be," or " become." 9 9 y' c^y^' vij;S^ ij:^* ^y^' d;^y^' u?^y^ ^; Future. — ** I shall or will be," or " become.' o 9 l^y& I^^^Jb ^j^ lSy&, l^y& l^^yt> y byi), ^>yb ^.^yi> ^j ^y^' 4:^.^*' A;y^ (^ ^^, ^y^, ^.;y& ^. SUBJUNCTIVE OR CONDITIONAL MOOD. Present. — "I may be becoming." SINGULAR. H 9- 9 9 Ifiyb or li^yb — (^fi or ^^y& ISyb ^^^ ISyb or l^^, ^^y^ y^ ^^ O'^' O^^ 'o^b^ * J* same as preceding ISyb j$^ THE VERB. 49 PLURAL. ^yt or ^^, ^>^y&, ^^ or ^^^^ ^^^^ J^ ^ ^y& or ^^fi , ^J^ or ^^ ^Jb J ^yb or ^,y&, ^^yt>, ^yb or ^^y& ^^^yb ^yb ^. P«5A — ** I may have been." SINGULAR. &c. l^j^Jb or &c. ^.tzb lyb ^jlo &c. IX^.yb or &c. ^^yb lyt>y same as preceding &e. ^^ ly& x^ &c. ^^^ or &c. ^^^yb ^^ *a &c. ^;yt> or &c. ^y& ^^ Ji &c. ^^^yb or &c. ^^yb ^^b ^^ Pluperfect. " Had I been," or " I would have been." SINGULAR. PLURAL. Ijyb 2(^, y , ^^ 1 ^yb ^^, ^■, ^ Or, ISyb lyb 2^^, y , ^2^ I ^fi ^^ ^y ^, ^ 50 THE VERB. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Present.—*' Let me be/' " Be thou/' &c. SINGULAR. ^y^' tj^y^ b^ ^x5-yb (perm, or prec.) yb, ^^, ^;y^ b — ^^ y PLURAL. tjy^' d^S^» u^>3^ (^ lficA:>- Jb or yJ^Ja , ^^^^ <— -jI (respectful) yb , ^yb ui:^' ui^f' ^^ Infinitive or Verbal Noun. Uyb, " being " ; 1^ ^fi, " of being,"' &c. Noun of Agency or Condition. ^LjoJb, ** that which is, or becomes.'' Adverbial Participle. ^ ^yb , " on being." Obs. From the above we see that Uyb forms its past participle irregularly, by changing the o of the root into u. The irregularity of its respectful imperative has already been noticed. With these exceptions, it differs in no respect from other in- transitive verbs ; of which, however, a second ex- ample is subjoined. 51 THE VERB. 60. THE INTRANSITIVE VERB. UJy, "to speak.*" Boot Jy. PRINCIPAL PARTS. Infinitive, liJy, "to speak.*" Present Participle, lily , " speaking."" Past Participle, ^y, "spoken.*"' Past Conjugative Participle, ^y,^y» ^y, (Jy, £^J^9''J^J^^'' " h^'^i^g spoken."" Indefinite. — ** I speak."*' SINGULAR. PLURAL. i!^ ^^ r"" r^ Present.—'' I , am speaking."" ijf^ ^^ t^ 9 J^ ^^ «^ t;=f*i!ji^^ Imperfect. — ** I was speaking." I ^a ff V" % y^ ^ An f l^ U)y Sj i i!y o Pa^f.— " I spoke." V'^r^' ti;:^-' > 52 THE VERB. Past. — " I have spoken/"* SINGULAR. -^ 9 PLURAL. " -^ 9 9 j^'i^ii, u^Asi ^} Pluperfect.—" I had spoken." ^"^^^ l^ ^^y ^ Aii r ^ V »J ^ ^- ^) AORIST. " I may speak." 9 "^ lir^'y r* 7 A9 9 9 l^""^ ^ii\i^) Future— ''I sha 11 or will speak." 9 -^ ^9 9 *\^^ %^ ^i>^, * If the root ends in 1 , the letter ^ may be inserted in the aorist and future, between those terminations that end in ^^ and the root ; as . » I or . 1 , "he may come." The same remark applies to roots in ^ and ^ , or they may be contracted, as in UjJb . THE VERB. 53 SUBJUNCTIVE OR CONDITIONAL MOOD. Present. — " I may be speaking." SINGULAR. &c. USj^ or ^^yt) Ia)^ ^ (J &c. l^^yti or ^.^a Ul^ \ 9 PLURAL. &c. ^.^y> or &c. ^j^j^fe 2!^ 1^ &e. ^^yDor^yt)^ jj ^^yt or &c. ^^^yb ^y ^^ Pa«^. — " I may have spoken.'*' SINGULAR. ^ &c. l^^yj or &c. ^^y& ^y -j^o 9 &c. I6jyb or &c. ^^yt ^^ ) ^ PLURAL. &c. ^jyt> or &c. 0Ji^yt> ^y *a ^yb or &c ^yt ^ >j &c. ^^y^ or &c. ^^^yb ^y ^^ I had spoken," or " I would have spoken.'' SINGULAR 9 9 ^ Uy> ^y or m^ x^, y , ^ PLURAL. F 3 54 THE VERB. IMPERATIVE MOOD. *' Let me speak," " Speak thou/' &c. SINGULAR. ^^. (perm, or prec.) ;Jy ^^ , Jy y , ^^^Jy ^^ ^ PLURAL. " Let us speak." IXuJy or yJy c;^^^ V^ (respectful) jJy J ^jjy *fi> INFINITIVE. — (Used as a Gerund or Verbal Noun.) Uly , " speaking." \^ ^y , " of speaking," &e. Noun of Agency. KU ^y^ or ^Ij ^y, **a speaker." Participles used adjectively. I Jb Uiy or Lily , " speaking." J* ]^ Lj or IJy, '* spoken." Adverbial Participle. .a ^y , " immediately on speaking." 61. We now proceed to the conjugation of trans- itive verbs, w^hich differs from that of intransitive verbs only in the tenses formed from the past participle. In these a passive construction is used. The English nominative is represented THE VERB. 55 by the case of the agent ; and the verb is either made to agree with the object, which remains in the nominative ; or, while the object is put in the accusative with ^, the verb is retained in the third person singular masculine. o TRANSITIVE VERB 1>;U , " tO Strike." Root^U , ** strike thou." PRINCIPAL parts: Infinitive 1J;U, "to strike.'" Present Participle lS;U, "striking.'' Past Participle KU, " struck." Past Conjunctive Participle /;U, ^J-<* ^J^'J^ JJj^y ^j-^U, " having struck." INDEFINITE. SINGULAR. ^U ^^jXo, "I strike." 1J.U y , " thou strikest." 9 lJ;lo 8j, "he strikes." PLURAL. ^U ^ , "we strike." 9 ^^U ^, "ye strike." ^U ^;, "they strike.' 56 THE VERB. Present, SINGULAR. ^y& |J;U (2;J^» "I am striking." ^ lj;Uy, "thou art striking.'' ^ IS^Lo Xj, **he is striking." PLURAL. ^^ ^^ 4^, "we are striking." yt> ^J^ |P» "ye are striking." ^^ £^J^ 4L.J ' " *^^^y ^^^ striking.' Imperfect. SINGULAR. lf> U;U ^jX« , " I was striking." 9 l^ U;U y , " thou wast striking." 9 l^ ly;U i5j , " he was striking." ^ c^J^ ^ * * ^^ ^^^^ striking." 9 ^ ^J^ fi "ye were striking." ^ ^J^ 4^3 ' " ^^^y were striking. Past. SINGULAR. 1;U i^\^i y > tj^> " I» thou, he, she, or it struck. PLURAL. 9 9 9 j;U ^vj^i or jj^l J>, ^JD, " we, ye, or they struck. THE VERB. 57 Perfect. SINGULAR. ^ ];U ^ ^j--Ky» ij:!^> ** I» thou, he, she, or it have, hast, or has struck." PLURAL. f 9 9 have struck.'' Pluperfect. SINGULAR. W* j;^ AlT^' y * U^' " ^' thou, he, she, or it had, hadst, or had struck/' PLURAL. 9 9 l^ j;U ^ 4j;K iJ, i*^* **we, ye, or they had struck." AORIST. SINGULAR. ^jjj;U ^£;J^, "I may strike." 9 ^^Uy, **thou mayest strike. 9 ^ lU x^, "he may strike." ^Lo ^y *'we may strike." 9 jj .U J, " ye may strike." (j>;U ^, '*they may strike.' 58 THE VERB. Future. SINGULAR. Ifijl^U ^^, "I shall or will strike." L6,U y , " thou shalt or wilt strike.*" 16;U j$^ , " he shall or will strike.*" PLURAL. ^w,U *Jb, "we shall or will strike." ^jj^lc J, "ye shall or will strike." ^6J;U ^, "they shall or will strike." SUBJUNCTIVE OR CONDITIONAL MOOD. Present. SINGULAR. 9 9 9 i „ '' l^y& or lXi!j^i& _ ^^^i^Jb or ^^j^yb IJ;U ^^, " I may be striking." l^yt> or lX)yt> l^jys> or y& or ^^ v_^y^ ^^ y » " *^^^ mayest be striking." \^yb or I6ys> LG^yb yb or ^y& ^y& UjU jj^, "he may be striking." PLURAL. ^y& or ^y& ^^y& » ^^ or ^y& ^^yt ^)U ^^ "we may be striking." ^yb or ^^y& — yb or ^yb ^^U J>, " ye may be striking." (same as first pers. pi.) &c. (j^jjiyb ^-^U > * , " they may be striking." 9 f THE VERB. 59 Past. SINGULAR. l^yb lU ^ir-^ y » ^^^y "I> thou, he shall have struck/"' PLURAL. 9 lsy& ];U ^jji» /*^» ,»^» " we, ye, they shall have struck." Pluperfect. SINGULAR. Ijyb KU ^m:!^ or l^U ^£^, "had I struck, or I would have struck." 9 9 Ij^b KU ^^ or lJ;U y, "hadst thou struck, or thou wouldst have struck." 9 9 Uy> \jlo ^^j^^ or ILU 2r^, **had he struck, or he would have struck." PLURAL. 9 9 9 ^fi\j[^ ^J\ ^ ^ or ^\lo ^_j j*^' 1^ » " had we, ye, they struck," &c. Imperative. SINGULAR. 9 ^^^U ^^i "let me strike." ^ ^U y , " strike thou." ^U (perm, or prec.) ^^U 55^, "let him strike." 60 THE VERB. ^^U ^, "let US Strike/' \^jlc or ^jlo ^jl< ^_>T (respect) ^^U J.', " strike ye/' ^>;U ^y "let them strike." INFINITIVE. — (Used as a Gerund or Verbal Noun.) U;U, striking." 1^ ^[^U, "of striking," &c. Noun of Agency. \j^ ^^lo or ^Ij ^;U, "a striker." Participles used adjectively. ty& li^U or l^U , " striking." 9 \fi KU or j;U, "stricken." Adverbial Participle. jJb ^^U, "immediately on striking." PASSIVE VOICE. 62. It has been affirmed by Ibrahim Mukbah, the author of an excellent Hindustani Grammar, that the language possesses no passive voice. To refute this assertion, it vrill be sufficient to quote a single passage in the Bagh-o-Bahar, p. 215 : Us \jlc /y^ S t5yi> <-^'^ y i/ \^ » " He indeed was released, for after suffering vv^rong he vras slain." THE VERB. 61 The passive voice, therefore, in Hindustani, is formed by adding the past participle of an active verb to the auxiliary verb, bU- , " to go," regu- larly conjugated through all its tenses. Thus, PEINCIPAL PARTS : Infinitive liU- 1,U, "to be struck." Present Participle 'oU- l^U, " being struck." Past Participle lo l^U, " having been struck." Past Conjunctive Participle ^U- ^U- U- 1;U. Present Indefinite, SINGULAR. UU^ tjU (^jJycy " I am struck." UU l;U y , " thou art struck." l3U- l^U ^j, "he is struck." PLURAL. 2W" ^;'** f^» * ^^ ^^^ struck." ^U- ^ jU >J , "ye are struck." 2^^ ^^^ ^^' "they are struck." Present Definite, SINGULAR. ^j^ 'Jl»- j^U ^^;J^, " I am being struck." ^ lSL>. I^U y , " thou art being struck." ^ bW Ijlo 2j , " he is being struck." ^^ THE VERB, PLURAL. 1^-^^ ^ ^J^ l*^> "we are being struck." •^ 2:^ ^iU jj, *'ye are being struck." i:)-:^ 2^^ 4i»'^ ^^» "they are being struck."" Imperfect, SINGULAR. $ 9 ^ U' UU \j\^ nj y ^x< , " I, thou, he was being struck. PLURAL. ^f Z^ ^y^ «i^> (^ (^' " ^^' y^» they were bein< struck."" Fast. SINGULAR. 9 9^ Us l^U iTj y ^A^, " I, thou, he was struck." PLURAL. C£ L^J^ <^^ (^ f^' "^'^' y^' they were struck."" Perfect. SINGULAR. 9 -- ^^ Ui ^U ^^, " I have been struck." ■^ 9 ^ Ui I^U y , " thou hast been struck.'' " ^ 9 ^ Us 1;U 8j , " he has been struck." PLURAL. 9- ^ (^ ^ ^J^ ^y "we have been struck." y> c^ 4^}-< fy "ye have been struck." (j^ c^ 4^)^ ^;» "they have been struck. THE VERB. 63 Pluperfect. SINGULAR. l^ ^ j/'-o 8j y . x<, " I, thou, he had been struck." SINGULAR. ^^ ^ ^j^ ^if^ f^y "we, ye, they had been struck." AORIST. SINGULAR. uj^ ];U ^x<, " I may be struck." ^j^ j;U y, "thou mayest be struck." ^^U- 1;U Sj , " he may be struck." PLURAL. ijij^ ^j^ f^ > "we may be struck." ^ ^ ^J^ (^ ' " y^ ™^y ^® struck." i^j V ^j^ ^^ , " they may be struck.' Future. SINGULAR. ^J^ j;U ^^, "I shall be struck." IG^U- i;Uy, "thou shalt be struck." l6jU^ ]jlo 5$j, " he shall be struck." PLURAL. ^.^U- ^^U |*a, "we shall be struck." ^jU- ^;U J , "ye shall be struck." ^jU- ^j^ ^^ ' " *^^y ^^^^^ ^^ struck. 64 THE VERB. SUBJUNCTIVE OR CONDITIONAL MOOD. Present. lOy& or l^^y& -. 0yi> or ^j^yt* UU- l^U ^^, " I may be struck," &c. Fast. 9 9 9 ^ ^ a "^ Uiyb or l^^yb -. ^^ or ^^^yt> Us I^U ^^ , " I shall or will have been struck." Tluperfect. IjU- j^U ^xo, " had I been struck, or I would have been struck," &c. Imperative. SINGULAR. ^^ lyU \yi^i "let me be struck." 9 U ];U y, "be struck." 9 9 ^_ U- j;U 5$j (perm, or prec.) ^jU- ]^U j$^, " let him be struck.'' , PLURAL. (^yi.^^ ^j^ *5>, "let us be struck," l6o^ \s^ or y, L»- or ^ U^ ^ ;^ 4-^ ' (respect) ^»~ ^ lU -J "be ye struck." d'"^ L^}^ ^^' "^^* them be struck." INFINITIVE. — (Used as a Gerund.) UU- lU , " being struck." ^ ^ss>. ^ )U, " of being struck." THE VERB. 65 63. The reason of the rare use of the passive voice in Hindustani is, that the language abounds with simple verbs of a passive signification ; as, ULo, **to be mixed*"; UOb, " to be reared." These verbs are rendered active, and their active forms causal, in the following four ways ; — 1. By inserting 1 between the root and the l> of the infinitive ; as, UG , " to ripen," makes li\^ , " to make ripe,'' or " to cook.'' This again becomes causal by inserting ^ between the root and the new termination; as, l>^^> "to cause to make ripe." Thus, also, in the verb UJb-, "to bum," ^Jb UL&- yL^\ signifies "the fire burns "; ^ Ijf'iU- S ^\ Xj , " he kindles the fire "; and ^ ^\^ ^ lI/I »j, "he causes the fire to be kindled." 2. When the root of the primitive verb is mono- syllabic with the long vowels I, j, u?» or with short . , these are shortened in the active verbs, which are otherwise formed as in the preceding rule. Thus, U^U- , " to be awake," makes Ul^ , " to awaken," and Ul^^, ** to cause to awake"; U!^, "to speak," 9 9 makes UL, "to call," Ul^, "to cause to call"; UCv^, "to wet," makes UIQj, "to wet," and Ul^, 66 THE VERB. *to cause to be wet"; and Uj**), "to give," makes li^J, "to cause to give," lil^J, "to cause to be given." The diphthongs ^ and j au and ai, undergo no change; but IJ^jUj, "to sit," makes !il«ju, **to seat." 3. The short vowel of the root is, in many- primitive verbs, changed into its corresponding long ; thus, UL , "to thrive," makes Uib , " to nou- rish "; Ud«^, "to be open," U!^, "to open." The causals are formed as in Rule I. ; as, lil Ji^, " to cause to open." 4. A few causals are formed by adding li^ to a shortened form of the root ; as, from lil^, " to eat," comes liSi^, " to cause to eat"; from U^Ciuw, ^ CO '* to learn," comes Ul^^, "to teach"; but lil^Cw is also used. The following verbs are irregular: \}£^iy "to sell," from U^j, "to be sold." UjJ , " to break," from Ub^' , " to burst." U«^, "to let go," "to fire," from li^, "to go off." \jj{^ , " to rend," from lu^ , " to be torn." li«^ , " to burst open," from Ui^ , " to split." 61. Compound verbs are of most frequent THE VERB. 67 occurrence in Hindustani, and may be divided into the following classes : I. From the Boot. 1. Intensives which add one verb regularly conjugated to the bare root of another ; as, Ullj .U, o "to slay outright," from U,U, "to slay," and Ul3, "to cast down "; UU^l^, "to eat up," from ISl^, "to eat," and UU^, "to go." 2. Potentials which add UkMi , " to be able," to the root of another verb ; as, UC« ^ '* to be able to take." 3. Completives which add U^, "to have finished," to the root of another verb. Thus, U^- ^ , "to have done writing." II. From the Past Participle. 1. Frequentatives ; as, U^ UU. L>| , " to make a practice of coming and going." And here it must be observed, that the irregular, but far more common participle l^, never occurs in this phrase ; while bU-, which is used here and in the following compound, never occurs elsewhere. 2. Desideratives ; as, ^ liftU- l^U- , " he wishes 68 THE VERB. to go"; UstU- l^^ ^^b, "It is about to strike twelve." III. From Nouns. These are called nominals ; as, U^U i^^ , " to dive," from i^^ , " diving." 65. Irregular verbs do not exist in Hindustani. These six, however, deviate from the general rule in the formation of the past participle : INFINITIVE. UU^, "to go." PARTICIPLE. Masc. Fem. l^ ^f,"gone." by, "to do." Ur J, " done." b>, "to die." \^S^. "dead." ly& j'f^, "been." Uy&, "to be." Ijo,i>, "to give." \d t^t>, "given." UuJ, "to take." Ul J, "taken." ( 69 ) CHAPTER IV. SYNTAX. ORDER AND ARRANGEMENT OF SENTENCES. 66. In Hindustani the nominative of the verb generally takes the first place in a sentence. It is followed by the predicate, and the sentence is closed by the verb. No change takes place in the arrangement of a sentence to mark interro- gation. Thus, ^ ^la>j ^ ^ may signify, " You also were there,'" or " Were you also there ? " But Lji', "what?" is often prefixed to shew that a question is intended ; as, l^ L*jil ^ J> Ui', " Did you say so ?"" There are, moreover, numerous adjectives and adverbs which mark interrogation, and these commence with the letter fdJ; as, L^^, **when.P" ^[^, ''where?" OF THE ARTICLE. 67. The numeral v^l , " one," represents the in- definite article, while the place of the definite article is supplied by the demonstrative pronouns Sj, 70 SYNTAX. "that''; ^, "this." At other times the article is inherent in the noun. NOUNS. 68. The adjective generally precedes the substan- tive, and in that case does not receive the nasal terminations ^1, ^^, or ^J;^ of the plural; as, ^>~] ^ ^j^jT, "from good men."* Thus also, when feminine participles are added to the auxiliary verb, the verb alone receives the nasal ^ ; as, (^j^ ^^ ^Jkp jjlS, "Those women were singing.'' When an adjective or participle refers both to masculine and to feminine nouns, which are names of ani- mate things, it is used in the masculine gender ; as, Bagh-o-Bahar, p. 37, «. ^u^ — 'iiS[^ — ^^s^ j^ , " Dancing girls, mimes, singing boys, mu- sicians, minstrels, clothed in handsome dresses, are present singing in harmony." If, however, the nouns be names of inanimate things, the adjective or participle generally agrees with the nearest noun ; as, Bagh-o-Bahar, p. 36, ^^ ^J^J ti^ ^^ c/ ^J^ ^J u^^Oj^ ilh^J^' "Oranges of various kinds, and flowers of every hue, were arranged." SYNTAX. 71 The Nominative. 69. The nominative, as we have already seen, when past time is spoken of, is used only with those verbs that are neuter or passive, the case of the agent being used before the past tenses of active verbs. This case is frequently substituted for the accusative after active verbs, especially when denoting inanimate things ; thus, yi l-jU^, " Bring the book."" The Genitive and its Begimen. 70. The adoption of the affixes ^, ^, \^, which denote the genitive, is regulated by the same rule as that for the termination of adjectives. As a general rule, the genitive is followed by its regimen ; and if the latter be in the masculine singular nominative, the affix of the genitive must be ^ ; as, ^J^j4 ^ u**^ » " I* is his house." Before masculine nouns, in any other case, ^ is used ; ^S' (j^ ^ KJ*^ ^J^ tjyj'^' "Both the horses are his " ; ^ (-_jU ^ ^j-l , " From his father." Before all feminine nouns, whatever their case or number, ^ is used ; as, ^^ ^ ^^P^j^ i\^d\i^^ji^y^ ^^, "I am the phantom of the life of the king of Tabaristan." In the preceding sentence we must 72 SYNTAX. observe the use of the Persian genitive, which is not uncommon in works translated from that lan- guage. Thus, xl^t^b jAS^y "Life of the king," where the regimen precedes the genitive, and is subscribed with the vowel kasra, which here sig- nifies " of." {a) The genitive sometimes idiomatically ex- presses " completeness," " positiveness "; as, ^^<^ ^^^ ^i "a downright falsehood "; and Bagh- o-Bahar, p. 184, ^ y ^ji ^j^j %j\i / ^d ^i ^ twelve years, even then it will remain as crooked as ever." (6) The affix of this case is sometimes omitted ; as, ^ )W ^ji> » " On the bank of the river," for ji jj^i^ ^ ^i>» especially in words denoting measure or weight ; as, liG ^ JjS J^U- I^ <^JoI j&, "What does a phara of rice sell for?" The Dative. 71. The dative in English may, for the most part, be rendered into Hindustani by the same case, though the expression " for me," " for my sake," will be translated by ^^1^ or ^a! with the geni- SYNTAX. 73 c tive ; as, ^\^ ^^Usb, "for my sake/' Motion to a place, and the time when a thing occurs, are expressed in Hindustani by the dative ; as, ^ j4 liU^, "to go home"; ^ ^^d^ " by day ''; ^ cu];, " at night/' When a pronoun or adjective capable of inflection is joined to the noun signifying time, the postposition ^ may be omitted ; as, \j:^^ l."*^ "at which time/' The dative is sometimes used after a noun, as Bagh-o-Bahar, p. 112, ^^J <^ys- ^ ^, "There is fear for his life." The Accusative. 72. As has been already stated, the nominative is often used for the accusative ; for example, where a dative and accusative come together, to avoid the repetition of ^ ; as, y^ t-jll^ ^. ^ ^ti I ^^1 , " Give that man this book." When the dative is represented by a pronoun, the repetition of the postposition is easily avoided by using the second form of the dative for the pronoun ; as, viJol ^1 ji> \X^ ^ {j^^ ^ f^^f " I indeed am telling him," It may sometimes be rendered into English by the accusative ; as, Bagh-o-Bahar, p. 48, ^ ^S\ ^f>- ^ ^ uJLail S ^^ > " It behoves a man not to miss what is just." With *» the ablative may be termed the instrumental ; as, ^^1 ^ ^J\ ];U ^ j^^ ^y "He killed him with a sword." With j^^ it answers to the locative ; as, ^Jb jjJ^^. "He is in the house." Sometimes jjx« and ^ are conjoined ; as, tLJol ^ ^jju Ji , " One of them " (lit. *' from among them ") ; and sometimes ^ and ^ ; as, H^J^ji ^j^ ^j' " He fell from his horse." For the case of the agent with ^ vide p. 41. OF THE PRONOUNS. 74. Where the termination of the verb marks the person the pronoun may be omitted. It has been already remarked that the pronouns of the first and second person remain uninflected before ^in construction with past tenses of active verbs. When, however, between them and ^ a word in SYNTAX. 75 apposition with them is introduced, they take the form of the inflection. Thus, Bagh-o-Bahar, p. 20, ^_y b , " I, the fakir ijit * obtained my education ')» was brought up under the fond care of my parents." Similarly we should say \^ k^:^^ J ^^?r^ > " of me wretched," not ^ ci^^i^. ^S jj^ • The pronoun of the second person singular is seldom used, except in addressing the Deity, or where the object is to express familiarity or con- tempt. The pronoun of the first person plural is, on the other hand, constantly employed by even the lowest classes when speaking of themselves Thus, ^ ^\j>' Jb, "I {lit. *weO think." In speaking of persons of exalted rank, the third person plural is used; as, ^ ^jl or l^ ^il;>V^'* " His highness said." In the grammar of Mu- hammad Ibrahim the following rules are given for the use of the personal pronouns : — " 1. When the speaker and the person whom he addresses are of the same rank, each should speak of himself in the singular number, and address the other in the second person plural. "2. A person of superior rank may speak of 76 SYNTAX. himself in the plural number ; but this is not con- sidered polite, nor is it thought correct to address even the lowest rank in the singular number. " 3. The pronouns of the third person may be used in the singular, when speaking of any persons in their presence, unless they be of superior rank, when they ought to be spoken of in the plural. ** 4. When one person of rank addresses another of the same or superior rank, or speaks of him in his presence, it is most correct to make use of the respectful pronoun i >T, or the great man's title, or some respectful phrase ; as, jj^ljsjv, * your honour '; ci^^-^ , * highness,' and the like, with the third person plural of the verb ; and when an inferior addresses a superior, he ought at all times to use similar expressions of respect, suitable to the rank of the person addressed." An inferior, speaking of himself in the presence of a superior, uses the words J^ or 5$iXl>, " slave ''; thus, Bagh-o-Bahar, p. 42, _ ^ }^J:^^ J^ ^^ ^'^ fi ^ ^J^f4 e^^^ ^^^ ]>- ^ ^ » " Your slave is guilty, and has erred : whatever punishment seems fitting, let that be inflicted." Persons of equal rank often use the words c/jJi, "Your devoted," ^^Jis^ , " Your sincere friend,'"* in speak- SYNTAX. ing of themselves. In relating the words of another the direct form is used instead of the oblique. Thus, in English, we should say, " He says that unless I give him a month's leave he will desert from the service "; but in Hindustani this would be ^ ^j| . But if the brother of another person were in- tended we should then say Jb UiJ ^ ^l^ ^ ^). U>] is often used for the other possessives ; as in the Bagh-o-Bahar, p. 21, U^ CJ^ ^yo ^^ UbI, ''My own mind, too, was perverted." h3 78 SYNTAX. Interrogatives. 76. These are often used in Hindustani to express a negation. Thus Bagh-o-Bahar, p. 214, i^^S ^ S-^ lJ:^^ \J^ ^ T^ ^^ ^'jij^ «-£/^« i^^"^ '^^ Ijuuw , " All I meet endeavour to prevent my going on, but I heed them not " {}iu " when was I listening to them?'"*) Iji', '^what.^*" is some- times employed as a conjunction ; as, U^ cb U^ jjX« c:^o^, "Whether in the garden or in the field." Belative and Correlative. 77. In the use of these the Hindustani diflPers from the English idiom. The relative generally takes the first place in the first member of a sentence, and is responded to by the correlative, which commences the second member. Thus, "I did what they said" would be rendered into Hindu- it stani by U/ ^ ^jk^ yw l^ ^{J^ ^ (^^^* " What they said, that I did "). We see, then, that the second member of a sentence in English is usually placed first in Hindustani. Thus, ** I have eaten as much as my stomach would contain " would be in Hindustani, as we find it in the Bagh-o-Bahar, p. 79, V.^ ^ (^^ y*j bU*« ^jx< C^ ^^ ^^ ^, SYNTAX. 79 " Whatever could be contained in my stomach, that I have eaten/' THE VERB. 78. Verbs in Hindustani (excepting the aorist and imperative, and the past tenses of transitive verbs, the singular construction of which has been already explained) agree in gender, as well as in number and person, with their nominatives; as, (jll^ l^, "The boy speaks"; jcly Jj, "The girl speaks"; ^9. Jj' "The boys speak"; ^^^ ^'u^, "The girls speak." If there be two or more nomi- natives of different genders to the same verb, the latter must be in the masculine gender, pro- vided the nouns be names of rational things ; ^9 9 ^ „ ^ 9 ^s» A^Jjfr '^'^j^ ^y^ ^>=-r ' r^ V!fr ^\^\ ^ ^ ^ Jl*»^, "It (is) not known what the result will be." Tenses of the Past Participle. 80. The past tense is often used by servants in replying to an order, where, in English, the pre- sent would be used. Thus, if a master were to say j I ^t>l , " Come here,*" the answer would be ^^.^:^-Lo bi , "I have come. Sir,*" for our ** coming." Where two past tenses come together, the oc- currence denoted by one of which is antecedent to that of the other, the pluperfect is used in Hin- dustani, though in English the past indefinite or imperfect is frequently employed. Thus, Bagh-o- Bahar, p. 190, ^^d 1 ^ l^ la, jJb ^ ^ ^ oaU- l^' J^^ ULs. jsK J , "Such a crowd of people was {lit. * had been ') assembled, that to proceed was difficult." The Aorist. 81. This tense is of vei*y general use. It perpe- tually occurs in proverbial expressions; as, . jU^i^U- ^J"^ {jt^ V^' " ^^ y^^^ confute the ruler, he smites you in the mouth"; J^^ Jci ^y^ ^^U^ ^ ^^-sfu^, " If I do not pull a bow, how shall I be called a 82 SYNTAX. soldier." It expresses doubt, contingency ; as, Bagh-o-Bahar, p. 191, fj^j^ J^* ^t> ^ ^1 L^^^s-^^, " Except in the case of my embracing their religion *"; and e.l i^^ y^ S ^ ^j ^„ ^ j^^ ^ Id ^ ^J ^\^ y ^U y , "He began to say that the custom of this city is, that whosoever prostrates himself before that idol, though he were but a beggar, and demanded the king's daughter, they would give her to him.*" The Future. 82. The future in Hindustani corresponds to the same tense in English, except where an obligation or command is expressed, as " You shall go,'' which would be rendered by the infinitive with 9- 9-9 the impersonal verb ^ U- ; thus ^ U- liL>. ^ J (lit. " To you to go is necessary"), " You shall go." APPENDIX I. Active voice, i — *^^j^^ maruf. Adjective, i^:^ nat, or j»^i ism i sifat. Adverb, («J^ or JxJ ^\ or — of place, JL^ i^Jo . — of time, ^jjUj «— i^ . — of affirmation, s-jlrsrj <— J;^ — of negation, ^Ju '— ^ • — of prohibition, «jU) «— i^^s- . — of injunction, (^^ c-i^. ^ ^^ ^ o — of identity, ^^-aa^ **-^' — of similitude, iJ <— ip- . Adv. of exception, Ui!Lil < ij»- — of cause, JjJixS or (,j>^ <— 9;^-. — of method, ^Jb ^j^ • — of condition, L^ u-5^. Agent, JxU. Alphabet, ^_^sV <-ix;>- or Aorist, c,La<. V^ o Article, '— ^• Case, v^ls*-. w Causal verb, t^JoOU (Jj«i. Common gender, i*iJyliMo. Compound, C-^o^. 84 SYNTAX. Conditional, ^j^ • G Conjugation, u-w^^. Conjunction, u-3p- or u-slai:, or A>^ u-?p-. — disjunctive, Jo«^<— 5^. Consonant, ^jjs^ uJj^- . Construction, Lj;. Correlative pronoun, «— ^1^ Declension, <— aj^ or ^;lt^ or <— i^. Defective, ^_^lj. Definite, J*Jcs^. Degree, comparative, sju^ 9 — superlative, . Demonstrative pronoun, ^ Derivation, j?Uxi»l. Diacritical points, s-?]/^^ . Doubling of a letter, *3j«XwK Orthography, L.1. Part of speech, ij^U . — definite, L^^* ig^'^- — future, ^Li*Xo >ilo. — optative, iJXk^ 15^^- — conditional, ,J^ ^jo\^ . Person, first, J^. — second, -iU- or L-^lsr« . — third, ^^li:. Plural, M^. Potential, ^^!. ** '' G Preposition,^ uJp-. NOUNS. 85 Present tense, JU^ . w — future, ^AjU JU^ Prohibition, ^- Pronoun, ^j.,*^. Pronoun, reflective, ju^ Pronunciation, -^r^ or laftU. Prose,^ . Prosody, ij^^j^. Quiescent, ^\m. Radical, -U!. Regular, ^*wlji. Rhyme, iUiU. Rule, (idajli or ^jyli*. c Scanning, ^alaSJ*. Sentence, |pU». Syntax, ysr. Tense, ^^U; or ^^am. or «xiAo Verb, J«i. — neuter. ^j ;L w « — transitive, ^^JotjU. — substantive, (jUf *** . Months- Hinduwi. G "^ G G Gi» GG ^ April, ^Ujj. May, ^^juj^. ^i^ June, *j'LI. July, ^^^U. August, ^;^i>Ih- September, ^j*«T. October, L^i^. November, ^^1. 9 December, ^j-^^. January, ^U. February, ^If^^. March, ci^ui. LIST OF THE MOST USEFUL POSTPOSITIONS.* 87 I. Preceded hy the Genitive with J, £]f before. c jJol, within. j^^\, above. C^N^b, on account of. Jjj, instead. ^^Cisi , without, sine. ji)ji , equal to. ^L), for the sake. Juo, after. -^ i without, want- yj^^ , within. >s^ , among, in. jb , beyond. M.U, near, at, with. ^«sa^, behind. ^, beneath. ^aJ, to, up to. ^U^t), between. ^L, with. ^f*Lw, before, in front. (.^...^v-u*, ^^^ouwj , because. ^^>u^ l^,besides,except. ij^^f instead of. J.ji, before, anterior. ^, '^-^V, near. j/, around. ^, on account of; ^^U, through. ^jjlla<, conformable with. ^jil^, according to. by means of. \jjjjy, near. ^«-lj , on account of. j^lyj , at the abode of. * Many of which are used also as adverbs. 88 POSTPOSITIONS. II. Requiring the genitive with J. ci^^Ij, concerning. e:^j^» l>y means of. t>ty>«o, through the aid. o.^^, on account of. JoX^- , for the sake of. -^, in the manner. (-jp^, towards. , by means of. in respect to. C-aAaw.^, The following Persian and Arabic prepositions are often met with in Hindustani. without. ;^. J, in. jJu:, near, with. ^, ^^,from. *^, with. J^lc, upon. J or J, to, for. viJ, like. ADVERBS OF FREQUENT OCCURRENCE. 9 ^ , now. to-day. ^I, at last. JbjU hither, here. ^jl, thither, there. lf«j], so, thus. so much. U;Ij, often. ^j\i , once, at last. jSii), without, outside. jj,**j, enough, well. CL*-^, much. ^, again. i^j, first, before. U*, to, until. 4^0, (»^^*, then. ^t>J, thither. C)JJ, ^LJJ, up to. 4^1^, there. \jy^, a little. IamOS, so. ^^^, so, thus. tXd-, «-^*-, when. ^t>o-, whither. i^Jo-, quickly. jf;JA^, exactly when. j^jL^^, where. tJt^V^ ti;^^ wherever. LwOd-, as. ADVERBS. 89 o ^li^^*■» fis, when. 4j^^ ^tj^^just the same. ^♦JJaJ, perpetually. JjijJ^j, daily. St^bj, more. ^^xw ,"1 in the morning, ^^^» 3 early. >« , truly. Jo/U., perhaps. jjjjb, besides. C^iii , merely, no more. Ji',yesterday, to-morrow. tii less, little. Iwjji^, how.? d^r<, not, do not. (^bb, yes, truly. ^^, ever. J^, yet. ^^,^, thus. iCj-#Ji>, always. ^x*o, that is, namely. ^Ai^, et cetera. 90 }\. if. iX^^I, although. Ui , .j\ , J , but, and. <)^b, moreover, rather. ^^^j, also, even. ^^ , but, yet. ^M*j , well, on this. ai'l;, in order that. y, then, so. CONJUNCTIONS. ^s-, if; iSi', that, viz. * o »1^, either, or. &^^, although. Ij>^C, as it were. ^a>, although. ci^U bi',what an affair! c-^^lji', how good I well done! sl^ sl^, admirable ! bravo ! o ljj>yo, hail ! welcome ! J^.djX^i take care! (jw^>^l, or u-ftj^, alas ! J tu^L>, astonishins: ! dreadful ! j^^jS^J^, ") begone! J or .J,J yb;;J or^ avaunt ! oK^Koh! [fellow! ^ yh ^y , tjT; , holla I you APPENDIX II. As both the Hindustani (or Urdu) and the Hindi (or Hindu!) languages are written and printed in a variety of characters — with all of which it may be desirable and important that a European resident in India should be acquainted — the editor has thought it advisable to append the following Alphabets, and also to introduce into the readin": lessons a few specimens of the different dialects and typographic styles. For the Talik {i.e. " hanging " or sloping) cha- racter — in which Persian and Urdii w^orks are gene- rally written and lithographed in India — the student is referred to the plates at the end of the volume. In this character, as well as in two styles of Nagari type, three short stories in the lessons are printed ; while the Nashki, or genuine Arabic form, is adopted in the dialogues, the extract from the Ikhwan-us- safdi and throughout the grammar. A sample of the Shikasta (lit. "broken") or Persian running-hand, usually employed in native correspondence, is like- wise appended, as also of the vulgar Nagari writing, along with keys to the same. All of these specimens the learner is recommended carefully to transcribe and study. 92 DEVANAGARl ALPHABET. VOWELS. 4 Initial*. , . "^ a, "^J a, ^i, ^F, "^ u, "m w, ^n, '%rt. Not Initial . T f t vs c^ ^ ,. Initial . . . "^ Zr?, "^ //-i, ^ e, ^ ai, ^ o, wt an. Not Initial . <« *? ^ ^ > "^ CONSONANTS. Hard. Soft. Nasal, &c. Simple. Aspirated. Simple. Aspirated. Gutturals . . oF ^«, ^ kha, t\ ga, Xf gha, ^ nga. Palatals . . . ^ cha,'^ chha.H ja, ^Sfljha, >T ni/a. Cerebrals . . Z ta^ T tha, "? da, ^ dha, ^ na. Dentals . . . l^ ta, "^ ^/m, i^ da, V c?/i«, "5T na. Labials . . . XT p^, ifi pha, W &ff, ^ &^«> ^ ma . Semivowels . ti ya, X, ra, ^ Zcr, ^ va, * a??^. Sibilants. . . ^^ska,^^ sha,X tr sa. Aspirates,^ /i«,:a/«. The mark ( * ) termed anuswara, has generally, in Hindi, the sound of n in king. It assumes the pro- nunciation of the nasal proper to the character which it precedes: taking, for example, the sound of m before a labial, as in ^\j or ^t^^ sambandh, " con- nexion." The silent aspirate (:) is termed visarga^ and answers to the final mute -& of the Persian alphabet. By some grammarians these two signs are ranked with the vowels, by others with the consonants. It is immaterial which. * That is either in a word or syllable. •f Or sa. The proper utterance of ;^ is effected by applying the tip of the tongue to the forepart of the palate. When com- pounded it often takes the form of v^, as ^ (shru). I Sometimes sounded kha. For further remarks on the Nagari letters see Gram. pp. 13—16. DEVANAGARl ALPHABET. 93 In some printed works we meet with the Devana- gari character in a form slightly varying from that ^ given above, and in pages 13 and 14 of the Grammar. For the convenience of the student it is here inserted, the alphabet being at the same time a little diffe- rently arranged. VOWELS. Short, 3r ^ 3 ^ rj ^ 3T1 Long, 3[T f ^ ^ ^ ^ 3ft CONSONANTS. anuswara. visarga. Gutturals . Hard. Soft. Nasals. Sibilants. Semi- vowels, &c. ^ ^ tT^ :? ^ Palatals. . ^ ^ 3r5r sr ^ ^ Cerebrals . z ^ :j T m W X Dentals . . rr sr K ^ ^ ^ ^ Labials . . tr cff w ^ H ^ VOWELS AND CONSONANTS COMBINED. 3{^ 3{T^ Xf^ t^ 3^ ^ 5^ ^f aka dkd iki Vn uku uku rikri rihri ^% ^f ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^- InJilri IrVtlrl eke aikai oko aukau angltah For the Kaithi character see Plate I. 94 DEV AN AG ARl COMPOUND LETTERS. When two or more consonants meet in the same word, without the intervention of a vow^el, they are usually made to coalesce, and form one compound character. This is done either by writing the sub- sequent consonant under the first, by blending the letters in a particular manner, or by writing them in their usual order, but omitting the perpendicular stroke of each letter, except the last. The letter 1^ {ra)t when it immediately precedes a consonant, is written above it, in the form of a hook : thus, % (rka) ; when it immediately follows one it is written under- neath, thus, ^ (kra), ^ (gra). We subjoin a selection of some of the most com- mon and difficult compounds (out of an almost infinite number of possible combinations) in the form of Devanagari type now in most general use. •^ ■5F^ •5Rf ^ m M hha hhha kchha hta ktya ktro -SRT ^ ^ ^ra ^ 'R ktha hna kpa kpha hma kya •a ^ H B -^ -^ hra krya kla hwa ksa Jisha W^ ^ ^ ^ ^ -m hshna kshma hshya hshwa khna khma -^ •^ -m T7T rq ^ hhya khsa Jihsa gga ggha 9J^ -f^ ^ ni ^ 7^ TiT gjha gda gdha gna gba ghha COMPOUND LETTERS. 95 TIT JTT ^ XT nr ^^ gma gy^ gyra gra grya gla ^ K X«T m IT tf gha ghna gkma ghya ghra ghwa w f m f f W ngka ngkta nghya ngksha nghakiva ngliJta m w m w m f nghhya ngga nggya nggha ngghya nggkra ^ T^r W ^ ^ ^ ngma ngm chcha chchha chchhra chchhrca 1- xJT ^ ^ ■^ ^ chna chm chya chhya chhra i7« m. ^ W ^ W ^ jjha jha i^« jra jwa ncha ^ ^^ ^ ^ ^ 35r nchha nclichJia 7{/« tta tya thya 5 w 1 1 ^ ^ thra dga dgha dda dhya dhra ^ IT W W W m dya drya nta ntha nda ndra m J^ m ^ m W ndrya ndka nna nma nya nwa ^ W ?JT ^ ^ isr tka tta ttma ttya lira ttw y^ R r^ rJT m TFT ttha tna tpa tpra tpha tma W W ^ ^ r^ W tmya fya ^J \jS What are you doing ? a> ^^^ L--jb y^^J Who is your father ? ^i> ^^X^A*, Jy t-c;^^^ 1^* Ij^ Can you speak English ? yb ^^V i^ cJIIm.^iXx2> Can you write Hindu- stani ? JJ& ^^ S^^ /^ What do you want ? yt> ^j i^}^ [*J Where do you live ? y^ ^^J^ What do you say ? ^ ^^ f How do you do ? ^a> L*j3 IXjI ^Vwo ^ How are you to day I ^ U^^c \jj^ How old are you ? ^^ j4 ^^ home. DIALOGUES. J99 ^jjL< ^y&^U- J Do you know where I ^yi Ub; jjl^ live ? [house. Jx^J t)|^ Come here. *-«^"^ or jW^jl Go there. ^jLs- j-f'^^ Walk quickly. ^1^^ ^J^^^ or ^C U^ ^^ Ul^ J When do you dine ? U^ ^ jj tj^U*- j^jJi I usually breakfast late. /.Jb ScioU c:^-v^ (^ I am very tired. ^U.Ju7*» Let us sit down. § Jb j\j3 Ul^^ Is dinner ready ? ^l^^^ Lay the table. 100 READING LESSONS. 9 ^ "^ ^V "^J^^ Bring a little bread. jl Ijj^i Give me some water. L5^ %- «-ii^^^ ci^y ^. This meat is very raw. j^fe if>-l Lii^/i^ ^jjU ^, The mutton is good, ^J VsJ4 S-*l/^ Cool the wine. ^p\xi U- Get tea ready. J^ ^ ^^-V^* ^U^. J^J Give me a cup of coffee. y ^> Bring candles. 1:^ ^^j^ Light the lamp. {^ li'l=^ ^ji,t} It is getting late. ^ L5* y«^^ ^JK^ Have they made the bed ? ~ ..♦ . . ^ u/^ L^ ' "^-^ ^^^ 1 am getting sleepy. ^J^^ 4^jy^ ^' Come, take off my boots. ^ lX Snuff the candle. .d [^^ y ^j^ Put out the lamp. y.^^ ^i^^.^'^ ^^^^ Please wake me early. ^■^3 1 ^ ^k ^j^ At half-past 5. [it is ? f ^^ Is: Ui^ ^a> ^^U- ^ Do you know what hour ( — j'jc< yw ^Si ui^ ^a ^s- I begyour pardon for what ^j:sa^ I have done. ^gs"*^ jj-J>^^ ^^-^ 'V. (^^ -^ ^^ "^^ ^^^1 understand j^j^ 2^ this. j^ ^^ j^AAJb (X^JJU ^. We must investigate this l^^5> matter. READING LESSONS. 101 SHORT SENTENCES IN THE DEVANAGATtl CHARACTER. To be transcribed in the Roman and Persian characters. vz^ ^^ ^^T CO Cs "m^ xiT^ ^ifin fi^i ^x ^fff wfr o ♦ Be silent. Take care. Do not forget. Please to pardon me. Do not bother me. Are you at leisure ? It is no matter. Drink some milk. Give me a very little sugar. Give me the sugar candy. Turn to the right. Go to the left. Say that again. Is any one there ? This is fine weather. It appears cloudy. It -will rain to day. Bring an umbrella. Brush my hat and coat. These clothes are dirty. Send them to the washer- man. i02 DIALOGUES. ^?^T ^R't q5T^ w^ ^ifi ftnc vRjft Call the butler. Where is the cook ? It is very hot. There are many flies here. What kind of beast is this ? Whose horse is that ? He is very active. What is his name ? He is a European. This fruit is good. This plantain is unripe. Bring (some) cold water. Wash your face and hands. Wipe your face. Comb your hair. Bring the inkstand, pen, and paper. This paper is damp. A letter has come. Send this to the post. This pen is soft. Is your pen-knife sharp ? Take a chair and sit down. DIALOGUES. 103 ^ >?^ ^^^ t Can you speak English ? Tell me what he says. Do you know this man ? He is an auctioneer. He is a doctor by profes- sion. Let us take a walk. Where shall we go ? Let us ramble through the city, I am going on a journey. Will you go by sea or by land? I shall go by a steamer. You should go by rail. Are my traps all ready ? What will the boat hire be.^ The sea is quite calm. It is now ebb tide. There is a ferry-boat there. I feel very cold. Bring my cloak. Allow me to say farewell. 104 READING LESSONS.— PART II. Short Stories in the Nagari and Persian characters, with translations and grammatical analyses. 3| ^-ISTT 3ft^ ^^T f^ T^ ^^^ ^ ^ ^fT ^ SR\fsjs[[ q^t ^T ^^ ^T^T f^ ^TT %2T 3TTf^?i ^Ct ^T 3flT 5% j/ji ^f c/*> ^^ o'^^' ^-^^ ^y-j'y ^ READING LESSONS. 105 f^ ^^T ^ TTt -grt^ ^ ^TWi: WTm ^i: ITSF -^-rft f^W% ^ITCl I ^H ^ "^^ T^^TT ^^ ^^T ^^ ^"^ ^w ^> w^f ^ ^i: ^ ^> ^-qjT ^ ^*\ I ^qH WRT TToF TT^* (ft I cF^T »rf RT5T vrz-sR^ ^ HT»T n^T^ ^> I ^?^ ^1t §7 wt: fsjPR f^y^ ^^t^ nrr- 106 READING LESSONS. — Xl ^ 'i\yJ .jy- ^}J ^'y. ^^Y- )^ j^^ ^t 1 1 ^^ ftoST f^ ^^f f^ f^ 5^ WT ff t Tft ^ ♦ A .x^ ♦ -J READING LESSONS. 107 ^■R^ Tli ^W ^>Tf fT^t ^T ^W T(W[ m^ WT ^RT m^T • c^ * c ^ "M U'^ ^Trf ^T^ fsF tT^T fiT^R^ ^ ^^ ^ ^^ ^T ^^ TTTT vj-!f\ wi ^n »TT^»T ilnr I ftr^ ^K ^? -sirt '^mr^^ 108 READING LESSONS. i^^^. Lf^^.i \j/^ L- ^i^-^, J READING LESSONS. 109 TRANSLATION OP THE FIRST STORY. The son of a vizier {i. e, prime minister) was simple and dull of intellect. The vizier sent him to (lit. near, conf. Fr. chez) a learned man and told (him) that (or saying) educate this boy, it may be that (or, perhaps) he may become wise. Accordingly the sage took very much pains in instructing him, but to no profit. Well, being helpless (or at his wit's end) he sent the boy back to his father and told (him) saying, thy son has not become wise, but he has driven me mad. Grammatical Analysis of the same. Ek^ (one, a), indeclinable numeral or pronoun ; often used for the indefinite article. Wazirkd^ (vizier's), gen. sing, of sub. mas. of 2d dec. koLy agreeing in gender with the governing noun, viz. Beta^ (son), nom. sing, of sub. mas. 1st dec. Nadan^ (ignorant), adj. indecl. qualifying beta. O, or wa (and), conj. Kund-zihn (stupid, dull), adj. comp. of kund (blunt), and zihn (acumen, sagacity). Tha^ (was) imperf of sub. verb hona (to be), agreeing with its nom. beta. Wazirne (the vizier, or by the vizier), agent of wazir, sub., as above- Ek^ (one, a), qualifying dand (sage, learned man) : » See Gram. Par. 34. 41, 42, 67. 2 Par. 25, 26, 70. 3 Par. 25. * Par. 34. 5 par. 58, 66, 78. 110 PARSING. ddnd ke} gen. sing, of ddndj sub. and adj. indec. 2d dec. gov. by pds^ (near) postpos. requiring mas. sign of gen. case, use^ (him), ace. sing, of pers. pron. wuh (he, she, it) gov. by hhejd (sent), past tense of trans, v. bhejnd. aur (and), cop. conj. kahd^ (said), past tense of hahna, v. trans, hi (that, viz.) conj. is^ (this) ace. sing, of pron. yih!^ larke ko^ (boy), ace. sing, of lorkd, sub. mas. 1 dec. gov. by tarhiyat kar^ (in- struct), imp. 2d sing, of nominal comp. verb tarhiyat karnd. slmyad^ (perhaps, it may be), 3d sing. aor. of Persian verb shdyastan (to be, happen), ki (that), conj. ^aklmand (wise), adj. indec. ho^ (be, having been), root or past, conj. part, of v. hond ; but, compounded withjana (to go), forming an intens. comp. meaning " to become.'' jdwe (may go), aor. 3d sing, of v. n. jdnd. chundnchi (accordingly), adv. ddndne^^ (the wise man), agent of ddnd. uski^ (of him), gen. of pers. pron, ivuh (he), gov. in gen. fem. by idlim^^ (instruction), sub. fem. 3d decl. loc. case gov. by men (in), postpos. Bahut (much), adv. si (very), intensive particle fem. (mas. so) in agreement with koshishP- (endeavour), sub. fem. 3d dec. nom. sing. k1^ (made), past tense fem. sing, agreeing with koshish. par (but), conj. kuchh (any), indef. pron. qualifying and * Ko, the sig-n of the case, is only used after the noun qualified by the adj. pron. 1 See Gram. Par. 25, 26, 70. 2 P. 87. 3 Par. 38. 4 Par. 46, 52. ^ Par.54, 64. ^ Par. 81. 7 Par. 34. 8 Par. 49, 59. ^ Par. 62, 64, 81. 10 Par. 25, 52. 11 Par. 32. 12 Par. 46, 52, 65, i3 Par. 41. PARSING. Ill agreeing vfiihfdida^ (profit), sub. mas. nom. sing. 1st dec. nahu,a[v^SiS not), comp. of na (not) and Jiu,d^ past tense of hond, agreeing with its nom. fdida- pas (well, thereon), conj. Idchdr (helpless, at his wit's end), adj. comp. of Id (not), and chdrd (help), hokar (being, having become), past conj. part, of hond. larlce ko^ (the boy), ace. sing, of larkdi gov. hyhhfjd. uske bdp ke^ (of his father), gen. sing, of ddp, gov. by pds^ (at the side, near), postpos. requiring mas. gen. pher (again), adv. bhejd (sent), past tense of bhejnd (to send), v. trans, aur (and) conj. kahd^ (said), past of kahnd, v. a. ki (that, as follows), adv. fera^(thy), gen. mas. sing, of pers. pron. tu, qualifying betd. ''dkil^ (sensible, intelligent), adj. n. sing, naliin (not), adv. hu,d^ (has become), past tense of hond. aur (and), mvjhe^ (me), ace. sing, of main, 1st pers. pron. gov. by kiyd. diudna or dewdna (mad), indec. adj. forming with karnd a comp. nom. verb (to madden, drive maid),kii/d^ (made) past tense oi karnd. SECOND STORY. A certain travelling trader having lost his road wandered (lit. going, issued) into a forest. There no one else met his sight, but a jogee (devotee) presented himself. He (the trader) having prostrated himself 1 See Gram. Par. 25. 2 Par. 52, 59. 3 Par. 34. 4 Par. 49, 59. ^ Par. 38. ^ Par. 70 & p. 87. 7 Par. 46, 52, 61. » Par. 54, 64. 9 Par. 65. 112 TRANSLATION. (before him) asked, " My lord, from whence are you coming and whither will you go ?" He rephed, " My son, having made (the tour of) Hinglaj, Jwala-Moo- khee, Hurdwar and Koorchhetr, I am now come (thus far), and having been (to) Kashee (i. e, Benares) after performing a pilgrimage to the Mela (religious fair) of the Gunga and Godavery I will go to Ramesh- wur. The trader said, " distinguished sir (lit. great king), let me ask one question, if you will not be angry." He said '^ not one (only), two (if you choose, i. e. as many as you like)." He (the trader) said, " Respected sir, I am (lit. we are) a householder (or family man), if I (lit, we) wander from country to country, then there is no harm ; you (lit. self) are a fakeer (religious mendicant) ; why, by continually rambling about, do you lose your character. Where- fore do you not, sitting in one place, engage in the contemplation of your God." He (the devotee) said, " Have you not heard this proverb, * Flowing water is pure; dammed up it may become putrid:' (so, if) a respectable man roams about, it is well ; no spot at- taches itself (i. e. his reputation remains unblemished)." Grammatical Analysis. Ko-'t^ (some, a certain), indef. pron. nom. sing, in agreement with haniyan' (trader), sub. m. 1st decl. sing. nom. to ja niJdat and in apposition with hatohi^ (traveller), sub. m. 2d decl. sing. nom. deriv. from ' Gram. Par. 41. 2 Par. 35. 3 Par. 26. PARSING. 113 Sans. '^JZ hat} (road), sub. m. 2d decl, (N.B. haty "a word/"' is fern. 3d decl?) sing, acc.^ governed by bhul ke^ (having mistaken or strayed from), p. conj. part, of V. n. or a. bhulnd (trans, bhulana, caus. hhulwana). Ek hart men^ (into a forest), ban, sub. f. 3d decl. abl. or loc. gov. by postpos. men (in, into), ja nikld (having gone issued) ; ja, the root or conj. part, of jdnd* nikld,^ past tense of v. n. nikalnd (trans, nikdlnd^ caus. nikalwdnd) ; but, together, forming comp. intens. verb, jd nikalnd, **to stumble into, to find one's self in.'** wise^ (to him), dat. sing, (original form, instead of the more common, use or usko) of pers. pron. wuh. wa- hdn (there), adv. of place, deriv. from wuh ** that." aur (other) adj. or pron. indec. to (indeed, then), adv. or conj. ko-i ^ (any one), forming with aur a comp. indif. pron. " any one else."'' na (not), adv. nazar (sight), sub. f . of 3d decl. nom. sing, dya (came) past tense of v. n. dnd, agreeing with its nom. aur holt and forming with nazar a comp. nominal verb, " to come in sight, to appear;'"' or, if the two words be regarded as unconnected, then nazar may be called the locative with meii understood, par (but), conj. 1 Gram. Par. 26, 27, 28, 32, 72. 2 le. if hhuJnd be here taken as a v. a. (to forget, mistake), but if regarded as a V. n. the two words form together a nominal compound verb, bat bhulnd (to lose one's way). ^ Par. 49, 57, 61. i Par. 32, 73. s Par. 62, 64. III. 6 Par. 62, 64. I. N.B. Verbal roots of more than one syllable, and ending with a consonant, which have any short vowel in the penulti- mate 2iT)dfat.ha in the final syllable, drop the latter vowel before all affixes beginning with a vowel. 7 Par. 38, 71. » Par. 41. 9 Par. 32. 10 Par. 49, 62, 64. III. 114 PARSING. ekjogi} (a devotee, ascetic), sub. m.2ddecl. (from Sans. ^iT 2/o5'>" penance, religious abstraction''), sing. nom. to dikha-l diya^ (shewed himself, appeared), nom. v. n. compounded of dikha-i (appearance), sub. f. 3d decl. and diyd (gave), past tense of v.a. dendy '*to give.'"* isne (he, or by him), agent or inst. case of yih 3d pers. or demons, pron., this case being required be- fore V, a. in all tenses formed from the past part. use^ (to him), dat.sing. of demons. pron. wuh, go\erued by dandawat karke. dandawat (obeisance by pro- stration), sub. f. 3d decl. governed by (or nom. in comp. with), karhe^ (having made) past conj. part, of karna. puchha (asked), past tense of piichhna, v.a. nath-jf (my lord), natK sub. m. voc. 2d decl. -^'7, an epithet of respect, dteho (are you coming), 2d pi. pres. tense of v. n. ana. kahan se (from whence), comp. adverb, aur (and), conj. jd-oge^*^ (will you go), 2d pi. fut. of V. n. jdnd. kahdn (where), adv. jaivdb^ (reply), nom. (used for ace.) of sub. fem. 3d decl. gov. by, or compounded with, diyd (gave), as above, bdbd^ (sire, or son), voc. of sub. m. 2d decl. H'mgJdj, Jwdld-mukhi, Haridudr, Karchhetr (prop, names, see Vocab.). karke' (having made), past, conj, part, oi karndy governing tirth or jdtrd (a pil- grimage), understood ; which, again, puts the above proper names all in the gen. case, kd being also understood, to (then), adv. dfd hun (I am coming), 1 Gram. Par. 26. 2 Par. 52, 64, III. 3 Par. 32, 68. 4 Par. 38, 62. ^ Par. .38, 71. 6 Par. 49, 57. 65. 7 Par. 49, 52. » Par- 26. » Par. 51, 60. 1° Page 63. PARSING. 115 pres. iadic. of and. aur (and), conj. Kdshz (prop. name, see Vocab.), sub. 3d dec. loc. case, gov. by men (in), understood, ho (being, or having been), past conj. part, of hond. Gangd Goddwan kd (see Vocab.) ^Qn. case of proper names, gov, by meW (religious gathering), nom. (used for ace.) of sub. m. 1 dec. gov. by (or compounded with) kar (hav- ing made), same as karke, see above, meld harnd, comp. nom. verb, " to visit a meld'' Set-bandh, Bdm^ eshwar ko (prop, names, see Vocab.), dat. case with V. of motion.* jd-ungd (I will go), 1 sing. fut. of v. n. jdnd : haniye ne (the merchant), agent of baniijdn, see above : kahd (said), see above. Mahdraj (great king), voc. of comp. sub. 2d decl. ek (one), num. adj. quali- fying hat (word), nom. (for ace.) of sub. f. 3d decl. gov. by puchhun (let me ask, or I will ask), aor., 1 per. sing, of v. a. puchhnd. jo (if), conj. Mafd (angry), adj. indec. naho (you be not, or will not be), 2d pers. pi. aor. of v. hond, with negat. particle na prefixed, bold (he said), past tense of bolnd. bnbd (father, or son), ek nahlri do (not one, two), kahd (he said). Mahdraj (lit. great king, sir), voc. sing, of sub. mas. 2d decl. Ham (we), 1st pers. pron. nom. pi. (used for sing.). (jirhastl (householder, or householders), nom. sing, or pi. of sub. mas. 2d decl. hain (are), 1st pers. pi. pres. tense of hond. jo (if), conj. des des (from country to country), adverbial compound. pJdreii (we roam), 1st pers. pi. aor. of v. n.phirnd (to turn, to ramble). i Gram. Par. 57, 59. 2 Par. 25, 69, 72. 3 Par. 64, III. 4 p^r. 71. 116 PARSING. to (then), kuchh (any), dosh (fault), nom. sing, of sub. mas. 2d decl. nom. to hai (is) understood, nahm (not), ap (self, ** your honour "), nom. (to ho) sing, (but requiring, when thus used, verb in 2d or 3d pers. plur.) of possessive or reflective pron. ap, gen. ap ha} falar (a darvesh or mendicant devotee); nom. sing, of sub. mas. 2d decl. ho (are), 2d pers. pi. pres. tense oihona, hhatak hhatak (wandering about), adver- bial compound, root (reduplicated) of v. n. bhatakna. kyun (why), adv. bharam or bhram (character), sub. m. 2d decl. nom. used for accus. gov. by (jaiiwate ho (are you losing), pres. tense 2d pers. pi. of v. a. ganwana. ek (one) thaur (place), sub. f. 3d decl. possess, case, gov. by men (in) understood, baith kar (sitting, or, having sat down), past. conj. part, of v. n. baithna. kis liye (ior what (reason) ? why ?)gen. (A-e understood) of interrog. pron. kaun (who? what)? with postpos. liye (for, on account of), requiring mas. sign of gen. case, ajme (your own), inflec. form of possess, pron. ajj} (self), agreeing with bhagwan-ka{oi God), sub. mas. 2d decl. gen. gov. by dhyan (medita- tion), sub. m. 2d decl. nom. used for acc.^ gov. by harte (you make) 2d pi. indef. tense of v. a. karna. nahm (not), adv. kaha (he said), baha (son), tune (thou, by thee), agent of 2d pers. pron. tu. yih (this), de- mons, pron. nom. sing, agreeing with kahawut (pro- verb), sub. fem. 3d decl. nom. sing, nahin (not), sum (heard), past tense, fem. agreeing wdth kahawat. 1 Gram. Par. 40, 74. 2 p^r. 69, 72. PARSING. 117 bahfciy (flowing), pres. part., used ss adj. of v. n. bahna, and agreeing with pani (water), sub. mas. sing., 2 decl. nom. to hai understood, nirmald (pure), adj. nom. sing. mas. agreeing with pdnl. bandha (confined), past part. mas., used as adj. of bandhnaj **to be bound." gandhild (putrid), adj. mas. sing, deriv. from gandha (smell), ho-e (it may become), aor. 3d pers. sing, of v. hond : sddhu (honest), adj. in agree- ment with jan (man, person), sub. m. or f. 2d decl. sing. nom. to ramtd (roams), indef. tense, 3d pers. sing, of V. n. ramnd. bhald (well), adv. or sometimes adj. ddg (for ddgh, spot, taint), sub. m. 2d decl. sing, nom. to Idge (attaches itself), Braj for lage aor. 3d pers. sing, of idgna, ho-i (any), indef. pron. agreeing with ddg. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON THE THIUD STORY. Koi bat kahke, " having made some remark." Uskajawab pTichha, "asked his reply (to it)." Yihi bat mere bhtji men a-i hat, " this very idea (or notion) has come into my mind also." The postposi- tions are sometimes written in connection with the word governed; as^2;ju^A:>-,and sometimes separately, as (j^fK=r • ^"^> contracted for aylt fem. of past tense (or part.) of anay " to come." Yih wahi bat hai, " this is just," (an illustration of) " that saying ;" lit. " this is that very word or thing." Observe in how many senses bat, even in this short storv, must be taken. 118 NOTES. Jo, ** to wit, viz.'" Sir sir 'aid, gur gur bidya, "every head has its own sense, every teacher his own science." gur, contracted for guru. This, and sir, are in the gen. case, kl and ka being understood, as well as the verb hai. Birhalne ''arz ki ki, *' Birbal remarked ;" lit. '* by Birbal representation (was) made that." Jahan-panah, mizdj men awe, " if it be agreeable to your majesty ; lit. " world's asylum, (if) into (your) disposition it come." Jahan-panah, compound ex- pression, for jahan ka p inah : conf. Eng. " ship- board," or ** board-ship," " seaside,^' &c. To is bat ko azma lije (for lijiye), " then please put this matter (or saying) to the test." azma-lena, in- tensive comp. verb. Fir may a, '* he said," lit. " or- dered ; an observation of majesty being tantamount to an order. Itni bat ke sunte hi, " on hearing this ;" lit. **on the hearing of so many words." Sau 'aklmand, " a hundred sages." Observe, with numerals, the singular form of a noun, whether in the nominative, or any other case, is generally pre- ferred to the plural. Buldbheje, (were) "sent for," lit. "calling, sent," an intensive compound, bheje, pi. agreeing with sau ''aklmand as plural in* sense, though not in form. Do pahar rat ke wakt {par being understood), "at midnight ;" lit. "(at) the time of two watches (of the) night." Bddshdh ke huzur, sup. men. Iliizur kdf ** of his majesty," lit. " of the presence." NOTES. 119 Mera-ek gharapani ha kya malum hoga, " will my one pot of water be perceived ;" kyd in such sen- tences is merely the sign of a question and need not be translated. Panild, " only water."" Tumne kya somajhhe, &c. " what did you suppose that you did not obey my command ?'** nahin to betarah pesh a-unga, ** otherwise I shall make you suffer for it," more lit. " I shall treat you unman- nerly." Jo kanon sunte the, the termination on seems here added either by way of emphasis (as in such phrases as harson guzre, L e. **' years — many years — have elapsed ''), or for euphony, to answer to ankhon, after which -ne is to be here understood. Sau sly arte, &c., "a hundred sages are of one opinion." siyane, gen. sing. sup. kz. 120 ROMANIZED KEY TO SPECIMENS OF PERSIAN AND NAGARl WRITING. I. nas-ta'lik letters, separate and compounded. PLATE II. — 1. a, h, J, di z, r, ;r, s, sh, z, ,(, 5 ,/, Jt^ k, kj I, m, 7if w, hi hhhis, la, , y, y, 2. &a, hty hht hd, hr, bs, bsh, bz, bt, b^, bft bh, bh, bl, bm, bn, bwt &J5, bh^, bid, by, by, 3. j«, j^» j'byjd, hr, hr, js, jsh, hz, ht, Aj_, jf^jh, jk, jl, hmihn, hjv, ji, jla,jla, Jjy,jy, PL. III. — 4. sa, sf, .y, shd, s?', ss, ssh, sz, 5(, 5?, sf, sh, skf si, sm, sn, shw, si, s,h^, sld, sy, sy. 5. sd, st, sj, sd, S7', ss, ssh, sz, st, S9-, sf, sh, sh, zl, sm, sn, Z7V, sif, z^f zld, sy, sy. 6- tM> i/f tjj idf i^> ^.s> ph, tz, tt, t^, tf, th, th, zl, tm, zn, tw, n, z)i, tld, ty, ty. PL. IV.— 7. ^5, ^, ^, ^d, ^r, ^?, ^h, ^, ^f, ^^, ^, ^* ^, ^, ^h ^, ^'» ^, ll^^, ^d, ^y, ^. 8. /«, ftJJJd, frjr, fs,fsh, fs,ft, f^ ff.fh,fh,fl, fm fn,fro,f%, fhi, fid, fy, fy. 9. hd, ht, hj, hd, h', hs, hsh, hz, ht, //? , hf, hh, hh, hi, hm, h7i, hw, hs, hltli, hid, hy, hy. PL* V. — 10. md, mt, mj, md, mr, ms, msh, mz, mt, m^, mf, mh, mh, ml, mm, mn, mw, mh, mh'6, mid, my, my. 11. hd, ht, hj, hd, hr, hr, hs, hsh, hz, lit, h^, hf, hh, hh, hi, hm, hn, hrc, hh, hhhhh^, hid, hy, hy. 12. abjd, hwz, hty, hlmn, s^i-, hrsht, sMz, zzgh, lei. al^d, almznb, alfhyr, ^yd, allh hsyny shyryn rhmghfr, znwbh. ROMANIZED KEY. 121 PLATE VI. ANNOUNCEMENT OF AN EXHIBITION. 1. IN URDU, PERSIAN CHARACTER. Lohe hi sarak par gafi chalane hi iadhiron ha ishtiliar. 3Iashhur hai, hi Wilayat men ahl lilm o hunar ne huchh din se lohe hi sarak par hhaph he zor se gari chala-i hdi. Insha Allahj hi-l-Jil Kashi he ra^ison par yih bdtjhi kyunhar hai sabit ho jd-egi. Chundnchi Jun Mahine hi ihmn (31) tdrikK o Julai hi pahli tdrikh, char char baje, Kdmpani Bahadur he hdlej men jalsa hogdj aur us waht Mirzdpur ha Pddri Medar (^Mather) sahib is ^ajd-ih o ghardih mdjre ho haydn haregd, aur eh gdri bhi bhdph hi he zor se lohe hi sdrak par cha- Idwegd. Bad ishe, sdhib-i.mazhur gdri chaldne hi do aur tadbiron ha, ya ne hawd aur bijti hu zihr haregd, Siwde ishe, eh turfa tamdsha, hi hyunhar tar aur bijli wall hal he wasile se sahih khabar saihron hos ghari bhar pahunchd sahte, zakur men awegd, Jo rajis jalsa-i mazhur men sharih hu-d chdhe, zarur hai hi eh chhapi hu'i ids ho kharld leweii, aur miiaiyan rvaht men tashrrf Idhe chaprdsi he hdth men guzrdne, rva-illd bdrydb na hogd. Tds hi hlmat eh rupiyd ; aur agar maiydl o itfdl ayd chdhe, to fi larhe dth dna hogi. Jo hoi ra,is 'azim tashrif Idyd. chdhen, mundsib hai hi pahle ittild' haren, td hi hursi unhe liye rahhe rahe. Mirzdpur, 16 Jun 1847. 122 ROMANIZED KEY. PLATE VII. — THE SAME IN HINDI, NAGARl CHARACTER. Lohe hi sarak par garl chalane hi uj)ayon ha samachar, Wuh chamathari hi hat jo Wilayat men prasidh ha?, hi gari sarah par hhaph hi samarthya se chaltiy so aj hal Kashi hasiyon par progat hogi ; hi Jun mahine hi ttswin tarihhf cLur Julai mahine hi pahii tdrikh, char char haje^Kampani bahadur he patshale men sahha hoga; aur us samai Mirzapur ha Padri Medar saheb us dshcharj ha, bhed harnan harega^ aur eh gdri ho bhdph hi se lohe hi sarah par chaldwegd. Ishe upardnt gdri chalane men pawan aur bijU his rlt se ham dtl barnan hoga. JPhir hyunhar tdr, aur bijli-rvdli hal he dware se, samachar saihrofi hos j^ramdn gharl bhar pahunchd sahte hain barnan hoga. Jo hoi is dshcharj ho dehne aur barnan sunne ho ichchhd rahhe awashya hai hi chhapl hul ids mol le, aur thlh samai men dhe chaprdsl se bhent harm. Jiske hdth men ids na ho us sabhd men praves na hogd. Eh eh tds hd ddm eh rnpayd hogd, aur larhe bdlin samet jo dwen to eh eh larhe he liye ddhd ddm ho. Tds pdtshdle he sdhibdn aur 3Iahlaud {McLeod)^ sdheb,aur Amanl \Ommaney\sdheb, aur I)ahtar Bdtar {Dr. Butter), sdheb aur sab Pddrl sdhibdn he yahdn mUenge. , Jo hoi bard bard manushya dne hi ichchhd hare to pratham hi se samdchdr bhej den, hi ushe nimitya hursl rahhl rahe. 3Iirzdpur, 10 Jun, 1847. ROMANIZED KEY. 123 PLATE VIII. — TA LIK AND VULGAR KAITHl. COPY OF AN AGREEMENT "WRITTEN AND ATTESTED AT POLICE OFFICE, BENARES. 3Iain Ram sahai, haum Kui'mi-jaiswar, o Ram Kaliya joru merl, rahnewala mauza'-i-Ranipur, 'par- gana-i'Sahsuram, zila-i-Shahabad ka hun, Chunhi musamma 3Iirchhiya larki meri hai, hasahah tahidasti he parwarish larki mazkur ha mujhe nahin ho saha ; idiye larhl mazkur ho waste 'parwarish he janah Pddrt Ismail sahib, (ho) sdhin JfilW Kohna, haJthushi apne he sapard hardiya hai. Agar ba'd lihhne is wafika he hoi rvdriSf hwdh dad-hhwdhf mtizdhim darbab larhl hi hoi to jo abad hai ushd zima rnere hai, isndste yih chand halima hatarlh dastdwez ikrdr ndma hi lihhl diyd hi wakt par ham awe aur sanad ho-e. Tdrlhh Agast sinn 1848, 'Iswl. Kdtib-ul'huruf, KarnlRas Kristyan. ba halami sidh. Fahat. {The father's marh) 'Aldmat JSishanl. Signature ttm designation of witnesses and party. Lachman sd {kin). Nadeshar shahr BandraSy wd Karnlllas, Gujgu kurml Sa {kill) Rdmpur Pargana Sahsardm Zilla Ard Bcip ha nam (?) Ramsahdy ; ivd Karnlllas. Ll {khnewdla) Ramsahdi Kurml wo Rdmhall-d. dge kardr'\ Ndma, llhhd so sahly wd Karnlllas. Cornelius Christian. t ikrdr. 124 PLATES IX. AND X. HINDI IN KAITHI, PRINTED CHARACTER. LIJKLIKHITA SUSAMACHaR. 16. Solahwan pai'hha. Dhanawan au daridraka drishtant. Koi dhanawan thajo Idl au mihin bastr pahai'ta au din din sukhse khatd pita rahtd thd. Aur lliyasar nam kdi kangdl thd jo ghd-ome hhard ho dhanawdnhe phdtak par rakhd gayd^ aur un chmxharonse jo ushe bhojanse bach rahte the khdne chdhtd thd ; huite bhl dyahe uske ghd-onho chdtte the ; huchh din pichhe hangdl mar gayd au swargl dutonse Ibrahim he nihat pahunchdyd gayd. Dhanawan bhl mar gayd au gdrd gayd ; parantu faralohmen duhhit ho uparho drishti har^ ati durse Ibra- him ho au ushe nihat Iliydsar ho dehh chilldhe bold hi, he jntd Ibrahim, mujhpar dayd harhe Iliydsarho bhej dijiye, hi wuh apani anguli he chhorho jalmen dubdhe meri jlbhho thandhi hare, hyonhi main is dghi jwdldse halaptd huh, Parantu Ibrdhimne hahd hi, he putry smaran har hi tune, sangsdrmeh ho, apani achhi bastu pd-ihy au Iliyasarnewaisdhi burl bastu : au ab wuh shdnti paotd hai au tu halaptd hai, Ramdre au tumhdre bich- men aisd bard antar hai hi is sthdnhe log us sthdnmeh^ aur us sthdnhe log is sthdnmeh, dnejdne nahih sahte hain. Tab usne Kahd hijie pita, main terl binatl hartd huh,mere piidhegharmeh pdhch bhd-i merehaih; tinho sdhshlde?ieho Iliydsarho bhej dljiye, na howe hi 7ve bhl is jjlrdhe sthdn- meh dweh. Ibrdhimne hahd hi Musd au bhavishyadbahtd- ohhe granth unhe nihat haiht chahiye hi we unhi suneh. Usne hahd hi he pita Ibrahim, so nahih, parantu jo mritahohmehse hoi unke nihat jaw eh to we man jyhird- wehge. IbrdJilmne kahd hi jo we 3Iusd au bhavishyad- bahid-ohJn bat nd suneh, to mritahohmehss hislke uthnehe httranse we nahih rndiiehge. ROMANIZED KEY. 125 PLATES XI. AND XII. — SHIKASTA PERSIAN. The two specimens of the Shikasta Persian hand (Romanized below) the Editor has taken the liberty of extracting from a valuable work entitled " Appendice aux Rudimens de la langue Hindoustani/' by that accomplished Oriental scholar, M. Garcin de Tassy. FIRST LETTER. Sahib lutf fannane wale dostonke Mistar Fllam Lu-is (^Mr, William Lewis) Sahib Bahadur ko salamat. A]me mvjhe aj sham he waht jo hhdnd khdneho neoia hai main basar o chashm hdzir hun, lehin is muslbat zada kd dil hahtn janeko nahin chdhta, aur hahtd hai* hi is mufibcit hi hdlat men aisi bdten hyd zaiui'? Pas main hdth jor he basad inhisdr iltimds harta hun hi is *dsi ho apne khushi se mudf dur md 'zur rahhiye, to dphl hamdl mihrbdm hai. Illddphilutf am'miJirbdni se is 'dsi ho inhdr nahin. Yih ^dsibahar hdldjme wdda he ibhd-i aur dphe pas khdtir se Idclidr hai : huchh 'uzr nahin har sahtd. Magar dphl khushi he sdth yih chdhtd huh. Ziydda hyd tasdV de-uii f (Signed) Shdh 31 tr. SECOND LETTER. Sahib Bahadur icdld-hadr ho saldmaf. Aj Plr he din men bdra (l2) baje vs Ulat Soth si haus ' men dyd thd aur wahll sahib se bhl midakdt hvt-l ; lekin dphe va hone se na main huchh hah sahd aur na rvahll sahib. Eh baje men dphe rah dehh dehh har ghar phir gayd. Ap jis din aur jis waht dpho yahdn, ia^ne UUdsi Soth haus men dnd ho mujhe lihh bhejiye. 3Iaih vs din aur vs waht yahdh pahvnchungd. * The Eng'lish word " house.'' .■iiS0 PI 2. ^&rt^^»S?-: m ^ro For Plate I., see after Plate VIT. odtr^^z-i'^y 'G^r^L •o 'T— Tf dC^C^^ PI 2. "fert^^'^S?-^' m difV tC/{^.&^[ -'^t-^fi^f^^O, ttfb^>^y^^ "J^^MJi i^ii PL 5. >'i/-..i^^y ^ ^7-^^-^ i cucru^/'' 12 ♦ ♦ * \ iyJ.jJ>^kf.^;<-Kyi W#H^W-^^ PL 6. .»V,^ * ♦ * iJ*f?i/^^ ^\«(it^|^ ^^infl'q^is^ ^^^"CRifl: ^ ^50^-\^ II PI. 7. Pl.l THE KAITHI CHARACTER, in which the Hindui is usually written^ and many works, intended chiefly for the more illiterate classes, are now frequently printed, is here subjoined. I. AS PRINTED. VOWELS. TWa,^Wa,'3[i, ^i,@u,'^u^ 3Te, Vai, "Wo^ Wau ang^Sah coNsoNAirre. ^k ^kh 3rg ^gh {Jng- ^h :zrch BTchh xsiy 3Ejh 5rn ■^Ty •57 sh • - Sth "3rd TJdh HTn ^r T^sh w WJ A ^ ^y\ ir >« i ab jnow, presently, just now. h, «-jTa6,m.water; lustre (in gems)-p. [j\ aha, m. (plural of ^^) fathers; ibdf refusal, denial, a, (Jjjb' ababil, m. a swallow, a. 4>U 1 dbadf or ^j^t^l^T abaddn, cul- tivated, inhabited, populous, prosperous ; dbddi, or dbdddni, f. a habitation, a pleasant place ; population, cultivation, abun- dance, p. \6Jj\ ibtidd, f. beginning; ibtidd- k.t to begin, a. lLJjoI ab-takj CJijol ab-talak, till now, hitherto, yet, as yet. s, C^lj^d-L->1 dbi-hayat, m. water of immortality, the fountain of life. p. a. i^i\ abadfin. eternity (without end) ; abadi, eternal (without end), a. j>\ abar, m. a cloud, the sky. p. jji\ abru, f. the eyebrow, p. ^jA dhruj f. honour, reputation ; dbru utdrndy to disgrace ; dhru- d.f to give another honour, or lose one's own ; dbru-l., to take away a person's character ; dbru barhndf to increase in reputa- tion, p, JbjA abarha or abara, m. a kind of bustard, owl, or swallow, j). ^iJji ablakt pye-bald. a. i^^fbl ibtiSj m. the devil, a. ^\ ibn son. pi. abnd., sons, chil- dren ; abnd-e-jins, those of the same quality or rank ; com- rades, equals, a, Ll^ls^^l Abulhdrify m. the father of lions, or the lion- father, from abii, father, and haris, a lion. a. ^^i\ abhl, just now, immediately, s. ^T dp, self, selves ; dp-hi-dp or dp'Se-dp, spontaneously, of one's own free will, dp is also used respectfully in the sense of Your Honour, Your Highness. «. b L/^v^ ( 2 ) i^A apas, themselves, one ano- ther; kindred, s. Uj\ apiia, belonging to self, own. It is sometimes used substan- tively, in the sense of one\s own relations," " own people," &c. s. [at. h. *LKs^\ a-pahunchna, n. to arrive U1 ata, pres. part, of ana. jU\ uiai\ m. descent, expulsion, s. \jjj] utarnaj a. to cause to alight, or descend ; to discharge. 5. Jy\ uttar, m. the north ; an answer, s. [i^\ utarna, n.to descend, to alight, to subside, to decrease, to pass over. s. ^jlot atash or atish, f fire; (meta- phorically) anger, rage. p. i''^]il itiifak, m. agreement; ac- cident, opportunity ; ittifak-h.} to happen, to be agreed; itti- faku accidental, a. Ii1ij\ ittifakan, accidentally, by chance. a» Lkil a^ma, f. the soul,heart,mind. s. \j^\ Una, so much, this much, or many; utna, that much, or many. h. (jT ata, m. flour, meal. h. ij^\ atkal, f. guess, opinion; athal j?acAc/iw, by guess, at random, h. ^^i'l ath, eight; ath-pahar', con- stantly, incessantly, s. Ij^ii uthaiia, a. to lift or raise up, to take away, to obtain, s. U^y] uthna, n.to rise up; to be abo- lished, to go away. s. ^»)^y^\ athwart, the eighth, s, jij|«5ar(pl.),marks,signs,vestiges.tf. ji\ asar, m. a mark, impression, effect; asar-h.i to affect; asar- h. or -j.y to become affected, a. rA oj, to-day ; aj-hi^ this very day ; aj-tak or -talah, till this day. s. Cl.^l^\«;a2;af,fpermission,leave.«. ^^la;V,m.reward,retribution,hire.«. (J.5^1«;«i,f death, fate ; ojal-girifta, overtaken by fate, doomed, a. j\s>-\ achar or achar, m. pickles, h. ^,^Jo'J^-l achanak, suddenly, unex- pectedly, h. [nishing. h. l^Julrs-\ achamhha, wonderful, asto- \^\ wcAc/i/m, good, excellent, well ; achchha-h., to recover from ill- ness, s. -p.UjUw1 'ihtiyaj, f. necessity, want, occasion, need. a. ^U»*^l ihsan, m. beneficence, fa- vour, courtesy ; ihsan-h.i to oblige ; ihsan-mand, obliged, grateful — i, gratitude, a. \ ahmali, very foolish, a fool; ahniaki, f. folly, a. I ^! ( ; J^»2>-l aJiwal, m. condition, cir- cumstances, events, account ; akwalpiirs or-pursan^ one who inquires into, or takes an in- terest in, another^s affairs ; ah- n'al-pu7'si, attention from ano- ther person, a. ^Ia=>-' ahhhar (pi. of j^), news, intelligence; akkbari-ghaih, secrets, mysteries, p. u-JiUsv.) iJihtilafi opposition, a. ♦l;^i=»-\ ikhtiyd?\ m. choice, autho- rity; ikhtif/ar-k.j to approve of, to adopt, to choose, a. .i-1 akhir, last, at last ; akhir-h.j to be ended, a, CLJjS*-] akhiratj f futurity, the fu- ture state, a. cL>^y»-l akhrof, m. a walnut, k. ;*JU>-I akhlaJi, m. the good properties of mankind, virtues; ethics, a. r^\^^ ikhwaii, m. (pi. of ;.' akh), brothers, friends, a. \kA\ (j^^^^ ikliwan ussafa, the brothers of purity, the fanciful name of a Persian work. a. J I adi, beginning, first: adi-ant, from beginning to end, till now. s. 1 J) ada, f. performance ; coquetry, blandishment; payment; add-k. to perform, to pay. a. p. ) ^J 4->l4>T dddb, m. (plural of adah\ ceremonies,etiquette ; addh ba- jd Idnd, to pay one's respects to another, a. 4-^t)^«fZa&,m. institute ; politeness.a. ^j-w1j1 uddsy sorrowful, dejected ; uddsi, sorrow, dejection, s. At>l Adam, m. Adam, the first man ; man ; ddam-zdd, one of the human race, a, iyod\ ddmty m. f. a descendant of Adam, a human being (man or woman), an individual,people. a. Ut)i adnd or \ji}\ adnci, inferior, lowest, mean. a. ^t)l or UjI ddha or ddhd, half s. jSii^\ 7idhir or udJiar, thither. Ju ^^itJl ddd/iif half a ** damri" (a small coin), half a piece of cloth, s. J jl azdn, f. summons to prayer.a. . J$i3^j\ irdda, m. desire, plan, inten- tion, a. j^j\ dram, m. ease, health, com- fort; drdm-gdh, f. a resting- place, a bedchamber, p, ij^}j^ drd,hhy f. ornament, pre- paration, equipage, p. c-jUi arbdb, m. lords, possessors, masters, a. L'j^j;! iriibat, m. connexion, fami- liarity, affinity, a. ^J ( ) ^^ •fc>;l wrc^w, m. an army camp, mar- ket ; Urdu e mu'alld, the royal camp. p. ^j\ arzUi f. wish, desire, want; arzumand, desirous, longing, p. d[Mj\ ii'shad, m. direction, com- mand, order, a. ^J^\ arhan, m. pillars, props, prin- ciples; arhani daulat, iYiQ^iWaxs of state, nobles, courtiers, a. ^;U;I armaria m. wish, lonj^ing. p. J I ar, f. a skreen, shelter, protec- tion ; contention, s. lik'l urana, a. to cause to fly, to squander; urd-d., to waste; urdn-chhu-h. or urdn-chliu ho- jdnd, to fly away, to disappear.^. Ulfl«-J*l ur-jdnd, n. to fly away. h. \yj\ urnd, n. to fly, to flee away. s. \Sjb^\ urhnd, a. to put on clothes, &C. 5. d\j I dzdd, a. free, liberated ; soli- tary ; a kind of fakir or devotee.^. j\ji izdr, f. drawers; izdr-band, the string- with which drawers are fastened, h. ^J\j\ az-dn, thence ; az-dn-jumla, from all these, among others ; dZ'dn-jd-ki, inasmuch as. p. Xuu^ji az-bas-ki, since, forasmuch as. p. [weary. ^?. id,\\ dzurda, aflSicted, dispirited, UU;! dzmdndi to try, to prove 5 dzmd-lend, to take on trial, to put to the test, p, [ment. p. jjik-)L«jl dzmdjf^h, trial, experi- ^^\ is or us, inflec. forms of yih and wuh. (^^ ! as, f. hope, desire ; reliance, s. ^Uwl asa7?,a.easy,convenient, com- modious; dsdni, facility, con- veniency. 'p. [quillity. p. ^^jLw I dsd,ishi f. rest, ease, tran- c-^Uaw* ashdb, m. causes, goods and chattels, affairs, a. ^.^wji asp, m. a horse, jj. cuIa>jj1 ispdty m. steel, h. L/^vL/"^ ^^'P^^> ^' vicinity, cir- cumference ; ad. around, on all sides, s. tiljud ustddtm. a teacher,preceptor, master, a. [erected, p. 8d^J^] istdda, m. a pole, any thing ^j^^.sfUwl ustuhJiwdUj m. a bone ; the stone of a fruit, a. ^\kk'LJ\ istighfdr, asking mercy (of God), a. jnJ\ ism, a name ; a noun. a. ^jUwowl dsmdiii m. the sky, the fir- mament, heaven, p. {j^^^\ uswakt or isrvakt, at that time, or this time. Law1^«-I is wdste, for this reason ; usrvdstet for that reason, a. h. ( 5 ) ;UXi,^ hhtiyak, desire, interest, long-ing-. a. Ixi. I ashna, m. f. an acquaintanbe, lover, friend; ashna,Zj f. ac- quaintance, friendship, p. c-jIs^^ asJidb (pi. of Lj^r^Lo), lords, masters, possessors, a, (Jwd«5/,f.root,origin ; race,lineage ; capital, orig'inal stock, a. tf^) sick- nesses, dis-eases. a. ^JCo\ imkdti, m. possibility, a. jyo\ umurt m. (pi. of j^\) things, affairs, actions, commands, a. t>^\ ummaid or timmed, f. hope, expectation ; ummedwdr, hope- ful, an expectant ; ummedwdr'i, f. expectation, p. jX^\ amiVf m. a commander, a no- bleman,agrandee,alord; amiru- l-ldhf m. sovereign, lord. a. o\dnd, n. to come,' d-jdnia,, to come suddenly ; m. the sixteenth part of a rupee, s. [zine. p. j[^\ amhdr, m. a store, a maga- L-Jl^l intikhdh, m. an extract, selection, a. a112A>i intizdm, m. arrangement, adminstration, order, a. l^AJ) intihdf f. end, summit, a. aWI anjdm, m. end, result, p. U*xJ^ andhdy iUjJ\ andhld, blind, dark. 5. j^?fcc>o I dndhz^f. a storm, tempest. /<. ljUajJ\ andhyara,) dark. 5. l^jJbAJl andherd, Jo\ andesha, m. thought, sus- picion, anxiety. /;. I«!jj) andd, m. an eg-g. 5. jjUwJi insdn, m. man, a human be- ing, mankind, a. yMJ\ dnsu,m.a. tear; dnsu-bahdnd or bahnd, ox-tapaknd, or -dahda- bdndy to shed tears ; dmu-bhar- Idnd, to shed a flood of tears, s. aJJi ^'UJi in-shd Allah or in-shd- Alldhu-ta'dldy if it please God the Most High. a. u-j'waJ I insdf, m. decision (of a cause or question), equity, justice, a. Afo) in' dm, m. a present, a gift. a. ^^Cj\ dnkh, f. the eye ; dtihh bach- dnd, to steal privately; dnhh tf/j\ ( 7 ) jo^erwa, to shew aversion ; anhh churana, to avoid seeing, to cut one. s. j^yXil ungli, oranguti, f.a finger. 5. ^-^'^Xil angutJii, f. a ring worn on the finger, s. c^yl anwa' (pi. of waw')> m. sorts, kinds, varieties ; diverse, va- rious, a. y^\ a/cdz, f. voice, sound, report, fame, echo, a whisper ; awazi, f. melody, p. ji^ upar, above, over, up. s. J&Jul udhar, thither, that way. h. jy aur, conj. and, also ; adj. more, other, h. uJl^^l ausdf.m, praises, qualities, endowments ; descriptions, a. CL^liji aukdt, f. times, circum- stances, a. d^^\ auldd, f. children, offspring, descendants, progeny, a. cLJ»] unt, m. a camel, s. ijfel ahl, m. people ; in comp. pos- sessor, endowed with; ahl-i- ^ihrifineji of science; ahl-i-ha- sarat or ahl-i wa^ar, the wise. a. ^A d-i, p. part. f.s. d-e, ditto, m. pi. of and, to come. Itij] Izdj f pain, trouble, vexation, distress, affliction, a. UjjI aisdt so, like this, such ; aisd- taisd, so so, indifferent ; good for nothing, h. lLX> 1 ekf one ; ek-d-ek, all at once ; ek na e^, one or other, s. [voy. t. jtfsr^' elclii, m. an ambassador, en- ^i^Jdganda,m. future,in future, p. Aa> 1 d,ina, m. glass, a mirror, p. b'j&a&a,father, sir, child ; hdhdjdn, dear father, father of my life. h. c-^'^ hdp^m. father. k» ^iA^ bdph, f. steam, vapour. 5. ClA> bdtf f. a word ; an affair, mat- ter, or circumstance ; bdt-chit, style of speech, chit-chat ; bdt bandnd, to make up a story ; bdten-k. to outstrip, h. cL>\j> bdt, f. a road, path. s. xlijb bddshdhf m. a king; bad- shdhi, royal, princely; f. sove- reignty, office of king. p. Jjb bddal, m. a cloud, s. j[i bdZy m. a hawk, a female falcon ; adv. again, back ; bdz and or bdz rahndj to decline, to leave off, to refuse ; bdz purs, m. in- quiry, account. In composition it denotes playing, practising ; as, hila-bdz, one who practices stratagem, p, j\j\i bdzdr, m. a market, p. M ( ^j\> bazu, m. the arm. p, ^jt^^ basan^m. a basin, plate, dish, goblet, pot, &c. h. ij^ii batilf false, vain, absurd, ig^- norant ; abolished, a. Ll^cb bd'is^ m. cause, motive, a. cbZ;a^,m.agarden,orchard,gTove.^;. ^jUib b agh ban, m. a gardener. ;;. Jb baki, remaining, permanent ; m. balance ; baki-h. or -rahna, to remain, to be left, to be saved, a. ^ib bagh, m. a tiger. 5. Jb bali m. hair. s. ;JjtA!b bi'l-Jil, in fact, verily, a. ^Jyb bi-l-kull, entirely, wholly. «. ^b &a/w, f. sand. 5. Uajou bandhna, a. to bind, to shut up, to clasp, p. ^^^b bans, m. a bambu. 5. O^^b bd-vjKJud or bd-nujudet not- withstanding, lit. ' with the ex- istence of/' by means of. a. f^\i bdham, together, mutually, p. bU^ batdnd, a. to point out, to ex- plain, to teach, h. bJlJb batldnd^batta-dena^ a. to shew, to explain, to point out, to teach. /<. jJt)»!u batohi, m. a traveller, way- farer, s. bil^ bithldna, to cause to sit, to set, to plant, h. W. bajd, in place, proper; bd-jd- ) ^ftiJ ldnd,Q..to perform, to accomplish, to execute, to obey; ba-jd-h., to be restored, to be proper; ba jde, in place of, by way of. p. Iast bajndj n. to be sounded, to sound ; to be struck, as a gong, clock-bell, &c. ; hetnd bajd hai? what o'clock is it? lit. how many have been struck or sounded P das bajd hai or das baje, it is ten o'clock. 5. <^. bachcha, m. an infant, a child, the young of any creature ; used in composition, as sauddfjar- bachcha, a merchant's son. p. J^ buMd7\m.(^\.bukhardt)steam: glowing heat. a. ^^/iisT bakhsh, m. a share or gift. p. f^jZjLss:bakhshishX gift,grant, for- giveness, p. ixif^. bakhshnd or bakhsh- d. or ba hhshish-k.a.io give,tohesiow. p. ^j!^, bahhshi, m. a general, com- mander-in-chief; paymaster, p. tJisr- bukhl, m. avarice, stinginess, parsimony, a. [well. ^>, ij,f^, ba-hhubii with goodness, t>o bad, evil, bad ; much used in forming compounds, as bad-go, an evil speaker, &c. ^?. ;Jl>Oi^^ badgumdm, f. suspicion, mistrust, disaffection, j). :Jo ( 9 ) > ei^^tSJ bid' at, f. heresy, schism, oppression, a. JAj badal, m."l exchange, substi- ^JJ badldf m. J tution. a. utiJ bidyui f' science, learning, s. 4jt\j badan, m. the body. «. t^tXj &ac?i,f. badness, wickedness, p. ^4>o &ac?i', novel, rare, strange, a. ji bar, f. bosom ; produce ; prep, upon. p. \ji burcLy bad, worse, wicked, h. j>}ji barabar, level, equal ; bara- bart,f. equality; competition.^. jd]j} barddar, brother ; bai^ddari or bard-dardna, brotherly, be- coming a brother, p. ^)^ bardic, for the sake of, on ac- count of ; bardie hhud, for their own benefit, p. [ness. h. \^\j^, bu7'd,i, f. badness, wicked- If^ barchhd^m.a sipear ; barchhe- barddr, a spear-bearer, h. (jMj) baras, m. a year. s. Cl-?Uw^ barsdt, f the rainy season, the rains, s. U*«^ barasnd, n. to rain. s. u— 5^ barf, m. f. ice, snow. p. Jjj bar^t, f lightning; bark-anddz, a musketeer, a. p. \j:^ji barakat, f. blessing, auspi- ciousness. a. 'T-^ji buruj, m. (pi. of ^^), towers, bastions ; signs of the zodiac, constellations, a. ijji burl, f. badness, evil. h. IjJ bard, large, great, elder, s. lL/jJ^ buzurg, great ; a grandee ; ancestors ; (Lat. majores) ; bu- 2^wr^7i'ar,superior,ancestor ; bu- zurgi, f. greatness, exaltation ; buzurg ii/dn,noh\e actions, great merits. ^^. ^^Jt^ bas, adv. enough, plenty ; bas- and or bas-chalnd, to succeed, prosper, p. y^ bistar, m. couch, bed. p, ij$*u^, basil, f. an abode, a village, s. j***j ba-sar-hi a. to make an end, to finish ; ba-sar-o-chashm,with head and eyes ; without fail. p. )ai bat, f. a goose, a duck, a, *XxJ ba'd, after, afterwards, subse- quent, a. ^_/3JO ba'z, "^ some, cer- j^-i*j ba'ze or ba'zi,) tain. a. {JJobaghal,f. the armpit; embrace; baghal-gir, embracing, p, j-J^ baghair, without, besides, except, a. Jx>^ bahtar, m. a coat of mail, a cui- rass ; Z>a^^ar-^?05A,a cuirassier. j9. ^^ bihr, f. virginity, a. i^G bakrd, a he-goat. s. j^oO bakri, f. a goat^ a she-goat. s. J^. ( 10 ) u^ hahna, n. to prate, to clatter. uO hikna, n. to be sold, to sell. s. Ujoo &/^arna,a. to spoil,tocause mis- understanding among" friends, s. \jli^ higana, strange, foreign, j). lij^ higarna, to be spoiled, lu ^i bagld, m. name of a species of heron, s. (J>) hal, m. a coil, h. ; s. strength, sacrifice. (J^ hll, m. a hole, a burrow. 5. Aj halat f. calamity, an incarnation of evil; hala-l. or bald-e?!,!., to take or invoke another^s mis- fortunes on one's self. a. Ju billa, m. a male cat. s. [Jh buldnd, a. to call, invite ; bidd bhejndfto send for, to summon. /i. (J.jL bulbicl, f. a nightingale, a shrike, p. M^ balki, conj. but, moreover,on the contrary, on the other hand. p. «3aJb baland or buland, high ; bu- land-k., a. to exalt. 2?. ^1j Z>27Zi, f. a cat. h. i^.^^^S'-^AJba-niiijib, by reason of. a. ^jj ban, a kind of wood, a forest, s. ^J bun, f. a basis, root, p. ; ban, a son. «. Lo bannd, n. to be made, to be- come, to succeed, h. CU^JO banatt f. woollen cloth, h* ^i^ uu^ banana, a. to make, to pre- pare, to build, to compose, to adjust, h. [also bandh. jj. i^i bandy m. f. a fastening ; a bond ; •tX-O bandar, m. a monkey, an ape. s, ^iX-U bandagif f. slavery, service, devotion, p. O.Aijj.tX-0 band'O-basfy m. settle- ment, regulation,an agreement j^. l\c3a^ banduk, f. a musket, h. JJJou banda, m. a slave; servant, p. \SidJj bandhd, adj. and part., stopped up, bound. 5. U^tioj bandhnd, n. to be tied, con- fined, dammed up. s. [race. .?. iww-U Z;a?w, m. a bamboo ; lineage, ^wjjo bansi, f. a flute, fishing-rod. s. li/Jb &aw^, f an intoxicating drug, hemp. p. [a cottage, h. Mjj bangld, m. a thatched house, Uut>lJb banwd-d.t to cause to be made. h. La.^ baniya or baniydn, m. a shop- keeper, a merchant, s. At> 1 tJj &a wl Adam, m.sons of Adam, the human race. a. yi bo or bUf f. smell, fragrance, p. U^i^-o bujh?id, a. to understand, to comprehend,to think; bojhnd, to load. 5. /Jaij^-V bud-o-bdsh or bud-bdsh, f. residence, dwelling, a home. jt?. [jtj^hurha, old, an old man. h. 1^^ bosa, m. a kiss. p. J'->-J^ hol-chdljf. conversation. /<. l^y holna, n. to speak, to tell, to say, to crow. h. ^yi holly f. speech, talk. h. Uo bona, a. to sow. s. SAAw^ bosidOf rotten, stall, pu- trid, p. JJ^^bmid,f. a drop ; hmid ki bund, doubly distilled, of first rate strencrth. s. ^ ba, prefixed to Persian words de- notes "by," " with,'^ ' in,''&c.j?. [^ baha, m. price, value, p. * jU> bhap, ) ^ *•* r '• steam, vapour. 5. ^l^ bhaph,) l!L>1^ bhdt, m. a bard, a min- strel, h. jiil^ bahddur, brave. It is g'ene- rally used as a title, denoting the Most Honourable, Worship- ful, &c. 2?. jL^^ bahdr, f. spring, prime, bloom, beauty, delight; bahdi% vernal, relating to spring, p. LV>1^ bhdgnd or bhdg-jdndy n. to flee, to run away. h. oU^ blidiiy m. brother ; bhd^- charl, f. fraternity, relationship of brothers ; hka,i-band,m.hTo- thers, relations, friends, s. J^.)[^^ bahd-im (pi. of <3Ux^), beasts, brutes, a, Cl^^Y^ bahuf, much, many. s. ll^j halitd, adj. and part, flowing. ^yfyX^ bihtari, f. welfare, advan- tage, p. Jx^ hihtar, good, excellent, bet- ter, p. UCj^j bhataknd, n. to go astray, to wander, to miss the right path. h. ^j^ bhram or bharartii m. error, mistake; also character: re- putation, s. U^ bharndi a. to fill, to satisfy ; hence, to pay; dh-bharndi to heave sighs, s. Lwjj .^ bharosd, m. hope, dependence, faith, s. [gle. h. (j «2j bhirn a, n.to close with, to strug- KJL.^^M*^bihishf,f. paradise \bihishti, of or belonging to paradise ; an angel;(inlndia)awatercarrier.j[?. ^^^^ bhagwdn, m. the Deity, a god. s. 1^ bhald, good, excellent, well ; m. welfare, safety. 5. ^^ bakam, together, one with ano- ther, one against another ; ba ham p)cihunchndy n. to be pro- cured, p. ^jA^^ bahin, f. a sister, s. uV ( 12 ) k Xjf^i hahna, n. to flow, to glide, to float ; to blow ; to pass. s. \Xy^bhulna,ia,to forget,to mistake.5. U:S[l^ hhejna or hhej-d., a. to send, to transmit, h. Sx^ bheJf m. a secret, secrecy, se- paration, s. %K^ bher, f. a sheep, an ewe ; hhir, f. a multitude ; bhlr-bhary a great crowd of attendants. .^. i^V^, bheri, f. an ewe, a sheep, s. Ijjjjw^j bheriya, a wolf. s. ^i be, a Persian particle denoting privation, much used in com- position, as in be-hosh, senseless. iJ^Si^ bai/aban, m. a desert, a wil- derness ; bayabaniy of, or be- longing to, the wilderness. 79. ^jlu baydn, m. explanation, rela- tion; baydn-h., to narrate, ex- plain, a. JjU^ bydh, m. marriage, s. i-JjJOJ bedareghi undeniable; un- sparing, liberal, bounteous, p. vji.^ bety m. a cane; bait, a cou- plet, a house, a, JULw baitdl, m. a demon, s. Mjj beta, m. a son, a child, h, U^jLm baithnd, n. to sit. h, Jv^ Birbal, m. name of a ta- lented minister of Akbar, the Moghul Emperor, j). jjJ*x^beshtar,more,most; mostly. ^^ — ^laJ^j betaraht unmannerly, un civilly, with severity. 7?. j^^M beganiy f. a lady. t. (J.JJ bail, m. a bullock, a bull ; bei name of a flower and fruit ; 1 spade, a mattock, h. p. jLoo bimdr, sick, indisposed, p. '^r^^ bewd, f. a widow, p. <— >l> pdp. m. crime, sin ; pdpi, j sinner, criminal, s. U^)i^ P^posh, f. a slipper, p. ci^'o j)dt, m. a leaf; an ornamen worn in the upper part of th( ear. s. aLi> jI> pddshdh, m. a king ; pad shdhi, royal, also royalty ; pad shdhat, f. kingdom, sovereigi power, p. [t^^ pdSt m. prep, at the side, near about,at, in the possession of, s. observance ; preservation, p. CJlj pdkt pure, clean, holy. p. yU pdnWf m. leg-, foot; p)dnW'roti a sort of bread, a loaf. s. (jL) jmrii, m. water, lustre, sperm ,^ ^^b pdyOn (for pdnwonjf obliqu( plural o^ pdnw, q. v. 5. ^ pdyBi foot, basis, foundation, p ( 13 ) \i U-j pai/a, m. the foot or lower part of a trunk, table, &c. 2^. ^^^ patti, m. a leaf; hemp. s. iU:^ pichhla, a, hindermost, latter, last, modern, s. {J**^^^ paf^his, twenty-five. s. ,i£sr,2?MM^«,cooked,ripe,polished.j?. j^^ part on, upon; but; adj. ano- ther, foreign, h. j^^par, m. a feather,a quill, a wing. p. jipu7\ full, complete, loaded, charg- ed; used as the first member of a compound, as, jmr-jafctj full of iniquity, most wicked, p. ji |?W7'CT, m. a town, village ; an apartment, s. [tered. p ^Aa^i^ paracjandtti dispersed, scat- ^Ir^. p^t'^na, old, aged. s. J^J/v V^'*^''^^^* f- th® 3ct of flying, p. '^'jjji I'^^'y^'"^^* f- flying* flight. ^j^ji^parwarish^ f. breeding, nou- rishment, maintenance, educa- tion, protection; parwarish-h. to be nourished, brought up. p. JjJb^ ]mrhez,m. abstinence, forbear- ance, continence, control of the passions, p, j^j^j^^ pavhezgar^ abstinent ; one who controls his passions ; par- hezfjari, f. abstinence, j^' 4_5y^ 2)ari, f. a fairy, p. \jy> parncij n. to fall, to lie down to drop, to be confined to bed by sickness, to happen, to befal ; jmra phirna^io loiter or lounge from place to place, to prowl, s. lili&"> par hand, a. to teach one to read, to instruct; to teach to sing (as birds), s. Uj&Jj parhna, a. to read, recite, h. ir*^jyas, hence, after, behind, well; jms 2ye.sh, behind and before.^. l^j pakkdyiipe, full, in full, perfect, .s*. ^K^ pukmmd, a. to call aloud, to bawl, to cry out. h. Uii^ paka)id, a. to ripen, to cook victuals. 5. ij'y^^ pakarjid, a. to catch, to seize, h. ^jjkl.) paltan, f. a battalion, regi- ment (corr. of "battalion''), enfj. 3sU^ panctfh f- shade, shelter, re- fuge, p. [xs^^jjujjia, a. to worship, to adore (generally), to idolatrize. s. [x^^puchhndfSi. toask,to inquire; ^Mc/i/me-7i'a/a,asker,inquirer..s. Cli^Aw^j posti m. crust, shell, skin, capsule, p, iSj^^iposhidaiConcea\edi,hiMeii.p. v^j pahar, m. a mountain ; used adjectively to denote heavy, te- dious, h. ^f^^. 2:>«/mn, f. a hill or small soli- tary mountain, an isolated rock c ( 14 ) ,i; in the sea or river; adj . mountain- ous, belonging to mountains, h. UcXjI^> phdndna, to jump over ; to imprison, s. Loi.s:-v.-J 2}^ftchd7ina, a. to know, to recognise, s. j\l "pldvy again, afterwards, h, j^l pahar, m. a watch of the day or night, about three hours, p. ^jii P^f'^^^^f "!• to turn, to return, to wander, roam. s. (J.^i phal, m. fruit, effect, advantage, progeny ; phal lagncii to bear fruit, s. ^tv pMa, paihld, or pahilat first, before, rather, soon. k. Sr^^iJ phalan, f. fruit, or a prepa- ration of fruit, s. UU.^ pahiidnd, to cause to dress or wear. s. LWl^ pahitnchnd, n. to arrive, to reach, h. [ity. s. lt>A^ 2)hanclay m. a noose, perplex- li'^kj^j phinkwdna or phinkwa-d. a. to cause to fling or throw, s. iXjij^^pahanndt a. to puton,to wear./«. (jw *«j j)hus, m. old grass or straw, s. j^i^ pher, m. turn, change; adv. back, again, h. U.J.^j> phernd or pher-d. a. to turn back, to invert ; pher-lend^ to to withdraw, turn away. h. ii^;A>^ phaildndy a. to spread, to divulge, h. [fling, s. ukAj.^^ phenhnZi, a. to throw, to tJ paiy m. a foot ; afterwards ; jt^ai dar pai, in succession. ^9. ^rsVj pick he 3 after, in the rear. s. ^tXAj paidd, born, produced ; paidd- h., a. to produce, to procure ; paidd-h., to be born, created, to be found, p. jjo pir, old, aged ; an aged man, a priestly guide ; pir-mard^ an old man ; pir-zdl or pir-zan, an old woman ; pir murshidi venerable instructor, sire, your worship, your majesty, p. Lj*^J. V^^^^* n^' front ; prep, before, in front, a-head ; pesh~dnd, to come before, to treat, behave towards, p, L^-f^U^^^. ^es/i hahz, f. a kind of dagger, p. «jli* tdhi\ a. dependant, follower, subject; tdhi-ddr, dependent, following ; tdbi-ddi'i, f. depen- dence, a. j:>Xitdjii\ m.amerchantCpl. Uijjdr). »U' td7\ m. f thread, wire. p. '£,.J^ tdriklu f. an aera, the date of u^ u ( 15 ) lo an historical event ; day of the month, a. ^_^'J tdi, a card. h. < — suwb ta,assuf, m. pininfr, lament- ing, a. t>o'J tajammul, m. meditation, re- flection, purpose, a. ^— ^ tab, adv. then, at that time, afterwards. 5. cijysf ?/;a/'af,f.trade,commerce.a. jy^ tajawuz, m. transgression, error, a. J^,y^' tajiviz, f. consideration, in- vestigation, decision, a. c:^^ taMt, m. a throne ; iakht- gah, f. the royal residence, me- tropolis ; iakht-nishin, the oc- cupantofa throne, a sovereign.jt?. jXiSi tadblr, f. deliberation, coun- sel, management; a device, a. ei^oj^' tarhiyati f. education, in- struction, a. '^^j^ tarju7na, m. translation, in- terpretation ; tayjumdrif a trans- lator, an interpreter, a. fh'^j^ tarj'ih, f. gaining a supe- riority, pre-eminence; tarjih- dena, to prefer; tarjih-rakhna, to excel, a. ^jyA/wS tasbih, f. the act of praising God ; a rosary, a. [fort. a. j^y^* tasalli, f. consolation, com- t^lj^i taslirvfi f. honouring, ex- altin ; tashrif land, to come, to honour by coming; tashi'if le jdndy to go, to take one's departure, a. ^yUy tadld, m. the Most High. a. I«^w.*^ ta'limt f. teaching, copying, a. jJ^ takabbur, m.arrogance, haugh- tiness, pride, a. /♦IV) tamdnij entire, perfect, com- plete ; tamdmiy f. completion ; a kind of brocade, entireness. a. y}^ tamiz, f. discernment, judg- ment, discretion, a, ^yJSi tandsuh begetting, gene- ration, a. y to, adv. then, indeed, s. y'i tii, pron. 2d pers. thou. s. t3Jy tarcdlud, begetting, or being born, generation after gene- ration; propagating, a. ^f top, f. a cannon, a gun ; top- chhornd, to fire a cannon or gun. t. ^y tosha, m. provision for a jour- ney, p, J^y tawakktd, m. trust in God, reliance, faith, a. ^J.^ tahdii, there, at that place, h. j^U^ thaili, f. a purse tied round the waist, a bag. h, iljM ra/2/ar,ready,prepared,finished, ( 16 ) J-^ complete ; taii/ai't, readiness, preparation. «. j1 tis, thirty ; tiS7van, fem. tlswin, thirtieth, s. ijJ tegk-, f. a scimitar ; also tegha.p. (JjJ tel^ m. oil; tell, m. an oil- man, s. hfi* tukra, m. a piece, a division, a bit, a morsel. 5. [tlement. s. \>Z^thikana, m. limit, bounds, set- jyii thaur, f. place, spot, station, h. 'J]^<^' thai tr ana, a. to settle, deter- mine, appoint, h. ^j^4 tl^^harncu n. to be stopped, to be fixed, to stop, stay, be set- tled, determined, h. Ixi tlla, m. a rising ground, a hil- lock, a ridge, h. ^Ajo till, f. a bar, as of a cage, &c. ob .sa&^V,firm,durable, proved, a. L^jJj sails, easy, not abstruse, simple, a. i-->ly sawab, m. the future re- ward of virtue, a. U- ja, f. a place ; jd-ba-ja, every- where, p. iJ/^ jdrti running, flowing, pro- ceeding, current, customary, a. tvL y^ jdrd, m. cold, coldness, the winter. 5. I^^l>. jdsus, m. a spy ; jasusi, spying, espionage, a. [wake. s. UsUs- jdffnd, n. to awake, to be a- Jli^-Ja/, m. a net, a sash. s. <^U>-;a??i«,m. a garment,robe,vest.j?. ^J^ jcirii f. life, soul, spirit; adj. dear, beloved ; jdn-nisdri, de- votedness, sacrificing one's life ; jan-2')(ir-dna, to be in imminent danger \jdn-ddr, m. an animal ; adj. powerful, active, spirited ; jdn-haU'dani, f. the agonies of death, torture; jdn-hdz, spi- ( 17 ) rltedjfearless ; jan-Jish ««i,loyal- ty, devotedness ; jdn-pahchan^ intimate, friendly, p. U'^ jana, n. to go, to be, to pass, to reach, to continue. 5. i}j[s^ja7ind, a. to know, to under- stand, to comprehend, to con- sider, s, j^{s>- janwar, m. an animal, a bird. }i'^jd/i, f. dignity, rank, grandeur.^?. ^Uwja,^, a case or instance of, room for, asjd,e sawdb,aca.se of sal- vation. p» \s,s^jiidd, separate, apart ; juddji, f. separation, absence, p. \:s>-jazd, f. retaliation, return, re- ward, a. if*^fi^* inflect, form of^»-Jo,who. \j;:^yM^ jisrvahtj at what time, when. h. [jls^jahid, n. to burn, to be kindled; to get into a passion. 5. ljj& LT'^jW^ jidus hondi to be seated, to take the chair (at a meeting), to commence busi- " ness. a. c:.^^'.4c>- jamd'af, f. a crowd, as- sembly, congregation, a. ^M' jam\ f. a congregation, col- lection, number; adj. collected, comforted ; ja7n*-ddr, an officer, collector, a. ,xA^^ Jum'a, m. Friday, the Mu- salman Sabbath ; Jum'e-rdt yihe eve of Friday, i.e. Thursday, a. u!-^^*^ jam^iyaU f. collection ; collectedness. a. ^^j(iiU a man, individual, s. (^"^jinn, m. a genius, spirit, de- mon, one of the genii ; jin, in- flected pural of the relative Jo, who, &c. a. Ur»- janndy a. to produce young, to be delivered of child, s. {j**j<^ jins, f. genus, goods, gear, sort, family, race. a. (JsXsi^ jangal, m. a forest, a wood; jangali, wild, savage ; a barba- rian, clown, boor. s. A^janam, m. birth, bodily state; janam-bkujrif or -hhum, birth- place, s. \^\^ jawab, m. an answer, any thing answering to another; j«- n'dh'd., to be accountable for, to reply ; to dismiss from one's presence or service, a. jf^\y>- jhvdld mukhi, (fire- mouthed,) a place of pilgrimage in the Punjab, a few miles from Nadoun : so called from the subterraneous fire which oc- casionally breaks forth there, s. ^^jamdn^ young; a youth, lad, ( 18 ) SJi^- man, adult; Jttwa«-ma?'C?,brave, generous,manly ; a hero 'tjawan- mardt^ f. manliness, generosity ; jawani, f. youth, "p. \JLJ^^>- jaudat, f. ingenuity, in- telligence, quickness, a, ]'us>- joruf m. a suit of clothes; a joining, a pair. s. ^jts^jogi, a devotee, an ascetic, s. ^fcjw jon or jaun, as, when ; jon- tonoTJawi-taun, any how,some- how or other; as before, in statu quo. s. [place, h. ^..ji^ jahaiii ad?, where, in which ^[jf^^jahdn, m. the world ; jahdn- a/'a,world-adorning ;jahdn-pa- ndh , m. refuge of the world,God ; (also applied to kings) YourMa- jesty, Your Highness; jahdn- dida, one who has seen the world,experienced ; jahdn-gard, traversing the world, a wan- derer, p. [xij^s- jhuhna^ n. to nod, to bow, to bend ; jhaknd, to chatter in- coherently, h. ^qLi^jhuth^false^aVie; falsehood.5. s- ji, m. life, soul, spirit ; mind, heart ; jllagnd, to love. s. ^=v. jiy sir, madam ; a respectful epithet added to names or titles; yes. s. L>- chd, f. tea ; cha handnd, to make tea. 2^' ji>' char, four; chdr-pdya, m. a quadruped; ckdrpd^i, f. a bed- stead, h. Lii&U»- chdhndj a. to love, to like, to desire, to wish for, to choose; chdhiye^ii is necessary, it is fit. s. ^^•c^- chujj, silent, h. ; chap, the left hand. p. (^j-vl^^- chaprds, f. a buckle, badge, a. k^j¥^ cAfl^^ra.si, m. a peon, a servant wearing a chaprds. a, ^^JLs>- chashma, m. spectacles ; a fountain; chash7na-i-salsabll,m. name of a fountain in Paradise.^?. U^U- chaldna, a. to cause to move, V to set a-going ; to exercise, s. ^Cj1>- chilta, |f. a thick re- ^^{^j^^- chihal tah,) duplicated coat for soldiers, a coat of mail. p. IjJ.^- chalnd. n. to move, to go, pro- ceed, go off, to pass (as coin), to be discharged (as a gun), s. ,:^IJl>- chuudnchi, conj. so that, in such manner that, accord- ingly, p. JJrs- chand, some, several ; chano ( 19 ) dar chand, several : after nu- merals, it signifies fold, time, or times, as, do-chand, two times ; dah'chand, tenfold ; chande, for some time. p. • (J»^5j- changul, m. claw,talon,hand, clutch, grasp, hook. p. jys>- chor, m. a thief, a robber; chor- maJiall, an apartment for con- cubines, s. UjI^>. chhapna^ a. to print, stamp. l3U?>- chhij^dna, a. to conceal, to hide. h. ^JJ^>- chhipnai n. to be concealed, to lie hid, to disappear, to lurk; chhip-ralina^ to remain con- cealed ; chhapndi n. to be print- ed, h. [razor, s. ).45»- chhurd, m. a large knife, a ^j^=>- chihra, m. the face. p. i^yp- chhuri, f. a knife, s. UU^j!^ c/t/i0^a» little, small, inferior.5. Uj'j^>- chhornd, also chhdr-d. or -/. a. to abandon, let go, omit, re- lease ; chhor-chhdr-kar, having completely abandoned, s. \1j^s>' data, m. aleopard,a panther.s. Jj.>- chiz, f. thing, commodity, an affair, j). C-J;W harut m. a lion. a. (J^U- hdsil, m. produce, result; benefit ; hdsil hond, to be pro- cured, obtained, a. j^^.s>- hdzir, present, willing, con- tent ; hdzir-jaivdhi, ready wit ; hdzirdt, f. the power of raising the devil, a. [time. a. J^2»- /m/, m. state, affair, present JC^CS'^iU- hdlanki, whereas, though, notwithstanding, a. Ll^Uw hdlat, f. state, condition, circumstance, posture of affairs, case. a. hvjjaf, f. an argument, proof, reason,altercation,disputation.«. •- hardm, unlawful,, excluded ; wrong ; sacred ; hardm-zdda, unlawfully begotten, a wicked rogue; //ara/7i-2'ac?fl^i,rascality, wickedness ; haram-k. to defile, to deem unlawful ; hardml, a robber, plunderer, a. {j^j^ hirsy f greediness, covetous- ness, ambitiousness. a. \j:^js>- harkat, f. motion, action; harm, misconduct, a. j^i^s>- haskam, m. train, equipage, suite, a. S/*t.s- hasad, f. envy, malice, emu- lation, ambition, a. jy^^- huzur, m. presence, appear- ance, court, majesty ; Jiuzufi, f. fj- J^ ( 20 ) LU- presence ; adj. of or relating to the court, a courtier, a. J^s- hakhi just, true ; the Deity, justice, lot, portion, equity; halik wen, with respect to; hakk- shinas, conversant with what is right and proper,grateful; hakk- shinasi, f. sense of propriety, gratitude, a. Ci^liLs- hikarat^ f. contempt, dis- grace, baseness, a. j^y.s>^ hahlr, contemptible, thin, lean, vile. a. 1j- hakilu, real, true. a. c:^j1^ hikayat, f. a history, tale, narration, a. S.^ hukm, m. order, command, de- cree ; huJwi-nama, a decree, a written order, a. ly^ A^Csf hikmaf. f. wisdom, know- ledge, skill, contrivance, philo- sophy ; hikmati baliffJia, pro- found wisdom, a. \J2„.>^S,^ hukumaf, f. dominion, sovereignty, jurisdiction, a. *J^^ hahini, m. a sage, a philoso- pher, a physician; hahirni, f. the science of physic, philo- sophy, a. JiU- halal, legal, allowable, law- ful, right; halal-h. to slay an animal according to the ordi- nances of the Muhammadan re- ligion ; to marry, a. iy.»- halrva, a sweetmeat made of flour, ghi, and sugar, a. -^jI^ Jiallm, mild, affable ; a kind of food. a. [sault. a. X^'»- hamla, m. an attack, an as- f^^=!^hauz^m. a reservoir, a tank.«. Us*- haya, f. modesty, shame, a. J^^- hairan, astonished, fatigued ; hait'am, perplexity, fatigue, a. t_^A&- haif, interj. ah ! alas ! m. misery,a pity; haif-k. or -khana, to sigh, a, JUs^ hila, m. stratagem, pretence ; hila-baz, artful ; hila-bdzi, art- fulness, a. ^1^A>- hairvdn, m.an animal; plur. 7miwa«a/,living creatures,mor- tals, in opposition to spirits, fairies, &c. a. .LU>- khdtir, f. the heart, soul, in- clination, memory; as a post-po- sition fem. it means * for the sake of"; kJiatir-jama^'h .. to be collected, to be tranquil ; hha- tir-rahhnd, to conciliate ; kkd- (?V-^., to fondle, to comfort; kJm- tir-jama'-i, f. comfort, confi- dence; Wiaiir-darl, f. encou- rag-ement, comfort, a. ^^ Ml ah, f. dust, earth ; khak chhdnna, to labour fruitlessly ; khak-sar, devoted, humble; khak-sarl, humility; khak-ni- s/im,asuppliant,humble ; khaki, dusty, earthen, made of earth. ^. ijpls«- khdlihi m. the Creator, a. ^J'^ khdli, empty, vacant ; pure, mere, only, unmixed, a. ^jU>- khdrii m. a lord, a grandee. ^?. JU«- khdna, m. house, place, dwell- ing-room, compartment: much used in composition, as, kutub- Mdna, a book-house or library ; kJidna-zdd, born in one's house or family ; khdna-ddru house- keeping ; khdna-ba-doshi one who has his house on his shoul- ders, a beggar, or a person ut- terly destitute, p. fc^JjU. khdrvind. m. lord, master.hus- band ; Mdwind-k., to marry ; khdwinddna, like a lord. ^?. hhahar, f. news, information, report, care ; hJiahar-h. or -d., to apprise, inform; hliahar-L, to look after, to accommodate ; khahar-ddi\m. an intelligencer, a scout ; adj. careful, watchful ; khaharddru f. caution, informa- ( 21 ) ^J^ tion ; Miahar-gir or khahar-gi- rdut taking care, attentive ; hha- har-glrii f. spying, informing, caring, a, jSP^ khachchar. m. f. a mule. h. \s^ Khuddf m. God ; Khudd-na- khwdsta. God forbid I Khudd- iars, one who fears God ; Kh u- da-tdrsii the act of fearing God, godliness ; Khudd-dddt given by God, sacred; Khudd-parasf, worshipping God, righteous, p. Si^^i^^ khuddwand, m. possessor, master, husband ; khuddwand- i-nVmatf m. beneficent lord. p. d^-v^Ai- kkidmaty f. service, pre- sence, employment, office, duty; pi. khidmati situations, offices ; khidmat-gdr, m. a butler, a ser- vant; khidmat-gdrif f. service, attendance ; khidma t-guzd ri, f. service, devotedness. a, j>- khar, m. an ass ; khar-dimdgh, foolish, absurd ; Miar-dirndgln, f. folly, absurdity, p. <»-^^Mara/;,bad,depraved,ruined, depopulated ; khardbl, f. bad- ness, depravity, ruin, mischief, a. S>js>~ khai'idt f. purchase ; hharid- faroMkU buying and selling, traffic ; kharulnd or kJiarid le?ia, a. to purchase, h. \j^ ( 22 ) ^Ip- hhizana or kJiazana, m. a trea- sury, treasure; khkdna,e ghaib, the hidden treasury (of Provi- dence), a. cLULi- Jihushh, dry, withered ; khushJti, f. dryness, dearth, dry land ; adv. by land. p. c:^l.^ai- khaslat, f. habit, quality, mode, talent, virtue, disposition, nature, a. Li- hhatt, m. a letter, a line. a. Jia>- Wmthas m. a sermon delivered every Friday, in which the preacher blesses Muhammad, his successors, and the reigning sovereign ; khutha-parhna, to read the khitba. a. <»--^a12»- lihatibt m. a preacher, a. v::^Ai-^?^a^f.lightness of weight, levity of conduct, affront, dis- grace, a. Jy^ kJialh, m. the creation, world, people ; Malk ullahi, God's creatures,mankind,the people, a. ^■fcXAi- kJiandaJi, m. a ditch, moat, fosse, a. »^^i- khwak, whether, or; khwcih na-khwahorMiwah'ma-lihwalu willingly or unwillingly, j)- tj^^^'>- khwahish, f. desire, re- quest, p. c-J^i- Mub, good, excellent, well, beautiful, amiable ; khuhtar, better ; kJiub-ru^ beautiful, fair- faced; khub-surat^ beautiful ; khub-surath f, beauty ; khubi, f. virtue, beauty, goodness, per- fection, p. d^^- khudt self; kJmd-ba-khud, spontaneously, of ones self; kJmd-jmsand, self-complacent ; kJiud-pasandu f. self-compla- cency; Tihud'TUs growing spon- taneously. p. t>ys- Hhod or llfmd^ m. a helmet.^;. cJj^^ hliurah, f. food, victuals, daily food, one meal, one dose. 7?. ^c=^^ hliurju f. a large wallet, portmanteau, p. iji^j^ hhurdan^ eating, drinking; suffering; hJuirdat eaten, p. /j,t.p>^7mg//,pleased,excellent,cheer' ful, healthy, elegant: it is fre- quently used in composition with the following word, as, Mush- i{slub,\ve\l-fonned;kImsh-amad. f. flattery; kJiush-bo, fragrant; f fragrance, odour; ItJiuah-rana. well-coloured ; Jihunh-guzran, living happily or luxuriously ; hhush-numa, beautiful, neat, pretty ; MM.9A-ww ddl, f. pulse, a kind of split pea. s. ^^^J ddmaUi m. skirts; ddman- giVi dependent on, attached to, an accuser, j). ^jIj ddrit m. a gift, a present; in comp. it denotes a box, or what- ever holds any substance, as nds-ddUi a snuff-box -: it may also denote knowing (from dd' nistan\ as tdriM-ddn, con- versant with history. .«?. bit) ddndf wise, learned; a sage; ddnd-i, f wisdom. ^?. v.::.^'^ ddnti m. a tooth; ddnU kkohie^ laughter; ddnt pisnd, to gnash the teeth, s. CI^-^mJ^J dd?iist, f. knowledge, opinion, p. [science, p. JLJi^i} ddnishi f. knowledge, SJsAjlS^d ddnishmandy wise. p. J\d ddna^ a grain, seed; speck, p. t)j^J Dd-ud, David. a» J.s-i3 daMl, m. entrance, intrusion, disturbance; dakhl-k. to meddle, take possession, a. j\jjj dai'bdr, m. dwelling, court, hall of audience; darbdr-k. to give audience, to hold a levee; daj-bdri, m. a courtier; adj. of or belonging to the court, p. 'J' ( 24 ) dd ^j(^ clarhan, m. a doorkeeper, a porter, p. O^t) darakht, m. a tree; da- rakht-i-tuha, m. name of a tree in Paradise. ^?. c;^^wj^»2»-jJ darlthrvasU f. appli- cation, request, wish, desire, petition, p. t5jJ dardi m. pain, affliction, pity, sympathy; dard ana, to be af- fected with pity ; dard i zih, pangs of childbirth ; dard-ras^ afflicted; dai'd mand, afflicted, sympathizing;, ji. L:>jj-;t> durvst, right, proper, just, well, straight, accurate; durusti, f. rectitude, propriety, reforma- tion. jO. J^j^ ^arAar, necessary, wanting, j?. »^^.t> dargaht f. a place, court, threshold, door, shrine. J7. "iSyd darinda or daranda, t^t) darand^ rapacious, fierce; m. a ravenous beast, j). ,^l^ji^ darrvesh, m. a dervesh, a beggar,a religious mendicant, j)' b ifc> darya^ m. the sea, a river; c?«?'v/o,i, of the sea, marine, j). ij*-<^ das, ten ; dasivan, tenth, s. c:>.M(t) dasf, m. hand, a cubit, j). jJUjJ dastyVf m. custom, fashion, model, regulation ; dastur-ul- 'amal, m. a rule of conduct model; dasturz, f. perquisitei paid to servants by one wh( sells to their master, custom discount, p. a. ^A^d dushman, m. an enemy dushmam, f. hatred, enmity dushman-i jam, a morta foe. p. ^lLi»J dushnam, m. abuse, s. p. j\y^d dushwai\ difficult, arduous dushwari, f. difficulty. ^?. IcJ 'du'd, f. benediction, prayei wish; du'd-d. to bless; du' mangna, to ask a blessing fc one's self; du'd-k. to pray ft another, a. Cl^yit) da'rvat, f. a feast, an ente tainment,invitation,benedictioi pretension, a. ^^Ci^ da'7vd or da'wi, m. a lav suit, claim, a. J:^ da ah a, f. deceit, imposture. ■ j^t) dafan, m. interment, burial. ^t^ duhdn, m. a shop, warehous dukdn-ddr, shopkeeper, p. ,fiit> dukh, m. ache, pain, labou fatigue, annoyance, s. UU^t) dikJtdncL, also dilthldna, shew, to exhibit; dihhdH- dihhld,i-d. to appear, to prese one's self, s. J'> ( J J dil, m. heart, mind, soul; dil-d. to give the heart, to be in love ; dil lagna, to be attentive to ; dil-jama'h f. ease of mind, con- tent; c?^7-c/^a^?^a,a.to desire; dil- nawaz'if f. blandishment, kind- ness ; dil-nishirit that which im- presses the heart ; dil-shikasta, broken-hearted ; diUy hearty, of the heart, sincere, p. UHj diland, a. to cause to give, to consign, assign, s. j^^ diler, bold, brave, resolute; dileriy bravery, p. ^JuAjJ dalily f. argument, proof; a guide, director, a. A^ dmrii m. breath, life; boasting, pride; a moment; dam-d, to coax, to deceive ; dam-ba-dam, from time to time, with short intervals ; dami-marg, or dami rvapaslrif m. the moment of dying, last breath, p. ac> dum, f. tail, end, extremity, p. cUt> diytiaghi m. the brain, pride, conceit, a. jjt> din, m. a day. s. J J do, two; contracted for de,o, give, or you may give; do pahar, noon, or midnight, h. JfccitJ dudh, m. milk. s. j^fc) duVy f, distance, far, remote; 25 ) \JLhd dur-andesh, provident, foresee- ing; du7'-a7idesht, f. foresight, penetration; dur-daraz ox dm'- dast, far distant, long; duriy f. distance,separation,absence. p. lijjt) daurana, a. to cause to run, to drive, to actuate, to exer- cise, s. ^J^i> dozakTi, m. hell (met.) belly./?. jjjjfc) dosh,fsLn\t, sin, crime,blame. s. oJjJ daulat, f. happiness, riches, wealth, fortune; daulai-khdna. m. royal residence, a palace; daulat-khwah, wishing wealth or prosperity to another; daw- lat-khrvdhi, f. the wishing of wealth, &c. ; daulat-7)iand, rich ; daulat'War, wealthy; daulat- rvai'i, f, wealthiness. a. ^JbJ daht, m. thick sour milk, coagulated milk. s. [tion. s. jjUa J dhyaUi m. meditation, atten- jbt> diydr (pi. of ^^j), m. a coun- try, region, province, a. ^jj^sTj diji-e, respectful, imper. of L^t>, to give. yj>i> der, f. delay, late, along while, p. jtA^Jfc) ^65 or ifi-J^i^ desk, m. coun- try, region, s. Ul^J dekhdnd, to shew. 5. ll>t) (^"'l^J dekhd-i dend, n. to appear, to present one's self. s. d -s^'i) dekhna, a. to see, perceive, experience, to look at, to behold, s. jjJi) dirit m. faith, religion ; dain, m. debt. a. uJd dena, a. to give, grant, yield ; dena-lena, traffic, pecuniary transactions, gaming, s. jlyt> dewar or diwari f. a wall; also diwdl; diwar-gira, m. a kind of tapestry, p. JUO dtwana, mad; inspired, in- fluenced by a spirit, p. UlU dalna, a. to throw down, to drop, to push, to shake, submit, destroy ; dal-d. to throw away. h. j6 dar, m. fear. Ij|y3 darana, to frighten. \jj3 darna, n. to fear. .s. CUjtioJ dandawat, f. obeisance, salutation. 5. [target. A. Jbb3 (Z/mZ, m. declivity ; a shield, z'.t> zabhf m . a sacrifice, slaughter.^ . l,j zarra, ^t> zarra, m. an atom, a little. «. .^li 5«7fr, m. remembrance, men- tion ; zikr kajma, a. to record, to mention, a* 26 ) ^^j (JjJj zalil, abject, contemptible, base. a. ^j zihn, m. acuteness (of mind), sagacity, genius, wit. a, J \^j rati f» night; rat-din, night and day. s. U»-ij raja, m. a king; also ^J;. s. J^ ?'a2^, m. a secret, mystery; rdz niyaZi secret love ; rdz-ddvy faithful (in secrets), p.y j^JLJ^jRdmeshwar^ the g^d Rama ; another name for Shiva or Mahadev. 5. i\j rah, f. road, way, manner; rdh- bdf, the highway; rah-dekhndi to wait for; rdh-dilthdnd^ to keep one waiting; rdh-ddr, m. a collector of duties on the high- way; rdh-ddri, t. the privilege of collecting duties, &c. on the highway; rdk-i-rdstf f. the right way; rdh-L or apm rdh-l. to go away, to depart, p. CI.^'v*,*- J r<3A?7ifl^,f mercy, kindness; rahmat-k. or -khdnd, to pity, to sympathize, a. XiM^j rnMk^^f't ^' t^6 cheek, p. c:.^-<22>-. ruKhsati leave, license, discharge, indulgence; ruhh- sat-k. to dismiss; rukhsat-h. to 0)J ( 27 depart; ruhhsat'l. to take leave, to come away. a. ^jj rizh, m. food, wealth, support, allowance, a. [sion. s. ^fLw^ rasa,ii f. access, comprehen- \j\cj ri'ai/a, m. subjects, tenants, a. dxj ra^df m. thunder, a. CI^J-cj 7'aiy at or ra^aiyaU f. a sub- ject, tenant, a. c:^%Ac^ raghbaty f. wish, curiosity, esteem, affection, pleasure, a. U^ raJthna^ a. to keep, put, place; io possess, own; to save, re- serve, or leave existing ; rakh-d. to put down, to place; rakh-l. to take in charge, s. Q.^j ruku\ m. bowing the body in prayer, a. \xoj ramnd, to roam, wander, s. iftUsr,raw;ic?a,afflicted, displeased ; ranjidagiy displeasure, vexa- tion, p. [diya. s. i^SJj randh f.a woman; also ran- fjjjj rang, m. colour, manner, me- thod, hue, amusement, merri- ment; rang-k. to paint; to lead a life of pleasure ; rang-ralii blandishment,pleasure; rang-a- rang and ?'ang-ha-rang, many- coloured, various, of many kinds ; rang-amezt of various hues, beautiful, p. ) •iy jy rUf m. face, surface ; sake, cause, reason; Q'u-i-zaniin, surface of the earth ; ru^d. to attend to, to regard, p. [moving, p. J\jj rawana, m. going, departed, ^^j rupiyat m. a rupee, equal to two shillings, at par. s. '?•; roti, f. bread, a loaf. s. Uj roz, m. a day; roz-marra, m. daily subsistence, livelihood ; roz-nama or -namchat m. a journal ; roz-gar, daily subsist- ence, livelihood, p. ^_s\^j rihw, f. deliverance, escape, rescue, p, [xibj rahna, n. to stay, stop, be, exist, last, live; rahnewaldi an inhabitant, h. ^As:!.) richk, m. a bear. s. jw*jk^ 7'fl,i5, m. prince, president, chief, captain, a. ^jiij zahdn^ f. the tongue, language, dialect, flame of a candle, p. ijbj zahdni, by the tongue, that is, verbally, s. c:^£|;J zird'att f. agriculture, sown field, a. djj zardi yellow, pale, livid ; za rdi, f. paleness, p. ^J ( 28 ) ^jj zira, f. iron armour; zira-posh, clad in iron armour, p. ^U) zaman, m. time, an age, the world; fortune; the heavens ; tense ; zamana, m. time, &c. ; zamdna-saz, time-server; za- mana-sdzi, f, time-serving, flattery, a. ^j^j zarriin, f. the earth, ground, soil, country ; zamin-ddr, m. the receiver of revenues arising- from land; zamin-ddri, an allotment in land, or, rather, of the revenue of such land, p, jjj zan, f. a woman, p. Uj zind, f. adultery, fornication, a. Jli; za7idna, m. a seraglio, the women's apartment in an ori- ental establishment, p. jr^J ;2<2w;ir, f. a chain, p. jjljjf zinddn, m. a prison, p. fJ,^SJJ zind agdniy or) f. life, ex- ^J^J zindagi, j istence. p. iJJJj zi?ida, alive, living, p. jtj zoVi m, force, strength, vio- lence, vigour, effort, weight ; zor-dwar, powerful, strong ; zor-dwari, f. power, force, p. J5t}ljJ ziydda, m. addition, increase; adv. more; ziydda-k„ to aug- ment, to increase: (met.) to take away the dinner and table- cloth; ziydda go, a prattler, boaster, a. jjVj ^iydn, m. loss, damage, de- ficiency ; ziydn-kdr, destructive, dangerous ; ziydn-kdrzj f. de- structiveness. p. jij zer, prep, under, below, in- ferior; zer-dasf, a subject, vas- sal ; powerless ; zer o zahar, topsy-turvy; zir, zil, f. the treble (in music), p. U» sa, a particle, denoting simi- litude, &c., added to substan- tives and adjectives. ^L. sdthy prep, with, in company of. s. Jbt)!**; sddhu, holy, righteous. 5. I^Lj sd?'df all, the whole, h, (^Iw sdg, m. greens, edible vege- tables; sdg-pdt, m. greens, s. JUm sdh name of a wood, s. ; a year; sdl-giinh, anniversary of one's birthday, p, U^Uj sdmhnd, facing, fronting ; sdinhne, prep, in front, before, s. sab, all, every, the whole; sab kuchhi every, all; sab he sab, one and all, the whole; sab-Iii, all. s. ^J^ saha, Sheba, a country in Arabia Felix, where they sup- pose JBilkis, the Queen who visited Solomon, to have reig-ned. c'y^ siba' (pi of^^sabu'), lions, savage beasts, a. L;^'\J^ sabab, m, cause, reason, motive ; prep, on account of. a. jjlfi^ subhdn, m. praising (God); a title of the Deity ; subhan- allahj O holy God ! subham, divine, a, ^.Xm subuhf light, frivolous, p. ^JjM saranjam, m. apparatus, goods, end, accomplishment ; saranjam-h, to accomplish, j). ±.yti surkh^ red ; surhh-ru^ of a ruddy countenance ; pleased, satisfied; surkhu redness, bril- liancy, p. [fowl. p. l-jI^-^ surkhab, a kind of water- t)^ saj'd, cold ; sardi, f. coldness, p. j\dj»^ sar-ddr, m. a chief, a cap- tain ; sar-ddrl^ f. chiefship ; sar-ddri-h to act as chief. 7;. J1/V^ sar-jfaro^;, f exalted, emi- nent; also sar-afraz; sarfa- razu f. exaltation, promotion, p. ^^'yM sarak, f. a path, road. h. yt^ safar, m. a journey, voyage. p» iXaami sufed or siifaid, white, p. d2 ( 30 ) ili. Ci^i^Cw* sukunatj f. residence, dwelling, a. jjU^-aIaw Sulaiman, m. Solomon; ibn-i-DUiUd, son of David, a. U^ae*^ samajhna, a. to compre- hend, understand, s. L::^^JUgaj s«we^,with,together with.5. ^*w simii time, age, year (of the Hijra); sinn o sal, age, period of life. a. lL« sunna, a. to hear, to listen, s. tL^JUi san(/, m. a stone, a weight ; sang-dil, hard-hearted ; sang- sar-'k. a. to stone to death ; sang-tarasJu a stonecutter ; sa'ng-reza, gravel, pebble. /?. )ij\^^^ sang-Mivara, a kind of small bird of a dark colour, p. y*i sav, a hundred ; also sai. s. ]yM siwa, except, besides, also. a. J^Mi sahl, easy, simple, trifling, easily, a, [hundred, h. wj se, from, with, than ; ^^ sai, a L::^^/wLx*w siyasat, f. government, punishment, pain. «. l3 lj>«*j siyana,wise, skilful ; a sage. .?. ^Uwj siyahi black, unfortunate, bad ; siyah-hajiht, unfortunate ; si- ydh-Jidr, wicked ; siydh-gosh, m.. a species of lynx ; siydh- mast, dead drunk. JftXbc;,^/^ Set'bandIi,n3.mQofihe place where Rama is said to have built a bridge, on which was placed an image of Maha- deva, called here Rameshwar. s. j^Mj saiVi f. perambulation, ramble, adventure, a walk; used figu- ratively in the sense of view- ing scenery, &c. a. y^ ser, a weight about 21b. En- glish, commonly pronounced •ieer, h. jJ^ ser, full, satiated ; ser-dh, watered, irrigated; seri, satiety, repletion, p, CL^jSui 5lra^,f disposition, nature, a. J&^wj sirhi, f. a staircase, step, ladder, h. jt^Jjjj SIS, m.the head,the summit, s. \Lxm saikrd.) . . . •^ '' >a hundred, s. y>^^ saikray ) Li^J^w silihnd, a. to learn, to ac- quire, s, Iaj^ slna^ a. to stitch, sew ; send, to hatch young, as birds, to brood, to lounge idly, s, Juswj sina, m. breast, bosom ; sina- zovt robust, athletic; sina-soz, tormented, p. ifi^}^ shdhdsh, interj. well done! p. bravo .Li ( 31 ) ir- ^Im» shakh, f. a bough, a horn ; shakh-sar, f. a garden, p. 4)Li» shad, pleased, delighted, ex- ulting; shdd-ab, fresh, verdant, pleasant, succulent; shad-7ndn, pleased, delighted ; shdd-mdni, f. pleasure, delight, joy, re- joicing ; shdd-dil, cheerful ; shddi, f. pleasure, gladness, mar- riage, p. [festivity, p. ^uJLI shddiydna, m. rejoicing, jCXJii shdHVi m. a poet. p. ti^ili shdgirdi m. a scholar, dis- ciple, apprentice, a servant ; shdgird-pesha, an attendant, disciple, novice ; sharjirdi, f. learning, studying, apprentice- ship, p, [try of Syria, a, A^ Sham, m. evening ; the coun- Ci^v«l»i» shdmdt, f. bad fortune, adversity, a, ^Ll shdn, f. dignity, state, con- dition, constitution, nature, business, affair ; shawddr, dig- nified, stately, a. j$^Jt» shah, m. a king, prince ; ex- cellent, principal; Shdh-jahdn, an emperor of Delhi, grandson of Akbar; Shdh-jahdn-dbdd, the city of Delhi, so called after Shah-jahan ; shdh-zdda,'d prince; shdh-zddl, a princess; Shdh- ndina, name of a famous poem by Firdausi, the Homer of Per- sia; shdhi, f. reign, sovereignty; a follower of the sect of 'All ; adj. royal, p. i^yJ^ shay ad, adv. possibly, pro- bably, perhaps ; shdyad ki bd- shad, perhaps it may be so. p. L-i-^ shab, f. night; shab-bdsh, passing the night; Shabibardt, name of a Muhammadan festi- val ; shab-deg, f. a dish of meat and turnips kept on the fire all night ; shab i had?', (in Arabic lailatU'l-hadr, lit. the night of power;) a solemn festival among the Musalmans, which is held on the 27th of the month Ra- mazan ; shab-nam, dew ; also a species of fine linen, p, 9-j-oJiJU shutur-murgh, m. an os- trich, p. cls^ shujd\ brave, bold, a, vj:^r:W*' shujd^at, f. bravery, a. (^/Ks*** shakhs, m. a person, indi- vidual, a, CL^JJ^ shiddat, f. violence, force, adversity, affliction, a. jJ^ shar?', f. wickedness, depravity, malignancy, a. jj^ shardb, f. wine, spirituous liquor J shardbt,m.Q. drunkard.a. 'r ( 32 ) t \,Z^,j^ sharhat, m. beverage, sher- bet, a. )oJ!i shart, f. condition, stipulation, wager; sign, mark, signal. «. cjM shar\ m. the precepts of Mu- hammad, law, equity ; a high road ; s/iar'z, lawful, religious, a. GtjM shuru\ m. beginning, a. yM* sharir, vicious, wicked, ma- lignant, a. ( sUy/J» sharify noble, eminent; also sharifa, f. noble, &c. a. CL)j f-2) sharih, m. a partner, a party, a friend, a. c:^^AA/i, shafahatf f. compassion, kindness, a. j^jA^i. shafiki m. a friend, affec- tionate, a. \jjjl> shahh, m. doubt, suspense, a. JLl^ shikar, m. hunting, prey, game ; shihar-haiidf cords wherewith to tie game, &c. ; shika?'-f/ah, f. place for hunting in; shi- hari, relating to hunting, game; ra. a fowler, hunter, p. jijii shuhr, m. thanks, gratitude; sAM^raw<7,thanksgiving; shuhr- guzdr, grateful; shuhr-guzari, f. gratitude, a, Cl^sAw^ shikastf also shikastagi, f. defeat, dispersion, p. (J^ shahl, f. shape, form, appear- ance; shaJdi musaddas, hexa gonal. a. Jyii skahd, m. honey, p. ^^ shahr, m. a city; shahr-ha Sana, to cause a city to be buil or inhabited ; shahr-panah the protection of a city, a for tification,entrenchments,walls.^ jjk^ sher, m. a tiger, a lion ; she rana, tiger-like. p. L-^^*-Lc sahib, m. a lord, master companion ; (in comp.) pos- sessed of, endowed with. a. ^3)^c subh, f. morning, dawn; sulh- sabahf f. dawn of day ; subh- kheza, a sneaking kind of thief who steals in the morning er( people are awake, a, Cl^s*^ suhbatf f. society, an as- sembly; suhbat-h. to cohabit, a fifs^ safnh, accurate, pure, perfect, sound, a. {JL'^AaO sifdt, f. praise, quality, manner; an adjective ; 5//6/^-/?, to praise, p. ^1^ saldhy f. peace, deliberation! rectitude; advice; advisable. «. L? sulh, f. peace, reconciliation, treaty, truce, a. ^ ( Sy^ salut or salai^ f. prayer, be- nediction, fl. Ll^'^^i^ savbaty f. profession, trade, art, mystery, miracle. «. d^^ surat^ f. form, face, person, portrait, manner, state, a. (> tV^ ^^iW, f. opposition, contrariety; ziddi, one who opposes; adj. obstinate, a. j^j^ zarur, necessary, expedient, a, lJj^j*^ ^arurti necessary, requisite; pi. zaruriyatt necessaries, re- quisites, a. t_aj.jt^ za^if, weak, impotent. «. jLi zalali ) m. error, fault, Ci*^^'^ zalalaij) ruin. 5. >Uvi ziyofat, f. a feast, a ban- quet; hospitality, invitation, a. L^Ua (a/?&, asking, seeking ; td- libi-dunya^ worldly-minded ; talib uV ilnif or lalib i'ilm, a student, seeker of knowledge, a. ^j^^Hj ta,vs, m. a peacock, a. jlio .?aj?V, flying ; m. a bird. a. «.>U!b tdba-i\ pi. of ci^^AaL, q.v. c:^^^tjui^ tabVatf f. genius, nature, disposition, health, a. 33 ) ci'o: L«.^UjJb tablb, m. a physician ; tabibi, the science of physic, a. —jio turahi f. manner, mode ; tu- rah-ba-tarah, in various ways, of various sorts ; tarah-dar, handsome, graceful, a, uJ)Jo taraft f. side, quarter, di- rection, a. Jp^ tnrik, f. way, road ; manner, custom ; rite, religion, a. ^J>o tarVta, m. way, path; man- ner, mode; religion, a. (JaL tiflt m. an infant, a child, a young animal ; tifli^f. infancy, a. ^ys\\n talab, f. pay, wages; de- sire, demand; talab-dar or talab-gar, desirous, seeking ; talab-h, to desire, ask. a. f^L (am', f. avarice, greediness, a. j^ tauvy m. mode, manner, way. fl. !i J Hi zalim, an oppressor, a tyrant, a. ytlli zahir, evident, perspicuous, a. ^ili ^w/m,m.oppression ; injustice.^. jy\^ zuhur, appearance, existence; zuhur men ana, to take place, to be exhibited, a. Jjlc 'adil, just ; f. J jlc 'adila, a. U~' ( 34 ) J^ ^*Silc 'ashiht m. a lover; 'ashihh. to be in love. a. [ful. a. ^«olc 'asi, sinning, a sinner, sin- {Jji[c- 'ahily wise, sensible, a. CI^oiiL: 'akibat, f. end, futurity, the world to come. a. Jlc 'dlam, m. the world, universe ; time; regions; beauty; people; 'alami-ajsam, m. world of bodies, material world ; 'alami- arwah, m. immaterial world, world of spirits ; 'alami-dsbab, m. material world ; ''dlami-bakd, m. eternal world; *dlami'Surat, m. ideal world ; 'dlami-ma^m, m. real world, a. d-Jtilxc 'ibddat, f. divine worship, adoration ; 'ibddat-gdk, f. a temple, place of worship, a. UL);Ac 'ibrat, f. example, warning.a. (w^ols^ 'ajd,ibj m. wonders, cu- riosities; adj. wonderful, a. ^-.-^s:^ 'ajab, m. wonder, admi- ration; adj. wonderful, rare. a. L-^^s^ 'ajib, wonderful, rare; ^ajib-gliaribf or 'ajlb o ghariby wonderful and strange, a. CI^^«^ ^adalaty f. a court of jus- tice; law, justice, a. K^\S£. 'azdh, m. pain, misfortune, martyrdom,punishment; 'azdbi- jakannam, m. the torments of hell; ^ azdbi-habrt m. torment of the grave, a. jiNfi ^uzVi m. excuse; bild 'uzr, without hesitation or apology; 'uzr-khopdh, apologizing ; 'uzr^ khwdhuthe act of apologizing, a. L-->.£ 'Arabt m. Arabia ; an Ara- bian; 'J.ra&ijArabian.Arabic.a. {^j^ 'urs,B. marriage procession.a. ij^j^ ^arsh, a roof, a throne; the ninth heaven, where the throne of God is, according to Muham- madans. a. ^jC- ^arsQy m. area, space, time, while, interval; ^arsa-gdlh f- a field, a plain, a. {jOjC ^arZf f. a petition, request, representation; ^arz-k. to re- present, to offer, a. i^j^ 'arzi, f. petition, complaint, a. ^j^ 'ara}, m. essence, spirit, a. jJ^Jc 'aziz, dear, worthy, respected, precious; 'azizjdnnd or rakh- nd, to love, to hold dear. a. ^J^ 'ishh, m. love, pleasure; 'ishh'bdziy playfulness ; 'Ishk- mushk, love interviews, a. yoc, ''azUjVa.Si member,limb, joint, a. ^c ^api f. a gift, a favour, a. ^Il2::'ayar,m.aperfumer,druggist.«. .W ''itr, m. perfume, fragrance, a. aaIoc 'o^im, great, honourable, a. (Jac ( 35 ) M (Jib ^akh f. wisdom, opinion, sense ; *alil-mandi wise; 'aU-mandif f. wisdom ; 'ahlif reasonable, relating- to intellect, a, jAS- umr, f. age, lifetime, a. Jf/«x ^umuh, m. depth, profundity. o. (J»AC ^amah m.action, practice, rule ; ^amati, artificial, practical, a. C^y: 'aurat, f a woman, a wife. a. {joyo \wazi m. reward, retaliation ; substitute, instead of. a. t^x ^a/i^, m. compact, treaty, cove- nant; time, season; ''ahd-shikan, adj, covenant-breaking; ""ahd- shihanu f. the breaking of a covenant a. JUc ''iyal^ children, family ; 'iyal- dar, having a family, a man bur- dened with many children, a, p. L-^O^ ^aib, m. fault, blame ; aib- poshi lenient, one who conceals another's faults ; ^aib-posht, in- dulgence, leniency ; ''aib-JG, one who seeks out faults, a. ^jXc 'ain, f. the eye; a fountain ; the essence of any thing, as, ^ai?i shadi, the height or essence of joy; ''aiu rah 7nen, in the very path or road, a. jli ffh ai'. m. a cavern, pile, a. Jilc ghafilt senseless, negligent '■> ghafil'h, n. to be negligent, a. (*_.Jl£ ghdlib, victorious; ghJalib- ana or -honay n. to be victo- rious, a. C^j^ gharaUb (pi. of 4*«^c). strange, wonderful (things), a. {^jof- aharaz. f design, business, meaning; adv. in short, in fine. «. i*-..o^ gharibi poor, humble, meek, strange, foreign, a. Ci^Jiai ghaflati f. carelessness, neglect, a. aXs. ghulam, m. a slave ; ghulanii, slavery, service, a. ,jJlc ghalba, m. superiority, con- quest, assault, a. J^£ ghoU ni. a crowd, a number ; ghulj an ogre, kind of demon, f. ghaibf concealed, absent, in- visible ; ghaib-dan, skilled in mysteries, a diviner omniscient ; ghaib-dariii f. knowledge of mysteries, a. xighaibat^ f absence ; ghaibat, backbiting, slander, a. y^j^£|Z^«yMr,jealous,high-minded,«. ijJ>\» faMta, f. a dove, turtle- dove, p. a ^J^fctr igh . free, at leizure \fd.r igh - kJiatfi^ f. a discharge, a deed of release, a. [tuous, abundant, a. (Jv^li fazil, excellent, learned, vir- /•li Jam, colour (used in comp.) p. ^S^\s/d,ida, m. profit, gain, advan- tage, utility; fa, ida-mand, pro- fitable, a. [boasting, pride, a. js^ fakhr, m. glory, ornament, \i^3 Jida, f. sacrifice, ransom, a. U^y^y /a7'a?7i05/i, forgotten, p. ^^y^jijirdaus, m. a garden, Para- dise ; Firdaufi, name of a Per- sian poet, the Homer of that country, p. \^jifarsh, m. carpeting, bedding, a mat, carpet, any thing spread ; farsh-fu7'ush, carpets, a. Jk^jifirishta, m. one sent, a mes- senger, an angel, p, i\i farah, m. difference, separa- tion ; farak-k, a. to separate, a. ^jsjirha, m. a sect, tribe, class, com- pany, society, a. \J^^ ya?'wza/?, m. a mandate, command; royal patent ; y^r- mana, a. to order, command ; farman-hardar, subject to or- ders, obedient ; farman-har- dari, f. obedience, subjection. jo. tf,^ Farang, Europe, Christen- dom ; Farangi^ European, p. ( 36 ) Ji Jkljyi faryad, f. complaint, lamen- tation ; faryad'vas, m. a re- dresser of grievances ;y«r?/ac?- rasi, f. the redressing of griev- ances ; faryadi, m. a plaintiff.^. '^,^ /are/)?^, deceived, ena- moured, p. [war, rebellion, a. d\jM3 fasad, m. depravity, violence, ^:L'^£>Lq3 fasahat, f. eloquence, a. (J-^ fasl, f. separation, a section, chapter ; time, season, harvest ; Fasll, name of a recent era con- nected with the revenue, insti- tuted in the reign of Akbar, to avoid the confusion arising from the lunar calculation of the Musalmans. a. ^a-^ fafih, eloquent, a. ^yjafazl^ m. excellence, virtue, in- crease, favour, grace, a. liy^ fazull, f. redundance, ex- cess, extravagance. a,p. {Jl,Ax>£3 fazilai,f excellence, a. ijjtiji'l, m. action, work ; a verb. a. laiJi fakat, adv. merely, simply, only, solely ; no more. a. ^ filth, f. knowledge of religion and law. a, [gians. a. lyii fukaha (pi. of ^Uiii), theolo- jMii fakir, m. a beggar, a holy man ; adj. poor, indigent; faliiri, f. the profession of a fakir, po- p ( 37 ) J45 verty ^fallrm, a female beg-gar, a poor woman, a, ji,» fikr, m. f. thought, reflection, advice, solicitude; ^/cr-'wa7?e7, thoughtful, a. — .ili falah., f prosperity, refug-e. a. ^j5 famh m. skill, science, a. \>ifana,^ morisiWiy \ fana-h, or lio- jana, to become mortal, to die.«. — y y<^?(7) f. an army, a multitude ; favjdai', m. an officer of the police, a magistrate, o, ^ /?, in ; for, for each, as Ji-larke, for each child; fi-l-wciki\ in truth, in reality ; Ji-l-jumlaf in short ; ji-l-haliiliat, in truth, verily; ji-l-faui\ adv. imme- diately, a. \j^farz, m. bounty, favour ;y«?>- rasaUt bountiful; faiz-rasariit diffusion of bounty, liberality.^/. ^"uJ^ fayazaii, m. abundance, re- dundance, a. \^J^ fil^ m. an elephant ;/i/-Zja?«, m. an elephant-driver; /*i/-^a, having a swelling in the legs, having elephantiasis ;y2Z-^«?/a, m. a pillar. jJj'J Imhil, worthy, fit. skilful, suffi- cient, able. (I. yli* lialm^ m. power, command, op- portunity, possession. /. <^^ hasid, m, a courier, messen- ger, postman, a. j^\i hash', defective, a, -wsli' hazif m. a judge, a. xja:l3 Tia^ida, m. mode, manner, rule ; licc'ida-dan, conversant with manners, &c. o. Xi\^ hafilo, m. a body of travellers, a caravan, a. ,rs^'J JiaUcha,m.a small carpet.^;, j^y li' hanun, m. rule, regulations.*/. 5SA.>U ka,ida, rule, &c. v. ^ J^U. n. (J>ii3ha,il, subdued(in argument) (7. -^U* Aa,z?7?, standing, firm; hofim rahna or -hona, n. to be firm or permanent a, [to bury. o. Sh liahr, f. a grave, tomb ; hahr-d. (^jaSs i^ft^^-, f contraction, receipt, tax ; hahz-h. to seize, to appro- priate, a. ^Jixikahza, m. grasp (of the hand), possession ; handle, o. Ja5 kabU m. the anterior part, the front; prep.before,previous to.<^/. ,ijj hihla, m. the place to which Musalmans turn their face at prayer, Mecca, any sacred place, an altar; Mhla-gah, a father; hahla e ^alam, Your Majesty, Sire. a. e J^ ( 38 ) c)y jyK5 hahuli m. consent, approba- tion ; adj. accepted, consented ; kabul-suraf, handsome, of ele- gant form ; Jiahuli, f. a kind of food ; habuhia, a. to agree, con- sent, a. i-ui' kahila, m. a wife, a tribe, a. Jli' hatl, m. slaughter, killing, murder, a. si kadd, m. stature, person, a. CL^'«'4>j» kidamat, f. worth, excel- lence, a, jSs kadar,f. worth, price, quantity, size, destiny, fate; hadar-dan, an appreciation of merit, a pa- tron; kadar-dam, appreciation of merit, patronage, a. {JIJjSj kudraf, f. power, authority, omnipotence, a. Alii* Jiadanif m. a pace, footstep; the sole of the foot; liadam- bosi^ kissing one^s feet, an hum- ble salutation, a. j^iSi kadlm, ancient, old; former. «. j\Ji karai\ m. rest, firmness, agree- ment; harai'-gah, f. house of rest, the grave, a. [tion. a. ^by> Imrbant m. a sacrifice, obla- ^jc^ }iarz^v[i. a loan, a debt, money borrowed at interest, a, ^,.-^J^* karib, near; nigh, almost, relative, a. M*i liism, f kind, species, sort; a. ^j:^a,j^^ kumat, f fate, lot, share, distribution, portion, a. ^Lai kisas, m. the law of retalia- tion, a. [ject, purpose, a. tX^* kasd, m. desire, attempt, pro- ^ hissa^ m. a tale, story; a dis- pute, quarrel, a. Lfli* haza, f. fate, death; kazd-i-a, kaza-har, by chance, a. j».wA3 ha fas, m. a cage. a. J^AS liiifl^ m. a lock, a bolt, a, L..JJ kalb,m. the heart, mind, soul, kernel, marrow; adj. strong, im- pregnable; inverted; kalbi, of the heart, a. ,.*ii> hWa, m. a fort. a. J3 kalam, m. a reed, a pen, hand- writing ; f cuttings of trees ; ka- lam-dan, an inkstand; kalam,' rau, m. empire, sovereignity. «. j^x^halandai*^ m. a darwesh, a holy man. a. ^Ji huli^ m. a labourer, a porter, t. ^jAji kumr'i, f. a turtle dove. a. Cl^^Ui' kanaat, f. content, tran- quillity, abstinence, a. (JLJ^'i kuwivaf, f. power, virtue, vi- gour; Jiuwwati'hazima, f. di- gestion, a. J J kaulf m. a word, saying ; agree- ment, promise; a kind of song; (ry ( 39 haul-Tiaravt word of honour, firm promise. «. [family, a. A^ haum, f. tribe, sect, caste, tXx5 Itaid, f. fetter, imprisonment ; adj. imprisoned; kaid-band, m. imprisonment; Jiaid-khajia, m. a prison; kaidi, m. a pri- soner, a. vj:^s>«aJ himat, f. price, value ; kl- m<7^i, valuable, costly, a. ^c-^^ ^ainchh f. a pair of scis- ) ^J L-^1^ kdtib, m. a writer, scribe, a. LaVo hatna, a. to cut.to clip, to bite, to reap ; to pass away time ; 7iat-ddlna,or-lend,a. to cut off..*?. ^^*^^ kdst, or ) a name of Be- i^ kashly nares. s. ^o kdlejf a college, eng, tiito hdghaz, m. paper, j). j3^ kafir, m. infidel ; impious man ; a mistress; kqfirij an infidel slave, a, [love. s.]?. J^ kdnif m. business, affair; desire, ^ hdn, m. the ear; kdn dharna, to incline one'sear, to attend to.s. ^Jt)^ hdhi?i, m. a priest, prophet, augur, a. \^JsjS kahk or hahah, m. a bird of the partridge tribe, p. jJy^ kahutar, m. a pigeon, p, ^fAJ kabhu, ever, some time or other, at any time; kabhu kabhuy occasionally. $. ^fAJ kabhi, ever, at any time, some time; habJd kabhi, some- times, now and then. 5. KjS kuttd^a. dog. 5. ^j^JJo ki-taiin,to,up to; generally written he-ta,tn. h. ClJjJo kasrat, f. abundance, ex- cess, practice, mode. a. ,^ Jiuchh, also kachhu^ any, some, something, a little ; kuchh kd kuchh, in some degree, h. JxJ.^s>^ji kurchhetr, name of a lake, supposed by the Hindus to be the navel of the earth, and the spot where the first creation took place ; also of the country around, where the Kaurava and Pandava, ancient reigning fami- lies of Delhi, fought; hence it is a great place of pilgrim- age, s. j^yw^ kursijf. a seat, chair, throne; kursi-nishirii literally, seated in the chair, established, proved, a. Mj^ kirm^ m. a worm. p. U^ karnd, a. to do, to make, to perform, to effect, to actj kar- dend, to make, to render, s. ^J ( 40 ) ^ j^ij> Jscu'hn, bountiful, ^lacious, an epithet of God. a. (J$ kal^ adv. to-morrow, yesterday.?. (Jj half f. rest, comfort, ease ; a ma- chine, instrument, ^j. K kalla, m. a cabbage ; the head ; noise, jt?.; kalaj a dig-it of the moon. s. [a crane, p. LfJ^l^ kalanrj, a large sort of fowl, f$ kam^ deficient, less, little, rarely; in composition it denotes nega- tion, as kamhahhti unfortunate, graceless, wicked; ham-zor, weak; ham-zori, f. weakness; kam-nafib, of evil destiny, wretched, p. ^Jj^^i hampam, a company (com- mercial, &c,); kampam halia- dur, theHon.E.I.Company. en(/. ^aS kaml, f. deficiency, loss,abate- jjto kaman^ m. a bow-js;. [mentj;?. \^j!LspS kunjashhyf.a sparrow. _/?. ^J^ liunj'i, f. a key. s. 4^.^/ kund, blunt, dull, obtuse; hund zihn, of dull intellect, stupid, p. [quality, a. jS kanJt, or kwih, f. substance, ly ku,a, m. a well, a pit. s. ly kauwa^ m. a crow. h. U J^^ 'hudna, to leap, to jump. h. t^^^ Jwshish,f. endeavour, effort, study. 2% jj^ Iiaun, pron. who? which? what? also kon. h, j->y liOth pron. any, some one. s. d.^ conj. pron. that. j^l^ /£«/ia;2, adv. where ? whither .'^A. lil^ khana, a. to eat, to einbezzle; to get, to suffer; m. food; din- ner, any thing eatable; kaha- na, to be called or named, s. Ci^^l^ kahawat, f. a proverb, a saying', adage, s. U^ lihattd, acid, sour. h. \j^ khara, erect; hharu rahna, to stand; hhard-k, to raise, place erect; Jthard-h, to stand up, to be erect, h. ix^ kahnd, a. to tell, say, bid, order, call, affirm, acquaint, ad- vise, speak, s. ^^o hithna^ old, ancient, j)- li J*^> hhodna, a. to dig, to hollow, to search after, s. Ul^ kholna, a. to open, to loosen, to shine; to expand; untie; to set sail. s. \j^ khond, a. to lose, to waste ; kho-dend, to squander away. a. CI^A^ Met, m. a field; kheti, f. husbandry, crop; adj. ara- ble, h. jjJ.^ kahin, adv. somewhere, any- where. 6'. ^/ ( U:^U^ lihainchna, a. to pull, tighten, endure, experience, h. ?. m. ) - r \ sign of gen. case. 'tj I. J JJ hiy p. part fem. of karnd. lAi kiya, mas. of karna. u> ki/d, pron. what? how? why? whether or not. 5. [tile, snake, s. \jJi hird, m. a worm, insect, rep- \mJ^ kaisd, how? what sort of? s. Kj^^^jsu^ haifiyatf f. quality, mode, state, account, relation, story, a. ^^■J^ hyuiii hyunhar, adv. why? wherefore; how.'^ well? what? then, because, h, [veral. h* -JO ka-ij or ka-i-ek, some, se- 41 ) ^J lSj^ g^t^^T^i f' a bundle, parcel ; t^'li gdn, f, a cart, a carriage; gari-hdn or -ivaniva* a carter, a coachman, s. jj'i gall, f. abuse, s, [forth. 5. lill <7a??a, a. to sing; to sound ^Ib gdnth, m. a knot, a bundle, s. Ji-6 gdhw, a village. 5. jj'i ^a/i, f. place; time; gdh ha gall, or gdh, in different places, or times, p. As gd^e, f. a cow. s. ^J^gahru^ m. a clown, an unformed youth; a bridegroom. It. crew, pack. s. ^iM giddh, m. a vulture, s. \s>SS gadhd,m. an ass; met.stupid.*. jM guza?', passing; guzar-gdh, f. a passage, ford, ferry, p. UJ'^ g^P'^n, f. life, employment, livelihood, p. Uj^Jo guzrdnndj a. to present, to offer, p. [jjdS guzarnd, n. to pass, to go, to pass by or over. p. ^ guv, ) m. a spiritual guide, jyS guru, j teacher, s, d^ gird^ prep, around, about ; gird ha girdy all around. ^d^ gardan, m. or f. the neck ; gardan-mdrnd or -Itdtndf to behead ; gardan-kash, haughty, stubborn, p. j^S giriftdr, captive, taken pri- soner; giriftdr'i, f. captivity, capture, p. /tj> garrriy hot, ardent, choleric, thronged; garm-dha, m. a hot bath; garm-joshi, f' ardent de- light, heartiness ; garmi, f. warmth, ardour; throng; the venereal disease, p. \j>ji girnd, to fall, to drop, sink, to be split; gir-parndj to fall down. h. e2 3f ^ir 0^^^'^^^' ^' ^ t)and, troop, com- pany, crew, sect. p. CL-.vA^i;&^ gii'kist, ) m. a household- jJwJfc^ girhistt, ) er, peasant, s. (J^ ^«/, m. a rose, a flower*, gul-k. to extinguish; gul-h. to be ex- tinguished; (juWizar, having cheeks like the rose. p. lis galRy m. the throat, neck, voice ; rotten, wasted; gala lagna, to embrace, s. j.i galltti m. a flock, a herd ; galle he galle, numerous flocks, p. jJ.S ^«Zl,f. alune,a narrow street, h. ^.i gum, lost; gum-shiida, that which has been lost. jt?. [nion,^;. ij'^ gumaii, thought, fan cy, opi- iSjA^ gum-rahi erring, depraved ; gum-rahl^ error, heterodoxy. It. 4^ ganj, a granary ; treasure, p. i^ ganda, fetid, stinking, p. iJj^SidJ^ gandhak, f. brimstone, s. Ij^i^ gandhila,sidi]. putrid,stink- ^JjS Ganga, f. the river Ganges, s. ^SJi^j^d^ Ganga, ) names of two Godawarif J rivers in the Deeean, at the junction of which a mela, i. e. religious gathering or fair, is periodically held, s, [i]JS ga?pvdiiaf a. to lose, to squander, h. i 42 ) J jS^A^ gunali-gai'i m. a sinner, p. n)^ garvdh, m. a witness; gaivdhl, testimony, j). ^J^^ godl, f. lap, bosom. //. j^ gor, f. a tomb, a grave; goristdn, m. a burying-ground. p, \j^ gor a, fair-complexioned ; a Eu- ropean, s. L;>wi^^ gosht, m. meat, flesh, p. Jli^ gosha, m. a corner, closet, re- tirement ; gosha-gir, retired, a hermit; gosha-girl, f. state of retirement, seclusion; gosha-ni- shln, m. a hermit, solitary; go- shtt'-nislan^ f. the life of a her- mit 2^' oy goyd, conj. saying, as you would say, as if one should say, thus; adj. capable of speaking.^, cL>4S ghcit, m. a landing-place, quay; m'anner, want. s. i^j^^p glids, f. grass, straw, s. 1*1^ ghdm, f. heat, sweat, s. ^Ip gha,o, m. a wound, a gash. h. ^\,xp ghahrdndi n. to be confused, perplexed, embarrassed. //. ^1^ ghutm, f. the knee, h, j^ ghai\ m. house, dwelling, com- partment, grove; ghar-ldr, family, household, s. S\j^ ghardnai m. a family, house- hold. 5. \jp ghara^ m. a water-pot, a pit- cher, s. {^W g^^(^V~h f* an hour, a clock, s. \j^6 ghora^ m. a horse, s. ^6 ghiy m. clarified butter. 5. ^U> gydrah, eleven, h. ^J^i gyaiu ni.knovvled«je, informa- tion, s. Ci,^ git, m. a song. .<■. jXjS gular, m. a jackal. It. j-^'^i lathi, f. a staff, s, --^i laj, f. shamC) bashfulness. 5. j'^^i la-chav, helpless, forlorn ; ladiarii helplessness, a. /♦J4I lazlm, necessary, urgent, im- portant, a. ^J^'i lash, f a corpse. 2^. IX^^ lagna (same as lagna), to come in contact with, to be attached; to begin, s. Ji led, a. red, inflamed, a ruby. p. U^i Idna, to bring, to breed, pro- duce, make. s. ^) il lai,h, worthy, adapted, proper, able, qualified, a. L_^ lab, m. the lip, the margin of a river; lab a lab, brimful, p. ( ^vU //Z>«.-1« md-jara, m. state, circum- stance, incident, adventure a» XJU mada, female, p. UjU mama, a. to smite, strike, beat, drive, punish, to mar. This verb is frequently used in a very general sense, as, laf-marna, to boast; dam-mama, to speak; ghota-marna, to dive,&c. ; mar- mor-kar, having thoroughly beaten, s. JU mah m. property, v^realth, mer- chandise, goods; ??iaZ-a-maZ, re- plete, full, abounding ; mal-dar, wealthy, a. il< manus, a man, individual^ human being, s. UxjU) mangna, a. to ask for re- quire, demand, beg, pray. s. U3l« manna, a. to respect, believe, regard, accept, acknowledge, re- ceive, allow, admit, s. [like. j). AaJU manind, m. f. resembling, j^j^yU) maniis, associated, familiar; m. f. a companion, friend, a. IjIu) mahada, Be it not, by no means ! God forbid ! lest. p. \^j\xa7'«//-^ad'?,f congratulation; benediction, a. ( 44 ) ^=^ mat, a negative particle used with imperatives; don't; mat or mati, f. opinion, s. lx< mutassif or muia-assif, sorrowful, repentant, a. (J^lJU muta-ammil, considering, deliberating, a. [tinct. a. Jj/^ mutaffarih, separate, dis- ^LfljLc mutafahJiirf contemplative, pensive, thoughtful, a. ^i^U mat-wdla, intoxicated; a drunkard, s. h. ^a^yU mutawajjih, turning to- wards, attentive to. a. JLc matar, m. peas. h. ujU mathd,m. a large earthen jar. //. e^L< matliy m. a Hindu temple. 5. ^^l^Xo mitJids, m. f. sweetness, s. ^i^X^ mithd,i, f. a sweetmeat, sweetness, a. .^ju mutthi, f. a handful, the fist. h. ■ JU mitti, f. earth ; mitti-d. to bury; mitti ddlnd, to conceal another's faults, a, (JjU masal, m. a fable, proverb'; m/isl, f. similitude, a. Jt>lsr* wwJac^aZ^, contention, a con- tention, a. L::,.'vwj\sr* miijdnasaf, f. homoge- neousness, similarity of kind or species, a. ]/sf^ mujj^a, m. audience-hall, visit- J?' ( 45 ) ]^ ing; an audience; mujre-gaht place of audience; mujra,h m. a visitor^ attendant* a. i^j-J^ majlist f. an assembly, con- vention, a. ^fs^ mujhe, accus. and dat. of pers. pron. ^jX^, me, to me. K^ 'rnachchhar^ m. a musquito, a gnat. «. j^^jUf^ 'niachhU, f. a fish. 5. Jac^ mulialy impossible, absurd, a. *— aUst* muMtalif, diverse, vari- ous, discordant, a. [love. «. CI^^^=sr* muJjabbat, f. friendship, c—jjj^^ mahhub, beloved; m«/i- iw^I, loveliness, amiable qua- lities, a. [want of. a. Us^ muhtaj, necessitous, in ^^jS^ mihrdbj f. the pulpit, or chief place in a mosque, a. (*/s^ mahram, a confidant, con- fidential ; muharrami sacred, excluded, m. the first Muham- madan month ; mahrami-raz, m. one entrusted with a secret, a. isj^AsT^ mahfuzy preserved, com- mitted to memory, a, jJ^E'* mahalli m. place, building, district,quarter ; time,occasion.«. As^ mwAa//«,m.quarter, district, a. lasT* mahalll, a eunuch, a. CL^JcsT^ mihjiat, f. labour, mis- fortune, temptation, sorrow ; mihnat'kash, one who endures affliction ; mihnat-kasJii, en- durance of affliction, a. ( ails'* mukha^^fi opposite, dissen- tient ; ra. an opponent, enemy. a. ^j Is-* mahhzan, m. a magazine, a. ^^^^A-s^ maWifis secret, hidden, a. ^»id=s'* muWiiasi^ f. liberation, de- liverance, a. Cl^l3^)L-ir« ma'kJduliaty pi. things created, creatures, a. cuJ^ mucldatf f. a space of time, a long time ; muddatu-l-umr^ f. length of one^s life. a. — . J^ madh, f. praise, eulogiura. a. t>iX« 7nadad, f. help; madad-gar, m. an assistant, ally; madad- gcln, aid, assistance, a. jXiXo mudda^i, m. a plaintiff, claimant,prosecutor ; an enemy.rt. ^.tVo mazbihf m. a place of sacri- fice, an altar, a. j^Xx mazkur, statement ; adj. above-mentioned ; 7nazkur-k. to mention, a. L^^ysSiX< mazhab, m. religious sect or creed ; mode, way. a. j< murr, m. myrrh, a. Ci^^aw^o murdja^at^ f. return, re- course, a. [clination. a. t>J^ muradi f. desire, intention, in- ^J^ ( ^^ ) b^ murahha^ m. a kind of pre- serve, jam. a. Ljj^ marbiit, bound, fastened, at- tached, a. A>j^ martaba, m. a step, deg-ree, dignity, office; onetimeorturn. «. bj^j^ mai'-jana, n. to die. s. ^j^ mirch, f. pepper; smart say- ings, s. l^i^-^ muixhha, faint, fainting. 5. dj\i mardi m. a male, a man, a hero ; inard-hachcha and mar- dak, a little man ; mardi-ddml, a gentleman; mardi-adamiyat, courtesy, bravery. p» J t^j^o murdar-y polluted, profane ; m. carrion, a. Jri^j< mardana, manly ; mardd- nagl, manliness, p. l^t>^ mardu,d, a contemptible fellow, p. [corpse, p. idj< murda, adj. dead ; m. a t_ft>^ mardRy f. manlinessi hu- manity, p. \\j^ mh'za, m. a prince, p. oi7va?'at,) sultation. a. jy^ mashhur, published, cele- brated, well known ; also mash- hur i. a. Li^^^-Ls'* musdhibt m. a compa- nion, friend, aide-de-camp, a, u-Jj^^-fl^ masruf, expended, en- grossed, devoted, returned, a. ( 47 ) UU )ayxA< mazbutj strong, possessed, restrained, a. [querin«j. a. js!i^ muzaffar, triumphant, con- >jA^^ maVM77i,known,distinguished, apparent, evident, a. JUjvo ma'yal, children, a.p. ^jjc« mu'aiyan,fixed ; mu'aiyan-k. a. to fix, to appoint, a. Ci^lfl-* rnvfaraliat, f. separation, alienation, absence, a, ji^SLo muhaddari predestined; un- derstood ; m. fate. a. aJsL* mukaddam, prior, para- mount; mukaddam-k. or -ja7i- na, to place before, to deem paramount, a. ^Ssuo mukaddam a, m. the first part, a preface, introduction, a. ijjJU maMitr, m. power, ability, possibility; ba-maMu?', accord- ing- to one's power. «. J »iU muharrar, certain, fixed, certainly; mukarrar-Jt. to be certain or fixed; mukarrar-k. to appoint, allot, a. Juailo maJisad, m. intention, mean- ing, wish. a. [posed, a. t>«-^ makkhi, f. a fly. s. jS^ magar^ but,only,unless,except ; sometimes a mere particle of in- terrogation. Cl^UJU mulakat, f. interview, con- versation, a. [embracing, s. Ojs^"^ iiniljul), meeting, greeting, V^Jo^ miilh m. a country; mulk- giri, f. administration, political affairs; conquest, a. iiilALo malik m. a king ; Malik i sadik, name of the king of the genii ; maliku-t-tujjar, the chief of merchants, the headmer- chant of a ciiy.a. [to anoint.^. ul^ malna, a. to rub, to tread on, UL« milna, n. to be mixed, con- founded ; to meet, to agree, suit, be united, s. Ufc; ^2- ^ mile jule rahnai to live together in harmony. 5. ^jC«wo mumkin, possible, practica- ble, a. [minion, sovereignity, a. Ci-^sC-i** mamlukati f. empire, do- ^»/*^ mamola, m. a wagtail. ^ man, m. mind, heart, soul, spirit, s. ; man, m. name of a weight nearly 801b.; vulgarly maund. s. [per, fit. a. L«*^*JJU^ munasih, suitable, pro- iLo ( 48 ) J:^^ ^isli^ munazara, m. disputation, contest. «. [table, or dais. a. jXy^ mimhar, m. a pulpit, a side- iC^l* minnaf, f. obligation, en- treaty. Oi [pectant of. a. J^ixLo muntazir, waiting for, ex- M^jij!^^ munharifi changed, turn- ing from ; an apostate, rene- gade, rebel, a. C:^Jjx< 7nanzilat, ) f dignity, rank, Y^^ munhi m. mouth, face, counte- nance ; ^?m/i -2^0?% headstrong, s. /*i\.^ji« manhadhn, or munhadim, demolished, destroyed, a. \yo mu,ai dead, dull. s. [cattle, a. ^j!i\yo morvaffh?, pi. quadrupeds, ^^yo mun'ofil/y f. conformable, congruous, like, favourable, n. Ll^5^ omiwafiJiat, conformit; analogy, agreement. r?. [urine./ CU^-K maufi f. death, a.\ mnt, n (S^'^ w,o/z, m. a pearl, s. UVo motai fat, thick, coarse, large motataza, fat and sleek, well conditioned, h. ^'i'^-o moth, f. bundle, load ; mnil a handle ; falsehood, h. tw^is-^ myjih, m. cause, reasor account, flf. [Great King, Sire. .' «-^^l^ Maharnj^ or Mafiarojl jj\^ muhr, f. a seal, a gold coin mikr, f. love, friendship; th( sun; Mihr-nigar, name ofj princess ; w.ihr o niaJu sun an( moon. p. [a friend, p ^J^JY^ mihrhany friendly, kind (^^jyo miJirharn, also mihrha 710 gi, f friendliness,kindness. p KJ^^^Y^ mahanfixn. a saint, a chie of devotees, s. [p^y- V Lu^ malfinu, m. a month, monthb Uax* miitha, sweet, tender, kind. >■ fj^SJ^^ maid an, m.a plain, an opei field, a field of battle, p. <±j>\jj^ mlra^, f. heritage, patri mony. o^ yx^ mex, f a table ; mez-bar}, m an entertainer, p. {j^-o mel, m. connection, relation- ship; maiU m. dirt, filth, rust Jj^ ( 49 ) u; scum, s.; i7iil, f. a needle, a skewer; a mile, p, Ix^ mailay dirty, defiled; mela. m. a fair; meld-thela, a concourse of people. 5. ^^jX< main, I; men, in. k, ^x« menh, m. rain. s. jjjjv« mewa, m. fruit; merva-dar, fruit-bearing, p. t>»>U na-bud, non-existent, de- stroyed, p. ^[j nathy m. the string or halter of a bullock, s. ^^jL> natht lord, master, s. ^j>'^^ nathjiy my lord, sir. s. fj^y* mumin orthodoxy a be- liever, a. ^j)fc)Ij na-ddn, ignorant, simple, silly ; ndddrii, f. ignorance. JLwJljli na-ddnista, without knowing, unwittingly, p, i»li nam, m. name, fame, reputa- tion, s. [ninety-nine. s. -^ J'Ju ninndnauwe, or ninanawe, iUli ndma, m. a letter, writing, p. ^U nan, f. bread, loaf. p. cLUsi nipat, adv. very, exceed- ingly, /i. ]SJ nidd, f. sound, voice, a. ^ nar, man, a male. p. Mji narmy soft, tender, easy, gentle, silly ; narnii, f. softness, p. JUy \nirmala), pure, clear, s. (^Jjjp nazdlh, prep, near, close to, almost, (about; idiomatically) in the opinion of /?. [neage. a. L«.^M>J nasah, m. genealogy, li- Cl^'OuJ nishat, f. relation, affinity ; regarding, with reference to. a. tJ-MiJ nasi, f. race, pedigree, genea- logy, breed, caste, family, a. ^jLiiJ nishdn, m. a mark, trace or remnant, family arms, flag. p. d-.^£^}-a> naslhat, f. counsel, in- struction, admonition, a. ^^ nazal', f. sight, vision ; the eye a, JaJ nazm, f. verse, order, a string. a. di-'v*»io nVmdt, f. favour, benefit, delight, affluence, a. ^A^ naghma, m. melody, song, a musical note, a sweet voice ; naghma'Sardy m. a singer ; naghma-sard-i, harmony, a. CL>^ nafrat, f. fright, aversion, a, tj*^ nafas, m. the breath; nafs, the soul, life, spirit; desire, sen- suality; nafs'kasli, one who re- strains his desires, temperate, a. *flJ naf\ m. profit, interest, a, (PU3 nahhdsh, m. a painter, sculptor; nakkdskt,i'. painting, sculpture, a. f i^AJ ( 50 i^'i nalicU m. ready money, a. ij^'so naksh, m. painting, a map ) V a portrait; a talisman, a. Ji*sj naksIWi m. a portrait, model, plan, map, chart, a. ^La«J nuksan. m. loss, defect, detriment, a, (J«ib* nahljf. a history, tale ; copy- ing-, nakliyaty histories, a, —1^ nikah, m. marriage; (in Bengal), concubinage, a, UlKi nikalna, a. to cause to issue, to take out, take off, exhibit; nihal-dena, to cashier, to turn out; nikal-ddlna, to deduct, strike out; nikdl-lena, to dig up, to take out. 5. UK> nikalna^ n. to issue, be ex- tracted, to result, come out, be be taken off, escape ; also nikal- jdndy to issue forth, to escape, s. 2(1X> nigdht f. a look, observation, care; nigdh-hdn, m. a guard, a keeper; nigdh-bdrii, f. watch- ing, guarding; nigdh-k. a. to watch, to guard, p. jkj nagavy m. a city, a town. s. ^Iju^ nigahhdn, m. a guard, pro- tector; see i(lG. p. jUJ namdz, f. prayer ; namdz-k. a. to read or repeat prayers, p. L :; ^A.j f^fT^nimitt, or PtiP+HM 7ii- mithya, m. cause, motive ; post- pos. for the sake. s. Saj namad, or iti^o namdd, m. coarse woollen cloth, p, yJj^AJ namah, m. salt (met.)spirit, animation; bread, subsistence; namak-haldl, loyal, grateful; wo'ma/f-i^aram, ungrateful; na- mak-ddn, m. a salt-cellar, a. dy^ namudf f, index, guide; adj. apparent, public, p. J'^y^ namuddvy m. an exemplar, proof; adj. noted, visible, p. Jy^ namuna, m. an example, model, p. UaJ nangdf naked, shameless ; nangd-mungd, stark naked, s. Jy nirvdld, m. a morsel, a mouth- ful, p. Cl^y naubat, f. time; occasion; naubat-Mdna, the house for re- lieving guard ; music gallery, a, «y nur, m. light, splendour ; nurd- nlt serene, clear, bright; nur-i- chashnif m. (sight of the eyes) ; a son; pur-nur, lit. full of light, illustrious, a. tU^^c:^wi.y nawisht kJirpdndt writing and reading, p. ^ na, not, no, nay. s. p. h. UL^ nahdnd, to bathe, wash. h. jLyi mhdt/at, f. the extremity, J^ excessive, very much; nihayat ko, at last, in fine. a. j^ nahr, f. a stream, rivulet, a. jjAyJ nahtn, no, not, nay; nahin tOy (if not, then ;) otherwise, a. jUi niyaz, f. a petition; poverty; a thing dedicated, a. d^^-jj niyati f. wish, intention, bless- ing*, a, ^-rsnj niche, below, underneath, s. tjXi neza, m. a spear, javelin, a, ^JuuJJ nesti, f. non-existence, an- nihilation, p, j^CjJ nesh, m. sting, puncture; nesh'Zan, m. an incendiary ; a tell-tale, p, viAjAJ neky good, virtuous ; nek- andesh, well-meaning, judging well ; nek-bakht, virtuous, of good disposition, happy, p. ^CjXJ nehi, f. goodness, virtue, p. JjJ nil, m. indigo ; the river Nile ; adj. blue. p. ajJ nm, m. name of a large tree, the leaves of which are very bitter, and used as a decoction in the case of wounds, contu- sions, &c. s. aAJ nvTit half, middle ; nlm-jdn, half dead ; nim-josh, coddled, half boiled, p. »JJ new, or neot f. a foundation, h. ( 51 ) ^^^ J^ newalt )m.a weasel, 'aj il^ newald or neold, ) a ferret, a mangoose. 5. [tation. .•?. 'J»a3 neotd, or nyotdt m. an invi- L>-./N»-l^ wdjib, necessary, proper, just; wdjibu-l'katl, worthy of death, a, [single. «. Jo-^^ wdhid, one, sole, individual, dDj^^ wdris, m. an heir, master, lord, owner, a. ^*wl^ wdstCt prep, on account of, for the purpose of, because of. o. i^^K waktfy knowing, experienced ; 7vdhif-kdr, acquainted with matters; wakif-h. n. to be ac- quainted with. a. V\^ wdld, a termination added to nouns to denote possession, as topi'Wdld, the man with a hat; added to infinitives, it denotes agency, as, kahiie-ivdld, the narrator or speaker, h, ^1^ wdld, adj. exalted, sublime ; wdld shdn, wdld kddr, of high dignity or rank. p. [except, a. ^1^ wa-illd or wa-illd na, otherwise, JSaj3^ wasika, f. firmness, faith ; a bond, written agreement, a. wahshat, f. grief, sorrow, aversion, a. j^>i^>.^ wahshi, wild, savage; a wild beast, a. dj^ 7vird, m. daily practice *, wird- wazifa parhnUf to perform one's daily tasks of devotion, a. j>\» wazh'y m. a minister; wazir- zdda, wazir-zadl, son or daughter of a wazh\ a» Ci^N«**jj was' at, f. space, extent, power, means ; leisure, oppor- tunity, a. [virtue; worth, a. u-a^^ wasf, m. praise, encomium, jjs^ Tvatan, m. native country, home, abode, a, ^Sc^ fva'da, m. a promise, agree- ment, vow. a. [tion. a, laTj rva'Zf m. preaching, admoni- ^£^ rva-ghaira, and the rest, et cetera, a. C;>.3^ wakt, m. time, season, oppor- tunity; wakt'katna, to pass time. a. [deputy, a. (JJ^t^ wahili m. an agent, attorney, u:^)!^ 7vilayaff f. an inhabited country, dominion, a foreign country ; Europe, a. J^ waRf m. a prince, master, saint; a servant, slave; wall ^ahadt an heir, a successor, a. jj5 win (Braj for ^J\ im), them. h. ^lifcj wahdn, there, thither,yonder./^ ^j wahi or ^ft>^^ ?uw/ii, pron. he, 52 ) Ijib himself, that very (person), h, LwJ^ waisQy in that manner, so, like that, such ; waisd ha, waisa, the same as ever. h. ,^Ia hath, m. the hand, a cubit, possession, power ; hath-and, or -pahunchna, to come into one's power, to be obtained; used as a post-position, it signi- fies " through," " by means of. "5. j^^la hdthh m. an elephant, s. \jl^ hard, added to inflec. infin. of verbs, expresses agency, as, mdrne hdrd, a striker. ^Jjb hdn, adv. yes, truly, true. s. Cii^Jiyife hiddyatt f. guidance in the way of righteousness, a. iXAJ^a hudhud, m. the hoopoo or lapwing, a. c/(Sa haddh f. a bone. 5. j^ har, every, each ; har-ek, every one ; har-chand, although, how- muchsoever; har-chu whatso- ever, ^^a har-hdra, m. a mes- senger, a kind of servant. p» J\ydjB:iIIaridwdr,2i celebrated place i of pilgrimage near the sources of the Ganges, s. ji^ kargiZi ever, at all. p. j\jSb hazdr, a thousand ; hazdr-dd- K^^ ( 53 ) ^^ always, constantly ; ham-watan, m. a fellow-countryman, p. UaA hamid^ equal, alike, p. „^a.4Jb /iames/w,always,ever,perpe- tually ; /mme5/i«^i,f.eternity./7. *\Aa Hind, m. India, an Indian, a.p. yLa hunar, m. art, skill, ingenuity, virtue; hunar-mand or -rvai'* skilful, p. [fun. 5. ^^AwJjfc Aowsl, f, laughter, mirth, ^ItiJb Hinyldj, a place of pil- grimage, dedicated to Durga or Debi. s, jyhi hanoz, yet, hitherto, still, p, \^ hawa, f lust, love; wind, air.jt?. ^U^yb hoshydr, intelligent, atten- tive, cautious ; hoshyari, f. so- briety, carefulness, p, Uyb liondy n. to be, become, have; ho-jdndt to become, p, ^ halt is, art; lii (an emphatic affix), indeed, verily, very. h. stdiiyTa.^i kind of nightingale, p. ^/jjJb hasti, f. existence, entity, world, p. ,^XwM.Jb /itts^i, m. an elephant, a. c:^>iJi> /ia/>, seven ; haft-kalam, seven species of penmanship ; hqft-iktim, m. the seven climes, i.e. the whole earth, according to oriental geographers, p. JsJb hnfta. m. a week, p, Jjb half m. a plough; kal-jotd, m. a ploughman ; haUjotnd, to plough. 5. ^jjllb haldk, m. perdition, de- struction, ruin ; haldk-h, to perish, to be tired, a, 'Jlfc hildnd, a. to move, to tame, to cause to swim. h. j»a haniy we ; pi. of ^^x^ main. s. »a ham, a particle prefixed to nouns, to denote union, equa- lity; thus, ham-histar, of one bed, sleeping together; ham- piydlcty m. a boon companion; ham-rdh, m , a fellow-traveller ; ham-rdhi, f. travelling together ; ham-sdya, m. a neighbour, neighbouring ; ham-sha/d, like in appearance ;/mm-*«m?', of the same age ; ham-kaldm,con\ers- ing, tete-a-tete, familiar; ham- nishm, m. a companion ; ham- wdr, even, level; ham-wdra, jb ydd, f. memory, recollection ; ydd-k* to remember ; ydd-far- mdnd, to call for, to send for. /?. ;Jv^, yarii, that is to say, namely, a. UO ?/a^^\ ^TiT «F^ dj Aa/,now-a-days, in a few days; lit. to day (or) to morrow. 5. l^^ 1(^^IT ichchhd, f. wish, desire. 5. -.js**'! ^1^^ ashcharya or ash- c/tar^/pm. astonishment; a won- der; wonderful. 5. Xol^LiJl ikrdr-ndma, m. a contract, bond, written agreement, a. (j»wUjJI iltimds, m. f. beseeching, supplication,a petition ; iltimds h.f to beseech, pray. a. .1^1 inkd?', m. denial, refusal, a. ji***d inliisdr, m. contrition, cha- grin, bitter regret, a, y^^S^\ angreziy English ; the English language, p. [it\j har-ydhi adj. admitted at court or into company ; bdrydb hond, to obtain admission, p. ^^^U ^TO^ bast or vdsi, inhabit- ing ; an inhabitant, resident, s. {^^* f^^^ bijli, f lightning ; a thunderbolt, s, ^j} ^5§iT barnan, m. description, recital ; barnan h., to describe ; barnan hond, to be described, explained, s. yjij^, batarlhf by the way, by means of. p, a* iXx^j H^ bhed, m.a. secret, mystery..'?. cLuA^ >^ bhentt f. an interview, meeting ; bhent k., to meet, to visit, s. ^Imj^'U m<5^II(^l pdth-sdldy f. a school, a college, s. tjr;t>U pddri, m. a clergyman, mi- nister, or missionary; from Portog. padre. [dan. s. ^i3U pdlhh f. a palanquin, a se- i^,^jl i ipravesj trance,ad- mission. s. M^ji J(^m pratham, adj. first, be- fore, s. Jbi^Aw^ tftrir 'prasiddh, famous, distinguished. 5, vii^S^ PPT? pragat, obvious, mani- fest ; pragat hona, to be ex- hibited, explained. 5. ^uT^ parganoy m. an inferior divi- sion of a country,less than a zilla, nearly equalling a barony, p. ^jU^ Tmw praman, proof, autho- rity ; authentic, accurate, s. L/V^-Zi /?arwa7-t5A, nourishment, support, maintenance. jO. ^*\^ Mm pajoan, f. air, wind. 5. ^fc> ^ jJ^ p'ir-fid-dinjm.M.ond&y.p. t CL? «^Jciflj - chashm, m. or f. the eye ; hope. p. i^j6^^^ ^Hri^ofclO chamatkdrl, wonderful, astonishing, un- usual, s. [cause, p. ^y^chunki, when that, since, be- d ^ jli) dad, f. a gift ; justice ; re- venge ; dddkhmah, demanding justice, a plaintiff, p. /♦'i) dam, m. price, h. a net. ji;. ^fc) dar prep, in, on. S->'-^'<^ ^ar- &a&, in the affair, on the sub- ject, p. a. SjU .J darwdztty m. a door. p. d-.'>**»t> J«5^ m. a hand. \i^\ c;^^-«^^ ^as/ dwez, a signature, note of hand, bond. p. ^j^Jmh} dasturiy f. custom, dis- count ; adj. customary, p. a. ^ jUfct) dhire,^ gently, softly, ^jJ&J dhime, J slowly, s. h. Mj^[u* H\H^ samarth or samar- thya^ power, ability, s. l^x*j ^nn sabho, f, an assembly, company, meeting", s, tijj^ supurdt f. charge, trust, sm- pu7'd karna, to entrust. ^U-UkAw HH\M\Ksamachar,m.ne\\s, tidings, information, s. ^A(*» Wn^ samai or samayd, m. time, leisure. 5. [a grant, a. Sx^ sanadi f. signature, a deed, y^Y** 5aA^i,straight; true,correct.a./>. ? (j^ S^c sady a hundred. ;;. ? U^ «Li ;2re7/a' m. a side, part; a dis- trict ; column (of a book), a. iijo turf lit adj. wonderful, rare. a. ^j^ liurmi^ m. name of a tribe of husbandmen. Ji. ^^/♦K halima, m. a word, speech ; ( 56 ) ^^ Mahommedan confession of faith, a. JUs> kamdl, m. perfection, excel- lence ; complete, perfect, a. ^jjj! larkh f. a girl, daughter, s. V— alal /Mfy*,m. courtesy, grace, kind- ness, a. m JJiiJ^ mdndttt tired, fatigued ; ail- ing, sick ; left, remaining, p. (•aU* muzdhim, m. obstructing; a hinderer, an obstacle, a. Vamj^ m wsa wm«,named,entitled .a. Cl^V^^.^2^ musibat, f. a misfortune, calamity, affliction, a. u-i'^x« mu'dfi pardoned, absolved ; ?«w'ff/'Aa7-wa,toforgive,excuse.«. jtiy-^f^ViazuVf excused, disappoint- ed ; m a' zur 7'akhnd, to e\c\ise.a. ^^xi^^K^ W^'^ manushya^xn. man, an individual, s. T^yo mavza" m. a place, village, parish ; conjuncture, a. J^ moli JT^ mulya^ m. purchase, price; mol lend, to buy. s. 'Xly.^ mahan^dfdeaT, high-priced. 5. 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