THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES 
 
/. - / * ..-.. 
 
 
 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 A Logical System of Modern 
 Phonography, Practical for all 
 Purposes for Which Rapid and 
 Accurate Writing is Required 
 
 COMPLETE IN TWELVE LESSONS 
 
 INCLUDING SHORTHAND NUMERALS 
 AND REPORTING 
 
 By WILLARD I. TINUS 
 
 Principal. Central Business College. Chicago; Author, Dictation Studies, 
 and Graded Lessons in Practical Dictation Matter 
 
 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 
 
 THE TINUS-HARMON PUBLISHING CO. 
 
 109 Randolph Street 
 
 1908 
 
Copyright, 19C8 
 
 By Willard I. Tinus 
 
 Chicago 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 In presenting to the public this system of shorthand, 
 no claim is made to originality in the form of any ab- 
 stract mark or line contained in the book. They have, 
 doubtless, all been used thousands of times before, and' 
 for various purposes. In fact, every stroke in the al- 
 phabet can be found in the correct forms of our or- 
 
 2 dinary longhand. However, in the selection of strokes 
 # to represent certain sounds or combinations of sounds, 
 >" many original ideas have been introduced. 
 
 C* Shorthand systems always have been but approxi- 
 
 3 mately perfect methods of recording rapidly spoken 
 language. All persons who have made any extended 
 
 $ study of the subject are familiar with this fact. 
 To construct a more perfect system, one that would 
 5 serve its purpose better than any previously known, 
 has occupied the attention of many earnest students 
 of the art ever since shorthand became a practical 
 pJ science ; but particularly during the last half-century, 
 p for during this time the requirements have greatly in- 
 creased, especially in the matter of speed at which 
 shorthand frequently must be written. 
 
 Many and varied have been the plans and methods 
 of constructing systems of shorthand ; yet there seems 
 
 449593 
 
iv 1'REFACE 
 
 to be but two prevailing schools of thought, the one 
 expressing vowels by writing consonants in position ; 
 consonants by hooks, under certain conditions ; vowels 
 by dots and dashes written disconnectedly; light and 
 shaded simple consonants ; halving ; doubling ; etc., 
 etc., represented by Pitman, Graham, Munson, 
 Longley, Dement, Burns, Marsh: and, that of writing 
 all outlines in one position ; practically one form for 
 each consonant; vowels by circles, hooks, etc., joined; 
 no shaded characters; omitting sounds and endings of 
 words, to secure brevity, etc., etc., represented by 
 Sloan-Duployan, Malone, Gregg, Pernin, Mosher, 
 McKee. 
 
 I have been a close student of shorthand for more 
 than a score of years, beginning when but a boy. The 
 subject has always appealed to me from an artistic as 
 well as a commercial view. To me, the person who 
 can faithfully record the utterances of the most rapid 
 speakers, is truly an artist ; and the means by which 
 he accomplishes his task, is something worthy of more 
 than a passing thought. 
 
 In all of my study of various systems, including the 
 old as well as modern productions, I have been guided 
 by an unprejudiced mind, recognizing merit wherever 
 found. I have gathered many valuable ideas from both 
 schools of thought; and these, as far as practicable, 
 have been incorporated in the system here presented. 
 On the other hand, many objectionable features, some 
 
PREFACE v 
 
 of which will be referred to later, have been eliminated. 
 
 It has been my good fortune to have taught short- 
 hand from the beginning to several thousand students, 
 and to have assisted hundreds of advanced writers in 
 perfecting their knowledge of the particular systems 
 they were using. This experience brought my study 
 and research into close relationship with actual condi- 
 tions in the practice of various systems of shorthand. 
 
 I discovered many instances where it seemed to me 
 that a proper combination of ideas from both the 
 schools above referred to, would add wonderful facil- 
 ity to the writing and reading of a system of short- 
 hand. 
 
 This caused me to go deeper into the study of the 
 possible development of a system which should include, 
 in a practical way, the strong, prominent features of 
 both methods, and at the same time eliminate as far 
 as possible all objectionable ones ; having in mind, 
 always, that a practical shorthand must possess the 
 requisite speed qualities to be written sufficiently rapid 
 to reduce to paper the utterances of the most rapid 
 speakers ; and, must also be sufficiently legible to be 
 accurately read when written under the greatest stress 
 of speed. Xext, that these results shall be obtained at 
 the least expense of physical and mental energy. 
 
 In order to effect the greatest conservation of physi- 
 cal energy, the outline should be brief. Every expedi- 
 ent which can be used advantageously, without unduly 
 
vi PREFACE 
 
 increasing the mental strain, should be employed. All 
 of the material introduced in the primary lessons of 
 any system, should have the greatest possible value; 
 and, therefore, should not and could not be discarded 
 later. 
 
 Strokes that are difficult of execution, such as 
 
 ............... Y\ \ \ ................................ 1 ............. 1 I 
 
 also, joinings such as 
 
 where distinctness is practically impossible, except 
 when written with extreme care, should be avoided ; 
 while other joinings, such as 
 
 \ ............ r 
 
 which are awkward, should be reduced to the mini- 
 mum ; and, further, backward movements should be 
 avoided, particularly those involving an unwinding 
 process, as is used in constructing the following out- 
 lines, 
 
 . ..... 3__ .......... ^ ............ . ...... ^ ............... . <L ........ __ ................ r ........ 
 
 all of which are very difficult to execute correctly ; but 
 some, or all, of which are employed in the Pitman, 
 Graham, Munson, and many other systems of short- 
 hand. 
 
 Shading, while of value as an abbreviating expedi- 
 
PREFACE vii 
 
 ent, as used in this system, where it has the same rela- 
 tion to all strokes, should not be employed as the sole 
 means of distinguishing forms, as is done in many 
 other systems. 
 
 To conserve mental energy, vowels and diphthongs 
 should be recognizable by their forms, without a rule 
 for interpretation. Sounds, as far as practicable, 
 should be recorded in the order in iMch they are 
 heard. This is particularly true of initial vowels ; also 
 the inserting of vowels, after the outline has been writ- 
 ten, should be reduced to the minimum. 
 
 :l -J ^ / _^L ^ 1 
 
 a-d 6-d 6-n e-j 6-th o-r e-z-T 
 
 aid owed own edge oath oar easy 
 
 The vowel in each of the above words is quite im- 
 portant and should be written ; but in all shorthand 
 constructed similar to the above, these initial vowels 
 are written after the strokes are finished; or, in other 
 words, the order of the sounds as heard in the first 
 word, is a-d, yet the hand performs in the order of 
 d-a. This is, of course, very illogical, and should be 
 avoided. 
 
 Words should be written in the order in which they 
 arc heard. Abbreviating schemes, such as the follow- 
 ing: 
 
 ; C 9 ^ C f 
 
 it-will these-will can-you what-we at-all 
 
viii PREFACE 
 
 in which the hook, in each instance, though written 
 first, represents the second word in the phrase, 
 will, yon, we, all, etc., are an unnecessary mental 
 strain, and should be avoided. 
 
 The position of a phrase, in order to be of the great- 
 est possible value to speed or legibility, and at the 
 same time to be written with the least expenditure of 
 mental energy, should be determined by the first word, 
 and not by the second, or any subsequent word, as is 
 true of many systems. 
 
 Each stroke should be written in the same unvary- 
 ing direction, without regard to the particular sound 
 or stroke which immediately precedes or follows it. 
 
 The writer should not be required to think of some 
 sound, or form, or both, two or three strokes in ad- 
 vance of the one he wishes to write, in order to prop- 
 erly locate that stroke. A rule for writing in posi- 
 tion to express a vowel should deal only with the 
 consonant to be written. 
 
 In order to properly locate each of the following 
 outlines, according to many systems coming under the 
 first school of thought, the writer must decide where 
 the second stroke will finish before he writes the first ; 
 
 and in the following the same is true of the third and 
 fourth strokes, since the position of the first stroke is 
 determined by the first downward stroke, 
 
PREFACE 
 
 x 
 
 this causes an unnecessary mental strain, and should be 
 avoided. 
 
 It should never be necessary to radically change the 
 form or position of a primitive word or outline, as is 
 done in the following: 
 
 gear gearing key keyed clear cleared 
 
 The above changes, in both form and position, are 
 necessary, in order to express certain derivatives and 
 past tenses according to the Munson system. 
 
 I believe that in order to secure the best results, 
 the outlines for all tvords, other than wordsigns or 
 contractions, which have been learned as such, should 
 have a complete consonantal representation, with suf- 
 ficient vowels indicated, or written, to make the out- 
 line easily readable. 
 
 To illustrate the greatest abbreviating principle of 
 the second school, that of omitting letters and syllables, 
 particularly the endings of words, I have used outlines 
 from the Gregg system, the one in which this principle 
 has been employed most widely, as a means of secur- 
 ing brevity and speed. 
 
 p-o-s 
 post 
 
 n-a-v 
 navigate 
 
 d-e-1 
 delegate 
 
 m-u-s-k-u 
 muscular 
 
 p-r-o-s-k 
 prosecute 
 
PREFACE 
 
 S2 
 
 df-n 
 definite 
 
 Cj, P 
 
 p-r-s-t-r-a 
 prostrate 
 
 T 
 
 d-e-gay-r-a 
 degrade 
 
 s-e-1-e-b 
 celebrate 
 
 a-v-e-s 
 adverse 
 
 p-r-s-p-r-s 
 prospers 
 
 gay-r-a-t-i-t s-p-k-t-a-t 
 gratitude spectator 
 
 Words, as far as possible, should be thought of and 
 written in syllables, as they are spoken; or, what 
 amounts to the same thing, sounds should be expressed 
 in combination rather than individually. This materi- 
 ally lessens the mental strain, and is one of the great- 
 est factors in rapid shorthand writing. 
 
 The illustrations appearing in this article are used 
 for the purpose of emphasizing certain statements, 
 which I believe to be of vital importance ; and, further, 
 so that those persons who are familiar with various 
 systems of shorthand, may the more easily verify the 
 force and correctness of each statement. 
 
 The criticisms, if such they seem to be, of various 
 methods now in use, as herein referred to and illus- 
 trated, be it remembered, are friendly and in the inter- 
 est of progress. 
 
 Xnte. All outlines of words used in this article have 
 been taken from the text books or dictionaries of t'lu- sys- 
 tems illustrated. 
 
PREFACE xi 
 
 Some of the original and characteristic features of 
 the system of shorthand here presented, are as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 The forms of the vowels admit of their being joined 
 to, struck through, or inserted between consonant 
 strokes. 
 
 Each vowel and consonant stroke has but one form. 
 
 No rule is necessary for correctly placing vowels 
 between consonants. 
 
 Vowel strokes are not affected by the varying direc- 
 tions of different consonants to which they may be 
 written. 
 
 Vowels and consonants, of equal length, are al- 
 ways written in different directions. 
 
 All consonant strokes, but one, are written on the 
 forward slant, or horizontal. 
 
 Vowels are joined to consonants as hooks, or with 
 distinct angles. 
 
 Initial vowels are always written. 
 
 Consonants are always written in the same direction 
 regardless of what precedes or follows them. 
 
 F and V hook is written finally on all consonant 
 and vowel strokes, both straight and curved. 
 
 / and Gay are represented by a small final hook. 
 
 K is represented by a large final hook. 
 
 The combined strokes, many of which contain three 
 sounds, are written with a single stroke of the pen, the 
 same as simple consonants. 
 
xii PREFACE 
 
 Many strokes are simply curved to add the sound 
 of T or D. 
 
 Mpt and Mbd are represented by a single stroke. 
 
 The three positions for horizontal strokes are on, or 
 above, the line of writing. 
 
 No vertical or backward straight consonant strokes 
 are used. 
 
 Practically all joinings of strokes are by acute 
 angles, or curves. Obtuse angles are rare. 
 
 All rules are clear and concise, and practically with- 
 out exceptions. 
 
 The material to represent sounds, or combinations 
 of sounds, has been so selected, that when once intro- 
 duced in the primary lessons, it remains as a necessary 
 and permanent feature of the system. 
 
 The system embodies a complete and practical sys- 
 tem of shorthand numerals, whereby all kinds and 
 forms of numbers may be written in shorthand, as 
 easily, and as correctly as the simplest words. 
 
 Combined with these new ideas, I have employed 
 in the system other great speed factors which truly 
 conserve both physical and mental energy, and which 
 are recognized elements of all shorthand, that can' be 
 most rapidly written ; such as expressing vowels by 
 writing consonants in positions ; consonants being 
 represented by large and small final hooks ; large 
 circles ; large and small loops ; consonants added by 
 shortening, lengthening, or shading; words added by 
 
PREFACE 
 
 Xlll 
 
 shading ; syllables added by large and small hooks ; 
 words added by final hooks ; words indicated by prox- 
 imity ; and by writing below the line, etc. ; also, many 
 more complete prefix and suffix syllables are repre- 
 sented by simple strokes than is possible in any other 
 system; since all vowel strokes, as well as consonants, 
 are employed for this purpose. 
 
 The following illustrations show the method of using 
 some of these well-established principles, referred to 
 in the preceding paragraph: 
 
 _-> Z / 
 
 make achieve drives humbugs possesses 
 
 affirms fancy retain grateful stages surmised 
 
 roster prestige remit address promoters 
 
 prosecutors lines manages neither powerful 
 
 S~ 
 
 .C. 
 
 preventive out-of they-are-to-have which-are 
 
 -? J <? 
 
 in-regard-to-your if-they-are is-it-his 
 
xiv PREFACE 
 
 7 
 
 as-there-is to-the-city president-of-thc-road 
 
 ^ ^ t / 
 
 accommodation incompetent operatic exceedingly 
 
 This system of shorthand is thoroughly practical 
 for all purposes in which shorthand is employed. It 
 is the result of an intelligent combination of theory and 
 practice, and has been thoroughly tested, with most 
 satisfactory results. 
 
 It possesses speed qualities equal to that of any sys- 
 tem ever devised, and can be written rapidly with less 
 physical and mental exertion than is required in writ- 
 ing any other system. 
 
 It can be learned as quickly as any other practical 
 system, and unusual interest is certain to be manifested 
 by the student as he progresses from one lesson to an- 
 other, in the logical unfolding of its parts. 
 
 The phrasing qualities of the system are most re- 
 markable. Words join easily and naturally, without in 
 the least impairing the legibility of the writing. 
 
 Any given page of matter will usually contain fewer 
 strokes, with more recorded sounds, than when writ- 
 ten in any other system of shorthand. 
 
 The reading power of the system is possibly its 
 strongest factor. After notes have been rapidly writ- 
 ten, they must be correctly transcribed to be of any 
 
PREFACE xv 
 
 practical value. A reader of notes written in this sys- 
 tem will find that, although an outline may he very 
 brief, the essential sounds, those which are most vital 
 to the correct interpretation of the outline, will always 
 be represented, making reading of the notes an easy 
 and a pleasant task. 
 
 I ask that the great army of teachers, stenographers, 
 reporters, school proprietors and the public generally, 
 who may be at all interested in the subject, give this 
 system of shorthand a thorough test, with the object 
 of learning its true merits. If this be done, and if the 
 same unbiased and unprejudiced opinions toward that 
 which is new are held, as I have always held in my 
 study and investigations, I shall be perfectly satisfied 
 with the verdict. Let merit and true worth be the 
 ruling factors, and if it shall stand the test, let the 
 adoption be made. 
 
 It is with the hope of making the study of shorthand 
 still more pleasant, and of lessening the labors incident 
 to acquiring a practical working knowledge of an 
 efficient system, that this book is written. 
 
 I hereby make grateful acknowledgement to the 
 authors and inventors of various systems of shorthand, 
 which have preceded this, for much of the inspiration 
 and encouragement I have experienced, born of a 
 thorough knowledge of scores of their best works. 
 
 WlLLARD I. TlNUS. 
 
 Chicago. June 22, 1908. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 To those who are just beginning the study of short- 
 hand, as presented in this book, a few words by way 
 of introducing the subject should be of value. 
 
 If you have not already done so, carefully read the 
 preface of this book. It contains valuable information, 
 which you should know. 
 
 On entering the stenographic field you certainly 
 desire to become one of the best; therefore, be thor- 
 oughly in earnest in all of your study, and the master- 
 ing of the system will be an easy and pleasant task. 
 
 Learn the alphabet thoroughly. Practice carefully, 
 writing with a free, gliding movement. Try to write 
 good shorthand from the start. Follow, as nearly as 
 possible, the examples of notes given in eachjesson. 
 
 Remember that you, not the teacher, are to do the 
 studying. Learn well what is given in each lesson, 
 before proceeding to the next. Don't work mechanic- 
 ally. Think, and endeavor to understand what you 
 are trying to accomplish. 
 
 Take pride in making the characters. Never patch 
 or retrace an outline. If a character is wrong, incom- 
 plete, or out of position, mark it out, and write an en- 
 tirely new outline. Practice for neatness, accuracy, 
 
IXTRODUCTIOX xvii 
 
 and perfect proportion. 
 
 Read carefully, and follow implicitly the instruc- 
 tions given introducing each new principle throughout 
 the book. 
 
 Use a No. 2 pencil, or a stenographer's pen. The 
 latter is a pen with a point that clings to the paper, 
 and will shade in any direction. The majority of 
 stenographers use the pencil. Fountain pens are, as a 
 rule, unsatisfactory, as many times they fail to re- 
 spond in rapid writing. Write with a sharp pencil, 
 and always have a goodly supply on hand for any 
 emergency. 
 
 Hold your notebook or paper firmly, with the left 
 hand, that it may remain flat. 
 
 When writing, sit erect, and do not let the weight of 
 the body rest on the right arm. Do not lean against 
 the desk. 
 
 Cultivate a small, neat hand. Clumsy, sprawling 
 notes are a great hindrance to speed and legibility, 
 
 Xo outline is given that will be changed later ; 
 therefore, you should practice all of the words and 
 exercises until they are thoroughly learned. 
 
 Read all of the notes you write, particularly those 
 written while taking dictation. 
 
 Make it a rule to review all of the wordsigns and 
 contractions, daily.. 
 
 Practice neatness in transcribing your notes. 
 
INSTRUCTIONS. 
 
 The modified sounds of the vowel o (ah and aw} are 
 placed with the diphthongs oi and ou>, in order that 
 all may be treated under one brief rule. 
 
 In learning and practicing the alphabet, give close 
 attention to the directions in which the characters are 
 written ; also to the relative sizes of each group. The 
 Z'oivcl strokes are mere ticks ; short strokes are twice 
 their length; and, long strokes are half longer than 
 short strokes. The surface strokes are twice the width 
 of s. There are no shaded characters in the alphabet. 
 
 The second form of th is used only when a better 
 joining can be effected, and for a limited number of 
 wordsigns. However, this use of the stroke renders 
 absolutely certain and easy the reading of wordsigns, 
 compound words, or phrases containing th strokes. 
 
 In the development of the system it becomes un- 
 necessary to join such strokes as, ^'hay-yea, u'hay-t, 
 way-yea, and other seemingly difficult joinings. 
 Strokes that are joined join easily, and distinctly. 
 Hay cannot be joined to any portion of an outline. 
 
 As r will seldom be joined to k, no conflict will arise 
 in reading the combination, k-l. 
 
 The vowel following the first consonant in a word 
 
INSTRUCTIONS xix 
 
 is called the position vowel. 
 
 I before / or /, also after p or k should be struck 
 upward and nearly vertical. 
 
 The letter ;/ is often pronounced as ng, especially 
 before k, as in sink, rank. 
 
 The stroke for g represents only the hard sound, as 
 in game, lag; soft g is the same as /, as in gem, age. 
 
 Final cd often has the sound of /, as in looked. 
 
 Memorize the alphabet thoroughly before proceed- 
 ing with the lesson which follows. 
 
Alphabet of Tinus Shorthand 
 
 Vowels 
 
 Long Sounds Short Sounds 
 
 ^ 
 
 e as heard in ^ach etch 
 
 
 \ 
 
 i ' ice its 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 a " age attach 
 
 
 < 
 
 o " owed odd 
 
 
 . 
 
 oo ooze book 
 
 
 > 
 
 <t it 1 1 
 u use up 
 
 
 
 Diphthongs 
 
 
 ( oy 
 
 as beard in ojster or oi as heard in 
 
 toil 
 
 -s ah 
 
 alms aw 
 
 saws 
 
 (; Oil 
 
 house ow 
 
 how 
 
 
 Consonants 
 
 
 Short 
 Strokes 
 
 / ( J 1 (-0 /^_ ^ 
 
 - ^~* 
 
 
 c/iay p f is/i ifh / way n r 
 
 k 
 
 downward to the right 
 
 Long / ) ^ 
 Strokes / / ^ * 
 
 
 (1 T j 1 m 
 
 downward to the right 
 
 
 Surface 
 Strokes 
 
 Minute 
 6/ /9 CD (.'haractcrs 
 
 < 
 
 
 b ay iL'huy yea hay- 
 
 
 Copyright, l!J3, by Willanl I. Tinus 
 
LESSON ONE. 
 
 VOWEL POSITIONS. 
 
 All vowels and diphthongs, when standing alone, 
 are written in definite positions with reference to the 
 line of writing ; also when they are written as the first 
 sound of words of one syllable. 
 
 <-, /, and oi, above the line, or first position; 
 
 a, o, all and aw, on the line, or second position; 
 
 u, oo, on and ow, through the line, or third position. 
 
 ( c . ' v 
 
 * i t 
 
 e i ni a o ah u ' oo on 
 
 oy aw i>\\- 
 
 The method of writing consonants in vowel posi- 
 tions is shown by the following illustrations. 
 
 Xotc particularly that the third position horizontal 
 strokes coincide with the writing line. 
 
 / </ o 
 
 In shorthand, only sounded letters are written; all 
 silent letters are ignored. To illustrate ; ache, in short- 
 hand, is spelled o k; owed, o d; eight, a t; weigh, wa\ 
 a; sigh, .f /'; etc. 
 
2 TIXUS SHORTHAND 
 I ^ / , ^ ( 
 
 e-chay I i-d 6-d a-j o-th 
 
 each eye eyed owed age oath 
 
 JOIXIX*; S. 
 
 S is joined to strokes as follows: Inside of curved 
 and surface strokes ; on the right side of down straight 
 strokes; tipper side of horizontal straight strokes; and, 
 left side of up straight strokes. 
 
 r-s s-1 s-f-s h-s s-gay chay-s s-d s-m 
 
 ^^ f _J> 
 
 s-m-s s-t s-j-s k-s p-s th-s way-s 
 
 Xame the letters in each of the following: 
 
 0(1 6*. (o S-_-f ^^y?. O-^ 
 
 J^ ^-^ ^-^- 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 3 
 
 Between certain strokes curved alike but struck at 
 different angles, s is written on the back of the first 
 stroke. 
 
 >?. 
 
 _ rOs?... 
 
 a-s-o a-s-p p-s-k k-s-p 
 
 In writing a word beginning with a consonant, or a 
 word of two or more syllables beginning with a vowel, 
 write the consonant in the position of the vowel fol- 
 lowing (the position vowel) to express that vowel 
 sound; join the second consonant to the first, etc. 
 
 / . . ^ _ / x? 
 
 d-a n-6 way-a chay-u gay-a 
 
 day know way chew gay 
 
 way-66 chay-e-t d-e-p 1-6-d f-a-t 
 
 woo cheat deep load fate 
 
 /-^ f o/ 
 
 yca-o-k d-u-k s-a-m s-u-chay v-u-s 
 
 yoke duke same such views 
 
 s-e-m-s 
 seems 
 
 a-s-k-s 
 asks 
 
 a-s-I-n 
 assign 
 
 r-i-s-k 
 risk 
 
 d-e-s-k 
 desk 
 
T1.\US SHORTHAND 
 
 t-a-s-k-s v-c-s-1-s m-u-s-I-k a-s-u-m 
 
 tasks vessels music assume 
 
 DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 The small dot, only, in the middle of a consonant, 
 indicates a diphthong in all words containing other 
 consonants than hay or s; it may be placed before (to 
 the left or above) or after (to the right or below) 
 short or long strokes, and within surface strokes. The 
 dot may be made heavy to technically indicate the 
 sound of ah as in palm. 
 
 -"> "^ 
 
 b 
 oil boil - joy annoy bough couches 
 
 pshaw law palm Ida commas 
 
 C has no representation in the shorthand alphabet. 
 The soft sound of c is written with s, and the hard 
 sound with k. 
 
 ceil cease city case cask cope 
 
 The following illustrates the use of chay and ish : 
 
TIN US SHORTHAXD 5 
 
 chop shop latch lash catch casli 
 
 To distinguish the sound of th in bath from the th in 
 bathe, strike a short horizontal dash across the latter 
 to give it the hard sound. 
 
 A like marking gives to ish the sound of zh, as heard 
 in azure, leisure. 
 
 bath bathe lath lathe regime 
 
 Place a dot within the 's to give it the sound of r. 
 
 zeal zero zone zany lazy lose 
 
 TECHNICAL VOWEL DISTINCTIONS. 
 
 If it should be necessary to indicate the exact sound 
 of a vowel, as in unfamiliar or isolated words, foreign 
 or proper names, it may be done as follows: 
 
 Place a dot abov^~vo\ve\ stroke^ to indicate long 
 soundg. The position vowel may be struck across the 
 first consonant or between the first and second conso- 
 nants, written light for short sounds, and heavy for 
 long sounds. 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 ' 
 
 s-I-n 
 sign 
 
 s-T-ii 
 sin 
 
 G-chay 
 each 
 
 e-chay 
 etch 
 
 <^> 
 
 6-d 
 owed 
 
 6-d 
 odd 
 
 s-l-I 
 sly 
 
 f-T-l 
 fill 
 
 u-s 
 use 
 
 u-s 
 
 us 
 
 f-T-l 
 file 
 
 I-66-S 
 
 loose 
 
 These technical distinctions are seldom, if ever, 
 necessary in practical work, as the use of a word in 
 a sentence will always determine which vowel modi- 
 fication the word possesses. The same is equally true 
 of the fine consonantal distinctions for zli, z, and ///. 
 
 Hay, as the first consonant in a word, is usually 
 written first, and at the beginning, or beside a diph- 
 thong; but between strokes it is more convenient to 
 \write it last, and at the end of the second stroke. 
 
 hill 
 
 halo 
 
 hurry halls behoove for-him 
 
 HAY A XI) S. 
 
 When hay or s are the only consonants in a word, 
 the vowel or vowels must be written. 
 
 
 s-ou-s 
 
 M 'Use 
 
 s-e 
 see 
 
 s-a 
 say 
 
 s-i 
 
 sigh 
 
 s-o 
 
 -I I 
 
 s-u 
 
 sue 
 
 s-aw 
 saw 
 
TIN US SHORTHAND 
 
 e-s-i 
 easy 
 
 hay-a-z-I 
 hazy 
 
 a-hay-oi 
 ahoy 
 
 s-e-s 
 cease 
 
 -( 
 
 I-S-l 
 
 icy 
 
 a-s-a 
 assay 
 
 e-s-a 
 essay 
 
 e-s-au 
 Esau 
 
 hay-6 
 hoe 
 
 d 
 
 hay-u-s 
 hews 
 
8 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 WORD PRACTICE. 
 
 Inasmuch as the rule for writing outlines in posi- 
 tion deals only with the first stroke in a word, it is 
 unnecessary to show the writing line in the lists of 
 illustrated words. 
 
 R'e-read, carefully, the rule for placing words i i 
 position. 
 
 
 
 no 
 
 t house 
 
 
 
 6? 
 
 *> ._**> 
 
 seems 
 
 buys 
 
 ^ 
 
 sale 
 
 <) use 
 
 ^ 
 
 keys 
 
 ) vouch 
 
 <7 
 
 sag 
 
 tr~o masks 
 
 <r-b 
 
 sacks 
 
 ^* juicy 
 
 J 
 
 voice 
 
 c 
 
 " spicy 
 
 V 
 
 search 
 
 / aside 
 
 ^ 
 
 ties 
 
 C_^> policy 
 
 
 toil 
 
 ! ^ hilly 
 
 * 
 
 ice 
 
 -i sallow 
 
 fc> 
 
 sees 
 
 C whoop 
 
TIXUS SHORTHAND 
 
 j 
 
 choice 
 
 I 
 
 sheath 
 
 ? 
 
 gasps 
 
 ** 
 
 hasty 
 
 * 
 
 assume 
 
 - B 
 
 hooks 
 
 > 
 
 assail 
 
 *r* 
 
 yellow 
 
 j 
 t 
 
 follow 
 
 - , 
 
 honey 
 
 ^ 
 
 hawks 
 
 L, 
 
 dazzles 
 
 .7 
 
 behead 
 
 V 
 
 fussy 
 
 v 
 
 yore 
 
 f 
 
 espy 
 
 ^r 
 
 wreath 
 
 r 
 
 path 
 
 ^ i halloo 
 * e musAJes 
 lessee 
 measles 
 f asleep 
 
 ( 
 
 
 whip 
 
 mouth 
 
 chew 
 
 bask 
 
 raise 
 
 cause 
 
 same 
 
 miss 
 
 snows 
 
 road 
 
 chase 
 
 sight 
 
 paid 
 
10 TIXUS SHORTHAND 
 
 WORD PRACTICE Concluded. 
 
 J 
 
 J- 
 
 soars 
 
 assignee 
 
 face 
 
 *~ * fallacy 
 
 soil 
 
 ^ lashes 
 
 speak 
 
 whisk 
 
 theme 
 
 lasso 
 
 lead 
 
 fc hose 
 
 vows 
 
 ? rosy 
 
 nice 
 
 x- pouches 
 
 balm 
 
 / shoes 
 
 
 o^ Sahara 
 
 sour 
 
 
 loathe 
 
 */ beehive 
 
 ripe 
 
 ~^ noisy 
 
 busy 
 
 { writhe 
 
 dizzy 
 
 ^ escape 
 
 r 
 
TIN US SHORTHAND 
 
 WORD SIGNS. 
 
 11 
 
 Brief signs are provided for a number of the most 
 frequently recurring words of the language. These 
 signs are usually a portion of the complete outline, 
 but in a few cases they are arbitrary, as dots, etc. 
 They are always written in their respective positions, 
 except when joined in phrases. 
 
 All wordsigns should be thoroughly memorized, and 
 very carefully and accurately written. 
 
 the* a* and* is as has are can could of 
 
 an his country 
 
 he how these all will which have 
 
 < i / L , i J 
 
 with than shall ship should if for 
 
 think thank usual 
 
 at it out give not hand do would 
 
 truth given defendant 
 
 in am put year our then them thousand 
 *The dot is used when standing alone. 
 
12 TIXUS SHORTHAND 
 
 ) L. - _ * J 
 
 though th<e week allow business confidence 
 
 c 
 
 9 c^ -?. 
 
 subject satisfy yes young special several 
 
 / 
 
 particular-ly did signify possible plaintiff 
 dollar signature possibly 
 
 within without 
 
 PHRASE 'WRITING. 
 
 In practical writing, many small and frequently 
 recurring words may be joined to other outlines, and 
 in this way several words may be written without rais- 
 ing the pen or pencil. Phrasing in this way greatly 
 facilitates speed in writing, and renders tjie notes more 
 easily read. 
 
 In the phrases he-is, he-has, and-is, and-as, and-has, 
 to avoid confusion, the second word instead of the 
 first regulates the position of the phrase. 
 
 A very useful form of phrasing is the joining of 
 wordsigns as follows: 
 
TIN US SHORTHAND . 13 
 
 e. V k 
 
 V" '*S 
 
 is-the as-the and-the and-a of-the of-a 
 are-the in-the with-the give-a have-a 
 have-his will-the and-as-a and-is-the 
 
 7\ ^3 . 
 
 and-has-the ship-a he-is he-has he-is-the 
 he-has-the he-has-a it-is it-is-the 
 
 it-is-a not-the would-a will-not are-not 
 
 in-all would-not can-not have-it give-it 
 / / 
 
 f L ^ 
 
 did-not it-will-be should-you do-not at-the 
 
14 
 
 TINUS SHORT 1 LI MJ 
 
 (OX TRACTIONS. 
 
 A few words requiring lengthy outlines for their 
 full representation are of such frequent occurrence 
 that it is desirable to write them with outlines some- 
 what abbreviated, that portion of the complete form, 
 which is easiest to write and read, being used. 
 
 These contractions, which include all abbreviated 
 forms containing more than one stroke, should be 
 thoroughly memorized, and always written with the 
 same unvarying outlines. 
 
 The following shows a list of contractions coming 
 under the principles contained in this lesson. 
 
 represent respect unless annual work county 
 ^ +- C- c 
 
 ( 
 
 December familiar spirit hope satisfactory 
 
 , -^ > * : 
 
 s -j 
 
 account answer efficient govern peculiar 
 efficiency government 
 
 .._. s== ^ 2 ^ .:?. 
 
 object mistake before toward because 
 
 told 
 
 purpose America call company attorney essential 
 
T1NUS SHORTHAND 15 
 
 PHRASE SIGNS. 
 
 I 9 
 
 __f> 
 
 I-am yes, sir no, sir 
 
 Initials are represented in shorthand by writing the 
 letter and placing two short dashes under it. The 
 capitalization of words is indicated in the same man- 
 ner. 
 
 Special signs are used for C, Q, X, and Z, as these 
 letters have no representation in the shorthand alpha- 
 bet. 
 
 Gay, scar and yea are written for G, W . and Y re- 
 spectively. 
 
 
 
 INITIALS. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 A 
 
 ^ J 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 o S 
 
 (J 
 
 B 
 
 ^ K 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 , 
 
 - x T 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 <L 
 
 C 
 
 . , L 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 ) 
 
 M 
 
 ; u 
 
 
 
 
 
 < v 
 
 v_ 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 ^ w 
 
 J 
 
 p 
 
 <. o 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 // 
 
 ^ ~K 
 
 1 
 
 G 
 
 C p 
 
 > Y 
 
 . 
 
 H 
 
 ^K Q 
 
 /x 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 G Z 
 
 v 
 
 I 
 
 R 
 
 * 
 
16 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 PUNCTUATION, ETC. 
 
 The punctuation marks, etc., usually written in short- 
 hand, are shown by the following illustrations. Other 
 marks are the same as in print : 
 
 period interrogation exclamation dash hyphen 
 
 quotation parenthesis paragraph emphasis accent 
 
 EXERCISE 1. 
 Read, copy, and read from your notes. 
 
 ). ' -rr> ' "" *~^^ ^1.. 
 
 . v.. 
 
17 
 
 EXERCISE 2. 
 
 Words to be written in a phrase are joined with the 
 hyphen. 
 
 Write in shorthand. 
 
 We-will ship-you all of-the couches soon. Will it 
 be possible for-you to represent us in December? It- 
 was-a peculiar case. Do-you now recall it? We-will 
 satisfy you. Which way did they go? We-will send 
 these, special. Is-he^ in business with-the defendant 
 now? How would-it do in-this particular respect? 
 We-hope this-will-be-satis factory. He says it-is-not- 
 the same, and will-not do for-his use. You-may put 
 in a few of these at a dollar each. Did-you-know it- 
 was-a special subject? I-hope you-can pay-the account 
 soon. We-will allow for-it all we possibly can. She- 
 may signify such-a wish. This would-not-be so usual 
 in-the country. Do-not-call, unless, I send for-you. 
 The officer did-not pay-his annual dues. 
 
 I-may go out of-the city, for-a few-days this week. 
 The work the attorney did for the company was-not 
 satisfactory. Why do-you object, does-he not-have 
 several thousand of-them in-his-office now ? The de- 
 fendant has confidence in-his attorney. It-is because 
 of-the spirit in-which-you did-it. 
 
LESSON TWO. 
 
 SHADIXG FOR R. 
 
 Vowels and consonants alike may be shaded to add 
 the sound of r. In general, strokes are shaded for r 
 preceding the position vowel. 
 
 * , 1 / <L. a . 
 
 ire your arise dray price brace 
 
 Consonants may also be shaded to add r after the 
 position vowel, when a briefer or better outline can be 
 constructed ; and if desirable, the position vowel may be 
 struck through the middle of the consonant, or placed 
 after it, when a dot. These vowels, however, are 
 seldom necessary, and rarely used, as will be observed 
 from the reading exercise at the close of this lesson. 
 
 more lure chair fire park sharp 
 
 Note. Through the introduction of certain principles 
 later in the course, it will be practically unnecessary to 
 shade the upward strokes / and /.. 
 
 Hay and s are never shaded. 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 19 
 
 In words of more than one syllable, the vowel occur- 
 ring in such syllables, as, der, chcr, per, gar, fer, etc., 
 need not be written. 
 
 7 1 / ~7 J _ 
 
 f n 
 
 reader teacher proper measurei sugar Wafer 
 X, M, AND L. 
 
 Shorten the short strokes (except th), lengthen the 
 long strokes ; also lengthen the surface strokes, to add 
 the sound of n or in. The rule applies also to strokes 
 shaded to add the sound of r. The same rule adds 
 the sound of / in words having more than one syllable, 
 or stroke. 
 
 fine 
 
 V 
 
 fancy 
 
 from 
 
 I 
 
 again 
 j 
 
 attain time 
 
 item main value failure bloom flame 
 
 If it should ever be necessary to distinguish between 
 n and m, in the application of the above rule, the 
 vowel may be struck across the consonant to show that 
 m has been added. 
 
 room main maim whine whim 
 
20 TIN US SHORTHAND 
 
 T AND D. 
 
 Reduce the surface strokes to add the sound of / 
 or d before or after the position vowel. The rule ap- 
 plies also after these strokes have been shaded to add 
 the sound of r. 
 
 x? C :> 
 
 - <x - - .. - *". ^ : - 
 
 but get what bought good white yet 
 
 ir 1 <s is*-* 
 
 _..<?m_ .^^. 
 
 obtain between bright greater better 
 
 SPECIAL CHARACTERS. 
 
 In a few words, the sound of t or d follows th or 
 way in the same, or nearly the same, syllable. These 
 combinations are written with special signs as follows : 
 
 th-t way-t 
 th-d way-d 
 
 V n O 
 
 \j V - ~>0 _....~ v ' 1 
 
 that thought method witness await award 
 
 To form the past tense of words ending with chay 
 or ish, add t, as sounded. 
 
 reached furnished latched attached matched 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 21 
 
 A'G' AND L\G. 
 
 Lower the end of to give the stroke the sound of 
 ng. The stroke is shaded to add the sound of ger or 
 kcr. This stroke is used only when the ng sound is a 
 part of another syllable. 
 
 The syllable ing is written with a small dot placed 
 after, and close to, the end of a stroke. 
 
 sing brings throng banker fingers 
 
 basing praising ringing getting doing 
 
 P AND B. 
 
 Raise the end of m to add the sound of p or b. 
 Shade to add r. 
 
 camp simple pump ambitious bumper umber 
 
 W COMBINED WITH VOWELS. 
 
 The following brief character written within outlines 
 (not joined), adds w before the vowel, and when 
 shaded, also adds r after the vowel. When used initi- 
 ally, it is written in position to indicate, or include if 
 shaded, the first vowel in the word. 
 
22 TIN US SHORT HAM) 
 
 The character is struck across the stroke when fol- 
 lowing t, k, or d, in syllables containing only one con- 
 sonant stroke. 
 
 dwell swim swing twirl worn 
 
 >* <r~- *-* 
 
 twice squeeze esquire dwarf 
 
TIN US SHORTHAND 
 
 WORD PRACTICE. 
 
 23 
 
 Read what was said under this subject in lesson one. 
 Practice all of the outlines with the object of under- 
 standing their construction, as well as knowing what 
 they represent. 
 
 
 air 
 
 "~ "t/ labor 
 
 ear 
 drew 
 
 ( powder 
 
 r 
 
 richer 
 
 seeder 
 
 dreamers 
 
 freeze 
 
 ~* freak 
 
 cashier 
 
 t ^~~' bearer 
 
 agrees 
 
 mine 
 
 summarize 
 
 -7 loaned 
 
 near 
 
 - o looms 
 
 leisure 
 
 _> won 
 
 frames 
 
 / people 
 
 frowns 
 
 /? flag 
 
 frenzy- 
 
 i clip 
 
 fancier 
 
 ^~o flasks 
 
 rears 
 
 greet 
 
24 
 
 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 f\ 
 
 wait 
 
 v bumps 
 
 u 
 
 boat 
 
 amber 
 
 o 
 
 haggard 
 
 camps 
 
 
 
 op 
 
 v? 
 
 agate 
 
 v swamps 
 
 V7 
 
 agreed 
 
 swims 
 
 
 
 water 
 
 bewail 
 
 ~-c 
 
 witnesseth 
 
 swedge 
 
 <A 
 
 brighter 
 
 swirl 
 
 / 
 
 patched 
 
 " swarm 
 
 V 
 
 searched 
 
 \ warehouse 
 
 ~_<: 
 
 rings 
 
 '~^ quota 
 
 ^ 
 
 tinkerV j 
 
 twang 
 
 ^-~~~* 
 
 linger 
 
 "~^> quoth 
 
 ^ 
 
 sinker 
 
 ff ~^j squash 
 
 
 seeing 
 
 i -~ f> dwellers 
 
 a ~" 
 
 signing 
 
 ^xX< quarto 
 
 ^p- 
 
 raising 
 
 sequence 
 
 ' 
 
 hamper 
 
 ^ guava 
 
25 
 WORD SIGNS. 
 
 hear higher part-y short other Mr. Mrs. 
 
 i 
 
 found general while generalize comprehend 
 
 _ J ^ ^ > 
 
 thing long very single supply find 
 
 important importance somebody worth well 
 
 worthy 
 
 u 
 child children kind guilt-y both surprise 
 
 CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 JL ...7. * > 
 
 f f 
 
 present anxious English until opinion 
 
 n *__ , tf 
 
 maximum minimum opportunity question 
 
 IS-?- 
 
 bank bankrupt bankruptcy ptinctual 
 
26 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 * > r - / 
 > r 
 
 frequent virtue property inhabit dcpart-ment 
 SPECIAL FORMS. 
 
 throughout thereto thereat 
 
 SHORTENING .YG". 
 
 A shortened Mg stroke on the line is written for 
 been. This principle becomes very valuable in phrase 
 writing, when been may be written in any"position. 
 
 ....................... 2 ** * 
 
 have-been it-has-been which-has-been 
 
 it-has-been-said there-has-been 
 
 Than, should be joined to words of comparative de- 
 gree. 
 
 less-than more-than higher-than better-than 
 
 SHADING TO ADD WORDS. 
 Are may be indicated by shading. 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 27 
 
 i 
 
 we-arc they-arc who-are you-are 
 
 PHRASE SIGNS AXD PHRASES. 
 
 Note that the sign for i^crc-you is expressed by 
 simply reversing the sign for you-zvcrc. The same is 
 true of arc-yon. 
 
 .............. i ................. _ ........... >.... .................. a ..... . ...................... <.._ ......... .......... ~ .................... __ 
 
 wlm-were you-were wcre-you are-you in-our 
 
 _ ....................... > ................................... ^ ............................... , ................................. _ ..... 
 
 there-arc Yours-truly Yours-very-truly 
 
 TO AND TO-THE. 
 
 As the rule governing the positions of words does 
 not require that a word shall be written below the line, 
 a most valuable expedient can be employed, with no 
 possible chance of a conflict. 
 
 Any word, usually a verb or pronoun, preceded by 
 to, may be written below the line to indicate the to. 
 
 Many nouns may be written below the line also, to 
 indicate the phrase to-thc. 
 
 ~ .................. "-. ............. ............. -/ .............. / ............. "^ ................... ' 
 
 to-see to-go to-reach to-ship to-satisfy 
 
28 
 
 TIXUS SHORTHAND 
 
 to-him to-them to-your to-that to-the-bank 
 
 : '6 " -====> - ' p, 
 
 tothe-house to-the-moncy to-the-city 
 
 The application of the above principle is so valuable 
 and far reaching that it is desirable for the student to 
 begin the practice of it early in his shorthand experi- 
 ence. 
 
 EXERCISE 3. 
 Read, copy and read from your notes. 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 29 
 
 . PHRASE PRACTICE. 
 
 The following illustrates the facility with which 
 phrases may be constructed. These phrases need not 
 be memorized. The words combine very naturally, 
 and the student should simply practice the forms in- 
 telligently ; writing with a free movement, and con- 
 structing each phrase without hesitation, the same as 
 if it were the outline for a single word. This careful 
 practice will prove of great value to the student in the 
 construction of other phrases coming under the more 
 advanced principles of the system. 
 
 The position of a phrase is regulated by the rule 
 for writing words in position. Therefore no writing 
 lines are necessary, and none are shown in the illustra- 
 tions. Write the first word in its proper position and 
 join the second word to the first, etc. 
 
 / at once 
 ^f at this time 
 at that time 
 at which time 
 as was the 
 as well as the 
 
30 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 PHRASE PRACTICE Continued. 
 
 A 
 
 by them 
 
 by some of them 
 
 can be 
 
 does not see 
 
 do you 
 
 for some time 
 
 for several years 
 
 for some of them 
 
 from you 
 
 from your 
 
 for you 
 
 for you will be 
 
 for you cannot 
 
 for it is the 
 
 great many 
 
 give you 
 
 give me the 
 
 give it 
 
 L 
 
 he has no 
 here is our 
 if satisfactory 
 if it is the 
 if it is not the 
 if you 
 if your 
 if you can 
 if you cannot 
 in which it was 
 in this way 
 in that line 
 in that way 
 (fif in this respect 
 in this country 
 in this work 
 in all the 
 in some 
 
 "To/ 
 
TIN US. SHORTHAND 
 PHRASE PRACTICE Continued. 
 
 31 
 
 L 
 
 I cannot see 
 
 * of which it is 
 
 I can be 
 
 C of them 
 
 I do not 
 
 4, of this 
 
 I shall 
 
 / of such 
 
 I shall not be 
 
 f of such a 
 
 I think 
 
 6 of his 
 
 I think so 
 
 / should you 
 
 I will be 
 
 / should you know 
 
 I will not 
 
 14 that is the 
 
 I will do so 
 
 ltt - x that is our 
 
 I will say 
 
 uz ' that is all 
 
 it is impossible 
 
 y that there is 
 
 it is not 
 
 * a -t there is no 
 
 it was not 
 
 ^ there is one 
 
 it was a 
 
 x* these papers 
 
 it is well 
 
 / these people 
 
 less than the 
 
 L-* they can 
 
 of which 
 
 *~^ this week 
 
32 
 
 TIN US SHORTHAND 
 
 PHRASE PRACTICE Concluded. 
 
 u, 
 
 this year 
 this was a 
 this will not 
 very much 
 very few 
 we will be 
 we will send you 
 we hope 
 we think 
 we will ship you 
 we will do 
 we offer you 
 what is the 
 who may be 
 who can 
 who can be 
 who is the 
 which will 
 
 which will be 
 
 which gives a 
 
 which may be 
 
 which is the 
 
 which it was 
 
 which it has been 
 
 will see that the 
 
 will not be 
 
 will be satisfactory 
 
 with them 
 
 with such a 
 
 with those who are 
 
 would not be 
 
 you can 
 
 you may 
 
 you may be 
 
 you know there is a 
 
 you will be 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 33 
 
 EXERCISE 4. 
 Write in shorthand. 
 
 Do-you-know how-many people there-are now in-this 
 county? Mr. Parker will go out to-his farm some 
 time tomorrow. All-the people of-a kingdom should 
 respect-the laws. Do-you speak English? What-is- 
 the number at-the present time ? We are very anxious 
 to-hear from-you. That-is our minimum price for this 
 grade of goods. You-may call for-the goods tomor- 
 row. These-people inhabit English soil. We-will 
 give-you a thousand-dollars in-cash for this piece-of 
 land. He was punctual in-his-business, but-is-now in 
 bankruptcy. Mrs. Smith was-in-the city for-a short- 
 time today. The child was usually kind to-other chil- 
 dren. He-has-been bankrupt more-than once. What- 
 is-the maximum size you-can use? Do-you fully com- 
 prehend what it-means? We-will-send both of-them 
 to-you soon. It-is-a nice-thing for-a boy to-go to-a 
 business school while-he-is yet young, and-has-the time 
 and opportunity. Why-do-you object to-such-a plan? 
 I-do-not-see how they-can do the work in-so short-a- 
 time. It-is-of more-than usual importance, and I-hope 
 you-will-see to-it at-once. Who-are some of-these- 
 people? They-are much better-than those. You-are 
 sure, are-yon? I-think they-are asking more-than 
 usual for this-piece of property. 
 
34 TIN US SH'ORTHAND 
 
 LETTER No. 1. 
 
 / 
 
 "^ X s* 
 /9 
 
 -c 
 
 Mr. W. B. Brown, Memphis, Tennessee. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 Your order for goods was brought to-our office this- 
 morning. The same will-receive proper care, and-thc 
 goods will-be shipped as soon-as we get them from the 
 warehouse. 
 
 Yon-say the order was given us through a Mr. R. S. 
 Harris, one of-your clerks, who-is familiar with-the 
 very-fine line-of goods we carry. This is gratifying 
 news, and we-hope what we-ship-you, will-please you 
 so well that you-will-send us your future orders for- 
 such-goods in-our-line, as-you-may wish. 
 
 We-thank you for this-order, and hope to-hear-from- 
 you again, soon. Yours truly, 
 
 T. O. Fisher. 
 
LESSON THREE. 
 
 SES CIRCLE; ST AND STR LOOPS. 
 
 6" is written large to add a second ^ or z sound, and 
 is called scs or scz; is flattened to a loop to add the 
 sound of t or d, and is called steh or zed. This loop 
 may be shaded to add the sound of r and is called 
 stcr. At the beginning of words, the loop precedes 
 the position vowel. 5" may follow the loops or the ses 
 circle. The ses circle and loops are attached to strokes 
 in the same manner as s. 
 
 ................. <*-<? ................. 0?. .................... ^ ......... 
 
 faces losses prices sources bases chooses 
 
 least adjust roast steam adjuster 
 
 ..... V^ - (/_ _ ^~^T> 
 
 master street strike posts coasts lists 
 
 successes possesses boosters Toasters pastors 
 
36 TIXUS SHORTHAND 
 
 A second ^ or st sound is written as follows: 
 
 wisest 
 
 ....... ft? 
 
 basest 
 
 nicest 
 
 choicest 
 
 densest 
 
 fiercest 
 
 loosest 
 
 fastest 
 
 If necessary the vowel between the ^ or z sounds, 
 expressed by the scs circle, may be written within the 
 circle, thus giving the syllable the exact sound. 
 
 <a <s- & cr & 
 
 /n/ 
 
 (Jr ..... 
 
 season system sustain decease desist precise 
 PAST TENSES. 
 
 To form the past tense of words ending with s ex- 
 tend the circle to a loop. 
 
 raised force 
 
 forced 
 
 base 
 
 U> . 
 
 based 
 
 The past tense of a great majority of verbs is formed 
 by writing a short tick struck down ward, just after and 
 close to the outline. In rapid writing, this tick may 
 often be omitted without impairing the legibility of the 
 writing. 
 
TIN US SHORTHAND 37 
 
 i 
 
 received displayed annoyed replied 
 
 The past tense of contractions is formed in the same 
 manner. 
 
 satisfied handed subjected represented 
 
 VOWELS JOINED AS HOOKS. 
 
 THE A HOOK. 
 
 From the curve of the vowel stroke a, this letter 
 naturally becomes a small hook when followed by 
 chay, ish, d, f, v, p, b, th, wh, and ng, where the hook 
 opens downward or to the left, as : 
 
 __J.. ................ 1 ........... Z ........ 1 ..... 2. ............. C ............ x. .......... 2 ........... ........... =*__ 
 
 a-chay a-sh a-d a-f a-v a-p a-b a-th a-wh a-ng 
 
 THE E AND O HOOKS. 
 
 In like manner e becomes a small hook when fol- 
 lowed by /, j, n, m, r, I, way, k, th, ng, and gay; and o, 
 a large hook on the same letters except th and gay, 
 where it joins with a distinct angle. 
 
 i/^ iS^ <. _ <__ - .CL.^.. C ^- <^ I __ , C C _ <Sj _______ 
 
 et ej en em er el e-way ek e-th e-ng e-gay 
 
 449593 
 
38 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 ot oj on om or ol o-way ok o-ng 
 
 aid adage average assure about appraise 
 
 C v^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 either absence eat edge eel oats 
 
 oak ohm owner errors ethics eager 
 
 THE AW HOOK. 
 Enlarge the a hook to give it the sound of aw as in : 
 
 rv ^ 
 
 ) n / n 
 
 author awed audience 
 
 When the position vowel takes the hook form and 
 is preceded by hay the vowel is written, and hay may 
 be placed at the end of the consonant. 
 
 Read the rule for hay in Lesson One. 
 
 heat height hot hat home ham 
 
 """7 1 
 
 heal hill hole hale hash hush 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 39 
 
 Iladley Headley hyacinth hyena at-home 
 
 CONCURRENT VOWELS. 
 
 In certain words, two vowels, both distinctly 
 sounded, will follow each other, and they are usually 
 represented by writing the word in position for the 
 first vowel, and giving the second its natural stroke or 
 hook form. In other cases, the second vowel is simply 
 joined to the first. 
 
 lion mayor poet pioneer Messiah Louisa 
 
 dial Owen sower Siam Suez sewage 
 
 The vowel combinations ia, io, etc. , having the sound 
 of y in the middle of words, as in alleviate, union, or 
 at the end of words as in insomnia, are written with a 
 brief detached sign as follows.: 
 
 enunciate pinion ammonia brazier 
 
 REVERSED 5. 
 The syllables as, os, us, ous, cous, ious, etc., are dis- 
 
40 
 
 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 tinguished from s by a reverse or retraced joining of 
 s under the stroke, when following /, /, k, n, m, b, r. 
 On other strokes where a good joining can be made, 
 use us. 
 
 bias 
 
 chaos 
 
 minus 
 
 gorgeous 
 
 poisonous 
 
 7 
 
 strenuous 
 
 virtuous 
 
 LY. 
 
 radius 
 
 pious 
 
 The syllable ly is represented by i written in a verti- 
 cal position. It may also be struck upward when more 
 convenient. 
 
 daily 
 
 freely nicely 
 
 noisily 
 
 only 
 
 joyously costly earlier clearly keenly 
 SPECIAL VOWEL FORMS. 
 
 The following hook vowel forms, though limited in 
 application and used in the middle of words only, add 
 great facility to the writing. 
 
 A is written as a small hook on the under side of t, j, 
 
TIN US SHORTHAND 41 
 
 n, m, i, and 1; c as a small hook on the right side of 
 sh and d; o as a large hook on the right side of i and 
 d; and u as a large hook on chay. It will be seen that 
 in these hook joinings the motion, in every instance, is 
 the same as in the vowel strokes. 
 
 courage finally claim plead 
 
 '" '/ I 
 
 t 
 
 adhesion shoddy thoroughly Dutch 
 
42 
 
 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 WORD PRACTICE. 
 
 _p 
 
 \a.ces 
 
 ^ " style 
 
 6 
 
 chases 
 
 ^ streams 
 
 r~D 
 
 success 
 
 ^ <^\^,e.?,\.e<\ 
 
 6 
 
 passes 
 
 X' tasted 
 
 T> 
 
 cases 
 
 7 assured 
 '/ 
 
 
 
 supposes 
 
 9 avowed 
 
 _P-- 
 
 resist 
 
 i/' abated 
 
 ^ 
 
 diseases 
 
 l, aspired 
 
 0* 
 
 sustains 
 
 c^' suited 
 
 V 
 
 Caesar 
 
 -^ founded 
 
 * 
 
 most 
 
 <7 respected 
 
 - <Z? 
 
 last 
 
 inhabited 
 
 <s 
 
 mo\est 
 
 7 added 
 
 ^ 
 
 \>est 
 
 v '~^' requested 
 
 r 
 
 priced 
 
 CL^ oar 
 
 r 
 
 appraised 
 
 c else 
 
 0= 
 
 gamesters 
 
 C o owns 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 43 
 
 c -tx 
 
 elbow 
 
 4, piazza 
 
 2 
 
 atheism 
 
 ^^ Tosiah 
 
 9 
 
 authors 
 
 py satiate 
 
 c 
 
 ear 
 
 o associate 
 
 c 
 
 
 ) 
 
 
 appear 
 
 ^ vigorous 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 avers 
 
 * v famous 
 
 
 omen 
 
 ^ 1 luscious 
 
 _j> 
 
 homes 
 
 / assiduous 
 
 ** 
 
 hiatus 
 
 P suddenly 
 
 L 
 
 peon 
 
 J vainly 
 
 / 
 
 duet 
 
 quietly 
 
 ^ 
 
 piano 
 
 <- i homelier 
 
 <_ 
 
 Zion 
 
 seriously 
 
 c_P 
 /I 
 
 Meyers 
 
 <= "~ z ' strenuously 
 
 ^^p 
 
 terrorize 
 
 ^ easily 
 
 } 
 
 idea 
 
 ^P icily 
 
 *? 
 
 coerced 
 
 -I morally 
 
 -*s 
 
 quietest 
 
 f verily 
 
44 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 WORD SIGNS. 
 
 necessary establish astonish next trust 
 
 interest 
 
 circumstantial circumstance hard advantage 
 
 _4i_ ......... r. ........................... f ........... . ........... 2 ........................ 
 
 always when apprehend after were 
 
 a. ........... _ ........................ ' ........... _ 
 
 ordinary happy length lengthen held 
 
 hold strength strong ought equal-ly 
 whole 
 
 x^, rr^r ..a - ffl 
 
 along among sufficient society 
 
 language 
 
 CONTRACTIONS, 
 
 / e~ ^\,^'' "? 
 
 ^ / 
 
 suggestive distinct recollect original adopt 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 45 
 
 adapt strengthen necessity economic-al stronger 
 
 PHRASE SIGNS AND PHRASES. 
 
 ^ x* J* 
 
 at-first etc. Very-truly-yours 
 
 ST LOOP PHRASES. 
 
 It and to, follow is, as, and has so frequently that it 
 is very desirable to have an easy method of represent- 
 ing the phrases. This is accomplished by the use of 
 the st loop written in the position of the first word. 
 5 and other strokes may be joined to these phrase 
 signs. 
 
 c** 
 
 as-it has-it 
 as-to has-to 
 
 0- 
 
 is-it as-it-is 
 is-to as-it-has 
 as-to-his 
 
 is-it-his 
 is-to-his 
 
 as-it-is-the 
 as-it-has-the 
 
 is-to-be as-it-has-been-the 
 is-it (to) be 
 
46 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 SES CIRCLE PHRASES. 
 
 Is, his, etc., also words beginning with s, may be 
 joined to other ^ wordsigns, or to words ending with 
 s } by writing the ses circle. 
 
 o 6 
 
 is-as as-has has-as this-is 
 
 his-is as-is has-his 
 
 as-has-the as-has-been in-this-city 
 
 HE JOINED INITIALLY. 
 He may be joined initially as a hook. 
 
 he-will he-may he-knows he-was-not 
 
 Us is represented by s joined when following such 
 words as, for, have, etc. 
 
 *> ^ ..>... J JL i. 
 
 o 
 
 for-us to-us send-us have-us by-us give-us 
 
TIN US SHORTHAND 
 
 47 
 
 EXERCISE 5. 
 
 Read, copy, and read from your notes. 
 
 
 1 
 
 r 
 
 ~~ 
 
 \- 
 
 *- - 
 
 J=______^IL. 
 
 ; ^-^/ 
 
 -* x 
 
48 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 KXERCISE 6. 
 
 Write in shorthand. 
 
 We-ought to-see-him some-time before-noon today. 
 Is-it hard enough, and has-it sufficient strength to-be 
 of-value to-our company for-use in-small boilers? I- 
 can-give-you a decisive answer on-the question by 
 eight o'clock tomorrow. Can-you give-us their names 
 and addresses ? He-owns property in-the West, which- 
 is rich in timber and various ores. Is-it more a 
 case of necessity than-of desire? What do-you-know 
 as-to-his being interested in establishing new-homes 
 for the homeless? It-will-not-be-possible for-us to- 
 give-you our final answer for-a-week. You-will-finJ 
 the plan not-only original, but most economical and 
 advantageous as-well. It-is-a serious case, and only 
 the most earnest care will-be of-any avail in-bringing 
 about a sure cure. In-order to-give them the proper 
 tests, we-should place-them all on an equal basis. I - 
 it a very prosperous country? Are prices for food 
 higher or lower there than-they-are in-this-country? 
 They-were among-the pioneers to-this-part of-the 
 country, and are-now-the owners of-several thousand 
 acres of very-good land in-this state. We-will adopt 
 the plans and adapt them to-our use. 
 
TIXUS SHORTHAND 49 
 
 LETTER No. 2. 
 
 Mr. Owen C. Healey, 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 \Ye-thank you for-your price-list which-was received 
 today. We-are very-much interested in-the line-of 
 goods you-carry, and are sending in a small order 
 for-such stock as-we can use at-this-time. You-will- 
 see from the list that-we handle nothing but-the very 
 best grades. Your prices on-these are-somewhat 
 higher-than those of-several-other houses, yet we-do- 
 
50 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 not object to-this, if the goods are-enough better so 
 that-the customer will-be-satisfied that-he-is getting 
 full value for-his-money. 
 
 If at-all-possible get this bill-of goods to-us by-the 
 end-of-the-week. We-would appreciate a reply stating 
 just when-the order will-be shipped. 
 
 Hoping to-receive-an early response, we are. 
 Yours-very-truly, 
 
 Ernest W. Adams & Co. 
 
LESSON FOUR. 
 
 F AND V HOOK. 
 
 A small final hook on the ^ side of all strokes is 
 written for / or v. S following this hook is written 
 within the hook. 
 
 _2 ...................... L _______ ...... _, ........................... a. ____ ^- ....... - 
 
 wave drive move brave tough 
 
 devoid reprieve devote Davey arrive 
 
 * 
 
 proven . approval paves achieves 
 
 F AND V HOOK PHRASES. 
 
 Have, to-have and of, may be represented in phrases 
 by this hook. 
 
 ................. ^.. ............................. >_ ...... _____________ ..... :f ....................... ^ ................... 
 
 we-have I-have will-have hope-to-have 
 
 each-of much-of-our 
 
52 TIN US SHORTHAND 
 
 J AND GAY HOOK. 
 
 A small final hook opposite the ^ joining is written 
 for / or gay. If necessary, for technical distinction, 
 this hook may be shaded for gay. When s, st or cst 
 follows, the hook may be closed. 
 
 judge jug mortgage wagon arrange 
 
 oblige rug emerges majesty ignore 
 
 K HOOK. 
 
 A large final hook on the regular side (inside) of 
 r, I, k, way, and on the irregular side (opposite the f 
 and v hook) of n, m, t, j, b, is written for k, as: 
 
 r-k 1-k k-k way-k n-k m-k t-k j-k b-k 
 
 rake makes awoke looked takes book 
 
 THR HOOK, ETC. 
 
 A large final hook on /, r and th, and on the upper 
 side of n and m is written for the syllable thr. Gay, b, 
 and ivh are enlarged to add thr. 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 53 
 
 ................. -f .................. ; _____ 3 ....................... CJ ............................ 6 ....................... u ..... - ........ 
 
 neither mother feather thither bother 
 
 ....... ^ ....... ...... c> .................. f 
 
 gather whether further brother 
 
 In phrases the thr hook is written for their, there, or 
 thc\-are on /, r and th. 
 
 .................. <J ....................................... J ................... ; ..................... ^ .......................................... 
 
 if-they-are have-their where-there-is 
 
 alt hough-there-is whcther-there-is whether-they-are-there 
 
 There, or ///r/r, may be added to large hooks open- 
 ing upward with a short retraced stroke ; to-haz'e-their, 
 with the r hook and retraced stroke. 
 
 for-they-are-there if-they-are-there like-their 
 
 if-they-are-to-have-their like-to-have-their 
 
 LARGE LOOP PHRASES. 
 
 There, or their, may be added to the ^ vvordsigns, by 
 extending the circle to a large loop ; written on the 
 
54 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 slant of chay. Other words may be joined to the large 
 looo. 
 
 ........... a ......... -^ ..... -ifca ......... 
 
 is-there as-there has-their as-there-is-no 
 
 is-there-as much as-there-are 
 
 In phrases, you is written with a large hook before 
 should, would, and have. It is written on the line 
 when beginning a phrase or when preceded by an s 
 wordsign. 
 
 i 4 4 
 
 x 7 ...................... 2 
 
 if-you-should for-you-would do-you-have 
 _ ^o ....... - /o ....... ..... s~> ....... 
 
 *- 2 2 
 
 you-should-not you-would-be you-have-been 
 
 Jf\. . Tf\ 
 
 2 2 
 
 as-you-have-not and-as-you-have-it 
 
 For convenience in joining, them, then, and their, 
 may be reversed in many common phrases. 
 
 ...... ; ............. ~1 ..... ~^ 
 
 show-them found-them judge-them if-then 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 55 
 
 3 
 
 give-their make-their regard-their neglect-their 
 
 B becomes a hook when following p, d, chay, and 
 ish. 
 
 pebble daub chubby shabby double 
 
56 
 
 6. 
 
 TIN US SHORTHAND 
 WORD PRACTICE. 
 
 cave 
 
 deserve 
 
 rough 
 
 arrival 
 
 serve 
 
 ^ " prevalence 
 
 starve 
 
 a- major 
 
 cover 
 
 a - margins 
 
 raves 
 
 engines 
 
 coffee 
 
 revenge 
 
 devout 
 
 >-^ magic 
 
 derives 
 
 >^~ mortgagee 
 
 deafness 
 
 ^~* emergency 
 
 swerves 
 
 * -y damage 
 
 observe 
 
 y manage 
 
 approves 
 
 < energy 
 
 defy 
 
 3_<? injures 
 
 abbreviate 
 
 > ^ legitimate 
 
 drives 
 
 C^ D oranges 
 
 thrives 
 
 * dredges 
 
TIXUS SHORTHAND 
 
 57 
 
 C/ 1 - 
 
 tugs 
 
 x -y ambiguous 
 
 gags 
 
 ^-^ like 
 
 bargains 
 
 . ^ lucky 
 
 legacy 
 
 G -, smoke 
 
 negative 
 
 / ^b quake 
 
 luggage 
 
 >__? locates 
 
 baggage 
 
 t x curriculum 
 
 fatigue 
 
 ' c jokes 
 
 delegates 
 
 < ""? embark 
 
 humbugs 
 
 ^^ taken 
 
 megaphone 
 
 ^ links 
 
 magazine 
 
 o O smother 
 
 smugglers 
 
 whither 
 
 jugular 
 
 c)- father 
 
 engage 
 
 /^ debar 
 
 juggler 
 
 (j. p problems 
 
 ignorance 
 
 (p probes 
 
 negotiate 
 
 / shrubs 
 
58 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 WORD PRACTICE REVIEW. 
 
 Write in shorthand and give to the teacher for cor- 
 rection or approval. 
 
 1 leave 
 
 2 reserve 
 
 3 edify 
 
 4 defense 
 
 5 puffs 
 
 6 thieves 
 
 7 drivers 
 
 8 divorcee 
 
 9 mastiff 
 
 10 approved 
 
 11 privilege 
 
 12 drudge 
 
 13 charges 
 
 14 emerge 
 
 15 range 
 
 16 granger 
 
 17 managers 
 
 18 stringency 
 
 19 lounge 
 
 20 passenger 
 
 21 diligence 
 
 22 league 
 
 23 legal 
 
 24 rogue 
 
 25 legatee 
 
 26 nuggets 
 
 27 negligible 
 
 28 rugs 
 
 29 bakes 
 
 30 balk 
 
 31 became 
 
 32 cocaine 
 
 33 likewise 
 
 34 jocular 
 
 35 leak 
 
 36 earthquake 
 
 37 wreck 
 
 38 sink 
 
 39 unique 
 
 40 meekly 
 
 41 quickly 
 
 42 cookey 
 
 43 farther 
 
 44 drab 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 59 
 
 WORD SIGNS. 
 
 refer differ deliver never evidence 
 
 reference difference involve evident 
 
 improve manufacture difficult advertise 
 
 improvement 
 
 ............ ....a ........... ................. 6... ....................... C ........................... .v. ................... Z 3 . 
 
 awful public probable every neglect 
 publish 
 
 knowledge England negligence regret large 
 
 regular together danger above imagine 
 regard 
 
 singular correct telephone telegraph majority 
 CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 f ............ V ....... 3L 
 
 C 
 
 nevertheless respective republic capable 
 
60 
 
 respectful-ly representative objective become 
 
 _ ......... . ................. 7 ............................ ^ ............ ............ ^ .............. 
 
 individual indifferent acknowledge develop-ment 
 V ^ s y 
 
 ....... ts ...... 
 
 everywhere everybody telegrapher telegram 
 PHRASE SIGNS AND PHRASES. 
 
 set-off set-forth do-you-think did-you-think 
 
 / / 
 
 f r 
 
 if-you-think would-you-think should-you-think 
 
 take-pleasure on-either-hand rather-than 
 
 Respect fully-y ours Yours-respectfully 
 
 Very-respect fully Very-respect fully-yours 
 
TIXUS SHORTHAND 61 
 
 EXERCISE 7. 
 
 Read, copy, and read from your notes. 
 
 -> o c . / _^_ . ^ ~7 < ,_^, _, 
 
 / 
 
 S 
 
 - 
 
62 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 EXERCISE 8. 
 
 Write in shorthand. 
 
 Do-you advertise in-any of-the dailies? He-is-a 
 capable young-man and regular in-his habits. We- 
 beg to-inform-you that-all of-our prices are subject 
 to-change without notice. He-seems very indifferent 
 about-his studies. I regard-the question, to-which- 
 you refer, as-one of special interest to-the public. His 
 development is very slow, nevertheless he-makes some 
 improvement each day. The goods were-all manufac- 
 tured in America. If-you think it-would-be-well to- 
 see-them sometime-soon, we-will-send our representa- 
 tive over to-call on them. We-have just received ad- 
 vice from the manufacturers that-your goods will-be 
 shipped at-once. You-cannot achieve success unless- 
 you devote your-time to-careful study of-the subject 
 in hand. As-there-seems-to-be no-way in-which we 
 can-be of assistance to-them, it-would-be-better for-us 
 to-leave at-once. We-would thank you to-give-us-an 
 idea as-to what you think would-be a reasonable price 
 for his services. It-will-prove a-great-advantage to- 
 any-of-you to-possess a knowledge of-this system-of 
 shorthand. It-would probably cost twice as-much to- 
 have-it delivered at-our-place by-one of-their men. 
 This firm informed us several-weeks-ago that-they 
 would-like-to-have-their goods delivered before noon 
 every day. I-know they-are anxious to-have-us give 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 63 
 
 their special blast furnace coke-a trial; so if-they-are 
 willing to-deliver-us a-fcw-cars along about-the end-of- 
 this month, we-will take-them at-the market price then 
 prevailing. Surely you-would-be-willing to-give some- 
 thing for-such-a worthy cause. You-have-had many 
 opportunities offered you in-years past, but you-have- 
 simply neglected to-take-advantage-of-them. Do-you- 
 know whether-there-are any more copies left of-the last 
 issue of-our magazine? For-some-years, it-has-been 
 my-object to-gather-together specimens of-all-the old- 
 books on-this-subject that I-could-possibly find, and I- 
 now-have in my-home several thousand volumes, many 
 of-which-are very rare, and can-not-be duplicated at- 
 any price. The negligence of others causes danger 
 everywhere. The telegraph companies do-not allow 
 telegraphers to-deliver telegrams by telephone. 
 
 LETTER No. 3. 
 
 -r-^9 ? 
 
 ../?:.._. ^ .. j. ...^ (...>.. 
 
 ^&- ' ' p" 
 
 J. 
 
TIN US SHORTHAND 
 
 f 
 
 ]\Ir. P. V. Grossman, Baggage Master, 
 
 Council Bluffs, Iowa. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I-am taking this opportunity to-correspond with you 
 regarding some baggage which-has-been either delayed 
 or-lost on your road somewhere between Council- 
 Bluffs and this city. The baggage referred to was put 
 on-the cars at-the above-named place, on-the-morning 
 of May 15, and should-have reached-here the following 
 day. It-has-not arrived, and since it-is-my-desire to- 
 leave for the South early the coming week, I-am anx- 
 ious to-locate-this baggage without unnecessary delay. 
 
 The goods in-question are an ordinary leather 
 sample case, and-a heavy steamer trunk. Both pieces 
 were new ami-had my initials, H. G. K., also my-ad- 
 dress, plainly marked on-the end-of-each. 
 
 I-trust you-will take the steps necessary to-learn- 
 
TfXUS SHORTHAND 65 
 
 the cause of-delay, and that said baggage will-be de- 
 livered tome in-good order at-the earliest possible 
 
 time. 
 
 Very-respectfully. 
 
 Harry G. Kramer. 
 
LESSON FIVE. 
 
 RE, CER, EX, SUB. 
 
 A small hook at the beginning and on the under side 
 of t, j, n and m is written for the syllable re; and a 
 small circle in the same place is written for ccr, sur, 
 etc., at the beginning of words only. They may, how- 
 ever, be preceded by a negative prefix as, in, un, etc. 
 
 rejoice rejudge retouch remain unremoved 
 
 certain surmised sermons surgeon 
 
 The small re hook may be used to advantage on d 
 and chay, when the following syllable begins with a 
 consonant. 
 
 ^ /. 7 f.. 
 
 7 .......... f 
 
 roads reduce readers redress recharge 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 67 
 
 Re is expressed with r when followed by a prefix 
 other than in or int. 
 
 re-adjust re-affirm re-engage reinstate 
 
 Es is written for ex, and su for sub, at the beginning 
 of outlines ; both may be combined with negative pre- 
 fixes the same as re. 
 
 examine exchange exceed exercise excessive 
 
 unexpressed submerge submissive sub-kingdom 
 
 SHUN. ' 
 
 The syllables tion, sion, cion, dan, etc., pronounced 
 shun, are written with the reduced ish. S, I, r, st, ing, 
 etc., may follow, as on simple strokes. Enlarge the a 
 hook to. represent ia, ua, etc., preceding shun. 
 
 Tial, cial, are expressed by the same reduced ish, 
 which reduction also adds /. 
 
 nation station attention emotion oration 
 
 creation legation co-operation 
 
68 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 4- 
 
 session affirmation physician possessions 
 national rationally supervision petitioner 
 
 negotiations revolutionists mentioning financial 
 dent, tient are expressed with shn-t. 
 
 proficient ancient patient 
 
 The vowel preceding ble may be frequently omitted. 
 
 4_ ..................... _...4_ .......... _ ............. ............... ................ ^ .......... . ........ -.-.. 
 
 chargeable desirable passable favorable 
 
 COX A^D JXGS. 
 
 A small dot at the beginning and exactly in front of 
 the first stroke in an outline is written for the prefix 
 syllables con, com, or cog. 
 
 A large dot placed in the ing position is written for 
 the ending ings. 
 
 a ._ c _ 
 
 consign commune conform cognomen 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 69 
 
 savings 
 
 shavings happenings misdoings 
 
 The syllable ling may be represented by a small dot 
 written after and at the end of the stroke ; lings by a 
 large dot. 
 
 stumbling sparkling dumplings weaklings 
 
 In the following and similar frequently recurring 
 words, the con dot may be omitted. 
 
 concern committee complete compensate 
 
 / 
 
 condition commerce consideration conversation 
 
 WORDS IX IXG POSITION. 
 
 Ing-thc, ing-a, ing-you, ing-his, etc., may be most 
 conveniently expressed by writing the word following 
 ing in the ing position. 
 
 In like manner ing-their may be expressed with a 
 minute semi-circle, opened upward ; and ing-away with 
 the same sign inverted. Ing-us is written the same as 
 ing-his. 
 
70 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 having-the assuming-a mailing-you paying-us 
 
 changing-their knowing-their taking-away naming-his 
 
 . IXGLY. 
 
 Ingly is expressed with i written close to the end 
 of the last stroke. 
 
 knowingly willingly exceedingly amazingly 
 

 ZL 
 
 TIN US SHORTHAND 
 WORD PRACTICE. 
 
 71 
 
 retain 
 
 exemplified 
 
 remove 
 
 * sublease 
 
 remorseful 
 
 3~-^ subsoil 
 
 renounced 
 
 subsistence 
 
 surround 
 
 f ~ submarine 
 
 surmise 
 
 37 
 
 ascension 
 
 surges 
 
 d "~ / assertion 
 
 redraw 
 
 5-7 assassination 
 
 redeem 
 
 invitation 
 
 re-enforced 
 
 7 omission 
 
 re-assure 
 
 institution 
 
 re-embark 
 
 ^7 deviation 
 
 reimbursed 
 express 
 expensive 
 
 affiliation 
 7 variation 
 Cj expiration 
 
 explain 
 
 > formation 
 
 expire 
 
 e -^ emancipation 
 
72 TIN I 
 
 r ^ SHORTHAND 
 
 y opposition 
 
 < * professional 
 
 h initiation 
 
 apportion 
 
 / devotion 
 
 i_ # nationalists 
 
 ^~* exertions 
 
 symbolizatinns 
 
 J portions 
 
 1 conditionally 
 
 9 -7 assumption 
 
 21 presidential 
 
 y foundation 
 
 deferential 
 
 ~ty association 
 
 ^7 -ubstantial 
 
 2 mansions 
 
 ' initial 
 
 "^"9 causation 
 
 assignable 
 
 *""** coercion 
 
 of suitable 
 
 application 
 
 </ salable 
 
 
 ^ feasible 
 
 f suppositions 
 
 
 
 Q ' conceal 
 
 auctioneer 
 
 
 
 excision 
 
 <> conveyance 
 
 taxation 
 
 commence 
 
 ^~J caution 
 
 / conduce 
 
 7 
 
 additional 
 
 commissioners 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 73 
 
 X comprehensive 
 
 ^ -^-> working-a 
 
 cognizance 
 
 *"" erasing-his 
 
 > wrangling 
 
 ~~-j cashing-his 
 
 openings 
 
 (0* placing-their 
 
 V 
 
 X 
 
 icings 
 
 \ throwing-away 
 
 teachings 
 
 v. ^ lovingly 
 
 shortcomings 
 
 rejoicingly 
 
 5 whippings 
 
 ff disapprovingly 
 
 missing-the 
 
 > ~r unknowingly 
 
 i paying-the 
 
 obligingly 
 
 waving-a 
 
 beamingly 
 
 * ' leaving-you 
 
 unhesitatingly 
 
74 
 
 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 WORD PRACTICE REVIEW. 
 
 Write in shorthand and give to the teacher for cor- 
 rection or approval. 
 
 1 redivide 
 
 2 renounce 
 
 3 re-employ 
 
 4 re-embraced 
 
 5 surname 
 .6 expose 
 
 7 excite 
 
 8 exchanged 
 
 9 sublime 
 
 10 subsist 
 
 11 subside 
 
 12 reflection 
 
 13 affliction 
 
 14 affirmation 
 
 15 distinctions 
 
 16 actions 
 
 17 emission 
 
 18 positions 
 
 19 cohesion 
 
 20 raisable 
 
 21 reasonable 
 
 22 plausible 
 
 23 influential 
 
 24 competence 
 
 25 compare 
 
 26 conspire 
 
 27 concession 
 
 28 confiscation 
 
 29 ravings 
 
 30 rulings' 
 
 31 filings 
 
 32 stripling 
 
 33 investing-their 
 
 34 raising-his 
 
 35 sending-you 
 
 36 doing-away 
 
 37 shockingly 
 
 38 strikingly 
 
 39 surprisingly 
 
 40 unceasingly 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 COMPOUND WORDS. 
 
 75 
 
 Many compound words may be formed by joining 
 the outlines of the simple words. Occasionally a slight 
 variation in outline may be necessary, in order to facili- 
 tate the writing and give distinction to the form. 
 
 JL 
 
 although 
 
 ** thereby 
 
 anything 
 
 j therefore 
 
 anywhere 
 
 therein 
 
 beforehand 
 
 thereon 
 
 elsewhere 
 
 thereto 
 
 nowhere 
 
 * thereupon 
 
 otherwise 
 
 ( therewith 
 
 overcome 
 
 )/ throughout 
 
 somehow 
 
 j forever 
 
 something 
 
 hereafter 
 
 sometime 
 
 hereby 
 
 
 >. 
 
 somewhat 
 
 hereon 
 
 somewhere 
 
 ( herewith 
 
 thereafter 
 
 i moreover 
 
 thereat 
 
 v? undergo 
 
76 TIN US SHORTHAND 
 
 1 _ underhand y wherefore 
 
 Y~ understood wherein 
 
 ^ understand ^ whereof 
 
 v 
 
 yj undertake - whereon 
 whatever wherever 
 
 c 
 
 ^"7 whenever - withheld 
 
 & whereas < _ ^ withhold 
 
 In the following list of compound words, here is 
 expressed with the e hook; after, fore and ever with 
 the v hook ; by with i; jotfwr with sv; and one with . 
 
 any0 ne y^ howsoever 
 
 everyone - some one 
 
 , . <f whatsoever 
 
 herein .y 
 
 hereinafter ^ whensoever 
 
 hereinbefore ^ ^"by 
 
 . / wheresoever 
 
 hereunto X 
 
 ^ whichever 
 hereto 
 
 heretofore I, whoever 
 
 hereat whosoever 
 
TIN US SHORTHAND 77 
 
 CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 generation generalization representation 
 
 L. 
 
 v SK ...... 
 
 ...... r 
 
 expectation exception satisfaction suggestion 
 o^f ^^ 
 
 ? ...*> ........... 
 
 r fi 
 
 situation recollection acceptation acceptance 
 
 _ >?. ..... >? ............ )Q .............. L.... 
 
 r i r 
 
 certificate except accept exasperate especial 
 
 t .................... . ............................. ^ ........................... r= .................. = ....... 
 
 expect extra ascertain remember remark 
 
 EXERCISE 9. 
 Read, copy, and read from your notes. 
 
 * , S-^ J, 
 
 jC_fe_J6s^^^e*=SL._ 
 
 f 
 
 -f , 
 
78 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 LJl, o ' ' /, 
 
 ^?> ; 
 
 -f 9 
 
 
 *" 
 
 *s 
 
 x y 
 
 / 
 
 -JLjJ. ^..., t-rT_ 
 
 5 ^.y. 
 
 /..,- 
 
 7 ( 
 
 . ~ /..* i^z.*/... 6 !^ 
 
 
 > < 
 <*- 
 
 ' 7 a 
 
 ^ '<; 
 
 * ,, ^ 
 
 / o^ <, 
 
 c , . 
 
 <^ 
 
 *, z- . " -- ^ . rlrl ^ u 
 
 ^^ 'V - ij * 
 
 ........f^.^...> :....,....f.. ..^ 
 
 EXERCISE 10. 
 
 Write in Shorthand. 
 
 We-expect to-remain only a-few-days. If -we 
 return-the goods at-once, they will exchange-them. 
 \Ye-shall expect to hear-from-you at-once, regarding- 
 the exchange. He-is certainly a-very ambitious young- 
 man.- His brief remarks caused many people to- 
 re joice. This can-be-brought about only by-doing- 
 away with all-trie various commissions which we-have 
 been allowing-their house on-these orders. Many of- 
 the men \vho-have-been out-of work for-some-time 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 79 
 
 have-been re-employed, and are-now holding-their 
 regular positions as-usual. I-do-not-believe that-he- 
 would knowingly do that which-is-wrong. The wran- 
 gling among-the attorneys, concerning certain an- 
 swers given by-one of-the witnesses for the state, 
 proved exceedingly embarrassing to-the prosecution. 
 They-have-all-been exchanged. He-is certain that- 
 the motion will carry. We-must redraw the 
 design, also reduce-the price somewhat, other- 
 wise it-will-not-be accepted by-the committee. 
 We-desire to-ascertain, if-possible, what-these varia- 
 tions are, and how-they may-be corrected. His 
 teachings have-had-a remarkable influence for-good 
 among all classes-of people. Your-suggestion is with- 
 out exception the best that-we-have received ; yet 
 would-it-be advisable for-us to-take any action what- 
 soever at-this-particular time? It-certainly is-not 
 a-very desirable piece-of property, and I-do-not under- 
 stand why-they should-care particularly to-have-it. 
 We-expect to-return to-the-city tomorrow. At-the 
 close of-his sermon this-morning, the preacher referred 
 to-the good work that-is being done in both-our home 
 and foreign missions. They-have-been paying-us a- 
 good commission on-all-orders placed with-them, thus 
 far, and this-should-be given due consideration when 
 deciding as-to what changes we-will-make in-this- 
 regard. We-will take pleasure in exchanging-the goods 
 for-you if-you-will return-them at-once. They-were 
 
80 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 cashing-their checks, and paying-their various bills 
 with-the-money they received. I-hope he-will explain- 
 their methods-of doing-the work. Several of-the em- 
 ployes were-nearly overcome by-the smoke. Hereafter 
 we-shall expect-you to-call-us-up whenever you-are-in- 
 the-city. Nowhere-else did we do so large-a volume 
 of-business in-so-short-a-time as-we-have done since 
 coming here. They withheld-their reply for-several- 
 weeks, thereby depriving-us of-any opportunity to-bid 
 on-the property ; and it-was finally sold to-a party 
 from somewhere in-the-West, for-something like half 
 what it-would-have-brought a year ago. Everybody 
 will remember-his remarks regarding-the situation. 
 
 LETTER No. 4. 
 
 <* * 
 
TIN US SHORTHAND 81 
 
 Mr. Emerson P. Bowers, 
 Saginaw, Mich. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 This is-to inform-you that-our representative will-be 
 in your-city on-the 15th of-the month, and while-there 
 would appreciate a brief conference with-some mem- 
 ber of-your firm, with-a view to-having-you put in a 
 stock-of-our goods. We-expect him to-remain-there 
 only a-short-time, and therefore would-like-to-have 
 you set-a-time when it-would-be-most satisfactory to- 
 you to-see-him. It-may-be-of interest to-you to-know 
 
82 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 that-our sales during-the past season have greatly ex- 
 ceeded those of-any previous year. This-would at- 
 least suggest that-our goods are-all that-we claim 
 for-them, and that-our-prices are-satisfactory. 
 
 We-are-selling to-a-number-of houses in your- 
 section of-the country, and would-be greatly pleased 
 to-open an account with you. Remember we-make-no 
 extra charge for packing, or-for drayage. All goods 
 are delivered on-board-the cars here, without expense 
 to-you other-than first cost. 
 
 We-desire also at-this-time to-mention that-we allow 
 a small reduction on-all initial orders of reasonable 
 size. We-do this in-order to-get-an opportunity to- 
 prove-the value of-our goods. 
 
 We-feel certain that with-a choice stock-of-our 
 goods on your shelves, you-will-be-able to-successfully 
 combat any competition you-may-have ; therefore, we- 
 hope to-receive-a favorable response, also to-have the 
 pleasure of-selling-you a nice order when-our repre- 
 sentative calls. 
 
 Thanking-you in-advance for any favors; we remain 
 Yours-very-truly, 
 
 The R. P. Davis Mfg. Co. 
 
LESSON SIX. 
 
 COMBINED STROKES. 
 
 While in this system of shorthand each individual 
 stroke has been assigned the greatest possible phonetic 
 value, the combined strokes not only greatly reduce the 
 length of the outlines, but add unusual facility in their 
 execution. 
 
 Curve the simple strokes, t, j, d, m, inp; also curve 
 tn, jn, dn, mn, to add the sound of t or d. 
 
 X and t, joined without an angle, is written for nt 
 or nd. 
 
 Shade for r, when it can be done to advantage. 
 
 tt 
 td 
 
 s~ 
 
 jt 
 jd 
 
 dt 
 dd 
 
 / 
 
 mt 
 md 
 
 
 
 mpt 
 mbd 
 
 7F- 
 Dund 
 
 tnt 
 tnd 
 
 .... < 
 
 jnt 
 jnd 
 
 dnt 
 dnd 
 
 I 
 
 mnt 
 mnd 
 
 nt 
 nd 
 
 r^ 
 
 taught 
 
 jet 
 
 edit 
 
 made 
 
 prompt asti 
 
84 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 tendency agent president demand prevents 
 
 genteel abandoned tighter matter promoters 
 
 The syllables, re, ccr, ex, and sub; also con, ing, etc., 
 are written to combined strokes, the same as to the 
 simple strokes from which they are derived. 
 
 remittance surmount sergeant rejoinder submit 
 
 exempt subjoined extending commend meetings 
 
 ADDING T AND D. 
 
 Lower the ends of r, k, and /, to add the sound of t; 
 also to add the sound of d, in words of more than one 
 syllable. These strokes may be shaded for r, before or 
 after the added t or d. 
 
 The past tense of many words is formed under this 
 rule. 
 
 v_ , s V2_ 
 
 _ _ C^X ^ / Vr^..__ J , 
 
 right act fact educate results exert 
 
TIN US SHORTHAND 85 
 
 reciprocate ready court accordance pictures 
 
 directors occurred covered centered ventured 
 
 POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE WORDS. 
 
 The syllables in, tin, im, etc., expressing the negative 
 forms of words, may be written as is most convenient, 
 with either the vowel or consonant stroke joined to the 
 outline for the positive form. This rule applies also 
 to wordsigns and contractions. 
 
 known unknown modest immodest unnoticed 
 
 immoderate impure unsold insincere * unnecessary 
 
 unsatisfactory uninteresting irrespective 
 
 When a better or more distinct joining can be ef- 
 fected, the position vowel may be written. 
 
 record baker vapor nominally reaction 
 
86 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 enamored origin intimate liquidation 
 
 In some words, strokes may be reduced to add /, by 
 including in the outline the vowel immediately follow- 
 ing. 
 
 relate relax clannish flavor client 
 
 clean pledge relief relevant reliance 
 
 In a few cases, to prevent carrying the outline too 
 far below the writing line, to, too, or to-thc should be 
 written. 
 
 to unite too general to the agent to deliver 
 
 R may be omitted before n and m, by including the 
 position vowel e after / and /. 
 
 term terminal germ German journal 
 
 Mp may be lengthened to add / or n in a few words 
 similar to the following: 
 
 employers exemplified campaigns contemporaneous 
 
TIXUS SHORTHAND 
 
 87 
 
 WORD PRACTICE. 
 
 7 
 
 tempt 
 
 minds 
 
 aged 
 
 -a N. approximate 
 
 date 
 
 pumped 
 
 potent 
 
 /^-^ tutor 
 
 attend 
 
 / students 
 
 potentate 
 
 6 
 
 twitter 
 
 total 
 
 ' Dwight 
 
 joints 
 
 V"' pretending 
 
 diameter 
 
 7 
 
 ^ v "~ admittance 
 
 indict 
 
 /5~ consistent 
 
 appetite 
 
 comment 
 
 presents 
 
 c - remained 
 
 note 
 
 ^ competitor 
 
 dividends 
 
 prejudice 
 
 creditors 
 
 agitation 
 
 might 
 
 /2o indebtedness 
 
 remit 
 
 ~7 undoubtedly 
 
 V 
 
n 
 
 acts 
 
 *S unnatural 
 
 ^ 
 
 ruddy 
 
 "2^ unpleasant 
 
 -2s 
 
 deduct 
 affect 
 
 6-^ indefinite 
 ^ inadequate 
 
 " 
 
 later 
 
 u N .immature 
 
 ^-=^ 
 
 ' legislature 
 
 -t^ x/ calendar 
 
 ^ 
 
 endeavored 
 
 religion 
 
 ^ 
 
 accrued 
 
 "f^^ college 
 
 ^ 
 
 perfect 
 
 ~7 clash 
 
 < 
 
 confiscate 
 
 clearances 
 
 s 
 
 fluctuation 
 
 liquor 
 
 > 
 
 affectation 
 
 ^^-\ broker 
 
 v 
 
 writings 
 
 < plain 
 
 "^^ 
 
 irresistible 
 
 terminus 
 
 1 
 
 immaterially 
 
 ^ ' Germania 
 
 ^^< 
 
 illiteracy 
 
 '^^ adjourn 
 
 r 
 
 uninspired 
 
 v ~ t re-employ 
 
 i '/ 
 
 unimproved 
 
 assemblage 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 89 
 
 WORD PRACTICE REVIEW. 
 
 Write in shorthand and give to the teacher for cor- 
 rection or approval. 
 
 1 doubt 
 
 2 titles 
 
 3 jets 
 
 4 night 
 
 5 recent 
 
 6 bound 
 
 7 resident 
 
 8 retaught 
 
 9 camped 
 
 10 mate 
 
 11 amount 
 
 12 premeditate 
 
 13 remind 
 
 14 portends 
 
 15 enact 
 
 16 detect 
 
 17 resolute 
 
 18 directs 
 
 19 wrote 
 
 20 writer 
 
 21 vegetation 
 
 22 entered 
 
 23 factors 
 
 24 recovered 
 
 25 asked 
 
 26 defect 
 
 27 reflect 
 
 28 erect 
 
 29 illegal 
 
 30 illiterate 
 
 31 improper 
 
 32 impassive 
 
 33 imprudent 
 
 34 insecure 
 
 35 indiscreet 
 
 36 inaccuracy 
 
 37 OTiimportant 
 
 38 unimpressed 
 
 39 unpopular 
 
 40 unauthorized 
 
 41 unwholesome 
 
 42 planet 
 
 43 plum 
 
 44 plates 
 
 45 plush 
 
 46 clutch 
 
 47 clamor 
 
 48 journalist 
 
90 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 COLLOQUIAL CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 These contractions are not used in carefully written 
 English. However, they occur frequently in court 
 testimony and should be shown in the transcript. 
 
 The contracted form for not is written with nt; all 
 others are distinguished by placing a short dash above 
 the outline for the uncontracted form. 
 
 can't 
 
 couldn't 
 
 didn't 
 
 don't 
 
 doesn't 
 
 hadn't 
 
 hasn't 
 
 haven't 
 
 isn't 
 
 shouldn't 
 
 wasn't 
 
 wouldn't 
 
 I'm 
 
 we'll 
 
 you'll 
 they're 
 we're 
 you're 
 
 DAYS OF THE WEEK AND TIME REFERENCES. 
 
 r Sunday 
 7 Monday 
 
 ^ Tuesday 
 j Wednesday 
 
"7 
 
 / 
 
 TIN US SHORTHAND 
 4, 
 
 91 
 
 Thursday 
 Friday 
 Saturday 
 Sunday morning 
 Monday forenoon 
 Tuesday noon 
 
 Wednesday after- 
 - f noon 
 
 f 1 Thursday evening 
 
 /X Friday night 
 ^/ yesterday 
 today 
 
 /^ tonight 
 
 tomorrow 
 tomorrow morning 
 
 _^^/ tomorrow night 
 
 f 
 
 this morning 
 
 J^ this forenoon 
 7 this afternoon 
 
 this evening 
 this week 
 this month 
 this year 
 a ' last year 
 * 7 last month 
 JL ~^ last week 
 ^ last evening 
 ^ last night 
 
 next morning 
 I next day 
 
 next week 
 L next month 
 next year 
 next time 
 instant 
 ultimo 
 C-& proximo 
 
92 
 
 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 MONTHS AX I) SEASONS. 
 
 January 
 v February 
 
 - May 
 
 f June 
 
 <r July 
 ,, August 
 
 c. 
 
 7 March < u September 
 
 f April *TN October 
 
 spring 
 summer 
 autumn 
 winter 
 
 November 
 December 
 
 WORD SIGNS AND CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 gentlemen gentleman into unto inhabitant 
 
 hundred 
 
 / 
 
 identify went want accident already 
 
 identical-ly 
 
 heard world little immediate-ly United States 
 PHRASE SIGNS AND PHRASES. 
 
 at-it at-hand to-it to-hand in-it 
 
 to-do 
 
 know-it knew-it at-all-times at-any-rate 
 
TIXUS SHORTHAND 
 
 EXERCISE 11. 
 Read, copy, and read from your notes. 
 
 93 
 
 Jt~. 
 
 Wj 
 
 / 
 
 x 
 
 .', ...v^/A 
 
 4. 
 
94 TIN US SHORTHAND 
 
 EXERCISE 12. 
 Write in shorthand. 
 
 Accept our thanks for-your promptness. They-have 
 proved to-be very useful. Please-let-us-know, imme- 
 diately, what your wishes-are in-the-matter. We- 
 hereby return your remittance of recent-date, as-there- 
 is-an error in-the deductions. Enclosed herewith 
 please-find check for $8.25, payable to-the-order of-the 
 company. Can-you arrange-matters to-the-satisfaction 
 of-all parties concerned? The gentleman asked-us to- 
 have-it delivered at-once, if possible. It-should-not-be 
 difficult to convince-you that-they-are worth-the money 
 we-are asking for-them. The conditions expressed in 
 your report are unsatisfactory, and cannot be consid- 
 ered by-us. We guarantee satisfaction. It-seems very- 
 much out-of proportion. They claim a shortage of- 
 several pounds on-their last shipment of-ore. Many 
 important facts that-are common knowledge to-day, 
 were entirely unknown only a- few-years ago. We 
 wanted them sent over to-our-office as-soon-as-they- 
 were ready. W T hat rate-of-interest do-you charge in- 
 such-cases? Please-let-us-hear-from-you soon. The 
 
TJX US SHORTHAXD 95 
 
 administration will vigorously prosecute all offending 
 parties, whether-they be rich or-poor. The paper is 
 published regularly, but-is delivered at irregular peri- 
 ods. That isn't-the preparation you asked for. Isn't 
 it true that he-wasn't-there at-all? Hadn't you-been- 
 there once before? Doesn't he-work for the company 
 now ? Didn't you-see either-of-them before-they went- 
 there? You're certain about-that? You couldn't say 
 as-to-that ? No-sir, I wouldn't be-sure about-it. Don't 
 you-know-whether-he-was-there at-all-or-not ? He- 
 hasn't been-there at-all. 
 
 LETTER No. 5. 
 
96 
 
 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 Smith Brothers Co., 
 
 Emporia, Kansas. 
 Gentlemen : 
 
 Your-letter of-recent-date, with remittance for 
 amount-of-your bill, was-duly received, and-the same- 
 has-been credited to-your account on-our-books. \Ye- 
 thank you for-your promptness, and herewith return- 
 the receipted bill. 
 
 We-note that-there-is-a growing tendency among-the 
 merchants, in-all-parts of-the country, to-place'-their 
 orders through local agents ; therefore we-expect, soon, 
 to-establish agencies in-various large cities throughout- 
 the-United-States, and especially in-sections where-the 
 demand for-our goods has greatly increased during-the 
 past-few-years. 
 
 It-has occurred to-us that possibly you-would-like 
 to-consider-a proposition from-us to-act-as-our agent, 
 if-satisfactory terms were offered you. If-so, write-us 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 97 
 
 at-oncc, upon receipt-of-this-letter, and we-will-have a 
 representative call on you and arrange all details con- 
 cerning such-an agency ; also furnish-you with-such- 
 material as-\vill-be-necessary to-successfully carry on- 
 the-\vork at-the outset. Other material will-be-sent as- 
 it-is needed. 
 
 \Ye-believe that, as-our-agent, you-could do most ex- 
 cellent work ; and, inasmuch-as June, July and August 
 are-among-the best months in-the-year for-our-line, 
 we-trust you-\vill-favor-us with-a response at-the ear- 
 liest convenient time. 
 
 Respectfully-your?. 
 
 Louis W. Powell & Co. 
 
LESSON SEVEN. 
 
 ABBREVIATING EXPEDIENTS. 
 
 Syllables and words represented by hooks, loops, and 
 shading. 
 
 In lesson four the student was instructed to 
 represent have, to-haze, and of by the v hook ; also to 
 express their, there, and thcy-arc, with the thr hook. 
 This principle of abbreviation is now carried still fur- 
 ther, and as all final hooks are consonants, they may, 
 under certain conditions, represent syllables, as well 
 as letters or words. 
 
 Ful may be expressed with the / hook. The context 
 will always determine whether the hook represents a 
 syllable or a word. 
 
 joyful careful lawful helpful doubtful 
 Ire may be expressed with the i' hook. 
 
 r 
 
 active relative native collective. attentive 
 
TIN US SHORTHA$p- - 99 
 
 ' VfYER 
 
 r- /.'AS 
 
 a f?.. _i__ 
 
 motive subjective descriptive tentative 
 
 Of may be joined as a hook when convenient. 
 
 of-our of-all-such of-my of-it ' 
 
 ^//7, in compounds, may be expressed by the o hook, 
 on words written in the second position. 
 
 almost always altogether almost-ready almost-always 
 
 So, in phrasing with m and ng, is joined the same as 
 the o hook. 
 
 so-much so-many so-long-as not-so-much-as 
 
 Giie, go, and glad may be expressed with the gay 
 hook in many common phrases. Can with the k hook 
 on we and it. 
 
 we-will-give-you will-go-forward we-can 
 
 would-be-glad-to-have-you it-can-never 
 
100 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 Pleased may be expressed with the st loop when 
 phrased after be. 
 
 will-be-pleased should-be-pleased-to-have 
 
 we-will-be-pleased-to-have-your 
 Or may be indicated by shading. 
 
 on-or-about on-or-before before-or-after 
 
 Ing may be indicated by a break in the outline. 
 
 drawingmaster workingman singingbook 
 
 Words may be shaded to add are, as shown in 
 lesson two. Such and which may be shaded also to 
 add were, by writing the sign for such-were, so that the 
 s does not touch the line, and writing the sign for 
 zvhich-it'cre in the third position. 
 
 7 
 
 such-are they-are-to-have-our such-were-not-the 
 
 " " ' ~ ; 2 
 
 which- were-to-have-been which-wcre-not-likely 
 
TIXUS SHORTHAND 101 
 
 OMISSION OF CONSONANTS. 
 
 T may be omitted after s in certain words and 
 phrases, where a better joining can be made with the 
 circle. 
 
 postpone mostly testifies must-have just-been 
 
 R may be omitted from the syllables stnictioti, struc- 
 tlrc, traction, tractive, etc. 
 
 destruction attractive instructive constriction 
 I' ma be omitted from serration. 
 
 reservation observation preservation 
 
 K and gay, when but slightly sounded, are omitted. 
 
 a /~7 "-7 
 
 sanction distinction anguish relinquish 
 
 Rb and rp are omitted from scribe and scrip, respect- 
 ively. 
 
 &~^ tfr~*"x <^~~> *r~J 
 
 prescribe subscribe prescription description 
 
102 
 
 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 OMISSION OF WORDS. 
 
 Many small connecting words may be omitted, and 
 their omission indicated (or in certain instances im- 
 plied) in such a way as to render it very easy for the 
 writer to supply them when reading or transcribing 
 the notes. Grammatical construction will in each in- 
 stance necessitate the restoration of the implied words. 
 
 The connecting clause of the may be omitted. and its 
 omission indicated by writing the outline which follows 
 close to the preceding one. 
 
 / t? i 
 
 demands of the business value of the goods 
 
 interests of the people advantage of the price 
 
 ^ /Z 
 
 nature of the subject gentlemen of the profession 
 
 From to, after, and by, may be omitted between 
 words that are repeated, and their omission is indi- 
 cated as follows : 
 
 from day to day from hour to hour from week to week 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 103 
 
 from side to side day after day year after year 
 
 /L ~ 
 
 time after time day by day year by year 
 
 And, coming between words that are repeated, may 
 be expressed with the a hook, or omitted entirely, join- 
 ing the outlines of the words repeated. 
 
 more and more higher and higher out and out 
 
 c - 
 
 over and over less and less further and further 
 In may be omitted from the following phrases : 
 
 father-in-law mother-in-law son-in-law 
 
 daughter-in-law brother-in-law sister-in-law 
 
 In many phrases small or unimportant words may 
 be omitted, or expressed with modified forms, where 
 the grammatical construction of a clause or sentence 
 
104 
 
 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 would necessitate their being restored when transcrib- 
 ing. 
 
 want-to-be it-seems-to-be it-is-not-to-be 
 
 ......_<_,. 
 
 at-the-prcscnt-time 
 
 in-regard-to-it 
 
 for-the-most-part 
 
 under-the-necessity 
 
 hand-in-hand Constitution of the United States 
 
 one-of-the-most one-of-the-best at-a-loss 
 
 ladies-and-gentlemen in-the-way more-or-less 
 
 sooner-or-later in-the-meanwhile on-the-one-hand 
 
 United States of America in-the-next-place 
 
 as-a-matter-of-course for-instance handwriting 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 105 
 
 fP- f ._- .-. 
 
 great-deal once-in-a-while my-best-recollection 
 
 NUMERICAL DENOMINATIONS, ETC. 
 
 It is preferable to write all numbers in accordance 
 \vith the Shorthand Numerals given in lesson eleven ; 
 however, the following illustrations show how figures 
 may be handled by those who seldom have occasion to 
 write them. 
 
 In combination with figures use the regular sign nd 
 for hundred, and th for thousand; also write m for 
 million, b for billion, and s above the line for per cent. 
 Cents may be expressed by writing the figures above 
 the line. 
 
 
 300 *H $4.000 
 
 300,000 3j $300,000 
 
 tf 
 
 15 cents JtV $2,000,000,000 
 
 /" Z $8.20 ~ 2 > 00 . 000 acres 
 
 $1 ^~ 5 per cent 
 
 $900 < 6 per cent per annum 
 
106 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 Hours, minutes, and seconds may be indicated as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 *" 2. 
 
 ...... "&'& ..... 
 
 5 hours 28 minutes 45 seconds 
 
 Degrees, minutes and seconds; pounds, shillings, and 
 pence; also, book, chapter and page, may be indicated 
 by the same method. 
 
 2 o 
 
 15 30' 20" 2 8s lOd 
 
 1st book 14th chapter 62d page 
 
 Any year in the present century may be represented 
 by the last two figures. Any other year must be writ- 
 ten with its full number of figures. 
 
 1908 1837 
 
 From and to, as in from one to two, may be indicated 
 by writing the second figure below the line and to the 
 right. Feet and inches are indicated by the brief signs, 
 and by with a short slanting stroke. 
 
 3 """ " 7o 7* 
 
 from 2 to 3 from 10 to W l / 2 3 feet 4 inches 
 
 .:. ; <> ^ c'. & _ 
 
 3 feet 6 inches by 6 feet 8 inches 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 107 
 
 EXERCISE 13. 
 
 Read, copy, and read from your notes. 
 
 c, ......... 
 
 =2 
 
 
 
 ( cX 7 
 
 * r--3 |r- 
 
108 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 EXERCISE 14. 
 Write in shorthand. 
 
 Plentiful, bashful, preventive, positive, elective, 
 legislative, seems-to-be, out-of-it, each-of-our, on-the- 
 part-of-our, right-of-another, right-side-of-the, said-to- 
 have, want-to-have, in-order-to-have-the, of-our-own, 
 of-all-the, of-many-more, always-willing, always-neces- 
 sary, not-so-many, so-long-as-the, we-can-not-see, 
 we-will-be-pleased-to-have-it, which-are-said-to-have, 
 which-are-necessary, which-are-made, such-were-his, 
 which-were-able, which-were-made, lastly, justify, you- 
 must-also, constructive, protractive, unction, com- 
 punction, languid, describe, manuscript, most-of-the- 
 states, some-of-the-railroads, date-of-the-letter, from- 
 city-to-city, from-place-to-place, from-year-to-year, 
 hour-after-hour, side-by-side, better-and-better, by- 
 and-by, wish-to-say, want-to-say, seems-to-make, that- 
 is-to-say, face-to-face, on-the-other-hand, matters-of- 
 importance, -in-the-meantime, all-the-way, in-the-world. 
 
 Have-you written to-the-gentleman yet ? Xo-changc 
 will-be-made so-long-as-the work is being handled sat- 
 isfactorily. Your-goods are almost-ready, and we-will- 
 make-a shipment on-the order not-later-than Tuesday- 
 noon. She seems-to-have a-good general education, 
 and ought to-develop into a valuable assistant. This- 
 \vill-give-you-an opportunity to-secure all-of-them at- 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 109 
 
 our very best price. We-should-like-to-have you ad- 
 vise-us on-the-subject as-soon-as-possible. One-of-the- 
 partners was absent when-the sale was-made. It- 
 would-not-be lawful to-act in-the-matter as-you-sug- 
 gest. The goods will-go-forward at-once. Hour-by- 
 hour the patient grew weaker. It-is entirely unneces- 
 sary for-us to-assume-the obligation. I-should-be- 
 pleased-to-have-you bring-them with you, if-it-is con- 
 venient for-you to-do-so. It-is-very doubtful as-to 
 whether we could-take care-of-your-work satisfactorily 
 at-this-time. Day-by-day it-is-becoming more-and- 
 more apparent that-something must-be-done to-improve 
 existing conditions. The receipts have-been less-and- 
 less, day-after-day and week-after-week, until it-is-nec- 
 essary now to-make-a-change. Most of-our students 
 are very attentive to-their duties at-all-times. We-can- 
 not-give-you a definite reply until sometime tomorrow. 
 
 LETTER No. 6. 
 
 "' >; * 
 
 ^J^2-2Jkf S 
 
110 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 Messrs. William J. Bland and Son, 
 
 Detroit, Michigan. 
 Gentlemen : 
 
 Accept our-thanks for-your letter-of-the-14th inst., 
 enclosing check for $26.55, in-full of-v.our account to- 
 date. We-also acknowledge receipt-of 20 cents in 
 stamps, to-cover-the exchange-charges on-the two 
 checks payable to-the-order-of W. B. Richardson, and 
 R. C. Packard, respectively, which-were received at- 
 our-office last-week. 
 
 We-are-pleased to-inform-you that-we now have-a 
 complete description-of-the-Adams property, which- 
 you-have-had under consideration for-some-time, and 
 
TIN US SHORTHAND 111 
 
 can-givc-you the details whenever you-are-ready to- 
 take any definite action on-the proposition. 
 
 Property in-this-part-of-the-city is advancing year- 
 after-year, and if-you-think you-can use this-piece to- 
 advantage, do-not postpone the matter, but buy-now. 
 This-is one-of-the-most desirable locations in-the-city 
 for resident purposes, and it-will-never cost-you less- 
 than at-the-present-time. It-may-be-possible for-us to- 
 secure-a 30 day option for-you on-the site/ if-we-hear 
 from-you on-or-before the first-of-the-month. 
 
 We await your-instructions,and will take-no further 
 action in-the-matter until we-hear-from-you again. 
 Yours truly, 
 
 Webster & Simpson. 
 
LESSON EIGHT. 
 
 PREFIXES. 
 
 As all vowels, at the beginning of outlines, are 
 joined either as strokes or hooks, it is possible to 
 write all the most common prefix syllables with 
 simple vowel or consonant strokes, joined or disjoined. 
 The stroke used in each instance is a part of the prefix 
 outline, usually the first letter, and, for this reason, the 
 prefix is at once suggested by it. 
 
 JOINED.PREFIXES. 
 
 In, tin, are expressed with n; ini with m. Joined pre- 
 fixes do not usually regulate positions. 
 
 inspire instead unlike impressive improve 
 Prc, per, pro are expressed with pr. 
 
 / ................ / ..... '. ......... / *=* ......... / 
 
 precede pervade provide permission progressive 
 
TIN US SHORTHAND 113 
 
 De, be, and dis are expressed with d, b, and ds, re- 
 spectively. 
 
 delusive debase below beguile began 
 
 discussion discover distrust dismount 
 
 Com may be expressed with a reduced k, when pre- 
 ceding pi, especially in broken outlines. 
 -? -? 
 
 o^-^-* 
 
 complies complimentary compulsory 
 
 Ulti is expressed with u, above the line ; ultra 
 with ur. 
 
 ultimo ultimate ultramarine 
 
 Magni, magnc, magna, are expressed with mgay. 
 
 magnify magnetism magnanimously magnitude 
 O.v often may be written with os; and, o.r with as. 
 
 oxygen oxides oxidization oxen 
 
 oxhide axis axiom axminster 
 
114 TIN US SHORTHAND 
 
 Fore may be expressed with /. 
 
 foremost forefather foreground foresight 
 
 Wordsigns used as prefixes are usually joined, and 
 retain their respective positions. 
 
 After, out, over, under, are written as follows: 
 
 2*-) 
 ................ &. .......... s ............................ .... ........................... _ 
 
 - =T 
 
 afternoon aftertaste outspoken outposts 
 
 outlook undertake underscore undersigned 
 
 ...................... ( ....... ...... ( ...... . C CT, 
 
 </ / 
 
 overcharge overdraw overwrought overcome 
 
 DISJOINED PREFIXES. 
 
 When ac, in, en or un precedes con, com, cum, conn 
 or cog, both syllables are expressed by the vowel stroke 
 contained in the first. 
 
 accommodate incompetent encumbrance 
 
 unconcern encounter incognito 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 115 
 
 A vowel expressing the negative form may be at- 
 tached to any prefix. 
 
 y ^ 
 
 unaccommodating unaccountable 
 
 When re precedes con, com, coun or cog, both syl- 
 lables are expressed with r. Precon, decom are ex- 
 pressed with pr, d. Discom, mis con, with ds, ms, etc. 
 
 reconsign recompense recount recognized 
 
 preconceive decompose discommode misconduct 
 
 6/ : 
 
 discount unrecognized irreconcilable 
 
 Noncon, noncom, are expressed with nn; malcon, 
 with ml; transcon with ts; subcom with su; concom 
 with a heavy dot ; and, intercom, intercon with a minute 
 semicircle. 
 
 
 nonconducting noncommittal malcontent 
 
 transcontinental subcommission concomitant 
 
116 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 intercommunication interconnection 
 
 Contra, contro, contri, counter are expressed with kn. 
 
 T T > 
 
 ./ ..... .......... - ............ 1* ............... ^ ...... - 
 
 controvene contrivance counteract uncontradicted 
 Para is expressed with p. 
 
 parallel parasite paramount incomparable 
 
 Ante, ant a, anti, are expressed with a short upward 
 curve a minute ut. 
 
 -7* ^ -y -'f 
 
 .................. / ................................. ,...<^. ........................ (. - .. ....................... .7 .............. _ ........ 
 
 antecedent antagonist antidote anticipation 
 
 Inter, enter, intcl, are expressed with n; subtcr 
 with sur. 
 
 ... .. T .. / JN, 
 
 / 7 
 
 interview intercede intelligent intellectually 
 .................... v. ................................................... y ......................................... ^^L ............................. 
 
 enterprise unintroduced unintelligible 
 
 unenterprising subterfuge subtraction 
 
TIXUS SHORTHAND 117 
 
 E.rtri, cxter, are expressed with es. 
 
 extricate exterminate extradition extraordinary 
 
 Self, circum, are expressed with s written beside the 
 following stroke. Self, con or com is expressed by 
 writing the s just before the beginning of the first 
 stroke. Self may be expressed on other prefixes with 
 a joined s. 
 
 self-defense circumvent self-respect 
 
 y *^_^ 
 ....... 1 ...... 
 
 self-improvement self-conscious self-controlling 
 
 Trans is expressed with t. 
 
 -j_ ................................... _ ..... ;_ _____ ..................... ^ ..... 
 
 transform transverse translations 
 
 untranslatable subtranslucent retransferred 
 
 Alter, alder are expressed with a shaded a; clectr 
 with el; and nntlti with in. 
 
 altercation alternate aldermen electric 
 
 "7" .............................. ^J?.. .......................... ~J~.. ......... . ................ t?. ....... 
 
 electrodes electrolysis multiform multiplication 
 
118 
 
 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 WORD PRACTICE. 
 
 1 
 
 insure 
 
 * unsurmised 
 
 -< 
 
 insult 
 
 fff unsuitable 
 
 -f 
 
 institute 
 
 imitate 
 
 r 
 
 inside 
 
 } impression 
 
 -*-, 
 
 insertion ' 
 
 9 importation 
 
 --7 
 
 inrush 
 
 7 impure 
 
 <^s 
 
 inquest 
 
 v* improvise 
 
 ^V'* 
 
 inquisitive 
 
 &-J impoverish 
 
 6 
 
 r 
 
 insistent 
 inspiration 
 
 i, unimpeached 
 s> presuppose 
 
 -^ 
 
 insecure 
 
 ^ prevail 
 
 ~z 
 
 inadequate 
 
 b^^~ presage 
 
 7 
 
 insubordinate 
 
 " person 
 
 -^ 
 
 insufficient 
 
 5 prepossess 
 
 "^ 
 
 unhelpful 
 
 L / premonition 
 
 _y 
 
 unquiet 
 unjust 
 
 ^> premature 
 6 perchance 
 
TIXUS SHORTHAND 
 
 119 
 
 f 
 
 perspiration 
 
 cr" disastrous 
 
 f 
 TT~a 
 
 promiscuous 
 
 X^ discard 
 
 tf 
 
 persuasive 
 
 X disapprove 
 
 / 
 
 productive 
 
 -' disband 
 
 7 
 
 procedure 
 
 ^ disgraceful 
 
 - 
 
 profane 
 
 ^ ultimatum 
 
 x 
 
 procure 
 
 ^ ultra-critical 
 
 ^ 
 
 profound 
 
 *L^ ultra-conservative 
 
 
 
 proprietor 
 
 2^ magnanimous 
 
 ^ 
 
 preparation 
 
 -fj magnificent 
 
 ^ 
 
 demonstration 
 
 xO magnetic 
 
 / 
 
 deprive 
 
 /" oxidizer 
 
 /v 
 
 defunct 
 
 / Oxford 
 
 JQ 
 
 despair 
 
 / oxidizable 
 
 C*S 
 
 besiege 
 
 axes 
 
 ^ 
 
 beware 
 
 3 axioms 
 
 K 
 
 beseechingly 
 
 2r foreman 
 
 
 disburse 
 
 ^L ^ foreclosed 
 
120 
 
 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 j> forefront 
 
 6v 
 
 incomparably 
 
 <C_P forelock 
 
 2 
 
 inconceivable 
 
 7 forefinger 
 
 I 
 
 incomprehensible 
 
 2. , aftermath 
 
 ^ 
 
 inconvenient 
 
 J> outsider 
 
 . I 
 
 unconformable 
 
 ^-T/ outnumber 
 
 *- 
 
 uncommon 
 
 /^2 outlook 
 
 * 
 
 uncontested 
 
 ./-> outbreak 
 
 y 
 
 unconverted 
 
 5 underhand 
 
 y 
 
 unconfessed 
 
 ^_^y undercurrent 
 
 ^ 
 
 incumbent 
 
 i ,=, undermost 
 
 Y 
 
 encompassed 
 
 y* undertone 
 
 *7 
 
 recognition 
 
 i^, overearnest 
 
 T 
 
 reconfirmation 
 
 ^ overbought 
 
 7 
 
 reconsideration 
 
 c overdriven 
 
 ^-, 
 
 reconstruction 
 
 ( overpowered 
 
 *~? 
 
 unrecompensed 
 
 ^_ overseen 
 
 r*~ 
 
 preconsign 
 
 y, accomplished 
 
 A 
 
 disconnected 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 121 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 disconsolately 
 discomfort "^ > 
 misconception "" / 
 
 controvertible 
 countermand 
 countermarch 
 
 ~y 
 
 miscomprehension *V-^ 
 
 counteraction 
 
 K * 
 
 J 
 
 irreconciliation 
 nonconformist ^ 
 
 countersign 
 counterfeit 
 
 ^_^ o 
 
 nonconcurrence f 
 
 counterpart 
 
 "* 
 
 noncommissioned ^ / 
 
 countermotion 
 
 A 
 
 nonconductor l/^ 
 concomitancy J 
 malconstruction (" 
 subconscious Vx 
 
 countershaft 
 countercharge 
 paradise 
 parachute 
 
 r 
 
 ^ 
 
 intercommunicating <^~ & 
 
 paralysis 
 
 ^> 
 
 contradiction //-& 
 
 paradox 
 
 A 
 
 contradistinctive fs 
 
 comparatively 
 
 7 
 
 controversion fa 
 
 parable 
 
 ^ 
 
 controversy 
 subcontractor f 
 
 antiquity 
 antedate 
 
122 
 
 SHORTHAND 
 
 _ 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 antenuptial 
 
 external 
 
 antelope 
 
 ^ extradition 
 
 antagonized 
 
 * i extremely 
 
 interlace 
 
 "2-z, extraneous 
 
 interlock 
 
 _2/? self-adjusting 
 
 intersection 
 
 self-interest 
 
 intersperse 
 
 ^^ self-made 
 
 interposed 
 
 0<0 self-evident 
 
 interweave 
 
 ^ self-conscious 
 
 intermission 
 
 > circumference 
 
 interviewing 
 
 t *~ circumflex 
 
 interlude 
 
 ^^"^ circumjacent 
 
 introduce 
 
 o 
 
 "~^ circumscribe 
 
 intelligence 
 
 C> circumspect 
 
 intellect 
 
 
 
 ^-) transaction 
 
 enterprisingly 
 
 "*~^ transcribe 
 
 subtrahend 
 
 J transfer 
 
 subterranean 
 
 *^ transgress 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 123 
 
 WORD PRACTICE Concluded. 
 
 o^ 
 
 transient 
 
 y 
 
 electrify 
 
 <- 
 
 transom 
 
 ^ 
 
 electromagnetic 
 
 t+ 
 
 transparencj- 
 
 *-*S-N 
 
 electrometer 
 
 1 
 
 transpire 
 
 C ^ 
 
 electrotype 
 
 f 
 
 transposition 
 
 41 ""y 
 
 electrifier 
 
 f 
 
 retranspose 
 
 -^ 
 
 multiplex 
 
 1^ 
 
 alternative 
 
 T 
 
 multifarious 
 
124 
 
 TIXUS SHORTHAXD 
 
 WORD PRACTICE REVIEW 
 
 Write in shorthand and give to the teacher for cor- 
 rection or approval. 
 
 1 intent 
 
 2 inform 
 
 3 inseparable 
 
 4 induce 
 
 5 unpunished 
 
 6 unseen 
 
 7 unsuccessful 
 
 8 impress 
 
 9 importer 
 
 10 presume 
 
 11 perfume 
 
 12 projection 
 
 13 beset 
 
 14 discuss 
 
 15 discretion 
 
 16 magnate 
 
 17 magnifies 
 
 18 foreseen 
 
 19 forewoman 
 
 20 outvote 
 
 21 undergone 
 
 22 oversold 
 
 23 accommodation 
 
 24 incomplete 
 
 25 inconstant 
 
 26 uncompromising 
 '2~ unaccomplished 
 
 28 reconcile 
 
 29 reconvene 
 
 30 disconcert 
 
 31 discontinue 
 
 32 misconstrue 
 
 33 miscompute 
 
 :>4 noncompliance 
 
 35 contraposition 
 
 36 contradict 
 
 37 paraphrase 
 
 38 antiseptic 
 
 39 intervention 
 
 40 entertain 
 
 41 intelligible 
 
 42 subterminal 
 
 43 extract 
 
 44 extravagant 
 
 45 self-imposed 
 
 46 self-conceit 
 
 47 circumnavigate 
 
 48 transport 
 
 49 transfix 
 
 50 retranspired 
 
 51 alternately 
 
 52 electrolier 
 
 53 electrocution 
 
 54 multiplier 
 
TIN US SHORTHAND 
 
 125 
 
 EXERCISE 15. 
 Read, copy, and read from your notes. 
 
 7 
 
 L 
 
 ; 
 
 ^Si^. fr L; 
 
 J> OO 
 
 //. 
 
 
 6. 
 
126 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 EXERCISE 16. 
 Write in shorthand. 
 
 We-hereby confirm our-order-of-the-5th inst. Do- 
 you expect to-enter-the contest? The day was devoid 
 of extraordinary incidents. All applications for certifi- 
 cates were examined and-the requisitions granted. He- 
 is thoroughly competent and-is-willing to demonstrate 
 his worth. We-have his permission to-proceed with- 
 the perfecting of-the-machine. This electric railway 
 will parallel-the steam railway, and should-be compara- 
 tively easy of construction. Incompetency was-the only 
 reason given for-his removal. He-will translate-the 
 verses for-you. The reporter will interview the presi- 
 dent upon-his return to-the-city tonight. We-dislike 
 very-much to-discommode-you in-any-way. He-was 
 conspicuous by-his absence. This-will introduce to- 
 you our-agent, Mr. W. C. Holmes, who will-be-pleased 
 to-explain-the many advantages of-our patent inter- 
 locking tiles. They seem-to-be guided by self-interest 
 only. What-will-be-the ultimate result? After com- 
 municating with-his-father, he-was induced to-make-a 
 confession. What-is-the outlook for-a-good business 
 this-year? It-seems somewhat inconsistent for-us to-' 
 recommend such-a-change without first considering the 
 results. She seems-to-be absolutely irreconcilable, and 
 nothing further can-be-done by-way-of consummating- 
 the deal at-present. We-will accommodate ourselves 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 127 
 
 to-circumstances and accompany-them as-soon-as-they- 
 are ready. Self-respect should-cause-him to-refrain- 
 from further discussion-of-the-subject at-this-time. 
 Our forefathers did-not foresee-the magnitude and 
 magnificent growth of-our country. In-the-United- 
 States the Constitution is paramount in importance. 
 Our multiplex machines are-the best on-the-market 
 for-all classes-of-work. Several conferences have- 
 been-held, and various recommendations considered; 
 but-nothing definite has yet-been accomplished. The 
 machine is self-adjusting, with interchangeable parts, 
 yet it-is unsuitable for-my purpose. The contract 
 must-be countersigned by-the president-of-the-com- 
 pany. 
 
 LETTER No. 7. 
 
128 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 Baker & Bond Co., 
 
 Louisville, Ky. 
 Gentlemen : 
 
 Your communication of-recent-date, concerning my 
 taking out a policy in your company, is-at-hand ; also 
 prospectus of-your new policy, which-you-say you- 
 would recommend for-my consideration. 
 
 Responding to-your courteous-letter I may-say that 
 I-am very-much interested in-the-subject of life-insur- 
 ance, and-am now carrying several policies in-various 
 companies ; however, I-am-not contemplating taking on 
 any-more insurance, and would-not-care to-consider-a 
 policy at-this-time, no-matter what its merits might-be. 
 Very-respectfully, 
 
 Charles X. Taylor. 
 
 LETTKK Xo. 8. 
 
TIN US SHORTHAND 
 
 Mr. Benjamin Atwood, 
 Dayton, Ohio. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 Your-letter-of-the-6th inst., asking me to-give-an 
 opinion on-the legal phases-of-the-contract which-you 
 enclosed, was-received. 
 
 After reading your-letter of explanation, I examined 
 the contract very carefully, and believe it to-be wholly 
 inadequate and incomplete. It contains nothing illegal, 
 but omits many important conditions necessary to- 
 make-it sufficiently binding upon-the parties. For-in- 
 stance, there-is-no definite time stated for the comple- 
 tion-of-the-structure ; no provision made for the proper 
 inspection of material to-be used ; and, many other so- 
 called safeguards which should-be included in-such-a- 
 contract, have-been omitted. 
 
130 TIXUS SHORTHAND 
 
 In-accordance with your-suggcstion, I-have prepared 
 a new draft which I-think covers all-the-points-and 
 conditions involved. The contractors should-have-no 
 objection to-this-form, and I-would recommend that 
 you accept nothing that-is less binding than-the en- 
 closed draft. 
 
 Thanking-you for this-opportunity to-serve you, and- 
 assuring-you of-my-best efforts on-all matters which- 
 you-may refer to-me, I-remain, 
 
 Yours-truly, 
 
 Eugene C. Daniels. 
 
LESSON NINE. 
 
 AFFIXES. 
 
 As the rule for writing vowels at the end of outlines 
 requires that they shall be joined, it is possible to ex- 
 press many frequently recurring affix syllables, or end- 
 ings of words, with simple or modified strokes, placed 
 in certain positions relative to the rest of the outline. 
 
 Ted, dcd, are expressed with a short slanting tick 
 struck dozvmvard at tlhe end of the outline. The tick 
 may be shaded for r, as in diture. A vowel may be 
 joined at the beginning of the tick. When ia, ua, etc., 
 precede the tick, enlarge the a hook. Join u after the 
 tick for tude. S may be added the same as on simple 
 strokes. 
 
 2 , ~ a ~ 7 <r^j . 4 
 ' // '? 
 
 afforded shouted insinuated emaciated divided 
 
 - <M Ac?. *^-.l 1. 
 
 discommoded escaladed solitude expenditures 
 
132 TIN US SHORTHAND 
 
 Ary, ery, etc., are expressed with r. Reduce the r to 
 add n or /. 
 
 primary missionary dictionary stationery 
 
 -* ^_^ 4? f-i 
 
 theories statutory disciplinarian primarily 
 
 Arity, erity. etc., are expressed with rt. 
 s- o o CL_ 
 
 posterity sincerity minority futurity 
 Ility, ality, are expressed with /; bility with bt. 
 
 fragility legality possibility affability 
 
 Ment, mental, are expressed with m (joined if con- 
 venient). The m is shaded for mentary. Write mt for 
 mentally and mentality. 
 
 adjustment instrument ornamental documentary 
 
 elementary fundamentally instrumentality 
 
TIN US SHORTHAND 133 
 
 Ingion, is expressed with tn; ingston with s-tn; ing- 
 ham with a reduced ng. 
 
 Washington Lexington Livingston Dillingham 
 leal, acle, icle, ically are expressed with kl. 
 
 physical oracle article scientifically 
 
 .Ity, ety, uty, cdy are expressed with a short tick 
 struck upward and above, or to the right of the outline. 
 
 deity unity levity diversity pretty 
 
 rarity deputy remedy remedied 
 
 Idly, edly, etc., at the end of certain words, may be 
 most conveniently expressed with a short downward 
 stroke written under, or to the left of the outline. 
 
 rigidly rapidly unreservedly wretchedly 
 
134 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 Isity, acity, ocity, are expressed with s; pluralize 
 with ss. 
 
 simplicity capacity curiosity eccentricities 
 
 I stic, astic, estic are expressed with the st loop. The 
 various endings may be joined. 
 
 o 
 
 atheistic majestic statistics enthusiastically 
 
 Bleness, fulness, sameness, are expressed with* s 
 written at the end of the preceding stroke ; lessness 
 with ss. 
 
 ^ J** 
 
 teachableness distastefulness troublesomeness 
 
 \j 
 
 lifelessness restlessness thoughtlessness 
 
 Ology, alogy, are expressed with /. Ological with 
 of; ologically, oji; ologian, ofn. 
 
 physiology genealogy phrenological 
 
 psychologically theologian geologists 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 135 
 
 Atic, etic, etc., are expressed with a; antic with a 
 minute nt; matic with a short horizontal tick; fication 
 with fn. 
 
 operatic phonetic gigantic Atlantic dramatic 
 
 mathematics justification modifications 
 
 graph is expressed with a reduced gay. Additional 
 syllables are written in accordance with regular prin- 
 ciples as follows : 
 
 lithograph stenographer photography stenographically 
 
 Itary, atory are expressed with /; shorten and add i 
 for an additional al, ally, or an. 
 
 1^^ 
 
 initiatory military territorial utilitarian 
 
 Ulatc is expressed with n. Express the past tense 
 with an added t. Write additional letters and syllables 
 as follows: 
 
 stipulate speculator speculative manipulators 
 
136 TIN US SHORTHAND 
 
 speculations stimulated ejaculating 
 
 Self, is expressed with s; selves with ss; ship with 
 sh, struck across horizontal strokes, and disjoined be- 
 fore down strokes. 
 
 d - 
 
 myself yourself yourselves themselves 
 
 ourselves statesmanship censorship hardship 
 
 Ward, hood are .expressed with d, joined if conven- 
 ient. 
 
 onward afterward Edward ' boyhood neighborhood 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 137 
 
 WORD PRACTICE. 
 
 ' 
 
 waited 
 
 rectitude 
 
 /; 
 
 devoted 
 
 c / eluded 
 
 Cx? 
 
 debated 
 
 '""' *t coincided 
 
 Q, 
 
 assisted 
 
 excited 
 
 >< 
 
 offended 
 
 L>1 denunciated 
 
 (l 
 
 pounded 
 
 ~^^ mediated 
 
 a/ 
 
 ascended 
 
 situated 
 
 *-** 
 
 recited 
 
 "" attenuated 
 
 ^ 
 
 unloaded 
 
 ^ fluctuated 
 
 1, 
 
 shrouded 
 
 <^\^ actuated 
 
 -2^1 
 
 yielded 
 
 ~i radiated 
 
 6/ 
 
 ousted 
 
 *- 3 ~-ZL* revolutionar 
 
 / 
 
 crowded 
 
 '^~ diary 
 
 X 
 
 fortitude 
 
 misery 
 
 7 
 
 humiliated 
 
 "~^ petitionary 
 
 4 
 
 chatted 
 
 c ~2^ actionary 
 
 ~^ 
 
 lassitude 
 
 o<J^ stationary 
 
138 
 
 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 " accessory 
 
 v pavement 
 
 ^- accessorial 
 
 C ~ v --^- enlightenment 
 
 ^~^-^ peremptory 
 
 contentment 
 
 ^ itinerary 
 
 firmament 
 
 -^^~*' veterinary 
 
 C-Q renouncement 
 
 ^- f> minorities 
 
 resentment 
 
 fc disparity 
 
 S-S** discouragement 
 
 -=^___ personality 
 
 assignment 
 
 visibility 
 
 < -" x ^ appointment 
 
 *- plausibility 
 
 ~^ entertainment 
 
 ^ utility 
 
 j fulfillment 
 
 </" insensibility 
 
 < C~N enactment 
 
 ^ feasibility 
 
 e reimbursement 
 
 ~/ negotiability 
 
 2 detachment 
 
 -, incapability 
 
 - momentary 
 
 '*' responsibility 
 
 ^^ monumentally 
 
 / ductility 
 
 J. Farmington 
 
 ~^a announcement 
 
 cr-; '/ Burlington 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 139 
 
 Birmingham 
 
 " - lucidity 
 
 Cunningham 
 
 frigidity 
 
 vertical 
 
 **- velocity 
 
 spherical 
 
 electricity 
 
 logical 
 
 publicity 
 
 
 } 
 
 typical 
 
 veracity 
 
 classical 
 
 **^ authenticity 
 
 political 
 
 *~jj rapacity 
 
 satirically 
 
 elastic 
 
 axiomatically 
 
 ^^ characteristic 
 
 receptacle 
 
 ^ ^~ bombastic 
 
 gratuity 
 
 questionableness 
 
 obscurity 
 
 f. fancifulness 
 
 vanity 
 
 / doubtfulness 
 
 varieties 
 
 4 forgetfulness 
 
 O 
 
 scarcity 
 
 "^ irksomeness 
 
 festivities 
 
 ^ uselessness 
 
 
 
 
 vicinity 
 
 v artlessness 
 
140 
 
 TIN US SHORTHAND 
 
 apology 
 
 ^ fortification 
 
 theology 
 
 7* mortification 
 
 theologians 
 
 ~-f classification 
 
 doxology 
 
 (j identification 
 
 biology 
 
 -f qualification 
 
 etymology 
 
 unification 
 
 physiologically 
 
 verification 
 
 aquatic 
 
 phonograph 
 
 pathetic 
 
 autograph 
 
 energetic 
 
 ^ phraseography 
 
 systematic 
 
 geographic 
 
 chaotic 
 
 typographical 
 
 pneumatic 
 
 lexicographer 
 
 enigmatic 
 
 / preparatory 
 
 automatically 
 
 *4s laboratory 
 
 pedantic 
 
 \s proprietary 
 
 frantic 
 
 conciliatory 
 
 romantic 
 
 c r emulate 
 
TIN US SHORTHAND 
 WORD PRACTICE Concluded. 
 
 141. 
 
 stimulates 
 
 ^7 secretaryship 
 
 adulation 
 
 <-f- ownership 
 
 modulation 
 dissimulation 
 
 /"/~ township 
 
 9 
 
 / authorship 
 
 accumulation 
 
 j friendship 
 
 tabulated 
 
 j_ partnership 
 
 expostulate 
 
 ^ westward 
 
 population 
 
 / downward 
 
 calculator 
 
 -Y wayward 
 
 himself 
 oneself 
 steamships 
 
 (^j> backward 
 -S awkward 
 ^ statehood 
 
 generalship 
 
 =-! manhood 
 
142 
 
 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 WORD PRACTICE REVIEW. 
 
 Write in shorthand and give to the teacher for cor- 
 rection or approval. 
 
 1 pitied 
 
 2 applauded 
 
 3 spotted 
 
 4 latitude 
 
 5 evacuated 
 
 6 repudiated 
 
 7 initiated 
 
 8 visionary 
 
 9 literary 
 
 10 cautionary 
 
 11 peremptorily 
 
 12 similarity 
 
 13 amiability 
 
 14 ability 
 
 15 morality 
 
 16 inducement 
 
 17 re-enforcement 
 
 18 discernment 
 
 19 atonement 
 
 20 rudimentary 
 
 21 Wellington 
 
 22 Bellingham 
 
 23 obstacle 
 
 24 icicle 
 
 25 ethical 
 
 26 critically 
 
 27 gayety 
 
 28 rapidity 
 
 29 entirety 
 
 30 tenacity 
 
 31 animosity 
 
 32 artistic 
 
 33 domestic 
 
 34 caustic 
 
 35 serviceableness 
 
 36 mindfulness 
 
 37 zoology 
 
 38 biological 
 
 39 narcotic 
 
 40 axiomatic 
 
 41 ratification 
 
 42 falsification 
 
 43 nullification 
 
 44 geography 
 
 45 typographers 
 
 46 rotary 
 
 47 votary 
 
 48 miscalculation 
 
 49 gesticulating 
 
 50 thyself 
 
 51 trusteeship 
 
 52 kinship 
 
 53 inward 
 
 54 womanhood 
 
TIN US SHORTHAND 
 EXERCISE 17. 
 
 Read, Copy, and read from your notes. 
 
 143 
 
 >o f Q ^^^-l/ I V ( I X 
 
 * ^> v A 07 I, f/.. 
 
 ) ^f>~. f__ S ^J> I fi c ^f-~ U 
 
 ^ ^ * ~7 -/ 
 
 sue. 
 
144 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 EXERCISE 18. 
 Write in shorthand. 
 
 There-is-just-a possibility that we-will-have to-post- 
 pone the shipment-of-the-physiologies for-a-few-days. 
 His popularity is largely due to-his affability. Such 
 characteristics are typical of-the whole population, be- 
 cause-of-the-un favorable geographical position which 
 they occupy. Our past success is but an incentive to- 
 greater achievement. We-will allow you-a discount of 
 2 per cent on-this consignment, provided payment is 
 made before the 15th-of-the-month. Carelessness and 
 wastefulness led to-his discharge. Are you studying 
 physiology and psychology this term? No, I-am tak- 
 ing-the lectures on chronology, and laboratory work in 
 zoology. There-are-several classifications of corpora- 
 tions. Name-the principal characteristics of-a negoti- 
 able instrument. Who-may-be adjudged an involuntary 
 bankrupt? It-recognizes-the inevitableness of-present 
 conditions. Is-it stipulated in-the-contract ? I-trust 
 that under-the-circumstances you-will reconsider-your 
 decision, and accept-the shipment. They-are favorably 
 known in-this neighborhood. Disability means want- 
 
TIN US SHORTHAND 145 
 
 of qualification, incapacity to-do-a legal act. They- 
 are acting solely from-a humanitarian standpoint, and 
 with no hope-of receiving-a money consideration for- 
 their services. Transatlantic communication by wire- 
 less is-novv an established fact. The deputy was in- 
 strumental in-bringing-the criminal to justice. Reck- 
 lessness and thoughtlessness were-the causes assigned 
 for-his removal. The agreement hereinbefore men- 
 tioned was thereto attached. These reactionary meas- 
 ures are incomprehensible to-him. They knowingly 
 disregarded the instructions. You-had the ornamental 
 pieces charmingly arranged. Only circumstantial-evi- 
 dence has-been brought in. He-is particularly inter- 
 ested in etymological and philological studies. This 
 eminent phrenologist teaches in-the university. The 
 pupils-of-the-intermediate departments gave-an enter- 
 tainment during-the intermission. I understand that- 
 his acceptance is-conditional, requiring-the adoption of 
 certain revolutionary methods. Revolution actually 
 threatens-the national unity. Translations-of-the-New 
 Testament have-been-made in nearly all-the languages- 
 of-the-earth. The plottings of politicians, for leader- 
 ship, are wonderful illustrations of selfishness. Regu- 
 larity and punctuality are important qualifications in- 
 any pursuit. Irregularity, and interruption in-business 
 afifairs, are insuperable obstacles to-success. Magnifi- 
 cent entertainments are often accompanied by-the most 
 useless and inconsiderate expenditures. 
 
146 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 4 
 
 U> 
 
 1- ~ 
 
 Mr. Samuel B. Anderson, 
 
 Nashville, Tennessee. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 Knowing that you-have recently acquired title to-a 
 certain piece-of property, \ve presume that it-was pur- 
 chased with-the idea of making improvements. 
 
 We furnish plans, specifications, and estimates, free. 
 Money at-lowest rates, without commission. Monthly 
 payments if desired. No expense if-we do-not-do busi- 
 ness. 
 
 We enclose herewith a circular which explains our 
 methods, and which we-trust will-be-of interest to-you. 
 Very-truly-yours, 
 Perkins, Robinson & Ellsworth. 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 147 
 
 Freeman & Fraser, 
 
 Ithaca, New York. 
 Gentlemen : 
 
 We enclose herewith some specimens of letterheads, 
 printed from Cerotypes, in penmanship styles. We- 
 make-a specialty of-this-class-of engraving, and are 
 prepared to-quote favorable prices on your office sta- 
 tionery. 
 
 If-you-are using lithographed or engraved station- 
 ery, and wish to-economize without sacrificing-the ap- 
 
148 TIN US SHORTHAND 
 
 pearance of-your forms; or, if-you-are using common 
 printed stationery, and wish to-improve-it at-small ad- 
 ditional expense, please-send-us your-suggestions as-to 
 copy and style, stating quantity of-the form desired, 
 and we-will-submit designs, free-of-charge, and prices 
 that-will appeal to-you. 
 
 We-make-no charge for engraving, where we do the 
 printing. 
 
 Yours-very-truly, 
 
 .Miller & Ellis. 
 
 LETTER No. 11. 
 
 /- 
 
 To-Each Member of-Our Association: 
 
 Our publication has-become almost inestimable in- 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 149 
 
 value for-our Association work. It-is-necessary, in- 
 order to-increase its usefulness, that you-should send- 
 us your subscription, the same beginning with your 
 membership year. 
 
 Kindly sign the attached subscription blank, insert- 
 ing-the name-or-names of-parties who-should receive- 
 it, and remit by check, or-otherwise. A reply by-re- 
 turn-mail will-be greatly appreciated, as-all subscrip- 
 tions should-be-received not-later-than December 28. 
 
 Co-operation, and prompt action on your part, will 
 greatly aid-your Publicity Committee. 
 Sincerelv-yours, 
 
LESSON TEN. 
 
 COMMERCIAL PHRASES. 
 
 Many dictators, in answering correspondence, use 
 expressions similar to those illustrated on this page, 
 all of which are written in shorthand, with very brief, 
 yet distinct, outlines. Pronouns, also the less important 
 letters, are frequently omitted from these outlines. 
 
 N may be shaded to represent in re. It is unneces- 
 sary to shade ive, for are, before in re. 
 
 I am in receipt of your favor 
 
 *7 I am in receipt of your valued favor 
 
 <s 
 
 J I am in receipt of your esteemed favor 
 
 ^"""^ I am in receipt of your letter 
 
 ^"7 I am in receipt of your order 
 
 In answer to your letter 
 
 ~~C - In response to your letter 
 
 ~C^7 In response to your letter of recent date 
 
 In reply to your favor 
 
 v^_^ In reply to your letter 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 151 
 
 In reply to your esteemed favor 
 In reply to your letter of recent date 
 In reference to the matter 
 In respect to the matter 
 In regard. to the matter 
 We are in receipt of your letter 
 We are in receipt of your favor 
 We are in receipt of your order 
 We are in receipt of your valued favor 
 We are in receipt of your esteemed favor 
 $ Your esteemed favor 
 
 REVIEW PHRASE PRACTICE. 
 
 The following is an exercise showing, of, all, with, 
 though, although, they-are, there-are, thus, through, 
 this, other, these, those, there, and their, in combina- 
 tion. 
 
 The exercise is placed here simply for practice. The 
 outlines are all familiar; therefore, no memorizing is 
 necessary. Notice that although there is quite a simi- 
 larity of forms, no outline, when properly written, can 
 be misread. 
 
152 TIXUS SHORTHAND 
 
 L of-this 
 
 5 
 
 with-others 
 
 of-these 
 
 j 
 
 though-there 
 
 C of-their 
 
 I 
 
 thougli-they-are 
 
 C -^ of-all 
 
 j 
 
 thougli-thcrc-are 
 
 - f all-this 
 ' ^ all-thcse 
 
 j 
 c 
 
 though-otliers 
 they-are-there 
 
 v 3 all-those 
 
 I 
 
 they-are-through 
 
 ( all-thcy 
 
 ( 
 
 they-are-\vitli 
 
 " "\ all-others 
 
 } 
 
 there-are-those 
 
 v 1 all-there-is 
 
 } 
 
 there-are-others 
 
 > ^ althongh-there 
 v -I although-therc-are 
 
 f 
 
 thus-thej'-are 
 tluis-there-is 
 
 N p although-they-are 
 
 
 
 thus-there-arc 
 
 ^ ^ although-others 
 
 c 
 
 through-there 
 
 ^ \vith-this 
 ** with-these 
 j) with-those 
 
 ( with-their 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 through-their 
 througli-this 
 throtjgh-those 
 through-others 
 
TIN US SHORTHAND 153 
 
 ADVANCED COMMERCIAL PHRASES. 
 
 In the following phrases, tnf is written for attention 
 to the fact; and stnf for special attention to the fact. 
 
 - ^ Call attention to the fact 
 
 "-v Call your attention to the fact 
 
 -"~V Call your special attention to the fact 
 
 "'^ We beg to call attention to the fact 
 
 iJ You are aware of the fact 
 
 -^"^ We are aware of the fact 
 
 <r~r> As a matter of fact 
 
 "jT In point of fact 
 
 ~~1 In view of the fact 
 
 Q c _ x ^ Somehow or other 
 
 Absolutely necessary 
 At an early date 
 At the earliest possible date 
 At as early a date as possible 
 As fast as possible 
 f For the purpose of 
 
154 
 
 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 POINTS OF THE COMPASS, AND DIRECTIONS. 
 
 
 north 
 
 northerly 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 east 
 
 ^ southerly 
 
 e 
 
 south 
 
 easterly 
 
 ^ 
 
 west 
 
 westerly 
 
 ^s 
 
 northern 
 
 northeasterly 
 
 c 
 
 southern 
 
 _^ southeasterly 
 
 "" 
 
 eastern 
 
 northwesterly 
 
 *** 
 
 western 
 
 southwesterly 
 
 s^ 
 
 northeast 
 
 northeastern 
 
 
 
 southeast 
 
 , southeastern 
 
 e 
 
 northwest 
 
 northwestern 
 
 ^ 
 
 southwest 
 
 southwestern 
 
 A-S 
 
 northeaster 
 
 ~7 northward 
 
 ^ 
 
 southeaster 
 
 f southward 
 
 _>- 
 
 northwester 
 
 / eastward 
 
 >-" 
 
 ax' 
 
 southwester 
 
 "7 westward 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 155 
 
 / 
 
 northeastward 
 southeastward 
 
 ~"/ northwestward 
 o^ 
 
 
 southwestward 
 
 northeast quarter 
 southeast quarter 
 
 northwest quarter 
 southwest quarter 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 <O 
 
 2 
 
 selfish 
 
 9 subdue 
 
 unselfish 
 
 / subdivide 
 
 extinct 
 
 / subdivision 
 
 extinguish 
 
 j_^ notional 
 
 instinct 
 
 e_--^ solitary 
 
 alphabet 
 
 ^ pattern 
 
 dignity 
 
 ^^ trader 
 
 history 
 
 h whomsoever 
 
 governor 
 
 "^ objectionable 
 
 consequence 
 
 extricate 
 
 subordinate 
 
 A U. S. A. 
 
156 
 
 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 
 IRREGULAR COMPOUNDS AXD INTERSECTED 
 FORMS. 
 
 forthwith 
 
 forthcoming 
 
 furtherance 
 
 furthermore 
 i real property 
 C , personal property 
 taxable property 
 A. M. 
 P. M. 
 F. O. B. 
 C. O D. 
 
 taxpayers 
 
 textbook 
 
 , . 
 
 overwhelming 
 
 f vice president 
 J^ henceforth 
 withstand 
 withstood 
 /? outgrowth 
 - c longhand 
 
 ^ threefold 
 
 **( 
 
 securityship 
 
 t- 
 
 r 
 
 STATES AND TERRITORIES. 
 
 Alabama "^r^ Colorado 
 
 Arkansas ^T Connecticut 
 
 Alaska ^ Delaware 
 
 e/ 
 
 Arizona % District of Columbia 
 
 California Florida 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 157 
 
 ZL 
 
 -r 
 
 
 
 7- 
 
 Georgia 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 Idaho 
 
 ~~V New York 
 
 Illinois 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 Indiana 
 
 ~7 n North Dakota 
 
 Iowa 
 
 5, Ohio 
 
 Kansas 
 
 f Oregon 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 c -^ Oklahoma 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 ^f Pennsylvania 
 
 Maine 
 
 ' -7* Rhode Island 
 
 Maryland 
 
 * South Carolina 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 South Dakota 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Texas 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 *i Utah 
 
 Montana 
 
 ** Vermont 
 
 Missouri 
 
 ^ Virginia 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 j West Virginia 
 
 Nevada 
 
 -^/ Washington 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 *r Wisconsin 
 
 New Jerse}' 
 
 -^- Wyoming 
 
158 
 
 O 
 
 A 
 
 4. 
 
 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 NAMES OF CITIES. 
 
 Albany 
 
 fi Dubuque 
 
 Ashville 
 
 ^ Danville 
 
 Atchison 
 
 Defiance 
 
 Atlantic City 
 
 *l Elizabeth 
 
 Atlanta 
 
 ^~f Evansville 
 
 Bloomington 
 
 *\ Ft. Wayne 
 
 Boston 
 
 ^ Galveston 
 
 Brooklyn 
 
 ^ Hoboken 
 
 Chicago 
 
 ^f~ Jacksonville 
 
 Chattanooga 
 
 ~~J Knoxville 
 
 Cincinnati 
 
 f Kalamazoo 
 
 Cleveland 
 
 ^~^~~ Lincoln 
 
 Council Bluffs 
 
 v -f Louisville 
 
 Detroit 
 
 * a ^_f Los Angeles 
 
 Davenport 
 
 - ^ i Montgomery 
 
 Denver 
 
 "^* Minneapolis 
 
 Des Moines 
 
 ~T~> Milwaukee 
 
TIN US SHORTHAND 
 
 159 
 
 z> - - 
 
 ' Mobile 
 
 Syracuse 
 
 -x * 
 
 Xow Orleans 
 
 Savannah 
 
 -V 
 
 New York 
 
 *^f South Bend 
 
 -7^ 
 
 Newark 
 
 -^f Salt Lake City 
 
 -*- 
 
 Xashville 
 
 o^ San Jose 
 
 3 
 
 New Haven 
 
 /-^ Sioux City 
 
 V 
 
 Norfolk 
 
 ^^ z Sacramento 
 
 <-r 
 
 Omaha 
 
 *^Z St. Louis 
 
 
 
 Oshkosh 
 
 *^C^ St. Paul 
 
 / 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 -^-t Toledo 
 
 V 
 
 Pittsburg 
 
 *^~~^ Terre Haute 
 
 J~^-^ 
 
 Passaic 
 
 ^ Utica 
 
 1 
 
 
 . 
 
 > 
 
 Peoria 
 
 '\^ / ' Vicksburg 
 
 4- 
 
 Pueblo 
 
 "^ West Point 
 
 T- 
 
 Rochester 
 
 Wilmington 
 
 ^ 
 
 Richmond 
 
 2_^, Yonkers 
 
 ^ 
 
 San Francisco 
 
 "3^ Youngstown 
 
 T 
 
 Seattle 
 
 Q-y Zanesville 
 
160 
 
 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 PROPER NAMES. 
 
 i. 
 
 Adams 
 
 ^ ^ Harris 
 
 i 
 
 Anderson 
 
 ^ Harmon 
 
 ff 
 
 Boyles 
 
 c ~^ Healey 
 
 y 
 
 Bradshaw 
 
 ~7 Henderson 
 
 *1 
 
 Brown 
 
 } ^_ Hoffman 
 
 
 
 <: b Holmes 
 
 c/-^ -- 
 
 
 
 Butler 
 
 r 
 
 "v \ 
 
 It 
 
 Clark ' 
 
 ^ ,, " James 
 
 
 
 ^^~ Johnson 
 
 ^ * 
 
 Collins 
 
 " 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 /3 Jackson 
 
 'p 
 
 Cook 
 
 * 
 
 ^ 
 
 Davis 
 
 ^^ - Kennedy 
 
 / 
 
 
 __^ Kramer 
 
 i^ 
 
 Douglas 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 _ Larson 
 
 , 
 
 Duffy 
 
 
 o^ 
 
 r 
 
 Elliott 
 
 *-" Lawrence 
 
 'L- 
 
 Emerson 
 
 * ^o Lewis 
 
 V 
 
 Evans 
 
 " " Lincoln 
 
 ; 
 a_-^ 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Lyons 
 
 Xll. 
 
 Green 
 
 ~~^ Miller 
 
TIN US SHORTHAND 
 
 161 
 
 *. *> 
 
 Mills 
 
 / Shaw 
 
 1 -^~- 
 
 Miner 
 
 -f Sherman 
 
 
 
 Moore 
 
 Simpson 
 
 -7- 
 
 Morgan 
 
 ~^l Smith 
 
 ~7^' 
 
 Myers 
 
 
 
 } Stevens 
 
 - 
 
 Nelson 
 
 <^_^ a Sullivan 
 
 ^r 
 
 O'Brien 
 
 o o Summers 
 
 * 
 
 ^- 
 
 Olson 
 
 ^ Sweet 
 
 ^t- 
 
 Palmer 
 
 Swift 
 
 < 
 
 Perkins 
 
 <^*~^~' Taylor 
 
 / 
 
 Phillips 
 
 **- f Thomas 
 
 4, 
 
 Powell 
 
 -S~^-~f Walsh 
 
 C 
 
 Powers 
 
 -/*^~ Wagner 
 
 *~^-* 
 
 Quinn 
 
 -^ Webster 
 
 ~v- 
 
 Richmond 
 
 -^~^ Williams 
 
 x 
 
 Roberts 
 
 ~^~^ e ~~ Wilson 
 
 ^r- 
 
 Russell 
 
 ^ 9 Wolf 
 
 ^ 
 
 Sanders 
 
 ?_3 York 
 
162 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 TRANSPORTATION COMPANIES. 
 
 These companies are usually referred to by the ini- 
 tials which represent them. These should be written 
 as dictated. A break in the outline indicates &. The 
 following illustrates the method of writing these ini- 
 tials 
 
 ~ V J? A. T. & S. P. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. 
 M B. & O. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. 
 
 .^( c. & O. Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad. 
 
 xv' 
 
 C. & O. T. Chicago & Grand Trunk Railway. 
 
 * C. R. I. fc P. Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Ry. 
 
 ^ - 
 
 D. IM. ft W. Delaware, Lackawanna& Western R. R. 
 
 V 
 
 I. C. Illinois Central Railroad 
 
 L. S. & M. S. Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Ry. 
 
 "^ It. E. ft W. Lake Erie & Western Railroad. 
 
 o IT. P. Union Pacific Railroad. 
 
 *-~ C. St. K. W. Chicago & North-Western Ry. 
 
 C. M. & St. P. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul R. R. 
 
 C. & A. Chicago & Alton. 
 
 G. W. Great Western Railway. 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 163 
 
 C. B. & Q. Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R. 
 
 Y. & M. V. Yazoo & Mississippi Valley R. R. 
 
 ^ C. S. & M. Cincinnati, Saginaw & Mackinaw R. R. 
 
 ~~^^. L. & N. E. Lehigh & Xew England Railroad. 
 
 " -J R. R. V. Red River Valley Railroad. 
 
 s^ T. S. Texas Southern Railway. 
 
 s*-\s- e. Q. O. & K. C. Quincy, Omaha & Kansas City R. R. 
 
 5.^ N.Y.C.&H.R. Xew York Cent. & Hudson River R. R. 
 
 ^/ P. C. S. S. Co. Pacific Coast Steamship Company. 
 ( M. & O. Mobile & Ohio Railroad. 
 
 TRANSPORTATION OFFICIALS. 
 
 v? A. O. S. Assistant General Superintendent. 
 
 9 
 
 ( D. F. A. Division Freight Agent. 
 
 f O. P. A. General Freight Agent. 
 
 S It 
 
 ^ O. M. General Manager. 
 
 ^ Q. P. A. General Passenger Agent. 
 
 " > S. M. P. Superintendent Motive Power. 
 
 * ' 
 
 <i_p S. R. S. Superintendent Rolling Stock. 
 
 >f 
 
 ^ T. A. Traffic Agent. 
 
164 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 LRTTKK Xo. 12. 
 
 
 Mr. J. G. Grant, 
 
 Lexington, Kentucky. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I-am organizing-a party for the Southwest and- 
 would-like very-much to-have you-make the trip with 
 me. If-you-are-interested at-all please drop me a line 
 and I-will-have-one of my men call giving you detailed 
 information concerning-the trip. 
 
 You-have on occasions in-the-past written me con- 
 cerning-these matters, and I thought perhaps you- 
 might still-be-interested in-the Southwestern country. 
 Yours-truly, 
 
 Raymond C. Harper. 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 165 
 
 LETTER No. 13. 
 
 ~^^'- - r- i, * 
 
 L / 
 
 Mr. Walter C. Pearson, 
 
 Chicago, Illinois. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I-desire to-ackhowledge the valuable service you- 
 have rendered me in-regard-to-m*y life-insurance mat- 
 ters. 
 
 Xot-being identified with-any company, enables you- 
 to-give unprejudiced advice upon a subject with-which 
 the general-public is but slightly acquainted. 
 
 Your state appointments must carry a prestige, and- 
 show-a responsibility that-the general-public cannot fail 
 to-appreciate, especially those-who-are investing large- 
 amounts of-money in-this department of finance. 
 Yours-respect fully, 
 
 W. S. Morrison. 
 
166 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 LETTER No. 14. 
 
 ( 
 
 L 
 
 Messrs. Hunter & Rockwell, 
 
 Chicago, Illinois. 
 Gentlemen : 
 
 The Association has-been requested by-representa- 
 tives-of-the-various charitable organizations-of-the-city 
 to-provide them with information for-their guidance in 
 dealing with-the present industrial situation. I-shall, 
 therefore, be obliged if-you-will promptly answer-the 
 subjoined questions, detach the form and mail it to-me 
 in-the enclosed envelope. 
 
 Your answer will-be used for-a-general tabulation of 
 results only, and will-be considered strictly confiden- 
 tial. 
 
 Yours-very-truly, 
 Secretary, Chicago Association of Commerce. 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 
 LETTER No. 15. 
 
 167 
 
 L "-> 
 
 N^ J (f\, CS 
 
 I I / y & . 
 
 / / , / _ . 5- c_x \ 
 
 / * 
 
 /* 
 
 i 
 
 *=? 
 
 J '?'-^^/-^^^^- "" T 
 
 ^ 
 
 T 
 
 _A ^ -o 
 
168 
 
 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 Mr. Edwin P. Crawford, 
 
 Lowell, Massachusetts. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 In answer to-your-inquiry about a sinking fund pro- 
 vision in corporate mortgages, I-beg-to-say that when 
 a corporation issues its bonds, secured by a mortgage 
 or trust deed, provision is generally made for-their 
 ultimate payment. The usual way is-to-establish a 
 sinking fund; or, in-other-words, set aside-a cer- 
 tain percentage-of-the-earnings-of-the-corporation each 
 year, for-the-purpose-of redeeming its bonds when-they 
 mature. 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 169 
 
 Some railroads, in-order to build branch lines, issue 
 construction bonds covering-the branch line, and-the 
 corporation itself guarantees-the principal and interest- 
 of-the-branch-line bonds. Such-a guarantee materially 
 enhances-the price at-which the construction bonds 
 can-be marketed ; and, also enables-the parties inter- 
 ested in-the corporation to-reserve stock interests and- 
 control rather-than dispose-of-the-stock as-a bonus to- 
 help sell-the bonds. Such-a guaranty usually makes it 
 unnecessary for the corporation to-establish a sinking 
 fund, because it reduces-the risk to-the-investor. 
 
 Nearly all corporations make trust deeds as follows : 
 Public utility or quasi-municipal corporations, such-as 
 railway, water, gas, sewer, electric and power com- 
 panies. 
 
 There-is-another class-of corporations in-which the 
 legitimate operations-of-the-company necessarily de- 
 preciate-the securities-of-the-bonds. This-is true of 
 lumbering companies, coal companies, and stone quarry 
 companies. 
 
 Coupons on-the bonds are made payable semi-annu- 
 ally as-a rule, and are generally payable at-some-bank 
 or trust company named in-the coupon. 
 
 As-to-the-general scope and power of-a trust com- 
 pany, I-may-say that wherever trust companies are 
 authorized to-do-business, they-are generally em- 
 powered by charter to-act as trustee, executor, adminis- 
 trator, assignee, receiver,, agent, etc. They undertake 
 
170 TIN US SHORTHAND 
 
 the management of estates of every-kincl, collect rents, 
 dividends, interest, and coupons. They act as trustee 
 under mortgages for the issue-of bonds-and mortgage- 
 notes, and hold in-escrow securities and papers pend- 
 ing-the fulfillment-of-the-agreed conditions stated in- 
 the escrow agreement. Trust companies also act-as 
 registrars-of stock and transfer agents. 
 
 Trusting this-will-give-you the information you de- 
 sire, and if-it-does-not, hoping you-will-write-me again, 
 please believe me, 
 
 Yours-very-truly, 
 
 Leonard D. Mason. 
 Bond Dept, American Trust Co. 
 
 PRACTICE MATTER. 
 LETTER No. 16. 
 
 Gentlemen : 
 
 We would appreciate an opportunity to figure with 
 you on your forthcoming printing. 
 
 We make a specialty of catalog and booklet work, 
 and believe that our unsurpassed facilities in this direc- 
 tion would enable us to interest you, both as to price 
 and quality of work. 
 
 Our object is to please, and to retain the good will 
 of our patrons. 
 
 A request from you to call will receive immediate 
 attention. 
 
 Yours very truly. 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 171 
 
 LETTER No. 17. 
 
 Gentlemen : 
 
 We would like very much to figure on your require- 
 ments in the way of typewriter ribbons and carbon 
 paper, and would appreciate your permission to sub- 
 mit samples of our goods. You are no doubt always 
 on the lookout for the best to be had for the least 
 money, and we feel confident that no other manufac- 
 turer can treat you as well as ourselves. We trust that 
 you will give us an opportunity to prove this statement 
 by advising your needs in our line and instructing us 
 to send samples and quotations. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 LETTER No. 18. 
 
 Gentlemen : 
 
 We are now fully equipped to turn out everything in 
 the line of index and record cards, folders for vertical 
 files, etc. Quality and workmanship of the very high- 
 est order. 
 
 A big, up-to-date plant, with special patented ma- 
 chinery, affords us extraordinary facilities for putting 
 out work in any quantity, with great rapidity and guar- 
 anteed geometric accuracy. 
 
 Please do not forget us when ready to place the next 
 order. 
 
 Yours for business, 
 
172 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 LETTER No. 19. 
 
 Gentlemen : 
 
 After considerable delay, we have discovered that the 
 penholders on which you desire prices, are made under 
 a certain patent, which we do not care to infringe, 
 therefore, we return the samples. If you desire these 
 in quantities, we will be pleased to put you in communi- 
 cation with the patentee. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 LETTER Xo. 20. 
 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 We take this opportunity of offering to you the serv- 
 ices of the First National Bank and its affiliated corpo- 
 rations, the First Trust and Savings Bank, and the 
 National Safe Deposit Company. 
 
 We wish to direct your attention particularly to the 
 specialization of our Loan Department, whereby each 
 line of business represented by our clients has the direct 
 personal attention of two experienced bankers. This 
 arrangement is giving considerable satisfaction to our 
 customers for very obvious reasons. 
 
 We always cordially welcome the business of con- 
 servative people, and have no doubt should you find 
 it convenient to identify yourself with our institution 
 that the relation thus established will prove mutually 
 advantageous and agreeable. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
Shorthand Numerals 
 and Reporting 
 
LESSON ELEVEN. 
 
 SHORTHAND NUMERALS. 
 
 Shorthand writers have always experienced great 
 difficulty in the rapid and accurate recording of figures. 
 This is particularly true where numerous large amounts 
 are involved, as in the taking of estimates, specifica- 
 tions, speeches or expert testimony, etc., which cover a 
 wide range of statistics. 
 
 Shorthand numerals, when carefully written, are just 
 as reliable as figures. They can be written many times 
 faster than figures, and are much more legible than 
 poorly made figures. 
 
 Ten and eleven are struck upward. All the other 
 numerals are written downward, or to the right. 
 
 In practicing the numerals, a sharp distinction should 
 be made between the straight and curved strokes. 
 
 Special attention should be given to the length of 
 the short strokes for twenty, thirty, etc., particularly 
 when they are joined to other strokes. 
 
 In joining 'one to other strokes, use the form that 
 makes the better angle. 
 
 These numerals may be learned and successfully 
 used without the writer having any further knowledge 
 
174 TIN US SHORTHAND 
 
 of the shorthand system of which they form a part. 
 
 When necessary, or desirable, these numerals may be 
 distinguished from the shorthand forms for words by 
 leaving a space both before and after them, or by draw- 
 ing a curved connecting line under them. 
 
 These numerals should be practiced until they can be 
 written with the same degree of ease and precision as 
 is usual in writing figures, then their wonderful brevity 
 and usefulness wall be most apparent. 
 
 THE NUMERALS. 
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 
 
 The syllable teen is expressed with a loop. 
 
 I ~~. J... <- >-. ^ ^ 
 
 13 H 15 16 17 18 19 
 
 Shorten the numerals for 20, 30, etc. 
 
 If under the stress of speed a shortened stroke 
 should appear too long, the outline need not be rewrit- 
 ten ; but the stroke may be dotted, as shown in 90 in the 
 illustration. 
 
 _.._ / ) ^- __JL __..._-> S_ > ... 
 
 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 175 
 
 Use the v hook for five as in : 
 
 ----- . ____ ............ ) ................ V-T? ............ C/.... >.. .V ..... .~-> .......... .TT? .- 
 
 25 3.-) -43 55 65 75 85 95 
 
 Double length for repeated figures, except 55. In 
 doubling for 99, make a slight offset between strokes 
 as shown in the illustrations. 
 
 22 33 44 66 77 88 99 
 
 Hundred, thousand, million, billion, in whole num- 
 bers, are expressed by . ...P. / .7-^. ..... <.... , respectively. 
 
 _ ............ (. . .... ^rf . ^TT- - . . T3JI f 
 
 I V 
 
 200 4,000 1,000,000 9,000,000,000 100,000 
 
 Hundred may be joined to the outline for 10, 12, 13, 
 etc. ; 20, 30, etc. ; 25, 35, etc., the same as on simple 
 strokes, thereby expressing the amount in terms of 100. 
 
 1000 1200 2000 1500 4500 
 
 Thousand, million, billion, etc., must be disjoined and 
 placed to the right of the outline when following the 
 loo{>, hook, shortened or lengthened strokes.. 
 
 19,000 15,000,000 20,000 690,000,000,000 
 
176 Tf.\US SHORTHAND 
 
 566,000 133,000,000 95,000 175,000 
 
 Each separate outline, except the first, indicates 
 three figures; therefore, thousand, million, billion, etc., 
 need not be written except when one or more complete 
 periods of three figures each are represented by ciphers, 
 that is, not spoken. 
 
 J jr A0 >^ .. ) r_ Sy? >*if~/. 3. / ~~$- s _ 
 
 ...... ~/^"~ .....^^.....^.^ ..... 
 
 5,209,702,107 3,917,426 4,002,030 2,895 
 
 10,000,000,200 . 4,000,200,509 5,000,900 1,040 
 
 Frequently numbers are read as follows: Ten 
 forty-five; twenty ninety-two; or three-si.v-fiie-one- 
 ninc, etc. These amounts are written exactly as they 
 are heard, as is shown by the following illustrations. 
 When necessary to break the outline, use the hyphen. 
 
 10 45' 20 92 36519 506,912 95 25 15 
 
 Fractions are expressed in the usual way, by writing 
 one figure above another, and writing the first figure 
 above the line. The strokes are joined when the nume- 
 rator is one. 
 
TIN US SHORTHAND 177 
 
 1/2 1/11 1/15 1/25 1/60 1/200 1/1000 
 
 .............. =t-^r .............. .................. 4 ................. 2: ..................................... 4 
 
 3/4 4/5 5/6 9/12 4/100 1500/10,000 
 
 Ordinals are indicated by a brief retraced stroke, as : 
 
 _.__ ...... $ ........... / ............ ;. ............ >^ ........... A ............. ^ ............ s* ....... ^v........^ ............ 
 
 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 
 
 S in 5's, 6's, 7's, etc.; also in the plurals forties, six- 
 ties, etc., is indicated by a circle as : 
 
 ................ A ..................... :<S ................ V: ....................... . ................ -....A .............. _....: ................. 
 
 5's 6's 7's forties fifties nineties 
 
 From, and to, as in the following examples, are indi- 
 cated by placing the second figure below the line and 
 to the right. 
 
 ...... ) ............. ^""""7 
 
 from 2 to 3 from 10 to 15 
 
 .............. _ ................ 8. ...... . -r? .. 
 
 / ( 
 
 from 100 to 200 from 900 to 1,000 
 
 Or is indicated by placing the second figure below the 
 line and immediately under the first. 
 
 _ /_ ...... ....... < ...... ...... J,. ...... 
 
 ) ^ - 
 
 2 or 3 10 or 15 55 or 65 
 
178 TINUS SHORTHAM) 
 
 o" ',-^> p 
 
 90 or 100 5th or Gth 10th llth or 12th 
 
 Feet and inches are expressed with the brief signs. 
 The signs for inches may be omitted from 3 feet 4 
 inches, and feet or inches from the first number in 
 feet by 8 feet, or 2 inches by 4 inches. A short slant- 
 ing tick is written for by. 
 
 y / 
 
 (' 
 
 _,_.../' ... . 
 
 3' 10" 
 
 9' by 12' 
 
 20" by 25" 
 
 
 '/" 
 
 
 
 6' 4" by 9' 11" 4' or 5' from 19' to 20' 
 
 Dollars are expressed by ds, joined if convenient ; 
 cents by writing the numerals above the line. Ds may 
 be omitted when the amount expresses both dollars and 
 cents. 
 
 $70.00 
 
 15 cents 30 cents 4 cents 
 
 7 
 
 
 $9,000 $230.28 $901.70 $11,515,699.32 
 
 O'clock is expressed with a large circle. Minutes in 
 combination with hours as in -ZO :30, 11 :15, etc., are ex- 
 pressed by writing the numerals joined, the same as in 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 179 
 
 writing other numerals when spoken in couplets. The 
 context will easily determine for which denomination 
 they were written. 
 
 i to 12 o'clock ....& ..... 6. ..... (L_sJ2_(^ylxJ<jJ 
 
 4 or 5 o'clock from 10 to 11 o'clock 5:15 
 
 from 11 o'clock to 12:20 from 9:45 to 10:10 
 
 Per cent is expressed by a circle, written above or to 
 the right of the numeral. - 
 
 6% 10% 300% 1000% 
 
 In order to give greater distinctness to the outlines 
 and to avoid the possibility of a conflict with the 
 doubled numerals for 33, 77, and 88, the numbers 32, 
 7,9, and 98 are written with the forms of the second 
 numeral in each slightly modified, giving them a hook 
 joining as follows: 
 
 32 79 98 
 
180. 
 
 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 NUMERALS, 1 TO !>'.'. 
 
 
 Join hundred on the right side of 2 and 12; also on 
 the upper side of 9, except before 10 and / /. 
 
 f ........ { 
 
 k, ......... t- 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 181 
 
 EVEN HUNDREDS, THOUSANDS, ETC. 
 
 100 to 900 -ft A- * >*# ^ .<T ^ ~^- -^?. 
 
 1,000 to 9,000 ( / / >-* / ^-?- 
 
 10,000 to 19,000 .-ft S{ -I ...A . ...>^...,.^/ ..<- 
 
 20,000 to 90,000 ..^r >/. ..._...~y .... V/ -y 
 
 100,000 to 900,000 /?. / ^. ^ 
 
 AMOUNTS 
 
 I "?( t T 
 EXPRESSED IN 
 
 *- ^i *-- 
 TERMS OF 100. 
 
 S 
 
 1000 
 
 "~S> 1600 
 
 J^ 3391 
 
 /* 
 
 1100 
 
 ^ 1700 
 
 ^~ 2095 
 
 I 
 
 1200 
 
 "^ 1800 
 
 y 9705 
 
 > 
 
 1300 
 
 f> 1900 
 
 V^c_, 7704 
 
 ^e 
 
 1400 
 
 ^' 2000 
 
 <P~^ 1506 
 
 J 
 
 1500 
 
 ^2> 4500 
 
 _<R 1908 
 
 
 
 ORDINALS. 
 
 
 10th 
 
 to 19th 
 
 ...x.z: i i ^ 
 
 _, J \fe ~^ __te 
 
 20th to 29th / / / / L*. ^..A.-.A..../ Lr^... 
 
182 
 
 y 
 
 130 
 
 f 111 
 I N^ 147 
 c< 508 
 702 
 519 
 366 
 
 cX_ 599 
 ( /- 1 209 
 ^ c 4,001 
 /" e? 11,115 
 t / 25,002 
 <^ J 55,535 
 ^ x_^ 100,004 
 <^~- 104,206 
 
 315,625 
 5,000,010 
 
 C 
 / 
 
 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 NUMERAL PRACTICE. 
 
 ^ *~*> * ' :.'5.006,004 
 
 10,000,200,000 
 
 1/4 
 
 1/10,000 
 
 109 1/2 
 
 46 4/100 
 
 35 10/1000 
 
 655 991/100,000 
 
 $.01 
 
 $2.00 
 
 $5.50 
 
 $64.00 
 
 $200.00 
 
 $475.38 
 
 $10,030.99 
 
 $14,312.94 
 
 4 or $500. 
 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 183 
 
 LETTER No. 21. 
 
 JL 
 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 Your letter in regard to C. M. & St. P. baggage 
 car 5972, duly received. This car was badly damaged 
 and we hereto attach list of repairs used, as you sug- 
 gest. 
 
 I am pleased to inform you that express car 9458; 
 combination car 5311 ; also mail car 1095 are ready for 
 shipment and will leave the shops tonight. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 LETTER No. 22. 
 
 / 
 
 J -" 
 
Dear Sir: 
 
 The shipment referred to in yours of the 9th inst., 
 covered by waybill 592, on Janesville, Wis., arrived 
 at this place November 5th, in C. M. & St. P. car, 91,- 
 564, all doors sealed under seals 255, and was transfer- 
 red to C. & N. W. car 62611. 
 
 No shortage was shown on the waybill, and the same 
 was passed O. K. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 LETTER No. 23. 
 
 ; -4- ~~v ~ t ~-~' "-* <""*> / ' 
 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 As requested,, we herein advise you that we made 
 shipment on 4 of your orders today as follows : Ordei 
 No. 25911, ovals, 4608 Ibs. ; 25912, squares, 891 Ibs. ; 
 25913, angles, 3595 Ibs.; and, 25914, flats, 862 Ibs., 
 making a total of 9956 Ibs. 
 
 The material went forward in C. B. & O. car 56975, 
 waybill 8514. Yours truly, 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 185 
 
 EXERCISE 19. 
 
 / 
 
 During 1907 merchandise to the value of $1,423,- 
 326,680 was brought into the United States an in- 
 crease of $102,825,108 over 1904. The total of exports 
 for the year was $1,923,498,434, a gain of $125,255,000 
 over 1906. 
 
 During 1907 gold to the value of $143,398,066 was 
 brought to this country, while only $55,215,681 in the 
 yellow metal was sent abroad, an excess in favor of im- 
 ports of $88,182,385. 
 
 Silver showed an excess in exports of $15,613,877. 
 
 EXERCISE 20. 
 
 ..... 7 
 
186 TIN US SHORTHAND 
 
 The roads which the former banker controls are the 
 Southern Indiana, which has issued $10,000,000 com- 
 mon stock and $1,000,000 preferred, and has a bond 
 issue of .$4,500,000; the Chicago Southern Railway 
 Company, which has $1,500,000 common stock and 
 $4,000,000 bonds; the Illinois Southern, with an 
 authorized first mortgage bond issue of $5,000,000, and 
 the Wisconsin and Michigan with a funded debt of $1,- 
 000,000. 
 
 EXERCISE 21. 
 
 / ^ 
 
 v ~- A -? =? -.. < -7 
 
 1 T~-t '/ 
 
TL\US SHORTHAND 187 
 
 ^N-^-. 
 
 xA. governmental report shows that there are 2,151,- 
 570 miles of public roads in the United States, and of 
 these 153,662 are improved. Of such the largest num- 
 ber of miles 23,877 are in Indiana, 23,460 in Ohio, 10,- 
 633 in Wisconsin, 9,486 in Kentucky, and 8,803 in Cali- 
 fornia ; over 7,000 in each of Illinois, Massachusetts and 
 Michigan ; over 6,000 in Minnesota, over 5,000 in New 
 York, over 4,000 in Tennessee, over 2,000 miles each in 
 Connecticut, Maine, Missouri, New Jersey, Oregon, 
 Pennsylvania and Texas, and over 1,000 miles each in 
 Alabama, Georgia, Iowa, Maryland, New Hampshire. 
 North Carolina, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Ver- 
 mont and Washington. The total expenditures up to 
 1904 were $79,771,417.89. 
 
LESSON TWELVE. 
 
 REPORTING. 
 
 It is a laudable ambition for any stenographer to de- 
 sire to become a reporter. A stenographer may be able 
 to write letters, or other matter pertaining to a certain 
 line of business, at a high rate of speed, owing to his 
 familiarity with the terms used, and yet be unable to 
 make a correct report of a slowly delivered address, in 
 which the vocabulary differs widely from that to which 
 he is accustomed. 
 
 The stenographer who is desirous of becoming a re- 
 porter, should constantly study to broaden his short- 
 hand vocabulary, and to learn the meaning of new 
 words ; also strive, at every opportunity, to increase 
 his fund of general information. 
 
 Court reporting is generally considered the highest 
 attainment in shorthand writing. It requires the high- 
 est rates of speed and a considerable knowledge of the 
 law. To follow a rapid speaker and record every word 
 uttered in such form that it can be correctly tran- 
 scribed, requires great skill and unusual ability. 
 
TIN US SHORTHAND 189 
 
 The stenographer who aspires to be a court reporter 
 should, if possible, associate himself with some law 
 firm where he can become familiar with the vocabulary 
 of the law and of legal phraseology, and devote his 
 spare time to practice for speed and in the study of the 
 short outlines and phrases used in court work. 
 
 He should also practice diligently on reading his 
 notes, especially those that have been rapidly written. 
 Court reporters are called upon constantly to read por- 
 tions of their notes in court, and this must be done both 
 correctly and rapidly. Much valuable information 
 may be gained by attending court proceedings and ob- 
 serving what is being done by reporters in actual prac- 
 tice. 
 
 The following plates show the usual method of tak- 
 ing testimony. The vertical lines assist the reporter 
 to indicate the questions and answers without writing 
 these words, also to indicate what is said by the oppos- 
 ing counsel or the judge. 
 
 Testimony is divided .into direct examination, re-di- 
 rect examination, cross examination, re-cross examina- 
 tion, etc. The examination taken should be indicated 
 in the third column. Remarks by the Court, or pre- 
 siding officer begin in the first space to the extreme 
 left. The second space for the remarks or questions 
 by the examining counsel, the third for the opposing 
 counsel, and the fourth for the witness. It will acid 
 clearness to the pages of notes to begin each answer 
 
190 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 on a new line. Some reporters reverse the positions of 
 the Court and witness. This is a matter of individual 
 taste. When a statement extends beyond the first line, 
 each succeeding line begins from the space allotted, to 
 the one speaking. The first time a counsel speaks 
 his surname should precede his remarks. If two coun- 
 sel appear for either side, begin the remarks of the 
 second in the space allotted to his side, and introduce 
 the same by writing in shorthand the name of the 
 speaker. When the counsel change from objecting to 
 examining counsel, and vice versa, change their posi- 
 tions upon the note book, and insert the surname pre- 
 ceding the first remark. The language of witnesses 
 should be taken verbatim. A narrow page is the most 
 desirable for reporting. 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 
 REPORTING CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 191 
 
 9 
 
 A 
 
 perpetual 
 Episcopal 
 
 ^5 architect-ure-al 
 ^"^ Almighty 
 
 <7 
 
 benevolent 
 
 si^ agriculture 
 
 y 
 
 benevolence 
 
 ^-^- ' horticulture 
 
 f 
 
 auspicious 
 
 ~~% repugnant 
 
 Y 
 
 baptise-m 
 
 * particularize 
 
 t-^r 
 
 plenipotentiary 
 
 remembrance 
 
 c_ 
 
 Parliament 
 
 ^S juxtaposition 
 
 ^ 
 
 executor 
 
 malignant 
 
 -v. 
 
 executrix 
 
 / ordinance 
 
 ^- 
 
 administratrix 
 
 "~? Catholic-ism 
 
 x 
 
 aristocrat-cy 
 
 t- democrat-ic 
 
 ^ 
 
 sanctify 
 
 Ze democracy 
 
 <w 
 
 sanctity 
 
 1 impartial 
 
 XT 
 
 jurisprudence 
 
 landlord 
 
 ^ 
 
 artificial-ly 
 
 o 7 thanksgiving 
 
 "-7, 
 
 archbishop 
 
 -^ indignant 
 
192 
 
 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 Vj > 
 
 evangelical 
 
 ^^ 
 
 archangel 
 
 -r 
 
 misdemeanor 
 
 <f 
 
 chapter 
 
 c 
 
 prerogative 
 
 -^ 
 
 infinite 
 
 "^ 
 
 Rev. (reverend) 
 
 ^~ 
 
 infinitesimal 
 
 
 Roman Catholic 
 
 J 
 
 orthodox 
 
 ^ 
 
 Savior 
 
 -*S" 
 
 nondescript 
 
 y 
 
 philosophy 
 
 r 
 
 indicted 
 
 / 
 
 predicate 
 
 7 
 
 indiscriminate 
 
 2 
 
 covenant 
 
 7 
 
 independent 
 
 * 
 
 designate 
 
 7 
 
 , indispensable 
 
 ^ 
 
 perpendicular 
 
 / 
 
 delinquent 
 
 c~_ 
 
 preliminary 
 
 7 
 
 equivalent 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 193 
 
 WORDSIGN DERIVATIVES. 
 
 The following illustrations will serve to show how 
 the derivatives of all wordsigns may be written. Notice 
 that neither the form nor position of the wordsign is 
 changed in writing its derivatives ; therefore no memo- 
 rizing is necessary ; simply prefix or add the extra let- 
 ters, syllables, etc., in accordance with regular prin- 
 ciples. 
 
 All derivatives of the word advertise are given, while 
 of the other words only such forms are given as will 
 show additions that do not appear in the first complete 
 list. Some of the outlines combine two forms, as un 
 and ble in unquestionable. The wordsigns are printed 
 in capital letters. 
 
 / ADVERTISE ^ QUESTION 
 
 / advertises unquestionable 
 
 2 advertising ^^ crossquestion 
 
 I advertised / DELIVER 
 
 Z^ advertiser / delivery 
 
 L advertisers /, deliverance 
 
 I advertisee f redeliver 
 
 advertisement T REPRESENT 
 
194 
 
 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 t 
 
 representative 
 
 "- 1- largeness 
 
 misrepresentation 
 
 ' "^ enlarge 
 
 REMARK 
 
 POSSIBLE 
 
 remarkableness 
 
 ^T impossible 
 
 ADVANTAGE 
 
 6^ impossibility 
 
 advantageous 
 
 REGULAR 
 
 disadvantage 
 
 ^~~C_ irregularity 
 
 HOPE 
 
 6 PUBLIC 
 
 hopeful 
 
 republican 
 
 hopeless 
 
 <^- republicanism 
 
 hopefulness 
 
 ^ SIGNIFY 
 
 hopelessness 
 
 * significancy 
 
 LARGE 
 
 *^ insignificant 
 
 largest 
 
 INTEREST 
 
 largely 
 
 tininterestingly 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 195 
 
 PHRASE PRACTICE. 
 
 The, following list affords an excellent drill on the 
 phrase-signs : yon-are, who-are, you-zvere; also, are- 
 you, and we re-you. 
 
 Occasionally a sign may be reversed to aid in join- 
 ing, when its meaning is apparent by the context. Note, 
 there, in the phrase, you-were-therc ; also, were-you, in 
 the phrase, you-wcre-thcrc-wcre-you. 
 
 -7 
 
 ^i 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 s 
 
 you-are 
 
 you-are-not 
 
 you-are-not-sure 
 
 you-were 
 
 you-were-not-ther.e 
 
 you-were-there 
 
 who-are 
 
 who-are-your 
 
 who-are-they 
 
 who-were 
 
 who-were-there 
 
 who-were-they 
 
 ( are-you 
 
 { are-you-sure 
 
 were-you 
 ( were-you-there 
 
 you-were-there- 
 
 were-you 
 
 you-were-not-there- 
 were-you 
 
 what-were-you-doing 
 
 why-were-you-there 
 where-were-you 
 
 where-were-you-then 
 
 wlien-were-you 
 vvhen-were-you-there 
 
196 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 COURT PHRASES. 
 
 The following list contains a few expressions which 
 occur frequently in court work. A complete list, com- 
 prising several hundred court phrases, may be found in 
 the Tinus Practical Phrase Book. 
 
 &- what is your name Cl vj circumstantial evi- 
 
 dence 
 ' where do you live ^ n under the circum- 
 
 stances 
 t how old are you vS plaintiff's attorney 
 
 < What is your business */ defendant's attorney 
 
 S state where you were fr* testimony 
 
 ^ state whether or not ^" defendant's testimony 
 
 C^ / 
 
 ^ ofo* Q ,,.1^1,0.. *v,/,r o^ * 7 direct examination 
 
 state whether they are 
 
 ^^^ how long have you J- 7 re-direct examination 
 
 ( been there 
 
 '& 7 cross examination 
 
 (_?> to the best of your 
 
 ~ knowledge 
 
 *"! y es or no S ^3 7 re-cross examination 
 
 Supreme Court 
 
 counsel for the plain- 
 
 t'ff 
 ^a- ^ 
 
 are you the plaintiff & objection sustained 
 
 w^ District Court ^a- ^ counsel for the de- 
 
 fendant 
 
 ( 
 
 / are you the defendant <^_ objection overruled 
 ^*-N by the Court e/^ District attorney 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 197 
 
 TESTIMONY. 
 
 -*- 
 
 /.< 
 
 .._/?... 
 
 / 
 
 """ 
 
 A 
 
198 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 . t x 
 
 T 
 
 ,^~ 
 
 tr *- 
 
 if" 
 
 ""S" 
 
 *=~-fc - 
 
 .y<- 
 
TIXUS SHORTHAND 
 
 199 
 
 ~J <- 
 
 ^ --T 
 
 / 
 
 /' 
 
 ' C 
 
 t. :.. 
 
 -- 
 
 ....... f- " 
 
 
200 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 Direct Examination by Charles Perkins. 
 
 Q. What is your name ? A. Joseph G. Meyers. 
 
 Q. How old are you ? A. I am 38. 
 
 Q. Where do you live? A. 291 Park Ave., Chi- 
 cago. 
 
 O. How long have you lived in Chicago? A. 25 
 years. 
 
 Q. What is your business, Mr. Meyers? A. I am 
 in the manufacturing business. 
 
 Q. Do you know the Western Manufacturing and 
 Storage Company? A. Yes, sir. 
 
 Q. Are you an officer in that company? A. Yes, 
 sir. 
 
 Q. What office do you hold? A. Secretary. 
 
 Q. This suit, Mr. Meyers, was commenced on the 
 15th of October, 1907. What office did you hold in the 
 plaintiff corporation at that time ? A. I was temporary 
 secretary. I cannot say positively whether or not I 
 was permanent secretary at that time. 
 
 The Court. The Court strikes out all the evidence 
 on this subject except as to whether or not the witness 
 was acting secretary. 
 
 Q. You were acting secretary at that time ? A. Yes. 
 
 Mr. Brown. We object. . It is a leading question 
 it is attempting to prove the existence of a corporation 
 at that time. 
 
 The Court. The objection is overruled. 
 
 Mr. Brown. We take an exception. 
 
 Q. Do you know where their manufacturing works 
 
TIXUS SHORTHAND 201 
 
 were located at the time? 
 
 Mr. Brown. We object. It is assuming that there 
 was a manufacturing plant. 
 
 The Court. The objection is sustained. 
 
 Q. Describe to the Court the building that was lo- 
 cated upon that property at that time, the 15th day of 
 October, 1907. 
 
 Mr. Brown. We object, because the question as- 
 sumes that there were buildings on the property at that 
 time. 
 
 The Court. What buildings, Mr. Meyers, if any, 
 were upon the property in controversy, October 15, 
 1907? A. I believe that there was only one building. 
 
 Q. What kind of a building was it how large was 
 it ? A. It was a shop about 150 by 200 feet. 
 
 Q. What was done with the material that was manu- 
 factured there? A. It was sold to customers. 
 
 Q. Who received the proceeds of the sale ? A. The 
 Western Manufacturing and Storage Company. 
 
 Q. State whether or not that was true of all material 
 that was manufactured there? A. Yes, sir, it was. 
 
 Q. Do you know of any buildings being put upon 
 that property after that time, any further buildings 
 since the 15th of October, 1907? A. Yes, sir. 
 
 Q. Describe them to the Court ? 
 
 The Court. That was after this suit was com- 
 menced ? 
 
 Q. Yes ; but not after the filing of this additional 
 further paragraph. 
 
202 
 
 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 GENERAL REPORTING. 
 
 . 
 
 ' 
 
TIXUS SHORTHAND 
 
 203 
 
 f 
 
 I 
 
 V 
 A 
 
 X ^7 
 / __ / C/ / 
 
 O^V /^ /^T" ^X 
 
 ^ ^^ 
 
 '.. S < f - 
 
204 TIXUS 'SHORTHAND 
 
 CURR KXC V K LAST I C IT Y. 
 
 "The only weakness in our currency is want of 
 elasticity. The root of the evil which we experience 
 at frequent intervals is not an inadequate volume of 
 circulation, but a want of responsiveness in the volume 
 of circulating medium. A currency which fails to 
 contract when money is plentiful and cheap, will, of 
 course, fail to expand when money is scarce and dear. 
 
 Credit currency, by which I mean currency against 
 which no collateral is demanded, is the only elastic 
 currency known to man. Much has been said in favor 
 of the adoption of a system of credit currency in this 
 country. If we were creating a new system I am in- 
 clined to think it would be the one adopted. It is logi- 
 cal and in every way reasonable. 
 
 Xaturally, unrestricted credit currency is elastic. Xo 
 more is issued than is needed, and when it is no longer 
 needed it retires automatically. There are several 
 reasons, however, why the system must not be adopted 
 in its entirety in this country, and every reason for 
 safeguarding in several ways whatever issue may be 
 authorized. 
 
 The bill recently reported from the committee on 
 banking and currency of the House, authorizes a maxi- 
 mum issue of a fraction over $200,000,000. If every 
 national bank in the United States should avail itself of 
 this privilege, and if the authorized issue should 
 prove relatively as responsive to the changing needs of 
 
TIXUS SHORTHAND 205 
 
 business as does the credit currency of Canada, there 
 would be an annual contraction of about fifty millions 
 in bank note currency between the maximum issue in 
 the fall and the minimum issue of midsummer, and a 
 corresponding fifty million increase in the bank note 
 circulation when the crop moving period arrived. I 
 believe the proposed measure wholly inadequate. '' 
 
 BUSINESS ON THE GREAT LAKES, 1907. 
 
 "Traffic movements on the Great Lakes during No- 
 vember, as measured by the volume of shipments from 
 the various lake ports, totaled 8,970,748 net tons, com- 
 pared with 8,594,533 net tons shipped during Novem- 
 ber, 1906, and 7,402,414 net tons shipped during 
 November, 1905. 
 
 Figures of coastwise arrivals at lake ports during 
 November, 6,968 vessels, of 10,555,747 net tons regis- 
 ter, indicate a smaller vessel movement than during 
 November, 1906, when 7,132 vessels of 9,682,608 net 
 tons were reported ; though the tonnage of these ves- 
 sels is over 9 per cent in excess of the corresponding 
 November, 1906, total. 
 
 Vessel arrivals for the eleven months of the year, 
 72,249 in number, and comprising 97,128,233 net tons, 
 show a considerable increase over the corresponding 
 1906 figures of 74,982 vessels of 90,548,825 net tons. 
 
 Of the westbound traffic for the month 933,414 net 
 tons is represented by soft coal, 218,924 net tons by 
 
206 TINUS SHORTHAND 
 
 hard coal, and 133,188 net tons by general merchan- 
 dise. 
 
 Of the total freight reported for the season ending 
 November, 44,832,834 net tons was eastbound and 12,- 
 252,734 net tons westbound. 
 
 The wheat movement, 84,660,779 bushels, likewise 
 shows a considerable gain over the corresponding 1906 
 and 1905 figures of 73,371,203 bushels and 54,831,751 
 bushels. 
 
 The total eastward lumber movement, 644,758,000 
 feet, was 27 per cent and 32 per cent below the corre- 
 sponding 1906 and 1905 figures." 
 
 PRACTICE MATTER. 
 ELECTRIFICATION OF RAILWAYS. 
 
 "If electrification shall take place on the vast scale 
 it is expected to it will affect business conditions widely 
 and deeply. It will cause a great expansion and ex- 
 traordinary prosperity in the electrical supplies manu- 
 facture. It will make a heavy demand upon and be 
 proportionately profitable to the iron and steel industry. 
 It will give employment at high wages to many thou- 
 sands of workingmen. There is hardly an industry or 
 a class of the people that will not directly or indirectly 
 gain something by it. 
 
 The railroads will not have enough money of their 
 own with which to make this gigantic improvement. 
 
TIXUS SHORTHAND 207 
 
 They will have to go into the market and borrow most 
 of it. That will be good for investors, for it will enable 
 them to put into the comparatively safe securities of 
 railways money that they might otherwise put into 
 risky 'industrials' or other speculations. There will 
 be some danger connected with the railways' financial 
 operations, as there is with all such operations on a 
 big scale. The United States has suffered at times 
 by sinking its capital too fast in railway and other 
 fixed investments. But if present prosperous condi- 
 tions here and abroad continue, it should be possible to 
 set aside enough capital to finance railway electrifica- 
 tion, and still leave plenty to carry on every legitimate 
 business." 
 
 BANKING. 
 
 "When a bank is to be opened, the people incorporat- 
 ing or starting it, called stockholders, subscribe and 
 pay in a certain amount of money called capital, and 
 sometimes an additional sum, called surplus, which 
 money must be paid in full before the bank is per- 
 mitted to open for business. So after a bank is started 
 and receiving deposits, it has in the form of money, 
 not only the amount received from its customers, but 
 the money already obtained from its stockholders in 
 the form of capital and surplus. As explained later, 
 the money is loaned upon the judgment of the officers 
 of the bank, together with the advice and sanction of 
 
208 T1XUS SHORTHAND 
 
 its directors, and the stability and character of the 
 bank rests largely upon the character and convertibility 
 of its loans and securities. A banker should always 
 remember that a bank is merely the trustee of other 
 people's money. 
 
 My first suggestion would be never to open an 
 account with a bank which is not incorporated and 
 subject to the inspection of the state bank examiner. 
 All banks doing business under a state charter must 
 make sworn statements at frequent intervals to the 
 Auditor of Public Accounts of the state, and the law 
 requires that these statements be published." 
 
 BILL TO REVISK COl'VRICHT LAWS. 
 
 "The two committees on patents have complied with 
 the recommendations of the President in his annual 
 message and have agreed upon a bill to revise the 
 copyright laws, which will be reported to the Senate 
 and House of Representatives simultaneously. The 
 two committees have given three joint hearings to the 
 persons and interests affected by the proposed law, two 
 in Xew York and one in Washington, at which were 
 represented authors, publishers, dramatists, play- 
 wrights, newspaper managers, magazine companies, 
 painters, sculptors, architects, photographers, publish- 
 ers of artistic reproductions, composers and publishers 
 of music, printers and lithographers, educational insti- 
 tutions, public libraries, the American Bar Association 
 
TINUS SHORTHAND 209 
 
 and other legal organizations, the International Adver- 
 tising Association, the librarian of congress, the regis- 
 trar of copyrights, the commissioner of patents, the 
 Department of Justice of the government, and the cus- 
 toms division of the Treasury Department. All of 
 these persons and organizations were allowed to ex- 
 press their views, suggest and object, advise and 
 criticise, and seldom was a subject more thoroughly 
 ventilated from all points of view. If the committees 
 go wrong it will not be for a lack of information. 
 
 There were some lively controversies. The most 
 difficult task of the committees has been to settle a 
 three-cornered fight betwen the composers and pub- 
 lishers of music and the mechanical piano men, which 
 was satisfactorily compromised by inserting a provision 
 permitting the use of all musical compositions by me- 
 chanical devices, just the same as if they were per- 
 formed with the hands or sung by the voice, except in 
 public performances for profit." 
 
 l-:i)i: CATION MEANS DISCRIMINATION. 
 
 "All there is in education is in the development of 
 capacity for making discrimination. All there is in 
 government, all there is in any one of the institutions 
 which we prize is the emphasis that is placed upon just 
 and proper discrimination ; and what we need just 
 now in this country, at a time when there is so much 
 proper emphasis upon the relation of government to 
 
210 T1XUS SHORTHAND 
 
 public service, what \ve most need is this faculty of 
 discrimination applied in the direction of having the 
 right thing done and having all things done right. 
 
 And, therefore, it is that we may look with confi- 
 dence upon our future, because of the extraordinary 
 development of our institutions of learning, where dis- 
 crimination is taught, and where the faculty of close 
 observation and the facility for reaching sound con- 
 clusions are developed and trained. 
 
 We want, in connection with all these public ques- 
 tions, a damper put only upon the man who insists in 
 talking without thinking, and having things done 
 without regard to their essential justice and merely 
 because it may be pointed out as a thing accomplished. 
 
 With the amplitude of our provisions for education, 
 \vith the extraordinary resources of our youth and our 
 higher schools of all kinds, we shall not suffer so long 
 as the American people remember that everything must 
 proceed in accordance with good reasoning, after care- 
 ful deliberation, after discriminating study, and then 
 it must be settled, no matter who stands in the way of 
 the great final judgment." 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
 Los Angeles 
 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 
 
 
 DEC 2 21989 
 
 Form L9-'_:5i-9,'47(A5618)444 
 
 UNIVERSITY ot CALIFORNIA 
 
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 LOS ANGELES 
 
LIBRARY FACILITY 
 
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