THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 RIVERSIDE 
 
 '/^ 
 
 Mr.
 
 Warner's 
 
 u_aHt| 
 
 DICTIONARY 
 
 OF 
 
 AU 1 rlUKo— 
 
 
 ANCIENT AND MOD 
 
 E R N 
 
 Charles Dudley Warner 
 
 EDITOR 
 
 
 HAMILTON WRIGHT MABIE 
 
 
 LUCIA GILBERT RUNKLE 
 
 
 GEORGE HENRY WARNER 
 
 
 ASSOCIATE EDITORS 
 
 
 if 
 
 
 Two Volumes 
 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 
 The Werner Compa 
 
 ny 
 
 AKRON, OHIO 
 
 ^. 
 
 
 „ i
 
 
 Copyright 1896 
 By R. S. Peale and J. A. Hill 
 
 Copyright 1902 
 By J. A. Hill 
 
 All Rights Reserved 
 
 MADE BV 
 
 THE WERNER COMPANY 
 
 AKRON, OHIO
 
 THE ADVISORY COUNCIL 
 
 CRAWFORD H. TOY. A. M., LL. D., 
 
 Professor of Hebrew, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 THOMAS R. LOUNSBURY, LL. D., L. H. D., 
 
 Professor of English in the Sheffield Scientific School of 
 
 Yale University, New Haven, Conn. 
 
 WILLIAM M. SLOANE, Ph. D., L. H. D., 
 
 Professor of History and Political Science, 
 
 Princeton University, Princeton, N. J. 
 
 BRANDER MATTHEWS, A. M., LL. B., 
 
 Professor of Literature, Columbia University, New York City. 
 
 JAMES B. ANGELL, LL. D., 
 
 President of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 
 
 WILLARD FISKE, A. M., Ph. D., 
 
 Late Professor of the Germanic and Scandinavian Languages 
 and Literatures, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. 
 
 EDWARD S. HOLDEN, A. M., LL. D., 
 
 Director of the Lick Observatory, and Astronomer, 
 
 University of California, Berkeley, Cal. 
 
 ALCEE FORTIER, Lit. D., 
 
 Professor of the Romance Languages, 
 
 Tulane University, New Orleans, La. 
 
 WILLIAM P. TRENT, M. A., 
 
 Dean of the Department of Arts and Sciences, and Professor of 
 English and History, 
 
 University of the South, Sewanee, Tenn. 
 
 PAUL SHORE Y, Ph. D., 
 
 Professor of Greek and Latin Literature, 
 
 University of Chicago, Chicago, 111. 
 
 WILLIAM T. HARRIS, LL. D., 
 
 United States Commissioner of Education, 
 
 Bureau of Education, Washington, D. C. 
 
 MAURICE FRANCIS EGAN, A. M., LL. D., 
 
 Professor of Literature in the 
 
 Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C.
 
 PREFACE TO THE DICTIONARY. 
 
 ^^HE first object of the Dictionary is to afford a handy, con- 
 ^!^ densed reference to the names of the authors written of 
 and quoted in Noted Books or Current Literature, and to 
 enable the reader to get at a glance the main facts of the lives 
 of such authors and the titles of their principal works. But be- 
 sides these, some thousands of additional names have been selected, 
 which will be of service to the reader in many departments of 
 intellectual activity. It has not been any part of the plan to at- 
 tempt a comprehensive list of those who have written books ; 
 but, following the idea of similar works to present names, in 
 many departments, fairly representative of literary history. 
 While this general and cosmopolitan plan has been adhered to, 
 considerable prominence has been given to American names, and 
 to writers who have won distinction in works on law, art, travel, 
 and exploration, and indeed in all liberal pursuits. 
 
 A literary dictionary, within the space at the editor's command, 
 can only give a clue to the great maze of literature ; but in doing 
 this is promoted the object of the whole work, which is to encour- 
 age, stimulate, and assist the general reader, not only in the ac- 
 quisition of knowledge and the widening of his mental horizon, 
 but in the rational enjoyment of life. The ^^ promotion and dif- 
 fusion of knowledge among mankind'^ has been held to be an 
 object worthy of the highest human effort. To have contributed 
 to this effort has been the purpose of those engaged in this work. 
 
 In preparing it the best authorities in many languages have 
 been consulted ; but those familiar with dictionaries and cyclopaedias 
 know how liable they are to err. If we have erred as to dates or 
 names in this, it has probably been from having to make a choice 
 between several authorities disagreeing and of good standing.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 
 OF AUTHORS 
 
 ANCIENT AND MODERN 
 
 Aar, Alexis (ar), pseudonym of Anselm 
 Rumpelt. A German poet ; born at Chem- 
 nitz, Saxony, Feb. 10, 1853. His collection en- 
 :itled <Will o' the Wisps > (1878) manifests a 
 noteworthy talent in the field of historical 
 lyrics. 
 
 Aarestrup, Emll (a're-strop). A Danish poet 
 [iSoo-56). He was not duly appreciated until 
 ifter his death, but is now acknowledged as 
 3ne of the foremost lyric poets of Denmark, 
 xing ranked by critics next to Christian Win- 
 her. < Collected Poems,* with critical sketch by 
 J. Brandes (Copenhagen, 1877). 
 
 Aasen, Ivar Andreas fa'sen). A Norwe- 
 gian philologist and poet; born in 1813; died in 
 896. His great aim was to construct from 
 ;he older elements of the various Norwegian 
 dialects a new national language (<<Lands- 
 naaP>), as a substitute for Danish, in pur- 
 suance of which end he published several 
 valuable philological works. As a poet he 
 Droduced * Symra,* a collection of lyrics (3d 
 ;d., 1875) ; <Ervingen,> a drama (4th ed., 1887). 
 
 Abba, Giuseppe Cesare (ab'ba). An Ital- 
 an poet; bcrn in 1838 at Cairo Montenotte. 
 tie took part in the expedition of Garibaldi 
 nto Sicily in i86q, which he celebrated in his 
 Doem < Arrigo.> Among his other works are 
 I tragedy, < Spartaco,> a historical novel, and 
 yric poems. 
 
 Abbe, Cleveland. A distinguished Ameri- 
 :an meteorologist; born in New York city, 
 Dec. 3, 1838. He studied astronomy in Ger- 
 nany, and was director of the Cincinnati Ob- 
 servatory from 1868 to 1870. Since 1871 he has 
 Deen professor of meteorology in the National 
 Weather Bureau. Among his chief publica- 
 ;ions are: < Treatise on Meteorological Ap- 
 paratus >; < Preparatory Studies for Deductive 
 *lethods in Meteorology >; < Solar Spots and Ter- 
 estrialTemperature>;< Atmospheric Radiation'; 
 Physical Basis of Long Range Forecasting.' 
 
 Abbot, Ezra. An American Greek scholar; 
 3om at Jackson, Me., April 28, 1819; died at 
 Cambridge, Mass., March 21, 1884. Besides his 
 valuable work as one of the editors of the 
 American edition of Smith's < Bible Dictionary,' 
 hie wrote <The Authorship of the Fourth 
 
 Gospel' (1880), in which was announced the 
 important discovery of Tatian's « Diatessaron,'> 
 and which took high rank ; compiled < Litera- 
 ture of the Doctrine of a Future Life' (1864), 
 etc. He was one of the American committee 
 of New Testament revisers. 
 
 Abbot, Francis Ellingwood. An American 
 philosophical writer and journalist ; born at 
 Boston, 1836. Besides notable magazine arti- 
 cles, he wrote: < Scientific Theism' (1886); 
 
 < The Way Out of Agnosticism' (1890); etc. 
 Pie was for a number of years editor of the 
 liberal journal, Tiie Index. Died Oct. 23, 1903. 
 
 Abbot, Willis John. An American jour- 
 nalist and author ; born in Connecticut in 1863. 
 He is connected with the New York press. 
 With tlie exception of a ^Life of Carter Har- 
 rison,' his works consist piincipally of popular 
 histories for young people, among which are : 
 <Blue Jackets of 1776' ; <Blue Jackets of i8l2>; 
 
 < Blue Jackets of '61 ' ; < Battle Fields and Camp 
 Fires > ; < American Ships and Sailors.' 
 
 Abbott, Charles Conrad. An American writer 
 on archaeology and natural history ; born at 
 Trenton, N. J., 1843. He has discovered palaeo- 
 lithic human remains in the Delaware valley, 
 and shown the likelihood of the early exist- 
 ence of the Eskimo race as far south as New 
 Jersey. His principal works are : < Primitive In- 
 dustry' (1881); <A Naturalist's Rambles about 
 Home' (1884); < Cyclopaedia of Natural History' 
 (1886); < Upland and Meadow' (1886); < Waste- 
 land Wanderings '(1887) ; < Rambles of an Idler. >< 
 
 Abbott, Edward. An American clergyman, 
 editor, and author, son of Jacob Abbott ; bom 
 in Farmington, Me., July 15, 1841. .He was 
 the editor of the Congregationalist from 1869 
 to 1878, and of the Literary World from 1878. 
 Among his works are: < Dialogues of Christ'; 
 
 < Paragraph History of the American Revo- 
 lution' (1875); < Revolutionary Times ' (1876); 
 
 < Long Look Series of Juvenile Tales.' D. 1908. 
 
 Abbott, J^.cob. An American writer; bom 
 in Hallowell, Me., Nov. 14, 1803; died at 
 Farmington, Me., Oct. 31, 1879. His works, 
 comprising over 200 titles, chiefly of stories 
 for the young, were widely read in his own 
 day. Among the best known ar^ : < The Rollo 
 
 (I)
 
 ABBOTT — ABRAN YI 
 
 Books > (28 vols.); 'The Franconia Stories > 
 (10 vols.); <The Marco Paul Series' (6 vols.). 
 Abbott, Jobn Stevens Cabot. An Ameri- 
 can biographer and historical writer; born at 
 Brunswick, Me., Sept. 18, 1805; died at Fair 
 Haven, Conn., June 17, 1877. Brother of the 
 preceding; author of <The Mother at Home' 
 (1833); 'History of Napoleon*; < History of 
 the Civil War> (1863-66); 'History of Fred- 
 erick the Great* (1871); <The French Revolu- 
 tion of 1789*; < Napoleon at St. Helena*; 
 
 < History of Napoleon HI.' (1868); and numer- 
 ous other works on kindred themes. 
 
 Abbott, Lyman. An American author ; born 
 at Roxbury, Mass., Dec. 18, 1835. At first a lawyer, 
 he was ordained minister of the Congregational 
 Church in i860. After a pastorate of five years 
 in Indiana he came to New York, and rose 
 rapidly to distinction through his contributions 
 to periodical literature. He is pastor of Plym- 
 outh Church, Brooklyn, being the immediate 
 successor of Henry Ward Beecher. He was 
 associated with Mr. Beecher in the editorship 
 of the Christian Union, and is now editor of 
 The Outlook, formerly the Christian Union. 
 His writings include < Jesus of Nazareth* (i86g); 
 a <Life of Henry Ward Beecher* (1883); < In 
 Aid of Faith* (1886); < Christianitv and Social 
 Problems' (1896) ;< The Evolution of Christian- 
 ity * ; ' Signs of Promise ' ; < An Evolutionist's 
 Theology ;, < New Streams in Old Channels * ; 
 
 < Personality of God * ; < Industrial Problems.* 
 
 Abbt, Tbomas (apt). A German essayist; 
 born at Ulm, 1738; died 1766. Fired with ad- 
 miration for Frederick the Great and his gen- 
 erals, he wrote his best-known work, <On 
 Death for One's Fatherland* (1761). In 1762 
 he became associated in Berlin with Nicolai 
 and Moses Mendelssohn in the publication of 
 the < Literary Letters,* from which Lessing had 
 just retired. After a tour through Southern 
 Germany, Switzerland, and France, he wrote 
 the work which securely established his fame, 
 <Of Merit* (1765). 
 
 A Beckett, Arthur William. An English 
 dramatist; born at Hammersmith, Oct. 25, 1844. 
 Son of the following, and since 1891 editor of 
 the London Sunday Times ; he has written sev- 
 eral comedies, including < About Town * and 
 
 < Long Ago.* His < Papers from Pump-handle 
 Court * were a feature in Punch, whose staff he 
 joined in 1874. 
 
 A Beckett, Gilbert Abbott. An English 
 humorist (181 1-56). An original founder of 
 Punch (l84l),and author of the < Comic Black- 
 stone,* one of the cleverest burlesques in the 
 language (London, 1845); he also published a 
 < Comic History of England* (1848); < Quizzi- 
 ology of the British Drama* (1846), and more 
 than 50 plays, some of which still keep the 
 . sUge. 
 
 1 Becket, Thomas. See Thomas. 
 
 Abfilard, Pierre fa-ba-lar'). A noted French 
 scholastic philosopher and theologian; born 
 uear Nantes, 1079; died April 21, 1142. Lect- 
 
 uring on theology, he attracted students from 
 all parts of Europe. Several of his disciples 
 afterward became famous; for example, Pope 
 Celestin II., Peter Lombard, Berengarius, and 
 Arnold of Brescia. The story of his romantic 
 and tragic love for Heloise is told in his 
 
 < Story of My Misfortunes * ; in her first < Let- 
 ter* to him on receipt of the < Story*; and in 
 the two < Letters * from her that followed. The 
 poets have taken the loves of this unfortunate 
 pair as the theme of their elegies in every 
 age since the death of the lovers. 
 
 Abonyi, Lajos (ob'on-ye). A Hungarian 
 novelist; born Jan. 9, 1833. His subjects are 
 taken from popular life and national history: 
 ♦Tales by the Fireside*; <The Poor Lad's 
 Cloth*; <The Widow's Cow*; < Lena's In- 
 heritance.* 
 
 About, Edmond (a-bo'). A distinguished 
 French novelist ; born in Dieuze, Lorraine, Feb. 
 14, 1828; died in Paris, Jan. 17, 1885. One of 
 the few younger authors of note who adhered 
 to the second empire, he enjoyed the special 
 favor of Napoleon III., and in 1870 accompanied 
 the army of Marshal MacMahon as reporter 
 for Le Soir. In that paper, after the war, 
 and from 1875 as editor-in-chief of the XIX. 
 Siecle, he was the champion of the moderate 
 republicans. He was elected a member of the 
 Academy in 1884. Among his best works are : 
 'Contemporaneous Greece* (1854); 'Tolla 
 Feraldi* (1855) ; < The King of the Mountains* 
 (1856); <The Marriages of Paris* (6 tales, 
 1856) ; < The Man with the Broken Ear* (1861) ; 
 
 < A Notary's Nose* (1862); <Madelon* (1863); 
 <The Infamous One* (1866-69) ; 'Romance of 
 a Good Man* (1880), directed against Zola 
 and his school ; ' The Roman Question * (1859) , a 
 political treatise ; < The Money Question* (1865). 
 
 Abraham a Sancta-Clara (a'bra-ham a 
 sank'ta-kla'ra). A celebrated German pulpit 
 orator and satirist ; born at Krahenheinstetten, 
 Baden, July 4, 1644; died in Vienna, Dec. i, 
 1709. His family name was Megerle. He was 
 appointed preacher to the imperial court, 1669, 
 and thereafter was one of the celebrities of 
 Vienna. His sermons were characterized by 
 force, broad humor, and impartial denunciation 
 of the follies of all classes, but especially of 
 the courtiers. A good specimen of his man- 
 ner, both in its elevation of thought and in its 
 grotesqueness, is seen in his 'Judas the Arch- 
 Knave* (1686-95). 
 
 Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra (a'bra-ham 
 ben ma-er' 'b'n ez'ra). A noted Jewish-Arabic 
 poet and scholar ; born at Toledo, Spain, 1092 ; 
 died, 1 167. He wrote 150 liturgical poems 
 which are still used in the Jewish worship, 
 besides works on Hebrew grammar and philos- 
 ophy, a treatise on chess, ' Sefer Mozna'im,* a 
 ' Book of Weights,* etc. He was one of the 
 earliest Biblical critics. 
 
 Abr&nyi, Emil (o'bran-ye). A Hungarian 
 poet; born in Buda-Pesth, 1851. Brother of the 
 following. He is a representative of the cos- 
 mopolitan tendency in poetry, his verse being
 
 ABRANYI — ACU5JA DE FIGUEROA 
 
 published under the collective title < Home of 
 Freedom* (1888). He translated into Hunga- 
 rian, Byron's < Manfred * and < Don Juan. > 
 
 Abra,nyl, Kornel (o'bran-ye). A Hunga- 
 rian poet, novelist, and publicist ; born in Buda- 
 Pesth, Dec. 31, 1849. As a member of the 
 Hungarian Diet and as editor of the Pesti 
 Naplo, he is an important political figure in 
 Hungary. His poems are mainly of a political 
 tendency, and his novels deal with the prob- 
 lem of matrimony. < The Infallible,* a comedy, 
 and the fictions < The Husband's Philosophy ' ; 
 ■<Who Is the Stronger?'; <The Only Remedy 
 against Deceit,* and < Memoirs * are best known. 
 
 Abulfaraj (a'bol-fa-raj') or Abulfaragius 
 (ab'ul-fa-ra'ji-us). A Syriac and Arabic writer; 
 bom at Malatia, Armenia, 1226; died at Mara- 
 gha, Persia, 1286. His full name was Gregory 
 Abulfaraj ibn al Harun ; his father was a Jew. 
 Of numerous writings, the best now known 
 are a universal history in Syriac from the time 
 of Adam down to his own date, and an auto- 
 biography. 
 
 Abulfeda, Ismail ibn Ali (ii-bol-fa'da). A 
 celebrated Arabian historian and scholar (1273- 
 1331). Prince of Hamah, and patron of men of 
 letters. He compiled an abridged < History of 
 the Human Race,* portions of which have been 
 translated into Latin and published under the 
 titles of < Moslem Annals,* etc. 
 
 Abu-Nuvas (a'bo-no'vas). An Arabic poet; 
 died 815. He flourished at the court of the 
 caliphs of Bagdad, writing, in the style of Anac- 
 reon, some of the most notable songs of love 
 and wine in all Arabic literature. 
 
 Accius or Attius, Lucius (ak'shi-us). A 
 Latin tragic poet ; born about 170 B. C. He 
 took most of his themes from Grecian history 
 and mythology ; but in some instances he dram- 
 atized scenes from the history of Rome, for 
 example, in his tragedy of < Brutus': but only 
 fragments of his works remain. 
 
 Accolti, Bernardo (ak-kol'te). An Italian 
 poet (I465-I535,l- Greatly admired by his con- 
 temporaries, especially for his brilliant gift as an 
 improviser, he was styled «The Only (one) of 
 Arezzo» (L'Unico Aretino). Leo X. esteemed 
 him highly, and made him apostolic secretar}', 
 cardinal, and papal legate at Ancona. He 
 drew up the Papal Bull against Luther (1520). 
 
 Achard, Louis Amed€e (ash-ar'). A French 
 novelist and publicist (1814-75). Originally a 
 merchant, he became a contributor to several 
 papers in Paris in 1838. After the revolution 
 of 1848 he was for a time active as a political 
 writer in support of the royalist cause. From 
 1848 to 1872 the Revue des Deux Mondes 
 brought out a new story from his pen almost 
 every year. He depicts pre-eminently conHicts 
 in family life and society. < Parisian Letters* 
 ( 1838, under the pseudonym « Grimm " ) made 
 his reputation ; his other works are : < Belle 
 Rose* (1847); <The Royal Chase* (1849-50); 
 < Castles in Spain* (1854), a collection of 
 stories; 'The Shirt of Nessus* (1855); etc. 
 
 Achilles Tatius (a-kil'ez ta'shi-us). A Greek 
 writer of romances ; born at Alexandria ; flour- 
 ished in the 5th century of our era. He 
 wrote <The Loves of Clitophon and Leu- 
 cippe,* an erotic story in florid style, and 
 without much regard to unity or consistency 
 of plot. That the story was very popular in 
 its day is proved by the number of copies of 
 it that are still in MS. An English transla- 
 tion by Anthony Hodges was published in 
 1638. 
 
 Achsharumov, Nikolei Dmitriyevicli (ach- 
 sha-ro'mof). A Russian novelist and critic; 
 born in St. Petersburg, Dec. 15, 1819. Among 
 his successful novels are: < The Double* 
 (1850); <The Gambler*; <The False Name*; 
 <An Unusual Case*; and < The Model.* As 
 a critic he attracted attention by his com- 
 ments on the writings of Herbert Spencer, 
 Tolstoy, Turgeniev, Dostoievski, etc. 
 
 Ackermann, Louise Victorine (ak'er-man). 
 A French poet; born in Paris, Nov. 30, 1813; 
 died near Nice, Aug. 3, 1890. Maiden name 
 Choquet. Her philological studies took her to 
 Berlin, where she married the theologian Paul 
 Ackermann. After his death in 1846 she lived 
 in retirement in an old convent near Nice. 
 Her poems are for the most part pessimistic 
 but passionate. Principal works : < Tales in 
 Verse* (1855), chiefly Oriental and Ancient 
 Greek subjects; < Tales and Poems* (1803); 
 
 < Philosophical Poems* (1872); < Thoughts of a 
 Lonely Woman* (1883). 
 
 Aclocque, Charles Paul Jacques (ak-lok'). 
 A French novelist and journalist; jjorn in 
 1832. He was a frequent contributor to the 
 Parisian journals and the author of several 
 romances. His best-known works are: < Bre- 
 ton Legends* (1862); < Contraband Love* 
 (1866); <Love by Double Entry* (1868), In 
 collaboration with his brother he has written 
 <The Eccentric Huntsmen* (1876) and other 
 works. 
 
 Acosta, Jose d' (a-kos'ta). A Spanish Jesuit 
 historian ; born at Medina del Campo, Old Cas- 
 tile, 1540 ; died at Salamanca, Feb. 15, i6oo. 
 Besides various theological works, he wrote 
 
 < Natural and Moral History of the Indies* 
 (1590), which was translated into several Euro- 
 pean languages. He visited Peru and Rome, 
 resided for some time in Mexico, and was head 
 of the Jesuits' College at Valladolid and of 
 the college at Salamanca. 
 
 Acufla, Manuel (a-kon'ya). A Mexican poet 
 (1849-731, the principal theme of whose poems 
 was disappointed love, which is said to have 
 induced him to die by his own hand. 
 
 Acufla de Figueroa, Francisco (a-kon'yii 
 de fe-ga-ro'ii). A Uruguayan poet; born at 
 Montevideo, in 1791 ; died there, Oct. 6, 18O2. 
 His works are, in the best sense, a classic in 
 Spanish-American literature, owing to the per- 
 fection of his verse in the collection styled 
 
 < Poetic Mosaic,* which comprises odes, satires, 
 epigrams, heroic poems, and even Bihdicai
 
 ADAM — ADAMS 
 
 hymns and psalms. In most respects flawless 
 as metrical compositions, these pieces have 
 been criticized as wanting in the ardor usually 
 associated with the southern temperament A 
 diary in verse, called <The Siege of Monte- 
 video,* contains many fine passages. 
 
 Adam. Juliette. See Lamber. 
 
 Adam de la Hale (a-doh' de la al). A French 
 poet and composer; born at Arras, about 
 1235 ; died at Naples, about 12S7. Nicknamed 
 the Hunchback of Arras, although he was not 
 deformed. His satirical extravaganza, <The 
 Play of Adam, or The Play in the Arbor > 
 (1262), constitutes the earliest comedy in the 
 vulgar tongue; while the pastoral drama <The 
 Play of Robin and of Marion* may be looked 
 upon as the earliest specimen of comic opera. 
 
 Adami, Friedricli (a-da'me). A German 
 author; born at Suhl, Oct. 18, 1816; died in 
 Berlin, Aug. 5, 1893. Besides numerous dra- 
 matic pieces, prologues, stories, and short nov- 
 els, he wrote a very popular biography of 
 < Louise, Queen of Prussia' (13th ed., 1890) and 
 •The Book of Emperor William* (1887-90). 
 
 Adams, Abigail. Wife of John Adams, 
 second President of the United States; born 
 at Weymouth, Mass., Nov. 23, 1744; died at 
 Quincy, Mass., Oct. 28, 1818. Her letters, con- 
 tained in < Familiar Letters of John Adams 
 and his Wife Abigail Adams, during the Rev- 
 olution,* evince keen political sagacity, and 
 throw valuable light upon the men and the 
 public affairs of the time. 
 
 Adams, Bertba Leith (Mrs. Laffan). An 
 English novelist; her first work, 'Mabel Mere- 
 dith's Love Stor)%> was published in All the 
 Year Round. This was followed in 1877 by 
 <Winstowe,* ^Madelon Lemoine,* and <Aunt 
 Hepsy's Foundling,* the last being her best- 
 known work. 
 
 Adams, Brooks. An American essayist and 
 politician; born at Quincy, Mass., 1848. He 
 is the son of Charles Francis Adams, and a 
 lawyer by profession. Besides contributions to 
 magazines, he has written *The Emancipation 
 of Massachusetts* (1887) and <The Law of 
 Civilization and Decay.' 
 
 Adams, Charles. An American historical 
 and religious writer; born in New Hampshire 
 in 1808; died in 1890. He was a Methodist 
 clergyman. Among his numerous works are : 
 < Evangelism in the Middle of the 19th Cen 
 tury* (1851); < Women of the Bible* (1851); 
 •Life of Cromwell* (1867); <The Earth and 
 its Wonders* (1869); <Life Sketches of Mac- 
 aulay* (1880). 
 
 Adams, Charles Follen. An American dia- 
 lect poet; born at Dorchester, Mass., April 21, 
 1842. Published < Leedle Yawcob Strauss and 
 Other Poems* (1878) ; < Dialect Ballads* (1887). 
 
 Adams. Charles Francis. An eminent 
 American statesman, publicist, and miscella- 
 neous writer; bom at Boston, Aug. 18, 1807; 
 died at Boston, Nov. 21, 1886. He was candi- 
 
 date for Vice-President in 1848, twice elected to 
 Congress, was minister to England from 1861 
 to 1868, and member of the Geneva Arbitra- 
 tion Commission of 1871. His chief literary 
 work was < Life and Works of John Adams* 
 (10 vols., 1850-56), his grandfather. He also 
 edited the writings of his father, John Quincy 
 Adams. 
 
 Adams, Charles Francis (Jr.). A prominent 
 American publicist, lawyer, and politician ; born 
 at Boston, Alay 27, 1835. He serv'ed in the Union 
 army during the Civil War. Besides notable 
 articles in the North American Review on rail- 
 road management, he has published: < Chapters 
 of Erie * (1S71) ; < Three Episodes of Massachu- 
 setts History* (1892) ; < Essays on Educational 
 Topics* (1879). He was for several years pres- 
 ident of the Union Pacific Railway, but resigned 
 in i8go. 
 
 Adams, Charles Kendall. An American 
 historian and educator ; born at Derby, Vt., 
 Jan. 24, 1835. He became president of Cornell 
 University (1885), of the American Historical 
 Association (1890), of the University of Wis- 
 consin (1892). He wrote: < Democracy and 
 Monarchy in France* (1872); < Christopher 
 Columbus, His Life and Work* (1892); be- 
 sides many valuable papers on historical and 
 educational topics in reviews. He died in 1902. 
 
 Adams, Francis Colburn. An American 
 writer ; prominent in the South about the time 
 of the Civil War. He was a resident of 
 Charleston, S. C, and wrote extensively under 
 several pseudon>-ms. Among his works are : 
 < Alanuel Pereira, or the Sovereign Rule 
 of South Carolina' (1S53); < Uncle Tom at 
 Home* (1853); ^Life and Adventures of Ma- 
 jor Potter* (1858); <An Outcast, a Novel* 
 (1S61); <The Story of a Trooper* (1865); <The 
 Von Toodleburgs* (1868). 
 
 Adams, George Burton. An American his- 
 torical writer ; born in Vermont in 1851. He 
 is a professor of history at Yale University. 
 He is the author of ' Civilization during the 
 Middle Ages* (1S83) and < The Growth of the 
 French Nation ' ; < European History.* 
 
 Adams, Hannah. An American literary pio- 
 neer; born at.Medfield, Mass., 1755; died at 
 Brookline, Mass., Nov. 15, 1832. Her principal 
 works were : an < Autobiography * ; < History of 
 New England* (1799); Hfistory of the Jews' 
 (1812); besides several writings on topics con- 
 nected with religion. 
 
 Adams, Henry. An American historian ; 
 born in Boston, Mass., Feb. 16, 1838; grand- 
 son of J. Q. Adams. He was for some time 
 editor of the North American Review, and 
 professor of history in Harvard College. He 
 wrote biographies of eminent public men : < The 
 Life of Albert Gallatin* (1879); <John Ran- 
 dolph* (1882); — and studies of particular epi- 
 sodes of American history : < Documents Relat- 
 ing to New England Federalism* (1877). His 
 principal work is the < History of the United 
 States from 1801 to 1817,* which constitutes an 
 authoritative history of that period.
 
 ADAMS — ADE 
 
 Adams, Henry Carter. An American writer 
 on political economy ; born at Davenport, Iowa, 
 Dec. 31, 1852. He has been instructor at Iowa 
 and Cornell Universities, and is now professor 
 in the University of Michigan. At one time 
 he was statistician to the Interstate Commerce 
 Commission. His chief works are: < Taxation 
 in the United States, lySg-iSiG) (1884): 'Public 
 Debts' (1887); < Economics and Jurisprudence.* 
 
 Adams, Herbert Baxter. An American his- 
 torian; born near Amherst, Mass., April 16, 
 1850. After a course of study at Amlierst, 
 Heidelberg, and Berlin, he was appointed in- 
 structor in history at Johns Hopkins Univer- 
 sity, and is now professor there. He is the ed- 
 itor of < Johns Hopkins University Studies in 
 Historical and Political Science,* and author 
 of <The Study of History in American Col- 
 leges and Universities* and 'Jefferson and 
 Higher Education in Virginia.* Died in 1901. 
 
 Adams, Jobn. An eminent American 
 statesman and publicist ; second President of 
 the United States; born at Braintree (now 
 Quincy), Mass., Oct. 19, 1735 ; died there, July 
 4, 1826. In the days preceding the outbreak 
 of the Revolution, he frequently defended in 
 tiie public prints the right of the colonies to 
 throw off the English yoke. His most im- 
 portant contribution to the literature of the 
 science of government is his < Defence of the 
 Constitution and Government of the United 
 States* (1787). The < Familiar Letters* of John 
 Adams and his wife are of great value for the 
 history of the American Revolution. 
 
 Adams, Jolin Quincy. An American 
 statesman and publicist ; sixth President of 
 tlie United States; born at Braintree, Mass., 
 July II, 1767; died in Washington, D. C, Feb. 
 21, 1848. Before he reached the Presidency 
 he had served as his country's representative 
 i a England, France, Prussia, and Holland ; in 
 las youth, too, he had accompanied his father, 
 John Adams, when he was American minister 
 at London. He was a frequent contributor to 
 the press, of articles on political topics. He 
 translated Wieland's <Oberon* into English 
 (1797); published 'Letters on Silesia* (1S03). 
 The 'Diary of J. Q. Adams,* with his 'Me- 
 moirs,* in 12 vols., was published in 1874-77, 
 edited by his son. 
 
 Adams, Myron. An American clergyman 
 and writer, a native of New York State ; born 
 in 1841 ; died in December 1895. He was pas- 
 tor of a Congregational church in Rochester, 
 N. Y. His chief works are : ' The Creation 
 of the Bible*; 'The Continuous Creation, an 
 Application of the Evolutionary Philosophy to 
 the Christian Religion.* 
 
 Adams, Nebemiah. An American clergy- 
 man and author; born in Salem, Mass., Feb. 
 19, 1806; died in Boston, Mass., Oct. 6, 1878. 
 He will be chiefly remembered as the author 
 of a work entitled ' A South Side View of 
 Slavery* (1854), which was severelv criticized 
 by the antislavery party. Among liis other 
 publications are: 'Under the Miiizenmast* 
 
 (1871); 'Walks to Emmaiis* (1879); 'Remarks 
 on Unitarian Belief*; 'Life of John Eliot* 
 
 Adams, Oscar Fay. An American com- 
 piler and miscellaneous writer of the present 
 day. Besides various compilations, including 
 a 'Dictionary of American Authors* (1897), he 
 has written: 'Dear Old Story-Tellers * (1889); 
 ' The Story of Jane Austen's Life * (1891) ; ' The 
 Presumption of Sex, and Other Papers* (1892). 
 
 Adams, Sarah Flower. An English hymn- 
 writer; born at Great Harlow, Essex, Feb. 22, 
 1805 ; died August 1848. In 1834 she was mar- 
 ried to William Bridges Adams, a noted in- 
 ventor. She was the author of 'Vivia Per- 
 petua,* a dramatic poem (London, 1841) ; and 
 of many lyrics and hymns, the most popular 
 of which is ' Nearer, My God, to Thee > 
 (i860). 
 
 Adams, William. A prominent American 
 clergyman and religious writer ; born at Col- 
 chester, Conn., Jan. 25, 1807 ; died at Orange 
 Mountain, N. J., Aug. 31, iSSo. Pie was long 
 pastor of the Madison Square Presbyterian 
 Church, New York, and was president of the 
 Union Theological Seminary in New York city 
 from 1873 to 1880. Among his publications 
 are : ' In the World, not of the World* (1866); 
 'The Three Gardens* (1867); 'Conversations of 
 Jesus Christ with Representative Men* (1868). 
 
 Adams, William Davenport. An English 
 journalist and critic ; born in 1851. He has 
 published : < A Dictionary of English Litera- 
 ture* (1878); 'The Witty and Humorous Side 
 of the English Poets* (1880); 'By-Ways in 
 Bookland* (1888); 'A Book of Burlesque > ; 
 ' With Poet and Player.* Died July 27, 1904. 
 
 Adams, William Taylor. See Optic, Oliver. 
 
 Addison, Joseph. A celebrated English 
 essayist and poet; born at Milston, Wiltshire, 
 May I, 1672 ; died in London, June 17, 1719. 
 He was educated at Oxford. He was Under- 
 Secretary of State in 1706, and in 1709 secre- 
 tary to Wharton, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 
 where he formed a friendship with Swift. In 
 
 1716 he married the Countess of Warwick ; in 
 
 1717 was appointed Secretary of State, but re- 
 signed in 1718. He wrote 41 original papers 
 in the Tatler, and 34 with Steele ; 274 in the 
 Spectator, embodying his famous creation, the 
 character of Sir Roger de Coverley ; 51 essays 
 in the Guardian, which succeeded the Spec- 
 tator; 24 to a revived Spectator, and 2 to 
 Steele's ' Lover.* His tragedy ' Cato * was acted 
 at Drury Lane in 1713; although it is weak 
 and incongruous, it was greatly admired and 
 variously translated. Besides Latin poems, oc- 
 casional addresses, and political essays, the fol- 
 lowing works deserve mention : ' Letter from 
 
 Italy,* a poem (1703); 'The Campaign* (1704). 
 
 Ade, George. An American journalist and 
 author ; born in Illinois in 1866. He has pub- 
 lished : ' Artie, a Story of the Streets and 
 Town*; 'Pink Marsh* (1897), a dialect story; 
 and the plays, 'The Sultan of Sulu* (1902); 
 < The Sho-Gun > ; ' The College Widow * (1904); 
 ' Marse Covington* (1906).
 
 ADELUNG — AGASSIZ 
 
 Adelung, Johann Ohristopli (a'de-long). An 
 eminent German philologist and lexicographer ; 
 bom at Spantekow, Aug. 8, 1732; died in 
 Dresden, Sept. 10, 1806. His life was devoted 
 to an exhaustive investigation of his native 
 language, which he traced to its remotest 
 origins with a patience and a thoroughness that 
 have remained unsurpassed, the principal result 
 being < A Grammatical and Critical Dictionary 
 of the High German Tongue. > Science is 
 further indebted to him for < Mithridates, or 
 Universal Language Lore,> in which all living 
 tongues are directly or indirectly represented; 
 iind for a series of text-books that are still 
 authoritative, and to all appearances will long 
 continue so. 
 
 Adenet Le Roi (ad-na' le-rwa'). A French 
 troubadour of the 13th century, wliose surname 
 is interpreted as meaning king (leader) of the 
 minstrels, which function he performed at the 
 court of Henri HI., Duke of Brabant. His 
 work consists of remodelings of three famous 
 Chansons de Gestes and of the romance of 
 adventure, < Cleomades,> his last and most im- 
 portant effort. 
 
 Adler, Felix (a'dler). An American lecturer 
 and scholar; born at Alzey, Germany, 1851. 
 The son of an eminent Jewish rabbi, he emi- 
 grated when young to the United States, where 
 and at Berlin and Heidelberg he was educated. 
 After being for some time professor at Cornell 
 University', he founded in New York (1876) the 
 Society of Ethical Culture, of which he is lecturer. 
 Similar societies have been established elsewhere 
 in the United States and in other countries. He 
 is also an effective writer and speaker. He has 
 published: < Creed and Deed > (1878); < The 
 Moral Instruction of Children > (1892); < Religion 
 of Duty > ; and < Essentials of Spirituality* (1905). 
 
 Adler, Hermann (a'dler). A German writer ; 
 born in Hanover, May 29, 1839. He has lived 
 most of his life in England, where he has held 
 many positions of high trust connected with 
 his race, having been since 1891 chief rabbi of 
 the British empire, and has been active in gen- 
 eral benevolence. Besides sermons, lectures, 
 etc., he has written : < The Jews in England > ; 
 < The Chief Rabbis of England > ; < Ibn Gabirol^ 
 the Poet Philosopher,* etc. 
 
 Adlersfeld, Eufemia von. See Ballestrem. 
 
 Adolpbus, Jolin. An English historical and 
 miscellaneous writer; born Aug. 7, 1768; died 
 July 16, 1845. He was admitted an attorney 
 in 1790, but after a few years abandoned his 
 profession and devoted himself to literature. 
 His principal work is a < History of England 
 from the Accession of George HI. to the 
 Conclusion of Peace in 1783* (1802). 
 
 .Sllanus, Claudius (e-li-a'nus). A Roman 
 sophist who flourished in the first half of the 
 second century. Of his works, written in Greek, 
 three are extant : < Peasants' Letters,* pur- 
 porting to be written by peasants in Attica; 
 < Various Histories,* or narratives, in 14 books; 
 <Of the Nature of Animals,' anecdotes of ani- 
 mals. 
 
 iEscliines (es'ki-nSa). A great Athetaaii 
 orator (389-314 B. C), rival of Demosthenes. 
 Only three of his 'Orations* have come down 
 to our time. He was specially brilliant in his 
 extemporaneous efforts. In his more studied 
 orations his great merit was the clearness and 
 fullness of the narrative part. 
 
 .ffischylus (es'ki-lus). The greatest of the 
 Greek dramatists; born at Eleusis, Attica, S25 
 B. C. ; died at Gela, Sicily, 456 B. C. Of his 
 very numerous works (72 or even 90 dramas), 
 seven tragedies only remain : < The Suppli- 
 ants,* one of his earliest productions ; < The 
 Persians,* founded on the contemporary tri- 
 umph of Greece over the invading Persian 
 hosts; <The Seven against Thebes,* the only 
 extant member of a tetralogy, the other members 
 of which were < Laius,* < Qidipus,* and < The 
 Sphinx. * The grand tragedy, < Prometheus 
 Bound,* is the sole survivor of a trilogj-, the 
 other two members of which were < Prometheus 
 the Fire-Bearer* and 'Prometheus Loosed.* In 
 portrayal of grandeur of action and sublimity 
 of heroic character, the 'Prometheus* is almost 
 without an equal in the history of dramatic lit- 
 erature. The remaining three tragedies, ' Aga- 
 memnon,* < Choephori,* and < Eumenides,* are 
 specially precious, constituting the only com- 
 plete trilogy' that is extant from any ancient 
 Greek tragic poet. 
 
 .£50p (e'sop). A Greek fabulist who lived 
 in the 7th century B. C. According to tradi- 
 tion, he was a captive of war and for part 
 of his life a slave. Many of his fables have 
 been traced to Egyptian and Indian sources. 
 Socrates, during his imprisonment, put into 
 verse a portion of the ^^isopian fables. A more 
 complete collection of them was by Babrius, a 
 Greek fabulist. In the lapse of time v\hat 
 might be called the .(Esopian canon was much 
 obscured, and spurious fables were incorporated 
 into it. 
 
 Afzelius, Arvid August (af-tsa'li-os). A 
 Swedish writer and poet (1785-1871), esteemed 
 particularly for his researches in old Norse 
 history and literature ; translated the poetical 
 Edda, and with Geijer edited a famous collec- 
 tion of old Swedish folksongs (Stockholm, 1814- 
 17, 3 vols.). As a poet he is best known by his 
 ' Romances.* 
 
 Agai, Adolf (a'goy). A Hungarian humor- 
 ist ; born 1836. Editor of Borzsem Janko (John 
 Peppercorn), the best Hungarian comic paper. 
 His sketches from society, character draw- 
 ings of national types, and personal reminis- 
 cences, constitute a rare mine of witty ideas 
 and sound humor, clothed in brilliant lan- 
 guage. 
 
 Agassiz, Alexander (a-ga-se'). An Amer- 
 ican zoologist and geologist, son of J. L. R. 
 Agassiz ; born in Neuchatel, Switzerland, Dec. 
 I7> 1835. He came to this country with his 
 father in 1849 ; graduated from Harvard in 
 1855 ; and received the degree of B. S. from 
 the Lawrence Scientific School in 1857. In 
 1859 he went to California as assistant on the
 
 AGASSIZ — AIDE 
 
 United States Coast Survey. From i860 to 
 1865 he was assistant curator of the Museum 
 of Comparative Zoology at Harvard Univer- 
 sity ; and from 1866 to 1869, superintendent of 
 the Calumet and Hecla mines, Lake Superior. 
 On the death of his father in 1873, he was ap- 
 pointed curator of the Museum of Comparative 
 Zoology, holding that position until he resigned 
 in 1885. His chief works are : < List of Echino- 
 derms' (1863); < Exploration of Lake Titicaca> 
 (1875-76) ; < Three Cruises of the Blake, a Con- 
 tribution to American Thalassography > (1880). 
 
 Agassiz, Mrs. Elizabeth (Gary). An Ameri- 
 can scientific writer, wife of J. L. R. Agassiz ; 
 born in Massachusetts in 1822. She is part 
 author, with Alexander Agassiz, of < Seaside 
 Studies in Natural History > (1865); < Marine 
 Animals of Massachusetts Bay> (1871). She 
 also wrote a life of her husband. 
 
 Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolphe. An eminent 
 Swiss naturalist ; born at Motier, Switzerland, 
 May 28, 1807 ; died at Cambridge, Mass., Dec. 
 14, 1873. He studied medicine and comparative 
 anatomy in the universities of Ziirich, Heidel- 
 berg, and Munich. He gave many years to 
 study of fossil fishes, and his first great work 
 bore that title (1834). His next special re- 
 searches were directed toward the explanation 
 of glaciers, and he published < Studies of Gla- 
 ciers > (1844). In 1846 he made a lecturing tour 
 of the United States, and in 1848 became pro- 
 fessor of geology at Harvard, and in 1859 cu- 
 rator of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 
 His contributions to the development of the 
 facts and principles of natural science in his 
 special departments are very numerous and of 
 highest authority. Chief among his works writ- 
 ten in English are: 'Principles of Zoology'; 
 'The Structure of Animal Life'; 'Scientific 
 Results of a Journey in Brazil.* 
 
 Agathias (a-ga'thi-as). A Greek poet and 
 historian; about 536-581. He collected a 'Cycle' 
 of contemporary poems, in which were a few 
 of his own composition. We have still loi of 
 his 'Epigrams,' and the whole of his < History' 
 of the years 553-558. 
 
 Agathon (ag'a-thon). A Greek tragic poet 
 (448-402 B. C). He was a close friend of Eurip- 
 ides and of Plato ; and the famous ' Sympo- 
 sium' of Plato immortalizes the banquet given 
 on the occasion of Agathon's dramatic triumph, 
 416 B.C. 
 
 Agoult, Countess d'. See Stern, Daniel. 
 
 Agrippa, Heinricli Cornelius (a-grip'a). A 
 German philosopher (1486-1535); born at Co- 
 logne. He was of all professions in turn, — 
 university professor, soldier, magistrate, physi- 
 cian, court historiographer to Charles V. His 
 most notable writings are : ' Of the Nobleness 
 and Pre-eminence of the Female Sex'; 'Oc- 
 cult Philosophy ' ; ' Uncertainty and Vanity of 
 the Sciences and Arts.' 
 
 Aguilar, Grace (a-ge-liir'). An English 
 novelist; born at Hackney, June 2, 1816; died 
 in Frankfort-on-the-Main, Sept. 16, 1847. She 
 
 was the daughter of Jewish parents of Spanish 
 origin. Her first books were in defense of the 
 Jewish religion : ' The Spirit of Judaism ' ( 1842) ; 
 'The Jewish Faith' (1846); and 'Women of 
 Israel' (1846). She is now best known by her 
 domestic and sentimental novels, only one of 
 which, .' Home Influence' (1847), appeared in 
 her lifetime. Among others are : ' The Vale 
 of Cedars' (1850) and 'The Days of Bruce' 
 (1852). 
 
 Aguilera, Ventura Ruiz (a-ge-la'ra). A 
 Spanish poet ; born in Salamanca, Nov. 2, 1820 ; 
 died in Madrid, July i, 1881. Studied but did not 
 practice medicine ; afterwards went to Madrid, 
 where he pursued journalism, and later on be- 
 came director of the archaeological museum. 
 Among his works are : ' National Echoes ', 
 'Elegies' (considered masterpieces and trans- 
 lated into nearly all European languages) ; 
 'The Book of the Fatherland' (1869); 'Christ- 
 mas Legend' {1872); Complete Works (Ma- 
 drid, 18/3). 
 
 Ahlgren, Ernst (al'gren), pseudonym of 
 Victoria Benedictsson. A Swedish novelist 
 (1850-88): author of 'From Schonen' (1884), 
 a collection of tales descriptive of native types ; 
 'Money' (1885) and 'Dame Marianne' (1887), 
 novels; 'Folk-Life' (1887), a collection of sto- 
 ries ; and others. She ranks very high among 
 the recent female writers of Sweden. 
 
 Ahlquist, August Engelbert (al'qvist). A 
 Finnish poet and philologist ; born at Kuopio, 
 Aug. 7, 1826 ; died at Helsingfors, Nov. 20, 1889. 
 He was appointed professor of Finnish lan- 
 guage and literature at the University of Hel- 
 singfors in 1862. His poems appeared under 
 the title ' Sparks ' (4th ed., 1881) ; besides which 
 he wrote several grammatical and philologi- 
 cal works, and translated Schiller and others 
 into Finnish. 
 
 AMwardt, Theodor Willielm (al'vart). A 
 German Orientalist ; born at Greifswald, July 4, 
 1828. He is the first living authority on old 
 Arabic poetry. His chief works are : ' On the 
 Poetry and Poetics of the Arabians' (1856); 
 ' The Divans of the Six Ancient Arabic Poets ' 
 (1870). 
 
 Aicard, Jean (a-kar'). A French poet; 
 born in Toulon, Feb. 4, 1848. His ' Poems of 
 Provence' (1874) and 'The Child's Song' 
 (1876), were both crowned by the Academy. 
 Noteworthy among his other works are : 
 'Mii'tte and Nor^' (1880), an idyl in Provengal, 
 which caused him to be ranked with Mistral, 
 the modern troubadour ; ' On the Border of the 
 Desert' (1888), poems, enthusiastic traveling 
 impressions from Algiers ; ' Father Lebonnard ' 
 (1890), adrama ; ' The King of Camargue' a nov- 
 el of Provence; ' The Black Diamond' (1895). 
 
 Aide, Hamilton (a-e-da'). An English nov- 
 elist and poet ; born in Paris, France, in 183O- 
 He was educated at Bonn, and became an 
 officer in the British army. His poems in- 
 clude: ' Eleanore and Other Poems' (1856); 
 'The Romance of the Scarlet Leaf and Other
 
 8 
 
 AIKIN-AKSAKOP 
 
 Poems> (1865), and < Songs without Music > 
 (1882). Among a long list of novels are: 
 <Rita,> an autobiography (1859); < Carr of Car- 
 lyon>; < The .Marstons> (1868); < Poet and 
 Peer> (1880); <The Cliff Mystery > (18S8); 
 < Voyage of Discovery,> depicting American 
 society (1S92J ; < Elizabeth's Pretenders> (1895). 
 
 Alliln, Lucy. An English poet and histori- 
 cal writer (17S1-1864); daughter of John Aikin 
 (1747-1822), a physician and author, from whom 
 she received a thorough classical education; 
 subsequently devoted herself to the study of 
 English history and literature. Her works in- 
 clude : 'Epistles on Women > (iSlo); < Lori- 
 mer> (1814), a talc; < Memoirs of the Court of 
 Elizabeth > (1818) ; < Memoirs of the Court of 
 James I.' (1822); 'Memoirs of the Court and 
 Reign of Charles I.> (1833); < Life of Addison > 
 (1843)- 
 
 Allanan, William. An American religious 
 writer; born in Ireland in 1S24. He was a 
 Presl'Vterian clergyman. Among his works 
 are : < The Moral Power of the Sea > ( 1864); < Life 
 at Home> (1870); <A Bachelor's Talks about 
 Married Life > (1884); < Heavenly Recognitions.> 
 
 Aimard, Gustave (a-mar'). A French nov- 
 elist (1818-83). He came to America as a boy 
 and spent a number of years among the In- 
 dians; and afterwards traveled through Spain, 
 Turkey, and the Caucasus, and returned to Paris 
 in 1848. His stories, in imitation of Cooper's 
 Indian tales, although abounding in improba- 
 bilities, hold the attention of the reader : 
 <The Trappers of Arkansas> (185S); <The 
 Great Chief of the Aucas> (1858); <The Pi- 
 rates of the Prairie > (i8sq); < The White 
 Scalpers > (1873); < The Rat Hunters > (1876). 
 
 Almwell. Walter. See Simonds, William. 
 
 Ainslie, Hew. A Scottish poet ; born in the 
 parish of Dailly, Ayrshire, April 5, 1792 ; died 
 at Louisville, Kentucky, March li, 1878. He 
 emigrated to Americ'a when thirty, and is 
 remembered for the good verse in his < A Pil- 
 grimage to the Land of Burns* (1S20), and for 
 various songs and ballads, the most popular 
 being <The Rover of Loch Ryan.> 
 
 Ainsworth, William Francis. An English 
 naturalist and writer cif travels; born at Exe- 
 ter, Nov. 9, 1807; died Nov. 27, 1896. He 
 accompanied Chesney's Euphrates expedition 
 as physician and naturalist, and was sent in 
 1838 by the Geographical Society and the 
 Society for the Diffusion of Christian Knowl- 
 edge, to make investigations in Asia Minor 
 and Kurdistan. His chief works are : < Re- 
 searches in Assyria, Babylonia, etc.> (1838); 
 • Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, Meso- 
 potamia, etc.> (1842); 'Travels in the Track 
 of the 10,000 Greeks > (1844); < Wanderings in 
 Every Clime > (1870); <A Personal Narrative 
 of the Euphrates Expedition > (2 vols., 1888). 
 He was for a time proprietor and editor of the 
 New Monthly Magazine. 
 
 Ainswortli, William Harrison. An Eng- 
 lish novelist ; born in Manchester, Feb. 4, 1805 ; 
 
 died in Reigate, Jan. 3, 1882. Educated in 
 Manchester, he went to London, edited Bent- 
 ley's Magazine in 1840, Ainsworth's Maga- 
 zine 1842-53, and the New Monthly Magazine. 
 He wrote 250 novels and enjoyed enormous 
 popularity. His books are still read for their 
 vivacious narrative and powerful descriptions. 
 The most widely known among them is prob- 
 ably <Jack Sheppard> (1839). 
 
 Aird, Tliomas. A Scottish poet (1802-76); 
 studied in the University of Edinburgh, where 
 he formed an intimacy with Carlyle which was 
 maintained to his death. As a contributor to 
 Blackwood's Magazine he earned the good- 
 will and praise of Professor Wilson, became 
 editor of the Weekly Journal in 1832, and of 
 the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Heralcf 
 (Dumfries) in 1835, retiring from it in 1863 
 His principal works are : < Religious Charac 
 teristics,* a series of prose essays (1827); 
 < The Captive of Fez,' a narrative poem 
 (1830); <The Old Bachelor in the Scottish Vil- 
 lage* (1846), a prose delineation of Scottish 
 character, which became very popular. 
 
 Airy, Sir George Biddell. A celebrated 
 English astronomer; born at Alnwick, North- 
 umberland, July_ 27, 1801 ; died Jan. 4, 1892. 
 Soon after graduation from Trinity College, 
 Cambridge, he was appointed professor of as- 
 tronomy and director of the observatory. Here 
 he introduced improvements and inventions 
 that led to his selection as director of the 
 Greenwich Observatory. It was due to his 
 efforts that the observations taken at Green- 
 wich from 1750 to 1830 were compiled. Among 
 his works are : < Reduction of Observations of 
 the Moon> (1S37); < Sound and Atmospheric 
 Vibrations* (1871); ^Treatise on Magnetism* 
 (1871). 
 
 Akenside, Mark. An English poet; born 
 at Newcastle-on-Tyne, Nov. 9, 1721 ; died in 
 London, June 23, 1770. Studied at first theol- 
 ogy, then medicine in Edinburgh and in Ley- 
 den, where he took his degree, 1744. Having 
 practiced, not very successfull)', at Northamp- 
 ton and later (1745-47) at Hampstead, he soon 
 after, through the aid of a friend, became 
 prosperous and eminent in London, and in 
 1761 was appointed physician to the queen. 
 His literary fame rests on the * Pleasures of the 
 Imagination,* a didactic poem (1744, remodeled 
 and enlarged 1757 and 1765)- 
 
 Aksa,kof, Konstantin Sergeyevich (ak-sa'- 
 kof). A Russian poet and prose writer (1817- 
 60), son of the following. From 1846 he 
 was the leader of the Slavophile party, and 
 one of the most active contributors to all 
 periodicals of that tendency. Works : < The 
 Life of the Old Slavs in General and of the 
 Russians in Particular* (1852); < Prince Lupo- 
 vickij,* a comedy (1857); <01eg before Con- 
 stantinople,* a dramatic parody (1858) ; < Lyrics.' 
 
 Aks^kof, Sergey Timofeyevich. A Russian 
 author (1791-1859), distinguished for a rare 
 charm of diction and warmth of feeling, espe- 
 cially apparent in his principal work, < Family
 
 ALAM AN — ALBERTI 
 
 Chronicle and Reminiscences' (1856), a mas- 
 terly description of Russian family life ; < The 
 Childhood of Bragoff, the Grandson > (1858), 
 a sequel to the former. 
 
 Alaman, L^cas (a-la-man'). A Mexican his- 
 torian and statesman ; born at Guanajuato, Oct. 
 18, 1792; died in Mexico, June 2, 1853. He is 
 best known by his * History of the Mexican 
 Republic) (1844-49) and * History of Mexico > 
 (1849-52). He periormed important political 
 services for Mexico, among others as Secretary 
 of the Interior, 1823-25; and established many 
 important public works, including the Mexi- 
 can Museum. 
 
 Alamanni, Luigl (a-la-man'ne). An Italian 
 poet; born in Florence, Oct. 28, 1495; died at 
 Amboise, France, April 18, 1556. At first in 
 great favor with Cardinal CJiuliano de' Medici, 
 he became implicated in a conspiracy against 
 the life of his patron, 1522, and had to flee to 
 Venice and thence to France. On the expul- 
 sion of the Medici in 1527 he returned to Flor- 
 ence; but on their restoration in 1532 again 
 took refuge in France, where Francis I. and 
 Henry II. intrusted him with embassies to 
 Charles V. and the republic of Genoa. His 
 fame rests chiefly on the didactic poem on 
 agriculture, < Cultivation) (i533). one of the 
 best imitations of Virgil's <Georgics.> 
 
 Alanus ab InsuliB (a-la'nus ab in'su-lis) 
 or Alain de Lille (a-lan' ti6 lei). A noted 
 French scholastic philosopher (li 14-1203). Of 
 his voluminous theological writings the best 
 known is the treatise on <The Articles of the 
 Faith.* His poem <Anti-Claudianus, or On the 
 Duties of a Good and Perfect Man' is one of 
 the most celebrated poetic compositions of the 
 Middle Ages. 
 
 Alarcon (y Ariza), Pedro Antonio de (a-lar- 
 k5n'). A distinguished Spanish novelist, poet, 
 and politician ; born in Guadix, March 10, 1833 ; 
 died at Valdemoro, near Madrid, July 19, 1891. 
 His critical contributions to papers, political 
 and literary, his description of the Moroccan 
 campaign, but especially his novels and short 
 stories, are among the best of their kind, and 
 present a picture of modern Spanish society 
 as true to life as it is variegated. His clever 
 essay <The Poet's Christmas > went through 
 over 100 editions. An imposing number of his 
 stories appeared under the collective titles 
 
 < Love and Friendship > ; < National Tales > ; 
 
 < Improbable Stories.* Among them < The 
 Three-Cornered Hat > and < The Scandal > de- 
 serve special mention. 
 
 Alarcon y Menddza, Don Juan Ruiz de 
 
 (a-lar-kon e man-do'tha). A noted Spanish 
 dramatist ; bom at Tasco, Mexico, about 1580 
 or 1590; died in Madrid, Aug. 4, 1639. Little 
 is known about his early life, but he came to 
 Spain in 1600 and became royal attorney in 
 Seville. From 1608 to 161 1 he was in Mexico; 
 then he took up his residence in Madrid, where 
 he was appointed reporter of the royal council 
 of the Indies, about 1628. The last great dram- 
 
 atist of the old Spanish school, he may be 
 considered also as the creator of the so-called 
 character comedy. Elevated sentiment, har- 
 mony of verse, and correctness of language 
 distinguish his works, the principal of which 
 are: <The Weaver of Segovia >; < Suspicious 
 Truth,* the model for Comeille's * Liar*; < Walls 
 Have Ears*; <The Proof of Promises*; <The 
 Anti-Christ* Complete edition of his works 
 by Hartzenbusch (Madrid, 1866). 
 
 Albee, John. An American miscellaneous 
 writer; bom at Bellingham, Mass., 1833. His 
 best known works are : < Prose Idyls * ; < St. 
 Aspenquid of Agamenticus* (1879), an In- 
 dian idyl; < Literary Art* (1881), a conversa- 
 tion; < Poems* (1883); <New Castle, Historic 
 and Picturesque* (1S84), descriptive of New 
 Castle or Great Island, on the coast of New 
 Hampshire, his place of residence. 
 
 Alberdingk-Thijm, Josepiius Albertus (al- 
 ber-dink-tim). A Dutch poet and art critic 
 (1820-89), brought up to be a merchant, and 
 for a time head of a publishing firm ; soon de- 
 voted himself entirely to art and literature, and 
 was appointed professor of art history at the 
 Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Amsterdam in 
 1876. As a prose writer he excels in the his- 
 torical tale and literary sketch in narrative 
 style, of which his < Portraits of Joost van den 
 Vondel* (1876) is a masterly specimen. Be- 
 sides this the < Collected Tales in Prose* (1879- 
 83, 3 vols.) are noteworthy. 
 
 Albergati Capacelli, Francesco (al-ber-ga'- 
 te ka'pa-chel'le). An Italian dramatist (1728- 
 1804). Of an old patrician family, he devoted 
 his time and fortune to the promotion of 
 dramatic art. Having killed his wife in a fit 
 of jealousy in 1785, he had to take refuge in 
 various cities, and only returned to his estate 
 at Zola after a number of years. He excelled 
 as a comedy writer. Voltaire was his ideal ; 
 next to whom he esteemed Goldoni. His com- 
 edies <The Wise Friend* and <The Slander- 
 ous Gossip * hold the Italian stage to this day. 
 
 Albert, Paul (al-bar'). A French literary 
 historian (1827-80); succeeded Lomenie as 
 professor of French Literature at the College 
 of France. His works include : < French Lit- 
 erature* (1872-82); < Poets and Poetry* (1881); 
 < Moral and Literary Varieties* (1881). 
 
 Albert!, Konrad (al-ber'te), pseudon}Tn of 
 Konrad Sittenfeld. A German novelist and 
 critic ; born at Breslau, July 9, 1862. He is 
 an uncompromising exponent of the naturalist 
 school, and his occupation is that of dramatic 
 critic. His novels are : <Who Is the Stronger* 
 (1888); <The Old and tlie Young* (1889); 
 < Rosa of Hildesheim* (1895), an historical 
 romance; and < The Beautiful Theotaki * (1899). 
 
 Albert!, Leone Battista. An eminent Ital- 
 ian architect, philosopher, writer on art, and 
 poet ; bom in Venice, Feb. 18, 1404 ; died in 
 Rome, April 1472. He excelled simultaneously 
 in Latin comedy with his < Philodoxios,* long 
 accepted as an ancient classic, in criticism with
 
 lO 
 
 ALBERTI — ALCUIN 
 
 his <0n Painting,' in architectural theory with 
 his < Building Art,> and in theology and law 
 with his interesting and sensible essays; more- 
 ever, he painted well, designed and built many 
 noble structures, and penned some of the most 
 delightful Latin and Italian poetry in the fif- 
 teenth-century anthology. 
 
 Albert!, Lulgl (al-ber'te). An Italian dram- 
 atist and poet ; born in Florence, 1822. Of 
 his numerous comedies (collected, Florence, 
 1875), * I'eter the Workman > is considered the 
 best. A fantastic drama, <Asmodeo* (1885), 
 gave rise to lively literary discussions on its 
 first performance in 1887. 
 
 Albertl, Sophie. See Verena. 
 
 Albertus Magnus (al-ber'tus mag'nus). («A1- 
 bert the Great," Count von Bollstadt.) A 
 famous German scholastic philosopher; born 
 at Lauingen, Suabia, 1193; died at Cologne, 
 Nov. 15, 12S0. He became Bishop of Ratisbon 
 in 1260. One of the greatest scholars of his 
 age, he taught philosophy and theology at 
 Cologne and Paris, the celebrated Thomas 
 Aquinas being among his pupils. So great 
 was his knowledge that he was accounted a 
 magician by his contemporaries. He intro- 
 duced Aristotle's philosophy to the compre- 
 hension of his age. His works, which 
 constitute an encyclopaedia of the learning of 
 the times, though treating chiefly of physical 
 science, fill twenty-one volumes. They ap- 
 jieared in 1651. 
 
 Alberus, Erasmus (al'bcr-os). A German 
 poet and scholar (1500-53). He studied the- 
 ology in Wittenberg; was active as a teacher 
 and preacher in many places; a friend of Lu- 
 ther, and one of the stanchest champions of 
 the Reformation. His most noteworthy works 
 are : < The Book of Virtue and Wisdom > (1550), 
 containing 49 rhymed fables with a strong 
 satirical element ; < The Barefooted Friars' Owl- 
 glass and Alkoran* (1542), a satire in prose, 
 with a preface by Luther. 
 
 Albery, James. An English dramatist; 
 born in 1832; died Aug. 16, 1889. He studied 
 architecture, but entered upon a commercial 
 career. He early devoted himself to play- 
 writing, but it was not until 1870 that he 
 achieved success with <The Two Roses.' 
 Among his other comedies are : < Pink Dom- 
 inoes >; <The Denhams>; and < Featherbrain.' 
 
 Alcaeus (al-se'us). One of the foremost 
 Greek lyric poets; native of IMitylene; flour- 
 ished in the sixth century B.C. Of his poems 
 we have only fragments; some were hymns to 
 the gods, others battle songs, still others were 
 in praise of liberty; very many were love 
 songs of pronounced erotic character. He is 
 said to have been the literary model of Hor- 
 ace. 
 
 Alcantara-Chaves, Pedro Carlos de (al- 
 kan'ta-ra cha'ves). A Portuguese dramatist; 
 bom in Lisboh in 1829. Among his best known 
 works are : * Garibaldi ' and < Sin and Forgive- 
 
 ness.' He has also published a volume of lyric 
 poetry. 
 
 Alca,zar, Baltasar de (al-ka'thar). A 
 Spanish poet; born at Seville in 1530 ; died at 
 Ronda, Jan. 15, 1606. His light poems, not 
 very numerous, received flattering notice from 
 Cervantes and others. He had, in his time, 
 many imitators, but few equals. His best 
 known poem is 'The Jovial Supper.' 
 
 Alciphron (al'si-fron). A Greek rhetori- 
 cian who flourished in the second century of 
 the Christian era, and attained celebrity through 
 his series of more than a hundred imaginary 
 letters purporting to be written by the very 
 dregs of the Athenian population, including 
 courtesans and petty rogues. Their importance 
 in literature is due almost wholly to the insight 
 they afford into the social conditions and man- 
 ners and morals of the day. The letters from 
 the courtesans (hetairai) are based upon inci- 
 dents in Menander's lost plays, and the new 
 Attic comedy was likewise drawn upon for 
 material. 
 
 Alcman (alk'man). One of the earliest and 
 greatest of Greek lyric poets, belonging to the 
 7th century B. C. He is supposed to have been 
 a native of Lydia, and to have been taken as 
 a slave to Sparta. Only small fragments of 
 his odes remain. He used the broad, homely 
 Doric dialect. His poems were love ditties, 
 hymns, paeans, processional chants, etc. 
 
 Alcott, Amos Bronson (al'kot). An Ameri- 
 can philosophical writer and educator, one of 
 the founders of the transcendental school of 
 philosophy in New England ; bom at Wolcott, 
 Conn., Nov. 29, 1799; died at Bostori, March 4, 
 1888. From 1834-37 his private school in Bos- 
 Ion, conducted on the plan of adapting the 
 instruction to the individuality of each pupil, 
 attracted attention. He was on terms of friend- 
 ship with Emerson, Hawthorne, Channing, 
 Thoreau, Margaret Fuller, and many other 
 noted persons. After 1840 he lived in Concord, 
 Mass., and was the projector and dean cf the 
 Concord school of philosophy. Lectures on 
 speculative and practical subjects occupied his 
 later years. His chief works are : < Orphic Say- 
 ings,' contributed to the Dial (1840); < Tablets' 
 (1868); < Concord Days' (1872); < Table-Talk' 
 (1877); < Sonnets and Canzonets' (1882); 
 
 < Ralph Waldo Emerson, his Character and 
 Genius' (1882); <New Connecticut' (1886). 
 
 Alcott, Louisa May. An American author, 
 daughter of the preceding; born in German- 
 town, Pa., Nov. 29, 1832 ; died in Boston, Mass., 
 March 6, 1S88. She wrote at an early age; 
 her < Flower Fables' (1855) and < Moods' (1865, 
 revised ed., 1881) made little impression; but 
 
 < Hospital Sketches' (1869), < Little Women' 
 (1S6S), < Little Men' (1871), and many others 
 of like character and popularity, made her 
 famous. 
 
 Alcuin (al'kwin). An eminent English 
 scholar ; bom at or near York, about 735 ; died 
 at Tours, France, May 19, 804. One of the
 
 ALDANA — ALECSANDRI 
 
 II 
 
 most learned men of his time, teacher and 
 intimate adviser of Charlemagne. < Lives of 
 the Saints > ; < Poems on the Saints of the 
 Church at York,> and a treatise <0n Gram- 
 mar, > are among his celebrated works. In Prof. 
 West's <Alcuin> (1893) a full account of his 
 \ife and work is given. 
 
 Aldana, Rain6n (al-da'na). A Mexican 
 poet (1832-82). Besides four dramas, among 
 which are < Honor and Happiness > and < No- 
 bility of Heart,> he produced lyric poems and 
 sonnets, and contributed many literary articles 
 to journals. 
 
 Alden, Henry Mills. An American editor, 
 poet, and prose writer ; born at Mt. Tabor, Vt., 
 Nov. II, 1836. He was graduated at Williams 
 College and Andover Theological Seminary; 
 settled in New York in 1861, became man- 
 aging editor of Harper's Weekly in 1864, and 
 editor of Harper's Monthly Magazine in 1868, 
 which post he now holds. He has published : 
 <The Ancient Lady of Sorrow,> a poem (1872); 
 
 < God in His World > (1890); < A Study of Death > 
 (1895) ; < Pictorial History of the Rebellion.* 
 
 Alden, Isabella, An American writer of 
 juvenile books ; born in New York iix 1841. 
 She has written extensively under the name of 
 " Pansy," the series called the < Pansy Books ' 
 numbering about sixty titles. 
 
 Alden, Joseph. An American educator, edi- 
 tor, and writer of juvenile literature ; born at 
 Cairo, N. Y., Jan. 4, 1807 ; died in New York 
 city, Aug. 30, 1885. During his career he was 
 professor of Latin, rhetoric, and political econ- 
 omy at Williams College, and of mental and 
 moral philosophy at Lafayette College. He 
 was president of Jefferson College, Cannons- 
 burg, Pa., from 1857 to 1862, and principal 
 of the Normal School at Albany, N. Y., from 
 1867 to 1881. He was also editor of the New 
 York Observer. Besides books for young peo- 
 ple he wrote : < Citizens' Manual ' ; < Christian 
 Ethics' (1866); < Science of Government' (1866); 
 
 < Elements of Intellectual Philosophy' (1866). 
 
 Alden, William Livingston. An American 
 humorous writer and journalist ; bom at Wil- 
 liamstown, Mass., Oct. 9, 1837. He introduced 
 the sport of canoeing into the United States. 
 He was for a time United States consul-general 
 at Rome. Among his principal writings may be 
 named: < Domestic Explosives' (1877); < Shoot- 
 ing Stars' (1878); <The Canoe and the Flying 
 Proa' (1878); < Moral Pirates' (1880); <The 
 Comic Liar' (1882); < Cruise of the Ghost' 
 (1882); <Life of Christopher Columbus' (1882); 
 * A New Robinson Crusoe ' (1888). Died 1908. 
 
 Aldrich, Anne Reeve. An American poet 
 and novelist ; born in New York, April 25, 
 1866; died there, June 29, 1892. She was the 
 author of: < The Rose of Flame' (1889); <The 
 Feet of Love,' a novel (1890); and < Songs 
 about Life, Love, and Death' (1892). 
 
 Aldrich, James. An American poet ; born 
 at Mattituck, L. I., July 14, 1810; died in New 
 York, Sept. 9, 1856. Of his poems the best 
 
 known is <A Death-Bed,' to which Foe's 
 comment called particular attention. 
 
 Aldrich, Thomas Bailey. A distinguished 
 American poet, essayist, and writer of fiction; 
 born in Portsmouth, N. H., Nov. 11, 1836. He 
 spent his early youth in Louisiana, but at the 
 age of seventeen entered a mercantile house 
 in New York. Removing to Boston in 1866, 
 he became editor of Every Saturday, and in 
 1881 editor of the Atlantic Monthly. He has 
 become almost equally eminent as a prose 
 writer and poet. Among his prose works the 
 best known are : < The Story of a Bad Boy » 
 (1870); < Marjorie Daw and Other People* 
 (1873); < Prudence Palfrey' (1874); <The Queen 
 of Sheba, ' a romance of travel (1877); <The 
 Stillwater Tragedy' (1880). Of his poems, 
 fomierly published in separate collections, most 
 are included in < Complete Poems' (1882) and 
 
 < Household Edition' (1895). Died Mar. 19, 1907. 
 
 Aleandro, Girolamo, the Younger, (al-a- 
 an'drS). An Italian poet and antiquary; born 
 in Friuli, 1574; died in Rome, 1629. He was 
 distinguished for the accuracy of his taste in 
 literature! The < Tears of Penitence,' a series 
 of tenderly conceived odes, was completed 
 when he was sixteen years old. A later work 
 is the < Penitential Psalms'; but the most solid 
 memorial of his talent is a volume on < Ancient 
 Marble Tablets.' 
 
 Aleardi, Aleardo, Count (a-la-ar'de). An 
 Italian poet and patriot ; born near Verona, 
 Nov. 4, 1812; died there, July 17, 1878. He 
 studied first philosophy and natural science, 
 and then jurisprudence. His political prin- 
 ciples, as revealed in his poem <Arnaldo' 
 (1842), brought him under suspicion, and pub- 
 lic office under the (Austrian) government was 
 denied him. Others of his works are : < Primal 
 Histories' (1857), a poem on the intellectual, 
 ethical, and social evolution of man ; <An Hour 
 in My Youth,' a piece inspired at once with 
 tenderest love of nature and intense devotion 
 to Italian independence; 'Letters to Mary'; 
 
 < Raffaele and the Fornarina'; < The Maritime 
 Cities of Italy '; and < A Political Ode,' directed 
 against Pope Pius IX. (1862). 
 
 Alecsandrescu, Grigoic (a-lek-san-dres'ko). 
 A Rumanian poet and statesman (1812-86). 
 After serving three years as an officer in the 
 army he became a writer and a politician. His 
 
 < Satires ' and < Fables ' enjoyed wide popularity. 
 His poem <The Year 1840' was like a bugle 
 call, and aroused the enthusiasm of the Wal- 
 lachians and Servians to the highest pitch. His 
 collected works, < Meditations, Elegies, Epistles, 
 Satires, and Fables,' were published at Bucha- 
 rest, 1863. 
 
 Alecsandri, Basile (a-lek-san'dre). A Ru- 
 manian poet (1821-90). He pursued literary 
 studies in Paris, 1834-39 ; edited a patriotic jour- 
 nal. Literary Dacia, at Bucharest ; was after- 
 ward director of the French Theatre at Jassy, for 
 which he composed a series of comedies. He 
 excels in the description of natural scenery.
 
 ALEMAN — ALFIERI 
 
 His war poems (1877-78) had a powerful Jnflu- 
 ence on public opinion in tlie Danubian princi- 
 palities. Other works are a poem, < In Praise of 
 the Latin Race > (1874); < Rumanian Folk- 
 Soiigs,> and the drama < Prince Despot' (1880). 
 Aleman, Matteo (a-la-man'). A Spanish 
 novelist; born in Seville about 1550; died in 
 i.Iexico after 1609. For some time an official 
 in the royal treasury, he either resigned or 
 was dismissed in consequence of an annoying 
 lawsuit, and about 1608 went to Mexico. His 
 fame rests on the satirical romance, <The Life 
 and Deeds of the Picaroon Guzman de Al- 
 farache,> which, like its forerunner and model, 
 the <Lazarillo de Tormes> by Mendoza, is one 
 of the most famous representatives of the 
 « picaresque >> novel. Its first part, under the 
 title of < Watch-Tower of Human Life,> ap- 
 peared in 1599 in three editions, and up to 
 1605 attained to 26 more editions of over 
 50,000 copies. This immense success induced 
 a literary freebooter to publish a spurious sec- 
 ond part in 1603, which was followed by the 
 genuine in 1605. The work was translated 
 into every European language, and in 1623 
 even into Latin. The best edition of the ori- 
 ginal is in voh iii. of Aribau's < Library of 
 Spanish Authors' (Madrid, 1846). 
 
 Alembert, Jean Baptiste le Rond d' (a- 
 
 loh-bar'). An eminent French philosopher, 
 mathematician, and man of letters ; born in 
 Paris, Nov. 16, 1717; died there, Oct. 9, 1783. 
 His treatises on mathematical and physical 
 problems brought him celebrity while yet 
 under middle age. For the great French < En- 
 cyclopedia* he wrote the admirable < Pre- 
 liminary Discourse > or introduction. Among 
 his works of more or less popular or lilerary 
 character may be named < Literary and Phil- 
 osophical Miscellanies* and < Elements of Phi- 
 losophy.* 
 
 Alencar, Jos6 MartiniSo de (a-len-kar'). A 
 noted Brazilian novelist; born at Fortaleza, 
 May I, 1829; died in Rio de Janeiro, Dec. 12, 
 1877. A lawyer by profession, he was also 
 active as a conservative politician, and in 1868- 
 69 was minister of justice. His novels, in the 
 style of Cooper, treat subjects from Brazilian 
 history, and city and country life, chiefly based 
 on Indian traditions, and contain masterly de- 
 scriptions of tropical nature. 
 
 Alexander, Archibald. An American theo- 
 logical and philosophical writer; born near 
 Lexington, Rockbridge county, Va., April 17, 
 1772; died at Princeton, N. J., Oct. 22, 1851. 
 He was a Presbyterian minister, president of 
 Hampden Sidney College, Virginia, and pro- 
 fessor at Princeton Theological Seminary. His 
 principal works were : < Evidences of Christian- 
 ity* (1823) ; < Treatise on the Canon of the Old 
 and New Testaments* (1826); < Outlines of 
 Moral Science* (1852). He was a distinguished 
 preacher. 
 
 Alexander, Sir James Edward. A British 
 general and explorer; born in Scotland, 1803; 
 died April 2, 1885. He served in the East, in 
 
 Africa, and the Crimean war, and explored Cen- 
 tral Africa. He wrote : < Travels through Rus- 
 sia and the Crimea* (1830) ; < Expedition of Dis- 
 covery into the Interior of Africa* (1838); etc. 
 
 Alexander, Mrs., pseudonym of Annie 
 Hector. An Irish novelist ; born in Dublin in 
 1825. She began to write at an early age, and 
 is a prolific and popular novelist. Her books 
 include: <The Wooing O't* (1873); < Ralph 
 Wilton's Weird* (1875); <Her Dearest Foe* 
 (1876); <The Freres* (1882); <A Golden 
 Autumn* (1897); and <A Winning Hazard* 
 (1897). 
 
 Alexander, Mrs. Cecil Frances (Humphrey). 
 An Irish poet; bom in County Wicklow in 
 1818 ; died in Londonderry, Oct. 12, 1895. She 
 was very active in religious and charitable 
 works. She is best known as a writer of 
 hymns and religious poems. Among the most 
 noted are the hymns < Roseate Hue of Early 
 Dawn * and < All Things Bright and Beautiful.* 
 Her most famous poem is < The Burial of 
 Moses.* 
 
 Alexander of Hales. A noted English phi- 
 losopher and theologian ; born at Hales, 
 Gloucestershire ; died in Paris, 1245. One of 
 the greatest of the schoolmen, he was among 
 the first to study Aristotle from the point of 
 view of the Arabic commentators. His chief 
 work was <The Sum of Theology* (1475). He 
 was called « The Irrefutable Doctor,** « The 
 Doctor of Doctors,** ^* The Fountain of Life.** 
 
 Alexis, Wilibald (a-lek'sis), pseudonym of 
 Wilhelm Haring. A notable German novelist ; 
 born at Breslau, June 29, 1798 ; died at Arn- 
 stadt, Dec. 16, 1871. The writings of Sir Wal- 
 ter Scott made so profound an impression 
 upon his imagination that almost all his work 
 plainly shows the influence of the author of 
 <V/averley.* Plis first important work, indeed, 
 — a romance, <Walladmor,* — purported to be 
 a translation from Scott, as did his second, 
 <Avalon Castle.* The finest products of his 
 genius are historical tales of Prussia, with 
 Frederick the Great as hero, and among them 
 < Cabanis * stands prominently forth. • The 
 False Waldemar * and < Peace is the First 
 Civic Duty* are also excellent novels. As- a 
 poet he is pleasing and not infrequently im- 
 pressive, but his stanzas are wanting in true 
 originality. His popularity as a writer of 
 fiction was due to a capacity for presenting 
 the interesting phase of historical themes, 
 and to his fecundity of plot and incident; but 
 his best stories are marred by over-elaboration, 
 and by tricks of style. 
 
 Alfieri, Vittorlo, Count (al-fe-a're). A cele- 
 brated Italian dramatist ; born at Asti in Pied- 
 mont, Jan. 17, 1749 ; died at Florence, Oct. 8, 1803. 
 He came into his vast paternal inheritance at 
 the age of 14 ; and two or three years afterward 
 began a series of travels which extended over 
 nearly all the European countries, returning to 
 Turin, 1772. He was the hero of many roman- 
 tic adventures, and his first bent toward literature 
 was given him by his desire to lessen the tedium
 
 ALFONSO X. — ALISON 
 
 13 
 
 of illness for a lady of whom he was enamored. 
 His success determined his after career. He 
 elaborated the slender sketch of a dramatic 
 dialogue into a tragedy in five acts, <Cleopa- 
 tra,> which was put on the stage in Turin, 1775. 
 Conscious of his imperfect acquaintance with 
 literature and the niceties of his native lan- 
 guage, he now began the study of Latin and 
 of the Tuscan dialect. At Florence he formed 
 an attachment for the Countess of Albany, 
 which ended only with his life. His tragedies, 
 <Cleopatra,> <Polinice,> <Antigone,> <Agide,> 
 <Brato,> and several others, are founded on 
 classic themes, and formed on the Hellenic 
 model. <Saul,> founded on Hebrew sacred 
 history, but elaborated according to the canons 
 of Grecian dramaturgy, was by far the most 
 popular of Alfieri's dramas. The <Filippo> 
 presents, in lineaments that could be drawn 
 only by the hand of a master, the sombre 
 character of Philip H. of Spain. He wrote in 
 all twenty-one tragedies and six comedies, and 
 composed many sonnets ; among his odes are 
 five on < American Independence.* His prose 
 works comprise an essay on < Tyranny,* a vol- 
 ume of < Essays on Literature and Govern- 
 ment,* and < Memoirs of his Life.* 
 
 Alfonso X., the Wise. King of Leon and 
 Castile. A Spanish poet, historian, and 
 scholar (1252-84). Of his poetical composi- 
 tions many are still extant; among them a 
 poem on < The Chase,* one on chemistry, some 
 love songs, and < Canticles of Saint Mary.* 
 He was a student of astronomy, and reformed 
 the Ptolemaic planetary tables, called after 
 him < Alfonsine Tables.* From his hand we 
 have also a history of the Crusades, < The Great 
 Conquest Over Sea,* and a < General Chron- 
 icle * of Spain ; and he had commenced a 
 < Great and General History * of the world be- 
 fore Ms death. He was the first to codify the 
 laws of the kingdoms of Spain. He had all 
 accessible classic and Arabic works on phi- 
 losophy and the sciences translated into Cas- 
 tilian. 
 
 Alford, Henry. An English poet and mis- 
 cellaneous writer, philologist, critic, artist, and 
 preacher; born in London, Oct. 7, 1810; died at 
 Canterbury, Jan. 12, 1871. He became dean of 
 Canterbury in 1856. An accomplished man, his 
 literary work attracted attention in several de- 
 partments. Besides sermons and university 
 lectures, he wrote : < The School of the Heart, 
 and Other Poems* (1835), his most popular 
 volume of verse ; < The Queen's English * 
 (i866). He was best known by his celebrated 
 edition of the Greek New Testament (1844-52), 
 which, incorporating the results of German 
 Biblical scholarship, formed a landmark in 
 New Testament study in England and Amer- 
 ica. He was the first editor of the Contem- 
 porary Review. 
 
 Alfred the Great. King of England, 
 translator of several works of antiquity into 
 the English tongue of his day (849-901). One 
 of his biographers credits him with having 
 
 translated into Sajcon nearly the whole ex- 
 tant Latin literature : it is certain that he 
 did, himself, translate many of the monuments 
 of the Christian religion, as Gregory the 
 Great's < Pastoral Care,* selections from the 
 writings of St. Augustine, and Boethius's < Con- 
 solations of Philosophy * ; he also translated 
 Bede's < Church History of the English 
 Nation.* 
 
 Algarotti Francesco, Count (al-ga-rot-tC). 
 An Italian litterateur (1712-64). Frederick 
 the Great held him in high regard and made 
 him a count of Prussia. He was an accom- 
 plished critic of the arts of painting, sculpture, 
 and architecture. Among his works is < The 
 Plurality of Worlds* (1733), an exposition, for 
 ladies' use, of Newton's philosophy. He is at 
 his best in his letters, especially his < Poetical 
 Epistles* (1759). 
 
 Alger, Horatio. An American writer of 
 juvenile books; born at Revere, Mass., Jan. 13, 
 1834. Graduated from Harvard in 1852, settled 
 in New York in 1866, and became interested in 
 the condition of self-supporting boys, described 
 in his series of more than fifty books, includ- 
 ing < Ragged Dick,* < Tattered Tom,* <Luck 
 and Pluck,* which became very popular. 
 Other works : < Nothing to Do : A Tilt at our 
 Best Society,* a poem (1857) ; < Helen Ford,* a 
 novel ( i860) ; a series of juvenile biographies 
 of Webster, Lincoln, Garfield, etc.; and <T]ie 
 Young Salesman* (1896). He died in 1899. 
 
 Alger, William Rounseville. An Ameri- 
 can Unitarian clergyman and miscellaneous 
 writer; born at Freetown, Mass., Dec. 30, 
 1822. His chief works are : < History of the 
 Doctrine of a Future Life* (1863); < Genius of 
 Solitude* (1865); and < Friendships of Women > 
 (1867). He occupied pulpits in New York, 
 Denver, Boston, and San Francisco. D. in 1905. 
 
 Alighieri. See Dante. 
 
 Alls, Hippolyte Percher (a-le'). A French 
 novelist and journalist; born at Couleuvre, 
 Oct. 7, 1857. He has contributed to various 
 Paris j.oumals, and is the author of several 
 naturalistic novels, among which are : < Hara- 
 Kiri* (1882); <A Daughter of the Soil* (1885); 
 <Some Foolish People* (1889). 
 
 Alishan, Leon M. An Armenian poet and 
 historian ; born in Constantinople, July 30, 
 1820. He studied in Venice, where he took 
 orders in 1840, and was appointed professor 
 in the College Raphael, of which he became 
 director in 1848. Having taken charge of the 
 Armenian college in Paris in 1858, he re- 
 turned to Venice in 1865 as director of Saint 
 Lazare. He is regarded by his countrymen 
 as their leading poet. Among his numerous 
 writings are: 'Poems Complete* (1857-67); 
 'Popular Songs of the Armenians* (1867); 
 'Historical Monographs* (1870); 'History and 
 Geography of Armenia* (1885), which was 
 seized and suppressed by the Turkish authorities. 
 
 Alison, Archibald. A Scottish writer ; bom 
 in Edinburgh, Nov. 13, 1757 ; died there. May
 
 14 
 
 ALISON — ALLEN 
 
 17, 1839. The charm of his pulpit oratory 
 drew general attention to his published ser- 
 mons ; and by his * Essay on the Nature and 
 Principles of Taste > and kindred themes, he 
 won an acknowledged but inconspicuous posi- 
 tion in literature. 
 
 Alison, Sir Archibald. A Scottish histo- 
 rian, son of the above ; born at Kenley, Shrop- 
 shire, Dec. 29, 1792; died at Glasgow, May 23, 
 1867. He studied at the University of Edin- 
 burgh, and was admitted to the bar in 1814. 
 His principal work is a < History of Europe,> 
 covering the period from 1789 to 1815, which 
 was received with remarkable favor, and trans- 
 lated into the leading languages of Europe, 
 and even into Arabic. The work contains a 
 vast amount of information and many inter- 
 esting descriptions ; but is prolix in style, often 
 inaccurate, and so strongly partisan that it 
 has been said to have been designed «to 
 prove that Providence was on the side of the 
 Tories.'* 
 
 Allan, William. An American military 
 writer ; born in Virginia in 1837 ; died in 1889. 
 During the Civil War he ser\'ed as lieutenant- 
 colonel in the Confederate army. His works 
 are: < Jackson's Valley Campaign > (1862); < Bat- 
 tle Fields of Virgmia> (1867); <Army of 
 Northern Virginia.* 
 
 Allen, Alexander Viets Griswold. An 
 
 American ecclesiastical historian ; born at Otis, 
 Mass., May 4, 1841. Professor of ecclesiastical 
 history at the Episcopal Theological School, 
 Cambridge, Mass. He has written : < The Con- 
 tinuity of Christian Thought* (1883); <The 
 Greek Theology and the Renaissance of the 
 19th Century* (1884, the Bohlen lectures for 
 that year), and a < Life of Jonathan Edwards * 
 ( ibSg) ; < freedom in the Church > (.1906), etc. 
 
 Allen, Elizabeth Akers. An American 
 poet; born (Elizabeth Chase) at Strong, Me., 
 Oct. 9, 1832. She was married in i860 to Paul 
 Akers, the sculptor, who died in 1861, and in 
 1865 to E. M. Allen of New York. Her first 
 volume, < Forest Buds,* appeared under the 
 pen-name of " Florence Percy ** (1855). Other 
 works : < The Silver Bridge and Other Poems * 
 (1866); a volume of < Poems* (1866), which 
 contains <Rock Me to Sleep, Mother'; (her 
 authorship of this popular ballad, once dis- 
 puted, is proved in the New York Times, 
 May 27, 1867 ;) < The High-Top Sweeting and 
 Other Poems* (1891). 
 
 Allen, Ethan. An American Revolutionary 
 hero ; born at Litclifield, Conn., Jan. 10, 1737 ; 
 died near Burlington, Vt., Feb. 12, 1789. His 
 services in the war of independence, as colonel 
 of the " Green Mountain Boys,** capturing 
 Fort Ticonderoga « in the name of the great 
 Jehovah and the Continental Congress,** his 
 attack on Montreal, sufferings as a prisoner in 
 England, skillful diplomacy in behalf of Ver- 
 mont, etc., are well known. He wrote an ac- 
 count of his captivity (1799), <A Vindication 
 of Vermont* (1784), and <Allen'i Theology, or 
 
 the Oracles of Reason* (1784), in which he 
 declared reason to be the only oracle of man. 
 
 Allen, Fred Hovey. An American clergy- 
 man and writer; born in New Hampshire in 
 1845. He has written the text of several pop- 
 ular art works, among which are included ; 
 < Great Cathedrals of the World*; < Modern 
 German Masters* (1886); (The Dor^ Album*; 
 < Discovery and Conquest of Peru * ; < Discov- 
 ery and Conquest of Mexico ; < Heart of Europe.' 
 
 Allen, Grant (Charles Grant Blairf:ndie 
 Allen). An English naturalist, essayist, and 
 novelist ; bom in Alwington, Canada, Feb. 24, 
 1848 ; died in London, Eng., Oct. 28, 1899. 
 He graduated from Oxford, and was professor at 
 Queen's College, Jamaica, until he settled 
 in England. He early became a follower of 
 Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer, and 
 wrote scientific essays in a picturesque and 
 attractive style. From 1883 he produced 
 a large number of novels, many of which 
 are based on a psychological theme. Amor.^f 
 the best of them are: <Babylon' (1885, 
 <The Devil's Die ' (1888), and <Under Sealed 
 Orders' (1896). 
 
 Allen, James Lane. An American novelist ; 
 born at Lexington, Ky., in 1848. He gradu- 
 ated at Transylvania University, taught there 
 for a time, and became subsequently professor 
 of Latin and English in Bethany College. 
 His fame rests mainly upon his powerful 
 and popular novels of manners and people in the 
 blue-grass region and elsewhere, the best known 
 being < Summer in Arcady* (1896); *The Choir 
 Invisible*; <A Kentucky Cardinal*; < After- 
 math * ; < The Bride of the Mistletoe * ( IQ09). 
 
 Allen, Joel Asaph. An American natural- 
 ist ; born at Springfield, Mass., July 19, 1838. 
 From 1865 to 1869 he was a member of vari- 
 ous scientific expeditions to Brazil, the Rocky 
 Mountains, and Florida. In 1*870 he was ap- 
 pointed assistant in ornithology at the Museum 
 of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass., 
 and in 1885 curator of ornithology and mam- 
 malogy in the American Museum of Natural 
 History in New York city. He is part author 
 with E. Coues of < Monographs of North 
 American Rodentia* (1877); and has also pub- 
 lished among other works, ' History of North 
 American Pinnipeds *; < Mammals of Patagonia.' 
 
 Allen, Joseph Henry. An American Uni- 
 tarian minister, educator and writer ; bom at 
 Northboro, Mass., Aug. 21, 1821 ; died at 
 Cambridge, March 20, 1898. His chief works 
 were : ' Ten Discourses on Orthodoxy > (2d ed., 
 1889); (Hebrew Men and Times>(2d ed., 1879); 
 (Outline of Christian History* ( 1884) ; (Our Liber- 
 al Movement in Theology' (1889); (Positive 
 Religion, Essays, Fragments, and Hints' (1891 ). 
 He was editor of the well-known Allen and 
 Greenough series of Latin classics, and of the 
 Unitarian Review ; senior editor of the (History 
 of Unitarianism. > He had parishes at Jamaica 
 Plain, Mass., Washington, D. C, and Bangor, 
 Me. ; and lectured for several years on ecclesi- 
 astical history in Harvard University.
 
 ALLEN — ALMQUIST 
 
 »5 
 
 AU^n, Karl Ferdinand. A Danish histo- 
 rian ; born at Copenhagen, April 23, 181 1 ; died 
 there, Dec. 27, 1871. He became professor of 
 history and northern archaeology at the Uni- 
 versity of Copenhagen in 1862. His principal 
 works, < Handbook of the History of the 
 Fatherland' (1840), very democratic in tone, 
 and 'History of the Three Northern King- 
 doms* (1864-72), produced a marked impres- 
 sion, as did also minor writings relating to 
 Schleswig. 
 
 Allen, Paul. An American miscellaneous 
 writer and journalist ; born at Providence, R. I., 
 Feb. 15, 1775 ; died at Baltimore, Aug. 18, 
 1826. He studied law originally, but became 
 a journalist, and edited newspapers in Phila- 
 delphia and Baltimore. He wrote : < Poems > 
 (1801) ;< Lewis and Clark's Travels > (1814) ; 
 <Life of Alexander L> (1818), etc. 
 
 Allen, William. An American preacher and 
 miscellaneous writer ; born at Pittsfield, Mass., 
 Jan. 2, 1784 ; died at Northampton, Mass., July 
 16, 1868. He became president of Dartmouth 
 University in 1817 ; was president of Bowdoin 
 College, 1820-39. Of numerous works, both in 
 prose and verse, the best known is < American 
 Biographical and Historical Dictionary' (3d 
 ed., 1857). 
 
 Allen, Willis Boyd. An American writer; 
 born in Maine in 1855. Besides a collection 
 of verse, entitled < In the Morning,' he has 
 written a large number of works for young 
 people, among which are : < The Red Mountain 
 of Alaska > ; < Pine Cones > (1885) ; < Silver Rags > 
 (1886); < Kelp > (188S); < The Mammoth Hunters.' 
 
 Allibone, Samuel Austin (al'i-bon). An 
 American bibliographer ; born at Philadelphia, 
 April 17, 1816 ; died at Lucerne, Switzerland, 
 Sept. 2, 1889. He was at one time librarian 
 of the Lenox Library, New York. He was 
 the author of a < Dictionary of English Litera- 
 ture, and British and American Authors > (3 vols., 
 1854-71 ; Supplement by Dr. John Foster Kirk, 
 2 vols., 1891) ; < Poetical Quotations ' ; < Prose 
 Quotations,' etc. It took twenty years to write 
 the Dictionary, which is familiar in libraries 
 the world over wherever English is spoken. 
 
 Allies, Jabez. An English antiquary and 
 one of the earliest writers on folklore ; born at 
 Lulsley, Worcestershire, Oct. 22, 1787 ; died at 
 Cheltenham, Jan. 29, 1856. He devoted nearly 
 his entire life to the study of Roman and 
 Saxon antiquities in Worcestershire, the re- 
 sults being embodied in his monumental work, 
 <The Ancient British, Roman, and Saxon An- 
 tiquities and Folklore of Worcestershire ' (1852). 
 
 AUingham, William. An Irish poet; born 
 at Ballyshannon, March 19, 1828 ; died at 
 Hampstead, near London, Nov. 18, 1889. Hav- 
 ing for some years been an officer in the 
 Customs, he became assistant editor of Eraser's 
 Magazine in 187 1 and succeeded Froude as 
 editor in 1874, when he also married Helen 
 Paterson, the illustrator and water-color artist. 
 His graceful poems excel in descriptions of 
 
 Irish scenery and life ; some of them were 
 illustrated by Rossetti, Kate Greenaway, and 
 other distinguished artists. Prominent among 
 his works is < Lawrence Bloomfield in Ireland ' 
 (1864), a narrative poem on contemporary Irish 
 life. 
 
 Allmers, Hermann (al'mers). A German 
 poet ; born at Rechtenfleth, near Bremen, Feb. 
 II, 1821. He wrote: <Book of the Marshes' 
 (1857), a faithful portrayal of nature and men 
 in his native country; < Poems' (i860); < Ro- 
 man Sauntering Days' (1869), subtle delinea- 
 tions of Italian life; <Electra' (1872), a drama, 
 continuing and concluding the plot of Goethe's 
 
 < Iphigenia.' 
 
 Allston, Washington. An eminent American 
 painter, poet, and romancer ; born at Wacca- 
 maw, S. C, Nov. 5, 1779 ; died in Cambridge, 
 Mass., July 9, 1843. He graduated at Harvard 
 in 1800 ; studied at the Royal Academy, Lon- 
 don, and in Rome, and returned to Boston in 
 1809. He is the author of: <The Sylph of the 
 Seasons and Other Poems' (1813); <Monaldi,' 
 a romance (1841), and < Lectures on Art and 
 Poems' (1850). See his <Life' by Flagg. 
 
 Almeida, Nicolao Tolentino de (al-ma'e-da). 
 A Portuguese poet (1741-1811), noted for his 
 satires, ridiculing the manners of his day. One 
 of them, on the ex-Minister Pombal, procured 
 for him a position as secretary in the Ministry 
 of the Interior. < Poetical Works ' (Lisbon, 
 1802; new ed., 1861). 
 
 Almeida- Garrett, Joao Baptista de Silva 
 Leitao de (al-ma'e-da gar-ret'). A distin- 
 guished Portuguese poet, dramatist, and pol- 
 itician ; born in Oporto, Feb. 4, 1799; died in 
 Lisbon, Dec. 10, 1854. He studied law at Coim- 
 bra, and joining the democratic movement in 
 1820, became minister of public instruction when 
 scarcely twenty-one, but on the restoration in 
 1823 was banished and went to England. He 
 subsequently returned, and experienced many 
 vicissitudes owing to his political activity. As 
 a man of letters he endeavored to free Por- 
 tuguese poetry from the shackles of pseudo- 
 classicism and to inspire it with new life by 
 basing it on national forms and traditions. 
 His efforts were also directed towards the 
 creation of a purely national drama. His prin- 
 cipal works are: <Catao,' a tragedy (1820), 
 among the best in Portuguese literature; <Ca- 
 moes,' a romantic epic (1825), glorifying the 
 life and death of Portugal's greatest poet; 
 
 < Dona Branca,' a satirical epic (1826), scour- 
 ging monasticism ; < Adozinda,' a lyrical epic 
 (1828); <Bernal Francez,' a cycle of romances 
 (1829); <Auto de Gil Vicente' (1838), pro- 
 nounced the first purely Portuguese drama; 
 
 < O Arco de Sant' Anna,' a historical novel 
 (1846); < Romancerio,' a collection of Portu- 
 guese ballads (3 vols., 1851-53). 
 
 Almquist, Karl Jonas Ludvig (alm'kvist). 
 A notable Swedish poet, novelist, and miscel- 
 laneous writer ; bom in Stockholm, Nov. 28, 
 1793; died in Bremen, Sept. 26, 1866. A writer 
 of great versatility, author of a series of
 
 i6 
 
 ALPUCHK — AMES 
 
 educational works, treatises on the mental, moral, 
 and political sciences, on philology, religion, 
 mathematics, philosophy, and national econ- 
 omy, etc., of novels and tales, dramas, poems, 
 lyric and epical. < The Book of the Rose,> a 
 collection of dramatic and lyric pieces, is his 
 best known work. < It's All Right > and < The 
 Palace,> novels, < Araminta May > and *■ Skall- 
 nora's Will,> tales, are also popular. 
 
 Alpuche, Wenceslao (al-pb'che). A Mexican 
 poet (1804-41). His first poems, published 
 when he was little more than a youth, brought 
 him great popularity. The best among his 
 works are: < Hidalgo > and the odes: 'Inde- 
 pendence* and <The Return from Exile.> 
 
 Alsop, Richard (al'sop). An American poet 
 and scholar; bom at Middletown, Conn., Jan. 
 23, 1761 ; died at Flatbush, L. I., Aug. 20, 1815. 
 In conjunction with Theodore Dwight he 
 edited from 1791 to 1795 the Echo, a satirical 
 journal. Among his works are : < The Charms 
 of Fancy > ; < A Monody on the Death of Wash- 
 ington' (1800); and the translations entitled 
 <The Enchanted Lake of the Fairy Morgana* 
 (1808), and Molina's < Geographical, Natural, 
 and Civil History of Chili.> 
 
 Altamirano, Ignacio Manuel (al-ta-me-ra-' 
 no). A Mexican poet, orator, and journalist ; 
 born in Guerrero, about 1835; died in Italy, 
 Feb. 1893. He wrote <Clemencia' ; < Julia >, etc. 
 He held political office, rose to the rank of 
 colonel in the army during the French invas- 
 ion, and was of pure Indian blood, said to 
 have been descended from the ancient Aztec 
 monarchs. 
 
 AltarocliG, Marie Michel (iil-ta-rosh'). A 
 French poet and journalist (iSii-84), studied 
 law in Paris, then turned to journalism and 
 in 1834-48 was editor-in-chief of the Charivari, 
 which owed to his witty articles a good deal 
 of its brilliant success. In 1850-52 he managed 
 several theatrical enterprises. His works in- 
 clude: < Political Songs and Verses' (1835); 
 < Democratic Tales' (1837); < Adventures of 
 Victor AugeroP (1838), an imitation of Lou- 
 vet's famous <Faublas> romance. 
 
 Alvarez do Oriente, Fernan (iil'va- reth do 
 6-re-en-te). A Portuguese poet (i54a-99) of 
 the school of Camoens. His life-work, < Lusi- 
 tania Transformed,' is a pastoral romance in 
 the manner of Sannazaro's < Arcadia,' com- 
 posed of prose and poetry and containing 
 elegies, sonnets, and idyls of such beauty as to 
 have caused some of them to be ascribed to 
 Camoens. 
 
 Alvin, Louis Joseph (al-van')- A Belgian 
 poet and art critic (1806-87); became secretary 
 (1830), then chief, of a department in the min- 
 istry of public instruction, member of the Bel- 
 gian Academy in 1845, ^"^^ chief librarian of 
 the royal library in Brussels in 1850. Among 
 his works are : *■ Sardanapalus,' a tragedy 
 (1834); <The Anonymous Pamphleteer,' a com- 
 edy (1835); < Re-Contemplations ' (1856), a sa- 
 tirical imitation of the romantic style. 
 
 Alxinger, Johann Baptist von (alk'sing-er). 
 
 An Austrian poet (1755-97), especially esteemed 
 for his chivalrous epics in the manner of Wie- 
 land: < Doolin von Mainz' (1787) and<BIiom- 
 beris' (1791). 
 
 Amalie, Marie Friederike Auguste (a- 
 ma'le-e). A German dramatist (1794-1870), who 
 wrote under the pseudonym '< Amalie Heiter." 
 She was Duchess of Saxony, sister of King 
 John of Saxony. Comedies and dramas of sim- 
 ple conception, but careful delineation of char- 
 acter, and well adapted for the stage, have given 
 her eminence, among them : < The Uncle ' ; < The 
 Prince's Fiancde ' ; < Primogeniture ' ; < The 
 Young Lady from the Country '; and < The 
 Agriculturist.' 
 
 Ambros, August Wilhelm (am'bros). A no- 
 table Austrian writer on music ; born at Mauth, 
 Bohemia, Nov. 17, 1816; died in Vienna, June 
 28, 1876. He was trained for the civil service 
 and served in it with distinction ; but his apti- 
 tude for music, and particularly for the criti- 
 cism and literature of music, led him in another 
 direction, and he rose to eminence as the 
 author of < The Limits of Music and Poetry,* 
 besides numerous essays and studies connected 
 with art. His masterpiece, however, he left 
 unfinished : < The History of Music,' a work 
 which cost him many years of labor and which 
 he carried only to the fourth volume. He at- 
 tempted musical composition, but in it won no 
 popularity. r — 
 
 Ambrose, Saint (am'broz). One of the 
 fathers of the Latin Church ; born at Treves, 
 Tiaul, probably 340; died at Milan, April 4, 
 397. He became bishop of Milan in 374. His 
 writings include : < Of the Duties of the Clergy ' 
 T (in imitation of Cicero's < Of Duties ') ; < Hex- 
 i aemeron ' ; hymns, etc. He is supposed to have 
 oeen the author of the style of singing known 
 as the < Ambrosian Chant' Works, Milan, 6 
 vols., 1875-86. 
 
 Ambrosius, Johanna (am-bro'zi-bs). A Ger- 
 man poet and story writer ; born at Lengwe- 
 then. East Prussia, Aug. 3, 1854. Daughter of 
 an artisan, and married in 1874 to a peasant's 
 son by the name of Voigt, she led the hard 
 life of a peasant woman till in middle age 
 she vprote verses, which were published in a 
 weekly newspaper ; their success led to the pub- 
 lication of other poems and stories of hers, 
 which have had extremely wide circulation. 
 
 Ames, Charles Gordon. An American Uni- 
 tarian clergyman and writer; bom at Dor- 
 chester, Mass., Oct. 3, 1828. He has published 
 < George Eliot's Two Marriages' (1886); <As 
 Natural as Life > ; < Studies of the Inner King- 
 dom'; and is distinguished as a preacher. 
 
 Ames, Mrs. Eleanor Maria (Easterbrook). 
 An American writer; bom in 1830. She is a 
 resident of Brooklyn, N. Y. Under the pseu- 
 donym of « Eleanor Kirk " she wrote : < Up 
 Broadway and Its Sequel' (1870); < Informa- 
 tion for Authors' (1888); < Perpetual Youth.' 
 
 Ames, Fisher. A famous American orator 
 and statesman; bom at Dedham, Mass^ AprU 
 
 ^.. 
 
 y
 
 AMES — AMYOT 
 
 ir 
 
 g, 1758; died there, July 4, 1808. Admitted to 
 the bar in 1781, he became a Member of Con- 
 gress in 1789, where he gained a national 
 reputation by his oratory. Two of his finest 
 efforts were in support of John Jay's treaty 
 with Great Britain, and a eulogy on Wash- 
 ington before the Massachusetts Legislature. 
 He was elected president of Idarvard College 
 m 1804, but declined. A brilliant talker, he 
 was distinguished in conversation for wit and 
 nnagination, while his character was spotless. 
 His works consist of orations, essays, and let- 
 ters, 2 vols., 1854. 
 
 Ames, Mary Clemmer. An American writer ; 
 born in Utica, N. Y., in 1839; died in Wash- 
 ington, D. C, Aug. 18, 1884. She was a 
 frequent contributor to the Springfield Repub- 
 lican, and afterwards to the New York Inde- 
 pendent. Married to and divorced from the 
 Rev. Daniel Ames, she became in 1883 the 
 wife of Edward Hudson at Washington. 
 Among her works are the novels < Victoria > 
 (1864) ; < Eirene > (1870), and < His Two Wives> 
 (1874); a volume of < Poems > (1882); and 
 biographies of Alice and Phoebe Gary. 
 
 Ames, Nathaniel. An American physician 
 and humorist ; born in Bridgewater, Mass., in 
 1708; died at Dedham, Mass., July li, 1764. 
 He was a resident of Dedham, Mass. From 
 1725 to 1764 he published an Astronomical 
 Diary and Almanac, which enjoyed great 
 popularity on account of its wit. 
 
 Amicis, Edmondo de (a-me'ches). A dis- 
 tinguished Italian writer ; born at Oneglia in 
 Liguria, Oct. 21, 1846. From 1865 till the oc- 
 cupation of Rome by the Italian army he was 
 in the military service of King Victor Eman- 
 uel's government ; then he returned to civil 
 life at Turin, devoting himself wholly to lit- 
 erature, in which he had already won distinc- 
 tion by several graphic sketches of camp life. 
 Among his writings of this kind the most 
 noteworthy are: <Army Life> (1869) and 
 < Recollections of i870-7i.> Of novels we have 
 from his pen : < The College Friends > ; < A 
 Great Day>; <The Paternal Home> (1872), 
 and <Cuore> (Hearts), published in English 
 as < The Heart of a Schoolboy.' His works of 
 travel — including < Spain >; < Recollections of 
 London > ; < Holland > ; < Constantinople > ; < Rec- 
 ollections of Paris*; < Morocco > — have had a 
 very wide circulation, and have been trans- 
 lated into several languages. He has published 
 fj? also a volume of < Verses.* Died March 11, 1908. 
 
 Amiel, Henri Frederic (a-me-el')- A dis- 
 tinguished Swiss essayist, philosophical critic, 
 and poet ; born at Geneva, Sept. 27, 1821 ; 
 died there, March 11, 1881. He was for five 
 years a student in German universities, and 
 on his return home became professor of phi- 
 losophy in the Geneva Academy. He is 
 author of several works on the history of liter- 
 ature, as < The Literary Movement in Roman- 
 ish Switzerland* (1849); < Study on Mme. de 
 Stael * (1878); and of several poems, among 
 them < Millet Grains* (1854). But his fame 
 
 rests principally on the ' Journal,^ jwhich' ap- 
 peared after the author's death. 
 
 Ammen, Daniel. A distinguished American 
 admiral and author ; born May 15, 1820, in 
 Ohio. He entered the United States Navy 
 July 7, 1836. He was executive officer of the 
 North Atlantic blockading squadron at the 
 outbreak of the Civil War. From 1861 to 
 1865 he rendered signal service in the attacks 
 on Port Royal, Fort Macallister, Fort Fisher, 
 and both the ironclad attacks on Fort Sumter. 
 On June 4, 1878, he was retired with the rank 
 of rear-admiral. He was the designer of the 
 Ammen life-raft and harbor defense ram. 
 Among his works are : < The Atlantic Coast ' 
 (1883); <The Old Navy and the New>; 
 
 < Navy in the Civil War > (1883). Died in 1898. 
 
 Amory, Thomas (am'o-ri). An English me- 
 moir writer; born 1691 (?); died Nov. 25, 1788. 
 He has been called the " English Rabelais.** 
 He wrote : < Memoirs Containing the Lives of 
 Several Ladies of Great Britain, etc.* (1755) ; 
 
 < Life of John Buncle, Esq.* (1756-66); etc. 
 
 Amory, Thomas Coffin. An American lawyer, 
 politician, biographer, and poet; born in Bos- 
 ton, 1812 ; died 1889. He held municipal office 
 in Boston for many years. He wrote : < Life 
 of James Sullivan, with Selections from his 
 Writings* (2 vols., 1859); 'Military Services 
 and Public Life of Major-General John Sulli- 
 van * (1868) ; < General Sullivan Not a Pensioner 
 of Luzerne > (2d ed. 1875) ; < The Transfer of 
 Erin* (1877); < Life of Sir Isaac Coffin* (1886); 
 and two poems : < The Siege of Newport * 
 (1888) and < Charles River > (1888). 
 
 Ampere, Jean Jacques Antoine (on-par'). 
 A French literary historian (1800-64), son of 
 the physicist Andr^ M. Amp&re. He became 
 professor in Marseilles, then at the Sorbonne, 
 and in 1833 at the College of France in Paris, 
 being elected member of the Academy in 1847. 
 His best work is < Literary History of France 
 before the XII. Century* (1840). 
 
 Amyntor, Gerhard von (a-min'tor), pseudo- 
 nym of Dagobert von Gerhardt. A German 
 novelist and poet ; born at Liegnitz, Silesia, 
 July 12, 1831. He entered the army in 1849, 
 took part in the campaigns of 1864 and 1870-71 
 as a major, was severely wounded in the for- 
 mer and resigned in 1872 ; settled in Potsdam 
 in 1874. His principal works are : < Peter Qui- 
 dam's Rhine-Journey* (1877), an epic; < Songs 
 of a German Night Watchman* (1878); < The 
 New Romancero > (1880), poems ; <The Priest* 
 (1881), an epic; novels: < It Is You* (1882); 
 
 < A Problem * (1884) ; < Praise of Woman * (1885) ; 
 and <Gerke Suteminne > (1887), a historical 
 romance. 
 
 Amyot, Jacques (a-me-o')- A French author 
 (1513-93), famous for his translations from the 
 Greek, which, owing to their elegant style, are 
 considered classical literature. They are : the 
 
 < Theagenes and Chariclea* of Heliodorus : 
 
 < Seven Books of Diodorus Siculus * ; the 
 
 < Daphnis and Chloe * of Longus ; the * Parallel
 
 i8 
 
 ANACREON — ANDERSON 
 
 Livei > and the < Morals > of Plutarch. The 
 most noteworthy among these is the translation 
 of < Plutarch's Lives,* which was used by Cor- 
 neille as a source for his antique tragedies, 
 and by Shakespeare (in its English version by 
 Sir Thomas North) for some of his plays. 
 
 Anacreon (a-nak're-on). A renowned lyric 
 poet of Greece; born at Teos in Ionia, 562 (?) 
 B. C; died 477 B. C. He enjoyed the pat- 
 ronage of Polycrates, autocrat of Samos ; and 
 while at his court, composed most of the odes 
 in praise of wine and women which won for 
 him pre-eminence among singers. A few of 
 his authentic compositions have come down 
 to us : under his name as many as 68 extant 
 poems circulate, but the authorship of many 
 of these is extremely doubtful. 
 
 Anagnos, Mrs. Julia Rowana (Howe) 
 
 (a-nag'nos). An American poet and litterateur, 
 daughter of Julia Ward Howe ; born in 1844 ; 
 died in 1886. In 1870 she married M. Anagnos, 
 superintendent of the Perkins Institute for the 
 Blind, Boston, Mass. She wrote < Stray Chords > 
 (1883) and < Philosophise Qu3estor> (1885). 
 
 Anaxagoras (an-aks-ag'6-ras). A famous 
 Greek philosopher of the Ionic school ; born 
 at Clazomenas, 500 (?) B.C.; died 428 B.C. 
 He explained eclipses and advanced physical 
 science. In philosophy, he taught that the uni- 
 verse is regulated by an eternal self-existent 
 and infinitely powerful principle, called by him 
 mind ; matter he seems to have asserted to be 
 eternal, what is called generation and destruc- 
 tion being merely the temporary union and 
 separation of ever existing elements; he dis- 
 proved the doctrine that things may have 
 arisen by chance. Fragments of his < Treatise 
 on Nature' are still in existence. 
 
 Anaximander (an-aks-i-man'der). A Greek 
 philosopher of the Ionian school; born at 
 Miletus, about 611 B.C.; died about 547 B.C. 
 He was a friend and pupil of Thales of Miletus, 
 and is said to have written the first philo- 
 sophical work in Greek prose. His system of 
 philosophy declared that the principle, or sub- 
 stance, out of which all things arise and to 
 which they return, is <* immortal and imperish- 
 able,'> being in nature intermediate between 
 air and water. He is reputed to have in- 
 vented the sun-dial. 
 
 Anaximenes (an-aks-im'e-nez). A Greek 
 philosopher of the Ionian school ; born at 
 Miletus, and lived in the 6th century B, C. He 
 was probably a pupil of Anaximander. He 
 held that air is the original substance, from 
 which, by thickening and thinning, all other 
 elements, as fire, water, earth, are produced. 
 But little is known of him, there being extant 
 but a single fragment of his lost work <0n 
 Nature.' 
 
 Ancelot, Jacques Arsene Polycarpe (ons- 
 15'). A French dramatist (1794-1854), whose 
 first success was the tragedy < Louis IX. > 
 (1819). In 1841 he was elected a member 
 of the Academy. His works include: <Fiesco' 
 
 (1824), a successful imitation of Schiller's play; 
 < Maria Padilla> (1838); < Marie of Brabant,' 
 an epic (1825); <Six Months in Russia,' a 
 medley of prose and verse (1827); <The Man 
 of the World,' a novel (1827); < Familiar Epis- 
 tles' (1842), satires of great elegance of style. 
 His wife Marguerite Louise Virginie, n^e Char- 
 don (1792-1875), was frequently his co-laborer 
 and also the author of plays and novels. Of 
 the former, < Marie, or the Three Epochs ' 
 (1836) is the best; of the latter, <Ren^e de 
 Varville' (1S53) and <The Banker's Niece' 
 (1853) found most favor. 
 
 Anczyc, Vladislav Ludvig (an'tsich). A 
 Polish dramatist (1823-83), who lived mostly at 
 Cracow, and wrote national plays which be- 
 came very popular. The best among them 
 are: <The Peasant- Aristocrats' (1851); <The 
 Inhabitants of Lobsov' (1854); The Raftsmen' 
 (1875); <The Peasants' Emigration' (1876); be- 
 sides which he wrote ^Tyrtaeus,' a poetical tale 
 (1883), and many juvenile works, partly under 
 the pseudonym " Kasimir Goralczyk." 
 
 Andersen, Hans Christian (an'der-sen). An 
 eminent Danish poet and story writer; born 
 at Odense, April 2, 1805 ; died Aug. 4, 1875. 
 Having lost his father early in childhood, the 
 boy received his elementary education in a 
 charity school. He traveled in Germany, 1828, 
 making the acquaintance of Chamisso and 
 Tieck ; then he made tours in France, Italy, 
 and the East. His impressions of Italy are 
 embodied in <The Improvvisatore ' (1835), the 
 work which first gave him fame at home and 
 abroad. In the same year appeared <0. T.,' a 
 novel of life and nature in the North. <Only 
 a Fiddler' (1837) is founded on the experi- 
 ences of the author's early life. <The Poet's 
 Bazar' (1842) is inspired by the impressions 
 of Oriental travel. He is seen at his very 
 best in <The Picture Book without Pictures.' 
 Among his dramatic compositions are : < The 
 Mulatto,' a romantic play which was received 
 with high popular favor ; < The Flowers of 
 Happiness,' a comedy ; < Raphaella,' a roman- 
 tic drama ; < Ahasuerus,' designed to emphasize 
 certain problems of philosophy; <The Two 
 Baronesses,' a comedy of Danish life. In the 
 English-speaking world Andersen's great fame 
 will ever rest upon his stories for children, 
 the celebrated < Wonder Tales.' 
 
 Andersen, Karl. A Danish poet; born in 
 Copenhagen, Oct. 26, 1828 ; died there, Sept. 
 I, 1883. Among his epic and lyrical produc- 
 tions are: < Strife and Peace' (1858); < Pic- 
 tures of Travel' (1864); <On the Arno and the 
 Ganges' (1865); < Light and Shade' (1868); 
 < Romances and Songs' (1880). In the prose 
 tale, <Over Cliff and Surf (1883), he de- 
 scribed admirably nature and life in Iceland, 
 where he spent his youth; but his most popu- 
 lar work is < Genre Pictures' (1876-81), seven 
 collections of scenes from daily life. 
 
 Anderson, Mary. See Navarro, Mary (An- 
 derson) de.
 
 ANDERSON — ANDRIEUX 
 
 «9 
 
 Anderson, Rasmus BJbrn. An American 
 author; born in Albion, Wis., Jan. 12, 1846, of 
 Norwegian parents. He was educated at Nor- 
 wegian Lutheran College, Decorah, Iowa; be- 
 coming professor of Scandinavian languages 
 in the University of Wisconsin in 1875-84, and 
 United States minister to Denmark in 1885. 1 1 is 
 books include : < America not Discovered l)y 
 Christopher Columbus > (1874) ; < Norse Mythol- 
 ogy > (1875); < Viking Tales of the North > (1877), 
 
 < Translation of the Younger Edda> (1880); 
 
 < First Chapter of Norwegian Immigration, 
 1821-40. > 
 
 Anderson, Robert. An English dialect poet ; 
 born in Carlisle, Feb. i, 1770 ; died there, Sept. 
 26, 1833. He was a mill hand who produced 
 delightfully humorous and gracefully pathetic 
 verse in his native Cumbrian dialect ; typical 
 examples being < The Impatient Lass,' < Lucy 
 Gray,> and < The Lass abuin Thirty.' 
 
 Andrea, Johann Valentin (an-dra'e). A 
 German theologian and satirist (i 586-1654). He 
 traveled as the tutor of young noblemen through 
 France, Switzerland, and Italy in 1607-14; be- 
 came court preacher at Stuttgart in 1639, and 
 abbot of Adelberg in 1650. The chief among 
 his writings, partly in Latin, partly in German, 
 full of ingenious thought, are: < Turbo' (1616), 
 a dramatic satire on the scholarship of his day ; 
 <Menippus' (1617), 100 satirical dialogues; 
 < Spiritual Pastime' (1619). 
 
 Andreini, Giovanni Battista (an-dra-e'ne). 
 An Italian comedian and poet ; born in Flor- 
 ence, 1578 ; died in Paris about 1650. From 
 his sacred drama <Adam' (1613), Milton is 
 by some supposed to have derived the idea of 
 
 < Paradise Lost.' 
 
 Andrews, Charles McLean. An American 
 historical and descriptive writer ; born in Con- 
 necticut, 1863. He is professor at Bryn Mawr 
 College. He has written : < Historical Develop- 
 ment of Modern Europe ' ; < River Towns of 
 Connecticut ' ; < The Old English Manor.' 
 
 Andrews, Christopher Columbus. An Amer- 
 ican diplomat and writer; born at Hillsbor- 
 ough, N. H., Oct. 27, 1829. He was brevetted 
 major-general in the Civil War, was minister 
 to Sweden from 1869 to 1877, and consul-gen- 
 eral to Brazil from 1882 to 1885. Among his 
 numerous works are : < Minnesota and Dakota' 
 (1857); * Practical-Treatise on the Revenue Laws 
 of the United States ' ( 1858); < History of the Cam- 
 paign of Mobile ' (1867) ; < Brazil, its Condition 
 and Prospects ' (1887); < Administrative Reforms.' 
 
 Andrews, Elisha Benjamin. An American 
 historical and economical writer; born at Hins- 
 dale, N. H., Jan. 10, 1844. After serving in the 
 Civil War, finishing his college and theological 
 education, preaching about a year at Beverly, 
 Mass., being president of a university in Ohio, 
 professor in Newton Theological Institute and 
 Brown and Cornell Universities, he became 
 president of Brown University (1889). He went 
 as one of the United States commissioners to 
 the monetary conference at Brussels in 1892. 
 
 He has written : < Institutes of our Constitutional 
 History, EngHsh and American' (1887); 'Insti- 
 tutes of General History' (1889); < Institutes of 
 Economics' (1889); < History of the United 
 States ' ; < History of the Last Quarter-Century 
 in the U.S.'; * History of U.S. in Our Own Times.' 
 
 Andrews, Ethan Allen, ^.n American ed- 
 ucator and lexicographer; born at New Britain, 
 Conn., April 7, 1787; died there, March 24, 
 1858. He was professor of ancient languages 
 at the University of North Carolina, 1822-28; 
 edited the Religious Magazine with Jacob Ab- 
 bott, whom he succeeded as principal of the 
 Young Ladies' School in Boston ; but his chief 
 work was compiling classical text-books. He 
 edited the well-known < Latin-English Lexicon' 
 (1850), based on Freund ; and < Andrews and 
 Stoddard's Latin Grammar' (with Solomon 
 Stoddard ; 65th ed. 1857) was for many years 
 the leading one in America. 
 
 Andrews, James Pettit. An English his- 
 torian and antiquary; born near Newbury, 
 Berkshire, about 1737; died in London, Aug. 
 6, 1797. His principal works were: <A Collec- 
 tion of Anecdotes, etc.. Ancient and Modern* 
 (1789); < History of Great Britain, etc.' (1794- 
 95) ; < Henry's History of Britain, Continued ' 
 (1796) ; etc. 
 
 Andrews, Jane. An American juvenile-story 
 writer; born in Massachusetts in 1833; died in 
 1887. Among her stories for children, which 
 have enjoyed great popularity, are : < Seven 
 Little Sisters who Live on the Round Ball 
 that Floats in the Air' (1876); <The Stories 
 Mother Nature Told'; <The Seven Little 
 Sisters Prove their Sisterhood' (1878); <Ten 
 Boys on the Road from Long Ago to Now' 
 (1S85); <Only a Year and What it Brought' 
 (1887). 
 
 Andrews, Stephen Pearl. An American 
 miscellaneous writer; born at Templeton, 
 Mass., March 22, 1812; died at New York, 
 May 21, 1886. He was a prominent abolition- 
 ist, practiced law in the South, and settled 
 in New York in 1847. He paid much atten- 
 tion to phonographic reporting, and also to 
 the development of a universal philosophy 
 which he called " Integralism," and of a uni- 
 versal language, << Alwato." Besides numerous 
 works relating to these subjects, he wrote : 
 
 < Comparison of the Common Law with the 
 Roman, French, or Spanish Civil Law on 
 Entails, etc' ; < Love, Marriage, and Divorce ' ; 
 
 < French, with or without a Master ' ; < The 
 Labor Dollar' (1881); < Transactions of the 
 Colloquium' (a society founded by himself 
 and his friends for philosophical discussion, 
 1882-83). He contributed to the London Times 
 and other papers, and was a member of the 
 American Academy of Arts and Sciences and 
 the American Ethnological Society. 
 
 Andrieux, Frangois Jean Stanislas (oh- 
 dre-e). A French poet and dramatist ; born in 
 Strasbourg, May 6, 1759; died in Paris, May 
 9, 1833. Practicing law in Paris at the out- 
 break of the Revolution, he became a zealous
 
 20 
 
 ANDRONICUS — ANSTEY 
 
 adherent of the latter, and in 1798 was elected 
 to the Council of the Five Hundred. In 1795 
 he was elected a member, and in 1S23 secre- 
 tary for life, of the Academy. His forte is 
 the poetical tale, in which he aims at classical 
 purity of language and prosody. The most 
 noted are: <The Miller of Sanssouci> (i797); 
 
 < Fenelon's Walk > ; and < The Trial of the Senate 
 of Capua.> Of his dramatic work may be men- 
 tioned the comedies <The Heedless' (17S7) ; 
 
 J^Ioli&re with his Friends > (1S04) ; < The Come- 
 dian> (1816); and the tragedy < Junius Brutus> 
 (1794)- 
 
 Andronicus, Livius (an-dro-ni'cus). An early 
 Roman dramatic poet and actor; bom at Ta- 
 rentum, about 2S4 B.C.; died about 204. A 
 Greek by birth, captured in war and sold as a 
 slave in Rome, he was afterward freed, and 
 became a teacher of Latin and Greek. His 
 plays, mostly tragedies, with a few comedies, 
 were translated from the Greek. They were 
 first played in Rome, 240 B. C. 
 
 Aneurin. A famous Welsh bard of the 6th 
 centur}-. Of his epic and songs we possess tlic 
 <Godolin,> which is believed to be a descrip- 
 tion of one of the last great battles of the 
 native Britons with the Saxon invaders. The 
 poem as it has come down to us contains 
 nearly i,oco lines, but it is not complete and 
 lacks unity. The sense is obscure, and sev- 
 eral passages are capable of various interpreta- 
 tions. 
 
 Angell, James Burrill. An American edu- 
 cator, diplomatist, and writer ; born at Scituate, 
 R. I., Jan. 7, 1S29. He was graduated from 
 Brown University in 1849, and professor of mod- 
 ern languages there from 1S53 to i860. From 
 1S60 to 1866 he was editor of the Providence 
 Journal. He was president of the University 
 of Vermont from 1S66 to 1S71. In 1871 he be- 
 came president of the University of Michigan. 
 He was minister to China from 1880 to 1881, 
 and from 1S97-180S to Turkey. Among his 
 ^Yorks are : < Manual of French Literature > 
 (1857); 'Progress of International Law > (1875). 
 
 Angelo, Michel. See Michel Angelo. 
 
 Angelus Sileslus (iin'je-lus si-le'shi-us),pseu- 
 donjTn of Johannes Scheffler. A German mystic 
 and sacred poet (1624-77), brought up in the 
 Lutheran faith, but in 1653 embraced Catholi- 
 cism, in 1661 was ordained priest, and in 1664 
 became councilor of the Prince-Bishop of 
 Breslau. His poems, some of which are ex- 
 quisite sacred lyrics, appeared collected as 
 
 < Spiritual Joys> (1657) and < Cherubic Wan- 
 derer* (1675). 
 
 Angely, Louis (an'je-li). A German dram- 
 atist (1787-1835). He was for several vears a 
 favorite comic actor in Berlin, and skillfully 
 adapted to local conditions a number of French 
 comedies, among which the most popular were : 
 'Schoolboy Pranks >; <The Journey at Com- 
 mon Expense >; <Of Seven the Ugliest >; <The 
 Artisans' Festival >; < Seven Girls in Uniform.> 
 
 Anicet-Bourgeois, Auguste (a-ne-sa' bbr- 
 zhwa'). A French dramatist ; born in Paris, 
 Dec. 25, 1806; died there, Jan. 12, 1871. He 
 wrote about 200 comedies, vaudevilles, melo- 
 dramas, often in collaboration with Barbier, 
 Ducange, Feval, Labiche, and others ; while on 
 the other hand he is the real and sole author 
 of some of the best plays ascribed to the elder 
 Dumas (for instance ' Teresa,' < Ang&le,> < Cathe • 
 rine Howard'). Among his own productions 
 the following deserve mention : < The Venetian > 
 (1834); <The Poor GirP (1838); <SteUa> (1S43). 
 
 Annunzio, Gabriele d' (iin-non'tse-o). An 
 Italian novelist and poet ; bom on the yacht 
 Irene in the Adriatic, near Pescara, in 1864. 
 Educated at Prato ; went to Rome in 1880 ; 
 and is one of the most conspicuous Italian 
 writers of the day. He abandoned Italian 
 traditions for the modem French realism. 
 His poems and novels are brilliant but 
 sensual, the later works pessimistic. They 
 include: 'Pleasure' (1889); <The Triumph of 
 Death' (1894); and 'Maidens of the Crag' 
 (1895). Among his poems are: 'The New 
 Song' (Rome, 18S2); ' Interludes of Verse ' ( 18S3); 
 and < Marine Odes ' (1893) ; < The Fire ' (1900 1. 
 
 Ansbach, Elisabeth, Margravine of. See 
 Craven, Lady. 
 
 Anslo, Roinier (ans'15). A Dutch poet; 
 born at Amsterdam, 1622 or 1626; died at 
 Pemgia, May 16, 1669. He is an imitator of 
 Vondel, and one of the foremost Dutch poets 
 of his time. He went to Italy and lived for 
 many years in Rome, where he wrote his finest 
 poems. His most famous work is 'The Plague 
 at Naples,' and the next in importance ' The 
 Eve of St. Bartholomew,' both epics. 
 
 Anspach, Frederick Rlnehart. An Amer- 
 ican clergjTnan and religious writer; bom in 
 central Pennsylvania, Jan. 1815; died in Balti- 
 more, Md., Sept. i5, 1867. He was educated 
 at Pennsylvania College and the Lutheran Theo- 
 logical Seminar)-. His works include: 'Sons 
 of the Sires' (1S54); 'Sepulchres of the De- 
 parted' (1854); 'the Two Pilgrims' (1857). 
 
 Anstey, Christopher. An English poet 
 (1724-1S05). He was a gentleman of fortune, 
 and wrote 'The New Bath Guide' (1766), hu- 
 morous letters in rhyme describing life at that 
 fashionable watering-place. These became fa- 
 mous, and Smollett borrowed largely from the 
 v.-ork for ' Humphrey Clinker.' He also -wrote 
 'An Election Ball and Other Verses' (1776). 
 
 Anstey, F., pseudon)Tn of Thomas Anstey 
 Guthrie. An English humorist ; bom in Ken- 
 sington in 1856. He graduated from Cam- 
 bridge in 1S75, '"'as called to the bar in iSSo, 
 and joined Punch staff in 1887. He is the 
 author of: 'Vice Versa' (1SS2); 'The Giant's 
 Robe' (1883); 'The Black Poodle' (1S84); 
 'The Tinted Venus' (1885); 'The Pariah' 
 (1889); 'Voces Populi' (1890); 'Mr. Punch's 
 Pocket Ibsen' (1893); and 'Puppets at Large' 
 (1S97).
 
 ANTAR — APULEIUS 
 
 21 
 
 Antar (an'tar) or Antarah, ben Shedad el 
 Absl. A famous Arab poet; bom about the 
 middle of the sixth century A. D., died about 
 615 A. D. He is the author of one of the seven 
 celebrated ^< suspended poems.'^ He lauds the 
 beauty of his mistress, and rehearses the story 
 of his adventures in Arabia. Portions were 
 translated into English verse by Terrick Ham- 
 ilton (1S20.) 
 
 Antheunis, Gentll Tbeodoor (an'te-nes). A 
 Flemish poet; born at Oudenaarde, Sept. 9, 
 1S40. At first a teacher in his native place 
 and at Dendermonde, he afterwards became a 
 justice of the peace in Brussels. His lyrics 
 excelling in euphony and tender sentiment, 
 have frequently been set to music. They ap 
 Ijeared in collections : * From the Heart* (1S75) 
 
 < Songs and Poems > (1874) '> * Life, Love, and 
 .Song> (1879). 
 
 Anthon, Cbarles. A celebrated American 
 ilassical scholar ; born in New York city, Nov. 
 39. 1797; died July 29, 1867. He was for many 
 years professor of ancient languages at Colum- 
 bia College. A beautiful edition of Horace 
 first made him famous among scholars. His 
 best known work was an edition of Lem- 
 priere's < Classical Dictionary* (1841). He was 
 also the editor of over fifty classical text-books. 
 
 Antlmaclius (an-tim'a-kus). A Greek epic 
 and elegiac poet; flourished about 400 B. C. 
 He was called " The Colophonian,** from 
 Colophon, his native place. His chief works 
 were the epic < Thebais,* and an elegy on 
 his dead love Lyde. The Alexandrine critics 
 greatly admired him, esteeming him next to 
 Homer. 
 
 Antipater of Sidon (an-tip'a-ter). A Greek 
 poet ; lived about 100 B. C. Famous during 
 his life as an improvisator, he is best known 
 by a collection of witty epigrams, which may 
 be found in the < Greek Anthology.* 
 
 Antona-Traversi, Camillo (an-to'na tra- 
 ver'si). An Italian literary historian and dram- 
 atist ; born in Milan, Nov. 27, 1857. Besides 
 numerous essays and studies on Boccaccio, 
 Ugo Foscolo, and Leopardi, he produced sev- 
 eral comedies, including < George's Sacrifice * ; 
 
 < Albert's Marriage * ; * Stop and Recommence.* 
 
 Antonides van der Goes, Joannes (an-to- 
 ne'des van der gos). A Dutch poet; born at 
 Goes, May 3. 1647 ; died at Rotterdam, Sept. 18, 
 1684. The most distinguished disciple of Von- 
 del, and a violent opponent of the one-sided 
 French classicism, he exercised a wholesome 
 influence upon his native literature. When 
 only nineteen, his tragedy, < Trazil, or the Con- 
 quest of China* (1664), attracted universal at- 
 tention and won him the lifelong friendship 
 of Vondel. His most famous work is <De 
 Y-Stroom> (1671), an epic on the river Y, 
 glorifying the great international commerce of 
 Amsterdam, and is a masterly delineation of the 
 life in that city. 
 
 Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius. See Aure- 
 lius. 
 
 Anton Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfen- 
 blittel (an'ton ol'rich). A German novelist and 
 poet (1633-1714), a zealous patron of art and 
 science, author of two voluminous novels, highly 
 famed in their time. They were *■ The Serene 
 Syrian Aramena* (1669-73) and <The Roman 
 Octavia* (1677). He also composed numerous 
 sacred poems. 
 
 Anzengruber, Ludwig (an'tsen-gro-ber). An 
 Austrian dramatist and novelist; born in Vi- 
 enna, Nov. 29, 1839; died there, Dec. 10, i88g'. 
 His great merit lies in the creation of a gen- 
 uine Austrian national drama, by which he 
 sprang at once into fame in his native country ; 
 afterivards he wrote stories of village life with 
 equal success. Of his dramatic works the most 
 noteworthy are : < The Parson of Kirchfeld 
 (1870); <The Perjured Peasant* (1871). Of his 
 narrative productions, < The Stigma,* a novel 
 (1876); <The Sternstein Farm,* a village story 
 {1885), deserve particular mention. 
 
 Apel, Johann August (a'ple). A German 
 novelist and poet (1771-1816) chiefly known by 
 his tales, collected as < Ghost-Book* (4 vols., 
 1810-14) and < Wonder-Book * (4 vols., 1815-17). 
 He also wrote several dramas. His son Guido 
 Theodor (iSii-67) attempted dramatic and epic 
 poetry. 
 
 Apollonius of Rhodes (ap-o-lo'ni-us). A 
 Greek grammarian and poet; born 280 B.C. 
 His one poetic composition, < Argonautics,* 
 gives but scant proof of its author's poetic in- 
 spiration, though it has a few passages of high 
 artistic beauty. It was widely read by the 
 Romans; both Virgil and Ovid borrowed a 
 little from Apollonius 
 
 Appleton, Thomas Gold. An American 
 writer; born in Boston, March 31, 1812; died 
 in New York, April 17, 1884. He was a patron 
 of art, and an amateur painter of merit ; he 
 aided libraries and museums of Boston. Author 
 of < Nile Journal * (Boston, 1876) ; < Syrian Sun- 
 shine* (1877); and a volume of poems, < Faded 
 Leaves.* 
 
 Apthorp, William Foster. An American 
 musical and dramatic critic; born in Massa- 
 ehusetts in 1848. He is on the staff of the 
 Boston Evening Transcript. His chief work 
 is < Musicians and Music Lovers, and Other 
 Essays.* He is also the translator of Zola's 
 'Jacques Damour,* and of < Hector Berlioz* 
 (1879); < The Opera Past and Present. > 
 
 Apuleius, Lucius (ap-ii-le'us). A famous 
 Latin satirist and writer of fiction ; lived in 
 the 2d century, and was a native of northern 
 Africa. Having inherited an ample fortune, 
 he devoted himself to study and travel ; at- 
 tending first the schools of Carthage, then the 
 Athenian schools of philosophy. His principal 
 work is < Metamorphosis * or * The Golden Ass,> 
 which includes the charming epilogue of < Cupid 
 and Pysche * ; well known also is his witty 
 < Apology,' a defense against a charge of sor- 
 cery brought by the sons of a widow twice 
 his age whom he had married.
 
 22 
 
 AQUINAS — ARBOLED A 
 
 Aquinas, Thomas, St. See Thomas. 
 
 Arago, Dominique Fran5ois (ar-a-go'). An 
 eminent French astronomer and physicist ; born 
 near Ferpignan, Feb. 26, 1786; died in Paris, 
 Oct. 2, 1853. His biographical notices of dis- 
 tinguished men of science hold a high place 
 in literature for clearness of thought and 
 beauty of style. Elected to the Chamber of 
 Deputies after the revolution of 1830, he elo- 
 quently took part with the advanced repub- 
 licans. After the fall of Louis Philippe in 1848, 
 he effected as Minister of War and of Marine 
 manv salutary reforms, such as the abolition 
 of flogging in the navy and of negro slavery 
 in the colonies. His scientific observations 
 and discoveries were numerous and important. 
 English translations of separate portions of his 
 works have been published, notably his < Auto- 
 biography > ; < Popular Lectures on Astronomy > ; 
 < Meteorological Essays > ; and < Biographies of 
 Scientific Men.> 
 
 Arago, Etienne Vincent. A French poet, 
 journalist, and pla} wright ; born at Perpignan, 
 Feb. 9, 1802; died in Paris, March 6, 1892. 
 Brother of the preceding. He wrote, mostly 
 in collaboration with others, a number of com- 
 edies, vaudevilles, and melodramas ; and under 
 the pseudonym of Jules Ferney, made himself 
 known through his feuilletons in the Siecle. 
 By far his best production, however, is <Spa, 
 its Origin, History, Waters, etc.» (1851), an 
 epic in seven cantos. Besides this, < A Voice 
 from Exile' (i860) and < The Blue and the 
 White' (1862), a historical romance of the 
 wars in the Vendee, deserve mention. 
 
 Arago, Jacques Etienne. A French writer 
 of travels ; born at Estagel, March 10, 1790 ; 
 died in Brazil, January 1855. Brother of the 
 preceding. Till 1837 his literary work con- 
 sisted in the production of light theatrical 
 pieces. He then lost his sight and made a 
 royage around the globe, which afforded ma- 
 terial for two charming books : < Promenade 
 ground the World' (1838) and <A Blind Man's 
 Voyage round the World.' He had some pain- 
 ful experiences on this side of the globe, which 
 ire detailed in the < Travels of a Blind Man 
 in California (1851). 
 
 Arany, Janos (or'ony). An eminent Hun- 
 garian poet; born at Nagy-Szalonta, March I, 
 1817; died in Buda-Pesth, Oct. 22, 1882. Edu- 
 cated in the college at Debreczin, 1832-36, he 
 was employed as a teacher in his native place ; 
 in 1840 was appointed notary there; and won 
 immediate success with his first epical produc- 
 tion in 1845. During the Hungarian revolution 
 he held a government position ; then lived in 
 needy circumstances in his native town until 
 1854, when he obtained a professorship at 
 Nagy-Koros. Thence he was called to Buda- 
 Pesth in i860 as director of the Kisfaludy 
 Society; founded the literary weekly Koszoni 
 (The Wreath); and in 1865 was appointed sec- 
 retary of the Hungarian Academy, of which 
 he had been a member since 1859. Owing to 
 his feeble health he resigned in 1878. As a 
 
 national poet he ranks immediately after Petofi 
 and Vorosmarty, his epical creations deserving 
 to be acknowledged as ornaments not only of 
 Hungarian but of modern poetry in general. 
 He is a master of the ballad and a translator of 
 highest merit, as proven by his versions of Tasso, 
 Goethe, Shakespeare, and above all, his trans- 
 lation of Aristophanes (3 vols., 1880). Works : 
 
 < The Lost Constitution,' a humorous epic 
 (1845, prize of Kisfaludy Society), depicting 
 the doings at the county elections ; < The Taking 
 of Murdny' (1848, prize); < Katalin ' (1850); 
 
 < Toldi,' an epical trilogy (1851-54-80), exalting 
 the deeds of the Hungarian Samson ; < The 
 Gipsies of Nagy-Ida> (1852); < Buda's Death* 
 (1864, prize), < Prose Writings' (1879). 
 
 Arany, L^szlO. A Hungarian poet ; born 
 at Nagy-Szalonta, March 24, 1844. Son of the 
 preceding; member of the Academy since 
 1872; author of < Elfrida,' a poetical tale (1868, 
 prize); <The Battle of the Huns' (1874); *The 
 Hero of Disenchantment,' a humorous epic 
 (1873), which won a prize and ranks among 
 the best productions of Hungarian literature. 
 
 Aratus (a-ra'tus). A Greek poet and as- 
 tronomer; bom at Soli, Cilicia, flourishing 
 about 290-260 B. C. His chief work was an 
 astronomical poem entitled 'Pheenomena' (As- 
 pects of the Heavens), in 1,154 verses; the 
 plan being in imitation of Hesiod, while the 
 style is borrowed from Homer. Greatly ad- 
 mired in antiquity, it was translated into Latin 
 by Cicero and others. He was a friend of 
 the poets Theocritus and Callimachus. 
 
 Araujo Porto-Alegre, Manoel de (a-rou'zho 
 por'to a-la'gre). A Brazilian poet ; born at Rio 
 Pardo, Nov. 29, 1806 ; died in Lisbon, Portugal, 
 Dec. 30, 1879. He frequented the Academy of 
 Arts in Rio de Janeiro, 1826-28; studied paint- 
 ing in Paris and architecture there and in 
 Italy until 1837, when he returned to Rio and 
 was made professor at the Academy of Arts, 
 later at the Military Academy. He was Bra- 
 zilian consul-general at Stettin in 1859-65, but 
 lived mostly in Berlin, afterwards at Lisbon. 
 His principal works are : < Colombo,' an epic, 
 celebrating the discovery of America ; and < Bra- 
 silianas,' a lyric cycle, abounding in splendid 
 descriptions of nature. 
 
 Arblay, Madame d'. See Burney. 
 
 Arbois de Jubainville. Henri d' (ar-bwa' 
 de zhiibah'vel). A distinguished French archre- 
 ologist; bom at Nancy, Dec. 5, 1827. He is 
 the most eminent authority in France on Gal- 
 lic antiquity and the Celtic languages. Of his 
 works the most noteworthy are : < History of 
 the Dukes and Counts of Champagne' (1859- 
 69); <The First Inhabitants of Europe' (1877); 
 < A Course of Celtic Literature > (5 vols., 1883). 
 
 Arboleda, Julio (ar-bo-la'xHa). A South 
 American poet, orator, journalist, and revolu- 
 tionist; born in Colombia, June 9, 1817; died 
 about 1872. Having assumed the supreme 
 power in New Granada, he was assassinated. 
 He was one of the best-known poets of
 
 ARBUTHNOT — ARGYLE 
 
 23 
 
 Spanish America. Of his principal work, 
 < Gonzalo of Oy6n,> only such parts as hap- 
 pened to exist in duplicate were published, the 
 manuscript having been destroyed by a bitter 
 personal enemy. 
 
 Arbuthnot, John. A Scottish humorist; 
 born near Arbuthnot Castle, Kincardineshire, 
 Scotland, April 29, 1667 ; died in London, Feb. 
 27, 1735- He was physician to Queen Anne. 
 His literary fame rests mainly on < The His- 
 tory of John Bull* (1712), at first attributed to 
 Swift, but proved to have been the work of 
 Arbuthnot. Primarily designed to satirize the 
 Duke of Marlborough, and to oppose the con- 
 tinuance of the War of the Spanish Succession, 
 th\s work was the means of fastening the so- 
 briquet and the typical character of John Bull 
 upon the English nation ; but owing to its 
 ardent and extreme Tor3'ism it is now little 
 read, and known chiefly by brilliant extracts. 
 It is said to have suggested to Swift the com- 
 position of < Gulliver's Travels.* He also wrote 
 a number of serious works which have been 
 highly valued. 
 
 Archeuholz, Johann Willielm von (ar'chen- 
 holts). A German historian (1743-1812). He 
 took part in the closing campaigns of the 
 Seven Years' War and retired as captain, 1763 ; 
 traveled extensively in Europe, lived in Eng- 
 land the greater part of 1769-79, and settled 
 in Hamburg in 1792. His book on < England 
 and Italy* (1785), extensively translated, ob- 
 tained a phenomenal success. A sequel to it 
 was < Annals of British History* (1789-98, 20 
 vols.). His < History of the Seven Years' War* 
 (1789, augmented 1793, 13th ed. 1892) is still the 
 most popular account of that war. 
 
 Archer, Thomas. An English novelist and 
 essayist. His works deal with the conditions 
 of the working classes and with social evils. 
 Among the best known are: <A Fool's Para- 
 dise* (1870); 'Profitable Plants* (1874). 
 
 Archer, William. A Scottish critic ; born 
 at Perth, Sept. 23, 1856. He graduated at 
 Edinburgh University, 1876, and was called to 
 the bar, 1883. He has long been dramatic 
 critic for various London papers, and has pub- 
 lished books on the drama, including : < Eng- 
 lish Dramatists of To-day' (1882); < Masks or 
 Faces : a Study in the Psychology of Acting * 
 (1888); < Henry Irving,* a critical study (1883); 
 <,William Ch. Macready, a Biography* (1890). 
 He is the English translator of Ibsen's dramas 
 (1890-91). 
 
 Archilochus (ar-kil'o-kus). An eminent 
 Greek poet ; flourished in the 7th century B. C. 
 Of his life nothing is definitely known. He 
 was classed by the ancients with the greatest 
 poets, Homer, Pindar, Sophocles; but of his 
 works only a few fragments have come down 
 to us. His lyrics, in iambic verse, were often 
 pomted with the bitterest satire ; besides satires 
 he wrote hymns, elegies, and epodes. 
 
 Arene, Paul Auguste (a-ran'). A French 
 writer of stories and travels; born at Sisteron, 
 
 June 26, 1843; died at Antibes, Dec. 16, 1896. 
 At first engaged in teaching at Marseilles and 
 in Paris ; but from 1865 on he devoted himself 
 to literature, and became favorably known 
 through his brilliant descriptions of his Pro- 
 ven9al home. Notable among various collec- 
 lections of stories are : < The Perfumed Beggar 
 Woman* (1876); <In the Kindly Sun* (1879); 
 
 < The True Temptation of St. Anthony * ; 
 'Christmas Stories.* He also wrote two nov- 
 els,— < John of the Figs* (1868) and <The 
 Golden Goat* (1889); several comedies, partly 
 in conjunction with others, especially Alphonse 
 Daudet, whose collaborator he was in the 
 
 < Letters from my Mill.* Equally charming as 
 his stories are the pictures of travel : < Twenty 
 Days in Tunis* (1884); <From the Alps to the 
 Pyrenees* (1891) ; < Select Tales* (1896). 
 
 Aretino, Pietro (a-ra-te'no). An Italian 
 satirical poet and dramatist ; born at Arezzo, 
 April 20, 1492; died in Venice, Oct. 21, 1556. 
 He had already won some fame as a writer 
 of satires, when he settled in Rome in 1517, 
 where his bent for witty effusions led to his 
 banishment in 1524. Turning to Florence, he 
 won the favor of John de' Medici, and at 
 Milan ingratiated himself with Francis I. of 
 France, through whose intercession he was 
 allowed to return to Rome. Of his works only 
 his five comedies in prose, and * Orazia,* a 
 tragedy in verse, numbering among the best 
 in Italian literature, are of lasting merit. His 
 ' Letters * are a valuable contribution to the 
 history of the times. 
 
 Argensola, Bartolomeo Leonardo de (ar- 
 Hen-so'la). A Spanish poet and historian 
 (1565-1631). His verse lacks native force, but 
 shows considerable depth of sentiment, while 
 in form it displays exquisite finish. His history 
 of <The Conquest of the Moluccas > is a model 
 of correct and idiomatic Spanish prose. 
 
 Argensola, Lupercio Leonardo de. A nota- 
 ble .Spanish poet ; born at Barbastro, Aragon, 
 Dec. 14, 1559 ; died at Naples in March 1613. 
 Brother of the preceding. His three tragedies, 
 
 < Isabella,* ' Alexandra,* and < Phyllis,* brought 
 him fame while still a young man ; but his forte 
 was lyric poetry, in which he won distinction. 
 His ballads and songs are notable for vigor of 
 thought and richness of pictorial fancy. Some 
 of his < Sonnets * are masterpieces ; and his 
 <Epistles,* both in substance and form, are 
 models of that specie? of composition. 
 
 Argyle or Argyll, George Douglas Camp- 
 bell (ar-gil^), eighth Duke of. An English 
 philosophical, scientific, and political writer, 
 and statesman ; born in Ardencaple Castle, 
 Dumbartonshire, April 30, 1823 ; died at Lon- 
 don, April 24, 1900. He was Lord Privy 
 Seal (i860) and Postmaster-General (1855), 
 being reappointed to both offices in i860, to 
 the former again in 1880 ; was Secretary for 
 India (1868-74). He wrote: <The Reign of 
 Law* (1866), a striking work upholding theism ; 
 'Primeval Man* (1869) ; <Iona* (1870) ; < The 
 Eastern Question > (2 vols., 1879); < The Unity
 
 24 
 
 ARICI — ARMSTRONG 
 
 of Nature (2d ed., 1884); 'Geology and the 
 Deluge > (1885); < Scotland as It Was and as It 
 ls> (2 vols., 1887); and <The Unseen Founda- 
 tions of Society.* 
 
 Ariel, Cesare (a-re'che). An Italian poet; 
 bom in Brescia, July 2, 1782; died there, July 
 2, 1836. He laid the foundation of his suc- 
 cess with a poem on <The Cultivation of the 
 Olive > (1808), which won for him a profes- 
 sorship of history and literature; it still ranks 
 among the best specimens of Italian didactic 
 poetry. He wrote many 'yric pieces, but his 
 chief distinction is as a poet of bucolic and 
 pastoral themes. He left in an incomplete 
 state an epic on <The Destruction of Jerusa- 
 lem.* 
 
 Arlosto, Ludovico (a-re-os'to). A cele- 
 brated Italian poet; born at Reggio, Sept. 8, 
 1474; died at Ferrara, June 6, 1533. He was 
 one of the three great epic poets of Italy, 
 and styled << The Divine » by his countrymen. 
 He early abandoned the study of law for that 
 of the classics. Having attracted attention 
 through two comedies, he entered the service 
 of Cardinal Ippolito d'Este, who intrusted him 
 with several diplomatic -missions ; after whose 
 death in 1520 he was employed by the reign- 
 ing duke of Ferrara, Alfonso, the cardinal's 
 brother. His imperishable fame rests mainly 
 on his great romantic-heroic poem < Orlando 
 Furioso * ; of which Orlando's love for the fair 
 Angelica, and his madness induced by her 
 treachery, form the theme. It is really a con- 
 tinuation of Bojardo's < Orlando Innamorato,' 
 a knowledge of which is most helpful to a 
 thorough appreciation of the Furioso. Of his 
 other poetical efforts the most noteworthy are 
 his seven epistolary satires, conceived in the 
 spirit of Horace, which contain sundry bits of 
 autobiographical information and rank among 
 the treasures of Italian literature. 
 
 Aristides or Aristeides (ar-is-tl'dez). A 
 Greek writer who lived m the 2d century B.C. 
 He was the father of Greek prose romance. 
 He wrote a series of love stories in six or 
 more books, entitled < Milesiaca ' (Milesian 
 Tales), from the place in which their scene 
 was laid. 
 
 Aristocles. See Plato. 
 
 Aristophanes (ar-is-tof'a-nez). The greatest 
 of the Greek writers of comedy (B. C. 448 ?- 
 380?); bom at Athens. His comedy <The 
 Knights > is said to have been put on the stage 
 when the author was but 20 years old. Of his 
 44 plays only eleven have come down to us. 
 These are: <The Knights >; <The Clouds,>— 
 prized by him above all the rest,— wherein he 
 ridicules the Sophists and with them Socrates; 
 <The \Vasps,> in which the Athenians are 
 lashed for their litigiousness ; < The Acharnians > ; 
 <The Peace > and <The Lynstrate,> arguments 
 for concord among Grecian States ; < The Birds,> 
 a satire against the "Greater Athens » idea; 
 in <The Thesmophoriazusse > the Athenian 
 women carry off to court the poet Euripides 
 in punishment of his misogyny ; < The Frogs,> 
 
 directed against Euripides, as the cause of the 
 degeneration of dramatic art ; in < The Eccle- 
 siazus?e> or < Ladies in Parliament,* he reduces 
 to absurdity the overweening expectation of the 
 righting of all wrongs through political reforms ; 
 in the < Plutus > the blind god of wealth is made 
 to see and the good old times come back 
 again. 
 
 Aristotle (ar'is-totl). The most renowned of 
 Greek philosophers ; born at Stagira, Mace- 
 donia, 384 B.C.; died at Chalcis, Euboea, 322 
 B. C. He was for twenty years a student of 
 philosophy in the school of Plato at Athens, 
 but at the same time a teacher, in the mean 
 time mastering and digesting all the accessible 
 results of philosophical and scientific research 
 and speculation in his time. After Plato's 
 death, he opened a school of philosophy at 
 the court of Hermias, king of Atarneus in 
 Mysia, who had been his fellow student in 
 Plato's Academy, and whose adopted daughter 
 he afterwards married. At the invitation of 
 Philip of Macedon he undertook the education 
 of his son, Alexander. When Alexander suc- 
 ceeded to the throne, the philosopher returned 
 to Athens and opened a school in the Lyceum, 
 so called from the neighboring temple of the 
 Lycian Apollo. From being held in the cov- 
 ered walk {peripatos) of the Lyceum the school 
 obtained the name of the Peripatetic. He 
 taught in the Lyceum for 13 years, and to that 
 period we owe the composition of most of his 
 numerous writings. The number of his sep- 
 arate treatises is given by Diogenes Laertius 
 as 146 : only 46 separate works bearing the 
 name of the philosopher have come down to 
 our time. 
 
 Ari Thorgilsson (a're t5r'gils-son). The 
 father of Icelandic literature (1067-II48). He 
 was the first Icelander to use his mother 
 tongue as a literary medium, in writing his 
 < Islendingabok,* a concise history of Iceland 
 from its settlement (about 870) until 1120. 
 This work was finished between 1134 and 1138. 
 
 Arlincourt, Victor Vicomte d' (ar-laii-kor'). 
 A French poet and novelist (1789-1856). His 
 chief poetical work is • Charlemagne, or the 
 Caroleid* (1818), an epic; and of his novels 
 the most successful was *Le Solitaire' (1821), 
 which was translated into all European lan- 
 guages. Among several pamphlets, written in 
 support of the Legitimist cause in 1848, one 
 entitled <God Wills It> went through 64 edi- 
 tions. 
 
 Armitage, Thomas. An American clergy- 
 man; born at Pontefract, England, Aug. 2, 
 1819; died Jan. 21, 1896. He was an import- 
 ant influence in the Baptist Church in New 
 York city, and the prime mover in the estab- 
 lishment of the American Bible Union in 1850. 
 He was president of that body from 1856 to 
 1875. Among his works are: < Jesus, His Self- | 
 Introspection > ; and < History of the Baptists ' { 
 (1887). 
 
 Armstrong, Edmund John. An Irish poet; 
 born in Dublin, July 23, 1S41 ; died at Kings-
 
 ARMSTRONG — ARNOLD 
 
 2^ 
 
 town, Feb. 24, 1865. His most elaborate poem 
 is <Tlie Prisoner of Mount Saint Micliael> 
 (1863), a romantic tale of passion and crime, 
 the scene being suggested by the author's 
 rambles in France in 1862. Next in import- 
 ance is <Ovoca,> an idyllic poem, partly dra- 
 matic, partly narrative in form. 
 
 Armstrong, George Francis. An Irish poet ; 
 born in the county of Dublhi, May 5, 1845. 
 Brother of the preceding. Professor of his- 
 tory and English literature at Queen's College, 
 Cork, since 1871. His works include : < Poems, 
 Lyrical and Dramatic > (1869); < Ugone,> a 
 tragedy ( 1870) ; < Tragedy of Israel,> a trilogy 
 comprising <King Saul> (1872), < King David > 
 (1874), and <King Solomon > (1876); <Essays> 
 (1877); and < Mephistopheles in Broadcloth* 
 (1888), a satire in verse. 
 
 Armstrong, Jolin. An American author 
 and soldier; born at Carlisle, Pa., Nov. 25, 
 1758; died at Red Hook, N. Y., April I, 1843. 
 Served in the war of the Revolution on the staff 
 of General Gates; was United States minister 
 to France, 1804-10, afterwards to Spain ; and 
 Secretary of War, 1813-14. Author of < Newburg 
 Letters,* begun in camp 1783, anonymously, 
 and intended to arouse Congress to redress 
 army grievances. They gave General Washing- 
 ton displeasure. He also wrote 'Notices of the 
 War of i8i2> (1836). 
 
 Arnaboldi, Alessandro (ar-na-bol'di). An 
 Italian poet ; born in Milan, Dec. 19, 1827 ; 
 studied law in Pavia and entered the govern- 
 ment service, but resigned in 1873 owing to an 
 optic infirmity, and has since lived in retire- 
 ment near Milan. On the publication of a 
 volume of < Verses' (1872), he was hailed by 
 his countrymen as the peer of Manzoni and 
 Leopardi, while Dall' Ongaro even styled him 
 the greatest living poet of Italy. A second 
 collection of his poems appeared as < New 
 Verses > (1888). 
 
 Arnason, J6n (ar'na-son). An Icelandic writer ; 
 born at Hof, Akagastrond, Nov. 13, 1819 ; died 
 at Reykjavik, Aug. 17, 1888. He was for many 
 years librarian of the National Library, and 
 devoted himself assiduously to the collection of 
 Icelandic folk tales. He has hence been called 
 the <'Grimm of Iceland.** His principal liter- 
 ary work is < Popular Legends and Tales of 
 Iceland* (1862-64). 
 
 Arnault, Antoine Vincent (ar-no'). A French 
 poet and dramatist (1766-1834). He came into 
 public notice through his tragedy < Marius at 
 Mintumae* (1791); but more especially deserves 
 remembrance for his satirical fables, in which 
 he guarded successfully against imitation of La- 
 fontaine, and for his graceful poems, of which 
 'The Leaf* has become most widely known. 
 His 'Souvenirs of a Sexagenarian* (1833) con- 
 tain excellent delineations of character, and 
 many interesting disclosures about the history 
 of the time up to 1804. 
 
 Arnflt, Ernst Moritz (arnt). A German 
 poet, miscellaneous writer, and patriot ; born at 
 
 Schoritz, Isle of Riigen, Dec. 2n, 1769; died in 
 Bonn, Jan. 29, i860. On the publication, in 
 1S06, of the first series of his * Spirit of the 
 Times,* which kindled patriotic enthusiasm 
 throughout the German lands, he was com- 
 pelled to take refuge in Sweden. Some years 
 later he was the editor at Cologne of a polit- 
 ical journal. The Watchman. In 1848 a mem- 
 ber of the National Assembly, he belonged 
 to tlie so-called imperial part}', advocating the 
 union of Germany under the leadership of 
 Prussia. On his ninetieth birthday (1859) the 
 whole nation united in paying him homage. 
 His influence was due to his devotion to the 
 national cause. Many of his poems have be- 
 come national lyrics, intimately linked with the 
 stirring events to which they owe their origin. 
 Among them are : ' What is the German's 
 Fatherland ? * and ' The Song of the Field 
 Marshal.* 
 
 Arnetii, Alfred von (ar'net). An Austrian 
 historian; born in Vienna, July 10, 1819; died 
 there, July 31, 1897. He was member of the 
 House of Lords after 1869, and president of 
 the Academy of Sciences after 1879. Hie life 
 of 'Prince Eugene of Savoy* (1858-59) is note- 
 worthy as the first authoritative work on that 
 great leader. Next in importance is the ' His- 
 tory of Maria Theresa* (1863-79). 
 
 Arnim, Achlm von (ar'nim). A noted Ger- 
 man poet and novelist; born in Berlin, Jan. 
 26, 1781 ; died at Wiepersdorf, Jan. 31, 1831. 
 He is the main representative of the younger 
 generation of the Romantic school. Settling 
 at Heidelberg in 1806 after extensive travels, 
 he formed a close friendship with Clemens 
 Brentano, and edited with him 'The Boy's 
 Wonder-Horn,* a collection of old German 
 legends and songs, which was received with 
 much favor. In 181 1 he married Brentano's sis- 
 ter Bettina, and thereafter lived alternately in 
 Berlin, and on his estate Wiepersdorf in the 
 province of Brandenburg. He was at his best as 
 a story-teller. Ft is principal works are : ' Pov- 
 erty, Riches, Guilt, and Penitence of Countess 
 Dolores,* a novel (1810); and 'The Crown- 
 Guardians,* a fantastic historical romance (1S17), 
 a glowing picture of life towards the wane of 
 the 15th century. Among his short stories, 
 published mostly in collections, the following 
 deserve mention : < The Mad Invalid at Fort 
 Ratonneau*; 'The Three Loving Sisters and 
 the Happy Dyer*; 'Prince All-god and Singer 
 Demi-god.* His complete works, with an in- 
 troduction by W. Grimm, were edited by his 
 wife (1839-46). 
 
 Arnim, Bettina von. See Brentano. 
 
 Arnold. ArtHur. An English traveler, jour- 
 nalist, and statesman ; born in Sussex, May 28, 
 1833. From 1863 to 1866 he was a member of 
 a commission to examine into the causes of the 
 " Cotton Famine,** and published a treatise on 
 that subject. In 1885 he became president of 
 the Free Land League. Among his works are : 
 ' From the Levant * ; ' Through Persia by Cara- 
 van > (1877) ; ' Social Politics * ; and ' Free Land.*
 
 26 
 
 ARNOLD — ARNULFI 
 
 Arnold, Edwin, Sir. A distinguished Eng- 
 lish poet and journalist; born in Rochester, 
 June 10, 1832. He graduated from Oxford in 
 1854; taught for a while in Birmingham; and 
 became principal of the Sanskrit College at 
 I'oona in the Bombay Presidenc)-, where he 
 rendered important service to the government 
 jluring the great rebellion in India. Returning 
 to London in 1861, he joined the editorial staff 
 of the Daily Telegraph. He has twice visited 
 the United States on lecture tours. Of his ori- 
 ginal poetry, inspired by Oriental themes and 
 legends, the most famous work is < The Light 
 of Asia, a Poetic Presentation of the Life and 
 Teaching of Gautama > (1876). < Indian Idylls > 
 (1883); < Pearls of the Faith >; < Sa'di in the 
 Garden >; <The Light of the World >; < Poti- 
 phar's Wife and Other Poems > ; < India Re- 
 visited) and <Japonica' are among his many 
 works. He died at London, Mar. 24, 1904. 
 
 Arnold, Edwin Lester. An English novelist 
 and writer of travels ; son of Sir Edwin Ar- 
 nold. He has written : < A Summer Holiday 
 in Scandinavia > (1877); < On the Indian Hills, 
 or Coffee-Planting in Southern India > (1881) ; 
 •Bird Life in England > (1887); < England as 
 She Seems> (1888); — the novels <Phra, the 
 Phoenician) (1890); <The Story of Ulla> (1895). 
 
 Arnold, George. An American poet ; born 
 in New York, June 24, 1834; died at Straw- 
 berry Farms, N. J., Nov. 3, 1865. Author of 
 < McArone Papers,* contributed to Vanity Fair 
 (1860-65). His poetry is of merit: < Drift and 
 Other Poems > (1866); < Poems Grave and Gay> 
 (1867). Collected edition, with memoir, by 
 William Winter (new ed. 1889). 
 
 Arnold, Hans, pseudonym of Bertha von 
 Billow. A German story-writer ; born at Warm- 
 brunn, Silesia, Sept. 30, 1850. Among her 
 stories which enjoy great popularity are : < Merry 
 Tales > (1891) ; < Once in May and Other Stories > 
 (1892). She also wrote some good comedies, 
 viz.: < Theory and Practice > (1890); <Two 
 Peaceful Ones> (1892). 
 
 Arnold, Isaac Newton. An American law- 
 yer, politician, and author; born at Hartwick, 
 N. Y., Nov. 30, 1815; died at Chicago, 111., 
 April 24, 1884. Pie was a member of Con- 
 gress from 1861 to 1865. His works are : < Life 
 of Abraham Lincoln* (1866); < Life of Benedict 
 Arnold* (1880); < Recollections of the Early 
 Chicago and Illinois Bar* (1880). 
 
 Arnold, Joliann Georg Daniel. An Alsatian 
 dialect poet ; born in Strassburg, Feb. 18, 1780 ; 
 died there, Feb. 18, 1829. His lyrics (in High 
 German) are meritorious, but he is at his best 
 in < Pentecost Monday* (1816), a comedy in 
 Strassburg dialect and rhymed Alexandrine 
 verse, pronounced by Goethe « an incompar- 
 able monument of ancient Strassburg custom 
 and language, a work which in clearness and 
 completeness of intuition and ingenious delin- 
 eation of detail can scarcely be equaled.** 
 
 Arnold, Matthew. An eminent English poet, 
 critic, and essayist ; born at Laleham, Dec. 24, 
 
 1822; died in Liverpool, April 15, 1888. He 
 graduated at Oxford in 1844, and was profes- 
 sor of poetry there from 1857 to 1867. The 
 degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred by 
 the University of Edinburgh in 1869, and by 
 Oxford in 1870. He was government inspector 
 of schools from 1851, and repeatedly visited 
 the Continent to inquire into and report upon 
 systems of education. In 1883-84 he made a 
 lecturing tour through the United States. His 
 works include : < The Strayed Reveler and Other 
 Poems* (1848); <Empedocles on Etna* (1853); 
 <Merope,* a tragedy (1857); <New Poems* 
 (1868). His prose writings comprise: 'Essays 
 in Criticism* (1865, 2d series 1888); < Lectures 
 on the Study of Celtic Literature* (1867); 
 < Culture and Anarchy* (1869); < Friendship's 
 Garland* (1871), a humorous work; < Liter- 
 ature and Dogma* (1873); * Last Essays on 
 Church and Religion* (1877); < Mixed Essays* 
 (1879); < Irish Essays* (1882); and < Discourses 
 on America* (1885); < Civilization in the U. S.* 
 
 Arnold, Thomas. A notable English edu- 
 cator and historical writer; born at Cowes, 
 Isle of Wight, June 13, 1795; died at Oxford, 
 June 12, 1842. Studied at Winchester school ; 
 was student and fellow of Oxford 1811-19. He 
 was head-master of the school at Rugby 1828- 
 41. As an educator, he was remarkable for 
 the training of the character of his pupils to a 
 lofty and noble standard. In 1841 he became 
 professor of modern history at Oxford. His 
 writings include : an annotated edition of 
 Thucydides (1830); < Sermons* (1829-34); < His- 
 tory of Rome* (1838); < Lectures on Modern 
 History* (1842). 
 
 Arnold, Thomas. An English writer on 
 literature and editor of old texts, son of Dr. 
 Arnold of Rugby and brother of Matthew 
 Arnold ; bom at Laleham, Nov. 30, 1823 ; died 
 at Dublin, Nov. 12, 1900. He became a Roman 
 Catholic, and spent a number of years in New 
 Zealand and Tasmania. Among his works 
 are : < A manual of English Literature* ; 'Select 
 English Works of Wyclif > (3 vols., 1869); 'Se- 
 lections from the Spectator > ; < Beowulf * ( text, 
 translation, and notes) ; ' Henry of Huntingdon* ; 
 < Symeon of Durham *; < Chronicles oi the Abbey 
 of Bury St. Edmunds. * 
 
 Arnould, Arthur (ar-no'). A French novel- 
 ist, dramatist, and journalist ; born in Paris in 
 1833; died there, Nov. 25, 1895. At an early 
 age he devoted himself to journalism, and 
 soon attracted attention by his hostility to the 
 Empire. In 1870 he founded La Marseillaise 
 and the famous Journal du Peuple. After the 
 fall of the Empire he became a member of 
 the Commune, and with its downfall barely 
 escaped with his life. Besides essays and 
 dramas, he is the author of a history of the 
 Commune and over 30 novels, the best known 
 being < Zo^ * and < Princess Belladonna.* 
 
 Arnulfi, Alberto (ar-nol'fi). A Piedmontese 
 dialect poet ; born in Turin, July 13, 1849 ; died 
 in Rome, March 27, 1888. He is the author of 
 'Turin Blots* (1879), a collection of satirical
 
 AROLAS — ASNYK 
 
 27 
 
 sonnets, under the pseudonym of ^* Fulberto 
 Alami " ; and of < Drolleries,' a comedy. In 
 conjunction with Eraldo Baretti he wrote < The 
 Dukes of Nemi> (1887), a drama depicting 
 Roman society at the downfall of the temporal 
 power. 
 
 Arolas, Juan de (a-ro'las). A Spanish poet 
 (1805-49). His first poems were amatory, but 
 the works on which his fame rests are poems 
 of chivalry and romance. A specimen of his 
 best work is to be found in < The Sylph of 
 the Aqueduct,' a traditional Spanish legend 
 told in various metres. 
 
 Arouet. See Voltaire. 
 
 Arrebo, Anders Cliristensen (ar-e-bo'). A 
 Danish poet (1587-1637). Bishop of Drontheim, 
 Norway, when only thirty-one, but deposed 
 in 1622 owing to his objectionable life; he was 
 afterwards rehabilitated as preacher in Vord- 
 ingborg. As the pioneer of the renaissance 
 movement, he is considered the father of mod- 
 ern poetry in Denmark. His rhymed transla- 
 tion of the < Psalms of David > (1623), but 
 especially his <Hexsemeron> (1641), an imita- 
 tion of a once famous poem of the French 
 poet Du Bartas on the Creation, are highly 
 esteemed. 
 
 Arrlanus, Flavins (ar-i-a'nus). A Greek 
 philosopher and historian (95-180) ; born at 
 Nicomedia. He aimed to imitate Xenophon 
 in the direction of his studies ; and as Xeno- 
 phon recorded the sayings of Socrates, so Arri- 
 anus became the reporter of the < Discoveries 
 of Epictetus.' These were comprised in eight 
 books, but only the first four remain. He next 
 wrote <Epictetus's Handbook,' a compendium 
 of that teacher's moral doctrine. He wrote 
 also an < Anabasis,' a history of Alexander's 
 conquests in Asia ; this is still extant complete. 
 
 Arrington, Alfred W. An American law- 
 yer, author, and poet ; bom in Iredell County, 
 N. C, Sept. 18, 1810; died in Chicago, 111., 
 Dec. 31, 1867. He was admitted to the Mis- 
 souri bar in 1834. He practiced throughout 
 the Southwest and later in Chicago. Among 
 his works are : < The Rangers and Regulators 
 of the Tanaha' (1856); < Sketches of the South- 
 west ';< Poems, with Memoir' (1869). 
 
 Arrivabene, Ferdinando (ar-re-va-ba'ne). An 
 Italian poet and litterateur (1770-1834). While 
 confined as a political prisoner at Sebenico, 
 he wrote and published a poem, < The Tomb 
 of Sebenico,' which made a stir throughout 
 Italy. Of works on the history of literature, he 
 wrote <The Age of Dante' (1827) and others. 
 The Academy of Brescia crowned his work 
 <0n the Humanity of the Judge' (1817). 
 
 Arrom, Cecilia de. See Caballero. 
 
 Arthur, Timotby Shay. An American 
 author ; born at Newburg, N. Y., in 1809 ; died 
 at Philadelphia, Pa., March 6, 1885. In 1852 
 he founded Arthur's Home Magazine. He was 
 a voluminous vsriter of tales of domestic life. 
 His works are over 100 in number, and have 
 
 had a large sale in England as well as in this 
 country. His most popular work was the fa- 
 mous < Ten Nights in a Bar-Room.' Among 
 his other publications were : < Tales for Rich 
 and Poor ' ; < Tales of Married Life ' ; < Lights 
 and Shadows.' 
 
 Arwidson, Adolf Ivar (ar'veds-son). A 
 Swedish poet (1791-1858), chiefly known through 
 his collection of <01d Swedish Folksongs' 
 (1834-42), which forms a supplement to that of 
 Geijer and Afzelius. His own poems were 
 published under the title of < Youth's Hoarfrost ' 
 (1832). 
 
 Asbjbrnsen, Peter Kristen (as-byern'sen). 
 A Norwegian folklorist ; born in Christiania, 
 Jan. 15, 1812; died there, Jan. 6, 1885. While 
 pursuing botanical and zoological studies, and 
 subsequently during various travels at govern- 
 ment expense, he eagerly collected folk tales and 
 legends, aided by his lifelong friend Jorgen 
 Moe, with whom he published < Norwegian 
 Folk Tales' (1842-44, 5th ed. 1874) and <Nor- 
 wegian Gnome Stories and Folk Legends' 
 (1845-48, 3d ed. 1870), pronounced by Jacob 
 Grimm the best fairy tales in existence. 
 
 Ascham, Roger. An English scholar and 
 prose writer; born at Kirby Wiske, near 
 Northallerton, in 1515 ; died in London, Dec. 
 30, 1568. Graduated at Cambridge, and strug- 
 gled with poverty until patrons came to his 
 relief. He was famous for his general knowl- 
 edge and acquirements in Greek and Latin, 
 and is classed with Spenser, Sir Thomas More, 
 and Sir Philip Sidney. Though he wrote Latin 
 with ease and elegance at a time when cus- 
 tom favored the use of that language for im- 
 portant works, he urged and practiced the 
 writing of English, and his beautiful style in 
 his own language has given him the name of 
 the « Father of English Prose." In 1548-50 
 he was tutor of the Princess (afterward Queen) 
 Elizabeth, by whom he was much beloved. 
 His most noted works are : < Toxophilus,' a trea- 
 tise on archery (his favorite exercise), in the 
 form of a dialogue (1545); and < The Schole- 
 master,' a treatise on education (1570). 
 
 Asmus, Georg (as'mos). A German poet; 
 born at Giessen, Nov. 27, 1830 ; died in Bonn, 
 May 31, 1892. Employed as an engineer in 1854- 
 62, lie came to America to conduct some min- 
 ing operations in the copper region of Lake 
 Superior; then lived in New York until 1884, 
 when he returned to Europe. Among the 
 German population of America he had an 
 enormous success with his < American Sketch- 
 Booklet' (1875), an epistle in verse, written in 
 Upper-Hessian dialect and overflowing with 
 delicious humor. It was followed by < New 
 American Sketch-Booklet' (1876). Besides these 
 he wrote *Camp Paradise' (1877), a story, and 
 a collection of miscellaneous poems (1891). 
 
 Asnyk, Adam (as'nik). A Polish poet ; born 
 at Kalisz, Sept. 11, 1838 ; died at Cracow, Aug. 
 2, 1897. Studied in Warsaw, Breslau, and Hei- 
 delberg, where he took his degree of Ph. D. in
 
 28 
 
 ASSOLLANT — AUBANEL 
 
 lived in Cracow. Besides numerous lyrics, 
 counted among the most finished of their 
 kind, he wrote the historical tragedy <Kiejstut> 
 (1878), based on an incident in Lithuanian 
 history; and the comedies < Job's Friends > 
 (1879), <Lerche Brothers,' and < Prize-Comedy > 
 {1888). His < Poems > appeared collected in 
 1888, 3 vols. 
 
 Assonant, Alfred (a-so-lori'). A French nov- 
 elist and political writer; born at Aubusson, 
 March 20, 1827; died in Paris, March 4, 18S6. 
 He taught for a number of years in Paris and 
 other cities, then set out for America: and 
 liaving traveled extensively over the United 
 States, published on his return < Scenes from 
 Life in the United States' (1858), a series of 
 tales which attracted a good deal of attention. 
 Among his numerous novels are : < Two Friends 
 in 1792 > (1859), a story of tlie Reign of Terror; 
 <Brancas> (1859), a picture of the corruption 
 under Louis Philippe ; < Gabrielie de Chenevert > 
 (186=^), portra3ing the provincial nobility before 
 the Revolution; <Pendragon> (1881) ; <Planta- 
 g€net> (1885). 
 
 Astor, Jolin Jacob. An American writer; 
 I'orn 1864 in New York City. He published in 
 1894 an imaginative work, entitled < A Journey 
 in Other Worlds.' 
 
 Astor, William Waldorf. An American ro- 
 mancer ; born in New York, March 31, 1848. 
 He is the great-grandson of John Jacob Astor, 
 and graduated at Columbia Law School. He 
 was LTnited States minister to Italy, 1882-85, 
 and now resides in London, and is the pro- 
 prietor of the Pall Mall Gazette. He is the 
 author of * Valentino,' a historical romance 
 (1S86), and <Sforza,' a story of Milan (1889). 
 
 Athanasius, Saint (ath-a-na'shi-us). One of 
 the fathers of the Christian Church ; born at 
 Alexandria about 296 A. D.; died there, May 
 2, 373. He distinguislied himself by his elo- 
 quence at the Synod of Nice (325), where his 
 efforts were instrumental in securing the ac- 
 ceptance of the Nicene Creed. The creed 
 which bears his name was supposed to have 
 been formulated by him, but the term Ath- 
 anasian was not applied to it until some cen- 
 turies after his death. He became Patriarch 
 of Alexandria in 328, being afterward deposed 
 and reinstated five times. His chief works, 
 including < Orations against the Arians' and 
 < Festal Letters,' appeared in an English trans- 
 lation by Archibald Robertson (Nev/ York, 
 1892). 
 
 Atlieiiseus (ath-e-ne'us). A Greek writer of 
 the third century, reputed to have been born 
 at Naucratis in the Nile Delta, and to have 
 lived at Alexandria and afterwards at Rome. 
 He is famous for one work, his < Feast of the 
 Learned,' a series of books giving with little 
 connection or literary art a vast assemblage 
 of quotations from nearly 800 writers and 2,400 
 distinct writings, covering practically every' de- 
 partment of ancient learning. It has been 
 valued by scholars of all succeeding times as a 
 treasure-house of quotation and anecdote. * 
 
 Ather stone, Edwin. An English poet ; bom 
 at Nottingham, England, about 1788 ; died 
 Jan. 29, 1872. He was the author of < The Last 
 Days of Herculaneum' and <The Fall of 
 Nineveh.' In addition to these poems he wrote 
 'Israel in Egypt' and <The Handwriting on 
 the Wall.' 
 
 Atkinson, Edward. An American political 
 economist and statistician ; born at Brookline, 
 Mass., Feb. 10, 1827. Besides numerous pam- 
 phlets and articles in periodicals, he has written : 
 <Our National Domain' (1879); <The Distri- 
 bution of Products' (1885); <The Margin of 
 Profits' (1887) ; < Bi-Metallism in Europe ' (1888); 
 
 < The Industrial Progress of the Nation (1889) •. 
 
 < Science of Nutrition ' (1892). Died Dec. 11, 1905. 
 
 Attar, Ferid eddin (at-tar'). A celebrated 
 Persian poet; born near Nishapur in 11 19; 
 died about 1229. (?) Son of a spicer, he fol- 
 lowed his father's trade (whence his surname 
 of Attar), but afterward became a dervish and 
 one of the greatest m.ystics of Persia. He is 
 said to have been killed by a Mongol soldier 
 during the invasion by Jenghiz Khan. Of his 
 extant political works the most famous are : 
 
 < The Book of Council,' a series of didactic 
 poems on ethics; <The Parliament of Birds' 
 (1184-87). His principal work in prose is 
 
 < Biographies of the Saints.' 
 
 Atterbom, Per Daniel Amadeus (jit'ter-bom). 
 An eminent Swedish poet ; born in the parish 
 of Asbo, East-Gothland, Jan. 19, 1790 ; died in 
 Upsala, July 21, 1855. He was early influenced 
 by German literature, and having visited Ger- 
 many and Italy in 1S17-19, he fomied ties of 
 friendship with Schelling and Thorwaldsen ; 
 he became instructor to Crown Prince Oscar 
 in 1820, and professor at the university in Up- 
 sala in 1828. Although unquestionably the 
 foremost among the lyric poets of the roman- 
 tic school in Sweden, it must be acknowledged 
 that his rare talent was much impaired by his 
 groping in Schelling's and Hegel's philosophy. 
 His most celebrated work is < The Isle ot 
 Blessedness' (1823), a romantic drama in the 
 manner of Tieck; but he also wrote : < The 
 I'lowers,' a cycle of lyrics ; < The Blue Bird,' a 
 play; and < Swedish Seers and Poets,' a volume 
 of criticism. 
 
 Atwood, Isaac Morgan. An American 
 clergyman ; born in New York State in 1838. 
 He is an important leader of the Universalist 
 Church, and president of the Theological Sem- 
 inary at St. Lawrence University. His chief 
 works are: < Have We Outgrown Christianity' 
 (1870); < Latest Word of Universalism > (1878); 
 •Manual of Revelation' (1888); < Walks about 
 Zion> (18S1); < Balance Sheet ol Bible Criticism.' 
 
 Aubanel, Theodore (o-ba-nel'). A Proven9al 
 poet and dramatist; born in Avignon, March 
 26, 1829; died there, Oct. 31, 18S6. His lyrics 
 are collected under the title * The Pomegranate 
 Opening > (i860); but he is especially noteworthy 
 as a dramatist, as seen in his strikingly real- 
 istic dramas : < The Shepherd ' ; *■ The Bread of 
 Sin' (1S78); <The Elopement.'
 
 AUBERT — AUGIER 
 
 29 
 
 Aubert, Joachim Marie Jean Jacques Al- 
 exandre Jules (6-bar'). A distinguished French 
 general and military writer ; bom in 1804 ; died 
 in 1890. Was prominent in several campaigns, 
 and was made commander of the Legion of 
 Honor in i860. He is best known to the public 
 as a journalist and historical writer. Among his 
 works are : < Gauls and Germans > ; < The Invas- 
 ion) (1870); < History of the War of 1870-71* 
 (1873)- 
 
 Aubignac, Fran90i3 Hedolln, Abh6 d' (o-ben- 
 yak'). A French essayist and miscellaneous 
 prose-writer ; born in Paris, Aug. 4, 1604 ; died 
 at Nemours, July 20, 1676. <The Practical 
 Side of the Theatre ' is his best-known work,— 
 an attempt to handle the theory and technique 
 of the drama after the theory of Scaliger. It 
 is in harmony with the Corneille school. 
 
 Aubign^, Tli6odoro Agrippa d' (o-be-nya). 
 A French poet, historian, and statesman (l55i~ 
 1630). After the death of Henri IV., his friend 
 and patron, he fled from religious persecution 
 in France to Geneva. His greatest work is 
 <The Tragics* (1616), in which are portrayed 
 the horrors of wars of religion. His satires, 
 too, have reference to the religious strifes of the 
 time ; famous among them is < The Catholic 
 Confession of the Sieur de Sancy.> His < Uni- 
 versal History* is one of the most authoritative 
 sources for the history of the latter half of 
 the i6th century. 
 
 Audouard, Olympe (o-do-ar'). A French 
 writer (1830-90) ; married to a notary in Mar- 
 seilles, but soon after divorced, she traveled in 
 Egypt, Turkey, and Russia; and having con- 
 ducted various journals in Paris since i860, 
 made a successful lecture tour through Amer- 
 ica in 1868-69. After her return she became 
 interested in spiritism. She was an ardent 
 advocate of woman's rights. Among her novels 
 and books of travel may be mentioned : < How 
 Men Love* (1861); <The Mysteries of the 
 Seraglio and of the Turkieh Harems* (1863); 
 <The Mysteries of Egypt Unveiled* (1865); 
 'War to Man* (1866); < Across America* (1869- 
 71); < Parisian Silhouettes* (1882). 
 
 Audsley, George Asbdown (ads'li). A Scot- 
 tish architect and writer on art; born at Elgin, 
 Scotland, 1838. His present home is at Plain- 
 field, N. J. He has published, with his brother 
 William James Audsley, < Color in Dress* 
 <i863); < Dictionary of Architecture and the 
 Allied Arts* (1880, 10 vols.), etc. ; alone, < Hand- 
 book of Christian Symbolism* (1865); <The 
 Ornamental Arts of Japan* (2 vols., 1882-86); 
 etc. 
 
 Audubon, John James. An eminent Amer- 
 ican naturalist; born in New Orleans, May 4, 
 1780; died in New York, Jan. 27, 1851. An 
 artist, but above all a lover of animated nature, 
 the best years and efforts of his life were de- 
 voted to < Birds of America* and to < American 
 Ornithological Biography,* in which his skill 
 with the brush, the effective simplicity of his 
 literary style, and his mastery of his subject, 
 
 have equal claims to admiration. Another 
 series of studies, < The Quadrupeds of America,' 
 
 < Synopsis of the Birds of North America,* and 
 
 < Biography of American Quadrupeds,* have 
 added to a fame which no subsequent labor 
 in the same field has tended to discredit. 
 
 Aue. See Hartmann von Aue. 
 
 Auer, Adelbeid von (ou'er), pseudonym of 
 Charlotte von Cosel. A German novelist; 
 born in Berlin, Jan. 6, 1818. She is author of 
 a great many stories of real life, among 
 them: < Footprints in Sand* (1868); <A Sister 
 of Charity* (1870); < In the World's Labyrinth > 
 (187S); < Castles in the Air > (1882); all written 
 in the tone and spirit of a moderate conserva- 
 tive. 
 
 Auerbacb, Berthold (ou'er-bach). An emi- 
 nent German novelist ; born at Nordstetten, 
 Wiirtemberg, Feb. 28, 1812; died at Cannes, 
 France, Feb. 8, 1882. He began to write while a 
 student in Heidelberg, and under the pseudonym 
 <' Theobald Chauber** produced a < Biography 
 of Frederick the Great* (1834-36). A series of 
 novels from the history of Judaism, under the 
 collective title < The Ghetto,* of which < Spinoza* 
 (1837) and <Poet and Merchant' (1839) were 
 printed in separate editions, was followed by 
 a translation of the works of Spinoza, with a 
 critical biography (1841); and by <The Edu- 
 cated Citizen, a Book for the Thinking Human 
 Mind * (1842), intended to bring philosophical 
 problems within the comprehension of the un- 
 initiated. His next work, < Black Forest Vil- 
 lage Stories* (1843), was received with universal 
 favor, translated into nearly all European lan- 
 guages, and established his fame. To this class 
 of tales belong also <The Professor's Lady' 
 (1847); 'Little Barefoot* (1856); < Joseph in 
 the Snow* (i860); < Edelweiss* (1861); < After 
 Thirty Years,* new village stories (1876). His 
 first effort in the field of the novel, < New Life ' 
 (1851), met with little favor; but <On the 
 Heights* (1865) constituted the crowning suc- 
 cess of his literary career. It was followed by 
 
 < The Villa on the Rhine * (1868) ; < Waldfried, 
 a Family History* (1874); and <The Head For- 
 ester * (1879) ; < Brigitta' (18S0). 
 
 Auersperg, Count Anton Alexander von. 
 See Grun, Anastasius. 
 
 Auffenberg, Joseph von, Baron (ouf'fen- 
 berg). A German dramatist (1798-1857), whose 
 historical tragedies had a temporary success. 
 Among them are: <Pizarro* (1823); <The 
 Spartans * ; < The Lion of Kurdistan * (after 
 Scott's < Talisman *). Of a trip to Spain in 
 1832 he published a sprightly description under 
 the title < Humorous Pilgrimage to Granada 
 and Cordova' (1833). 
 
 Augier, £mile (o-zhe-a'). A distinguished 
 French dramatist; born at Valence, Sept. 17, 
 1820; died at Croissy, Oct. 25, 1889. With his 
 first play, <The Hemlock* (1844), he won 
 popular favor, as it commenced a needed re- 
 action against the overstrained romanticism 
 of the time. He lashed the dominant vices of
 
 30 
 
 AUGUSTINE — AUSTIN 
 
 modem society in a series of plays: <The 
 Marriage of 01ympia> (1855); <The Poor Lion- 
 esses > (1858); < The Brazen-Fronted >(l86l); and 
 'Giboyer's Boy> (1862). <The Fourchambaults > 
 (1878) is esteemed his best work. 
 
 Augustine, Saint (Aurelius Augustinus). 
 The most illustrious of the Latin fathers of 
 the Church, and of patristic writers; born in 
 Tagasta, Numidia, Nov. 13, 354 ; died at Hippo, 
 Aug. 28, 430. His most celebrated works are 
 his < Confessions ' ; < Grace of Christ >; <City 
 of God > ; and < Original Sin.> We owe to him 
 also reflections on music, mankind, and other 
 themes. 
 
 Aulnoy, Marie Catherine, Comtesse d' (61- 
 nwa'J. A French writer; born about 1650; 
 died in Paris, 1705. She is now remembered 
 chiefly by her < Fairy Tales,* in which she suc- 
 cessfully imitated Perrault. Of her novels only 
 < Hippolyte, Count of Douglas' (1690) deserves 
 mention. She also wrote < Memoirs of the Court 
 of Spain > (l6qo). 
 
 Aumale, Due d', Henri Eugdne Piiixrppe, 
 Louis d'Orleans (diik do-mal'). A French bio- 
 graphical and military writer and prince of the 
 blood ; born in Paris, Jan. 16, 1822 ; died at 
 Zucco, Sicily, May 7, 1897. He served with 
 distinction in Algiers, and was a member of 
 the Assembly and the Academy. He was ex- 
 pelled from France in 1886, the sentence being 
 revoked in 1889. He has written : < Histories of 
 the Princes of Cond^ > (1869); < Military Insti- 
 tutions of France' (1897); etc. 
 
 Aurbacher, Ludwig (our'ba-cher). A Ger- 
 man author (1784-1847), well remembered by 
 his < Volksbiichlein > (1827-29); a collection of 
 popular tales, ranking among the best produc- 
 tions of this kind in German literature. 
 
 Aureli, Mariano (o-ral'-e). An Italian dram- 
 atist and miscellaneous writer; born at Bo- 
 logna, Dec. 24, 1820. In his youth he studied 
 law, music, and design, but the love of letters 
 finally triumphed. After the war of 1848-49, in 
 which he took part, he became a lecturer and 
 instructor in the government schools. His 
 works include: <Ernestina> (1845), a novel; 
 •Charles I. and Oliver Cromwell > (1875), a 
 historical dnima ; < Justice and Rigor' (1876), 
 a comedy ; and others. 
 
 Aurelius, Marcus (mar'kus a-re'li-us). The 
 Roman emperor; born in Rome, April 20, 121 
 A. D. ; died in Pannonia, March 17, 180. On 
 account of his devotion to literature and phi- 
 losophy he is often styled « The Philosopher," 
 but he is known in history as Marcus Aurelius 
 Antoninus. During his reign, his empire was 
 visited by earthquake, famine, plague, and 
 frequent wars; yet, amid the turmoil, he cher- 
 ished always his love of peace, truth, and 
 humanity. He founded in Athens chairs of 
 philosophy for the Platonic, Stoic, Peripatetic, 
 and Epicurean sects. His < Meditations,' con- 
 taining the inmost thoughts and purest aspi- 
 rations of one of the noblest souls that ever 
 lived, has always been highly prized. 
 
 Auriac, Jules Berlioz d' (do-re-iik'). A 
 French novelist; born at Grenoble in 1820. 
 Educated for the law, he was for some years 
 a magistrate in his native city, but finally 
 abandoned this profession to devote himself 
 entirely to letters, and became a regular con- 
 tributor to the Journal Pour Tous. From a 
 long list of his works may be cited : < The 
 White Spirit' (1866); <The Foresters of Michi- 
 gan' (1866); <A Duel in the Desert' (1884). 
 
 Auringer, Obadiah Cyrus. An American 
 
 poet ; born at Glens Falls, N. Y., June 4, 1849. 
 He served for some years in the United States 
 navy. Since 1875 he has been a fanner in his 
 native place. Among his works are : < Voices 
 of a Shell ' ; < Scythe and Sword ' (1887) ; < Epi- 
 sode of Jane McCrea ' ; < The Book of the 
 Hills,' and ' The Christ' (iqoo). 
 
 Ausonius, Decimus Magnus (a-so'ni-us). A 
 Roman poet of the 4th century (310-94); born 
 at Bordeaux. He stood in high favor with the 
 emperors Valentinian and Gratian. One of his 
 most ambitious poems is a fulsome eulogy of 
 Gratian. He wrote a number of < Idyls,' < Ele- 
 gies,' and < Epistles.' He is at his best in < The 
 Moselle,' one of his idyls, in which he de- 
 scribes a voyage on that river and the Rhine. 
 
 Austen, Jane. An English novelist ; born 
 in Steventon, Hampshire, Dec. 16, 1775 ; died 
 in Winchester, July 18, 1817. Her books re- 
 ceived little attention during her life, but are ac- 
 corded high place to-day. They describe with 
 great fidelity ordinary English middle-class life, 
 rural scenes, and characters familiar to her. 
 Long after her death Walter Scott, and still 
 later Macaulay, paid just tribute to her genius. 
 Her best-known works are : < Sense and Sensi- 
 bility' <i8li); < Pride and Prejudice.' 
 
 Austin, Alfred. An English poet, critic, and 
 journalist ; born at Headingly, near Leeds, 
 May 30, 1835. He graduated from the Uni- 
 versity of London in 1853, was called to the 
 bar in 1857, and became editor of the National 
 Review 1883-93. He was appointed poet lau- 
 reate of England in 1896. He is the author of 
 political books, novels, and many volumes of 
 verse. The latter include : < The Season : a 
 Satire' (1862); <The Human Tragedy' (1862); 
 <The Golden Age: a Satire' (1871); <The 
 Tower of Babel,' a drama (1874); * Savonarola,' 
 a tragedy (1881); and < Veronica's Garden,' in 
 prose and verse (1895). Some of his happiest 
 effects are attained in < Prince Lucifer ' and 
 
 < The Garden that I Love,' although opinion 
 is very much divided on the subject of his 
 merits as a poet, particularly in such works 
 as <Fortunatus the Pessimist' (1891). 
 
 Austin, George Lowell. An American phy- 
 sician and miscellaneous writer ; born in Law- 
 rence, Mass., Sept. II, 1849; died in Melrose^ 
 June 5, 1893. Among his works are < Perils of 
 American Women,' < Water-Analysis > (1882); 
 
 < Under the Tide ' ; < Life of Franz Schubert > ; 
 
 < Popular History of Massachusetts > ; < Life of 
 Wendell Phillips' (1888).
 
 AUSTIN — AVICEBRON 
 
 3t 
 
 Austin, Henry. An American lawyer and 
 legal writer; bom in Mass., Dec. 21, 1858. 
 He has written several valuable books on : 
 
 < American Farm and Game Laws > ; < Ameri- 
 can Fish and Game Laws>; < Liquor Law in 
 New England.' 
 
 Austin, Henry Willard. An American jour- 
 nalist and poet; born in Massachusetts in 
 185S. He is the author of < Vagabond Verses.> 
 
 Austin, James Trecothic. An American 
 lawyer and biographer; born in Boston, Mass., 
 Jan. 7, 1784; died there, May 8, 1870. He 
 graduated from Harvard in 1802, and was 
 attorney-general of Massachusetts from 1832 
 to 1843. He was a pronounced opponent of 
 the abolition movement. He is the author of 
 a <Life of Elbridge Gerry > (1828). 
 
 Austin, Jane Goodwin. An American nov- 
 elist ; born in Worcester, Mass., Feb. 25, 1831 ; 
 died in Boston, March 30, 1894. She was edu- 
 cated and thenceforward lived in Boston. Her 
 reputation rests on excellent stories describing 
 the Pilgrim Fathers and the early colonists of 
 Massachusetts, and including < Fairy Dreams > 
 (i860); <Moonfolk> (1874); < Mrs. Beauchamp 
 Brown > (1880) ; < A Nameless Nobleman > (1881) ; 
 <The Desmond Hundred > (1882); < Nantucket 
 Scraps) (1882); <Standish of Standish> (1889); 
 
 < Betty Alden> (1891); and < David Alden's 
 Daughter and Other Stories' (1892). 
 
 Austin, William. An American descriptive 
 and story writer ; born in Charlestown, Mass., 
 March 2, 1778; died there, June 27, 1841. Grad- 
 uated from Harvard in 1798, and afterwards 
 became prominent as a lawyer. A two-years' 
 residence in England (1802-4) resulted in 
 
 < Letters from London,' containing descriptions 
 of many distinguished residents of that city. 
 He is the author of < Peter Rugg, the Missing 
 Man' (1824-26), a legendary tale published in 
 the New England Galaxy, which a||racted 
 much attention. 
 
 Autran, Joseph (6-tron'). A French poet; 
 born in Marseilles in June 1813; died there, 
 March 6, 1877. His verse is admired for its 
 purity of form and refined sentiment. He 
 attracted attention in 1832 with an ode to La- 
 martine, <The Departure for the East.' His 
 works include : < The Sea,' poems (1835) ; < Mil- 
 ianah,' an epic (1842); < Rural Life' (1856); 
 and <The Daughter of ^schylus,' drama (1848), 
 which won a prize from the French Academy. 
 
 Avdyeyev, Michael Vassilyevich (av-dya'- 
 yef). A Russian novelist (1821-76), whose first 
 effort was <Tamarin' (1852), a trilogy; and 
 whose second novel, <The Cliff' (1862), created 
 a great sensation, its theme being free love. 
 
 Avellaneda y Arteaga, Gertrudis Gomez de 
 
 (a-va-lya-na'tha e ar-ta-a'ga). A distinguished 
 Spanish poet, dramatist, and novelist ; bom at 
 Puerto Principe, Cuba, March 23, 1814; died 
 in Madrid, Feb. 2, 1873. Under the pseudo- 
 nym « Peregrina " she contributed to Andalusian 
 iouroals many < Lyric Poems' (1851-54), and 
 afterward wrote a series of spirited novels : 
 
 <Two Women'; <The Baroness ue Joux'; 
 
 < Dolores' ; and others. She gained sti'l higher 
 distinction with the tragedies < Alfonso Munio,* 
 the hero of which was her own ancestor, and 
 
 < The Prince of Viana.' Her later compositions 
 have a tone of melancholy, but are not inferior 
 to those that went before them either hi grace 
 of style or in forcefulness of thought; among 
 these are : Biblical dramas, as < Saul ' and 
 
 < Balthasar ' ; the spiritual song, < At the Cross ' ; 
 and <The Last Accent of my Harp' (1850). 
 But she did not abandon dramatic composition : 
 in the later years of her life she composed 16 
 plays which have a place on the Spanish stage. 
 
 Avenel, Paul (av-nel'). A French poet and 
 novelist; bom at Chaumont, Oct. 9, 1823. Ed- 
 ucated for commerce, he turned to literature 
 and was active in connection with several peri- 
 odicals. Besides a number of vaudevilles, he 
 wrote : <The Peasant Woman from the Abruzzi' 
 (1861), a drama ; <The King of Paris' (i860), 
 a historical romance; <The Calicoes' (1866), 
 scenes of real life. Among several collections 
 of poems may be mentioned ^Alcove and 
 Boudoir,' interdicted 1855 and republished 1885. 
 He died April 19, 1902. 
 
 Averkiyev, Dmitry Vassilyevich (a-ver-ke'- 
 yef). A Russian dramatist and critic ; born 
 Oct. 12, 1836. He wrote over twenty dramas 
 and comedies, besides numerous literary crit- 
 icisms. Among the former, mostly taken from 
 old Russian life, the best are : < In Old Kashira' 
 (1872), a historical tragedy ; and < Frol Skobejeff ' 
 (1868), a comedy. 
 
 Averroes or Averrhoes (a-ver'o-ez), properly 
 Ibn Rushd. An eminent Spanish- Arabian phi- 
 losopher and physician ; born at Cordova, 
 Spain, in 1 126; died in Morocco, Dec. 10, 1198. 
 Through translations of his works into Latin 
 and Hebrew, he exerted a profound influence 
 for centuries upon both Christian and Jewish 
 thought. 
 
 Avery, Benjamin Parke. An American jour- 
 nalist and diplomatist ; born in New York city 
 in 1829 ; died in Pekin, China, Nov. 8, 1875. 
 He went to California in 1849 and became 
 connected with several papers on the Pacific 
 coast, among them being the San Francisco 
 Bulletin. In 1872 he was appointed editor of 
 the Overland Monthly. From 1874 to 1875 he 
 was minister to China. His chief work is 
 
 < Califomian Pictures in Prose and Verse ' (1877). 
 
 Avianus, Flavins (a-vi-a'nus). A Roman 
 fabulist of the latter end of the 4th century. 
 He wrote 42 ^sopic fables in elegiac metre, 
 which were used as a text-book in mediaeval 
 schools. 
 
 Avicebron or Avencebrol (a-ve-tha-br5n'), 
 properly Solomon ben Jehuda ibn Gabirol. A 
 celebrated Hebrew poet and philosopher ; born 
 at Cordova, about 1028 ; died about 1058. Of 
 his poetical works, < The Royal Crown ' is the 
 most famous ; of the philosophical, < The Fount- 
 ain of Life,' written in Arabic, but known 
 only through a Latin translation (re-edited, 
 Miinster, 1895).
 
 32 
 
 AVICENNA— AZULAI 
 
 Avicenna. See Ibn Sina. 
 
 Ayala, Adelardo Lopez de (a-ya'la). A 
 .'ipanish dramatist ; born at Guadalcanal, Ba- 
 dajoz, March 1829; died Dec. 30, 1879. After 
 studying law in Seville, he went to Madrid, 
 where he devoted himself entirely to poetry 
 and speedily won national fame. His first 
 drama, <A Statesman) (1S51), met with imme- 
 diate success, and was followed in the same 
 year by <The Two Noblemen > and < Penalty 
 and Pardon.> To the modern comedy of man- 
 ners, his specific domain, he first contributed 
 
 < The Glass Roof,> and in 1S61 attained to wide 
 reputation with < Percentage.* Of his other 
 works the most noteworthy arc : < The Mod- 
 ern Don Juan> (1S63); and <Consuelo> (187S), 
 a drama. He has also written beautiful son- 
 nets. ■ 
 
 Ayala, Pedro Lopez de. A Spanish histo- 
 rian, poet, and statesman (1332-1407). In great 
 favor with the Castilian kings Peter tlie Cruel, 
 Henry II., John I., and Henry HI., he was in- 
 vested with the highest dignities of State. His 
 
 < Chronicles of the Kings of Castile > contains 
 the history of that kingdom from 1350 to 1396. 
 Of his poetical works, the < Rhyme-Work of the 
 Palace,* a didactic poem on social and political 
 questions, stands foremost. 
 
 Aylmer-Gowing, Mrs. Emilia. An English 
 poet and reciter; born in Bath, October 1846. 
 She was educated partly in Brighton, partly 
 in Paris, where she received the attention of 
 Lamartine. After a short career on the stage 
 she successfully produced two dramas : < A Life 
 Race> and <A Crown for Love.* Her < Bal- 
 lads and Poems* and <The Cithern* have 
 become popular, as well as two novels : < The 
 Jewel Reputation* and <An Unruly Spirit.* 
 in 1891 siie published < Ballads of the Tower 
 and Other Poems.* 
 
 Ayrer, Jacob (I'rer). A German dramatist; 
 died in Nuremberg, March 26, 1605. Next to 
 Hans Sachs the most prolific dramatist of Ger- 
 many in the l6th century; in 1595-1605 he 
 wrote more than 100 plays, of which the < Opus 
 Theatricum* (Nuremberg, 1618) contains 30 
 tragedies and comedies, and 36 Shrovetide 
 plays and vaudevilles. In his dramas the in- 
 fluence of the English stage is apparent. 
 
 Ayres, Anne. An American author ; born in 
 England in 1816 ; died in February 1896. She 
 was the first member of an American sister- 
 hood in the Protestant Episcopal Church. She 
 v.Tote : < Evangelical Sisterhood* (1867); < Life 
 of Augustus Muhlenberg.* 
 
 Ayton or Aytoun, Sir Robert (a'ton). A 
 Scottish poet ; born in his father's castle of 
 Kinaldie in 1570 ; died in London in Febru- 
 ary 1638. His Latin and English verses made 
 him famous at the courts of James I. and 
 
 Charles I., where he held posts of ?.onor and 
 was knighted in 1612. He also wrote in Greek 
 and French. Ayton is supposed to have been 
 the author of <Auld Lang Syne,* which was 
 remodeled by Burns. 
 
 Aytoun, William Edmonstoune. A Scottish 
 humorist; born in Edinburgh. June 21, 1813; 
 died at Blackhills, near Elgm, Aug. 4, 1S65. 
 Pie joined the editorial staff of Blackwood's 
 Magazine in 1S44, and to his death continued 
 an unwearying and fertile contributor to its 
 pages. Professor of literature in the University 
 of Edinburgh, 1S45-64. After John Wilson's 
 death (1854), he was considered the m-ost im- 
 portant man of letters in Scotland during his 
 life, famous for his humor, satire, and criticism. 
 His most celebrated work is < Lays of the 
 Scottish Cavaliers* (1848, 29th ed. 1883), a 
 series of ballads replete with genuine poetry, 
 glorifying the champions of the Stuart cause. 
 Noteworthy is his critical and annotated col^ 
 lection of the < Ballads of Scotland* (1858, 4th 
 ed. 1870). With Theodore Martin he wrote 
 the famous < Bon Gaultier Ballads* (1844, 13th 
 ed. 1877), and translated < Poems and Ballads 
 of Goethe* (1S5S). 
 
 Azarias, Brother. See Mullany, Patrick 
 Francis. 
 
 Azeglio, Massimo Taparelli, Marchese d' 
 (ad-zal'yo). A distinguished Italian writer, 
 statesman, and artist ; born in Turin, Oct. 15, 
 1798; died in Milan, Jan. 15, 1866. Of his liter- 
 ary productions the most noteworthy are the 
 two historical romances < Ettore Fieramosca * 
 (1833) and <Nicol6 de' Lapi* (1841); but firpt 
 in importance is his autobiography < My Recol- 
 lections* (1867), translated into English by 
 Count Maffei. Supplements to these are : 
 'Letters to his Wife, Luisa Blondel* (1870); 
 <to Giuseppe Torelli * (1870); <to Carlo di Per- 
 sano* (187S); and <to Emanuele d'Azeglio* 
 (i8S3)j^)ut especially < Italy from 1847 to 1865, 
 Political Correspondence of M. d'Azeglio* 
 (Paris, 1S66). 
 
 Azevedo, Manoel Antonio Alvares de (a- 
 za-va'do). A Brazilian poet; born in Sao Paulo, 
 1831 ; died 1852. While studying law in 1848- 
 51, he produced an abundance of romantic 
 poetry in the vein of Byron, Heine, and Musset, 
 which made him the most widely read poet 
 of Brazil after Gon^-alves Dias. His 'Com- 
 plete Works* (1863) contain also prose writ- 
 ings and three dramatic pieces. 
 
 Azulai, Eayim David (hii'gem da'ved a-zb- 
 li'). A Jewish bibliographer; born in Jerusa- 
 lem; died at Leghorn, Italy. He lived in the 
 i8th century. Most of his life was spent at 
 Leghorn. Of his numerous works, the best 
 known is < Shem-ha-Gedolim * (The Names of 
 the Great), a bibliography containing the names 
 of over 1,300 Jewish authors, and more than 
 2,200 of their works.
 
 BABBAGE — BACHERACHT 
 
 33 
 
 B 
 
 Babbage, Charles (bab'aj). A celebrated 
 English mathematician ; born near Teign- 
 mouth, Devonshire, Dec. 26, 1792 ; died in Lon- 
 don, Oct. 18, 1871. He was professor of math- 
 ematics at Cambridge (1828-39) and one of the 
 founders, secretaries, and vice-presidents of the 
 Astronomical Society. He is best known as 
 the inventor of the only partially successful 
 calculating machine. His principal work was 
 < On the Economy of Machinery > (1832), which 
 was translated into several languages. Among 
 his other writings were : < Passages from the 
 Life of a Philosopher) (1864) and < Chapter on 
 Street Nuisances' (1864). 
 
 Baber or Babar, Zehlr-Eddin Mohammed, 
 
 surnamed (ba'ber). Conqueror of India and 
 founder of the Mogul dynasty ; born 1483 ; 
 died at Agra, Dec. 28, 1530. He was a lineal 
 descendant of Jenghiz Khan and Timur, and 
 at the age of 12 years succeeded his father 
 as king of Ferghana, a district to the east of 
 Samarcand. In 1521, gathering an army of 12,- 
 000 followers, he invaded India, then preparing 
 to revolt against the intolerable exactions of 
 Ibrahim, emperor at Delhi ; and in six years 
 made himself absolute master of the whole 
 country. He wrote a volume of < Memoirs ' 
 which shows him to have been a man of well- 
 cultivated intellect, a sagacious observer, and a 
 wise statesman. 
 
 Babeuf or Baboeuf, Francois Noel (ba-bef). 
 A French communist, who called himself Caius 
 Gracchus; born at Saint-Quentin, 1760 ; died in 
 Paris, May 27, 1797. He founded in Paris a 
 journal called the Tribune of the People (1794), 
 in which he advocated his system of communism, 
 known as << Baboeuvism >' and contemplating ab- 
 solute equality and community of property. His 
 followers were called << Baboeuvists.'* Betrayed 
 in a conspiracy against the Directory, aiming to 
 put his theories into practice, he was guillotined. 
 His principal works were : < Perpetual Register 
 of the Survey of Lands > (1780) ; <0f the Sys- 
 tem of Population' (1794). 
 
 Babo, Joseph Marius von (ba'bo). A Ger- 
 man dramatist (1756-1822); author of a series 
 of plays of chivalry in imitation of Goethe's 
 ' Gotz,> among which < Otto von Wittelsbach > 
 (1781) had the greatest success. Two come- 
 dies, 'Homely Happiness* (1792) and < The 
 Pulse' (1804), also found much favor. 
 
 Babrius (ba'bri-us). A Greek writer of fables 
 in verse ; variously referred to the time imme- 
 diately preceding the Augustan age, and to the 
 third century of our era; his name also shows 
 variants, as Babrias, Gabrius. Till 1842 only 
 a few fragments of Babrius were known to be 
 extant; but in that year, in the Laura of Mt. 
 Athos was discovered a MS. containing 123 of 
 his fables. In 1846 Sir George Cornewall Lewis 
 
 published them together w'th the pre-existing 
 fragments, and in 1859 or i860 appeared a good 
 English version by James Davies. The fables 
 have also been edited by W. G. Rutherford 
 (1883), and by F. G. Schneidewin (1S80). . 
 
 Baccalar y SafLa, Vicente, MaroLuls of St. 
 Philip (bak'a-lar e san'ya). A Spanish his- 
 torian and statesman; born in Sardinia; died 
 in Madrid, 1726. He served the King of Spain 
 with less disinterestedness than distinction dur- 
 ing the revolt of his native isle, and was ennobled 
 after writing a very rhetorical < History of the 
 Kingdom of the Jews,' as well as < Memoirs for 
 a History of Philip V.,' the latter work cover- 
 ing the period between 1699 and 1725. 
 
 Bache, Alexander Dallas (bach). A dis- 
 tinguished American scientist and educator, 
 great-grandson of Benjamin Franklin ; bom at 
 Philadelphia, July 19, 1806; died at Newport, 
 Feb. 17, 1867. Graduating from West Point at 
 the head of his class {1825), he became profes- 
 sor of natural philosophy and chemistry at the 
 University of Pennsylvania (1828) ; organizer 
 and first president of Girard College (1836) ; 
 superintendent of the United States Coast Sur- 
 vey (1843), his services in that position being 
 invaluable ; active member of the sanitary com- 
 mission during the Civil War ; a regent of the 
 Smithsonian Institution (1846-67) ; president 
 of the National Academy of Sciences (1863). 
 He wrote < Observations at the Magnetic and 
 Meteorological Observatory at the Girard Col- 
 lege,' a scientifically valuable work ; a helpful 
 report on education in Europe (1839) ; and a 
 long series of notable annual reports of the 
 United States Coast Survey. 
 
 Bache, Franklin (bach). A distinguished 
 American physician and chemist ; bom at Phil- 
 adelphia, Oct. 25, 1792 ; died there, March 19, 
 1864. He was professor of chemistry at the 
 Philadelphia College of Pharmacy (1831) and 
 the Jefferson Medical College (1841). Besides 
 writing * A System of Chemistry for Students of 
 Medicine' (1819), he was one of the authors of 
 Wood and Bache's < Dispensatory of the United 
 States' (1833), an acknowledged authority. 
 
 Bacher, Julius (bach'er). A German story- 
 writer and dramatist ; born in Ragnit, East Prus- 
 sia, Aug. 8, 1810. He was a practicing physi- 
 cian, who turned man of letters and attained 
 reputation with *■ The First Love of Charles 
 XII.' (1850), a tragedy; 'Princess Sidonie' 
 (1870), a novel; and various other pieces. 
 
 Bacheracht, Therese von (ba'ciher-adht). A 
 German novelist (1804-52), who chose her sub- 
 jects mostly from the life of the upper classes, 
 and was distinguished for her careful delinea- 
 tion of character. The best among her nov- 
 els are: <Falkenberg' (i843.t; <Lydia> (1844);
 
 34 
 
 •3/';;HMAN— BACULARD D'ARNAUD 
 
 ' Ileinrich Burkart' (1846). Much credit is due 
 her for the pubh'cation of W. von Humboldt's 
 ^Letters to a Friend* (1847). 
 
 Bachman, John (bak'man). An American 
 clergyman and naturalist ; bom in Dutchess 
 county, N. Y., Fel). 4, 1790; died at Charleston, 
 S. C, Feb. 25, 1874. He was associated with 
 Audubon in the < Quadrupeds of North Amer- 
 ica,' writing the principal part of the work, 
 which Audubon and his sons illustrated. 
 
 Baclc, Sir George. An English admiral and 
 Arctic explorer; born in Stockport, Cheshire, 
 Nov. 6, 1796; died in London, June 23, 1878. 
 Having accompanied PVanklin in several ex- 
 peditions, he discovered the Great Fish or 
 Back River (1833-35), commanded the Terror in 
 an Arctic expedition (1836-37), and became— I 
 admiral (1857). He wrote: < Narrative of the 
 Arctic Land Expedition to the Mouth of the 
 Great Fish River >; < Narrative of an Expedi- 
 tion in H. M. S. Terror >; etc. 
 
 Backstrbm, Per Joban Edvard (bak'strem). 
 A Swedisli dramatist and lyric poet; born in 
 Stockholm, Oct. 27, 1841 ; died there, Feb. 13, 
 1886. His principal work is < Dagvard Frey* 
 (1876), a tragedy; besides this the dramas <A 
 Crown > (1869), < Eva's Sisters > (1869), <The 
 Prisoner of Kallo' (1S70), met with success. 
 His lyrics were published in three collections 
 (i860, 1870, 1876). 
 
 Bacon, Delia. An American writer (l8ll- 
 59), daughter of Leonard Bacon. She is best 
 remembered for her < Philosophy of the Plays 
 of Shakespeare* (1857); to which Nathaniel 
 Hawthorne (without concurring) wrote a preface, 
 and which lirought into prominence the Bacon- 
 Shakespeare controvers}'. 
 
 Bacon, Francis. The English philosopher ; 
 born in London, Jan. 22, 1561 ; died April 9, 
 1626. His immortal < Essays* were published 
 in 1597, and in the same year appeared <On 
 the Colors of Good and Evil.* The two books 
 of <The Advancement of Learning* appeared 
 in 1605 ; and in 1620 the < Novum Organum,* 
 written, like very many of Bacon's works, in 
 Latin. The < Novum Organum* is <<an essay 
 toward the science of a better use of reason in 
 the investigation of things.** His histories of 
 < Henry VIL,* of < Henry VIIL,* and of < Eliz- 
 abeth,* are of unequal value and authority : 
 ihe first is eminently faithful and trustworthy; 
 the other two are probably biased by the au- 
 thor's desire to stand well at court. His <New 
 Atlantis* is one of the world's great Utopian 
 speculations. 
 
 Bacon, Leonard. An American clergyman ; 
 born at Detroit, Mich., Feb. 19, 1802; died in 
 New Haven, Conn., Dec. 24, 1881. He gradu- 
 ated at Yale in 1820, after which he studied 
 theology at Andover, Mass. In 1825 he be- 
 came pastor of the First Congregational Church 
 m New Haven, a position which he held offi- 
 cially, though not always actively, until his 
 death. He was professor of didactic theology 
 in Yale (1866-71). He was throughout his life 
 
 an active opponent of slavery. In 1847 he 
 jomed with Drs. Storrs and Thompson to found 
 the New York Independent, in the joint edi- 
 torship of which he continued for 16 years. 
 Besides a vast number of reviews and pam- 
 phlets, he published many theological and his- 
 torical works. 
 
 Bacon, Leonard Woolsey. An American 
 Congregational minister and religious writer, son 
 of Leonard Bacon ; born at New Haven, 1830. 
 Among his writings are : < The Vatican Council * 
 (1872) ; < Church Music Papers > (1876) ; < Sunday 
 Evening Essays * (1877). Died May 12, 1907. 
 
 Bacon, Roger. An English philosopher, one 
 of the greatest medieval scholars. He was 
 born of good family in Somersetshire, about 
 1214; died about 1294. He studied at Oxford, 
 taking orders there 1233 ; proceeded to Paris, 
 returned, and entered the Franciscan Order 
 1250. f His discoveries in chemistry and phys- 
 ics brought upon him accusations of magic, 
 and he was imprisoned at Paris, 1257. At the 
 request of Pope Clement IV. in 1265 he drew 
 up his < Opus Majus.* He gained his liberty a 
 little later, but suffered a further imprisonment 
 of ten years under Nicholas II., and was not 
 finally liberated till 1292, two years before his 
 death. (He was learned in several languages 
 and wrote elegant Latin. His wide knowledge 
 gained for him the name of Doctor Admirabi- 
 lis. His chief work, the <Opus Majus,* shows 
 great learning and remarkably advanced think- 
 ing, considering the age in which he lived. 
 He treats of the unity of the sciences, of the 
 necessity of a true linguistic science for the 
 understanding either of philosophy, science, or 
 the Scriptures; he treats also of mathematics, 
 as <<the alphabet of philosophy,** and of ge- 
 ography and astronomy as related thereto, of 
 perspective, and of experimental science, fore- 
 shadowing the inductive method. The portion 
 relating to geography was read by Columbus, 
 who was strongly influenced by it. 
 
 Bacon, Tliomas Scott. An American theo- 
 logical writer; born at Saratoga, N. V., Feb. I, 
 1825. Originally a lawyer, he became an Epis- 
 copalian clergyijian (1854). Besides sermons, 
 addresses, reviews, etc., he has written : < Both 
 Sides of the Controversy between the Roman 
 and the Reformed Church* (1858) ; <The Reign 
 of God, not the Reign of Law* (1879); <The 
 Beginnings of Religion* (1887) ; < Primitive and 
 Catholic Doctrine as to Holy Scripture*; etc. 
 
 Bacsanyi, J^nos (bo'chan-ye). A Hunga- 
 rian poet, prose-writer, and journalist; born at 
 Tapolcza, May 11, 1763; died at Linz, May 12, 
 1845. With Baroti and Kazinczy, he founded 
 a journal, the Magyar Museum (1788), and was 
 editor of the Magyar Minerva. Having trans- 
 lated Napoleon's proclamation to the Hunga- 
 rians (1809), he was obliged to flee to Paris, 
 whence he was extradited after Napoleon's 
 fall, but was compelled to live at Linz. 
 
 Baculard d'Arnaud, Francois (ba-kii-lar' 
 dar-n5'). A French novelist and dramatist 
 (1718-1805), protdgd of Voltaire, for two year>
 
 BADEAU — BAHR 
 
 35 
 
 literary correspondent, in Paris, of Frederick the 
 Great, who afterwards called him to Berlin. 
 Thence he went to Dresden, and on his return 
 to France wrote a considerable number of sen- 
 timental novels in the taste of the times. Of 
 his dramas, in which the sombre and horrible 
 element prevails, onlj- < The Count of Com- 
 minges' (1765) was performed. 
 
 Badeau, Adam. An American soldier and 
 author ; born in New York city, Dec. 29, 1831 ; 
 died in Ridgewood, N. J., March 19, 1895. He 
 served in the United States army during the 
 Civil War, was military secretary to General 
 Grant in 1864-69, tlien secretary of legation in 
 London, and from 1870 till 1881 consul-general 
 there, and in 1882-84 in Havana. He accom- 
 panied General Grant on his tour around the 
 world in 1877-78. Author of : < The Vagabond > 
 (New York, 1858) ; <>Iilitary History of U. S. 
 Grant' (3 vols., 1867-81); < Conspiracy: a Cu- 
 ban Romance* (1885); < Aristocracy in Eng- 
 land' (1886); and < Grant in Peace' (1886). 
 
 Baden-Powell, Sir George Smyth (ba'den- 
 pou'l). An English politician and political 
 writer ; born at Oxford, Dec. 24, 1847. He has 
 been member of various important commissions, 
 among others that on United States and Cana- 
 dian fisheries (1886-87), the Bering Sea inquiry 
 (1891) ; of the Joint Commission (Washington, 
 1892). He has written: <New Homes for the 
 Old Country' (1872), a storehouse of informa- 
 tion about Australia; 'Protection and Bad 
 Times' (1879); < State Aid and State Interfer- 
 ence' (1882); <The Truth about Home Rule' 
 (1888); <The Land Systems of India' (1892); 
 etc. He died Nov. 20, 1898. 
 
 Baena, Antonio (ba-ya'na). A Portuguese- 
 Brazilian historian and geographer; born in 
 Portugal about 1795 ; died in Pari, March 28, 
 1850. He was an officer in tiie Portuguese, after- 
 ward in the Brazilian, army. He studied the 
 geography ' and history of the Amazon valley. 
 His principal works were : < The Ages of Pari' 
 (1838), a historic compend stopping at 1823, and 
 
 < Chorographic Essay on the Province of Pard ' 
 (1839), a geographical and statistical work 
 giving the details of explorations made by him- 
 self. 
 
 Baer, Karl Ernst von (bar). A noted Rus- 
 sian naturalist, famous especially as an embry- 
 ologist ; born at Piep, Esthonia, Feb. 28, 1792 ; 
 died at Dorpat, Nov. 28, 1876. He was pro- 
 fessor of zoology at Konigsberg (1819), and 
 librarian of the Academy of Sciences at St. 
 Petersburg (1834). His principal works were: 
 
 < History of the Development of Animals' (2 
 vols., 1828-37) ; < Researches into the Develop- 
 ment of Fishes' (1835). 
 
 Baffin, William. A noted English navigator 
 and explorer ; born probably in London, 1584 ; 
 died at the siege of Ormuz, Jan. 23, 1622. In 
 the second of two arctic expeditions, he dis- 
 covered Baffin's Bay. Of these voyages he 
 wrote two accounts, in the first giving a new 
 method of computing longitude at sea. These 
 
 accounts have been recently edited by Clem- 
 ents R. Markham for the Hakluyt Societv, 
 
 < Voyages of William Baffin' (1881). 
 
 Bagby, George William. An American phy- 
 sician, journalist, and humorist ; bom in Buck- 
 ingham County, Va., Aug. 13, 1828; died at 
 Richmond, Va., Nov. 29, 1883. He wrote under 
 the pseudonym ^' Mozis Addums." He was 
 editor of the Lynchburg Express (1853) and 
 Southern Literary Messenger (1859), State Li- 
 brarian of Virginia (1870-78), and contributor 
 to various magazines. He wrote : < John M. 
 Daniel's Latch-Key> (1868); <What I Did 
 with My Fifty Millions' (1875); < Meekins's 
 Twinses' (1877). 
 
 Bage, Robert (baj). An English novelist; 
 born at Darley, Derbyshire, Feb. 29, 1728 ; died 
 at Tamworth, Sept. I, 1801. He only began to 
 write at the age of fifty -three. Among his 
 works were: < Mount Henneth' (1781) ; < Bar- 
 ham Downs' (1784); < Hermsprong, or Man as 
 He is Not' (1796) ; etc. 
 
 Bagehot, Walter (baj'ot). An English writer 
 on political economy and government; born 
 in Langport, Somersetshire, Feb. 3, 1826; died 
 there, March 24, 1877. After graduating from 
 University College, London, he studied law 
 and was admitted to the bar; but never en- 
 tered practice, being drawn rather to the study 
 of economics and political science. His prin- 
 cipal works are: <The English Constitution* 
 (1867); < Physics and Politics,' in which the 
 life and growth of nations are studied in the 
 light of Darwin's theory (1863); and < Lombard 
 Street: a Description of the Money Market.* 
 His complete works, edited by Forrest Morgan, 
 were published at Hartford, Conn., 1889. 
 
 Baggesen, Jens (bag'e-sen). A noted Dan- 
 ish poet ; born at Korsor, Zealand, Feb. 15, 
 1764; died in Hamburg, Oct. 3, 1826. He be- 
 came involved in a great literary feud with 
 Oehlenschlager. His first poetic effort, < Comic 
 Tales' (1785), at once attracted attention; but 
 <The Labyrinth' (1792), afterwards entitled 
 
 < Wanderings of a Poet,' a description of his 
 traveling impressions, equally distinguished for 
 its overflowing humor and finished style, is his 
 most important work, a landmark in Danish 
 prose literature. 
 
 Babr, Hermann (bar). An Austrian dram- 
 atist, novelist, and critic ; born in Linz, July 19, 
 1S63. He took a firm stand in opposition to 
 the '< naturalism,'* << modernism," and " sym- 
 bolism" of the dominant school of French 
 novelists, and published two collections of his 
 strictures on these phases of literature, under 
 the titles <A Critique of Modernism' (1890) 
 and <The Overthrow of Naturalism' (1891). 
 He is author of several dramas, among them 
 
 < The New Men ' (1888) ; < The Mother » (1891); of 
 
 < The Domestic Woman ' (1893), ^ comedy ; and 
 of some novels and romances, among them <Dora, 
 Stories of Vienna ' ( 1893) ; < The Apostle > (1901). 
 
 Balir, Jobann Cbristian (bar). A distin- 
 guished German philologist ; born at Darmstadt,
 
 36 
 
 BAHRDT — BAILY 
 
 June 13, 1798 ; died at Heidelberg, Nov. 29, 1872. 
 He was professor of classical literature at the 
 University of Heidelberg. Besides editing sev- 
 eral of Plutarch's < Lives,' making a Latin trans- 
 lation of Herodotus, with notes, etc., his prin- 
 cipal work was < History of Roman Literature > 
 {2 vols., 1828; 4th ed. 1868-73). 
 
 Balirdt, Karl Friedrich (bart). A German 
 theologian; born at Bischofswerda, Saxony, 
 Aug. 25, 1741 ; died near Halle, April 23, 1792. 
 He was condemned to imprisonment in 1789 for 
 publishing <The Religious Edict: a Comedy.* 
 As a theologian, he was noted for extreme 
 rationalism. He wrote : < Letters on Systematic 
 Theology' (2 vols., 1770-72); < Newest Revela- 
 tions of God> (1773) ; while in prison, < History 
 of his Life> (4 vols., 1790), etc. 
 
 Bahya ben Joseph ben Fakoda (ba'he-ya 
 ben yo'sef ben pa-ko'da). A noted Jewish 
 poet and religious writer; lived at Saragossa, 
 Spain, in the nth century. He is best known 
 by his celebrated religious work, < Duties of the 
 Heart,' written by .him in Arabic and trans- 
 lated into Hebrew. It abounds in spiritual 
 meditations and exhortations, and occupies 
 among the Jews a position similar to that held 
 among Christians by the < Imitation of Christ.' 
 It was translated into Spanish (1610) and Eng- 
 lish (1894). 
 
 Baif, Jean Antoine de (ba-ef). A French 
 poet (1532-89), one of the literary league known 
 as the " Pl^iade," and the chief advocate of its 
 plan of reducing French poetry to the metres 
 of the classic tongues ; also a spelling reformer, 
 in favor of the phonetic system. His most 
 meritorious works were translations of Greek 
 and Roman dramas. Among his original pro- 
 ductions, < The Mimes, Precepts, and Proverbs ' 
 (6 editions, 1576-1619) are the most noteworthy. 
 
 Bailey, Gamaliel. An American journalist ; 
 born at Mt. Holly, N. J., Dec. 3, 1807 ; died at 
 sea, on his way to Europe, June 5, l859- With 
 J. G. Birney, he founded the anti-slavery jour- 
 nal, the Cincinnati Philanthropist (1836), the 
 office of which was destroyed by a mob, though 
 it continued to be published till 1847. He es- 
 tablished the well-known newspaper, the Wash- 
 ington National Era (1847), in which the famous 
 novel * Uncle Tom's Cabin > appeared first. 
 
 Bailey, James Montgomery. An American 
 author; born in Albany, N. Y., Sept. 25, 1841 ; 
 died in Danbury, Conn., March 4, 1894. He 
 served in the 17th Connecticut regiment during 
 the war ; returned to Danbury, founded the Dan- 
 bury News in 1870. His articles in this paper 
 were widely quoted. He wrote : < Life in Dan- 
 bury' (Boston, 1873) ; <They All Do It,' (1877); 
 and <The Danbury Boom' (1880). 
 
 Bailey, Nathan. An English lexicographer 
 and classical scholar'; died at Stepney, June 27, 
 1742. He was a school-teacher at Stepney, and 
 a Seventh-day Baptist. Besides educational 
 books, he was the author of a < Universal Ety- 
 mologicai English Dictionary' (1721), the first 
 English dictiouaiy with any pretensions to 
 
 being complete, and the basis of Dr. Johnson's 
 better known work. He wrote also a < Domestic 
 Dictionary' (1736). 
 
 Bailey, Fhilip James. An English poet; 
 born in Basford, Nottinghamshire, April 22, 
 1816. He was educated in Glasgow, and stud- 
 ied law at Lincoln's Inn, being admitted to the 
 bar in 1840. In his twentieth year he began 
 <Festus,> a lyrico-dramatic poem on the Faust 
 legend. The poem was published in 1839, and 
 attracted unusual attention. The eleventh 
 edition was published in 1889. His other 
 works— <The Angel World' (1850) ; <The 
 Mystic' (1855); <The Age' a colloquial satire 
 (1858); and <The Universal Hymn' (1867)— 
 did not increase his reputation. Died at Not- 
 tingham, Sept. 6, 1902. 
 
 Bailey, Samuel. An English writer on phi- 
 losophy and political economy; bom at Shef- 
 field, 1791 ; died there, Jan. 18, 1870. He was 
 chairman of the Sheffield Banking Company 
 and several times president of the Sheffield 
 Literary and Philosophical Society. Besides 
 works on political economy, he wrote : < On 
 the Formation and Publication of Opinions' 
 (3d ed. 1831); <The Pursuit of Truth and the 
 Progress of Knowledge ' (2d ed. 1844) ; < Let- 
 ters from an Egyptian Kafir in Search of Re- 
 ligion' (1837, anonymously); <Maro, or Poetic 
 Sensibility' (1846, anonymously); < Theory of 
 Reasoning' (2d ed., 1852); < Philosophy of the 
 Human Mind' (three series, 1855, 1858, 1863); 
 
 < The Received Text of Shakespeare's Dra- 
 matic Writings' (2 vols., 1861-62); etc. 
 
 Baillie, Joanna. A Scottish poet ; bom ii 
 Bothwell, Lanarkshire, Sept. 11. 1762; died at 
 Hampstead, England, Feb. 23, 1851. At an 
 early age she removed to London and settled 
 at Hampstead, where, with her sister Agnes, 
 she passed the remainder of her life. The first 
 volume of her < Plays on the Passions ' was 
 published in 1798; one of them, <The Family 
 Legend,' was successfully presented at Edin- 
 burgh under the patronage of Sir Walter Scott. 
 Miss Baillie published many short poems and 
 songs of great beauty. She enjoyed the close 
 friendship of Scott, Jeffrey (who at first had 
 severely criticized her work), Lucy Aikin, Mrs. 
 Siddons, and other eminent persons. For her 
 benevolent deeds at Hampstead, the poor gave 
 her the name of " Lady Bountiful." 
 
 Bailly, Jean Sylvain (ba-ye'). A distin- 
 guished French astronomer and statesman ; 
 born in Paris, Sept. 15, 1736 ; died there, Nov. 
 12, 1793. The first president of the States- 
 General or National Assembly (1789), and 
 mayor of Paris (1789). He was the advocate of 
 order and moderation, and having offended the 
 Jacobins, he died on the guillotine. He wrote . 
 
 < History of Astronomy ' (4 vols., 1775-83), which 
 became very popular ; < Memoirs of the Revolu 
 tion'. (3 vols., 1804); etc. 
 
 Baily, Francis (ba'le). An English astron- 
 omer; born at Newbury, Berkshire, April 28, 
 1774; died in London, Aug. 30, 1844. He re- 
 formed the < Nautical Almanac,' and was tiie
 
 BAIN — BAKER 
 
 37 
 
 author of the 'Astronomical Society's Cata- 
 logue of Stars.' He wrote also a < Life of 
 Flamsteed' (1835); < Journal of a Tour in Un- 
 settled Parts of North America' (1856, edited 
 by De Morgan); etc. 
 
 Bain, Alexander (ban). A distinguished 
 Scotch philosophical writer ; born at Aberdeen, 
 1818. He became professor of natural philos- 
 ophy in the Andersonian University, Glasgow, 
 (1845); examiner in logic and moral philoso- 
 phy for the University of London (1857-62, 
 1864-69); professor of logic (1860-80) at, and 
 lord rector (1881) of, the University of Aber- 
 deen. He belongs to the Spencerian or ex- 
 periential school of philosophy, and teaches 
 physiological psychology. His chief works are: 
 <The Senses and the Intellect' (1855); <The 
 Emotions and the Will' (1859), the two form- 
 ing a complete course of mental philosophy; 
 
 < English Composition and Rhetoric' (1866); 
 
 < Mental and Moral Science' (1868); < Logic' 
 (2 vols., 1870); <Mind and Body' (1873); < Ed- 
 ucation as a Science' (1879) ; < James Mill and 
 John Stuart Mill' (1882); < Practical Essays' 
 (1884); etc. He died Sept. 6, 1902. 
 
 Balrd, Charles Washington. An American 
 historian and religious writer, son of Robert 
 Baird ; born at Princeton, N. J., Aug. 28, 1828 ; 
 died in Rye, N.Y., Feb. 10, 1881. Besides works 
 on the Presbyterian liturgies (which he was the 
 first to collect and investigate) and local his- 
 tories, he wrote : < History of the Huguenot 
 Emigration to America' (2 vols., 1885). It is 
 interesting especially to the genealogist. 
 
 Baird, Henry Carey. An American writer 
 on political economy, nephew of Henry C. 
 Carey ; bom at Bridesburg, Pa., 1825. He was 
 apublisher at Philadelphia ; died there — 1901. 
 A protectionist, his economical views generally 
 are similar to those of his distinguished uncle. 
 He wrote numerous economic pamphlets. 
 
 Baird, Henry Martyn. An American au- 
 thor; born in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 17, 1832. 
 He graduated from the University of the City 
 of New York in 1850, and after spending some 
 years in Europe, took a course in theology at 
 Union and Princeton. In 1859 he was appointed 
 professor of the Greek language and literature 
 in the University of the City of New York. His 
 principal works are the < History of the Rise of 
 the Huguenots' (1879); <The Huguenots and 
 Henry of Navarre' (1886); and <The Hugue- 
 nots and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes ' 
 1895). Died Nov. 11, 1906. 
 
 Baird, Robert. An American historian and 
 iivine ; born in Fayette County, Pa., JDct. 6, 
 [798; died at Yonkers, N. Y., March 15, 1863. 
 Among his works were: < History of the Wal- 
 lenses, Albigenses, and Vaudois ' ; < History of 
 the Temperance Societies' (1836); 'Religion 
 in America' (1844); etc. He was correspond- 
 ing secretary of the American and Foreign 
 Christian Union (1849-55, 1861-63). 
 
 Baird, Spencer Fullerton. A distinguished 
 American naturalist; bonj at Reading, Pa., 
 
 Feb. 3, 1823 ; died at Wood's Holl, Mass., Aug. 
 19, 1887. He became professor of natural sci- 
 ences at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa., 1845 ; 
 United States commissioner of fish and fisher- 
 ies, 187 1 ; secretary of the Smithsonian Insti- 
 tution, 1878. A very prolific writer, among his 
 more important works may be named : a < Cat- 
 alogue of North American Reptiles' (1853); 
 'Birds of North America' (with Cassin and 
 Lawrence, i860) ; ' Mammals of North America* 
 (1858); 'History of North American Birds' 
 (with Brewer and Ridgeway, 1874-84) ; etc. His 
 writings cover nearly every branch of natural 
 history. 
 
 Bajza, Joseph (boy'za). A Hungarian poet 
 and critic (1804-58). He devoted himself to 
 the field of history, and edited a 'Historical 
 Library' (1843-45) and the 'New Plutarch' 
 (1845-47). Since 1831 he was a member of the 
 Hungarian Academy, and since 1836 of the 
 Kisfaludy Society. He ranks among the best 
 lyric poets of Hungary. His ' Poems ' were 
 published in 1835, and his < Collected Works ' 
 (2d ed., in 6 vols., by Toldy) in 1861. 
 
 Baker, George Augustus. An American 
 writer of verse and stories ; bom in New York, 
 N. Y., in August 1849. He graduated from Co- 
 lumbia College Law School, and has written : 
 ' Point Lace and Diamonds,' light society verse 
 (New York, 1875) ; ' Bad Habits of Good So- 
 ciety' (1876); 'Mrs. Hephaestus and Other 
 Stories' (1887); and comedies. 
 
 Baker, Mrs. Harriette Newell (Woods) 
 (pseudonyms " Madeline Leslie " and " Aunt 
 Hatty"). An American writer of juvenile 
 stories ; bom at Andover, 1815 ; died at Brook- 
 lyn, April 23, 1893. Several of her works have 
 been translated into French and German. She 
 has written: 'Tim the Scissors-Grinder' (1861, 
 sequel in 1862), her most popular work ; ' Up 
 the Ladder' (1862) ; 'The Two Homes' (1862) ; 
 'The Organ-Grinder' (1863) ; 'White and Black 
 Lies' (1864); 'Worth and Wealth' (1864); 
 'Tim's Sister' (1864); 'Wheel of Fortune' 
 (1865); 'Courtesies of Wedded Life' (1869); 
 'Paul Barton' (1869); 'Fashion and Folly' 
 (1869); 'Lost but Found' (1869); 'Ingleside' 
 (1886); 'This and That' (1887); etc. She is 
 daughter of Rev. Leonard Woods and wife of 
 Rev. S. R. Baker. 
 
 Baker, Samuel White, Sir. An English 
 traveler and author; born in London, Eng., June 
 8, 1821; died atSandford Orleigh, Dec. 30, 1893. 
 At an early age he went to Ceylon, and estab- 
 lished a sanitarium at Newera EUia 6,200 feet 
 above sea level; in 1 86 1 undertook to explore 
 the sources of the Nile, discovered and named 
 Lake Albert Nyanza, and reached Gondokoro 
 in 1865 In 1866 he was knighted. He after- 
 wards traveled in India, Syria, Japan, and 
 America. His books include: 'The Rifle and 
 Hound in Ceylon' (1856); 'Eight Years' 
 Wanderings in Ceylon' (1855); 'The Albert 
 Nyanza' (1866); < The Nile Tributaries of 
 Abyssinia) (1867); <Ismailia> (1874); 'Cyprus' 
 (1879); 'Wild Beasts and their Ways' (1890);
 
 38 
 
 BAKER — BALFOUR 
 
 and 'Cast up by the Sea,* a popular tale of 
 adventure (1869). 
 
 Baker, William Mumford. An American 
 descriptive and miscellaneous writer; born in 
 Washington, D. C, June 27, 1825 ; died in South 
 Boston, Mass., Aug. 20, 1883. He graduated 
 from Princeton in 1846, and became pastor of 
 churches in Texas and in South Boston, Mass. 
 His most important book was *■ Inside : A 
 Chronicle of Secession > (New York, 1866). He 
 also wrote many stories, including <llis Maj- 
 esty Myself > (Boston, 1879). 
 
 Baki (ba'ke). The greatest lyric poet of 
 Turkey; died about 1600. His * Divan* con- 
 tains almost exclusively odes in praise of the 
 Sultan. 
 
 Balaguer, Victor (ba-la-gar'). A noted 
 Spanish-Catalan poet, novelist, and historian ; 
 born in Barcelona, Dec. 11, 1S24. As a poet 
 he first attracted notice by his dramas, taken 
 partly from antiquity, partly from Catalan his- 
 tory ; among them are : < Sappho > ; ^ Don En- 
 rique the Magnificent'; <Juan de Padilla>; 
 * Coriolanus.* Of his lyrics the best are em- 
 bodied in the collection < The Troubadour of 
 Montserrat> (1850). He also wrote widely read 
 historical romances and tales, among which 
 <Don Jian de Serravalle' deserves especial 
 mention. Other works are : < Historical and 
 Political Studies* (1876); < History of Cata- 
 lonia* (1886-89), and < Political and Literary 
 History of the Troubadours' (1878-80). A 
 complete edition of his works appears in the 
 < Collection of Castilian Writers.' Died in 1901. 
 
 Balbl, Gasparo (bal'be). A Venetian mer- 
 chant and writer of travels ; lived in the i6th 
 centurv. He visited Aleppo, spent the years 
 1579-88 in India, and published < Journey in the 
 East Indies' (1590). It contained the first Eu- 
 ropean description of India beyond the Ganges. 
 
 Balbo, Count Cesare (bal'bo). An Italian 
 statesman, historian, and pul;licist; born at 
 Turin, Nov. 21, 1789 ; died there, June 3, 1853. 
 A moderate and liberal patriot, he became 
 promirent in the revolutionary disturbances of 
 1848, being premier of Sardinia in that year. 
 He wrote: < Life of Dante' (1839); < Hopes of 
 Italy' (1843), advocating Italian independence; 
 < History of Italy' (1849), which takes high 
 rank. 
 
 Balboa or Balvoa, Miguel Cabello de (biil- 
 bo'a). A Spanish historian; born in Archi- 
 dona, about 1525 ; died, probably in Peru, after 
 1586. At first a soldier, he became afterward 
 a priest and went to America (about 1566), re- 
 siding at Bogota, later in Lima and Cuzco. 
 He left in manuscript a history, which was 
 published 1840, when it appeared in a French 
 translation entitled < History of Peru.' It treats 
 of the origin of the Incas. 
 
 Balbuena, Don Bernardo de (bal-bwa'na). 
 A Spanish poet ; born at Val de Peiias in 1568 ; 
 died in Porto Rico in 1627. At an early age 
 he went to Mexico, where he completed his 
 theological studies and acquired reputation as 
 
 a poet. Of his works only the following are 
 extant: <The Greatness of Mexico* (1604), a 
 poetic description of that city ; < The Age of 
 Gold in the Forests of Eryphile' (1608), a pas- 
 toral romance in prose, interspersed with lyrics ; 
 ♦Bernardo, or the Victory of Roncesvalles * 
 (1624), an epic treating of the national hero 
 Bernardo del Carpio. 
 
 Baldovini, Francesco (bal-do-ve'ne). An 
 Italian poet; born at Florence, Feb. 27, 1635; 
 died Nov. 18, 1716. He wrote < Lament of 
 Cecco of Varlungo, etc.* (1694), etc. 
 
 Balducci, Francesco (bal-do'che). A lead- 
 ing Italian Anacreontic poet; born at Palermo; 
 died at Rome, 1642. He wrote < Sicilian Songs* 
 in the Sicilian dialect, etc. 
 
 Baldwin, John Denison. An American jour- 
 nalist, politician, poet, and writer on archae- 
 ology; born at North Stonington, Conn., Sept. 
 2S, 1809 ; died at Worcester, Mass., July 8, 1883. 
 After studying law and theology, he entered 
 journalism, was long editor and proprietor of 
 the Worcester Spy, and became member of 
 Congress (1863-69). He wrote : < Ra)'mond Hill 
 and Other Poems* (1847); 'Prehistoric Nations* 
 (1869); 'Ancient America* (1872). 
 
 Bale, John. An English theologian and 
 dramatist; born at Cove, Suffolk, Nov. 21, 1495; 
 died at Canterbury, probably 1563. Originally 
 a Catholic, he became Protestant bishop of 
 Ossory, Ireland (1552). Besides numerous con- 
 troversial works, he wrote in Latin a ' Cata- 
 logue of the Illustrious Writers of Great 
 Britain* (1548-59), the first history of English 
 literature, and a number of interludes and mo- 
 ralities (/. e., religious plays) in the interest of 
 Protestantism, the most important of these 
 being the historical drama 'King John.* On 
 account of his bad temper he was known as 
 " Bilious Bale." Select works, Cambridge, 1849. 
 
 Balestier, Charles Wolcott (bal-es-ter'). An 
 American journalist and novelist; born in 
 Rochester, N. Y., Dec. 13, 1861; died in Dres- 
 den, Germany, Dec. 6, 1891. He engaged in 
 publishing and in journalism, and was a 
 writer of much promise. His novels include : 
 ' A Fair Device * (New York, 1884) ; (and 
 posthumously) 'An Average Woman* (1892); 
 'Benefits Forgot* (1894); and 'Naulahka: a 
 Story of East and West,' in collaboration with 
 Rudyard Kipling (1892). 
 
 Balfour, Alexander (bal'for). A Scotch poet 
 and novelist; born at Monikie, Forfarshire, 
 March I, 1767 ; died Sept. 12, 1829. He wrote : 
 'Campbell, or the Scottish Probationer* (1819) ; 
 'Contemplation and Other Poems* (1820); 
 'Farmer's Three Daughters* (1822); 'The 
 Foundling of Glenthorn, or the Smuggler's Cave * 
 (1823); 'Highland Mary* (1827). 
 
 Balfour, Arthur James. An English author 
 and statesman ; born July 25, 1848. He was 
 educated at Eton, and at Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, from which he graduated in 1873. He 
 has been lord rector of Glasgow University.
 
 BALL — BANCROFT 
 
 39 
 
 and is Chancellor of the University of Edin- 
 burgh. He is a leader of the Conservative 
 party, was Chief Secretary for Ireland in 1887, 
 and First Lord of the Treasury, 1891-92, and 
 again in 1895. He is the author of 'A Defence 
 of Philosophic Doubt > (1879) ; < Essays and Ad- 
 dresses' (1893). His < Foundations of Belief > 
 (1895) attracted wide-spread attention and in- 
 terest both in Europe and America. 
 
 Ball, Robert Stawell, Sir. A British astron- 
 omer; born in Dublin, July I, 1840. He was 
 educated at Trinity College, Dublin ; Royal 
 astronomer of Ireland in 1874, and since 1892 
 has been Lowndean professor of astronomy at 
 Cambridge. Entrland. He was kniehted in 1886. 
 Autlior of scientihc works and popular books on 
 astronomy, including : < Story of the Heavens > 
 (1885); < Time and Tide: a Romance of the 
 Moon > (1888) ; < Starland > (1889) ; and < In Starry 
 Realms ' (1892); < The Earth's Beginning > 1901. 
 
 Ballantine, James. A Scotch poet ; born in 
 Edinburgh, June 11, 1808; died Dec. 18, 1877. 
 Iti addition to achieving distinction as an art- 
 ist, he wrote various noted poems, including 
 <The Gaberlunzie's Wallet> (1843) ; <One Hun- 
 dred Songs' (1865); and two or three collec- 
 tions of verse. 
 
 Ballantyne, Robert Michael. A Scotch 
 writer of juvenile literature ; born in Edinburgh, 
 1825; died in Rome, Italy, Feb. 8, 1894. He 
 si)ent his youth in Canada in the service of the 
 Hudson Bay Company. In 1856 he adopted 
 literature as a profession. He has been very 
 popular in England as a writer of stories for 
 boys. Among the best known are: < Deep 
 Down > ; < Coral Island > ; < The World of Ice > ; 
 *Ungava>; < The Dog Crusoe'; and others. 
 
 Ballestrem, Countess Eufemia von (bal'les- 
 tiam). A German novelist and poet, born at 
 Ratibor, Aug. 18, 1859. Married to Major von 
 Adlersfeld in 1884, she has lived at Karlsruhe 
 since 1889. Of her novels may be mentioned : 
 <Lady Melusme> (1878); <The Falconers of 
 Falcon Court* (1890). A collection of b'rics, 
 ' Drops in the Ocean' (187S), a romantic poem, 
 ' Raoul the Page' (1881), and the drama <A 
 Meteor ' (iSSo), bear witness to her poetic talent. 
 
 Ballon, Hosea (ba-lo'). An American Uni- 
 vcrsalist divine, journalist, and historian ; born 
 at Halifax, Vt., Oct. 18, 1796; died at Somer- 
 %-ille, Mass., May 27, 1861. He was the first 
 president of Tufts College (1854-61), and was 
 very successful as editor of the Universalist 
 Magazine. He wrote: < Ancient History of 
 L!niversalism> (1829) and a hymn-book (1837). 
 
 Ballon, Maturin Mnrray. An American 
 journalist and miscellaneous writer, son of 
 Hosea Ballou ; born at Boston, April 14, 1820 ; 
 died 1895. Besides editing Ballou's Pictorial, 
 The Flag of Our Union, Ballou's Monthly, etc., 
 and making a valuable compilation of quota- 
 tions, he wrote: 'History of Cuba' (1854); 
 ♦Biography of Hosea Ballou'; < Life Work of 
 Hosea Ballou.' Becoming in later life an ex- 
 tensive traveler, he wrote a number of books 
 
 of travel, including : < Due West ' ; < Due South ' 
 (1885); <Due North'; < Under the Southern 
 Cross ' ; < Footprints of Travel ' ; etc. In 1872 
 he became one of the founders and the editor- 
 in-chief of the Boston Globe. 
 
 Balucki, Mictiael (ba-16ts'ke). A Polish 
 dramatist and novelist ; born in Cracow, Sept. 
 29, 1837. He wrote at first under the pseu- 
 donym <^ Elpidon," and is most popular as a 
 story-teller of satirical tendency, ridiculing the 
 shortcomings and prejudices of Polish society. 
 Of his novels may be mentioned : < The Awak- 
 ened' (1864); <The Old and the Young' 
 (1866); <Life among Ruins' (1870); <The 
 Jewess' (1871); <For Sins not Committed,' 
 (1879); <250,000' (1883). The best among his 
 comedies are : < The Chase after a Man ' (1869) ; 
 
 < The Emancipated ' (1873) ; < Amateur Theatre • 
 (1879); <The Open House' (1883). He ako 
 wrote good lyric poetry, and essays on Polish 
 literature. He died Oct. 17, 1901. 
 
 Balzac, Honore de (bal-zak'). The greatest 
 of French novelists ; born in Tours, May 16, 1799 ; 
 died in Paris, Aug. 18, 1850. He gave to his 
 works the general title < The Human Comedy,' 
 in which are embraced the sub-series: < Scenes 
 of Private Life, ' 27 stories and sketches (among 
 them : < The Woman of Thirty Years,' < The 
 Grenadier Woman'); < Scenes of Paris Life' 
 (among them: < Pere Goriot,' <C€sar Birotteau,' 
 
 < Cousin Betty'); 'Scenes of Political Life'; 
 
 < Scenes of Military Life ' ; and so on. Accord- 
 ing to Larousse's Dictionary, Balzac's novels 
 amount in all to 97 titles ; but this does not 
 include all miscellaneous studies and short sto- 
 ries contributed to periodicals. 
 
 Balzac, Jean Louis Guez de. A. noted 
 French essayist and letter- writer ; born at An- 
 gouleme in 1597; died on his estate (Balzac) 
 near there, Feb. 18, 1654. His influence upon 
 French prose is usually compared to that of 
 Malherbes upon poetry ; the euphony and sym- 
 metry of his phraseology, the elegance of his 
 metaphors, served for a long time as models. 
 Under Richelieu he became royal councilor, and 
 historiographer of France, and was one of the 
 most influential members of the Academy from 
 its foundation, likewise a sort of oracle of the 
 Hotel Rambouillet. Besides his < Letters' (1624), 
 which are elaborate epistles with a definite at- 
 tempt at style, he wrote; < The Prince' (1631), 
 a glorification of absolute monarchy ; • The 
 Dotard' (1648); < The Christian Sociates' 
 (1652); and <Aristippus> (1658), the latter in- 
 tended to portray the ideal statesman. 
 
 Ban, Matbias (ban). A Servian dramatist; 
 born in Ragusa, Dec. 18, 1818. He has been a 
 tutor, journalist, and critic ; but his best work 
 was done for the theatre, < Dobrila and Mi- 
 lenko' being a masterpiece in tragedy, as is 
 in a less degree <The Muscovite.' His poems, 
 notably <Odes to the Sultan,' are virile and 
 correct. He died in 1903. 
 
 Bancroft, George. An eminent American 
 historian and statesman; born in Worcester, 
 Mass., Oct. 3, 1800 ; died in Washington, D. C,
 
 40 
 
 BANCROFT — BANVILLE 
 
 Jan. 17. iSqi. After graduation from Har\-ard 
 in 1S17, he studied at Gottingen and Heidel- 
 bei)?. He taught Greek at Har\-ard ; founded 
 the Round Hill School at Northampton, Mass. ; 
 was collector of the port of Boston in 1838; 
 and in 1S45 was appointed Secretar\- of the 
 Na\"i- in Polk"s Cabinet His principal literary 
 work is the < Historj- of the United States,* the 
 first volume of which appeared in 1834. The 
 last revised edition is in 6 volumes (New York, 
 1SS4-55). His minor publications include: 
 
 < Poems* iCambridge, 1S23) ; a translation of 
 Heeren's < Politics of Ancient Greece > (Boston, 
 18241; < Literary and Historical Miscellanies* 
 (New York, 1855): and < Abraham Lincoln,* an 
 address (Washingfton, 1S66). 
 
 Bancroft. Hubert Howe. An American his- 
 torian : bom in Granville, Ohio, May 5, 1S32. In 
 1852 he went to California to establish a book 
 business, and began to collect documents, maps, 
 books, and MSS. for a complete < Histors- of the 
 Pacific States > from Mexico to Alaska. In 1893 
 this library numbered 60,000 vols, to which many 
 additions have been made. His histories are still 
 in preparation. * Literary- Industries * (vol. 40, 
 San Francisco, 1S90) describes his work. He also 
 wrote < Resources of Mexico * ; < The New Pacific* 
 
 Bandeller, Adolph Francis Alphonse (ban- 
 de-ler',i. A Swiss- American archaeologist; bom 
 at Bern, Switzerland, Aug. 6, 1S40. In the em- 
 ploy of the Archaeological Institute of Amer- 
 ica, he has been engaged in explorations in_ 
 New Mexico, Arizona, Mexico, and Central and 
 South America. He has written: <The Art of 
 War and Mode of Warfare* (1877); 'Archjeo- 
 logical Tour in Mexico* (1S85); etc; and < The 
 Delight Makers,* a novel of Pueblo Indian life. 
 
 Bandello, Matteo (ban-del'lo). An Italian 
 novelist ; bom at Castekiuovo, Piedmont, about 
 14S0; died after 1561. In Rome he became a 
 Dominican friar, then entered a monasters- in 
 Milan, but led on the whole a roving life, 
 sojourning in various cities and at several of 
 the petty courts of Italy until 1525, when he 
 went to France. Made bishop of Agen by 
 Henrj- IL in 1550, he resigned that dignity in 
 1^:5. His tales, 214 in number, present vivid 
 delineations of the loose manners of those 
 times, and have frequently served as a source 
 to many succeeding story-writers and dram- 
 atists ; <'Mr. Miinchhausen* (iQOl) < Uncle Sam, 
 Trustee* <'i902); < Proposal under Difficulties* 
 ■ 19051 ; * Alice in Municipaland * (1907). 
 
 Bangs, Jolm Kendrick. An American hu- 
 r,.3rist and novelist; bom in 1862. He was 
 nne of the founders of Life, and he has long 
 been famed for his light verse and humorous 
 stories, among which may be mentioned : < New 
 Waggings of Old Tales with F. D. Sherman* 
 (Boston, 18S7); < Coffee and Repartee* (New 
 York, 1886) ; ' Mr. Bonaparte of Corsica* (1895); 
 
 < Water Ghost and Other Stories* (1S961; <The 
 Mantel-Piece Minstrels* (1896); < The Bicyclers 
 and Other Farces' (18961; <A Houseboat on 
 the Styx* (1896), < A Rebellious Heroine* (1896), 
 and <The Pursuit of the Houseboat* (1897). 
 
 Banlm, Jolin. An Irish novelist, dramatist, 
 and poet ; bom in Kilkenny, April 3, 179S ; died 
 there, Aug. 13, 1S42. Removed to Dublin in 
 1S20 to devote himself to literature. His best 
 work is contained in the <0'Hara Tales* (2 
 series, London, 1825-27). His chief novels are 
 
 < The Nowlans,* ' Bo}-ne Water,* and * The 
 Croppy.* His brother Michael was associated 
 in his work, and < The Bit o' Writin' and Other 
 Tales* (1S3S) is ostensibly a joint composition. 
 A traged}% < Damon and P3thias,* was repre- 
 sented in London in 1S21. 
 
 Banim, Michael. An Irish novelist; bom 
 in Kilkenny, Aug. 5, 1796; died in Booterstown, 
 Aug. 30, 1S74. He claimed to have written 13 
 out of the 24 books of fiction confusedh- asso- 
 ciated with the names of John and Michael 
 Banim, and called himself the author of < Cro- 
 hoore of the BiH Hook,* one of the most 
 popular of the *0'Hara Tales*; <The Ghost 
 Hunter* (1833); <Father Council* (1842V, and 
 
 < The Town of the Cascades * (2 vols., 1S64). 
 
 Banks, Louis Albert. An American Meth- 
 odist minister and religious writer; bom in 
 Oregon, 1855. Among his works are : < The 
 Saloon-Keepers Ledger,* a series of tem- 
 perance addresses; < White Slaves*; < Honey- 
 combs of Life * ; < The Healing of Souls.* 
 
 Banvard, Jolm. An American artist, poet, 
 and dramatist; bom in New York about 1S20; 
 died iSqi. He was best known bj" his pano- 
 rama of the Mississippi River, covering three 
 miles of canvas, which was exhibited in the 
 chief cities of Europe and America. He wrote 
 a great mraiber of poems; several plays; 
 <Banvard, or the Adventures of an Artist* 
 (1849) ; < Pilgrimage to the Holy Land* (1852); 
 etc. 
 
 Banvard, Joseph. An American Baptist di- 
 vine and historical writer, brother of the pre- 
 ceding; bom in New York, iSio; died 1S87. 
 Among his writings were : < Ph"mouth and the 
 Pilgrims* (1851); < Romance of American His- 
 tory-* (1852); < Memoir of Webster* (1853); 
 a historical novel, <Priscilla* (1S541; < Soldiers 
 and Patriots of the Revolution* (1876); etc 
 
 Banville, Theodore Faullaia de (bon-vel'). 
 A French poet and novelist ; bom at Moulins, 
 March 14, 1823 ; died in Paris, March 13, 1891. 
 He was the son of a naval officer, and came 
 early in life to Paris, where he devoted him- 
 self exclusivel}' to literature, contributed to 
 many journals and reviews, and lived in close 
 friendship with some of the foremost artists 
 and men of letters of the day. First known 
 as a poet through two volumes entitled <The 
 Caiy-atides* (1842) and <The Stalactites* (1846), 
 he established his reputation with the <Odes 
 Funambulesques * (1857), a sort of great h-ri- 
 cal parody, published under the pseudonj-m 
 « Bracquemond ** ; which immediately found 
 great favor, and were followed by <New Odes 
 Funambulesques* (1868, afterwards reprinted 
 as <Occidentales*) ; < Russian Idvls* (1872); 
 < Thirty-six Merry Ballads* (1873); etc His
 
 BAOUR-LORMIAN — BARBIER 
 
 4' 
 
 dramatic efforts did not meet with equal suc- 
 cess, only < Gringoire ' (lb66j holding the stage 
 for some time. As a prose writer he is favor- 
 ably known by a number of humorous and 
 highly finished tales and sketches, like <The 
 Poor Mountebanks > (1853); <The Parisians of 
 Paris> (1866); <Tales "for \Vomen> (1881); 
 ',The Soul of Paris' (189OJ; etc. Of consider- 
 able literary interest are <Mv Recollections' 
 (1882) ; 'Marcelle Rabe> dSgi). 
 
 Baour-Lormian, Louis Pierre Marie Fran- 
 cois (ba-br'16r-myoh'j. A French poet and 
 dramatist (1772-1854), who first attracted wide 
 notice through his < Poems of Ossian' ('1801), 
 an extremely clever imitation of Caledonian 
 verse ; and afterwards won success with a tra- 
 gedy, <Omasis, or Joseph in Eg>-pt> (1807). 
 Of his other works may be mentioned : ' Politi- 
 cal and Moral Vigils' (181 1 1, in the manner of 
 Young; 'Duranti, or The League in the Prov- 
 ince' (1828J, a historical novel; and 'Legends, 
 Ballads, and Fabliaux' C1829). But his best 
 work is probably a poetical translation of the 
 Book of Job, completed after he had lost his 
 eyesight. 
 
 Baralt, Rafael Maria (ba-ralt'). A Vene- 
 zuelan poet and historian ; bom in Maracaibo, 
 Venezuela, July 2, 1814 ; died in Madrid, Jan. 2, 
 i860. He was educated in Bogotd and at 
 Caracas ; ser\-ed in the Venezuelan army, and 
 went to Spain in 1843, where he held posts of 
 honor and attained literar}' fame. He wrote : 
 'Ancient and Modem History of Venezuela' 
 (1841J; and 'Odes to Columbus and to Spain.' 
 
 Barante, Aimable Guillaume Prosper Bru- 
 giere, Baron de (bar-ant'). A French his- 
 torian and statesman ; bom in Riom, Auvergne, 
 June 10, 1782 ; died at his estate near Thiers, 
 Nov. 22, 1866. In politics he was usually Legit- 
 imist, but his public career on the whole was a 
 failure. In letters his achievements are : < View 
 of French Literature in the Eighteenth Cen- 
 tur>-' (8th ed. 1857 j ; 'Historj- of the Valois 
 Dukes of Burgundy, 1364-1477 ' (■8th ed. 1858), 
 this being his masterpiece ; ' Stor}- of Joan of 
 Arc' (4tli ed. 1880); and various works on 
 periods of the great French Revolution. 
 
 Barattani, Felipe fbar-at-a'ne). An Ital- 
 ian poet and dramatist; bom at Filottrano, 
 Ancone, March l, 1S25. He has won most ap- 
 plause for 'Lj-ric Tragedies' (1858), in which 
 his poetical capacities are most happily ex- 
 ploited; 'Stella' (1866), a drama in verse; and 
 ' The Sons of Alexander VI.,' a powerful met- 
 rical play. 
 
 Baratynsky, Jevgen ; Abramovich (ba-ra- 
 tin'ske). A Russian poet (iSoo-44); served in 
 the army, and afterwards lived on an estate 
 near Moscow until 1843, when he set out to 
 travel ; the year following he suddenly died in 
 Naples. His best-known works are: <Eda' 
 (1826), a delineation of Finland character and 
 nature ; and ' The Gipsy,' a picture from Rus- 
 sian high life. 
 
 Barbauld, Anna Lsetitia. An English poet 
 aad essa)-ist; bom in Kibworth-Harcourt, 
 
 Leicestershire, in 1743 ; died in Stoke Newing- 
 ton, March 9, 1825. She was the daughter of the 
 Rev. John Aikin, and in 1774 married the Rev. 
 Rochemont Barbauld. She was well educated, 
 and numbered among her friends many famous 
 authors, including Sir Walter Scott and Words- 
 worth. Her first poems (1773 J went through 
 four editions in one year. She wrote : < Early 
 Lessons for Children' (about 1774); 'Devo- 
 tional Pieces' (i775j ; ' H>-mns in Prose for 
 Children' (1776), translated in many languages; 
 ' Eighteen Hundred and Eleven,' her longest 
 effort fi8ii); and prepared an edition of the 
 best English novels in fifty volumes. 
 
 Barbey d'Aur^villy, Jules fbar-ba' do-re- 
 ve-ye). A French critic and novelist; bom at 
 Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte, Manche, Nov. 2, 1808 ; 
 died in Paris, April 24, 1889. As a contribu- 
 tor to the Pays in Paris, where he settled in 
 185 1, he created a sensation by the unreserved 
 tone and peculiar style of his literax}- criti- 
 cisms ; in 1858 he founded the Reveil with 
 Granier de Cassagnac and Escudier. Works : 
 'On Dandyism and G. BmmmeP C1845); 'The 
 Prophets of the Past' (1851); 'Goethe and 
 Diderot' f 1880) ; 'Polemics of Yesterday' 
 (1889) ; ' Nineteenth Centurj- : The Works and 
 the Men' ('1861-92). Of his novels the best 
 are : 'The Bewitched' (1854); and 'The Cheva- 
 lier des Touches' (1S64). 
 
 Barbier, Henri Augnste fbar-be-a). A French 
 poet ; bom in Paris, April 29, 1805 ; died at 
 Nice, Feb. 13, 1882. He studied law, but fol- 
 lowed his inclination for literature : and hav- 
 ing first written a historical novel (1830, with 
 Ro3'er), depicting French mediaeval society-, 
 was led, through the July revolution, to enter 
 his proper sphere, that of the poetical satire ; 
 in which he obtained a brilliant success with 
 'The lambes' ('1831,31st ed. 1882), a series of 
 poignant satires, political and social, lashing 
 the moral depravit}- of the higher classes, — 
 notably the ignoble scramble for office under 
 the new government, the subject of ' The 
 Quarrj-' the most famous among these satires. 
 His next works, 'Lamentation' (1S33), bewail- 
 ing the misfortunes of Italy, and ' Lazarus ' 
 (1837), in which he describes the misen,- of the 
 English and Irish laborer, show a considerable 
 falling off; and in those that followed, the 
 poet of ' The lambes ' is scarcely to be recog- 
 nized. He was elected to the Academy in 1869. 
 
 Barbier, Jules. A French dramatist; bom 
 in Paris, March 8, 1S22. Having won success 
 with his first effort, 'A Poet' C1847), a drama 
 in verse, he produced 'The Shades of Moliere' 
 (1847) ; ' Andrd Chenier' (1849) ; 'WOly Nilly,' 
 a comedy (1849); and thereafter in collabora- 
 tion, mostly with Michel Carrd, a number of 
 dramas and vaudevilles, also many librettos 
 for comic operas. After the war of 1870-71 
 he' published ' The Sharpshooter, War Songs ' 
 (1871), a collection of patriotic poems; and 
 later two other volumes of Ij-rics, 'The Sheaf' 
 (1882) and 'Faded Flowers' (1890); besides 
 'Plays in Verse' (1879). Died Jan., 1901.
 
 42 
 
 BARBIERA — BARLOW 
 
 Barblera, Raphael (barb-ya'ra). An Italian 
 poet and journalist; bom in Venice, 1851. His 
 contributions to periodical literature are par- 
 ticularly valuable, and a volume of < Poems ' 
 has been received with pleasure, while works 
 on Italian literature and numerous anthologies 
 indicate good taste, <The Calendar of the 
 Muses > (188S) being an instance. 
 
 Barbierl, Giuseppe (bar-be-a're). An Ital- 
 ian poet and pulpit orator; born in Bassano, 
 17S3; died at Padua in 1852. He was distin- 
 guished for the tasteful eloquence of his ser- 
 mons. In < Little Poems,> < Sennons on Feast 
 Days,> and <The Euganean Hills,> he displays 
 the resources of his well-stored mind with the 
 utmost elegance. 
 
 Barbour, John. A Scottish poet ; born about 
 1316; died in Aberdeen, March 13, 1395. He 
 was educated, it is thought, at Oxford and 
 Paris ; and was a cleric in the King's house- 
 hold. Barbour is one of the most ancient poets 
 of Scotland ; and his great epic, < The Bruce,* 
 tells the story of Robert Bruce and the battle 
 of Bannockburn. It was written in 1375 and 
 brought him favor from the King. First 
 printed in Edinburgh in 1571 ; best modem 
 edition by Skeat (Early Eng. Text Soc'y). He 
 also wrote < Legends of the Saints,* of 33,533 
 verses ; and a fragment on the Trojan war. 
 
 Barclay, Alexander. A British author ; born 
 about 1475 ; died in Croydon, June 1552. The 
 best authorities call him a Scotchman, and 
 suppose him to have been educated at either 
 Cambridge or Oxford, or possibly at both those 
 universities. He traveled extensively, spoke 
 many languages, and was long a priest in the 
 College of Ottery St. Mary in Devonshire. 
 Afterward he was a priest and monk of EI3', 
 and joined the Franciscans at Canterbury. His 
 * Eclogues,' undated but written at Ely, are 
 the first in the English language. Of more 
 value is his translation {1509) of Sebastian 
 Brandt's <Ship of Fools,' which had appeared 
 in Basel in 1494. It had great influence on 
 English literature. 
 
 Barclay, John. A Scottish poet; born in 
 Pont-a-Mousson, France, Jan 28, 1582; died in 
 Rome, Aug. 12, 1621. Educated in the Jesuit 
 college of his native town ; went to England 
 in 1603, and attained the favor of James I. 
 He wrote important books in Latin. < Argenis,' 
 a romance (Paris, 1621), unites classical with 
 modern fiction. F^ndlon was indebted to it for 
 < Telemachus.' It has always won the admi- 
 ration of literary men, especially Richelieu and 
 Coleridge. Another romance, < Satyricon > (Lon- 
 don, 1603), partly autobiographical, attacks the 
 Jesuits and Puritans. Other works include : 
 ' Sylvae,' Latin poems (1606); < Apologia' 
 (i6ii),and < Icon Animorum' (1614). 
 
 Barettl, Giuseppe Marcantonio (ba-ret'te). 
 An Italian critic and poet ( 1719-89 ), who, 
 after a roaming life in Italy, settled in Lon- 
 don in 1751. whither he returned again about 
 1766, having left England in 1760 and founded 
 
 in Venice the critical periodical Frusta Lette* 
 raria (Literary Scourge), which contained his 
 most important work and is considered as 
 epoch-making in Italian literature. Of his 
 writings in English, the < Account of the Man- 
 ners and Customs of Italy' (1768-69) attracted 
 much attention. His < Dictionary of the Eng- 
 lish and Italian Languages' (1760, lately 1873) 
 is still highly esteemed. 
 
 Barham, Richard Harris. An English poet ; 
 born in Canterbury, Dec. 6, 1788; died in Lon- 
 don, June 17, 1845. He was educated at St. 
 Paul's and Oxford; took orders in 1813; was 
 rector of two country churches, and later of 
 one in London. Under the name of " Thomas 
 Ingoldsby " he wrote the < Ingoldsby Legends,* 
 prose and verse (London, 1840-47), which were 
 accorded a high place in humorous literature, 
 and are now classics. He also wrote : < My 
 Cousin Nicholas,' a novel (1841); and <Life of 
 Theodore Hook' (1849). 
 
 Baring-Gould, Sabine. An English anti- 
 quary and novelist ; born in Exeter in 1834. He 
 graduated from Cambridge in 1856, and has 
 been since 1S81 rector of Lew-Trenchard in 
 Devon. He is author of < Iceland : Its Scenes 
 and Sagas' (1864) ; <The Book of Werewolves' 
 (1865); < Curious Mytlis of the Middle Ages' 
 (series I and 2, 1866-67) '. 'Lives of the Saints' 
 (1872-79); < Yorkshire Oddities' (2 vols., 1874); 
 and < Germany Past and Present' (2 vols., 
 1879). He has written religious books, and of 
 late years novels which have become popular. 
 They include : < Mehalah : a Story of the Salt 
 Marshes' (2 vols., London, 1880); <John Her- 
 ring' (2 vols., 1883); <Red Spider' (1887); 
 <Grettis the Outlaw' (1890); and <The Broom 
 Squire' (1896). 
 
 Barker, Matthew Henry. An English nov- 
 elist; born at Deptford in 1790; died in Lon- 
 don, June 29, 1846. He followed the sea, and 
 under the name of << The Old Sailor " wrote 
 spirited sea tales, very popular in their day. 
 They include: < Land and Sea Tales' (Lon- 
 don, 1836); <Life of Nelson' (1836); < Topsail- 
 sheet Blocks' (3 vols., 1838; new ed. 1881); 
 and < The Victory, or llie Wardroom Mess ' 
 (1844). 
 
 Barlseus or Baerle, Kaspar van (bar-li'iis). 
 A Dutch poet, historian, and learned writer ; 
 born in Antwerp, Feb. 12, 1584; died in Am- 
 sterdam, Jan. 14, 1648. His < Poems,' mostly 
 Latin, are not fiery, but his < History of Brazil 
 under Maurice of Nassau > is decidedly so ; and 
 he composed also numerous fine orations, the 
 influence he exercised upon thought being very 
 considerable. 
 
 Barlow, Jane. An Irish poet and story- 
 writer ; born in county Dublin about 1857. She 
 is the daughter of Prof. Barlow of Dublin Uni- 
 versity, a writer of liistorical and philosophical 
 works. Her popular books include : < Irish 
 Idylls' (1892); <Bogland Studies'; < Kerrigan's 
 Quality'; < Walled Out, or Eschatology in a 
 Bog ' ; < The Mockers of the Shallow Waters ' 
 (1893); < Strangers at LisconneP (1895).
 
 BARLOW — BARR 
 
 43 
 
 Barlow, Joel. An American poet and states- 
 man ; born in Reading, Conn., March 24, 1754; 
 died near Cracow, Poland, Dec. 24, 1812. He 
 published political works and poems, which 
 contain many philosophical and political dis- 
 sertations. <The Vision of Columbus > (Hart- 
 ford, 1787) was extended into < The Columbiad,> 
 a long epic (Phila., 1807). He also wrote <The 
 Conspiracy of Kings' (London, 1792); and the 
 celebrated poem < Hasty Pudding.> 
 
 Barnard, Lady Ann. A Scotch poet; born 
 at Lindsay in Fifeshire, 1750 ; died 1825. She is 
 famous for < Auld Robin Gray,> a ballad which 
 has attained great popularity throughout Scot- 
 land. She also wrote other poems. 
 
 Barnard, Charles. An American dramatist ; 
 born in Boston, Mass., Feb. 13, 1838. He is a 
 journalist and dramatist. His most popular 
 play is <The County Fair> (1888). Author 
 of <The Tone-Masters > (New York, 1871)-, 
 
 < Knights of To-day > (1881); <The Whistling 
 Buoy> (1887); dramas, and books on garden- 
 ing and electricity. 
 
 Barnard, Henry. A prominent American 
 educator; born at Hartford, Conn., Jan. 24, 
 181 1. He was president of the University of 
 Wisconsin (1856-59) and St. John's College, 
 Annapolis, Md. (1865-66); founded the Amer- 
 ican Journal of Education (1855) ; was United 
 .States Commissioner of Education (1867-70). 
 Among his numerous writings may be named : 
 
 < Hints and Methods for Teachers' (1857); 
 
 < Pestalozzi and Pestalozzianism > (1861) ; < Ger- 
 man Educational Reformers* (1862). D. 1900. 
 
 Barnard, John. A noted American Con- 
 gregational divine ; born at Boston, Nov. 6, 
 1681 ; died at Marblehead, Mass., Jan. 24, 1770. 
 He was one of the earliest New England dis- 
 senters from Calvinism. Ordained colleague 
 minister of Marblehead (1716) ; he took great 
 interest in the local fisheries and commerce. 
 He wrote < History of the Strange Adventures 
 of Philip Ashton> (1725), etc. 
 
 Barnes, Albert. An American Presbyterian 
 minister and religious writer; born at Rome, 
 N. Y., Dec. I, 1798; died at Philadelphia, Dec. 
 24, 1870. For thirty-seven years pastor of the 
 First Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia; he 
 was best known by his < Notes * on the New 
 Testament (of which over a million volumes 
 are said to have circulated), Isaiah, Job, 
 Psalms, etc. He wrote also <The Church and 
 Slavery* (1S57); * Life at Threescore and 
 Ten* (1869); etc. His heterodox views cau.sed 
 the formation of the New School of Presby^ 
 terian theology (1837). 
 
 Barnes, Barnahe. An English poet; born 
 in Yorkshire about 1569; died in St. Mary-le- 
 Bow, Durham, in December 1609. He was 
 the son of the Bishop of Durham ; was edu- 
 cated at Oxford; and went to Normandy in 
 1591 with the Earl of Essex. His fame rests 
 on a collection of sonnets, madrigals, and 
 odes, called < Parthenophil and Parthenope * 
 (London, about 1593). Other books : <A Divine 
 
 Century of Spiritual Sonnets* (1595); and 
 <The Devil's Charter,* a tragedy (1607). 
 
 Barnes, William. An English poet and 
 philologist; born in Dorsetshire, Feb. 22, 1800; 
 died in Winterbourne Came, in October 1886. 
 He wrote many books on philology; and three 
 series of < Poems of Rural Life in the Dorset- 
 shire Dialect* (London, 1844, 1846, and 1863), 
 and < Poems of Rural Life* (1866). His 
 « fad ** was the disuse of all but the Anglo- 
 Sa.xon elements of the English language. 
 
 Barnl, Jules Romain (bar-ne). A French 
 scholar and philosophical writer and critic ; 
 born in Lille, June i, 1818 ; died in Mers, dept. 
 Somme, July 4, 1878. His efforts to propagate 
 the Kantian philosophy through the medium 
 of < Observations on the Sense of the Sublime 
 and Beautiful* (1836), < Foundations of Ethical 
 Metaphysic* (1848), and < Kantian Philosophy* 
 (1850), earned him distinction; as did also, in 
 another but contiguous field, a < History of 
 Moral and Political Ideas in France in the 
 Eighteenth Century* (1866). 
 
 Barnum, Mrs. Frances Courtenay (Bay- 
 lor). An American novelist; born in Arkan- 
 sas, 1848. Her home is in Savannah. She 
 has written : < On Both Sides,* an international 
 novel; < Behind the Blue Ridge*; <Juan and 
 Juanita,* a story for boys and girls; < Claudia 
 Hyde.* She has also been a frequent contrib- 
 utor to magazines, and a writer of short stories. 
 
 Barnum, Phineas Taylor. A famous Amer- 
 ican showman ; born at Bethel, Conn., July 5, 
 1810; died at Bridgeport, Conn., April 7, 1891. 
 After various unsuccessful business ventures, he 
 finally established BaVnum's Museum in Ncv/ 
 York (1841), which was twice burned. He in- 
 troduced Tom Thumb, Jenny Lind, Commo- 
 dore Nutt, Admiral Dot, the Woolly Horse, 
 Jumbo, etc., to tlie American public. In 1871 
 he established his great circus. He was mayor 
 of Bridgeport, and four times member of the 
 Connecticut Legislature. His benefactions were 
 large and frequent. He wrote : < Humbugs of 
 the World* (1865); < Struggles and Triumphs* 
 (1869); <Lion Jack, a Story* (1876); < Auto- 
 biography* (1855, new editions 1869 and later). 
 He was a lecturer on temperance and other 
 popular subjects. 
 
 Barr, Amelia Edith. An Anglo-American 
 novelist; born in Ulverton, Lancashire, Eng- 
 land, March 29, 1831. She was the daughter 
 of the Rev. William Huddleston, and in 1850 
 married Robert Barr. She came to America 
 in 1854, and lived for some years in Texas; 
 but after her husband's death removed to New 
 York, where her first book, < Romance and 
 Reality,* was published in 1872. She is a pro- 
 lific writer, and her novels are v,pry popular. 
 They include: <Jan Vedder's Wife* (New 
 York, 1885); <A Daughter of Fife* (1885); 
 < A Bow of Orange Ribbon* (1886) ; < A Border 
 Shepherdess* (1887); < Friend Olivia* (1890). 
 
 Barr, Robert. A Scottish author; born in 
 Glasgow about 1855. He spent his childhood
 
 44 
 
 BARRACAND — BARROW 
 
 in Canada, drifted into journalism, joined the 
 staff of Detroit Free Press, and wrote under 
 the name of "Luke Sharp.» He went to 
 London in l88l and founded The Idler with 
 Jerome K. Jerome, but retired to devote him- 
 self to fiction. He is author of a number of 
 novels: < In the Midst of Alarms' (1894) ; <The 
 Face and the Mask' (1895) ; <One Day's Court- 
 ship' (1896); <A Woman Intervenes' (1896); 
 and others. 
 
 Barracand, L^on Henri (bar-a-kan). A 
 French poet and novelist ; born at Romans, 
 Drome, May 2, 1844. He gave up the law 
 when a very young man in order to write 
 verses ; but he was not much known as a poet 
 until <Dananiel' (1886) appeared, under the 
 pseudonym of << Ldon Grandet," followed by a 
 sequel, < Doctor Gal' (1870). He had already, 
 however, attracted attention by some fictions, 
 and has steadily risen in importance as a nov- 
 elist; —<Yolande' (1867); < Hilaire Gervais' 
 (1885); <The Second Lieutenant's Manuscript' 
 (1887); and <The Cousin' (1888), being per- 
 haps best known. His < Lamartine and the 
 Muse' (1883) was crowned by the French 
 Academy. 
 
 Barrantes, Vicente (bar-ran'tes). A Span- 
 ish miscellaneous writer, novelist, and poet; 
 born at Badajoz, March 24, 1829. He first stud- 
 ied theology, but in 1848 settled in Madrid to 
 pursue literature ; held responsible government 
 offices; became member of the Academy in 
 1872. Among his works are the stories < Al- 
 ways Late' (1851); <Juan de Padilla'; <The 
 Widow of Padilla'; and a series of historical 
 studies, dealing with strictly local Philippine 
 Island and Estremaduran topics. His 'Tales 
 and Legends' are well chosen and well writ- 
 ten ; but a work on < The Defects and Dangers 
 of Universal Suffrage,' partly fiction and partly 
 satire, is weak. 
 
 Barrds, Maurice (bar-as'). A French nov- 
 elist and publicist; born at Charmes-sur-Mo- 
 selle, Aug. 17, 1862. His political career has 
 been successful, but less important than his 
 work in literature, he being conspicuous in 
 the << decadent" school owing to his fictions: 
 < Under the Eye of the Barbarians,' a study in 
 egoism ; < The Sensation of Paris ' ; and < The 
 Latin Quarter' (all in 1888), in all of which the 
 artificialities of an over-refined culture are 
 apparent. 
 
 Barrett, Benjamin Fisk. An American Swe- 
 denborgian theologian ; born at Dresden, Me., 
 June 24, 1808 ; died at Germantown, Pa., Aug. 
 6, 1892. Settled in Philadelphia, he edited the 
 New Church Monthly and founded the Swe- 
 denborgian Publication Society in 1885. He 
 wrote a number of works on Swedenborgian- 
 ism, including a <Life of Swedenborg'; <Swe- 
 denborg and Channing > ; etc. 
 
 Barrie, James Matthew. A Scottish author ; 
 bom in Kirriemuir, Forfarshire, May 9, i860. 
 He graduated from Edinburgh University in 
 1882, and went to London in 1885 to engage 
 in journalism. His peculiar talent for depicting 
 
 Scottish village life and rustic characters with 
 fidelity, pathos, humor, and poetic charm, has 
 brought him fame. < Better Dead' (1887) and 
 <When a Man's Single' (1888) were followed 
 by <Auld Licht Idylls' (1888) and <A Win- 
 dow in Thrums' (1889), which first made him 
 widely known; < An Edinburgh Eleven' (1890); 
 
 < My Lady Nicotine,' humorous essays on 
 smoking (1890); <The Little Minister' (1891) ; 
 
 < Sentimental Tommy' (1896); 'Margaret 
 Ogilvy' (1896), a biography of his mother. 
 He has also written numerous short sketches 
 and three comedies: 'Walker, London' (1892); 
 'Jane Annie' (1893); and 'The Professor's 
 Love Story.> 
 
 Barrldre, Jean Fran§oi8 (ba-re-ar'). A 
 French historical writer; born in Paris, May 
 12, 1786; died there, Aug. 22, 1868. His ener- 
 gies were first directed to periodical literature ; 
 but he subsequently produced ' The Court and 
 the City under Louis XIV., Louis XV., and 
 Louis XVI.,' besides editing a numerous series 
 of memoirs of personages connected with the 
 Grand Monarch. 
 
 Barridre, Theodore (ba-re-ar'). A French 
 dramatist, bom in Paris, 1823 ; died there, Oct. 
 16, 1877. In collaboration with others he sup- 
 plied the French stage with a great number of 
 dramas and comedies, some of which met with 
 much favor, especially 'Bohemian Life' (1848, 
 with Murger) ; 'The Maids of Marble' (1853, 
 with Thiboust), a counterpart to Dumas's 
 'La Dame aux Camdlias'; and 'The Spurious 
 Men of Honor' (1856, with Capendu), a scath- 
 ing satire and his masterpiece. 
 
 Barrili, Antonio Giulio (bar-re'le). An Ital- 
 ian novelist; born in Savona, 1836. Engaging 
 in journalism when only eighteen, he assumed 
 the management of II Movimento in i860, and 
 became proprietor and editor of II Caffaro in 
 Genoa in 1872. He had taken part in the cam- 
 paigns of 1859 and 1866 (with Garibaldi in Ty- 
 rol) and in the Roman expedition of 1867, and 
 sat in the Chamber of Deputies in 1876-79. 
 One of the most prolific writers of modem 
 Italy. Among his numerous stories are : ' Elm- 
 tree and Ivy' (1868); 'The Vale of Olives' 
 (1871) ; 'As in a Dream'; 'The Devil's Portrait' 
 (1882); 'The Eleventh Commandment'; 'A 
 Whimsical Wooing' (the last three translated 
 into English and published by Geo. Gotts- 
 berger Peck, New York). 
 
 Barros, JoSo de (bar'ros). The foremost 
 Portuguese historian; bom at Vizeu, 1496; 
 died near Lisbon, Oct. 20, 1570. His principal 
 work, 'Asia,' a history of Portuguese discover- 
 ies and conquests in East India, 1415-1539, was 
 afterwards continued by Diogo de Couto. He 
 also wrote the ' Chronicle of Emperor Clari- 
 mundo,' a historical romance, distinguished for 
 great beauty of style. 
 
 Barrow, Frances Elizabeth (Mease). An 
 American author ; bom in Charleston, S. C, 
 Feb. 22, 1822 ; died in New York, May 7, 1894. 
 She was educated in New York, where she was 
 married to James Barrow. She wrote under
 
 BARROW — BARTRAM 
 
 45 
 
 the name of «Aunt Fanny » numerous books 
 for children; among them <Six Nightcaps,> 
 which has been translated into French, Ger- 
 man, and Swedish. Another, <The Letter G> 
 (1864), was widely known and very popular. 
 She also wrote a novel, < The Wife's Stratagem.* 
 Barrow, Sir John. A notable English 
 writer on travels ; bom at Dragley Beck, Lan- 
 cashire, June 19, 1764; died in London, Nov. 
 23, 1848. His numerous and extended jour- 
 neys are recounted in < Travels to China,' 
 
 < Voyage to Cochin-China,' < Travels in the 
 Interior of Southern Africa,' and various dia- 
 ries, with an accuracy beyond question, and 
 a conscientious devotion to science equaled only 
 by the modesty of his own disparagement of 
 the results of his investigations. 
 
 Barrows, Jolin Henry. An American Pres- 
 byterian minister, president of Oberlin Col- 
 lege ; born at Medina, Mich., July 11, 1847; 
 died at Oberlin, Mich., June 2, 1902. He 
 wrote : < The Gospels are True Histories > 
 (1891); <Henry Ward Beecher, the Pulpit 
 Jupiter' (1893); <Life of Henry Ward Beech- 
 er'; etc. 
 
 Barry, Jolin Daniel. An American novelist ; 
 born 1866. He has written : < A Daughter of Thes- 
 pis' ; < The Intriguers '; <Mademoiselle Blanche >; 
 
 < The Princess Margarethe, a Fairy Tale ' ; < The 
 Leading Woman; Our Best Society.' 
 
 Bartli^leniy, Auguste Marseille (bar-tal- 
 me'). A French satirist; bom in Marseilles, 
 1796; died there, Aug. 23, 1867. In collabora- 
 tion with his friend, Joseph M€ry, he wrote 
 several satirical epics, directed against the 
 Bourbon dynasty, which appealed to a large 
 circle of readers. The great historical epic 
 < Napoleon in Egypt' (1828) describes the po- 
 etical side of that wonderful campaign with 
 great skill. 
 
 Barth^lemy, Jean Jacques. A French an- 
 tiquarian ; born at Cassis, Provence, Jan. 20, 
 1716; died in Paris, April 30, 1795. He won 
 European fame with his < Travels of Young 
 Anacharsis in Greece' (1788), a fascinating 
 picture of domestic and social life in ancient 
 Greece, which was translated into many lan- 
 guages, into English by Beaumont (1791). As 
 a romancer he tried his hand with < The Loves 
 of Carites and Polydorus' (1760), purporting 
 to be translated from the Greek. 
 
 Barth6lemy-Saint-Hilaire, Jules (bar-tal- 
 me' san-te-lar'). A French scholar and man 
 of letters ; bom in Paris, Aug. 19, 1805 ; died 
 there Nov. 25, 1895. He wrote for leading 
 periodicals, and his best-known work is proba- 
 bly the < Commentaiy on Aristotle' (1837-70). 
 He also published: < The Vedas' ( 1854) ; < Ma- 
 homet and the Koran > ( 1865); and < Philosophy 
 in Relation to Science and Religion > (1889). 
 
 Barthet, Armand (bar-ta'). A French poet 
 and novelist (1820-74), best remembered as 
 the author of <The Sparrow of Lesbia' (1849), 
 a comedy in verse, written for thfe famous 
 Rachel. 
 
 Bartlett, John. An American publisher and 
 compiler of books of reference ; born at Plym- 
 outh, Mass., June 14, 1820. Since 1878 a mem- 
 ber of the publishing-house of Little, Brown 
 & Co.. Boston. He has compiled : < Familiar 
 Quotations' (1855), a ninth edition of which 
 appeared in 1891 ; < The Shakspere Phrase 
 Book' (l88l);-<A Shakspere Concordance' 
 (1894), etc. Died Dec. 3, 1905. 
 
 Bartlett, John Russell. An American au- 
 thor ; born in Providence, R. I., Oct. 23, 1805 ; 
 died there. May 28, 1886. He was Secretary 
 of State of Rhode Island from 1855 to 1872. 
 Besides many books of local interest, he pre- 
 pared a < Dictionary of Americanisms,' which 
 is widely known as a work of reference. 
 
 Bartlett, Samuel Colcord. American educator 
 and Congregational divine; born at Salisbury, N. 
 H., Nov. 25, i8i7;diedat Hanover, N.H., Dec. 
 16, 1898. Was president of Dartmouth College 
 (1877-92). He wrote <From Egypt to Palestine' 
 (1879), and several religious works. 
 
 Bart6k, Ludwig von (bar-tok'). A Hunga- 
 rian poet and dramatist; born in 1851. He is 
 widely known as a versifier of taste, < Carpa- 
 thian Songs ' being his happiest verse. As a 
 playwrigiit he is even more distinguished ; the 
 comedy of <The Most Beautiful' (1880), and 
 the historical tragedy <Margareta Kendi,' as 
 well as < Anna Thuran,' a historical drama, 
 having been frequently acted. 
 
 Bartol, Cyrus Augustus (bar-tol'). An 
 American Unitarian divine and essayist; born 
 at Freeport, Me., April 30, 181 3 ; died in Bos- 
 ton, Dec. 16, 1900. He was prominent as a radi- 
 cal in religious thought, and pastor of the West 
 Church, Boston, after 1861. He has written : 
 < Pictures of Europe' (1855 ); <Radical Problems' 
 (1872) ; and several ethical and religious works. 
 
 Bartoli, Adolfo (bar-to'le). An Italian his- 
 torian of literature ; born in Fivizzano, Nov. 
 19. 1833. He has long been a recognized ar- 
 biter of taste and the elegancies in connection 
 with his country's literature ; his < First Two 
 Centuries of Italian Literature' (1870-80) and 
 'History of Italian Literature' (1878-89) being 
 masterpieces. He died May 16, 1894. 
 
 Barton, Bernard. An English poet; bom 
 in Carlisle, Jan. 31, 1784 ; died in Woodbridge, 
 Feb. 19, 1849. Educated at a Quaker school in 
 Ipswich. He is called the « Quaker Poet," 
 and is best known because of his friendship 
 with Charles Lamb. His life was spent in 
 Woodbridge. He published many volumes of 
 verse, now neglected. They include : < Metrical 
 Effusions' (London, 1812) ; 'Devotional Verses' 
 (1826); and 'Household Verses' (1845). 
 
 Bartram, John (bar'tram). A celebrated 
 American botanist ; born in Chester county, 
 Pa., March 23, 1699 ; died at Kingsessing, near 
 Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 22, 1777. He was called 
 the « father of American botany," and founded 
 at Kingsessing the first botanical garden in 
 America. Linnaeus termed him "the greatest 
 natural botaniBt in the world." He published
 
 46 
 
 BASCOM — BAUDELAIRE 
 
 < Observations on the Inhabitants, Climate, Soil, 
 Diverse Productions, Animals, etc., made in his 
 travels from Pennsylvania to Lake Ontario,* 
 and a similar volume on eastern Florida (1766). 
 
 Bascom, Jolin. An American educator and 
 philosophical writer; born at Geneva, N. Y., 
 1827. He was president of the University of 
 Wisconsin (1S74-87). He has written a num- 
 ber of philosophical works, among- them : < Phi- 
 losophy of English Literature > (1874), lectures 
 before the Lowell Institute; < Comparative 
 Psychology) (1878); <Sociology> (1887J, etc. 
 
 Basedow or Bassedau (biis'e-dou). A cele- 
 brated German pedagogue ; born in Hamburg, 
 Sept. II, 1723; died in Magdeburg, July 25, 
 1790. He became one of the most acute think- 
 ers of his day, the problem of education en- 
 listing his intellectual powers particularly; and 
 in the famous < Elementary Treatise* (1774), 
 he inaugurated a pedagogical revolution, the 
 work being analogous to that of Comenius 
 in the < Pictured (or Painted) World.* The 
 German, however, was strictly scientific and 
 modern, the numerous works he subsequently 
 prepared being elaborations of the original 
 treatise, and all of vital importance in the 
 history of education. 
 
 Bashkirtseflf, Marie (bash-kerts'ef). A Rus- 
 sian author ; born in Russia in 1S60 ; died in 
 Paris in 1884. She came of a noble and 
 wealthy family, went to Italy to study singing, 
 and to Paris to study art. Her fame rests on 
 her private < Journal,* which seems to have 
 been written with ultimate publication in view. 
 
 Basile, Giovan Batista (bii-sel'e). Count of 
 Torone. An Italian poet and writer of fairy 
 tales; died before 1634. His most prominent 
 works are written in Neopolitan dialect, of 
 which they are the most valuable literary 
 monument. <The Pentameron* (1637) is a col- 
 lection of 50 folk-tales, distributed over five 
 days, which became a great favorite and was 
 widely translated. 
 
 Basselin or Bachelin, Olivier (bas-lan'). A 
 French poet, born in the Val-de-Vire, Nor- 
 mandy, about 1350; died there (?) about 1419. 
 His career has been investigated with some 
 pains because of the assertion that the vocabu- 
 lary of theatrical and poetical literature is in- 
 debted to him for the word <* vaudeville ** ; it 
 would appear he was a cloth fuller or presser, 
 with a mill in his native vale, which brought 
 him in quite a revenue. He was much given 
 to versified narration and iteration of convivial 
 themes, in rhymed fragments dubbed vaux-de- 
 vire in honor of the poet's purlieus. In the 
 
 < Book of New Songs and Vaux-de-Vire * 
 (1610) appears a collection of these Bacchana- 
 lian stanzas, the most touching of which is 
 addressed by the singer < To My Nose,* the 
 rubescence thereof being tastefully and exqui- 
 sitely celebrated. 
 
 Bassett. James (bas'et). A Presbyterian mis- 
 sionary in Persia; born at Glenford, near Ham- 
 ilton, Canada, Jan. 31, 1834. He served in the 
 
 Civil War, 1862-63. A missionary in Persia 
 since 1871, he wrote a volume of hymns in 
 Persian (Teheran, 1875 and 1884). Among 
 his other works are : < Among the Turcomans ' 
 (iSSoj ; ( Persia, the Land of the Imam* (1886). 
 The establishment of a U.S. legation in Persia 
 was largely owing to his efforts and writings. 
 Bastiat, Frederic (bast-ya'). A French po- 
 litical economist; born at Bayonne, 1801 ; died 
 at Rome, 1850. He is most celebrated for the 
 'Economic Harmonies* (1849). For a long 
 time he edited the great economic journal 
 Libre Echange, and strove to spread free-trade 
 doctrines. < On the Influence of French and 
 English tariffs on the Future of the Two Na- 
 tions* is one of his free-trade studies, and he 
 also wrote various manuals of political econ- 
 omy. 
 
 Bates, Arlo. An American author; born in 
 East Machias, Me., Dec. 16, 1S50. He gradu- 
 ated from Bowdoin in 1876, when he engaged 
 in literary work in Boston. He is now pro- 
 fessor of English literature at the Institute of 
 Technology. He is author of poems and novels, 
 including : < The Pagans * (New York, 1884) ; < A 
 Lad's Love * ; < The Wheel of Fire * (1885) ; < The 
 Philistines* (1888) ; < Berries of the Brier* (1886), 
 poems ; < Talks on Writing English * ; and < Talks 
 on the Study of Literature* (1897); * Love in 
 a Cloud* (1900J ; <The Diary of a Saint* (1901). 
 
 Bates, Charlotte Fiske, An American poet 
 and miscellaneous prose-writer; born in New 
 York city, Nov. 30, 1838. She was educated in 
 Cambridge, Mass., where she still resides. She as- 
 sisted Longfellow in compiling <Poems of Places*; 
 edited the < Cambridge Book of Poetry and 
 Song* (Boston, 1882); has contributed to maga- 
 zines and has published < Risk and Other Poems • 
 (1879); < The Art and Literature of Business.* 
 
 Bates, Clara Doty. An American author ; 
 born in Ann Arbor, Mich., 1838 ; died 1895. She 
 lived in Chicago and published many juvenile 
 books. Also ' From Heart's Content * (Chicago, 
 1892). 
 
 Bates, Mrs. Harriet Leonora (Vose), better 
 known as « Eleanor Putnam.** An American 
 story and sketch writer, wife of Arlo Bates; 
 born 1856; died 1886. She wrote: <A Wood- 
 land Wooing*; <01d Salem* (1886); with her 
 husband, < Prince Vance ' ; etc. 
 
 Bates, Katharine Lee. An American story- 
 writer, poet, and educator ; born in Falmouth, 
 Mass., Aug. 12, 1859. She fills the chair of Eng- 
 lish literature in Wellesley College ; has edited 
 collections of ballads, etc. ; has written juvenile 
 stories, including <Rose and Thorn* (Boston. 
 1889) ; also < The English Religious Drama * 
 (New York, 1893) ; and < The College Beautiful 
 and Other Poems * (1887);* I'ennyson's Princess*. 
 
 Baudelaire, Charles (bod-lar'). A French 
 poet and critic ; born in Paris, April 5^ 1821 ; 
 died there, Aug. 31, 1867. His works include 
 a translation of Poe (1856) ; the collection ol. 
 poems < Flowers of Evil* (1857); < Th^ophile 
 Gautier* (1859); < Artificial Paradises, Opium
 
 B AUDISSIN — BAYARD 
 
 47 
 
 and Hashish> (i860); < Little Prose Poems'; 
 besides essays and sketches. 
 
 Baudlssin, Wolf Heinrich, Count von (bou'- 
 dis-sen). A German litterateur (1789-1878), 
 one of the chief contributors to the famous 
 German translation of Shakespeare edited by 
 Schlegel and Tieck, of which he rendered : 
 * Comedy of Errors > ; < Love's Labour's Lost > ; 
 
 < All's Well that Ends Well > ; < Taming of the 
 Shrew > ; < Much Ado about Nothing > ; *■ Merry 
 Wives of Windsor >; < Measure for Measure'; 
 
 < Titus Andronicus > ; < King Lear ' ; < Antony and 
 Cleopatra'; <Troilus and Cressida'; < Othello'; 
 and < Henry VIII. > Under the title <Ben Jon- 
 son and his School' (1836) he published trans- 
 lations of old English dramas. 
 
 Bauer, Bruno (hour). A German biblical 
 critic and scholar; born in Eisenberg, Sept. 9, 
 1809; died in Rixdorf, April 13, 1882. He has 
 carried the << new movement " in rational the- 
 ology very far, his < Critical Exposition of the 
 Religion of the Old Testament' (1838) and 
 'Critique of the Gospels' (1850) being extreme 
 in their various expositions. 
 
 Bauer, Klara. See Detlef. 
 
 Bauerle, Adolf fboi'er-le). An Austrian 
 dramatist and novelist (1784-1859), who culti- 
 vated with much success the field of popular 
 comedy and local farce in Vienna, where in 
 1804 he founded the Vienna Theatre-Gazette, 
 until 1847 the most widely read paper in the 
 Austrian monarchy and now a valuable source 
 for the history of the stage in Vienna. Of his 
 numerous plays the following became known 
 also outside of Austria : < Leopold's Day ' 
 (1814); (The Enchanted Prince' (1818); 'The 
 Counterfeit Prima Donna' (18 18) ; <A Deuce of 
 a Fellow' (1820) ; < The Friend in Need.' Un- 
 der the pseudonym <* Otto Horn " he wrote the 
 novels <Therese Krones' (1855) and < Ferdi- 
 nand Raimund' (1855), full of the personal 
 element and local anecdote. 
 
 Bauernfeld, Eduard von (bou'ern-feld). An 
 Austrian dramatist; born in Vienna, Jan. 13, 
 1802 ; died there, Aug. 9, 1890. He studied law 
 and entered the government service in 1826, but 
 resigned after the revolutionary events of 1848, 
 to devote himself exclusively to his literary 
 pursuits. A brilliant conversationalist, he soon 
 became a universal favorite in Vienna society. 
 Intimate from childhood with the genial painter 
 Moritz von Schwind and the composer Franz 
 Schubert, he also kept up a lifelong intercourse 
 with Grillparzer. Among his comedies, distin- 
 guished for their subtle dialogue and sprightly 
 humor, particularly the descriptions of fash- 
 ionable society have made his great reputa- 
 tion. The best-known and most successful 
 were :< Reckless from Love' (1831) ;< Love's 
 Protocol' (1831); (Confessions' (1834); (Do- 
 mestic and Romantic' (1835) ; (Qf Age' (1846) ; 
 •The Categorical Imperative' (1851) ; (From 
 Society' (1866); (Modern Youth' (1868). 
 
 Baumbach, Rudolf (boum'bach). A German 
 poet; born at Kranichfeld, Saxe-Meiningen, 
 
 Sept. 28, 1840. After studying natural science 
 in Wiirzburg, Leipsic, Freiburg, and Heidel- 
 berg, he lived as a tutor in Austria, last at Tri- 
 este (since 1870), where he devoted himself 
 afterwards exclusively to writing. In 1885 he 
 returned to Meiningen. He has most success- 
 fully cultivated the poetical tale, based upon 
 ancient popular legends. Epics : ( Zlatorog,' a 
 Slovenic Alpine legend (1875, 37th ed. 1892); 
 (Horand and Hilda' (1879); (Lady Fair' 
 (1881); (The Godfather of Death' (1884); 
 (Emperor Max and his Huntsmen' (i888j. 
 Lyrics : ( Songs of a Traveling Journeyman > 
 (187S); (Minstrel's Songs' (1882); (From the 
 Highway' (1882); (Traveling Songs from the 
 Alps' (1883) ; (Adventures and Pranks Imitated 
 from Old Masters' (1883) ; (Jug and Inkstand' 
 (1887) ; (Thuringian Songs' (1891). He is also 
 an excellent prose-writer, author of (False 
 Gold' (1878), a historical romance of the 17th 
 century ; ( Summer Legends > (1881 ) ; ( Once upon 
 a Time ' (1889) ; ( New Fairy Tales ' (1894). 
 
 Baur, Ferdinand Christian (hour). A Ger- 
 man theologian of eminence ; born in Schmi- 
 den, near Stuttgart, June 21, 1792; died at Tu- 
 bingen, Dec. 2, i860. The profundity not only 
 of his learning but of his intellectual insight 
 made him the founder of a new school of 
 theolog)', the classics of which are his ( History 
 of the Doctrine of the Atonement' (1838) and 
 ( The Christian Dogma of the Trinity and 
 Incarnation' (1843), although every one of his 
 numerous works is of great authority. 
 
 Baxter, Eichard. A celebrated English 
 divine and author; born at Rowton, Shrop- 
 shire, Nov. 12, 1615 ; died in London, Dec. 8, 
 1691. His early education was neglected, and 
 he was never a student at any university, but 
 by private study became eminent for learning. 
 Among his numerous works, the most cele- 
 brated is (The Saints' Everlasting Rest,' pub- 
 lished in 1650. 
 
 Baxter, Sylvester. An American journalist 
 and magazinist; born in Massachusetts, 1850. 
 Attached to the Boston Herald, he has been 
 prominent in pushing the metropolitan park 
 system and advocating a (( Greater Boston." He 
 has written ( The Cruise of a Land Yacht, a Boy's 
 Book of Mexican Travel ' ; ( Old Marblehead.' 
 
 Baxter, William. An American clergjTnaTi, 
 educator, poet, and novelist; born at Leeds, 
 England, 1820. President of Arkansas College, 
 Fayetteville ; when it was burned in the Civil 
 War, he removed to Cincinnati. He has writ- 
 ten : ( The Loyal West in the Time of the 
 Rebellion > ; ( Pea Ridge and Prairie Grove, or 
 Scenes and Incidents of the War in Arkansas' 
 (1864). His (War Lyrics,' originally published 
 in Harper's Weekly, were very popular at the 
 time of their publication. 
 
 Bayard, Jean Frangois Alfred (ba'ard or 
 ba-yar'). A French dramatist (1796-1853), one 
 of the principal collaborators of Scribe, and a 
 most prolific and skillful writer for the stage; 
 who, jointly with others, produced 225 plays
 
 48 
 
 BAYLE — BE AUMARCHAIS 
 
 for tlie theatres of Paris. The favorites 
 among them were: <The Queen of Sixteen' 
 (1828); <My Place and my Wife> (1830); 
 •The Gamin of Paris > (1836); <The First 
 Arms of Richelieu > (1839); < A Parisian House- 
 hold > (1844); <The Husband in the Country > 
 (1844); <A Son of Good Family > (1853). He 
 is also the author of the comic opera <The 
 Daughter of the Regiment' {1840), well known 
 through Donizetti's music. 
 
 Bayer, Karl Robert Emerich von. See Byr. 
 
 Bayle, Pierre (bal). A distinguished French 
 philosopher and critic ; born at Carlat, Langue- 
 doc, Nov. 18, 1647; died in Rotterdam, Dec. 
 28, 1706. Son of a Reformed Church minister, 
 he was converted to Catholicism vi'hile studying 
 theology at the Jesuit College in Toulouse, but 
 within two years his family prevailed upon 
 him to resume the Protestant faith. "Withdraw- 
 ing to Geneva, he studied the philosophy of 
 Descartes, acted for some years as tutor at 
 Coppet, Rouen, and in Paris, and in 1675 was 
 appointed to the chair of philosophy at the 
 Protestant University of Sedan. The latter 
 being suppressed in 1681, he accepted a call to 
 Rotterdam as professor of philosophy and his- 
 tory, but was removed in 1693 on account of 
 his liberal opinions, after a bitter controversy 
 with his colleague and foniier friend Jurieu, 
 whose envy had been aroused by the great 
 success of Bayle's critical writings. He then 
 devoted all his time and strength to the com- 
 pletion of the great work, identified with his 
 name, the < Historical and Critical Dictionary > 
 (1697), which brought him into conflict with 
 the consistory; while some of his subsequent 
 writings awakened new enmities and theologi- 
 cal controversies which embittered the remain- 
 ing years of his life. 
 
 Baylor, Frances Courtenay. See Barnum. 
 
 Bayly, Ada Ellen. See Lyall, Edna. 
 
 Bayly, Thomas Haynes. An English poet 
 and novelist ; born in Bath, Oct. 13, 1797 ; died 
 in Cheltenham, April 22, 1839. He wrote 36 
 dramas, including: < Perfection > ; <The Ayl- 
 mers>; <The Legend of Killarney>; and other 
 novels and many fanciful poems, after the 
 style of Moore. 
 
 Baz&n, Emilia Pardo (ba-than'). A Span- 
 ish novelist; born in Coruna in 1852. She has 
 published works on history and philosophy, 
 and is the author of * Studies in Darwinism > ; 
 < Saint Francis of Assisi > ; and many novels. 
 These, translated into English by Mary J. Ser- 
 rano, have become very popular, and include : 
 <A Christian Woman* (New York and Lon- 
 don, 1891) ; 'Homesickness* (1891) ; <The Swan 
 of Vilamorta> (1891) ; and <The Wedding 
 Trip> (1891). 
 
 Bazancourt, C€sar L^cat, Baron de (baz- 
 iii'i-kor'). A French writer of fiction and works 
 on military science; born in Paris, 1810; died 
 there, Jan. 25, 1865. The novelty of his theories 
 of warfare and the merits of his style imparted 
 
 very general interest to < The Crimean Expedi- 
 tion' and <The Campaign in Italy in 1859.* 
 He has also written < Georges de Montagnard ' 
 and <The Princess Pallianci,' novels; as well 
 as <The Secrets of the Sword,> a manual of 
 fencing. 
 
 Beaconsfield, Benjamin Disraeli, Lord. 
 An eminent English statesman and novelist; 
 born in London, Dec. 21, 1804; died April 19, 
 1881. The first volume of his novel < Vivian 
 Grey > appeared in 1826, the second volume in 
 1827. This was followed by < The Young Duke > 
 (1831); <Contarini Fleming) (1832); <The 
 Wondrous Tale of Alroy> (1833); < The Rise of 
 Iskander>; < The Revolutionary Epic> (1834); 
 < Henrietta Temple> (1837); <Venetia> (1837); 
 <Alarcos> (1839); <Coningsby) (1844); <SibyP 
 (1845); <Tancred> (1847); <Lothair> (1870); 
 <Endymion> (1880); etc. 
 
 Beard, George Miller. An American phy- 
 sician and medical and hygienic writer; born at 
 Montville, Conn., May 8, 1839; died in New 
 York, Jan. 23, 1883. He made a specialty of 
 the study of stimulants and narcotics, hypnot- 
 ism, spiritualism, etc. Among his works were : 
 <Our Home Physician' (1869); < Eating and 
 Drinking' (1871) ; < Stimulants and Narcotics' 
 (1871) ; < American Nervousness' (1881) ; < Sea- 
 Sickness' (1882); etc. 
 
 Beardsley, Eben Edwards. An American 
 Episcopal clergyman, historian, and biographer; 
 born at Stepney, Conn., 1808; died at New 
 Haven, Dec. 22, 1891. He became a pastor in 
 New Haven in 1848. He wrote: < History of 
 the Episcopal Church in Connecticut' (4th 
 ed. 1883) ; and lives of < Samuel Johnson, First 
 President of King's College, New York' (1874); 
 < William Samuel Johnson, President of Colum- 
 bia College' (1876); and < Samuel Seabury, 
 First Bishop of Connecticut' (1881). 
 
 Beattie, James (be'ti or Sc. ba'ti). A Scot- 
 tish poet; born in Laurencekirk, Kincardine- 
 shire, Oct. 25, 1735; died in Aberdeen, Aug. 
 18, 1803. He studied in Aberdeen, and was 
 professor of moral philosophy in Marischal 
 College from 1760 till his death. He wrote 
 metaphysical essays and poems. <The Min- 
 strel' is his chief work. The first book {1771) 
 passed through four editions before the second 
 part appeared (1774). 
 
 Beaumarchais, Pierre Augustin Caron de 
 (bo-miir-sha'). A French dramatist; born in 
 Paris, Jan. 24, 1732; died there. May 18, 1799. 
 He was the son of a Parisian watchmaker 
 named Caron, learned his father's trade, and 
 by his vehement attack on a rival who pirated 
 his patent attracted attention at court. His 
 handsome appearance and manners procured 
 advancement. He taught the daughters of 
 Louis XV. to play the harp ; married a rich 
 widow. His first plays, < Eugenie' (1767) ^'^^ 
 <The Two Friends' (1770), had only moder- 
 ate success. His great plays are : < Tlie Bar- 
 ber of Seville* (l775) and <The Marriage of 
 Figaro' (1784), which had unprecedented suc- 
 cess. The < Memoirs of Sieur Beaumarchais*
 
 BEAUMONT — BECKER 
 
 49 
 
 by himself (1774-78; new ed. by Sainte-Beuve, 
 1873), have never been surpassed for their 
 satire and logic. Beaumarchais is a figure in 
 Goethe's drama <Clavigo.> His < Theatre* has 
 been edited by Saint-Marc Girardin (Paris, 
 1861) ; his ' Complete Works,> by Moland (l774) 
 and by Fournier (1875); the < Barber of Se- 
 ville,> by Austin Dobson (Oxford, 1884). 
 
 Beaumont, Francis. An English dramatist ; 
 born in 1584, at Grace-Dieu, Leicestershire, the 
 family seat; died in London, March 6, 1615-16. 
 He wrote first < Salmacis and Hermaphrodi- 
 tus,> a poem on Ovid's legend (1602); and a 
 
 < Masque of the Inner Temple,' represented at 
 court in 1612-13. From early youth he was 
 associated with John Fletcher. Their differ- 
 ences are best appreciated by comparing Beau- 
 mont's < Triumph of Love > with Fletcher's 
 ' Triumph of Death,> included in < Four Plays 
 or Moral Representations in One* (1647). 
 Their plays written together include : < Philas- 
 ter>; <The Maid's Tragedy*; <King and No 
 King>; < The Scornful Lady>; <The Knight 
 of the Burning Pestle > ; Cupid's Revenge ' ; and 
 * The Coxcomb.* Their first collected edition, 
 
 < Comedies and Tragedies.* appeared in 1647 ; 
 more complete in 1679. 
 
 Beaunolr, Alexandre Louis Bertrand (bon- 
 war') [true name Robinoir]. A French dram- 
 atist (1746-1823). His more than 200 comedies 
 were very popular. Among the best of them 
 are : < Love Goes A-Begging * ; < Jennie, or The 
 Losers Don't Pay.* 
 
 Bebel, Ferdinand August (ba'bel). A Ger- 
 man socialist ; born in Cologne in 1840. In his 
 youth he was an apprentice, and while learn- 
 ing and practicing the turner's trade, he acquired 
 a practical knowledge of the difficulties and 
 disabilities of the workingmen. He settled in 
 Leipzig in i860, joined various labor organiza- 
 tions, and became one of the editors of the 
 Volkstaat and of the better-known Vorwarts. 
 Membership in the North German Reichstag 
 was followed by his election to the German 
 Reichstag, of which he was a member from 
 1871 to 1881, and which he entered again in 
 1883. He is the leader of his party in the 
 Reichstag. Bebel's earnestness, large sympathy, 
 and wide range of knowledge impress his 
 hearers, although his appearance and manner 
 in the Reichstag do not at lirst win them. These 
 qualities are also characteristic of his numerous 
 pubiislied books, among which are : < Our Aims * 
 (1874); < The Gei-man Peasant War > (1876) ; < The 
 Life and Theories of Charles Fourier* (1888) ; 
 
 < Women in Socialism, the Christian Point of 
 View in the Woman Question * (1893) ;< Social 
 Democracy and Universal Suffrage * (1895). 
 
 Bebel, Heinrlch (ba'bel). A notable Ger- 
 man humanist (1472-1518). He was an alum- 
 nus of Cracow and Basel Universities, and 
 from 1497 professor of poetry and rhetoric at 
 Tubingen. His fame rests principally on his 
 •Facetiae* (1506), a curious collection of bits 
 of homely and rather coarse-grained humor and 
 anecdote, directed mainly against the clergy ; 
 
 4 
 
 and on his < Triumph of Venus,* a keen satire 
 on the depravity of his time. 
 
 BeccadelU, Antonio degU (bek'a-del'e). An 
 Italian humanist and poet (1394-1471); born 
 at Palermo. His book of epigrams, <Her- 
 maphroditus* (1432), shows abundant wit and 
 fancy, but oversteps the bounds of decency. 
 
 Beccarl, Agostlnl (bek-ar'e). An Italian 
 pastoral poet; born in Ferrara, 1540 (?) ; died 
 there (?) 1590. He wrote < The Sacrifice* (1554) 
 before his fifteenth birthday, this piece being a 
 pastoral in rather stilted metre and quite sopho- 
 moric in flavor ; but as the maiden essay of 
 the kind in literature, and as the model upon 
 which Tasso constructed his *Aminta,* it is not 
 to be overlooked. 
 
 Bechsteln, Ludwlg (bech'stin). A German 
 poet and novelist (1801-60), chiefly remembered 
 for <The Legend Treasure and the Legend- 
 ary Cycles of Thuringia* (1835-38); < German 
 Fairy-Tale Book* (1845, 41st ed. 1893); and 
 others. Among his epical poems are : • The 
 Children of Haymon* (1830); <The Dance 
 of Death* (1831); <New Natural History of 
 Pet Birds* (1846), a humorous didactic poem; 
 and <Thuringia's Royal House* (1865). Of his 
 numerous novels, chiefly historical, the best- 
 known is < Journeys of a Musician* (1836-37). 
 
 Beck, Karl (bek). An Austrian poet; bom at 
 Baja, Hungary, May i, 1817 ; died in Vienna, 
 April 10, 1879. His poems reflect the passion- 
 ate temperament of his Hungarian country- 
 men in sonorous verses of consummate finish. 
 Among his works are: 'Nights* (1838); <The 
 Poet Errant* (1838) ; <Jank6* (1842), a romance 
 in verse; < Songs of the Poor Man* (1847); 
 <Jadwiga* (1863), a tale in verse; < Mater 
 Dolorosa* (1854), a novel. 
 
 Becke, Louis. An Australian author; born 
 in Port Macquarrie, Australia, about 1850. He 
 went to sea at the age of fourteen, and has 
 spent his life trading in the South Pacific. 
 His publications are : • By Reef and Palm * 
 (1895); < South Sea Stories* (1896); <The Ebb- 
 ing of the Tide* (1896); and with W. Jeffrey, 
 <A First-Fleet Family* (1896). 
 
 Becker, August (bek'er). A German poet 
 and novelist (1828-91); author of < Young 
 Friedel, the Minstrel* (1854), a lyrical epic, 
 and the novels : <The Rabbi's Bequest* (1866) ; 
 •Proscribed* (1868); <The Carbuncle* (1870) ; 
 < My Sister* (1876), descriptive of the doings 
 of Lola Montez and the events of 1848 in 
 Bavaria; < Painter Fairbeard* (1878); < The 
 Sexton of Horst* (1889) ; <Gray Jane* (1890). 
 
 Becker, Karl Frledrlch. A German his- 
 torical writer ; born in Berlin, 1777 ; died there, 
 March 15, 1806. He wrote various popular 
 works on historical topics, the best-known 
 being <The World's History for Children and 
 their Teachers* (1801-5), a truly successful 
 undertaking. 
 
 Becker, Nlkolaus. A German peet (1809- 
 45), known as the author of the Rhine-song
 
 5<^ 
 
 6ECKFORD — BEECHER 
 
 < Tlicy never shall obtain it, the free, the Ger- 
 man Rhine,' wliich became immensely popular 
 throughout Germany, and provoked Alfred de 
 Musset's 'We have had it, your German Rhine,> 
 and Lamartine's more conciliatory <Peace- 
 Marscillal»e> (1S41). 
 
 Becliford. William. A noted English man 
 of letters ; born at Fonthill, Wiltshire, Sept. 29, 
 1759 ; died at Bath, May 2, 1844. Heir to a large 
 fortune, h« traveled extensively, and after his 
 return home built a costly residence at Font- 
 hill, where ht amassed many art treasures. He 
 is famous' as the author of < Vathek,> an Oriental 
 romance of great power and lu.xurious imagina- 
 tion, written originally in French (1781 or 1782), 
 and translated into English by himself, although 
 another translation (by Henley) had been 
 published anonymously and surreptitiously in 
 I784(?). Among his other writings are: < Bio- 
 graphical Memoirs of Extraordinary Painters' 
 (1780), a satirical burlesque ; < Dreams, Waking 
 Thoughts, and Incidents' (1783), a series of let- 
 ters from various parts of Europe ; < Italy, with 
 Sketches ^l Spain and Portugal' (1S34). 
 
 Becque, Henri Fran§ois (bek). A French 
 dramatist ; born in Paris, April 9, 1S37, the pio- 
 neer realism on the Parisian stage, where he pro- 
 duced < The Prodigal Son' (1S68) ; The Abduc- 
 tion > (1871) ; < The Ravens ' ( 1S82) ; < The Paris- 
 ian' (1885) ;< Literary Quarrels' (1891). D. 1899. 
 
 Becquer, Gustavo Adolfo (bek'ker). A 
 Spanish poet and novelist; born in Seville, 
 Feb. 17, 1836; died in Madrid, Dec. 22, 1870. 
 His lyrics, chiefly elegiac, show much feeling, 
 and his tales and legends are among the best 
 creations of modem Spanish prose. 
 
 3ecIdoes, Thomas Lovell. An English poet; 
 born in Rodney Place, Clifton, July 20, 1803; 
 died in Basle, Jan. 20, 1849. He was educated 
 at Oxford and Gottingen, and lived a strange 
 wandering life as a doctor and politician in 
 Germany and Switzerland, with occasional visits 
 to England. <The Bride's Tragedy' (1822) 
 was quite remarkable and attracted attention; 
 but his best is < Death's Jest-Book,' on which 
 he was at work from 1825 until his death. It 
 was published posthumously by T. F. Kelsau 
 (1850), who also edited his other poems with 
 memoir (185 1 ). 
 
 Bede or Bseda. The greatest figure in an- 
 cient English literature; was born near Monk- 
 wearmouth, Durham, about 673; died in the 
 monastery of Jarrow, May 26, 735. Left an 
 orphan at the age of six, he was educated in 
 the Benedictine Abbey at Monkwearmouth 
 and entered the monastery of Jarrow, where he 
 was ordained priest in his thirtieth year. His 
 industry was enormous. « First," says Green, 
 << among English scholars, first among English 
 theologians, first among English historians, it 
 is in the monk of Jarrow that English liter- 
 ature strikes its roots. C In the six hundred 
 (^ scholars who gathered around him for instruc- 
 tion he is the father of our national education." 
 Bede wrote homilies, lives of [.saints, hymns, 
 
 epigrams, works on g'i'ammar and chronology, 
 and the great < Ecclesiastical History of Eng- 
 land' in five books, gleaned from native chron- 
 icles and oral tradition. This was translated 
 from Latin into Anglo-Saxon by King Alfred. 
 The first editions were issued from Strassburg 
 in the 15th century. 
 
 Bede, Cuthbert, pseudon3'm of Edward 
 Bradley. An English author; born in Kid- 
 derminster in 1827; died in Lenton, Dec. 12, 
 1S89. He graduated at Durham University, 
 and was rector of Denton, Stretton, and finally 
 Lenton from 1883 until his death. He con- 
 tributed to Punch and other London period- 
 icals, and published the < Adventures of Mr. 
 Verdant Green, an Oxford Freshman' (Lon- 
 don, 1855), a humorous picture of college life. 
 His other works include : < Mr. Verdant Green 
 Married and Done For' (1S56) ; <The White 
 Wife,' a collection of Scottish legends (1864) ; 
 'Little Mr. Bouncer and his Friend Verdant 
 Green' (1873-74); and many books of travels. 
 
 Beeclier, Catherine Esther. An American 
 author and educator, daughter of Lyman, and 
 sister of Henry Ward Beecher; born in East- 
 hampton, L. I., Sept. 6, 1800 ; died in Elmira, 
 N. v.. May 12, 1878. From 1822 to 1832 she 
 conducted a school in Hartford, Conn.; and 
 afterwards taught for two years in Cincinnati, 
 Ohio. The remainder of her life was devoted 
 to training teachers and supplying them to 
 needy fields, especially in the Western and 
 Southern States. She wrote numerous works 
 on education and on the woman question, 
 among which are : < The Religious Training 
 of Children in the School, the Family, and 
 the Church' (1864); < Woman's Profession as 
 Mother and Educator, with Views in Opposi- 
 tion to Woman Suffrage' (1871). 
 
 Beecher, Charles. An American clergyman 
 and author, brother of Henry Ward Beecher; 
 born in Litchfield, Conn., Oct. 7, 1815. He 
 graduated from Bowdoin College in 1834, and 
 has had charge of Congregational and Pres- 
 byterian churches ; especially in Fort Wayne, 
 Ind., Newark, N. J., and Georgetown, Mass. 
 Among his published works are : < David and 
 his Throne' (1855); < Spiritual Manifestations' 
 (1879) ; and < The Autobiography and Corre- 
 spondence of Lyman Beecher' (1S63). 
 
 Beecher, Edward. An American clergyman 
 and author, brother of Henry Ward Beecher; 
 born in Easthampton, N. Y., Aug. 27, 1803; 
 died in Brooklyn, N. Y., July 28, 1895. He 
 graduated at Yale, studied theology a- Andover 
 and New Haven; was pastor of various Con- 
 gregational churches, especially at Park Street, 
 Boston (1826-30), and Salem Street, Boston 
 (1844-55). He was president of Illinois Col- 
 lege, Jacksonville (1830-44), and for some years 
 professor of Exegesis in the Chicago Theologi- 
 cal Seminary. He wrote many re'igious books, 
 including ^The Conflict of Ages' (1853) and 
 <The Concord of Ages' (i860); in which he 
 explained the existence of sin and misery in 
 the world as the results of a pre-existent state,
 
 BEECHER— BELCIKOVSKI 
 
 5« 
 
 to be harmonized at last in an eternal con- 
 cord of good. 
 
 Beecher, Henry Ward. An American clergy- 
 man; born in Litchfield, Conn., Jime 24, 1813; 
 died in Brooklyn, N. Y., March 8, 1887. He 
 was the son of Lyman Beecher; graduated 
 from Amherst in 1834; studied in Lane Theo- 
 logical Seminary, near Cincinnati, Ohio ; and 
 began clerical duty as pastor of a church in 
 Lawrenceburg, Ind., removirig to Indianapo- 
 lis in 1839. From 1847 until his death he was 
 pastor of Plymouth Congregational Church in 
 Brooklyn. He was one of the founders of the 
 Independent and of the Christian Union (now 
 the Outlook). He was also a prominent anti- 
 slavery orator, as well as a famous lecturer. 
 Among his numerous publications are : < Star 
 Papers; or Experiences of Art and Nature > 
 (1855); <P>eedom and War> (1863); <Eyes 
 and Ears> (1864); and a novel, < Norwood, or 
 Village Life in New England> (1867). His 
 < Sermons ' were edited by Dr. Lyman Abbott 
 
 (2 vols., 1868). 
 
 Beecher, Lyman. An American clergyman ; 
 born in New Haven, Conn., Oct. 2, 1775; died 
 in Brooklyn, N. Y., June 10, 1863. His ances- 
 tors were Puritans. He graduated from Yale 
 ill 1796, and became pastor of the Presbyterian 
 Church in East Hampton, L. I. ; then of a 
 Congregational church in Litchfield, Conn., in 
 1810; and then of the Hanover Street Congre- 
 gational Church in Boston, Mass. In 1832 he 
 became president of Lane Theological Semi- 
 nary, near Cincinnati, Ohio. His influence 
 tliroughout the country was very great, espe- 
 cially on the questions of temperance and of 
 slavery. His < Six Sermons on Intemperance > 
 had a great effect, and have been frequently re- 
 published and translated into many languages. 
 His sermon on the death of Alexander Ham- 
 ilton in 1804, with his < Remedy for Duehng> 
 (1S09), did much toward breaking up the prac- 
 tice of dueling in the United States. His col- 
 lected < Sermons and Addresses ^ were published 
 in 1852. 
 
 Beecher, Thomas Kinnicutt. An American 
 clergyman, son of Lyman, and brother of Henry 
 Ward Beecher ; born in Litchfield, Conn., Feb. 
 10, 1824. He became pastor in Brooklyn in 
 1852, and in Elmira, N. Y., in 1854. He has 
 been a very successful lecturer and an effective 
 writer on current topics. He had published in 
 book form < Our Seven Churches ' (1870). D. 1900. 
 
 Beers, Ethel Lynn. An American poet; 
 born in Goshen, N. Y., Jan. 13, 1S27 ; died in 
 Orange, N. J., Oct. 10, 1879. Slie was a de- 
 scendant of John Eliot, the apostle to the In- 
 dians. She has published <All Quiet along 
 the Potomac, and Other Poems' (1879). 
 
 Beers, Henry Augustin. An American 
 author; born in Buffalo, N. Y., July 2, 1847. 
 He graduated from Yale in 1859, became tutor 
 there in 187 1, and professor of English litera- 
 ture in 1880. He' has published among other 
 works : < A Century of American Literature > 
 C1878) ; <The Thankless Muse,> poems (1886) ; 
 
 < From Chaucer to Tennyson > ( 1890) ; < Initial 
 Studies in American Letters > (1892); <A Sub- 
 urban Pastoral, and Other Tales' (1894) ; (The 
 Ways of Yale > (1895); < Points at Issue > (1904). 
 
 Beers, Jan van (barz). A Flemish poet 
 (1821-88); from i860 professor at the Athenasum 
 in Antwerp. His principal works, full of sen- 
 timent and melodious quality, are : < Youth's 
 Dreams > (1853); < Pictures of Life> (1858); 
 'Sentiment and Life> (1869). 
 
 Beethoven, Ludwig van (ba'to-ven). A 
 German composer of Dutch extraction ; born 
 at Bonn, 1770 ; died at Vienna, 1827. His music 
 is world-famous. In his < Correspondence > and 
 in the noted < Brentano Letters > he is a writer 
 of personal impressions of great interest and 
 charm. 
 
 Beets, Nicolaas (bats). A Dutch poet, 
 novelist, and critic ; born in Haarlem, Sept. 
 13, 1814. His early lyrics, and the poetical 
 tales <Jos^> (1834); <Kuser' (1835); <Guy the 
 Fleming* (1837), are in the vein of Byron. 
 He showed a maturer talent in < Ada of Hol- 
 land* (1840), and the lyric cycles < Cornflow- 
 ers* (1853), <The Children of the Sea' (1861), 
 and others ; but is chiefly esteemed as a prose- 
 writer of rare excellence, author of < Camera 
 Obscura* (1839, i8th ed. 1888), a series of tales 
 and sketches of Dutch types. His pseudonym 
 was " Hildebrand." Died at Utrecht, Mar., 1903. 
 
 Behn, Aphra. An English novelist and 
 dramatist ; born in Wye, Kent, in July 1640 ; 
 died in London, April 16, 1689. She is buried 
 in the Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey. 
 Her life was adventurous and inttresting. She 
 early went to the West Indies, returned to 
 London about 1658, and gaining entrance to 
 court, pleased Charles II. by her wit. He 
 sent her to Antwerp as a spy. She was the 
 first woman in England to live by her pen. 
 Her plays and poems are superior to her nov- 
 els ; but they are all stamped with indelicacy, 
 and do not deserve the praise bestowed on 
 them by Dryden, Otway, and others. Her dra- 
 mas long held the stage. They include : 
 
 < Abdelazar, or the Moor's Revenge ' ; < The 
 Forced Marriage*; and many others. Among 
 her novels, < Oroonoko, or the Royal Slave * 
 (founded on the adventures of a West-Indian 
 native prince of that name) alone has any 
 merit. 
 
 Behrens, Bertha. See Heimburg. 
 
 Bekker, Elisabeth (bek'er). A Dutch novel- 
 ist; born at Vlissingen, July 24, 1738; died in 
 The Hague, Nov. 5, 1804. Married to Adrian 
 Wolff, a Reformed Church minister at Beem- 
 ster, who died in 1777, she lived afterwards in 
 closest friendship with Agathe Deken, who 
 also collaborated in her most important works, 
 to wit: < History of Sara Burgerhart' (1782); 
 
 < History of William Leevend* (1784-85) ; * Let- 
 ters of Abraham Blankaart* (1787-89); * Cor- 
 nelia Wildschut* (1793-96). 
 
 Belcikovski, Adam (bel-che-kov-ske). A 
 Polish dramatist ; born in Cracow, 1839. Am(*?ig
 
 52 
 
 BELINSKY — BELLMAN 
 
 his numerous historical dramas and comedies 
 are: < King Don Juan' (1869); <Hunyadi> 
 (1870); <Francesca da Rimini > (1873); <The 
 Oath> (1878) ; <King Boleslav the Bold> (1882). 
 He also wrote valuable essays on Polish liter- 
 ature. 
 
 Bellnsky, Viss&rion Grig6ryevicli (bel-in'- 
 ske). A Russian literary critic (1811-48). He 
 wrote an excellent < View of Russian Literature 
 since the i8th Century.' 
 
 Bell, Acton. See Bronte, Anne. 
 
 Bell, Currer. See Bronte, Charlotte. 
 
 Bell, Ellis. See Bronte, Emily. 
 
 Bell, Lilian. An American novelist; born 
 in Chicago, 1867. She has written <The Love 
 Affairs of an Old Maid> and <A Little Sister 
 to the Wilderness ' ; < Caroline Lee.* 
 
 Bell, Robert. An Irish author and editor; 
 born in Cork, Jan. 16, 1800 ; died in London, 
 April 12, 1867. Educated at Trinity College, 
 Dublin, he went to London in 1828. He be- 
 came editor of magazines and useful editions 
 of books. He is best known for his annotated 
 edition of English poets from Chaucer to Cow- 
 per (24 vols., 1854-57). He wrote : < History 
 of Russia' (3 vols., London, 1836); <Life of 
 Canning' (1846); < Wayside Pictures through 
 France, Belgium, and Holland' (1849); two 
 novels ; three comedies ; and a collection of 
 < Early Ballads' (1864). 
 
 Bellamy, Edward. An American writer; 
 bom in Chicopee Falls, Mass., March 29, 1850 ; 
 died there May 22, 1898. He was educated in 
 Germany ; admitted to the bar ; was on the staff 
 of the Evening Post of New York in 1871-72 ; 
 <ind on his return from the Sandwich Islands in 
 (877, he founded the Springfield News. He is 
 best known by his novel * Looking Backward > 
 (1888), a socialistic work, of which an immense 
 number of copies were sold in two years. His 
 other books are : < Six to One : a Nantucket 
 Idyl ' (1878) ; < Dr. Heidenhoff's Process ' (1880) ; 
 <Miss Ludington's Sister' (1884) ; <Equality> 
 (1S97) ; and < The Wonder Children' (1906). 
 
 Bellamy, Mrs. Elizabeth Whitfield (Croom). 
 An American novelist, writing under the pseu- 
 donym « Kamba Thorpe " ; born at Quincy, 
 Fla., 1839. She has written : < Four Oaks ' 
 (1867) ; < Little Joanna' (1876) ; <01d Man Gil- 
 bert > ; < The Luck of the Pendennings.' D. 1900. 
 
 Bellamy, Jacobua (bel'a-mi). A Dutch 
 poet; born at Vlissingen, Nov. 12, 1757; died 
 in Utrecht, March 11, 1786. First known 
 through his Anacreontic * Songs of my Youth ' 
 (1782), which were followed by the inspired 
 •Patriotic Songs' (1783), he is now chiefly re- 
 membered for his poetical romance < Roosje ' 
 (1784), which in touching simplicity and ardent 
 feeling is unequaled in Dutch literature. 
 
 Bellamy, Joseph. An American clergyman 
 and educator; born in Cheshire, Conn., in 1719; 
 died in Bethlehem, Conn., March 6, 1790. He 
 graduated at Yale in 1735 ; in 1740 became pas- 
 tor of the church in Betlilehem, where he re- 
 mained until his death. About 1742 he estab* 
 
 lished a divinity school, in which many cel- 
 ebrated clergymen were trained. Among his 
 published works, besides his < Sermons ' are : 
 <True Religion Delineated' (1750); <The 
 Nature and Glory of the Gospel' (1762); and 
 <The Half-Way Covenant' (1769). 
 
 Bellay, Joachim du (be-la'). A distin- 
 guished French poet and prose-writer; born 
 at the Chateau de Lir^, near Angers, about 
 1524; died in Paris, Jan. i, 1560. Next to Ron- 
 sard the most prominent member of the 
 famous <* Pl^iade." He had few of the advan- 
 tages of a school education, but by his own 
 industry became acquainted with the poets of 
 antiquity and of France. His first volume of 
 poems was a collection of his < Sonnets to 
 Olive.' His 'Antiquities of Rome' was done 
 into English verse by Edmund Spenser, <The 
 Ruins of Rome' (1591). His principal work 
 is a < Defense and Illustration of the French 
 Language' (1549), in which he depreciates the 
 old forms of French poetry and sets up the 
 classic poets of antiquity as models. After his 
 death were published more of his sonnets, also 
 odes, and some translations. 
 
 Belleau, R€my (bel-lo'). A noted French 
 poet; born at Nogent-le-Rotrou, 1528; died in 
 Paris, March 16, 1577. One of the «Pldiade,'> 
 and ranked by some as its best poet, in 
 preference to Bellay. His poems are graceful 
 and melodious, and show less affectation of 
 sentiment than those of many of his contem- 
 poraries. He made an elegant and spirited 
 translation of <The Odes of Anacreon' (1576). 
 His <Bergerie' (1572), a compound of prose 
 and verse, is of unequal merit ; but it contains 
 some passages — e. g., the 'April' — which are 
 of consummate beauty. A curious work is his 
 fanciful < Loves and New Exchanges of Pre- 
 cious Stones' (1566): it is perhaps his best 
 performance. 
 
 Belli, Giuseppe Gioachino (bel'le). A noted 
 Roman humorist and satirical poet (1791-1863). 
 He wrote in the popular dialect of the Traste- 
 vere ; and in early life scourged with stinging, 
 irreverent, and often vulgar satire, the tyranny 
 of the popes and the scandalous lives of the 
 clergy. Becoming afterward a zealous convert 
 to the faith of the Roman Church, he en- 
 deavored to call in and destroy the wicked 
 indiscretions of his youth. In his last years he 
 published a beautiful translation of the Roman 
 Breviary. His published sonnets amount to 
 more than 2,000; his other published Italian 
 verses fill four considerable volumes; while 
 two thirds of his vast remains have never 
 been gathered and edited. Of this last, much 
 is clothed in language too coarse to bear the 
 light of modem culture. 
 
 Bellman, Carl Michael (bel'man). A noted 
 Swedish poet; born in Stockholm, Feb. 4, 1740; 
 died there, Feb. 11, 1795. His poems were often 
 improvisations, and the airs of his songs were 
 largely of his own composition. As singer of 
 the rollicking life of a capital city he is un- 
 surpassed. A colossal bronze bust of Belhaan
 
 BELLOWS — BENJAMIN 
 
 53 
 
 by Bystrom was erected in the Zoological 
 Garden at Stockholm in 1829, and there a pop- 
 ular festival is held yearly in his honor. 
 
 Bellows, Henry Whitney. A prominent 
 Unitarian divine and miscellaneous writer; 
 born at Walpole, N. H., June 11, 1814; died in 
 New York, Jan. 30, 1882. He became pastor of 
 All Souls Church, New York, 1839; was chief 
 founder and long editor of the Christian In- 
 quirer (1846); president and chief originator of 
 the United States Sanitary Commission during 
 the Civil War (1861-65). He wrote: < Public 
 Life of Washington > (1866) ; < Relation of Pub 
 lie Amusements to Public Morality > ; < The Old 
 World in its New Face' (2 vols., 1868-69), a 
 record of travel in Europe. He was an effect- 
 ive preacher and public speaker. 
 
 Belloy, Pierre Laurent de (bel-wa.'), prop- 
 erly Buirette. A French dramatist ; bom 1727 ; 
 died 1775. He won success with the tragedies 
 'The Siege of Calais* (1765) and < Gaston and 
 Bayard > (1771), and was elected to the Acad- 
 emy in 1771. 
 
 Belmontet, Louis (bel-mon-ta'). A French 
 poet and publicist (1799-1879) ; studied and 
 practiced law in Toulouse, until involved in 
 difficulties with the magistracy on account of 
 some satirical poems, when he went to Paris 
 and there produced his principal works : < The 
 Sad Ones' (1824), a cycle of elegies; <The 
 Supper of Augustus' (1828); and with Soumet, 
 <A Festival of Nero' (1829), a tragedy which 
 exceeded 100 performances. Subsequently he 
 became an ardent partisan of Bonapartism, 
 pleading its cause as a journalist and poetically 
 extolling the Napoleonic dynasty in many en- 
 thusiastic odes. 
 
 Belot, Adolphe (be-15'). A French novelist 
 and dramatist (1829-90); traveled extensively 
 and settled at Nancy as a lawyer. He won 
 reputation with a witty comedy, <The Testa- 
 ment of C^sar Girodot' (1859, with Villetard); 
 and being less successful with his following 
 dramatic efforts, devoted himself to fiction. 
 Of his novels may be mentioned : < The Venus 
 of Gordes' (1867, with Ernest Daudet) ; <The 
 Drama of the Rue de la Paix' (1868); <Arti- 
 cle 47' (1870): all of which were dramatized. 
 
 Bembo, Pietro (bem'bo). A celebrated Ital- 
 ian humanist; born in Venice, May 20, 1470; 
 died in Rome, Jan. 18, 1547. In 1513 he be- 
 came secretary of Latin letters to Pope Leo 
 X. ; the Venetian republic appointed him in 
 1530 State historiographer. His poetical works, 
 Latin and Italian, are marked rather by ele- 
 gance of style, purity of idiom, and correctness 
 of taste, than by force or originality of thought 
 or liveliness of fancy. His works include a 
 < History of Venice 1487-1513,' and a number 
 of poems, dialogues, and essays. There are 16 
 books of his <i Latin Letters' written in the 
 name of Leo X. 
 
 Bender, Prosper (bend'er). An American 
 descriptive writer; bom at Quebec, 1844. Ori- 
 ginally a Canadian physician, he removed to 
 
 Boston, Mass. (1883), and practices medicine 
 there. He has written : < Old and New Can- 
 ada,' ; 'Literary Sheaves' (1881). 
 
 Benedict, David. A Baptist divine and his- 
 torian ; born at Norwalk, Conn., 1779 ; died 
 1874. He was pastor at Pawtucket, R. L, for 
 twenty-five years, and preached till over ninety 
 years of age. Among his chief works were : 
 'History of All Religions'; 'Fifty Years 
 among the Baptists'; 'History of the Do- 
 natists' ; etc. 
 
 Benedict, Frank Lee. A popular American 
 novelist and poet; born in New York, 1834. 
 Among his numerous novels may be named: 
 'John Worthington's Name'; 'Miss Van Kort- 
 land' (1870); 'Her Friend Lawrence' (1879); 
 < The Price She Paid > ( 1883) ; ' A Late Remorse.' 
 
 Benedictoff, Vladimir Grigdrjevich (be-ne- 
 dik'tof). A Russian poet (1810-73), whose 
 lyrics excel in deep sentiment and ideal en- 
 thusiasm ; some, like ' Two Apparitions,' ' The 
 Lake,' 'The Mountain Peaks,' may be ranked 
 with the finest of any literature. 
 
 Benedictsson, Victoria. See Ahlgren. 
 
 Benediz, Roderick Julius (be'ne-diks). A 
 German dramatist; born in Leipsic, Jan. 21, 
 181 1 ; died there, Sept. 26, 1873. His first com- 
 edy, 'The Moss-Covered Pate' (1841), was re- 
 ceived throughout Germany with extraordinary 
 popular favor. Its successor, ' Doctor Wasp,' 
 was no less successful. Of the long catalogue 
 of his comedies, nearly every one was received 
 with marked favor in Germany and in foreign 
 countries wherever they were presented. The 
 secret of this success is found in the ever 
 lively action, and in the author's intimate 
 knowledge of the stage with its immemorial 
 yet ever fresh and telling effects. His 'Col- 
 lected Dramatic Works' were published in 27 
 volumes. 
 
 Beniczky-Bajza, Illona (ben-is'ske bi'tsa). 
 A Hungarian novelist ; bom in Buda-Pesth, 
 in June 1840. Daughter of the critic Joseph 
 Bajza, and one of the most prolific writers of 
 Hungary. Her most noteworthy works are : 
 'Prejudice and Enlightenment' (1872); 'It is 
 She' (1888); 'Martha' (1890); 'The Mountain 
 Fairy' (1890). 
 
 Benjamin, Park. An American journalist, 
 poet, and lecturer; born at Demerara, British 
 Guiana, Aug. 14, 1809; died in New York, 
 Sept. 12, 1864. He studied law originally. His 
 poems, of a high order of merit, have never 
 been collected. 'The Contemplation of Na- 
 ture,' read on taking his degree at Washington 
 College, Hartford, 1829; the satires 'Poetry' 
 (1843); 'Infatuation' (1845); 'The Nautilus'; 
 ' To One Beloved ' ; and ' The Old Sexton,' are 
 among his works. He was associated edito- 
 rially with Epes Sargent and Rufus W. Gris- 
 wold. 
 
 Benjamin, Park. An American lawyer, edi- 
 tor, and miscellaneous writer, son of the pre- 
 ceding; bom in New York, May 11, 1849. A
 
 54 
 
 BENJAMIN — BENTON 
 
 graduate of the United States Naval Academy 
 {1867), he served on Admiral Farragut's flag- 
 ship, but resigned in 1869. As a lawyer he has 
 been a patent expert. He edited the Scientific 
 American (1872-78). He has written : < Shak- 
 ings; Etchings from the Naval Academy > 
 (1867) ; <The Age of Electricity) (1886) ; <The 
 Intellectual Rise in Electricity, a History'; etc. 
 
 Benjamin. Samuel Green Wheeler. An 
 American traveler, artist, and miscellaneous 
 ivriter; bom at Argos, Greece, Feb. 13, 1837. 
 lie was United States minister to Persia (1883- 
 85). Among his numerous works, both in prose 
 and verse, are: < Art in America >; < Contem- 
 porary Art in Europe > (1877); < Constantino- 
 ple > (i860); < Persia and the Persians' (1886); 
 <The Choice of Paris' (1870), a romance; 
 < Sea-Spray > (1887), a book for yachtsmen; etc. 
 
 Bennett, Charles Wesley. An American 
 Methodist divine and educator; bom at East 
 Bethany, N. V., July 18, 1828; died at Evans- 
 ton, 111., April 17, 1891. He was principal of 
 Genesee Wesley an Seminary (1869-71), pro- 
 fessor of history and logic at Syracuse Uni- 
 versity (1871-85), professor of historical the- 
 ology at Garrett Biblical Institute, Evanston 
 (1885-91). He wrote < National Education in 
 Italy, P>ance, Germany, England, and Wales' 
 (1878); and < Christian Art and Archaeology of 
 che First Six Centuries' (1888). 
 
 Bennett, William Cox. An English song- 
 writer; born in Greenwich, Oct. 14, 1820; died 
 in Blackheath, March 4, 1895. He was the son 
 of a watchmaker, had comparatively little ed- 
 ucation, and is known for his songs and bal- 
 lads : < Queen Eleanor's Vengeance and Other 
 Poems' (1856); <War Songs' (1857); < Our 
 Glorv Roll and Other National Poems' (1867) ; 
 <Songs for Sailors' (1872); <Sea Songs' (1878). 
 
 Benoit de Sainte-Maure (be-nwa' de sant- 
 m5r). A French trouv^re and chronicler of 
 the I2th century ; bom in Touraine. He wrote 
 in about 42.000 octosyllabic verses a < Chron- 
 icle of the Dukes of Normandy' to the year 
 1 135. To him is usually ascribed the < Romance 
 of Troy,' founded on the story of the siege of 
 Troy as written by Dictys Cretensis and Dares ; 
 it was translated into the languages of west- 
 em Europe. Boccaccio, Chaucer, and Shakes- 
 peare would seem to be indebted to Benoit 
 for the story of the loves of Troilus and 
 Briseis (Cryseyde or Cressida being originally 
 called Briseida). 
 
 Bensel, James Berry. A well-known Ameri- 
 can poet and novelist ; born in New York, 
 1856; died 1886. He lived the most of his life 
 at Lynn, Mass., and was a contributor to maga- 
 zines. He wrote: <King Kophetua's Wife' 
 (1884), a novel; <In the King's Garden and 
 Other Poems' (1886). 
 
 Benson, Carl. See Bristed, Charles Astor. 
 
 Benson, E. F. An English novelist, bom 
 18 — . His greatest success was <Dodo' (1893), 
 a novel of London society ; he ha§ also written 
 
 < Limitations'; <The Babe, B. A.^; <The Rubi- 
 con'; and <The Vintage' (1897). 
 
 Benson, Eugene. An American artist and 
 miscellaneous writer; born at Hyde Park, 
 N.Y., 1840. Residing in Rome, Italy, he has 
 contributed to American magazines. He has 
 written: <Gaspara Stampa' (1881), a biogra- 
 phy with selections from her sonnets ; < Art and 
 Nature in Italy' (1SS2). 
 
 Bensserade, Isaac de (bans-rad). A French 
 poet (1613-91), chiefly remembered as author 
 of the ballets, much in vogue then, in which 
 the king and his courtiers took part; also by 
 his dainty lyrics, — especially the sonnet on 
 <Job,' which, in rivalry with Voiture's sonnet 
 to < Urania,' incited a literary feud in 1651. 
 
 Bentham, Jeremy. An English writer on 
 ethics and jurisprudence (1748-1832). He was 
 educated for the bar and studied the theory 
 of law. Treatises on Government (1776), Usury 
 (1787), Civil and Penal Legislation (1813), Fal- 
 lacies (1824), and others; formed his collected 
 works (II vols., 1843). His guiding principle 
 was the doctrine of utility. 
 
 Bentivoglio, Guido (ben-te-vSl'yo). An Ital- 
 ian historian, memoirist, and cardinal ; born in 
 Ferrara, 1579; died near Rome(?), 1644. His 
 ecclesiastical career was exceedingly brilliant; 
 but almost at the hour when his election to 
 the papacy as successor to Urban VIII. 
 seemed inevitable, he suddenly died. In his 
 < History of the War in Flanders' and 'Me- 
 moirs' he evinces decided literary abilities. 
 
 Bentley, Richard. An English critic and 
 essayist; born in Oulton, Yorkshire, Jan. 27, 
 1662; died July 1742. He is pronounced by 
 some authorities the best classical scholar Eng- 
 land has produced. His writings are: 'Latin 
 Epistle to John Mill, Containing Critical Ob- 
 servations on the Chronicle of Joannes Malala' 
 (1691); the very celebrated 'Dissertation on 
 the Epistles of Phalaris' (1697); and editions 
 of Horace and Terence, besides commentaries 
 on the classics, all of great value. 
 
 Benton, Joel. A well-known American poet 
 and critic; bom at Amenia, Dutchess County, 
 N. Y., 1832. He has written : < Under the Ap- 
 ple Boughs,' a collection of verse ; < Emerson 
 as a Poet' (1883), and a large number of poems. 
 
 Benton, Thomas Hart. An American states- 
 man and author; born near Hillsborough, 
 Orange county, N. C, March 14, 1782; died in 
 Washington, D. C, April 10, 1858. Before he 
 was eight years old, his father died, and his 
 early opportunities for study were few. He 
 took a partial course at the University of 
 North Carolina. The family removed to the 
 yet unsettled territory south of Nashville, Kj'., 
 and in 1811 he v/as admitted to the bar in 
 Nashville. He became a member of the State 
 Legislature. Fie sen-ed in the United States 
 army (1810-11 and 1812-13) and attained the 
 rank of lieutenant-colonel. He settled in St. 
 Louis, Mo., in 1815, and established a news- 
 paper, the Missouri Inquirer, which he edite4
 
 BENTZEL-STERNAU — BERGH 
 
 55 
 
 for many years. He was elected United States 
 Senator from Missouri in 1820, and continued 
 to hold that office for the next thirty years. 
 He was a champion of the rights of settlers on 
 the public lands; and of a gold and silver cur- 
 rency rather than paper money as a medium of 
 exchange (hence called <<01d Bullion"). He 
 was a steadfast opponent of the Nullification 
 doctrine, of the repeal of the Missouri Com- 
 promise, and of the Kansas-Nebraska bill. He 
 was one of the earliest and most strenuous ad- 
 vocates of the building of a Pacific Railroad. 
 His chief publications are his < Thirty Years' 
 View' of the workings of the national govern- 
 ment (1854-56), and his < Abridgment of the De- 
 bates of Congress,* covering the period from the 
 foundation of the government to the year 1850. 
 
 Bentzel-Sternau, Count Karl Christian 
 Ernst von (bents'el star'nou). A German 
 novelist and miscellaneous writer; bom in 
 Mentz, April 9, 1767; died at Mariahalden, 
 Switzerland, Aug. 13, 1843. He is esteemed as 
 a humorist in the manner of Jean Paul ; and his 
 satirical romances, <The Golden Calf (1802-3), 
 <The Stone-Guest > (1808), < Old Adam> (1819- 
 20), <The Master of the Chair,> together form 
 a series. 
 
 Bentzon, Therese (bants-6n'), pseudonym of 
 Marie Ther^se Blanc. A French novelist and 
 litterateur; born at Seine-Port, Sept. 21, 1840. 
 She has been for many years on the editorial 
 staff of the Revue des Deux Mondes, to 
 which she has contributed notable transla- 
 tions and reviews of many American, English, 
 and German authors. Her literary essays on 
 these contemporaneous writers were collected 
 in 'Foreign Literature and Customs' (1882) 
 and < Recent American Novelists' (1885). Her 
 first work to attract attention was <A Divorce' 
 (1871), published in the Journal des Debats. 
 Two other novels, <A Remorse' (1879) and 
 < Tony > (1889), were crowned by the French Acad, 
 emy. Other stories are : < Georgette ' and < Jac- 
 queline ' (1893). The fruit of her first visit to the 
 United States was < Condition of Woman in the 
 United States > (1895); < Tales from All Countries.' 
 
 Bebthy, Zolt^n (be'te). A Hungarian poet 
 and critic ; born at Komorn, Sept. 4, 1848. 
 Since 1882 he has been professor of aesthetics 
 at the University of Buda-Pesth. His numer- 
 ous tales show unusual talent for psychological 
 delineation; among them are: < Judge Martin' 
 (1872); <The Nameless Ones' (1875); <KA- 
 lozdi B^la' (1875), a novel. His dramaturgic 
 studies and criticisms appeared under the 
 title < Playwrights and Actors' (1881). He has 
 also Avritten an excellent history of Hungarian 
 literature (6th ed. 1891). 
 
 Beranger, Pierre Jean de (ba-rofi-zha'). A 
 French poet; born in Paris, Aug. 19, 1780; 
 died there, July 16, 1857. His father took him 
 to Paris in 1802; but they soon quarreled, 
 and he began life in tliat garret which became 
 famous. In 1804 Tucien Bonaparte helped him 
 out oi his distress, by giving him a clerkship 
 in the Imperial University. Meanwhile he had 
 
 composed many convivial and political songs, 
 but it did not occur to him to write them 
 down until 1812. They were so universally sung 
 that he could have dispensed with the printing- 
 press. When his poems were published in 
 1815, he was recognized as the champion of 
 the faction opposed to the Bourbons. His pop- 
 ularity with the working-classes was immense, 
 and he made the song a powerful political 
 weapon. His republicanism and enthusiasm for 
 Napoleon suited the multitude. Two volumes 
 published in 1821 led to his imprisonment: and 
 another in 1825 caused a second incarceration. 
 
 < New Songs ' appeared in 1830, and his < Auto- 
 biography' in 1840. In 1848 he was elected 
 to Parliament, but begged to be released. 
 His songs are full of wit, light-heartedness, 
 and musical grace, ranging in theme from 
 epicurean trivialties to passionate and burning 
 social and political satire. Among the best 
 are the < King of Yvetot'; <The Old Flag'; 
 
 < The Old Corporal ' ; < Roger Bontemps ' ; < My 
 Grandmother'; < Little Red Man'; < Little 
 Gray Man ' ; and < The Marquis of Carabas.' 
 
 Berchet, Giovanni (bar-sha o? berk'et). An 
 Italian poet ; born in Milan, Dec. 23, 1783 ; died 
 in Turin, March 23, 1851. He was a leader in 
 the school of poets and thinkers who sought 
 to restore Italian literature to its ancient emi- 
 nence by a purely national development. Com- 
 ing under suspicion of Carbonarism, he had 
 to quit his country, and lived several years 
 abroad. His songs and romantic ballads — 
 < Italian Poems' (1848) — made him the favor- 
 ite popular singer of Italy. His best perform- 
 ance is <The Fugitives of Parga.', 
 
 BereziK, Arp&d (bar-sek'). A Hungarian 
 dramatist ; born at Temesvar, 1842 or 1852. He 
 studied at the University of Pesth, and almost 
 immediately upon his graduation became dis- 
 tinguished for his writings. Dramatic criticism 
 and comedy are his congenialities ; < Public 
 Affairs,' < The Veterans,' and < In the Czechs' 
 Country,' three very diverting plays, bringing 
 him his greatest fame. 
 
 Bergerat, Augusta tmile (berzh-rii'). A 
 French journalist, playwright, and novelist; 
 born in Paris, April 29, 1845. Son-in-law of 
 Th^ophile Gautier, and since 1884 particularly 
 known as the amusing chronicler of the Fi- 
 garo under the pseudonym of « Caliban." His 
 feuilletons for that paper were published col- 
 lectively as < Life and Adventures of Sieur 
 Caliban' (1886); < The Book of Caliban' (1887); 
 'Caliban's Laughter' (1890); etc. He also 
 wrote tv/o novels: <FaubIas in Spite of Him- 
 self (1884); <The Rape' (1886); besides two 
 volumes to the memory of his father-in-law. 
 <Thdophile Gautier, Painter' (1877). and <Th. 
 Gautier, Conversations, Souvenirs, and Corre- 
 spondence' (1879). 
 
 Bergh, Henry. A noted American philan- 
 thropist and miscellaneous writer; bom in New 
 York, 1823 ; died there, March 12, 1888. He was 
 founder and president of llie American Soci- 
 ety for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
 
 56 
 
 BERGH — BERNARD AKI3 
 
 (1866), founder of the American Society for the 
 Prevention of Cruelty to Children (1881). sec- 
 retary of legation and acting vice-consul at St. 
 Petersburg (1862-64). He wrote : < Love's Alter- 
 natives > {1881), a play; < Married Off> (1859), 
 a poem; <The Streets of New York>; <The 
 Ocean Paragon* ; etc. 
 
 Bergh, Pieter Theodoor Helvetius van den 
 (berg). A Dutch dramatist and poet (1799- 
 1873) ; attracted attention with his comedy 
 <The Nephew > (1837), considered one of the 
 best in modern Dutch literature, but did not 
 justify expectations by his subsequent dramatic 
 efforts. He also published a collection, < Prose 
 and Poetry > (3d ed. 1863). 
 
 Bergk, Theodor (berk). A German classical 
 philologist; born in Leipsic, May 22, 1812; 
 died at Ragaz, Switzerland, July 20, 1881. He 
 became an indisputable authority on Hellenic 
 poetry, producing two works of surpassing im- 
 portance in that department of scholarship : 
 < Greek Lyric Poets > (4th ed. 1878-82), and 
 •History o'f Greek Literature > (1872); the lat- 
 ter not quite completed at his death, but brought 
 to perfection with the aid of his posthumous 
 papers. He contributed much of value, like- 
 wise, to our knowledge of special departments 
 of classical learning. 
 
 Bergsbe, Jbrgen Vilhelm (berg'se). A Dan- 
 ish novelist, poet, and naturalist; born in 
 Copenhagen, Feb. 8, 1835. While suffering 
 partial blindness caused by excessive use of 
 the microscope in his memorable biological 
 researches at Messina, he turned to literary 
 composition ; and soon appeared the first of a 
 cycle of novels, < From the Piazza del Popolo> 
 (1866), which had an extraordinary success. 
 The following j-ear he published his first vol- 
 ume of poems, < Now and Then.> Of his many 
 novels, the one which excels for fineness of 
 touch is 'Who Was He?> All his stories are 
 characterized by rich imagination, fine observa- 
 tion, and great originality ; his poetry is in- 
 ferior in these respects to his prose. 
 
 Berkeley, George, Bishop. A celebrated 
 Irish clerg)-man and author; born near Kil- 
 kenny, March 12, 1685; died at Oxford, Eng- 
 land, Jan. 14, 1753. He resided in America, at 
 Newport, R. I., for about three years, begin- 
 ning 1728. His estate of Whitehall at Newport 
 he conveyed to Yale College for the mainte- 
 nance of scholarships. Among his published 
 works are the celebrated < Commonplace Book, 
 1703-6*; 'Essay towards a New Theory of 
 Vision* (1709); <The Principles of Human 
 Knowledge* (1710); 'Dialogues between Hylas 
 and Philonous* (1713); <Alciphron, or the Mi- 
 nute Philosopher* (1732); < The Analyst* (1735); 
 <Siris* (1744: on Tar-Water); and others. 
 
 Berlichingen, Gbtz (Gottfried) von, of the 
 Iron Hand (iier'lidh-ing"en). A famous Ger- 
 man knight and autobiographer ; born in Jagst- 
 hausen in the present kingdom of WUrtem- 
 berg, 1480 ; died July 23, 1562. He became very 
 popular with the masses ; this and other facts 
 concerning him being apparent in his 'Auto- 
 
 biography* (late ed. 1886), a work drawn upon 
 by Goethe for the play bearing his name. 
 
 Berlioz, Hector (bar-le-6z'). A great French 
 musical composer and critic ; born near Gre- 
 noble, Dec. II, 1803; died in Paris, March 8, 
 1869. In 1830 his cantata 'Sardanapalus* won 
 for him the "prize of Rome,** which afforded 
 him the means of spending 18 months in Italy. 
 He had already made his mark in Paris with 
 the overtures < Waverley * and < The Vehm 
 Judges * ; and among the fruits of his studies 
 in Italy were the overture to 'King Lear* and 
 the symphony ' The Return to Life.* Then fol- 
 lowed the long series of his musical works. 
 Among his literary works are 'A Musical Tour 
 in Italy and Germany*; 'Orchestra Soirees*; 
 and 'Treatise on Instrumentation* (1844). 
 
 Bernard, Cliarles de (ber-nar'). [Properly 
 Bernard du Grail de La Villette.] A French 
 novelist; born in Besan9on, Feb. 25, 1804; died 
 at Neuilly, March 6, 1850. He was a disciple 
 of Balzac, whom he resembles in his power of 
 realistic description and psychological analysis ; 
 but he possesses a purer and more nervous 
 style, and above all is content with a less 
 minute elaboration of story and characters. 
 His first piece, ' The Gerfalcon,* made a hit 
 with its clever description of the literary cliques. 
 Everywhere he evinces clear insight into the 
 foibles of society. Of his novels, the following 
 may be named as only second in rank to his 
 masterpiece ' The Gerfalcon * : <A Magistrate's 
 Adventure * ; < The Gordian Knot * ; ' Wings of 
 Icarus * ; ' The Lion's Skin * ; < The Country 
 Gentleman.* 
 
 Bernard of Clairvaux or St. Bernard (ber- 
 nard' — klar-vo'). A French theologian, church 
 father, and saint; born at Fontaines, near 
 Dijon, 1091 ; died at Clairvaux, Jan. 12, 1153 
 His five books on < Reflection * are written in 
 a clear and cheerful style ; and the hymn, 
 ' Jesu ! the Very Thought of Thee,* is in use 
 in all the churches of our day. 
 
 Bernard of Cluny (klii-ne'). A French monk 
 and poet who flourished* in the twelfth cen- 
 tury, and is noted for his work 'On Con- 
 tempt of the World* (1597); but very little is 
 known of the author's life. 
 
 Bernard de Ventadour (ber-nar' di ven-ta- 
 dor'). A French troubadour poet; born in 
 Ventadour (?) about 1125 (?); died in the mon- 
 astery at Dalon about 1 197 (?). Love songs 'To 
 Eleonore,* and various amatory lays to courtly 
 dames, form the riches of his delicate verse. 
 
 Bernardakis, Demetrios (ber-nar'dak-is"). 
 A Greek poet, dramatist, and scholar; born at 
 Santa Marina, Lesbos, Dec. 2, 1834. After a 
 course of study at Athens and in German 
 universities, he was (with one considerable in- 
 termission) professor of history and philology 
 in the University of Athens from 1861 to 1882, 
 when he went back to Lesbos. He is author 
 of a spirited Pindaric ode for a jubilee occas- 
 ion, of several dramas, and of a satire, 'The 
 Battle of Cranes and Mice * ; he has also written
 
 BERN ARDES — BESANT 
 
 57 
 
 » 'Universal History >; a < Church History*; 
 and a spirited tractate, < Confutation of a False 
 Atticism,' directed against the would-be Attic 
 purists. He died in 1907. 
 
 Bernardes, Diogo (ber-nar'des). A Portu- 
 guese poet; born in Ponte de Lima, about 
 1530 ; died in 1605. He was called in his day 
 " the Sweet Singer of the Lima,'* a streamlet 
 immortalized in his verse. He left his native 
 valley in 1550 and attached himself to the 
 mastersinger Si. de Miranda, who lived retired 
 on his estate Quinta da Tapada, a devotee of 
 the Muses. Here Bernardes composed verses 
 in all kinds, elegies, sonnets, odes, songs, full of 
 tender sympathies and perfect melody. Here 
 he wrote: <The Lima*; < Various Rimes — 
 Flowers from Lima's Banks'; < Various Rimes 
 Vo the Good Jesu.> 
 
 Berneck, Gustave von. See Ouseck. 
 
 Berners, Juliana. An English prioress and 
 writer; said to have been bom in Essex, and 
 flourished in the fifteenth century. She was at 
 the head of a convent in Sopewell, and is 
 celebrated for her work on fishing, hunting, 
 and like pastimes, entitled < Book of St. Albans ' 
 (i486). 
 
 Bernhard, Karl (bam'har), pseudonym of 
 Nicolai de Saint Aubain. A celebrated Danish 
 novelist ; born in Copenhagen, Nov. 18, 1798 ; 
 died there, Nov. 25, 1865. His induction into 
 the republic of letters was under the auspices 
 of his noted kinswoman, Madame Gyllembourg. 
 The poet Heiberg was his uncle ; the nephew 
 has almost overshadowed the older writer 
 through the brilliance of < The Favorite of 
 Fortune,* <Two Friends,* <For and Against,* 
 and many other novels, all founded either on 
 historical occurrences or the author's observa- 
 tions of contemporary life. 
 
 Bernhardi, Theodor von (bern-har'de). A 
 German historian and diplomat ; born in Ber- 
 lin, Nov. 6, 1802; died at Kunersdorf, Silesia, 
 Feb. 12, 1887. His diplomatic career was im- 
 portant, and afforded him special facilities for 
 compiling a < History of Russia and of Euro- 
 pean Politics during the Years 1814-31' (1863- 
 77); 'Frederick the Great as a Military Com- 
 mander* (1881); and similar works, all of value. 
 
 Bernhardy, Gottfried. A German classical 
 philologist ; born in Landsberg-on-the-Warthe, 
 March 20, 1800; died in Halle, May 14, 1875. 
 He lectured very brilliantly at the leading 
 universities, his principal works being < Greek 
 Syntax Scientifically Considered* (1829), a his- 
 torical study of the subject; 'Outlines of Ro- 
 man Literature* (5th ed. 1872); 'Outlines of 
 Greek Literature* (part i., 5th ed. 1892; part 
 ii., 2d-3d ed. 1876-80; part iii. wanting), and a 
 supplement to the first-named treatise, entitled 
 < Paralipomena [Omissions] in [the Work on] 
 Greek Syntax* (1854-62); although he has writ- 
 ten many other important books. 
 
 Bernstein, Aaron (bem'stin). A German 
 publicist and novelist (1812-84); born at 
 Dantzic. He was in politics a radical and in 
 
 religion a reformer, and his life was a con- 
 tinued battle against obscurantism and con- 
 servatism. Yet he wrote some charming stories 
 of life among the Jews, among them ' Mendel 
 Gibbor* (i860). H^ wrote also some notable 
 historical sketches, as 'The People's Years* 
 and ' The Years of Reaction.* 
 
 Berriau, William (ber'i-an). An American 
 Episcopal divine and religious writer; born 
 1787; died 1862. He was rector of Trinity 
 Church, New York (1830-62). Besides various 
 religious works, he wrote 'Travels in France 
 and Italy* and a 'Historical Sketch of Trinity 
 Church.* 
 
 Bersezio, Vittorio (ber-sets'yo). An Italian 
 novelist and playwright; born at Peveragno, 
 Piedmont, in 1830. Both as a writer of tales and 
 of 'comedies he is conspicuous for vivid and 
 faithful delineation of Piedmontese life ; espe- 
 cially in his dialect comedies, among which < The 
 Misfortunes of Monssu Travett* is considered to 
 be his masterpiece. He also wrote excellent 
 historical works. < The Reign of Victor Eman- 
 uel II. * ; ' Rome, the Capital of Italy.* 
 
 Bertaut, Jean (bar-to). A French poet and 
 prelate; bom in Caen, 1570; died 1611. He 
 seems to have entered holy orders as a result 
 of the favor he acquired at court through his 
 love poems, which comprise stanzas, odes, 
 and couplets, published as 'Songs* (?) (1602). 
 He also composed "canticles** on 'The Con- 
 version of Henry IV.,' as well as a funeral 
 oration in eulogy of the same monarch. 
 
 Berthet, Elie (ber-ta). A French novelist 
 (1815-91), of whose numerous works the best 
 known are: 'The Storks' Nest* (1848); 'The 
 Catacombs of Paris' (1854); 'The Good Old 
 Times* (1867); 'Prehistoric Novels* (1876). 
 
 Berthold, Franz (ber-told'), pseudonym of 
 Adelheid Reinbold. A German novelist 
 (1802-39), warmly appreciated and furthered 
 by Ludwig Tieck. Her story < Fred of the 
 Will-o'-the-Wisp * (1830) met with great favor; 
 after her death appeared ' King Sebastian ' 
 (1839), a historical romance, and 'Collected 
 Tales' (1842). 
 
 Bertin, Antoine (ber-tan'). A French poet 
 (1752-90), much admired by his contemporaries, 
 who, somewhat extravagantly, styled him the 
 French Propertius. He was a friend of Parny, 
 and like him excelled in elegiac and epistolary 
 verse. His principal works are: 'Voyage in 
 Burgundy* (1777) and 'The Loves* (1780). 
 
 Besant, Walter, Sir (bes'ant). An English 
 novelist; born in Portsmouth, Aug. 14, 1836; died 
 at Hampstead, June 9, 1901. After graduation, 
 he went to Mauritius as professor in the Royal 
 College, but returned to London, where he be- 
 came secretary of the Palestine Exploration Fund. 
 In 1 87 1 he formed a literary partnership with 
 James Rice, which continued until the death of 
 the latter. They wrote many novels, some of 
 which were dramatized. Among them are : 
 'Ready Money Mortiboy* (London, 1871); 'The 
 Golden Butterfly* (1876); 'The Seamy Side*
 
 58 
 
 BESTUSHEFF — BICKMORE 
 
 «The Chaplain of the Fleet> (l88i). Alone he 
 has vvritten: < Studies in Early French Poetry 
 (1868); <When George the Third was King 
 (1872)- <The French Humorists) (1873); All 
 Sorts and Conditions of Men> (1882) which 
 led to the establishment of the People s Pal- 
 ace in the East End of London •< All m a 
 Garden Fair> (1883) ■.'-Doroti.yl^or^tcr 884 . 
 (The World Went Very Well Then> (1887) , 
 «Armorel of Lyonnesse) (1S90) ; ^St. Katha- 
 rine's By the Tower) {1891) ; <The Ivory Gate) 
 (1892); 'Beyond the Dreams of Avarice), 
 <The Master Craftsman); and others. He was 
 knighted in 1S96. 
 
 Bestiislieflf. Alexander Aiexandrovicii (bcs- 
 to'zhef or bes-tb'slicf ). A Russian novehst and 
 soldier; born in St. Petersburg, Nov. 3, 1797 
 (not 1795); killed in battle in the Caucasus, 
 July 19, 1837. Of his numerous novels the 
 most celebrated are: < Ammalat-Beg ) ; < The 
 Nadeshda Frigate >; <The Terrible Prophecy ) 
 His < Private Correspondence) is highly prized. 
 Bethune. George Wasnington (be-thon') 
 A distinguished American Dutch Reformed 
 clergyman and poet ; bom in New York, March 
 18, 1805; died at Florence, Italy, April 27, 
 1862. He was a most lovable man, noted as 
 an orator and a wit. He had charges at Rhinc- 
 beck and Utica, N.Y., Philadelphia, Brooklyn, 
 and New York city. Besides religious works 
 he wrote: < British P'emale Poets); < Lays of 
 Love and Faith) (1847), several of the hymns 
 in which are widely used. He also published 
 an edition of Izaak Walton's < Complete Angler ) 
 (1846); etc. 
 
 Betteloni, Vittorio (bet-el-o'nc). An Ital- 
 ian poet; born in Verona, 1840. He was edu- 
 cated in Pisa, and is now professor of Italian 
 literature and history in the Female College 
 in Verona. His verse proves him an adherent 
 of that Italian classical school which dates 
 from 1869, and includes : < In the Springtune 
 (1869); <New Stanzas) (1880); and a transla- 
 tion of Goethe's < Hermann and Dorothea.) 
 
 Betts, Craven Langstroth. An American 
 poet and story-writer ; born in New Brunswick, 
 1853 Besides translating < Songs from B^ran- 
 fTcr) in the original metres, he wrote: < The 
 Perfume Holder, a Persian Love Poem); and 
 with A. W. H. Eaton, < Tales of a Garrison 
 Town ) and < A Garland of Sonnets.) 
 
 Beyle. Marie-Henri fbal), better known un- 
 der the pseudonym of « Stendhal.)) A notable 
 French novelist and critic; born in Grenoble, 
 Jan. 23, 1783; died in Paris, March 23, 1842. 
 In spite of interruptions due to the political 
 upheavals in which he became involved, he 
 found time to display his critical and imagin- 
 ative genius in <Rome, Naples, and Florence 
 in 1817,) (History of Painting in Italy,) and 
 'About Love ) : but his celebrity now rests prin- 
 cipally upon < The Chartreuse [Carthusian Nun] 
 of Parma,) a magnificent fiction, brilliantly ori- 
 ginal, witty, and absorbing; and to a less extenl 
 upon (The Red and the Black) [i.e.. Priests 
 and Soldiers], a romance possible only to a 
 
 writer with the widest knowledge of men and 
 things. 
 
 Bnatti (bhat-te or be-hat'te). An Indian 
 epic poet of the 6th or the 7th century. _ His 
 poem named after him ( Bhattikavyam > is in 
 22 cantos. Its theme is the deeds of Rama;, 
 but the author designed the work to be also 
 an exemplification of the rules of grammatical 
 and rhetorical composition. It was published 
 with a twofold commentary at Calcutta (1828). 
 Bbavabhuti (bha-va-bho'ti or be-ha-va-be- 
 hb'ti). An Indian dramatic poet next in celeb- 
 rity to Kalidasa; he lived in the 8th century. 
 His < Malatimadhava.) which might be entitled 
 (The Secret Marriage,) portrays Indian society 
 in effective traits. The ( Mahaviratsharita > 
 ((Fortunes of the Great Hero)) deals with 
 the deeds of Rama and his victory over the 
 giant Ravana, ravisher of Sita, Rama's consort. 
 The (Uttararamatsharita) ((Other Fortunes of 
 Rama)) portrays tlie long-suffering of Sita and 
 her reconcilement with Rama, all in a sympa- 
 thetic vein and sometimes with great force. 
 
 Biart, Lucien (be-ar'). A French novelist, 
 poet, and writer of travels ; born at Versailles. 
 June 21, 1829. He published a number of 
 novels, containing masterly descriptions of Mex- 
 ican and South-American nature and customs. 
 Among his works are : <The Mexican Women) 
 (1853), poems; (Adventures of a Young Nat- 
 uralist) (1869) ; <The Clients of Dr. Bernagius) 
 (1873); 'Across America) (1876), crowned by 
 the Academy. He died March 26, 1897. 
 
 Bibbiena (beb-be-a'na). [Bernardo Dovizio. 
 who was styled Bibbiena.] An Italian poet; 
 born at Bibbiena, Aug. 4, 147°; died Nov. 9, 
 1520. For many years secretary to Cardinal 
 Giovanni de' Medici, in whose election as Pope 
 Leo X. he is said to have had a considerable 
 share, he was appointed treasurer, and soon 
 after raised to the dignity of cardinal. In this 
 dignity he became an ardent promoter of art 
 and science. His comedy (Calandria) is prob- 
 ably the earliest in Italian literature. 
 
 Bicci, Ersilio (bC-'che). An Italian poet; 
 born in Pisa, 1845. He studied in Florence, 
 and is now professor of Italian literature in 
 the Licei Dante and Toscanelli of that city. 
 His best is in the collection styled (New 
 Verses.) 
 
 Bickersteth, Edward Henry. An English 
 poet; born at Islington, Jan. 25, 1825. He is 
 a graduate of Trinity College, Cambridge, and 
 is noted for his scholarly devotional works; 
 but is most famous as a poet,— ' Yesterday, To- 
 day, and Forever) being particularly admired. 
 Bickmore, Albert Smitb. An American 
 naturalist and writer of travels; born at St. 
 George's, Me., March i, 1839. An extensive 
 traveler in the East, he founded and is curator 
 of the museum of natural history at Centra) 
 Park, New York. Besides scientific publica- 
 tions! he has written: (Travels in the East 
 Indian Archipelago) (iS6q); <A Journey from 
 Canton to Hankow > (1868); etc.
 
 felDDLE — BILLAUT 
 
 59 
 
 Blddie, Anthony Joseph Drexei (bid'l). 
 
 An American publisher, journalist, and miscel- 
 laneous writer; born in Pennsylvania, 1874. 
 ] le has written : < A Dual Role, and Other 
 Stories > ; <An Allegory and Three Essays > ; 
 •The .Madeira Islands*; <The Froggy Fairy 
 Book > ; < The Land of the Wine.' 
 
 Biddle, Nicholas. A noted American finan- 
 cier and writer; born in Philadelphia, Jan. 8, 
 1786; died there, P'eb. 27, 1844. He was presi- 
 dent of the United States Bank 1823-39, during 
 Jackson's war against its being the depository 
 of the government moneys, and the later specu- 
 lations which ruined it. Besides miscellaneous 
 writings, he published a 'Commercial Digest,' 
 and < History of the Expedition under Lewis 
 and Clarke to the Pacific Oceani' 
 
 Biedermann, Karl (be'der-man). A Ger- 
 man historian and publicist; born in Leipsic, 
 Sept. 25j 1812. His influence in public affairs, 
 although indirect, has long been considerable : 
 and as a writer of literary and philosophical 
 history he has struck out a path of his own 
 with < Germany in the Eighteenth Century' (2d 
 ed. in part, 1880) ; * German Philosophy from 
 Kant's Day to Our Own' (1842-43); < Thirty 
 Years of German History, 1840-70' (2d ed. 
 1883) ; and many other allied studies. D. 1901. 
 
 felelovski, August (be-lov'ske). A Polish 
 poet (1806-76) ; born at Krechowice, Galicia, 
 Among his poetical compositions is to be men- 
 tioned the historical rhapsody <Lay of Henry 
 the Pious.' He wrote a < Critical Introduction 
 to the History of Poland.' 
 
 Bierbaum, Otto Julius (ber'boum). A Ger- 
 man poet ; born in Griineberg, Silesia, June 28, 
 1865. He is a rising man of letters; his < Songs 
 of Experience' (or < Poems That Were Lived') 
 (1892) is as 3'et his most noteworthy volume. 
 
 Biernatzki, Johann Christoph (ber-niits'ke). 
 A German pietist, poet, and story -writer ; born 
 at Elmshorn, Holstein, Oct. 17, 1795; died at 
 Friedrichstadt, May 11,1840. A country pastor, 
 he devoted himself to the versification of his 
 own precepts and beliefs, the volume < Faith ' 
 being the result. In <The Brown Boy,' and 
 ' Hallig, or the Adventures of Castaways on an 
 island in the North Sea,' he displays a not 
 unpleasing capacity for prose narrative. 
 
 Blester, Joao Ernesto (bes'ter). A Portu- 
 guese dramatist (1829-80) ; born at Lisbon. He 
 wrote some 90 plays, the most noteworthy 
 among them being <The Nineteenth-Century 
 Gentleman > ; < Luck and Labor ' ; < The Scan- 
 dal-Mongers > ; and < Eternal Spring.' 
 
 Bigelow, John. An American author and 
 diplomat; born in Maiden, N. Y., Nov. 25, 1817. 
 After graduation from Union College in 1835, 
 he studied law, and in 1849 became associated 
 with William Cullen Bryant in the New York 
 Evening Post, of which he was managing 
 editor until 1861. He was consul in Paris, 
 1861-65 ', U. S. minister to France, 1865-67; and 
 held important offices on his return to New 
 York, lijs specialty is American biography 
 
 and history, and his books includes <Life of 
 John C. Fremont' (1856); < Lafayette' (1882); 
 <Molinos, the Quietist' (1882); <Life of Will- 
 iam Cullen Bryant' (1889) ; <The United States 
 of America,' in French (1863); and < France 
 and the Confederate Navy' (18S8), He edited 
 the Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin from 
 the original manuscript, which he found in 
 France, and later tins complete works of Frank- 
 lin (10 vols., 1887-88). 
 
 Bigelow, Poultney. An American bio- 
 graphical and historical writer; bOrn in New 
 York, N. Y., Sept. 10, 1855. He is the son o^ 
 John Bigelow; was educated at Yale College 
 and in Germany ; and is the author of : < The' 
 German Emperor' (1892) ;< Paddles and Politics 
 down the Danube ' (1892) ; < Borderland of Czar 
 and Kaiser' (1894) ; and < History of the German 
 Strtiggle for Liberty'; 'White Man's Africa.' 
 
 Bljns, Anna (binz). A noted Flemish poet; 
 born in Antwerp, 1494; died there, April 10, 
 1575. Much admired for her melodious verses, 
 full of metaphors and showing great technical 
 skill, she was styled the "Brabantine Sappho"' 
 by her contemporaries. The first of her vol- 
 umes of collected verse bore the title 'This I's 
 a Beautiful and Truthful [or 'Sincere'] Little 
 Book ' ; while a second is known as < Spiritual 
 Refrains.' 
 
 Blkelas, Dlmitrios (be-ka'las). An emi* 
 nent Greek poet and essayist; born at Her-" 
 mopolis, in the island of Syra, in 1835. Aftef 
 completing his studies, he went to London, 
 where his parents had settled, and since 1874 he 
 has lived in Paris. After having published a 
 collection of his poems in London in 1862, he 
 devoted himself to the task of making Shake- 
 speare's dramas known in Greece through ex- 
 cellent metrical translations. As a prose-writcf 
 he has won wide reputation with his tale ' LukiS 
 Laras' (1879), which was translated into thiv- 
 teen languages. He died July 21, 1908. 
 
 Bilderdijk, Willem (bil'der-dlk). A cele- 
 brated Dutch poet; born at Amsterdam, Sept. 
 7, 1756; died Dec. 18, 1831. He reached the 
 highest point of his lyric genius in the ' Mis- 
 cellaneous Poems ' and patriotic pieces, nota- 
 bly the hymn ' Willem Frederik ' and ' The 
 True Love of Fatherland.' Of his great didactic 
 poems most are imitations ; e. g., the ' Country 
 Life,' after a French original ; ' Man,' after 
 Pope's ' Essay on Man.' His epic, ' Destruction 
 of the First World,' a work not unworthy of 
 his genius, was left uncompleted. 
 
 Billaut, Adam (be-yo'), better known as 
 "Maitre Adam" (Father Adam). A French 
 poet; born at the beginning of the 17th cen- 
 tury; died 1662. A carpenter by trade, he 
 wrote rude but original poems, the gayety of 
 which, together with the contrast they afforded 
 with his occupation, made them very popular 
 at the time. Voltaire called him "Virgil with 
 the Plane." The three collections of his poems 
 were entitled < The Pegs,' ' The Centre-Bit,* 
 and 'The Plane.'
 
 6o 
 
 BILLINGS — BISSELL 
 
 Billings, John Shaw. An American surgeon 
 and medical and hygienic writer; born in In- 
 diana, 1839. He was librarian of the surgeon- 
 general's office, Washington; president of the 
 American Public Health Association (1880) ; 
 he is now chief librarian of the New York 
 Library (the combined Astor, Lenox, and Til- 
 den libraries). His chief work is a voluminous 
 
 < Index-Catalogue > (1880) of the library of the 
 surgeon-general's office. He has written also : 
 
 < Hygienics of the United States Army Bar- 
 racks > ; < Mortality and Vital Statistics of the 
 United States Army> (1880); < Ventilation and 
 Heating* (1884), revised and enlarged 1893, — a 
 very comprehensive and authoritative work. 
 
 Billings, Josh. See Shaw, Henry W. 
 
 Bion (bi'on). A Greek pastoral poet; bom 
 near Smyrna in the 3d century B. C. He ap- 
 pears to have passed the latter part of his life 
 in Sicily. His pastorals betray a degree of 
 refinement and sentimentality not found in the 
 earlier and more spontaneous bucolic poets. 
 Still extant is his < Lament for Adonis,> often 
 imitated by subsequent poets. Besides this 
 there remain of his works only short pieces, 
 many of them fragmentary. 
 
 Blrch-Pfeiffer, Charlotte (berch-pfi'fSr). A 
 German actress and dramatist (1800-68). She 
 joined the Court Theatre Company at Munich 
 at the age of 13 years; at 18 she had won 
 distinction in tragic roles. She married Chris- 
 tian Birch in 1825; thereafter till her death 
 she was in active relations with the stage, 
 whether as actress or conductress. Her numer- 
 ous dramatic compositions were produced on 
 nearly every stage in Germany. They evince 
 remarkable skill in the employment of stage 
 effects. Her plays are in many instances 
 grounded on novels ; among them are : < Graf- 
 fenstein Castle >; <The Favorites >; <The Bell- 
 Ringers of Notre Dame> (Victor Hugo); 
 <The "Woman in White > (W^lkie Collins); 
 <The Orphan of Lowood* (Charlotte Bronte). 
 
 Bird, Robert Montgomery. An American 
 dramatist and novelist; bom in Newcastle, 
 Del., Feb. 5, 1805 (?); died in Philadelphia, Pa., 
 Jan. 22, 1854. He was the author of three trage- 
 dies : < Oraloosa > ; < The Broker of Bogota > ; and 
 <The Gladiator,' frequently played by Forrest. 
 His novels include: <Calavar> (1834); <The 
 InfideP (1835); <Nick of the Woods> (1837); 
 
 < Peter Pilgrim > (1838); and < Robin Day> 
 (1839). 
 
 Blrney, James Gillespie. A noted Ameri- 
 can statesman and publicist ; born at Danville, 
 Ky., Feb. 4, 1792; died at Perth Amboy, N. J., 
 Nov. 25, 1857. Though a Southern planter, he 
 emancipated his slaves and became a promi- 
 nent anti-slavery leader in the South, proprietor 
 and editor of the anti-slavery journal The Phi- 
 lanthropist, etc. He was candidate of the « Lib- 
 erty » party for President (1840 and 1844). He 
 wrote : < Ten Letters on Slavery and Coloniza- 
 tion*; < Addresses and Speeches*; < American 
 Churches the Bulwark of American Slavery.* 
 
 Birrell, Augustine. An English essayist; 
 born in Wavertree, near Liverpool, Jan. 19, 1850. 
 He graduated from Cambridge and was called 
 to the bar. He is author of charming critical 
 and biographical essays on literary subjects, 
 collected in the two series of < Obiter Dicta * 
 (1884, 2d series 1887), and < Res Judicatse* (1892, 
 really the third of the same series). <Men, 
 Women, and Books* (1895) is a collection of 
 short newspaper pieces. In 1887 he published 
 a < Life of Charlotte Bronte.* 
 
 Bischoff. J. E. E. See Bolanden. 
 
 Bishop, Nathaniel Holmes. An American 
 traveler ; born at Medway, Mass., 1837. He has 
 written : < A Thousand Miles' Walk Across 
 South America* (1869); < Voyage of the Paper 
 Canoe from Quebec to the Gulf of Mexico*; 
 <Four Months in a Sneak-Box.* Died 1902. 
 
 Bishop, "William Henry. An American 
 novelist ; born in Hartford, Conn., Jan. 7, 1847. 
 He is the author of several novels, including : 
 
 < Detmold* (1879); <The House of a Merchant 
 Prince* (1882); <A Pound of Cure: A Story 
 of Monte Carlo* (1894); *01d Mexico and her 
 Lost Provinces* (1884); < Fish and Men in the 
 Maine Islands * ; < A House-Hunter in Europe * ; 
 * Writing to Russia,* a story ; < The Golden 
 Justice'; <Choy Susan, and Other Stories*; 
 
 < The Brown-Stone Boy and Other Queer Peo- 
 ple * ; and < The Yellow Snake.* 
 
 Bisland, Elizabeth. An American descript- 
 ive and story writer, by marriage Mrs. Wet- 
 more ; bom 1862. She is author of < A Flying 
 Trip around the World * (1891), the account of 
 a trip performed in 76 days in the year 1876; 
 and of < A Widower Indeed,* with Rhoda 
 Broughton* (1892) ; < The Secret Life * (1907). 
 
 Bismarck, Otto Edward Leopold von 
 (biz'mark). A German statesman; born at 
 Schonhausen, April i, 1815. He was a mem- 
 ber of the United Diet, 1847 ; ambassador at 
 St. Petersburg, 1859 ; ambassador at Paris, 1862 ; 
 premier of Prussia, 1862 to 1866 ; and chancel- 
 lor of the Germam Empire from its inception 
 in 1870 to 1890. He holds a place in literature 
 through the volume of < Bismarck's Letters,* 
 and through his State papers, a series of which 
 appears in Hahn's < Fiirst Bismarck * ; while as 
 a thinker and economist he is seen to advan- 
 tage in < Bismarck als Volkswirth,* by Posch- 
 inger, containing many of the Prince's papers 
 on sociological and fiscal subjects. Died July 
 30, 1898. 
 
 Bissell, Edwin Cone (bis'I). A prominent 
 American Congregational divine and religious 
 writer; bom at Schoharie, N. Y., March 2, 
 1832; died in Chicago, April 9, 1894. Having 
 served in the Civil War (1862-63), he became 
 pastor in Massachusetts and California, mis- 
 sionary in Austria (1873-78), professor in the 
 Hartford Congregational Theological Seminary 
 (1881-92), and the McCormick Presbyterian 
 Theological Seminary, Chicago (1892-94). He 
 published < Historic Origin of the Bible* (1873) 
 and various other religious works, including a 
 curious edition of 'Genesis Printed in Colors,
 
 BISSON — BLACKSTONB 
 
 6i 
 
 Showing: the Original Sources from which it 
 is Supposed to have been Compiled > (1892). 
 
 Bisson, Alexandre (bis-s6n'). A French 
 dramatist and musical composer ; bom in 1848. 
 His vaudeville < Four Cuts with a Penknife > 
 (1873) won for him instant celebrity. <The 
 Deputy from Bombignac> is his masterpiece. 
 Other comedies or operettas were : < The Late 
 ToupineP (1890); <The Joys of Paternity* 
 (X891); < The Pont-Biquet Family > (1892) ; < Ma- 
 dame X.> With Theodore de Lajarte he was 
 joint author of a < Grammar of Music ' (1879) and 
 of a < Little EncyclopEedia of Music > (1881). 
 
 Bitter, Arthur (bit'er), pseudonym of Samuel 
 Haberstich. A Swiss poet and story-writer; 
 born in Ried near Schlosswyl, Oct. 21, 1821 ; 
 died at Berne, Feb. 20, 1872. Novelettes, stories, 
 and poems proceeded from his pen for many 
 years, all characterized by sympathy of tone 
 and inoffensive realism ; < Tales, Romances, 
 and Poems > (1865-66), being most pleasing. 
 
 BltziUB, Albert. See Gotthelf. 
 
 Bjerregaard, Henrlk Anker (byer'e-gar). 
 A Norwegian dramatic poet; born at Ring- 
 saker, 1792; died 1842. His position in his 
 country's literature is very influential, the plays 
 < Magnus Barefoot's Sons > and < A Mountain 
 Adventure* being national models. A volume 
 of < Poems' (1829) also displays genius. 
 
 Bjornson, BJbrnstjerne (byfem'sgn). An 
 eminent Norwegian novelist, poet, and drama- 
 tist ; born at Kvikne, Norway, Dec. 8, 1832. He 
 published his first story, < Synnove Solbakken,* 
 in 1857; and that, with <Arne> (1858) and <A 
 Lively Fellow* (i860), established his reputa- 
 tion as a novelist. <Halte Hulda'; < Between 
 Battles* (1858); and < Sigurd Slembe* (1862), 
 are among his plays. Of his novels and 
 romances since 1866 the most notable are : < The 
 Bridal March*; <Magnhild*; <The Fisher 
 Maiden * ; and < Captain Mansana.* His princi- 
 pal dramatic works are : <Mary Stuart* (1864) ; 
 <The Editors*; <A Bankruptcy*; <Leonarda* 
 (1879); <A Glove* (1889). He published a 
 volume of 'Poems and Songs* in 1870. 
 
 Black, William. A Scottish novelist; bom 
 in Glasgow November 9, 1841 ; died at London, 
 December 10, 1898. He was educated at private 
 schools. In 1874 he abandoned the career of 
 journalism, visited America in 1876, and re- 
 turning to London, devoted himself anew 
 to literature. In addition to an interesting 
 story, his novels contain fine descriptions of 
 scenery. They are very popular, and include : 
 <Love or Marriage* (1867); <In Silk Attire' 
 (1869); <A Daughter of Heth* (1871) ; <The 
 Strange Adventures of a Phaeton* (1872); <A 
 Princess of Thule* (1873); < Three Feathers* 
 (1875); <;Madcap Violet* (1876); <Macleod of 
 Dare* (1878); < White Wings: a Yachting Ro- 
 mance* (1880) •, <Yolande* (1883); < Judith 
 Shakespeare* (1884) ; < White Heather' (1885) ; 
 <The Strangp Advei^mes of a House-Boat* 
 (1888); <Wolfenberg * (1892) ; 'Highland Cousins.* 
 
 He has also written a < Life of Goldsmith * (1879), 
 translated into German by Katscher. 
 
 Blackburn, "William Maxwell. An American 
 Presbyterian divine and educator, historian and 
 biographer; born at Carlisle, Ind., Dec. 30, 
 1828 ; died 1900. He became presi- 
 dent of the University of North Dakota (1884- 
 85) and Pierre University, South Dakota (1885). 
 He wrote : ' St. Patrick and the Early Irish 
 Church' (1869); 'Admiral Coligny and the 
 Rise of the Huguenots' (2 vols., 1869 1; < His- 
 tory of the Christian Church > ( 1879); etc. ; and 
 the < Uncle Alick* juvenile stories. 
 
 Blackie, John Stuart. A Scottish author; 
 bom in Glasgow in July 1809; died in Edin- 
 burgh, March 2, 1895. He received his edu- 
 cation in Edinburgh, Gottingen, Berlin, and 
 Rome ; was professor of Greek in Edinburgh 
 University from 1852 till 1882, and continued 
 to write and lecture till his death. He was 
 one of the most important men of his day; 
 promoted educational reform, and championed 
 Scottish nationality. He advocated preserving 
 the Gaelic language, and by his own efforts 
 founded a Celtic chair in Edinburgh Univer- 
 sity. His books include translations from the 
 Greek and German; moral and religious and 
 other philosophy ; < Lays of the Highlands 
 and Islands' (1872); 'Self-Culture* (1874); 
 ' Language and Literature of the Scottish High- 
 lands* (1875); 'Altavona: Fact and Fiction 
 from my Life in the Highlands* (1882); Wis- 
 dom of Goethe* (1883) ; < Life of Burns* (i888)v 
 ' Essays on Subjects of Moral and Social In- 
 terest * ; and < A Song of Heroes > (1890). 
 
 Blackmore, Sir Richard. An English phy- 
 sician and poet; born in Wiltshire about 1650; 
 died 1729. Besides medical works. Scripture 
 paraphrases, and satirical verse, he wrote in 
 Popian couplets < Prince Arthur, a Heroic 
 Poem* (1695), and a voluminous religious epic, 
 'The Creation* (1712), very successful and 
 much praised then, but not now read. 
 
 Blackmore, Richard Doddridge. An Eng- 
 lish novelist; born in Longworth, Berkshire, 
 June 7, 1825 ; died in London, Jan. 20, 1900. 
 He graduated from Oxford in 1847, was called 
 to the bar in 1852, and later devoted himself 
 to literature. Among his novels are : < Lorna 
 Doone > (London, 1869; far the most celebra- 
 ted, having reached dozens of editions, some of 
 them magnificent extra-illustrated ones); < Clara 
 Vaughan > (1864) ; < The Maid of Sker ' ( 1872); 
 'Alice Lorraine * (1875); ' Cripps the Carrier* 
 (1876); 'Erema' (1877); 'Mary Anerley > 
 ( 1880) ; ' Christowell ' ( 1882) ; < Sir Thomas 
 Upmore' (1884) ; < Springhaven' (1887) ; < Kit 
 and Kitty* ( 1889); < Perlycross' ( 1894); ' DarieP 
 (1897); and other novels. He also published 
 a version of Virgil's ' Georgics.' 
 
 Blackatone, Sir William. An English jurist 
 and writer on law; born in London, 1723; 
 died in 1780. His ' Commentaries on the Laws 
 of England ' have conferred great celebrity on 
 his name, not only by reason of the profound 
 learning of the work but because it possesset
 
 62 
 
 BLACKWELL — BLANCHARD 
 
 litrrary merits of a high order. The first 
 ''olume appeared in 1765, the last in 1769. 
 
 Blackwell, Mrs. Antoinette Louisa (Brown). 
 A. prominent American woman-suffragist and 
 Unitarian minister; born at Henrietta, N. Y., 
 May 20, 1825. A graduate of Oberlin (1847), 
 she "preached on her own orders,'' at first in 
 Congregational churches, becoming at length a 
 champion of women's rights. She married 
 Samuel C, a brother of Dr. Elizalseth Black- 
 well (1856). She has written: 'Shadows of 
 our Social System' (1855) ; <The Island Neigh- 
 bors' (i87i),a novel of American life; <Sexes 
 throughout Nature' (1S75); < Sea Drift' (1903). 
 
 Blackwell, Elizabeth. A noted American 
 physician and medical and ethical writer; 
 born at Bristol, England, 1821. She is the 
 tusi; woman that ever obtained the degree of 
 M. D. in the United States (1849), beginning 
 practice in New York (1851). With her sister 
 Emily, she opened the New York infirmary 
 for women and children (1854), organizing in 
 connection with it the Women's Medical Col- 
 lege (1867). In 1868 she became professor in 
 a woman's medical college that she had as- 
 sisted in organizing in London. She has written . 
 
 < Laws of Life' (1S52) ; < Counsel to Parents on 
 the Moral Education of their Children ' (1879) ; 
 
 < Pioneer Work in Opening the Medical Profes- 
 sion to Women > ; < The Human Element in Sex.' 
 
 Blaikie, William (bla'ki). A noted Ameri- 
 can athlete and writer on physical training ; 
 born at York, N. Y., 1843. He became a 
 lawyer in New York. He has written : < How 
 to Get Strong' (2d ed. 1880); < Sound Bodies 
 for our Boys and Girls.' Died Dec. 6, 1904. 
 
 Blaine, James Gillespie. An eminent 
 American statesman; born in West Browns- 
 ville, Pa., Jan. 31, 1830 ; died in Washington, 
 D. C., Jan. 27, 1893. He graduated at Wash- 
 ington College, Pa., in 1847. In 1854 he removed 
 to Augusta, Me., and engaged in journalism. 
 He was one of the founders of the Republican 
 party, and in 1856 was a delegate to the first 
 Republican national convention, whicli nomi- 
 nated Fremont for the Presidency. In 185S 
 he was elected to the Legislature of Maine, 
 and in 1862 to the House of Representatives 
 of the national Congress. He became Speaker 
 of the House in 1869, and held that position 
 for six years ; was a member of the Senate 
 from 1876 to 1881 ; was twice Secretary of 
 State (1881-82 and 1889-92). He was nom- 
 inated for the Presidency in 1884. Besides 
 his numerous speeches and writings on the 
 Y)ul)lic questions of his day, his best known 
 work is his < Twenty Years in Congress' (2 
 vols., 1884-86), a historical production of great 
 and permanent value. 
 
 Blair. Hugh. A Scotch divine, sermonist, 
 and educational writer; born in Edinburgh, 
 1718; died 1800. He was noted for the elo- 
 quence of his sermons, and also for < Lectures 
 on Rhetoric' (1783), which attained great pop- 
 ularity, < Bl air's Rhetoric > being familiar to all 
 students. 
 
 Blake, James Vila. An American poet; 
 
 essayist, and Unitarian divine ; born in New 
 York, 1842. He is now settled in Chicago^. 
 He has written: < Essays' (18S6) ; < Poems and 
 Essays ' (2 vols., 1887) ; < Legends from Story 
 Land ' ; < Sonnets' (1902) ; < Discoveries ',(1904)- 
 
 Blake, Mrs. Lillie (Devereux) Umstead. 
 
 A prominent American advocate of woman's 
 rights, a novelist ; born at Raleigh, N. C, 1835. 
 Her first husband, Frank G. Quay Umstead, 
 died in 1859; she married Grenfill Blake in 
 1866. She has written and spoken much on 
 woman suffrage and the like, and her novels 
 bear on this theme. She has written: < South- 
 wold > (1859); <Rockford' (1863); 'Fettered for 
 Life' (new ed. 1885); 'Woman's Place To- 
 Day> (1883), a reply to Dr. Morgan Dix's 
 < Lenten Lectures on Women,' which attract';d 
 attention ; etc. 
 
 Blake, Mrs. Mary Elizabeth (McGrath). 
 
 An American poet and writer of travels ; 
 1840-1907. lu verse, siie has written : 'Poems' 
 (18S2); 'Youth in Twelve Centuries' (1886); 
 etc. Of her travels, may be named : ' On the 
 Wing ' (1883) ; < A Summer IIoliday.> 
 
 Blake, William. An English poet and art- 
 ist ; born in London, Nov. 28, 1757 ; died there. 
 Aug. 12, 1827. He learned to draw; became 
 a noted illustrator and engraver; had a print- 
 shop in London ; and exhibited at the Royal 
 Academy. His imagination was strange, power- 
 ful, grotesque, and poetic; and his belief was 
 that his poems and drawings were communi- 
 cations from the spirit world. His ' Poetical 
 Sketches' (London, 1783); 'Songs of Inno- 
 cence' (1789); and 'Songs of Experience' 
 (1794), contain pastoral and lyrical poems of 
 great beauty. His ' Prophetic Books,' includ- 
 ing 'Book of Thel' (1789); 'Marriage of 
 Heaven and Hell' (1790); 'Book of L^rizen' 
 (1794) ; 'Book of Los' (1795) ; ' Book of Ahania' 
 (1795); 'Jerusalem' (1804); and 'Milton' (1804), 
 are famous. His greatest artistic work is in 
 'Illustrations to the Book of Job' (1826). 
 
 Blanc, Charles (bloii). A French art critic 
 (1813-82). He was director of the government 
 department of fine art, 1848-52. His contribu- 
 tions to the history and philosophy of art com- 
 prise : 'A History of Painters of all Schools' 
 (14 vols., 1849-69); 'The Treasure of Curios- 
 ity' (1858); 'Grammar of the Arts of Design,' 
 his greatest work (1867); 'Art in Personal 
 Adornment and Attire'; (posthumously) 'His- 
 tory of the Artistic Renaissance in Italy' (2 
 vols., 1889). 
 
 Blanchard, Edward Laman. An English 
 dramatist and novelist ( 1820-89) ; born in Lon- 
 don. His novels, 'Temple Bar' and 'A Man 
 Without a Destiny,' evinced no special talent 
 for story-telling; on the other hand, he com- 
 posed for Drury Lane Theatre about too 
 'Christmas Pantomimes' in the vein of gro- 
 tesque-burlesque, among them ' Sindbad the 
 Sailor,' which were received with unbounded 
 popular favor.
 
 BLANCHE — BLOUET 
 
 63 
 
 Blanche. Angtist Theodor (blansh). A 
 Swedish dramatist and novelist ; born in Stock- 
 holm, Sept. 17, 1811; died there, Nov 30, 1868. 
 H'S comedies and farces — more particularly 
 •Jenny, or the Steamboat Trip,> <The Doc- 
 tor > <fhe Rich Uncle,> and <The Foundling > — 
 have made all Sweden laugh ; wh'le his realistic 
 fictions — among them <The Spectre,> < Tales 
 of a Cabman,> and < Sons of North and South > 
 — are eagerly read. 
 
 Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna (bla-vat'ski). 
 A noted Theosophist; born at Yekaterinoslav, 
 Russia, 1831 ; died in London, May 8, 1891. 
 She founded the <' Theosophical Society*^ in 
 New York (1875). She wrote : < Isis Unveiled ' 
 (1876); <The Secret Doctrine > (1888); <Key 
 to Theosophy> (1889); etc. 
 
 Blaze de Bury, Ange Henri (blaz de bii- 
 re'). A French litero.ry critic and historian 
 (1813-88); born at Paris. He was profoundly 
 conversant with German literature, and pub- 
 lished many admirable studies on that subject. 
 His historical sketches, — <The Konigsmarcks * 
 (1855), <The Legend of Versailles) (1870), 
 'Women of the Renaissance > (1886), etc., — and 
 his numerous brief memoirs of great musi- 
 cians, are worthy of mention. 
 
 Bledsoe, Albert Taylor (bled'so). A promi- 
 nent American clergyman, educator, lawyer, 
 editor soldier, and miscellaneous writer; born 
 at Frankfort, Ky., Nov. 9, 1809; died at Alex- 
 andria, Va., Dec. i, 1877. He was Assistant Sec- 
 retary of War of the Southern Confedcrac}', 
 and both an Episcopal and a Methodist min- 
 ister. Besides editing the Southern Review 
 and contributing frequently to leading literary, 
 scientific, and theological periodicals, he wrote : 
 
 < Examination of Edwards on the WilP (1845) ; 
 < Theodicy' (new ed. 1853); < Philosophy of 
 Mathematics* (1868); etc. 
 
 Bleibtreu, Karl August (blib'troi). A Ger- 
 man poet and novelist; born at Berlin, Jan. 
 13. 1859. He is one of the foremost repre- 
 sentatives of the « Youngest German >* school 
 in literature, and a pronounced realist. All his 
 views are radical, as shown by the very titles of his 
 works: 6. ^^,< Revolution in Literature* (1885); 
 
 < Literature's Struggle for Life.' lie also wrote: 
 • Dies Irs ' ; < Napoleon at Leipsic ' ; < Cromwell 
 at Marston Moor.' His dramas are :<LordBvron> 
 (188S) ; ( The Day of Judgment ' ; < The Queen's 
 Necklace '; < From Robespierre to Buddha.' 
 
 Blessington, Marguerite, Countess of. An 
 Irish descriptive writer and novelist; born in 
 Knockbnt, Tipperary, Sept. i, 1789; died in 
 Paris, June 4, 1849. In 1818 she was married 
 to the Earl of Blessington, and became a 
 favorite in distinguished society in London and 
 on the Continent. Her connection with the 
 Count d'Orsay dated from 1822. She wrote a 
 number of novels: <The Idler in Italy' (Lon- 
 don, 1839-40); <The Idler in France' (1841); 
 and 'Conversations with Lord Byron' (1834). 
 
 Bllcher, Steen Steensen (blich'er). A Dan- 
 ish poet and novelist (1782-1848) ; born at 
 
 Viborg His first work was a translation of 
 'Ossian' (2 vols., 1807-9) ; and his first original 
 poems appeared in 1814, but attracted little 
 notice. He quickly won a national reputa- 
 tion with his novels, and in 1842 appeared his 
 masterpiece of novel-writing, <The Knitting- 
 Room,' a collection of short stor'es in the Jut- 
 land dialect. 
 
 Blind, Mathilda. A German-English poet; 
 born in Mannheim, March 21, 1847 ; died in 
 London, Nov. 26, 1896. She went to England 
 in 1849, and won fame by her writings : < The 
 Prophecy of St. Oran, and Other Poems' (Lon- 
 don, 1881); <Life of George Eliot' (1883); 
 < Madame Roland' (1886); <The Heather on 
 Fire,' a tale (1886); < Ascent of Man' (1889); 
 'Dramas in Miniature' (1892); ^ Songs and 
 Sonnets' (1893); and * Birds of Passage' 
 (1895). 
 
 Bliss, William Dwight Porter. A promi- 
 nent American Episcopal clergyman and writer 
 on Christian Socialism ; bom in Italy, 1856. He 
 has written a < Handbook of Socialism ' ; < What 
 is Christian Socialism ? ' etc., and compiled 
 the 'Encyclopaedia of Socialism' (1897), be- 
 sides editing a Christian Socialist weekly, The 
 Dawn, now The Fabian. 
 
 Bloede, Gertrude (ble'de). An American 
 poet and novelist, better known as " Stuart 
 Sterne " ; born in Saxony. Germany, 1845. She 
 has written in verse : •Angelo ' (new ed. 1879), 
 'Giorgio and Other Poems' (1881), etc.; and 
 
 < The Story of the Two Lives, > a novel. D. 1905. 
 
 Blommaert, Philipp (blom'mart). A Flem- 
 ish poet, historian, and dramatist ; born in 
 (ihent, Aug. 27, 1809; died there, Aug. 14, 1871. 
 His great ambition was to make his native 
 Flemish tongue a literary language, and to 
 unify the people who wrote and spoke it. His 
 works include: 'History of the Belgian Low- 
 landers,' a specimen of stately prose; 'The- 
 oophilus,' a poem ; and < Old Flemish Ballads.' 
 
 Bloomfield, Robert. An English poet ; born 
 at Honington, Dec. 3, 1766; died in Shefford, 
 1823. Apprenticed to a shoemaker in London, 
 he chanced upon odd volumes of the poets, 
 and thus was awakened his native poetic 
 genius. He first came into public notice with 
 
 < The Milk-Maid,' and good fortune attended 
 his ' The Sailor's Return.' I le e.ssayed a longer 
 flight in 'The Farmer's Boy' (1800), by which 
 he established his title to rank among the 
 minor poets. 
 
 Bloomfield-Moore, Mrs. Clara Sophia (Jes- 
 sup). An American poet and novelist; born 
 in Pennsylvania, 1824. Her home is in Phila- 
 delphia, though she has lived much abroad, 
 particularly in England. Siie has written : < Mis- 
 cellaneous Poems,' 'The Warden's Tale, and 
 Other Poems,' etc., and the romance ' On Dan- 
 gerous Ground,' besides essays on science and 
 in promotion of inventions. 
 
 Blouet, Paul (blo-a'). ["Max O'Rell."! A 
 French lecturer and author; born in Brittany, 
 France, March 2, 1848. During his early life
 
 64 
 
 BLUM — BODTCHER 
 
 he was an officer of cavalry in the French army, 
 but in 1873 went to England and became a 
 teacher. After the publication of his first book, 
 <John Bull and his Island* (1883), he abandoned 
 teaching and devoted himself to literature. He 
 has made several lecturing-tours of the United 
 States. His works include: <John Bull and his 
 Daughters* (1884); < Jonathan and his Conti- 
 nent* (1888, with Jack Allyn) ; < A Frenchman 
 in America > (1891). Died at Paris, May24, 1903. 
 
 Blum, Ernest (blum). A French dramatist; 
 born in Paris, Aug. 15, 1836. Either alone or 
 in collaboration with other dramatists he is 
 author of many highly successful plays. The 
 drama of <Rose Michel* (1877), of his own 
 composition, insured his place among the 
 most successful French dramatists of the time. 
 Among his later compositions are : < Adam and 
 Eve > (1886) ; < The Nervous Women* (1888) ; <End 
 of the Century * (1890); < A Winter Soiree ' {igoo)- 
 
 Blumenreich, Franzlska (blo'men-rich). A 
 German novelist; born in Bohemia, April 2, 
 1849. Among her very numerous novels these 
 are the more notable : < At the Abyss of Mar- 
 riage* (i888)j < Freighted with Bliss* (1890); 
 • Storms in Port * (1892) ; < Beyond the Good and 
 Bad.* She is a zealous advocate of woman's rights. 
 
 Blumenthal, Oskar fblo'men-tal). A Ger- 
 man dramatist and critic ; born in Berlin, 
 March 13, 1852. Sprightliness of dialogue is 
 the most distinguishing character of his plays ; 
 the most successful of them are : < The Big 
 Bell * ; < A Drop of Poison * ; < The Black Veil * ; 
 < Severe Masters.* He has published several 
 volumes of critical and miscellaneous essays. 
 
 Blunt, Wilfrid Scawen. An Irish poet; 
 born at Crabbet Park, Sussex, in 1840. He 
 was attach^ of legation at The Hague, Athens, 
 Madrid, Buenos Ayres, and elsewhere. He 
 supported Arabi Pasha in a revolt in 1881, in 
 Egypt; and was imprisoned in 1888 for his 
 insurrectionary actions in Ireland. He is author 
 of: 'Sonnets and Songs by Proteus* (London, 
 (1S75) ; <■ The Love Sonnets of Proteus > (1881 ; 
 new ed. 1885); < The Future of Islam * (1882) ; < Tlie 
 Wind and the Whirlwind,* political poems (1884); 
 ♦Ideas about India* (1885); < Esther: a Young 
 Man's Tragedy* ; *Odes of Pagan Arabia.* 
 
 BlUthgen, August Edward Viktor (blut'- 
 gen). A German novelist; born at Zorbig, 
 near Halle, Jan. 4, 1844. He has won high 
 distinction as a writer for the young. Among 
 his stories for boys and girls are: <The 
 Rogues' Looking-Glass * (1876); <The Battle 
 of Frogs and Mice* (1878); and with these 
 is to be classed the letterpress (verses) of 
 O. Pletsch's < Picture Books.* Of novels and 
 romances he is author of a great many : e. g., 
 »The Peace-Breaker* (1883) ; <The Step-Sister* 
 (1887); < Madame the Countess* (1892). 
 
 f Blyden, Edward Wilmot. A negro author; 
 bom at St. Thomas, W. I., Aug. 3, 1832. After 
 vainly seeking, in 1845, admission to some col- 
 lege in the United States, he went to Liberia, 
 and graduated at the Alexander High School, 
 
 of which he afterwards became principal. In 
 1S80 he became president of Liberia College, 
 has held important governmental positions, and 
 has twice been commissioner to the Presbyte- 
 rian General Assembly of the United States (in 
 1861 and 1880). He is proficient in many lan- 
 guages, including Latin, Greek, Spanish, He- 
 brew, and Arabic. He has published : < Liberia's 
 Offering* (1873) ; < From West Africa to Pales- 
 tine* (1873) ; <The Negro in Ancient History*; 
 etc. 
 
 Boardman, George Dana. A distinguished 
 American clergyman and author; born at 
 Tavoy, British Burma, Aug. 18, 1828. He was 
 the son of the eminent American Baptist mis- 
 sionary of the same name. He was educated 
 in the United States, graduating at Brown 
 University in 1852 and at Newton Theological 
 Institution in 1855. He became pastor at Barn- 
 well, S. C; afterwards at Rochester, N. Y., till 
 1864, when he became pastor of the First Bap- 
 tist Church in Philadelphia. Besides sermons 
 and essays, his chief works are : < Studies 
 in the Creative Week* (1878); < Studies in the 
 Model Prayer* (1879); < Epiphanies of the 
 Risen Lord* (1879) ; < Studies in the Mountain 
 Instruction * (1880). Died April 28, 1903. 
 
 Boccaccio, Giovanni (bok-ka'cho). A cele- 
 brated Italian novelist, poet, and humanist ; 
 born at Paris, 1313; died Dec. 21, 1375. His 
 first romance was < Filocopo,* dedicated to his 
 mistress Fiammetta. The romantic epic the 
 
 < Theseid * followed ; it is the first Italian work 
 of the kind. Both for itself and for its associa- 
 tions, the < Theseid * is of interest to students 
 of English literature, having been a source 
 of inspiration to Chaucer in his < Knightes 
 Tale.* < Fiammetta in Love * is a work of 
 the finest psychological analysis, clothed in 
 every grace of poesy. < Love's Labyrinth * is 
 a vigorous satire on woman. But Boccaccio's 
 enduring fame rests on the < Decameron * ; a 
 collection of stories original and borrowed, 
 set in a narrative framework, all of the high- 
 est charm. 
 
 Bodenstedt, Friedricli Martin von (bo'den- 
 stet). [«Mirza Schaffy.**! A German poet 
 and journalist ; born at Peine, April 22, 1819 ; 
 died in Berlin, April 19, 1892. His works in- 
 clude : * Poetical Ukraine * ; * The People of the 
 Caucasus and their Struggle for Freedom against 
 the Russians * ; * Thousand and One Days in 
 the East * ; < Songs of Mirza Schaffy * ; < From the 
 Atlantic to the Pacific* 
 
 Bodmer, Jobann Jakob (bod'mfer). A Swiss 
 scholar and literary critic ; born near Ziirich, 
 July 19, 1698; died Jan. 2, 1783. He was the 
 first to make English literature known in Ger- 
 many ; and wrote dramas, and the epics < The 
 Deluge* (1751) and <Noah* (1752). He pub- 
 lished two volumes of ' Critical Letters,* and 
 prepared editions of ancient German poetry : 
 
 < Specimens cf Thirteenth-Century Suabian 
 Poetry * ; < Fables from the Time of the Minne- 
 singers * ; < Kriemhilde's Revenge * ; etc. 
 
 Bodtcher, Ludwig (bet'che). A Danish lyr- 
 ist (1793-1874) ; born at Copenhagen. He spent
 
 BOETIUS — BOISGOBEY 
 
 65 
 
 m&ay years in Italy, and nature and man in 
 Italy equally with nature and man in Den- 
 mark are the themes of his finest poems, — 
 notably < Bacchus,* and the collection called 
 < Poems Old and New.> 
 
 Boetlus or Boethius, Anlclus Manlius Tor- 
 quatus Severinus (bo-e'thi-us). A Roman 
 didactic poet and statesman; born between 
 470 and 475 ; died about 525. While in prison, 
 rightly anticipating execution, he composed his 
 celebrated < Consolation of Philosophy.' It pur- 
 ports to be a dialogue between Philosophy and 
 her votarj', and is in both prose and verse. 
 
 Bogaers, Adrlaan (bo'gars). A Dutch poet 
 (1795-1870) ; born at The Hague. He holds 
 eminent place among the many disciples of 
 Tollens, and surpasses his master in correct- 
 ness of taste. He long withheld his composi- 
 tions from publication, and not till 1832 did 
 he become known to his countrymen; he then 
 published his first lyric poem, < Volharding,* — 
 an appeal to his countrymen to stand fast in the 
 struggle with Belgium, — together with other 
 patriotic pieces. His first poem of any con- 
 siderable compass, the epic <Jochebed,> and 
 his masterpiece, <The Voyage of Heemskerk 
 to Gibraltar,' were first formally published in 
 1860-61, though they had had for many years 
 a private circulation among friends. He after- 
 ward published three volumes : < Ballads and 
 Romances ' ; < Flowers of Poesy from Abroad > ; 
 and < Poems.' 
 
 Bogart, William Henry (bo'gart). An 
 American biographer; bom at Albany, N. Y., 
 1810; died 1888. He wrote: < Life of Daniel 
 Boone ' (7th thousand, 1856) ; < Who Goes 
 There ? ' etc. 
 
 Bogdan6yicli, Ippolit Feodorovlch (bog-da- 
 nS'vich). A Russian poet (1744-1803) ; bom 
 in Little Russia. His early poems, written 
 when he was a boy, won for him admission to 
 the university. His most celebrated work is 
 a charming free elaboration of Lafontaine's 
 < Loves of Psyche and Cupid.' He also wrote 
 dramas and comedies, and published a collec- 
 tion of < Proverbs.' 
 
 Bogdanovich, Modest lyanovich. A Rus- 
 sian military historian and commander ; bom 
 1805; died in Oranienbaum, Aug. 6, 1882. He 
 was a very able soldier, and even abler with 
 the pen ; his < Bonaparte's Campaign in Italy, 
 1796' (2d ed. i860) and < History of the Art 
 of War,' and particularly his < History of the 
 Campaign of 1812' (2d ed. 1861), having at- 
 tracted wide notice. 
 
 Bogh, Erik (beg). A Danish poet and dram- 
 atist ; bom in Copenhagen, Jan. 17, 1822 ; died 
 there Aug. 17, 1899. He is best kriown for his 
 witty stanzas and epigrams in periodicals for 
 ^ This and That,' a collection of humorous essays, 
 and for many plays and farces. A novel, < Jonas 
 Tvarmose's Vexations,' has merit. 
 
 Bogovic, Mirko (b0''-g5-vicli). A Croatian 
 poet ( 1816-93) ; bom at Agram. His first liter- 
 ary work was in translating Serb poetry into 
 
 German. His original lyric poems appeared 
 under the title < Violets ' ( 1844) ; being fol- 
 lowed by two successful volumes of his col- 
 lected verse. He wrote also dramas, among 
 them the tragedy < Stephen, Last King of Bos- 
 nia'; and several novels. 
 
 Boguslavski, Adalbert (bo-go-slav'ske). A 
 Polish dramatist (1759-1829) ; born near Posen. 
 He composed the first opera ever written in 
 the Polish language. For several years he was 
 director of theatres in various towns, and in 
 1790 became director of the National Theatre 
 at Warsaw. As an actor he excelled alike in 
 tragedy and in comedy, and he formed many 
 pupils who gained high distinction on the 
 stage. The best of his dramatic compositions 
 is the popular melodrama <The Wonder, or 
 the Men of Krakau and the Mountaineers.' 
 
 Bohlau, Helene (be'lou). A German novel- 
 ist ; born at Weimar, Nov. 22, 1859. She shows 
 now and then a leaning toward the romantic 
 school, but on the whole her high power of 
 description is realistic and her writings are im- 
 bued with passion. Among her novels are : < Un- 
 der Death's Ban > (1882) ; < Guilty of a Pure Heart ' 
 ( 1888) ; < In Freshwater ' ; < A Half- Animal.' 
 
 Bbhme, Jakob (bfe'm^). A German mystic 
 theologian; born in Altseidenburg, in the 
 Oberlausitz, 1575; died in Gorlitz, Nov. 17, 
 1624. He was a peasant's son and learned the 
 shoemaker's trade ; but his lack of early advan- 
 tages was recompensed by the heavenly illu- 
 minations with which he was favored, and 
 which are set forth in about twenty books,— 
 among them 'Aurora, or the Sunrise' (1612). 
 He was very widely read at one time, and still 
 has devoted adherents. But he himself ac- 
 knowledges the obscurity of his writings. 
 
 Boileau-Despr^aux, Nicolas (bwa-lo'dS- 
 pra-6'). A noted French poet and critic; bom 
 in Paris, Nov. i, 1636; died March 13, 1711. 
 His first effort was <The Farewell of a Poet 
 to the City of Paris' (1660), and six years 
 later published collectedly seven satires (after- 
 ward increased to twelve), in which he casti- 
 gates even the magnates of the literary world. 
 Following the vein worked by Horace, he 
 published <The Art of Poetry' (1674). In 
 reply to the critics Boileau composed <The 
 Reading-Desk,' a comic epic which is esteemed 
 a masterpiece. 
 
 Boisard, Fran50iB Marie (bwa-zar). A 
 French fabulist (1744-1833). Of all the French 
 fabulists he is least an imitator of the great 
 Lafontaine. His < Fables' were at first pub- 
 lished in the newspaper Mercure de France, 
 and afterwards gathered in two collections. 
 His <Odfe on the Deluge' was crowned by the 
 Rouen Academy, 1790. 
 
 Boisgobey, Fortune-Abraham du (bwa-go- 
 ba'). A French novelist; born in Granville, 
 Sept. II, 182I; died in February 1891. In 
 1844-48 he was pajTnaster in the army at 
 Algiers, and began to write in 1868, somewhat 
 on the lines of ^mile Gaboriau. His novels
 
 66 
 
 BOISSIER — BOLTON 
 
 were popular, and include : < The Scoundrels > 
 (Paris, 1873): 'Chevalier Casse-Con> (1873); 
 ' The Mysteries of Modern Paris > ( 1876) ; < The 
 Demi-Monde under the Terror' (1877); <The 
 Old Age of M. Lecoq> (1878); <The Cat's 
 Eye> (1888); and <The Cold Hand> (1879). 
 
 Boissler, Gaston (bwa-sya'). A French bio- 
 graphical and critical writer; born at Nlmes, 
 1823. He is a member of the Academy, and has 
 won celebrity with < Cicero and his Friends'; 
 
 < Life of Madame de Sdvign^ > ; 'Archaeological 
 Walks in Rome and Naples'; and others. He 
 was a frequent contributor to French periodical 
 literature. Died June 10, 1908. 
 
 Boito, Arrlgo (bo-e't5). An Italian poet 
 and musician; born at Padua, 1842. His father 
 was an Italian painter and his mother was a 
 Polish lady, and the son inherits the gifts of 
 both nations. His librettos written for Verdi, 
 Bottesini, and Ponchielli, and his own operas, 
 
 < Mefistofele > and < Nerone,' are of a high order 
 of poetry. In 1877 he published a separate 
 volume of verse. 
 
 Bojardo, Matteo Maria (bo-yar'do). A cele- 
 brated Italian poet; born at Scandiano, about 
 1434; died at Reggio, Dec. 21, 1494. He was 
 of noble origin in Lombardy, and all his life 
 held high and responsible posts in the civil 
 government at Modena and at Reggio. His 
 great fame rests on the romantic epic < Orlando 
 in Love,' which tells of the loves of Char- 
 lemagne's knight Roland and the fair Angelica 
 and the adventures connected therewith. The 
 epic was planned to be completed in three 
 books, but at the author's death only two books, 
 of 29 and 31 cantos respectively, were finished; 
 the composition of the third book had reached 
 only the ninth canto. Niccolo degli Agostini 
 wrote a continuation in 33 cantos. In point 
 of imagination and invention Bojardo ranks 
 among the greatest poets. But his versification 
 is far from perfect, and his language lacks 
 grace and purity ; because of these and other 
 blemishes the 'Orlando' was recast and pol- 
 ished by Francesco Bemi, and with eminent 
 success. 
 
 Bok, Edward William. An American editor 
 and essayist; born in Holland, 1863. He has edited 
 the Ladies' Home Journal, and written < The 
 Young Man in Business ' and < Successward.' 
 
 Boker, George Henry. An American poet 
 and dramatist; born in Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 
 6, 1823 ; died there, Jan. 2, 1890. He graduated 
 from Princeton in 1842 ; studied law ; and was 
 United States minister to Turkey in 1871-75, 
 and to Russia in 1875-79. His plays include : 
 'Calaynos' (1848); <Anne Boleyn' (1850); 
 'Francesca di Rimini'; 'The Betrothed'; and 
 'AH the World's a Mask.' Collected plays and 
 poems (Boston, 1856). Also ' Poems of the 
 War' (1864); 'Konigsmark and other Poems' 
 (1869); 'The Book of the Dead' (1882); and 
 •Sonnets' (1886). 
 
 Bolanden, Eonrad von (bo'lan-den), pseudo- 
 nym of Joseph Eduard Konrad Bischoff. A 
 
 German novelist ; born at Niedergailbach, Aug. 
 9, 1828. A Catholic theologian, and high in 
 favor at the papal court, his fictions, all brilliant 
 in style and conception, attack the Protestant 
 standpoint from all directions; — <A Wedding 
 Trip'; 'Queen Bertha'; ' Barbarossa ' ; 'The 
 Free-Thinkers ' ; and ' Historical Tales of Fred- 
 erick II. and his Times,' being noteworthy 
 examples. 
 
 Boldrewood, Rolf, pseudonym of Thomas 
 Alexander Browne. An Australian author; 
 born in England in 1827. He is a son of 
 Capt. Sylvester J. Browne, a founder of Mel- 
 bourne, Australia. He was educated in Sidney 
 College, and has written : < Ups and Downs : 
 a Story of Australian Life ' (London, 1879);' Rob- 
 bery under Arms : Life and Adventures in the 
 Bush > (1888); ' A Squatter's Dream Story ' ( 1890); 
 ' A Modern Buccaneer'; ' In Bad Company.' 
 
 Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, Viscount. A 
 celebrated English statesman, orator, and au- 
 thor ; born at Battersea, Oct. i, 1678 ; died there, 
 Dec. 12, 1751. He entered Parliament in 1701 ; 
 became Secretary of War 1704-8, and Sec- 
 retary of State in 1710. In 1712 he entered the 
 House of Lords, and in 1713 negotiated the 
 Peace of Utrecht. On the accession of George 
 I. he fled to the Continent, and in 1715 was 
 attainted of treason ; but in 1723 he was per- 
 mitted to return. His chief works are : < A 
 Dissertation on Parties ' ; ' Letters on the Study 
 of History'; 'Letters on the Spirit of Patriot- 
 ism ' ; and ' The Idea of a Patriot King.' He 
 was a Deist, but taught that a statesman 
 should profess the doctrines of the Church of 
 England. He was an effective orator; but the 
 style of his philosophical and political works, 
 though polished, is heavy and declamatory. 
 
 Bolintineanu, Dimitrie (bo-len-te-na-an'). A 
 Roumanian poet ; born at Bolintina in Wallachia, 
 1826; died Sept. i, 1872. He is w'dely known 
 for the beauty of the stanzas comprising his 
 earliest collected verse, 'Songs and Plaints.' 
 He wrote also a successful novel, 'Helena,' 
 and an epic poem, ' The Trajanid,' besides 
 Roumanian ballads and the philosophical epic 
 of 'Manoil.' 
 
 Belles, Frank ( bolz ) . American essayist and 
 poet; born in Winchester, Mass., Oct. 31, 1856; 
 died Cambridge, Jan. 10, 1894. He wrote: 'From 
 Blomidon to Smoky,' 'Land of the Lingering 
 Snow,' etc.; in verse, Chocorua's Tenants.' 
 
 Bolton, Charles Knowles (bol'ton). An 
 American poet and miscellaneous writer, son 
 of Mrs. Sarah Knowles Bolton ; born in Ohio, 
 1867. He is librarian of Brookline, Mass. He 
 has written in prose : ' Gossiping Guide to 
 Harvard,' ' Saskia, the Wife of Rembrandt,' 
 etc. ; in verse : ' The Wooing; of Martha Pit- 
 kin > ; ' Love Story of Ursula Wolcott ' ; ' The 
 Private Soldier under Washington. ' 
 
 Bolton. Henry Carrington. An American 
 scientific writer; boni m i\cw Vork, 1843. He 
 was professor of chemistry and natural science 
 at Trinity College, Hartford, Conn. Besides 
 works on chemistry he has written : < The
 
 BOLTON — BORNEIL 
 
 67 
 
 Countiiig-Out Rhymes of Children, a Study in 
 Folk-Lore'; 'Literature of Manganese'; and 
 other works. Died Washington, D. C, Nov., 1903. 
 
 Bolton, Sarah Knowles. An American au- 
 thor; born in F'armington, Conn., Sept. 15, 1841. 
 She married Charles E. Bolton, a merchant and 
 philanthropist, and resides in Cleveland, O. She 
 is author of a number of books, including : < Girls 
 who Became Famous > (1886) ; < Famous Ameri- 
 can Authors ' (1887) ; < Famous American States- 
 men' (1888); 'Famous Types of Womanhood' 
 (1892); 'Famous American Authors' (1905). 
 
 Bolton, Sarah Tittle. An American poet; 
 born in Newport, Ky., Dec. 18, 1815 ; died in 
 Indianapolis, Ind., Aug. 4, 1893. She is known 
 for her patriotic and war poems, including : 
 
 < Paddle Your Own Canoe ' •( ' Left on the Bat- 
 tlefield'; etc. 'Poems' (New York, 1865; In- 
 dianapolis, 1886). 
 
 Bonacci-Brunamontl, Maria Alinda (bo- 
 na'che-bro-na-mon'te). An Italian poet; bom 
 in Perugia, 1842. She was only fourteen years 
 old when her first ' Collection of Poems ' ap- 
 peared and attracted much attention. Her 
 'National Songs' (1859-78) were inspired by 
 Italy's struggle for freedom. 
 
 Bonar, Horatius (bon'ar). A celebrated 
 Scotch hymnist; bom in Edinburgh, Dec. 19, 
 1808; died July 31, 1889. He wrote 'Hymns 
 of Faith and Hope,' many of which have been 
 taken into the hymnals of most of the Prot- 
 estant churches. He also wrote more than 20 
 volumes on theological and religious subjects. 
 
 Bona Ventura, Saint (bo"na-ven-to'ra). An 
 Italian theologian and scholar; born at Ba- 
 gnarea, 122 1 ; died 1274. His real name was 
 Giovanni di Fidenza. His writings include : 
 
 < Life of Saint Francis' ; < Progress of the Mind 
 towards God > ; ' Breviloquium ' ; and many ser- 
 mons and treatises on theological subjects. 
 
 Bonavino, Cristoforo. See Franchi. 
 
 Bondi, Clemente (bon'de). An Italian poet; 
 born near Parma, June 27, 1742 ; died at Vienna, 
 June 20, 1821. At the suppression of the Com- 
 pany of Jesus, he, though a Jesuit, lauded that 
 act in a poem and had to flee his country. 
 While yet a member of the Jesuit order he 
 wrote a spirited humorous poem, < Rural Days ' 
 (1773), in three cantos, descriptive of the pranks 
 and sports of a band of students. 
 
 Boner, John Henry. An American poet and 
 literary worker; born at Salem, N. C, Jan. 31, 
 1845. A contributor to the magazines, he was 
 on the editorial staff of the 'Century Diction- 
 ary ' and the < Standard Dictionary,' and was 
 once literary editor of the New York World. 
 He has written 'Whispering Pines' (1883), a 
 volume of verse. Died in 1905. 
 
 Bonghl, Ruggero (bon'ge). An Italian 
 scholar and controversial writer; born in Na- 
 ples, March 20, 1826 ; died at Torre del Greco, 
 Oct. 22, 1895. His early career indicated 
 scholarly activities only, for he made fine studies 
 aad versioBS of Aristotle and Plato ; but later he 
 
 took up such subjects as ' The Financial Histor)' 
 of Italy, 1864-88' (1868); 'The Life and 
 Times of Valentino Pasini > ( 1867 ) ; and < The 
 Life of Jesus > (1890) ; the popularity and value 
 of these and other works giving him great promi- 
 nence. 
 
 Boniface. See Saintine. 
 
 Bonnechose, l^mile Boisnormand de (bon- 
 shoz'). A French poet and historian (1801-75) ; 
 born at Leyerdorp in Holland. His one nota- 
 ble poetical composition is ' The Death of 
 Bailly' (1833). Besides a 'History of France* 
 he is author of : ' Reformers before the 16th- 
 century Reformation' (1844) ; 'The Four Con- 
 quests of England' (2 vols., 1851) ; 'History of 
 England' (4 vols., 1859). 
 
 Bonnidres, Robert de (bon-yar'). A French 
 journalist and novelist; born at Paris, April 
 7, 1850. He commenced his literary career as 
 contributor to Paris journals of spirited but 
 waspish biographs of contemporary men : these 
 were collected and published in three succes- 
 sive volumes of ' Memoirs of To-day.' His 
 novels are full of transparent allusions to noted 
 persons, and have had a very great vogue. In 
 one of them, ' The Monarch,' he portrays high 
 Jewish society in Paris. 
 
 Booth, Mary Louise. An American writer; 
 born in Yaphank, L. I., April 19, 1831 ; died in 
 New York city, March 5, 1889. She was editor 
 of Harper's Bazar from 1867 until her death; 
 translated many novels and histories, including 
 Gasparin's 'Uprising of a Great People,' and 
 H. Martin's ' History of France ' (6 vols., 1880). 
 
 Borel, P^trus (bo-rel'). [Properly Pierre 
 Borel d'Hauterive.] A French journalist and 
 author; bom in Lyons, June 28, 1809; died in 
 Algeria, July 14, 1859. His character was ec- 
 centric : he surnamed himself the " Were- 
 wolf," and his writings both prose and verse 
 were romantic and bizarre. They include : 
 'Rhapsodies,' poems (Paris, 1831) ; 'Champa- 
 vert,' stories (1833); and 'Madam Potiphar,' a 
 novel (2 vols., 1839). 
 
 B'drne, Ludwig (ber'ne). An eminent Ger- 
 man political writer; born at Frankfort-on-the 
 Main, of Jewish parents, May 6, 1786; died at 
 Paris, Feb. 12, 1837. He founded and for three 
 years conducted Die Wage, a journal devoted 
 to civics, science, and art. Of his numerous 
 satirical sketches, all full of humor and wit, 
 these are perhaps the most brilliant : ' Mono- 
 graph on the German Postal Snail > ; ' The Art 
 of Becoming an Original Author in Three 
 Days ' ; < Memorial Address to Jean Paul.' 
 Fierce animosity toward the dynastic policies 
 of Germany permeated whatever he wrote : 
 even his literary and dramatic criticism was 
 biased by this passion. His last completed 
 work, 'Menzel the French-devourer ' (Franz- 
 osenfresser), is proof that to the last his voice 
 was still for war. His 'Complete Works,' in 
 12 vols., were published in 1863. 
 
 Borneil, Glraut de (bor-nay'). A Proven9al 
 troubadour of the I3th century; a native of
 
 68 
 
 BORNEMANN — BOTTA 
 
 Exideuil, Dordogne. His contemporaries be- 
 stowed on him the sobriquet « Master of 
 Troubadours.'^ Some 80 of his songs are 
 extant; among them the charming song of the 
 morning, < Alba.* 
 
 Bornemann, Wilhelm (bor'ne-man). A Low- 
 German dialect poet (1766-1851) ; born at 
 Gardelegen. He is one of the foremost repre- 
 sentatives of modem Low-German poetry. His 
 works are; 'Low-German Poems* (1810), re- 
 published in a loth edition in 1891 ; < Pictures 
 of Nature and the Chase' (1829); < Humorous 
 Hunting Songs.' 
 
 Bornier, Henri Vicomte de (bor-ne-a'). A 
 French dramatist, member of the Academy ; 
 born at Lunel, Dec. 25, 1825 ; died in Paris, 
 Jan. 27, 1901. His plays are notable for splen- 
 dor of diction. Among them are : * Luther's ' 
 Wedding' (1845); < Dante and Beatrice' ; < The 
 Daughter of Roland.' He twice won the prize 
 of the Academy, with the lyrics < The Isthmus of 
 Suez ' ( 1861 ) and < France in the Extreme East' ^ 
 ( 1863). He was the author of several successful t, 
 novels and romances. 
 
 Borrow, George. An English philologist 
 and traveler; born in East Dereham, Norfolk, 
 February 1803 ; died in Oulton, Suffolk, July 30, 
 1881. His linguistic talents are shown in < Tar- 
 gum; or, Metrical Translations from Thirty 
 Languages' (St. Petersburg, 1835), and < Ro- 
 mano Lavo-Lil, or Word-Book of the Romany ' 
 (1874). The other chief of his fourteen works 
 are: *The Zincali, or Gipsies of Spain' (Lon- 
 don, 1841); <The Bible in Spain' (1843); <La- 
 vengro' (1851); <The Romany Rye,' its sequel 
 (1857); and <Wild Wales' (1862). 
 
 Bosboom, Anna Louisa Geertrulda (bos'- 
 b5m). A Dutch novelist (1812-86) ; born 
 (Toussaint) at Alkmaar. Her first work, <A1- 
 magro,' was published in 1837. It was followed 
 by a long series of others ; but she won no 
 high distinction till i860, when she published 
 
 < The House of Lauernesse,' by far her most 
 successful novel, which was translated into 
 several languages. Nearly all her works are 
 historical novels ; and in the two very essential 
 particulars of knowledge of the historical epochs 
 and of the human heart, she has a just claim 
 to rank among the notable writers in that de- 
 partment of literature. 
 
 Boscan Almogavr, Juan (bos-kan' al-mo- 
 ga-var'). A distinguished Spanish poet (1493- 
 1540) ; born in Barcelona. While attached to 
 the court of Charles V. at Granada he was led 
 to a study of Italian poetry, and was the first 
 to employ the Italian measures in Castilian 
 song. Again, in a poem imitative of Musseus's 
 
 < Hero and Leander,' he was the first to intro- 
 duce in Spain rhymeless verse. His poems, 
 collected and published in 1543, had 21 editions 
 in the i6th century. 
 
 Boslo, Ferdinando (bos'yo or bo'ze-o). An 
 Italian man of letters ; bom at Alba, Piedmont, 
 1829; died there, Oct. 16, 1881. He was for 
 several years teacher of rhetoric and literature. 
 
 and afterward chief clerk of the ministry of 
 public education. In 1853 he published a vol- 
 ume of lyrics : < Democracy, with a Collection 
 of Ballads.' He wrote many novels, all pos- 
 sessing the charm of an exquisite style, — 
 
 < Home Scenes and Stories' (1874). Among 
 his historical writings is a < Popular History of 
 the Popes.' His miscellaneous writings, politi- 
 cal and literary, <A Little of Everything,' were 
 published in 1878. 
 
 Bossuet, Jacques B^nigne (bo-sii-a'). A 
 French theologian and pulpit orator; born at 
 Dijon, Sept. 27, 1627 ; died April 12, 1704. He 
 became in 1681 Bishop of Meaux. The < History 
 of the Variations of the Protestant Churches' 
 ( 1688) is still a standard work. T One of his most 
 elaborate works is the < Defense of the Famous 
 -Declaration which the Galilean Clergy Approved 
 regarding the Power of the Church' (1730). 
 Hardly less celebrated is his < Discourse upon 
 Universal History down to the Empire of 
 Charlemagne' (1681). His < Complete Works,' 
 in 46 vols., were published by the Benedictines 
 (1815-19). 
 
 Boswell, Sir Alexander. A Scottish anti- 
 quary and poet ; born at Auchinleck, Ayrshire, 
 Oct. 9, 1775 ; died in Balmuto, March 27, 1822. 
 He was the son of James Boswell the biogra- 
 pher of Johnson ; was educated at Oxford ; 
 and at his father's death in 1795, succeeded to 
 Auchinleck. He studied the literature of Scot- 
 land, imitated the ballad style, and published 
 original poems and reprints from his private 
 printing-press. His < Songs Chiefly in the Scot- 
 tish Dialect' (1803) were very popular. 
 
 Boswell, James. A Scottish biographer; 
 born in Edinburgh, Oct. 29, 1740 ; died in Lon- 
 don, May 19, 1795. He was educated at Edin- 
 burgh and Glasgow, admitted to the bar in 
 1766, and early showed a love for letters. His 
 
 < Life of Dr. Samuel Johnson' (1791) is con- 
 sidered the most entertaining biography in the 
 English language. The best modern editions 
 are by Napier (4 vols., 1884), and G. Birkbeck 
 Hill (6 vols., 1887). He also wrote < Journal of 
 a Tour to the Hebrides with Samuel Johnson' 
 (1746), and many other books, the most suc- 
 cessful of which was <An Account of Corsica 
 and Memoirs of Pascal Paoli' (1768). 
 
 Botero, Giuseppe (bo'ta-ro). An Italian ro- 
 mancist ; born at Novara, 1815 ; died 1885. He 
 was all his life an educator, serving as director 
 of high schools or lyceums in various cities of 
 northern Italy. He wrote many stories, among 
 them: <Ricciarda' (1854); <Raffaele' (1858); 
 
 < Nella of Cortemiglia ' ; and several apologues, 
 among them : < My Lady ' ; < To Live Well is 
 to Do Good ' ; < Love and Nature.' 
 
 Botta, Anna Charlotte Lyncli. An Ameri- 
 can poet and essayist ; bora in Bennington, Vt., 
 Nov. II, 1815 ; died in New York city, March 
 23, 1891. She came to New York in 1842, and 
 in 1855 was married to Vincenzo Botta. Mrs 
 Botta's home in New York was a centre for 
 literary and artistic people from the days of Poe,
 
 BOTTA — BOUILLY 
 
 69 
 
 Willis, and Bryant, until her death. She was 
 the author of stories, essays, < Poems* (1848; 
 new ed. 1884), and <A Handbook of Universal 
 Literature > (1845). 
 
 Botta, Carlo Giuseppe Gugllelmo (bot-ta). 
 An eminent Italian historian ; born near Can- 
 avese in the Piedmontese, Nov. 6, 1766; died 
 Aug. 10, 1837. For his sympathy with the 
 French Revolution he suffered imprisonment 
 two years, and then went to France, where 
 he entered the military service as surgeon. He 
 afterward held several ofifices of responsibility 
 under the empire and the restored monarchy. 
 Besides numerous minor works in French, he 
 published in Italian (1809) a < History of the 
 War of Independence of the United States of 
 America >; and (1824) a < History of Italy from 
 1789 to l8i4,> in four volumes. He also con- 
 tinued Guicciardini from 1535 to 1789 (10 vols.). 
 
 Bbttger, Adolf (bet'cher). A German poet 
 (1815-70) ; born at Leipsic. He made admira- 
 ble translations into German verse of * Byron's 
 Complete Works' (1840 ; 7th ed. 1891), of Pope, 
 Goldsmith, < Songs of Ossian,* and Long- 
 fellow's < Hiawatha*; he was less successful 
 with some pieces of Shakespeare. Of his ori- 
 ginal poetry the best specimens are the poetical 
 fairy tales < Pilgrimage of the Flower Sprites * ; 
 and especially the fantasy of <The Little Man 
 of the Gallows,' a little < Faustiad.' 
 
 Bbttiger, Carl Vllhelm (bet'te-ger). A 
 Swedish poet ; born in Westerns, May 15, 1807 ; 
 died at Upsala, Dec. 22, 1878. Although noted 
 for the pleasing prose of his essays on literary 
 topics, his fame must depend upon versions of 
 Dante, Tasso, and Uhland, the < Lyric Poems,' 
 the < New Songs,' < Poetic Memories of My 
 Youth,' and one or two plays, including <A 
 May Day at Voerend.' 
 
 Bouchardy, Joseph (bo-shar-de'). A French 
 dramatic poet; born at Paris in 1810; died 
 May 28, 1870. He was at first associated with 
 Eugene Deligny in dramatic composition, and 
 afterward composed a series of comedies alone. 
 Notable among his productions are : < Gaspardo 
 the Fisherman ' ; < The Foundlings ' ; < The Or- 
 phans of Antwerp ' ; < The Cavalier's Secret ' ; 
 *The Armorer of Santiago.' 
 
 Bouchor, Maurice (bb-shor'). A French 
 poet; born at Paris, 1855. At the age of 19 
 years he published a volume of < Merry Lays,' 
 which was followed by * Poems of Love and 
 the Sea' (1875); <The Modern Faust' (1878); 
 < Stories of Paris in Rhyme 'J; and < The Dawn,' 
 esteemed his best work. He attempted to re- 
 vive, but in no reverential spirit, the mediaeval 
 "mystery play" in 1889, with <Tobit' and 
 < Nativity'; the "actors" being lay figures of 
 life size, while the author and his cronies spoke 
 «the lines" from behind the wings. 
 
 Boucicault, Dion (bo'se-ko). A British 
 dramatist and actor; born in Dublin, Dec. 26, 
 1822; died in New York, Sept. 18, 1890. His 
 first drama, < London Assurance,' was written 
 before he was 19 years of age, and made hira 
 
 famous. He also attained celebrity as an actor 
 and manager in England and the United 
 States ; established a school for acting, and 
 produced about 300 dramas, many of which 
 were original and many adaptations from the 
 French. He dramatized Washington Irving's 
 
 < Rip Van Winkle,' which Joseph Jefferson en- 
 larged ; and produced a series of Irish dramas 
 which were extraordinarily popular, such as: 
 <The Colleen Bawn' (i860) ; < Arrah-na-Pogue ' 
 (1864); and <The Shaughraun' (1875), in which 
 he played the principal parts. <01d Heads on 
 Young Shoulders'; <The Corsican Brothers'; 
 <The Streets of London'; < Flying Scud'; and 
 'After Dark,' were among his later produc- 
 tions. 
 
 Boudinot, Elias (bo'di-not). A distinguished 
 American patriot and philanthropist; born at 
 Philadelphia, May 2, 1740 ; died at Burlington, 
 N. J., Oct. 24, 1821. He was president of the 
 Continental Congress (1782), and first president 
 of the American Bible Society (1816-21). He 
 wrote : < The Second Advent of the Messiah ' ; 
 
 < The Age of Revelation,' a reply to Thomas 
 Paine ; < The Star in the West,' an attempt to 
 identify the American Indians with the Ten 
 Lost Tribes of Israel. 
 
 Boufflers, Stanislas, Marquis de (bo-flar'). 
 A French poet ; born at Nancy, May 31, 1738 ; 
 died at Paris, Jan. 18, 1815. He was reputed to 
 be son of Stanislas II. of Poland. While 
 an ecclesiastical student he wrote in prose the 
 story of <Aline, Queen of Golconda,' for which 
 Stanislas awarded him a pension of 40,000 
 livres. Quitting the ecclesiastical career, he en- 
 tered the military service and rose to the rank 
 of major-general. Meanwhile he was earning 
 the plaudits of the gay world by his erotic 
 verses. He was one of the ^migr^s of 1792, 
 but returned to France in 1800. His < Com- 
 plete Works ' were published in 2 vols., 1813. 
 
 Bouilhet, Louis (bo-lya'). A French poet 
 (1821-69). tie first achieved fame with < Me- 
 l?enis, a Story of Rome ' in the time of the 
 Ccesars, and < The Fossils,' a series of delinea- 
 tions of antediluvians. His versified dramas, 
 <Mme. de Montarcy' (1856) ; < Dolores' (1862); 
 and especially <The Conspiracy of Amboise,' 
 are elegant in style, rich in imagery, perfect 
 in melody, but lack compactness of structure 
 and are open to moral censure. The same 
 faults are found in his comedies < Uncle Million* 
 (1861); <Faustine' (1864); and specially in his 
 posthumous < Mdlle. Aisse.' 
 
 Bouilly, Jean Nicholas (bo-ye'). A French 
 poet (1763-1842). He made his d^but with the 
 comic opera < Peter the Great' (1790). For a 
 few years he was judge and prosecuting attor- 
 ney at Tours, and then was called to Paris to 
 assist in organizing the primary-school system. 
 He was a man of ancient Roman virtue, and 
 his character is reflected in all his works. His 
 comedies and comic operas (music by the first 
 masters) were eminently successful as well in 
 Germany as in France, particularly these : <The 
 Abb€ de I'Ep^e'; <The Two Days'; <Mme,
 
 70 
 
 BOURDILLON — BOWRING 
 
 de S<vign<.> He also wrote < Stories for 
 French Children > and < Counsels to my Daugh- 
 ter.> 
 
 BourdlUon, Francis W. Born in 1852. He 
 was educated at Oxford, and became tutor to 
 the children of the Princess Christian of Eng- 
 land. He is famous for a short poem, <The 
 Night Has a Thousand Eyes,' and has pub- 
 lished a novel, <Nephele> (New York and 
 London, 1896), besides < Among the Flowers 
 and Other Poems' {1872), and < Young Maids 
 and Old China > (1888) ; < Minusi£ula> (1896). 
 
 Bourget, Paul (bor-zha')- A French novel- 
 ist and critic; born at Amiens, Sept. 2, 1852. 
 His first book was < Restless Life,' followed by 
 other poems ; but he turned to prose and has 
 become widely known as essayist, critic, and 
 descriptive writer, and famous for his novels. 
 The latter include : < A Cruel Enigma > ; < A 
 Crime of Love>; < Lies'; <The Disciple'; 
 <Andr^ Cornells'; <Cosmopolis ' ; and volumes 
 of stories like <The Irreparable.' His essays 
 are contained in the volumes : < Essays in Con- 
 temporary Psychology ' ; < New Essays in Con- 
 temporary Psychology'; < Studies and Portraits'; 
 and others. <Outre-Mer' is a book on Amer- 
 ica. 
 
 Bouton, John Bell (bo-ton'). An American 
 journalist and writer; born at Concord, N. H., 
 1830; died in New York, Nov. 18, 1892. He 
 wrote: <Loved and Lost' (1857, essays); <Round 
 the Block' ( 1864, a novel); < Roundabout to Mos- 
 cow' (1887); <Uncle Sam's Church' (1895), etc. 
 
 Boutwell, George Sewall (bout'wel). An 
 American statesman and publicist ; born at 
 Brookline, Mass., Jan. 28, 1818. He was gov- 
 ernor of Massachusetts (1852-53), United States 
 Commissioner of Liternal Revenue (1862-63), 
 Member of Congress (1863-69), Secretary of 
 tlie Treasury (1869-73), United States Senator 
 (1873-77). He has written : < Thoughts on Edu- 
 cational Topics' (i860); <A History of the 
 Republican Party' (1884); <The Lawyer, the 
 Statesman, and tlie Soldier.' Died 1905. 
 
 Bouvet, Marguerite (bo-va'). An Ameri- 
 can writer for children ; born in Louisiana, 1865. 
 She has written : • Sweet William ' ; < Prince Tip- 
 Top > ; * Little Majorie's Love Story ' ; < Pier- 
 rette ' ; < Bernardo and Laurette ' ; < The For- 
 tunes of Clothilde.' 
 
 Bowen, Mrs. Sue (Petlgru) (King). An 
 American novelist; born in South Carolina, 
 1824; died 1875. Her home was in Charles- 
 ton, S. C. She wrote : < Sylvia's World ' ; < Ger- 
 ald Gray's Wife ' ; < Busy Moments of an Idle 
 Woman,' a collection of stories ; etc. 
 
 Bowlcer, Richard Rogers (bou'ker). An 
 American editor, bibliographer, and writer on 
 political economy ; born in Massachusetts, 1848. 
 He edited for a number of years the Pub- 
 lishers' Weekly ; and compiled the < American 
 Catalogue' (2 vols., 1885), of inestimable value 
 to book-dealers, librarians, and literary workers. 
 Among his writings on political economy are : 
 ' Work and Wealtii ' ; < Economics for the Peo- 
 ple' ; < Copyright - lis Law and Its Literature.' 
 
 Bowles, Samuel (bolz). A noted American 
 journalist ; born at Springfield, Mass., Feb. 9, 
 1826; died there, Jan. 16, 1878. He was editor 
 and proprietor of the Springfield Republican 
 (1844-78). He wrote: < Across the Continent' 
 (1865); <The Switzerland of America' (1869); 
 <Our New West' (1869); etc. As one of the 
 most able journalists in a land of journalism, 
 his fame is both great and endurmg. 
 
 Bowles, William Lisle. An English poet ; 
 born in King's Sutton, Northamptonshire, Sept. 
 24, 1762 ; died in Salisbury, April 7, 1850. He 
 was educated at Oxford, and from 1804 until 
 a few years before his death was vicar of Brem- 
 hill, Wiltshire. His < Fourteen Sonnets Written 
 Chiefly on Picturesque Spots during a Journey ' 
 (1789) was received with extraordinary favor. 
 Coleridge, Wordsworth, and Southey greatly 
 admired the poems, which reflected the au- 
 thor's thoughts and the moods of nature to 
 such an extent that Bowles is considered to 
 have created by his influence the Lake School 
 of poetry. In 1806 he issued a critical edition 
 of Pope, which led to a memorable controversy 
 (1809-25), in which Byron and Campbell were 
 his opponents. His other works include : 
 < The Grave of Howard' (1790); <Coombe 
 Ellen' (1798) ; <The Battle of the Nile' (1799) ; 
 <The Spirit of Discovery' (1804), his longest 
 poem; and < St. John in Patmos' (1832). 
 
 Bowne, Borden Parker (boun). An Ameri- 
 can philosophical writer ; born at Leonard- 
 vilie, N. J., Jan. 14, 1847. He was religious 
 editor of tlie New York Independent 1875-76, 
 becoming professor of philosophy at Boston 
 University 1876. He has written : < Philoso- 
 phy of Herbert Spencer' (1874) '> * Metaphysics' 
 (1882); < The Immanence of God ' ; < Personalism.' 
 
 Bowring, Sir John. An English linguist, 
 author, and noted diplomat ; born in Exeter, 
 Oct. 17, 1792; died there, Nov. 23. 1872. He 
 was a great traveler and a close student ; and 
 boasted that he knew 200 languages and could 
 speak 100. In 1825 he became editor of the 
 Westminster Review, in which he advocated 
 Free Trade by repeal of the Com Laws in ad- 
 vance of Bright and Cobden. He was a Mem- 
 ber of Parliament in 1835-37 and 1841-47; was 
 appointed on various commissions, to France, 
 Switzerland, Italy, Syria, etc. In 1849 he was 
 British consul at Hong-Kong, where he becam* 
 governor in 1853. In 1855 he concluded n 
 treaty with Siam ; he was knighted in 1854. 
 He rendered great service to English litera- 
 ture by translating the popular poems, and 
 folk-songs of various nations. Among his 
 works are : < Specimens of the Russian Poets ' 
 (London, 1821-23); * Ancient Poetry and Ro- 
 mances of Spain' (1824); < Specimens of the 
 Polish Poets' (1827) ; < Servian Popular Poetry' 
 (1827) ; < Poetry of the Magyars ' (1830) ; < Ches- 
 kian Anthology' (1832); <The Flowery Scroll: 
 a Chinese Novel' (1868); <The Oak: Original 
 Tales and Sketches' (1869); and two import- 
 ant volumes of travel : • The Kingdom and 
 People of Siam' (1857), and <A Visit to th^
 
 BOYE— BRACKENRIDGE 
 
 71 
 
 Philippine Islands > (1859). He edited with a 
 biography (22 vols., London, 1838) the works 
 of Jeremy Bentham, of whom he was a disciple 
 and admirer; and wrote a number of books 
 on political and social topics, and also hymns 
 and poems. 
 
 Boye, Kaspar Johan (bo'ye). A Danish 
 poet and dramatist; born in Kongsberg, Nor- 
 way, Dec. 27, 1791 ; died in Copenhagen, July 
 6, 1853. He was a clergyman who wrote 
 anonymously for the stage, becoming <' Den- 
 mark's great unknown » upon the appearance 
 of <Juta, Queen of Denmark,* < King Sigurd,* 
 and other plays, of which only < William Shakes- 
 peare > continues on the boards. His < There Is 
 a Beautiful Country in the Far North* has 
 become a national favorite hymn. 
 
 Boyesen, Sjalmar Hjorth (boi'e-sen). An 
 American novelist; born at Frederiksvarn, 
 Norway, Sept. 23, 1848; died in New York, 
 Oct. 4, 1895. After completing his university 
 studies at Christiania, he came to the United 
 States in 1869 and was editor of a Norwegian 
 journal in Chicago. He returned to Europe in 
 1872 and studied Germanic philology at Leip- 
 sic two years ; then returning to this country 
 he was professor of German in Cornell Uni- 
 versity for six years, and then of Germanic 
 languages and literature in Columbia College 
 till his death. His story of Norwegian life, 
 < Gunnar,* published in the Atlantic Monthly 
 (1873), and his < Idyls of Norway and Other 
 Poems* (1883), give proof of his rare imagi- 
 native faculty and his deep human sympathies. 
 Besides these, he wrote : < Tales from Two 
 Hemispheres* (1875); <A Norseman's Pilgrim- 
 age*; < Ilka on the Hilltop and Other Stories*; 
 <A Daughter of the Philistines.* 
 
 Bozdech, Emanuel (boz'dyech). A Bohe- 
 mian dramatist; born at Prague, July 21, 1841. 
 His first notable success in 1867, with the 
 comedy < From the Days of Cotillons,* was 
 surpassed the following year when he brought 
 out his tragedy < Baron Gortz.* Other note- 
 worthy productions are : < The World's Master 
 in his Night-Shirt,* the private life of Napoleon 
 I.; <The Test of a Statesman* (Prince Kau- 
 nitz). He wrote also some novels. Died 1889. 
 
 Brabourne, Edward Huggessen Knatch- 
 bull-Huggessen, Lord. An English juvenile- 
 story writer ; bom in Kent, April 29, 1829 ; died 
 Feb. 6, 1893. Has been Member of Parliament. 
 His literary fame is due mostly to his stories 
 for children, including: 'Moonshine* (1871) ; 
 < Tales at Tea-Time* (1872); < Queer Folk* 
 (1873); < River Legends* (1874); and many 
 others. 
 
 Brace, Charles Loring. An American au- 
 thor and philanthropist; bom in Litchfield, 
 Connecticut, June 19, 1826; died in the Tyrol, 
 Austria, Aug. 11, 1890. After graduation at 
 Yale in 1846, he studied theology, but held no 
 pastorate. He devoted himself to philanthropy 
 in New York, and lectured, wrote, and worked 
 to enlist aid for the children of the poor. His 
 
 books include : < Hungary in 1851 > (New York, 
 1852) ; <Home Life in Germany* (1853) ; <The 
 Norse Folk* (1857); < Short Sermons to News- 
 boys* (1861) ; <The Dangerous Classes of New 
 York and Twenty Years' Work among Them* 
 (1872; 3d ed. 1880); <Free Trade as Promot- 
 ing Peace and Good-Will among Men* (1879) ; 
 *Gesta Christi' (1883), a review of the achieve- 
 ments of Christianity from the earliest days in 
 bettering the moral and social condition of the 
 world; and <To the Unknown God* (1889). 
 
 Braclimann, Earollne Lulse (brach'man). 
 A German poet (1777-1822); born at Rochlitz. 
 Her < Lyric Poems * are full of life and melody. 
 She wrote also a poem of chivalry, < The Judg- 
 ment of God,* in five cantos, and several ro- 
 mances. 
 
 Brachvogel, Albert Emil (brach'f6"gel). A 
 German dramatist and novelist (1824-78) ; born 
 at Breslau. His first dramatic compositions 
 had but little success ; but in 1856 he produced 
 < Narcissus,* which established his faijie. A 
 long series of dramas then followed ; among 
 them: 'Adalbert von Babanberge* (1858), most 
 poetical of his dramas ; <Mons de Caus* (i860), 
 the tragedy of a genius who is in advance of 
 his time; <The Usurer's Son* (1863). He wrote 
 a great many historical novels ; among them : 
 <Schubart and his Contemporaries* (1864); 
 < Beaumarchais * (1865); 'William Hogarth*: 
 but his novels are now forgotten. 
 
 Brachvogel, Udo. A German poet; bom 
 near Dantzic in 1835. He published a volume 
 of ' Juvenile Poems * at Vienna in i860, and ' The 
 Land of the Theiss and its Poets * (1882). He 
 came to the United States in 1867 and edited jour- 
 nals in the German language. He made an excel- 
 lent translation of < Bret Harte's Poems * (1882). 
 
 Brackel, Ferdinande, Baroness von (brack'- 
 el). A German novelist; born in the Circle 
 of Warburg, Westphalia, Nov. 25, 1835. She 
 published a volume of ' Poems* in 1873, and there- 
 after devoted herself to prose fiction, containing 
 opinions regarding the social and labor ques- 
 tions from the Catholic point of view. Many of 
 her tales have been translated into foreign lan- 
 guages. Among her stories are : ' The Spinning- 
 Master of Carrara*; 'Princess Ada* ; ' Of the 
 Ancient Stock* ; 'In the Battle of the Time.* 
 
 Brackenridge, Henry Marie (brak'en-rij). 
 A distinguished American lawyer, historian, 
 and writer of travels, son of Hugh Henry ; born 
 at Pittsburg, Pa., May 11, 1786; died at Pensa- 
 cola, Fla., Jan. 18, 1871. He was a judge in 
 Louisiana and Florida ; and was United States 
 commissioner to the South American republics 
 in 1817-18. He wrote: 'History of the Late 
 War between the United States and Great Brit- 
 ain* (after 1820); 'Voyage to South America* 
 (1820); 'Persons and Places in the West* 
 (1834); etc. 
 
 Brackenrldge, Hugh Henry. A distin- 
 guished American lawyer and humorist ; bom 
 near Campbelton, Scotland, 1748; died at Car- 
 lisle, Pa., June 25, 1816. He was judge of the
 
 72 
 
 BR ADDON -> SRANDT 
 
 Supreme Court of Pennsylvania (1799). He 
 \n-ote : < Modern Chivalry, or the Adventures 
 of Captain Farrago and Teague O'Regan, his 
 Servant' (1796-1806), a satire very popular 
 early in the present century. 
 
 Braddon, Mary Elizabeth, maiden name of 
 Mrs. M. E. Maxwell; born in London, 1837. 
 At an early age she began to write verses and 
 stories. Her novels are old-fashioned, based 
 on sensational plots, but with much narrative 
 power and descriptions of scenery, and have 
 long been popular. Among them are : < Lady 
 Audley's Secret' (1862; nth ed. 1863); < Au- 
 rora Floyd > (1863; 8th ed. 1864) ; <The Story of 
 Barbara' (1880) ; < Asphodel > (1881) ; < IshmacP 
 (1884) ; < Wyllard's Weird > (1886); < The Vene- 
 tians' (1892); < London Pride' (1896); <In High 
 Places ' {1898) ; < His Darling Sin' (1899). She 
 has also written several comedies. 
 
 Bradford, Alden. An American historian 
 and journalist; born at Duxbury, Mass., Nov. 
 19, 1765; died at Boston, Oct. 26, 1843. Ori- 
 ginally a Congregational divine, he became 
 Secretary of State of Massachusetts (1812-24), 
 and edited the Boston Gazette (1826). He 
 wrote: < History of Massachusetts, 1764-1820'; 
 ♦History of the Federal Government'; etc. 
 
 Bradford, Joseph. An American journalist 
 and dramatic author ; born near Nashville, 
 Tenn., Oct. 24, 1843; died in Boston, Mass., 
 April 13, 1886. His real name was William 
 Randolph Hunter. Besides satirical verses he 
 wrote a number of poems which were highly 
 esteemed, especially those on the death of Vic- 
 tor Hugo and of General Grant. His plays, 
 <Our Bachelors' and <One of the Finest,' 
 were very successful and are still popular. 
 
 Bradford, William. An American colonial 
 governor and author ; born in Austerfield, York- 
 shire, England, March 1588 ; died in Plym- 
 outh, Mass., May 9, 1657. He was one of the 
 signers of the celebrated compact on the May- 
 flower; and in 1621, on the death of the first 
 governor, John Carver, was elected to the same 
 office, which he continued to fill (with the 
 exception of a brief period when he declined 
 re-election) until his death. His administra- 
 tion was remarkably efficient and successful, 
 especially in dealing with the Indians. His 
 < Diary of Occurrences,' covering the first year 
 of the colony, was published in 1622. He left 
 a number of religious compositions in verse ; 
 and historical prose compositions of great value, 
 the most important being his < History of the 
 Plymouth Plantation' from the formation of 
 the society in England in 1602 down to 1647. 
 
 Bradley, Edward. See Bede, Cuthbert. 
 
 Braga, Theophllo (bra'ga). A Portuguese 
 poet and scholar ; born at St. Michael, Azores, 
 Feb. 24, 1843. On quitting the university of 
 Coimbra, he took up the study of Portuguese 
 literature, and made a great collection of popu- 
 lar romances, songs, and fairy tales, publishing 
 the result? in 3 series of voJumesc .Also in ^o 
 
 volumes he published a pretty complete history 
 of the national literature (1870-76). Besides 
 these works on the history of Portuguese let- 
 ters, he issued in 1877 a < General Outline of 
 the Positive Philosophy'; in 1878 < Positive So- 
 lutions of Portuguese Polities'; and in 1884 a 
 
 < System of Sociology.' His poetical writings 
 comprise : < Green Leaves,' written in boyhood ; 
 <The Vision of Time' (1864), a series of pict- 
 ures of the process of world-evolution, in the 
 manner of Victor Hugo : and < Undine of the 
 Lake > ; < Torrents > and < World Pictures.' 
 
 Bralnard, John Gardiner Calkins. An 
 
 American poet ; born in New l>ondon, Conn., 
 Oct 21, 1796; died there, Sept. 26, 1828. After 
 graduation at Yale in 1815, he went to Hart- 
 ford in 1822 and took charge of the Connecti- 
 cut Mirror. His poems were published in 1825 ; 
 the third edition, called < Literary Remains,' 
 was edited with a biography by John G. Whit- 
 tier (1832). 
 
 Brandes, Edvard (bran'des). A Danish dram- 
 atist, story-writer, and essayist ; born in Co- 
 penhagen, Oct. 21, 1847. Of his plays, <A 
 Visit,' < Love,' and < Under the Rule ' are best 
 known; while studies on art subjects denote 
 his critical taste, and <The Politician* shows 
 him capable of well-planned and well-told fic- 
 tion. 
 
 Brandes, Georg Morris Cohen. A Danish 
 man of letters; born at Copenhagen, Feb. 4, 
 1842. At the university he won a gold medal 
 for an essay on < The Idea of P'ate among the 
 Ancients' (1862). He then made extended 
 travels in England, France, and Germany, 
 making acquaintance of men of note in letters 
 and in science. He afterward wrote works 
 which attained a European reputation, on the 
 history of contemporary literature in the coun- 
 tries named ; < Main Currents of igth-Century 
 Literature,' a work of profound research and 
 the author's masterpiece. He made a special 
 study of < French .i^isthetics in our Day' 
 (1870), and published volumes of miscellaneous 
 
 < .Esthetic Studies > and < Modern Ghosts, Por- 
 traits of the 19th Century.' He settled in Berlin 
 in 1877 ; in 1883 returned to Copenhagen, where 
 he now resides. 
 
 Brandes, Johann Christian. A German 
 
 dramatist (1735-99); born at Stettin. He was 
 an indifferent actor, but his dramatic compo- 
 sitions were received with great favor in his 
 day. Some of his comedies possess very high 
 merit ; especially < Appearances are Deceitful, ' 
 and <The Ennobled Shopkeeper.' Shortly be- 
 fore his death he wrote a very instructive < His- 
 tory of his Life.' 
 
 Brandt or Brant, Sebastian (brant). A 
 celebrated German satirical poet and human- 
 ist (1458-1521); born at Strasburg. He was 
 named an imperial councillor by the Emperor 
 Maximilian in 1503, and made count palatine. 
 He was not in sympathy with the Reformers. 
 Though he wrote Latin poems, and treatises 
 on jurisprudenccj he ig remembered as auttior ot
 
 BRANTCME — BREMER 
 
 73 
 
 'The Ship of Fools,' a satire on the follies and 
 vices of the time (1494). Its distinguishing note 
 is its abounding humor ; but it owed its great 
 popular success very largely to the clever wood- 
 cuts with which it was illustrated. It was 
 translated into Latin and several European 
 vernacular languages; into English by Henry 
 Watson, <The Grete Shyppe of Fooles of the 
 Worlde* (1517). Barclay's < Shyp of the Folys 
 of the Worlde* (1508) is in part a translation, 
 in part an adaptation. A more recent imitation 
 is W. H. Ireland's < Modern Ship of J"ools> 
 (1807). 
 
 Brantdme, Pierre de Bourdeille, Seigneur 
 
 de (bron-tom'). A French chronicler (about 
 1527-1614) ; born at P^rigord. He was for 
 many years traveler or soldier; retired to his 
 estate twenty years before his death, and used 
 his leisure in writing his < Memoirs,* in sections 
 devoted to < Lives of Illustrious Men and Great 
 Captains of Foreign Countries * ; of < Illustrious 
 Men, etc., of France > ; of < Illustrious Women > ; 
 of 'Courteous Dames >; < Anecdotes of Duels'; 
 
 < Spanish Rhodomontades and Oaths > ; etc. The 
 author is vain and egotistical, but thoroughly 
 naive and honest. The style is charmingly 
 piquant, with frequent sallies of wit and flashes 
 of eloquence. He is indeed a fascinating 
 chronicler. His < Complete Works,' 10 vols., 
 were published at the Hague (1740). 
 
 Brassey, Annie, Lady. An English descript- 
 ive writer ; born in London, about 1840 ; died 
 at sea on the Sunbeam, Sept. 14, 1887. After 
 her marriage she spent half of her life at sea, 
 on Lord Brassey's yacht the Sunbeam. She 
 was buried at sea. Her travels are interest- 
 ing, popular, and have passed through many 
 editions. They are: < Natural History of a 
 Voyage on the Sunbeam* (1878); < Sunshine 
 and Storm in the East' (1879) ;< Tahiti' (1882) ; 
 
 < In the Trades, the Tropics, and the Roaring 
 Forties' (1884); and 'Three Voyages in the 
 Sunbeam' (1886). 
 
 Braun, Karl (broun). A German political 
 writer (1822-93); bom at Hadamar in Nas- 
 sau. Of his very numerous writings it suffices 
 to name : < For Free Trade and Free Traffic 
 throughout all Germany' (1858); 'Frankfort's 
 Cry of Distress'; 'Pictures from Germany's 
 Littlestatedom.' 
 
 Braun, Wilhelm von. A Swedish poet; born 
 Nov. 8, 1813; died Sept. 12, i860. He aban- 
 doned the military career for literature, and 
 speedily became one of the most popular 
 poets. His 'Collected Works' contain every 
 conceivable form of poetical composition, but 
 his writings are characterized by licentiousness. 
 
 Braun von Braunthal (broun f5n broun'tiil). 
 An Austrian dramatist and novelist (1802-66) ; 
 born at Eger. He essayed all kinds of poetry, 
 and in all displayed no ordinary talent, but he 
 was deficient in correct taste and judgment. 
 Among his lyric compositions we have : ' Songs 
 of a Hermit ' ; ' Morning, Noon, and Night in 
 ^ Poet's Life ' ; the dramas ' Count Julian ' and 
 
 < Knight Shakspere ' ; and several novels, as 
 
 < Donna Quixote, or the Life and Opinions of 
 a Sagacious Noble Lady of Young Germany.' 
 
 Bray, Anna Eliza. An English woman of 
 letters; born in London, Dec. 25, 1790; died 
 there, Jan. 21, 1883. Her maiden name was 
 Kempe ; she studied for the stage, but in 1818 
 was married to Charles A. Stothard, son of 
 the famous artist, and after his death became 
 the wife of the Rev. Edward A. Bray, vicar 
 of Tavistock. From 1826 to 1874 she wrote at 
 least a dozen novels, one of which, 'The 
 Talba, or the Moor of Portugal,' brought hei 
 the acquaintance of Southey. She wrote the 
 'Life of Thomas Stothard' (1856), and many 
 books of travels. Her letters addressed to 
 Southey on the superstitions and scenery of 
 Tavistock, entitled ' The Borders of the Tamar 
 and the Tavy> (3 vols., 1836; new ed. 1879), 
 and < A Peep at the Pixies, or Legends of the 
 West' (1854), are esteemed. Mrs. Bray's < Auto- 
 biography' appeared in 1884. 
 
 Breckinridge, Robert Jefferson (brek'in- 
 rij). A noted Presbyterian divine and theo- 
 logical writer; born at Cabell's Dale, Ky., 
 March 8, 1800; died at Danville, Ky., Dec. 27, 
 187 1. He was originally a lawyer. He became 
 president of Jefferson College, 1845-47 ; from 
 1847 he was pastor at Lexington, Ky. He was 
 a leader in the division of the Presbyterian 
 Church in 1837 into Old and New Schools. 
 His chief work was ' Knowledge of God, Ob- 
 jectively Considered' (1857); 'Knowledge of 
 God, Subjectively Considered' (1859). 
 
 Breden, Christiane. See Cliristen. 
 
 Brederoo, Gerbrant Adriaenszoon (bra'de- 
 ro). A distinguished Dutch dramatist and 
 poet; born at Amsterdam, March 16, 1585; died 
 there, July 8, 1618. His best poesy is in ' The 
 Meditative Song-Book ' and ' The Great Fount- 
 ain of Love ' ; collections of grave and gay 
 pieces, all of which have been very popular, 
 and since his time often reprinted. His lyrics 
 are admired for their musical verse and their 
 tender sensibility; but his masterpiece is un- 
 questionably the 'Jerolimo' (Spaansche Bra- 
 bander Jerolimo), a comedy based upon a 
 French version of one of Mendoza's plays. 
 Another comedy, 'Moortje,' is an adaptation 
 from Terence. 
 
 Brehm, Alfred Edmund (bram). A German 
 naturalist and zoologist ; born in Renthendorf, 
 Feb. 2, 1829; died there, Nov. 11, 1884. He 
 traveled widely and studied long, partly taught 
 by his father, likewise a distinguished scientist ; 
 producing finally, among a variety of works, 
 his monumental 'Animal Life, Illustrated ' (3d 
 ed. 1890-93), a series of volumes translated 
 and quoted extensively. 
 
 Bremer, Fredrika (bram'er). A Swedish 
 novelist (1801-65) ; born in Abo, Finland. She 
 was brought up in the neighborhood of Stock- 
 holm. She was a voluminous writer, and the 
 income from her publications enabled her to
 
 74 
 
 BRENTANO ~ BRIGGB 
 
 make extensive travels over Europe and in 
 America. Till 1839 her fame was restricted to 
 Sweden ; then it began to extend to Germany ; 
 in 1842 was published in London, in English, 
 <The Neighbors,) and forthwith in rapid suc- 
 cession translations appeared of <The Diary >; 
 'The H. Family >; <The President's Family >; 
 and several others of her charming delinea- 
 tions of domestic life in Sweden. She visited 
 the United States in 1849; and in 1S51 her 
 'Homes of the New World > was published 
 simultaneously in England. Sweden, and this 
 country. 
 
 Brentano, Clemens (bren-ta'no). A Ger- 
 man poet and novelist (1778-1842) ; born at 
 Ehrenbreitstein. He wrote a <Life of the 
 Virgin Mary,> based on alleged revelations. 
 Among the works of his early days are found 
 some gems of lyric poetry; and his dramatic 
 productions — 'The Merry Musicians> (1S03) ; 
 'Ponce de Leon' (1S04); 'The Founding of 
 Prague > (1815) — manifest great power. Some 
 of his minor novels were very successful ; among 
 them • The Good Caspar and the Fair Annie ' 
 (1817), called by German critics « a masterpiece 
 in miniature." His 'Fairy Tales' did not ap- 
 pear till after his death. 
 
 Brentano, Elizabeth, commonly known as 
 Bettina von Aniim. A German wTiter (1785- 
 1859), sister of Clemens Brentano, and famed 
 for 'Goethe's Correspondence with a Child >; 
 which, to a great extent fictitious, is, from a 
 purely poetic point of view, one of the fairest 
 specimens of romanticism. It was translated 
 by her into English, and in that garb consti- 
 tutes a literary curii-sity. Of a similar nature 
 is her correspondence . Sih Caroline von GUn- 
 derode, the friend of her youth, published 
 under the title 'Die Giinderode > (1840). She 
 also wrote 'This Book Belongs to the King> 
 (1843), an attempt to solve the question of 
 pauperism. 
 
 Breton, Nicholas. An English poet of whose 
 life little is known (1545-1626). He was very 
 versatile, and wrote moral and religious poems, 
 satires, romances, books of character, a com- 
 plete letter--vvriter, pastorals, and UtIcs. At his 
 best his verse compares favorably with the 
 sweetest of the Elizabethan singers. Some of 
 his works have only lately been recovered. 
 Grosart, 'Breton's Poems.' 
 
 Breton de los Herreros, Manuel (bra ton' 
 da 15s ar-ra'ros). A Spanish poet (iSoo-73) ; 
 bom in the province of Logroiio. He is the 
 most notable Spanish poet of the first half of 
 the 19th century. He gave to the Spanish 
 stage 150 plays, some of them original, others 
 derived from ancient Spanish sources or trans- 
 lated from French or Italian. In him the old 
 French comedy finds not so much an imitator 
 as its last true representative. Among his best 
 original comedies are : ' I'm Going Back to 
 Madrid'; 'Here I am in Madrid'; <This 
 World is All a Farce ' ; < Die Once and You'll 
 See.' He was less successful in the historic 
 drama than in comedy. His satiric poems, 
 
 'Hypocrisy'; 'Moral Epistle on the Manners 
 of the Age ' ; and ' Shamelessness,' are not un- 
 worthy of their author's great fame. 
 Bretsctineider, Heinricti Gottfried von 
 
 (bret'shni-der). An Austrian satirist (i739- 
 1810.) Being in government office, he published 
 nearly all his writings anonymously. Most 
 notable perhaps of all his compositions is the 
 fine street ballad, < Frightful Story of the Mur- 
 der of Young Werther.' Worthy of mention 
 too is the < Saints' Kalendar for 1788,' admired 
 by Joseph II for its witty sallies; also 'George 
 Waller's Life and Morals,' a lively satire on 
 the intrigues of the court counselors and their 
 agents. 
 
 Bretzner, Christian Friedricli (brets'ner). 
 A German dramatist (1748-1S07) ; born at Leip- 
 sic. He wrote several successful comedies, fore- 
 most among them 'The Marriage Broker' and 
 'The Go-Between'; also two musical dramas, 
 one of which, < Belmont and Consiantia, or the 
 Elopement from the Seraglio,' was used by 
 Mozart as a libretto. He wrote, on the basis 
 of designs by Chodoviecki and Hogarth, a 
 story, 'Life of a Rake,' in three volumes (1787- 
 88), which for a while was very popular. 
 
 Brewer, Antony. An English dramatist who 
 lived in the 17th century. He is the author ot 
 'The Love-Sick King' (1655), reprinted as 
 'The Perjured Nun' (1680). The famous play 
 < Lingua, or the Combat of the Five Senses 
 for Supremacy' (1607), half masque, half mo- 
 ralitv, was long ascribed to him and bestowed 
 fame on his name. 'The Merry Devil of Ed- 
 monton' (160S) and 'The Country Girl' (1647) 
 were long taken for his. 
 
 Brewer, E. Cobham. An English clergj-man 
 and lexicographer; born in London May 2, 18 lo; 
 died at Newark, Eng., March 6, 1897. He was 
 educated at Cambridge, and entered the ministr}'. 
 He edited many valuable reference books, among 
 which are: 'Guide to Science' (1850 ; Dictionary 
 of Phrase and Fable > (1S85) ; 'Reader's Hand- 
 book' (1SS4) ; ' Dictionar)' of Miracles' ; etc. 
 
 Bridges, Robert. An American essayist and 
 critic, writing under the pseudon)-m <* Droch " ; 
 bom in Pennsylvania, 1858. He has been assist- 
 ant editor of Scribner's Magazine since 1877, 
 literary critic of Life since 1S83. He has writ- 
 ten : 'Overheard in Arcady,' dialogues about 
 contemporary writers; 'Suppressed Chapters 
 and Other Bookishness > ; < Bramble Brae. ' 
 
 Brierley, Benjamin. An English sketch 
 writer; bom in Failsworth, Lancashire, in 1S25. 
 His reputation rests on numerous stories and 
 sketches written in the Lancashire dialect 
 His pseudon\in is " A.b-o'-th' Yate." Among 
 his best books are : ' Tales and Sketches of 
 Lancashire Life' (London, 1862) and 'Chron- 
 icles of Waverlow' (1863). < Ab-o'-th'-Yate 
 in Yankeeland,' two visits to America (1S87). 
 Died at Manchester, Jan. iS, 1S96. 
 
 Briggs, Charles Augustus. An American 
 clerg>-man and religious writer; bom in New 
 York city. Jan. I^ 1841. For a nimiber oi
 
 BRIGGS — BROCKES 
 
 75 
 
 years he was pastor of the Presbyterian 
 Church at Roselle, N. J. In 1874 he was ap- 
 pointed professor of Hebrew in Union Theo- 
 logical Seminary in New York city. He was tried 
 for heresy in 1892, but was acquitted. Among his 
 works are: < American Presb)'terianism> (1885); 
 <The Messiah of the Apostles > (1886) ; < The 
 Messiah of the Gospels > -/The Higher Criticism 
 of the Hexateuch> ; and < The Bible, the Church, 
 and the Reason > ; < Ethical Teachings of Jesus.> 
 
 Briggs, Cbarles Frederick. An American 
 journalist and author; born at Nantucket, 
 Mass., in 1804; died in Brooklyn, N. Y., June 
 20, 1877. He was prominently connected with 
 several newspapers, among others the New 
 York Times and New York Independent. Be- 
 sides several poems, he wrote : < The Advent- 
 ures of Harry Franco > (1839); <The Haunted 
 Merchant > (1843); < History of the Atlantic 
 Telegraph Cable > (i860), in collaboration with 
 Augustus Maverick. 
 
 Bright, John. An English statesman ; born 
 near Rochdale in Lancashire, Nov. 16, iSii; 
 died March 27, 1889. The son of a wealthy 
 Quaker cotton manufacturer, after his father's 
 death his brother's generously sharing the 
 profits of the business with him enabled him 
 to remain in public life. In early life he began 
 to take an active part in social and political 
 reform. He entered Parliament in 1843, and 
 voted for repeal of the Corn Laws and for 
 factory regulation. He sympathized with the 
 North in the Civil War. He first entered the 
 government in 1868, as president of the Board 
 of Trade. Thereafter he held office under every 
 Liberal administration till 1882. He was an 
 eloquent and impressive orator. His speeches 
 and addresses were publisher" n successive 
 volumes, 1867-69-79, and his *- Public Letters' 
 in 1885. 
 
 Brillat-Savarin, Anthelme (bre-ya'-sa-va- 
 ran'). A French author (1755-1826). He was 
 a deputy to the national convention in 1789; 
 emigrated in 1793 and passed some time in 
 the United States; returned to France in 1796. 
 His writings were mostly anonymous ; his title 
 to fame is the work < Physiology of Taste,' an 
 essay on the social implications of gastronomy, 
 written in elegant style with profound knowl- 
 edge of the subject-matter. 
 
 Brink, Jan ten (brink). A Dutch novelist 
 and critic ; born at Appingedam, June 15, 1834. 
 Besides essays on the literature of his own 
 country, of France, and of England, he has 
 written several novels; among them : < Mrs. 
 de Roggeveen's Son-in-Law ' ; < Holland 
 Dames and Cavaliers' ; <Jan Starter and his 
 Wife' ; and a ^Historic Essay on the French 
 Revolution.' 
 
 Brinton, Daniel Garrison. An American sur- 
 geon, archaeologist and ethnologist ; bom at 
 Thornbury, Pa., May 13, 1837 ; died at Atlantic 
 City, N. J., July 31, 1899. During the Civil War 
 he was a surgeon in the Union army. From 1867 
 to 1887 he was editor of the Medical and Sur- 
 gical Reporter, In 1884 he was appointed pro- 
 
 fessor of ethnology at the Academy of Natural 
 Sciences in Philadelphia ; and in 1886 professor 
 of American linguistics and archoeology in the 
 University of Pennsylvania. Among his many 
 works are : Notes on the < Floridian Peninsula > 
 (1859); (American Hero Myths ' (1882); 'Ab- 
 original American Anthology ' ; etc. He edited 
 the Maya chronicles, and is a high authority on 
 all American archaeological topics. 
 
 Brisebarre, Edouard Louis (brez-bar'). A 
 French dramatist (1818-71); born at Paris. He 
 made a brilliant theatrical success with his first 
 piece, < Cagliostro's Vial' (1835). Thereafter 
 he produced more than 100 dramas and low 
 comedies, mostly in collaboration with other 
 writers. His most notable productions are : 
 
 < A Bengal Tiger ' ; < Leonard,' which had an 
 almost unexampled " run " ; < The Mad Cow.' 
 
 Bristed, Charles Astor. ("Carl Benson.") 
 An American scholar and author; born in 
 New York city, Oct. 6, 1820 ; died in Wash- 
 ington, D. C, Jan. 15, 1874. He graduated 
 from Yale University in 1839, and from Trin- 
 ity College, Cambridge, England, in 1845. He 
 traveled extensively in Europe, and was a fre- 
 quent contributor to the magazines. Among 
 his works are : < Five Years in an English 
 University' (1851); <The Upper Ten Thou- 
 sand' (1852) ; < Interference Theory of Govern- 
 ment' (1868). 
 
 Britton, Nathaniel Lord. An American 
 scientific writer ; born on Staten Island, N. V., 
 January 15, 1859. He is director of the 
 New York Botanical Garden. Among his 
 works are : < Geology of Staten Island ' 
 (1880) ; < Catalogue of the Flora of New Jersey' 
 (1882); and <An Illustrated Flora of the North- 
 ern United States, Canada, and the British 
 Possessions, from Newfoundland to the Par- 
 allel of the Southern Boundary of Virginia and 
 from the Atlantic Ocean to the I02d Meridian,' 
 in collaboration with A. Brown, — a very au- 
 thoritative work, and published by Charles 
 Scribncr's Sons. 
 
 Brizeux, Julien Auguste Pelage (bre-ze'). 
 A French poet (1803-58) ; born at Lorient. He 
 made his ddbut with the charming idyl < Marie ' 
 (1831), in which are seen all the graces of per- 
 fect poetic form conjoined with tenderest sen- 
 timent. His reputation as a true poet was well 
 sustained by the works which followed : < The 
 Bretons ' and < Stories in Verse,' both crowned 
 by the Academy. He composed some verses 
 also in his native Breton speech. His < Com- 
 plete Works' are in four volumes. 
 
 Broadhurst, George H., an American drama- 
 tist. He wrote : < What Happened to Jones'; 
 <Why Smith Left Home'; < The Wrong Mr. 
 Wright' ; < AFooland His Money ' ; <The Man 
 of the Hour ' ; < The Dollar Mark ' ; < The Law 
 of Love.' 
 
 Brookes, Barthold Heinrich (brok'es). A 
 German poet (1680-1747) ; He became a magis- 
 trate at Ritzebiittel. There he composed his 
 
 < Country Life at Ritzebiittel,' and afterward 
 published * Earthly Employment in God : Poems 
 of Nature and Morality.'
 
 76 
 
 Brockett, Linus Pierpont. An American 
 historical and miscellaneous writer; born in 
 Canton, Conn., Oct. i6, 1820; died Jan. 13, 1893. 
 He graduated from Yale Medical College in 
 1843. Since 1847 he has devoted himself to 
 literature; he has contributed largely to ency- 
 clopaedias, and has published over 40 works, 
 among which are: 'History of Education > 
 (1849); 'History of the Civil War> (1866); 
 •The Silk Industry of America > (1876). 
 
 Brodhead, Mrs. Eva Wilder (McGlasson). 
 An American novelist. Among her most pop- 
 ular works are : < One of the Visconti > ; < Di- 
 ana's IJvery > ; < An Earthly Paragon > ; < Bound 
 in Shallows.* 
 
 Brodzlnski, Kazimlerz (brod-zins'ke). A 
 Polish poet ; born at Krolovka, Galicia, March 
 8, 1791 ; died at Dresden, Oct. 10, 1835. In 1818 
 he lectured in Warsaw on Polish literature, 
 and was afterward professor in the university. 
 In his idyl <Wieslav> (1820) the life of the 
 Polish peasantry is beautifully idealized. His 
 works were published in 1842 (10 vols.). 
 
 Broflferlo, Angelo (brof-fa're-o). An Italian 
 poet and journalist ; born near Asti, Piedmont, 
 in 1802; died May 26, 1866. He wrote several 
 dramas and comedies: <Salvator Rosa>; 'Re- 
 turn of the Proscript>; 'My Cousin >; 'All for 
 the Best>: they met with much popular favor. 
 By a volume of patriotic 'Songs,* he obtained 
 from his countrymen the title " Piedmontese 
 B^ranger.» His journal, Voce della Liberti, 
 was a powerful instrument in bringing about 
 the unification of Italy. He published two vol- 
 umes of 'Memoirs.* 
 
 Brome, Alexander. An English poet; bom, 
 1620 ; died 1666. He was of pronounced royal- 
 ist sympathies, and is remembered for various 
 stanzas, published under the title ' Songs and 
 Poems* (1661), and a comedy called 'The 
 Cunning Lovers* (1654). 
 
 Brome, Ricliard. An English dramatist; 
 supposed to have died in 1652. Nothing is 
 known of his birth or early history, save that 
 he was of humble origin. He was the servant 
 of Ben Jonson, and wrote himself into high 
 repute. He is mentioned in the induction to 
 Jonson's 'Bartholomew Fair.* Jonson praised 
 his work, and Brome always refers to Jonson 
 with pride. Jonson was of course his model, 
 men and manners his study. His most suc- 
 cessful play appears to have been ' The North- 
 em Lass* (1632), frequently acted at the Globe 
 and Blackfriars; 'The Sparagus Garden * (1635) 
 was also popular. The best known dramas 
 besides these are: 'The Antipodes* (1640); 
 'The Jovial Crew* (i6';2); 'The City Wit> 
 (1653); and 'The Court Beggar* (1653). With 
 Thomas Heywood he wrote 'The Late Lan- 
 cashire Witches* (1634). Brome also wrote 
 minor poems. Two volumes of ' Works > were 
 published in I>ondon, 1653-59; and Brome's 
 < Dramatic Works * in London, 1873. 
 
 Bronte, Anne. ("Acton Bell.**) An English 
 novelist, sister of Charlotte ; bom in Thornton, 
 
 BROCKETT — BROOKS 
 
 Yorkshire, 1820 ; died in Scarborough, May 28, 
 1849. She spent her life in her father's par- 
 sonage at Haworth ; had a short experience 
 as a governess ; and published poems with 
 her sisters. Her novels are: 'Agnes Grey* 
 (1847); 'The Tenant of Wildfell Hall* (1848). 
 (See 'Charlotte Bronte and her Sisters.*) 
 
 Bronte, Charlotte. An English novelist; 
 born in Thornton, April 21, 1816; died in 
 Haworth, March 31, 1855. Her 'Jane Eyre* 
 (London, 1847) was published under her pseu- 
 donym "Currer Bell**; and many personal 
 experiences are embodied in her novels, which 
 are: 'Jane Eyre* (1847); 'Shirley* (1849); 
 'Villette* (1853); 'The Professor* (1855); and 
 ' Emma,* unfinished. Collective edition, 7 vols., 
 1872. 
 
 Bronte, Emily. ["Ellis Bell.'*] An English 
 novelist, sister of Charlotte ; born in Thornton, 
 1818; died in Haworth, Dec. 19, 1848. Her 
 novel 'Wuthering Heights* (1847) shows a 
 powerful and fantastic imagination. (See 
 
 'Charlotte Bronte and her Sisters.*) 
 
 Brooke, Henry. An Irish novelist and dram- 
 atist; born in Rantavan, County Cavan, Ire- 
 land, about 1703; died in Dublin, Oct. 10, 1783. 
 He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, 
 and studied law in London, where he became 
 a friend of Pope. His play 'Gustavus Vasa* 
 (1739) was performed in Dublin as 'The Pa- 
 triot* 'The Fool of Quality, or the History 
 of Henry, Earl of Moreland* (5 vols., London, 
 1760) is his best novel. It was republished 
 under the supervision of Charles Kingsley in 
 1859. Brooke's works were collected in 4 vols., 
 London, 1778. 
 
 Brooke, Stopford Augustus. An Irish critic ; 
 born in Letterkenny, Ireland, in 1832. He 
 graduated at Trinity College, Dublin ; seceded 
 from the Church of England, and now has 
 charge of a Unitarian chapel in Bloomsbury. 
 He has published religious books; but is noted 
 for his scholarly and interesting works on Eng- 
 lish literature, including 'History of Early Eng- 
 lish Literature ' (1S92) ; Tennyson: his Art and 
 Relation to Modern Life * ; ' The Gospel of Joy.* 
 
 Brooks, Charles Timothy. An American 
 
 clergyman, translator, and author; born in 
 Salem, Mass., June 20, 1813; died in Newport, 
 R. I., June 14, 1883. He became a minister iu 
 the Unitarian Church in 1835. He is best 
 known as a translator from the German of 
 Schiller, Richter, Goethe, and Schefer. Among 
 his original works are : ' Controversy Touching 
 the Old Stone Mill* (1851); 'Songs of Field 
 and Flood* (1854); 'Poems, Original and 
 Translated* (1885). 
 
 Brooks, Charles William Shirley. An 
 
 English humorist; born in London, April 29, 
 1816; died there, Feb. 23, 1874. He was the 
 son of an architect, and forsook law for jour- 
 nalism. In 1853 he was sent on a mission 
 to report on the condition of labor and the 
 poor in Russia, Syria, and Egypt; the result
 
 BROOKS — BROUGHTON 
 
 77 
 
 of which appeared in < The Russians of the 
 South' (1856). He wrote political articles, 
 attracted attention by several dramas and bur- 
 lesques, and in 1854 joined the staff of the 
 London Punch. In 1870 he succeeded Mark 
 Lemon as its editor. His novels — which in- 
 clude: < Aspen Court > (1855); <The Gordian 
 Knot> (i860); <The Silver Cord> (1861); 
 • Sooner or Later,> with illustrations by Du 
 Maurier (3 vols., 1866-68); <The Naggletons* 
 (1875) show keen observation. He also wrote 
 •Amusing Poetry > (1857). His son, Reginald 
 Shirley, collected Brooks's <Wit and Humor 
 from Punch > (1875). 
 
 Brooks, Elbridge Streeter. Born in Lowell, 
 Mass., April 14, 1846; died at Somerville, Mass., 
 Jan. 7, 1902. He wrote many juvenile books : 
 < Historic Boys > (New York, 1885); < Chivalric 
 Days ) ( 1886); < The Story of the American In- 
 dian ) ( 1887 ) ; < The Story of New York) ( 1 888 ) . 
 
 Brooks, Maria Gowan. An American poet, 
 pseudonym •* Maria del Occidente >> ; born in 
 Medford, Mass., about 1795 ; died in Matan- 
 zas, Cuba, Nov. Ii, 1845. She spent her youth 
 in Charlestown, Mass., and the rest of her life 
 in London, New York, and Cuba. Her chief 
 poem is < Zophiel, or the Bride of Seven > ; the 
 first canto of which appeared in Boston in 
 1825, and the rest was finished under South- 
 ey's influence in 1833. < Idomen, or the Vale of 
 Yumuri,' is an autobiography (1843). 
 
 Brooks, Noah. An American journalist and 
 author; bom in Castine, Me., Oct. 24, 1830. 
 Since 1850 he has been connected with news- 
 papers in Massachusetts, California, Washing- 
 ton, and New York. He has written many pop- 
 ular books for boys, among which are : < The 
 Fairport Nine> (1880); <Our Baseball Club» 
 (1884); <How the Republic is Governed.* He 
 has recently edited and enlarged Bryant and 
 Gay's < History of the U. S.> Died Aug. 6, 1903. 
 
 Brooks, Phillips. An American clergyman 
 of the Episcopal Church ; born in Boston, Dec. 
 13, 1835 ; died there, Jan. 23, 1893. He was rec- 
 tor of Protestant Episcopal churches succes- 
 sively in Philadelphia and in Boston, and was 
 made Bishop of Massachusetts in 1891. He 
 was an impressive pulpit orator and great spirit- 
 ual force, and published many volumes of ser- 
 mons and lectures; notably : < Letters of Travel >; 
 •Lectures on Preaching* (1877); and < Essays 
 and Addresses* (1894). 
 
 Brossboll, Johan Carl Christian. See Etlar. 
 
 BrOBS, William. A noted American journal- 
 ist; born in Montague, Sussex County, N. J., 
 Nov. 4, 1813; died in 1890. He graduated from 
 Williams College in 1838 and taught school for 
 ten years. Later he settled in Chicago and en- 
 tered the publishing business. He was a mem- 
 ber of the city council from 1855 to 1856, and 
 lieutenant-governor of Illinois from 1865 to 
 1869. Among his works are: < History of Chi- 
 cago* (1876); <Tom Quick, a Romance of 
 Indian Warfare.* He is best remembered as 
 the proprietor of the Chicago Tribune. 
 
 Brotherton, Mrs. Alice (Williams !. An Amer- 
 ican poet and magazine writer ; bom in 
 Cambridge, Ind. She is a resident of Cincin- 
 nati, O. Her chief works are : < Beyond the 
 Veil* (1886); <What the Wind Told the 
 Tree-Tops,* prose and verse for children; 
 < The Sailing of King Olaf, and Other Poems * 
 (1887). 
 
 Brougham, Henry Peter, Lord Brougham 
 and Vaux (bro'am or brom). An eminent Brit- 
 ish statesman, orator, and author; bom in 
 Edinburgh, Sept. 19, 1778 ; died at Cannes, 
 France, May 7, 1868. He entered the Univer- 
 sity of Edinburgh in 1792. In 1802 he helped 
 to found the Edinburgh Review, contributing 
 to the first four numbers twenty-one articles, 
 and to the first twenty numbers eighty articles. 
 The article on Byron's *■ Hours of Idleness * 
 provoked the poet to write his < English Bards 
 and Scotch Reviewers.* In 1810 Brougham 
 entered Parliament ; where his remarkable elo- 
 quence gave him at once a commanding place. 
 He was counsel for Queen Caroline in George 
 IV. 's suit against her (1820), winning a decisive 
 victory which raised him to the height of fame 
 and popularity. He became Lord Chancellor in 
 1830, and was at the same time created a baron ; 
 he resigned on the defeat of the Whigs in 1834, 
 and never again held public office, though still 
 taking effective part in the business and de- 
 bates of the House of Lords. His later years 
 were passed partly in England, and partly in 
 the beautiful retreat he had fitted up at 
 Cannes. He was the steadfast and powerful 
 champion of revision and reform of the laws, 
 popular education, the abolition of slavery, 
 and the maintenance of peace. The famous 
 Reform Bill of 1832 was carried during his 
 chancellorship, and largely by his agency. His 
 miscellaneous writings in their collected edition 
 (II vols., 1855-61) cover a vast number and 
 variety of subjects. His best works are his 
 •Sketches of the Statesmen of the Time of 
 George HI.* and < Lives of Men of Letters 
 and Science.* An edition of his • Speeches,* 
 corrected by himself, was published in four 
 volumes in 1838. His < Autobiography * was 
 written in extreme old age, and is unreliable. 
 
 Brougham, John. An American actor and 
 playwright; born in Dublin, Ireland, May 9, 
 1814; died in New York, June 7, 1880. He 
 made his ddbut as an actor in England in 
 1830. He came to America in 1842, and with 
 the exception of a short return trip to Eng- 
 land in i860, remained here until his death. 
 He was the author of over 100 comedies, 
 farces, and burlesques. Among his most suc- 
 cessful plays were: 'Vanity Fair*; <The Irish 
 Emigrant * ; • The Game of Love * ; and * Lon- 
 don Assurance,* written in collaboration with 
 Dion Boucicault. He is also author of sketches 
 entitled < Basket of Chips* (1855) and <Bunsby 
 Papers.' 
 
 Broughton, Rhoda. An English novelist ,- 
 born in Segrwyd Hall, Denbighshire, Walo*
 
 78 
 
 Nov. 29, 1840. She is the daughter of a clergy- 
 man, and now resides at Broughton Hall, 
 Cheshire. Her novels are very popular, and 
 include: < Cometh Up as a Flower > (1867); 
 <Not Wisely but Too WelP (1867); < Red as 
 a Rose is She> (1870); <Good-by, Sweetheart > 
 (1872); < Nancy > (1873); < Belinda > (1883); 
 'Doctor Cupid > (1886); <Alas> (1890); <Mrs. 
 Bligh> (1892); and <A Beginner > (1894). 
 
 Brown, Alice. An American essayist and 
 miscellaneous writer; born in New Hampshire 
 in 1857. She is on the staff of the Youth's 
 Companion. Among her works are : < Fools of Na- 
 ture, > a novel (1887) ; * Meadow Grass > ; < Robert 
 Louis Stephenson >; < Life of Mercy Otis War- 
 ren >; < The Country Road '; < The Court of Love.> 
 
 Brown, Charles Brockden. An American 
 novelist; born in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 17, 1771 ; 
 died Feb. 22, 1810. His most famous novels 
 are : < Wieland, or the Transformation,* a tale 
 of ventriloquism {1798) ; <Ormund, or the Secret 
 Witness > (1799); 'Arthur Mervyn,> containing 
 a description of the yellow-fever plague of 
 1793 in Philadelphia (1799-80); <Jane Talbot* 
 (1801); < Edgar Huntly, or the Sleep-Walker> 
 (1801); and < Clara Howard,* reprinted as < Philip 
 Stanley* (1806). His novels have attained a 
 considerable vogue in foreign countries, trans- 
 lations of them into French and German prov- 
 ing popular. They also sold largely at one 
 time in England. 
 
 Brown, David Paul. An American lawyer, 
 playwright, and author; born in Philadelphia, 
 Pa., Sept. 28, 1795; died there, July 11, 1872. 
 He was admitted to the bar in 1816. Among 
 his works are: <Sertorius,* a tragedy (1830); 
 < Love and Honor,* a farce. He also wrote 
 <The Forum, or Forty Years' Full Practice at 
 the Philadelphia Bar* (1856). 
 
 Brown, Emma Elizabeth. An American 
 biographical writer; born in New Hampshire 
 in 1847. She is a resident of Newton, Mass. 
 Her works include popular lives of Washing- 
 • ton, Garfield, Holmes, and Lowell ; and among 
 other volumes: <The Child Toilers of Boston 
 Streets* (1878); <True Manliness* (1880). 
 
 Brown, Frances. An Irish poet; bom in 
 Stranorlar, County Donegal, Ireland, in 1816. 
 She is called "The Blind Poetess of Ulster,** 
 and is known by <The Star of Attdgh^i and 
 Other Poems* (London, 1844), and < Lyrics and 
 Miscellaneous Poems' (1847). 
 
 Brown, John. A Scotch essayist; born at 
 Biggar, 1810 ; died 1882. He practiced medi- 
 cine in Edinburgh. Whatever his pen touched 
 it adorned. The objects of his affection were 
 homely landscapes, old fashioned people, the 
 departed, children, and dogs. Humor and pa- 
 thos tinged all he wrote. The story of Rab, 
 the dog, and that of Marjorie Fleming, the 
 child, will live long in English literature. 
 Three volumes contain all his writings : < Horse 
 Subsecivse* (2 vols.), and <John Leech and 
 other Papers.* 
 
 BROWN — BROWNE 
 
 Brown, Oliver Madoz. An English author 
 and artist ; born in Finchley, Jan. 20, 1855 ; died 
 in London, Nov. 5, 1874. He inherited great 
 talent for painting from his father. Ford Madox 
 Brown (1821-^3), and at an early age exhibited 
 remarkable water-colors. Although he died 
 young, his literary work, including stories and 
 poems, is valued for its imaginative power. 
 His < Literary Remains* (London, 1876) con- 
 tain his story <The Black Swarl,* originally 
 published as < Gabriel Denver* (1873), and a 
 sonnet to his memory by Dante Gabriel Ros- 
 setti. See J. H. Ingram, <0. M. Brown* (Lon- 
 don, 1883). 
 
 Brown, T. E. An English poet ; born at Doug- 
 las, Isle of Man, in 1830; died at Clifton, Oct. 30, 
 1897. He was a clergyman of the Church of Eng- 
 land, and had made a special study of manners 
 and people in the Isle of Man, where he was 
 stationed. His poems comprised narratives in the 
 Manx dialect, and personal lyrics and elegiacs. 
 The most notable are : < Betsy Lee > ; < Fo'c's'le 
 Yams*; <The Manx Witch* and <The Doctor.* 
 
 Browne, Charles Farrar. («Artemus Ward.**) 
 An American humorist; born at Waterford, 
 Me., April 26, 1834 ; died at Southampton, Eng- 
 land, March 6, 1867. He is most celebrated for 
 the collections of humor called < Artemus Ward, 
 his Book* (1862); < Artemus Ward, his Trav- 
 els* (1863?). His productions were widely 
 quoted, and his popularity as a lecturer was 
 very great. In 1866 he visited England on a 
 lecture tour, and contributed to Punch. 
 
 Browne, Irving. An American lawyer, edi- 
 tor, and author; born in Marshall, Oneida 
 County, N. Y., Sept. 14, 1835. In 1857 he grad- 
 uated from the Albany Law School and prac- 
 ticed in Troy. In 1879 he became editor of 
 the Albany Law Journal. His works include : 
 < Humorous Phases of the Law* (1876); <Law 
 and Lawyers in Literature* (1883); <The Ele- 
 ments of Criminal Law.* Died Feb. 6, 1899. 
 
 Browne, John Ross. An Irish-American 
 traveler and author; born in Ireland in 1817; 
 died in Oakland, Cal., Dec. 9, 1875. He came 
 when a child to the United States. His chief 
 works are : < Etchings of a Whaling Cmise, 
 with Notes of a Sojourn on the Island of Zan- 
 zibar* (1846); <Yusef, or the Journey of the 
 Fragi: a Crusade in the East* (1853); <The 
 Land of Thor* (1866); and < Adventures in the 
 Apache Country* (1869). 
 
 Browne, Junius Henri. An American jour- 
 nalist ; bom at Seneca Falls, N. Y., in 1833. 
 He died in New York city, April 2, 1902. 
 Among his works are : < Four Years in Secessia > 
 (1865); <The Great Metropolis, a Mirror of 
 New York > (1869); < Sights and Sensations in 
 Europe) (1872). 
 
 Browne, Sir Thomas. An English anti- 
 quary and physician (1605-82); born in Lon- 
 don. After receiving an academic and a 
 professional (medical) education in England, 
 he visited the Continent and took the degree 
 M. D. at Leyden. He was knighted by Charles
 
 BROWNE — BROWNSON 
 
 79 
 
 II. His principal work is <Religio Medici' 
 (1642), a liberal confession of faith for that 
 day. Four years later he published a treatise 
 on 'Vulgar Errors,* directed against the cur- 
 rent superstitions of his contemporaries. < Urn 
 Burial > appeared in 1658. After his death a 
 collection of his fugitive pieces was published ; 
 and this was followed by < Christian Morals,' 
 a collection of aphorisms. 
 
 Browne, Thomas Alexander. See Boldre- 
 wood. 
 
 Browne, William. An English poet; bom 
 in Tavistock, Devonshire, in 1591 ; died in 
 Ottery St. Mary, about 1643. He was edu- 
 cated at Oxford, and spent a quiet, tranquil 
 life. His poetry is graceful and fanciful, and 
 abounds in beautiful pictures of English scen- 
 ery. Browne has always been much admired 
 by the poets. His chief work is 'Britannia's 
 Pastorals' (1613-16). <The Shepherd's Pipe' 
 (1614) is a collection of eclogues, and < The 
 Inner Temple Masque' (1614-15) tells the 
 story of Ulysses and Circe. His minor poems 
 are very fine. The best modern editions are 
 by Hazlitt for the Roxburghe Club, and by 
 Gordon Goodwin, < The Muse's Library.' 
 
 Brownell, Henry Howard. An American 
 poet and writer of historical sketches ; born at 
 Providence, R. I., Feb. 6, 1820 ; died at East 
 Hartford, Conn., Oct. 31, 1872. His first poetic 
 venture was a spirited versification . of Farra- 
 gut's * General Orders > to the fleet below New 
 Orleans. Afterward he was appointed to an 
 honorary place on the Hartford flagship, and 
 had opportunity to observe actual naval war- 
 fare. In <The Bay Fight' he describes with 
 truth and force the battle of Mobile Bay. He 
 collected and published his many occasional 
 verses in 'Lyrics of a Day, or Newspaper 
 Poetry by a Volunteer in the U. S. Service ' 
 (1864). 
 
 Brownell, William Crary. An American 
 essayist and critic ; born in New York city, 
 Aug. 30, 1851. He graduated from Amherst, and 
 has devoted himself to critical and editorial 
 work in New York. He is editor of Scribner's 
 Magazine, and has written: 'French Traits: 
 an Essay on Comparative Criticism' (1889); 
 'French Art' (1892); and 'Newport' (1896). 
 
 Browning, Elizabetli Barrett. An English 
 poet; born in Durham, March 6, 1809; died in 
 Florence, June 30, 1861. She was the daughter 
 of an English country gentleman, Edward 
 Moulton, who took the name of Barrett. In 
 September 1846 she married Robert Browning. 
 Her chief poems are: 'The Seraphim' (1838) ; 
 'Romaunt of the Page' (1839); 'The Drama 
 of Exile' (1844); *A Vision of Poets' (1844); 
 'The Cry of the Children' (1844); 'Casa 
 Guidi Windows' (1851) ; 'Aurora Leigh' (1856), 
 in a measure autobiographical. Her poem 
 ' Lady Geraldine's Courtship ' contains a strik- 
 ing characterization of the poetry of Browning. 
 Her ' Sonnets from the Portuguese ' are among 
 the noblest of love-poems. The ' Romance 
 of the Swan's Nest'; the 'Rhyme of the 
 
 Duchess May'; the 'Romaunt of Margret'; 
 ' Bertha in the Lane > ; and ' Isobel's Child,' are 
 romantic and original ballads. ';Prometheus 
 Bound,' a metrical translation of ^Eschylus, 
 was published in 1850. 
 
 Browning, Robert. An English poet ; bom 
 in Camberwell, May 7, 1812; died in Venice, 
 Dec. 12, 1889. His first dramatic poem, ' Paul- 
 ine,' which appeared anonymously in 1833, was 
 followed two years later by 'Paracelsus'; 
 'Strafford' (1837); 'Sordello' (1840); and a 
 series of plays and dramatic lyrics under the 
 title of 'Bells and Pomegranates' (1841-46). 
 This collection included: ' Pippa Passes'; 
 'King Victor and King Charles'; 'Colombe's 
 Birthday ' ; ' The Return of the Dmses ' ; 'A 
 Blot on the 'Scutcheon'; 'Luria'; and <A 
 Soul's Tragedy.' In 1846 he married Eliza- 
 beth Barrett, and resided in Florence until her 
 death in 1861, when he returned to London; 
 but much of the latter part of his life was 
 spent in Italy. 'The Ring and the Book' was 
 published in 1869. His other works include: 
 'Christmas Eve and Easter Day' (1850) ; 'Men 
 and Women' (1855); 'Dramatis Personoe' 
 (1864); < Balaustion's Adventure' (1871) ; 'Fi- 
 fine at the Fair' (1872); 'Red-Cotton Night- 
 cap Country' (1873); 'Dramatic Idylls' (1879- 
 80); 'Jocoseria' (1883); 'Ferishtah's Fancies' 
 (1884); and < Parleyings with Certain People 
 of Importance in their Day' (1887). The 'Com- 
 plete Poetic and Dramatic Works : Cambridge 
 Edition' are published in i vol. by Houghton, 
 Mifflin & Co.; the 'Complete Works' (1897), 
 edited by Augustine Birrell, in 2 vols., are pub- 
 lished by the Macmillan Company. 
 
 Brownlow, William Gannaway. ("Parson 
 Brownlow.") An American politician, journal- 
 ist, and author; born in Wythe County, Va., 
 Aug. 29, 1805; died in Knoxville, Tenn., April 
 29, 1877. During his early career he was an itin- 
 erant preacher, editor, and lecturer. He was a 
 Union champion during the Civil War, and 
 banished from the Confederate lines on that 
 ground. In 1865 he was elected governor of 
 Tennessee, and was re-elected in 1867. He was 
 U. S. Senator from 1869 to 1875. Among his 
 works are: 'The Great Iron Wheel Exam- 
 ined' (1858); 'Sketches of the Rise, Progress, 
 and Decline of Secession' (1862). 
 
 Brownson, Orestes Augustus. An American 
 author ; born in Stockbridge, Vt., Sept. 16, 1803 ; 
 died in Detroit, Mich., April 17, 1876. His early 
 education was slight. Originally a Presbyte- 
 rian, he became a Universalist minister, after- 
 ward a Unitarian, and finally a Roman Cath- 
 olic. He was an ardent champion of popular 
 rights, and advocated a mild form of socialism. 
 His greatest work was the establishment and 
 editorship of the Boston Quarterly Review 
 (1838-43) and Brownson's Review (1844-64 and 
 1873-75). Of his extensive works, the best 
 known are : < The Convert, or Leaves from my 
 Experience' (1857); and 'The American Re- 
 public, its Constitution, Tendencies, and Des- 
 tiny' (1865).
 
 8o 
 
 BRUCE — BUCHANAN 
 
 Bruce, Wallace. An American lecturer and 
 poet; born in Hillsdale, Columbia County, 
 N. Y., Nov. 10, 1844. He is a prominent lecturer 
 on literary subjects. Among his works are : 
 <The Land of Burns > (1879); <From the Hud- 
 son to the Yosemite> (1884J; 'Wayside Poems'; 
 < Here's a Hand >; <Leaveso{ Gold >; <Wanderers.> 
 
 Brun, Friederike Sophie Christiane ^bron). 
 A German poet and writer of travels (1765- 
 1835) ; born (Miinter) at Grafentonna in the 
 district of Gotha. She traveled extensively 
 through Switzerland, southern France, Italy, and 
 other countries, and came into personal acquaint- 
 ance with many of the foremost personages 
 of her day; Johann von Miiller, Matthisson, 
 Necker, Angelica Kauffmann, Mme. de Stael, 
 etc. Her books of travel were held in very 
 high esteem. She published three small vol- 
 umes of < Poems >; and < Truth from Morning 
 Dreams and Ida' ; Esthetic Development,' con- 
 taining reminiscences of her early years. 
 
 Brunetidre, Ferdinand (briin-tyar'). A dis- 
 tinguished French critic; born in Toulon, July 
 19, 1849. He is the editor of the < Revue 
 des Deux Mondes' and became a member of 
 the French Academy, 1893. In criticism he in- 
 clines to the idealist as opposed to the natural- 
 ist school. His principal works are : < History 
 and Literature' (1884, 3 vols.) ; <The Naturalist 
 Romance' (1883); < Essays on Contemporary 
 Literature' (1892) ; 'Epochs o the French The- 
 atre ' (1892). Died Dec. 9, 1906. 
 
 Bruni, Leonardo (bro'ne), surname^^ Are- 
 tino. A noted Italian humanist ; born at 
 Arezzo, 1369; died in Florence, March 9, 1444. 
 He forsook the study of jurisprudence to de- 
 vote himself wholly to the ancient classics; 
 was secretary to four popes from 1404 to 1415, 
 but then resigned, to write the history of Flor- 
 ence (in 10 books). In reward he was made 
 chancellor of Florence. His principal service 
 to the cause of letters was in translations of 
 Aristotle, Plato, Plutarch, Demosthenes, into 
 Latin. He wrote a Latin comedy. His < Epis- 
 tles' are of value for the history of his time. 
 
 Bruno, Giordano (brb'no). A renowned Ital- 
 ian philosopher; born at Nola, near Naples, 
 Italy, 1548; burned at the stake in Rome, Feb. 
 17, 1600, charged with heresy. His best-known 
 works are: < Ash-Wednesday Conversations'; 
 <The Work of the Great Key'; <The Explor- 
 ation of the Thirty Seals'; <The Taper'; 
 < Expulsion of the Triumphant Beast'; <The 
 Heroic Enthusiasts'; and a great number of 
 Other writings in prose and verse. 
 
 Brush, Mrs. Christine (Chaplin). An 
 American artist and novelist; born in Bangor, 
 Me., in 1842 ; died at Brooklyn, Feb, 3, 1892. 
 She was a resident of Brooklyn. Her chief 
 work, < The Colonel's Opera Cloak, > a novel, 
 was published anonymously in 1879. She also 
 wrote two stories : < Inside our Gates > ; < One 
 Summer's Lessons in Perspective. > 
 
 Bryant, William Ciillen. An American 
 poet; bom in Cumnaington, Mass., Nov. 3, 
 
 1794; died in New York, June 12, 1878. After 
 two years in Williams College he left it, and 
 turned his attention to law. But in early youth 
 he produced < Thanatopsis,' and some of his 
 best lyrics, — < To a Waterfowl,' < The Yellow 
 Violet,' etc., — which were the opening of a 
 high literary career. His longest poem, <The 
 Ages,' was recited at Harvard in 1821. In 1829 
 he became editor-in-chief of the New York 
 Evening Post. His books include : < Letters of a 
 Traveler' (1855); < Letters from Spain' (1859); 
 'Letters from the East' (1869); and a 'Popular 
 History of the United States,' with S. H. Gay 
 (4 vols., 1878-82). His 'Poems' appeared in 
 New York in 1832, and Washington Irving 
 reprinted them in London, where they went 
 through several editions. This book was fol- 
 lowed by 'The Fountain and Other Poems' 
 (1842) and 'The White-Footed Deer and Other 
 Poems' (1844). His first complete edition was 
 issued in Philadelphia in 1846. In his old age 
 Bryant began a translation of the ' Iliad > and 
 ' Odyssey ' in blank verse ; and his last great 
 poem was < The Flood of Years,' a noble pend- 
 ant to < Thanatopsis.' Among his pyems that 
 have become popular favorites are : the ' Forest 
 Hymn ' ; < The West Wind > ; < June ' ; < Death of 
 the Flowers > ; and ' Hymn to Death.' 
 
 Bryce, James. An Irish historian ; born in 
 Belfast, May 10, 1838. After graduating at Ox- 
 ford in 1862, he studied at Heidelberg, and sub- 
 sequently practiced law in London. From 1870 
 till 1893 he was regius professor of civil law in Ox- 
 ford, has had a distinguished political career. He 
 has supported Home Rule, city reforms, and inter- 
 national copyright. His chief works are : < The 
 Holy Roman Empire' (1864); 'Transcaucasia 
 and Ararat' (1877); 'The American Common- 
 wealth ' (1888). Since 1906 Ambassador to U. S. 
 
 Bryce, Lloyd. An American editor and nov- 
 elist ; born in Long Island, N.Y., 1851. He was ed- 
 itor of the North American Review from 1889 to 
 1896. His works are : < Paradise ' ; ' A Dream of 
 Conquest' ; ' The Romance of an Alter Ego' ; 
 < Friends in Exile > ; ' After Christianity, What > ? 
 
 Bube, Adolf (bo'ba). A German poet (1802- 
 73) ; born at Gotha. He published two vol- 
 umes of miscellaneous ' Poems,' characterized 
 by sincere feeling for nature. He compiled 
 several volumes of ' Popular Legends,' espe- 
 cially of Thuringia, which he rendered in verse. 
 
 Buchanan, Robert Williams. An English 
 author ; born at Caverswall, Staffordshire, Aug. 
 18, 1841 ; died in London, June 10, 1901. 
 He was educated at Glasgow, and went to 
 London to engage in literature. His attack 
 upon Dante Gabriel Rossetti drew a famous 
 letter from that poet and a scathing pamphlet 
 from Swinburne. His poems include : < Under- 
 tones > ( 1863) ; < Idylls and Legends of Inver- 
 bum> (1865); 'London Poems, > his best 
 effort (1866); 'North Coast Poems) (1867) ; 
 'Napoleon Fallen: a Lyrical Drama > (1871); 
 <The Drama of Kings) (1871) ; 'Ballads 
 of Love, Life, and Humor > (1882) ; and 
 'The City of Dreams > (1888). His bart
 
 BUCHEZ - BULPINCH 
 
 8t 
 
 novels are : * The Shadow of the Sword ' 
 (1876); <A Child of Nature) (1879); < God 
 and the Man > (1881); < The Martyrdom of 
 Madeline) (1882); and < Foxglove Manor > 
 (1884). Buchanan also wrote successful plays. 
 His poems have been collected (3 vols., 
 London, 1874). 
 
 Buchez, Philippe Benjamin Joseph (bii- 
 sha'). A French annalist and physician; born 
 in Mortagne, Ardennes, March 31, 1796; died 
 at Rhodez, Aveyron, Aug. 12, 1865. With 
 Roux-Lavergne he projected the < Parliament- 
 ary History of the French Revolution > (40 
 vols., 1833-38), a work of inestimable utility. 
 
 Buchner, Ludwig, a German scientist and 
 author ; born at Darmstadt, March 28, 1824 ; died 
 there May i, 1899. His first publication, < Force 
 and Matter* (1885), aroused vehement opposition. 
 His other writings include < Nature and Spirit * ; 
 
 < From Nature and Science > ; • Man and his Po- 
 sition in Nature > ; < The Darwinian Theory of 
 the Origin and Change of Living Matter * ; 
 
 < God and Science > ; < The Power of Heriditary 
 Transmision> ; < Future Life and Modem Science ; 
 
 < Darwinism and Socialism. > 
 
 Buchner, Georg (biich'ner). A German 
 poet ; bom near Darmstadt, Oct. 17, 1813 ; died 
 Feb. 19, 1837. fie studied natural science and 
 medicine in the universities of Strasburg and 
 Giessen. In 1834 he entered the political arena 
 with a manifesto entitled 'The Rural Mes- 
 senger,* and bearing the motto " Peace to the 
 cabin, war to the palace." To escape arrest 
 he fled to Strasburg, where he studied the phi- 
 losophies of Descartes and Spinoza. He was 
 preparing to open a course of lectures in Zurich 
 when he died. He wrote a drama in 1834 on 
 'The Death of Danton,' the work of a genu- 
 ine but undisciplined poet. His 'Complete 
 Works,' with biography, were published in 1879. 
 
 Buchner, Luise. A German poet and novel- 
 ist (1821-77), sister of Georg. Her first pub- 
 lication, 'Women and their Calling) {1855), was 
 followed by many others on the " woman's- 
 rights question » ; it commanded much atten- 
 tion, and reached a fifth edition (1883). She 
 wrote a volume of tales, 'From Life* (1861) ; 
 
 < Poet-Voices of Home and Foreign Lands > ; 
 several original poems, ' Woman's Heart) ; some 
 
 < Christmas Stories ) ; etc. 
 
 Buck, Dudley. An American organist, com- 
 poser, and author; born in Hartford, Conn., 
 March 10, 1839. He is organist of the Church 
 of the Holy Trinity, Brooklyn, N. Y. Aside 
 from several cantatas, he has written two books : 
 ' A Dictionary of Musical Terms > and a work 
 on the ' Influence of the Organ in History ) 
 (1882). 
 
 Buckland, Francis Trevelyan. An Eng- 
 lish naturalist; born at Oxford, Dec. 17, 1826; 
 died Dec. 19, 1880. His preferences were for 
 practical science ; and after retiring from his 
 place as surgeon to the Second Life Guards he 
 founded the journal Land and Water, of which 
 he was editor. He was an authority on fish- 
 culture, and as such was consulted by foreign 
 
 governments. He was a resolute opponent of 
 Darwinism. Besides his works on fish-culture, 
 he wrote : ' Log-Book of a Fisherman and 
 Zoologist) (1876); 'Notes and Jottings on 
 Animal Life) (1882); 'Curiosities of Natural 
 History.) 
 
 Buckle, Henry Thomas. An English his- 
 torian ; born in Lee, Kent, Nov. 24, 1821 ; died 
 in Damascus, May 29, 1862. A self-educated 
 man, he is known for his great work 'The 
 History of Civilization in England* (2 vols., 
 1857-61). His 'Miscellaneous and Posthumous 
 Works) were edited by Helen Taylor (Lon- 
 don, 1872); new ed. by Grant Allen, 1880. 
 
 Buckley, James Monroe. An American cler- 
 gyman ; born in Rahway, N. J., Dec. 16, 1836. 
 In 1858 he entered the ministry in the Meth- 
 odist Church. Since 1881 he has been the edi- 
 tor of the Christian Advocate. Among his 
 works are : ' Two Weeks in the Yosemite Val- 
 ley) (1872) ; 'Oats or Wild Oats) (1885) ; 'The 
 Land of the Czar and the Nihilist* (1886); 
 'Travels in Three Continents.) 
 
 Buckstone, John Baldwin. An English 
 dramatist; bom in Hoxton, London, Sept. 14, 
 1802 ; died in Sydenham, near London, Oct. 31, 
 1879. From 1823 to 1853 he was a well-known 
 London actor ; he became manager of the 
 Haymarket Theatre, and produced nearly 200 
 plays, which were all successful, largely owing 
 to his knowledge of stage effect and humor. 
 Among the best are : ' The Wreck Ashore * ; 
 ' Victorine > ; ' Green Bushes ) ; ' The Flowers of 
 the Forest); 'Married Life); 'Leap Year); 
 ' Second Thoughts ) ; and ' Nicholas Flam.) 
 
 Sicuinger, Max (bii-ding-er). A German 
 historian ; born in Cassel, April I, 1828. He 
 exerted great influence among the universities ; 
 the most admired of his books being on 
 'Austrian History) (1858; the work coming 
 down to the mediaeval period only), and 'King 
 Richard III. of England.* Died Feb. 22, 1902. 
 
 Buel, Clarence Clough. An American edi- 
 tor and author; bom at Laona, Chautauqua 
 County, N. Y., July 29, 1850. He was connected 
 with the New York Tribune from 1875 to 188 1, 
 when he joined the staff of the Century Mag- 
 azine; and in 1883, in conjunction with Rob- 
 ert Underwood Johnson, he began the editing 
 of the celebrated 'Century War Articles,) 
 which were afterwards expanded into the 
 notable 'Battles and Leaders of the Civil 
 War) (1887). 
 
 Bu£fon, George Louis le Clerc, Comte de 
 (bii-fon'). A famous French naturalist; born 
 at Montbard, Sept. 7, 1707 ; died April 16, 1788. 
 His 'Natural History) widely popularized the 
 study of zoology and of nature in general, 
 owing to the author's luminous and attractive 
 style and his very plausible generalizations; it 
 was translated into nearly all the languages ot 
 Europe. The definitive edition of this 'Gen- 
 eral and Particular Natural History) is in 36 
 volumes (1749-88). 
 
 Bulflnch, Thomas. An American author; 
 born in Boston, Mass., July 15, 1796; died ther«,
 
 82 
 
 BtJLOW — BUNGE 
 
 May 27, 1867. He graduated from Harvard 
 University in 1814. Although engaged in busi- 
 ness, he managed to devote considerable time 
 to literature. Among his best-known works 
 are: «The Age of Fable > (1855); <Age of 
 Chivalry > (1858); * Legends of Charlemagne > 
 (1864); < Oregon and Eldorado > (1866). 
 
 Biilow, Berttia von. See Arnold, Hans. 
 
 Biilow, Karl Eduard von (bii'lo). A Ger- 
 man story-teller (1803-53); born at Berg vor 
 Eilenburg in Saxony. His literary fame rests 
 mainly on his < Book of Tales,> after ancient 
 Italian, Spanish, French, English, Latin, and 
 German originals (4 vols., 1834-36), which was 
 followed by a supplementary volume. Of his 
 own original compositions, the < Springtide 
 Wandering among the Harz Mountains' is 
 one of the best. He wrote also the very in- 
 teresting story of <The Youth of a Poor Man 
 of Toggenburg,' founded on the autobiography 
 of Ulrich Briiker, a Swiss weaver. He pub- 
 lished the original later. 
 
 Biilow, Margarete von. A German novelist 
 (1860-85) ; born in Berlin. She wrote four vol- 
 umes of stories, viz.: < Stories' (1885); < Jonas 
 Briccius> (1886); < Chronicle of the Riffels- 
 hausen Folks ' ; and < New Stories.' She de- 
 lineated character with great precision, and 
 showed true insight into the human heart. She 
 lost her life in an attempt to rescue a boy 
 from drowning. 
 
 Buloz, Fran90is (bU-15). A French pub- 
 licist (1803-77); born at Bulbens in Haute- 
 Savoie. He founded the great French review. 
 Revue des Deux Mondes (1831), and was its 
 editor for 40 years. He wrote little, but his 
 < Letters and Memoirs' are of great value for 
 the history of French letters in his time. 
 
 Bulthaupt, Heinrich Alfred (bolt'houpt). 
 A German poet and dramatist ; born at Bre- 
 men, Oct. 26, 1849. On quitting the university 
 he was for a while a private tutor; then he 
 traveled in the East, in Greece, and in Italy. 
 He was a lawyer in his native town for some 
 years, and in 1879 became custodian of the 
 city library. Of his dramatic compositions the 
 list is very long, comprising tragedies : < Saul,' 
 <A Corsican Tragedy'; plays dealing with the 
 questions of the time : < The Workmen ' ; com- 
 edies ; comic operas ; etc. He has also written 
 a work, already of high authority, on < Dra- 
 maturgy of the Theatre' (3 vols.); also < Dra- 
 maturgy of the Opera' (2 vols.). 
 
 Bulwer, Henry Lytton Earle (Lord Bal- 
 ling). An English author and diplomatist, 
 brother of Sir Edward Bulwer- Lytton ; born 
 Feb. 13, 1801 ; died in Naples, May 23, 1872. 
 He was minister to Madrid in 1843; in 1849 
 had a diplomatic mission to Washington, and 
 was one of the negotiators of the Clayton- 
 Bulwer treaty; was ambassador to Turkey 
 1858-65. Among his works are : < An Au- 
 tumn in Greece' (1S26) ; 'France, Social, Lit- 
 erary, and Political' (1834-36); and <Life of 
 Byron' (1835). 
 
 Bulwer-Lytton, Edward, Lord Lytton. An 
 
 English novelist, playwright, and poet ; born in 
 London, May 25, 1803; died in Torquay, Jan. 
 18, 1873. He was the son of Gen. Earle Bui 
 wer and Elizabeth B. Lytton, heiress of Kneb- 
 worth, to whose estates he succeeded in 1844 
 and assumed the surname of Lytton. In 1847 
 and again in 1852, he sat in Parliament; and 
 in 1858-59 was colonial secretary, during which 
 he cilled into existence the colonies of British 
 Columbia and Queensland. In 1866 he was 
 raised to the peerage as Baron Lytton. Al- 
 together his works exceed sixty in number, 
 and fill no volumes. His novels display great 
 versatility, range of power, power of handling 
 psychological and social problems, variety of 
 incident and portraiture ; and many are based 
 on romantic and occult themes. Among the 
 most famous are: < Falkland' (1827); <Pelham' 
 (1828); <Devereux' (1829); <Paul Clifford' 
 (1830); < Eugene Aram' (1832); <Godolphin> 
 (1833); < Pilgrims of the Rhine' (1834); < Last 
 Days of Pompeii' (1834); <Rienzi' (1837); 
 'Ernest Maltravers' (1837); < Alice, or the 
 Mysteries' (1838); 'Last of the Barons' 
 (1843); 'Harold' (1843); 'The Caxtons' (1850); 
 'My Novel' (1853); 'What Will He Do with 
 It?' (1859); 'A Strange Story' (1862); 'The 
 Coming Race' (1871); 'Kenelm Chillingly' 
 (1873); and 'The Parisians' (1873). Three 
 of his dramas — 'The Lady of Lyons' (1838); 
 'Richelieu' (1838); and 'Money' (1848)— still 
 hold the stage. 
 
 Bunce, Oliver Bell. An American publisher 
 and writer ; born in New York city, in 1828 ; 
 died there. May 15, 1890. At an early age he 
 became connected with the publishing business 
 in New York. Among his books are : ' Ro- 
 mance of the Revolution' (1852); 'A Bache- 
 lor's Story' (1859); 'Don't: a Manual of Mis- 
 takes and Improprieties' (1883); 'My House' 
 (1884); and 'Adventures of TimiaS Terrystone,' 
 a novel (1885). 
 
 Bundy, Jonas Mills. An American journal- 
 ist and author; born in Columbia, N. H., in 
 1835; died in Paris, France, Sept. 8, 1891. He 
 gained experience in journalism in the West, 
 and served in the Civil War. He was editor 
 of the New York Mail and Express, and wrote 
 'Life of Garfield' (1880). 
 
 Bungay, George Washington. An Ameri- 
 can journalist and poet; born in Walsingham, 
 England, July 22, 1818; died July 10, 1892. 
 He came to this country in 1827. For some 
 time he was connected with the New York 
 Tribune. He was employed in the Custom 
 House from 1873 to 1877. Among his numer- 
 ous poems the best known is ' The Creed of 
 the Bells.' His other works include : 'Abraham 
 Lincoln Songster ' ; ' Pen Portraits of Illustri- 
 ous Abstainers' (1881). 
 
 Bunge, Rudolf (bong'a). A German poet; 
 born at Kothen, March 27, 1836. Among his 
 works are a volume of his collected short 
 poems, 'Flowers' (1854); a tragedy, 'The 
 Duke of Courland' (1871) ; a cycle of five
 
 BUNNER — BURNABY 
 
 tragedies showing forth the action of Christian- 
 ity upon the political life of nations, the mem- 
 bers of the cycle being: <Nero'; <Alaric>; 
 
 < Desiderata > ; < The Bayonne Festival >; and 
 * The Cloister.* He wrote the libretti of sev- 
 eral operas, among them that of < The Trum- 
 peter of Sackingen.* 
 
 Bunner, Henry Cuyler. An American poet 
 and story-writer; born in Oswego, N. Y., Aug. 
 3, 1855; died in Nutley, N. J., May 11, 1896. 
 He became a journalist in 1873, and was edi- 
 tor of Puck from shortly after its start till his 
 death. Author of: <A Woman of Honor > 
 (New York, 1883) ; < Airs from Arcady and 
 Elsewhere > (1884) ; <The Midge > (1886) ; 'The 
 Story of a New York House* (1887); < Zadoc 
 Pine and Other Stories* (1891) ; < Short Sixes* 
 (1891); <The Runaway Browns* (1892); <Jer- 
 sey Street and Jersey Lane* (1896); and < In 
 Partnership,* with Brander Matthews (1883). 
 Also a play, <The Tower of Babel* (1883); 
 and uncollected magazine articles. 
 
 Bunyan, Jolin. An English author; born 
 in Elstow, Bedford, in November 1628; died 
 in London, Aug. 31, 1688. He was the son of 
 a tinker, went to the village school, and at 
 seventeen enlisted in the Parliamentary army 
 and served during the decisive year of 1645. 
 In 1653 he joined a little community some- 
 times described as a Baptist church, and 
 preached in the villages near Bedford until im- 
 prisoned in the Bedford jail. Here he remained 
 for twelve years, being only released after 
 the Declaration of Indulgence in 1672. The 
 
 < Pilgrim's Progress * was begun while the 
 author was in prison, and was issued in 1678, 
 a second part appearing in 1684. His other 
 important works are < Grace Abounding,* writ- 
 ten in prison, and the < Holy War* (1682). 
 Altogether he wrote nearly sixty books. 
 
 Burdett, Charles. An American journalist 
 and novelist; born in New York State in 1815; 
 died 18 — . His works were at one time very 
 popular. Among the best known are : < Life 
 of Kit Carson*; <The Beautiful Spy* (1865); 
 <The Gambler*; < Trials and Triumphs.* 
 
 Burdette, Robert Jones. An American jour- 
 nalist and humorist; born in Greensborough, 
 Pa., July 30, 1844. He served in the Union 
 army during the Civil War. He is famous 
 for humorous newspaper skits, of rare variety, 
 charm, and unrepetitious freshness ; begun in 
 the Burlington (Iowa) Hawkeye, of which he 
 became associate editor in 1874. Among his 
 works are : < The Rise and Fall of the Mus- 
 tache,* a lecture (1877) ; < Hawkeyes,* collected 
 articles (1880) ; < Life of William Penn* (1882). 
 
 Burger, Gottfried August (biirg'er). An 
 eminent German poet ; born at Molmerswende, 
 near Ballenstedt, Anhalt, Dec. 31, 1747, or 
 Jan. I, 1748; died in Gottingen, June 8, 1704. 
 Shakespeare and Percy's < Reliques of English 
 Ballad Poetry* had a decisive influence in giv- 
 ing direction to his efforts at poetic expression. 
 •Lenore* (1773) established his reputation as a 
 poet, which was sustained by the ballads that 
 
 83 
 
 followed it: <The Parson's Daughter*; <The 
 Wild Huntsman*; < The Song of the Brave 
 Man*; < Kaiser and Abbot.* Specimens of his 
 burlesque ballads are: < The Robber Count * ; 
 
 < The Wives of Weinsberg.* 
 
 Burgos, Francisco Javier de (bor'gos). A 
 Spanish statesman and poet (1778-1845) ; born 
 at Motril in Granada. In his dramatic compo- 
 sitions he sought to restore the classical Span- 
 ish comedy. Among them are : < The Three 
 (Women) Equals*; <The Masked Ball*; <The 
 Optimist and the Pessimist.* He wrote a cele- 
 brated <Ode to Reason.* 
 
 Burke, Edmund. An eminent British states- 
 man and orator; born in Dublin, Jan. I2(?), 
 1729 ; died in Beaconsfield, England, July 9, 
 1797. He graduated from Trinity College, Dub- 
 lin, 1748 ; studied law, and in 1750 began literary 
 work. Elected to Parliament, he made his first 
 speech in 1766; and from that date until 1790 
 was one of the chief guides and inspirers of 
 the revived Whig party. His speeches and 
 pamphlets are still considered the most strik- 
 ing and suggestive manuals of political phi- 
 losophy in modern times. They, with his 
 miscellaneous writings, are all included in his 
 < Works and Correspondence* (8 vols., 1852). 
 Among his most important works aside from 
 his speeches are : < A Philosophical Inquiry 
 into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime 
 and Beautiful* (1756); < Reflections on the 
 French Revolution* (1790)- and < Letters on a 
 Regicide Peace.* 
 
 Burleigh, George Shepard. An American 
 poet and miscellaneous writer; bom at Plain- 
 field, Conn., in 1821. He is the author of 
 <Anti-Slavery Hjmns* (1842); <The Maniac, 
 and Other Poems* (1849) ; < Signal Fires, or the 
 Trail of the Pathfinder* (1856). Died 1903. 
 
 Burleigh, William Henry. An American 
 journalist, lecturer, and poet ; bom in Wood- 
 stock, Conn., Feb. 2, 1812; died in Brooklyn, 
 N. Y., March 18, 1871. He lectured extensively 
 in behalf of the anti-slavery movement. In 
 1843 he became editor of the Charter Oak, of 
 Hartford, Conn. A collection of his poems 
 was published in 1840. 
 
 Burmeister, Hermann (biir-mis'ter). A Ger- 
 man scientific writer; bom in Stralsund, Jan. 
 15, 1807 ; died in Buenos Ajtcs, Argentine Re- 
 public, May 2, 1892. He distinguished himself 
 as a geologist and zoologist in his native 
 country, and settled permanently in the Argen- 
 tine, where he continued his investigations. 
 
 < Manual of Entomology* (1832-44); < History 
 of Creation* (1843); and < The P'ossils of Horses 
 Found among the South American Pampas * 
 (1875), are among his books. 
 
 Burnaby, Frederick Gustavus. An English 
 descriptive writer; born in Bedford, March 3, 
 1842 ; died at Abu Klea in the Soudan, Jan. 
 17, 1885. He served in the Royal Horse 
 Guards, in which he became lieutenant-colonel 
 in 1881. Distinguished in military service and 
 with a love of adventure and literary skill, hi«
 
 84 
 
 BURNAND - BURROUGHS 
 
 life and books are equally interesting. His 
 <Ride to Khiva> (London, 1875) ran through 
 eleven editions in a year. <On Horseback 
 through Asia Minor > (1877) was nearly as 
 popular. See R. K. Mann, <Life and Advent- 
 ures of Burnaby* (London, 1882). 
 
 Burnand, Sir Francis Cowley. An English 
 humorist ; born in London, Nov. 29, 1837. After 
 graduation from Cambridge, he devoted his 
 attention to play-writing, and has written about 
 100 burlesques, extravaganzas, and successful 
 comedies. Since 1880 he has been the editor of 
 Punch. Among his books, < Happy Thoughts > 
 (1868) and its sequels are the most popular. 
 The <New History of Sandford and Merton> 
 (1872) 'Quite at Home> (1890), and < The Col- 
 onel ' are also favorites. 
 
 Burnett, Frances (Hodgson), An Anglo- 
 American novelist ; born in Manchester, Eng- 
 land, Nov. 24, 1849; her family emigrated to 
 America and settled in Tennessee in 1865. 
 She early wrote stories. In 1873 Miss Hodgson 
 married Dr. Burnett, and in 1875 settled in 
 Washington, where she has since resided. After 
 various short stories, she published as a serial 
 in Scribner's Magazine <That Lass o' Low- 
 rie's,* which became very popular, was promptly 
 issued in book form (1877), and was dramatized. 
 It was followed by a number of novels, among 
 which are: <Haworth's> (1879); < Louisiana' 
 ( 1881 ) ; < Esmeralda > ; < A Fair Barbarian > ( 1882) ; 
 •Through One Administration > (1883); < Little 
 Lord Fauntleroy,> a juvenile story, also drama- 
 tized (1887); <The Pretty Sister of Jos^> (1889); 
 < The One I Knew Best of All,' an autobiogra- 
 phy (1893); <A Lady of Quality' (1895); < His 
 Grace of Osmonde,' a sequel to the preced- 
 ing; and a drama, <The First Gentleman of 
 Europe,' with George Fleming ; < Nixie ' ; < A 
 Lady of Quality ' ; < The Shuttle.' 
 
 Burney, Charles. An English author; born 
 in Shrewsbury, April 7, 1726; died in Chelsea, 
 April 12, 1814. He became a famous and in- 
 fluential musician in London ; was given the 
 degree of doctor of music by Oxford in 1769; 
 and sacrificed time, money, and personal com- 
 fort to travel and collect material for his < His- 
 tory of Music' (4 vols., London, 1776-89). He 
 also wrote < Memoirs and Letters of Metastasio ' 
 (3 vols., 1796). Madame D'Arblay was his 
 daughter. 
 
 Burney, Frances — Madame D'Arblay. An 
 
 English novelist, daughter of Charles Burney; 
 born in King's Lynn, Norfolk, June 13, 1752; 
 died in Bath, Jan. 6, 1840. After she had pub- 
 lished < Evelina, or a Young Lady's Entrance 
 into the World' (1778), she became the favorite 
 of the literary men of the day, especially Dr. 
 Johnson. Her second novel, 'Cecilia' (1782), 
 was no less admired. In 1786 she was made 
 Second Keeper of the Robes to Queen Char- 
 lotte ; and in 1793 she was married to M. D'Ar- 
 blay, a French army officer. Her other books 
 are : 'Camilla' (1795) ; and 'The Wanderer, or 
 Female Difficulties' (1814). Her 'Diary and 
 Letters,' edited by her niece (7 vols., 1842-46), 
 
 are affected, but entertaining. She also wrote 
 memoirs of her father (1832). 'Evelina' and 
 'Cecilia' were published with introductions by 
 Annie R. Ellis (London, 1881-82). 
 
 Burnham, Clara Louise. An American 
 story-writer ; born in Newton, Mass., May 25, 
 1854. She is the daughter of George F. Root, 
 the composer, and has lived in Chicago since 
 childhood. She has written several novels, in- 
 cluding: 'Dearly Bought' (1884) ; 'Next Door' 
 (1886) ; 'Young Maids and Old' (1888) ; 'Miss 
 Bagg's Secretary' (1892); and 'Sweet Clover, 
 a Romance of the White City' (1894). She 
 has also written libretti for her father's cantatas. 
 
 Burns, Robert. A Scotch poet ; born in Al- 
 loway, Jan. 25, 1759; died in Dumfries, July 
 21, 1796. Among the poems to which he owes 
 his fame are : < The Cotter's Saturday Night > ; 
 'Hallowe'en'; 'Tam O'Shanter' (1790); 'To 
 a Mountain Daisy'; 'To a Mouse'; <Twa 
 Dogs'; 'Highland Mary.' His principal col- 
 lected editions are, in the order of publica- 
 tion : 'Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect' 
 (1786); 'The Scots' Musical Museum' (6 vols., 
 1 787- 1 803 ) ; <A Select Collection of Original 
 Scottish Airs . . . with Select and Charac- 
 teristic Verses,' which contains 100 songs by 
 the poet. But such editions have been issued 
 almost annually since 1805. 
 
 Burr, Enoch Fitch. An American mathe- 
 matical and religious writer; born at Green's 
 Farms, Fairfield County, Conn., Oct. 21, 1818. 
 He graduated from Yale in 1839, and became 
 pastor of the Congregational Church in L)Tne, 
 Conn., in 1850. Since 1868 he has been a lect- 
 urer at Amherst College. Among his works 
 are : < A Treatise on the Application of the 
 Calculus to the Theory of Neptune ' ( 1848) ; 
 <A Song of the Sea' (1873); 'Aleph, the 
 Chaldean > (1891). He died in 1907. 
 
 Burr, George Lincoln. An American writer 
 and professor of history ; born at Oramel, 
 N. Y., Jan. 30, 1857. From 1881 to 1884 he was 
 instructor at Cornell University. In 1892 he 
 was appointed professor of ancient and medi- 
 aeval history in that institution. His published 
 works include : ' The Literature of Witchcraft ' 
 (1890); 'Charlemagne' ('Heroes of History' 
 series) ; ' The Fate of Dietrich Slade.' 
 
 Burritt, Elihu. An American author, called 
 "The Learned Blacksmith"; born in New 
 Britain, Conn., Dec. 8, 181 1 ; died there, March 
 7, 1879. He was a blacksmith, linguist, lecturer, 
 reformer, and a noted advocate of peace. His 
 books include : ' Sparks from the Anvil ' (1848) : 
 'Olive Leaves' (1853); and 'Chips from Many 
 Blocks' (1878). See Charles Northend, 'Life 
 of Elihu Burritt' (New York, 1879). 
 
 Burroughs, John. An American essayist-, 
 born in Roxbury, N. Y., April 3, 1837. He is 
 the son of a farmer, became a journalist in 
 New York, and engaged in other pursuits untii 
 1874, when he settled on a farm at Esopus. 
 N. Y., to devote himself to literature and to 
 fruit-culture. His essays are remarkable fo«
 
 BURTON — BUTLER 
 
 their descriptions of nature and their style. 
 His books on rural themes include: < Wake- 
 Robin) (1871); < Winter Sunshine* (1875); 
 < Birds and Poets > (1877); < Locusts and Wild 
 Honey > (1879) ; < Pepacton : Notes of a Walker' 
 (1881) ; < Fresh Fields' (1884) ; < Signs and Sea- 
 sons' (1886); and < Sharp Eyes' (1888). He 
 has also written 'Notes on Walt Whitman' 
 (1867) ; and < Ways of Nature ' {1905). 
 
 Burton, Nathaniel J. An American Congre- 
 gational clergyman and writer; born at Trum- 
 bull, Conn., Dec. 17, 1824; died at Hartford, 
 Conn., Oct. 13, 1887. He graduated in 1857 
 from Wesleyan College, Middletown, Conn., and 
 from the Yale Divinity School in 1854. Trans- 
 lated < Sacred History from the French of J. 
 N. Loriquet' (1872); and wrote <Yale Lectures 
 on Preaching and Other Writings,' edited by 
 Richard E. Burton, his son. 
 
 Burton, Richard. An American poet and 
 journalist, son of Nathaniel J. ; born in Hart- 
 ford, Conn., March 14, 1859. He graduated 
 from Trinity College, Hartford, and took a 
 degree at Johns Hopkins University. His pub- 
 lished poems are : < Dumb in June ' ( 1895) ; < Me- 
 morial Day ' (1897); <Rahab> (1906), a drama. 
 
 Burton, Sir Richard Francis. An English 
 Orientalist and explorer; bom at Trieste, 
 March 19, 182 1; died Oct. 20, 1890. He was an 
 officer of the Indian anny, for several years 
 engaged in surveys for public works; in this 
 pursuit he learned the languages, habits, be- 
 liefs of many races. Obtaining leave of ab- 
 sence, he went to Mecca and Medina in the 
 guise of a Mohammedan devotee ; afterward 
 he made extensive explorations in Africa, Bra- 
 zil, Syria, Iceland ; visited the United States 
 twice and traversed the country from Atlantic 
 to Pacific. Of his books of travel, the follow- 
 ing may be particularized : < Pilgrimage to 
 El Medinah'; < Highlands of Brazil'; <Gold 
 Coast ' ; < City of the Saints ' ; < Unexplored 
 Palestine.' He translated into English from 
 the Arabic : < The Thousand Nights and a 
 Night ' ; and < The Scented Garden,' a collection 
 of stories left in MS. and never published. He 
 wrote a < Life of Camoens,' with translation of 
 the < Lusiads.' 
 
 Barton, Robert. An English writer of pe- 
 culiar characteristics ; born at Lindley, Leices- 
 tershire, Feb. 8, 1576-7; died at Oxford, Jan. 
 25, 1639-40. Obtaining two church livings, he 
 resided at Christ Church, Oxford. Here he 
 wrote the < Anatomy of Melancholy' (pub- 
 lished about 1621); a vast storehouse of shrewd 
 comment, apt and learned quotation, humor, 
 and erudition, from which Milton, Sterne, and 
 others did not scruple to borrow. The work 
 mirrors his own mind and temperament. 
 
 Busch, Wilhelm (bosh). A German poet 
 and delineator; born at Wiedensahl in Han- 
 over, April 15, 1832. He was employed on the 
 Fliegende Blatter, the great German comic 
 journal, in 1859. The text for his comic de- 
 signs is often supplied by himself. Among 
 
 85 
 
 his most celebrated productions, whether with 
 pencil or pen, are to be named : < St. Antony 
 of Padua'; <The Pious Helen'; < Max and 
 Moritz ' ; < Father Filucius.' Died 1908. 
 
 Bush, George. An American Swedenbor- 
 gian clergyman and Bible commentator; born 
 in Norwich, Vt, June 12, 1796; died in Roches- 
 ter, N. v., Sept. 19, 1859. He graduated from 
 Dartmouth in 1818, and studied theology at 
 Princeton, N. J., from 1820 to 1822. In 1831 
 he became professor of Hebrew and Oriental 
 literature in the University of New York. 
 Among his works are :< Life of Mohammed' 
 (1832); < Hebrew Grammar' (1835); <Bible 
 Commentaries' (1840). 
 
 Bushnell, Horace. An eminent American 
 clergyman ; born near Litchfield, Conn., 1802 ; 
 died at Hartford, Conn., in 1876. He was set- 
 tled over a Congregational Church in Hartford 
 until 1853. His numerous works on religion, 
 theology, and morals, and other topics, com- 
 prise : < Christian Nurture'; <God in Christ'; 
 
 < Christ in Theology ' ; < The Vicarious Sacri- 
 fice ' ; < Nature and the Supernatural ' ; < Moral 
 Uses of Dark Things ' ; < Forgiveness and Law '; 
 
 < The Age of Homespun ' ; < Moral Tendencies 
 and Results of Human History'; <The Char- 
 acter of Jesus'; < Work and Play'; 'Christ and 
 His Salvation'; 'Politics the Law of God'; 
 
 < Woman Suffrage.' See < Life and Letters,' 
 edited by his daughter, Mrs. Mary Cheney. 
 
 Busse, Karl (hiis'^). A German story-viriter 
 and poet; bom in Lindenstadt-Bimbaum, 
 Posen, Nov. 12, 1872. He appeared early in lit- 
 erature with 'Poems' (1892), and 'Quiet His- 
 tories' (1894), the latter a volume of fiction. 
 
 Butler, Joseph. An English divine and 
 theological writer; born at Wantage, 1692; 
 died in 1752. He had a distinguished career 
 in the Church, but his fame rests upon the 
 'Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, 
 to the Constitution and Course of Nature' 
 (1736), which is an argumentative and philo- 
 sophical treatise on Christianity. 
 
 Butler, Samuel. An English satirist; bom 
 in Strensham, Worcestershire, in February 
 1612 ; died in London, Sept. 25, 1680. Little is 
 known of his life except what Anthony-a-Wood 
 relates. He was educated at Oxford or Cam- 
 bridge, occupied his leisure in studying music 
 and painting, became a man of wide and curious 
 learning, and gained his living as secretary and 
 clerk to aristocratic personages. His famous 
 poem, ' Hudibras,' a witty and sharp satire on 
 the Puritans, secured instant favor with the 
 king and the public ; yet after the appearance of 
 the first part in 1663, he spent seventeen years 
 in poverty and obscurity. The second and 
 third divisions of 'Hudibras' appeared in 1664 
 and 1678. The general design of the great 
 poem was derived from < Don Quixote.' The 
 situations of the mock epic are few but ludi- 
 crous, and the whole canvas is embellished 
 with imagination, raillery, subtle casuistry, brill- 
 iant epigrams, and sparkling wit. 'Hudibras*
 
 86 
 
 BUTLER — BYRON 
 
 consists of 10,000 verses, and is one of the most 
 frequently quoted books in the language. The 
 standard edition by Dr. Z. Grey (i744) has fre- 
 quently been reprinted. Butler's next important 
 works are: <The Elephant in the Moon,> a 
 satire on the Royal Society, a series of prose 
 < Characters > ; and an <Ode to Duval,> the 
 famous highwayman. < The Posthumous Works 
 of Mr. S. Butler > were published with great 
 success (1715)- 
 
 Butler, William Allen. An American poet ; 
 born in Albany, N. Y., Feb. 20, 1825. He 
 graduated from the University of the City of 
 New York in 1843, and later practiced law in 
 New York. He wrote : <Nothing to Wear' 
 (1857), a satirical poem which attracted wide 
 attention; <Two Millions,' a satire (1858); and 
 <Mrs. Limber's Raffle.' Died Sept. 9, 1902. 
 
 Butterworth, Hezekiall. An American story- 
 writer; born in Warren, R. L, Dec. 22, 1839. 
 Since 187 1 he has been on the staff of the 
 Youth's Companion. Author of popular juve- 
 nile stories and travels, including : < Zig-Zag 
 Journeys' (1876-80); < Songs of History: Po- 
 ems and Ballads upon Important Episodes in 
 American History > (1887); < The Wampum Belt, 
 or the Fairest Page of History ' (1896). D. 1905. 
 
 Butz, Kaspar (biits). A German-American 
 versifier ; born in Hagen, Westphalia, Oct. 23, 
 1825 ; died at Des Moines, Iowa, Oct. 17, 1885. 
 He was a prominent political journalist in his 
 native land in the stirring days of 1848, but 
 was forced to flee to this country. Here he 
 became a noted (Chicago) newspaper man, 
 and produced pleasing verse, collected in < A 
 German-American's Poems' (1879) and < Grand- 
 father Songs' (1887). 
 
 Byers, Samuel Hawkins Marsliall. An 
 
 American historical and descriptive writer; 
 bom in 1838. During the Civil War he served 
 in the Union army. He was taken prisoner; 
 and while in prison in Columbia, S. C., wrote 
 the famous song < Sherman's March to the 
 Sea.' He was consul at ZUrich, Switzerland, 
 from 1869 to 1884, and consul-general to Italy 
 in 1885. Among his works are : < Switzerland ' 
 (1875); (History of Switzerland' (1886); 'Mili- 
 tary History of Iowa' (1888). 
 
 Bynner, Edwin Lassetter. An American 
 novelist ; bom in Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1842 ; died 
 Sept. 4, 1893, in Boston, Mass., where he was 
 librarian of the Boston Law Library. He was the 
 author of short stories, and of several novels. 
 
 including: <Tritons> (Boston, 1878); <Agnes 
 Surriage' (1886); < Penelope's Suitors' (Lon- 
 don, 1887). 
 
 Byr, Robert (bir), pseudonym of Karl Rob- 
 ert Emerich von Bayer. A German novelist; 
 born at Bregenz, April 15, 1835. He is a very 
 popular and exceedingly prolific story-teller, 
 and his volume-a-year since 1862 has had a 
 wide circulation. Among his best-known nov- 
 els are : < The Struggle for Life ' ; < Masks ' ; < A 
 Secret Dispatch ' ; < The Road to Fortune ' ; 
 < Meadow Maidenhair'; 'The Ironworm.' 
 
 Byme,JtiIia Clara (Busk). An English novelist, 
 bom in 18 19, and married to William Pitt Byrne 
 in 1842. She died in London Mar. 29, 1894. Her 
 best-known books are:'Flemish Interiors' ( 1856); 
 <Red, White and Blue: Sketches of Military Lifi 
 (1863); and 'Pictures of Hungarian Life'(i869). 
 
 Byron, George Noel Gordon, Lord. A cel- 
 ebrated English poet; born in London, Jan. 22, 
 1788; died at Missolonghi, Greece, April 19 
 1824. His poems appear in an immense num- 
 ber of editions, but a complete bibliography is 
 impossible here, and any attempt at charac- 
 terization or criticism is wholly superfluous. 
 The collected < Life and Works,' published by 
 Murray (1832-35), includes all the recognized 
 poems. The dates of issue of a few of the 
 most celebrated single works are as follows : 
 'Hours of Idleness' (1807); 'English Bards 
 and Scotch Reviewers' (1809); 'Childe Har- 
 old's Pilgrimage' (1812-22); 'The Giaour' 
 (1813); 'The Bride of Abydos' (1813) ; 'The 
 Corsair' (1814) ; 'Lara' (1814) ; 'Hebrew Mel- 
 odies' (1815) ; 'The Prisoner of Chillon ' (1816) ; 
 'Manfred' (1817) ; 'The Lament of Tasso' 
 (1817); 'Don Juan' (1819-24); 'Marino Faliero' 
 (1820); 'The Two Foscari' (1821); and 'Cain' 
 (1821). 
 
 Byron, Henry James. An English dram- 
 atist; born in Manchester, in January 1834; 
 died in London, April 11, 1884. Forsaking 
 law and medicine for the stage, he acted with 
 success in London, and was for many years a 
 popular author of burlesques, plays, extrava- 
 ganzas, farces, and light comedies. Among 
 the best are: 'Cyril's Success' (1868); and 
 'Our Boys' (1875), which ran for four years. 
 With Dion Boucicault he wrote 'Lost at Sea* 
 (1869); and with F. C. Burnand, W. S. Gilbert, 
 and R. Reece, 'Forty Thieves' (1878). Byron 
 was the first editor of Fun, and wrote a novel, 
 'Paid in Full' (3 vols., London, 1865).
 
 CABALLERO — C^SAR 
 
 87 
 
 Caballero, Fernan (ka-bal-ya'ro), pseudo- 
 nym of Cecilia Bohl de Faber. A Spanish 
 novelist ; born at Morges, Switzerland, Dec. 25, 
 1796; died in Seville, Spain, April 7, 1877. Not 
 until 1849 did her first bo Jc, < The Sea-Gull,> 
 appear, forthwith establishing her fame as the 
 creator of the modem Spanish realistic novel. 
 A strictly Roman Catholic and extremely con- 
 servative tendency prevails in all her work. 
 Her novels include : < The Family of Alvareda> ; 
 
 < A Summer Season at Bomos > ; < Clemencia > ; 
 ♦Elia>; < Tears >; <Poor Dolores >; < Lucas 
 Garcia > ; and others. Besides several collections 
 of short stories, she also published the first 
 collection of Spanish fairy tales, under the 
 title < Andalusian Popular Tales and Poems ' 
 (1859). 
 
 Cabanls, Jean Louis (ka-ba-nes'). A Ger- 
 man ornithological writer; bom in Berlin, 
 March 8, 1816. His studies in two continents 
 are ably elaborated in < Ornithological Obser- 
 vations,' a work of authority in the science, 
 and succeeded by many invaluable notices and 
 investigations. 
 
 CabaniB, Pierre Jean Georges. A French 
 physician and philosophical writer; bom in 
 Cosnac, 1757; died near Meulan, May 5, 1808. 
 He attended Mirabeau in that great French- 
 man's final illness, and wrote < Journal of the 
 Illness and Death of Mirabeau > (1791) ; besides 
 being the author of an interesting work on 
 
 < Connections [rapporfs] between Man's Phys- 
 ical and Moral Constitutions [or Natures] ' (new 
 ed. 1866), which has proved an incentive to 
 thought. 
 
 Cabell, Isa Carrlngton. An American mis- 
 cellaneous writer; bom in Virginia, 18 — . She 
 has written for various periodicals, and has 
 published <Seen from a Saddle.' 
 
 Cable, George Washington. An American 
 novelist; born in New Orleans, La., Oct. 12, 
 1844. After the Civil War he began to con- 
 tribute sketches to newspapers, and afterward 
 published stories in magazines. Among his 
 published works are : <01d Creole Days' (1879); 
 <The Grandissimes > (1880); < Madame Del- 
 phine' (1881); <Dr. Sevier' (1883); <The 
 Creoles of Louisiana > (1884) ; < The Silent South • 
 (1885) ; < John March, Southerner'; <Bonaventure', 
 
 < Strange, True Stories of Louisiana ' ; < The 
 Busy Man's Bible ' ; < The Negro Question '; 
 
 < Strong Hearts ' ; < The Cavalier ' ; < Bylow Hill.' 
 
 Cacclanlga, Antonio (ka"cha-ne'ga). An 
 Italian novelist ; born in Treviso, June 30, 1823. 
 Exiled after the revolution of 1848, he lived 
 as reporter in Paris until 1854, and there wrote 
 his novel <The Prescript' (1853); esteemed as 
 an excellent portrayal of French life. Among 
 his other works are: < Sweet Idleness' (1869), 
 
 a picture of Venetian life in the i8th century; 
 < Countess Savina's Kiss' (1875); <The Fam- 
 ily of Bonifazio' (1886) : all notable for facility 
 and legitimate popularity of style. Died 1903. 
 
 Cadabalso or Cadalso, Don Job6 de (ka- 
 da-al'so or ka-dal'so). A Spanish poet, dram- 
 atist, and story- writer ; born in Cadiz, Oct. 8, 
 1741 ; killed at Gibraltar, Feb. 27, 1782. Mili- 
 tary and literary capacity were equally char- 
 acteristic of this well-born and well-educated 
 man, who, after writing elegant verses, dainty 
 satires, and especially <The Sages of the Violet' 
 (or < Learned Men who are Fashionable'), a 
 specimen of original and unforced humor, was 
 killed during a siege by the explosion of a 
 shell. 
 
 Caderas, Glan Frederic (ka-da'ras). A dis- 
 tinguished Swiss dialect poet and story-writer; 
 born at Modena, Italy, July 13, 1830 ; died at 
 Samaden, Switzerland, Nov. 25, 1891. He cul- 
 tivated the old Rhaetian tongue, which still 
 survives among some of the Tyrolese and else- 
 where ; producing much sprightly verse, the col- 
 lections < Alpine Flowers' (1883) and < Smiles 
 and Tears' (1887) containing fine specimens. 
 His comedy of <The Apothecary' (1864) has 
 been successful. 
 
 Cadol, Victor Edouard (ka-dol). A French 
 dramatist and novelist; born in Paris, Feb. II, 
 1831, died there June 2, 1898. He began as a 
 writer of theatrical criticism for various periodi- 
 cals; but after the brilliant success of his comedy, 
 <The Good-for-Nothings> (1868), which ran for 
 200 consecutive nights, he became known 
 as a dramatist, and numerous plays came 
 from his pen. Among his novels may be men- 
 tioned : < Rose : Splendor and Miseries of The- 
 atrical Life' (1874); and <Hortense Maillots' 
 (1885). 
 
 Cadoudal, Louis Georges de (ka-do-dal'). 
 A French essayist and critic; born at Auzon, 
 Haute-Loire, Feb. 10, 1823. Journalism, the 
 cause of Bourbon restoration, and love of the 
 Church have occasioned his < Signs of the 
 Times' (1861); < Memories of Fifteen Years' 
 (1862); and < Madame Acarie' (1863), a study 
 of the religious life in the sixteenth and seven- 
 teenth centuries. 
 
 Caedmon (kad'mon). An Englis'A poet; 
 bom — ; died 680. He is styled «the father 
 of English song" on account of his epics of 
 sacred history, written in old Northumberland 
 dialect, mostly without titles, although one is 
 called < Genesis.' 
 
 Csesar, Calus Julius (se'zar). The great 
 Roman general and writer of memoirs; wat 
 bom probably about 100 B. C. ; killed March 15, 
 44 B. C. He wrote < Commentaries' or notes 
 on all his wars, but those on the wars in Gaul
 
 C AHAN — CALENZ^LI 
 
 and those on the Civil War alone remain. 
 Besides the < Commentaries,* he wrote a gram- 
 matical treatise < On Analogy,* but it has not 
 come down to us; of his orations, too, no ex- 
 ample is extant. 
 
 Caban, Abraham (ka'han). An American 
 journalist and novelist; born in Russia, i860. 
 He is editor of the New York Zukunft (Fu- 
 ture). He has written: <Yekl, a Tale of the 
 New York Ghetto > ; < Raphael Narizokh > in 
 Yiddish ; and • The Cha»m.> 
 
 Cahen, Isidore (ka-an'). A French Hebraist 
 historian and critic, son of Samuel; bom in 
 Paris, Sept. 16, 1826. <The Philosophy of the 
 Poem of Job> (1851) and <The Immortality 
 of the Soul among the Jews> (1857) are his 
 masterpieces. 
 
 Cahen, Samuel. An eminent French Hebra- 
 ist; born in Metz, Aug. 4, 1796; died in Paris, 
 Jan. 8, 1862. His version of the Old Testament 
 (1841-53) must remain a permanent monument 
 to his memory. 
 
 Calne, Thomas Henry Hall. An English 
 novelist; bom at Runcorn, Cheshire, May 14, 
 1853. His works are : < Recollections of Ros- 
 setti> (1882); <The Shadow of a Crime > (1885); 
 <A Son of Hagar> (1887); < The Heemster,' 
 a romance of the Isle of Man (1887); <The 
 Little Manx Nation* (1891) ; < The Scapegoat* 
 (1891); < The Manxman > (1893) ; '■ The Christian * 
 O897); <The Eternal City* (1901); < The Prodi- 
 gal Son* (1904). 
 
 Caldas Pereira de Souza, Antonio (kal'das 
 pe-ra'ra de so'za). A Brazilian poet; bom in 
 Rio Janeiro, Nov. 23, 1762 ; died there, March 2, 
 1814. He spent the greater part of his life in 
 Portugal, France, and Rome, where he took or- 
 ders, and returned to Brazil in 1808. His < Poems, 
 Sacred and Profane* (1821 ; new ed. 1836), in 
 Spanish, contain many splendid passages; the 
 best examples being, probably, the ode on < Man 
 as a Barbarian* and <The Birds.* 
 
 Calderon, Don Serafin Est^banez (kal-da- 
 ron'). A Spanish writer (1801-67). He was 
 professor of poetry and rhetoric at Granada, 
 1822-30 ; but resigned and went to Madrid. 
 There he collected a vast library of old Span- 
 ish literature, especially of ballads, whether MS. 
 or in print : the collection is in the national 
 library at Madrid. He wrote a volume of 
 < Poems* (1833); a novel, < Christians and Mo- 
 riscos * ( 1838 ) ; and a very valuable study of < The 
 Literature of the Moriscos.* He also wrote 
 <The Conquest and the Loss of Portugal,* and 
 a charming volume of <Andalusian Scenes.* 
 
 Calderon de la Barca, Pedro (kal-da-ron' 
 da la bar'ka). A great Spanish dramatist; 
 bom at Madrid, Jan. 17, 1600 ; died May 25, 
 1681. Of < Sacramental Acts* — out-door plays 
 for Corpus Christi day — he wrote 72 on themes 
 Scriptural, classical, or moral : of these, < The 
 Divine Orpheus* is reputed the best. Of reli- 
 gious dramas he wrote 16, among them <The 
 vVonder-Working Magician,* the action of which 
 centres on a human soul's surrender tQ Satan ; 
 
 it was translated by Shelley and beautifully 
 paraphrased by Fitzgerald. Another drama of 
 this series is < The Schism of England.* Of 
 his dramas of secular history may be cited the 
 powerful domestic tragedy, <The Alcalde of 
 Zalamea.* His dramas include : < No Magic 
 Like Love,* founded on the myth of Circe, and 
 t Echo and Narcissus * ; while his best known 
 comedies of intrigue, or «of the cloak and 
 sword,** are : < The Fairy Lady * and < 'Tis 111 
 Keeping a House with Two Doors.* ' 
 
 Calder6n y Beltr&n, Fernando (kal-da-ron 
 e bel"tran'). A Mexican dramatist and poet; 
 bom in Guadalajara, July 20, 1809; died at 
 Ojocaliente, Jan. 18, 1845. His plays, especially 
 <The Tourney,* <Anne Boleyn,* and <The 
 Return of the Crusader,* are very popular 
 throughout Spanish America, while as a lyric 
 poet he is also highly esteemed among his 
 countrymen. 
 
 Calderwood, Henry. A Scotch philosophical 
 writer ; bom at Peebles, May lo, 1830 ; died at 
 Edinburgh, Nov. 19, 1897. An opponent of the 
 doctrines of Sir William Hamilton, he brought out 
 
 < The Philosophy of the Infinite * ( 1854) ; < The 
 Handbook of Moral Philosophy* (1872); and 
 similar works, which ran through many editions. 
 
 Caldwell, Joseph (kald'wel). An American 
 divine and educator ; born at Lamington, N. J., 
 April 21, 1773; died at Chapel Hill, N. C.^ 
 Jan. 27, 1835. He was president of the Uni- 
 versity of North Carolina (1804). He wrote : 
 
 < Letters of Carleton * ; etc. 
 
 Caldwell, William Warren. An American 
 
 writer of verse ; born in Massachusetts, 1823. 
 His home is in Newburyport. Besides trans- 
 lating numerous lyrics from the German, he has 
 published < Poems, Original and Translated.* 
 
 Calef, Robert (ka'lef). An American satir- 
 ist; born in Massachusetts, about 1648; died 
 1719. He was a Boston merchant. He wrote : 
 <More Wonders of the Invisible World* (1700), 
 a reply to Cotton Mather's < Wonders of the 
 Invisible World,* and opposing persecution for 
 witchcraft. The book was publicly burned by 
 Increase Mather. 
 
 Calemard de la Fayette, Charles (kal- 
 mar' de la fl-yet or fa-yet). A French poet, 
 critic, and essayist ; born in Puy, April 9, 1815. 
 He has enriched polite literature with studies 
 of < Dante, Michael Angelo, Machiavelli * (1852), 
 with an artistic version of < The Inferno of 
 Dante Alighieri* (1855), and with <The Adieu* 
 (1885), a collection of well-polished verse. 
 
 Calentlus or Calenzlo (ka-len'shus). A 
 noted late Latin poet; died 1503. He wrote 
 elegies, satires, and epigrams that were greatly 
 admired for their pure Latinity; also a poem 
 founded upon the Homeric legends. 
 
 Calenzoli, Giuseppe (ka-len'ts6-le). An Ital- 
 ian dramatist ; born in Florence, 1815 ; author 
 of some thirty comedies, mostly in one act, 
 showing an excellent sense of stage effect, and 
 ^ ready and always reftned yy\%. The best
 
 CALFA — CALVIN 
 
 89 
 
 among them are : * A Search for a Husband > 
 (1852); <Father Zappata> (1876). His < Dia- 
 logues and Comedies for Young Giris' (1874) 
 are also highly esteemed. Died 1882. 
 
 Calfa, Ambroise (kal-fa'). A French-Arme- 
 nian historian and miscellaneous writer; born 
 in Constantinople, March 2, 1830. A < Uni- 
 versal History' (1851), and Armenian versions 
 of French masterpieces, are typical of his tal- 
 ent and industry. 
 
 Calfa, Cordne. An Armenian poet and prose- 
 writer, brother of Ambroise ; born in Constan- 
 tinople in 1835. His poems and songs are 
 immensely popular with his countrymen; his 
 translation of Lamartine's < Poetic Harmonies' 
 is adequate and spirited ; besides which should 
 be mentioned a < History of Armenia,* well 
 written and authoritative. 
 
 Calhoun, John Caldwell. An American 
 statesman; born Abbeville dist, S. C, March 
 18, 1782 ; died m Washington, March 31, 1850. 
 He was elected Representative in Congress 
 in 181 1, and there soon attained note; was 
 Secretary of War in Monroe's administration 
 (1817); was Vice-President of the United States 
 under J. Q. Adams (1825-29), and under Jack- 
 son (1829-32). He first distinctly promulgated 
 his doctrine of Nullification in 1829. He be- 
 came United States Senator in 1832 and so 
 remained till 1843, when he was made Secre- 
 tary of State by President Tyler ; he was again 
 elected to the Senate in 1845, and '" that office 
 died. As a speculative thinker, according to 
 John Stuart Mill, he << displayed powers su- 
 perior to [those of] any one who has appeared 
 in American politics since the authors of <The 
 Federalist.' '* His most memorable treatise is 
 <0n the Constitution and Government of the 
 United States.' A < Discourse on Government' 
 is also notable. 
 
 Callender, James Thomas. An American 
 politician and publicist; bom in England, 17 — ; 
 died 1803. He was exiled from England for 
 his pamphlet <The Political Progress of Great 
 Britain.' He wrote : < Sketches of the History 
 of America ' ; < The Prospect before Us.' 
 
 Callender, John. An American historian ; 
 born in Boston, Mass., 1706; died in Newport, 
 R. I., Jan. 26, 1748. He collected many valu- 
 able papers relating to the Baptists in America ; 
 and published <A Centennial Discourse on the 
 Civil and Religious Affairs of the Colony of 
 Rhode Island' (1739), which was the only 
 history of that State for more than a century. 
 The State Historical Society reprinted it, with 
 notes by Rev. Romeo Elton, D. D. (1838) and 
 a memoir of the author. 
 
 Callimachus (kal-im'a-kus). A Greek poet; 
 born in Cyrene ; flourished third century B. C. 
 He wrote epics called < Hecale ' and < Galatea,' 
 besides tragedies, comedies, elegies, and hymns ; 
 but only some epigrams, sacred songs, and 
 verses have come down to us, among which 
 are a < Hymn to Jupiter,' an < Epitaph on 
 Heracleitus,' and one on himself. 
 
 Calonne, Ernest de (ka-lon'V A French 
 poet and dramatist; born in Paris, Jan. 11, 
 1822. His maiden effort, < Cupid and Psyche > 
 (1842), was a revelation of true poetic gifts; 
 and in comedy he has succeeded, with <The 
 Amorous Doctor' and < Bertha and Suzanne,' 
 in attaining felicitous literary if not theatrical 
 effects. 
 
 Calpurnius Siculus, Titus (kal-per'ni-us 
 sik'ii-lus). A Roman poet; born about 30 A. D.; 
 died about 80 A. D. He appears toward the 
 commencement of Nero's reign with various 
 eclogues and bucolics, palpable imitations of 
 Virgil and of Theocritus, and conceived in a 
 spirit of servile adulation of his imperial mas- 
 ter. 
 
 Calthrop, Samuel Robert. An American 
 Unitarian divine and essayist ; born in Eng- 
 land, 1829. He is settled in Syracuse, N. Y. He 
 has written :< Essay on Religion and Science'; 
 
 < The Rights of the Body > ; < God in his Word.' 
 
 Calverley, Charles Stuart. An English 
 poet and humorist ; born at Martley, Worces- 
 tershire, Dec. 22, 1831 ; died Feb. 17, 1884. 
 He won a prize at Oxford with a Latin poem ; 
 afterward becoming a member of Cambridge, 
 he was there made Fellow. He possessed an 
 exquisite wit. His < Verses and Translations' 
 (1862) have been often reprinted. His < Society 
 Verses' are marked by great elegance and 
 geniality. 
 
 Calvert, George Henry. An American writer 
 of prose and verse ; born in Baltimore, Md., 
 Jan. 2, 1803; died in Newport, R. I., May 24, 
 1889. He was a great-grandson of Lord Bal- 
 timore. After graduating at Harvard (1823), 
 he studied in Germany ; then returning to Bal- 
 timore, became editor of the American, and a 
 contributor to various periodicals. His pub- 
 lished books include: < Poems' (1847); 'Joan 
 of Arc' (i860); < Goethe, his Life and Works' 
 (1872); <Brief Essays and Brevities' (1874); 
 and < Wordsworth : a Biographic /Esthetic 
 Study' (1875). 
 
 Calvl, Felice, Count (kal've). An Italian 
 historian and novelist; born in Milan, Dec. 
 16, 1822. His earliest work was <A Castle in 
 the Roman Campagna,' a novel, followed by 
 several valuable historical works, among them : 
 
 < Diplomatic and Historical Curiosities of the 
 Seventeenth Century' (1878); <A Family of 
 Noted Milanese' (1875-87). 
 
 Calvin, John (kal'vin). A celebrated re- 
 former and theologian ; born at Noyon, in Pic- 
 ardy, July 10, 1509; died in Geneva, May 27, 
 1564. Soon after taking a degree, he went to 
 Paris for the study of the humanities. In 
 Paris he came under the influence of the 
 teachers of the new theology; and before long 
 (1534) had to flee from France, seeking refuge 
 at Basel. There he published his greatest 
 work : < Institutes of the Christian Religion ' 
 (1536), first in Latin, then in a French ver- 
 sion; he afterward revised and enlarged the 
 work, and the author's definitive edition wa*
 
 9© 
 
 CAMBRIDGE — CAMPBELL 
 
 published in I55Q. Next after the ' Institutes,* 
 Calvin's most important work is his • Com- 
 mentaries on the New Testament.' His com- 
 plete works were published in 12 folio volumes 
 (1617). In the libraries of Geneva and Ziirich 
 are about 3,000 of his unpublished sermons and 
 other writings. 
 
 Calvo, Carlo, author of international law 
 (1824-93); born at Buenos Ay res. He wrote 
 
 < Historical Reviewof Treaties, Conventions, etc., 
 of all Latin- American States' (1862-69), and 
 
 < The International Law in Theory and Practice > 
 ( 1887-90). 
 
 Cambridge, Richard Owen. An English 
 miscellaneous writer; born in London, 1717 ; 
 died 1802. He wrote : < The Scribleriad,* a 
 heroic poem; < History of the War in India 
 between the French and the English from 1755 
 to 1761 > ; and other works. 
 
 Camden, William. An English antiquarian ; 
 born in London, 1551 ; died, 1623. He was re- 
 nowned for his Anglo-Saxon learning, and 
 wrote : < Description of Great Britain in Ancient 
 Times'; 'Annals of the Reign of Elizabeth'; 
 and other works. 
 
 Cameron, H. Lovett. An English novelist, 
 widow of Verney L. Her novels deal mostly 
 with personal complications, and include : < The 
 Cost of a Lie' (1886); <The Dead Past' (1886); 
 and <Pure Gold' (1887),— all involving the 
 sombre side of sentiment. 
 
 Cameron, Verney Lovett. An English ex- 
 plorer and writer of adventure ; born in Radi- 
 pole, Dorsetshire, July i, 1844 ; died at Leighton- 
 Buzzard, March 27, 1894. Famed for his feats 
 of travel, he turned them to account in < Harry 
 Raymond' (1886), a tale of adventure among 
 pirates; <The Cruise of the Black Prince Pri- 
 vateer' (1886); and < Across Africa' (1S77). 
 
 Camoens, Lulz de (kam'o-ens). Portugal's 
 greatest poet; born at Lisbon in 1524 or 1525; 
 died June 10, 1580. He passed some time in 
 India as a soldier; later he held a lucrative 
 office at Macao ; there he composed a part of 
 <The Lusiads.' He returned to Portugal beg- 
 gared, and died at Lisbon in a public hospital. 
 The < Lusiads ' served to determine the ultimate 
 literary forms of Portuguese : it is regarded as 
 the national epic of Portugal. 
 
 Camp, Walter. A well-known American 
 writer on athletics; born in Connecticut, 1859. 
 He has written: 'Book of College Sports'; 
 'American Football'; 'Football Facts and 
 Figures ' ; ' Drives and Puts' ; etc. 
 
 Campan, Jeanne Louise Henrietta (kon- 
 pon'). A French writer of memoirs, recollec- 
 tions, and essays on education ; born (Genest) 
 in Paris, Oct. 6, 1752; died at Mantes, May 
 16, 1822. Her 'Memoirs of the Private Life 
 of Marie Antoinette ' were based upon personal 
 knowledge obtained in the capacity of lady- 
 in-waiting; the 'Correspondence with Queen 
 Hortense' is a revelation of character of no 
 small value; but the 'Treatise on Education' 
 is unimportant. 
 
 Campanella, Tomaso (kam-pan-el'a). A fa- 
 mous Italian philosopher; bom at Stilo, Cala- 
 bria, Sept. 5, 1568; died at Paris, May 21, 
 1639. At an unusually early age he had em- 
 braced the monastic life, astonishing his reli- 
 gious superiors with the precocious ripeness of 
 his Thomistic scholarship, and writing poems 
 and treatises that are still not beneath respect. 
 For twenty-seven years, however, he lay in a 
 Spanish prison, because of his political indis- 
 cretions with the pen. During this period 
 many of his treatises were compiled : but the 
 ordeal broke his spirit and induced the impo- 
 tence so characteristic of his thought in the 
 very hour of its realization ; the consequence 
 being that even such great works as the 
 'Treatise on Material Philosophy' (1623) and 
 'Rational Philosophy' (1637) are painfully in- 
 adequate. Only his ' Kingdom [or City] of 
 the Sun' (1623), a work not unlike More's 
 ' Utopia,' is very widely known. 
 
 Campardon, Emile (kam-par-don'). A French 
 biographer and historian ; bom in Paris, July 
 18, 1834. He has made exhaustive studies of 
 'The Revolutionary Tribunal of Paris' (1866) ; 
 ' Marie Antoinette and the Necklace Case ' (1863); 
 and' Madame de Pompadour and the Court of 
 Louis XV.' (1867); < Memoirs of Frederick II.' 
 
 Campbell, Alexander (kam'bel or kam'el). 
 A celebrated American Presbyterian divine and 
 theological writer; born near Ballymena, Ire- 
 land, Sept. 12, 1788 ; died at Bethany, VV. Va., 
 March 4, 1866. With his father, he founded 
 the sect of " Campbellites " or " Disciples of 
 Christ" (about 1827), numbering at the time 
 of his death over 400,000 communicants; he 
 founded also, and was the first president of, 
 Bethany College (1841). He published the^ 
 monthly magazine the Christian Baptist (1823- 
 30), called afterward the Millennial Harbinger 
 (1830-63). Among his works were: 'Christian 
 System ' ; ' Popular Lectures and Addresses ' 
 (1862) ; 'Letters to a Sceptic' (1869); etc. 
 
 Campbell, Hartley. An American dram- 
 atist ; born in Allegheny City, Pa., Aug. 12, 
 1843; died in Middletown, N. Y., July 30, 1888. 
 He established the Evening Mail in Pittsburg 
 (1868) ; the Southern Magazine in New Orleans 
 (1869). His first drama that met with success 
 in New York city was ' My Partner,' appear- 
 ing in 1879. ' Fairfax, or Life in the Sunny 
 South,' and 'The Galley Slave,' were on the 
 metropolitan boards during the same season. 
 Included in his plays are: 'Matrimony'; 'The 
 White Slave ' ; ' Siberia ' ; and ' Paquita.' Sev- 
 eral of his plays were brought out in Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Campbell, Charles. An American historian ; 
 born in Petersburg, Va., May i, 1807 ; died in 
 Staunton, Va., July 11, 1876. Among his pub- 
 lications are: 'The Bland Papers' (1840-43); 
 'An Introduction to the History of the Colony 
 and Ancient Dominion of Virginia' (1849); 
 'Genealogy of the Spotswood Family' (1868). 
 He belonged to the Historical Society of Vir- 
 ginia; was a contributor of the Historical
 
 CAMPBELL — C AMPISTRON 
 
 9* 
 
 Register ana ilie Southern Literary Messen- 
 ger ; and editor of the < Orderly Book > of 
 Gen. Andrew Lewis in 1776 (Richmond, i860). 
 
 Campbell, Douglas. An American lawyer 
 and historical writer, son of W. W. Campbell ; 
 born at Cooperstown, N. Y., July 13, 1839 ;died 
 at Schenectady, N. Y., March 7, 1893. He prac- 
 ticed law in New York (1865-90). He wrote 
 
 < The Puritan in Holland, England, and Amer- 
 ica* (1892), considered an authoritative work. 
 
 Campbell, George. A Scottish divine and 
 philosophical writer; born in Aberdeen, Dec. 
 25, 1719; died there (?), April 6, 1796. In his 
 < Dissertation on Miracles* (1762) and (Philos- 
 ophy of Rhetoric* (1776), he shows learning, 
 ingenuity, and grace. 
 
 Campbell, Sir George. An English de- 
 scriptive writer; born in 1824; died at Cairo, 
 Feb. 18, 1892. He is best represented by his 
 
 < Modern India* (1852); < White and Black in 
 the United States*; and <The British Empire* 
 (1889). 
 
 Campbell, Helen Stuart. An American 
 sociological writer; born in Lockport, N. Y., 
 July 4, 1839. Her early writings were published 
 in newspapers and magazines. She has given 
 close attention to the study of social problems 
 in such works as < Prisoners of Poverty.* From 
 1881 till 1884 she was literary editor of Our 
 Continent, Philadelphia. Her style is serious, 
 witty, and emotional. Among her published 
 books are: <The Problem of the Poor* (1882); 
 <The What-to-do Club* (1884); <Miss Melin- 
 da's Opportunity* (1886) ; < Household Econom- 
 ics* (1896) ; < Ballantyne* (1901). 
 
 Campbell, John. A British historical writer"; 
 born in Edinburgh, March 8, 1708 ; died Dec. 
 28, 1775. His writings before 1742 were pub- 
 lished anonymously. From 1755 to the close 
 of his life, he was agent of the British gov- 
 ernment for the province of Georgia. His 
 works are in part : < Concise History of Span- 
 ish America* (1741); < Lives of the English 
 Admirals* (1744); <A Survey of the Present 
 State of Europe* (1750); and < Trade of Great 
 Britain to America* (1772). 
 
 Campbell, John, Baron. A British legal 
 biographer; born in Springfield, near Cupar, 
 Fifeshire, Scotland, Sept. 15, 1779 ; died in 
 London, June 22, 1861. He was Lord Chan- 
 cellor of England (1859-61); and wrote: < Lives 
 of the Lord Chancellors* (1845-48) and < Lives 
 of the Chief Justices* (1849-57), both well 
 known and authoritative works. 
 
 Campbell, Sir John Douglas Sutherland. 
 Sec Lome. 
 
 Campbell, John Francis. A Scotch folk- 
 lorist and descriptive writer ; bom about 
 1822 ; died at Cannes, France, Feb. 7, 1885. 
 His first success was < Popular Tales of the 
 West Highlands* (1860-62), an accurate and 
 discriminating compilation ; to which succeeded 
 < Frost and Fire* (1865), a volume of semi- 
 •cientific. and semi-descriptive miscellany. 
 
 Campbell, Loomis J. An American philolo- 
 gist and writer ; born in Oneonta, N. Y., 1831 ; 
 died there, Nov. 6, 1896. He was author of a 
 
 < United States History,* also of the popular 
 
 < Franklin Series * of school-books ; and edited a 
 
 < Young Folks' Book of Poetry* and a < Hand- 
 Book of Synonyms.* The degree of LL. D. 
 was conferred upon him by Hamilton College. 
 
 Campbell, Thomas. A celebrated Scottish 
 poet ; born at Glasgow, July 27, 1777 ; died at 
 Boulogne, France, June 15, 1844. In 1799 was 
 published his < Pleasures of Hope,* which in 
 a year reached a fourth edition. < Gertrude of 
 Wyoming* (1809); <The Exile of Erin*; < Ho- 
 henlinden*; 'Lochiel's Warning*; <Ye Mari- 
 ners of England * ; and < Battle of the Baltic,* 
 are among his best known poems. 
 
 Campbell, William W. A prominent Amer- 
 ican lawyer and historical writer ; bom in New 
 York State, I806; died 1881. Settled in N. Y. 
 city, he was a judge of the State Supreme 
 Court. He wrote : < Annals of Tryon County * 
 (reissued as < Border Warfare*); <Life and 
 Writings of De Witt Clinton * ; < Sketches of 
 Robin Hood and Captain Kidd * ; etc. 
 
 Campbell, William Wilfred. A Canadian 
 poet; bora in Western Ontario, Canada, 1861. 
 He has published <Lake Lyrics* (1889); <The 
 Dread Voyage* (1893); <Mordred, a Tragedy,* 
 and <Hildebrand* (1895), the two latter being 
 dramas in blank verse ; and numerous separate 
 poems, among them < England* (1897). He is 
 cited, in the Victorian Anthology, among the 
 notable poets of Canada. He is at present an 
 official of the Privy Council of the govern- 
 ment at Ottawa. 
 
 Campe, Joachim Heinrich (kam'pe). A 
 German lexicographer and writer of juvenile 
 tales (1746-1818). His educational works were 
 long widely read and highly esteemed ; espe- 
 cially < Robinson the Younger* (1779; 115th ed. 
 1890), an adaptation of Defoe's < Robinson Cru- 
 soe,* which was translated into every European 
 language. Next in popularity came a < History 
 of the Discovery of America* (1781 ; 26th ed. 
 1881). 
 
 Campion, Thomas. An English poet; bom 
 between 1570 and 1580; died at London, March 
 I, 1619. He was by profession a medical man. 
 He wrote a volume of < Poems* (l595), being 
 Latin elegies and epigrams. He published 
 (1610-12) four < Books of Airs,* containing songs 
 written by himself to airs of his own compo- 
 sition : the first book contains < Divine and 
 Moral Songs * ; the second < Light Conceits of 
 Lovers*; the third and fourth are not dis- 
 tinguished by any separate sub-title. In his 
 songs the verse and the music are most hap- 
 pily wedded. 
 
 Camplstron, Jean Galbdrt de (koA-pes- 
 troh'). A French dramatist (1656-1713), a dis- 
 ciple and faithful imitator of Racine, and often 
 called « Racine's ape.** His finest tragedies 
 were <Andronicus* (1685), the dramatized story 
 of Don Carlos, son of Philip II. of Spain; and
 
 92 
 
 CAMPOAMOR Y CAMPOOSORIO — CANONGE 
 
 <Tiridates> (1691). A comedy, <Jealousy Un- 
 deceived* (1709), ranks among his best pro- 
 ductions. 
 
 Campoamor y Campoosorio, Don Ramon de 
 v'kam"p5-m6r" e kam-po-s6're-o). A Spanish 
 poet and miscellaneous writer ; bom at Navia in 
 1817. He is at once one of the most popular 
 and most prolific of the peninsula's versifiers; 
 in < Moral and Political Fables > and < Colon* 
 his talent is most at home, although < Doloras > 
 (Sorrows), a collection of poems in which he 
 gives expression to the best in contemporary 
 Spanish ideals, has attracted most attention. 
 His stories in verse, <The Good and the Wise* 
 and <Juana's Loves* more particularly, are 
 deemed by many his masterpieces ; but his 
 plays — among them <Dies Irse,* a drama — are 
 not without a claim to that distinction. He 
 has written, as well, on political and social sub- 
 ject's in sonorous prose. Died 1901. 
 
 Camprodon, Francisco (kam-pro-don'). A 
 Spanish dramatist; born at Vich, Catalonia, 
 1816; died at Havana, 1870. His masterpiece 
 is 'The Flower of a Day,* written in euphoni- 
 ous and well-scanned metre, and a drama of 
 no ordinary merit; a sequel to it, entitled 
 < Thorns of a Flower,' being published after- 
 wards. 
 
 Ca&ete, Manuel (kan-ya'te). A Spanish 
 poet and dramatist; bom at Seville, Aug. 6, 
 1822 ; died in Madrid, Nov. 4, 1891. A volume 
 of < Poems* first drew popular attention to his 
 genius, which is strong in lyric compositions 
 and in odes, but strongest in the drama, as 
 <A Dispute in Granada* and <The Flower of 
 Bresalu* denote. His studies in dramatic criti- 
 cism, especially those of the infancy of the 
 Spanish theatre, possess a permanent value as 
 contributions to history, in addition to their 
 merits as specimens of a correct taste and an 
 almost faultless style. 
 
 Canlni, Marco Antonio (ka-ne'ne). An 
 Italian poet and political agitator (1822-91); 
 bom at Venice. He fled from Italy in 1849 
 and took refuge in Greece. He published, at 
 Athens, a volume of poems: <Mind, Fancy, 
 and Heart* (1852). Retuming to Italy in 1859, 
 he edited journals in various cities. He wrote 
 a novel in verse, < George the Monk and Leila.* 
 Another collection of his poems, < Love and 
 Sorrow,* was published in 1880; he has also 
 issued < The Book of Love,* a volume of trans- 
 lations of love songs from nearly 150 languages. 
 
 Canis, Jean (ka-ne' or ka-nis'). A French 
 historian; born in Paris, Nov. 20, 1840. His 
 realistic style, vivid narration, and scholarly 
 impartiality have attracted special attention to 
 two of his productions : < The Massacres in 
 Ireland,* and < History of the French Republic 
 from 1870 to 1883.* 
 
 Canivet, Charles Alfred fka-ne-va'). A 
 French journalist, novelist, and poet ; bom in 
 Valognes, Manche, Feb. 10, 1839. His repu- 
 tation was made by a series of articles in 
 the Soleil, under the pseudonym of «Jean de 
 Nivelle ** ; but in fiction he is well known as 
 
 the author of word-pictures of Normandy life, 
 among them < Poor Devils * and • The Organ- 
 ist's Niece.* His <Lost Colonies* is an account 
 of the French forfeiture of India and of Can- 
 ada through an impotent foreign policy; and 
 his best poetry is probably in the collection 
 ' Along the Coast.* 
 
 Canizares, Jose (kan-ye-thar'es). A Span- 
 ish dramatist ; born in Madrid, July 4, 1676 ; 
 died there, Sept. 4, 1750. His precocity, of 
 which much is made, took the form of dra- 
 matic composition, in which he excelled at four- 
 teen ; nor was he much older when his < Balance 
 Sheets (or Accounts) of the Great Captain' 
 was completed, — a historical play made note- 
 worthy by one scene of infinite effectiveness. 
 The Spanish stage owes to him, moreover, 
 
 < What Passes from Sceptre to Sceptre > ; < Eng- 
 land's Cruelty * ; and other productions of merit 
 
 Canning, George. An English statesman, 
 orator, and writer; bom in London, April 11, 
 1770 ; died at Chiswick, Aug. 8, 1827. A Liberal 
 in extreme youth, he early joined the Tory 
 party, distinguished himself as wit and Parlia- 
 mentary manager, held repeated Cabinet office, 
 and became Premier in the last year of his 
 life. He had grown more Liberal in his later 
 years, sickened at the stagnant and cmel re- 
 actionism that followed the panic over the 
 French Revolution, and assisted the South- 
 American republics to obtain independence. 
 His contributions to pure literature were mostly 
 contained in the short-lived Anti-Jacobin, a 
 Tory periodical after the fashion of the previous 
 Whig Rolliad, and full of wit; among them 
 are <The Needy Knife-Grinder,* and <The 
 Rovers,* which contains <The University of 
 Gottingen.* His speeches, however, are often 
 genuine literary productions; they were pub- 
 lished after his death, greatly altered (largely 
 for the worse) from their form as delivered. 
 
 Cannizzaro, Tommaso (kan-its-ar'6). An 
 Italian poet ; bom in Messina, Aug. 17, 1838. 
 The volume of poems styled <In Solitude' 
 shows him an idealist, and perhaps symbolist. 
 He uses the French language with dexterity 
 and grace in < Thorns and Roses,* another vol- 
 ume of verse. He also wrote < India' (1899). 
 
 Cannon, Charles James. An American 
 novelist, poet, and dramatist ; born in New 
 York city, Nov. 4, 1800; died there, Nov. 9, 
 i860. His publications include : < Ravellings 
 from the Web of Life* (1856); < Dramas* 
 (1857); <The Poet's Quest*; < Father Felix, a 
 Catholic Story'; < Dolores, a Tragedy*; and 
 
 < Better Late than Never,* a drama (1852). He 
 compiled a < Practical English Spelling Book,' 
 and series of Readers. 
 
 Canonge, Jules (ka-nonzh). A French poet; 
 born in Nimes, March 20, 1812 ; died March 
 14, 1870. His delicate poesy is preserved in 
 
 < Preludes* (1835); <Tasso at Sorrento*; and 
 <01im' (i8S9); besides other volumes, in addi- 
 tion to which he turned his attention to legend 
 and story and produced worthy prose.
 
 CANOVAS del CASTILLO — CARCANO 
 
 93 
 
 C&novaB del Castillo, Antonio (ka'no-vas 
 del kas-tel'yo). A distinguished Spanish states- 
 man and man of letters ; born in Malaga, Feb. 
 8, 1826; assassinated at the baths of Santa 
 Aqueda, Aug. 8, 1897. In his 25th year he 
 was editor of the Conservative journal Patria, 
 and in 1854 entered the public service as mem- 
 ber of the Cortes ; thereafter he held vari- 
 ous posts in the government. At his death 
 he had been for some years prime minister. 
 He is author of < Literary Studies ' (2 vols., 
 1868); 'History of the Austrian Dominion in 
 Spain > (1869); < Problems of the Time> (2 
 vols., 1884) ; < Studies on the Reign of Philip 
 IV.' (3 vols., 1888-90). He was editor-in-chief 
 of a < General History of Spain,' consisting of 
 monographs by sundry writers, of which the 
 first volume appeared in 1890. 
 
 Cano y Masas, Leopoldo (ka'no e mas'as). 
 A distinguished Spanish poet and dramatist ; 
 born at Valladolid, Nov. 13, 1844. He graduated 
 from the Spanish Military Academy at Madrid 
 (1865), and was appointed professor of analyt- 
 ical and descriptive geometry there in 1867, re- 
 tiring in 1885. His first comedy was < Laurels 
 of a Poet> (1852). His many other plays in- 
 clude : *■ The Code of Honor ' ; < Modem Idola- 
 try'; and <The Death of Lucretia.' He is the 
 author of a volume of poems, < Arrows.' 
 
 Cantacuzenus, John (kan"ta-ku-ze'nus). 
 Emperor of Constantinople ; born in the twelfth 
 century (?) ; died after 1355. His < Byzantine 
 History' is a noted work. 
 
 Cantemlr or Kantemlr, Prince Antlochus 
 
 (kan'te-mer). See Kantemlr. 
 
 Cantonl, Carlo (kan-to'ne). An Italian phi- 
 losopher; born in Grapello, Pavia, Nov., 1840. For 
 years he has expounded the Kantian philosophy, 
 attaining an international fame with his < Lectures 
 on the Human Understanding ' ; < Immanuel 
 Kant ' ; < The Philosophical-Literary Faculty in 
 its Relation to Scientific and National Educa- 
 tion ' ; and < Elementary Course Philosophy.' 
 
 Cantil, Cesare (kan-to'). An Italian his- 
 torian ; born at Brivio, Lombardy, Dec. 2, 1805 ; 
 died near Milan, March 11, 1895. Imprisoned 
 for political causes in 1833, he employed his 
 leisure in writing a historical romance, < Mar- 
 gherita Pusterla' (1838), one of the most suc- 
 cessful of modem Italian romances; it gives a 
 graphic picture of prison life. He wrote nu- 
 merous historical and biographical works; 
 his < Universal History' (35 vols.) has passed 
 through several editions, and has been trans- 
 lated into other languages. 
 
 Capecelatro, Alphonse, Cardinal (kii"pe- 
 chel-at'ro). An Italian Pietist biographer and 
 controversialist; bom in Marseilles, Feb. 5, 1824. 
 He has won distinction as Italy's leading con- 
 temporary Church writer, with a < History of 
 St. Catherine of Siena and of the Papacy of 
 her Day' (1856); <The Errors of Renan'; a 
 'Life of Jesus'; and a <Life of St. Philip of 
 Neri>-(i882). 
 
 Capefigue, Baptiste Honor6 Raymond (kap- 
 feg'). A French historian and journalist ; bom 
 in Marseilles,i8o2 ; died in Paris, Dec. 23, 1872. 
 His contributions to historical science are the 
 'History of Philip Augustus' (1829); and 'His- 
 tory of the Restoration and of the Causes that 
 Led to the Fall of the Elder Branch of the 
 House of Bourbon' (1831). 
 
 Capen, Nahum (ka'pen). An American his- 
 torical writer; born at Canton, Mass., 1804; 
 died 1S86. Postmaster of Boston, Mass. (1857- 
 61), he introduced street letter-box collections. 
 He wrote : ' The Republic of the United 
 States'; 'History of Democracy' (1874); etc. 
 He also wrote and edited works on phrenology. 
 
 Capern, Edward. An English poet; bom 
 at Tiverton, Devonshire, Jan. 29, 1811. He 
 attracted the notice of Walter Savage Landor in 
 consequence of the beauty and feeling of his 
 poems, descriptive oi" life and character in his 
 native county, where he was long in the mail 
 service, and known in consequence as "The 
 Rural Postman of Bideford." His best work 
 is in 'Wayside Warbles'; 'Sungleams and 
 Shadow'; and 'Ballads and Songs.' Died at 
 Braunton, June 4, 1894. 
 
 Capponi, Glno, Marchese (kap-o'ne). An 
 Italian historian and scholar ; born in Florence, 
 Sept. 14, 1792; died there, Feb. 3, 1876. A 
 'History of the Florentine Republic' (1875) is 
 his chief work. 
 
 Capuana, Luigi (ka-pu-a'na). An Italian 
 poet, novelist, and critic ; born at Mineo, Sicily, 
 May 27, 1839. Having devoted himself to jour- 
 nalism, he settled (1864) in Florence, where he 
 wrote dramatic criticisms ; from 1868 until 1877 
 he lived in his native town, then in Milan, 
 again as a journalist. His best-known work is 
 'Giacinta' (1879), a naturalistic noveh Besides 
 this he published several volumes of short 
 stories, among them : ' Profiles of Women ' 
 
 (1881) ; 'Homo' (1883) ; and two collections of 
 charming fairy tales: 'Once upon a Time' 
 
 (1882) and 'Fairy Land' (1883). A curious 
 specimen of rhythmical prose is his ' Semi- 
 Rhythms' (1888), in praise of worldly joy and 
 beauty. 
 
 Carayon, Auguste (ka-ri-yon or ka-ra-yoh). 
 A French historian ; born at Saumur, March 
 31, 1813; died at Poitiers, May 15, 1874. A 
 distinguished Jesuit, he wrote : ' First Canadian 
 Missions of the Jesuits' (1S64); 'Banishment 
 of the Jesuits from Louisiana' (1865); and 
 similar studies. 
 
 Carcano, GiuUo (kar-kii'no). An Italian 
 poet (1812-84); born in Milan. He wrote a 
 narrative poem, ' Ida Delia Torre,' while a 
 student at Pavia (1834). His next work, 'An- 
 giola Maria' (1839), had extraordinary success; 
 it is a deeply sympathetic story of Italian fam- 
 ily life, and is regarded as the highest type of 
 that class in Italian. In the same vein is the 
 volume 'Simple Narratives' (1843). He wrote 
 also 'Damiano, the Story of a Poor Family*
 
 94 
 
 CARDENAS Y RODRIGUEZ — CARLETON 
 
 (1851), and < Twelve Tales > (1856). He pub- 
 lishtd translations of several of Shakespeare's 
 plays. His latest volume of poetry was < Vari- 
 ous Poems > (1875). Among his later novels 
 are < Gabrio and Camilla, a Milanese Story ' 
 (1874); and < Carlo Barbiano> (1882). 
 
 C&rdenas y Rodriguez, Jos^ M. de (k'ar'da- 
 nas e ro-dre'ges). A Cuban poet and prose- 
 writer; born at Matanzas in 1812; died in 
 1882. Many of his humorous sketches of Cuban 
 life have been translated into French and pub- 
 lished in the Revue des Deux Mondes. Be- 
 sides a good comedy, <A Deaf Uncle,> he has 
 written a collection of fables, some of which 
 have been translated into English ; and numer- 
 ous poems. 
 
 C&rdenas y Rodriguez, NicolSis de. A 
 
 Cuban poet and novelist; born in Havana, 
 1814 ; died in 1868. His works comprise : 
 < Poetical Essays' (1836); 'Scenes from Life 
 in Cuba> (1841) ; <The Two Weddings,' a 
 novel (1844); < Diego de Velazquez,* a drama. 
 He was also a regular contributor to periodi- 
 cals. 
 
 Carduccl, Giosud (kar-do'chi). A distin- 
 guished Italian poet and philologist; born at 
 Valdicastello, Tuscany, July 27, 1835. He was 
 made professor of Italian literature in the 
 University of Bologna in i860. He had pre- 
 viously written essays on the history of lit- 
 erature ; and a small volume of lyrics, < Rimes,* 
 (1857). But his poetical genius is better shown 
 in the collections of his fugitive pieces pub- 
 lished a little later: < Serious Trifles* and 
 <The Decennials.* His <Hymn to Satan* 
 (1863), published under "the pseudonym <Eno- 
 trio Romano,* made an extraordinary impression, 
 and was formally defended in < Satan and Sa- 
 tanic Polemics* (1879). The breadth and range 
 of his genius, as well as his mastery of poetic 
 form, are seen in the < Poems of Enotrio Ro- 
 mano* (1871); <New Poems* (1873); < Iambics 
 and Epodes*; < New Rimes.* Died Feb. 15, 1907. 
 
 Carew, Thomas. An English poet (about 
 1598-1639). He stood high in favor with Charles 
 I., and was an intimate friend of the greatest 
 poets and scholars of his time in England, in- 
 cluding Ben Jonson, Sir John Suckling, and 
 Sir Kenelm Digby. His poems are light and 
 airy, sometimes licentious, always graceful and 
 elegant in form. They are mostly songs or 
 odes ; he also wrote < Ccelum Britannicum,* a 
 masque performed at Whitehall (1633), with 
 Charles I. and his courtiers in the cast. 
 
 Carey, Henry. An English poet and play- 
 wright; born about 1696; died in London (?), 
 1743. As the author of < Sally in our Alley * 
 his claim to the notice of posterity is a strong 
 one, and <Namby Pamby* is another of his 
 good songs. His farces, among them * Hang- 
 ing and Marriage,* are not so lively. 
 
 Carey, Henry Charles. A leading American 
 economist ; born in Philadelphia, Dec. 15, 1793 ; 
 died there, Oct. 13, 1879. Trained in his father's 
 publishing-house, he accumulated a competence 
 
 from the business and retired to devote himself 
 to study. The * Essay on the Rate of Wages ' 
 (1836) and <The Principles of Political Econ- 
 omy* (1837-40) won him an authoritative inter- 
 national position, in spite of what was then an 
 extravagantly unorthodox opposition to Adam 
 Smith and his followers. He next produced : 
 <The Credit System in France, Great Britain, 
 and the United States* (1838) ; <The Past, The 
 Present, and The Future* (1848); and <The 
 Principles of Social Science* (1858-59). 
 
 Carey, Mathew. An American publisher 
 and prose-writer; born in Ireland, Jan. 28, 1760 ; 
 died in Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 16, 1839. The 
 best known of his political writings was his 
 < Olive Branch* (1814). It was an effort to 
 promote harmony among political parties dur- 
 ing the War of 1812. It passed through ten 
 editions. In 1819 he published his <Vindici3e 
 Hibernicas*; and in 1822, < Essays on Political 
 Economy.* 
 
 Carl6n, Emilia Flygare- (fle-gar'e-kar-lan'). 
 A Swedish novelist; born at Stromstad, Aug. 
 8, 1807 ; died at Stockholm, Feb. 5, 1892. Her 
 first story was <Waldemar Klein' (1838). A 
 long series of novels followed, most notable 
 among them being: < Gustav Lindorm* (1839); 
 <The Professor* (1840); < Chamberlain Lass- 
 mann* (1842); <A Warehouse on the Cliffs* 
 (i860), her best story. Her latest work was 
 
 < Reminiscences of Swedish Literary Life * ( 1878). 
 She had clear insight into the conditions of 
 human life, especially of life in the middle 
 class, and she describes it with admirable fidel- 
 ity. 
 
 Carlen, Rosa (kar-lan'). A Swedish novelist 
 (1836-83). Her first story, < Agnes Tell > (1861), 
 had a very favorable reception. Then fol- 
 lowed : <Tuva* (1862); < Helena, a Woman's 
 History* (1863); * Three Years and Three 
 Days* (1864) ; <The Gypsy's Son* (1866), which 
 is regarded as her most perfect work. 
 
 Carleton, Henry Guy. An American jour- 
 nalist and dramatist; born in Fort Union, N. Mex., 
 June 21, 1855. He pursued journalism in New 
 Orleans and New York city, and has written sev- 
 eral plays including : < Memnon, a Tragedy * ; 
 
 < Victor Durand * ; < The Pembertons > ; < AGilded 
 Fool * ; < The Butterflies * ; < Jack's Honeymoon.* 
 
 Carleton, Will. An American poet ; born 
 in Hudson, Mich., Oct. 21, 1845. He is best 
 known in literature by his ballads of home life, 
 many of them having gained great popularity. 
 His books include : < Poems * ( 1871 ) ; < Farm I ,eg- 
 ends > (1875) ; < City Ballads * (1888) ; and < Citv 
 Legends * (1889) ; < In Old School Days * (1907 i. 
 
 Carleton, William. An Irish novelist ; born 
 in Prillisk, County Tyrone, 1794; died in Dub- 
 lin, Jan. 30, 1869. His intimate acquaintance 
 with the traits and tendencies of Irish pea.^- 
 ant character, and his harmless, graceful, and 
 unwearying humor, were conspicuous in his 
 first success, < Traits and Stories of the Irish 
 Peasantry.* Then came : < Willy Reillv - ■, 
 <The Fair of Emyvale*; <Fardorougha tiie
 
 CARLSON — CARRERA 
 
 95 
 
 Miser > ; and several other novels of great power, 
 in which much that seems anomalous in the 
 manners and methods of the author's country- 
 men is made clear through the medium of a 
 happy style and a realistic humor. 
 
 Carlson, Fredrik Ferdinand (karVson). A 
 Swedish historian ; born in Upland, June 13, 
 1811; died in Stockholm, March 18, 1887. He 
 was prominent in public affairs for many years, 
 and wrote, among other works, a < History of 
 Sweden > (1855-87), which ranks high because 
 of its exiiaustive accuracy and literary merit. 
 
 Carlyle, Jane Welsh. Wife of Thomas Car- 
 lyle ; born at Haddington, Scotland, July 14, 
 1801 ; died in London, April 21, 1866. Her 
 
 < Letters,^ edited by her husband, were pub- 
 lished in 1883, the work being given to the 
 world by J. A. Froude. 
 
 Carlyle, Thomas. A Scotch biographer, 
 historian, and miscellaneous writer; born at 
 Ecclefechan, Dec. 4, 1795 ; died in London, 
 Feb. 4, 1881. His works, as published, are : 
 <Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship,) a transla- 
 tion (1824); <Legeudre's Elements of Geometry 
 and Trigonometry,* a translation (1824); <Life 
 of Schiller' (1825); < German Romance,* trans- 
 lations from Tieck, Musaus, Richter, etc. (1827); 
 
 < Sartor Resartus* (first edition in book form, 
 Boston, 1835; second, London, 1838); <The 
 French Revolution* (1837); < Chartism* (1839); 
 
 < Heroes, Hero Worship, and the Heroic in His- 
 tory* (1841); <Past and Present* (1843); <Life 
 and Letters of Oliver Cromwell* (1845) ; < Lat- 
 ter-Day Pamphlets* (1850) ; < Life of Sterling* 
 (1851); <Friedrich IL* (1858-65); <Inaugural 
 Address at Edinburgh* (1866) ; < Reminiscences 
 of my Irish Journey in 1849' (1882); <Last 
 Words of Thomas Carlyle* (1882). He wrote 
 also innumerable magazine articles, still uncol- 
 lected. 
 
 Carman, Blisa. A Canadian poet; bom 
 at Fredericton, N. B., April 15, 1861. His first 
 publication, < Low Tide on Grand Prd : A Book 
 of Lyrics* (1893), had a very favorable recep- 
 tion. Other volumes of his collected poems 
 are: < Songs from Vagabondia* (1894); < Be- 
 hind the Arras: a Book of the Unseen* (1895). 
 His poems usually appear first in American 
 magazines and other periodicals. 
 
 Carmen Sylva. See Sylva. 
 
 Carmontel, Louis Carrogis, called (kar- 
 mon-tel'). A French poet and proverb-writer: 
 born in Paris, Aug. 15, 1717; died there, Dec. 
 26, 1806. His fame rests upon < Dramatic 
 Proverbs,* or epigrammaci: plays upon words. 
 
 Carnegie, Andrew (kar-na'gi). A noted 
 Scotch-American manufacturer, and writer of 
 travels and essays on affairs ; born at Dun- 
 fermline, Scotland, Nov. 25, 1837. He is pro- 
 prietor of the largest iron and steel works in 
 the world, at Pittsburg, Pa. His benefactions 
 have been large and numerous, among them 
 gifts of public libraries to Allegheny City 
 and to Pittsburg. Besides many articles in 
 
 periodicals, he has written : < An American Four- 
 in-Hand in Britain * (1883) ; < Round the World > 
 (1884) ; < Triumphant Democracy* (1886) ; < The 
 Life of Business* (1902) ; <The Life of James 
 Watt* (1906). 
 
 Carneri, Bartholomaus von (kar-na're). An 
 Austrian poet ; born at Trent, 1821. His volume 
 of poems < Plough and Sword * was greatly ad- 
 mired. He has published < Foundation of Ethic ' 
 (1881), and < Modern Man * (1901). 
 
 Caro, Miguel Antonio (ka'ro). A Colom- 
 bian prose-writer and poet; born in Bogoti, 
 Colombia, Nov. 10, 1843. He has been an edi- 
 tor and contributor to periodicals. His prin- 
 cipal works are: < Poems' (1866); < Hours of 
 Love,* a prose work; and a translation into 
 Spanish verse of Virgil's complete works (3 
 vols., 1873-75). He is a correspondent of the 
 Royal Spanish Acade^ny, and in 1886 was 
 national librarian in the Colombian congress. 
 
 Carpenter, Esther Bemon. An American prose- 
 ■writer ; born in Wakefield, R. I., March 4, 1848 ; 
 died there Oct. 22,1893. Shewrote for magazines; 
 published <The Huguenot Influence in Rhode 
 Island,) and < South Country Neighbors > (1887 ), 
 
 Carpenter, Stephen Cutter. An American 
 journalist and prose-writer ; bom in England ; 
 died about 1820. He came to the United States 
 (1803) and settled in Charleston, S. C, where 
 he soon founded and published with John 
 Bristed the Monthly Register Magazine and 
 Review of the United States. Later he was 
 editor of the Mirror of Taste and Dramatic 
 Censor, in which appeared some clever sketches 
 of American actors. His works include : 
 
 < Memoirs of Jefferson, Containing a Concise 
 History of the United States from the Ac- 
 knowledgment of their Independence, with a 
 View of the Rise and Progress of French In- 
 fluence and French Principles in that Country* 
 (2 vols., 1809); < Select American Speeches, 
 Forensic and Parliamentary, with Prefatory 
 Remarks; a Sequel to Dr. Chapman's Select 
 Speeches* (1815); and under the pen-name of 
 << Donald Campbell,** ' Overland Journey to 
 India > (2d ed. 1809-10), and < Letter on the Pres- 
 ent Times.* 
 
 Carr, Lucien. An American archaeologist ; 
 born in Missouri, 1829. He has written : 
 < Mounds of the Mississippi Valley* (1883); 
 'Missouri, a Bone of Contention* (1888); and 
 
 < Prehistoric Remains of Kentucky * (with 
 Shaler). 
 
 Carrer, Lulgi (ka-rar'). An Italian poet 
 (1801-50) ; bom at Venice. His first volume of 
 
 < Poems* contained sonnets, odes, and ballads 
 (1832). He wrote a poetical account of the 
 history of Venice, and published four volumes 
 of < Prose and Poetry* (1837). He is ranked 
 among the best of the later Italian poets. 
 
 Carrera, Valentino (kar-ra'ra). An Italian 
 dramatic poet ; bom at Turin, Dec. 19, 1834. 
 He is one of the most original dramatists of 
 Italy, especially in comedy. Among his many 
 comedies, vaudevilles, etc., the play which won
 
 96 
 
 CARRINGTON — GARY 
 
 for him a wide reputation was < La Quaderna 
 di Nanni> (1870), a perfect picture of Floren- 
 tine life. He wrote some historical sketches 
 and narratives of travel. 
 
 Carrington, Henry Beebe. A distinguished 
 American soldier and military writer; born at 
 VVallingford, Conn., March 2, 1824. Originally 
 a lawyer, he became brigadier-general of volun- 
 teers in the Civil War, served in the West till 
 1868, and was appointed professor of military 
 science at Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Ind. 
 His present home is in Boston. He wrote : 
 •Battles of the American Revolution > (3d ed. 
 1878); <Apsaraka, or Indian Operations on the 
 Plains > ; < Battles of the Bible > ; < The Americans 
 and their Future. > 
 
 Carroll, Anna Ella. An American Polit- 
 ical writer; born in Maryland, 1815; died in 
 1894. She wrote : < The Great American Battle > 
 (1856); <The Star of the West> (1856); <The 
 War Powers of the General Government > 
 (1861); etc. 
 
 Carroll, Lewis, pseudonym of Charles Lut- 
 widge Dodgson. A notable English humorist ; 
 born near Warrington, Jan. 27, 1832; died at 
 Guildford, England, Jan. 14, 1898. His fame 
 is based on the stories — nominally for the nurs- 
 ery, but only appreciable in their full merit by 
 adults — < Alice's Adventures in Wonderland) 
 (l865\ and its sequel 'Through the Looking- 
 Glass> (1872). They are fantasy- fables, full 
 of what seems pure nonsense, but is really 
 based largely on « reductions to absurdity » of 
 illogical popular usages in language or reason- 
 ing. They have been translated into most of 
 the languages of Europe. Some excellent 
 nonsense verse is also found in the collections 
 < Phantasmagoria ) (1869), the poem < The 
 Hunting of the Snark > ( 1876), and the inferior 
 prose fairy-tale < Sylvie and Bruno.* The 
 author has published several works on mathe- 
 matics and logic, in both serious and humor- 
 ous form. 
 
 Carruthers, William A. An American nov- 
 elist; born in Virginia about 1800; died in 
 Savannah, Ga., about 1850. He was profession- 
 ally a physician, but wrote a number of spirited 
 romances founded on incidents in American 
 history. His best work is <The Cavaliers of 
 Virginia, or the Recluse of Jamestown, an His- 
 torical Romance of the Old Dominion > (1832). 
 He is the author also of <The Knights of the 
 Horse-Shoe, a Traditionary Tale of the Cocked 
 Hat Gentry in the Old Dominion' (1845). 
 
 Carryl, Charles Edward. An American 
 story -writer ; born in New York city, Dec. 30, 
 1841. In 1885 he published <Davy and the 
 Goblin,> followed by <,The Admiral's Caravan,' 
 both juveniles in the manner of Lewis Carroll. 
 He is a broker in New York city. 
 
 Carter, Elizabetli. An English writer ; born 
 in Kent, 1717 ; died in London, 1806. She is 
 remembered for her version of Epictetus, al- 
 though her <Ode to Wisdom' (1746) is ad- 
 mired. 
 
 Carter, Robert. An American litterateur; 
 born in Albany, N. Y., Feb. 5, 1819; died in 
 Cambridge, Mass., Feb. 15, 1879. At first as- 
 sociated with Lowell in a monthly magazine, 
 later the private secretary of Prescott, then co- 
 editor of a newspaper with Hildreth, he passed 
 his life in miscellaneous journalistic and liter- 
 ary work ; the most important being a large 
 share in editing (1859-63) the first two editions 
 of the < American Cyclopaedia.' His one book, 
 <A Summer Cruise on the Coast of New Eng- 
 land' (1864), was long popular as an enter- 
 taining travel sketch, and among naturalists 
 for its account of New England fishes. 
 
 Carteret, Antoine Alfred Desir^ (kar-tra'). 
 A Swiss statesman and fabulist; born in Ge- 
 neva, April 2, 1813; died there, Jan 31, 1889. 
 His political career was long and brilliant; 
 and in literature he has made a name with 
 pleasing 'Fables' (1873), frequently treating 
 political subjects, and a novel, <,Two Friends' 
 (1872), descriptive of Genevese customs. 
 
 Cartwrigbt, Peter. An American contro- 
 versialist and sermonist ; born in Virginia, Sept. 
 I, 1785; died Sept. 25, 1872. He was a Meth- 
 odist clergyman, of great power and eccen- 
 tricity, and preached, it is said, fully 15,000 
 sermons. He published 'A Controversy v/ith 
 the Devil ' ; < Autobiography of a Backwoods 
 Preacher ' ; < Fifty Years a Presiding Elder.' 
 
 Cartwright, William. An English drama- 
 tist and poet; bom in Northway, September 
 1611, or Aug. 16, 1615; died at Oxford, Nov. 
 29, 1643. His plays were immensely success- 
 ful at the time ; < The Ordinary ' is probably 
 the best, but < The Royal Slave > is meritorious, 
 and both contain much lively wit and satire 
 at the expense of the Puritans. The poems 
 are not so good. 
 
 Caruttl di Cantogno, Domenico, Baron 
 
 (ka-rot'e de kan-ton'yo). An Italian historian 
 and publicist ; born in Cumiana, near Turin, 
 Nov. 26, 1821. As a young man he took to 
 romance-writing, but was speedily absorbed in 
 politics and rose to great distinction. When 
 he resumed the pen, it was to compile such 
 solid works as < History of the Reign of Vic- 
 tor Amadeus 11.' (1856), and 'History of the 
 Reign of Charles Emanuel HI.' (1859), which 
 are interesting and scholarly. 
 
 Cary, Alice. An American poet; bom near 
 Cincinnati, O., April 26, 1820; died in New 
 York city, Feb. 12, 1871. When quite young 
 she commenced writing sketches and poems 
 for the press. In 1852 she, with her sister 
 Phoebe, removed to New York city, where they 
 lived during the rest of their lives. In 1850 
 the sisters published a volume entitled < Poems 
 by Alice and Phoebe Cary.' Alice soon after 
 published < Clovemook, or Recollections of our 
 Neighborhood in the West' (1851-53) ; <Hagar, 
 a Story of To-Day > (1852) ; < Married not Mated ' 
 (1856) ; 'The Lover's Diary' (1867); and Snow- 
 Berries: A Book for Young Folks' (1869).
 
 GARY — CASTELLO-BRANCO 
 
 97 
 
 Gary, Edward. An American journalist; 
 born in New York State, 1840. He has long 
 been connected with the New York Times. 
 His principal published work is a < Life of 
 George William Curtis.* 
 
 Gary, Henry Francis. An English poet and 
 translator of Dante ; born at Gibraltar, Spain, 
 Dec. 6, 1772; died in London, Aug. 14, 1844. 
 Although his fame rests upon his version of 
 Dante's < Divine Comedy,* he possessed an inti- 
 mate knowledge of Latin, Greek, and French, 
 and translated masterpieces from those lan- 
 guages adequately and with grace. 
 
 Gary, Phoebe. An American poet and prose- 
 writer, sister of Alice ; born in Cincinnati, O., 
 Sept. 4, 1824; died in Newport, R. L, July 
 31, 1871. She contributed numerous sketches to 
 various periodicals ; and with her sister pub- 
 lished many books, among which are < Poems 
 and Parodies* (1854), and < Poems of Faith, 
 Hope, and Love.* 
 
 Gasanova de Seingalt, Giovanni Jacopo 
 (ka"sa-n6'va de sin'galt). An Italian advent- 
 urer; born at Venice, 1725; died in Bohemia, 
 June 4, 1803. Expelled from Venice for his 
 scandalous irregularities, he returned there and 
 was imprisoned ; after some months he made 
 his escape, and for twenty years traveled over 
 Europe, imposing upon all classes of society 
 with his pretensions to occult science and knowl- 
 edge of all the secrets of alchemy, including 
 rejuvenation of the old. Among his dupes were 
 Mme. de Pompadour, Frederick the Great, and 
 even that other prince of charlatans, Cagliostro. 
 He wrote his < Memoirs,* which were published 
 1 1828) in 12 volumes. 
 
 Gasas, Bartolomeo de las (ka'sas). A Span- 
 ish missionary to the aborigines of New Spain ; 
 born at Seville, 1474; died at Madrid, July 1566. 
 Moved to compassion by the inhuman treatment 
 of the natives by their Spanish taskmasters, he 
 labored to have them put under protection of 
 the law, and to have slaves imported from Africa 
 for labor in the mines and on the plantations. 
 He wrote memoirs in the interest of the abo- 
 rigines, as < A Very Brief Account of the Ruin 
 of the Indies* (1542); < Twenty Reasons*; etc. 
 He wrote a < History of the Indies,* but it has 
 not been printed. 
 
 Gasgrain, Abbe Henry Raymond (ka-gran'). 
 A Canadian historical writer; born in Rivi&re 
 Quelle, Quebec, Dec. 16, 1831. Oct. 5, 1856, he 
 was ordained a priest. He was professor at 
 Ste. Anne's College until 1859, and afterward 
 vicar at Quebec Cathedral from i860 till 1873. 
 Among his most important works are : < History 
 of the Hotel Dieu de Quebec * ; ' My Cana- 
 dian Parish in the Seventeenth Century.* A 
 collection of his entire works wa.s published in 
 1886. 
 
 Gass, Lewis. A famous American states- 
 man, diplomatist, and soldier; born at Exeter, 
 N. H., Oct. 9, 1872; died at Detroit, Mich., 
 June 17, 1866. He served in the War of 1812; 
 was governor of Michigan Territory (1813- 
 31); Secretary of War ( 1831-36 J ; minister to 
 
 France (1836-42) ; United States Senator (1845- 
 48); Presidential candidate (1848); United 
 States Senator (1849-57) ; Secretary of State 
 (1857-60). He wrote: 'History, Traditions, 
 and Languages of the Indians* (1823) ; < France, 
 its King, Court, and Government*; etc. 
 
 Gassin, John. An American ornithologist; 
 born near Chester, Pa., Sept. 6, 1813; died in 
 Philadelphia, Jan. 10, 1869. Among his more 
 important works may be named : < Mammalogy 
 and Ornithology of the Wilkes Exploring Ex- 
 pedition * ; < Ornithology of Perry's Expedition 
 to Japan * ; etc. 
 
 Castanheda, Fernao Lopez de (kas-tan- 
 a'da). A Portuguese historian; bom 1500 (?); 
 died 1559- His father having been appomted 
 to an important post in India, he was taken 
 thither in youth, and was thus led to make 
 the careful and unremitting researches em- 
 bodied in the < History of the Discovery and 
 Conquest of India by the Portuguese* (1551- 
 61), a work upon which Camoens drew largely 
 in the course of his epic activity. 
 
 Castelar, Emilio (kas-ta-lar^). A Spanish 
 orator, statesman, and writer ; bom at Cadiz, 
 Sept. 8, 1832 ; died at Murcia, May 25, 1899. 
 In early life he was a journalist. In 1864 he 
 became professor of history in the University of 
 Madrid. He was always a * Progressist *> and 
 became a leader in all the struggles of the 
 Liberal party of Spain. His eloquence is poetic 
 and rhetorical, of marvelous fluency and enthusi- 
 asm. He wrote many historical ' and political 
 works ; among them : < Civilization in the First 
 Five Centuries of Christianity * ; < Questions Po 
 litical and Social*; 'History of the Republican 
 Movement in Europe*; 'Historical Gallery of 
 Celebrated Women*; 'History's Tragedies.* 
 
 Castelein, Matthijs de (kas-tel-in'). A Dutch 
 poet (1485-1550) ; born at Pamele (Oudenarde). 
 He was the acknowledged lawgiver and pat- 
 tern of all the Dutch rhetoricians of his time, 
 in his 'Art of Rhetoric* He composed many 
 plays, but only two of them were published : 
 one of these is the 'Story of Pyramus and 
 Thisbe.* He wrote also 'Ballads* and a vol- 
 ume of 'Various Lays,* in melodious verse. 
 
 Gastelli, Ignaz Franz (kas-tel'le). An Aus- 
 trian poet (1781-1862). He wrote many war 
 songs; one of which, < War-Song of the Aus- 
 trian Army* (1809), was deemed not unworthy 
 of notice by the official organ of the French 
 government. His opera 'The Swiss Family* 
 (1811) was produced on every German stage. 
 His theatrical pieces numbered over 200. 
 
 Gastello-Branco, Gamillo (kas-tel'lo 
 brank'o). A notable Portuguese novelist and 
 poet; bom in Lisbon, March 16, 1826; died at 
 San Miguel de Seide, June 6, 1890. He is the 
 most popular of the modern romancists of 
 Portugal, and at the same time the most na- 
 tional 'ya tone, spirit, and form. Realism char- 
 acterizes his numerous novels (over lOO); the 
 best known being: 'Love of Perdition* (1862); 
 •The Marquis of Torres Novas*; 'Brilliant*
 
 98 
 
 CASTELNOVO - CATO 
 
 from Brazil.) All of them are genuine pictures 
 of Portuguese life. Among his poetic composi- 
 tions, the collection published under the title 
 A Book> (1854) holds the first place. 
 
 Castelnovo, Leo di (kas-tel-no'vo), pseudo- 
 nym of Count Leopoldo Pull^. An Italian 
 dramatist and poet ; born in Verona, April 17, 
 1835. He is conspicuous politically, and has 
 written a number of plays, mostly comedies ; 
 the best being probably < Drink or Choke' 
 [<0 here o afifogare,' meaning a case of Hob- 
 son's choice] and <A Dead Heart.' <Harp 
 and Guitar' is a verse collection. Notable too 
 is his novel, <Do the Dead Return?' 
 
 Castelnuovo, Enrico (kas"tel-no-o'v6). An 
 Italian novelist; born at Florence, 1839. His 
 stories have attained great popularity; among 
 them: < Prof. Romualdo' (1878); < Smiles and 
 Tears' (1882); < Reminiscences and Fancies' 
 (1886) ; < The Return of Aretusa ' (1901). He is 
 one of the acknowledged Italian masters of the 
 « novel of the inner life " (romano intimo). 
 
 CastelveccMo, Riccardo (kas"tel-vek'e-6), 
 pseudonym of Count Giulio Pull^. An Ital- 
 ian dramatist, father of Count Leopoldo Pullfe ; 
 born in Verona. His greatest success was 
 <The Romantic Lady and the Homoeopathic 
 Doctor' (new ed. 1869), a comedy; another, 
 
 < The Discreet [Lady's] Maid,' is also very 
 popular. 
 
 Casti, Giambattista (kas'te). An Italian 
 poet (1721-1803). He entered the service of 
 the Emperor Joseph II.; accompanied embas- 
 sies to St. Petersburg, etc. He won fame by 
 his <Gay Stories in Ottava Rima,' and added 
 to it by his witty satiric < Talking Animals' 
 (1802). The latter work was immediately trans- 
 lated into most of the languages of Europe. 
 The English translation, with numerous addi- 
 tions, was made by W. S. Rose, and published 
 as <The Court and Parliament of Beasts' 
 (1819). Casti wrote also two very successful 
 comic operas, and a poetic satire on court life 
 in the reign of Catharine II. of Russia. 
 
 Oastiglione, Baldassare, Count (kas-tel- 
 yo'ne). An Italian poet and statesman (1478- 
 1529) ; bom in the district of Mantua. He 
 wrote a volume of < Poems Vernacular and 
 Latin.' But the work to which he owes his 
 literary fame is < The Book of the Courtier,' 
 a masterpiece of elegant and ornate prose. 
 It lays down the laws of courtesy and of courtly 
 manners, and incidentally gives a view of life 
 in the highest society in the author's time. 
 
 Castllho, Antonio Feliciano (kas-tel'o). A 
 Portuguese poet (1800-75). Though almost 
 blind, he studied jurisprudence at Coimbra. 
 His first poetical composition, < Letters of Echo 
 and Narcissus,' published while he was a 
 student, won him great celebrity. He excelled 
 in pastorals ; and to this class belong his 
 
 < Spring,' and < Love and Melancholy, or the 
 Latest Heloise.' He had a deep sympathy 
 with nahire, and was a master of elegiac verse. 
 
 Castillejo, Christbval de (kas-tel-ya'ho). 
 The last representative of the ancient Spanish 
 poetry (1490-1556); born at Ciudad Rodrigo. 
 He opposed the introduction of Italian styles 
 into the poetry of Spain, and justified his oppo- 
 sition by demonstrating in his own work the 
 competence of the traditional styles of Spain 
 for the expression of all moods and all senti- 
 ments. His satiric vein, especially in the < Dia- 
 logue on the Condition of Women ' and the < Ser- 
 mon on Loves,' offended both clergy and laity. 
 
 Castillo-Solorzano, Alonso del (kas-tel'yo- 
 so-l5r'tha'n6). A Spanish romancer and poet 
 of the 17th century. His stories, <The Gar- 
 rulous Humbug,' < The Allurement of Money,' 
 and others, are still popular and are still re- 
 printed. Of his comedies the most notable is 
 <The Marquis of Cigarral.' His fables after 
 the manner of Ovid would not be deemed un- 
 worthy of the Roman poet. 
 
 Castlemon, Harry. See Fosdlck, Charles 
 Austin. 
 
 Castro, Agustin (kas'tro). A Mexican poet ; 
 born in Cordova, Vera Cruz, Jan. 24, 1728; 
 died in Bologna, Italy, 1790. A Jesuit priest, 
 an unpedantic scholar, he taught philosophy, 
 and also translated masterpieces with almost 
 unfailing sureness of touch. His original verse, 
 always warm and pure, includes < Hernin Cor- 
 tes,' and * Charts ' to guide the budding poetic 
 genius ; while the versions he made of Seneca, 
 Horace, Sappho, Milton, F^nelon, and Euripi- 
 des, receive merited praise. 
 
 Catherine, St., of Sienna. An Italian saint 
 and religious writer; born in Sienna, Italy, 
 1347; died 1380. Her letters and treatises are 
 greatly admired. She is styled «the seraphic 
 virgin " on account of her insight into spiritual 
 things. A new edition of her < Writings,' dic- 
 tated to her secretary by the saint in moments 
 of ecstasy, appeared in 1896. 
 
 Catherwood, Mary Hartwell. An Ameri- 
 can writer of historical romances; born in 
 Luray, O., Dec. 16, 1847. Died at Chicago, 
 Dec. 26, 1902. She wrote: <Craque-o'-Doom'; 
 <The Romance of Dollard'; <The Story of Tonty'; 
 <A Woman in Armor'; <The Lady of Fort 
 St. John' ; < The Chase of St. Castin, and Other 
 Tales ' ; < The Spirit of an Illinois Town > ; < The 
 White Islander > ; and other novels. Died 1902. 
 
 Catlin, George. An American prose-writer 
 and painter; born in Wilkesbarre, Pa., 1796; 
 died in Jersey City, N. J., Dec. 23, 1872. From 
 1832 till 1839 he traveled and lived among 
 the Indians of America, of whom he painted 
 hundreds of portraits ; in 1841 he published 
 < Illustrations of the Manners, etc., of the North 
 American Indians ; ' and subsequently, ' Life 
 among the Indians' and <The Breath of Life.* 
 His little book < Shut Your Mouth' was widely 
 read ; it was founded on his theory that the 
 Indians owed their vigor of health to their 
 habit of breathing through the nose. 
 
 Cato, Marcus Forcius (ka'to), the Censor. 
 A Roman statesman and pamphleteer (234-
 
 CATON-CECCO D'ASCOLI 
 
 99 
 
 149 B.C.). He exercised the broad powers of 
 the censor's office with inflexible, almost fanat- 
 ical rigor, and absolute impartiality. In his 
 eyes nothing was good that was not ancient. 
 He wrote many tractates on different subjects ; 
 but one only of them is extant, < On Farming,* 
 a collection of the rules of good husbandry. 
 Of his summary of the early annals of Rome, 
 
 < Beginnings,* we have only a few fragments. 
 
 Caton, John Dean. An American lawyer and 
 miscellaneous writer ; bom at Monroe, N. Y., 
 1812; died in Ohio, 1895. He was Chief Justice 
 of Illinois (1855-64). He wrote : <A Summer 
 in Norway > ( 1875); < The Last of the Illinois, 
 and a Sketch of the Pottawatomies> (1876); <The 
 Antelope and Deer of America > (1877) ; etc. 
 
 Cats, Jacob (kats). A Dutch poet; born in 
 Brouwershaven, Zeeland, Nov. 10, 1577 ; died at 
 his estate of Zorgvliet, near the Hague, Sept 
 12, 1660. He had a distinguished public career 
 as a diplomat, jurist, and educator ; but his en- 
 during renown depends upon his various poems, 
 
 < Emblems,* < Maiden Duty,* < Inward Strife,* 
 and others, in all of which the ethics of domes- 
 tic life are expounded with much cheerful dull- 
 ness. The collected edition, under the title of 
 
 < Father Cats's Book,* has attained a practically 
 universal circulation throughout Holland. 
 
 Catullus, Caius Valerius (ka-tul'us). The 
 greatest of Roman lyric poets (84-54 B.C.); 
 born at Verona. Of his compositions 116 have 
 come down to our time. The finest are those 
 
 < To Lesbia * ; * The Boat * ; and < Address to 
 Himself.* 
 
 Cavalcanti, Guido (ka-val-kan'te). One of 
 the earliest Italian poets (about 1235-1300). 
 His poems consist of sonnets, ballads, and songs, 
 to a young woman whose acquaintance he 
 made at Toulouse on a pilgrimage to Santiago. 
 
 Cavalcaselle, Giovanni Battista (ka-val- 
 ka'sel). An Italian historian of art; born at 
 Legnano, Jan. 22, 1820 ; died November 1897. 
 He became the literary associate of J. A. 
 Crowe, with whom he produced the epoch- 
 making < History of Painting in Italy* (1864- 
 71), the most complete work on the subject; 
 < Early Flemish Painters* (1857-72); <Life of 
 Titian* (1877); and others. 
 
 Cavallotti,FeIiceCarloEmanuele(ka-val-Ot^te). 
 An Italian poet ; born at Milan, Nov. 6, 1842 ; 
 died in Rome, March 6, 1898. His < Political 
 Poems* brought upon him censure from the public 
 authorities. With his tragedies, <Agnes de Gon- 
 zaga > and <Alcibiades * (1874), he established 
 his dramatic reputation. He was the author of 
 other dramas and of two volumes of lyric poetry. 
 His best work is < The Canticle of Canticles.* 
 
 Cavendisn, Margaret (Ducliess of New- 
 castle). An English writer; born in Essex, 
 1624; died 1673-4. She wrote < Philosophical 
 Fancies * ; and a collection of poems, < The Pas- 
 time and Recreation of the Queen of Fairies.* 
 
 Cavour, Count Camillo Benso di (ka-vor'). 
 A celebrated Italian statesman; was born at 
 
 Turin, Aug. 10, 1810; died June 6, 1861. His 
 great services to Italy are apparent in his 
 
 < Letters* (1821-61) ; <Unprinted Letters* (1862); 
 
 < Parliamentary Speeches* (1863); and <Corre- 
 spondence and Writings* (1892). 
 
 Cawein, Madison Julius. An American 
 poet ; born in Louisville, Ky., March 23, 1865. 
 Among his works are: < Blooms of the Berry* 
 (1887) ; < The Triumph of Music * (1888) ; < Lyrics 
 and Idyls* (1890) ; < Days and Dreams*; < Moods 
 and Memories * ; < Intimations of the Beautiful * ; 
 
 < Accolon of Gaul *; < Poems of Nature and Love '; 
 • Red Leaves and Roses * ; < Undertones * ; < The 
 Vale of Tampa* ; 'Nature — Notes and Impres- 
 sions.* 
 
 Cazton, William. An English printer and 
 scholar; born in the Weald of Kent, 1422 (?); 
 died 1491. His < Recuyell [collection] of the 
 Histories of Troy,* translated by him from the 
 French, appears to have been printed in 1474, 
 most probably at Bruges in Belgium. It 
 was the first book in English reproduced by 
 typography. He set up a printing-office in 
 Westminster, 1477; and on Nov. 18 of that 
 year issued <The Dictes and Sayings of the 
 Philosophers,* folio, a work ever memorable 
 as the first book printed in England — only 
 420 years ago ! He printed in all 71 separate 
 works, very many of them translated by him 
 from the French ; his translations even of Latin 
 classic authors were made, not directly from 
 the original language, but from French ver- 
 sions. 
 
 Caylus, Marthe Marguerite de Villette, 
 Marquise de (ka'liis). A French writer of 
 memoirs ; born in Poitou, 1673 ; died at Paris 
 (?), April 15, 1729. Long an ornament of the 
 brilliant court of Louis XIV., she passed her 
 declining years in dictating < My Recollections,* 
 in which a valuable insight into the life of 
 Louis XIV. is afforded, through the medium 
 of a singularly happy style. 
 
 Cazotte, Jacques (ka-zot). A French poet 
 and humorist (1719-92). His masterpieces are: 
 'Oliver* (1762), a poem of chivalry after the 
 manner of Ariosto ; and < The Devil in Love * 
 (1772), a tale of wonder which is still a popu- 
 lar favorite. He had extraordinary skill in 
 versifying, as shown by his adding a seventh 
 canto to Voltaire's < Civil War of Geneva * with 
 such perfect imitation of Voltaire's style and 
 manner as to deceive all Paris. 
 
 Cecchi, Glammaria (chek'e). An Italian 
 dramatist; bom in Florence, April 14, 1518; 
 died there, Oct. 28, 1587. He was the rival of 
 Bibbiena, Machiavelli, and Ariosto in portrait- 
 ure of character and in liveliness of dialogue. 
 Of his plays, 95 in number, but few have been 
 printed. These are mainly imitations of Plau- 
 tus and Terence ; the best of them are : < The 
 Hammer,* <The Slave,* and (the most famous 
 of all) <The Owl.* He wrote also religious 
 dramas; among them <The Exaltation of the 
 Holy Cross* (1589). 
 
 Cecco d'Ascoli (chek'5 das-ko'le), properly 
 Francesco Stabili. An Italian poet; bom at
 
 lOO 
 
 CECH — CESAROTTI 
 
 Ascoli, about 1257; died in Florence, Sept. 16, 
 1327. He was a devoted student of astrology 
 and of demonology. For the expression and 
 defense of certain erroneous opinions he was 
 burned at the stake. His heretical or impious 
 doctrines are contained in a poem, unfinished 
 but of encyclopaedic compass, < Bittemesses,> of 
 which he lived to complete four books. The 
 subject of the first book was astronomy with 
 meteorology; of the second, stellar influence 
 with physiognomy; of the third, minerals; 
 of the fourth, sundry problems, moral and 
 physical. 
 
 Cech, Svatopluk (chech). A notable Czech 
 poet and prose writer ; bom at Ostredek, Feb. 
 21, 1846. He was editor in succession of 
 several journals, and at the same time prac- 
 ticed law. After winning some celebrity as a 
 writer of stories and short poems, he made a 
 bolder flight in 1872 with < Dreams,' in which 
 he shows great epic power. Besides < Dreams,* 
 he has written several other poems, as <The 
 Adamites > ; < The Storm > ; < Songs of Morning.' 
 He is the most popular of Czech poets. As a 
 novelist he excels in lively wit and rich humor. 
 Among his works of prose fiction may be 
 named : < Stories, Arabesques, and Humor- 
 esques,' and the most amusing 'Candidate for 
 Immortality.' He wrote also (1885) < Memories 
 from the Orient,' fruit of his travels. 
 
 Celakovslry, Frantisek Ladislav (chel'a- 
 kov"ske). A Czech poet and philologist; bom 
 in Strakonitz, March 7, 1799 ; died in Prague, 
 Aug. 5, 1852. His earlier work was journal- 
 istic and pedagogical, his reputation in poesy 
 dating from the appearance of <Slav Folk- 
 Songs' (1822), to which succeeded various brill- 
 iant performances of a like nature : < Echo of 
 Russian Folk Songs' (1829); <Echo of Bohe- 
 mian Folk Songs' (1840); etc. He translated 
 Herder and Scott into his own vernacular 
 with felicitous results. 
 
 Cellini, Benvenuto (chel-le'ne). An Ital- 
 ian sculptor, metal-worker, and writer of 
 memoirs; born in Florence, Nov. 3, 1500 ; died 
 there, Feb. 13, 1571. His tremendous advent- 
 ures and his miraculous genius (as set forth 
 by himself in his < Autobiography') gives the 
 fascinating story of his life an important place 
 in letters, particularly as he is a master of 
 style. 
 
 Celsus (sel'sus). A Roman controversial 
 writer; flourished in the second century. His 
 <True Discourse,' an attack on Christianity, is 
 lost ; but it figures conspicuously in the history 
 of the early Church. 
 
 Celtes, Konrad (tsel'tes). [The Greek 
 equivalent of his real name, Pickel.] A cele- 
 brated German humanist; bom 1459; died 1508. 
 His most celebrated work is a volume of 
 < Odes' (1513). He did much to promote the 
 study of the classics, and wrote his own poems 
 in Latin. 
 
 Centlivre, Susannah. An English drama- 
 tist; bom (Freeman?) in Ireland (?), 1667 (?J; 
 
 died in London, Dec. I, 1723. He .nird hus- 
 band, from whom she derives the name by 
 which she is known in literature, was cook to 
 Queen Anne. <The Gamester' and <The Busy 
 Body ' are her best comedies, but < The Per- 
 jured Husband' is widely known. These plays 
 are very witty in dialogue, but unoriginal in 
 plot. 
 
 Ceo, Violante do (sa'o) A famed Portu- 
 guese poet ; bom in Lisbon, 1601 ; died, 1693. 
 She was styled « the tenth Muse." Her < Por- 
 tuguese Parnassus' and miscellaneous poems 
 are greatly admired. 
 
 Cerrettl, Lulgl (cheret'te). An Italian poet 
 and rhetorician; bom in Modena, Nov. i, 1738; 
 died in Pavia, March 5, 1808. The| purity and 
 elegance of his diction made him, at an early 
 age, the most distinguished professor of rheto- 
 ric and oratory in Italy. His < Poems and Select 
 Prose,' collected into a posthumous volume, 
 were instantly successful, and have retained 
 their rank ever since. 
 
 Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (ser-van'- 
 tez or ther-van'tes sa-a-va'dra). A celebrated 
 Spanish romancist ; bom at Alcald de Henares 
 ..i '547; died at Madrid, April 23, 1616. He 
 wrote many romances and stories, but he lives 
 in fame through < Don Quixote.' He served 
 some years in the army ; was captured by cor- 
 sairs and held five years in servitude. His 
 fellow captives testified to his self-denying 
 services to them while in the hands of the Al- 
 gerines. His first attempt in literature was the 
 composition of a pastoral romance, < Galatea,* 
 in the traditional style and spirit. Of twefnty 
 or thirty plays written by him, two only sur- 
 vive, and they have no celebrity. The first 
 part of <Don Quixote' was published in 1605, 
 and it had a hearty reception from the begin- 
 ing among the populace, though not among 
 the cultured classes. Before the year was out. 
 five editions, some authorized, others pirated, 
 were published, and the Don and his grotesque 
 retainer appeared like immemorial traditional 
 characters in every pageant. The continuation 
 of the immortal story, however, did not appear 
 till 1615 — and then because spurious continu- 
 ations published under his name fairly forced 
 Cervantes's hand. Meanwhile he busied him- 
 self with writing poems and novels now for- 
 gotten. On all these dead works he bestowed 
 great care before he gave them to the public: 
 he wrote < Don Quixote ' with " running pen." 
 
 Cesarotti, Melcbiore (cha-sar-ot'te). A dis- 
 tinguished Italian poet and scholar; bom in 
 Padua, May 15, 1730 ; died at Solvaggiano, 
 Nov. 3, 1808. He held a professorship at Padua. 
 His translation of < Ossian ' (1763) was hailed 
 as a work of genius. <A Course in Greek 
 Literature ' remains incomplete ; but an '• Essay 
 on the Philosophy of Language Applied to 
 the Italian Tongue' (1785), and on analogous 
 theses, are perfect specimens of criticism ; and 
 his poetry, though now falling into secondary 
 rank, is tasteful and ornate.
 
 CESNOLA — CHAMBERS 
 
 lOl 
 
 Cesnola, Lulgi Palma dl, Count (ches-n5'la). 
 A noted Italian-American archaeologist ; born 
 at Rivarola, near Turin, July 29, 1832. Ap- 
 pointed United States consul at Cyprus, he 
 discovered a large number of antiquities there ; 
 the collection is now in the Metropolitan Mu- 
 seum, New York, of which he is a director. 
 He has written : < Cyprus, its Ancient Cities, 
 Tombs, and Temples* (1877); < The Metro- 
 politan Museum of Art * ( 1882). Died Nov., 1904. 
 
 Oetina, Gutierre de (chet-e-na or tha-te'na). 
 A Spanish poet; born at Seville, early in the 
 i6th century; died there (?), about 1560. He 
 was a soldier, and served the Prince of Ascoli 
 till the death of that patron, when he departed 
 for Mexico. He spent some years in New 
 Spain, returning to Seville shortly before he 
 died. He chose to write in Italian measures 
 and forms, though in the Spanish tongue. His 
 sonnets, ballads, and epistles in terza rima, are 
 consummately graceful in expression, simple in 
 form, and inspired by tender feeling. 
 
 Ceva, Tommaso (cha'va). An Italian poet 
 and mathematician ; born in Milan, Dec. 20, 
 1648 ; died there, Feb. 3, 1736. He was a Jesuit 
 who attained peculiar proficiency in geometry, 
 and who also aided in spreading a knowledge 
 of Newton's discovery of the law of gravita- 
 tion. His poetry comprises a rhymed history 
 of Christ's youth, <The Boy Jesus > (1699) ; and 
 a < New-Ancient Philosophy* (1729). 
 
 Chadbourne, Paul Ansel (chad'bern). A 
 distinguished American educator and miscel- 
 laneous writer; born at North Berwick, Me., 
 Oct. 21, 1823; died in New York, Feb. 23, 1883. 
 He was president of the Massachusetts Agri- 
 cultural College at Amherst (1867 and 1882); 
 of the University of Wisconsin (1867-70); of 
 Williams College (1872-81). He wrote: 'Nat- 
 ural Theology* (1867); < Instinct in Animals 
 and Men* (1872); etc. 
 
 Cliadwlcli, John Wbite. An American poet, 
 prose-writer, and Unitarian divine ; bom in 
 Marblehead, Mass., Oct. 19, 1840. His radical 
 sermons have attracted attention, and he has 
 been a liberal contributor to current literature. 
 Among his works are : < A Book of Poems * 
 (1875) ; <The Bible of To-Day* (1878) ; < Origin 
 and Destiny* (1883) ;< A Daring Faith* (1885) ; 
 <The Man Jesus*; <The Faith of Reason'; 
 * Old and New Unitarian Belief *; < The Power of 
 an Endless Life.* Died Brooklyn, Dec. 12, 1904. 
 
 Chaille-Long. Cbarles (sha-ya'16n). An 
 American explorer ; born of French parent- 
 age, at Baltimore, Md., 1843. After serving in 
 the Confederate army he went to Egypt, v/here 
 he was appointed lieutenant-colonel by the Khe- 
 dive ( 1870). Gordon made him chief-of -staff and 
 sent him on a mission to King Mtesa of Uganda. 
 He wrote : < The Three Prophets* (1886); < Central 
 Africa* (1887); < The Sources of the Nile.* 
 
 Chalkley, Thomas (chak'li). A noted Amer- 
 ican Quaker itinerant preacher; bom in Lon- 
 don, March 3, 1675 ; died in Tortola, West In- 
 dies, Sept. 4, 1741. He spent his life preaching 
 
 in New England and the Southern celonies; 
 toward its end he made his home near Phil- 
 adelphia. His chief work was his < Life, La- 
 bors, and Travels,* whose quaintness made it 
 popular even outside the Society of Friends, and 
 has caused it to be several times reprinted. 
 
 Challemel-Lacour, Paul Armand (shal-mel' 
 la-kor'). A French statesman; born at Av- 
 ranches, May 19, 1827; died in Paris, Oct. 26, 
 1896. He figured conspicuously in journal- 
 ism, and published < Individualist Philosophy > 
 (1864) and numerous essays. 
 
 Chalmers, George. A Scottish historian; 
 born at Fochabers, 1742; died in London, 
 May 31, 1825. In 1763 he came to America 
 and settled in Baltimore, where he practiced 
 law for several years. At the beginning of the 
 Revolutionary War, he opposed the action of 
 the colonists ; not meeting with success, he re- 
 turned to England. His writings are political, 
 historical, and biographical. Among his works 
 are : < Churchyard Chips Concerning Scotland * ; 
 
 < Life of Daniel Defoe * ; and < Caledonia,* an 
 account of Scotland from the earliest period 
 (1807-24). 
 
 Chalmers, Thomas. A Scotch theologian 
 and social reformer; born at Anstruther, Fife- 
 shire, March 17, 1780 ; died in Edinburgh, May 
 1847. He was one of the greatest pulpit ora- 
 tors of Great Britain. His most important works 
 are : < Political Economy * ( 1832) ; < On the 
 Adaptation of External Nature to the Moral 
 and Intellectual Constitution of Man* (1833); 
 and many widely read volumes of sermons. 
 
 Chamberlain, Nathan Henry. An Amer- 
 ican Episcopal divine, biographer, and essay- 
 ist ; bom in Massachusetts, 1830 ; died there, 
 April 2, 1901. He wrote: 'Autobiography of 
 a New England Farmhouse * (1864) ; < Samuel 
 Sewall and the World He Lived in > ( 1895) ; 
 
 < The Sphinx in Aubrey Parish.* 
 
 Chamberlin, Joseph Edgar. An Amer- 
 ican journalist ; born in Vermont, 1851. He 
 is known as the << Listener ** of the Bostor. 
 Transcript, and is also attached to the Youth's 
 Companion. He has written <The Listener in 
 the Town * and < The Listener in the Country.* 
 
 Chambers, Charles Julius. An American 
 novelist ; bom in Bellefontaine, O., Nov 21, 
 1850. In 1870 he traveled through the West 
 Indies, Europe, the United States, and Canada, 
 as special correspondent of the New York 
 Herald. In 1876 he published an account of 
 his few weeks of experience (incognito) in an 
 insane institution, entitled <A Mad World,* 
 which excited great interest. He is a con 
 tributor to various periodicals; also author ot 
 the two novels: <On a Margin* (1884); and 
 < Lovers Four and Maidens Five* (1S86). 
 
 Chambers, Robert. An eminent Scotcli 
 prose-writer and publisher; born at Peebles, 
 July 10, 1802; died at St. Andrews, March 17, 
 1871. He and his brother began in poverty 
 as small booksellers; issued penny leaflets ol 
 useful information for the people, written in ?.
 
 CHAMBERS — CHAMPLIN 
 
 clear and simple though not infantile st)-le, 
 which became very popular, and at last took 
 regular periodical form in Chambers' Journal ; 
 and the great publishing-house which bears 
 the name of both developed gradually. The 
 excellent < Chambers' Encyclopaedia for the 
 People > was an outgrowth of the Journal, 
 and edited by the brothers. Robert wrote also 
 
 < Traditions of Edinburgh > and works on Scotch 
 history; but his most noted book was the 
 anonymous < Vestiges of Creation,> for years 
 an unequaled theologic-scientitic sensation. 
 
 Chambers, Robert William. An American 
 artist and novelist ; bom in Long Island, N. Y., 
 1865. His home is in New York. He has 
 written: <The King in Yellow >; <The Red 
 Republic >; <A King and a Few Dukes >; etc.; 
 and <With the Band,> a volume of ballads; 
 
 < Cardigan > ; < The Maids of Paradise > ; < Jole > ; 
 
 < Mountain Land > ; < The Tree of Heaven.> 
 
 Chambers, William. A Scotch prose-writer 
 and editor;' born 1800; died in 1883. Hewrote: 
 
 < Things asTheyArein America > (1854); < Amer- 
 ican Slavery and Color > (1857) ; ' France, its His- 
 tory and Revolutions > (1871) ; < Stories of Old 
 Families and Remarkable Persons' (1878). 
 He also compiled a < Hand-book of American 
 Literature > (1857). 
 
 Chambray, Georges, Marquis de (sham- 
 bra'). A French soldier and military writer; 
 born in Paris, 1783; died 1848. He served in 
 the Napoleonic wars, was in the fatal Russian 
 campaign, and during his active service saw 
 much fighting. <The History of the Expedi- 
 tion to Russia in i8l2> (3d ed. 1839) is widely 
 known. 
 
 Chamfort, S6bastieii Roch Nicolas, called 
 (shon-for'). A French moralist and critic (1741- 
 1794). Among his works are comedies, literary 
 criticisms, political articles, and poems ; but 
 none compare with his < Maxims and Thoughts,* 
 which are worthy to rank next after La Roche- 
 foucauld's ' Maxims.> Sainte-Beuve says of 
 them that they are like "well-minted coins 
 that retain their value." Chamfort's tragedy 
 <Mustapha and Zeangir' has some scenes of 
 genuine passion, but as a whole it is artificial. 
 He wrote some tales in verse, but their licen- 
 tiousness is not redeemed even by grace of 
 style. 
 
 Cbamier, Frederick. An English novelist; 
 bom in London in 1796; died at Liverpool (?), 
 October 1870. He was a naval officer. He wrote 
 
 < Ben Brace > ; < Tom Bowline > ; < Jack Adams > ; 
 
 < The Arethusa ' ; and other once popular sea 
 tales, now neglected. He employs the methods 
 of Marryat. 
 
 Chamisso, Adelbert von (sha-mes'so). A 
 German lyrist; born at the castle of Boncourt, 
 Champagne, Jan. 30, 1781 ; died at Berlin, Aug. 
 21, 1838. His love of poetry brought him into 
 intimate association with many kindred spir- 
 its, as Varnhagen von Ense, Theremin, Hitzig, 
 and La Motte Fouqud. He made a voyage of 
 circumnavigation as a naturalist on a Russian 
 
 ship, 1815-18. The first of his poetical compo- 
 sitions were published (1804) in <The Muses' 
 Almanac.' By far his most celebrated work 
 is < Peter Schlemihl,' a tale of a man who lost 
 his shadow. In association with Gaudy he 
 translated some of Beranger's < Songs.> He was 
 the first to naturalize fully in German poesy 
 the terzine verse ; in that measure is written 
 
 < Salaz y Gomez,' one of his finest poems. 
 
 Cbampfleury (shon-fle-re'), pseudonym of 
 Jules Fleury-Husson. A French novelist and 
 miscellaneous writer; bom at Laon, Sept. 10, 
 1821 ; died at Sfevres, Dec. 5, 1889. His story of 
 
 < Les Chien-Caillous* was in Victor Hugo's 
 opinion a masterpiece of realistic description. 
 He wrote an autobiographical novel of his 
 youthful years in <The Confessions of Sylvius' 
 (1849), continuing the story in <The Advent- 
 ures of Mariette' (1856). But his < Burghers of 
 Molinchart' (1855), a satiric delineation of the 
 provincial bourgeoisie, made him famous. "He 
 is a pronounced "realist." Among his later 
 novels, <The Tourangeau Girls' (1864) and 
 
 < The Little Rose,' are most worthy of mention. 
 He compiled a < General History of Caricature' 
 (5 vols., 1865-85), with a supplementary volume, 
 < Secret Museum of Caricature' (1888); and 
 several other works on the arts of design and 
 ceramics. 
 
 Cbampier, Sympborien (shon-pya'). A 
 French historian, poet, and physician ; born, 
 1471 or 1472, in St. Symphorien-le-Loise, Lyon- 
 nais ; died at Lyons, about 1540. Famed as a 
 physician, with powerful friends at court and 
 an ample fortune, he took delight in literature 
 and the society of literary men, himself writing 
 a series of poems for < Virtuous Ladies' (1503), 
 in four divisions, entitled <The Flower of 
 Dames,' < The Rule of Love,' < The Prophecies 
 of the Sibyls,' and <The Book of True Love,' 
 respectively. His best history is an account of 
 < Princes and Battles' (1502). 
 
 Cbamplin, James Tift. An American prose- 
 writer; born in Colchester, Conn., June 9, 181 1; 
 died in Portland, Me., March 15, 1882. He was 
 a Baptist minister in Portland, Me., 1838-41 ; 
 then professor of ancient languages at Colby 
 University (Waterville, Me.), and its president 
 1857-73. A portion of his extensive writings are : 
 < Text-Book of Intellectual Philosophy' (i860); 
 
 < First Principles of Ethics' (1861); 'Constitution 
 of the United States, with Brief Comments' 
 (1880). 
 
 Cbamplin, John Denison. An American 
 prose-writer ; born in Stonington, Conn., Jan. 
 29, 1834. He began his literary career in New 
 York in 1869, with contributions to periodicals. 
 In 1873 he edited < Fox's Mission to Russia,' 
 and became a reviser, and in 1875 assistant 
 editor, of the < American Cyclopaedia.' He 
 has written : < Young Folks' Catechisms of 
 Common Things' (1880); < Young Folks' Cy- 
 clopaedia of Persons and Places' (1880) ; 
 
 < Young Folks' Astronomy ' ; and ' Chronicle of 
 the Coach' (1886). In 1894 he was editor of 
 Scribner's Art Cyclopaedias, of which two
 
 CHAMPNEY — CHARISI 
 
 103 
 
 volumes of the first part 'were published (1886) 
 as < Cyclopaedia of Painters and Paintings.' 
 
 Champney, Mrs. Elizabeth (Williams). 
 An American novelist and writer of juveniles ; 
 born at Springfield, O., 1850. Many of her books 
 are illustrated by her husband, the artist J. W. 
 Champney. Among them are the Vassar Girls 
 series, — < Three Vassar Girls Abroad,' <In Eng- 
 land,* < In South America,* etc. ; < In the Sky- 
 Parlor*; <A11 Around a Palette*; < Rosemary 
 and Rue*; <The Bubbling Teapot*; < Bourbon 
 Lilies * ; < Sebia's Tangled Web ' ; < Romance of 
 the French Abbeys * ; < Romance of the French 
 Villas.* 
 
 Chandler, Elizabeth Margaret. An Amer- 
 ican poet; bom near Wilmington, Uel., Uec. 
 24, 1807; died Nov. 22, 1834. Her most pop- 
 ular poem was < The Slave Ship.* Many of her 
 subsequent verses were written in the same 
 strain, and published in the Genius of Universal 
 Emancipation, a Philadelphia abolitionist peri- 
 odical. Her poems were published with a me- 
 moir by Benjamin Lundy (1836). 
 
 Chaney, George Leonard. A Unitarian 
 clergyman and miscellaneous writer; bom in 
 Massachusetts, 1836. He was pastor of the 
 Hollis Street Church in Boston (1862-79); af- 
 terward at Atlanta, Ga., where he edited the 
 Southern Unitarian (1893-96). Among his works 
 are: <F. Grant & Co.* (1874), a book for boys; 
 'Aloha* (1880), travels in the Sandwich Islands; 
 < Every-Day Life and Every-Day Morals * (1884), 
 a volume of essays ; etc. 
 
 Chanler, Mrs. Am^lie Rives. See Trou- 
 betskoi. 
 
 Channing, William Ellery. An eminent 
 American theologian, one of the founders of 
 American Unitarianism ; born at Newport, R. I., 
 April 7, 1780; died at Bennington, Vt., April 
 1842. His works were published in 1848. 
 
 Channing, William Ellery. An American poet 
 nephew of the above ; born in Boston, Mass. 
 June 10, 1818 ; died at Concord, Dec. 23, 1901 
 He was author of < Poems* ( 1843-47 ) ; <The Wood 
 man *( 1849) ; (Near Home* ( 1858) ;< The Wan 
 derer'( 1872); ^Conversations in Rome* ( 1847) 
 and<Thoreau, the Poet-Naturalist* (1873). 
 
 Channing, William Henry. An American 
 Unitarian divine and biographer, nephew of 
 W. E. Channing the elder; born at Boston, 
 May 25, 1810; died in London, Dec. 23, 1884. 
 Settling in England, he succeeded James Mar- 
 tineau as pastor at Liverpool. His daughter 
 married Sir Edwin Arnold. His principal work 
 was < Memoir of William Ellery Channing* (3 
 vols., 1848). 
 
 Chapelain, Jean (shap-lan'). A French 
 poet and critic ; bom in Paris, Dec. 5, 1595 ; 
 died there, Feb. 24, 1674. By his own unaided 
 efforts he acquired a knowledge of Greek and 
 Latin. Italian and Spanish. He won the favor 
 of Cardmal Richelieu by his preface to Marini's 
 notorious poem <Adone,* and was a leading 
 founder of the French Academy, whose first 
 meetings were held at his house. Through 
 
 court influence he rose to be a recognized law- 
 giver of literature. He published in 1756 the 
 first installment, 12 cantos, of a great epic, < The 
 Maid of Orleans,* on which he had been at 
 work 20 years. But the critics, headed by 
 Boileau, were so unfavorable that though of 
 the first installment six editions were sold in 
 18 months, no publisher could be found for 
 the sequel. 
 
 Chapelle, Claude Emmanuel Luillier, called 
 (sha-pel'). A French poet (1626-86). He was 
 illegitimate son of a man of wealth, who gave 
 him an excellent education and left him a large 
 fortune. He owes his place in literary records 
 to his good fortune in having been associated 
 with the foremost literary men of his time, — 
 Racine, Molifere, Boileau. He wrote some 
 verses of indifferent merit; with Bachaumont 
 he was joint author of < Travels in Provence 
 and Languedoc* (1663), written in mixed prose 
 and verse, a fashion which prevailed for a 
 while in France. 
 
 Chapin, Edwin Hubbell. A noted American 
 Universalist divine and essayist ; bom at Union 
 Village, N. Y., Dec. 29, 1814; died in New 
 York, his long-time residence, Dec. 27, 1880. 
 An effective preacher and lecturer, he was one 
 of the powers for good in his day. He wrote : 
 < Moral Aspects of City Life* (1853); <Trae 
 Manliness* (1854); < Crown of Thorns*; etc. 
 
 Chaplin, Heman White. An American law- 
 yer and short-story writer; bom in Rhode 
 Island, 1847. His < Five Hundred Dollars and 
 Other Stories of New England Life* ranks 
 with the best works of its kind. 
 
 Chaplin, Jeremiah. An American historical 
 writer; born in Danvers, Mass., 1813 ; died in 
 New Utrecht, N, Y., March 5, 1886. He was 
 author of: <Life of Charles Sumner*; <Life 
 of Franklin*; < Riches of Bunyan*; <Life of 
 Galen*; and <Life of Henry Dunster, First 
 President of Harvard College* (1872), which is 
 a work of much historical value. 
 
 Chapman, George. An English dramatist 
 and translator of Homer; born in Hitchin, 
 Hertford, 1559; died at London, May 12, 1634. 
 What distinguishes his plays is the intuitive 
 appreciation they reveal of the material and 
 mechanical limitations of the theatre. The 
 comedies < All Fools but the Fool > and < May 
 Day* are well known; as are the tragedies 
 < Bussy d'Amboise * and < The Tragedy of 
 Charles, Duke of Byron.* The version of 
 Homer (new ed. 1897) is celebrated. 
 
 Chapone, Hesther (sha-pon'). An English 
 story-writer and poet ; born in Northampton- 
 shire, Oct. 27, 1727 ; died 1801. She wrote : 
 <Ode to Peace*; 'Fidelia*, a story; 'Miscel- 
 lanies in Prose and Verse * ; and other works. 
 
 Charisi, Jehuda ben Salome (cha-re'ze), 
 known also as Alcharisi. A Spanish Jewish 
 poet; born in Xeres, about II90(?); died 
 1235. A devoted student of Arabian poetry, 
 he rendered the 'Sittings* or 'Assemblies* of 
 the great poet Hariri into Hebrew; but hi»
 
 X04 
 
 CHARRAS — CHAUCER 
 
 masterpiece is the exquisite < Tach-Kemoni,' 
 or picture of every-day Jewish life and char- 
 acter in his own time, — a poem in which an 
 Arabian influence predominates. 
 
 Oharras. Jean Baptiste Adolphe (shar-a'). 
 A French military historian and expert ; born 
 in Pfalzburg, Lorraine, Jan. 7, 1810; died in 
 Basel, Switzerland, Jan. 23, 1865. His vicissi- 
 tudes in the army, the result of his own repub- 
 licanism and the revolutionary precipitateness 
 of French politics, did not prevent his rise to 
 distinction, although his promotion was inter- 
 fered with. He wrote : < History of the Cam- 
 paign of 1815: Waterloo > (6th ed. 1869), and 
 
 < History of the War of 1813 in Germany > (2d 
 ed. 1870). 
 
 Charrl^re, Isabelle Agnate de Saint Hya- 
 cintlie de (sha-ryar'). A French novelist, dram- 
 atist, and miscellaneous writer; born (Van 
 Tuyll) in Utrecht, 1740 or I746(?) ; died at Co- 
 lombier, Switzerland, Dec. 25, 1805. She was 
 one of the most accomplished women of her 
 day. Her fictions and studies, < Caliste > (1788) 
 and <Neuchatel Letters' (1784), and the drama 
 <The Thou and the You,> contain much that 
 is admirable. 
 
 Cliartier, Alain (shar-tya'). A French poet; 
 born in Bayeux, Normandy, about 1386 ; died in 
 1449. Early taken into royal favor for his 
 brilliance in rhetoric and rhyme, he won fame 
 with the <Book of the Four Ladies' (1415), 
 inspired by the battle of Agincourt, and the 
 
 < Ballad of Fougiferes> (1449), a patriotic piece. 
 
 Chase, Salmon Portland. An American 
 statesman ; born in Cornish, N. H., Jan. 13, 1808 ; 
 died in New York city. May 7, 1873. He be- 
 came eminent as lawyer. United States Senator 
 from an^ governor of Ohio, Secretary of the 
 Treasury, and Cfiief Justice of the United States 
 Supreme Court. He was one of the able and 
 strong-willed men whom Mr. Lincoln called 
 about him during the war era, and did signal 
 service to the government and the Union. He 
 compiled a summary of the laws of Ohio, with 
 a historical sketch of the State (3 vols., 1832), 
 
 Chase, Thomas. An American educator and 
 prose-writer ; bom in Worcester, Mass., June 16, 
 1827; died in Providence, R. L, Oct. 5, 1892. 
 In 1855 became professor of philology and 
 classical literature at Haverford College, near 
 Philadelphia; in 1875 its president. In 1878 
 Harvard gave him the degree of LL. D. 
 Among his publications are : ^ Hellas : her 
 Monuments and Scenery' (1861) ; an address 
 on < Liberal Education : Its Aims and Methods.' 
 
 Chasles, Philar^te (shal). A French his- 
 torical and literary critic ; bom in Mainvilliers, 
 near Chartres, Oct. 8, 1798; died in Venice, 
 July 18, 1873. The son of a Jacobin, and edu- 
 cated according to Rousseau, he acquired the 
 point of view which, enlarged by life abroad, 
 makes his essays so unique and instructive. He 
 has written in every imaginable prose form, 
 from a romance to a riddle : but his enduring 
 work is contained in < French Language and 
 
 Literature from the Beginning of the Sixteenth 
 Century to 1610' (1828) ; < Studies of Antiquity' 
 (1847); 'Studies of the Sixteenth Century in 
 France* (1848); < Journeys of a Critic through 
 Life and Books' (2d series, 2d -ed. 1866-68); 
 and < Memoirs' (1876-78), 
 
 Chateaubriand, Frangols Ren6 Auguste, 
 Vlcomte de (sha-to-bre-on'). A great French 
 statesman, traveler, novelist, and historical 
 writer; born at St. Malo, September 1768; 
 died at Paris, July 4, 1848. He made a voyage 
 in search of the Northwest Passage in 1791 ; 
 but on touching the American continent aban- 
 doned that quest, and proposed to himself a 
 study of the life of the American Indians. He 
 lived for some time among the aborigines, and 
 the fruits of his observations were the three 
 novels < Atala,' < Ren^,' and < The Natchez,' 
 which by the charms of the literary style and 
 the interesting poetical descriptions of life 
 remote from civilization, won instant and great 
 popularity. Perhaps his greatest and certainly 
 his most ambitious work is < The Genius of 
 Christianity' (5 vols., 1856-57), in which the 
 dogmas, practices, etc., of Catholic Christianity 
 are defended against infidel attack. Other writ- 
 ings of his in the direction of Christian apolo- 
 getic are: <The Martyrs, or Triumph of the 
 Christian Religion' (2 vols., 1809); *A Journey 
 from Paris to Jerasalem' (3 vols., 181 1). Of 
 works connected with literature and its history, 
 he wrote < An Essay on English Literature ' 
 and translated Milton's < Paradise Lost' 
 
 Chateaubrun, Jean Baptiste Vivien (sha-to- 
 briih')- A French dramatist; born at Angou- 
 leme, 1686; died 1775. He was elected to the 
 French Academy, 1753. His tragedy of <The 
 Trojan Woman' was once very popular. 
 
 Chatfield-Taylor, Hobart Chatfield. An 
 
 American novelist ; born in Illinois, 1865 ; resi- 
 dent in Chicago. He has written : ' With Edge 
 Tools ' ; < An American Peeress > ; < Two Women 
 and a Fool > ; < The Land of the Castanet ; 
 < The Vice of Fools > ; < Idle Born > ; < The 
 Crimson Wing' ;< Moli&re, a Biography.' 
 
 Chatterton, Thomas. An English poet, re- 
 puted the « marvelous youth" of literature; 
 born in Bristol, Nov. 20, 1752; committed sui- 
 cide at London, Aug. 25, 1770. He had pre- 
 cocious taste and considerable poetic talent, 
 perhaps overrated from the interest of his 
 pathetic fate and youth, and the literary sen- 
 sation of his spurious « Rowley" poems, — 
 supposed to have been found in the chest of 
 a mediseval « clerk," but written by Chatterton 
 in a palpably impossible dialect. <An Excelente 
 Balade of Charitie' is much the best. His 
 poems and plays in common English are mere 
 boy's-work, but show fertility and facility, 
 which with his manly taste might have matured 
 into greatness. 
 
 Chaucer, Geoffrey. The father of English 
 poetry; born in London (?), 1328 or 1340; died 
 there, Oct. 25, 1400. His < Canterbury Tales' 
 is his most celebrated work. Among the others
 
 CHAULIEU — CHENIER 
 
 are: 'Troilus and Cressida>; <The Parliament 
 of Fowles > ; < Boke of the Duchesse ' ; < The 
 House of Fame ' ; < The Legend of Good 
 Women > ; and minor poems and translations. 
 
 Chaulieu, Guillaume Amfrye de (sho-lye'). 
 A French poet (1639-1720). He was preceptor 
 of the young princes de Vendome, Henri IV.'s 
 sons by Gabrielle d'Estr^es, and through their 
 good ofiflces obtained some valuable sinecures. 
 His erotic poems won him the title of "the 
 Anacreon of the Temple >> (residence of the 
 young princes). But apart from licentiousness 
 he proved himself a true poet in several lyrics, 
 as in <Fontenoy> and <The Retreat.' His 
 best poem is perhaps that on < Country Life,> 
 which in fact the poet could not endure. 
 
 Chaussard, Pierre Jean Baptiste (sho-sar'). 
 A French historian, poet, and miscellaneous 
 writer; born in Paris, Oct. 8, 1766; died there, 
 Jan. 9, 1823. He plunged ardently into liter- 
 ary warfare in behalf of the French Revolu- 
 tion, and was distinguished in the diplomacy 
 of the first republic, writing <The Revolution 
 in Belgium* (1793) and many patriotic odes. 
 He also produced : < Germany and the House 
 of Austria* (1792); <The Spirit of Mirabeau* 
 (1797); and other works in harmony with the 
 French sentiment of his day. 
 
 Chauveau, Pierre Joseph Olivier (sho-vo'). 
 A Canadian statesman and writer of ppose and 
 verse ; born in Quebec, May 30, 1820 ; died 
 there, April 4, 1890. Among his contributions to 
 literature were many popular poems, includ- 
 ing < Simple Joys * ; < Donnaconna > ; < Letters 
 to M. de Puibusque > ; also many valuable prose 
 works : < Tour of H. R. H. Prince of Wales in 
 America' (1861); < Souvenirs and Legends' 
 (in prose and verse) (1877); and < Franfois 
 Xavier Garneau, His Life and Works' (1883). 
 
 Cheever, George Barren. An American 
 journalist, poet, and divine ; born in Hallo- 
 well, Me., April 17, 1807 ; died in Englewood, 
 N. J., Oct. I. 1890. He was editor of the New 
 York Evangelist from 1845 to 1846, and at 
 different times connected with the New York 
 Observer and Independent. He was an able 
 and vigorous writer and speaker, and the author 
 of a large number of works in prose and verse. 
 Among his publications are : < Studies in Poetry ' 
 (1830); <God's Hand in America' (1841); 
 <Poets of America' (1847); < Windings of the 
 River of the Water of Life' (1849); <The 
 Voice of Nature to her Foster-Child, the Soul 
 of Man' (1852) ; < Lectures on the Life, Genius, 
 and Insanity of Cowper' (1856), arguing that 
 Cowper's religious terrors proved him sane in- 
 stead of insane ; and < God against Slavery, 
 and the Freedom and Duty of the Pulpit to 
 Rebuke It' (1857). One of his most effective 
 works was < Deacon Giles's Distillery.' 
 
 Cheever, Henry Theodore. An American 
 prose-writer and divine, brother of G. B. ; born 
 in Hallowell, Me., Feb. 6, 1814; died 1897. 
 His writings were popular, and include : < The 
 Island World of the Pacific' (1852); <Short 
 
 105 
 
 Yarns for Long Voyages' (1855); and 'Cor- 
 respondences of Faith and Views of Madame 
 Guyon' (1886). 
 
 Chemnitz, Matthaua Friedrlch (ihem'nits). 
 A German song-writer; born in Barmstedt, 
 Holstein, June 10, 1815; died at Altona, Hol- 
 stein, April 14, 1870. He was a legal func- 
 tionary, whose patriotic song of < Sea-Girt 
 Schleswig-Holstein ' came universally into favor 
 and obtained a place for his name in literature. 
 
 Chemnitzer, Ivan Ivanovich (chem'nit-ser). 
 A Russian fabulist (1745-84) ; born at Jenota- 
 jevsk, government of Astrakhan. At first he 
 wrote in German ; his masters and models in 
 literature were Russian, though he was power- 
 fully influenced by Gellert and La Fontaine. 
 His < Fables and Tales ' appeared in two parts 
 anonymously (1779 and 1782) during his life, 
 and a third part after his death. 
 
 Cheney, Mrs. Ednah Dow (Llttlehale). An 
 American lecturer and miscellaneous writer; 
 born in Boston, 1824. She has been president 
 of the New England Woman's Club and the 
 Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association. 
 She has written : < Handbook of American His- 
 tory for Colored People' (1866) ; < Gleanings in 
 the Field of Art' (1881) ; <Life of Louisa M. 
 Alcott' (1889); and several stories, including: 
 < Nora's Return,' a sequel to Ibsen's < A Doll's 
 House'; < Sally Williams, the Mountain Girl' 
 (1872) ; besides other books. Died in 1904. 
 
 Cheney, John Vance. An American writer 
 of prose and verse ; born in Groveland, N. Y., 
 Dec. 29, 1848. Is author of <The Old Doctor' 
 (1885) ; < Thistle Drift,' poems (1887) ; a volume 
 of essays ;< Lyrics ' (1901) ;< Poems' (1902). 
 
 Cheney, Theseus Apoleon. An American 
 historian; bom in Leon, N. Y., March 16, 1830; 
 died in Starkey, N. Y., Aug. 2, 1878. His pub- 
 lications include : < Historical Sketch of the 
 Chemung Valley' (1866); < Historical Sketch 
 of Eighteen Counties of Central and Southern 
 New York' (1868); <Laron'; < Relations of 
 Government to Science'; and 'Antiquarian 
 Researches.' 
 
 Chenier, Andr^ Marie de (sha-nya'). A 
 notable French poet; born at Constantinople, 
 Oct. 30, 1762; died July 25, 1794. Shortly be- 
 fore the Terror he made a vigorous attack on 
 the Jacobins in the Journal de Paris. He wrote 
 Louis XVI.'s appeal to the people after the 
 death sentence. He celebrated in verse Char- 
 lotte Corday. He perished under the guillo- 
 tine. The maturity, breadth, and soundness 
 of his judgment in poetical composition are 
 demonstrated by his poem on 'Invention,' 
 written in his 24th year. Of the same year is 
 his fine idyl 'Liberty.' Similar in spirit to this, 
 and of perfect Pindaric form, is the ' Dithy- 
 rambic on the Tennis Play' (1791). In his 
 prison of St. Lazare he composed a beautiful 
 elegy, 'The Girl Captive.' 
 
 Chenier, Marie Joseph de. A French poet 
 and dramatist, younger brother of Andr^ M. 
 (1764-1811). He was a Jacobin, and member
 
 io6 
 
 CHERASKOFF — CHIARINI 
 
 of the Legislative Assembly in the Revolution. 
 His tragedies — < Charles IX. > (1789); < Henry 
 Vni.> and < Galas > (both 1791); <Caius Grac- 
 chus> (1793); and others — brought him fame 
 and success by the accordance of their republi- 
 can and revolutionary sentiments with the pub- 
 lic opinion of the time, rather than by their 
 merits as compositions. His national songs 
 were approved by the best test of such pro- 
 ductions, — popularity: one of them, < The Part- 
 ing Song> (Partant pour la Syrie), is hardly 
 less famous than the < Marseillaise.* His satires 
 are full of spirit, point, and wit, but often ran- 
 corous and unjust. 
 
 Cberaskofif, Michail Matv^jevich (cher-as'- 
 kof). A Russian poet (1733-1807) ; bom in the 
 government of Poltava. By his contemporaries 
 he was called " the Russian Homer >* ; but he 
 had little original genius. We have from him 
 several epics after Virgil and Voltaire, accord- 
 ing to the orthodox rules of Boileau ; among 
 them <The Rossiad,> celebrating the conquest 
 of Kasan by Ivan the Terrible, and < Vladimir,' 
 commemorating the Christianization of Russia. 
 He wrote also a number of dramas, romances, 
 fables, and songs. He excels in description of 
 natural scenery. 
 
 Clierbuliez, Charles Victor (shar-bii-lya'). A 
 distinguished French romancist ; bom at Geneva, 
 of a noted family of litterateurs, July 19, 1829 ; 
 died at Combs-ia-Ville, July 2, 1899. Having 
 studied in the Universities of Geneva, Paris, 
 Bonn, and Berlin, he was for a time an educator 
 at Geneva; but in 1864 became one of the 
 editors of the Revue des Deux Mondes. He 
 first gained distinction as art critic and observer 
 of public affairs, as also by his romances, under 
 the pseudonym « G. Valbert.» He wrote a vol- 
 ume of art travels in Greece ; <A Horse by 
 Phidias > ; < Political Spain ' ; < Foreign Profiles'; 
 <Art and Nature ' ; etc. His romances are 
 characterized by clever treatment of the problems 
 of domestic and social life and a fine psycho- 
 logical analysis, with a marked bias for descrip- 
 tion of odd characters. Among his most success- 
 ful novels — and their success has hardly been 
 less abroad than at home — are : < Romance of 
 a Respectable Woman' (1S66) ; < Ladislas 
 Bolski's Adventure* (1869); < Samuel Brohl 
 & Co.> (1877), The last two were dramatized, 
 but won little favor on the stage. 
 
 Cherville, Gaspard Georges, Marquis de 
 (shar-vel'). A French novelist; born at Char- 
 tres, 1821. He was for several years collabo- 
 rator with the elder Dumas; about 40 volumes 
 were the fruit of the partnership. Independ- 
 ently he contributed to the Paris Temps sev- 
 eral admirable sketches and stories of rural 
 life and the chase. A few of his studies have been 
 published in sumptuously illustrated editions ; 
 e. g., < Life in the Country > (1879). Died 1898. 
 
 Cliesebro, Caroline. An American novelist; 
 born in Canandaigua, N. Y., about 1828 ; died 
 in Piemiont, N. Y., Feb. 16, 1873. She was 
 author of * Dream-Land by Daylight,' a volume 
 of stories and sketches (1851) ; <The Beautiful 
 
 Gate and Other Tales' (1863). The novels 
 <Philly and Kit' (1856); < Peter Carradine' 
 (1863); <The Foe in the Household' (1871); 
 and various others, are well known. 
 
 Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl 
 
 of. An English man of affairs and of the 
 world; born in London, Sept. 22, 1694; died 
 there (?), March 24, 1773. His literary fame 
 rests principally upon his < Letters to his Son,' 
 
 Chettle, Henry. An English dramatist ; born 
 in London (?), about 1565 {?); died there (?), 
 1607 (?). He was contemporary with Shakes- 
 peare, and his best play is probably < Hoffman,' 
 a tragedy. He wrote various pamphlets, popu- 
 lar in his day. 
 
 Chezy, Antoine Leonard de (sha-ze'). A 
 distinguished French Orientalist (1773-1832). 
 For him the first chair of ancient Indian lan- 
 guages in France was founded in 1815. Bopp, 
 W. von Humboldt, F. von Schlegel, Burnouf, 
 Langlois, and other renowned scholars and 
 Orientalists, were his pupils. His principal 
 work is an edition, with French translation, of 
 Kalidasa's <Sakuntala' (1830). 
 
 Chezy, Helmina Christiane von. A Ger- 
 man poet and novelist ; born (von Klencke) in 
 Berlin, Jan. 26, 1783; died in Geneva, Feb. 28, 
 1856. She produced: < Poems' (1812); < Heart 
 Notes during a Pilgrimage' (1833); and similar 
 romantic stanzas ; besides < Emma's Ordeals ' 
 (1827), a novel of merit. 
 
 Chezy, Wilhelm von. A German novelist 
 and historical essayist, son of Helmine C; bom 
 in Paris, March 21, 1806; died in Vienna, March 
 13, 1865. He acquitted himself creditably as a 
 journalist, and wrote many popular tales : < The 
 Wandering Pupil' (1835), <The Six Noble Pas- 
 sions' (1842), and <The Last Janissary' (1853), 
 among them ; as well as < Chivalry in Picture 
 and Word' (1848), a study of much value. 
 
 Chiabrera, Gabriello (ke-a-bra'ra). An Ital- 
 ian lyric poet (1552-1637) ; born at Savona. 
 Impatient of dependence on the great, he 
 again and again abandoned the courts of noble 
 patrons, and at last settled down in his native 
 Savona. Pindar and Anacreon were his de- 
 lights among the poets, and his countrymen 
 named him " the Italian Pindar." But his 
 Pindaric odes have little of the grace and force 
 of Pindar; the poet labors too patently for 
 effect in strophe and antistrophe, in bold in- 
 versions and composite epithets; he is not 
 spontaneous ; he is dull. Yet some of his little 
 songs after Anacreon are models of elegance 
 and grace. His epic and dramatic poems 
 hardly rise above mediocrity. He wrote a 
 charming autobiographical sketch, which shows 
 him to have been ever an honorable man, good 
 lover, good hater, and sincere Christian. 
 
 Chiarini, Giuseppe (ke-a-re'ne). An Ital- 
 ian poet and critic; born at Arezzo, Aug. 17, 
 1833. He is a student of foreign literatures;, 
 especially English and German, and has been 
 editor of literary journals. His verse is mostly 
 lyrical, and has been collected under the titles/
 
 CHIAVACCI — CHOMJAKOFF 
 
 107 
 
 'Poems> (1874); <In Memoriam' (1875); *La- 
 crymae> (1879); etc. It gives proof of deep 
 poetic sensibility. He has translated some of 
 Heine's poems, and has published critical es- 
 says on English and German poets. 
 
 Chiavaccl, Vincenz (ke-a'va-che). An Aus- 
 trian humorist ; born at Vienna, June 15, 1847. 
 As << Dame Sopherl, a Woman of Standing >> — 
 keeping a stand in the fruit market — he began 
 in 1883 to contribute to the Vienna journals a 
 series of humorous remarks, in the Vienna 
 slang, on the occurrences of the preceding week. 
 Dame Sopherl and her whole circle of gossips, 
 male and female, were put upon the stage (1890) 
 and afforded infinite amusement. The author 
 has worked this and similar veins of humor 
 with distinguished success in a series of volumes. 
 
 Child, Francis James. An American poet 
 and prose-writer ; born in Boston, Mass., Feb. 
 1, 1825; died at Cambridge, Sept. II. 1896. 
 He was professor of rhetoric and oratoiy at 
 Harvard from 1 85 1 till 1876, when he took the 
 chair of English literature. His principal work, 
 
 < English and Scottish Ballads,^ a subject on 
 which he was the highest authority in this 
 country, he improved and enlarged for publica- 
 tion in 1886. Among his other works are : 
 <Four Old Plays > (1848); and a collection of 
 < Poems of Sorrow and Comfort* (1865). 
 
 Child, Lydia Maria. An American prose- 
 writer; born in Medford, Mass., Feb. 11, 1802; 
 died in Wayland, Mass., Oct. 20, 1880. Her 
 first novel, < Hobomok,' was written and pub- 
 lished in 1821. She was an ardent abolition- 
 ist, and published the first book written on 
 that subject, entitled 'Appeal for that class 
 of Americans called African.* Dr. Channing 
 went over to Roxbury to thank her for it. 
 Among her numerous works are : < Philothea,* 
 a romance of Greece in the days of Pericles 
 (1835); <Fact and Fiction* (1846); 'Looking 
 Toward Sunset* (1864); <Miria: A Romance 
 of the Republic* (1867); and 'Aspirations of 
 the World* (1878). A collection of her letters, 
 with an introduction by John G. Whittier, and 
 an appendix by Wendell Phillips, was published 
 in 1882. 
 
 Childs, George William. An American phi- 
 lanthropist, publisher, and memoir writer ; born 
 at Baltimore, Md., May 22, 1829; died at Phil- 
 adelphia, Feb. 3, 1894. He published the Phila- 
 delphia Public Ledger, 1864-94. He gave a 
 Shakespeare memorial fountain to Stratford- 
 on-Avon, a memorial window in Westminster 
 Abbey to Cowper and Herbert, and assisted 
 in establishing a home for printers at Colorado 
 Springs. He published : < Recollections of Gen- 
 eral Grant* (1885); and 'Personal Recollec- 
 tions* (1889). 
 
 Chiles, Mrs. Mary Eliza (Hicks) (Hemdin). 
 An American novelist and writer of verse ; 
 born in Kentucky, 1820. She has published : 
 
 < Louisa Elton,* a reply to ' Uncle Tom * ; ' Os- 
 wyn Dudley*; etc.; and 'Select Poems.* 
 
 Chillingworth, William. An English di- 
 vine and theological writer; born at Oxford, 
 
 1602; died January, 1643-44. His fame rests 
 upon 'The Religion of Protestants a Safe Way to 
 Salvation* (1637). 
 
 Chittenden, Lucius Eugene. An American 
 lawyer and historical writer; born in Vermont. 
 1S24 ; died at Burlington, Vt. , July 22, 1900. His 
 home was in New York. He wrote : < Recollec- 
 tions of Lincoln and his Administration^ ; 
 'Personal Reminiscences, 1840-1890*; etc. 
 
 Chivers, Thomas Holley. An American 
 writer of verse ; born 1807 ; died 1858. His 
 home was in Georgia. He wrote: 'Virginalia, 
 or Songs of my Summer Nights* (1853J ; 'At- 
 lanta* (1855); 'The Lost Pleiad.* 
 
 ChmelnizkiJ, Nikol^j Ivanovich (chmel-nits'- 
 ske-ej. A Russian writer of comedy (1789-1846). 
 He contributed largely to the reformation and 
 elevation of the Russian stage, both by his 
 original productions and by his translations of 
 Regnard, Moli^re, and other great masters. 
 Among his comedies are : ' The Babblers * ; 
 ' Air Castles * ; ' The Waverer.* He wrote also 
 a historical drama : ' Zenobius Bogdan ; or. The 
 Incorporation of Little Russia.* 
 
 Chmielovski, Peter (shmel-ov'ske). A Polish 
 historian of literature, and critic ; born 1848. 
 His early studies were made in Leipsic, but 
 the theatre of his journalistic and literary ac- 
 tivities has long been Warsaw. His investiga- 
 tions have been mostly in nineteenth-century 
 subjects. 'Adam Mickiewicz* (1886) and 'Stud- 
 ies and Sketches in the History of Polish Liter- 
 ature* (1886) are among the important results 
 of his labors. 
 
 Choate, Rufus. A famous Amerioan lawyer, 
 orator and statesman ; bom at Essex, Mass., 
 Oct. I, 1799; died at Halifax, N. S., July 13, 
 1859. He succeeded Daniel Webster in the 
 United States Senate (1841-45), and was long 
 the acknowledged leader of the Massachusetts 
 bar. He was one of the most distinguished of 
 American orators. His works were published 
 in 1863 (2 vols.). 
 
 Chodzko, Alexander (chods'ko). A Polish 
 poet and scholar; born in Krzywicze, July II, 
 1804 ; died in Juvisy, Dec. 20, 1891. His ver- 
 sions of numerous masterpieces of Oriental lit- 
 erature are esteemed ; but he is happiest in the 
 'Slav Legends of the Middle Ages* (1859) 
 and 'Bulgarian Studies* (1875). 
 
 Chodzko, Ignacy. A Polish poet and sketch- 
 writer ; born in Zabloczyzna, Jan. 15, 1795; died 
 there, Aug. i, 1861. He first attempted odes in 
 the classical style ; but subsequently produced 
 'Lithuanian Pictures* (1840-62) and 'Lithua- 
 nian Traditions* (1852-58), vivid [prose sketches 
 of manners and people, portraying especially 
 the Lithuanian nobility of the i8th century. 
 
 Chomjakoff, Alex^j Step&novich (chom'ya- 
 k5f). A Russian poet, dramatist, and contro- 
 versialist ; born in Moscow, May 13, 1804; died 
 there, Oct. 5, i860. His writings — particularly 
 'The Pseudo-Demetrius* (1833: a tragedy), his 
 collected 'Poems* (1844), and 'Letters to tlMS
 
 io8 
 
 CHORLE Y — CHURCH 
 
 Slavs in Moscow > (i860) — embody an essen- 
 tially Russian conservatism. 
 
 Chorley, Henry Fotliergill. An English 
 critic and miscellaneous writer; born in Black- 
 ley Hurst, Lancashire, Dec. 15, 1808; died in 
 London, Feb. 16, 1872. His criticisms ap- 
 peared mostly in the Athenaeum, of London, 
 displaying fine perception and exquisite taste 
 in matters connected with literature and music. 
 His novels, however (<Conti,> <The Prodigy,> 
 and <The Lion'), are failures from the popular 
 point of view, although finely written ; and his 
 plays, with the exception of <01d Love and 
 New Fortune, > are weak. 
 
 Chortatzls, Georgios (chor-tats'es). A mod- 
 ern Greek dramatic poet, who seems to have 
 been a native of Crete and to have flourished 
 about 1620. His tragedy of <Erophile> (1637; 
 new ed. 1879) is the first play written in tlie 
 « new » or modern Greek ; the work possesses 
 many merits, and was at one time very popu- 
 lar because of its epigrammatic sententiousness, 
 but its imitation of Giraldi's <Orbecche' is 
 palpable. 
 
 Chretien de Troyes fkret-yefi de trwa). The 
 greatest of the early French romancers ; 12th 
 century. Though he won high fame as a lyrist, 
 his renown is based on his epic compositions, 
 especially on his stories of King Arthur and 
 the Round Table. His epic of <King Marcus 
 and the Fair Ysault> is lost; but these remain : 
 <Irec and Enid>; <Clig&s>; <The Knight of 
 La Charette > ; < The Knight with the Lion > ; 
 < Perceval the Welshman.* The last is his 
 most considerable work, but it does not come 
 from his hand alone, being continued and 
 completed by Gautier de Denet and Menassier. 
 In this piece are wrought into one story the 
 legend of the Holy Grail and that of Arthur, 
 which thereafter were not divorced. His lan- 
 guage and versification were models for trou- 
 badours and romancers for a long time ; and 
 from him the Arthurian poets to the end of 
 the 13th century borrowed episodes, themes, 
 situations, characters, and all manner of poets' 
 devices. Chretien was a master of invention, 
 fashioned for himself a competent literary 
 vehicle, and made most effective use of his 
 large knowledge of men and manners. 
 
 Christen, Ada (kris'ten), pseudonym of 
 Christiane Breden. An Austrian poet and 
 novelist; born in Vienna, March 6, 1844. Her 
 first success was the volume of poems < Songs 
 of One Lost> (1868) ; a collection evincing deli- 
 cacy of sentiment blended with the vigor of 
 health. Her subsequent verse, in < Shadows' 
 (1873) and <From the Deep> (1878), revealed 
 an accession of power. Her novel of <Ella> 
 (1873) is a fair production, and the drama 
 •Faustina* (1871) merits praise; but her best 
 prose is in the book of tales and sketches 
 called <From Life* (1876). 
 
 Christiansen, Arne Elnar (krist'yen-sen). A 
 Danish poet ; born at Copenhagen, July 20. 
 1861. His first very promising prose comedy, 
 'Lindow's Bairns* (18S1). wsis toUowed by Uie 
 
 prose tragedy <Nero> (1885). The author had 
 meantime traveled extensively in Europe and 
 the East; then, together with a series of prose 
 dramas, he produced three historical and ro- 
 mantic plays in verse. He makes dexterous use 
 of the resources of dramaturgic art, and gives 
 his native genius free play regardless of literary 
 fashions and conventions. 
 
 Christopulos, Athanasios (kris-top'o-los). 
 A Greek poet and scholar; born in Kastoria, 
 Macedonia, 1772 (or 1770) ; died in Wallachia, 
 Jan. 29, 1847. His best work is < Love's Self- 
 Vindication* (Paris, 1833), a collection published 
 originally as < Erotica and Bacchica* (1811), and 
 comprising love lays and drinking songs. 
 
 Chrysander, Friedrich (kris-iin'der). A Ger- 
 man historian of music ; born in Liibthcen, 
 Mecklenburg, July 8, 1826 ; died at Bergers- 
 dorf, Sept. 4, 1901. He was an authority on 
 the annals and epochs of music, a biography of 
 Handel (1858-67, vols, i.-iii., first half ) being 
 his masterpiece. He also wrote many critical 
 papers on the oratorio and other forms, in 
 addition to editing musical periodicals ; but his 
 attempts in musical composition were not happy. 
 
 Chrysippus (kris'ip-us). A famed Greek 
 philosopher; about 280-206 B.C.; bom proba- 
 bly at Soli in Cilicia. He attended at Athens 
 the lectures of Zeno, at least of Cleanthes; 
 after the death of Cleanthes he became head 
 of the school. His writings were exceedingly 
 numerous, but only fragments remain. The 
 loss is not very much to be regretted, if we 
 may judge of the quality of the whole mass 
 by specimens preserved for us in ancient au- 
 thors. But there were precious gems of thought 
 scattered through the rubbish of hair-splitting 
 refinements and mere anilities ; and it is to be 
 regretted that these were not timely << tried 
 out*' and the rest shot into the dust-hole. 
 This service Seneca could have done most 
 acceptably, — a reverent disciple of Chrysippus, 
 but also an outspoken critic of his writings, 
 as we see in his treatise on < Kindnesses * : <* I 
 may seem to be setting Chrysippus to rights : 
 he is a great man, but after all a Greek; his 
 all too fine analysis is worked overmuch ; even 
 when you think he is getting at the heart of 
 the matter, he punctures only, instead of boring 
 through." 
 
 Chrysoloras, Manuel (kris-o-16'ras). A 
 Greek scholar; born in Constantinople, about 
 1355 ; died at Constance, April 15, 1415. He 
 was the first to attain eminence in Italy as a 
 teacher of the literature and language of Greece : 
 a work by him called < Queries* (Erotemata) 
 long remained authoritative on Greek grammar. 
 
 Chrysostom, St. John. A Greek Church 
 father; born in Antioch, S>Tia, 350 (?) ; died at 
 Comana, 407. His works, consisting of homi- 
 lies, commentaries, liturgies, epistles, etc., are 
 comprised in 13 vols. fol. (1718). 
 
 Church, Mrs. Ella Rodman (Macllvane). 
 An American miscellaneous writer, better 
 known as "Ella Rodman"; bom in New
 
 CHURCH — CIECO DA FERRARA 
 
 109 
 
 York State, 1831. She has written : < Flights of 
 Fancy'; < Grandmother's Recollections' (1851); 
 < Flyers and Crawlers, or Talks about Insects* 
 (1884); < How to Furnish a Home'; < Money- 
 Making for Ladies > ; etc. 
 
 Churcli, Francis Pharcellus. An Ameri- 
 can editor; born in Rochester, N. Y., Feb. 22, 
 1839. First publisher and editor of the Army 
 and Navy Journal ; afterward, with his brother, 
 established and edited the Galaxy n.agazine. 
 He is also a leading editorial writer of the 
 daily journals of New York. Died 1906. 
 
 Church, William Conant. An American 
 journalist; born in Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 11, 
 1836. He became the publisher of the New 
 York Sun in i860, and was war correspondent 
 of the Times (1861-62). In conjunction with 
 his brother Francis he established the Army 
 and Navy Journal (1863) and the Galaxy mag- 
 azine (1866); and has been a contributor to 
 the Century and other periodicals. He has 
 written a notable biography of General Grant. 
 
 Churchill, Charles. An English satirical 
 poet; bom in Westminster, February 1731 ; 
 died at Boulogne, Nov. 4, 1764. He won his 
 fame with < The Rosciad,' a satire upon the 
 actors of the time, in which only Garrick and 
 some few popular actresses are praised. His 
 capacity for ridicule was so great that <The 
 Ghost ' ; < The Farewell ' ; < The Conference ' ; 
 <The Author' ; and < The Prophecy of Famine,' 
 proved exceedingly popular. He is almost 
 without a peer in his special field. 
 
 Chwostofif, DmitriJ Ivanovich, Count (kvos'- 
 t5f or kwos'tof). A Russian poet and states- 
 man; born in St. Petersburg, July 19, 1757; 
 died there, Nov. 3, 1835. His public career 
 was distinguished. The four volumes of his 
 < Works' (1817) comprise odes and miscella- 
 neous poems. 
 
 Ciampi, Igna^lo (che-am'pe). An Italian 
 poet and historian (1824-80) ; bom in Rome. 
 He was a jurist, and from 1874 till his death 
 was professor of modem history in the Uni- 
 versity of Rome. Among his poetical works 
 are some imitations of the Russian Pushkin ; 
 an epic, < Stella'; and two volumes of < Vari- 
 ous Poems.' He wrote several works on the 
 history of literature, also biographies and his- 
 tories of special periods. His principal work 
 appeared posthumously : < Modern History,' 
 from 1492 to the Peace of Westphalia. 
 
 Ciampoll, Domenico (che-am'po-le). An 
 Italian novelist; born at Atezza in Abrazzi, 
 Aug. 25, 1855. His stories and romances are to 
 a great extent pictures of life among the peas- 
 antry and mountain folk of Southern Italy. He 
 has also written romances of a less local char- 
 acter: < Diana'; <The Unknown.' He has de- 
 voted special study to Slavic literature, and 
 published several volumes on that subject. 
 
 Cibber, Colley. An English dramatist; born 
 in London, Nov. 6, 1671 ; died there, Dec. 12, 
 1757. He was one of the most successful 
 st»gers of plays in the history of the theatre, 
 
 and he saw every effect with the eyes of the 
 audience. Hence his dramatic works — par- 
 ticularly < Love's Last Shift,' a farce ; < Love 
 Makes a Man'; < She Would and She Would 
 Not' ; and <The Careless Husband,' comedies — 
 are masterpieces of construction, although their 
 literary qualities are not up to the high level 
 one might expect. He portrayed the fop, how- 
 ever, with an infinite felicity ; and not a few of 
 his scenes are unexampled as specimens of ef- 
 fective action unmarred by meaningless detaiL 
 
 Cicci, Maria Luigia (che'che). An Italian 
 poet ; born in Pisa, Nov. 14, 1760 ; died March 
 8, 1794. She fell early under the influence of 
 Dante's great poem, and applied herself de- 
 votedly to letters, philosophy, physics, and his- 
 tory; her collected < Poems' (1796) showing the 
 results in refinement of imagery, and polished 
 though perhaps pedantic taste. 
 
 Cicero, Marcus TuUius (sis'e-r5). The 
 prince of Roman orators, a statesman, and a 
 distinguished writer on philosophy, rhetoric, 
 morals, etc. (106-43 B. C.) ; born at Arpinum. 
 He wrote several treatises on the art of ora- 
 tory, the chief of these being : < The Orator, 
 to Marcus Brutus'; <0f the Orator'; and 
 < Brutus, or of Illustrious Orators.' Of his 
 philosophical writings we have : < The Aca- 
 demics ' ; < Tusculan Disputations ' ; < Of Defini- 
 tions of Good and Evil.' Of discussions of 
 moral questions we have the practical treatise 
 <Of Mutual Offices.' Theological notions are 
 examined in the two treatises <0f Divinations' 
 and <Of the Nature of the Gods.' In the 
 shorter treatises <0f Old Age,' <0f Friend- 
 ship,' <Of Consolation,' he collects such pre- 
 cepts of philosophy as have special application 
 in the decline of life. The letters of Cicero 
 to his friends (and some of theirs to him) are 
 extant to the number of 864, distributed under 
 these titles: <To Intimate Friends' (16 books), 
 extending over the years 62-43 B.C.; <To 
 Atticus' (also 16 books), years 68-43; *To 
 Quintus,' his brother (3 books), years 60-54; 
 and (Correspondence with M. Brutus' (2 
 books), belonging to the time immediately after 
 Caesar's assassination. 
 
 Ciconi, Teobaldo (che-ko'ne). An Italian 
 comic poet (1824-63); bom at San Daniele in 
 the district of Friuli. His first collection of 
 lyric poems was published in 1853, and the 
 same year his drama <Eleonora of Toldo'; 
 neither had much success. But in 1857 his 
 comedy < The Little Stray Sheep ' was re- 
 ceived with hearty favor throughout Italy ; and 
 not less gratifying was the success of the pieces 
 which succeeded it. 
 
 Cieco da Ferrara (che-a'k5). An Italian 
 poet of the latter half of the 15th century. 
 The true name of this « Blindman of Ferrara " 
 was Francesco Bello. His romantic epic <The 
 Man of Mamre' celebrates in 45 cantos the 
 adventures of an Oriental prince. It is plan- 
 less, and makes a curious jumble of Christian 
 ideas and ancient myths; yet it is not without
 
 110 
 
 CIENPUEGOS — CLARK 
 
 traits of lively invention and scintillations of 
 wit. It was first printed after the Cieco's death. 
 
 Cienfuegos, Nicasio Alvarez de (the-en- 
 fwa'gos). A Spanish poet (1764-1809) ; born 
 in Madrid. He was an alumnus of the School 
 of Poets at Salamanca, and passed his life 
 at Madrid wholly in the service of the Muses. 
 His tragedy <Pitaco> won him membership 
 in the Spanish Academy : it is his masterpiece. 
 He wrote two other tragedies ; and a comedy, 
 <The Magnanimous Sisters.' His tragedies are 
 hampered by the rules of a pseudo-classicism, 
 but betray the inspiration of noble ideas. His 
 genius was lyric ; and in songs, odes, and elegies 
 he proved himself a genine poet. 
 
 Cinna, C. Helvius (sin'a). A Roman poet, 
 the companion of Catullus. His poem 
 < Smyrna* has perished, all but a few frag- 
 ments. He was killed by a mob on the night 
 of Julius Caesar's funeral. 
 
 Cino da Pistoja (che'no da pes-t5'ya). An 
 Italian poet (1270-1337) ; born at Pistoia. By 
 profession he was a jurisconsult, and he wrote 
 a celebrated commentary on the Justinian Code. 
 Thereafter till his death he was professor of 
 jurisprudence in Italian universities. He was 
 an intimate friend of Dante. His love songs 
 (< Rimes') addressed to his mistress Selvaggia 
 are full of tender passion ; they entitle him to 
 a place among the lyric precursors of Petrarch. 
 
 Cintio or Cinzio. See Giraldi. 
 
 Cladel, Lion (kla-del'). A French romancist 
 (1855-92) ; born at Montauban. He rose sud- 
 denly into prominence with his story <The 
 Ridiculous Martyrs' (1862), a satirical descrip- 
 tion of the lower walks of literature in Paris. 
 This first success was repeated with the later 
 novels : < Eral the Tamer ' ; < One Qouael ' ; the 
 <My Peasants' series; < Barefoot'; <A Woman 
 under Ban' (for this he suffered four weeks' 
 imprisonment); and many others. 
 
 Claflin, Mary Bucklin. An American prose- 
 writer ; born in Hopkinton, Mass., July 1825 ; 
 died in Whitinsville, Mass., June 13, 1896. She 
 was the wife of Governor Claflin of Massachu- 
 setts. For eighteen years she was a trustee of 
 Boston University ; and of Wellesley College 
 from its foundation till her death. Among her 
 publications are : < Brampton Sketches ' ; < Rec- 
 ollections of Whittier' ; and < Under the Elms.' 
 
 Clairmonte, Mrs. See Egerton, George. 
 
 Clairville, Louis Francois (klar-vel'). A 
 French writer of light comedy (181 1-79) ; born 
 at Lyons. Author of more than 220 comedies, 
 farces, and comic-opera libretti. Among his 
 most successful operettas are : < Da. hnis and 
 Chloe' (1849); < Mme. Angot's Daughter' 
 ("1873) ; among his vaudevilles : < Property Is 
 Robbery' (1848); < Antoinette's Temptations' 
 (1850); < Cinderella' (1866) 
 
 Clare, Jolin. An English poet; bom in 
 Helpstone, near Peterborough, July 13, 1793 ; 
 died at Northampton, May 20, 1864. He was 
 an agricultural laborer, absolutely uneducated ; 
 
 and wrote < Poems, Descriptive of Rural Life 
 and Scenery,' in which a talent not far re- 
 moved from genius attains many fervent and 
 moving effects. 
 
 Clarendon, Edward Hyde, Earl of. An 
 English historian and statesman ; born at Din- 
 ton, Wiltshire, Feb. 18, 1608-9; died in exile at 
 Rouen, France, Dec. 9, 1674. His 'History of 
 the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England ' and 
 < History of the Civil War in Ireland' are 
 among the foremost authorities for the events 
 and the political biography of the time ; and 
 their force, acuteness, and dignified elevation of 
 style give them a high place as literature. His 
 
 < Essay on an Active and Contemplative Life ' 
 also contains many observations good in matter 
 
 .nd style. 
 
 Claretle, Jules (klar-te'). A French novelist 
 and dramatist ; born at Limoges, Dec. 3, 1840. 
 He has written a long series of very successful 
 novels, the most noteworthy of them being : 
 
 < Madeleine Bertin' (1868); <The Million' 
 (1882) ; < Monsieur the Minister' (1882) ; <Noris, 
 Manners of the Time' (1883) ; <The American 
 Woman' (1892). He wrote also some striking 
 chapters of contemporary history, as <The 
 Revolution of 1870-71'; 'Paris Besieged'; 
 'Five Years After: Alsace and Lorraine since 
 Annexation.' His dramatic compositions re- 
 late mostly to the time of the great Revolution. 
 He became administrator of the Com^die 
 Fran9aise in 1885, and was chosen member ^* 
 the Academy in 1888. 
 
 Clark, Alexander. A prominent American 
 Methodist divine and miscellaneous writer; 
 born in Jefferson county, O., 1834; died in 
 Georgia, July 6, 1879. He was editor of the 
 Methodist Recorder (1870-79). He wrote: the 
 <01d Log Schoolhouse' (1864)!; 'Workaday 
 Christianity' (1870) ; 'Rambles in Europe* 
 (1877); 'Ripples on the River,' verse; etc. 
 
 Clark, Charles Heber. [« Max Adeler."J 
 An American journalist and humorist; bom 
 1841 He is attached to the Philadelphia Even- 
 ing Bulletin, and editor of the Textile Record 
 He has written: 'Out of the Hurly-Burly' (1874) . 
 
 < Elbow-Room' (1876); 'Fortunate Island, and 
 Other Stories ' (1881) ; < The Quakeress > (1905)- 
 
 Clark, George Hunt. An American poet; 
 born in Northampton, Mass., 1809; died in 
 Hartford, Conn., Aug. 20, 1881. He was a fre- 
 quent contributor to Putnam's, Knickerbocker, 
 and other journals. His published poems in- 
 clude : ' Now and Then ' ; ' The News ' ; and a 
 collection of humorous and sentimental pieces 
 entitled ' Undertow of a Trade-Wind Surf.' 
 
 Clark, Henry James. An American natural- 
 ist and prose-writer; born in Easton, Mass., 
 June 22, 1826; died in Amherst, Mass., July I, 
 1873. He was associated in work with Agassiz 
 for several years; also was professor in many 
 of our leading colleges and universities. Among 
 his many contributions to literature are : ' Mind 
 in Nature, or the Origin of Life, and the Mode 
 of Development of Animals' (1865); 'Claims 
 for Scientific Property' (1863).
 
 CLARK -CLARKE 
 
 lit 
 
 Clark, James Gowdy. An American song- 
 writer; born in Constantia, N. Y., June 28, 1830; 
 died September 1897. Known as the composer 
 of the words and music of many popular songs, 
 was himself a noted singer, and author of 
 
 < Poetry and Song> (1886). 
 
 Clark, Lewis 'Gaylord. An American jour- 
 nalist and humorous writer; born in Otisco, 
 N. Y., March 5, 1810; died in Piermont, N. Y., 
 Nov. 3, 1873. In 1834 he became editor of the 
 Knickerbocker Magazine ; and with Irving, 
 Bryant, Longfellow, Halleck, and Willis, as 
 contributors, made it the foremost literary pub- 
 lication of that time, and an inspiration to a 
 higher standard of periodical literature. The 
 
 < Editor's Table,* written by him, overflowed 
 with amusing stories and witty sayings. The 
 
 < Knickerbocker Sketch-Book* (1850), and 
 • Knick-Knacks from an Editor's Table' (1853), 
 are his only publications in book form. 
 
 Clark, Willis Gaylord. An American poet, 
 twin brother of Lewis Gaylord ; born in Otisco, 
 N. Y., March 5, 1810; died in Philadelphia, 
 Pa., June 12, 1841. He became associate edi- 
 tor of the Columbian Star, a religious weekly 
 paper (1830), but resigned shortly after to take 
 charge of the Philadelphia Gazette. His long- 
 est poem is <The Spirit of Life* (1833). A 
 complete edition of his poems, edited by his 
 brother, appeared in 1847. 
 
 Clarke, Charles Cowden. An English prose- 
 writer and versifier ; born in Enfield, Middlesex, 
 Dec. 15, 1787; died at Genoa, March 13, 1877. 
 He produced < Tales from Chaucer* and 
 
 < Shakespeare's Characters,* besides lectures and 
 essays innumerable ; and < Carmina Minima,* 
 a volume of verse. See also Mary Cowden. 
 
 Clarke, Edward Daniel. An English trav- 
 eler and descriptive writer ; bom at Willington, 
 Essex, June 5, 1769 ; died at London, March 
 9, 1822. He investigated the topographical and 
 kindred antiquities of Greece and the Hellene 
 lands most thoroughly, his great work being 
 ' Travels in Various Countries of Europe, Asia, 
 and Africa* (1810-23); but a dissertation on 
 <The Tomb of Alexander* (1805) is particu- 
 larly scholarly, its subject being the sarcopha- 
 gus now in the British Museum. 
 
 Clarke, Hyde. An English writer of miscel- 
 laneous prose ; born in London, 1815 ; died there, 
 March i, 1895. In diplomacy, civil engineer- 
 ing, and scholarship he was equally at home, 
 his versatility being conspicuous in < Theory of 
 Railway Investment*; < Colonization in our In- 
 dian Empire* (1857); < Comparative Philology* 
 (1858); and < Examination of the Legend of 
 Atlantis * ( 1886) . He compiled a useful abridged 
 English Dictionary. 
 
 Clarke, James Freeman. An American 
 Unitarian clergyman and prose-writer; born 
 in Hanover, N. H., April 4, 1810; died in Bos- 
 ton, Mass., June 8, 1888. He was one of the 
 clearest thinkers and most lucid and graceful 
 writers of America. In 1852, together with Em- 
 erson and William H. Channing, be prepared 
 
 the < Memoirs of Margaret Fuller d'Ossoli.> His 
 chief work was <Ten Great Religions* (1871- 
 83). Among the others were: < Self-Culture * 
 (1882); < Anti-Slavery Days* (1884); <Every- 
 Day Religion* (i886j; and < Vexed Questions* 
 (1886). 
 
 Clarke, Marcus Andrew Hyslop. An Aus- 
 tralian novelist ; born in London, April 24, 1846; 
 died in Melbourne, Australia, Aug. 2, 1881. He 
 went to the island in his twenty-fourth year, 
 took up journalism, and acquired the experience 
 of bush life and the knowledge of antipodean 
 men and things of which such brilliant use is 
 made in <His Natural Life,* a striking convict 
 story ; < Holiday Peak * ; < Old Tales of a New 
 Country * ; and other vivid fictions. 
 
 Clarke, Mary Bayard. An American poet 
 and prose-writer; born in Raleigh, N. C, 
 about 1830 ; died in 1886. While living in 
 Cuba, she published verses signed « Tenella **. 
 After her return in 1855 she wrote < Reminis- 
 cences of Cuba > for the Southern Literary 
 Messenger. Among her works are war lyrics 
 and translations from Victor Hugo ; also 
 prose articles signed « Stuart Leigh.** In 1870 
 was published her poem < Clytie and Zenobia, 
 or the Lily and the Palm * ; and < Wood Notes,* 
 a compilation of North Carolina verse. 
 
 Clarke, Mary Cowden. An English story- 
 writer, essayist, and Shakespearean scholar; born 
 (Novello) in London, June 22, 1S09; died at 
 Genoa, Jan. 1 2, 1898. She married Charles Cow- 
 den Clarke, with whom she wrote the <Shakes- 
 peare Key * and compiled an edition of Shakes- 
 peare's plays. Her own < Complete Concord- 
 ance* is universally known. Her novels are: 
 <A Rambling Story* and <The Iron Cousin,' 
 pleasing and graceful prose idyls. < World- 
 Noted Women* contains able biographical 
 studies. 
 
 Clarke, McDonald. An American poet ; born 
 in Bath, Me., June 18, 1878 ; died in New York, 
 March 5, 1842. He was an eccentric character, 
 familiarly known as "the mad poet** ; and was 
 the subject of an amusing poem by Halleck, 
 called <The Discarded.* The subjects of 
 Clarke's verses were usually the belles of the 
 city and topics of the day. His works include : 
 < Poetic Sketches* (1826) and <The Belles of 
 Broadway* (1833). One of his poems was 
 « Now twilight lets her curtain down.** 
 
 Clarke, Rebecca Sophia. [« Sophie May. ** ] 
 An American novelist and popular writer of 
 children's stories ; born at Norridgewock, Me., 
 1833. Died Aug. 16, 1906. She wrote the < Dotty 
 Dimple * series, < Flaxie Frizzle * stories, etc.; 
 and of novels : < Her Friend's Lover * ; < The 
 Asbury Twins*; < Quinnebasset Girls*; etc. 
 
 Clarke, Richard H. An American prose- 
 writer'; born in Washington, D. C, July 3, 
 1827. He was made president of the Society 
 of American Authors in 1891. < The New Cru- 
 sade of the Nineteenth Century,* relating to 
 the Church and slavery, was an important 
 article. Other works of his are : < Socialism in
 
 IIZ 
 
 CLARKE — CLESSE 
 
 America >; < Biography of Commodore John 
 iJarry, Founder of the American Navy': 
 ' Father Sebastian Rale > ; an answer to Glad- 
 stone on < Maryland Toleration >; and an<Illus- 
 trated History of the Catholic Church in the 
 United btates ' ; and < Life of Pope Leo XIIL ' 
 
 Clarke, Samuel. An English theologian 
 and philosopher; born in Norwich, Oct. ii, 
 1675; died May 17, 1729. He took holy orders, 
 and almost immediately commanded recogni- 
 tion as a thinker and disputant. In his three 
 masterpieces, < Demonstration of the Being and 
 Attributes of God> (1705-6); < Verity and Cer- 
 titude of Natural and Revealed Religion > 
 {1705); and < Discourse Concerning the Inalter- 
 able Obligations of Natural Religion' (1708), 
 we get the measure of the man, and they ad- 
 equately explain his contemporary eminence. 
 His edition of Homer is good ; as are, in fact, 
 nearly all his varied literary productions. 
 
 Clason, Isaac Starr. An American poet 
 and actor; born in New York in 1789; died 
 in London, 1834. He published <Don Juan, 
 Cantos 17 and 18 > supplementary to Byron's 
 poem {1825). It gave him his reputation; and 
 was followed by < Horace in New York,' a col- 
 lection of poems full of the local gossip of 
 the time, and containing some touching lines 
 on the death of Thomas Addis Emmet. 
 
 Claudianus, Claudius (kla-di-a'nus A Ro- 
 man poet of the 4th century. He stood high 
 in favor with the emperors Honorius and Ar- 
 cadius, and was promoted to the highest honors 
 of the State. He was the last of the non- 
 Christian poets of Rome, and stands high above 
 his contemporaries, though his style and matter 
 have the faults and blemishes of that decadent 
 period,— bombastic expression and flattery of 
 the great. His greatest work is an epic, <The 
 Rape of Proserpine.' His < Epithalamium on 
 the Marriage of Honorius' has appended to it 
 some < Fescennine Verses ' : both, especially the 
 latter, would seem to continue the true Roman 
 poetic tradition for that kind of compositions. 
 Such poems would not be tolerated at a mar- 
 riage feast in our times. Besides the works 
 named, we have a considerable number of other 
 poems by Claudianus. 
 
 Claudius, Matthias (klou'de-os). A noted 
 German poet ; bom at Reinfeld, Holstein, Aug. 
 15, 1740; died at Altona, Jan. 21, 1815. Though 
 his first literary venture, < Trifles and Tales,' 
 had little originality, being an imitation of a 
 work by Gerstenberg under a similar title, he 
 is in his later works one of the most original 
 ■of German authors. His simple ballads, <Join 
 in with Clear and Full Accord > ; < O Crown the 
 Bowl ' ; < Once Lived a Giant Goliath,' became 
 popular favorites. 
 
 Clauren, H. (klou'ren), pseudonym of Carl 
 Heun. A German story-writer and dramatist; 
 bom in Dobrilugk, March 20, 1771 ; died at Ber- 
 lin, Aug. 2, 1854. He held numerous official 
 positions after studying law, but story-telling 
 and farce-writing occupied the greater part of 
 his time, ^The Spmbre Room' and <Mimili' 
 
 were two of his early and successful tales. His 
 poem <The King Called, and All, All Came,' 
 and his farces, are still remembered. He 
 blended sentimentality and realism in a pop- 
 ularly taking but inartistic manner. 
 
 ClavUo y Fajardo, Jos^ (klav-e'Ho e fa- 
 Har'do). A Spanish journalist and prose-writer; 
 born in the Canary Islands, about 1730; died 
 at Madrid, 1806. He came young to the Span- 
 ish capital, and demonstrated his ability to 
 such purpose that prosperity and fame were 
 his very early, the Pensador and the Mercurio 
 being distinctively journals made by himself. 
 He also translated Buffon's < Natural History.' 
 He is the hero of Goethe's 'Clavigo.' 
 
 Clay, Cassius Marcellus. A distinguished 
 American statesman; born in Madison County, 
 Ky., Oct. 19, 1810. He was one of the most 
 powerful of the Southern Abolitionists. In 1862- 
 69 he was minister to Russia. He wrote his 
 own < Life and Memoirs.' Died July 22, 1903. 
 
 Clay, Henry. An eminent American orator 
 and statesman; born in Hanover, Va., April 
 12, 1777 ; died at Washington, D. C, June 
 29, 1852. He was United States Senator from 
 Kentucky, 1806-7, 1810-11 ; Member of Congress 
 from Kentucky, 1811-21, 1823-25; Speaker 
 of the House, 1811-14, 1815-20, 1823-25; Pres- 
 idential candidate, 1S24; Secretary of State, 
 1825-29 ; United States Senator, 1831-42, 1849- 
 52; Presidential candidate, 1832 and 1844; one 
 of the formulators of the Missouri Compro- 
 mise, 1820, and of the Compromise of 1850; 
 author of the tariff of 1833. His < Complete 
 Works' (1857) are edited by Colton. 
 
 Cleanthes (kle-an'thes). A Greek philos- 
 opher ; born at Assos, 331 B. C. ; died, 232 
 B. C. He was the founder of Stoicism. His 
 works are lost, with the exception of a <Hymn 
 to Zeus' and some few fragments. 
 
 Clemens, Jeremiah. An American states- 
 man, lawyer, and novelist ; bom at Huntsville, 
 Ala., Dec. 28, 1814; died there. May 21, 1865. 
 He was U. S. Senator from Alabama (1849-53). 
 He wrote: < Bernard Lisle' (1856); < Mustang 
 Grey' (1858); < Tobias Wilson' (1865); etc, 
 
 Clemens, Samuel Langhorne. («Mark 
 Twain.") A distinguished American humor- 
 ist; born in Missouri, Nov. 30, 1835. His 
 works include: <The Jumping Frog' (1867); 
 <The Innocents Abroad' (1869); < Roughing 
 It' (1872); <A Tramp Abroad' (1880); <The 
 Prince and the Pauper' (1882); <Life on the 
 Mississippi' (1883); <The Gilded Age' (1874: 
 with Charies Dudley Warner) ; < Old Times 
 on the Mississippi'; <Tom Sawyer'; < Huckle- 
 berry Finn'; <A Yankee at King Arthur's 
 Court'; <Pudd'nhead Wilson'; <The Personal 
 Recollections of Joan of Arc ' ; < Following the 
 Equator '(1897); < The Man that Corrupted Had- 
 leyburg ' (1900) ; < Articles on Christian Science > 
 (1903) ; < A Dog's Tale > (1903) ; < A Horse's Tale ' 
 (1906). 
 
 Clesse, Antoine (kles'e). A Belgian popular 
 poet (1816-89); bom at Th« Hague. To the
 
 CLEVELAND — COBDEN 
 
 113 
 
 day of his death he followed his trade of 
 armorer. His first ballad, < Godfrey de Bouil- 
 ion,> won for him a gold medal. His popular 
 songs <Beer> and <The Family Name> (mean- 
 ing Belgian, including Fleming, Walloon, etc.), 
 came into great favor with the people. He 
 wrote also a comedy, <A Poet.* Two volumes 
 of < Songs* (1866-88) contain all his popular 
 ballads, with the music. 
 
 Cleveland, Aaron. An American writer of 
 prose and verse ; born in Haddam, Conn., Feb. 
 3,1744; died in New Haven, Conn., Sept. 21, 
 1815. In 1763 was written his best poem, <The 
 Philosopher and Boy.> In 1775 he published a 
 poem on < Slavery * ; also a number of fugitive 
 verses. He was the great-grandfather of Pres- 
 ident Cleveland. 
 
 Cleveland, Rose Elizabeth. An American 
 prose-writer, sister of Grover Cleveland ; born 
 in Fayetteville, N. Y.. 1846. After the inaugu- 
 ration of her brother (1885) she became the 
 « mistress of the White House,** remaining there 
 until 1886. Miss Cleveland published a book 
 of essays and lectures entitled < George Eliot's 
 Poetry, and Other Studies* (1885); and <The 
 Long Run,* a novel (1886). 
 
 Clinch, Charles Powell. An American poet 
 and play-writer; born in New York city, Oct. 
 20, 1797 ; died there, Dec. 16, 1880. For many 
 years he was editorial writer, and literary and 
 dramatic critic, for the press ; also writer of 
 many poems, theatrical addresses, and dramas. 
 Among the latter are: <The Spy*; <The Ex- 
 pelled CoUegiates * ; and < The First of May.* 
 
 Clinton, De Witt. A famous American law- 
 yer and statesman ; born at Little Britain, 
 N. Y., March 2, 1769; died at Albany, N. Y., 
 Feb. II, 1828. He was United States Senator 
 from New York (1802) ; mayor of New York 
 city (1803-7, 1809-10, 1811-15) ; lieutenant-gov- 
 ernor (1811-13) ; candidate for President (1812) ; 
 governor (1817-23, 1825-28). He was the chief 
 originator of the Erie Canal (1817-25). Besides 
 purely political works, addresses, etc., he wrote : 
 
 < Antiquities of Western New York * ; < Natural 
 History and Internal Revenues of New York * ; 
 etc. 
 
 Clough, Arthur Hugh (kluf). An English 
 poet; born in Liverpool, Jan. i, 1819; died at 
 Florence, Italy, Nov. 13, 1861. His works com- 
 prise : < The Bothie of Toper-na-Fuosich [after- 
 wards Tober-na-Vuolich], a Long Vacation 
 Pastoral* (1848); <Ambarvalia: Poems by 
 Thomas Burbidge and A. H. Clough* (1849); 
 
 < Plutarch's Lives : the Translation called Dry- 
 den's Corrected* (1859-64 and 1876); < Poems 
 with Memoir* (by F. T. Palgrave) (1862); 
 
 < Poems and Prose Remains* (1869); and one 
 or two more. 
 
 Clymer, Ella Dietz. An American poet; 
 born in New York, 185-. She began her career 
 as an actress in 1872; in 1881 she abandoned 
 the stage. She has contributed to literature 
 three volumes of poems : < The Triumph of 
 Love* (1878); <The Triumph of Time* (1884); 
 
 and <The Triumph of Life* (1885). She was 
 one of the founders of the «Sorosis»* Society, 
 and its president in 1889. 
 
 Coan, Titus (ko'an). A noted American 
 missionary; bom at Killingworth, Conn., Feb. 
 I, 1801; died at Hilo, Hawaii, Dec. i, 1882! 
 After spending several months (1833-34) on a 
 dangerous exploring expedition in Patagonia, 
 he went to the Sandwich Islands (1835), oc- 
 cupying the Hilo station forty-seven years, and 
 in that time converting 14,000 natives. He 
 wrote : < Adventures in Patagonia* (1880) ; < Life 
 in Hawaii* (1881). 
 
 Coan, Titus Munson. An American man 
 of letters and critic, son of Titus M. the elder ; 
 born in the Sandwich Islands, 1836. He now 
 resides in New York. He has written <An 
 Ounce of Prevention * ; Topics of the Time* ; 
 
 < Hawaian Ethnography.* 
 
 Coates, Florence (Earle) [Mrs. Edward H.J. 
 An American poet; born 1850, and now resid- 
 ing in Philadelphia, Pa. She has made many 
 contributions to various magazines. Among 
 her uncollected poems are : < Conscience * ; 
 
 < Song * ; < To France — 1894 * ; < Combatants * ; 
 
 < Survival* ; < Mine and Thine* (1904). 
 
 Cobb, Joseph Beckham. An American 
 novelist and miscellaneous writer; bom in 
 Georgia, 1819; died 1858. He wrote: <The 
 Creole' (1850), a novel; 'Mississippi Scenes* 
 (1851); < Leisure Labors* (1858). 
 
 Cobb, Sylvanus. An American novelist; 
 born in Waterville, Me., 1823; died in Hyde 
 Park, Mass., July 2, 1887. He was editor and 
 publisher of a periodical called the Rechabite. 
 Besides contributing to other publications, he 
 was a most prolific story-writer. His most 
 popular novels are: <The King's Talisman* 
 (1851); <The Patriot Craiser* (1859); and < Ben 
 Hamed* (1864). 
 
 Cobbe, Frances Power. An Irish writer on 
 religion and morals ; born in Dublin, 1822. 
 She has written < Intuitive Morals* (1855); 
 'Religious Duty*; < Hours of Work and Play* 
 (1867); < Duties of Women*; < The Hopes of 
 the Human Race, Hereafter and Here*; and 
 other important works. She has been praised 
 for her expositions of the views of Theodore 
 Parker. Died at Hengurt, Wales, April 5, 1904. 
 
 Cobbett, William. An English essayist and 
 political writer; born in Farnham, ^Iarch 9, 
 1762; died at Normandy Farm, near Farn- 
 ham, June 1835. The son of a farm hand, he 
 had no early advantages, but a great gift for 
 controversy ; and he plunged warmly into the 
 social and economic and political discussions 
 of his day. He visited this country, and wrote 
 here for a time under the name of <* Peter 
 Porcupine.** He is at his best in his count- 
 less pamphlets, and in <The Political Proteus,* 
 
 < Legacy to Laborers,' and < Advice to Young 
 Men.* 
 
 Cobden, Richard. A great English political 
 economist ; born in Sussex, June 3, 1804 ; died
 
 114 
 
 CODEMO — COLERIDGE 
 
 at London, April 2, 1865. He was a manu- 
 facturer, but opposed his class ; led the Com 
 Law agitation ; and entered Parliament in 1841. 
 He visited this country in 1854. His 'Political 
 Writings* (1867) and < Speeches on Questions 
 of Public Policy > (1870) are very notable in the 
 history of agitation. 
 
 Codemo, Luigia (ko-da'mo). An Italian 
 novelist ; born Sept. 5, 1828, died 1898. She 
 made extensive travels (1838-50), and in 1851 
 became the wife of the Chevalier Karl von 
 Gerstenbrand. Her first work, < Memoirs of a 
 Peasant' (1856), evinced a true insight into 
 lowly life ; and in the numerous sketches and 
 tales that followed it, she showed a profound 
 sympathy with the common people. Her writ- 
 ings passed through several editions. Among 
 her works are : * Miseries and Splendors of the 
 Poor > ; < The New Rich > ; < A Lady of Heart.> 
 
 Codman, Jolin. A noted American sea-captain 
 and miscellaneous writer; born at Dorchester, 
 Mass., Oct. 16, 1814; died in Boston, April 6, 
 1900. He wrote : 'Sailors' Life a«d Sailors' 
 Yarns> (1847); <The Mormon Countrj') (1876); 
 'Round Trip by Way of Panama, etc. > (1879); 
 'Winter Sketches from the Saddle) (1 888), etc. 
 
 Coffin, Charles Carleton. An American 
 novelist and lecturer; born in Boscawen, N. H., 
 July 26, 1823; died in Brookline, Mass., March 
 2, 1896. He began life as a civil engineer; 
 afterward gave his attention to telegraphy. In 
 1 85 1 he began to write for the Boston papers; 
 and during the Civil War and the Austro- 
 Prussian War of 1866 was war correspondent 
 for the Boston Journal, writing over the signa- 
 ture of "Carleton." His books include: 'Days 
 and Nights on the Battle-Field' (1864); 'Our 
 New Way Round the World > (1869); 'Story 
 of Liberty) (1878); 'Life of Garfield' (1883); 
 and 'The Drum-Beat of the Nation' (1887), the 
 first volume of a series. 
 
 Coffin, Robert Barry. An American jour- 
 nalist and miscellaneous writer; born in Hud- 
 son, N. Y., July 21, 1826; died in Fordham, 
 N. v., June 10, 1886. He was on the staff of 
 the Home Journal of New York (1858), and 
 was also art critic of the Evening Post. His 
 humorous sketches, which have appeared in 
 many periodicals over the pen-name " Barry 
 Gray," have been extensively read. Among 
 his publications are : ' My Married Life at Hill- 
 side' (1865); 'Cakes and Ale at Woodbine' 
 (1868); and 'The Home of Cooper' (1872). 
 
 Coffin, Robert Stevenson. An American 
 poet; born in Brunswick, Me., July 14, 1797; 
 died in Rowley, Mass., May 7, 1827. His first 
 contributions in verse to the periodicals were 
 over the signature of " The Boston Bard." 
 He published ' The Oriental Harp : Poems of 
 the Boston Bard' (1826), in which are included 
 his most notable verses. 
 
 Coggeshall, William Turner. An Amer- 
 ican journalist ; bom in Lewistown, Pa., Sept. 
 6, 1824; died in Quito, Ecuador, Aug. 2, 1867. 
 From 1841 to 1866 he was editorially connected 
 
 with a number of newspapers, including the 
 Cincinnati Gazette, the Springfield Republican 
 (1862), and the Ohio State Journal (1865). He 
 was United States minister to Ecuador from 
 June 1866 until his death. His works include : 
 'Home Hits and Hints' (1859); 'Poets and 
 Poetry of the West' (i860); and 'The Journeys 
 of Lincoln as President-Elect, and as President 
 Martyred' (1865). 
 
 Colardeau, Charles Pierre (ko-lar-do). A 
 French poet ; born at Janville, 1732 ; died 1776. 
 He was elected to the French Academy in 1776, 
 having written 'The Men of Prometheus' and 
 'Epistle to M. Duhamel.' 
 
 Colban, Adolphine Marie (kol'ban). A 
 Norwegian novelist (1814-84). Left a widow 
 without resources at 36, she went to Paris, 
 where a lady of quality sent to the printer some 
 of the widow's letters to her, entitling the col- 
 lection ' Letters of a Barbarian.' Parisian soci- 
 ety was captivated, and the author decided to 
 exercise her newly discovered talent by writing 
 stories in her own language. Between 1869 
 and 1881 she published seven volumes of tales, 
 charming for their fine spiritual insight and their 
 warm human S}Tnpathy ; they were nearly all 
 translated into German. Among them 'Jeg 
 Lever' is perhaps the most noteworthy. 
 
 Colenso, John William. An English theo- 
 logian; born 1814; died 1883. He became 
 Bishop of Natal, South Africa, and wrote ' The 
 Pentateuch and Book of Joshua Critically Ex- 
 amined' (1862). 
 
 Coleridge, Hartle>. An English poet and 
 literary critic ( 1796-1849), son of Samuel Taylor; 
 born at Cleveden. From Oxford he went to 
 London, and there published some exquisite 
 sonnets in the London Magazine. He inherited 
 defects of character and will, and never realized 
 the promise of his great talents. His writings 
 in prose are ' Biographia Borealis' (1833); 'The 
 Worthies of Yorkshire and Lancashire' (1836); 
 and a volume of ' Essays and Marginalia.' His 
 brother Derwent published a biography and his 
 poems (2 vols., 1850). 
 
 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. An English poet 
 and philosopher ; born at Ottery St. Mary, Dev- 
 onshire, Oct. 21, 1772 ; died July 25, 1834. The 
 authorities on the works of Coleridge are very 
 numerous and important. Among the many 
 titles under which his works were published, 
 the following are probably most noteworthy : 
 'Fall of Robespierre' (1794), a play of which 
 he wrote the first act; 'Moral and Political 
 Lecture Delivered at Bristol' (1795); 'Con- 
 ciones ad Populum' (1795), being addresses tu 
 the people; 'The Plot Discovered' (1795), a 
 political pamphlet ; ' Poems on Various Subjects • 
 (1796); 'The Destiny of Nations' (1828), first 
 published in Southey's 'Joan of Arc'; 'Ode to 
 the Departing Year' (1796) ; ' Fears in Solitude ' 
 (1798); ' Wallenstein ' (1800); 'Remorse, a 
 Tragedy' (1813); 'Christabel,' with 'Kubla 
 Khan> and 'Pains of Sleep' (1816); 'Bio- 
 graphia Literaria' (1817): 'Aids to Reflection*
 
 COLERIDGE — COLLINS 
 
 "5 
 
 C1825); < Table Talk> (1835); 'Confessions of 
 an Inquiring Spirit* (1840), the last two post- 
 humous. The < Ancient Mariner > was first pub- 
 lished in 1798, in a volume of < Lyrical Ballads > 
 (with Wordsworth). 
 
 Coleridge, Sara. An English poet, daughter 
 of Samuel Taylor; born at Greta Hall, near 
 Keswick, Dec. 22, 1802; died in London, May 
 3, 1852. The genius of her father seemed al- 
 most to have inspired her < Phantasmion,' a 
 ballad of fairyland. Her classical learning and 
 scientific attainments made her an authority on 
 some of the most abstruse subjects. 
 
 Coles, Abraham. An American prose-writer 
 and poet ; born in Scotch Plains, N. J., Dec. 26, 
 1813; died in Monterey, Gal., May 3, 1891. In 
 1835 he graduated from Jefferson Medical Col- 
 lege, Philadelphia. He has published thirteen 
 original translations of the celebrated hymn 
 <Dies Ir2e> (1859); <01d Gems in New Set- 
 tings' (1866); <The Microcosm >; and <The 
 Light of the World > (1884). In 1871 Princeton 
 gave him the degree of LL. D. 
 
 Colet, Louise Revoil (ko-la'). A French 
 poet and novelist (1810-76). Four times be- 
 tween 1839 and 1855, poems of hers were 
 crowned by the French Academy. She was 
 a graceful lyrist, and often struck the chord 
 of deep passion with effect. Of her verses, 
 poured forth with marvelous facility, < The 
 Woman's Poem* is perhaps her best after the 
 four offered to the Academy. Among her nu- 
 merous novels, < Bruised Hearts* (2 vols., 1843) 
 may be mentioned. She also wrote several nar- 
 ratives of travel. 
 
 Coll€, Charles (ko-la'). A French dramatist 
 (1709-83). For the Duke of Orleans's theatre 
 he composed several light comedies, < There's 
 Truth in Wine,* < The Knave Gallant,* etc., 
 full of lively dialogue and intensely comic sit- 
 uations. Of his sentimental pieces, < Henri 
 IV.'s Hunting Party* is best known. As a 
 lyrist he holds a place next after B^ranger 
 among French poets. His 'Historic Journal* 
 (3 vols.) is for the most part a mass of calum- 
 nies against his contemporaries. 
 
 Collet, Jakobine Camilla (kol'let). A Nor- 
 wegian novelist ; born at Christiansand, Jan. 23, 
 1813. Her works, in many of which she cham- 
 pions the political emancipation of women, 
 have had very wide circulation. Among them 
 are : < In the Long Nights * ; < A Bright Picture 
 in a Dark Frame*; 'Against the Current*. D. 1895. 
 
 Colletet, Guillaume (kol"e-ta"). A French 
 poet; born at Paris in 1598; died in 1659. He 
 wrote a number of poems that are not with- 
 out merit, possessing as they do liveliness and 
 originality. Some of his epigrams are ingenious 
 and pungent. His best works are: 'Banquet 
 of the Poets* (1646); 'Selected Poems* (1656). 
 He was one of the five poets selected by 
 Richelieu to put his dramatic works in verse, 
 and was also one of the original members of 
 the French Academy. 
 
 Collier, Mrs. Ada (Langworthy). An Amer- 
 ican writer of verse ; born in Iowa, 1843. Her 
 home is in Dubuque. Her principal work is 
 'Lilith, the Legend of the P'irst Woman < 
 (1885). 
 
 Collier, John Payne. An English critic and 
 antiquary; bom in London, 1789; died Sept. 
 17, 1883. He is famed for his 'Poetical De- 
 cameron' (1820); 'History of English Dra- 
 matic Poetry to the Time of Shakespeare, and 
 Annals of the Stage to the Restoration* (1831); 
 and his edition of Shakespeare (1844). 
 
 Collier, Robert Laird. An American Uni- 
 tarian clergyman, religious writer, and essayist ; 
 born at Salisbury, Md., 1837 ; died 1890. Start- 
 ing in life as an itinerant Methodist preacher, 
 he held prominent Unitarian pulpits in Chicago 
 and Boston, and became noted as a preacher 
 and lecturer. In later life he was London cor- 
 respondent of the New York Herald. Besides 
 religious writings, he published : ' Henry Irving, 
 a Sketch and a Criticism > ; ' English Home 
 Life> (1885). 
 
 Collin, Heinrich Joseph von (kol'lin). An 
 Austrian dramatist and lyrist (1771-1811) ; bom 
 at Vienna. He wrote several tragedies, mostly 
 on antique themes ; of these, ' Regulus,* the 
 first of the series, is the best. His powerful 
 'Songs for the-Militia* (1809) give him a high 
 rank among the balladists of the war of liber- 
 ation. Of his historical ballads, ' Kaiser Max 
 on the Walls of St. Martin's* is best known. 
 
 Collin d'Harleville, Jean Frangois (kol-an 
 darl-vel'). A French dramatist (1755-1806). 
 He worked a genuine vein of comedy, yet 
 never slighted the moral side of conduct 
 Notable among his works are 'The Old Bach- 
 elor,* his masterpiece, and ' Castles in Spain.* 
 
 Collins, John. An English poet; born in 
 Bath, 1742; died at Birmingham, May 2, 1808. 
 He was a stay -maker turned actor; and his 
 poetic fame rests upon ' Scripscrapologia,* a 
 collection of poems, among which ' To-Morrow > 
 is especially readable. 
 
 Collins, Mortimer. An English novelist and 
 poet ; bom in Plymouth, June 29, 1827 ; died at 
 Knowl Hill, Berkshire, July 28, 1876. His ' Idyls 
 and Rhymes,* ' Summer Songs,* and ' The 
 British Birds,* are the efforts of an inspired 
 verse-maker. His novels: 'Who Is the Heir?* 
 (1865) ; 'Sweet Anne Page* (1868) ; 'The Ivory 
 Gate* (1869); 'The Vivian Romance* (1870); 
 'The Marquis and Merchant* (1871) ; 'Two 
 Plunges for 'a Pearl* (1872); 'Blacksmith and 
 Scholar' (1875); and others, are much admired. 
 
 Collins, William. An English poet; born 
 in Chichester, Dec. 25, 1721 ; died there, June 12, 
 1759. His melancholy temperament and poetic 
 musings marked him as a boy, as a youth at 
 Oxford, and even as a madman in the asylum 
 where he died. ' The Passions,* with " its grace 
 and vigor, its vivid and pliant dexterity of 
 touch*' ; the 'Ode to Evening,* a mosaic of eu- 
 I phonies ; the ' Dirge in Cymbelinc * ; and the
 
 ii6 
 
 COLLINS — COMENIUS 
 
 <Ode on the Death of Thomson,* chiefly per- 
 petuate his fame. 
 
 Collins, William Wilkie. An English nov- 
 elist ; bom in London, Jan. 8, 1824 ; died there, 
 Sept. 23, 1889. He was a master of construct- 
 ive art and fascinating plot. His greatest 
 novels are admittedly < The Moonstone > (1868) 
 and <The Woman in White > (i860); next in 
 merit are < The New Magdalen > (1873) and 
 <No Name> (1862). The others are: *Anto- 
 nina> (2d ed. 1850); < Basil > (1852); <The Dead 
 Secret > (1857); < Armadale > (1866); <Man and 
 Wife> (1870); <Poor Miss Finch > (1872); < Miss 
 or Mrs. ?> (1873); <The Law and the Lady> 
 (1875); <The Two Destinies) (1876); <Heart 
 and Science > (1883); <I Say No> (1884); <The 
 Legacy of Cain> (1888); < Blind Love > (1889: 
 completed by Walter Besant). He wrote also 
 a biography of his father, William Collins the 
 painter (1848). 
 
 Collyer, Robert. An American clergyman 
 and prose-writer ; bom in Keighley, Yorkshire, 
 England, Dec. 8, 1823. He came to America 
 in 1849, being then a Wesleyan preacher and 
 a blacksmith ; but became a Unitarian, and 
 preached some years in Chicago, where he 
 founded Unity Church in i860. He was made 
 pastor of the Church of the Messiah, New York 
 city, September 1879, and is now pastor emeri- 
 tus. Included in his publications are : < Nature 
 and Life> (1866); <The Life that Now Is> 
 (1871); <A History of the Town and Parish 
 of Ilkley* (England, iS8b, written in connection 
 with Horsefall Turner) and < Lectures to Young 
 Men and Women > (1886); < Things New and 01d.> 
 
 Colman, George, the Elder. An English 
 dramatist; born in Florence, Italy, April 28, 
 1733; died in London, Aug. 14, 1794. Taste, 
 humor, and brilliancy are the leading qual- 
 ities of his work; < The Deuce Is in Him>; 
 < New Brooms > ; < The Separate Maintenance ' ; 
 and several other comedies, proclaiming him 
 a man of wit, a writer, and a playwright of rare 
 merits. 
 
 Colman, George, the Younger. An English 
 dramatist and humorous poet; born in Lon- 
 don (?), Oct. 21, 1762; died there, Oct. 17, 1836. 
 <The Iron Chest,' <John BulP (for which he 
 received an unprecedentedly large sum), and 
 <The Heir-at-Law,> are most widely known 
 among his racy and rather noisy but most 
 laughable comedies. < Broad Grins > and < Poetic 
 Vagaries > are very amusing rhymes. 
 
 Colombl, Marchioness (ko-lum'be), pseu- 
 donym of Maria Torelli-Torriani. An Italian 
 novelist of to-day ; born at Novara. Most note- 
 worthy among her stories is < In Risaia,> a 
 powerful description of the miseries of Italian 
 peasant life. 
 
 Colonna, Vittoria (ko-lon'na). A poet of 
 Italy (1490-1547) ; born at Marino. Left a 
 widow in 1525 by the death of her husband, 
 the Marquis of Pescara, she lived thereafter in 
 retirement. She was the correspondent and 
 counselor of the foremost men of her time in 
 
 Italy, especially Michel Angelo. Her < Verses,* 
 celebrating the virtues of her deceased husband 
 and the beauties and consolations of religion, 
 were very highly esteemed by her contempo- 
 raries, and perhaps overpraised. Her * Corre- 
 spondence' was published at Turin in 1888. 
 
 Colton, Walter. An American miscellaneous 
 writer; born in Rutland, Vt., May 9, 1797; died 
 in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 22, 1851. Became pro- 
 fessor of moral philosophy and belles-lettres at 
 Middletown Academy, Conn. (1825) ; in 1828-30 
 was editor of the American Spectator, Wash- 
 ington. In 1845 he went to California, and in 
 Monterey established the first newspaper of 
 the State, called the Califomian. He wrote 
 many books of interest, including <A Visit to 
 Athens and Constantinople ' ( 1836) and < Three 
 Years in California' (1850). In 1851 Dr. Cheever 
 edited <The Sea and Sailor, Notes of France 
 and Italy, and Other Literary Remains,' with a 
 biography of the author. 
 
 Columella, Lucius Junius Moderatus (kol- 
 u-mel'a). A Latin author; born at Gades (?) 
 (Cadiz), and flourished in the first century. 
 His treatise < Concerning Rustic Affairs ' is a 
 very important work, showing the condition of 
 agriculture in Roman times. 
 
 Colvin, Sidney. An English critic ; born in 
 Norwood, Surrey, June 18, 1845. He became 
 professor of fine arts at Cambridge in 1873. 
 His writings include < Children in Italian and 
 English Design' (1872), and books on Landor, 
 Diirer, and other writers and artists. 
 
 Combe, George. A Scotch phrenologist; 
 born in Edinburgh, 1788 ; died 1858. He wrote 
 ^The Constitution of Man Considered in Re- 
 lation to External Objects' (1828) and many 
 other works based upon phrenological science, 
 as well as a volume of American notes. 
 
 Combe, William. An English ne'er-do-weel 
 and fertile writer in prose and verse ; bom in 
 Bristol, 1 741 ; died at Lambeth, June 19, 1823, 
 after 43 years within the rules of a debtor's 
 prison, and previous fortunes from officer to 
 cook. His <Tour of Dr. Syntax in Search of 
 the Picturesque ' was once very popular. 
 
 Comegys, Benjamin Bartis. An American 
 religious, ethical, and juvenile writer; bom in 
 Delaware, 1819; died Philadelphia, where he was 
 
 a bank president, , 1 90 1. He wrote : <Tour 
 
 round my Library'; <How to Get On' (1885); 
 <01d Stories with New Lessons' (1888); etc. 
 
 Comenius, Johann Amos (ko-me'ni-us). A 
 noted Czech pedagogue and theologian, one of 
 the world's great educators ; born at Nivnitz ( ?), 
 Moravia, March 28, 1592; died at Amsterdam, 
 Nov. 15, 1671. In the < Gate of Languages 
 Unlocked' (Janua Linguarum Reserata), the 
 < World of Sense Depicted ' (Orbis Pictus 
 Sensualium), and < Great Didactics, or the 
 Whole Art of Teaching Everything' (Didactica 
 Magna, seu Omnes Omnia Docendi Artificium), 
 he shows the prodigious scope of his learning 
 and his no less prodigious skill in the applica- 
 tion of it.
 
 COMINES — CONGREVE 
 
 117 
 
 Oomlnes, Philippe de (ko-men'). A noted 
 French chronicler ; bom at Comines, about 
 1445 ; died at the chateau of Argenton, Oct. 17, 
 1510. He was the trusted counselor of Philip 
 the Good, Duke of Burgundy, of his son and 
 successor Charles the Bold, of Louis XL, King 
 of France, and of his successor Charles VIIL 
 His < Memoirs' supply the most trustworthy 
 material we have for the history of his age, and 
 the fullest : according to Hallam, they « almost 
 make an epoch in historical literature.'^ He 
 analyzes the motives of kings and statesmen, 
 and notes the manners of the time. He had 
 a conception of a philosophy of history. In 
 the current of events he sees problems work- 
 ing out ; and his study is to trace their solution 
 through the tangle of intrigue and personal 
 ambitions. The first six books of the < Me- 
 moirs > were written between 1488 and 1494, 
 and the last two between 1497 and 1501 ; they 
 were first printed in 1524-25. 
 
 Commodlanus (ko-mo-di-a'nus). A Latin 
 Christian poet who lived in the third or fourth 
 century. He wrote < Instructions against the 
 Gods of the Gentiles,' an acrostic poem. 
 
 Comnena, Anna (kom-ne'na). A Byzantine 
 princess; born 1083; died 1148. She wrote 
 <The Alexiad,' a life of her father Alexis, 
 Byzantine Emperor, — a work of importance. 
 
 Comte, Augusts (koht). A noted French 
 philosopher, founder of the Positive Philoso- 
 phy; bom at Montpellier, Jan. 19, 1798; died 
 at Paris, Sept. 5, 1857. In his view the prob- 
 lem for philosophy is to ascertain the positive 
 and verifiable basis of all knowledge, sci- 
 ence, and religion — of the whole intellectual, 
 moral, and religious world of man. In work- 
 ing out this problem, Comte studied the basis 
 of the State or civil society; and set forth his 
 conclusions in < The Positive Polity.' He bases 
 the law of morals or of conduct on the <' social 
 feeling" or Altruism. The central fact of re- 
 ligion and the one object of religious worship 
 is Humanity conceived as a personality. The 
 uttermost conclusions from such an idea of 
 religion were drawn by Comte, and he contem- 
 plated the constitution of a priesthood whose 
 authority, though of course not enforceable by 
 pains and penalties, was to have as wide a 
 reach as the authority of the popes in medi- 
 aeval times. His < Positive Philosophy,' < Posi- 
 tivist Catechism,' and < Positive Polity,' have 
 been translated into English. 
 
 Conant. Tbomas Jefferson. An American 
 Baptist divine and Biblical scholar; bom at 
 Brandon, Vt.. Dec. 13, 1802 ; died at Brooklyn, 
 N. Y., April 30, 1891. He translated Gese- 
 nius's Hebrew Grammar (1839), and published 
 annotated versions of <Job' (1857) ; < Matthew' 
 (i860); <The Book of Proverbs'; < Isaiah'; 
 'Historical Books of the Old Testament from 
 Joshua to Second Kings'; etc. 
 
 CondlUac, ^tienne Bonnot de Mably de 
 
 (koh-de-yak'). A French philosopher; bom 
 in Grenoble, Sept. 30^ 1715; died at his estate 
 
 near Beaugency, Aug. 3, 1780. He founded an 
 international reputation upon <The Essay on 
 the Origin of Human Knowledge (or Sense Per- 
 ceptions) ' (1746); duly succeeded by the cele- 
 brated < Treatise on the Sensations' (1754), the 
 central standpoint of these and other works 
 being what is, philosophically speaking, sensa- 
 tionalism ; a belief, that is, that what we know 
 we know only through the senses, and hence 
 our ideas of deity, love, the soul, etc., are 
 largely modified forms of the objects that im- 
 press us in our daily material experience. These 
 standpoints were practically those of French 
 philosophy until the advent of Cousin. 
 
 Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas 
 Caritat, Marquis de (kon-dor"sa'). An illus- 
 trious French mathematician, philosopher, and 
 economist ; bom at Ribemont, Picardy, Sept. 
 17. 1743; died at Bourg-la-Reine, March 28, 
 1794. He was one of the conspicuous figures 
 of the French Revolution, and killed himself 
 in prison. < Historical Sketch of the Progress 
 of the Human Mind' (1795) is deemed his 
 greatest work. 
 
 Cone, Helen Gray. An American poet; 
 bom in New York, 1859. She is a teacher in the 
 Normal College, New York. She has written : 
 <Oberon and Puck' (1885); <The Ride to the 
 Lady and Other Poems.' 
 
 Confucius or Ehoong-Foo-tse (kon-fu'she- 
 us). The head of Chinese religious and social 
 philosophy; born about 551 B. C; died 479 
 B.C.. His < Analects' is an exposition of his 
 philosophy, and he is said to have written the 
 preface to the < Book of Historical Documents.' 
 He is also credited with having compiled the 
 'Ancient Poems,' about 300 pieces. His last 
 work is called the < Annals of Lee ' or < Spring 
 and Autumn,' a sort of philosophical history 
 and ethical manual. His writings have been 
 translated into English, and form a volume in 
 the series edited by Prof. Max Miiller. < Sacred 
 Books of the East,' published for Oxford Uni- 
 versity by the Clarendon Press. 
 
 Congdon, Charles Taber. An American 
 journalist ; bom in New Bedford, Mass., April 
 7, 1821 ; died in New York city, Jan. 18, 1891. 
 He edited for a time the organ of the Peo- 
 ple's Party in the Dorr Rebelion in Rhode 
 Island, 1842. From 1857 to 1882 he was on the 
 editorial staff of the New York Tribune, and 
 a frequent contributor of critical and literary 
 articles to the magazines. In 1861 he pub- 
 lished a poem ; in 1869 < Tribune Essays ' ; and 
 in 1880 'Reminiscences of a Journalist.' 
 
 Congreve, William. A noted English dram- 
 atist; born in Bardsley, near Leeds, April 5, 
 1670 ; died at London, Jan. 19, 1729. A man of 
 fashion, his comedies show a wit more brilliant 
 thtin decorous and a taste less moral than 
 critical. <The Old Bachelor'; <The Double 
 Dealer'; <Love for Love'; and a few others, 
 show great wit and facility. He is regared as 
 the most eminent of the < Restoration > drama- 
 tists.
 
 ii8 
 
 CONNELLY — COOK 
 
 Connelly, Mrs. Celia (Logan). An Ameri- 
 can journalist and playwright; bom in Penn- 
 sylvania, 1837. Her home is in Washington, 
 D.C. * An American Marriage > isone of hermost 
 successful pla3S. Died New York, June 18, 1904. 
 
 Conrad, Georg {k5n'rad), pseudonym of 
 Prince George of Prussia. A German drama- 
 tist; born Feb. 12, 1826. He has experimented 
 successfully with various forms of dramatic 
 literature; and among his productions, < Phaedra,' 
 a metrical drama, < Where Is Happiness?* a 
 comedy, and < The Marchioness of Brinvilliers,> 
 a tragedy, may be cited as specimens of a 
 trained and true talent. Died 1902. 
 
 Conrad, Michael Georg (kon'riid). A Ger- 
 man novelist; born at Gnodstadt, in Franconia, 
 April 5, 1846. He founded at Munich, in 1885, 
 Society, a journal intended to be an organ of 
 the « naturalistic » school. He spent several 
 years in Paris, and many of his sketches relate 
 to phases of life in France. Among his novels 
 are : < The Wise Virgins > ; < The Fool's Confes- 
 sion.' He is author of a comedy, < The Eman- 
 cipated,* and the drama <The Firm of Gold- 
 berg.* On social and political questions he has 
 written : < The German Reveille * ; < Justice, the 
 State, and the Modern Spirit.* 
 
 Conrad, Robert Taylor. An American 
 lawyer and dramatist; born in Philadelphia, 
 June 10, 1810; died there, June 27, 1858. He 
 wrote: <Aylmere* (1852), a tragedy in which 
 Edwin Forrest played the role of Jack Cade; 
 
 < Conrad of Naples,* a tragedy; < Poems* 
 (1852) ; etc. 
 
 Conradl, Hermann (k5n-ra'de). A German 
 literary critic and essayist (1862-90); bom at 
 Jetznitz. As lyrist and critic he was a rep- 
 resentative of radical realism, a follower of 
 Tolstoy, Ibsen, and Nietzsche. His genius was 
 forceful, but undisciplined, and his writings 
 lack repose and polish. With his too radical 
 story of <Adam Man* (1889) he incurred the 
 penalties of the law against publications that 
 offend morality. 
 
 Conscience, Hendrlk (kon-syoiis'). A great 
 Flemish novelist, one of the re-creators of Flem- 
 ish literature; born at Antwerp, Dec. 3, 1812; 
 died in Brussels, Sept. 10, 1883. His first story, 
 <In the Wonder- Year 1566,* was received with 
 unbounded popular favor, and his delineations 
 of lowly Flemish home life soon became fa- 
 miliar throughout Europe. His historical nov- 
 els <The Lion of Flanders* (1838), and others, 
 won his widest fame ; but his distinctive power 
 and merit were in his peasant studies, of which 
 the masterpieces are : < Siska van Roosmael * 
 (1844); <The Conscript* (1850); < Rikke-tikke- 
 tak* (1851); <The Poor Nobleman* (iS^i); 
 
 < The Luck to be Rich* (1855); < The Young 
 Doctor* (i860). He wrote a musical drama, 
 
 < The Poet and His Dream * (1872). 
 
 Constant de Rebecque, Henri Benjamin 
 
 ( koh-stoh'de re-bek'). A French publicist; 
 bom at Lausanne, Switzerland, Oct. 23, 1767; 
 died at Paris, Dec. 8, 1830. Popularly remem- 
 
 bered as the lover of Mme. de Stael. A mem- 
 ber of the Revolutionary Tribunate, he was 
 banished by Napoleon, and later by the Bour- 
 bons for accepting Napoleon. Besides many 
 works on political questions and the history of 
 political constitutions, and two on the history 
 of religion, — viz., < Religion Considered in its 
 Source, its Forms, and its Developments,* and 
 
 < Roman Polytheism,* — he wrote a romance, 
 <Adolphe* (1816), which profoundly influenced 
 European literature. 
 
 Conti, Amelie Gabrielle Stephanie Louise. 
 Princess of (kon'te). An Italian writer ot 
 memoirs. The narrative of her misfortunes, 
 in 2 vols. (1797), attracted the attention of all 
 Europe, and gave to Goethe the material of 
 his < Natural Daughter.* 
 
 Conway, Hugh. See Fargus. 
 
 Conway, Katharine Eleanor. An Ameri- 
 can journalist and poet ; born at Rochester, 
 N. Y., 1853. She is attached to the Boston 
 Pilot. She has written : < Songs of the Sunrise 
 Slope* (1881); <A Dream of Lilies* (1892), 
 both in verse ; ' Making Friends and Keeping 
 Them * ; < A Lady and her Letters * ; and < In the 
 Footprints of the Good Shepherd.* 
 
 Conway, Moncure Daniel. Born in Staf- 
 ford County, Va., March 17, 1832. He became 
 a Methodist minister; but changing his opin- 
 ions on theology, and especially on slavery, 
 settled in Cincinnati, O., as a radical Unita- 
 rian preacher. During the Civil War he left 
 this country and preached in London for sev- 
 eral years, finally returning and settling in 
 New York. His literary activity has been 
 great, his writings having been published under 
 the following titles: <The Rejected Stone*; 
 
 < Idols and Ideals * ; < Demonology and Devil 
 Lore * ; < The Wandering Jew * ; < Sketch of Car- 
 lyle * ; < The Earthward Pilgrimage > ; < Sacred 
 Anthology,* a compilation; < Emerson at Home 
 and Abroad * ; < George Washington and Mount 
 Vernon * ; < Omitted Chapters in Life and Let- 
 ters of Edmund Randolph ' ; < Life of Thomas 
 Paine*; < Tracts for To-Day*; < Natural His- 
 tory of the Devil*; <The Golden Hour*; 
 Testimonies Concerning Slavery * ; < Human 
 Sacrifices in England * ; < Lessons for the Day * ; 
 
 < Travels in South Kensington * ; < A Necklace 
 of Stories* ; < Pine and Palm,* a novel ; < Prisms 
 of Air,* a novel. Died Nov. 16, 1907, at Paris. 
 
 Conyngham, David Power. An Irish-Ameri- 
 can journalist and miscellaneous writer; born 
 in Ireland, 1840; died 1883. He was editor of 
 the New York Tablet. He wrote : < Shennan's 
 March through the South* (1865); < Lives of 
 the Irish Saints and Martyrs* (1870); and a 
 number of Irish novels, including < Sarsfield * 
 (1871). 
 
 Cook, Clarence Chatham. An American jour- 
 nalist, and distinguished art critic; born in Dor- 
 chester, Mass., Sept. 8, 1828; died at Fishkill 
 Landing, N. Y., June i, 1900. He contributed 
 to the New York Tribune a series of articles on 
 American art, 1863-69; subsequently was its Paris 
 correspondent. He was editor of the Studio until
 
 COOK — COOPER 
 
 119 
 
 its suspension. He published : <Tlie Central 
 Park) (1868); <The House BeautifuP (1878); 
 <Stools and Candlesticks); <Essays on Beds and 
 Tables); and edited with notes a translation of 
 the 7th German edition of Wilhelra Lubke's 
 <History of Art) (2 vols., 1878). 
 
 Cook, Eliza. An English poet ; bom in Lon- 
 don, 1818 ; died at Wimbledon, Sept. 23, 1889. 
 * Melaia and Other Poems ) made her name 
 known. She also published Eliza Cook's 
 Journal. Her most familiar poem is < The 
 Old Arm-Chair.) She wrote also <The Old 
 Fann Gate); <The Home in the Heart); and 
 
 < 1 Miss Thee, My Mother.) < New Echoes and 
 Other Poems) is one of her volumes. 
 
 Cook, Flavins Josephus. A noted American 
 lecturer on religious and social topics; bom at 
 Ticonderoga, N. Y., Jan. 26, 1838; died there" 
 June 25, 1901. He carried on the Monday lec- 
 tureship in Boston (1874-80); was in Europe and 
 Asia in 1880-82, resuming the lectures in Boston 
 in 1883. His published works include : <Boston 
 Monday Lectures) (10 vols., 1877); ^Current Re- 
 ligious Perils, with Other Addresses.) In 1888 he 
 founded Our Day, a monthly reform magazine. 
 
 Cooke, George Willis. An American mis- 
 cellaneous writer; born in Comstock, Mich., 
 April 23, 1848. His chief works are : < Ralph 
 Waldo Emerson : his Life and Writings) (1881); 
 <Life of George Eliot) (1883); <A Guide Book 
 to the Poetic and Dramatic Works of Robert 
 Browning) (1891) ; 'Poets and Problems); 
 
 < The Clapboard Trees Parish ) ; and < Dedham, 
 a Histor>-.) 
 
 Cooke, John Esten. An American novelist ; 
 born in Winchester, Va., Nov. 3, 1830 ; died near 
 Boyce, Va., Sept. 27, 1886. He was an extens- 
 ive contributor of stories, sketches, and verses 
 to various periodicals, and has written many 
 books, in which are included : < The Virginia 
 Comedians) (1854); < Hilt to Hilt) (1869); 
 <Life of Gen. Robert E. Lee) (1871); < Vir- 
 ginia, a History of the People) (18S3); <The 
 Youth of Jefferson); 'Surry of Eagle's Nest); 
 
 < Wearing the Grey ) ; < Pretty Mrs. Gaston ) ; 
 < Virginia Bohemians); etc. 
 
 Cooke, Josiah Parsons. A distinguished 
 American chemist ; born at Boston, Oct. 12, 
 1827 ; died at Newport, R. I., Sept. 3, 1894. He 
 was professor of chemistry at Harvard Uni- 
 versity (1850-94), and lectured on scientific sub- 
 jects in various cities and towns throughout the 
 country. Besides a number of technical works, 
 he wrote: 'Religion and Chemistry) (1864); 
 'Scientific Culture) (new ed. 1885); 'The Cre- 
 dentials of Science the Warrant of Faith) 
 (1888). 
 
 Cooke, Philip Pendleton. An American 
 poet and prose-writer ; bom in Martinsburg, 
 Va., Oct. 26, 1816; died near Boyce, Va., Jan. 
 21, 1850. His first poems were published in 
 the Knickerbocker Magazine. His works in 
 book form include : ' Froissart Ballads and 
 Other Poems) (1847) ; the tales of 'John Carpe) 
 and 'The Crime of Andrew Blair); and his 
 
 short lyric poem, 'Florence Vane,' which was 
 set to music. 
 
 Cooke, Philip St. George. A United States 
 army officer and military writer; bom near Lees- 
 burg, Va., June 13, 1809; died at Detroit, Mar. 
 28, 1895. He also studied law and was admitted 
 to practice. Besides works on tactics, he wrote: 
 'Scenes and Adventures in the Army) (1856); 
 'Conquest of New Mexico and California* 
 (1878). 
 
 Cooke, Mrs. Rose (Terry). A distinguished 
 American poet and short-story writer; born at 
 West Hartford, Conn., Feb. 17, 1827; died at 
 Pittsfield, Mass., July 18, 1892. Her complete 
 poems were published in 1888: 'The Gentian) 
 and 'The Two Villages) are good representa- 
 tives. Her best short stories treat of New Eng- 
 land rural life. The novel ' Steadfast ) appeared 
 in 1889. Her most acceptable work appeared 
 originally in the Atlantic Monthly and other 
 periodicals. 
 
 Cooke, Thomas. An English poet and prose- 
 writer, commonly called Hesiod Cooke ; bom 
 at Braintree, Dec. 16, 1703; died at Lambeth 
 (London), Dec. 20, 17^6. 'The Battle of the 
 Poets ) is an attack on Pope, Swift, and others, 
 which gained him an unenviable conspicuity 
 in the 'Dunciad.) As a translator from the 
 classics, notably Hesiod, he is very successful. 
 
 Coolbrith, Ina Donna. An American poet ; 
 born near Springfield, 111., 18 — . She became 
 librarian of the Oakland Public Library, Cali- 
 fornia, in 1874. She has written 'The Perfect 
 Day and Other Poems) (1881) ; 'Songs of the 
 Golden Gate.) 
 
 Cooley, Thomas Mclntyre. An American jur- 
 ist; born at Attica, N. Y., Jan. 6, 1824; died at 
 Ann Arbor, Sept. 12, 1898. He was professor of 
 law in the University of Michigan (1859 and 
 1 881); Chief Justice of that State (1868-69); 
 chairman of the United States Interstate Com- 
 merce Commission (1887-91). He wrote: <A 
 Treatise upon Wrongs and their Remedies) (Vol. 
 i., 1878); 'General Principles of Constitutional 
 Law in the United States) (1880); etc. 
 
 Coolidge, Susan. See Woolsey, Sarah. 
 
 Coombe, William. See Combe. 
 
 Coombs, Mrs. Annie (Sheldon). An Amer- 
 ican novelist; born at Albany, N. Y., 1858; 
 died 1890. Her home was in New York. She 
 wrote : 'As Common Mortals) (1886) ; 'A Game 
 of Chance) (1887); 'The Garden of Armida.) 
 
 Cooper, James Fenimore. An American 
 novelist and historian ; bom in Burlington, N. J., 
 Sept. 15, 1789 ; died at Cooperstown, N. Y., Sept. 
 14, 1851. His novels comprise: 'Precaution* 
 (1820); 'The Spy) (1821); 'The Pioneers* 
 (1823); 'The Pilot) (1823); 'Lionel Lin- 
 coln) (1825); 'The Last of the Mohicans* 
 (1826) ; 'The Red Rover* (1827) ; 'The Prairie* 
 (1827); 'The Traveling Bachelor* (1828); 
 'Wept of the Wish-ton-Wish) (1829); 'The 
 Water-Witch) (1830); 'The Bravo) (1831); 
 'The Heidenmauer) (1832); 'The Headsman* 
 (1833); 'The Monikins* (1835); 'Homeward
 
 I20 
 
 COOPER — CORBIN 
 
 Bound > (1838); <Home as Found > (1838); 
 •The Pathfinder > (1840); < Mercedes of Cas- 
 tile> (1840); <The Deerslayer> (1841); <The 
 Two Admirals > (1842); <Wing and Wing> 
 (1842); <Ned Myers > (1843); < Wyandotte > 
 (1843); < Afloat and Ashore > (1844); < Miles 
 Wallingford> (1844); < The Chainbearer> (1845); 
 <Satanstoe> (1845); < The Redskins> (1846); 
 <The Crater > (1847); <Jack Tar> (1848); <Oak 
 Openings) (1848); <The Sea Lions > (1849); 
 <The Ways of the Hour> (1850). He also 
 wrote < Notions of the Americans* (1828) to 
 vindicate his countrymen from the false ideas 
 of foreigners — after which the foreign journals 
 at once ceased praising his novels and became 
 unsparing in censure ; a < History of the Navy 
 of the United States > (1839); < The Battle of 
 Lake Erie' (1842), in answer to criticisms on 
 the preceding ; < Lives of American Naval Offi- 
 cers > (2 vols.); and others. 
 
 Cooper, Peter. A famous American in- 
 ventor, manufacturer, and philanthropist; born 
 in New York, Feb. 12, 1791 ; died there, April 4, 
 1883. A coachmaker by trade, he became a 
 successful inventor and glue manufacturer, and 
 acquired a large fortune. He built, after his 
 own designs, the first locomotive engine con- 
 structed on this continent (1830); was one of 
 the original promoters of the electric telegraph, 
 actively interested in the construction of the 
 New York State canals, etc. He was the candi- 
 date of the « Greenback » party for President in 
 1876. He is best known by the institution that 
 was dearest to his own heart, the « Cooper 
 Union " of New York, founded for the instruc- 
 tion of the industrial classes (1854-59). He 
 wrote : < Political and Financial Opinions, with 
 an Autobiography* (1877) ; < Ideas for a Science 
 of Good Government* (1883). 
 
 Cooper, Susan Fenimore. An American 
 prose-writer, daughter of Fenimore Cooper; 
 born in Scarsdale, N. Y., 1813; died in Coop- 
 erstown, N. Y., Dec. 31, 1894. During the last 
 years of her father's life she was his secre- 
 tary and amanuensis. She has written : < Rural 
 Hours* (1850); < Fields Old and New* (1854); 
 <The Shield: A Narrative*; <Mt. Vernon to 
 the Children of America* (1858); < Rhyme and 
 Reason of Country Life * ; and others. 
 
 Cooper, Thomas. An English poet and 
 novelist, best remembered as a Chartist poli- 
 tician ; bom at Leicester, March 28, 1805 ; 
 died at Lincoln, July 15, 1892. A shoemaker 
 by trade, he engaged in politics, and soon 
 found himself in prison, where he wrote < The 
 Purgatory of Suicides,* a moving epic of pro- 
 letarianism. His < Captain Cobbler,* a story, 
 and his < Poetical Works,* are favorably known. 
 
 Coornhert, Dlrck Volckertsen (kom'hert). 
 A Dutch poet and scholar (1522-90). By his 
 poetical writings, <Book of Songs* (i57S), 
 < Right Use and Abuse of Worldly Possessions * 
 (1585), and several dramas, as also by his ele- 
 gant translations from Boccaccio and the clas- 
 sics, he earned the title of <• restorer of the 
 Dutch language.** 
 
 Copernicus, Nikolaus (ko-per'ni-kus). A 
 famous Polish astronomer ; born in Thorn, Po- 
 land, Feb. 19, 1473; died at Frauenburg, Prus- 
 sia, May 24, 1543. He wrote : • Revolutions of 
 the Celestial Orbs * (De Orbium Coelestium Rev- 
 olutionibus), in which is proclaimed the fact 
 that the sun and not the earth is the centre of 
 our planetary system. 
 
 Coppee, Frangois (ko-pa'). An eminent 
 French poet, romancer, and dramatist ; born in 
 Paris, Jan. 12, 1842. He was trained for what 
 the Parisians call a ministerial career, but wrote 
 <The Reliquary* and < Intimacies,* books of 
 verse. In < Modern Poems,* < The Benediction,* 
 and < The Strike of the Smiths,* we have a very 
 modern note. Died May 23, 1908. 
 
 Coppee, Henry. An American soldier, edu- 
 cator, and miscellaneous writer ; born at Savan- 
 nah, Ga., Oct. 13, 1821 ; died March 21, 1895. He 
 served in the Mexican War (1846-48); was in- 
 structor at West Point (1848-49, 1850-55); pro- 
 fessor of English literature and history at the 
 University of Pennsylvania (1855-56) ; president 
 of Lehigh University (1866-75); professor of his- 
 tory there (1875-95). Besides various educa- 
 tional and military works, he wrote : < Grant 
 and his Campaigns* (1866); < History of the 
 Conquest of Spain by the Arab-Moors* (2 vols., 
 1881). 
 
 Coppi, Antonio (kop'pe). An Italian econ- 
 omist and historian ; born in Andezeno, Pied- 
 mont, April 12, 1782 ; died at Rome, Feb. 24, 
 1870. He wrote a < Continuation of Muratori's 
 Annals of Italy, from 1750* (1824-68); and a 
 study < On the Finances of Mediaeval Rome ' 
 (1855). 
 
 Copway, George. Native name, Kah-ge-ga- 
 gaw-bowh. An Indian journalist, lecturer, and 
 miscellaneous writer; born in Michigan, 1818; 
 died about 1869. He belonged to the Ojibway 
 tribe, and was settled in New York. He wrote : 
 < Recollections of a Forest Life * ; < The Ojib- 
 way Conquest,* a poem ; < Running Sketches 
 of Men and Places in Europe * ; etc. 
 
 Coquelin, Benoit Constant (kok-lan'). A 
 French actor; born at Boulogne-sur-Mer, Jan. 
 23, 1841. He is at the head of his profession 
 in comedy, and excels in melodrama. He has 
 written: < Art and the Comedian* (1880); <Mo- 
 li^re and the Misanthrope* (1881) ; <Tartuffe.* 
 
 Corbet, Richard. An English poet; born 
 in Surrey, 1582 ; died at Norwich, July 28, 1635. 
 A noted ecclesiastic and disposed to be gay, 
 he wrote a 'Journey to France* and a 'Fare- 
 well to the Fairies,* poems in which he is 
 revealed a jolly parson and the maker of some 
 tolerable verse. 
 
 Corbldre, Edouard (kor-byar'). A French 
 poet and novelist; born at Brest, 1793; died at 
 Morlaix, Oct. 20, 1875. He published <The 
 Banian* (1835); <The Slave'; and other sea 
 tales. 
 
 Corbin, Mrs. Caroline Elizabeth (Fair- 
 field). An American story-writer; born in
 
 CORBIN — COSSA 
 
 121 
 
 Connecticut, 1835. She was long a resident of 
 Chicago. Her works include : < Rebecca > ; < His 
 Marriage Vow ' ; < Belle and the Boys > ; < A 
 Woman's Philosophy of Love,' a psychological 
 treatise. 
 
 Oorbln, John. An American man of letters ; 
 born in Illinois, 1870. He has published < The 
 Elizabethan Hamlet' (1895), < Schoolboy Life 
 in England: an American View* (1897); 
 
 < The first Loves of Perilla ' ; < The Cave Man.* 
 
 Cordeiro, Joao Ricardo (kor-da'e-ro). A 
 Portuguese dramatist (1836-81); born at Lis- 
 bon. He both wrote several plays, as < Love 
 and Art > ; < A Cure of Souls * ; and Jalso trans- 
 lated into Portuguese and adapted to the Por- 
 tuguese theatre many of the dramatic compo- 
 sitions of Scribe, Hugo, Legouv^, etc. 
 
 Corelll, Marie. See Mackay, Minnie. 
 
 Corlnna (ko-rin'a). A famed Greek poet; 
 born at Tanagra, Boeotia, about 500 B. C. She 
 was a contemporary of Pindar, sometimes his 
 competitor for poetical prizes. She was cel- 
 ebrated for her beauty, and nicknamed «The 
 Fly" to distinguish her from another poet 
 called " The Bee." Only fragments of her 
 poems have been preserved. 
 
 Cornellle, Pierre (kor-nay"). A French 
 dramatist ; born at Rouen, June 6, 1606 ; died 
 in Paris, Sept. 30, 1684. His works comprise : 
 <M^lite>; <Clitandre> (1632); <The Widow'; 
 
 < The Gallery of the Palace ' ; < The Lady's 
 Maid>; <The Palais Royal'; < Medea' (1634- 
 35); <The Dramatic Illusion' (1635?); < The 
 Cid' (1636); <Horace' (1640); <Cinna' (1640- 
 41) ; < Polyeuctus' (1643) ; < Pompey > (1643-44) '■> 
 <The Liar' (1644); <The Sequel to the Liar' 
 (1645) ; <Rodogune> (1645) ". < Theodore' (1646) ; 
 <Heraclius' (1647); <Don Sancho' (1649); 
 'Attila' (1667); and many more. <Cinna' and 
 
 < Polyeucte ' are considered the greatest, fol- 
 lowed by < The Liar ' and the < Golden 
 Fleece.' 
 
 Corneille, Thomas. A French dramatist, 
 brother of Pierre (1625-1709). He made his 
 first success with a comedy, < Chance Engage- 
 ments' (1647), after Calderon, and continued 
 for a while to follow Spanish models. Some 
 of his tragedies were much admired ; and one, 
 
 < Timocrates,' held the boards for six months. 
 In Voltaire's judgment < Ariana ' is the best 
 of his tragedies ; both that play and < The 
 Earl of Essex' are still seen on the French 
 stage. By his < Dictionary of Arts and Sciences ' 
 and other similar works, he was a forerunner of 
 the French Encyclopedists. 
 
 Cornelius Nepos. See Nepos. 
 
 Cornwallis, Einahan. An English-Ameri- 
 can journalist, novelist, etc. ; born in England, 
 1839. He came to America about i860. He 
 has written : < Yarra Yarra, or the Wandering 
 Aborigine' (5th ed. 1855), in verse; < Howard 
 Plunkett' (1857); <My .Life and Adventures' 
 (i860); < Pilgrims of Fashion' (1862); < The 
 Gold Room and the New York Stock Ex- 
 change ' (1879); < The Warforthe Union' (1899). 
 
 Cornwell. Henry Sylvester. An American 
 poet ; born in New Hampshire, 1831 ; died 1886, 
 at New London, Conn., where he was a phy- 
 sician. From many poems published by him 
 he issued but one collection, <The Land of 
 Dreams and Other Poems' (1878). 
 
 Coronado, Carolina (k5-ro-na'THo). A Span- 
 ish poet ; born at Almendralejo in the province 
 of Badajoz, in 1823. About 1848 she married 
 Horace Perry, an American. She was preco- 
 cious, and published a collection of poems in 
 1843. Her lyrics are distinguished for melody 
 and depth of feeling. Her few dramatic pieces 
 had little success; but her novels and short 
 stories, — especially < Jarilla' (1850) and < The 
 Wheel of Misfortune' (1874),— and her little 
 sketch of travel < From Tagus to Rhine,' won 
 popular favor. 
 
 Corrodi, August (kor-ro'de). A Swiss poet 
 (1826-85); born at Zurich. Till 1881 he was 
 an artist-painter, and for some time was pro- 
 fessor of the arts of design at Winterthur. His 
 first volume of < Songs' (1853) exhibited grace- 
 ful versification and deep sympathy with nature. 
 His songs and dramatic compositions in the 
 local dialect — < Mr. Professor, an Idyll of 
 Ziirich ' ; < The Vicar, a Winter Idyll ' ; etc. — 
 had extraordinary success. He translated sev- 
 eral of Burns's songs into the Swiss-German 
 dialect ; and published < Shakspere : Life Wis- 
 dom from his Works.' His works are very 
 numerous and possess enduring merit. 
 
 Corson, Hiram. An American prose writer; 
 born in Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 6, 1828. He 
 became professor of rhetoric and English liter- 
 ature at St. John's College, Annapolis (1866). 
 In 1870 he became professor of English lan- 
 guage and literature, rhetoric, and oratory in 
 Cornell, and still holds the position. Among 
 his well-known publications are : a < Hand- 
 Book of Anglo-Saxon and Early English' 
 (1871); <An Introduction to the Study of Rob- 
 ert Browning' (1886); 'Jottings in the Text of 
 Hamlet'; < Lectures on the English Language 
 and Literature ' ; < The Aims of Literary Study '; 
 < The Voice and Spiritual Education.' 
 
 Cort, Frans de (kort). An eminent Flemish 
 poet (1834-78) ; born near Brussels. As singer 
 of the quiet joys of home life and conjugal 
 happiness he has few peers in any literature. 
 His original homely lyrics appeared in < Songs ' 
 (2 vols., 1857-59); <Zing-Zang' (1866); and 
 another volume of < Songs' (1868). He also 
 translated into Flemish verse <The Finest 
 Songs of Robert Burns' (1862). 
 
 Cosel, Charlotte von. See Auer. 
 
 Cossa, Pietro (kos'sa). An Italian dram- 
 atist (1830-81); born at Rome. He was for 
 some years professor of Italian literature. 
 At first an unsuccessful dramatist, his <Nero' 
 (1871) was received with the most enthusiastic 
 approval for its dramatic power, despite cer- 
 tain marked technical defects of composition. 
 His following plays confirmed the popular 
 estimate of his greatness: 'Messalina'; < Julian
 
 132 
 
 COSTA — COWLEY 
 
 the Apostate ' ; and especially < Cleopatra.> He 
 wrote also a volume of < Lyric Poems.> 
 
 Costa, Isaak da (kos'ta). A Dutch poet 
 (1798-1860) ; born at Amsterdam. Among his 
 works, which rank among the best specimens 
 of modern Dutch poetry, may be cited : < Prome- 
 theus > (1820); < Festival Songs* (1828); <Five- 
 and-Twenty Years,> a great poetico-historical 
 work (1840); <Hagar> (1847); and <The Battle 
 of Nieuwpoort> (1859). He wrote also some 
 theological tractates. 
 
 Coster, Samuel (kos'ter). A Dutch dram- 
 atist (1579-1662). He was one of the founders 
 of the Dutch Academy. He is best known for 
 his delightful comedies <The Play of Tiisken 
 van den Schilden> (1613), and <The Play of 
 the Rich Man> (1615). He also wrote trage- 
 dies, including : < Iphigenia > ; < Polyxena > ; < Isa- 
 bella.> 
 
 Costetti, Giuseppe (kos-tet'te). An Italian 
 dramatist; born at Bologna, Sept. 13, 1834. 
 He early won fame by his dramas <The Mali- 
 bran,> ; * The Lion's Den, > etc., and heightened 
 it greatly by his comedies < The Son of the Family* 
 ( 1S64) ; < The Old Story > (1875) ; < Cain's Wife > 
 ( 1S87) ; * Confessions of a Dramatic Author.' 
 
 Cota, Rodrigo (ko'ta). A Spanish poet of 
 the 15th century. He is believed to be the au- 
 thor of <The Couplets of Mingo Revulgo> and 
 of a < Dialogue between Love and an Old 
 Knight,> both reckoned among the earliest of 
 Spanish dramatic compositions. His authorship 
 of the famous poem <Celestina> is contested, 
 it being now attributed to Fernando de Rojas. 
 
 Cotin, Cbarles (ko-tan'). A French versifier 
 (1604-82). He was a prolific writer, but his 
 amorous and religious poems are nearly for- 
 gotten. His name survives in Boileau's satires 
 and Moli^re's < Femmes Savantes > : there he 
 figures as Trissotin. 
 
 Cottln, Marie (ko-tan'). A French novelist 
 (1770-1807). Her romances, < Claire d'Albe* 
 (1799); <Malvina>; < Elizabeth, or the Exiles 
 of Siberia', her most notable work (1806), are 
 admirable for style and character-drawing. 
 
 Cotton, Charles. An English poet ; bom in 
 Beresford, Saffordshire, April 28, 1630 ; died at 
 London (?), Feb. 16, 1686-7. The friend of 
 Izaak Walton, his was an angler's Muse ; and 
 he wrote an addition to Walton's book, besides 
 translations and a poor parody of Virgil. 
 
 Cotton, Jolin. An American prose-writer 
 and clergyman ; born in Derby, England, Dec. 
 4, 1584; died in Boston, Mass., Dec. 23, 1652. 
 Upon his arrival in America he became 
 <• teacher" of the first church of Boston. A 
 religious controversy with Roger Williams 
 called forth his work < The Bloody Tenet, 
 Washed and Made White in the Blood of the 
 Lamb.> Cotton was an industrious worker, 
 and published nearly fifty books. 
 
 Coues, Elliott (kouz). An American nat-_ 
 viralist; bom at Portsmouth, N. H., Sept. 9,1842; 
 died at Baltimore, Dec. 25, 1899. He was lat- 
 
 terly connected with the Smithsonian Institute. 
 He wrote : <Key to North American Birds' 
 (1872); <Field Ornithology) (1874); <Check- 
 List of North American Birds' (1882); <Biogen>; 
 <The Dsemon of Darwin'; etc. With Jf. S. 
 Kingsley, he edited the <Standard Natural 
 History' (3 vols., 1883). He was actively in- 
 terested in Theosophy. 
 
 Courier (de M6r6), Paul Louis (kb-rya'). A 
 French Hellenist and political pamphleteer; 
 born in Paris, Jan. 4, 1772 ; assassinated near 
 Veretz, Aug. 18, 1825. In 1813 he made an 
 elegant translation of < Daphnis and Chloe,' an 
 ancient romance by Longos, discovered by him 
 at Florence ; he also translated < The Luciad, 
 or the Ass of Lucius of Patras,' published with 
 the Greek text (1818). His numerous pamph- 
 lets, especially his 'Pamphlet of Pamphlets,' 
 are masterpieces of style, of marvelous con- 
 ciseness, and noteworthy documents for the 
 history of the ancient political and ecclesias- 
 tical contentions. 
 
 Courtmans, Joanna Desideria (kort'mans). 
 A Flemish poet and novelist (181 1-90). Be- 
 sides dramas and poems, she wrote 22 volumes 
 of stories. She excels particularly in her de- 
 scriptions of the life of the common people. 
 The most notable of her tales are : < The Hunt- 
 er's Gift'; <Dame DaneeP; <The Cowherd'; 
 <Aunt Clara's Bonnet' 
 
 Cousin, Victor (ko-zafi'). A distinguished 
 French philosopher; born in Paris, Nov. 28, 
 1792 ; died at Cannes, Jan. 2, 1867. He founded 
 a school of Eclectic philosophy; combining 
 the doctrines of the Scotch school of Reid and 
 Stewart, based on sensation, with those of 
 Schelling and Hegel, which rest on the oppo- 
 site principle of idealism or intuition. He was 
 not an original thinker in philosophy, but he 
 possessed in a high degree the faculty of clear 
 exposition ; for that reason his lectures and his 
 writings enjoyed a great popularity. He ren- 
 dered a memorable service both to philosophy 
 and literature by his translation of < Plato,' 
 praised by Jowett. Besides his 'History of 
 Philosophy' and other works on that theme, 
 he is author of a few biographical sketches, 
 mostly of characters related to the spiritual 
 and intellectual movements of the 17th century : 
 as < Jacqueline Pascal ' ; ' Mme. de Longue- 
 ville'; <Mme. de Hautefort'; 'French Society 
 in the 17th Century' (2 vols.). 
 
 Cowan, Frank. An American lawyer, phy- 
 sician, journalist, and miscellaneous writer; 
 born in Pennsylvania, 1844. Making the tour 
 of the world in 1880-81 and 1884-85, he entered 
 Corea before that country had made treaties 
 with other nations. He wrote : ' Zomara, a 
 Romance of Spain' ('1873) ; <The City of the 
 Royal Palm and Other Poems ' (1884); < Fact and 
 Fancy in New Zealand' (1885). Died 1905. 
 
 Cowley, Abraham. A English poet and 
 essayist; born in London in 1618; died at 
 Chertsey, Surrey, July 28, 1667. Well educated 
 and high in royal favor, he was a fashionable
 
 COWPER — CRAVEN 
 
 i»3 
 
 and fortunate poet tUl the Civil War made 
 havoc of royal favorites. His volumes <The 
 Mistress,' < Poems,' various Virgilian elegies 
 and anacreontic love songs, and his essays, 
 were set in the first rank by contemporaries; 
 but are mainly curios now, though some poems 
 are familiar. The first collection of his works, 
 in one volume, appeared in 1668. 
 
 Cowper, William. An English poet; born 
 in Great Berkhamstead, Hertfordshire, Novem- 
 ber 1731 ; died at East Dereham, Norfolk, April 
 25, 1800. His works include: < Poems' (1782); 
 'The Task' (1785) ; < Homer's Iliad and Odys- 
 sey' (1791); < Poems' (1798); etc. <John Gil- 
 pin' first appeared in book form with <The 
 Task.' Some of his hymns are among the 
 best known of English religious pieces. 
 
 Cox, Palmer. An American artist and writer 
 for young people ; bom at Granby, Quebec, 
 1840. Since 1875 his home has been in New 
 Vork. His works are both written and illus- 
 trated by himself. He is best known by his 
 
 < Brownie Books,' a very popular series con- 
 taining humorous pictures and verse for child- 
 ren. Other productions are : < Hans Von Fet- 
 ter's Trip to Gotham ' (1878); < How Columbus 
 Found America' (1878) ; < The Brownies in the 
 Philippines.' 
 
 Cox, Samuel Sullivan. An American states- 
 man and author ; born in Zanesville, O., Sept. 
 30, 1824; died in New York, September 1889. 
 He served some terms in Congress, and be- 
 came minister to Turkey. His works are : 
 
 < Eight Years in Congress ' ; < Why We Laugh ' ; 
 • Diversions of a Diplomat in Turkey ' ; <A 
 Buckeye Abroad ' ; < Arctic Sunbeams ' ; < Orient 
 Sunbeams ' ; < Search for Winter Sunbeams ' ; 
 
 < Free Land and Free Trade ' ; and others. 
 
 Coxa, Arthur Cleveland. An American 
 writer of prose and verse, and second Bishop 
 of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the dio- 
 cese of Western New York ; born in Mend- 
 ham, N. J., May 10, 1818; died at Clifton Springs, 
 N. Y., July 20, 1896. Among his many publi- 
 cations are: < Christian Ballads' (1840) ; <Atha- 
 nasion and Other Poems' (1842) ; <The Pascal,' 
 a collection of Easter poems (1889); and many 
 valuable contributions to current literature in 
 both English and French. 
 
 Cozzens, Frederick Swartwout. An Amer- 
 ican humorist; born in New York city, March 
 5, 1818; dl'd in Brooklyn, N. Y., Dec. 23, 1869. 
 A merchant, to whom literature was a recrea- 
 tion. In Yankee Doodle (1847) were published 
 his earliest humorous poems and sketches. In 
 1853 a volume entitled <Prismatics' was pub- 
 lished under the pen-name of " Richard Hay- 
 warde"; and in 1856 the < Sparrowgrass Papers,' 
 which attained great popularity. Among his 
 other published works are < Memorial of Col. 
 Peter A. Porter' and a < Memorial of Fitz- 
 Greene Halleck' (1868). 
 
 Crabbe, George. An English poet; born in 
 Aldeburgh, Suffolk, Dec. 24, 1754; died at 
 Trowbridge, Wiltshire, Feb. 3, 1832. His poems 
 have to do with the life and sorrows of the 
 
 toiling poor, and English poverty is portrayed 
 in < The Village ' ; < The Parish Register' ; < The 
 Borough ' ; < Tales in Verse ' ; etc. 
 
 Craddock, Charles Egbert. See Murfree. 
 
 Craigie, Pearl Richards. See Hobbes. 
 
 Craik, Dinah Maria Mulock. An English 
 novelist; born in Stoke-upon-Trent, April 20, 
 1826; died at London, October 1887. <The 
 Ogilvies'; <John Halifax, Gentleman'; < Two 
 Marriages ' ; < A Brave Lady ' ; and < A Noble 
 Life,' are the best known of her works. 
 
 Craik, Georgiana. An English novelist; 
 born in London, April 1831. Her fictions are 
 concerned with domestic life. < Dorcas' con- 
 tains some exquisite portrayal of character; 
 
 < Riverston,' < Lost and Won ' and < Only a 
 Butterfly' are also good. 
 
 Cram, Ralph Adams. An American poet 
 and story-teller; born in New Hampshire, 1868. 
 He is an architect in Boston. He has written : 
 
 < The Decadent, Being the Gospel of Inaction ' ; 
 
 < Black Spirits and White,' a book of ghost 
 stories; <In the Island of Avalon,' a volume 
 of verse. < The Gothic Quest.' 
 
 Cramer, Karl Gottlob (kra'mer). A Ger- 
 man story-teller (1758-1871). He wrote more 
 than 40 novels and tales, which were read with 
 delight in his day. The best of them, and in- 
 deed a work of no little force and originality, 
 is < The Life and Opinions of Erasmus Sneaker, 
 Traveling Mechanic' 
 
 Cranch, Christopher Pearse. An Ameri- 
 can poet and artist; born in Alexandria, Va., 
 March 8, 1813; died in Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 
 20, 1892. Included in his publications are : 
 < Poems' (1844); <The Last of the Hugger- 
 muggers' (1856); a translation of the ^neid 
 of Virgil into English verse (1872); and < Ariel 
 and Caliban, with Other Poems' (1887). 
 
 Crane, Stephen. An American story-writer ; 
 born at Newark, N. J., Nov. 1, 1871; died at 
 Baden Weilev, Black Forest, June 5, 1900. He 
 wrote : <Maggie,' <The Red Badge of Courage,' 
 and 'George's Mother' (1898), stories; <The 
 Black Riders and Other Lines' (1895), verse; etc. 
 
 Crane, Thomas Frederick. An American 
 scholar; born in New York State 1844. He 
 is professor of Romance languages at Cornell 
 University (1881). Besides many contributions 
 to periodicals, he has written : < Italian Popu- 
 lar Tales' (1885); < Pictures of the French 
 Revolution' (6th ed. 1892); < French Romanti- 
 cism ' (3d ed. 1890) ; < Popular Songs of France ' 
 (1891); < French Society in the 17th Century.' 
 
 Crashaw, Richard. An English poet ; born 
 in London, 1613 (?) ; died at Rome or Loreto, 
 May or June 1649. A convert to Catholicism, 
 he wrote < Steps to the Temple' and < Sacred 
 Poems,' productions of great imaginative power. 
 
 Craven, Madame Augustus (Pauline de la 
 Ferronays). A French novelist; born in Lon- 
 don, April 12, 1808; died at Paris, April I, 
 1891. Her <Familv Memories' ; <The Story of
 
 124 
 
 CRAVEN — CROFFUT 
 
 a Sister >; <The Labor of a Soul'; and other 
 fictions, are well known. 
 
 Crayen, Elizabeth Berkeley, Lady, subse- 
 quently Margravine of Ansbach. An English 
 descriptive prose and verse writer; born in 
 1750; died at Naples, Jan. 13, 1828. She pro- 
 duced various sentimentalities in verse and in 
 prose fiction ; a meritorious record of [travel, 
 < Journey through the Crimea to Constantino- 
 ple' (1789); and very readable < Memoirs of the 
 Margravine of Ansbach, Formerly Lady Cra- 
 ven, Written by Herself (1825). 
 
 Crawford, Francis Marlon. An American 
 novelist ; bom in Bagni di Lucca, Italy, Aug. 2, 
 1854. His works include : < Mr. Isaacs' {1882) ; 
 <Dr. Claudius' (1883); <To Leeward' (1883); 
 <A Roman Singer' (1884); <An American 
 Politician' (1884) ; < Zoroaster' (1885) ; <A Tale 
 of a Lonely Parish' (1886); < Saracinesca ' 
 (1887); <Marzio's Crucifix' (1887); < Paul Pat- 
 off' (1887); <With the Immortals' (1888); 
 <Greifenstein' (1889); <Sant' Ilario? (1889); 
 <A Cigarette-Maker's Romance* (1890)"; <The 
 Witch of Prague' (1891); <Khaled' (1891) ; 
 <The Three Fates' (1892); <Love in Idleness' 
 (1894); < Katharine Lauderdale,' and its sequel 
 < The Ralstons ' (1895); < Casa Braccio' (1895); 
 Taquisara' (1896); <A Rose of Yesterday' 
 (1897); <Corleone> (1897) ; < Ave Roma Immor- 
 talis' (1898); < In the Palace of the King '(1900); 
 <The Rulers of the South' (1901); < Marietta, a 
 Maid of Rome ' (1901) ; < The Heart of Rome' 
 (1903); < Venetian Gleanings' (1905); < Are- 
 thusa'(i907) ; ' The Little City of Hope' (1907). 
 He died at Sorrento, April 9, 1909. 
 
 Crawford, Louise Macartney. An Ameri- 
 can author ; born in London, 1808. Her most 
 famous song is < Kathleen Mavourneen,' er- 
 roneously attributed to Frederick Crouch. 
 
 Crawford, Mary Caroline, an American au- 
 thoress born in 1874. She is a close student of 
 sociology and of New England romance, and an 
 authority on the higher education of women 
 in America. Her writings include • The Ro- 
 mance of Old New England Churches' (1903) ; 
 <The College Giri of America' (1904); < St. 
 Botolph's Town ' (1909). 
 
 CrSbillon, Claude Prosper Jolyot de (kra- 
 be-yon'), the Younger. A French novelist, son 
 of P. J. ; bom in Paris, Feb. 14, 1707 ; died 
 there, April 12, 1777. Author of several licen- 
 tious novels ; personally his life was above 
 reproach. For certain strictures on the Papal 
 bull <* Unigenitus " in one of these novels, he 
 was immured for a time in the Bastille. To 
 the most objectionable of all his stories he gave 
 the title < Sopha : A Moral Tale,' after the man- 
 ner of other impure writers. He possesses a 
 rich invention, and his characters are drawn 
 by a master's hand ; his style is elegant and 
 refined almost to unintelligibility. 
 
 Cr^biUon, Prosper Jolyot de. A noted 
 French dramatist; bom at Dijon, Jan. 13, 1674; 
 died in Paris, June 14, 176Z His plays include : 
 •The Death of Brutus's Children ' ; < Idomeneus > 
 
 (1705); <Atreus and Thyestes' (1707); <Elec- 
 tra' (1708) ; < Rhadamistus and Z^nobia' (1711); 
 < Xerxes' (1714); <Semiramis' (1717); <Pyr- 
 rhus' (1726); <Catalina' (1748); etc. 
 
 Cremer, Jacobus Jan (kra'mar). A Dutch 
 novelist (1827-80); born at Arnheim. He was 
 a painter, but quit the pencil for the pen. His 
 series of < Stories of Betuwe' (a rural district) 
 are specimens of idiomatic expression, faithful 
 portraiture, and unsophisticated humor. The 
 same traits distinguish all his works ; but he 
 is at his best amid rural scenes. He published 
 a volume of < Poems' (1873). 
 
 Crespo, Antonio Candido Gongalvea (kres'- 
 po). A Portuguese poet ; bom of a slave mother 
 at Rio Janeiro, March 11, 1846; died at Lisbon, 
 June II, 1883. He graduated in jurisprudence 
 at the Coimbra University, but devoted him- 
 self almost exclusively to the Muses at Lisbon. 
 He published only two small volumes: < Mini- 
 atures' (1870) ; <Nocturns> (1882). In collabo- 
 ration with his wife Maria Amalia Vaz de 
 Cai-valho, herself a notable writer, he is author 
 of < Stories for our Children' (1882). His poems 
 show high sensibility and great power of poetic 
 form and expression. 
 
 Creuz, Friedrlch Karl Easlmir, Baron von 
 
 (kroits). A German poet and philosophei 
 (1724-70); bom at Homburg vor der Hohe. 
 He is author of several works on archaeology 
 and philology. He wrote a philosophical 
 poem, < The Graves,' a work of considerable 
 merit, showing the influence of Young's < Night 
 Thoughts.' He published several volumes of 
 
 < Odes and Lays ' ; and a tragedy, < The Dying 
 Seneca.' 
 
 Crockett, David. A noted American pio- 
 neer, hunter, politician, and humorist; bom at 
 Limestone, Tenn., Aug. 17, 1786 ; killed at Fort 
 Alamo, San Antonio, Texas, March 16, 836. He 
 was member of Congress from Tennessee ; 
 served in the Texan war ; and was one of the 
 eccentric characters of the Southwest, about 
 whom numerous stories are still told, — notably 
 of the coon who voluntarily agreed to ^<come 
 down." He wrote his < Autobiography ' (1834); 
 <Tour to the North and Down East' (1835)} 
 < Sketches and Eccentricities' (1847); etc. 
 
 Crockett, Samuel Rutherford. A Scotch 
 novelist; bom in Little Duchrae, Galloway, in 
 1862. He was a tutor and unive-:ity pupil- 
 teacher at an early age ; but a volume of verse, 
 
 < Dulce Cor,' and < The Stickit Minister,' volume 
 of prose stories, showed literature to be his 
 vocation. <The Raiders'; <Mad Sir Ughtred 
 of the Hills'; <The Lilac Sun-Bonnet'; <The 
 Men of the Moss Hags ' ; < Sweetheart Travelers' ; 
 
 < Cleg Kelly, Arab of the City ' ; < The Grey Man 
 of Auchendrayne,' ; < An adventurer in Spain ' ; 
 and < Red Cape Tales,' are among his book# 
 
 Crofifut, William Augustus. An Americai, 
 prose-writer and poet ; bom in Redding, Conn., 
 Jan. 29, 1835. He is a journalist of wide ex- 
 perience, having been connected with various 
 newspapers. His works include: <A Helping
 
 CROKER — CRUGER 
 
 "5 
 
 Hand> (1861); <A Midsummer Lark> (1882); 
 'Bourbon Ballads'; <The Folks Next Door>; 
 and < The Vanderbilts.* He has long been con- 
 nected with the United States Geological Survey. 
 
 Croker, Jolrn Wilson. An Irish miscella- 
 neous writer; born in Galway, Dec. 20, 1780; 
 died at Old Brompton, Aug. 10, 1857. His 
 capacity for satire revealed itself in <An Inter- 
 cepted Letter from Canton,* and his < Songs of 
 Trafalgar* spread his fame as a poet. Mac- 
 aulay's review of his edition of Boswell's < Life 
 of Johnson,' and his counterblast upon Mac- 
 aulay's < History of England,' are among the 
 celebrities of literary duels. He was a Tory 
 politician of intense fervor, permanently resign- 
 ing his seat in Parliament because of the 
 passage of the Reform Bill of 1832. 
 
 Croker, Thomas Crofton. An Irish anti- 
 quary and folklorist; born in Cork, Jan. 15, 
 1798; died at Old Brompton, Aug. 8, 1854. 
 •Researches in the South of Ireland'; < J airy 
 Legends'; and < Legends of the Lakes, or Say- 
 ings and Doings at Killarney,' show his talent 
 in its happiest moods. His learning was pro- 
 found and accurate, and his style brilliant and 
 pleasing. 
 
 Croly, David Goodman. An American jour- 
 nalist; born in New York, Nov. 3, 1829; died 
 there, April 29, 1889. He was at different times 
 connected with various prominent New York 
 papers. He wrote: < Life of Horatio Seymour' 
 ^1868); < History of Reconstruction' (1868); 
 'Glimpses of the Future' (1888); etc. 
 
 Croly, George. An Irish poet, dramatist, and 
 novelist; bom in Dublin, Aug. 17, 1780; died in 
 ^^ondon, Nov. 24, i860. His works include : 
 Paris in 1815' (1817) ; <The Angel of the 
 World' (1820) ; <May Fair' (1820) ; <Salathiel' 
 (1829); <Marston' (1846); <The Modern Or- 
 lando' (1846); < Life and Times of George 
 [V.> ; and others. 
 
 Croly, .Tane (Cunningham). ("Jennie June.") 
 An American prose-writer, wife of D. G. Croly ; 
 bom in Market Harborough, England, Dec. 19, 
 1831; died in New York city, Dec. 23, 1901. 
 From i860 for many years she was editor of W. 
 J. Demorest's magazine, and was also editor of 
 others. She was one of the founders of «Sorosis» 
 and its president for fourteen years, and one 
 of the most active promoters of the Federation 
 of Woman's Clubs. She published : <Talks 
 on Women's Topics' (1863)- <For Better or 
 Worse' ( 1875 ) ; and <Three Manuals for Work> 
 (1885-89); etc. 
 
 Cronegk, Johann Friedrlch, Baron von 
 (kro'nek). A German dramatist (1731-58); 
 born at Ansbach. Lessing pronounced his ode 
 <War' one of the finest produced in that day. 
 His tragedy <Codrus' won a prize in 1757; it 
 is admirable for its smooth and stately verse, 
 but it lacks the true poet's inspiration. He 
 was also author of some comedies, didactic 
 poems, epigrams, and spiritual songs. 
 
 Crosby, Howard. A distinguished American 
 Presbyterian divine and educator; bor» ia N»w 
 
 York, Feb. 27, 1826 ; died there, March 29, 1891. 
 He was chancellor of the University of New 
 York 1870-81 ; one of the New Testament 
 Revision Committee ; and interested in every 
 reform of his day. He wrote: < Lands of the 
 Moslem' (1850); <Life of Jesus' (1871); -The 
 Christian Preacher' (1880, Yale lectures for 
 1879-80); etc. 
 
 Crosswell, William. An American poet and 
 hymn-writer ; born in Hudson, N. Y., Nov. 7, 
 1804 ; died in Boston, Mass., Nov. 9, 1851. Many 
 of his religious poems and hj-mns appeared in 
 the collection of < Poems, Sacred and Secular,' 
 edited by Arthur Cleveland Coxe (1859). 
 
 Crowe, Catherine. An English story-teller; 
 born (Stevens) at Borough Green, Kent, about 
 1800; died 1876. She made her first essay 
 with a tragedy, < Aristodemus,' and then turned 
 to prose fiction. < Lily Dawson' (1847) is re- 
 garded as the best of her novels. She became 
 an ardent devotee of spiritualism and animal 
 magnetism, and in 1852 published her most 
 notable work, ^The Night Side of Nature' (2 
 vols., 1852). 
 
 Crowe, Eyre Evans. An English historian 
 and prose-writer; bom 1799 ; died 1868. His 
 
 < History of France 1830-44' is well known. 
 
 Crowe, Joseph Archer. An English historian 
 of art and miscellaneous writer; bom in L.ondon, 
 Oct. 20, 1825 ; died at Gamburg, Sept. 6, 1896. 
 He was long eminent as a journalist, and for a 
 time served in the British diplomatic service. His 
 celebrity rests mainly upon the <History of Paint- 
 ing in Italy' ( 1 864-71), the most important work 
 on this subject, written in collaboration with G. 
 B. Cavalcaselle. He also published other vol- 
 umes on art subjects. 
 
 Crowe, William. An English poet ; bom in 
 Midgham, Berkshire, October (?) 1745; died at 
 Bath, Feb. 9, 1829. He was a clergyman and the 
 friend of Samuel Rogers. His work, especially 
 
 < Lewesdon Hill,' a descriptive poem, was 
 praised by Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Moore 
 as noble in diction and elevating in imagery. 
 
 Crowne, John. An English dramatist; born 
 in Nova Scotia, about 1656; died at London (?) 
 about 1703. He was esteemed at court fox 
 
 < Sii Courtly Nice,' a comedy. 
 
 Cruden, Alexander. A Scotch writer; bora 
 in Aberdeen, 1700; died 1770. He was noted 
 for his eccentricity. His < Concordance to the 
 Old and New Testaments' is the familial 
 authority on the subject. 
 
 Cruger, Mrs. Julia Grinnell (Storrow). 
 wjulien Gordon." A popular American novel- 
 ist ; l)orn in France, 18 — . Her home is in New 
 York. She has written : * A Diplomat's Diary > ; 
 
 < Mademoiselle Rds^da > ; 'A Puritan Pagan ' ; 
 
 < Marionettes ' ; < A Successful man ' ; < Vam- 
 pires ' ; < Popptea ' ; ' World's People ' ; * Poems.' 
 
 Cruger, Mary. An American novelist; bora 
 in New York State. 1834. Her home is in Mont- 
 rose, N. Y. She has written: < Hyperaesthesia' 
 (1885); <A Den of Thi«v«i> (1886) j <Th«
 
 126 
 
 CRUSENSTOLPE — CUNNINGHAM 
 
 Vanderheyde Manor House > (1887); < How She 
 Did It, or Comfort on $150 a Year> (1888); 
 Brotherhood* (1S91). 
 
 Crusenstolpe, Magnus Jakob (kro'zen-stol- 
 pe). A Swedish novelist and publicist (1795"- 
 1865). He won considerable distinction with 
 a series of historico-romantic tales, * Little 
 Stories > ; but his fame rests mainly ^u his work 
 as a public journalist, historian, biographer, 
 and politician. His works of fiction became 
 in a degree political or progressist pamphlets; 
 e. g., <The Moor, or the House of Holstein- 
 Gottorp in Sweden.' 
 
 Cruz, Juana Ines de la (kroth). A Mexi- 
 can poet (1651-95). Retiring from the vice- 
 regal court at the age of 17, she became a nun 
 of the Hieronymite order, and devoted herself 
 to poetry, music, and mathematics, leading at 
 the same time a life of great austerity. Her 
 writings consist of songs, dramas (all these 
 except two on religious themes), prologues, and 
 dramatic sacred allegories. Her contempora- 
 ries styled her «the Tenth Muse» and <'the 
 Mexican Phoenix.» 
 
 Cruz, Ramon de la. A Spanish dramatic 
 poet (1731-99)- He rescued the native Spanish 
 drama from an inundation of French influ- 
 ence. A marvelously prolific writer, he pro- 
 duced some 300 pieces ih all departments of 
 dramatic composition. But of them all only 
 some interludes can now command attention ; 
 these are alive in every line, reflecting with 
 absolute truth the life of the lowest orders. 
 
 Cruz, San Juan de la. (St. John of the 
 Cross.) A Spanish mystic and poet (1542-91). 
 He was a Cannelite friar, canonized in 1674. 
 His prose writings on the inner life won for 
 him the title « The Ecstatic Doctor » ; famous 
 among them is < The Soul's Darksome Night.> 
 In form and spirit his poetry is noble, deep, 
 and inspired by profound feeling. His com- 
 plete < Spiritual Works' were first published 
 in 1619, and in a 12th edition 1703. 
 
 Crinkle, Nym. See Wheeler. 
 
 Cs&sz&r, Ferencz (cha'zar). A Hungarian 
 poet (1807-58). His < Poems,' mostly sonnets 
 in the Italian style and nautical songs, entitle 
 him to a place among true poets. He trans- 
 lated several works of Alfieri, Beccaria, Silvio 
 Pellico, and other Italian writers, into Hun- 
 garian. 
 
 Csiky, Gregor (chek'e). A Hungarian dram- 
 atist (1842-91) ; born at Buda-Pesth. He wrote 
 several very successful comedies, among them 
 <The Oracle' and < Suspicion.' His tragedies 
 also — < Janus ' ; < Spartacus ' ; < The Magician ' — 
 were received with great popular favor. He 
 wrote several novels, and translated plays of 
 Sophocles, Euripides, Plautus, Moli^re, and 
 British dramatists. 
 
 Csokonay, Vitez Milia,ly (cho'ko-noi). A 
 Hungarian poet (1773-1805). He drew from 
 the well of the national poesy, and so con- 
 tributed to the formation of a native lyricism. 
 
 His principal works are: 'The Hungarian 
 
 Muse' (1797) ; 'Dorothea,' a comic epos (1804); 
 <Odes' (1805); <The Shepherd King' (1806); 
 'Anacreontics'; 'Battle of Frogs and Mice.' 
 
 Cuellar, Jose T. de (kwal'ar). A Mexican 
 novelist, dramatist, and poet ; born at San Luis 
 Potosi, Aug. 15, 1835. His reputation rests 
 mainly on his novel ' The Sin of the Century,' 
 published at San Luis Potosi in 1868. His 
 comedies and dramas include : ' Duties and 
 Sacrifices'; 'Redemption'; and 'A Voyage to 
 the Orient.' Among his novels are : ' Isolina, 
 the Ex-Ballet Girl'; and 'Gabriel the Lock- 
 smith.' He has also written several poems. 
 
 Cueva, Juan de la (kwa'va). A Spanibh 
 poet (1550-1607); born at Seville. A poet at- 
 tempting all forms, he excelled most as a dra- 
 matist : he is one of the founders of Spanish 
 national drama. In a volume of ' Works' (1582) 
 he published a number of lyric poems, sonnets, 
 songs, and elegies, including the ' Lament of 
 Venus over Adonis'; noteworthy is his 'Phoe- 
 bean Chorus of Historical Romances' (1587). 
 His greatest epic is 'The Conquest of Betica' 
 (1603). He wrote four tragedies, one of them 
 on < The Sack of Rom.e ' by the Constable 
 Bourbon ; and ten comedies, one of the best 
 being 'The Aged Lever.' 
 
 Cumberland, Richard. An English drama- 
 tist, novelist, essayist, and poet, grandson of 
 Richard Bentley ; born at Cambridge, Feb. 19, 
 1732; died at Tunbridge Wells, May 7, 181 1. 
 Of good family and the highest prospects, he 
 was discredited and impoverished in public 
 service, and made literature a profession. His 
 comedies, ' The West Indian ' ; < The Wheel of 
 Fortune ' ; ' The Jew ' ; and < The Fashionable 
 Lover,' are an epitome of the culture of the 
 time ; as are his essays, collected under the title 
 of 'The Observer.' He wrote novels, tracts, re- 
 ligious and didactic poems, not now important ; 
 < Anecdotes of Eminent Painters in Spain ' ; 
 'Memoirs' (1806). 
 
 Cummins, Maria Susanna. An American 
 
 novelist; born at Salem, Mass., April 9, 1827; 
 died at Dorchester, Mass., Oct. i, 1866. Her 
 novel 'The Lamplighter' (1853) had enormous 
 success and was translated into foreign lan- 
 guages; it is still remembered for the idyllic 
 charm and tenderness of its first few chapters, 
 but the rest is commonplace. Her other books 
 are 'Mabel Vaughn' (1857); <E1 Fureidis> 
 (i860); 'Haunted Hearts' (1863). 
 
 Cunningham, Allan. A Scottish poet and 
 miscellaneous writer; born in Keir, Dumfries- 
 shire, Dec. 7, 1784; died in London, Oct. 30 
 (not 29), 1842. When a youth he served as 
 an apprentice to a stone-mason ; but later be- 
 came a reporter in London, and wrote 'Sir 
 Marmaduke Maxwell,' a dramatic poem, and 
 'Lord Roldan' and 'Paul Jones,' interesting 
 but rather theatrical romances. His 'Critical 
 History of the Literature of the Last Fifty 
 Years' and other books prompted Sir Walter 
 Scott to call him a genius.
 
 CUPPLES — CUVIER 
 
 127 
 
 Cupples, George. A Scutch sketch and 
 story writer; born in Legewood, Aug. 2, 1822; 
 died Oct. 7, 1891. In <The Green Hand> he 
 gives us a stirring tale of the sea; while his 
 papers on outdoor sports and tastes, and his 
 essays on literary topics, denote the scholar 
 and man of true feeling. 
 
 Curtin, Jeremiah. An American linguist and 
 antiquarian writer ; bom in Milwaukee, 1840. 
 He has written : < Myths and Folk-Lore of Ire- 
 land ' ; < Tales of the Fairies and the Ghost 
 World >; < Myths and Folk-Tales of the Rus- 
 sians, Western Slavs, and Magyars-; etc. He 
 is a proficient in the Slavic tongues ; has made 
 addresses in Czech, and translated much from 
 Russian and Polish. Died Dec. 14, 1906. 
 
 Curtis, Mrs. Caroline Gardiner (Cary). 
 ("Carroll Winchester. *>) An American novel- 
 ist; bom in New York State, 1827. Her home 
 is in Boston. She has written : < From Madge 
 to Margaret > (1880) ; <The Love of a Lifetime > 
 (1883). 
 
 Curtis, George Tlcknor. An American 
 lawyer; born in Massachusetts, 1812; died 
 March 28, 1894. In addition to his eminence 
 at the New York bar, he was noted as the author 
 of an authoritative < History of the Constitution 
 of the United States > ; he published likewise : 
 
 < Digest of English and American Admiralty 
 Decisions' ; < American Conveyancer > ; < Life of 
 James Buchanan >; <Life of Daniel Web.ster'; 
 
 < Creation or Evolution > ; and < John Charaxes,' 
 a novel. 
 
 Curtis, George William. An American 
 author ; bom in Providence, R. I., Feb. 24, 1824 ; 
 died at Staten Island, Aug. 31, 1892. He was 
 an early abolitionist, and a leader in the Re- 
 publican party from the first ; for many years 
 the editor of Harper's Weekly, and the writer of 
 the < Editor's Easy Chair > in Harper's Monthly, 
 besides the < Manners upon the Road> series for 
 Harper's Bazar (1867-73). He was also a lect- 
 urer of great popularity. His works include : 
 
 < Nile Notes of a FIowadji> (1851) ; <The How- 
 adji in Syria> (1852); 'Lotus Eating> (1852); 
 <Potiphar Papers' (1853) ; <Prue and I> (1856) ; 
 < Trumps' (1862); and others. 
 
 Curtis, William Eleroy. An American jour- 
 nalist and writer of travels ; born in Ohio, 1850. 
 He has written : < Capitals of Spanish America' 
 (1888); <The Land of the Nihilist' (1888); 
 < Japan Sketches' ; < Venezuela' ; < Life of Zach- 
 ariah Chandler'; <The Yankees of the East'; 
 
 < The True Abraham Lincoln ' ; < Modern India.' 
 
 Curtlus, Ernst (kor'tse-6s). A distinguished 
 German archseologist and historian ; born at 
 Liibeck, Sept. 2, 1814 ; died at Berlin, July II, 
 1896. His studies were devoted to Grecian an- 
 tiquity, and he visited Greece repeatedly on 
 scientific missions. In < Peloponnesus' (2 vols., 
 1851) he gives the history of that peninsula, 
 its traditions, and its works of art. His 'Greek 
 History' is a popularization of the results of 
 scholarly research, and is written in a pleasing 
 and popular style. His works on <01ympia' 
 
 and other ancient cities are addressed rather 
 to scholars than to the general public. 
 
 Gushing, Caleb. A famous American jurist, 
 statesman, and diplomatist; bom at Salisburj-, 
 Mass., Jan. 17, 1800 ; died at Newbur>'port, 
 Mass., Jan. 2, 1879. He was United States 
 commissioner to China (1843-44); Attomey- 
 General (1853-57); Counsel before the Geneva 
 arbitration tribunal (1871-72); minister to Spain 
 (1874-77). He published: 'Reminiscences of 
 Spain'; 'Life of William Henry Harrison' 
 (1840); 'History of Newburyport' (1826); etc. 
 
 Custer, Elizabeth (Bacon). An American 
 prose-writer; bom in Monroe, Mich., 18 — ; 
 wife of Gen. George A. Custer. She is author 
 of ' Boots and Saddles, or Life in Dakota 
 with General Custer' (1885); 'Tenting on the 
 Plains, or General Custer in Kansas and 
 Texas' (1887); and 'Following the Guidon.' 
 
 Custine, Astolphe, Marquis de (kiis-ten'). 
 A French novelist and writer of travels (1790- 
 1857) ■> born near Metz. He traveled in the 
 British Isles, Switzerland, and Southern Italy 
 (1811-22), and afterward in Spain and Russia. 
 The results of his observations in Russia 
 were of considerable importance, and were pub- 
 lished in 4 vols., 1843. He wrote a tragedy, ' Bea- 
 trice Cenci ' ; and some romances, among 
 them < Aloysius, or the Monk of St. Bernard > ; 
 ' Romuald, or the Vocation.' His 'Letters to 
 Vamhagen von Ense and Rachel Varnhaget 
 von Ense' were published in 1870. 
 
 Custis, George Washington Parke. An 
 
 American writer; born at Mt. Airy, Md., April 
 30, 1781 ; died at Arlington House, Fairfax 
 County, Va., Oct. 10, 1857. He was the adopted 
 son of George Washington. He wrote ' Recol- 
 lections of Washington' (i860), and several 
 plays and orations. 
 
 Cutler, Elbrldge Jefiferson. An American 
 educator and miscellaneous writer; born in 
 HoUiston, Mass., Dec. 28, 1831 ; died in Cam- 
 bridge, Mass., Dec. 27, 1870. From 1865 until 
 his death he was professor of modem lan- 
 guages at Harvard. His contributions ap- 
 peared in the Atlantic Monthly and other 
 periodicals. 'War Poems' was published in 
 1867, and 'Stella' in 1868. 
 
 Cutler, Mrs. Lizzie (Petit). An American 
 novelist; born in Virginia, 1836. Her home is 
 in New York. She has written : ' Light and 
 Darkness ' ; ' Household Mysteries,' a romance 
 of Southern life; 'The Stars of the Crowd.' 
 
 Cuvier, Georges Leopold Chretien Fr6d6- 
 rlc Dagobert (kU-vya'). A celebrated French 
 zoologist; born at Montbdliard, Aug. 23, 1769; 
 died at Paris, May 13, 1832. His first great 
 work, fruit of most laborious researches, was 
 'Lectures on Comparative Anatomy' (5 vols., 
 iSoi), comprising for the most part only such 
 points of molluscan anatomy as he himself 
 had developed. It was the same with all his 
 works : they are records of most painstaking 
 labor and study. His grand generalizationJ
 
 128 
 
 CUYLER — DA COSTA 
 
 on the facts of nature appear in the < Discourse 
 on the Revolutions of the Earth's Surface and 
 on the Changes They have Brought About in 
 the Animal Kingdom.' His master work is 
 •The Animal Kingdom' (4 vols., 1817). 
 
 Cuyler, Theodore Ledyard. A noted Amer- 
 ican Presbyterian divine and miscellaneous 
 writer; bom at Aurora, N. Y.. Jan. 10, 1822. 
 Besides numerous contributions to newspa- 
 pers and other periodicals, he has written. 
 < Heart Life' (1871).; <rrom the Nile to Nor- 
 way' (1881) ;< Stirring the Eagle's Nest' (1890); 
 Help and Good Cheer' (1902); 'Our Christ- 
 mastides ' (1904). 
 
 Cyrano de Bergerac, Savinlen (ser-a-no de 
 berzh-rak'). A French writer of literary ex- 
 travaganzas (1619-55); born at Paris. He was 
 a famous duelist, and fought more than a 
 thousand single combats, most of them pro- 
 voked by comments on his enormously over- 
 grown nose. In style and composition he is 
 without taste or judgment; but he is always 
 sprightly and fanciful, often witty and ingen- 
 ious. Boileau noted his << daring burlesque." 
 He wrote : < Letters,' amorous or satirical ; a 
 'Comic History of the States and Empire of 
 the Moon,' and another <Of the Sun,' both 
 full of metaphysical and satirical passages in 
 the vein later made famous by Swift, to whom 
 
 they are thought to have suggested < Gulliver.' 
 His one tragedy, <Agrippina,' evinces great 
 dramatic power ; he wrote also a clever comedy, 
 <The Pedant Laughing-Stock.' 
 
 Czajkovskl, Michal (chi-kov'ske). A Polish 
 novelist (1808-76). He entered the Turkish 
 army in 1851, embraced Mohammedanism and 
 rose to high rank (Pasha Sadyk) ; later he 
 went back to the Ukraine and conformed to 
 the Russo-Greek religion. He struck a new 
 and original vein in fiction-writing. The force 
 and fire of his characterizations are extraor- 
 dinary. His greatest work is <Vernyhora,' a 
 historical novel of the year 1768, which has 
 been translated into nearly all the languages 
 of Europe. Hardly less celebrated is 'The 
 Hetman of the Ukraine.' 
 
 Czuczor, Gergely (tso tsor or cho'chor). A 
 Hungarian poet and philologist (1800-66). His 
 two fine hero-ballads, 'The Battle of Augs- 
 burg' (1824) and 'The Diet of Arad' (1828), 
 brought him instant celebrity. He was a Bene- 
 dictine monk, and the eroticism of the first 
 collection of his 'Poetical Works' (1836) 
 brought on him stern animadversion from his 
 superiors. In 1848 he published 'Reveil,' a 
 passionate appeal to Hungarian national sen- 
 timent, and was imprisoned for it. 
 
 D 
 
 Daae, Ludvig (da'e). A Norwegian his- 
 torian ; born in Aremark, near Frederikshald, 
 Dec. 7, 1834. He has paid particular atten- 
 tion to the annals of his own country; his 
 best-known works being : * Norwegian Village 
 Legends' (1870-72); 'Norway's Saints' (1879); 
 'The Migrations of the Norsemen to Holland 
 and England' (1880); and others in this field. 
 
 Dabney, Robert Lewis. An American prose- 
 writer ; born in Louisa County, Va., March 5> 
 1820. He was a Presbyterian clergyman, and 
 since 1883 has filled the chair of moral phi- 
 losophy in the University of Texas. Dr. Dab- 
 ney has published : ' Life of General T. J. 
 (Stonewall) Jackson' (1864); 'Sacred Rhetoric' 
 (1866); ' Sensualistic Philosophy' (1878); and 
 'The Christian Sabbath' (1881). 'Collected 
 Discussions ' is one of his late works. D. 1898. 
 
 Dabney, Virginius. An American prose- 
 writer; born at Elmington, Va., Feb. 15, 1835. 
 His publication of 'The Story of Don Miff, 
 as Told by his Friend, John Bouche Whacker, 
 a Symphony of Life' (1886), reached its fourth 
 edition in six months. He also published ' Gold 
 that Did not Glitter.' 
 
 Daboll, Nathan. An American educator 
 and writer; born about 1750 ; died in Groton, 
 Conn., March 9, 1818. He wrote the 'School- 
 master's Assistant' (1799) and the 'Practical 
 Navigator.' He is best known for his share 
 in the universally used 'New England Al- 
 manac,' which he began in 1773. 
 
 Daboll, Nathan. An American writer ; born 
 in Connecticut, 1782; died 1863. He was son 
 of the preceding, and compiled the ' New Eng- 
 land Almanac ' begun by his father. He is 
 the author of ' Daboll's New Arithmetic,' long 
 a terror to the American schoolboy. 
 
 Dach, Simon (dach). A German lyrist 
 (1605-59) ; born at Memel. His numerous 
 hymns and songs are found in various collec- 
 tions, his hymns especially in the ' Spiritual 
 Arias' of Heinrich Albert. He wrote several 
 occasional poems in honor of the Electoral 
 House of Brandenburg, — 'Electoral Branden- 
 burgian Rose, Eagle, Lion, and Sceptre.' He 
 often followed his native poetic bent, disre- 
 garding the hard and fast rules of the poetic 
 schools of his time ; and then he was spon- 
 taneous, natural, and spoke directly to the 
 popular heart. His < Annie of Tharau,' a Low- 
 German lay for the wedding of his friend Par- 
 son Portatius with Anna Neander, became a 
 popular favorite; his 'Praise of Friendship' 
 seems to belong to a better age ; and his spir- 
 itual songs, ' In Thy Control, O Lord,' ' Be 
 Comforted, my Soul,' etc., are hardly surpassed 
 by any compositions of his day. 
 
 Da Costa, Izaak (da kos'ta). A Dutch poet 
 and theologian ; born at Amsterdam, Jan. 14, 
 1798 ; died at Leyden, April 28, i860. Among 
 his works are: 'Prometheus' (1820); 'Poems' 
 (1821-22); 'Gala Songs' (i82i8)-; wid 'Hagar' 
 (1840).
 
 DACRE— DALL 
 
 139 
 
 Dacre, Barbarina Brand, Lady. An Eng- 
 lish poet and dramatist; born (Ogle) 1768; 
 died in London, May 17, 1854. Her singular 
 gifts and her faculty for poetic imagery are 
 richly shown in < Gonzalvo of Cordova* (1810); 
 a drama, < Pedarias* (1811), a tragedy of ancient 
 Peruvian civilization ; and the five-act master- 
 piece <Ina'; in addition to which a series of 
 ' Translations from the Italian * are both spirited 
 and accurate. 
 
 Daems, Servaas Domien (dams). A Flem- 
 ish poet ; born at IVoorderwyk, about 1838. 
 His verse is seen at its best in the collection 
 called < Luit en Fluit > (1884). Died 1903. 
 
 Dahl, Konrad Neuman Hjelm (dal). A 
 Norwegian story-teller; born in the parish of 
 Drontheim, June 24, 1843. He is author of a 
 series of stories and novels of Norwegian and 
 Lapp life, with much insight into nature and 
 into the heart of the people. Most notable 
 among them are: < The Finnish Youth* (1873); 
 <The Lion> (1874); <Eda Mansika> (1875); 
 * The Voyager in the Icy Sea > ; < Lonely People.* 
 
 Dahl or Dal, Dalj, Vladimir Ivanovitch 
 (dal). A Russian story-writer and etymologist; 
 born in Lugan, No- . 22, 1801 ; died in Mos- 
 cow, Oct. 4, 1S72. He wrote many powerful 
 realistic tales, besides an < Expository Diction- 
 ary of < The Li\ing Russian Languages* (1661- 
 68) and a dictiunary of proverbs. 
 
 Dablgren, Fredrik August (dai'gren). A 
 Swedish poet and diamatist ; bom at Taberg, 
 Sept. 20, 1816 ; died at Djurshoim, Feb. 16, 
 1895. He wrote many dialect songs and bal- 
 lads, collections of which were published in three 
 volumes (1876). These have attained an extra- 
 ordinary degree of popularity. Of his dramas 
 many were very successful ; his < Vermlandin- 
 garne,' a nmsical drama (1846), had more than 
 100 consecutive representations. He translated 
 many dramas from foreign languages, and wrote 
 a history of the Swedish stage. 
 
 Dahlgren, Karl Fredrili. A Swedish poet 
 and humorist (1791-1844); born at Stensbruk 
 in East Gothland. He excelled in descriptions 
 of nature and in the idyllic burlesque. Many 
 of his sonps and ballads have a permanent 
 place in tne treasury of Swedish popular song. 
 For years he published a Muses' Almanac, con- 
 taining his stories and comic sketches. His 
 novel <Nahum Fredrik Bergstrom's Chronicle* 
 (1831) is a work of distinguished merit. 
 
 DaMgreu, Madeleine Vinton. An American 
 ])r.'sc- writer and poet, wife of Admiral Dahlgren; 
 bo'-n in Gallipolis, O., about 1835; died at Wash- 
 ington, May 28, 1898. Her works include: 
 <Idealitres) (1859); <South Sea Sketches* (1881); 
 <Etiquette of Social Life in Washington * ( 1881); 
 'Memoirs of John A. Dahlgren* (1882); <The 
 Lost Name*; and <Lights and Shadows of a 
 Life* (1886). For her Spanish translation of 
 Donoso Cortes' s < Catholicism, Liberalism, and 
 Socialism,* she received the thanks of Pius IX. 
 
 DaMmann, Friedrich Christoph (dayman). 
 A. German historian and publicist ; bom in 
 
 Wismar, May 13, 1785 ; died in Bonn, Dec. 5, 
 i860. His attainments and popularity gave 
 him great influence in Hanoverian politics, but 
 he lost his professorship at Gottingen because 
 or his liberal opinions, and after many vicissi- 
 tudes devoted himself to historical writing. 
 His < History of the English Revolution* (1844) 
 and < History of the French Revolution* (1845) 
 are magnificent studies ; but it is in the < His- 
 tory of Denmark (1840-43) that his powers are 
 most brilliantly displayed. 
 
 Dahn, Felix (dan). A distinguished German 
 poet, novelist, and historian ; bom at Ham- 
 burg, Feb. 9, 1834. He was professor of juris- 
 prudence successively in the universities of 
 Munich, Wiirtzburg, Konigsberg, and Breslau. 
 Among his historical works is < The Kings of 
 the Germans,* his masterpiece in this depart- 
 ment (6 vols., 1861-71). He is author also of 
 many tractates on the jurispmdence of the 
 ancient Germans, and the civil and criminal 
 law and procedure of modern German States. 
 He has also written epic and lyric poems re- 
 markable for strong thought, wide horizon, and 
 verbal richness. Of the epics may be named 
 < Harald and Theano' (1856); of the lyrics, 
 'Ballads and Songs* (1878). He is author also 
 of several historical novels, uniting profound 
 scholarship with poetic fancy; foremost among 
 them <The Struggle for Rome* (1876), with 
 scene laid in the 6th century. He has written 
 stories of contemporary life as well ; and dra- 
 mas, as 'German Fidelity* ; 'King Roderick,* 
 and 'Markgrave Riideger of Bechelaren.* 
 
 D'Alembert. See Alembert. 
 
 Dalin, Olof von (dal'in). A distinguished 
 Swedish poet and historian, " father of modem 
 Swedish literature ** ; bom at Vinberga, in Hal- 
 lap d, August 29, 1708 ; died Aug. 12, 1763. He 
 found Swedish poetry over-austere and melan- 
 choly ; he infused into it a sense of the joy of 
 existence. He at the same time enriched the 
 Swedish mother tongue with elements of vocab- 
 ulary and forms of expression from foreign 
 languages and literatures, which to some ex- 
 tent modified the native speech. The influence 
 of the study of the French classical drama is 
 seen in his epic poem 'Sweden's Liberties* 
 (1742), his drama 'Brynhilda* (1738), and his 
 comedy 'The Jealous Man* (1738). But in 
 his numerous songs and ballads he is a Swede, 
 with a rich fund of humor. His ' History of 
 the Kingdom of Sweden * (4 vols.), reaching 
 to the death of Charles IX., holds an honorable 
 place in Swedish historical literature. 
 
 Dall, Caroline Wells. An American prose- 
 writer; born in Boston, Mass., June 22, l822. 
 She has been an industrious literary worker, 
 and is the author of many books, in which 
 are included: 'Essays and Sketches* (1849); 
 'Woman's Right to Labor* (i860); 'Egypt's 
 Place in History* (1868); 'Patty Gray's Jour- 
 ney to the Cotton Islands * ; and < What We 
 Really Know about Shakespeare* (1S85). 
 
 Dall, William Healey. An American nat- 
 uralist and author; born in Boston, Mass., Aug.
 
 i30 
 
 DALLAS — DANA 
 
 21, 1845 ; is a member of many of the scien- 
 tific societies at home and abroad. His scien- 
 tific articles include about two hundred titles. 
 Among his published books are : * Alaska and 
 its Resources > (1870) ; < The Currents and Tem- 
 peratures of Bering Sea and the Adjacent 
 Waters> (1882); and 'Report on the Mollusca, 
 Brachypoda, and Pelecypoda'of the Blake dredg- 
 ing expedition in the West Indies 1 18S0). He has 
 further published < Pacific Coast Pilot * and <Coast 
 Pilot of Alaska > ; < Alaska and its Resources.* 
 
 Dallas, Robert Charles. An English poet, 
 novelist, and dramatist; born in Kingston, 
 Jamaica, 1754; died in Normandy, France, 1824. 
 His publications include: < Poems >; < Lucretia,* 
 a tragedy >; < Moral Essays' (1797); < Aubrey,* 
 a novel ; and < The Morlands, Tales Illustrat- 
 ive of the Simple and the Surprising* (1805). 
 He was both friend and adviser of Lord Byron, 
 and in the last year of his life published < Recol- 
 lections of the Life of Lord Byron from 1808 
 to the End of 1814.* 
 
 Dair Ongaro, Francesco (dal'ong-gar'o). 
 An Italian poet (1808-73); bom at Mansue 
 in Treviso. He was a priest ; being also an ar- 
 dent patriot, he came into disfavor with the 
 ecclesiastical and civil authorities at Padua, 
 and was suspended from priestly functions. 
 In 1848 he took part in the revolutionary move- 
 ment, and after its suppression was an exile 
 till 1859. His voluminous writings, both prose 
 and verse, are in part literary, in part politi- 
 cal, but all inspired by liberalism and patriotic 
 sentiment. His principal works are: 'Poems* 
 (2 vols., 1840); several dramas — one of them, 
 < Bianca Capello,* written for Ristori ; some 
 comedies ; several novels ; besides legendary 
 stories, hymns, and several popular ballads. 
 
 Dalrymple, Sir David, Lord Halles. A 
 Scotch jurist and historian ; born in Edinburgh, 
 Oct. 28, 1726 ; died Nov. 29, 1792. He was on 
 the bench for many years. His writings include 
 'Annals of Scotland,* a valuable work, embra- 
 cing the period from Malcolm Canmore to the 
 accession of the house of Stuart. 
 
 Dalseme, Achille (dal-sam'). A French 
 journalist, topical writer, and novelist; born in 
 Nice, Sept. 4, 1840. He connected himself with 
 various political sheets in the capital, and 
 wrote: 'Claude's Folly* (1884), 'The Sins of 
 Themis* (1889), and other studies of contem- 
 porary manners; 'The Bazaine Affair* (1873); 
 and 'The Art of War* (1883), a collection of 
 light sketches. 
 
 Daly, Charles Patrick. An American jurist 
 and author; born in New York city, Oct. 31, 
 1816 ; died near Sag Harbor, L. I., Sept. 19, 
 1899. He had a distinguished career, becom- 
 ing justice of the court of common pleas in 1844, 
 first judge of the court in 1857, and chief justice 
 in 187 1, retiring in 1886. He was president 
 of the American Geographical Society. His 
 works include : ' First Settlement of Jews in 
 North America >; ' What We Know of Maps 
 and Map Drawing before Mercator * ; and simi- 
 lar investigations. 
 
 Daly, [John] Angnstin. An American dram- 
 atist, and proprietor of Daly's Theatre, New 
 York ; born in Plymouth, N. C, July 20, 1838 ; 
 died in Paris, June 7, 1899. Among his plays 
 are : < Divorce * ; < Pique > ; < Horizon * ; < Under 
 the Gaslight > ; and a story called < Peg Woffing- 
 ton, a Tribute to the Actress and the Woman.' 
 
 Dana, Charles Anderson. An eminent 
 American journalist and man of letters ; born 
 at Hinsdale, N. H., Aug. 8, 1819; died at 
 Dosoris, Long Island, Oct. 17, 1897. Studied 
 at Harvard. In 1842 he was a member of the 
 Brook Farm Association. His first journalistic 
 experience was in Boston. From 1847 until 
 1862 he was managing editor of the New York 
 Tribune ; he was Assistant Secretary of War 
 in 1S63 and until the close of the war. The 
 New York Sun was reorganized in 1868, from 
 which year until his death he was its editor. 
 W^ith George Ripley he edited 'The American 
 Cyclopedia* (1857-63; revised edition was pub- 
 lished in 1873-76); he also edited 'The House- 
 hold Book of Poetry* (1857), of which many 
 editions have been printed. His war remi- 
 niscences are now (1897) being published. 
 
 Da,na, James Dwight. An American scien- 
 tist ; born at Utica, N. Y., Feb. 12, 181 3 ; died 
 at New Haven, April 14, 1895. His researches 
 into geology made him famous, and his professor- 
 ship at Yale proved epoch-making in the history 
 of that seat of learning. He published: 'System 
 of Mineralogy'; 'Manual of Mineralogy*; 'Text- 
 Book of Geology*; 'Corals and Coral Islands*; 
 <The Geological Story Briefly Told*; etc. 
 
 Dana, Mrs. Mary. See Shindler. 
 
 Dana, Richard Henry, the Elder. An 
 American poet and essayist ; born at Cam- 
 bridge, Mass., Nov. 15, 1787; died Feb. 2, 1879. 
 His lectures on Shakespeare's characters, de- 
 livered in the principal cities of the Atlantic 
 coast (1839-40), awakened a deep public inter- 
 est. His principal poems are: 'The Change 
 of Home* (1824); 'The Dying Raven* (1825); 
 'The Buccaneers* (1827), specially noteworthy 
 for its magnificent descriptions of the vicissi- 
 tudes of ocean scenery. To a periodical pub- 
 lication. The Idle Man (N. Y., 1821-22), of which 
 he was editor, he contributed critical papers 
 and several short stories ; among them ' Paul 
 Fenton,* and ' Edward and Mary.* 
 
 Dana, Richard Henry, the Younger. A dis- 
 tinguished American publicist, son of R. H. 
 the Elder; born at Cambridge, Mass., Aug. i, 
 1815 ; died Jan. 6, 1882. Obliged to suspend col- 
 lege studies because of an affection of the e)'es, 
 he shipped as a seaman on board a whaling 
 vessel. His observations during the two years 
 of his life as a common sailor are contained 
 in his celebrated narrative 'Two Years Before 
 the Mast* (1837). Returning to Boston, he 
 studied law and was admitted to the bar. In 
 1841 he published ' The Seaman's Friend,* oftep 
 afterward republished under the title ' The Sea' 
 man's Manual.* He details his experiences and 
 observations during' a vL^it to Cuba, in the little
 
 DANA— DARLEY 
 
 »3i 
 
 volume < To Cuba and Back > (1859). He edited 
 Wheaton's 'Elements of International Law> 
 (1866), and wrote a series of < Letters on Ital- 
 ian Unity > (1871). , , , 
 Danby, Frank; anLnglishnovehst; born July 
 
 30, 1S64. She wrote : * A Babe in Bohemia > (1882); 
 
 < Pigs in Clover * (1902 j ; < Sebastian > (1909J. 
 
 Dancourt faan-Kor;, properly Florent Car- 
 ton. A French plaj'wright and dramatic artist 
 (1661-1725); born at F^ontainebleau. His best 
 low comedies or farces are : ' The Fashionable 
 Chevalier > ; < The Winsome Gardener.* He pre- 
 sents village life with perfect truth, and is mas- 
 ter of village patois. Voltaire ranks him next 
 after Moliere for low comedy. 
 
 Dandliker, Karl (den'dlik-er). A Swiss his- 
 torian ; born in Rorbas, Ziirich, May 6, 1849. 
 /Vmong his works are : < Manual of the History 
 of the Swiss People > (1875), and < Smaller His- 
 tory of Switzerland* (1889); ' History of Switzer- 
 land > (1900 1 . 
 
 Daneo, Giovanni (dan'a-o). An Italian 
 dramatist ; born at St. Remy in Piedmont, May 
 16, 1824. He wrote some dramas of very con- 
 siderable merit: <Suleika*; < Elisa di Montal- 
 pino > ; also novels : < Memoirs of a GentlemsUi > 
 and <The Castle of Bardespina.* His poetical 
 works consist of two volumes of miscellaneous 
 
 < Poems* and < Verses,* with 'Gotama* and 
 
 < Rafaello Sanzio.* 
 
 Danfortli, Samuel. An American clergyman 
 of learning and influence. He was born in 
 Roxbury, Mass., Dec. 18, 1666, and died in 
 Taunton, Mass., Nov. 14, 1727. For a long 
 period he was pastor of the Congregational 
 Church at Taunton, Mass., and during a reli- 
 gious awakening wrote three famous descript- 
 ive letters. He published a < Eulogy on 
 Thomas Leonard* (1713) ; < Essay Concerning 
 the Singing of Psalms* (1723); and prepared 
 an Indian dictionary now the property of the 
 Massachusetts Historical Society. 
 
 Dangeau, Philippe de Courcillon, Marquis 
 de (dan-g5'). A French writer of memoirs; 
 born in 1638; died in Paris (?) in 1720. He 
 was one of the courtiers about Louis XIV.; 
 his < Memoirs * and < Journal,* particularly as re- 
 gards the period between 1684 and 1720, being 
 a rich mine from which much history has been 
 quarried. 
 
 Daniel, Samuel. An English poet, historian, 
 and rhyming chronicler ; born near Taunton, 
 Somersetshire, 1562 ; died near Beckington, 
 Wiltshire, October 1619. He was conspicuous 
 at the courts of Elizabeth and James I., writing 
 a rhymed < History of the Civil Wars between 
 the Houses of York and Lancaster* (1595), 
 and a prose < History of England* (to Edward 
 III.: 1613-18). His style as a sonneteer and 
 lyrist appears in the collection named < Delia* 
 (1592). 
 
 Daniels, Mrs. Cora (Linn). An American 
 novelist ; born in 1852. She resides at Frank- 
 lin, Mass., and has written : < Sardia, a Story of 
 Love * ; ♦ As It Is to Be * ; < Psychical Philosophy.* 
 
 Daniels, William Haven. An American 
 prose-writer ; born in Franklin, Mass., May 
 
 18, 1836. His literary works are: <That Bov: 
 Who Shall Have Him?* (1878); <The Tem- 
 perance Reform and its Great Reformers * 
 (1878); < Moody, his Words, Work, and Work- 
 ers* (1879) ; and <A Short History of the People 
 Called Methodist* (1882). 
 
 Danilevskij, Grigdrij Petr6vicli (dan-el- 
 ef'ske). A Russian story-teller (1S29-90); born 
 at Danilovka in the government of Charkof. 
 His stories are either descriptive of ethnograph- 
 ical peculiarities, and on that account specially 
 valuable, or they are historical novels. To the 
 former class belong : • The Refugees * ; < The 
 Refugees' Return * ; < Liberty.* His principal 
 historical novels are : < Mirowitsh > ; < The Burn- 
 ing of Moscow*; <The Black Year.* 
 
 Dannelly, Mrs. Elizabetn Otis (Marshall). 
 
 An American Southern verse-writer. She was 
 bom in Georgia in 1838. She has written : 
 < Cactus, or Thorns and Blossoms*; < Wayside 
 Flowers.* 
 
 Dante Alighieri (dan'te al-e-gya're). The 
 greatest of Italian poets; born in Florence, 
 1265 ; died in Ravenna, Sept. 14, 1321. His chief 
 works are : * Poems * ; < The New Life * ; ' The 
 Banquet'; < On Monarchy*; ' .\ Guide to Pn- 
 etical Literature* ; and * The Divine Comed\.' 
 
 Da Ponte, Lorenzo. An Italian dramatist 
 and author; born in Venice, March 10, 1741J; 
 died in New York, Aug. 17, 1838. He wrote 
 the libretti for Mozart's operas < Don Giovanni' 
 and < Figaro.* He came to America in 1805, 
 and in 1828 was professor of Italian in Colum- 
 bia College. He wrote many plays, soimet.s, 
 and translations, and published several \\(jrks 
 of mstruction in the Italian language ; also his 
 own <Life* (1823); < History of the Florentine 
 Republic and the Medici* (1833). 
 
 D'Arblay, Madame. See Burney. 
 
 Dargan, Clara Victoria. (Mrs. Maclean.) 
 An American poet and prose-writer; born near 
 Winnsboro, S. C, about 1840. Her writini^s in- 
 clude the poem < Forever Thine* (1859), unilcr 
 the pseudonym of " Claudia,** and stories signeil 
 « Esther Chesney** (i860). She was literary 
 editor of the Edgefield Advertiser (1863); and 
 is author of < Riverlands,* a story of life on 
 the Ashley River. 
 
 Darimon, Alfred (dar-e-mon'). A French 
 journalist and writer; born in Lille, Dec. 17, 
 1819. An aptitude for politics and political 
 writing occasioned his most telling work with 
 the pen, especially <The History of Twelve 
 Years, 1857-69, Notes and Recollections* (1883) ; 
 < Through a Revolution* (1884); < The Agony 
 of the Empire* (2d ed. i8gi); and others 
 equally popular. 
 
 Darley, Felix Octavius Carr. .\n American 
 artist; bom in Philadelphia, June 23, 1822; died 
 in Claymont, Del., March 27, 1888. His illus- 
 trations of literary masterpieces gave pleasure 
 to thousands, and made him famous. His best 
 work comprises his drawings to accompany 
 the text of < Rip Van Winkle*; < Sleepy Hol- 
 low*; < Courtship of Miles Standish*; < Scarlet
 
 132 
 
 DARLEY — DASENT 
 
 Letter > ; < Evangeline ' ; the novels of Cooper, 
 Dickens, and others, besides many special pict- 
 ures. His book < Sketches Abroad with Pen 
 and Pencil' (1868) is well known. 
 
 Darley, George. An Irish poet and critic ; 
 born in Dublin, 1795 ; died near Rome (?), Nov. 
 23, 1846. He wrote valuable studies of other 
 men's work, and was a mathematician of pro- 
 fundity; in addition to which claims to atten- 
 tion, he is the author of < Sylvia, or the May 
 Queen > (1827), a fine dramatic poem; < Errors 
 of Extasie and Other Poems* ; and < Nepenthe,' 
 a weird self-revelation in morbid verse. 
 
 Darling, Mrs. Flora (Adams). An Ameri- 
 can novelist; born in New Hampshire in 1840. 
 Among her works are : < Mrs. Darling's Letters ' 
 (1884) ; < A Wayward Winning Woman ' ; < The 
 Bourbon Lily'; <A Social Diplomat'; <The 
 Senator's Daughter' ; < Memories of Virginia.' 
 
 Darlington, William. An American scien- 
 tist, well-known botanist, and author. He was 
 born in Birmingham, Pa., April 28, 1782 ; died 
 in Westchester, Pa., April 23, 1863. He was 
 a soldier in the War of 1812, and a Mem- 
 ber of Congress from 1815 to 1817 and 1819 to 
 1823. He published a descriptive catalogue of 
 plants in Pennsylvania: < Flora Cestrica' (1837 
 and 1853) '. ^ Mutual Influence of Habits and 
 Disease' (1804); < Agricultural Botany' (1847); 
 and in 1853 a genus of pitcher plant found in 
 California was named in his honor, < Darling- 
 tonia.' 
 
 Darmesteter, Agnes Mary Frances (Robin- 
 son). An English poet ; born in Leamiflgton, 
 1857. She has attained great proficiency in 
 Greek studies, her verse showing the influence 
 of Hellenic literature. In 1888 she married 
 James Darmesteter, the Orientalist. Her writ- 
 ings include : <A Handful of Honeysuckle ' 
 (1878); <An Italian Garden' (1886); < Lyrics' 
 (1891); < Retrospect ' (1S93J; < Life of Renan ' 
 (1897) ; <The Queen of Navarre' (igooj; < The 
 Return to Nature' (1904). 
 
 Darmesteter, James (dar-me-ste-tar'). A 
 distinguished French Orientalist; born at Cha- 
 tcau-Salins, March 28, 1849; died Oct. 19, 1894. 
 Besides works of strict scholarship on the 
 Oriental literatures, as ' Ormazd and Ahriman >; 
 < Iranian Studies' ; < Origins of Persian Poetry,' 
 lie wrote many essays on miscellaneous sub- 
 jects. There is an English translation of 
 some of his < Selected Essays.' He translated 
 with Mills the < Zend-Avesta' for the < Sacred 
 Books of the East' series, published by the 
 University of Oxford and edited by Max Miil- 
 ler. 
 
 Daru, Count Pierre Antoine (da-rii). A 
 French historian and poet ; born in Mont- 
 pellier, Jan. 12, 1767 ; died on his estate near 
 Meulan, Sept. 5, 1829. A translation of Plorace 
 into French verse (1800) was greatly admired ; 
 but his masterpiece is a < History of the Re- 
 public of Venice' (1819), although his <Cl^opd- 
 die, or Theory of Literary Reputations' (1800) 
 is a poem containing much to recommend it. 
 
 D'Arusmont, Madame Frances (da-rus-m6A). 
 (Maiden name Fanny Wright.) An American 
 philanthropist and author ; born in Dundee, 
 Scotland, Sept. 6, 1795 ; died in Cincinnati, O., 
 Dec. 2, 1852. She visited this country sev- 
 eral times, and in 1825 made an unsuccessful 
 attempt to establish a settlement for the ele- 
 vation of the negro at Memphis, Tenn. In 
 later years she lectured on social, religious, 
 and political questions. Among her works are : 
 < Views on Society and Manners in America'; 
 <Altorf,' a tragedy (1819); < Lectures on Free 
 Inquiry' (1836). 
 
 Darwin, Cbarles Robert. A celebrated Eng- 
 lish naturalist and philosopher ; born at Shrews- 
 bury, Feb. 12, 1809; died April 19, 1882. His 
 life work as a naturalist began in 1831, when 
 he sailed with Captain Fitzroy in the Beagle 
 for a surveying expedition round the globe. 
 From this expedition Darwin returned toward 
 the end of 1836; in 1839 appeared his 'Jour- 
 nal of Researches,' afterward revised and pub- 
 lished under the better known title < A Natur- 
 alist's Voyage.' Several monographs followed 
 on various points of land and marine zoology ; 
 but not until 1859 did the work appear which 
 brought to Darwin world-wide and enduring 
 fame — < On the Origin of Species by Means 
 of Natural Selection.' < The Descent of Man 
 and Selection in Relation to Sex' appeared in 
 1871, and <The Expression of the Emotions in 
 Men and Animals' in 1872. In 1868 he pub- 
 lished < The Variation of Animals and Plants 
 under Domestication.' He is buried in West- 
 minster Abbey. 
 
 Darwin, Erasmus. An English naturalist 
 and poet, grandfather of Charles R. ; born in 
 Elston, Nottingham, Dec. 12, 1731; died at 
 Breads Priory, near Derby, April 18, 1802. <<The 
 permanent interest in his writings depends 
 upon his exposition of the form of evolution- 
 ism afterwards expounded by Lamarck. He 
 caught a glimpse of many observations and 
 principles afterwards turned to account by his 
 grandson, Charles Darwin ; but though a great 
 observer and an acute thinker, he missed the 
 characteristic doctrine which made the success 
 of his grandson's scheme." His literary works 
 are: <The Botanic Garden' (1781); a descript- 
 ive poem, < The Temple of Nature, or the 
 Origin of Society' (1803), a specimen of highly 
 didactic versification; and <Zo6nomia' (1704- 
 98), a prose work on organic life. As a pcjet 
 he is lofty and instructive. 
 
 Dasent, Sir George Webbe. An English philolo- 
 gist and novelist ; Lorn in the island of St. Vin- 
 cent, May22, 1817 ; diedat Ascot, Juneli, 1896. 
 He was for a while one of the editors of the 
 London Times, and was one of the Civil Servii:e 
 Commissioners. He was eminent as a scholar 
 in the Norse languages, particularly Icelandic, 
 and translated the < Younger Edda,' besides 
 other ancient stories and legends of Iceland, and 
 wrote < The Norseman in Iceland > (1858). 
 Among his original stories are : 'Annals of an 
 Eventful Life> ; < Three to One> ; <Half a Life,>
 
 DASH — DAVIDS 
 
 133 
 
 Dash, Countess (dash), pseudonym of Ga- 
 brielle Anne Cisterne de Courtiras, Vicomtesse 
 de Saint-Mars. A French novelist (1804-72); 
 born at Poitiers. She was a very prolific 
 writer, producing often five or six stories in the 
 course of a year. Life in high society is her 
 theme, and especially wayward love in high 
 society, as the very titles of most of her novels 
 indicate: < Bussy-Rabutin's Amours' ; < Gallant- 
 ries of the Court of Louis XV. > ; < Last Amours 
 of Mme. du Barry > ; < Adventures of a Young 
 Married Woman.* 
 
 Dassoucy or d'Assoucy, Charles Coippeau, 
 
 called (da-so-se'). A French burlesque ppet; 
 horn in Paris, Oct. 16, 1605; died there (?), 
 1679. He acquired notoriety as the writer of 
 ' Ovid in a Good Humor,' and of a burlesque 
 of Claudian's 'Rape of Proserpine'; but he is 
 remembered mainly because of a contemptuous 
 allusion to him by Boileau. He seems to have 
 possessed some talent for musical composition, 
 but called himself "the emperor of burlesque." 
 
 Daubenton, Louis Jean Marie fdo-ban- 
 tnn'). A French botanist and naturalist; born 
 in Montbar, Burgundy, May 29, 1716; died in 
 Paris, Dec. 31, 1799. He contributed to the 
 first five volumes of Buffon's < Natural His- 
 tory ' anatomical supplements which form, from 
 a scientific point of view, the most important 
 part of that work. 
 
 D'Aubigne, Jean Henri Merle (do-ben-ya'). 
 A celebrated Swiss Protestant church historian ; 
 born near Geneva, Aug. 16, 1794; died at 
 Geneva, Oct. 24, 1872. He was professor of 
 historical theology at Geneva (1831-72). His 
 great work was < History of the Reformation' 
 (1835-53; new ed. 1877-78), with its continu- 
 ation < History of the Reformation in the Time 
 of Calvin' (1863-76). 
 
 Daudet, Alphonse (do-da). A distinguished 
 French novelist; born at Nimes, May 13, 1840; 
 died Dec. 16, 1897. He sought fortune in Paris 
 in 1857 : two booklets of poems were failures ; 
 two plays — < The Last Idol' (1862) and <The 
 White Daisy' (1865) — had more success; after 
 sr.me years he discovered his true field. His 
 charming little stories, < The Little Thing : Story 
 of a Child' (1S68); < Letters from my Mill' 
 (1869); 'Monday Tales' (1873), established his 
 reputation; and his next novel — <Fromont Jr. 
 and Risler Sr.> (1874) — was translated into all 
 the European languages. Not less celebrated 
 are: < The Nabob' (1878); < Kings in Exile' 
 (1S80); <Numa Roumestan' (1882); <The Gos- 
 peller' (1883); < Sappho' (1884). He struck a 
 new and a happier vein in the 'Tartarirt' 
 series : < Prodigious Adventures of Tartarin ' ; 
 < Tartarin in the Alps ' ; < Port Tarascon.' He 
 writes reminiscences of his early years in the 
 French capital in < Thirty Years of Paris ' 
 (1S88), and in < Recollections of a Man of 
 Letters' (1889). 
 
 Daudet, Ernest. A French novelist, brother 
 of Alphonse D. ; born at Nimes, May 31, 1837. 
 His most notable novels are : < The Venus of 
 
 Gordes'; <The Bloom of SiB>; < Martha.' He 
 is author of an autobiographical sketch, < My 
 Brother and Myself (1882); and has written 
 some historical sketches, as a < History of the 
 Royalist Conspiracies in the South during the 
 Revolution'; < History of the Emigration.' 
 
 Daumer, Georg Friedrich (dou'mer). A 
 German poet and philosophical writer ( 1800-75) i 
 bom in Nuremberg. He underwent some re- 
 markable revolutions of thought concerning 
 religion : in his student days he leaned strongly 
 to Pietism ; next he was the declared foe of 
 the Christian religion ; about 1859 he embraced 
 Catholicism and became one of its foremost 
 champions. He wrote among many other phil- 
 osophical tractates : < Hints toward a System 
 of Speculative Philosophy' (1831); to his sec- 
 ond period belongs : < The Fire and Moloch 
 Worship of the Hebrews' (1842); to his third: 
 < My Conversion' (1859). Of his poetical works, 
 the 'Flowers of Song from Hafiz' may be 
 named, — a very beautiful transcription of the 
 Oriental poet, with free variations in the very 
 spirit of Hafiz himself. He wrote also 'Beau- 
 tiful Souls : a Little Wreath of Legends and 
 Poems' (1862); 'Legends and Poems of St. 
 Mary.' 
 
 Davenant, William. An English poet and 
 playwright ; born at Oxford in Feb., 1605-06 ; 
 died April 7> 1668. A story was current in 
 his lifetime that he was an illegitimate son 
 of Shakespeare, and "he seemed contented 
 enough to be thought his son." He wrote 
 many plays and poems, but none possessing 
 any distinguished merit; he succeeded Ben 
 Jonson as poet laureate of England, however. 
 He attempted epic composition in < Gondibert,' 
 and an opera, <The Siege of Rhodes.' 
 
 Davenport, John. An American divine; 
 born in Coventry, England, 1597; died in Bos- 
 ton, March 15, 1670. Author of <The Knowl- 
 edge of Christ' (1653); <The Saint's Anchor 
 Hold' (1701). He was one of the founders of 
 New Haven, Conn. In 1660 he hid the regi- 
 cides Goffe and Whalley from their pursuers. 
 
 Davenport, Robert. An English poet and 
 dramatist, who flourished about 1623 and died 
 after 1651, but whom we know only through 
 his <A Crowne for a Conquerour and Too 
 Late to Call Backe Yesterday. Two Poems, the 
 One Divine, the Other Morall' (1623); <King 
 John and Matilda' (1655), a tragedy; and two 
 comedies : < A New Trick to Cheat the Divell ' 
 (1639), and <The City Night Cap' (printed 
 1661). That he was associated with Shakes- 
 peare in producing ' Henry I. and Henry II.' 
 seems established, and it is almost certain that 
 he is the author of a play called < The Pirate.' 
 
 Davids, Thomas William Rhys. An Eng- 
 lish pubMcist, lawyer, and scholar; born at Col- 
 chester, England, May 12, 1843. He was edu- 
 cated at the University of Breslau ; from 1866 
 on, filled judicial places in Ceylon and acted 
 as Archaeological Commissioner. In 1877 he 
 was called to the London bar, and is now
 
 »34 
 
 DAVIDSON — DAVIS 
 
 professor of Pali and Buddhist literature in 
 University College, London. Among his works 
 ; re: < Buddhism ' (1877)-, translation of 'Bud- 
 dhist Birth Stories > (1S80); < Buddhist Suttas> 
 nnd < Vinaya Texts ' (1S81), published in < The 
 Sacred Books of the East * ; < Buddhism ; Its 
 Ilistorj' and Literature.* 
 
 Davidson, Jolm. A Scotch poet, novelist, 
 and miscellaneous writer ; born at Barrhead, 
 Renfrewshire, 1857. He was at first a teacher, 
 but in 1890 went to London and adopted the 
 literary career, writing for the Speaker and 
 other journals. He has written : < Fleet Street 
 Eclogues' (1893); 'A Random Itinerary' 
 (1894); <Ballads and Songs' (1894); < Plays' 
 (1S94) ; <Earl Lavender' (1895); ^^d two nov- 
 els: <Perfervid> and < Baptist Lake' (1894). 
 
 Davidson, Lucretia Maria. An American 
 poet ; born in Plattsburg, N. Y., Sept. 27, 1808 ; 
 died there, Aug. 27, 1825. She was remark- 
 ably precocious, and at the age of nine years 
 wrote her first poem : < Epitaph on a Robin.' 
 Her poetical writings include 278 poems of 
 various lengths. In 1829 S. F. B. Morse col- 
 lected and published her writings under the 
 title <Amir Khan and Other Poems.' 
 
 Davidson, Thomas. A Scottish-American 
 philosopher and writer ; born at Deer, Aberdeen, 
 Oct. 25, 1840 ; died at Montreal, Sept. I4, 1900. 
 He came to the United States in 1867, and was 
 sui)sequently professor of classics in the St. Louis 
 High School. In 1875 he settled in Cambridge, 
 Mass. Later he traveled in Greece and Italy, 
 where much of his literary work was perfected. 
 Included in his publications are : < A Short Ac- 
 count of the Niobe Group' (1874); <The Place 
 of Art in Education ' ( 1886^; < Giordano Bruno, 
 and the Relation of his Philosophy to Free 
 Thought' (1S86) ; a < Hand-Book to Dante, 
 from the Italian of Scartazzini, with Notes and 
 Additions' (1887); < Prolegomena to Tenny- 
 son's < In Memoriam ' ; 'Aristotle and Ancient 
 and Modern Educational Ideals ' ; < The Educa- 
 tion of the Greek People and its Influence on 
 Civilization.' 
 
 Davies, Sir John. An English poet and 
 judge; born in Tisbury, Wiltshire, March (?) 
 1569; died in London (?), Dec. 7 or 8, 1626. 
 His legal and judicial career was one of great 
 distinction, cut short by sudden death. His 
 rank as a poet is conferred by ' Know Thyself,' 
 < The Orchestra,' and < Hymns to Astrrea,' and 
 others, in which sustained power and a wealth 
 of moving diction are equally in evidence. 
 
 Davies, Thomas Alfred. An American prose 
 writer; born in St. Lawrence County, N. Y., 
 December 1809 ; graduated from West Point in 
 1829. A few selections from his published works 
 are : < Cosmogony, or Mysteries of Creation ' 
 (1858); 'Genesis Disclosed' (i860); 'Answer to 
 Hugh Miller and Theoretical Geologists '(1861) ; 
 and ' How to Make Money, and How to Keep 
 It' (1866). Died ,1899. 
 
 Davila, Arrigo Catei-ino (da-vel'a). An 
 Italian historian and statesman ; born in Pieve 
 di Sacco, near Padua, Oct. 30, 1576 ; assassin- 
 
 ated at San Michele, near Verona, about 1631. 
 His eminence in diplomacy and in statecraft 
 has been adequately supplemented in literature 
 by a < History of the Civil Wars in France'; 
 one of the richest sources of information on 
 the subject, as far as it extends (1560 to 1597), 
 and very little discredited by the work of sub- 
 sequent investigators. 
 
 Davis, Andrew Jackson. An American 
 spiritualist and author ; born in Orange County, 
 N. Y., in 1826. He is a resident of Pough- 
 keepsie, N. Y., and is the author of thirty vol- 
 umes, chief among which are : < The Great 
 Harmonia ' ; < Harmonial Man ' ; ' Philosophy 
 of Spiritual Discourse'; 'The Penetralia.' 
 
 Davis, Edwin Hamilton. An American 
 archaeologist ; born in Ross County, O., Jan. 22, 
 1811 ; died in New York city. May 15, 1888. 
 He was author of 'Ancient Monuments of the 
 Mississippi Valley' (1848), which was described 
 by A. Morlot, the distinguished Swiss archaeol- 
 ogist, as being « as glorious a monument of 
 American science as Bunker Hill is of Amer- 
 ican bravery." 
 
 Davis, Henry Winter. An American states- 
 man and orator ; born in Annapolis, Md., Aug. 
 16, 1817 ; died in Baltimore, Md., Dec. 30, 1865. 
 He was Member of Congress for three terms 
 (1856-65), and took a leading part in advocat- 
 ing emancipation and loyalty to the Union. 
 His published works are : ' The War of Ormuzd 
 and Ahriman in the 19th Century' (1853); 
 'Speeches and Addresses in Congress' (1867). 
 
 Davis, Jefferson. An American statesman ; 
 born in Christian County, Ky., June 3, 1808 ; 
 died in New Orleans, La., Dec. 6, 1889. Edu- 
 cated at the United States Military Academy. 
 Served in the Black Hawk War; went to 
 Congress in 1845; served in the Mexican War; 
 was United States Senator in 1847-51 ; Secre- 
 tary of War in 1853-57 ; was appointed Presi- 
 dent of the Confederate States, Feb. 9, 1861 ; 
 the following November he was elected Presi- 
 dent for six years. He was confined as a 
 prisoner of State for two years in Fortress 
 Monroe, indicted for high treason, released on 
 bail ; never tried, being included in the general 
 amnesty of 1868. He wrote 'The Rise and 
 Fall of the Confederate Government' (1881). 
 
 Davis, John Chandler Bancroft. An Amer- 
 ican lawyer and diplomatist ; born in 1822. 
 A Harvard graduate and a lawyer. In 1849 he 
 went to London as secretary of legation. In 
 1854 he became American correspondent of the 
 London Times. In 1869, and again in 1881, 
 he was Assistant Secretary of State. He rep- 
 resented the United States in the "Alabama" 
 contest, zealously pushing the " indirect " 
 claims. He is the author of : ' The Massa- 
 chusetts Justice' (1847); 'Mr. Sumner, the Ala- 
 bama Claims, and their Settlement' (1878); 
 and a work published in French entitled ' Pro- 
 cess Tribunals of the United States' (1878). 
 
 Davis, Mrs. Mary Eveljm (Moore). An Amer- 
 ican poet; burn in Talladega, Ala., 1852. Sheha:^
 
 DAVIS — DEANE 
 
 135 
 
 written 'Minding the Gap and Other Poems' 
 (1870); and < In War Times at La Rose Blanche > 
 (1887); <The Price of Silence' (1907). 
 
 Davis, Rebecca (Harding). An American 
 novelist; born in Washington, Pa., June 24, 
 1831. She contributed many short stories and 
 sketches to periodicals, and has written several 
 novels, including : < Life in the Iron Mills ' 
 (1861); <A Story of To-Day> (1861) published 
 later under the title < Margaret Howth'; and 
 <A Law Unto Herself (1878). She was the 
 first writer in this country to introduce the labor 
 question into fiction. Her later works include : 
 < Waiting for the Verdict > ; < Dallas Galbraith > ; 
 <Natasqua'; 'Frances Walstrup'; and others. 
 
 Davis, Richard Harding. An American 
 novelist, short-story writer, and contributor to 
 periodical literature ; born in Philadelphia, 
 April 18, 1864. He graduated at Lehigh Uni- 
 versity, and entered journalism in Philadelphia. 
 His first purely literary success was the story 
 of < Gallegher,' based upon his newspaper ex- 
 periences, and published with other stories in 
 a volume (1891). He has since been constantly 
 engaged in story-writing, and descriptive narra- 
 tion of events, places, and people. Among his 
 works are: 'Stories for Boys' (1891); 'The 
 West from a Car Window' (1892); 'Van Bibber 
 and Others' (1892); 'Our English Cousins' 
 (1894); 'The Rulers of the Mediterranean' 
 (1894); 'The Princess Aline' (1895); 'About 
 Paris' (1895); 'Three Gringoes in Venezuela 
 and Central America' (1896) ; ' Soldiers of For- 
 tune ' (1897); ' Real Soldiers of Fortune > (1907)- 
 
 Davis, Thomas Osborne. An Irish poet; 
 born in Mallow, County Cork, 1814 ; died in 
 Dublin, 1845. His verse was mainly on patri- 
 otic themes, and appears, collected, in Duffy's 
 ' Library of Ireland.' 
 
 Davy, Sir Humphry. An eminent English 
 chemist, philosopher, and man of letters ; born 
 at Penzance, Cornwall, Dec. 17, 1778 ; died at 
 Geneva, Switzerland, May 29, 1829. In addition 
 to the revolution he brought about in the domain 
 of chemistry and applied physics, he embodied 
 his discoveries and researches in fascinating 
 literary form in ' Consolations in Travel, or the 
 Last Days of a Philosopher' (1830) ; 'Chemical 
 and Philosophical Researches' (1800) ; 'On the 
 Safety Lamp and on Flame' (1828); and nu- 
 merous equally interesting productions. 
 
 Davydoflf, Denis Vasiljevich (da-ve-dof). 
 A Russian poet and writer on military affairs 
 ( 1784-1839) ; born at Moscow. His compositions 
 in verse were mostly written in camp, and con- 
 sisted of satires, elegies, dithyrambics, and sol- 
 dier ballads : the latter especially had a wide 
 circulation. Among his prose writings were : 
 ' Recollections of the Battle of Prussian-Eylau ' 
 and 'An Essay toward a Theory of Partisan 
 Warfare.' 
 
 Dawes, Anna Laurens. An American writer 
 on political topics, daughter of Henry L. Dawes 
 of Massachusetts. She was born in 185 1, and 
 has written much for periodicals; among her 
 
 essays being : ' How We Are Governed' ; ' The 
 Modern Jew: His Present and Future'; 'Bi- 
 ography of Charles Sumner.' 
 
 Dawes, Rufus. An American poet; bom in 
 Boston, Jan. 26, 1803; died in Washington, 
 D. C, Nov. 30, 1859. He wrote : ' The Valley 
 of the Nashaway, and Other Poems' (1830); 
 'Geraldine' (1839), resembling Don Juan in 
 form and treatment; the successful romance 
 'Nix's Mate' (1840). His verses were sung at 
 the laying of the corner-stone of Bunker Hill 
 monument. 
 
 Dawson, Sir John William. A Canadian 
 geologist and writer ; bom in Pictou, Nova 
 Scotia, Oct. 13, 1820; died at Montreal, Nov. 19, 
 1899 ; made many important discoveries in the 
 science of geology, and wrote largely on geo- 
 logical subjects. His publications include : 
 ' Archaia, or Studies of Creation in Genesis > 
 (1859); <Air Breathers of the Coal Period); 
 
 < Chain of Life ' (1884); and < Egypt and Syria' 
 (1885). His scientific papers include: 'The 
 Formation of Gypsum,' and 'The Renewal of 
 Forests Destroyed by Fire.' He also published 
 ' Hand-Book of Geography and National His- 
 tory of Nova Scotia.' 
 
 Dawson, William James. An English poet; 
 born in Towcester, Northamptonshire, 1854.. 
 He is a clergyman by profession. His works 
 include: 'Arvalon: a First Poem' (1878); 'A 
 Vision of Souls ' (1884); and ' Poems and L>Tics> 
 (1893); ' Savonarola'; < The Quest of Simple Life.' 
 
 Day, John. An English dramatist; bom 
 perhaps about 1575 ; flourished about 1606, and 
 died later than 1623. Of the half-dozen of his 
 plays which have outlived the vicissitudes of 
 manuscript, the 'Parliament of Bees' (1607), 
 a comedy, is of surpassing charm ; while the 
 
 < Isle of Gulls,' a drama impregnated with wit, 
 contains many strong passages. 
 
 Day, Richard Edwin. An American poet; 
 born in West Granby, Oswego County, N. Y., 
 April 27, 1852. He has published < Lyrics and 
 Satires' (1883), and 'Poems' (1888). 
 
 Day, Thomas. An English poet and prose- 
 writer; born in London, June 22, 1748; died 
 Sept. 28, 1789. He was an ardent sympathizer 
 with the American patriots. Among his works 
 are : ' The Devoted Legions,' a poem against 
 the war with America (1776); 'The Desolation 
 of America'; 'Letters of Marius' (1784). He 
 is the author of the celebrated ' History of 
 Sanford and Merton.' 
 
 D'Azeglio. See Azeglio. 
 
 Sean, John Ward. An American antiquarian 
 scholar and v^'riter ; born at Wiscasset, Me., 
 March 13, 1815 ; died in Boston, Jan. 22, 1902. 
 He was editor of the ' New England Historical 
 and Genealogical Register ' ; and the author of 
 
 < Memoir of Rev. Nathaniel Ward' (1868); 
 
 < Memoirof Rev. Michael Wigglesworth '( 1871); 
 and < Life of John H. Shephard.' 
 
 Deane, Silas. An American diplomatist ; 
 bora Dec. 24, 1737, in Groton, Conn.; died ia
 
 I $6 
 
 Deal, England, Aug. 23, 1789. With Franklin 
 and Lee he negotiated the treaty between 
 France and the United States in 1778; was 
 afterwards greatly misrepresented, and died 
 abroad in neglect and poverty. He published 
 in his own defense : < Letters to Hon. Robert 
 Morgan* (1784); <An Address to the Citizens 
 of the United States' {1784); and < Paris Pa- 
 pers, or Mr. Silas Deane's Intercepted Letters 
 to his Brother and Other Friends > (1781). 
 
 Debraux, Paul Emile (dfe-bro')- A French 
 balladist; born at Ancerv-ille, Dept. Meuse, 
 Aug. 30, 1796; died in Paris, Feb. 12, 1831. 
 He was an ardent Republican, and wrote for 
 the common people lively songs of wine and 
 love, which were sung everywhere in tavern 
 and workshop. He was called «the B^ranger 
 of the rabble.'* His best-known songs are : 
 <Mt. St. John>; < Belisarius > ; <Say, Do You 
 Remember?*; <The Soldier's Widow*; < Ma- 
 rengo.* Bdranger published a complete collec- 
 tion of his < Songs* (3 vols.). 
 
 Dechez, Louis. See JennevaL 
 
 Deepen, Auguste von der. See Elbe, A. 
 von der. 
 
 Decker, Jeremias de (deck'er). A Dutch 
 poet (1609-66) ; born at Dort. He translated 
 into Dutch, Buchanan's < Baptist,* and into 
 Dutch verse <The Lamentations of Jeremiah.* 
 Of his original works the best are his household 
 poems and his collection of epigrams. His 
 <Good Friday* recounts scenes of Christ's pas- 
 sion. His satirical poem < Praise of Avarice* 
 is of little worth. 
 
 De Costa, Benjamin Franklin. An Amer- 
 ican clergyman and writer; born in Charles- 
 town, Mass., July 10, 1831. Included in his 
 many publications are : < The Pre-Columbian 
 Discovery of America by the Northmen* (1869); 
 <The Moabite Stone* (1870); and <The Rector 
 of Roxburgh,* a novel, under the pen-name of 
 "William Hickling** (1873). He became pres- 
 ident (1884) of the first branch of the "White 
 Cross Society.'* Died New York, Nov. 4, 1904. 
 
 De Coster, Charles Theodore Henri (de 
 
 kos'ter). A Belgian poet (1827-79) ; born at 
 Munich. His first poetical composition was 
 < The Owls' Mirror * ; then followed < Flemish 
 Legends* (1856); < Brabant Stories* (1861), a 
 spirited description of lowly life ; < The Wed- 
 ding Tour* (1872); and the little comedy 
 < Jenny* (1865). 
 
 Decourcelle, Pierre (de kbr-sel'). A French 
 dramatist ; born at Paris, Jan. 25, 1856. His first 
 work was the five-act drama, < The Ace of 
 Clubs,* written for Sara Bernhardt; it had an 
 extraordinary success. Then followed a suc- 
 cession of comedies, dramas, comic-opera li- 
 bretti, and dramatizations of popular novels, 
 written by him individually or in collaboration 
 with other authors ; among them : < The Ama- 
 zon' (1885) ; < Madame Cartridge* ; <The Abb^ 
 Constantin* (founded on Hal^vy's story) ; < The 
 Man with the Broken Ear* (after About). 
 He wrote also a sensational novel, < The Gray 
 
 DEBRAUX — DE FONTAINE 
 
 Hat* (1887), and <Fanfan* (1889), both of which 
 were received with great popular favor. 
 
 Dedekind, Friedrich (ded'e-kind). A Ger- 
 man poet (1525-98); born at Neustadt on the 
 Leine. His principal work is <Grobianus* 
 (1549), a satire in Latin distichs against drunk- 
 enness and obscenity; it had wide circulation, 
 and was translated into German, Dutch, and 
 English. He wrote two dramas having a re- 
 ligious polemic end in view: <The Christian 
 Knight * and < The Converted Papist.* 
 
 Deems, Charles Force. An American clergy- 
 man and writer; born in Baltimore, Md., Dec. 
 4, 1820; died in New York city, Nov. 18, 1893. 
 From 1866 to his death he was pastor of the 
 Church of the Strangers of New York city, 
 and was widely noted as editor and author. 
 Included in his publications are : < Triumph of 
 Peace and Other Poems* (1840); <The Light 
 of the Nations* (1870); 'Weights and Wings* 
 (1872); < Chips and Chunks for Every P'ire- 
 side*; and <My Septuagint* (1892). 
 
 Deflfand, Marie de Vichy-Chamrond, Mar- 
 quise du (def-faii'). A French wit and letter- 
 writer, mistress of a most brilliant salon ; born 
 in Burgundy, 1697 ; died at Paris, Sept. 24, 
 1780. Her correspondence with Horace Wal- 
 pole was published in 1780, with d'Alembert 
 and other great Frenchmen in 1809 (2 vols.), 
 with Yoltaire in iSio (4 vols.), with the Duchess 
 de Choiseul and others in 1859 (3 vols.). 
 
 Defoe, Daniel. The author of < Robinson 
 
 Crusoe*; born in St. Giles Parish, Cripplegate, 
 1660 or 1661 ; died near London, 1731. His 
 works comprise political tracts, verse, polemic 
 writings, economic and social pamphlets, ro- 
 mances, histories, and biographies. Among 
 them are : <The Storm* (1704) ; < Apparition of 
 Mrs. Veal* (1706); < Robinson Crusoe* (1719); 
 
 < Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe ' 
 (1719); <King of Pirates* (1719); < Duncan 
 Campbell* (1720); < Mr. Campbell's Pacquet* 
 (1720) ; 'Memoirs of a Cavalier* (1720) ; 'Cap- 
 tain Singleton* (1720) ; 'Moll Flanders* (1722); 
 'Journal of the Plague Year' (1722); 'Car- 
 touche' (1722); 'Colonel Jacque' (1722); 'The 
 Highland Rogue' (1723); 'The Fortunate Mis- 
 tress' (1724); 'Narrative of Murders at Calais' 
 (1724); 'John Sheppard' (1724); 'Account of 
 Jonathan Wild' (1725); and other romances. 
 His pamphlets include: 'Essay upon Projects' 
 (1698) ; < Shortest Way with Dissenters' (1702) ; 
 and 'Political History of the Devil' (1726). 
 
 De Fontaine, Felix. An American journal- 
 ist; born in Boston, Mass., 1832; died in Co- 
 lumbus, S. C, Dec. II, 1896. The first statement 
 given to the North, of the attack on Fort Sum- 
 ter, was written by him ; and he was corre- 
 spondent of the Charleston Courier from the 
 principal battle-fields during the Civil War. 
 Subsequently he came to New York city, and 
 was connected with the Herald most of the 
 time until his death. He was the author of 
 
 < Cyclopaedia of the Best Thoughts of Charles 
 Dickens ' ; ' Gleanings from a Confederate
 
 DE FOREST — DELfiRY 
 
 137 
 
 Army Note-Book ' ; and < Birds of a Feather 
 Flock Together.' 
 
 De Forest, John William. An American 
 novelist, born in Humphreysville (near Sey- 
 mour), Conn., March 31, 1826. Without enter- 
 ing college he passed many years in inde- 
 pendent study and foreign travel, becoming a 
 proficient in several languages; entered the 
 army as caotain at the outbreak of the Civil 
 War, and rose to major; and since 1850 has 
 been a fertile writer of essays, short stories, 
 and novels for the leading magazines, taking 
 prominent rank among American novelists. 
 Among his works are : < History of the Indians 
 of Connecticut' (1853); 'Oriental Acquaint- 
 ance' (1856); 'Witching Times' (1856); 'Euro- 
 pean Acquaintance' (1858); 'Seacliff' (1859); 
 'Miss Ravenel's Conversion' (1867); 'Over- 
 land' (1871); 'Kate Beaumont' (1872J; 'The 
 Wetherell Affair' (1873); 'Honest John Vane> 
 (1875); < Justine Vane' (1875); 'Flaying the 
 Mischief (1876); 'Irene Vane' (1877); 'Irene, 
 the Missionary' (1879); 'The Oddest of Court- 
 ships. Died July 18, 1906. 
 
 De Gubernatis. See Gubernatis. 
 
 De Kay, Charles. An American poet, grand- 
 son of Joseph Rodman Drake ; born in Wash- 
 ington, D. C, July 25, 1848. His poems are 
 mostly founded on themes from Oriental, clas- 
 sical, and literary history. Among his works 
 are: 'The Bohemian' (1878); 'Hesperus and 
 Other Poems' (1880); 'The Vision of Nimrod' 
 (1881); 'The Vision of Esther' (1882); 'The 
 Love Poems of Louis Barnaval, Edited [and 
 written] by Charles De Kay' (1883); and many 
 occasional poems. His prose includes : ' Life 
 and Works of Antoine Louis Barye, Sculptor' 
 (1889); and 'The Family Life of Heinrich 
 Heine' (1892), a translation. 
 
 Dekker, Eduard Douwes (dek'er). A Dutch 
 novelist (1820-87), pseudonym "Multatuli"; 
 born at Amsterdam. He spent several years 
 in government service in the Dutch East Indies. 
 His story 'Max Havelaar' (i860) is a shocking 
 accusation of wrongs and scandals against the 
 Dutch administration of Java. He later pub- 
 lished many satirical works on social, political, 
 and philosophical questions, among them a 
 volume of admirable 'Parables'; a novel, 'The 
 Blessed Virgin ' ; a drama ; and ' The School 
 of Princes.' 
 
 Dekker, Thomas. An English dramatist; 
 born in London, about 1570 ; died some time 
 after 1637. He wrote a great number of plays, 
 but only a few of them were published, among 
 them the two comedies ' The Shoemaker's Holi- 
 day ' and ' Old Fortunatus ' ; they are both 
 specimens of whatever is best and most genuine 
 in English humor, and the second in particular 
 abounds in passages of consummate poetic 
 beauty. Of other writings of his we have 'The 
 Wonderful Year,' a pamphlet describing graph- 
 ically the horrors of the plague ; an amusing 
 tract, ' The Bachelor's Banquet,' a satire on hen- 
 pecked husbands; and many other fugitive 
 
 pieces lashing the vices and follies of the age. 
 He also collaborated with other dramatists. 
 
 De Lancey, Edward Floyd. An American 
 historical writer; born in Mamaroneck, N. Y., 
 Oct. 23, 1821. He is author of < Documentary 
 History of New York' (1851); 'The Cap- 
 ture of Fort Washington the Result of Trea- 
 -son > (1877) ; and < Origin and History of Manors 
 in the Province of New York '. Died 1905. 
 
 Deland, Ellen Douglass. An American 
 writer of juvenile works ; bom in New York 
 in i860. She has published : 'Oakleigh '; ' In the 
 Old Herrick House ' ; ' Malvern ' ; ' Josephine.' 
 
 Deland, Margaret Wade ( Campbell ). 
 
 An American poet and novelist ; born in Alle- 
 gheny, Pa., Feb. 23, 1857. She is now a resi- 
 dent of Boston. Her fame rests mainly upon 
 her theological polemic novel 'John Ward, 
 Preacher' (1888), which has been very widely 
 read. Among her other well-known works are : 
 'The Story of a Child'; 'Mr. Tommy Dove 
 and Other Stories'; 'Philip and his Wife'; 
 ' Florida Days,' a collection of sketches of 
 travel ; and ' S3-dney.' Her most popular poems 
 are contained in the volume entitled ' The 
 Old Garden and Other Verses.' 
 
 Delaporte, Michel (de-la-port'). A Frencn 
 playwright (1806-72) ; born in Paris. He wrote 
 a long series of vaudevilles, many of them in 
 collaboration with others. Of pieces of his 
 own composition may be named ' The House- 
 wife* (1851), 'Toinette and her Carbineer' 
 (1856), as the most successful. In association 
 with Varin he wrote : < A Hercules and a 
 Pretty Woman' (1861); <Ah, 'Tis Pleasant to 
 Love'; 'The Gillyflower W'oman' (1869). 
 
 Delavigne, Jean Frangois Casimir (de-la- 
 ven'). A French lyric poet and dramatist 
 (1793-1843) ; bom at Havre. He struck a patri- 
 otic and popular chord in his ' Messenian Odes ' 
 (1818), satires directed against the monarchy 
 of the Restoration. His historical dramas and 
 tragedies are numerous ; among them are : 
 'Louis XI.'; 'The Sicilian Vespers'; 'Marino 
 Faliero'; 'Don John of Austria.' His plays 
 are no longer seen on the stage. 
 
 De Leon, Edwin. An American prose-writer ; 
 born in Columbia, S. C, 1828 ; died in New 
 York city, 1891. From 1854 to 1862 he was 
 engaged in editorial work ; from 1862 to 1870 
 held the office of United States consul-general 
 and diplomatic agent at Cairo, Egypt. His 
 published works include : ' Thirty Years of 
 my Life on Three Continents'; 'The Khedive's 
 Egypt,' a novel ; 'Askaros Kassis. the Captain ' ; 
 and 'Under the Star and Under the Crescent' 
 
 Del6ry, Francois Charles (dfe-la're). An 
 American prose-writer; born in St. Charles 
 Parish, La., Jan. 28, 1815; died in Bay St. 
 Louis, Miss., June 12, 1880. His works were 
 written in French, and include : ' Essay on 
 Liberty' (1847); 'Studies of the Passions' 
 (1849) ; 'King Cotton'; and 'Confederates and 
 Federals' (1864).
 
 138 
 
 DELITZSCH — DE MILLE 
 
 Delltzsoh, Franz. A German theologian ; 
 bom in Leipzig, Feb. 23, 1813 ; died there, 
 March 4, 1890. In 1867 he became professor 
 of theology at Leipzig. Among his numerous 
 devotional and theological works may be men- 
 tioned : < History of Jewish Poetry* (1836); 
 <The House of God> (1848); <A Day in Caper- 
 naum > (1871); and the well-known translation 
 of the New Testament into Hebrew (ist ed. 
 1877, 2d ed. 1886 J. 
 
 Del Mar, Alexander. An American political 
 economist; bom m New \ork city, Aug. 9, 
 1836. He established the Social Science Re- 
 view and was its editor 1864-66. He is the 
 author of < Gold Money and Paper Money > 
 (1862); < Essays on Political Economy' (1865); 
 ' Letter on the Finances > (1868); <History of Mon- 
 ey in Ancient Countries > ( 1884) ; < The Science of 
 Money' ; < The National-Banking System' ; and 
 
 < Statistical Almanac >; < Sophisms of Money.' 
 
 Delmonte, Felix Maria (del-mon'te). A 
 Dominican lawyer and poet; born in Santo 
 Domingo city, Dominican Republic, about 1810. 
 Has been many times a member of the Do- 
 minican Congress. He is the author of < Las 
 V^rgenes de Galindo,' a historical tale in verse; 
 
 < El Mendigo,' a drama ; < Ozama,' a drama ; and 
 many lyrical poems. 
 
 Delmonte y Tejada, Antonio (del-mon'te e 
 te-ya'da). A Dominican historian ; born in 
 Santiago de los Caballeros, Santo Domingo, in 
 1783; died in 1861. He is the author of < His- 
 toria de Santo Domingo' (3 vols.), a history 
 of the island from its discovery. 
 
 Deloney, Thomas. An English ballad writer 
 and pamphleteer; born in London (?), about 
 1543 ; died there about 1600. He turned 
 all current topics, from the Armada to a 
 murder, into racy ballads and snatches, some 
 happy, others execrable, all popular; the 
 
 < Strange Histories' (1607) comprising most of 
 the good ones, while in ' The Gentle Craft ' 
 (1597), a eulogy of shoemakers, we have a 
 specimen of his pamphlets. 
 
 De Long, George Washington. An Amer- 
 ican Arctic explorer, and officer in the United 
 States navy; born in New York city, Aug. 22, 
 1844; died in Siberia, Oct. 30, 1881. Graduat- 
 ing from the Naval Academy in 1865, he reached 
 the grade of lieutenant-commander, and per- 
 ished of cold and exposure while in command 
 of the Jeannette Expedition in 1879-81. His 
 journals have been published, entitled <The 
 Voyage of the Jeannette' (1883); and the story 
 of the search for the survivors is told in Mel- 
 ville's <In the Lena Delta' (1884). 
 
 Delord, Taxile (de-16r'). A French historian, 
 journalist, and topical prose-writer ; born in 
 Avignon, Nov. 25, 1815 ; died in Paris, May 16, 
 1877. He was successful politically, and edited 
 important Parisian journals, his permanent 
 work being contained in < Physiology of the 
 Parisian Woman' (1841); < History of the Sec- 
 ond Empire' (1868-75); and < Literary Morn- 
 ings' (i860). 
 
 Delplt, Albert (del-pe') A French novelist 
 
 and dramatist ; born in New Orleans, Jan. 30, 
 1849 ; died in Paris, Jan. 4, 1893. When quiie 
 young he assisted the elder Dumas in editing 
 the journals Le Mousquetaire and Le D'Ar- 
 tagnan. After the war with Germany, in which 
 he served, he won academic prizes with a volume 
 of poems, < The Invasion > ; and the poem 
 < Repentence, or the Country Parish Priest's 
 Story.' He had little success till <Coralie's 
 Son' (1879) gained the highest recognition 
 both from the reading public and theatre-goers. 
 <(^dette's Marriage ' obtained him a pronounced 
 success in high society. He wrote also < Cruel 
 Loves ) ; <As in Life > ; and other plays. 
 
 Delvau, Alfred (del-v6'). A French Revolu- 
 tionary prose-writer ; born in Paris, 1825 ; died 
 there. May 3, 1867. A < History of the Revolu- 
 tion of February' (1850), and < Henri Murger 
 and Bohemianism' (1866), sufficiently denote 
 the range of his partisan, but more than medi- 
 ocre, capacities. 
 
 Delwig, Anton Ant6novicli, Baron (del'vig). 
 A Russian lyrist (1798-1831); born in Moscow. 
 He was a schoolfellow and lifelong friend of 
 Pushkin. He held government office, but his 
 St. Petersburg house was the rallying-place 
 of the literary world, especially of the younger 
 set, — Pushkin, Glinka, Baratinsky, Vlasemsky. 
 Among his poetical compositions those written 
 in the tone of the popular ballad are the best, 
 and some of them are in great favor. 
 
 Demeter, Dimitrija (dem'e-ter). A Croa- 
 tian dramatist and poet ; born at Agram, July 
 21, 181 1 ; died there, June 24, 1872. His princi- 
 pal dramas are : < Love and Duty ' ; < Blood- 
 Revenge ' ; and the tragedy < Teuta.' He wrote 
 a lyro-epic poem, < The Battlefield of Grobnik,' 
 and several stories. He translated several for- 
 eign dramatic works into Croatian. 
 
 De Mille, Henry Churchill. An American 
 playwright; born in North Carolina, about 1853; 
 died at Pompton, N. J., Feb. 10, 1893. He grad- 
 uated at Columbia College, and was by turns 
 preacher and school-teacher until 1882, when 
 he became examiner of plays at the Madison 
 Square Theatre, and later for a short time an 
 actor. His first successful play was the < Main 
 Line,' in which he collaborated with Charles 
 Barnard. In 1887, having become associated 
 with David Belasco, he wrote the well-known 
 society dramas: < The Wife' (1887); < Lord 
 Chumley' (1888); <The Charity Ball' (1889); 
 <Men and Women' (1890). His last work was 
 a melodrama adapted from the German, en- 
 titled < Lost Paradise,' which was successfully 
 produced in 1892 and is still a favorite. 
 
 De Mille, James. A Canadian novelist ; 
 born in St. John, N. B., August 1837; died in 
 Halifax, N. S., Jan. 28, 1880. Graduated at 
 Brown College (1854). He was professor of 
 classics in Acadia College (1860-65), and of 
 history and rhetoric in Dalhousie College, Hali- 
 fax, from 1865 until his death. Among his 
 publications are: <The Dodge Club' (1866);
 
 DEMING — DENNIE 
 
 »39 
 
 'Cord and Creese' (1867); <A Comedy ot Ter- 
 rors) (1872); <The Living Link.> (1874); and 
 many books for boys, including < Treasures of 
 the Sea.* A treatise of iiis on rhetoric was pub- 
 lished in 1878. 
 
 Deming, Philander. An American humor- 
 ous writer of dialect sketches. He was born in 
 1829. n is work is very original, and has been pub- 
 lished in < Adirondack Stories > ; < Tompkins and 
 Other Folks > ; < The Story of the Pathfinder.* 
 
 Demogeot, Jacques Claude (dem-5-zh6'). A 
 French literary historian and poet ; bom at 
 Paris, July 5, 1808. He wrote a < Study on 
 Pliny the Voungei > ; the prize essay < Letters 
 and Men of Letters in the 19th Century*; 
 < French Literature in the 17th Century,* his 
 greatest work. His poetical writings are a 
 drama, < Romeo and Juliet* (1852); <New Paris,* 
 consisting of epico-lyric descriptions ; and < Sto- 
 ries and Talks in Verse* (i860). Died 1894. 
 
 Demosthenes (de-mos'the-nez). An Athenian 
 orator ; bom about 384 B. C. ; died at Calauria, 
 322 B. C. Necessity drove him to take up the 
 business of writing pleas and defenses of suit- 
 ors and defendants in the law courts; after- 
 ward he appeared himself in the courts and 
 the assemblies, and became a foremost leader 
 of the party of independence against the de- 
 signs of Philip of Macedon. The < 01)-nthiacs * 
 and the < Philippics * were part of this war- 
 fare ; and his greatest speech, < On the Crown,* 
 was a vindication of his course. Sixty orations 
 ascribed to him are extant, but some of them 
 are spurious. 
 
 Dempster, Charlotte Louisa Hawkins. An 
 
 Scotch novelist ; born in Forfarshire, Scotland, 
 in 1835. She has traveled extensively, and is 
 at present a resident of Cannes, France. She 
 has been a frequent contributor to English peri- 
 odicals. Her first book was : < The Hotel du 
 Petit St. Jean: A Gascon Story* (1869); the 
 second, <V^ra* (1872) established her repu- 
 tation. Her other works include: < Essays* 
 (1872); <Iseulte* (1875); <Bh-€ Roses* (1877); 
 •Within Sound of the Sea* ^878), a Scotch 
 story; < Ninette * (1888), an idyl of Provence. 
 
 Denham, Sir John. An English poet ; bom 
 in Dublin in 1615; died in London (?), March 
 15 (?), 1669. He figured at the court of Charles 
 n., translated the </Eneid > {1656 ?), produced 
 the tragedy of <The Sophy* (1642), and in 
 < Cooper's Hill* (1642) rose above mediocrity. 
 
 Denis, Jean Ferdinand (den-e'). A French 
 explorer and historical writer; born in Paris, 
 France, Aug. 13. 1798 ; died Aug. 2, 1890. He wns 
 an extensive traveler and a voluminous writer. 
 Among his works are : < History of Brazil * 
 (1821); < Buenos AyTes and Paraguay* (2 vols., 
 1823). He is also the author of a series of 
 historical novels: < Ysmael-ben-Kaisar, or the 
 Discovery of the New World* (3 vols., 1829). 
 
 Denlson, Charles Wheeler. An American 
 poet and prose-writer ; bom in New London, 
 Conn., Nov. 11, 1809; died Nov. 14, 1881. He 
 
 published: *The American Village and Other 
 Poems* (1845); <Out at Sea,* poems (1867). 
 His prose works include <The Child Hunters* 
 (1867) and a series of biographies: <The Tan- 
 ner Boy* (Grant); <Winfield the Lawyer's 
 Son* (Hancock) ; and others. 
 
 Denison, John Ledyard. An American his- 
 torian ; born in Stonington, Conn., Sept. 19, 1826. 
 He published a < Pictorial History of the Wars 
 of the United States,* and edited an < Illustrated 
 History of the New World* in English and in 
 German. Died 1906. 
 
 Denison, Mary (Andrews). An American 
 novelist, wife of C. W.; born in Cambridge 
 Mass., May 26, 1826. Assisted in editing the 
 Olive Branch, in which her husband was inter- 
 ested ; also contributed to American and Eng- 
 lish periodicals. Her works include : * Home 
 Pictures* (1853); <That Husband of Mine,* of 
 which it is said the sale reached 200,000 copies; 
 and < What One Boy can Do* (1885); 'Her Secret.' 
 
 Denne, Henry. An English Puritan divine, 
 who flourished in the seventeenth century and 
 was noted for his attacks upon the vices of 
 the clergy. He published <Tiie Man of Sin* 
 (1645); <The Drag Net of the Kingdom of 
 Heaven* (1646); * Grace, Mercy, and Truth*; 
 etc. His sermons and other works were pub- 
 lished in London, 1642-60. 
 
 Denne-Baron, Pierre Jacques RenI (dan- 
 bar-oii). A French poet and essayist; bom in 
 Paris, Sept. 6, 1780; died there, June 5, 1854. 
 He had much learning and a faultless taste ; 
 < Hero and Leander* (1806) and < Poetic 
 Flowers* (1825) being delightful though not 
 great, while his < Dictionary of Conversation * 
 is widely known. 
 
 Dennery or d'Ennery, Adolphe Philippe 
 fden-er-c'). A French dramatist; born at Paris, 
 June 17, 181 1. He has produced, either alone 
 or in collaboration, about 200 separate compo- 
 sitions. Among his own productions are the 
 dramas < My Daughter's Honor (1835); <The 
 Pearl of Savoy* (1842); < Mary Jane* (1845), 
 one of the strongest popular plays of our time; 
 <The Two Orphans* (1873); the comedies and 
 vaudevilles <The Change of Uniform* (1836), 
 and < Robber Paris* (1844) ; and the fairy spec- 
 tacles 'Aladdin, or the Wonderful Lamp* 
 (1863), and < The Tribute of Zamora.* Died 1899. 
 
 Dennie, Joseph. An American joumalist; 
 born in Boston, Aug. 30, 1768; died in Phila- 
 delphia, Jan. 7, 1812. Published <The Farrago* 
 (1795), essa)'s on life and literature. From 1796 
 to 1798 edited with great success the Farmer's 
 Weekly Museum at Walpole, N. H. In this ap- 
 peared his essays signed «The Lay Preacher,'* 
 whose droll and easy style made him popular. 
 In Philadelphia (1801), assisted by Asbury 
 Dickens, he founded the Portfolio, which he 
 edited tili his death under the pen-name of 
 "Oliver Old-School.** Two collections of his 
 writings have been ]nil)lished: <The Lay 
 Preacher, or Short Scriuons for Idle Readers* 
 (1796); and <The Lay Preacher' (1817).
 
 I40 
 
 DENNIS - DERSHAVIN 
 
 Dennis, John. An English dramatist and 
 critic (1657-1734); bom in London. Of his 
 dramas none had much success or deserved it. 
 He was a savage critic, but he had some just 
 views of dramatic art and poetry, as is proved 
 by his • Three Letters on the Genius and Writ- 
 ings of Shakespeare > (1711). His fame is per- 
 petuated not by his own writings, but by the 
 satires and anecdotes of his enemies. Pope's 
 * Dunciad > in particular. He invented a new 
 species of stage thunder; and the phrase 
 "stealing one's thunder >^ is due to his angry 
 outburst at some managers who used it in a 
 successful play when one of his had been 
 damned. 
 
 Deotyma (da-o-te'ma), pseudon>Tn of Jad- 
 viga Luszczevska. A Polish poet and story- 
 writer; bom in Warsaw, October 1830. She 
 has long been celebrated for the power and 
 charm of her prose and versification ; < At the 
 Parting Way> (1876) being a story of rare 
 merit, and <The Pole in Song' (1859) con- 
 taining many of her finest stanzas. 
 
 Depew, Chauncey Mitchell. An American 
 lawyer; born in Peekskill, N. Y., April 23, 1834. 
 He is president of the New York Central and 
 Hudson River R. R. Co. Noted as a political 
 orator and an after-dinner speaker. Published 
 'Orations and After-Dinner Speeches' (1890). 
 
 De Peyster, John Watts (de-pes'ter). An 
 American miscellaneous writer; born in New 
 York city, March 9, 1821. He has contributed 
 much to periodicals, and written a vast num- 
 ber of monographs, often polemic, — one being 
 in defense of his Loyalist grandfather, second 
 in command at King's Mountain on the Brit- 
 ish side. He is author of : < Life of Field 
 Marshal Torstenson> (1855); <The Dutch at 
 the North Pole > (1857) ; < Life of Baron Cohorn ' 
 (i860); and < Personal and Military History of 
 General Philip Kearney' (1869). D. Mays, 1907. 
 
 De Puy, Henry Walter. An American mis- 
 cellaneous writer; born in Pompey Hill, Onon- 
 daga County, N. Y., in 1820; died Feb. 2, 1876. 
 He constantly contributed political articles to 
 the press ; he wrote several popular poems, 
 and was the author of < Kossuth and his Gen- 
 erals,' with a brief history of Hungary (1851); 
 •Louis Napoleon and his Times,' with a 
 memoir of the Bonaparte family (1853) ; < Three 
 Score Years and Beyond' (1873); and < Ethan 
 Allen and the Green Mountain Loys of 1876.' 
 
 De Puy, William Harrison. An American 
 clerg}-man and writer ; bom at Penn Yan, N. Y., 
 Oct. 31, 1821; died at Canaan, Ct., Sept. 4, 1901. 
 His works include : < Statistics of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church ' ; <Home and Health'; etc. 
 
 De Quincey, Thomas. A celebrated Eng- 
 lish author; born in Manchester, Aug. 15, 1785; 
 died Dec. 8, 1859. He was a very prolific 
 writer; but his works are mostly occasional 
 essays, and papers on historical, literary, and 
 miscellaneous topics. Besides collections of 
 these, his published works include : < Confes- 
 sions of an English Opium Eater> (1821); < Let- 
 
 ters to a Young Man Whose Education has 
 been Neglected* (1823); < Logic of Political 
 Economy' (1844); <Klosterheim' (1839); etc. 
 
 Derby, George Horatio. [«John Phoenix."] 
 An American humorist; born in Dedham, 
 Mass., April 3, 1823; died in New York, May 
 15, 1861. Graduated at West Point (1846), and 
 served in the army during the Mexican War 
 (1846-47). He wrote under the name "John 
 Phoenix" a series of sketches and burlesques, 
 entitled < Phoenixiana' (1855), and <The Squi- 
 bob Papers' (1859). 
 
 Derby, James Cephas. An American pub- 
 lisher of New York and San Francisco ; born 
 1818; died 1892. He is the author of < Fifty 
 Years among Authors, Books, and Publishers.' 
 
 Dernburg, Friedrich (dem'biirg). A Ger- 
 man journalist and descriptive writer; bom in 
 Mainz, Oct. 3, 1833. After a university course, 
 he rapidly acquired eminence in both journal- 
 ism and politics, being one of the companions 
 of the German Crown Prince (now Emperor) 
 in a trip to Rome, and later a well-known 
 personality at the Columbian Exposition. < From 
 the White City' (1893), a series of World's 
 Fair sketches; <In the Bonds of Guilt' (1894); 
 and <The Over Proud' (1889), afford t>-pical 
 specimens of his fact and fiction. 
 
 De Rosny, Leon. A celebrated French Ori- 
 entalist ; born at Loos, France, Aug. 5, 1837. 
 Professor of Japanese at the Special School of 
 Languages, since 1868, and founder of the Inter- 
 national Congress of Orientalists. Among his 
 numerous works are: < Asiatic Studies' (1864); 
 <The Origin of Language' (1869); 'Japanese 
 Anthology' (1871I; <A Grammar of the Chi- 
 nese Language' (London, 1874) < Japanese Re- 
 ligion' (1881J ; < The Written Documents of 
 American Antiquity' (1882) ; 'Introduction into 
 the Study of Japanese Literature.' 
 
 D^rouldde, Paul (dc-ro-lad') A French poet; 
 born at Paris, Sept. 2, 1846. His < Soldier Songs' 
 (1872) and < Military Refrains' (1888) were 
 immensely popular, and won him the presi- 
 dency of the Patriotic League ; an association 
 intensely hostile to Germans, and whose agi- 
 tation seemed likely to lead to a collision 
 with Germany, wherefore the poet was pre- 
 vailed upon to retire from the presidency. 
 He has written a drama of patriotism, <The 
 Hetman,' and the semi-religious drama <The 
 Moabitess.' 
 
 Derzhavin, Gavriil Rom&novich (der-sha'- 
 vin). A noted Russian poet ; born at Kasan, 
 July 14, 1743; died on his estate in the gov- 
 ernment of Novgorod, July 21, 1816. He won 
 the favor of Catharine II. by his ode < Feliza > 
 (1782), and afterward rose to high office. His 
 last thirteen years were passed in retirement. 
 The characteristics of his poetry are originality 
 of conception, splendor of imagery, forcefulness 
 and mastery of language. His admiration for 
 Catharine II. inspired him with the tme poetic 
 afflatus, though some of his poems are mere 
 strings of hollow phrases. He was nevertheless 
 a lover of truth, an honest, downright, hot*
 
 DE SANCTIS -DESMARETS DE SAINT-SORLIN 
 
 141 
 
 tempered man. His best poem is the ode < God,> 
 which has been translated into all European 
 languages and into Japanese. 
 
 De Sanctis, Francesco (d6 sank'tis). An 
 Italian literary historian and critic (1818-83) '> 
 born at Morra. His revolutionary critical dis- 
 quisitions on the great poets gained him dis- 
 tinction. He was general secretary of the 
 department of public education in the revolu- 
 tionary government of 1848 ; after restoration 
 of the monarchy he spent three years in prison, 
 where he studied German literature, and trans- 
 lated parts of Goethe and Schiller and Hegel's 
 "■ Logic* Afterward he was minister of educa- 
 tion, and professor in the University of Naples. 
 His most important works are a < History of 
 Italian Literature > and < Critical Essays,* the 
 latter a work of high authority. 
 
 Desaugiers, Marc Antoine Madeleine (de- 
 s5-zha'). A noted French song-writer and 
 dramatist ; born at Fr^jus, Nov. 17, 1772 ; died 
 at Paris, Aug. 9, 1827. His life till 1797 was 
 full of adventure ; he was at one time a pris- 
 oner of the revolted blacks in San Domingo 
 and in momentary fear of death. Go'ng on 
 the stage in Paris, in 1805, his parody of the 
 opera <Danaids* (< The Little Danaids*) was 
 acted for 300 consecutive nights. His vaude- 
 villes were remarkably successful. As a light 
 song-writer he is second only, if indeed sec- 
 ond, to Bdranger. Many of his songs will live 
 long ; e. g., < The Consolations of Old Age * ; 
 
 < The Picture of New Years.* Many of them 
 are exquisite little gems of art ; e. g., < The 
 Market * ; * Sunday Pleasures * ; < The Palais 
 Royal.* 
 
 Desbordes-Valmore, Marceline (da-bord"- 
 viil-mor"). A French poet (1785-1859) ; born 
 at Douai. She made her d^but at the age of 
 16 in comic opera, but shortly after quit the 
 stage. She wrote several volumes of poems : 
 
 < Elegies and Romances > ; < New Elegies and 
 Poems * ; < Tears * ; * Poor Flowers * ; < Bouquets 
 and Prayers*; and < Poems of Childhood.* All 
 her poems are distinguished by great sweetness 
 and unaffected pathos. Her most perfect song 
 is perhaps < If He had Known.* She wrote 
 also several stories. 
 
 Descartes, Ren^ (da-kart'). An illustrious 
 French philosopher; born at La Haye, Tou- 
 raine, March 31, 1596; died at Stockholm, Feb. 
 II, 1650. His works comprise: 'Discourse on 
 Method* (1637); < Meditations in Elementary 
 Philosophy * ; < Philosophical Beginnings * ; < Di- 
 optrique * ; * Meteors * ; < Geometry * ; < Letters 
 to the Princess Elizabeth*; and many contro- 
 versial amplifications of his doctrines, among 
 tiiem < Treatise on the Passions* (1649). 
 
 Descbamps, Eustache, called Morel. A 
 1- rench poet ; born about 1330 at Vertus, Dept. 
 Marne ; died after 1415. He composed a 
 multitude of short poems of a political or 
 moral nature. The < Mirror of Marriage* com- 
 prises 13,000 lines. He wrote an < Art of Poet- 
 izing,* the earliest mediaeval work of its kind. 
 
 Descliamps de Saint Amand, Antony 
 
 (da-shoii). A French poet (1800-69); bom at 
 Paris. After translating from Dante, he pub- 
 lished (1831) 'Political Satires,* notable for 
 vigor and poetic form. But his mind already 
 showed signs of organic disorder, and his < Last 
 Words* (1835) reveal it plainly. He also wrote: 
 'Resignation* (1839); 'Studies of Italy* (1835); 
 and many short poems. 
 
 Deschamps de Saint Amand, tmile. A 
 
 French poet, elder brother of Antony (1791- 
 1871) ; born at Bourges. His song 'Peace Won 
 by Arms* (1812) attracted the notice of Napo- 
 leon. In 1818, with Latouche, he produced the 
 successful comedy ' The Round of Favor.* To 
 the journal La Muse Fran9aise, founded by 
 him and Victor Hugo (1824), he contributed 
 poems, stories, and critical essays, and stood as 
 leader of the romantic school. Pie published 
 several volumes of miscellaneous poems, essays 
 on Goethe, Schiller, and Shakespeare, and 
 many sprightly but earnest dramas, which were 
 set to music by Bellini, Hal^vy, Rossini, and 
 Auber; also a volume of 'Philosophical Stories* 
 (1854). 
 
 Deshoulleres, Antoinette (da-zo-lyar'). An 
 eminent French poet; born in Paris, Jan. i, 
 1638; died there, Feb. 17, 1694. She was edu- 
 cated in the spirit of the " pr^cieuses ** of the 
 Hotel Rambouillet, and so assimilated their 
 spirit and methods as to be called the "tenth 
 Muse ** for her tragedies, comedies, and operas. 
 But her verses sound hollow and insincere. 
 Her best work and inspirations are found in 
 her 'Idylls,* especially in 'The Sheep*; 'The 
 Flowers*; 'The Birds.* 
 
 Desjardins, Paul (da-zhar-dan'). A French 
 writer of essays on social and moral questions ; 
 born 18—. He is professor of rhetoric in the 
 St. Stanislas College, Paris, and member of 
 the editorial staff of the Journal des D€bats. 
 His studies of social phenomena were collected 
 under the general title ' Contemporary Notes.* 
 One of his works led to the formation of the 
 Union for Moral Action. 
 
 Deslys, Charles (da-le'). A French novelist 
 (1821-85) ; born at Paris. The most notable 
 of his numerous stories are : ' The Million- 
 airess* (1852); 'The Last Grisette* (1853); 
 'The King of Yvetot* (1866); 'Stories of La 
 Grfeve* (1866), which won an Academy prize; 
 'The Stonebreaker* (1867). 
 
 Desmarets de Salnt-Sorlln, Jean (da-mar-a' 
 de san-sor-lan'j. A French poet (1595-1676); 
 born at Paris. He was a favorite of Cardinal 
 Richelieu, and one of the first members of the 
 Academy. He wrote several plays; among 
 them a character comedy, 'The Visionaries* 
 (1637), received with great favor. Some of his 
 comic figures had Moli^re for their original. 
 He wrote also epics; among them 'Clovis* 
 (1657) and 'Mary Magdalene* (1669). In his 
 early years he led a wild, disordered life ; but 
 later became a devotee, and wrote many reli« 
 gious poems and anti-Jansenist polemioB.
 
 I4« 
 
 DESNOIRESTERRES — DE WALDEN 
 
 Desnoiresterres, Gustave (da-nwKr-tar'). A 
 French novelist and literary historian (1817-92) ; 
 born at Bayeux. Among his novels are <The 
 Black Chamber* (1843); < Love on a Stage 
 Coach* (1853). He wrote several very valua- 
 ble essays and monographs on the history of 
 French literature and of French manners. The 
 Academy crowned his greatest work : < Vol- 
 taire and French Society in the i8th Century* 
 (8 vols., 1855). 
 
 Desnoyers, Louis (dan-wl-a'). A French 
 journalist and novelist (1805-68); born at Re- 
 plonges, Dept. Ain. He founded the journal 
 Charivari (1832), and was one of the founders 
 of the Sifecle. He wrote some vaudevilles, and 
 several novels, such as < Adventures of Jean- 
 Paul Choppart * ( 1836) ; ' Memoirs of a 20-Sous 
 Piece* (1837). 
 
 Desperiers, Bonaventure (da-per-ya'). A 
 French story-teller; born at Arnay-le-Duc, 
 about 1505 ; died 1544. He was secretary to 
 Margaret of Navarre. He wrote a series of 90 
 stories : < New Recreations and Merry Conceits,* 
 printed in 1558. In 1537 was published his 
 < Cymbalum Mundi in French,* a virulent and 
 contemptuous attack on the Christian religion, 
 which was burned by the common hangman, 
 and of which only one copy is in existence. The 
 author probably escaped a like fate by suicide. 
 
 Desportes, Philippe (da-port'). A French 
 poet (1546-1606) ; born at Chartres. His poems 
 are marked by purity of style and well-knit 
 metrical form. Besides his numerous beautiful 
 and musical elegies and sonnets (457 of these), 
 he made a translation of the < Psalms,* and 
 published a volume of 'Christian Prayers and 
 Meditations* in prose. 
 
 Destoucbes, Philippe N^ricault (da-tosh'). 
 A French dramatist (1680-1754) ; born at Tours. 
 His poetical talents won him the patronage 
 of the Duke of Orleans, and he was employed 
 on a diplomatic mission to England. His 
 comedy <The Boaster* (1732) is a masterpiece 
 in matter, in elaboration, and in character de- 
 lineation ; Lessing classes that work, with its 
 companion piece <The Spendthrift* (1736), as 
 « models of the finer high comedy.** Hardly 
 inferior to these is <The Married Philosopher* 
 (1727), largely based on the the author's own life. 
 
 Destutt de Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude, 
 Count (de-stiif de tra-se'). A French philo- 
 sophical and metaphysical writer ; born in Paris, 
 July 20, 1754 ; died there, March 10, 1836. Though 
 in repeated peril during the French Revolution, 
 he survived to write < Elements of Ideology* 
 (1817), a development of Condillac's philosophy, 
 and in part an exposition of what passed then 
 for economics. His < Delineation of the Politics 
 of the World's Nations* (1820), and prior works, 
 received considerable notice in this country 
 through Jefferson's praise in his letters. 
 
 De Tabley, Lord — John Byrne Leicester Warren. 
 An English poet; born at Tabley House, Cheshire, 
 April 26, 1835 ; died, Nov. 22,1895. Thebeauty 
 and refinement of bib lyrics was much admired. 
 
 He jnil.lished : < Eclogues and Monodramas > 
 (1864); < Rehearsals* (1870). He was also 
 known as an authority on « book-plates. » 
 
 Detlef, Karl (det'lef), pseudonjTn of Klara 
 Bauer. A German novelist; born in Swine- 
 miinde, June 23, 1836 ; died in Breslau, June 29, 
 1876. Her < Indissoluble Bonds* (1877) and 
 <Must It Be?* (1872) are valuable and en- 
 grossing studies of character. 
 
 Deus, Joao de (da-ush). A Portuguese lyric 
 poet ; born at Sao Bartolomeu de Messines, in 
 the province of Algarve, March 8, 1830. He is 
 regarded by his countrymen as introducer of a 
 new era of Portuguese poetry. National spirit, 
 originality, sensibility, and rhythmic melody 
 characterize his poems. They are published in 
 < Field-flowers * (1870); <A Branch of Blooms* 
 (1870) ; and other works. Died 1897. 
 
 De Vere, Sir Aubrey. An Irish poet (1788- 
 1846). His works are: < Julian the Apostate: 
 a Dramatic Poem* (1822); <The Duke of 
 Mercia: an Historical Drama,* the volume con- 
 taining also < The Lamentations of Ireland > 
 (1823) ; <The Song of Faith, Devout Exercises 
 and Sonnets* (1842); and * Mary Tudor: an 
 Historical Drama,* published posthumously 
 (1847). His sonnets Wordsworth declared to be 
 "the most perfect of our age.** 
 
 De Vere, Sir Aubrey Thomas. An Irish poet 
 and descriptive and political essayist, son of 
 Sir Aubrey ; born at Curragh Chase, Limerick, 
 Jan. 10, 1814 ; died, Jan 20, 1902. < Poems * 
 (1843) first revealed his inheritance of talent; 
 and in < Irish Odes > (1869) and < Alexander the 
 Great* (1874) he vindicated his title to high 
 poetic rank. In prose, his < Picturesque Sketches 
 of Greece and Turkey* (1850) and <Constitu- 
 tional and Unconstitutional Political Action > 
 (1881) show facility of style. 
 
 De Vere, Mary Ainge. (« Madeline Bridges.**) 
 An American poet ; born in Brooklyn, N. Y., 
 18 — . Has contributed much to the periodicals ; 
 is the author of < Love Songs and Other Poems * 
 (1870) and < Poems* (1890). 
 
 De Vere, Maximilian Scheie. A noted phi- 
 lologist ; born near Wexio, Sweden, Nov. i, 1820 ; 
 came to the United States in 1843; in 1844 
 became professor of modern languages and 
 belle-lettres in the University of Virginia. His 
 contributions to the leading magazines have 
 been both literary and scientific. His works 
 include: < Outlines of Comparative Philology* 
 (1853); < Stray Leaves from the Book of Na- 
 ture* (1856); < Studies in English*; < Glimpses 
 of Europe in 1848 * ; < Romance of American 
 History*; < Wonders of the Deep*; etc. 
 
 De Walden, Thomas Blaides. An English 
 dramatist; born in London, England, 181 1; 
 died in New York city, Sept. 26, 1873. He 
 came to America in 1844 and began his career 
 as an actor ; but he made his greatest success 
 as a dramatist, writing and adapting more 
 than one hundred plays, including < Sam * foi 
 F. S. Chanfrau, and < The Hypochondriac'
 
 DEWEY — DICKENS 
 
 MJ 
 
 Dewey, Orville. A prominent American 
 clergyman and man of letters ; born in Sheffield, 
 Mass., March 28, 1794; died there, March 21, 
 1882. He entered the Unitarian ministry in 
 1819, and became prominent as a pastor in 
 New Bedford and New York. For two years 
 he was Dr. Channing's assistant in Boston. In 
 1862 he retired and devoted himself to study. 
 Among his works are : < Discourses on Human 
 Nature* (1847); 'Discourses on the Nature of 
 Religion > (1847); <The Problem of Human 
 Destiny* (1864). 
 
 Dexter, Henry Martyn. An American cler- 
 gyman and religious writer; bom at Plympton, 
 Mass., Aug. 13, 1821 ; died Nov. 13, 1890. Edu- 
 cated at Yale and Andover. He was pastor in 
 Manchester, N. H., 1844-49 ; and of the Berke- 
 ley Street Congregational Church, Boston, Mass., 
 1849-67, when he became editor of the Congre- 
 gationalist. His chief work is <The Congrega- 
 tionalism of the Last Three Hundred Years* 
 (1880). 
 
 Diamante, Juan Bautlsta (de-a-man'te). A 
 Spanish playwright ; born about 1626 ; died 
 toward the end of the century. Of his plays, 
 45 are extant. All are founded on Spanish his- 
 tory; two on legends of the Cid, one — 'Who 
 Honors his Father* — being verbatim coinci- 
 dent with Corneille's < Cid * throughout entire 
 scenes. Which is the original ? Recent critics 
 lean strongly to the Spaniard. Diamante wrote 
 some religious or "spiritual** plays, and a few 
 musical dramas ; of the last class, < Alpheus 
 and Arethusa* is held the best. 
 
 Diaz, Mrs. Abby (Morton). An American 
 story-writer; born in Massachusetts, 1821 ; was 
 a member of the famous Brook Farm Associa- 
 tion, and has been an earnest worker in social 
 reforms. Her books for children include : < The 
 Cat's Arabian Knights*; 'The John Spicer 
 Lectures * ; < Polly Cologne * ; < Jimmj-johns * ; and 
 ' The William Henry Letters.* Other works 
 are : < Bybury to Beacon Street, a Discussion 
 of Social Topics * ; • Domestic Problems * ; < Only 
 a Flock of Women.* Died Belmost, April, 1904. 
 
 Diaz or Dias, Antonio Gon^alves (de'as). 
 A Brazilian poet ; born at Caxias, Brazil, 1823 ; 
 died at sea, 1864 or 1866. His lyric poems 
 are comprised in the volumes entitled < First,* 
 
 < Second,* and < Last Songs.* His other works 
 are an epic left incomplete and four dramas. 
 His verses give proof of great originality, with 
 tenderness of feeling and a lively wit. 
 
 Diaz de Escobar, Narciso fde'ath d^ es-ko- 
 bar'). A Spanish poet; born at Malaga, June 
 25, i860. He won great popularity with his 
 lyric poems, and several of his dramatic com- 
 positions have been very successful : < A Morisco 
 Episode * ; < The Young Men of the Day * ; 
 
 < Two Husbands and a Wife.* In collaboration 
 with other writers, he has published a volume 
 of < Character Sketches from Madrid.* 
 
 Diaz del Castillo, Bernal (de'ath del kas- 
 tel'yo). A Spanish chronicler of the conquest 
 of Mexico; born about 1498; died in Mexico 
 
 about 1593. His <True History of the Dis 
 covery and Conquest of New Spain * was pub- 
 lished at Madrid in 1632. He had little literary 
 skill and no scientific knowledge ; bu'i: he was 
 a keen observer with a good memory, and an 
 effective story-teller with a fine taste for marvel- 
 ous feats and the supernatural, tliough trust- 
 worthy for ordinary happenings. 
 
 Dibdin, Charles. An English lyric and 
 dramatic poet and actor; bom at Southamp- 
 ton, 1745; died July 25, 1814. He opened a 
 little playhouse in London, the Sans Souci 
 Theatre, and there brought out his own plays, 
 enlivened with his own songs, set to music of 
 his own composition, and with himself as the 
 leading actor. He wrote probably fifty plays 
 and operettas (best remembered among them 
 *The Quaker,* an operetta), two novels, a 
 < History of the Stage,* and over a thousand 
 songs. His <Sea Songs* are popular favorites 
 still. He wrote an autobiography : < Profes- 
 sional Life* (4 vols., 1803). 
 
 Dibdin, Thomas Frognall. An eminent Eng- 
 lish bibliographer ; born in Calcutta, India, 1775 
 or 1776 ; died in Kensington, London, Nov. 18, 
 1847. Books, not as literature merely, but as 
 things, were the objects of his study and delight, 
 with such results as the < Bibliographical Decam- 
 eron* (1817) ;<Bibliophobia* (1832) ; and < Rem^ 
 iniscences of a Literary Life* (1836), — works in 
 which the collection of books is dealt with 
 from the point of view of a lover of the print- 
 ing, binding, and illustrating arts. 
 
 Dibdin, Thomas John. An English dram- 
 atist; bom in London, March 21, 1771 ; died 
 there, Sept. 16, 1841. Prolific in plays of an 
 ephemeral character, < Blindman's Buff,* < The 
 Pirates,* and similar things of an hour, he 
 lived well, worked hard, and died poor, leaving 
 interesting < Reminiscences* (1827) behind him. 
 
 Dicey, Edward. An English journalist, trav- 
 eler, and author ; born in Leicestershire, Eng- 
 land, in 1832. He graduated with distinction 
 at Trinity College, Cambridge, and entered 
 journalism. He was identified for a short time 
 with the Daily Telegraph and Daily News, and 
 from 1870 to 1889 was editor of the Observer. 
 Among his works are: 'Rome in i860* (1861I; 
 <The Battlefields of 1866' (1866); <A Month 
 in Russia during the Marriage of the Czare- 
 wich* (1867); < England and Egypt* (1881). 
 
 Dickens, Charles. An English editor, eldest 
 son of Charles Dickens; born in 1837; died 
 July 20, 1896, at West Kensington, England. 
 He was educated at King's College, Eton, and 
 at Leipsic ; became assistant to his father as 
 editor of All the Year Round, and subsequently 
 chief partner in a printing firm. He edited 
 a < Life of Charles Mathews*; <The Dictionary 
 of London * ; < Paris and the Thames.* 
 
 Dickens, Charles. A famous English nov- 
 elist ; bom at Landport in Portsea, Feb. 7, 
 1812 ; died June 9, 1870. His works include : 
 < Sketches by Boz * (1835-36); < Pickwick Papers » 
 (1837); < Oliver Twist> (183&-39) ; 'Nicholas
 
 144 
 
 DICKENS — DIETRICKSON 
 
 Nickleby> (1839) ; < Master Humphrey's Clock > 
 (1840-41), a weekly issue in periodical form, 
 comprising among others the installments of 
 <01d Curiosity Shop> and <Barnaby Rudge>; 
 'American Notes > (1842) ; <A Christmas Carol* 
 (1843); <iMartin Chuzzlewit> (1844); < The 
 Chimes > (1844) ; <The Cricket on the Hearth* 
 (1845); < Pictures from Italy* {1846); <The 
 Battle of Life> (1846); < Dombey and Son> 
 (1848); <The Haunted Man> (1848); <David 
 Copperfield* (1850) ; < Bleak House* (1853); 
 <A Child's History of England* (1854) ; < Hard 
 Times* (1854) ; < Little Dorrit* {1857) ; <A Tale 
 of Two Cities* (1859); < Great Expectations* 
 (1861); <Our Mutual Friend* (1865); <The 
 Mystery of Edwin Drood* (1870), unfinished; 
 and many short pieces and humorous essays, 
 stories, and sketches. 
 
 Dickens, Mary Angela (Evans). An Eng- 
 lish novelist, daughter of William Evans ; born 
 in London, March 6, 1838 ; died, June 22, 1896. 
 In 1 86 1 she married the eldest son of Charles 
 Dickens. Her best-known novel is < A Mere 
 Cipher > (1893). She also wrote < Cross Currents* 
 (1892); < Valiant Ignorance* (1894) ; < Some 
 Women's Ways,* a volume of short stories. 
 
 Dickinson, Anna Elizabeth. Orator, novel- 
 ist, and playwright ; born in Philadelphia, Oct. 
 28, 1842. At the outbreak of the Civil War she 
 became known as a speaker, and under the 
 stimulus of the great events became an orator 
 of great power and persuasiveness, who created 
 by her youth, real pathos, and brilliant rhetoric, 
 the greatest enthusiasm wherever she was 
 heard ; no name was better known the country 
 through. She was called the «Joan of Arc*> 
 of the war. Some of her books are : < What 
 Answer* (1868), a novel; <A Paying Invest- 
 ment* (1876); <A Ragged Register of People, 
 Places, and Opinions* (1879). She was the 
 author of two plays of excellent dramatic qual- 
 ity, <Anne Boleyn* and < Marie Tudor* (1875), 
 in which she played the title roles. 
 
 Dickinson, Emily. An American poet ; born 
 in Amherst, Mass., Dec. 10, 1830; died there. 
 May 15, 1886. Living the life of a recluse, she 
 wrote much verse in forms peculiar to herself, 
 but she published almost nothing; although 
 the few pieces that appeared attracted much 
 attention. In 1892 a collection of her poems 
 was issued which received warm praise from 
 competent critics. In all, th.-ee volumes of her 
 verse and prose have appeared. 
 
 Dickinson, John. An early American polit- 
 ical writer and statesman. He was born in 
 Maryland, Nov. 13, 1732, and died at Wil- 
 mington, Del, Feb. 14, 1808. He wrote a series 
 of State papers — < Address to the Inhabitants 
 of Quebec*; < Petitions to the King*; < Ad- 
 dress to the Armies* — that had great influence 
 in their day. He was the author of < Letters 
 from a Pennsylvania Farmer to the Inhabitants 
 of the Colonies* (1767), and < Essay on Con- 
 stitutional Power of Great Britain over the 
 American Colonies* (1774). Dickinson Col- 
 lege at Carlisle, Pa., was named in his honor. 
 
 Diderot, Denis (de-dro'). A distinguished 
 French philosopher, foremost of the " Encyclo- 
 pedists**; born at Langres, Oct. 5, 1713; died 
 July 31, 1784. < Philosophic Reflections * — burned 
 by the hangman and therefore widely circulated 
 — and <A Skeptic's Walk* (1747) were part of 
 a warfare against the Church. In the compila- 
 tion of the ' Encyclopedia * Diderot bore the 
 main burden. He wrote all the articles on 
 technology and industries, besides many of 
 those on points of philosophy, and even on 
 physics and chemistry. Further proof of his 
 versatility is seen in the admirable reports he 
 wrote (1765-67) of the art expositions at the 
 Paris Academy. He wrote some dramas, but 
 none of them possess any great merit. On the 
 other hand, his novel <The Nun* and his dra- 
 matic dialogue < Rameau's Nephew * are wonder- 
 fully effective pictures of the corrupt society 
 of the time. His little sketches < Little Papers > 
 are pearls of kindly humor and of witty narra- 
 tive. 
 
 Didier, Charles (ded-ya'). A French poet 
 and novelist (1805-64) ; born at Geneva. He 
 wrote some novels designed to awaken patri- 
 otic sentiment in Italy, and to make known 
 the struggles of the Carbonari and other revo- 
 lutionists against Austrian and papal domin- 
 ion. Among these novels were : < Underground 
 Rome * (2 vols., 1833) ; < The Roman Campagna' 
 (1842); and < Fifty Years in the Wilderness* 
 (1857): they contain masterly descriptions of 
 the state of Italy. His lyric poems, < Melodies > 
 (1827), are characterized less by force than by 
 sweetness. 
 
 Didier, Eugene Lemolne. An American 
 prose-writer; bom in Baltimore, Md., Dec. 22, 
 1838. Many of his writings have appeared over 
 the signatures << Lemoine ** and " Timon.** He 
 published the <Life of Edgar A. Poe* (1876); 
 < Life and Letters of Madame Bonaparte > (1879), 
 republished in London and translated into 
 French and Italian ; and a < Primer of Criti- 
 cism > (1883). 
 
 Dieffenbach, Christian (def'en-badh). A 
 German poet and theologian; born in Schlitz, 
 Hesse, Dec. 4, 1822. His talent finds most con- 
 genial expression in < Songs of Childhood* 
 (1852) and <In the German Springtime* (1871), 
 jiie latter a volume of inspiring war song. D. 1901. 
 
 Dierx, Leon (derx). A French poet; borH 
 in the Isle of Reunion, 1838. He was educated 
 for a civil-service career, but has devoted his 
 highest capacities to verse. His maiden vol- 
 ume, < Aspirations * (1858), sounds a new note; 
 while < Closed Lips* (1867) and <The Lovers' 
 (1879) maintain him in the supremacy he has 
 attained in the so-called <* Parnassian ** school. 
 
 Dietrickson, Lorents Henrik Segelcke (de- 
 trik-son). A Norwegian poet and historian of 
 art and literature ; bom at Bergen, Jan. l, 1834. 
 While an undergraduate in the University of 
 Christiania, he composed many clever student 
 songs which were collected and published im 
 1859. He published the poem* Olaf Liljekranz >
 
 DIEULAFOY — D'ISR AELI 
 
 US 
 
 In 1857, and <KivleflMten> in 1879. His writ- 
 ings on art and literature are numerous and of 
 high authority. 
 
 Dleulafoy, Jeanne Rachel (Mayre) (dye-la- 
 fwa). A French descriptive writer and novel- 
 ist ; bom (Mayre) in Toulouse, June 29, 1851. Her 
 narrative of travel in < Persia, Chaldsea, and Susa > 
 (1886), and her fiction < Parysatis > (1890), < Broth- 
 er Pelagus'^{i894), are evidences of her talent. 
 
 Diez, Friedricli Christian (dets). A Ger- 
 man critic and historian of literature, founder 
 of Romance philology ; born in Giessen, March 
 i5i 1794; died in Bonn, May 29, 1876. At 27 
 he achieved celebrity with his philological 
 studies of <01d Spanish Romances* (1821), etc.; 
 but his masterpieces in this field are <The 
 Poetry of the Troubadours* (1826) and < Lives 
 and Works of the Troubadours* (1829). <An 
 Etymological Dictionary of the Romance Lan- 
 guages* (1853), and editions of Romance poems 
 and other works, sustain his pre-eminence. 
 
 Diez, Katharina. A German poet and 
 story-writer ; born at Netphen, Westphalia, Dec. 
 2, 1809; died there, Jan. 22, 1882. Her sim- 
 ple but fresh and pleasing talent is evinced 
 in <Song Wreath* (1842), and < Poems* (1857), 
 in part by a sister ; and < A Youthful Friend- 
 ship* (1861), a story of village life. 
 
 Dilke, Charles Wentworth. An English 
 publicist and critic ; born Dec. 8, 1789 ; died at 
 Hants, Aug. 10, 1864. A journalist and book 
 reviewer of celebrity, his best work is in < The 
 Papers of a Critic' (1875). 
 
 Dilke, Sir Charles Wentworth. An Eng- 
 lish publicist and critical and political writer; 
 bom in London, Sept. 4, 1843. A brilliant but 
 checkered political career has been varied by 
 literary work : < Greater Britain * (1868), a record 
 of travel in the English colonies ; < Problems of 
 Great Britain * (1890) ; < The British Army > ; < Im- 
 perial Defense * ; and various essays on current 
 style. 
 
 Dilke, Emilia Frances, Lady. An English 
 art critic and miscellaneous writer; wife of Sir 
 Charles W. She was for many years a writer 
 for the Saturday and Westminster Reviews, 
 and at one time art critic of the Academy. Her 
 chief work is <The Renaissance in France,* 
 illustrated by herself. Her other publications 
 include: <The Shrine of Death* (1886); <Art 
 in the Modern State* (1888); <The Shrine of 
 Love.* 
 
 Dinclslage-Canipe, Emmy von (dink'lag-e- 
 Kam'p^). A German novelist (1825-91); bom 
 at Campe, Osnabriick. Her first novel, < The 
 Loving Old Couple,* was published in 1857. 
 Though she traveled extensively and observ- 
 antly in Europe and America, her themes for 
 stories were nearly all from her loved country- 
 side ; and she is called << the poetess of the Ems 
 valley.** Among her novels may be named : 
 <The School of the Heart*; 'Tales of Home*; 
 •Pictures of Emsland*; (posthumously) 'Po- 
 ems,* and a story, < The Woman Nihilist.* 
 
 Dingelstedt, Franz von. Baron (din'gel- 
 stet). A German poet and dramatist; bom 
 at Halsdorf in Upper Hesse, June 30, 1814; 
 died at Vienna, May 15, 1881. His 'Songs of a 
 Cosmopolitan Nightwatchman > (1841) shocked 
 all officialdom, but had a great popular suc- 
 cess ; and his < Poems* (1845) showed true poetic 
 feeling and great descriptive power, the latter 
 also visible in his travel sketches and stories; 
 one of the most successful of the latter is < The 
 Amazon,* a society novel. His tragedy 'The 
 House of the Bameveldts* (1851) was a splen- 
 did success. He adapted plays from Moli^re, 
 Shakespeare, and others, to the German stage, 
 and wrote a volume of ' Studies and Copies 
 after Shakespeare.* 
 
 Diniz, Julio (de'nes), pseudonym of Joaquim 
 Guilherme Gomes Coelho. A Portuguese nov- 
 elist and poet ; born at Oporto, Nov. 14, 1839 ; 
 died there, Sept. 12, 1871. He introduced the 
 village story into Portuguese literature. His 
 first work, 'The Rector's Wards* (1866), is also 
 his best ; it was followed by ' An English 
 Family* (1867), describing middle-class life in 
 Oporto. His poems were published in 1880. 
 
 Diniz da Cruz e Silva, Antonio (de'nes da 
 kroth e sel'va). A Portuguese poet (1731-99); 
 bom at Lisbon. A lawyer and official, in 1776 
 he was made counsel to the superior court at 
 Rio Janeiro, and died there. He was one of 
 the founders of the celebrated literary society, 
 the Lisbon Arcadia. His poetry comprises son- 
 nets (over 300), eclogues, elegies, songs, epi- 
 grams, epistles, and several volumes of Pin- 
 daric odes ; a lengthy poem,. ' Brazil's Meta- 
 morphoses * ; and a heroi-comic epic, < Hyssop,* 
 — modeled on Boileau's ' Lutrin,* but a spirited, 
 original composition, far superior to Boileau's, — 
 which was republished several times in France, 
 translated into French prose. 
 
 Dinnies, Anna Peyre (Shackelford). An 
 American poet and prose-writer; born in 
 Georgetown, S. C, 1816. She was a frequent 
 contributor to Southern periodicals. Her best 
 work is 'The Floral Year' (1847); a collection 
 of 100 poems, arranged in twelve groups, typi- 
 fying bouquets of flowers. Died in 1886. 
 
 Diogenes Laertlus (di-oj'e-nez la-er'shus). 
 A Greek compiler of anecdotes, flourishing 
 probably around 200-250 B. C; native of Laerte 
 in Cilicia. He wrote in 10 books a collection of 
 notes and memoranda ' On the Lives, Teach- 
 ings, and Sayings of Famous Men,* particularly 
 the philosophers. Drawn from divers sources 
 without any judgment or discrimination, the 
 notes are of very unequal value. The fullest 
 memoranda concern Epicurus, for nearly all 
 the fragments of whom that we possess we are 
 indebted to this compiler. 
 
 Disraeli, Benjamin. See Beaconsfleld. 
 
 D 'Israeli, Isaac. A notable English liter- 
 ary essayist, compiler, and historian, father of 
 Benjamin ; born at Enfield in Middlesex, May 
 1766; died Jan. 9, 1848. He was of Spanish- 
 Jew stock, but left the lewish conununion.
 
 14^ 
 
 DITSON — DMITRIYEV 
 
 Rejecting a career of trade, he frequented the 
 British Museum and compiled an interesting 
 collection of literary miscellanea or « ana," the 
 
 < Curiosities of Literature,' etc., which he pub- 
 lished anonymously in 1791. The author ex- 
 pected little sale, and presented the copyright 
 to the publisher, but bought it back a few 
 years later on its remarkable success ; it is still 
 continually republished. A series of like collec- 
 tions followed, with the same success : < Calam- 
 ities of Authors > ; < Quarrels of Authors > ; < Mis- 
 cellanies, or Literary Recollections.' He wrote 
 some unsuccessful romances ; among them is 
 
 < Mejnoun and Leila,' probably the earliest Ori- 
 ental romance in the language. Ilis < Com- 
 mentaries on the Life and Reign of Charles 
 L' marked a distinct advance in the methods 
 of historical research. 
 
 Ditson, George Leighton. An American 
 historical writer and traveler; born in West- 
 ford, Mass., Aug. 5, 1812 ; has published < Cir- 
 cassia, or a Tour to the Caucasus' (1850); 
 <The Para Papers on France, Egypt, and 
 Ethiopia' (1858); < Adventures and Observa- 
 tions on the Northern Coast of Africa' (1859) ; 
 <The Federati of Italy' (1871). 
 
 Dix, Dorothea Lynde. An American phi- 
 lanthropist and author ; born in Maine in 1S02 ; 
 died in Trenton, N. J., July 19, 1887. In early 
 life she kept a school for girls. Later she gave 
 her attention to ameliorating the condition of 
 paupers, criminals, and insane persons. Dur- 
 ing the Civil War she was superintendent of 
 hospital nurses for the Union army. Among 
 her works — many of which were published 
 anonymously — are : < The Garland of Flora > 
 (1829); < Prisons and Prison Discipline' (1845). 
 
 Dlx, Jolin Adams. An American statesman 
 and general; born at Boscawen, N. H., July 
 24, 1798; died in New York city, April 21, 1879. 
 He was with his father in the war of 1812, 
 and subsequently held other commissions in the 
 army; but resigned in 1828, settled in Coopers- 
 town, N. v., and began the practice of law, 
 which he had studied during his military service. 
 Thereafter he was prominent in the politics of 
 his adopted State, and was elected to the 
 United States Senate in 1845. He was Secre- 
 tary of the Treasury during a brief period in 
 1861 under Buchanan, during which time he 
 telegraphed to a naval officer the famous 
 phrase : « If any one attempts to haul down 
 the American flag, shoot him on the spot ! '^ 
 During the Civil War he was made major- 
 general of volunteers. From 1867 to 1868 he 
 was Minister to France, and in 1872 was elected 
 Governor of New York. Among his works are : 
 < Resources of the City of New York' (1827); 
 < A Winter in Madeira, and a Summer in Spain 
 and France' (1855); < Speeches and Occasional 
 Addresses' (2 vols., 1864). He translated <Dies 
 Ira' (1863), and <Stabat Mater' (1868), both 
 privately printed. 
 
 Dix, Morgan. An American clergyman and 
 writer, son of John A,; born in New York city, 
 Nov. 1, 1827 ; rector of Trinity parish. New York 
 
 city, since Nov. 10, 1862. His publications in- 
 clude : < Essay on Christian Art' (1853); < Me- 
 moirs of John Adams Dix' (1883); <The Gospel 
 and Philosophy, Six Lectures' (i886j ; and two 
 vols, of < Sermons ' (1878-86). Died April 29, 1908. 
 
 Dixon, James. An American lawyer and 
 
 statesman ; born in Enfield, Conn., Aug. 5, 1814 ; 
 died in Hartford, Conn., March 27, 1873. He 
 graduated at Williams College ; achieved dis- 
 tinction in the practice of the law, in partner- 
 ship with Judge W. W. Ellsworth; but turning 
 his attention to public affairs, was repeatedly 
 elected to the Connecticut Legislature as a 
 Whig, served two terms in the United States 
 House of Representatives, and was a member 
 of the United States Senate from 1857 to 1869. 
 In 1S62 he received the degree of LL.D. from 
 Trinity College. He excelled as a writer of 
 both prose and poetry, and his poems occupy 
 a conspicuous place in Everest's < Poets of Con- 
 necticut.' Several of his sonnets have an hon- 
 orable place with those of Lowell and Bryant 
 in Leigh Hunt's < The Book of the Sonnet.' 
 
 Dixon, Richard Watson. An English poet 
 and historian ; born in London in 1833. He 
 was a minister of the English Church. He was 
 associated with Burne-Jones, Rossetti, and 
 Morris, in founding the Oxford and Cambridge 
 Magazine, the organ of the pre-Raphaelite 
 school. His poetical works are: ^Christ's Com- 
 pany and Other Poems' (1861); an epic <Mano' 
 (1883); <Odes and Eclogues' (1884); <Lyrical 
 Poems' (1887). His principal historical work 
 is a <History of the Church of England' (4 vols., 
 1880-91). Died Jan., 1900. 
 
 Dixon, William Hepworth. An English 
 critic, biographer, and historian ; born at Great 
 Ancoats, June 30, 1821; died in London, 
 Dec. 27, 1879. He is peculiarly successful in 
 exploiting the altruistic side of human nature, 
 
 < John Howard and the Prison World of Europe ' 
 (new ed. 1854); < William Penn' (1851); and 
 
 < Robert Blake' (1852); while the < History of 
 England During the Commonwealth' and the 
 
 < Personal History of Lord Bacon' (1861) are 
 contributions of enduring value to historical 
 science. Visits to America inspired the < White 
 Conquest' (1876), giving much information 
 about the negroes, Indians, and Chinese. 
 
 Dmitriyev, Iva.n Iv^novich (dme'tre-ef). 
 A Russian poet (1760-1837); born in the gov- 
 ernment of Simbirsk. After a high official ca- 
 reer, he retired to private life in 1802, and de- 
 voted himself till his death to literature. His 
 first poem, a song, < The Dove,' led Karamsin 
 to advise him to keep on working the lyric 
 vein ; he took the French poets for his models, 
 and thus attained a grace of form before un- 
 known in Russian poetry. He made an ad- 
 mirable translation of Lafontaine into Russian 
 verse. His greatest original work is an epico- 
 dramatic poem : < Jermak, Conqueror of Siberia.' 
 Many of his songs are popular favorites. He 
 wrote a highly interesting autobiography: <A 
 Glance at my Life.'
 
 DOANE — DODDRIDGE 
 
 147 
 
 Doane, George Washington. An American 
 bishop of the Episcopal Church ; born in Tren- 
 ton, N. J., May 27, 1799; died April 27, 1859. 
 His publications consist of public addresses, 
 and a book of poems entitled < Songs by the 
 Way' (1824). Many of his verses are found 
 in collections ; among which are the familiar 
 lines, <What Is that, Mother ?>; < Softly Now 
 the Light of Day * ; and < Thou Art the Way.' 
 
 Doane, William Croswell. An American 
 bishop of the Episcopal Church, son of George 
 W,; bom in Boston, March 2, 1832. He 
 has been a prolific writer on current events, 
 contributing to reviews and other periodicals. 
 He has written a number of poems, among 
 which < The Sculptor Boy > is best known. 
 Included among his published works are : < Ser- 
 mons > ; < Mosaics for the Christian Year ' ; 
 and < Life and Writings ' of his father, George 
 Washington Doane, with a memoir (4 vols., 
 1860-61). 
 
 Dobell, Sydney Thompson. An English 
 poet (1824-74) ; born at Cranbrook in Kent. 
 A passionate interest in Italian freedom in- 
 spired his dramatic poem < The Roman,* pub- 
 lished in a crisis of Italian affairs (1850), and 
 very successful. His services to the cause of 
 free institutions were heartily acknowledged 
 by Kossuth and Mazzini. A later poem, * Bal- 
 der,' had less vogue. In 1856 he published a 
 volume of dramatic and descriptive verses re- 
 lating mostly to the Crimean war, < England 
 in Time of War,' many of which have found 
 a place in anthologies. After his death a 
 volume of essays was published : < Thoughts 
 on Art, Philosophy, and Religion.' 
 
 Dbbrentey. Gabriel (de-bren'ta-e). A Hun- 
 garian poet (X786-1851); born at Nagyszolos. 
 After study in German universities, he became 
 a schoolmaster in Transylvania, and founded a 
 journal, the Tpansylvanian Museum, which had 
 a notable influence in developing the Magyar 
 language and literature. He then settled at 
 Pesth, and was one of the founders of the 
 Hungarian Academy. He edited the Academy's 
 
 < Monuments of Ancient Hungarian Speech,' 
 and with Andrew Fay was director of the 
 new Hungarian Theatre. His many songs, 
 odes, epigrams, elegies, etc., despite their fre- 
 quent turgidity, must be ranked with the better 
 specimens of the national literature, and not a 
 few of them were translated into foreign lan- 
 guages ; e. g., < The Alpine Violet ' and the 
 
 < Hussar Songs.' He rendered valuable serv- 
 ice to the Hungarian stage by introducing the 
 plays of Shakespeare and Schiller. His histori- 
 cal writii)gs are of great and permanent value. 
 
 Dobrolyubov, Nicolai Alexandrovitch (do- 
 brol'yu-bovj. A Russian critic; born in Nishni- 
 Novgorod, Feb. 5, 1836; died Nov. 29, 1861. 
 The study of Ostroffski's plays, entitled 'The 
 Dark Kingdom,' and the analysis of Gont- 
 charof's romance < Oblomoff,' among others, 
 show him to have been a profoxmd and gifted 
 literary critic. 
 
 Dobrovsky, Joseph (do-brov'ske). An emi- 
 nent Bohemian critic, literary historian, and 
 philologist, the rejuvenator of his country's 
 literature ; born in Gyemiet, Hungary, Aug. 
 17. 1753 ; died in Briinn, Jan. 6, 1829. He was 
 without a peer in Bohemian learning, ranking 
 among the greatest philologists and critics 
 with his < History of the Bohemian Language 
 and Literature' (1792); < Principles of the Old 
 Slavic Dialect' (1822); < Grammar of the Bo- 
 hemian Language ' ; and a wealth of similar 
 works, all characterized by accuracy and sound 
 judgment, and conferring unparalleled obliga- 
 tions on Bohemian letters. 
 
 Dobson, Austin. An English poet and man 
 of letters ; born at Plymouth, Jan. 18, 1840. 
 Intended for a civil engineer, and educated 
 abroad, he accepted a place under the Board 
 of Trade. His poems are inimitable in their 
 artistic finish and grace of fancy. They are 
 contained in the volumes : • Vignettes in Rhyme 
 and Vers de Society' (1873); < Proverbs in 
 Porcelain' (1877): <01d-World Idyls' (1883); 
 < Eighteenth-Century Vignettes' (1892). He 
 has written biographies of Hogarth, Fielding, 
 Steele, Goldsmith, and other literary notables, 
 and contributed many articles to the English 
 * Dictionary of National Biography.' 
 
 D6czy, Ludwig von (dek'tse). A Hungaro- 
 German poet and publicist ; born at Odenburg, 
 Nov. 30, 1845. He was correspondent of the 
 Vienna Presse at Buda-Pesth in 1866; soon be- 
 came a leader among the younger journalistic 
 supporters of the Deak party, and rose to offi- 
 cial prominence. He translated the first part 
 of Goethe's < Faust' ; produced a comedy, <The 
 Kiss' (1871), which was a striking success Loth 
 at home and (in his translation) in the Ger- 
 man theatres, and others. < Mixed Marriages' 
 was very successful. He wrote also the tragedy 
 <The Last Prophet,' and some free-flowing lyr- 
 ics, besides several novels. 
 
 Dodd, Anna Bowman I Blake i. An Ameri- 
 can prose-writer ; born in Brooklyn, N. Y., 1850. 
 She has written criticisms for the London Art 
 Journal and Harper's Magazine, and published 
 ♦Cathedral Days' (1886); <The Republic of 
 the Future' (1887); and <Glorinda: a Story' 
 (1888). 
 
 Dodd, Mary Ann Hanmer. An American 
 poet; born in Hartford, Conn., March 5, 1813; 
 graduated at Mrs. Kinnear's Seminary (18301; 
 was contributor to the Ladies' Repository and 
 the Rose of Sharon (1835). A volume of her 
 poems was published in 1843, including *The 
 Lament' and <The Dreamer.' 
 
 Doddridge, Philip. An English noncon- 
 formist divine; born in London, June 26, 1702; 
 died in Lisbon, Portugal, Uct. 26, 1751. He was 
 educated for the ministry at an academy in 
 Kibworth, Leicestershire, where he became 
 pastor in 1722. In 1729 he took charge of a 
 theological academy in Northampton, and con- 
 tinued to preach and prepare students for the 
 ministry until near his death. His chief works
 
 14$ 
 
 DODGE — DOLE 
 
 are : < The Rise and Progress of Religion in 
 the SouP (1750), and <The Family Expositor > 
 (1760-62), which have been translated into sev- 
 eral European languages. He also wrote < Evi- 
 dences of Christianity* (1742-43), which has 
 long been a text-book in St. John's College, 
 Cambridge ; and several popular hjTnns. 
 
 Dodge, Mary Abigail. An American jour- 
 nalist and author ; bom in Hamilton, Mass., in 
 1838; died there, Aug. 17, 1896. For several 
 years she was instructor in the High School 
 at Hartford, Conn. From 1865 to 1867 she 
 was one of the editors of Our Young Folks. 
 Besides numerous contributions to current lit- 
 erature, she has written, under the pseudonym 
 of «Gail Hamilton": <Gala Days> (1863); 
 < Woman's Wrongs > (1868) ; <The Battle of the 
 Books' (1870); < Woman's Worth and Worth- 
 lessness* (1871) ; <The Insuppressible Book> 
 (1885); <A New Atmosphere >; < Red-Letter 
 Days * ; < Country Living and Country Think- 
 ing >; <A Washington Bible Class'; < Twelve 
 Miles from a Lemon > ; and < Biography of 
 James G. Blaine.' 
 
 Dodge, Mary Barker (Carter). An Ameri- 
 can poet ; bom in Bridgewater, Bucks County, 
 Pa., 18—. Is author of < Belfry Voices' (1870) ; 
 <The Gray Masque, and Other Poems' (1885). 
 
 Dodge, Mrs. Mary Elizabeth (Mapes). An 
 American editor, author, and poet; bom in New 
 York city in 1840 (?). Since 1873 she has been 
 the editor of St. Nicholas (magazine). New 
 York. Her best-known work is <Hans Brin- 
 ker, or the Silver Skates' (1876), which has 
 gone through many editions and been translated 
 into five foreign languages. Among her other 
 works, chiefly for young readers, are : < Irving- 
 ton Stories' (1864); <Theophilus, and Others' 
 (1876) ; <Along the Way' (1879) ; < Donald and 
 Dorothy ' < The Land of Pluck.' Died, 1905. 
 
 Dodge, Richard Irving. An American 
 soldier (colonel in the United States army) and 
 prose-writer; born in Huntsville, N. C, May 
 19, 1827 ; died in Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., June 
 16, 1895. Col. Dodge graduated from West Point 
 Military Academy in 1848. He is the author 
 of <The Black Hills' (1876); <The Plains of 
 the Great West' (1877), republished in London 
 as < Hunting Grounds of the Great West ' ; and 
 <Our Wild Indians' (i88ij. 
 
 Dodge, Theodore Ayrault. An American 
 soldier and military writer; born in Pittsfield, 
 Mass., May 28, 1842 ; received his military edu- 
 cation abroad. Returning to this country, he en- 
 listed (1861) in the service of the United States 
 as a private, attaining the rank of colonel, Dec. 
 2, 1865. He published : < The Campaign of 
 Chancellorsville ' (1881); a < Bird's-Eye View 
 of the Civil War' (1883); <A Chat in the 
 Saddle' (1885); and a series of studies called 
 'Great Captains,' comprising volumes on Alex- 
 ander the Great, Hannibal, Gustavus Adol- 
 phus, and others. 
 
 Dodgson, Cbarles Lutwldge. See Carroll. 
 
 Dodsley, Robert. An English poet and 
 dramatist (1703-64); born at Mansfield, Notts. 
 He was a noted bookseller and publisher in 
 London, and had close relations with the au- 
 thors of the time : Pope, Johnson, Goldsmith, 
 Burke, etc. His first volume of verses, 'The 
 Muse in Livery,' was received with great 
 favor, as was his satiric drama < The Toy-Shop,' 
 brought out at Covent Garden through the in- 
 fluence of Pope. Among his other plays which 
 became popular favorites were the comedies 
 'The King and the Miller of Mansfield'; 
 ' Sir John Cockle at Court ' ; and the tragedy 
 ' Cleone.' 
 
 Doesticks, Q. K. Philander. See Thomp- 
 son. 
 
 Dohm, Ernst (d5m). A German humorist 
 (1819-83) ; bom at Breslau. Settling in Berlin, 
 he wrote for various literary journals, helped 
 found the comic journal Kladderadatsch, and 
 after a year became its head director till death. 
 Many of his poems in it possess lasting value. 
 Foremost of his comedies is < The Trojan War,' 
 cleverly satirizing German political and social 
 leaders. Other comedies and farces are : ' The 
 First Ddbut ' ; < Instantaneous Portraits : an Un- 
 rhymed Chronicle.' He translated Lafontaine's 
 < Fables.' His wife, Hedwig D., born at Ber- 
 lin, Sept. 30, 1833, wrote several volumes on 
 woman's rights, as ' Jesuitry in the Household ' ; 
 ' Woman in Science ' ; ' Woman's Nature and 
 Woman's Right': also some little comedies, as 
 'The Soul-Saver'; 'A Shot into the Bull's- 
 eye ' ; and the novels ' Mrs. Tannhauser ' ; 
 'Open Air.' 
 
 Dolbear, Amos Emerson. An American phys- 
 icist and inventor; born in Nor^vich, Conn., 
 Nov. 10, 1837 ; has been a valuable contributor 
 to science. Among his publications are : < The 
 Art of Projecting' (1876); 'The Speaking 
 Telephone' (1877); 'Sound and its Phenom- 
 ena'; and 'Matter, Ether, and Motion.' He 
 patented the magneto-electric telephone and 
 the static telephone in 1879. 
 
 Dolce, Lodovico (dol'cha). An Italian poet 
 
 and scholar (1508-68); born at Venice. His 
 poems and prose works are of almost incredi- 
 ble number and variety ; most memorable is 
 the epic ' First Impressions of the Enamored 
 Orlando,' which, though not to be compared 
 with Ariosto, is one of the best specimens oi 
 the romantic epic of the i6th century. His elab- 
 orations of the Amadis legend, his romantic 
 versions of the ' /Eneid ' and the ' Odyssey,' 
 and his tragedies and comedies, are mediocre. 
 
 Dole, Charles Fletcher. An American 
 prose-writer; born in Maine, 1845; a Unitarian 
 minister of Boston. Is the author of : < The 
 Citizen and the Neighbor ' ; ' Jesus and the 
 Men about Him ' ; < A Catechism of Liberal 
 Faith ' ; ' The American Citizen ' ; ' The Com- 
 ing People ' ; ' The Spirit of Democracy.' 
 
 Dole, Nathan Haskell. An American mis- 
 cellaneous writer; born in Massachusetts, 1852. 
 One of his most notable works is a variorum
 
 D6LLINGER— DORSET 
 
 »49 
 
 edition of tlie Rubaiyit of Omar Khay>'im. 
 He is the author of : < Not Angels Quite > ; 
 < History of the Turko-Russian War of 1877- 
 78 >; (On the Point, a Summer Idyl>; < Flow- 
 ers from Foreign Gardens.* He has trans- 
 lated Tolstoi and others from the Russian. 
 
 Dollinger, Jolin Joseph Ignatius. A Ger- 
 man Catholic priest, politician, and historian ; 
 born at Bamberg, Bavaria, in 1799; died in 
 Munich, 1890. He won distinction as a learned 
 writer on Church history. In 1845 he was 
 elected to the Bavarian Parliament, and in 
 1851 to the Parliament at Frankfort. He was 
 a vigorous advocate for the separation of the 
 Church from the State. In 1870 he refused 
 assent to Papal Infallibility, and was excom- 
 municated, but received honorary degrees and 
 other tokens of esteem from foreign institu- 
 tions. In 1872 he was appointed president of 
 the Academy of Science at Munich. Among 
 his works are: < Origins of Christianity > (1833- 
 35); < The Reformation > (1846-48); < The Church 
 and the Churches' (i860) ; < Prophecies and the 
 Prophetic Spirit in the Christian Era> (1872). 
 
 Domett. Alfred. An English poet; born in 
 Surrey, 1811; died in London, 1887. Said to 
 have been the original of Browning's < Waring.* 
 He was a colonial statesman of eminence. His 
 verse attracted much attention, the best speci- 
 mens being in the volumes < Ranolf and Amohia > 
 (1872), and < Flotsam and Jetsam : Rhymes Old 
 and New> (1877). 
 
 Donne, John. An English poet; born in 
 London, 1573 ; died March 31, 1631. He was 
 a minister of the Established Church, and one 
 of the preachers at Lincoln's Inn : Izaak Wal- 
 ton describes him as a singularly eloquent pulpit 
 orator. His < Satires* are his most important 
 contributions to literature. A collection of his 
 sermons, with a memoir, has just (1897) been 
 issued by Augustus Jessopp. 
 
 Donnelly, Eleanor Cecilia. An American 
 writer of religious verse, sister of Ignatius ; 
 born in Philadelphia, Sept. 6, 1838. A few of 
 her poetical publications are: <Domus Dei* 
 (1874); < Hymns of the Sacred Heart* (1882); 
 <Our Birthday Banquet,* in prose and verse 
 (1885); and <Signori Leaflets* (1887). Her 
 writings have received the special apostolic 
 benediction of Pope Leo XIII. 
 
 Donnelly, Ignatius. An American prose- 
 writer; born in Philadelphia, Nov. 3, 1831; died 
 at Minneapolis, Minn., Jan. I, 1901. He wrote: 
 an <Essay on the Sonnets of Shakespeare*; <At- 
 lantis, the Antediluvian World* (1882); and 
 <Ragnarok) (1883). In <The Great Crypto- 
 gram* he endeavors to prove that Bacon was the 
 author of Shakespeare's plays. His best known 
 novel is'Csesar's Column.* 
 
 Dora d'Istria (do'ra dis'tre-a), pseudonym 
 of Elena Chica, who married tlie Russian prince 
 Kolzow-Massalsky. A voluminous Roumanian 
 writer of travel sketches, mostly in French 
 (1828-88); born at Bucharest. Most of her 
 writings are polemic ; e. g., her first work. 
 
 < Monastic Life in the Eastern Church,' alleges 
 monasticism to be the principal obstacle to 
 civilization in Eastern and Southern Europe. 
 Her other works include : < German Switzerland * 
 (4 vols.); < Women in the East*; < Women, by 
 a Woman.* She contributed many literary and 
 historical essays to German, Italian, French, 
 and Greek periodicals. Her studies on Al- 
 banian poetry gave rise to a nationalistic and 
 literary movement among the Albanians. The 
 Greek chamber of deputies, in April 1868, named 
 her « high citizeness of Greece.** 
 
 Doran, John. An English essayist and critic ; 
 born m I^ndon, Mar. 11, 1807; died there Jan. 
 25, 1878. He wrote <The Wandering Jew' 
 when he was fifteen, and the Surrey Theatre 
 staged it. His maturer performances, < Table 
 Traits and Something on Them* (1854), < New 
 Pictures and Old Panels* (1859), and a < His- 
 tory of Court Fools* (1858), have merit. 
 
 Dorer-Egloff, Eduard (dor'er-eg'lof). A 
 Swiss poet and critic ; born in Baden, Aargau, 
 Nov. 7, 1807 ; died March 27, 1864. He was 
 an accomplished student and critic of Goethe, 
 and a versifier and prose-writer of no mean 
 capacity. <Lenz and his Writings* (1857), and 
 
 < Poems,* the latter a posthumous collection, 
 are among his ablest efforts. 
 
 Dorgan, John Aylmer. An American law- 
 yer and writer ; born at Philadelphia, Jan. 
 12, 1836 ; died there, Jan. i, 1867. He was a 
 lawyer by profession, but wrote for the Atlan- 
 tic Monthly and other periodicals. He pub- 
 lished his first volume of poems, < Studies,* in 
 1862 ; a second edition of same in 1864, and a 
 third in 1866. 
 
 Dorr, Mrs. Julia Caroline (Ripley). An 
 
 American poet and novelist; born in Charles- 
 ton, S. C, Feb. 13, 1825. Among her volumes 
 of verse are: < Daybreak, an Easter Poem*; 
 
 < Afternoon Songs * ; < Poems * ; and others. Her 
 novels include : < Lanmere * ; < Sibyl Hunting- 
 ton*; < Expiation*; and < Farmingdale.* She 
 has also written : < Bermuda,* a volume of 
 travel ; • Bride and Bridegroom, or Letters to a 
 Young Married Couple * ; < The Flower of Eng- 
 land's Face * ; and < A Cathedral Pilgrimage.* 
 
 Dorsch, Eduard (dorsh). A German- Amer- 
 ican journalist and miscellaneous writer; born 
 in Wiirzburg, Jan. 10, 1822; died in (Monroe?) 
 Michigan, Jan. 10, 1887. He was a physician 
 who came to this country in 1849, practiced 
 with distinction, acquired note as a journalist, 
 and succeeded in Michigan politics. * Short 
 Letters to the German People on Two Sides 
 of the Ocean* (1851) and < From the Old and 
 New Worlds* (1883) represent his prose and 
 poetry respectively. 
 
 Dorset, Charles Sackville, Earl of. An 
 
 English poet; born in Witliam, 1637; died in 
 Bath, 1706. Elegant and agreeable as a man 
 and as a poet, he will be longest remembered 
 for the effusion, < To Ail Vou Ladies Now at 
 Hand,* a song unequaled for its sea-fighting 
 spirit.
 
 15° 
 
 DORSE Y — DOVALLE 
 
 Dorsey, Anna Hanson. An American poet, 
 novelist, and dramatist; born in Georgetown, 
 D. C, Dec. 12, 1815 ; died in Wasiiington, D. C, 
 Dec. 26, 1896. Many of lier works have been 
 reprinted in foreign countries ; among them 
 being < May Brooke* (1856) and < Oriental 
 Pearl,> translated into German (1857). Her 
 novels, <Warp and Woof> and < Palms,* were 
 published in 1887. 
 
 Dorsey, James Owen. An American ethnol- 
 ogist; born in Baltimore, Md., Oct. 31, 1848; 
 died in Washington, D. €., Feb. 4, 1895. He 
 was ordained a deacon in the Protestant Epis- 
 copal Church, and was engaged in parish work 
 in Maryland from 1873 to 1878. He was then 
 appointed ethnologist to the United States 
 Geological and Geographical Survey of the 
 Rocky Mountains; and after spending some 
 time at the Omaha Reservation in Nebraska, 
 was transferred to the United States Bureau of 
 Ethnology. His chief works are : * On the Com- 
 parative Phonology of Four Siouian [Sioux] 
 Languages' (1883); < Siouian Folklore and 
 Mythologic Notes' (1884); < Kansas Mourning 
 and War Customs' (1884); < Indian Personal 
 Names' (1886). 
 
 Dorsey, Sarah Anne. An American prose- 
 writer; born in Natchez, Miss., Feb. 16, 1S29; 
 died in New Orleans, La., July 4, 1879. She 
 was a linguist and a student of Sanskrit. 
 Her literary work began with the (Episcopal) 
 Churchman. Included in her writings are : 
 < Lucia Dare ' (1S67) ; < Panola, a Tale of Loui- 
 siana' (1877); <Atalie ' ; and < Agnes Graham.' 
 She was amanuensis to Jefferson Davis in the 
 preparation of his < Rise and Fall of the Con- 
 federate Government' 
 
 Dostoevsky, Feodor Michailovitch (dos- 
 to-yev'ske). A notable Russian novelist; born 
 at Moscow, Nov. 11, 1821 ; died at St. Peters- 
 burg. Feb. 8, 1881. His first book, < Poor Folk ' 
 (1846), an example of his talent for psychologi- 
 cal analysis, was followed by the short sto- 
 ries <A Black Heart,' < The Little Hero,' and 
 others. He was condemned to the Siberian 
 mines in 1849 for a socialist conspiracy, but in 
 1859 returned to St. Petersburg and resumed 
 literary work. The thrilling < Memoirs of a 
 Dead House' describes penal life in Siberia. 
 ' Raskolnikov ' traces with wonderful skill the 
 origin and effects on the soul of a criminal 
 act. 'Complete Works,' 14 vols. There are 
 translations of several of his works. 
 
 Doucet, Charles Camille (do-sa'). A French 
 dramatist; born at Paris, May 16, 1812; died 
 there April i, 1S95. He became in 1853 a 
 
 government official in the theatrical depart- 
 ment; was elected to the Academy in 1876, and 
 .soon after made its standing secretary. The best 
 known of his comedies are : <A Young Man' 
 (1S41); < Lawyer in His Own Cause' (1842); 
 <rorbidden Fruit' (1857); 'Consideration.' 
 His lyric pieces for the Stage, 'Velasquez' 
 (1847) and 'Antonio's Barque' (1S49), were 
 crowned by the Academy. 
 
 Doudney, Sarah. An English writer of fic- 
 tion ; born near Portsmouth, England, in 1842 ; 
 resides in London. She began contributing to 
 magazines at 18, and is very popular, chiefly 
 as a writer of stories for girls. Her poem ' The 
 Lesson of the Water Mill' is a familiar favor- 
 ite. Her prose works, over forty in number, 
 include: 'Under Grey Walls' (1871); 'The Pi- 
 lot's Daughters' (1874); 'Nothing but Leaves' 
 (1882) ; ' Under False Colours ' ; ' Silent Strings.* 
 
 Douglas, Alice May. An American writer 
 of verse and stories ; born in Maine, 1865. Her 
 writings are for young readers, and include in 
 verse : ' Phlox ' ; < May Flowers ' ; ' Gems without 
 Polish'; in stories: 'Jewel Gatherers'; 'The 
 Peacemaker'; and 'Self-Exiled from Russia.' 
 
 Douglas, Amanda Minnie. An American 
 story-writer; born in New York city, July 14, 
 1837; was carefully educated in English liter- 
 ature. She has written many stories, which in- 
 clude : ' Kathie's Stories for Young People > 
 (6 vols., 1870-71); 'From Hand to Mouth' 
 (1877); and 'Foes of her Household' (1886). 
 
 Douglas, Gavin. A Scotch poet; born in 
 
 Perth (?), 1474 (?); died in London, Septem- 
 ber 1522. He lived "a man of peace amid 
 resounding arms " ; writing ' The Palice of 
 Honour' (1553) while a cloistered youth, and 
 ' King Hart,' an allegory of the state of man, 
 after he had become famed as a churchmans 
 translating also all of the '^Eneid.' Heroic in 
 figure and in strain, he towers among his coun- 
 try's ancient bards. 
 
 Douglas, Robert Kennaway. An English 
 librarian and educator ; born at Ottery St. 
 Mary, Devon, 1838. He was consular interpreter 
 in China, and subsequently acting vice-consul 
 at Taku, 1858-64. On his return to England 
 he occupied several important positions, includ- 
 ing a librarianship in the British Museum. In 
 1873 he was appointed professor of Chinese at 
 King's College, London. Among his publica- 
 tions are: 'Confucianism and Taouism ' (1879); 
 'China' (1882); 'Chinese Stories' (1893). 
 
 Douglass, Frederick. An American eman- 
 cipator and orator ; born a slave in Tuckahoe, 
 Md., February, 1817; died near Washington, 
 Feb. 20, 1895. He escaped from slavery in 
 1838; edited the North Star at Rochester from 
 1847 until the abolition of slaveiy. He was re- 
 nowned as a lecturer and an orator. He pub- 
 lished : 'The Life and Times of Frederick Doug- 
 lass' (1882); 'My Bondage and My Freedom'; 
 'Narrative of my Experience in Slavery'; etc. 
 He held important government posts. 
 
 Dovalle, Charles (dS-val'). A French poet; 
 born at Montreuil-Bellay, June 23, 1807; died 
 Nov. 30, 1829. He was a poor provincial who 
 came to Paris unknown, studied law, and burst 
 on the literary world with 'The Oratory in 
 the Garden ' and other delightful poems of a 
 like nature, besides an ' Ode on Liberty.' His 
 promising career was closed at 22 in a duel, 
 tlie challenger being enragetl at a literay criti- 
 cism.
 
 DOVIZI — DRAPER 
 
 15J 
 
 DoTizl or Dovizio, Bernardo. See Blbblena. 
 
 Dowden, Edward. An Irish poet and his- 
 torian of literature ; born at Cork, May 3, 1843. 
 He is professor of English literature in Trinity 
 College, Dublin. He published a volume of 
 
 < Poems' (1876); his other writings are bio- 
 graphical and critical : e. g., < Shakespeare, his 
 Mind and Art> (1872), a work of high author- 
 it)', which reached a fifth edition (1887) and has 
 been translated into German ; < Southey> (1879) ; 
 
 < Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley > ( 1886) ; < Studies 
 in Literature > (3d ed. 1887); < Introduction to 
 Shakespeare > (1893) ; < Primer of French Liter- 
 ature' (1897); < Puritan and Anglican' (looo); 
 f Robert Browning' (1904). He visited thfS 
 country in 1896, delivering a notable series or 
 lectures at Princeton. 
 
 Dowling, Bartholomew. An Irish poet; 
 born m Limerick, 182-. He lived for a time 
 in tliis country. He is noted for his lyric < The 
 Brigade at Fontenoy' and for <The Revel.' 
 
 Dbwnes, William Howe. An American jour- 
 nalist ; born in Connecticut, 1854. He is on the 
 staff of the Boston Transcript, and is an art 
 critic. His publications are : < Spanish Ways 
 and By-Ways ' ; < The Tin Army of the Poto- 
 mac, or a Kindergarten of War.' 
 
 Downing, Andrew Jackson. An American 
 landscape-gardener ; born in Newburg, N. Y., 
 Oct. 20, 1815 ; drowned near Yonkers, N. Y., July 
 28, 1852. His < Landscape Gardening and Rural 
 Architecture' (1841); < Cottage Residences' 
 (1842); < Fruits and Fruit Trees of America' 
 (1845), were long considered authorities on the 
 subjects of which they treat. 
 
 Downing, Fanny Murdaugh. An American 
 poet and novelist ; born in Portsmouth, Va., 
 about 1835 ; died 1894. Included in her novels 
 are < Nameless' (1865); < Perfect through Suf- 
 fering ' ; lier poems are < The Legend of Ca- 
 tawba' and < Dixie' (1867). Her pen-names 
 were " Viola " and " Frank Dashmore." 
 
 Doyle, Sir A. Conan. A Scotch story and 
 romance writer; born in Edinburgh. 1859. He 
 was carefully trained for a physician, but went 
 to London at 20 and adopted literature as a 
 profession. His greatest success was won with 
 the series of detective tales known as the Sher- 
 lock Holmes stories : < The Adventures of Sher- 
 lock Holmes,' etc. He has also written: <The 
 Adventures of Brigadier Gerard' (1895), a Na- 
 poleonic romance ; < The Stark-Munro Letters ' 
 (189S), a series of portraitures ; and < Uncle 
 Bernac ' (1897) ; < The Great Boer War' ; < Re- 
 turn of Sherlock Holmes.' 
 
 Doyle, Sir Francis Hastings. An English 
 poet; born in Yorkshire, 1810; died 1888. He 
 was long professor of poetry at Oxford. He 
 published < The Return of the Guards, and 
 Other Poems' (1866). 
 
 Drachmann, Holger (drach'man). A Dan- 
 ish poet and novelist ; bom at Copenhagen, 
 Oct. 9, 1846. He is essentially an improvisatore ; 
 and his works show a lively fanc)-, and excel 
 in descriptions of the life of the common peo- 
 ple, especially fishermen and mariners. .His 
 
 ♦Poems' appeared in 1872. His novels are 
 
 < Condemned ' and < Once upon a Time.' D. 1908. 
 
 Drake, Benjamin. An American biograph- 
 ical writer ; bom in Mason County, Ky., in 
 1794 ; died in Cincinnati, O., April I, 1841. He 
 established and for many years edited the West- 
 em Agriculturist. Among his publications are : 
 
 < Adventures of Black Hawk' (1838); < Life 
 of William Henry Harrison' (1840); and 'Life 
 of Tecumseh' (1841). The last work is consid- 
 ered of especial historic value. 
 
 Drake, Francis Samuel. An American his- 
 torical writer; born in Northwood, N. H., Feb. 
 22, 1828; died in Washington, D. C, Feb. 22, 
 1885. He prepared a < Dictionary of American 
 Biography' (1872). He also published: <Life 
 of Gen. Henry Knox' (1873); 'Tea Leaves' 
 (1884) ; and 'Indian History for Young Folks' 
 (1885). Before his death he had gathered ma- 
 terial for a new edition of his < Dictionary,' 
 which is to be found in 'Appleton's Cyclopaedia 
 of American Biography.' 
 
 Drake, Joseph Rodman. .\n American poet ; 
 born at New York, Aug. 7, 1795; died Sept. 21, 
 1820. The poems for which he is gratefully 
 remembered are 'The Culprit Fay' (1819) and 
 'The American Flag' (1819). He wrote also 
 some shorter pieces, notably a poem : ' Abe- 
 lard to Heloise.' With Fitz-Greene Halleck, 
 under the signature "The Croakers," he pub- 
 lished in a New York journal in 1819 a series 
 of short l>Tics, mostly of a humorous kind, on 
 the political affairs of the time. 
 
 Drake, Samuel Adams. An American jour- 
 nalist and miscellaneous writer ; born at Bos- 
 ton, Dec. 20, 1833. He entered journalism in 
 1858 as correspondent of the Louisville Journal 
 and St. Louis Republican. In 1861 he joined 
 the army and served throughout the war, be- 
 coming brigadier-general in 1863. He returned 
 to Boston in 1871 and resumed literary work. 
 His most important publications are : ' Old 
 Landmarks of Boston' (1872); 'Around the 
 Hub ' (1881) ; < New England Legends.' D. 1905. 
 
 Drake, Samuel Gardner. An American 
 
 antiquarian; born in Pittsfield, N. H., Oct. II, 
 1798; died in Boston, Mass., June 14, 1875. Pub- 
 lished 'The History and Antiquities of Boston' 
 (1856), and 'History of the French and Indian 
 War' (1870). 
 
 Dranmor (dran'mor), pseudonym of Ferdi- 
 nand von Schmid. A Swiss poet; born in 
 Muri, Switzerland, July 22, 1823; died in Bern, 
 March 17, 1888. He was in mercantile life and 
 also in the Austrian diplomatic service for 
 years; but his 'Poetic Fragments' (i860) and 
 'Requiem' (1870) have added his name to the 
 list of true poets. 
 
 Draper, John William. An American phys- 
 iologist, chemist, historical and miscellaneous 
 prose-writer; born near Liverpool, England, 
 May 5, i8ri; died at Hastings-on-the-Hudson, 
 N. v., Jan. 4, 1882. He came to this country 
 in 1833, and took his degree as M. D. at the
 
 152 
 
 DRAPER — DROZ 
 
 University of Pennsylvania in 1836. He became 
 professor of chemistry in the University of New 
 York in 1841, and in 1850 professor of physi- 
 ology. Among his works are : < Human Phys- 
 iology' (1856); < History of the Intellectual 
 Development of Europe' (1862), a work of 
 great importance and very widely read ; < His- 
 tory of the American Civil War' (1867-70); 
 < History of the Conflict between Religion and 
 Science' (1875), which ran through many edi- 
 tions and was translated into nearly all the 
 languages of Europe. 
 
 Draper, Lyman Copeland. An American 
 antiquarian ; born in Hamburg, N. Y., Sept. 4, 
 1815; died in Madison, Wis., Aug. 26, 1891. 
 He removed to Madison in 1853; became cor- 
 responding secretary of the State Historical 
 Society, and it was mainly through his efforts 
 that the State secured its library and its im- 
 portant antiquarian collection. The State Uni- 
 versity gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1871. 
 He has published 'Collections' of the State 
 Historical Society (10 vols., 1853-87); < Madison 
 the Capital of Wisconsin' (1857); < King's 
 Mountain and its Heroes' (1881). 
 
 Draxler-Manfred, Karl Ferdinand (drex'ler 
 man'fred). An Austrian poet and story-writer; 
 born in Lemberg, June 17, 1806; died in Darm- 
 stadt, Dec. 31, 1879. His collected < Poems' 
 (1839), and the verse collection <Joy and Pain' 
 (1858), have profoundly impressed thousands 
 of earnest men and women, while his tales in 
 prose are original and pleasing. 
 
 Drayton, Micliael. An English poet ; born 
 near Atherstone in Warwickshire in 1563; died 
 in 1631. His first poem, < Harmonic of the 
 Church,' was condemned. Then followed < The 
 Shepherd's Garland,' and poems on the wars 
 of England. His most celebrated composition 
 is < Polyolbion.' He wrote also several dramas, 
 among them < Sir John Oldcastle > ; and < Poems 
 Lyrick and PastoralP (1605), including the 
 celebrated < Ballad of Agincourt.' 
 
 Dreyfus, Abraham (dra-flis'). A French 
 playwright; born at Paris, June 20, 1847. He 
 has a fine vein of kindly humor, and it per- 
 vades both his contributions to the public jour- 
 nals and his theatrical compositions, which are 
 mostly in one act. Among them are : < A 
 Gentleman in Black'; < The Victim'; <The 
 Klepht'; <A Break.' His four-act play <The 
 St. Catherine Institution,' a comedy of man- 
 ners, was brought out at the Od^on (1881). 
 
 Drinker, Anne. An American poet; boK. at 
 Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 3, 1827. She is best 
 known by her nom de plume « Edith May." 
 She has published : < Poems by Edith May ' 
 (1854) ; < Tales and Verses for Children ' (1855) ; 
 and *■ Katy's Story.' 
 
 Driver, Samuel Rolles. An English edu- 
 cator and eminent Hebraist; bom in South- 
 ampton in 1846. Fellow of and tutor in New 
 College, Oxford, in 1882, he became professor 
 of Hebrew there. He was a member of the 
 Old Testament Revision Company. His best- 
 
 known works are: < Isaiah' (1888); 'Notes on 
 the Books of Samuel' (1890); 'Introduction to 
 the Literature of the Old Testament' (4th ed. 
 1893); and a new Hebrew and English Lexi- 
 con. 
 
 Drobiscli, Gustav Theodor (dro'bish). A 
 German humorist and versifier; born in Dres- 
 den, Dec. 26, 181 1 ; died there, April 15, 1882. 
 His perception of the droll side of things is 
 keen and irresistible in < Conceits and Satires ' 
 (1S43) and many similar collections of prose 
 and rhyme. 
 
 Droogenbroeck, Jan van (dro'gen-brek). A 
 Flemish poet ; born in St. Amand-on-Scheldt, 
 Jan. 18, 1835. He has long been an educator 
 of eminence, and issued his first verse collec- 
 tion, 'Ghazels and Makames' (Arabian terms 
 for stanzas and songs) in 1866, under the 
 pseudonym of " Jan Fergunt " ; his subsequent 
 volumes, on Camoens and other important sub- 
 jects, fully sustaining his reputation. Died 1902. 
 
 Drossinis, Georg (drSs'in-is). A Greek poet; 
 born at Athens, Dec. 21, 1859. He has pub- 
 lished five volumes of lyrics : < Spiders' Webs ' 
 (1880); 'Stalactites' (1881) ; 'Idylls' (1885); 
 'Straw Flowers' (1890); 'Amaranths' (1891) : 
 also some stories and other minor works in 
 prose. A charming simplicity of language and 
 an unsophisticated sensibility characterize all 
 his works. 
 
 Droste-HUlsIioff, Annette Elisabeth von, 
 Baroness. A German poet (1797-1848); born 
 at Hiilshoff near Miinster. Learned in science, 
 she resided for years at Coblentz, Cologne, and 
 Bonn, in intimate friendship with the ablest 
 men there ; from 1840 on she lived in studious 
 retirement at Meersbnrg Castle on Lake Con- 
 stance. Her poetry is comprised in a volume 
 of 'Poems' (1838), with two posthumous vol- 
 umes : ' The Church Year, with an Appendix 
 of Religious Poems' (1852), and 'Last Gifts' 
 (i860). It is vigorous, original, unaffected, and 
 perfect in form. Her simple devoutness is 
 specially marked in the fragments <A Noble- 
 man of Lusatia' and ' A Country Priest's Ways.' 
 She excelled also as a novelist. 
 
 Droysen, Jobann Gustav (droi'b<;n). A 
 German historian and biographer; born in 
 Treptow, on the Rega, July 6, 1808 ; died in 
 Berlin, June 19, 1884. He was noted for ripe 
 scliolarship and for versions of yEschylus long 
 before the production of his masterpieces : 'The 
 Life of Field Marshal Count York of Warten- 
 burg' (1851), and 'The History of Prussian 
 Politics' (1855), politics meaning statecraft. 
 
 Droz, Gustave (dro). A French story-teller; 
 born at Paris, June 9, 1832; died there Oct. 23, 
 1895. He was trained for a painter, but in 1864 
 gave up the pencil for the pen. The extraordi- 
 nary success of his first volume of stories, 'Mon- 
 sieur, Madame, and Baby,' justified the change. 
 He excels in little sketches of life and man- 
 ners, and his lively, playful descriptions of bach- 
 elorhood and married life captivate the public. 
 He wrote: 'Sadnesses and Smiles> (1883);
 
 DRUMMOND — DUCANGE 
 
 153 
 
 'A Bunch of Letters >; <At a Spring >; <The 
 Child >; etc. 
 
 Dnunmond, Henry. A Scotch geologist axid 
 writer; bom at Stirling, Aug. 17, 1851; died at 
 Tunbridge Wells, England, March II, 1897. He 
 studied theology at Edinburgh University, but 
 did not adopt the clerical profession. In 1877 
 he was appointed professor of natural science 
 in the Free Church College, Glasgow. < Natural 
 Law in the Spiritual World > (1883), and its 
 successor <The Ascent of Man,> applications 
 of modern scientific methods to the immaterial 
 universe, have made his popular fame. He 
 traveled in Central Africa (1883-84) studying 
 its botany and geology, and later wrote the 
 highly interesting and instructive volume on 
 •Tropical Africa > (1888). Other semi-religious 
 writings of his are: < Pax Vobiscum> (1890); 
 <The Greatest Thing in the World > (1890); 
 <The Programme of Christianity > (1892). 
 
 Drummond, William, of Hawttiornden. A 
 
 Scotch poet ; born at Hawthornden near Edin- 
 burgh, Dec. 13, 1585; died Dec. 4, 1649. His 
 principal works are : < Tears on the Death 
 of Moeliades* (1613), Moeliades being Prince 
 Henry, son of James L; < Poems Amorous, Fu- 
 nerall, Divine, Pastorall, in Sonnets, Songs, 
 Sextains, Madrigals' (x6i6); 'Forth Feasting* 
 (1617); 'Flowers of Zion.* After a visit from 
 Ben Jonson, Drummond printed notes of their 
 conversations ; a very interesting chapter in 
 literary history. 
 
 Drusblnln, Alexander Vassllyevitch (dro'- 
 she-nen). A Russian critic and story -writer ; 
 born in St. Petersburg, Oct. 20, 1824 ; died 
 there, Jan. 31, 1864. He is best known by his 
 tales, especially that of 'Pauline Sachs* (1847); 
 but his essays on literary topics, notably 'John- 
 son and Boswell,* and his translations from 
 Shakespeare, are meritorious. 
 
 Dryden, John. An eminent English poet; 
 born at Aldwinkle, Northamptonshire, Aug. 9, 
 1631 ; died in London, May I, 1700. His first 
 poems include ' Astraea Returned > (Astrsea Re- 
 dux) and the 'Year of Wonder' (Annus Mira- 
 bilis). The best of his plays are : 'The Conquest 
 of Grenada* (1670); 'Marriage k la Mode*; 
 ' Aurungzebe * ; 'All for Love* (1677); 'The 
 Spanish Friar* (1681); ' Don Sebastian * (1689). 
 Much more worthy of his talents and his fame 
 are 'Absalom and Achitophel* and 'The Hind 
 and the Panther.* His Pindaric odes are not 
 surpassed by the work of any English poet ; 
 and his 'Alexander's Feast* stands supreme 
 in its kind. He made spirited translations 
 of Virgil and Juvenal ; and elaborated into 
 < Fables,* stories culled from foreign authors or 
 earlier English. 
 
 Duboc, Charles Edouard. See Waldmiiller. 
 
 Duboc, Julius (dii'bok). A German essay- 
 ist and critic ; bominHamburg, Oct. 10, 1829. In 
 periodical literature his distinction was marked, 
 and as a student of men and things he worked to 
 good purpose in ' The Psychology of Love * and 
 other books. Died at Dresden, June 13, 1903. 
 
 Du Boccage, Marie Anne Piquet (dii-bok- 
 azh'). A French poet (1710-1802); bom (Le- 
 page) at Rouen. She accompanied her husband 
 in his European travels, and everywhere won 
 great celebrity for wit and beauty : " A Venus 
 for form, a Minerva for art.** Her principal 
 works are an imitation of 'Paradise Lost*; a 
 paraphrase of Gessner's ' Death of Abel * ; an 
 original epic, ' The Columbiad * ; a tragedy, 
 ' The Amazons,* well received. Her < Letters 
 on England,* etc., give full report of the hon- 
 ors showered upon her. 
 
 Du Bolsgobey. See Boisgobey. 
 
 Du Bois-Reymond, Emil (dii-bwa'ra-mon'). 
 An eminent German scientist ; born in Berlin, 
 Nov. 7, 1S18; died there Dec. 26, 1896. His 
 career was a series of services to cliemical, elec- 
 trical, and physiological science, well attested 
 by his 'Extant Conclusions of the Ancients with 
 Reference to Magnetism in Fislies* (1843); 
 <The Limits of Our Knowledge of Nature (6th 
 ed. 1884); and 'Investigations into Animal 
 Magnetism* ( 1848-84). 
 
 Dubos, Jean Baptiste (dii-bo'). A French 
 critic and essayist ; born in Beauvais, 1670 ; died 
 in Paris, March 23, 1742. He elevated criticism 
 to a place among the arts with his 'Critical 
 Reflections on Poetry, Painting, and Music* 
 (1719), and other works on a3Sthetic topics. 
 
 Du Oamp, Maxlme (dii-kon')- A French 
 writer of history and travels ; born at Paris, 
 Feb. 8, 1822 ; died at Baden-Baden, Feb. 8, 1894. 
 'Egypt, Nubia, Palestine, and Syria* (1852) ex- 
 plains itself. He wrote the history of the Paris 
 Commune : ' The Convulsions of Paris * (4 vols., 
 1878-79), and other historical sketches. His 
 greatest work is ' Paris : Its Organs, its Func- 
 tions, and its Life* (6 vols., 1869-75). He wrote 
 some lyric poems: 'Modern Chants* (1855); 
 ' Convictions* (1858) ; and several novels, among 
 them: 'Memoirs of a Suicide* (1853); 'The 
 Six Adventures * ( 1857) ; < The Man with the 
 Gold Bracelet* (1862). 
 
 Du Cange, Charles Dufresne, Sleur (dii- 
 kanzh'). A celebrated French scholar, lexi- 
 cographer, and historian ; born at Amiens, Dec. 
 18, 1610; died at Paris, Oct. 23, 1688. A juris- 
 consult, advocate of the Paris Parliament, he 
 gave up the post to study. His 'Glossary of 
 Middle and Low Latin* (3 vols., 1678; com- 
 pleted and extended to 6 vols, by the Benedic- 
 tines of St. Maur, 1733-36; latest ed. by La 
 Fayre, 10 vols., 1883-88) is still indispensable in 
 reading mediaeval book.s. He is author of a 
 similar work on Greek : ' Glossary for the Au- 
 thors of Middle and Low Greek* (2 vols., 1688). 
 Besides these he wrote in French a 'History 
 of the Empire of Constantinople under the 
 Frank Emperors* (1657), and in Latin a 'By- 
 zantine History.* Another important historical 
 work written by him is 'Of the Princedoms 
 Oversea,* first published (1869) under the title 
 ' Families of Oversea.* 
 
 Ducange, Victor Henri Joseph Brahain. A 
 French poet and story-teller (1783-1833); bom
 
 154 
 
 DU CHAILLU — DUGDALE 
 
 at the Hague. His first stories, < Agatha > and 
 < Valentine,* were received with great favor ; but 
 for his too realistic description in < Valentine > 
 of the excesses of the royalist bands, he was 
 sent to jail for six months. Released, he was 
 •igain imprisoned, ostensibly for vilifying the 
 French Academy. Once more he offended 
 with < Thelene, or Love and War,> and had to 
 take refuge in Belgium. Other novels are : 
 ' The Confessor-Doctor > ; < The Artist and the 
 Soldier*; etc. Of his numerous plays the best 
 and most famed is < Thirty Years, or the Life 
 of a Gambler.* His novels are vividly dra- 
 matic and descriptive, but he loves the horri- 
 ble too well. 
 
 Du Cliamu, Paul Belloni (dii-shi-yii'). A 
 French-American explorer and writer; born in 
 Paris, July 31, 1835. His travels in Africa, in 
 which he discovered the gorilla and the Pig- 
 mies, are detailed charmingly in <A Journey to 
 Ashango Land* (1867), and <My Apingi King- 
 dom* (1870). <The Land of the Midnight 
 Sun* (1881) deals with Norway. <The Viking 
 Age* (1887) is a more ambitious work, intended 
 to re-create the old Norse civilization, and is 
 full of interest and picturesque touches. He 
 died at St. Petersburg, April 30, 1903. 
 
 «Ducliess, The.** See Hungerford. 
 
 Ducis, Jean Frangois (dii-se'). A French 
 dramatist (1733-1816) ; born at Versailles. His 
 adaptations of Shakespeare, all conformed to 
 the classic traditions of the French stage, were 
 very successful. His first original play, < Abu- 
 far, or the Arab Family,* met with hearty ap- 
 probation. A royalist, and secretary to the 
 Count d'Artois, during the Revolution and Con- 
 sulate he lived abroad ; he returned when the 
 Empire was set up, but declined Napoleon's 
 offers of a place in public life. 
 
 Duclos, Charles Pinot (dU-kl6'). A French 
 liistorian ( 1704-72) ; born at Dinant. He made 
 his literary ddbut as a story-teller, in < Con- 
 fessions of Count . . .* (1742), which had 
 great success. Turning to history, he published 
 The < History of Louis XL* (4 vols., 1745). This 
 was followed by his greatest work but one, 
 
 < Considerations on the Manners of the Present 
 Age* (174Q). His < Secret Memoirs upon the 
 Reign of Louis XIV., the Regency, and the 
 Reign of Louis XV.* (2 vols., 1791) give him 
 a place among the most celebrated memoirists. 
 
 Dudevant, Madame. See Sand, George. 
 
 Dufif, Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant, Sir. 
 
 An English barrister and statesman; born in 
 1829. Graduated from Oxford. He was a 
 lawyer, and M. P. 1857-81 ; Under-Secretary of 
 State for India, and later for the colonies, in 
 Mr. Gladstone's cabinets. He was the success- 
 ful governor of Madras, 1881-86. Of his notable 
 works, the best known are : < Studies in European 
 Politics * ( 1866) ; < A Political Survey > ( 1868) ; 
 
 < Elgin Speeches* (1871); < Notes of an Indian 
 Journey* (1876) ; < Notes from a Diary* (1901). 
 
 Dufferin, Frederick Temple Hamilton Black- 
 wood, Marquis of. A British statesman ; 
 
 bom in Florence, Italy, June 21, 1826; died at 
 Clandeboye, Ire., Feb. 12, 1902. He was gov- 
 ernor-general of Canada (1872), viceroy of India, 
 and ambassador at Paris. Harvard gave him the 
 degree of LL. D. His works include : ^Letters 
 from High Latitudes) (i860); < Irish Emigration 
 and the Tenure of Land in Ireland* ( 1867) ; <Mr. 
 Mill's i'lan for the Pacification of Ireland Ex- 
 amined* (1868); <The Honourable Impulsia 
 Gushington * ; < Speeches and Addresses * ( 1882) ; 
 
 < Speeches delivered in India, 1884-88* (1880); 
 etc. His wife (bom Hamilton) has written 
 <Our Viceroyal Life in India* (1890) and <My 
 Canadian Journal* (1892). 
 
 Dufiferin, Helena Selina (Sheridan), Lady. 
 
 A British poet ; born 1807 ; died 1867. She 
 was granddaughter of Richard Brinsley Sheri- 
 dan, and sister of the Hon. Mrs. Norton. Her 
 songs and lyrics are collected into a volume 
 bearing date 1895, her son being the editor. 
 
 Dufaeld, Samuel Willoughby. An Ameri- 
 can clergyman ; born in Brookl3'n, N. Y., in 
 1843; died in Bloomfield, N. J., May 12, 1887. 
 Under the pen-name of "Anselmus** he con- 
 tributed to the Evangelist. His publications, 
 in part, are: <The Heavenly Land,* from the 
 
 < De Contemptu Mundi * of Bernard de Mor- 
 laix (1868); <Warp and Woof* (1870); < Eng- 
 lish Hymns, their Authors and History* (1886); 
 and < Latin Hymn-Writers* (1887). 
 
 Dufresny, Charles de la Riviere (dii-fra-ne). 
 A French poet (1654-1724) ; bom at Paris. He 
 was great-grandson of Henry IV.'s favorite, « la 
 belle jardini&re d'Anet,** and was given lucra- 
 tive offices by Louis XIV. He was a reckless 
 spendthrift, and often reduced to want. His 
 comedies, though weak in construction and 
 character-drawing, are very lively in dialogue, 
 especially <The Spirit of Contradiction*; < The 
 Double Widowhood*; < The Village Flirt*; 
 
 < The Match Made and Unmade.* He wrote 
 also a volume of < Divers Poems * ; one of 
 < Historical Tales*; and < Serious and Comic 
 Amusements of a Siamese,* which suggested 
 Montesquieu's < Persian Letters.* 
 
 Duganne, Augustine Joseph Hickey. An 
 
 American poet and prose-writer; born in Bos- 
 ton, 1823; died in New York, Oct. 20, 1884. 
 His poems were patriotic, political, and senti- 
 mental. His prose comprised philosophical, 
 historical, and dramatic works. He published : 
 
 < Hand Poems* (1844); <A Comprehensive 
 Summary of General Philosophy* (1845) ; <The 
 Iron Harp * (1847) ; < The Lydian Queen * ( 1848) ; 
 <MDCCCXLViii* (1849); <Parnassus in Pillory* 
 (1851); <A Class Book of Government and 
 Civil Society* (1859); 'Fighting Quakers' 
 (1866) ; and others. 
 
 Dugdale, William, Sir. A celebrated Eng- 
 lish antiquarian; born at Shustoke, Warwick- 
 shire, Sept. 12, 1605; died there, Feb. 10, 
 1686. In 1638 he was created pursuivant-at- 
 amis extraordinary. A royalist in the civil 
 war, he was knighted by Charles II. at the 
 Restoration. His monumental work is the
 
 DUGUAY-TROUIN — DU MAURIER 
 
 '55 
 
 'Monasticon Anglicanum> (1655), reissued with 
 additions 1817-30 and 1846; a mine of informa- 
 tion on the history and biography of English 
 cathedrals, and English history in general. 
 Among his other works are : < The Antiquities 
 »f Warwickshire) (1656); < Short View of the 
 ^ate Troubles in England* (1681). 
 
 Duguay-Trouin, Rene (dii-ga'tro-an'). A 
 French naval commander of the first distinc- 
 tion ; born in St. Malo, June 10, 1673 ; died in 
 Paris, Sept. 27, 1736. In his < Memoirs,> pub- 
 lished surreptitiously in 1730, but with authority 
 ten years later, he relates, with becoming mod- 
 esty, the series of events which gave him such 
 heroic proportions as a conqueror on the sea. 
 
 Duhring, Julia. An American essayist; 
 born in Philadelphia, Feb. 23, 1836. She has 
 been an extensive traveler in the United States, 
 Europe, Asia, and Africa; and published two 
 volumes of critical essays on social life, the 
 titles to which are : < Philosophers and Fools > 
 (1874); < Gentlefolks and Others >; < Amor in 
 Society ' ; < Mental Life and Culture. > 
 
 Dulaurens, Henri Joseph (dii-lor-an'). A 
 French satirical poet and novelist ; born at 
 Douai, in 1719; died at Marienbourg, Belgium, 
 in 1797 (1787?). He wrote with his friend 
 Groubenthal the <Jesuitics> {1761: modeled on 
 Demosthenes's < Philippics >) against the Jesu- 
 its; but executed a more enduring task in the 
 ♦Jesuit Priest (or Companion) Matthew > (Com- 
 pare Mathieu : 1776), a novel of genuine literary 
 merit, and of great vogue even within a recent 
 time. 
 
 Dulk, Albert Friedrich Benno (diilk). A 
 German dramatist and polemic prose-writer ; 
 bom in Konigsberg, June 17, 1819; died in 
 Stuttgart, Oct. 30, 1884. His <Ar]a> (1844J; 
 <Jesus the Christ> (1865); <Lea> (1874); and 
 other dramas, are rich in subtleties and in 
 powerful appeals to the loftier side of human 
 nature, but lack poetic feeling. He advocates 
 a new religious evolution, as against Christian- 
 ity, in < Beast or Man?> (1872); < What Is 
 to be Expected from the Christian Church ?> 
 (1877); and other like argumentative works. 
 
 Duller, Eduard (diil'ler). A German poet 
 and historian (1809-53); bom at Vienna. His 
 drama < Master Pilgram > was produced with 
 success at 17, and followed by <The Swan 
 Song of Revenge,* a tragedy (1834). He was 
 a passionate champion of free thought; this 
 made Vienna under Metternich too warm for 
 him, and he lived at Munich, Trier, and other 
 places. The lyric poem < Prince of Love > 
 (1842), and the volume of < Collected Poems' 
 (1845), are his least polemic and literarily best 
 works. His novels are pompous. He wrote a 
 < History of the German People > and a < His- 
 tory of the Jesuits.* 
 
 Dulles, John Welch. An American clergy- 
 man and editor; born in Philadelphia, Nov. 
 4, 1823; died there, April 13, 1887. Prince- 
 ton gave him the degree of D. D. in 1871. He 
 was the author of < Life in India* (1855); 
 
 <The Soldier's Friend* (1861); and <The Ride 
 through Palestine* (1881). 
 
 Dumanoir, Philippe (dii-man-war'). A 
 French playwright (1806-65); bom at Pau. He 
 wrote, alone or in collaboration, some 200 vau- 
 devilles. Of his own solely, there may be cited : 
 
 < The Marquise de Pretintaille * ; < The Lambs' 
 School*; < Terrible Women*; <The Childless 
 House.* The famous actress D^jazet found 
 many of her best roles in his pieces. 
 
 Dumas, Alexandre, the Elder (dii-ma). A 
 celebrated French romancist and dramatist; 
 born at Villers Cotterets, Aisne, July 24, 1802 ; 
 died near Dieppe, Dec. 5, 1870. He was grand- 
 son of a French marquis and a San Domingo 
 negress. A few of the great multitude of his 
 famous romances are : < The Count of Monte 
 Cristo* (1844); <The Three Musketeers* (1844); 
 < Twenty Years After* (1845); <The Knight of 
 Maison- Rouge* (1846); < Viscount de Brage- 
 lonne* (1847); < Queen Margot* (1847). Many 
 of his stories were of great length, six to twelve 
 volumes. Besides pure fiction he wrote a num- 
 ber of historical romances, as <Joan of Arc* 
 (1842); 'Michelangelo and Raffaelle* (1846); 
 < Louis XIV. and his Age* (1847). His plays, 
 which had extraordinary success, include: 
 
 < Henri HI. and his Court* (1829); <Antony* 
 (1831) ; < Charles VII. with his Grand Vassals* 
 (1831); <Napoleon Bonaparte* (1831); <Mdlle. 
 de Belle-Isle* (1839); < Marriage under Louis 
 XV.* (1841); <The Misses St. Cyr* (1843). 
 Nearly all his novels were put on the stage 
 also. He wrote entertaining narratives of his 
 travels in Switzerland, Italy, Gemiany, Spain, 
 North Africa, Egypt, Syria, etc. 
 
 Dumas, Alexandre, the Younger. A great 
 French dramatist and romancist, son of the 
 preceding; born at Paris about 1824; died 
 there Nov. 27, 1895. He published a small vol- 
 ume of poems, < Sins of Youth,* at 17. Accom- 
 panying his father in travels through Spain 
 and Northern Africa, on his return he pub- 
 lished his first romance : < Story of Four Women 
 and a Parrot* (6 vols. 1847), which found little 
 favor. Among his romances are : < A Woman's 
 Romance*; <Cesaiine*; <Camille* (La Dame 
 aux Camelias) ; all in 1848. His dramas in- 
 clude: < Diana de Lys* (1853) and <The Demi- 
 Monde* (1855). He also wrote the romance 
 <The Cldmenceau Case* (1864), dramatized 
 under the same name ; the pamphlets : < Women 
 Murderers and Women Voters* (1872); <The 
 Divorce Question* (1880); and the dramatic 
 pieces : < The Natural Son * (1858) ; < The Friend 
 of Women* (1864); 'Claude's Wife* (1873): 
 <The Danicheffs* (1876); 'Joseph Balsamo* 
 (1878); 'Francillon* (1887); and others. 
 
 Du Maurier, George Louis Palmella Bus- 
 son (du-m6-n,'a'). The famous delineator of 
 English society in Punch, and in later years a 
 novelist; born in Paris, March 6, 1834; died in 
 London, Oct. 6, 1896. In his childhood his 
 parents settled in 1-ondon. He began in 1850 
 to study art in London, Paris, and Antwerp ; 
 returning to London he was employed on the
 
 156 
 
 DUMERSAN — DUPANLOUP 
 
 illustrated periodicals, and from 1864 to his 
 death was of the regular staff of Punch. He 
 wrote and illustrated three stories : < Peter Ib- 
 betson> (1891) ; < Trilby > (1894) ; <The Martian > 
 (1897). 
 
 Dumersan, Th^ophlle Marion (dii-mar-sah'). 
 A French playwright (1780-1849) ; born near 
 Issoudun. He was employed in the Paris mint. 
 He wrote many plays, all marked by keen ob- 
 servation and comic spirit. His <Angel and 
 Devil,* a five-act drama, had a " run " of over 
 roo presentations ; still more successful was his 
 ' Mountebanks,' his masterpiece and a classic 
 in its kind. Other very successful plays written 
 by him are : < The Wigmaker, or Heads a la 
 Titus > ; < Ridiculous Englishwomen.' Worthy 
 of mention is his volume of 'National and 
 Popular Songs of France.' 
 
 Dumont, Julia Louisa. An American prose 
 and verse writer ; born in Waterford, O., Octo- 
 ber 1794 ; died at Vevay, Ind., Jan. 2, 1857. She 
 has the distinction of being one of the earliest 
 women of the West whose writings have been 
 preserved. She contributed largely to period- 
 icals both in prose and verse. A collection of 
 her writings was published in a volume, < Life 
 Sketches from Common Paths' (1856). 
 
 Dunbar, Paul Laurence. American negro 
 poet and novelist. Born, Dayton, O., June 27, 1872, 
 died Feb. 9, IQ06. < Lvrics of Lowly Life' (1896); 
 
 < Folks from Dixie' ( 1898); <The Uncalled' (1898); 
 
 < Poems of Cabin and Field' ( 1899) ; <The Strength 
 of Gideon ' (1900) ; etc. Died 1906. 
 
 Dunbar, William. A renowned Scottish 
 poet ; born at Salton in Lothian, about 1465 (?); 
 died about 1530 (?j. He was a Franciscan 
 friar, but was often employed by James IV. in 
 affairs of State. Among his works is the pane- 
 gyric poem < The Thistle and the Rose,' written 
 (1503) on the marriage of James with Margaret 
 of England; < The Golden Targe' (1508), con- 
 sisting of allegories in the fashion of the time 
 and of Chaucer, among them a poem on < The 
 Dance of the Seven Deadly Sins through Hell.' 
 He is at his best in burlesque poetry, as witness 
 the autobiographical < Visitation of St. Francis.' 
 He is «as rich in fancy as Spenser; as homely 
 and shrewd as Chaucer in the < Miller's Tale ' ; 
 as pious as Cowper in his hymns ; and as wittily 
 grotesque as Bums in 'Death and Dr. Horn- 
 book.'" 
 
 Duncker, Dora (diink'er). A German story- 
 writer and humorist ; born March 28, 1855. 
 The conceits 'Incurable' (1893), < The Sphinx,' 
 and other tales and comedies, have succeeded ; 
 while in 'Modern Masters' (1883) she has 
 evolved excellent character studies. 
 
 Duncker, Max Wolfgang. A German his- 
 torian; born in Berlin, Oct. 15, 181 1; died in 
 Anspach, July 21, 1886. Politics interested him 
 in early years, but his later energies were given 
 to elaborate historical investigations, of which 
 the best fruits are : ' The Crisis of the Refor- 
 mation' (1845); 'Feudalism and Aristocracy' 
 (1858); and the masterpiece 'Ancient History' 
 (1852-57). 
 
 Dunlap, William. An American dramatist 
 and painter ; born at Perth Amboy, N. J., Feb. 
 19, 1766; died at New York, Sept. 28, 1839. 
 He painted George Washington's portrait, still 
 authentically existent, and for five years (17S4- 
 89) worked under West in London. Returning, 
 he wrote several successful plays, including : 
 'The Father' (1789), a comedy; 'Leicester' 
 (1794), a tragedy; 'Andr^' (1798), a tragedy. 
 He also published : ' Life of George Frederick 
 Cooke' (1813); 'Life of Charies Brockden 
 Brown' (1815); ' History of the American The- 
 atre' (1832) ; < History of the Rise and Progress 
 of the Art of Design in the United States' 
 ( 1834) ; and similar works. He was one of the 
 founders of the National Academy of Design. 
 
 Dunlop, John. A Scottish song-writer; born 
 in Carmyle, Lanarkshire (?), November 1755; 
 died at Port Glasgow, Sept. 4, 1820. Convivial 
 and prosperous, those qualities are reflected in 
 his ' Oh Dinna Ask Me Gin I Lo'e Ye ' and 
 similar lines, all sung with enthusiasm by Scots. 
 
 Dunlop, John Colin. An important Scotch 
 literary historian, son of John ; born near Glas- 
 gow, 1786 (?); died at Edinburgh in February 
 1842 (not 1834). His ' History of Fiction' (1814) 
 broke much new ground, and remains authori- 
 tative despite manifold efforts to impeach it; 
 besides which his < History of Roman Liter- 
 ature' (1823-28), and like studies, are character- 
 ized by discernment and scholarship. 
 
 Dunning, Annie (Ketchum). ("Nellie Gra- 
 ham." ) An American story-writer ; born in 
 New York, Nov. 2, 1831. Her first story, < Clem- 
 entina's Mirror,' appeared in 1857. She later 
 wrote ' Contradictions ' and < Broken Pitchers.' 
 
 Dunraven, Wyndham Thomas Wyndham- 
 Quin, Fourth Earl of. An Irish journalist, 
 statesman, and autlior; born at Adare Abbey, 
 Ireland, Feb. 12, 1841. After graduating from 
 Oxford he entered the army ; but left it in 1867 
 for journalism, being war correspondent for 
 the Daily Telegraph in Abyssinia, and after- 
 wards in the Franco-Prussian War. He was 
 under-secretary for the colonies in Lord Salis- 
 bury's administrations. Of recent years he has 
 been conspicuous as a yachtsman, having twice 
 been challenger for the American Cup. Besides 
 various magazine articles on hunting, he publish- 
 ed : < The Great Divide ' ; < Notes on Irish Archi- 
 tecture ' ; 'The Soudan: Its History, Geogra- 
 phy, and Characteristics' ; 'The Irish Question.' 
 
 Duns Scotus, Joannes (duns sko'tus). A 
 Scotch metaphysician, head of the Schoolmen, 
 called " the subtle doctor " ; born in Scotland 
 (?), 1265 or 1274; died at Cologne (?), Nov. 8, 
 1308 (?). His opposition to the Thomists or 
 adherents of Thomas Aquinas was spirited. 
 He wrote an ' Exposition of 'Aristotelian Phys- 
 ics' ; ' Questions on Aristotle's Work on the 
 Soul ' ; and similar works. The word dunce, 
 in its present application, probably comes from 
 his name used ironically. 
 
 Dupanloup, Felix Antoine Philippe (dii- 
 poh-lo'j- An eminent French controversialist
 
 DUPATY — .D'VRPE Y 
 
 157 
 
 and prelate; bora in St. Felix, Savoy, Jan. 3, 
 1802; died near Grenoble, Oct. 11, 1878. He 
 became Bishop of Orleans; wrote on educa- 
 tion and faith.— his < Christian Marriage* {7th 
 ed. 1885); t History of our Savior Jesus Christ* 
 (1869); < Intellectual Higher Education* (1866), 
 etc., attracting great attention. He headed the 
 movement to canonize Joan of Arc. 
 
 Dupaty, Emmanuel (dii-pa-te'). A French 
 poet (1775-1851); bom at Blanquefort. His 
 light comedies and vaudevilles gave delight 
 on every stage with their sparkle of wit and 
 their lively dialogue. Of his many pieces, 
 •The Military Prison* is esteemed the best. 
 
 < Informers,* a satiric poem, and <The Art of 
 Poetry,* are worlcs of great merit. 
 
 Duperron, Jacques Davy, Cardinal (dii-per- 
 r6n'). A French theologian, Pietist, and mis- 
 cellaneous writer ; born at St. L6, Normandy, 
 or at Bern, Switzerland, 1556; died in Paris, 
 1618. He was the son of a Protestant minister, 
 but was converted to Catholicism in his youth 
 and had a distinguished ecclesiastical career. 
 
 < A Treatise on the Sacrament of the Eucha- 
 rist* is his most celebrated prose effort; as a 
 poet he is remembered for the verses styled 
 ♦The Temple of Inconstancy.* 
 
 Dupont, Pierre fdii-pon'). A French popu- 
 lar poet (1821-70^; born at Lyons. He came 
 to Paris in 1839, and wrote Legitimist odes 
 which the newspapers published. His poem 
 •The Two Angels* won the Academy's prize 
 in 1842, and he got employment on its < Dic- 
 tionary.* Then he won wide popularity with 
 six songs for the people. He was above all 
 things the poet of peasant life. After the Feb- 
 ruary Revolution he was converted to socialism, 
 and his ' Song of the Nations,* < Song of the 
 Workmen* (now known as the < Workmen's 
 Marseillaise*), etc., are socialist pamphlets in 
 verse. His native city erected a statue to him. 
 
 Dupont de Nemours, Pierre Samuel (dii- 
 poii de na-mor'j. A French economist; born 
 in Paris, Dec. 14, 1739; died near Wilmington, 
 Del., Aug. 6, 1817. He was a Physiocrat, or 
 adherent of Quesnay's theory that all value is 
 derived from land ; and strove to propagate 
 this system in < Physiocratie * (1768). Later he 
 became involved in the French Revolution, 
 took refuge in the United States, and founded a 
 great manufacturing house. His writings were 
 neglected till Jevons, the Duke of Argyll, and 
 later Henry George, revived the old Physio- 
 cratic idea. 
 
 Dupuy, Eliza Ann. An American story- 
 writer; born in Petersburg, Va., about 1814; 
 died in New Orleans, January 1881. < The Con- 
 spirators,* her first novel, has Aaron Burr as 
 the principal character. Most of her stories, 
 about forty in number, were published in the 
 New York Ledger. 
 
 Duran, Agustin (do-ran'). A distinguished 
 Spanish critic (1789-1862), who had a decisive 
 influence on recent Spanish literature. His first 
 work, anonymous, < On the Decadence of the 
 
 Spanish Theatre* (1828), led to the reform of 
 the Spanish stage and its liberation from the 
 French yoke. Of still greater service in arous- 
 ing love for the native poesy was his • Collec- 
 tion of Romanceros and BaUadists* (5 vols., 
 1828-32). As a poet he won greatest distinc- 
 tion by his poem of chivalry <The Three 
 Citrons in the Garden of Love* (1856), written 
 in 15th-century Castilian. 
 
 Durand, Alice. See Greville, Henry. 
 
 Durandi, Jacopo (dii-ran'de). An Italian 
 dramatic poet and historian; born in Sant' 
 Agata, Vercelli, July 25, 1737; died in Turin, 
 Oct. 28, 1817. <^Armida* (1770) and <Hannibal 
 in Turin* (1771) are his best-known plays; his 
 other gift dfsplays itself in a < History of the 
 Ancient Peoples of Italy* (1769). 
 
 Durant, Gilles (dii-roh'). A French poet; 
 born in Clermont, 1554; died at Paris, 1615 (?J. 
 He tried his hand at every species of metrical 
 composition, — odes, elegies, sonnets, and imi- 
 tations of the Psalms ; but his important work 
 is contained in a < Menippean Satire,* written 
 to ridicule the League against Henry IV., — 
 the sub-title being < Lamentation for a Leagued 
 Ass, that Died in 1590, when the States Were 
 in Session.* 
 
 Duranti, Durante, Count (do-ran'te). An 
 Italian poet and orator (1718-80); born at 
 Brescia. Among his poetical writings, all char- 
 acterized by wit and refined taste, the best is 
 the didactic poem <Use,* in which he portrays 
 his hero in the three periods of bachelor, hus- 
 band, and widower. He wrote two tragedies, 
 •Virginia* (1764) and <Attilius Regulus* (1771); 
 and a volume, • Rime,* containing miscellaneous 
 verse. 
 
 Duras, Claire Lechat de Eersalnt, Duchess 
 of (dii-ra'). A French novelist; born in Brest, 
 1777; died in Paris, 1828. Well born, accom- 
 plished, and brilliantly married, she was seized 
 v/ith the sentimental sickness of the day, and 
 wrote <Ourika* (1823), the tale of a negress 
 who fell in love with a white man ; and < Ed- 
 ward* (1825), a novel in which it was the 
 gentleman's turn to throw his heart in an in- 
 discreet direction. 
 
 Durbin, John Price. An American clergy- 
 man and miscellaneous writer; born in Bour- 
 bon County, Ky., in 1800 ; died in New York 
 city, Oct. 17, 1876. He contributed extensively 
 to current literature, and was the author ot 
 'Observations in Europe, Principally in France 
 and Great Britain* (2 vols., 1844); and •Obser- 
 vations in Egypt, Palestine, Syria, and Asia 
 Minor* (2 vols., 1845). 
 
 D'Urfey, Thomas, usually called Tom. An 
 English dramatist and poet; born in Exeter, 
 1653; died in London (?), Feb. 26, 1723. He 
 was a good-natured, simple-hearted, thoroughly 
 vulgar and unliterary writer. His dramas, com- 
 edies, operas, tragedies, and songs, are exactly 
 like what Sancho Panza would have written 
 if he had taken to letters. Many, like <The 
 Siege of Memphis* (1676), an extravagant
 
 158 
 
 DtTRINGSPELD — DUYCKINCK 
 
 tragedy, and <The Plotting Sisters > (1691), a 
 comedy, are vestured in a regal pomp of verbi- 
 age; others, like the < Songs Complete > (1699), 
 are of virginal simplicity, but not of virginal 
 modesty. 
 
 DUrlngsfeld, Ida von (dor'ings-feld). A Ger- 
 man story-teller (1815-76); born at Militsch in 
 Lower Silesia. Her < Poems > (1835) and the 
 cycle of stories <The Star of Andalusia > (1838) 
 were issued under the pseudonym «Thekla,'> 
 and yearly volumes thereafter anonymously or 
 pseudonymously ; < The Women of Byron > ap- 
 peared in her own name in 1845, when she 
 married Otto von Reinsberg. Extensive travels 
 later bore fruit in numerous stories, collections 
 of national songs, descriptions of national 
 usages, etc.; all were highly prized, including 
 in the latter line : * Proverbs of German and 
 Roumanian Speech' (2 vols., 1872-75); and 
 < The Wedding Book : Usages and Beliefs Re- 
 garding the Wedding among the Christian 
 Nations of Europe > (1871). 
 
 Durivage, Francis Alexander. An Ameri- 
 can author, nephew of Edward Everett ; born 
 in Boston, Mass., 1814 ; died in 1881. He con- 
 tributed light literature in prose and verse to 
 magazines ; wrote novelettes ; and jointly with 
 W. S. Chase translated Lamartine's < History 
 of the Revolution of 1848.* He was also author 
 of several plays, and of < Life Scenes from the 
 World around Us> (1853) ; < Cyclopedia of His- 
 tory ' ; and < The Fatal Casket.* 
 
 Duruy, Georges (du-riie'). A French writer 
 on history; born in 1853, at Paris, where he 
 became professor of French literature in the 
 Polytechnic School in 1891. He wrote some 
 novels that became popular favorites, as < The 
 Lifeguard > ; < A Soul's Victory ' ; < Dream-End.> 
 His principal historical works are : < History of 
 Turenne>; 'Short Popular History of France. > 
 His < Cardinal Carlo Carafa : a Study on the 
 Pontificate of Paul IV.> (1883) was crowned 
 by the Academy. 
 
 Duruy, Victor. A distinguished French his- 
 torian; born at Paris, Sept. 11, 1 81 1; died there 
 Nov 25, 1894. He assisted Napoleon HL in 
 compiling <The Life of Julius Cassar); was made 
 minister of public instruction in 1863. Among 
 his works are : ^History of the Romans* 
 (2 vols., 1843); < State of the Roman World 
 toward the Time of the Founding of the Em- 
 pire > (1853) ; 'General Introduction to the His- 
 tory of France > (1865) ; < History of the Greeks > 
 (3 vols., 1886). He also wrote the greater part 
 of a < Universal History.* His works have been 
 translated in part under Professor Mahaffy's 
 editorship. 
 
 Dutra t Mello, Antonio Francisco fdo'tra 
 amel'o). A Brazilian poet; born in Rio Janeiro, 
 Aug. 8, 1823; died Feb. 22, 1843. His verses 
 are considered among the best of South Amer- 
 ican poetry. Among his choicest works are : 
 'A'noite Inspiracao Poetica'; 'A'noite de S. 
 Toao > ; and < Historia Critica da Lingua Latina.> 
 
 X)utt, Toru (dot). A Hindoo poet (1856-77). 
 She received a good European education, and 
 
 had the advantage of four years' travel in the 
 West. She translated into English many French 
 poems, — from Bdranger, Gautier, Coppde, etc., 
 — and a collection of these was published as 
 <A Sheaf Gleaned in French Fields* (1876). 
 She also rendered into English some of the 
 'Ancient Ballads of Hindustan.* She wrote in 
 French a story : < Miss d'Arvers's Diary.' 
 
 Duval, Alexandre (dii-val'). A French 
 dramatist (1767-1842) ; born at Rennes. He 
 served in the French fleet during the American 
 Revolutionary War, and on his return to France 
 was an engineer and architect; but finally de- 
 voted himself to writing plays which won great 
 favor from their skillful construction, interesting 
 situations, and fine dialogue. The best are : 
 < Edward in Scotland * ; < The Domestic Ty- 
 rant * ; ' The Chevalier of Industry.* He wrote 
 tlie text of the very successful opera '/'^'^eph 
 in Egypt.* 
 
 Duvar, John Hunter. See Hunter-Duvar. 
 
 Duvergier d'Hauranne, Prosper (dii-verzh- 
 ya' do-ran'). A French political writer; born 
 in Rouen, Aug. 3, 1798; died in Paris, May 19 
 or 22, 1881. Prominent in politics, his writings 
 reflect his opinions ; particularly his ' Princi- 
 ples of Representative Government* (1838) 
 and < History of Parliamentary Government in 
 France* (1857-73). 
 
 Duveyrier, Charles (dii-va-rya'). A French 
 dramatist (1803-66) ; born at Paris. He was a 
 disciple of Saint-Simon, and passed a year in 
 jail for a newspaper article on ' Woman's Place * 
 under the Saint-Simonian system. From un- 
 successful he grew to be a successful play- 
 wright, especially in collaboration. Of the 300 
 or more pieces which bear his name, there may 
 be mentioned : ' Frontin the Husband-Bache- 
 lor*; 'Valerie,* in which Mdlle. Mars made a 
 brilliant success ; ' The Cat Metamorphosed into 
 a Woman*; 'Figaro's Daughter*; 'The Burgo- 
 master of Saardam.* 
 
 Dux, Adolf (dox). A Hungaro-German poet 
 (1822-81); born at Poszony (Presburg). He 
 made admirable versions of Hungarian poems 
 and novels into German, including those of 
 Katona, Arany, Jokai, Gyulai, and Eotvos. He 
 was the first to translate Petofi's Select Poems. 
 His own works comprise novels and studies in 
 literary history. 
 
 Duycbinck, Evert Augustus. An American 
 author; born in New York city, Nov. 23, 1816; 
 died there, Aug. 13, 1878. Graduating froro 
 Columbia College, he studied law, was admitted 
 to the bar in 1837, and went to Europe for a 
 year, after which he devoted himself to litera- 
 ture, in which lie was fertile and successful. 
 In 1847 he edited the Literary World. In 1854, 
 with his brother George, he prepared the < Cy- 
 clopjedia of American Literature * (2 vols., 
 1S55 ; enlarged eds. 1865 and 1875). He was 
 a voluminous and successful writer, and added 
 much to the literature of his times. His last 
 work was the preparation, with William CuUen 
 Bryant, of an edition of Shakespeare.
 
 DUYCKINCK — DZIERZKOVSKI 
 
 159 
 
 Duyckinck, George Long. An American 
 prose-writer; born in New York, Oct. 17, 1823; 
 died there, Marchi 30, 1863. He graduated at 
 tlie University of New York in 1843, and was 
 admitted to the bar, but did not practice. Witli 
 his brother Evert he edited the Literary World 
 and prepared the < Cyclopaedia of American 
 Literature*; he also wrote several biographies. 
 
 Duyse, Prudens van (doi'ze). A Flemish 
 poet (1804-59); born at Dendermonde. He 
 was a very prolific author, and wrote poems of 
 every kind, — epic, lyric, dramatic. They are 
 all mediocre, but served to reawaken a love of 
 the Flemish tongue. He wrote many valuable 
 works on Flemish history. 
 
 Dwight, John Sullivan. An American mu- 
 sical critic; born at Boston, May 13, 1813; died 
 Sept. 5, 1893. After two years in the Unitarian 
 ministry, he became one of the founders of 
 Brook Farm, and was editor of its organ the 
 Harbinger. In 1852 he established Dwight's 
 Journal of Music, in which appeared most of 
 his scholarly musical criticisms. His best- 
 known poem is < God Save the State.' 
 
 Dwight, Theodore. An American journal- 
 ist, brother of Timothy; born Dec. 15, 1764; 
 died June 12, 1846. He was a well-knowD 
 Federalist, a Member of Congress, and wrote 
 ' History of the Hartford Convention' (of 1814) 
 and < Character of Thomas Jefferson.' 
 
 Dwight, Theodore. An American miscel- 
 laneous prose-writer, son of Theodore ; born 
 March 3, 1796; died Oct. 16, 1866. He wrote 
 < Tour in Italy'; < Summer Tour in New Eng- 
 land ' ; < The Northern Traveler ' ; < The Kan- 
 sas War ' ; Life of Garibaldi ' ; besides gazet- 
 teers, histories, and school-books. 
 
 Dwight, Timothy. An American Congre- 
 gational clergyman of great distinction ; born 
 in Northampton, Mass., May 14, 1752; died in 
 New Haven, Conn., Jan. 11, 1817. He was 
 president of Yale College from 1795 to 1817, 
 and was a very conspicuous figure in theology 
 and education. His < Theology Explained and 
 Defended ' consists of a course of 173 sermons 
 which has passed through as many as a hun- 
 dred editions. In addition to theological works 
 he wrote < Essay on Light ' ; < Observations on 
 Language ' ; < 'I'ravels in New England and New 
 York,' which is still widely quoted. He also 
 wrote verse : an epic called < The Conquest of 
 Canaan'; 'Greenfield Hill,' a pastoral; <The 
 Triumph of Infidelity,' a satire. 
 
 Dwight, Timothy. An American Congre- 
 gational clergyman ; born in Norwich, Conn., 
 Nov. 16, 1828 ; grandson of Timothy Dwight. 
 He has been president of Yale University, to 
 which post he was elected in 1886. He was 
 one of the members of the New Testament 
 Revision Committee. He has published <The 
 True Ideal of an American University.' 
 
 Dyce, Alexander. An English literary critic 
 and historian ; born in Edinburgh, June 30, 
 1798 ; died in London, May 15, 1869. As editor 
 of definitive editions of the British poets, he 
 
 has rendered lasting service to the native Par- 
 nassus; his capital achievements, < Works of 
 Shakespeare' (1853-58) and <A Few Notes on 
 Shakespeare' (1853), leaving little room for 
 improvement, although subsequent discoveries 
 may supplement them. 
 
 Dyer, Sir Edward. An English elegiac poet; 
 born at Sharpham Park, Somersetshire; died 
 in London (?), May(?) 1607. An elegant 
 courtier, he advanced himself in royal favor 
 by court verse. < My Mind to Me a Kingdom 
 Is' is the best of his effusions. His works, 
 <The Shepherd's Conceit of Prometheus' and 
 other poems, were not collected until 1872. 
 
 Dyer, John. An English didactic and de- 
 scriptive poet; born in Aberglasney, Wales, in 
 1700 or 1699; died in Lincolnshire (?),July24, 
 1758. He presented himself before the Muses 
 with < Grongar Hill' (1726), an engaging but 
 excessively correct piece of poetry; nor did he 
 unbend until 'The Ruins of Rome' (1740) in- 
 spired him. His final effort, 'The Fleece' 
 (1757). was suffused with tender romanticism. 
 
 Dyer, Sidney. An American poet and prose 
 writer; born in Cambridge, N. Y., Feb. 11, 1814J 
 
 died , 189S. He published poems entitled 
 
 ' Voices of Nature > ( 1850) ; < Songs and Ballads > 
 (1857); 'Great Wonders in Little Things' 
 (1871) ; 'Ocean Gardens and Palaces' (1877); 
 ' Elmdale Lyceum' (1879); etc.; also 'Psalm- 
 ist for the Use of Baptist Churches.' 
 
 Dyer, Thomas Henry. An English histo- 
 rian ; born in London, May 4, 1804; died at 
 Bath, Jan. 30, 1888. He traveled and studied 
 for years to prepare a 'History of Modem 
 Europe ' (1861) ; ' Hi.stnry of the City of Rome ' 
 (1865) ; and 'Ancient Athens' (1873) ; all monu- 
 ments of learning and critical insight. 
 
 Dygasinski, Adolf (di-gas-in'ske). A Polish 
 story-writer; born in the Russo- Polish govern- 
 ment of Kjebzy in 1839. His stories are re- 
 markable for charming descriptions of scenery; 
 among them : ' On the Manor ' ; ' From Village, 
 Field, and Forest' (1887); 'From City and 
 Country' (1889). He has translated works by 
 Max Muller, Tyndall, Mill, and others. D. 1902. 
 
 Dyherrn, Baron George von (de'harn). A 
 German poet and novelist; born in Glogau, 
 Jan. I, 1848 ; died in Rothenburg, Silesia, Dec. 
 27, 1878. He wrote many poems and tales of 
 great merit ; 'In the Still Hour' (1870) being a 
 collection of his best verse, and 'From Society' 
 (1880) and 'Heights and Depths' (1881), his 
 ablest fictions. 
 
 Dzierzkovski, Joseph (tserts'kof-ske). A 
 Polish novelist (1807-65); born at Xaverov, 
 Galicia, in 1807; died in Lemberg, Jan. 13, 1865. 
 He loves to contrast the selfish dissipation of 
 the upper classes with the humble virtues of 
 the lowly. 'Salon and Street' (1847); 'The 
 Twins' (1854); 'The Jugglers' (1855); 'The 
 Crown of Thorns' (1856), are noteworthv ; 
 'Polish Chivalry' (1858), a historical novel, is 
 one of his best. He also wrote a drama, 'The 
 Spark of Poesy' (i860).
 
 i6o 
 
 EADIE — EATON 
 
 Eadle, John. A Scotch religious writer ; born 
 at Alva, Stirlingshire, May g, 1810; died in 
 Glasgow, June 3, 1876 (not 1870). He wrote 
 on theology with great vogue among the un- 
 learned; his books including <The Divine 
 Love> (1855), <Paul the Preacher > (1859), etc., 
 in addition to scholarly treatises and com- 
 mentaries. 
 
 Eadmer or Edmer. A British historian and 
 biographer, who lived, a monk, at Canterbury, 
 between 1090 and 1115, and died about 1124. 
 An enduring fame has been the outcome of his 
 
 < History of Recent Events > (Historia Novo- 
 rum) ; < Life of St. Anselm'; and other works. 
 
 Eagles, John. An English artist, art critic, 
 and poet ; born in Bristol, 1783 ; died at Clifton, 
 Nov. 8, 1855. He contributed essays on art to 
 periodicals, and brought out < The Sketcher,> a 
 collection of miscellaneous prose and verse. 
 A book of * Sonnets > appeared posthumously. 
 
 Earle, Mrs. Alice Morse. An American 
 writer; born in Massachusetts in 1851. She has 
 written extensively upon the manners and cus- 
 toms of the colonial period in New England 
 and New York. Among her numerous works 
 are : < Curious Punishments of Bygone Days > ; 
 
 < Customs and Fashions in Old New England > ; 
 
 < Colonial Dames and Goodwives ' : * Colonial 
 Days in Old New Vork > ; < Two Centuries ot 
 Costume in America.* 
 
 Earle, John. An English clergyman and 
 author; born in York, England, in 1601 ; died 
 at Oxford, Nov. 17, 1665. He was chaplain and 
 tutor to Charles II., and his companion in 
 exile ; later Bishop of Worcester. His literary 
 fame is due to the famous < Microcosmographie, 
 or a Peece of the World discovered in Essayes 
 and Characters* (1628), a series of sketches 
 full of wit and humor, which throw much light 
 on the social condition of the time. 
 
 Early, Jubal Anderson. An American gen- 
 eral and lawyer; born in Franklin County, 
 Va., Nov. 3, 1816; died March 2, 1894. He 
 graduated from West Point in 1837 ; served in 
 the Seminole War (1837-38); resigned in 1838 
 to study law; and was prominent in the Mexi- 
 can War (1847-48). He became a Confederate 
 major-general in the Civil War; took part 
 at Bull Run and Gettysburg, and in 1864 in- 
 vaded Maryland, but was checked by Sheri- 
 dan. After the war he practiced law at 
 Richmond and Lynchburg, Va., and New Or- 
 leans, La. His works include : < A Memoir of 
 the Last Year of the War for Independence 
 in the Confederate States* (1867) ; < Campaigns 
 of General Lee* (1872). 
 
 Eastcott, Richard. An English writer on 
 music; born at Exeter, about 1740 ; died at 
 Livery Dale (?), Devonshire, 1828. A volume 
 
 of < Sketches of the Origin, Progress, and Ef- 
 fects of Music, with an Account of the Ancient 
 Bards and Minstrels* (1793), met with very 
 general approval. 
 
 Eastlake, Sir Charles Lock. An English 
 artist, and critic and historian of art; born in 
 Plymouth, Nov. 17, 1793; died in Pisa, Italy, 
 Dec. 14, 1865. His paintings were noteworthy; 
 and in such books as < Materials for a History 
 of Oil Painting* (1847-69) and < History of the 
 Gothic Revival* (1871), he manifests^ taste and 
 discrimination. 
 
 Eastman, Charles Gamage. An American 
 poet; born in Fryeburg, Me., June i, 1816; died 
 in Burlington, Vt., 1861. He published (1848) 
 a volume of < Poems * descriptive of rural life 
 in New England, and marked by a high de- 
 gree of metrical finish. He edited the Ver- 
 mont Patriot at Montpelier from 1846 until his 
 death, and was a contributor of poetry to 
 magazines. 
 
 Eastman, Julia Arabella. An American 
 story-writer ; born in Fulton, N. Y., July 17, 
 1837. Included in her juvenile story-books 
 are: 'Short Comings and Long Goings* (1869); 
 <Beulah Romney* (1871); and < Young Rick* 
 (1875). She also contributed sketches and po- 
 ems to magazines. 
 
 Eastman, Mary (Henderson). An Ameri- 
 can prose-writer; born in Warrenton, Va., in 
 1818. She has published : < Dacotah, or Life 
 and Legends of the Sioux* (1849); < Romance 
 of Indian Life* (1852); < Tales of Fashionable 
 Life* (1856); and many stories and sketches. 
 
 Eastwick, Edward Backhouse. An English 
 Orientalist and diplomatist; born in Berkshire 
 in 1814; died at Ventnor, Isle of Wight, July 
 16, 1883. He was a voluminous writer on Ori- 
 ental (especially East-Indian) subjects, and has 
 rendered very important service to English 
 literature by many translations from Persian 
 and Hindu : e. g., Sadi's < Gulistan * or < The 
 Rose Garden* in 1852, and the version of Pil- 
 pay's fables called < Anvar-i-Suhaili * in 1854. 
 He also wrote a < Journal of a Diplomat's 
 Three- Years' Residence in Persia* (2 vols., 
 1864), and < Venezuela,* or < Sketches of Life in 
 a South-American Republic* (1868). Between 
 1878 and 1882 he brought out a sumptuous 
 2-vol. edition of the < Kaisar-nama-i-hind,* or 
 < Lay of the Empress.* He was a frequent 
 contributor to literary journals. 
 
 Eaton, Arthur Wentworth Hamilton. An 
 
 American clergyman and author; bom at Kent- 
 ville, N. Y., in 1849. He is a minister of the 
 Episcopal Church in New York city. Among his 
 works are : <The Heart of the Creeds* (1888)^
 
 EBELING — EQA DE QUEIROZ 
 
 i6i 
 
 < Acadian Legends and Lyrics' (1889); 'Tales 
 of a Garrison Town > ; < The Lotus of the Nile.* 
 
 Ebeling, Adolf (a'bel-ing). A German de- 
 scriptive and historical writer; born in Ham- 
 burg, Oct. 10, 1S23; died at Cologne, July 23, 
 1896. <Living Pictures from Modern Paris> 
 (1863-67); <Rainbows intheEast> (1868), a se- 
 ries of Oriental epics, legends, orghazels; <Napo- 
 leon III. and his Court> ( 1891-93) ; are the fruit 
 of large travel and study. He has written also 
 many biographical studies and travel sketches. 
 
 Ebeling, Cliristoph Daniel. A German 
 scholar and historian ; born in Hildesheim, 
 about 1741 ; died in Hamburg, June 30, 1817. 
 He was for many years professor of history 
 and Greek at Hamburg. His chief work is a 
 •Geography and History of North America > 
 (5 vols., 1793-99), for which he received a vote 
 of thanks from Congress. 
 
 Eberhard, Cbristian August Gottlob (a'ber- 
 Iiard). A German poet and descriptive writer; 
 born in Belzig, Jan. 12, 1769; died in Dresden, 
 May 13, 1845. His verse is a reminiscence of 
 the 18th-century style and of the school of 
 Gleim, the idyl < Little Hans and the Cookie' 
 (1822) and < Various Poems' (1833) eminently 
 so. His best prose is in < Italy as It Impressed 
 Me) (1839). 
 
 Eberhard, JoLann August. A German phil- 
 osophical writer ; born in Halberstadt, Aug. 31, 
 1739; died in Halle (?), Jan. 6, 1809. He first 
 attracted attention with a < New Apology [or 
 plea] of Socrates' (1772), an attack upon the 
 narrow theology of the day, to which succeeded 
 < Universal History of Philosophy' (1788); 
 •Handbook to Esthetic' (1803-5); and other 
 works from a Wolfian standpoint, in harmony 
 with Leibnitz and opposition to Kant. 
 
 Ebers, Georg Moritz (ambers). A German 
 Egyptologist and novelist; bom at Berlin, 
 March I, 1837; died at Munich, Aug. 7, 1898. 
 His historical romances comprise : <An 
 Egyptian Princess' (1864); <Uarda' (1877); 
 <Homo Sum' (1878); < The Sisters' (1879); 
 <The Emperor' (1880); <Serapis> (1885); <The 
 Bride of the Nile' (1886); < Joshua' (18S9); <Per 
 Aspera' (1892); • Cleopatra' (1894); and •Eli- 
 fen,' in verse (1888). The first two have 
 been translated into many languages. Between 
 times he has written several other historical 
 novels; including <The Burgomaster's Wife' 
 (1881), of the Spanish domination in the Low 
 Countries. His contributions to Egyptology 
 are almost numerous. Died Aug. 8, 1898. 
 
 Ebert, Johann Arnold (a'bert). A German 
 translator and poet ; born in Hamburg, Feb. 8, 
 1723; died in Brunswick, March 19, 1795. His 
 friend Klopstock addressed a pleasing ode to 
 him. He is better known through his trans- 
 lations of Young's • Night Thoughts' and other 
 poems than by his own woik, which appears in 
 •Epistles and Miscellaneous Verse' (1789). 
 
 Ebert, Karl Egon. An Austrian poet and 
 dramatist (1801-82) ; bom at Prague. He be- 
 gan with dramas of Bohemian history, many 
 II 
 
 of which were staged but only one printed, 
 
 < Wratislav and Jutta ' (1835). As a lyric 
 poet and balladist he was more successful; 
 his •Poems' (1824) contain fine lyrics, and 
 
 < Schwerting the Saxon Duke ' is still high in 
 popular favor. His longer poems — • Vlasta, a 
 National Hero-Poem of Bohemia,' and • The 
 Monastery,' are fluent in style, pure and ele- 
 gant in language. < A Monument to Karl Egon, 
 Prince of Fiirstenberg ' consists of a garland of 
 sonnets ; < Devout Meditations of a Man of the 
 World' is a didactic poem. 
 
 Ebner-Eschenbach. Baroness Marie von 
 iah'ner esh'en-bach). An eminent Austrian 
 novelist and poet; born (Countess Dubsky) at 
 Castle Zdislavic, Moravia, Sept. 13, 1830. Be- 
 ginning in i860 as a playwright, < Marj' Stuart 
 in Scotland' (i860) and the tragedy < Marie 
 Roland,' with the one-act dramas < Doctor Rit- 
 ter,' •Violets,' and •The Disconsolate One,' 
 were but moderately successful. Turning to 
 fiction, <The Princess of Banalia' (1872), a 
 satiric tale, made little impression ; but < Two 
 Countesses' (1885), a story of Austrian high so- 
 ciety, met with striking favor, and its succes- 
 sors place her among the great writers. They 
 include : < Tales of Village and Castle ' ; • The 
 Child of the Parish'; <The Rival.' She has 
 epic power, keen psychological insight, and 
 quick sensibility; and is unsurpassed in grace 
 of form and precision of style. 
 
 Ebrard, Johannes Heinrich August 
 
 fa'brard). A German Protestant theological 
 writer, dramatist, and literary critic; born in 
 Erlangen, Jan. 18, 1818 ; died there, July 23, 
 1888. He led a general reform movement in 
 theology, producing : < Philosophical Criticism of 
 Evangelical History' (1842); <The Dogma of 
 the Last Supper and its History' (1845-46); 
 •Practical Theology' (1856) ; etc.; while under 
 the pseudonym of <• Gottfried Flammberg" lie 
 wrote • Duplessis-Mornay' (1859), and other 
 dramas, and • A Life in Song' (2d ed. 1872), a 
 collection of verse. His other pseudonym, 
 •• Christian Deutsch," has served in connection 
 with < Stephen Klinger' (1872), a play, and 
 studies of the Ossian creations. 
 
 Ebsworth, Joseph. An Engli.sh dramal'st 
 and musician ; born in London, Oct. 10, 178S ; 
 died in Edinburgh, June 22, 1868. He wrote, 
 adapted, or translated many successful plays ; 
 among them < The Rival Valets > (1825), a 
 comedy drama, and <The Crusaders' (1850-51), 
 a drama. He was an adapter rather than a 
 creator. His songs, learning, and versatility 
 made him a distinguished figure in Edinburgh 
 circles. He wrote also in collaboration with 
 his wife, Mary Emma (Fairbrother). 
 
 E9a de Queiroz, Jos^ Maria la'sa dt ka- 
 rdz). A Portuguese novelist; born at P6voa 
 do Varzim, Nov. 25, 1845. At first a journalist, 
 he traveled and was in the consular service in 
 many parts of the world. He introduced the 
 naturalistic school into Portugal. His powers 
 of observation and description are great, and 
 in his novels — <The Crime of Father Amaro*
 
 l62 
 
 LCHARD — EDERSHEIM 
 
 (1874, rewritten in 1880); < The First Monk 
 of St. Basil > (1877); <A Relic > (1886) -he 
 portrays in master strokes the failings of 
 Portuguese societ)'. His strange, half real- 
 istic, half fanciful story, < The Relic,' weaves 
 into a narrative of Oriental travel a dramatic 
 representation of the Passion of Christ in the 
 form of a dream. In collaboration with Ra- 
 nialho-Ortagao he wrote the spirited tale of adven- 
 ture, < The Mystery of Cintra Street.> Died ,1900. 
 
 Ecliard or Eachard, Laurence. Ar English 
 historian; born at Barsham, Suffolk, 1670 (?); 
 died at Lincoln, Aug. 16, 1730. A clerij>man 
 and a scholar, his < History of England from 
 the First Entrance of Julius Caesar and the 
 Romans to the End of the Reign of James the 
 First' (1707) contains a wealth of information, 
 including the particulars of Cromwell's inter- 
 view with the Devil on the morning of the 
 battle of Worcester. Other historical and schol- 
 arly works increased his reputation. 
 
 Echegaray, Jos^ (a-cha-gar-a'). A notable 
 Spanish dramatist ; bom in Madrid, 1832. He 
 is author of several treatises on mechanics and 
 civil engineering, and was for a time minister 
 of commerce and of public instruction. Since 
 1874, when the production of < The Avenger's 
 Wife> opened a new and brilliant life for the 
 Spanish stage, he has given himself wholly to 
 the drama; producing in a few years thirty 
 pla3's rich in imagination, dramatic force, and 
 lyric talent, though with the true Spaniard's 
 love of the horrible. Of his greatest pieces 
 may be named : < The Great Galeotto > ; < Mad- 
 man or Saint ' ; < Conflict between Two Duties > ; 
 < A Merry Life and a Sad Death ' ; < Mariana.' 
 
 Echeverria, Esteban (a-cha-va-re'a). A nota- 
 ble Argentine poet; born in Buenos Ayres, 
 1809; died in IMontevideo, 1851. He published 
 a book of <Rh>Tnes> at 19; passed some time 
 in France, became a devotee of Byron and 
 Lamartine, and on his return published an- 
 other volume whose exuberance explains its 
 failure. But later volumes of short poems — 
 < Counsels'; <The Female Captives'; < Guitar' 
 — prove him a genuine poet. 
 
 Eckardt, Ludwig (eck'art). An Austrian lit- 
 erary historian, essayist, and dramatist ; bom in 
 Vienna, May 16, 1827 ; died at Tetchen, Bohemia, 
 Feb. I, 1 87 1. His career was one of vicissitudes 
 owing to his political opinions, but he wrote : 
 ♦Josephine.' a drama; < Lectures on Goethe's 
 Torquato Tasso> (1S52) ; < Dramatic Studies' 
 (1853); and other critical and biographical 
 studies, attaining distinction as a scholar. 
 
 Ecliermann, Johann Peter (ek'er-man). A 
 German poet (1792-1854) ; bom at Winsen in 
 Hanover. He has permanent place in litera- 
 ture through his deeply affectionate record of 
 'Conversations with Goethe in the Last Years 
 of his Life' (2 vols., 1823-32); it has been trans- 
 lated into nearly all the languages of Europe, 
 even Turkish. He edited the 40-vol. edition 
 of Goethe's works (1839-40). 
 
 Eckstein, Ernst (ek'stin). A German hu- 
 morist, poet, and novelist ; born at Giessen, Feb. 
 6, 1845; died in Dresden, Nov. 18, 1900. From 
 the university he went to Paris, and there com- 
 pleted his comic epos 'Check to the Queen' 
 (1870), and wrote* Paris Silhouettes' (1873), the 
 grotesque night-piece 'The Varzin Ghosts' and 
 the 'Mute of Seville.' Later he visited different 
 places, and wrote the stories 'Margherita'; 'At 
 the Tomb of Cestius'; 'The Mosque at Cordova. > 
 He was editor of a literary and critical journal. 
 Hall of Poets, and of a humorous weekly. The 
 Wag, at Leipsic for some years, and in 1885 set- 
 tled in Dresden. He was a very prolific and in- 
 ventive writer, a master of teclinique. Besides 
 many brilliant humorous sketches, he wrote 
 many stories of ancient classic life, as 'The 
 Claudii'; 'Aphrodite, a Story of Ancient Hel- 
 las'; ' Decius the Fluteplayer : a Merry Story 
 of a Musician in Ancient Rome.' 
 
 Ecrevisse, Peter (a-kra-ves'). A Flemish 
 novelist (1804-1879); born at Obbicht in Lim- 
 burg. In i860 he withdrew from a promising 
 political career and devoted himself to liter- 
 ature. He is noted for his power of description 
 and his simple earnest style. Of his numerous 
 historical novels must be mentioned : < The 
 Destruction of Maestricht'; 'The De Witt 
 Brothers.' He is author also of some novels 
 of society : ' The Cancer of Cities ' ; < The Step- 
 son ' ; ' The Servingman of Kempen.^ 
 
 Eddy, Daniel Clark. An American clergy- 
 man and writer ; born in Salem, Mass., in 1823 ; 
 died in Martha's Vineyard, Mass., July 26, 1896. 
 Among his numerous works are : ' Burman 
 Apostle' (1850); 'Percy Family' (1852); 'The 
 Young Woman's Friend' (1855); 'The Angel's 
 Whispers'; 'Waiting at the Cross'; ' Europa, 
 or Scenes in the Old World ' ; and ^ The Young 
 Man's Friend.' 
 
 Eden, Emily. An English novelist and de- 
 scriptive writer; born in Westminster, March 
 3. 1797 ; died at Richmond, Surre)-, Aug. 5, 
 1869. Her 'Semi-Detached House' (1859) and 
 ' Semi- Attached Couple' (i860) possess realistic 
 charm ; while ' Portraits of the People and 
 Princes of India' (1844), and other impressions 
 of travel, do equal honor to her descriptive 
 excellence. 
 
 Eden, Sir Frederick Morton. An English 
 writer on sociology and economics ; born in 
 Kent(?), 1766; died in London, Nov. 14, 1809. 
 His painstaking study of ' The State of the 
 Poor' (1797) is a sociological classic, 
 
 Ederslieim, Alfred (a'der-shim). A Jewish- 
 Christian Biblical writer; born at Vienna, 
 1825 ; died at Mentone, France, March 16, 1S89. 
 From the universities of Vienna and Berlin he 
 passed to that of Edinburgh, where he studied 
 theology and became a minister of the Scotch 
 Free Church. He wrote a 'Bible Historv' (7 
 vols.); ' Sketches of Jewish Social Life in the 
 Days of Christ ' ; ' History of the Jewish Nation 
 after the Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus'; 
 <I,ife and Times of Jesus the Messiah.*
 
 EDGAR — EDWARDS 
 
 163 
 
 Edgar, John George. An English biogra- 
 pher and historian ; born in 1834 ; died in 1864. 
 In business at Liverpool, he left it for literature : 
 edited Every Boy's Magazine, contributed to 
 the Loudon press, and wrote biographies and 
 histories, mainly for the young ; among them : 
 <The Boyhood of Great Men> (1853); < Foot- 
 prints of Famous Men* (1853); < Crusades and 
 Crusaders* (1859); <Sea Kings and Naval 
 Heroes* (i860); 'Cavaliers and Roundheads* 
 (1861). 
 
 Edgcumbe, Richard. An English poetaster 
 and wit; born in Lancaster (?), 1716; died in 
 Cornwall, May 10, 1761. He was a gay spirit, 
 and enriched the literature of conviviality with 
 
 < The Fable of the Ass, Nightingale, and Kid * ; 
 
 < Ode to Health * ; and other poems which were 
 deemed witty in their day. 
 
 Edgeworth, Maria. A distinguished Eng- 
 lish novelist ; born in Black Bourton, Oxford- 
 shire (not in Berkshire), Jan. i, 1767; died in 
 Edgeworthstown, Ireland, May 1849. She did 
 her first literary work in conjunction with her 
 father, upon whose Irish estate she acquired 
 that knowledge of genial prodigality and hos- 
 pitable beggary to which many of her tales 
 owe their humor. Her principal works are : 
 < Castle Rackrent* (1800); < Early Lessons* 
 ( 1801 ) ; < Belinda * ( 1801 ) ; < Moral Tales * ( 1801 ) ; 
 
 < The Modern Griselda* (1804); < Leonora* 
 (1806); < Tales of Fashionable Life* (1809-12); 
 
 < Patronage* (1814); <Ormond* (1817); and 
 •Helen* (1834). 
 
 Edgren, Anne Charlotte Leftter- (ed'gren). 
 A Swedish novelist, eminent in the realistic 
 school ; born at Stockholm, Oct. 16, 1849 ; died 
 at Naples, Oct. 24, 1892. A volume of short 
 tales, < By Chance,* and the dramas, < The 
 Actress,* <The Curate,* etc., were a great suc- 
 cess anonymously ; and she then put her own 
 name to three successive volumes of short sto- 
 ries called <From Life,* followed by <A Sum- 
 mer Story,* < Woman and Erotism,* and many 
 others. < Ideal Women,* < The Struggle for 
 Happiness,* and < A Rescuing Angel * (the most 
 successful of her plays) are most notable 
 among her later dramas. 
 
 Edgren, August Hjalmar. A Swedish au- 
 thor; born in Wermland, Sweden, October 1840. 
 He came to the United States in i860, and 
 joined the 99th New York Regiment as 2d lieu- 
 tenant January 1862 ; August 1863 entered the 
 engineer corps. He was connected with Yale 
 University from 1874 to 1880, and professor of 
 modern languages and Sanskrit in Nebraska 
 University from 1880 to 1884. His numerous 
 publications include a Swedish work on the 
 
 < Literature of America* (1878); < Swedish Lit- 
 erature in America* (1883); and < American 
 Antiquities* (1885); besides many valuable 
 papers for students, pertaining to Sanskrit, 
 Romance, and Germanic philology. 
 
 Edler, Karl Erdmann (ad'ler). An Austrian 
 novelist ; born at PodSbrad in Bohemia, May 
 8, 1844. His stories have nearly all a historical 
 background, truthfully portrayed. Among them 
 
 may be named : < Wilfried, a Story of the Mid- 
 dle Age* (1874); <Gabor, a Picture of the 
 Steppe* (1874); <The Last Jew* (1885); < Bal- 
 dine* (1881); < A Bell-Ringer's Journey * ; < Notre 
 Dame des Flots* (Our Lady of the Billows). 
 The last three were translated into English by 
 Lord Lytton. 
 
 Edmonstone, Sir Archibald. An English 
 descriptive writer, dramatist, poet, and Pietist ; 
 born in London, March 12, 1795 ; died there, 
 March 13, 1871. He was an extensive traveler, 
 and wrote < A Journey to Two of the Oases 
 of Upper Egypt* (1822); in addition to which 
 
 < Leonora* (1832), a tragedy, < The Progress of 
 Religion* (1842), a poem, and *The Christian 
 Gentleman's Daily Walk* (1840), evince fair 
 talent. 
 
 Edward VI. King of England; bom at 
 Hampton Court, Oct. 12, 1537; died at Green- 
 wich, July 6> 1553. His < Journal,* a chronicle 
 of his every-day experiences from the time of 
 his accession until the year preceding his 
 death, and various essays and declamations in 
 French, Greek, and Latin, give a favorable 
 impression of his literary capacity. 
 
 Edwards, Amelia Blandford. An English 
 Egyptologist and writer of novels ; born in Lon- 
 don, 1S31 ; died in Weston-super-Mare, Somer- 
 setshire, April 15, 1892. Her novels include : 
 
 < My Brother's Wife* (1855); < Hand and Glove > 
 (1859); and <In the Days of my Youth* (1873). 
 Later, she achieved great celebrity through her 
 writings and lectures on the antiquities of 
 Egypt ; her best-known works in this field are 
 <A Thousand Miles up the Nile* (1877), and 
 
 < Pharaohs, Fellahs, and Explorers* (1891). 
 
 Edwards, Edward. An English librarian 
 and writer on library lore ; born in London (?), 
 1812; died at Niton, Isle of Wight, Feb. 10, 
 1886. In the < Memoirs of Libraries* (1859), 
 
 < Lives of the Founders of the British Museum' 
 (1870), and <Sir Walter Raleigh* (1885), the 
 latter an experiment in biography, his mastery 
 of his subjects is authoritative. 
 
 Edwards, George. An English or Scotch 
 writer on sociology and social reform ; born in 
 1752; died in London, Feb. 17, 1823. Possessed 
 of the conviction that he held the precious 
 secret of the relief of man's estate, he wrote 
 some fifty books to disseminate the informa- 
 tion, among which is one with the long title : 
 <The Practical System of Human Economy, or 
 the New Era at Length Fully Ascertained, 
 Whereby We are Able in One Immediate Sim- 
 ple Undertaking to Remove the Distress, Bur- 
 dens, and Grievances of the Times, and to 
 Bring All our Interests, Public, Private, and 
 Commercial, to their Intended Perfection* 
 (1816). 
 
 Edwards, George Wharton. An American 
 artist and author; born in Connecticut in 1859. 
 He is a resident of Plainfield. N. J. Most of 
 his stories have appeared in the Century Mag- 
 azine. His works include : < P'tit Matinic', and 
 Other Monotones*; <Thumb-Nail Skctchei># 
 
 < Break o' Day, and Other Stories.'
 
 164 
 
 EDWARDS — EGAN 
 
 Edwards, Harry Stillwell. An American 
 journalist and author; born in Macon, Ga., 
 April 23, 1855. He graduated from the law 
 department of Mercer Universitj% and practiced 
 law, but in 1871 entered journalism in his na- 
 tive city. He is well known as a writer of 
 dialect stories. Among his works are : < Two 
 Runaways, and Other Stories > (1889); <Sons 
 and Fathers * ; < The Marbeau Cousins.* 
 
 Edwards, Henry Sutherland. An English 
 descriptive writer, essayist, biographer, and nov- 
 elist; born in London, 1828. He traveled and 
 studied in Russia, Turkey, and Central Europe, 
 acting as newspaper correspondent. He pro- 
 duced <The Polish Captivity > (1863); < Life of 
 Rossini > (1869); < The Germans in France' 
 (1874); <The Slavonian Provinces of Turkey > 
 (1876); <The Prima Donna: her History and 
 Surroundings from the 17th to the 19th Cen- 
 tury > (1888) ; < Dutiful Daughters > (1890) ; < The 
 Russians at Home and Abroad > (1890) ; < The 
 Romanolis > ; < Old and New Paris * (1893-94.) 
 
 Edwards, John. An American poet; born 
 on the banks of the river Twrch in Wales 
 (whence known as Eos-Glan-Twrch or <<the 
 nightingale of the Twrch >>), April 15, 1806; 
 died near Rome, N. Y., Jan. 20, 1887. He did 
 much to promote the publication in America 
 of Welsh periodicals. His published poems 
 include <The Crucifixion* (1853), and < The 
 Omnipresence of God> (1859). 
 
 Edwards, John, or Sion Ceiriog. A Welsh 
 poet; bom in Crogen Wladys, Glyn Ceiriog, 
 1747 ; died in London, September 1792. He 
 wrote a St. David's Day ode and other pieces, 
 and seems to have been a popular and accom- 
 plished character. 
 
 Edwards, Jolin, or Sion y Potiau. A Welsh 
 poet ; born in Glyn Ceiriog, Denbighshire, 
 about 1700 ; died in 1776. He translated Bun- 
 yan's < Pilgrim's Progress * and wrote poetry. 
 
 Edwards, Jonathan. An American divme 
 and theological writer of world-wide fame ; 
 born in East Windsor, Conn., Oct. 5, 1703 ; died 
 at Princeton, N. J., March 22, 1758. He was the 
 son of Timothy Edwards, a Congregational 
 minister, and was himself minister at North- 
 ampton, Mass., 1727-50. From 1 75 1 to 1758 he 
 was an Indian missionary, and at the time of 
 his death he was president of the College of 
 New Jersey (now Princeton University). His 
 works are the recognized exponents of essen- 
 tial Calvinism next to those of its founder, 
 and rank high in the theological metaphysic 
 of all time. They include among others : < An 
 Inquiry into the Modern Prevailing Notions 
 respecting that Freedom of the Will which 
 is Supposed to be Essential to Moral Agency* 
 (1754); <The Great Christian Doctrine of Ori- 
 ginal Sin Defended* (1757?); and <A Disser- 
 tation concerning the End for which God 
 Created the World* (1789). 
 
 Edwards, Mathilda Barbara Betham. An 
 
 English novelist; born in Westerfield, Suffolk, 
 1836. Her sprightly fancy and the ingenuity of 
 
 her plots impart exceptional interest to <The 
 White House by the Sea* (1857) ;< Kitty* (1869); 
 
 < For One and the World > ; < A Humble Lover.* 
 
 Eeden, Frederik van (a'den). A Dutch poet ; 
 bom at Haarlem, about i860. He is uncon- 
 ventionally graphic and original in his figures 
 of speech, and in true poetry has few contem- 
 porary equals. The famous < Little Johnny* 
 (1887) is a seemingly simple nature poem con- 
 veying profound thought. < Don Torrileio * and 
 other plays had successful stage careers. 
 
 Eekhoud, Georges (ek'hout). A notable 
 Belgian novelist; born at Antwerp, May 27, 
 1854. He first published two volumes of poetry, 
 
 < Myrtles and Cypresses > and < Poetic Zig- 
 Zags>; then became a newspaper literary critic 
 in Brussels, and wrote a few short stories. 
 His first considerable novel, <The Militia of 
 St. Francis,* is a masterly portrayal of Flemish 
 peasant life, especially its naive mystic reli- 
 giousness. His masterpiece, <New Carthage,* 
 paints Antwerp life in its naked actuality. 
 Notable also is < The Fusillades at Mechlin,* 
 a story of the peasants' uprising against the 
 French in 1798. In poetry he has developed 
 from romanticism to pronounced realism. 
 
 Efifen, Justus van (ef'en). A Dutch essay- 
 ist; born in Utrecht, Feb. 21, 1684; died in 
 Herzogenbusch, Sept. 18, 1735. His master- 
 piece, long a classic. The Dutch Spectator 
 (1731-35), is an imitation of Addison and Steele. 
 
 Egan, Maujice Francis. An American man 
 of letters ; born in Philadelphia, May 24, 1852. 
 He early achieved distinction by his writings, 
 and was long professor of English literature 
 at the University of Notre Dame ; holding 
 a like post at present at the Catholic Univer- 
 sity of America, Washington. His works in- 
 clude : <That Girl of Mine*; <That Lover 
 of Mine * ; < A Garden of Roses * ; < Stories of 
 Duty*; <The Life around Us*; < Lectures on 
 English Literature * ; < A Primer of English 
 Literature * ; < A Gentleman * ; < The Flower of 
 the Flock.* His poetry includes the volumes 
 *■ Preludes,* < Songs and Sonnets,* etc. 
 
 Egan, Pierce, the Elder. An English sport- 
 ing writer; bom in London (?), 1772; died 
 there, Aug. 3, 1849. A prolific "historian of 
 the ring** and kindred institutions, he dashed 
 off the wildly popular < Life in London* (1821), 
 in which we have to do with Jerry Hawthorn, 
 Esq., and his "elegant friend,** Corinthian Bob, 
 in addition to Bob Logic the Oxonian, tlie 
 three enjoying together many " Rambles and 
 Sprees through the Metropolis.'* 
 
 Egan, Pierce, the Younger. An English nov- 
 elist, son of Pierce the Elder; bom in Lon- 
 don, 1814; died there, July 6, 1880. At first an 
 artist, he turned to fiction, winning fame with 
 <Robin Hood* (1840), <Wat Tyler* (1841), and 
 similarly conceived romances ; while his later 
 and more sensational tales, ' Imogen,* < Fair 
 Lilias,' and others, appeared for the most part 
 as serials only.
 
 EGELHAAF — EICHENDORFF 
 
 165 
 
 Egelhaaf, Gottlob (a'gel-haf). A German 
 historian ; born in Gerabronn, Wiirtemberg, 
 March i, 1848. He has distinguished himself 
 with < A History of Germany during the Refor- 
 mation > (3d ed. 1893) ; < Emperor William > (3d 
 ed. 1888) ; < A History of Germany during the 
 Sixteenth Century until the Peace of Augsburg.* 
 (1888-92); < Outlines of German Literary His- 
 tory > (1900). 
 
 Egerton, Francis. See Ellesmere. 
 
 Egge, Peter (eg-ga). A Norwegian story- 
 writer; born in 1869. He has embodied the 
 experiences of a not too happy youth in such 
 tales as < People ' and < Skibsgud.' 
 
 Eggeling, Julius (ag'el-ing). A German 
 Sanskrit scholar and critic ; born in Hecklingen, 
 Anhalt, July 12, 1842. He has held Sanskrit 
 professorships in England and Scotland, and 
 conferred lasting obligations upon philology in 
 his < The (^atapatha-Brahmana, Translated Ac- 
 cording to the Text of the Madhyandina School > 
 (1882-86) ; < Catalogue of Sanskrit Manuscripts ' 
 (1887-89). 
 
 Egger, ^lle (eg'er^^r a-zha). An eminent 
 French scholar ; born in Paris, July 18, 1813 ; 
 died at the Royal Baths, Aug. 30, 1885. His 
 masterpieces are : < Essay on the History of 
 Criticism among the Greeks > (1849); <The Po- 
 etic Element in Aristotle' (1874); and < Greek 
 Literature' (1890). 
 
 Eggleston. Edward. An American historian 
 and novelist ; born in Vevay, Ind., Dec. 10, 
 1837. In fiction he has achieved celebrity with 
 stories of life in Southern Indiana in pioneer 
 days, while as a historian he makes a specialty 
 of American subjects. His works include : < The 
 Hoosier Schoolmaster'; <The End of the 
 World'; <The Circuit Rider'; <Roxy>; <The 
 Graysons'; <The Faith Doctor'; < The Hoosier 
 Schoolboy ' ; < Queer Stories for Boys and Girls ' ; 
 
 < Schoolmasters' Stories ' ; < Mr. Blake's Walk- 
 ing-Stick'; < Duffels'; < School History of the 
 United States'; < Household History of the United 
 States'; * First Book in American History'; 
 <The Beginners of a Nation,' the first volume of 
 a ^History of Life in the United States'; etc. 
 Died at Lake (ieorge, Sept. 2, 1902. 
 
 Eggleston, George Gary. An American 
 journalist and miscellaneous writer, brother of 
 Edward ; born in Vevay, Ind., Nov. 26, 1839. 
 He has long been connected in an editorial 
 capacity wtth one or another New York news- 
 paper, including the World, the Evening Post, 
 and the Commercial Advertiser. A few of his 
 many books are: <A Man of Honor'; <A 
 Rebel's Recollections'; <The Wreck of the 
 Red Bird'; <Red Eagle'; < Juggernaut' (with 
 Dolores Marbourg) ; and for young people : 
 
 < How to Educate Yourself; < How to Make 
 a Living' ; < Our First Century > ; Long Knives.' 
 
 Eglll Sliallagrlmsson (a'gel skal"la-grem'- 
 son). A celebrated Icelandic skald of the loth 
 century, who did heroic and daring deeds as 
 weli as sung of them ; he was a brave fighter 
 and a reckless sea-rover. The story of his 
 life, in <Egillsaga' or <Eigla,> tells how he 
 
 was a poet at three and killed his man at 
 seven; and how he roamed in quest of ad- 
 venture over northern Europe, in the wildest 
 vicissitudes of fortune, and finally died blind 
 at a good old age. It is reputed to belong to 
 the 13th century, but contains several indis- 
 putably genuine compositions of Egill ; includ- 
 ing the song of < The Life (or Head) Redeemed,' 
 which placated King Ethelstan when resolved 
 to put the rover to death ; the lament for < His 
 Son's Death ' ; the song in < Praise of Arin- 
 bjom.' 
 
 Egllsson, Sveinbjbrn (a'gel-son). An Ice- 
 landic scholar and critic ; bom in Gullbringa- 
 sysla, Feb. 24, 1791 ; died at Reikiavik, Aug. 
 17, 1852. He investigated ably the native an- 
 tiquities, edited a series of Icelandic historical 
 works, and completed a < Poetic Lexicon of 
 the Ancient Tongue of the North' (1855-60), 
 published posthumously. 
 
 Eglnhard or Einhard (ag'in-hart, in'hart). 
 A German historian ; bom in Maingau, about 
 770; died in Seligenstadt, March 14, 840. He 
 was educated by Alcuin, and afterwards became 
 Charlemagne's private secretary and superin- 
 tendent of public buildings. He married 
 Imma, — a noble lady, legendarily confounded 
 with Emma, Charlemagne's daughter. His 
 chief work, a < Life of Charlemagne,' is one of 
 the most important of mediaeval histories. He 
 also wrote: < Annals of the Franks,' 741-829; 
 
 < Epistles ' ; and < An Account of the Transfer 
 of the Relics of St. Marcellinus and St. Peter.' 
 
 Egullaz, Luis (a-gel-ath'). A Spanish dram- 
 atist (1830-78); born at Xeres de la Frontera; 
 settled at Madrid. His plays < Bitter Truths' 
 and < The Life of Soldier John > gave him fame, 
 and he poured forth others in a great stream, 
 strong in character-drawing and very success- 
 ful. Among them are : < The Quarrels of 
 the Philosopher King'; < Matrimony's Cross'; 
 
 < Leaden Soldiers.' 
 
 Ehlert, Louis (al'ert). A German composer 
 and writer on music ; born in Konigsberg, Jan. 
 13, 1825; died in Wiesbaden, Jan. 4, 1884. 
 
 < Letters on Music to a (Female) Friend ' (1859), 
 
 < Roman Days' (1867), and <From the World 
 of Harmony' (2d ed. 1882), are his literary 
 successes. 
 
 Ehrllch, Alfred Helnrlch (ar'lich). An 
 Austrian musician, novelist, and writer on 
 music; bom in Vienna, Oct. 5, 1822. His best 
 literary work is contained in < Art and Handi- 
 work ' (1862), a novel; <The Development of 
 Musical ^F.sthetics f rom Kant's Time to our Own' 
 (1881) ; and<The Art of Living and the Art Life » 
 (1884) ; < Modern Music Life.' Died 1899. 
 
 Elchendorff, Baron Joseph von (i'ihen-ddrf). 
 A distinguished German poet; born at the cas- 
 tle of Lubowitz in Silesia, March 10, 1788; 
 died at Neisse, Nov. 26, 1857. He was the 
 most gifted and original romantic lyrist of Ger- 
 many, and the last great one. He was a high 
 Prussian official till 1845, when he retired. His 
 principal works are: < Presage and Presence >;
 
 i66 
 
 EICHHORN — ELIOT 
 
 * War to the Philistines,* a dramatic story ; 
 'The Life of a Good-for-Nothing,> idealizing 
 vagabondage ; the tragedies < Ezzelin von Ro- 
 mano,* < The Last Hero of Marienburg,> and 
 other plays. < When God his Favor would Be- 
 stow,* < In Some Cool Retreat,* and others 
 might be called popular ballads. He is sweet, 
 visionary, dreamily nature-loving, but not of 
 great force. 
 
 Elchhorn, Johann Gottfried (ich'horn). A 
 German historian and Oriental scholar ; born in 
 Dorrenzimmern, Oct. i6, 1752; died in Got- 
 tingen, June 25, 1827. < A Critical and Historical 
 Introduction to the Old Testament* (1780-83); 
 < General History of Literature and Culture in 
 Modern Europe* (1796-99); and < History of 
 Literature* (1799); besides other studies, hap- 
 pily embody great research and sympatheti- 
 cally vitalized learning. 
 
 Eichrodt, Ludwig (ich'rot). A German hu- 
 morous poet (1827-92); born near Karlsruhe. 
 His pieces in the comic papers — which be- 
 gan in 1848 with <The Itch for Travel,* in 
 Fliegende Blatter — were collected as: < Poems 
 in All Humors * ; < Lyric Caricatures * ; < The 
 Tailor's Pocketbook * ; < Life and Love * (po- 
 ems). Among his dramatic poems are <The 
 Counts Palatine, or a Night in the Lanes of 
 Heidelberg,* and < AUioin.* His 'Collected 
 Poems* (2 vols., 1890) comprise his best pieces. 
 His verse, though witty, is never without seri- 
 ous purpose. 
 
 Elcbtal, Gustave d' (ich'tiil or esh-tal'). 
 A French historical and ethnological writer ; 
 born in Nancy, March- 22, 1804 ; died in Paris, 
 April 9, 1886. He began studying social prob- 
 lems, but subsequently applied himself to such 
 topics as <The Black Race and the White 
 Race* (partly by J. Urbain: 1839), < Critical 
 and Comparative Investigation of the First 
 Three Gospels* (1863), and 'Christianity and 
 the Three Great Mediterranean Peoples* (1864), 
 with the most valuable results. 
 
 Elbe, A. von der (al'be), pseudonym of 
 A.aguste von der Decken. A German novelist, 
 daughter and wife of important public men. 
 Her novels were very successful: <An Old 
 Debt* (1890), <True Love* (1891), and < The 
 World of Sham* (1892), increase in popularity. 
 
 Elder, Susan Blanchard. An American 
 poetic and dramatic writer ; born in Fort Jessup, 
 La., April 19, 1835. Educated in St. Michael's 
 Convent of the Sacred Heart, New Orleans. 
 She began to write for the press, under the 
 name '* Hermine,'* when quite young. She has 
 published: 'The Loss of the Papacy*; 'James 
 the Second*; 'Savonarola.* Her contribu- 
 tions to Roman Catholic publications are nu- 
 merous, and her devotional poems are very 
 popular. Her dramas are meant for repre- 
 sentation in Roman Catholic colleges. 
 
 Elder, William. An American miscellaneous 
 writer ; born in Somerset, Pa., July 23, 1806 ; 
 died in Washington, D. C, April 5, 1885. 
 Prior to the Civil War he was well known as 
 
 an abolitionist, a forceful writer, and an elo- 
 quent speaker. His publications include : < Peri- 
 scopics* (1854); 'The Enchanted Beauty* 
 (1855); 'Life of Dr. E. K. Kane' (1857); 
 'Questions of the Day* (1871); and 'Conver- 
 sations on Political Economy* (1882). 
 
 Elderton, William. An English ballad- 
 writer ; died 1592 ( ?). He wrote much, ' A New 
 \'orkshyre Song * being among his productions, 
 all vastly popular in the sixteenth century. 
 
 Eliot, Charles William. Late President of 
 Harvard University; born in Massachusetts, 1834. 
 He has published ' Manuel of Qualitative Chemi- 
 cal Analysis > ; ' Manual of Inorganic Chemistry * 
 (with Storer) ; < Hve American Contributions 
 to Civilization.* (He is a constant writer on educa- 
 tion and other prominent questions of the day. 
 
 Eliot, George, pseudonym of Mary Ann 
 Evans. A great English novelist ; born at 
 Arbury P'arm, Chilvers Coton, Warwickshire, 
 Nov. 22, 1819; died in London, Dec. 22, 18.S0. 
 Her publications are : ' Strauss's Life of Jesus > 
 (anon.: 1846); 'Ludwig Feuerbach's Essence 
 of Christianity, by Marian Evans* (1854 I; 
 'Scenes of Clerical Life* (1858); 'Adam Bede* 
 (1859); 'The Mill on the Floss* (i860); 'Silas 
 Marner* (1861) ; 'Romola* (1863; previously 
 in the Cornhill, July 1862 to August 1863; an 
 " edition de luxe,** with Sir Frederick Leigh- 
 ton's illustrations, appeared in 1880); 'Felix 
 Holt* (1886); 'The Spanish Gypsy* (1868); 
 'Agatha,* a poem (1869); ' Middlemarch* (1872; 
 in parts, December 1871 to December 1872); 
 'Jubal and Other Poems*; 'Daniel Deronda* 
 (1876); 'Impressions of Theophrastus Such* 
 (1879). Two short stories, 'The Lifted Veil* 
 and ' Brother Jacob,* appeared in Blackwood 
 in i860. In addition to these, she wrote a 
 very large number of papers for the reviews, 
 such as: ' Carlyle's Life of Sterling* (1852); 
 'Women in France* (1854); 'Prussia and Prus- 
 sian Policy* (Stahr, 1855; Dryden, 1855); 
 'Evangelical Teachings* (1855); 'Silly Novels 
 by Lady Novelists* (1856); 'German Wit* 
 (Heine, 1856); 'Natural History of German 
 Life* (1856); 'Three Months at Weimar* 
 (1855); 'Influence of Rationalism* (1865); 
 'Lecky's History* (1865); 'Address to Work- 
 ingmen by Felix Holt* (1866); and 'Leaves 
 from a Note Book.* The 'Life of George 
 Eliot * was published by her husband in 1884. 
 
 Eliot, John. The " Apostle to the Indians >* ; 
 born at Widford, Hertfordshire, England, in 
 1604; died at Roxbury, Mass., May 21, 1690. 
 He was educated at Cambridge University. 
 England ; emigrated to Boston in 1631. In 
 1646 he began his efforts to convert the In- 
 dians. His Indian version of the New Testa- 
 ment was printed at Cambridge, Mass., 1661. 
 Two years later the Old Testament appeared. 
 He published : 'The Christian Commonwealth* 
 (1654) ; ' The Communion of Churches* (1665) ; 
 and 'The Harmony of the Gospels* (1678). 
 
 Eliot, Samuel. An American author and 
 teacher; born at Boston, Mass., Dec. 22, 182I;
 
 ELIZABETH — ELLIS 
 
 167 
 
 died at Beverly, Mass., Sept. 14, 1898. He filled 
 tlie chair of political science and constitutional 
 law in Trinity College, Hartford, Conn. Colum- 
 bia gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1863, 
 Harvard in 1880. Among his publications are : 
 
 < Passages from the History of Liberty' (1847) ; 
 
 < The Liberty of Rome > (2 vols., 1849) ; < Man- 
 ual of United States History between the 
 Years 1792 and 1850 > (1856; revised ed. 1873) ; 
 and < Stories from the Arabian Nights > ( 1879). 
 
 Elizabeth, Queen of Roumania. See Sylva. 
 
 Ellesmere, Francis Egerton, Earl of. An 
 
 English statesman, man of letters, and poet; 
 born in London, Jan. i, 1800, died there, Feb. 
 18. 1857. His <The Pilgrimage and Other 
 Poems > (1856) constitutes his most valid title 
 to fame, although he wrote much and well 
 on biographical, historical, and literary subjects. 
 
 Ellet, Elizabeth Fries. An American prose- 
 writer; born in Sodus Point, N. Y., in 1818; 
 died June 3, 1877. Among her books are a 
 translation of Silvio Pellico's < Euphemia of 
 Messina* (1834); < Poems, Original and Se- 
 lected* (1835); <Characters of Schiller* (1842); 
 
 < Pioneer Women of the West* {1852); < Queens 
 of American Society* (1867); < Court Circles 
 of the Republic,* with Mrs. R. E. Mack (1869); 
 'The Practical Housekeeper*; < Evenings at 
 Woodlawn*; < Women Artists in All Ages.* 
 
 Ellinwood, Frank Field An American 
 clergyman and author ; born in Oneida County, 
 N. Y., about 1826. He graduated at Ham- 
 ilton College in 1849 ; was ordained a minister 
 in the Presbyterian Church in 1853 ; and became 
 secretary of foreign missions for that denomi- 
 nation in 1871. His chief works are: <The 
 Great Conquest* (1876); < Oriental Religions 
 and Christianity* (1892); < Questions and Phases 
 of Modern Missions.* 
 
 Elliot, Sir Gilbert. A Scotch statesman, 
 philosopher, and poet ; born in Teviotdale, 
 Minto Parish (?), September 1722; died at 
 Marseilles, Jan. 11, 1777. His song of <Amynta,* 
 beginning " My sheep I neglected, I broke my 
 sheep hook,'* is famous ; and he wrote occas- 
 ional philosophical papers. 
 
 Elliot, Henry Rutherford. An American 
 journalist and story-writer ; born 1849. He has 
 written : < The Basset Claim, a Story of Life 
 in Washington > ; < The Common Chord, a Story 
 of the Ninth Ward > ; and other fictions. D. 1906. 
 
 Elliot, Jane. A Scotch poet, sister of Sir 
 Gilbert; born in Teviotdale, 1727; died there, 
 March 29, 1805. She wrote <The Flowers of 
 the Forest* (1756), a song of Flodden field. 
 
 Elliott, Charles Wyllys. An American nov- 
 elist and historian; bom in Guilford, Conn., 
 May 27, 1817; died Aug. 23, 1883. Settling in 
 New York, he was one of the founders and 
 trustees of the Children's Aid Society in 1853, 
 and in 1857 vvas one of the commissioners for 
 laying out Central Park. He published among 
 other works: 'Cottages and Cottage Life* 
 (1848); 'Mysteries, or Glimpses of the Super- 
 natural* (1852); <The Book of American In- 
 
 teriors * ; < Pottery and Porcelain' ; < Remarkable 
 Characters and Places in the Holy Land*; 
 <St. Domingo, its Revolution and its Hero*; 
 <Wind and Whirlwind,* a novel; and others. ' 
 
 Elliott, Charlotte. An English hymn-writer; 
 born March 17, 1789; died at Brighton, Sept. 
 22, 1871. Her sacred songs were exceedingly 
 popular; <Just as I Am* (1834) being univer- 
 sally adopted. 
 
 Elliott, Ebenezer. An English popular poet , 
 born in Masborough, near Sheffield, March 17, 
 1781 ; died at Great Houghton, near Barnsley. 
 Dec. I, 1849. At first a foundry hand, his poetic 
 gift was used in denouncing the exploitation 
 of the proletariat by a capitalistic oligarchy; 
 yet the bitterness and exaggerated rhetoric one 
 would expect are wholly absent from <Corn 
 Law Rhymes* (1831) and <More Prose and 
 Verse* (1850). 
 
 Elliott, Sir Henry Miers. An English his- 
 torian; born in Westminster, 1808; died at 
 Simon's Town, Cape of Good Hope, Dec. 20, 
 1853. Long an Indian civil servant, he com- 
 piled 'Memoirs of the History, Folk Lore, 
 and Distribution of the Races of the North- 
 western Provinces of India* (1S69), and 'The 
 History of India as Told by its Own Histo- 
 rians : The Muhammedan Period * ( 1867-77 ), 
 which appeared posthumously. 
 
 Elliott, Henry Wood. An American prose- 
 writer; born in Cleveland, O., Nov. 13, 1841. 
 He edited the Cleveland Daily Herald in 1879 ; 
 was sent by the government to Alaska as spe- 
 cial agent of the Treasury Department. Upon 
 his return he published ' Monograph of the 
 Seal Islands* (1881), and 'Our Arctic Province, 
 Alaska, and the Seal Islands* (1886). 
 
 Elliott, Maud (Howe). An American nov- 
 elist, daughter of Julia Ward Howe ; born in 
 Boston, Mass., Nov. 9, 1855. Her writings in- 
 clude : <A Newport Aquarelle* (1883); 'The 
 San Rosario Ranch* (1884), ' Atalanta in the 
 South* (1886); 'Mammon* (1888) ;' Honor * ; 
 < Phyllida * ; and ' Roma Beata > ( 1904J. 
 
 Elliott, Sarah Barnwell. An .'\merican nov- 
 elist, granddaughter of Stephen Elliott of South 
 Carolina. Her best-known works are : < The Fel- 
 meres * (1879) ; < Jerry > ; < John Paget,* a novel of 
 New York and Newport ; ' Sam Houston.* 
 
 Elliott, William. A miscellaneous writer; 
 born in Beaufort, N C, April 27, 1788, died 
 there, February 1863. He was educated at 
 Yale ; devoted himself mainly to agriculture 
 and rural sports. His contributions to the 
 Southern Review were numerous. His pub- 
 lished works include an ' Address before the St. 
 Paul's Agricultural Society* (1850); 'Fie.sco,* 
 a tragedy (1850); and 'Carolina Sports by 
 Land and Water* (1856) 
 
 Ellis, Edward Sylvester. An American 
 
 writer of school text-books and juvenile litera- 
 ture ; l)orn in Ohio in 1840. For .some years lie 
 was an instructor at Trenton, N. J; liesides 
 'The People's Standard History of the United
 
 z68 
 
 ELLIS — ELVENICA 
 
 States' and several school histories, his works 
 include: <The Boy Pioneer Series' (1883-84); 
 <The Camp Fires of General Lee> (1887) ; < The 
 Hunters of the Ozark > (1887); <The Great 
 River Series' (1S88); < Storm Mountain.' 
 
 Ellis, George. An English versifier; born 
 in Jamaica (?), 1753; died April 10, 1815. He 
 contributed to the Anti-Jacobin and other peri- 
 odicals; producing also < Poetical Tales by Sir 
 Gregory Gander' (1778), and other verse. 
 
 Ellis, George Edward. An American clergy- 
 man, biographer, and historical writer ; born in 
 Boston, Mass., Aug. 8, 1814 ; died there, Dec. 20, 
 1894. He was pastor of the Harvard (Unitarian) 
 Church, Charlestown, Mass., 1840-69; and held 
 the professorship of systematic theology in the 
 Cambridge Divinity School, 1857-63. As presi- 
 dent of the Massachusetts Historical Society he 
 has made valuable contributions to early colonial 
 history. Among his publications may be no- 
 ticed : <A Half-Century of the Unitarian Contro- 
 versy' (1857); < History of the Battle of Bunker's 
 Hill' (1875); <The Red Man and the Whit€ 
 Man' (1882); <The Puritan Age and Rule in 
 the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, 1629-85 ' ; 
 various memoirs, and several biographies in 
 Sparks's ^American Biography.' 
 
 Ellis, Robert. An English classicist; born 
 1820 (?) ; died at Exeter, Dec. 20, 1885. He made 
 a profound study of Latin and Greek subjects 
 and philology, his < Hannibal's Passage of the 
 Alps' (1853) being generally known. 
 
 Ellis, Robert or Cynddelw. A Welsh clergy- 
 man and poet ; born in Ty'n-y-meini, Llanr- 
 haiadr yn Mochnant ; died at Gartheryr, Aug. 
 20, 1875. His works include a highly prized 
 <Awdl (or Ode) on the Resurrection' (1849), 
 and < Poems' (1877) of pleasing inspiration. 
 
 Ellis, Sarah Stickney, Mrs. An English 
 miscellaneous writer, wife of Rev. William; 
 born in 1812; died in 1872. For many years 
 she was principal of a girls' school in Hertford- 
 shire. Of her numerous works of a moral and 
 instructive character, the best known are : < The 
 Poetry of Life' (1838); < Summer and Winter 
 in the Pyrenees' (1841); <The Wives of Eng- 
 land' (1843); <The Island Queen' (1846), a 
 poem; < Fireside Tales' (1848); and the stories 
 <The Brewer's Family' (1863); < William and 
 Mary' (1865); < Northern Roses,' descriptive of 
 Yorkshire life. 
 
 Ellis, William. An English economic essay- 
 ist, critic, and text-book writer; born in Lon- 
 don (?) of Franco-Italian parentage, January 
 1800; died there (?), Feb. 18, 1881. An ardent 
 disciple of John Stuart Mill, he wrote : < Out- 
 lines of Social Economy' (1846); < Thoughts 
 on the Future of the Human Race' (1866); 
 and many other works of consequence. 
 
 EUwanger, George Herman. An American 
 writer; bom in New York State in 1848. He 
 is a resident of Rochester, N. Y. Among his 
 works are : < The Garden's Story ' ; < The Story 
 of my House'; <In Gold and Silver'; < Idyl- 
 
 lists of the Country-Side,' prose; and < Love's 
 Demesne, a Garland of Contemporary Love 
 Poems.' Died 1906. 
 
 EUwood, Thomas. An English Quaker con- 
 troversialist ; born in Crowell, Oxfordshire, 
 October 1639; died at Amersham, Bucks, March 
 I, 1713 (or 1714). His many works include a 
 
 < Sacred History' (1705; part ii., 1709), and he 
 is noted for his friendship with Milton. 
 
 Elmes, James. An English writer on archi- 
 tecture and general art topics ; born in London, 
 Oct. 15, 1782; died at Greenwich, April 2, 1862. 
 He wrote: <Sir Christopher Wren' (1823); 
 <The Arts and Artists' (1825); and similar 
 works. 
 
 Elmham, Thomas. A British historian and 
 monk, born in North Elmham, Norfolk (?), 
 probably about 1390 ; died about 1440. Little 
 is known of him beyond the fact that he left 
 a < Life of Henry V.,' in prose and verse, and 
 a < History of St. Augustine's Canterbury Mon- 
 astery,* which is, in spite of its name, a sort of 
 general chronicle of the kingdom. 
 
 Elmsley, Peter. An English classical scholar ; 
 born in 1773; died at Oxford, March 8, 1825. 
 Editions of Euripides and other Greek authors 
 reveal his learning. 
 
 Elphinston, James. A Scotch versifier, es- 
 sayist, and etymologist; born in Edinburgh (?), 
 Dec. 6, 1721 ; died at Hammersmith, England, 
 Oct. 8, 1809. He produced metrical versions of 
 Martial, F^nelon, and other great writers, an 
 
 < English Grammar' (1765), and many other 
 works. He was a zealous spelling-reformer. 
 
 Elsholtz, Franz von (els'holts). A German 
 dramatist (1791-1872) ; born at Berlin. He won 
 some fame with his first theatrical piece, < Come 
 Hither,' a travesty; and in 1827 was appointed 
 organizer and director of the Court Theatre at 
 Gotha. <The Court Lady' was much admired 
 by Goethe. His plays are published in three 
 volumes, but not now acted. 
 
 Elson, Louis Charles. An American musical 
 critic, lecturer, and author ; born in Boston, 
 Mass., April 17, 1848. He studied music at the 
 Leipsic Conservatory. In 1877 he became assist- 
 ant editor of the Vox Humana, and in 1879 sole 
 editor. He is at present musical critic of the 
 Boston Advertiser, and lecturer at the Nev/ Eng- 
 land Conservatory of Music. H is works include : 
 
 < History of Music ' ; < History of German Song '; 
 
 < Curiosities of Music ' ; < Music Dictionary.' 
 
 Elton, Sir Charles Abraham. An English 
 minor poet; born at Bristol, Oct. 31, 1778; died 
 at Bath, June i, 1853. He was a gallant soldier 
 and no inelegant verse-maker, his < Poems ' 
 (1804) and versions of classics being his best- 
 known work. 
 
 Elvenich, Peter Joseph (el'van-ich). A Ger- 
 man Catholic philosopher; bom in Embken, 
 Jan. 29, 1796; died in Breslau, June 16, x886. 
 He is easily first among the champions of 
 the movement known as Hermesianism, after 
 George Hermes, its founder; and has written;
 
 ELWYN — EMINE 
 
 'Pius IX., the Hermesians, and Archbishop 
 von GeisseP (1848); <The Infallible Pope> 
 (1875); and other polemics. 
 
 Elwyn, Alfred Langdon. An American poet 
 and prose-writer; born in Portsmouth, N. H., 
 July 9, 1804; died in Philadelphia, March 15, 
 1884. He originated the Pennsylvania Agri- 
 cultural Society and Farm School, and was 
 greatly interested in institutions for the blind 
 and feeble-minded. He published : <Bonaparte,> 
 a poem (1848); < Glossary of Supposed Ameri- 
 canisms > (i860); < Melancholy and its Musings' 
 (1881). 
 
 Ely, Richard Theodore. An American po- 
 litical economist ; bom in Ripley, N. Y., April 
 13, 1854. He graduated at Columbia, and 
 aftersvard studied at Heidelberg. Since 1892 
 he has been professor of political economy 
 at Wisconsin University. He has published : 
 
 < French and German Socialism in Modern 
 Times >; <The Past and Present of Political 
 Economy > ; < Taxation in American States and 
 Cities); < Problems of To-Day>; < Political 
 Economy > ; < Social Aspects of Christianity > ; 
 
 < Outlines of Economics * ; and others. 
 
 Elyot, Sir Thomas. An English diplomatist 
 and moral essayist ; born 1490 ; died March 20, 
 1546. He wrote: <The Governour> (1531), a 
 system of training young gentlemen for gov- 
 ernment places; < Of the Knowledge which 
 Maketh a Wise Man> (1533); <The Castel 
 of Helth* (1534), in which he poached on the 
 profession's preserves, and was roundly abused 
 by them : but the book sold. 
 
 Elze, Karl (elts'e). A German historian of 
 literature (1821-89); born at Dessau. His spe- 
 cialty was English literature ; he was professor 
 of English philology in the University of Halle 
 (1875-89. One of his first works was compil- 
 ing a < Treasury of English Song.> He pro- 
 duced critical editions of Shakespeare and 
 other English dramatists, and wrote biogra- 
 phies of Byron and other English authors. 
 Specially noteworthy is his < Outline of English 
 Philology.) < Westward) (i860) contains trans- 
 lations of English and American poems. 
 
 Emants, Marcellus (em'ants). A Dutch 
 poet and descriptive writer ; born at Voorburg 
 near The Hague, Aug. 12, 1848. His travels 
 gave play to his keen observation and his 
 poetical imagination : Among his best are : <A 
 Journey through Sweden* (1877); < Monaco) 
 (1878) ; <Along the Nile) (1884) ; <From Spain) 
 ( 1SS6). He holds a permanent place in the litera- 
 ture of the Tow Countries through his charming 
 narrative poems < Lilith > ; < The Shimmer of the 
 Gods ) ; and his dramas < He * ; and < A Crisis.) 
 
 Embury, Emma Catherine. An American 
 poet; born in New York city in 1806; died in 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., Feb. 10, 1863. Much of her 
 work for periodicals was over the pen-name 
 '< lanthe.)) Among her published works are : 
 <Guido and Other Poems) (1828); Female Edu- 
 cation ) ; < The Blind Girl, and Tales ) ; < Love's 
 Token Flowers) (1846); and -Poems) (1869). 
 
 169 
 
 Emerson, Mrs. Ellen (Russell). An Amer- 
 ican author; born in Massachusetts in 1837. 
 Her works are : < Indian Mjths ) (1884) ; < Masks, 
 Heads, and Faces, with Considerations Re- 
 specting the Rise and Development of Art.> 
 
 Emerson, Ralph Waldo. An eminent Amer 
 ican philosopher, poet, essayist, and lecturer; 
 born in Boston, May 25, 1S03; died at Con- 
 cord, Mass., April 27, 1882. At first a Unita- 
 rian minister in Boston, he resigned his pulpit 
 in 1832, retiring to Concord, where his home 
 became a centre of intellectual influence. The 
 works of Emerson comprise the following: < An 
 Historical Discourse delivered before the Citi- 
 zens of Concord) (1835); <Nature) (1836); Car- 
 lyle's < Sartor Resartus,) (edited: 1836); an ora- 
 tion, <The American Scholar) (1837); 'Carlyle's 
 Essays) (edited: 1838); 'Method of Nature,) 
 an oration (1841); < Essays) (1841); Carlyle's 
 <Past and Present) (edited: 1843); < Man the 
 Reformer > ( 1844), a lecture ; < The Young Ameri- 
 ican ) (1844), a lecture ; < Essays ) (second series, 
 1844); <An Address) (1844); < Poems) (1847); 
 
 < Nature : Addresses and Lectures ) ( 1849 ) ; 
 
 < Representative Men,) seven lectures (1850); 
 < English Traits) (1856); 'Miscellanies) (1856); 
 <The Conduct of Life) (i860); < May Day and 
 Other Pieces) (1867); 'Society and Solitude' 
 (1870); 'Tribute to Walter Scott) (1871); 'Let- 
 ters and Social Aims ' (1876); 'Selected Poems> 
 (1876); 'The Fortune of the Republic) (1878), 
 a lecture; 'Complete Works) (1883-84); 'Nat- 
 ural History of Intellect, and Other Papers ) 
 (1893). He also contributed much to the Dial, 
 and edited the Massachusetts Quarterly Re- 
 view (1847-50). 
 
 Emerton, Ephraim. An American historical 
 writer; born in Salem, Mass., Feb. 18, 1851. 
 Graduating from Harvard in 1871, he studied 
 two years at Berlin and Leipsic, the latter 
 giving him his Ph. D. in 1S76. The same year 
 he was appointed instructor at Harvard, and 
 in 1882 professor of ecclesiastical history. His 
 works include : ' An Introduction to the Study 
 of Mediaeval History); 'Synopsis of the His- 
 tory of Continental Europe ) ; ' The Practical 
 Method in Higher Historical Instruction); 
 'Mediaeval Europe, 814-1300.) 
 
 Emerton, James Henry. An American nat- 
 uralist; bom in Salem, Mass., 1847. He has 
 distinguished himself by his illustrations for 
 many scientific works, and is the author of 
 'Notes and Additions) to a second edition of 
 Hentz's 'Spiders of the United States > (1875); 
 'Structures and Habits of Spiders* (1877); and 
 'Life on the Sea-Shore) (1880). 
 
 Emlne, Nikita Ossipovich. An Armenian 
 historian and distinguished scholar ; born near 
 Ispahan, Persia, about 1815; died in Moscow, 
 Jan. 7, 1891. He was educated at the Lazareff 
 Institute for Oriental Tongues and at the Uni- 
 versity, Moscow. Russian learning is indebted 
 to him for his translation into Russian of all 
 the Armenian iiistorians. His monumental work, 
 a < History of Amienia,* is known to tlie world 
 through a f>ench translation.
 
 17© 
 
 BMIKE9CU — ENGLISH 
 
 Eminesou, Michael (a-min-eslco). The great 
 lyric poet of Roumania (1849-89); born at 
 Bucharest. He was for a time editor of The 
 Times, a strong Conservative journal, and the 
 fierceness of political strife would seem to have 
 spoilt his fine poetical genius. He died in a 
 madhouse. His fame is built on his first vol- 
 ume of < Poems,> notable alike for the depth 
 and elevation of the thought and the melodi- 
 ousness of the verse ; they are mostly elegio- 
 satiric, and touch questions political, social, 
 religious, and moral. Some of his poems have 
 been rendered into German by Carmen Sylva. 
 
 Emp&ran, Diego de (em-par'an). A distin- 
 guished Mexican controversial writer; born in 
 Puebla, April 5, 1718; died in Ravenna, Italy, 
 about 1807. His book < The Jesuits and the 
 Pope' (1746), published soon after entering the 
 priesthood, gained him five years' imprison- 
 ment. The year after his release he issued a 
 bitter criticism of the Church dignitaries, for 
 which he was deposed from the priesthood 
 and imprisoned in the castle of Sant' Angelo, 
 but released later. His work was burned by 
 the executioner; the single copy saved from 
 the flames is now in the National Academy of 
 Mexico. His works include: <The Tombs of 
 Mohammed and Christ > ; < Voltaire and his 
 School * ; < Science and Superstition > ; and < Re- 
 ligion and Hygiene.' 
 
 Empedocles (ern-ped'o-klez). A celebrated 
 Sicilian Greek philosopher ; born at Agrigen- 
 tum about B. C. 500 ; died probably in the 
 Peloponnesus about B. C. 440. He was phy- 
 sician, philosopher, and seer, and a poet too, 
 for his treatises or speculations were written in 
 verse. We have some considerable fragments 
 of his work on < Nature > (or < Natural Things > 
 or < Natural Philosophy*). Of another of his 
 works, on < Lustrations > or < Purifications,' there 
 remain but a few short fragments. 
 
 Empis, Adolphe (em-pe'). A French dram- 
 atist (1795-1868); born at Paris. His comedies 
 combine true humor, elegance and keen obser- 
 vation, with a wholesome moral tone. Among 
 his works are : < Lambert Symnel ; or. The Polit- 
 ical Manikin' (1826); < Generous Through 
 Vanity' (1827); <Motherand Daughter' (1830); 
 'Stockjobbery; or. The Fashionable Trade' 
 (1835); <Lord Novart' (1836); and <The Heir- 
 ess' (1844). His strongest work, 'The Wives 
 of Henry VHI.,' failed of success, but is a 
 happy imitation of Shakespeare. 
 
 Enault, Louis (en-6'). A French story-teller 
 and writer of travels; born at Isigny in 1822; died 
 Mar. 27, 1900. He wrote travel and fiction based 
 on extensive journeys. The travel sketches 
 comprise : < Constantinople and Turkey ' ; < Nor- 
 way > ; < The Mediterranean ' ; < London.' The 
 more notable of his stories are : < The Virgin 
 of the Libanus ' ; < Love in Lapland > ; < The 
 Baptism of Blood ' ; < Tragic Loves.' 
 
 Encina, Juan del (en-the'na). A celebrated 
 Spanish dramatist ; born at Salam.anca, about 
 1469; died there about 1534. His first volume 
 of poems, < The Song-Book,' contained also a 
 
 dissertation on <The Art of Castilian Poesy* 
 or <The Art of Poetic Invention.' His lyrics 
 are full of charm and lively wit. He wrote 
 fourteen dramas : eight are shepherd-plays or 
 eclogues, the rest are pieces for Church holy 
 seasons. He made the Jerusalem pilgrimage, 
 and described it in the poem < Tribagia ; or. 
 The Sacred Way of Jerusalem.' 
 
 Encisco, Diego Ximenez de (en-thes'ko). 
 A Spanish dramatist; born in Andalusia. He 
 flourished in the sixteenth century, and his 
 works are quite noted, although little is known 
 of his life. His best-known play is 'The 
 Medicis of Florence.' 
 
 Endicott, Charles Moses. "Junius Amer- 
 icanus." An American historical writer; born 
 in Danvers, Mass., 1793 ; died in Northampton, 
 Mass., in 1863. He contributed to the New 
 England Historical and Genealogical Register 
 and to the Boston Gazette. He wrote a < Life 
 of John Endicott ' ; < The Persian Poet, a Tra- 
 gedy ' ; < Essays on the Rights and Duties of 
 Nations'; and 'Three Orations.' 
 
 Engel, Eduard (eng'el). A German literary 
 critic ; born at Stolp in Pomerania, Nov. 12, 
 1851. He made a German translation of 
 'Italian Love-Songs' (1875); and wrote 'Lord 
 Byron : An Autobiography from Journals and 
 Letters' (1876); 'Psychology of French Litera- 
 ture' (1884); 'Did Bacon Write Shakespeare's 
 Plays?' 'History of English Literature: With 
 Appendix, American Literature.' In his two 
 published collections of short stories — 'Wall 
 to Wall ' ( 1890) ; and < Exiled and Other Stories ' 
 (1891) — he appears as a moderate realist. 
 
 Engel, Johann Jakob. A German philos- 
 opher (1741-1802); born at Parchim in Meck- 
 lenburg. He was professor of philosophy and 
 philology in Berlin, and afterward preceptor 
 to the future Frederic William HI. .(Esthetic 
 criticism and art theory owe him much. His 
 < Philosopher for All the World,' often reprinted, 
 consisting of narratives, dialogues, letters, and 
 essays, his < First Foundations for a Theory of 
 the Different Kinds of Poetry,' and above all 
 his ' Herr Lorenz Stark,' with its fine delinea- 
 tion of everyday life, give him a place among 
 the leading representatives of serious literature 
 in his time. 
 
 English, George Bethune. An American 
 controversial writer ; born in Cambridge, Mass., 
 March 7, 1787 ; died in Washington, D. C, Sept. 
 20, 1828. He graduated at Harvard, studied 
 law, and left it for theology. In 1813 he wrote 
 a book, 'The Grounds of Christianity Exam- 
 ined,' to which Edward Everett wrote a reply. 
 English responded with < Five Smooth Stones 
 out of the Brook.' Besides these, he published 
 replies to William EUery Channing's two ser- 
 mons on 'Infidelity' (1813). 
 
 English, Thomas Dunn. An American physi- 
 cian and poet; born in Philadelphia, June 29, 
 1819; died at Newark, N. J., April i, 1902. He 
 graduated from the University of Pennsylvania
 
 ENGLISH -fiPINAY 
 
 171 
 
 in 1839, and wrote the famous song <Ben Bolt* 
 in 1S43. He Dublished <Walter Wcolfe', < Amer- 
 ican Ballads>, < Jacob Schuyler's Millions*, etc. 
 
 English, William. An Irish poet; born in 
 Newcastle, Limerick (?); died at Cork, Jan. 
 13, 1778. His themes were those of humble 
 life ; the well-known ballad < Cashel of Mun- 
 ster> is a fine specimen of Gaelic vernacular. 
 
 Ennes, Antonio (en'nas). A Portuguese 
 dramatist; born at Lisbon in 1848. He was 
 for some years prominent in journalism, and 
 afterward held high government offices. His 
 first play, <The Lazarists,' had extraordinary 
 success in Portugal and Brazil, and long held 
 the stage. It was followed by the comedy 
 •Eugenia Milton > (1874J, and the dramas < The 
 Troubadours ' ; < The Mountebank * ; * The Emi- 
 gration > ; < A Divorce. > The last was translated 
 into Italian and French. 
 
 EnnluB, Quintus (en'i-us). A Roman poet; 
 born at Rudiae in Calabria, 239 B. C; died in 
 169 B. C. While a centurion in the army, he was 
 induced by Cato the elder to visit Rome, and 
 came into close association with Scipio Afri- 
 canus and the other great men there. A Ca- 
 labrian with Greek culture, he was doubtless 
 the most learned Latin of his time. He es- 
 sayed nearly every kind of poetry, — narrative 
 or epic (in his metrical 'Annals'), dramatic 
 (tragedy and comedy), didactic (on natural 
 philosophy, theology or mythology, and gas- 
 tronomy). Nothing of his has come down to 
 us complete, but many considerable fragments 
 are preserved in the works of classic writers 
 and anthologists. 
 
 Enrlquez Gomez, Antonio (en-re'keth). 
 [Properly Enriquez de Paz.] A Spanish poet; 
 born about 1600 at Segovia. His Jewish blood 
 brought him under suspicion and persecution ; 
 he fled to Amsterdam, professed Judaism, and 
 was burned in efhgy at Seville in 1660. The 
 dramas < Cardinal de Albomoz • and < Fernan 
 Mendez Pinto,> written before exile, found great 
 popular favor; his later ones were entered un- 
 der the name of Calderon, and were mostly 
 very successful. 
 
 Ensor, George. An Irish political writer; 
 born in Dublin, 1769 ; died at Ardress, Armagh, 
 Dec. 3, 1843. His attacks on the English gov- 
 ernment of Ireland, especially tlie pamphlets 
 <On National Government' (1810) and 'The 
 Poor and their Relief* (1823), are very sarcastic 
 and suffused with hatred of the oppressor. 
 
 Eotvbs, Baron J6zsef (et-vesh). A Hun- 
 garian novelist and statesman ; born at Buda, 
 in September 1813; died Feb. 2 or 3, 1871, 
 The comedies 'The Critics' (1830) and 'The 
 Merry Wedding Party' (1833), and the tragedy 
 'Revenge' (1834), were his first productions. 
 His best-known novel is 'The Village Notary' 
 ( 1845 ), scarifying the Hungarian system of 
 county government ; ' The Cartliusian ' is per- 
 haps finer as literature. He wrote also histor- 
 ical novels, as 'Hungary in 1514' and 'The 
 Peasants' War in Hungary'; and books on 
 
 political and social questions, among them: 
 ' Observations on Prison Reform > (1842); ' Influ- 
 ence of the Dominant Ideas of the Nineteenth 
 Century upon the State > (1851); 'Equal Rights 
 of the Nationalities in Austria' (2d ed. 1851). 
 
 Eplcharmos (ep-i-kar'mus). An ancient 
 Greek comic poet; bom in the island of Cos, 
 540 B. C, but lived at Syracuse. He is the 
 founder of the Doric-Sicilian comedy, so-called. 
 Only a few fragments of his works survive; 
 they were mostly travesties of m)'ths, with some 
 scenes from life. They were witty dialogues 
 containing homely aphorisms. 
 
 Epictetus (ep-ik-te'tus). A Greek Stoic phi- 
 losopher; born at Hierapolis in Phrvgia, about 
 50 A. D. A slave and then a freedman at 
 Rome, he taught philosophy there till 94, when 
 all philosophers were banished by Domitian ; 
 apparently returned later and lived into Ha- 
 drian's reign. The essential tenets of Stoicism 
 are nowhere more clearly or feelingly set forth 
 than by him. No writings of his are known ; 
 but his maxims were gathered and published 
 in the < Encheiridion,' or Handbook, and the 
 ' Commentaries,' in eight books, of which four 
 are lost. The latest English translation of 
 the latter, Col. Higginson's (1891), is entitled 
 ' The Discourses of Epictetus.' 
 
 Epicurus (ep-i-ku'rus). A famous Grecian 
 philosopher; lived from about 341 B.C. to 270 
 B. C. He was a teacher of philosophy rather as 
 a rule of life than as a system of knowledge, 
 and began to teach when he was about 32 years 
 old, first at Mitylene, then at Lampsacus ; but 
 his great school was at Athens, where he set- 
 tled about 305 B. C. His discipleship there 
 led a life of austere abstemiousness in common, 
 after the manner of a conventual establishment, 
 but the membership comprised both men and 
 women. Their common dwelling was a country- 
 house surrounded by a garden, which yielded 
 to the labor of the brethren the simple material 
 of their frugal fare. Of his numerous writings 
 little remains. According to him the supreme 
 good of life is found in pleasure, but not in the 
 momentar)' gratification of sense, ratlier in the 
 delight inseparable from the practice of virtue. 
 Rightly interpreted, the doctrine of Epicurus is 
 as adverse to all sensualism as that of La Trappe ; 
 but the Epicurean doctrines were in time mis- 
 interpreted and misunderstood, and Epicurean- 
 ism became a synonym of self-indulgent and 
 sensuous pleasure. 
 
 Epinay, Madame de la Live d" (ep-c-na'). 
 A notat)le French writer of memoirs ; born at 
 \'alenciennes, March 11, 1726; died Ajiril 17, 
 1783. Having a worthless husband, she culti- 
 vated intellectual society — Grimm, D'Holbach, 
 Diderot, Rousseau ; for the latter she erected 
 in her chateau garden at Montmorency a cot- 
 tage, "The Hermitage." She published a val- 
 ued work on education, 'The Conversations 
 of Emilie ' ; 'Letters to my Son'; and My 
 I(ai)p\' Moments.' Her iiostluiiiioiislv j'uli- 
 lished 'Memoirs' constitute a charming auto- 
 biography written with the freedom of an artist.
 
 172 
 
 ERASMUS — ESCHERNY 
 
 Erasmus, Deslderlus (er-az'mus). [A Latin 
 paraphrase of his Dutch name.] A celebrated 
 Dutch humanist; bom at Rotterdam, 1465 or 
 1467; died July 12, 1536. All his writings are 
 in Latin. He made a collection of < Adages > 
 (1500), with applications to the time; wrote a 
 very popular volume of < Colloquies' (1521); 
 jind a sweeping satire, <The Praise of Folly.> 
 His editions of works of the ancients — Cicero, 
 Seneca, Aristotle, St. Augustine, St. Jerome, etc. 
 — are innumerable; and he made an elegant 
 translation of the New Testament, which was 
 used by Luther in his German version. In 
 his later years he was caught up in the general 
 polemic current and wrote against the new 
 doctrines; his treatise on < Free-Will > calling 
 forth a reply from Luther in a pamphlet en- 
 titled < On Slave Will.> (< Complete Works,> 10 
 vols, folio, 1703-6.) 
 
 Erben, Karl Jaromlr (er'ben). A Bohemian 
 poet, dramatist, and scholar; born in Miletin, 
 Nov. 7, 181 1 ; died in Prague, Nov. 21, 1870. A 
 comedy, < The Brewers » (1837) ; < Bohemian Folk 
 Songs and Proverbs' (1864); < Melodies' (1844- 
 47) ; and many philological studies, speak for 
 ^is genius and versatility. 
 
 Erceldoune, Tliomas of. [Called the Rhymer, 
 and Learmont.] A Scotch poet and seer, who 
 flourished probably between 1220 and 1297, and 
 wrote a poem called < Sir Tristrem.' He occu- 
 pies a very conspicuous position in the annals 
 of Anglo-Saxon literature, but not very much 
 is known of his life, and there is even some 
 dispute respecting his authorship of various 
 pieces attributed to him. 
 
 Ercilla y Zufliga, Alonso de (ar-thel'ya e 
 THon-ye'ga). A Spanish poet; bom in Bermeo, 
 Aug. 7, 1533; died 1595. He served against the 
 Araucanian natives of Chili, and wrote a 
 historico-epical poem, <The Araucanian Wo- 
 man,' in 37 cantos, which apart from a few 
 episodes is a faithful narrative of what he saw. 
 In its portraiture of character it is admirable, 
 and in its literary form it is classical. Cer- 
 vantes in < Don Quixote ' ranks it with the 
 finest of the Italian epics. 
 
 Erckmann-Chatrlan (erk'man-sha-tre-on')- 
 Joint name of two French novelists: Emile 
 Erckmann, bom at Pfalzburg, May 20, 1822; 
 died at Luneville, Mar. 14, 1899; and Alexan- 
 dre Chatrian, born near the same town, Dec. 
 18, 1826, died Sept. 5, 1890. They were 
 schoolfellows, later companion glass-blowers, 
 finally literary copartners. <The Illustrious 
 Doctor Matheus' (1859) was their first novel, 
 and highly successful; among the others are : 
 <Stories from the Banks of the Rhine' (1862); 
 <Madame Th6rese)^i863) ; <Friend Fritz) (1864); 
 <Story of a Conscript of^ 1813' {1865), and its 
 sequel < Waterloo' (1865); <Brigadier Frederic' 
 (l874);<Banished' (1882). They portray Alsa- 
 tian life and the Napoleonic era with great fidelity 
 and sympathy. They also wrote successful 
 plays, as <The Polish Jew> (1869); <Friend 
 Fritz' (1877); <The Rantzaus' (1882). 
 
 Erd€lyi, J&nos (er'dal-ye). A Hungarian 
 lyric poet and folklorist; born in Kapos, 
 Ung, April l, 1814 ; died in Sirospatak, Jan. 
 23, 1868. He shows taste and feeling in a vol- 
 ume of miscellaneous 'Poems' (1844), and 
 great power as a prose stylist in < Legends 
 and Popular Tales of Hungary' (1845-48). 
 
 Erdmann, Jobaun Eduard (erd'man). A 
 German philosophical writer; born in Volmar, 
 Livonia, June 13, 1805; died at Halle, June 12, 
 1892. As a Hegelian he takes high rank with 
 < An Attempt at a Scientific Exposition of the 
 History of Later Philosophy' (1834-53); 'Out- 
 lines of the History of Philosophy' (1865); 
 and kindred works. 
 
 Erdmannsd'orffer, Bernhard ( erd'mans- 
 der"fer). A German historian and biographer; 
 born in Altenburg.Jan. 24, 1833. <0n the Com- 
 merce between Venice and the German States 
 in the Middle Ages' (1858), and < Count George 
 Frederick von Waldeck: a Prussian Statesman 
 of the Seventeenth Century' (1869), etc., are dis- 
 tinguished for scholarship and style. Died 1901. 
 
 Erlceira or Ericeyra, Francisco Xavier de 
 Menezes, Count of (ar-e-sa'ra). A Portuguese 
 soldier and poet ; born in Lisbon, 1673 ; died 
 in 1743. He is a prominent figure in the liter- 
 ature of his country as the author of the < Henri- 
 queida' (1741), an epic poem, and a translator 
 of Boileau. 
 
 Ernouf, Alfred Auguste (ar-nof). A French 
 historical writer and publicist; born in Paris, 
 Sept. 21, 1817 ; died there, Feb. 15, 1889. < New 
 Studies of the French Revolution' (1852-54), 
 <The French in Prussia, 1807-8' (1872), and 
 other works, show research and impartiality. 
 
 Errante, Vincenzo (er-rant'e). An Italian 
 poet and statesman ; bom at Palermo, July 16, 
 1813; died in Rome, April 29, 1891. He was 
 many years an exile for his share in Sicilian 
 politics. His works are two volumes of < Tra- 
 gedies and Lyrics' (1874); the dramas <The 
 Feast of St. Felix' and < Suleiman the Great'; 
 the poems <The Ideal' and < Liberty.' He 
 wrote also a < History of the Osmanli Empire 
 from Osman to the Peace of Carlowitz.' 
 
 Ersklne, Sir David. A Scotch dramatist and 
 antiquary ; bom 1772 ; died in Berwickshire, 
 Oct 22 , 1837. His writings include < King James 
 the First of Scotland' (1828), a tragedy, and 
 <Love amongst the Roses' (1827), a military 
 opera. 
 
 Esclienbach, Wolfram von. A celebrated 
 German mediaeval poet ; born of a noble fam- 
 ily at Eschenbach, near Ansbach, Bavaria, in 
 the second half of the twelfth century; died 
 between 1218 and 1225. He was one of the 
 most prominent minstrels at the court of Her- 
 mann, landgraf of Thuringia; and his epics 
 rank among the greatest German imaginative 
 works. Besides several love songs, he wrote 
 < Parcival,' < Wilhelm von Orange^' and < Titurel.' 
 
 Escherny, Fran90iB Louis (ash-ar-ne'L A 
 French philosophical and historical essayist and
 
 ESCOSURA — ETLAR 
 
 173 
 
 critic; born in Neuchitel. Nov. 24, 1733; died 
 in Paris, July 15, 1815. He shows friendship to 
 the French Revolution and the ideas of Rous- 
 seau, in < Equality* (1796); < Philosophy of 
 Politics* (1798) ; < Historic Picture of the Revo- 
 lution' (1815); and other well-written books. 
 
 Escosura, Patricio de la (es-k6-s6'ra). A 
 Spanish novelist and poet; born at Madrid, 
 Nov. 5, 1807 ; died there, Jan. 22, 1878. After 
 political and military ups and downs and being 
 twice exiled, he became Under-Secretary of 
 State, and afterward ambassador variously. 
 He wrote the historical novels <The Count de 
 Candespina,* < Neither King nor Pawn,' and 
 
 < The Patriarch of the Valley > ; the epics < The 
 Bust in Black Cloak' and <Hernan Cortes at 
 Cholula'; several dramas, the most successful 
 of which was < Hernan Cort^s's Debaucheries'; 
 and many historical works, among them a 
 
 < Constitutional History of England.' 
 
 Esling, Cbarles Henry Augustine. An Amer- 
 ican prose-writer and poet; born in Phila- 
 delphia, 1845. He has written many articles 
 pertaining to the religious thought of the day 
 for the Catholic Record and other periodicals, 
 and has published the < Life of St. Germaine 
 Cousin, the Shepherdess of Pibrac,' and sev- 
 eral poems, one of which is <The King's Ring, 
 a Legend of Merry England.' He has written 
 many verses that have been widely popular ; 
 his best-known poem is < The Overture,' D. 1907, 
 
 Esm^nard, Joseph Alphonse (as-ma-nar'). A 
 French poet (1770-1811). He spent years in 
 foreign countries and at sea during the Revo- 
 lution ; returning. Napoleon made him theatri- 
 cal censor. His best work is a didactic poem, 
 < Navigation' (1805); other noteworthy ones 
 are : an ode, < The Oracle of the Janiculum,' 
 in honor of Napoleon's marriage ; a collection 
 of Bonapartist poems and ballads, < Napoleon's 
 Poetic Crown > ; two operas, < The Triumph of 
 Trajan' and < Hernan Cortes.' 
 
 Esplnasse, Mademoiselle de r. See L'Es- 
 pinasse. 
 
 Espinel, Vicente de (es-pe-nel'). A Spanish 
 poet and musician (1551-1634). He was in 
 great favor in society from his musical talent, 
 and among poets for inventing a new form of 
 stanza. His 'Rhymes' were published in 1591. 
 He wrote a picturesque romance, < Life of the 
 Esquire Marcos de Obregon,' from which Le 
 Sage was accused of plagiarizing <-Gil Bias.' 
 
 Espronceda, Jos6 de (es-pron-tha'da). A 
 Spanish poet; born at Almendralejo in Estre- 
 madura, in 1810 ; died May 23, 1842. A pre- 
 cocious poet and revolutionist, he wrote the 
 epic fragment < Palayo ' in confinement, and 
 was repeatedly exiled. His Byronic mannerism 
 and theories exaggerate Byron. His most 
 notable poems are : < The Pirate ' ; < The Beg- 
 gar,' preaching socialism ; < The Headsman ' ; 
 the grewsome < Student of Salamanca'; finally 
 his greatest though incomplete piece, < The 
 Clean Demon' (1841). The volume < Forgotten 
 Pages' was issued in 1874. 
 
 Esquiros, Henri Alphonse (es-ke-ros'). A 
 French historical writer and radical ; bom at 
 Paris, May 23, 1814 ; died May 12, 1876. His 
 best-known writings are : < Charlotte Corday > 
 (1840); <The People's Gospel' (1840), portray- 
 ing Christ as a revolutionist — he spent eight 
 months in jail for this; <The Foolish Virgins,' 
 <The Martyr Virgins,' 'The Wise Virgins,' 
 (1841-42), in the interest of socialism. The 
 'History of the Montagnards' (2 vols., 1847) 
 and the 'History of Liberty's Martyrs' (1851) 
 were very popular. While banished from France 
 he contributed to the Revue des Deux Mondes 
 from London a series of studies on ' England 
 and English Life,' afterward published in 5 
 vols. (1859-70). 
 
 Estrles, FranQOls Annibal, Duke d' (es- 
 tra'). A French prelate, soldier, diplomat, and 
 historical writer; bom 1573; died May 5, 1670. 
 He wrote < Memoirs of the Regency of Marie 
 de' Medici' (1666), and similar works of great 
 value in consequence of his participation in 
 the events he narrates. 
 
 Ethelred, ^tbelred, Ailred, or iElred. A 
 
 British historian; born at Hexham, 1109 (?); 
 died Jan. 12, 1166. He wrote 'The Life and 
 Miracles of King Edward the Confessor,' and 
 many other records, 
 
 Etherege or Ethrygg, George, An English 
 classical poet and scholar; born at Thame, 
 Oxfordshire, 1514 (?) or 1520 (?) ; died after 
 1588. He wrote 'Various Poems' and a Latin 
 translation of Justin Martyr, in addition to 
 numerous verses in Greek and Latin. 
 
 Etherege, Sir George. An English comedy- 
 writer and poet; born in Oxfordshire (?), 1635 
 (?); died in Paris, 1691. 'The Comical Re- 
 venge, or Love in a Tub' (1664), 'She Would 
 if she Could' (1667), and other comedies are 
 mainly notable for indecency, though his char- 
 acters have originality; the hurried verse as- 
 cribed to him is not very successful. 
 
 ^tienne, Charles Guillaume (et-yen'). A 
 distinguished French dramatist (1778-1845). 
 Under the first empire he was censor, editor- 
 in-chief of the Journal of the Empire, and a 
 member of the Academy ; at the Restoration 
 he was expelled from the Academy, and there- 
 after as editor of the Constitutionnel was a 
 power on the side of the opposition. His com 
 edies give proof of his brilliant fancy, elegant 
 style, and great constructive skill: 'The Two 
 Sons-in-Law' is the best comedy of the Im- 
 perial era, and not unworthy Moli^re. He 
 composed many farces, vaudevilles, operettas, 
 and spectacular pieces, which had unbounded 
 success; his operas 'Cinderella' and 'Jocondc' 
 were the delight of Paris. He wrote a ' His- 
 tory of the French Theatre.' 
 
 Etlar, Carit (at^ldr), pseudon}an of Carl 
 BrosSll. A Danish realistic novelist, also 
 dramatist and poet; born in Fridericia, April 7, 
 1816; died May, 1900. The historical tale of 
 <The Queen's Captain of the Guard' and the 
 »lory <The People in Need' (1878) are exceed-
 
 174 
 
 ETTMOLLER — EVANS 
 
 ingly popular. <The Smuggler's Son> (1839) is 
 one of the best of his plays, and his verse has 
 merit. 
 
 Ettmuller, Ludwig (et'miil-er). A German 
 philological critic, poet, and historian ; born in 
 Gersdorf, Saxony, Oct. 5, 1802 ; died in Zurich, 
 April 15, 1877. He rescued many mediaeval 
 masterpieces from oblivion. He was also 
 author of < German Dynasty Founders > (1844) 
 and other epic poems, besides the *Anglo-Saxon 
 Lexicon > (1852). 
 
 Eupolis (u'po-lis). An Athenian comic poet ; 
 born at Athens about 445 B.C.; died before 
 404. After Cratinus and Aristophanes he was 
 the chief representative of the older Attic com- 
 edy ; he had a comedy acted at 17. From the 
 extant fragments we infer that, like Aristo- 
 phanes, he idealized the old ways. According 
 to the ancient critics he combined felicitous 
 invention, masterly handling of plot, and rare 
 grace of style. 
 
 Euripides (ii-rip'i-dez). A great Greek tragic 
 poet ; born at Athens about 480 B. C. ; died 
 about 406. His dramas, according to the an- 
 cient Alexandrine grammatists, numbered 92. 
 Of these, 19 have come down to our time : 
 namely, the tragedies <Alcestis,> <Andromache,> 
 <Bacchre,> <Hecube,> < Helena,> <Electra,> 
 
 < Heraclid£e,> <The Mad Hercules,> <The Sup- 
 pliants,* < Hippolytus,' < Iphigenia at Tauris,' 
 
 < Iphigenia at Aulis,' * Ion,* < Medea,> < Orestes,* 
 
 < Rhesus' (not genuine, however), < The Trojan 
 Women,* < The Phoenissse * ; finally the satyr- 
 play < Cyclops.* Of his other plays we have 
 only short fragments. 
 
 Eusden, Laurence. An English poet ; born 
 in Spofforth, Yorkshire (?), 1688; died at Con- 
 ingsby, Lincolnshire, Sept. 27, 1730. He at- 
 tracted much attention by his < Original Poems * 
 (1714), < Ode for the New Year* (1720), and 
 other poems, resulting in his appointment in 
 1718 as poet laureate. 
 
 Eusebius Pampbili. A Greek theologian 
 and historian, the father of ecclesiastical his- 
 tory ; born in Palestine, about 260 A. D. ; died 
 about 340. He became Bishop of Csesarea in 
 315, and was the head of the Semi-Arians 
 or moderate party in the Council of Nice (325). 
 His chief works are : < Ecclesiastical History 
 from the Christian Era to 324 A. D.* ; < Chron- 
 ica,* a history of the world down to 327; <Life 
 of Constantine* ; <On the Demonstration of the 
 Gospel.' 
 
 Eutropius, or Flavius Eutropius. A Latin 
 historian, who flourished 350-370 A. D. He 
 was secretary to Constantine, and took part in 
 Julian's expedition against the Persians. He 
 wrote an < Epitome of Roman History,* a brief 
 narrative of Rome from its foundation to the 
 time of Valens. It is written in a simple and 
 forcible style, and has been used as a text-book 
 for centuries. 
 
 Evans, Abel. An English poetaster and epi- 
 grammatist; born in London (?), 1679; died at 
 Cheam, Surrey, Oct 18, 1737. His wit was 
 
 acknowledged even by Pope ; and < The Appa- 
 rition* ( 1710) and fugitive stanzas made a hit, 
 one or two of the couplets he penned being 
 still occasionally quoted. 
 
 Evans, Augusta Jane (Wilson). A popular 
 American novelist; born in Columbus, Ga., 
 May 8, 1835. Her writings include : < Inez, a 
 Tale of the Alamo* (1856) ; <Beulah,* the most 
 distinguished of her novels (1859); <St. Elmo* 
 (1866) ; and <At the Mercy of Tiberius* (1887). 
 
 Evans, Daniel or Du Ceredigion. A 
 
 Welsh poet ; born at Maes y Mynach, Llanvi- 
 hangel-ystrad, 1792; committed suicide, March 
 28, 1846. He was well educated and talented, 
 but led a disorderly life ; his < Collected Works * 
 (Gwinllan y Bardd ; sef prydyddwaith ar am- 
 rywiol destunau a gwahanol fesurau: 1831) 
 evincing great but erratic powers. 
 
 Evans, Edward. A Welsh poet; born 1716; 
 died June 21, 1798. A clergyman, and said to 
 be directly descended from the Druids, he cher- 
 ished the rites of Britain's ancient bards, and 
 sang to Glamorgan's chair in many fiery stan 
 zas; his < Works* (1778) running through fre 
 quent editions. 
 
 Evans, Edward Payson. An American prose- 
 writer ; born in Remsen, N. Y., Dec. 8, 1831. 
 He has made a special study of Oriental lan- 
 guages. Since 1884 he has been connected 
 with the Allgemeine Zeitung of Munich in Eu- 
 rope, to which he has contributed many articles 
 on the literary, artistic, and intellectual life of 
 the United States. He has published < Abriss 
 der Deutschen Literaturgeschichte * (1869); 
 and a < Progressive German Reader* (1870). 
 
 Evans, Elizabeth Edson Gibson. An Ameri- 
 can prose-writer ; born in Newport, N. H., 
 March 8, 1833. Her essays and short stories 
 contributed to periodicals, and her novel < Laura > 
 (1884), constitute her best work. Her < Story of 
 Kasper Hauser * deals with a strongly controvert- 
 ed subject. She also wrote < The Christ Myth*. 
 
 Evans, Evan. A W' elsh poet and antiquary ; 
 born at Cynhawdref, Lledrod, Cardiganshire, 
 May 20, 1731 ; died there, August 1789. He 
 translated Welsh masterpieces into English, 
 and wrote in English • The Love of our Coun- 
 try* (1772), a poem which won general recog- 
 nition as original and pleasing. 
 
 Evans, Frederick William. [« Elder Ev- 
 ans.**] An American lecturer and writer; born 
 at Bromyard or Leominster, England, June 9, 
 1808; removed to the United States in 1820; 
 died in Mt. Lebanon, N. Y., March 6, 1893 ; 
 joined the United Society of Believers (Shakers) 
 at Mt. Lebanon, N. Y., in 1830. His works deal 
 with the history and doctrines of that sect. 
 The best known are : < Compendium of the 
 Origin, History, and Doctrines of Shakers > 
 (1859); < Autobiography of a Shaker* (1869); 
 'Shaker Communism* (1871). 
 
 Evans, John. A Welsh poet. See Ffraid. 
 
 Evans, John. An English antiquarian ; bom 
 at Market Bosworth, Leicestershire, in 1823. He
 
 EVANS — EWALD 
 
 is a paper-manutacturer, but has devoted con- 
 siderable attention to archaeology, geology, and 
 numismatics. His first work, <The Coins of the 
 Ancient Britons* (1864), received a prize from 
 the French Academy ; and his <Ancient Stone 
 Implements, Weapons, and Ornaments of Great 
 Britain > ( 1872) was translated into French. < The 
 Ancient Bronze Implements of Great Britain* 
 appeared in 1881. 
 
 Evans, Mary Ann. See Eliot, George. 
 
 Evans, Thomas or Telynog. A Welsh poet ; 
 born at Cardigan, 1840 ; died April 29, 1865. 
 He was a coal-miner at twelve, and famous 
 for a poem on < Humility > at sixteen ; but ex- 
 cessive labor with pick and shovel killed him. 
 His < Poems' (1866) show undeniable genius 
 and a pathos blended with sprightliness. 
 
 Evans, Thomas or Tomos Glyn Cothl. A 
 Welsh poet ; born at Capel St. Lilin, Carmar- 
 thenshire, June 20, 1766; died at Aberdare, Jan. 
 29, 1833. A song, < Liberty* (1797), a Welsh- 
 English dictionary, and much miscellaneous 
 verse, preserve his memory. 
 
 Evelyn, John. A celebrated English diarist ; 
 born at Wotton in Surrey, Oct. 31, 1620; died 
 Feb. 27, 1706. His < Diary* was commenced 
 at II; it begins to be valuable about 1641, 
 when he left England and spent ten years on 
 the Continent; the last entry is twenty-four 
 days before his death. It thus covers the varied 
 period of English history from the gathering 
 clouds of the Civil War to the accession of 
 Queen Anne. It was written solely for private 
 family reading, and hence contains frank judg- 
 ments and inside facts obtainable nowhere 
 else. Evelyn wrote many other works : * Sylva,* 
 an elaborate treatise on arboriculture; *A 
 Parallel [of Ancient and Modern Architecture*; 
 < Sculptura, or the History and Art of Chal- 
 cography and Engraving on Copper*; etc. 
 
 Everett, Alexander Hill. An American 
 diplomatist; born in Boston, March 19, 1792; 
 died in China, June or May, 1847. Soon after 
 graduating at Harvard, he entered the United 
 States diplomatic service, serving as secretary 
 at St. Petersburg. Later he was minister to 
 th«; Netherlands and to Spain, and was sent as 
 •commissioner to China in 1845. He published 
 two volumes of < Critical and Misc llaneous 
 Tissays * (1845-46) ; < Poems * ; < Europe : A Gen- 
 eral Survey*; < America : A General Survey*; 
 etc. 
 
 Everett, Charles Carroll. An American 
 clergyman and writer ; born in Brunswick, Me., 
 June 1829. In 1878 he was made dean of the 
 theological faculty of Harvard. Included in his 
 published works are: <The Science of Thought* 
 (1869); <Religions before Christianity*; and 
 'Fichte's Science of Knowledge: A Critical 
 Exposition.* Died at Cambridge, in 1900. 
 
 Everett, David. An American journalist and 
 miscellaneous writer; born at Princeton, Mass., 
 March 29, 1770; died at Marietta, O., Dec. 21, 
 1813. He studied law in Boston, and while 
 
 »75 
 
 there wrote for Russell's Gazette and a liter- 
 ary paper called the Nightingale. He edited 
 the Boston Patriot (1809) and the Pilot (1812). 
 His works include : *The Rights and Duties of 
 Nations,* an essay; <Darenze], or the Persian 
 Patriot,* a tragedy (1800); < Common Sense in 
 D^shabill^, or the Farmer's Monitor.* He 
 wrote the famous lines beginning — 
 
 " You'd scarce expect one of my age 
 To ipeak in public on the stage." 
 
 Everett, Edward. An American statesman ; 
 born at Dorchester, Mass., April 11, 1794; died 
 Jan. 15, 1865. Graduating at Harvard College 
 in 1807, he studied theology and became a 
 Unitarian minister; but the Greek professorship 
 at Harvard having been offered to him, he gave 
 up the ministry and went to Germany for 
 further study. Returning, he assumed the duties 
 of his professorship, and by his lectures on 
 Greek literature awakened a wide interest 
 in Hellenic studies. He was at the same time 
 editor of the North American Review. In 
 1824 he entered political life : was Member of 
 Congress (1825-35), Governor of Massachusetts 
 (1836-40), and minister to England (1841-45). 
 He was president of Harvard College (1846- 
 49). He succeeded Daniel Webster as Secre- 
 tary of State on Webster's death in 1852, and 
 while still in office was elected to the Senate 
 (1853), but resigned the following year on ac- 
 count of ill health. His oration on Washington, 
 delivered in the leading places of the Union, 
 brought a large sum to the fund for the pur- 
 chase of the Washington homestead at Mt. 
 Vernon. A|nong his works should be men- 
 tioned < Defense of Christianity * ; < Orations and 
 Speeches * ; and < Mount Vernon Papers.* 
 
 Everett, James. An English religious poet 
 and historian ; born at Alnwick, Northumber- 
 land, 1784; died at Sunderland, May 10, 1872. 
 A controversial divine, he wrote < History of 
 Methodism in Sheffield and its Vicinity* (1823), 
 and other local chronicles of the sort; besides 
 < Edwin, or Northumbria's Royal Fugitive Re- 
 stored* (1831), a metrical tale of Saxon times. 
 
 Everett, William. An American miscella- 
 neous writer, youngest son of Edward ; born 
 in Watertown, Mass., Oct. 10, 1839. From 
 1870 to 1877 he was assistant professor of 
 Latin at Harvard, receiving in 1875 the degree 
 of Ph.D. in classics. In 1887 he was master 
 of Adams Academy at Quincy, Mass. ; in 1S93 
 was elected to Congress. Mr. Everett has pub- 
 lished <0n the Cam* (1865) ; 'Changing Base* 
 (1868) and < Double Play* (1870), two books 
 for boys; a poem, < Hesione, or Europe Un- 
 chained* (1869); 'School Sermons' (1881); 
 together with many pamphlets on political, lit- 
 erary, and religious subjects. 
 
 Ewald, Georg Heinrich August (a'valt). A 
 German Biblical scholar and interpreter of 
 Hebrew literature; born in Gottingen, Nov. 
 16, 1803; died there. May 4, 1875. He studied 
 profoundly Arabic, Hebrew, and other Oriental 
 languages and literatures. His works include : 
 tThe Metres of Arab Songs* (1825); < Critical
 
 176 
 
 EWALD— EYTH 
 
 Grammar or the Hebrew Language > (1827); 
 'Hebrew Manual for Beginners > (1842); and 
 
 < Critical Grammar of the Arabic Tongue > 
 (1831-33). His great fame, however, rests upon 
 his < History of the People of Israel,* of which 
 a third edition appeared 1864-68, and which was 
 succeeded by many works of importance. 
 
 Ewald, Herman Frederik. A Danish nov- 
 elist; born at Copenhagen, Dec. 13, 1821. The 
 most noteworthy of his novels are : < Valdemar 
 Krone: Story of his Youth > (i860), a tale of 
 high life; <The Nordby Family* (1862); 
 
 < Johannes Falk> (1865); < Charles Lyng,> a fine 
 character-study. He also wrote several histor- 
 ical novels popular both in the original and 
 in German translations : < The Swedes at Kron- 
 borg> (1867); <Anna Hardenberg> (1880); 
 
 < Clara Bille ' (1802): * Daniel Rantzow* (igoo). 
 
 Ewald, Johannes. The foremost of Danish 
 lyric poets ; born at Copenhagen, Nov. 18, 1743 ; 
 died March 17, 1781. When a boy he ran away 
 to the army, and was in several battles of the 
 Seven Years' War; returning, studied for the 
 Lutheran ministry ; then gave himself to study- 
 ing poetry and drama. He produced < The 
 Temple of Fortune* (1764); the < Dirge-Cantata 
 on the Death of Frederic V.* (1766); the drama 
 <Adam and Eve* (1765, remodeled 1769), with 
 fine lyric interludes. His finest plays are 
 <Balder's Death* (1773) and <The Fishers* 
 (1778). In the latter occurs the lyric "King 
 Christian stood by the lofty mast,** which is 
 now the Danish national song. < The Brutal 
 Clacqueurs * (1771) and < Harlequin the Patriot* 
 (1772) were successful farces. He left a nota- 
 ble autobiography, <J. Ewald's Life and Opin- 
 ions.* 
 
 Ewbank, Thomas. An America" scientist 
 and writer ; born in Durham County, England, 
 March 11, 1792; died in New York, Sept. 16, 
 1870. In 1836 he retired from commercial life 
 for literary and scientific work. His publica- 
 tions include : < The World a Workshop, or the 
 Physical Relation of Man to the Earth* (1855); 
 
 < Life in Brazil,* with an appendix on a collec- 
 tion of American antiquities (1857); < Thoughts 
 on Matter and Force* (1858); 'Reminiscences 
 in the Patent Office* (1859); and < Inorganic 
 Forces ordained to Supersede Human Slavery,* 
 an essay. 
 
 Ewen, John. A Scotch song-writer; born 
 in Montrose, 1741 ; died near Aberdeen, Oct 
 21, 1821. «0 weel may the boatie row** is a 
 lay that has given him celebrity. 
 
 Ewing, Hugh Boyle. An American prose- 
 writer; born in Lancaster, O., Oct. 31, 1826; 
 received his education at West Point, and 
 served during the Civil War. From 1866 to 1870 
 he was minister to Holland. He is author of 
 'The Grand Ladron, a Tale of Early Califor- 
 nia,' and< A Castle in the Air* (1887). D. 1905. 
 
 Ewing, Juliana Horatia. An English story- 
 writer and poet; bom (Gatty) at Ecclesfield, 
 
 Yorkshire, 1841 ; died at Bath, May 13, 1885. 
 Her stories for children long enjoyed a uni- 
 versal popularity. They comprise < Daddy Dar- 
 win's Dovecot * ; ' Dandelion Clocks and Other 
 Tales*; <A Flat-Iron for a Farthing >; *A 
 Great Emergency and Other Tales*; 'Jack- 
 anapes * ; < Jan of the Windmill * ; and many 
 more. 
 
 Expilly, Jean Charles Marie (ex-pel-e'). A 
 French novelist and historian ; born in Salon, 
 Bouches-du-Rhone, Sept. 8, 1814 ; died at Tain, 
 Drome, Feb. 12, 1886. The years 1852-58 he 
 spent in South America studying the state of 
 the country, writings on which gave him great 
 distinction. Among his many publications are : 
 < The Truth concerning the Conflict involving 
 Brazil, Buenos Ayres, Montevideo, and Para- 
 guay in Presence of Civilization* (1866); <The 
 Political and Commercial Consequences of the 
 Opening of the Amazon* (1869); and several 
 novels, including 'The Sword of Damocles* 
 (1843) and 'The Black Pirate* (1838). 
 
 Eye, August von (i'e), A German aesthetic 
 historian and critic ; born in Fiirstenau, Han- 
 noverschen, May 24, 1825. 'The Kingdom of 
 the Beautiful* (1878), 'The Life and Work of 
 Albert Diirer* (i860), together with studies in 
 art developments and tendencies, have been 
 widely read and generally accepted. Died 1896. 
 
 Eyma, Louis Xavier (i-ma'). A French 
 writer; born in St. Pierre, Martinique, West 
 Indies, Oct. 16, 1816; died in Paris, March 29, 
 1876. After a tour through the United States, 
 he returned to France and published several 
 works, of which the best-known are : < Les 
 Femmes du Nouveau Monde* (1853); <Les 
 Peaux Rouges* (1854); < Les Peaux Noires* 
 (1856); 'La Republique Americaine : Ses In- 
 stitutions; ses Hommes* (2 vols., 1861); 'La 
 Chasse k I'Esclave* (1866); and many novels. 
 
 Eyre, Edmund John. An English dramatist; 
 born in Cambridgeshire (?), May 20, 1767; died 
 at London (?), April 11, 1816. He wrote 'The 
 Dreamer Awake* (1791), a farce; 'The Maid 
 of Normandy* (1793), a tragedy; and a few 
 other plays. 
 
 Eyster, Nellie. An American story -writer ; 
 born in Frederick, Md., 1836. She has published 
 < Sunny Hours * (1865) ; < On the Wing * (1869) ; 
 ' Robert Brent's Three Christmas Days *; ' Lionel 
 Wintour's Diary* (1882) ; < A Chinese Quaker.* 
 
 Eyth, Eduard (it). A German poet; bom 
 in Heilbronn, Wiirtemberg, July 2, 1809 ; died 
 at Neu-Ulm, April 28, 1884. He is the author 
 of a volume of 'Poems* (1843); 'Pictures in 
 Frames* (1856) ; and a version of the Odyssey. 
 
 Eyth, Julie. A German romantic and sen- 
 timental impressionist, wife of Eduard; bom 
 Capoll. Her ' Pictures without Frames : From 
 the Papers of an Unknown ; Communicated 
 — not by Herself* (1852) won considerabl* 
 popularity at the time of their appearance.
 
 FAASEN — FAGIUOLI 
 
 177 
 
 Faasen, Pieter Jacobus or Rosier (fa'sen). 
 A Dutch playwright; born at The Hague, 
 Sept. 9, 1833. He was one of the most celebrated 
 Netherland actors of his time, and wrote plays 
 remarkable for character-drawing and very suc- 
 cessful. Among them are: < The Old Cashier' 
 (1875); <Manus» (1878); <Anne Mie> (1878), 
 which won the first prize in an international 
 competition and was acted in London. 
 
 Fabbri, Cora Randall (fiib're). An Ameri- 
 can poet; born in New York, 1871 ; died 1892. 
 She was of Italian descent. A volume of her 
 < Lyrics > appeared but a few days before her 
 death. 
 
 Fabens, Joseph Warren. An American mis- 
 cellaneous writer; born in Massachusetts, 182 1 ; 
 died 1875. Among his works are : < The Camel 
 Hunt,' a narrative of personal adventure ; < Facts 
 about Santo Domingo > ; and < The Last Cigar,> 
 a book of poems. 
 
 Faber, Cecilia Bbhl de. See Caballero. 
 
 Faber, Frederick William. An English 
 hymn-writer ; born in Calverley, Yorkshire, June 
 28, 1814; died at the Oratory, Brompton, Sept. 
 26, 1863. He was long in the Anglican priest- 
 hood, and wrote hymns of singular sweetness 
 and spirituality; going over at last to Rome 
 and voicing his new fervor in much sacred 
 song. A collection of the < Hymns' (1848) has 
 gone through more than one edition. 
 
 Fabi^, Fran50is Joseph (fa-bya'). A French 
 poet ; bom at Durenque, Aveyron, Nov. 3, 1846. 
 He has filled important chairs in different col- 
 leges, attaining distinction as the author of 
 <The Poesie of the Foolish Ones' (1879), a col- 
 lection of his verse, succeeded by others of equal 
 merit ; and by < Roupeyrac's Mill,' a rustic drama, 
 and other plays. 
 
 Fabre, Amant Joseph (fabr). An influential 
 French historical and philosophical writer, 
 dramatist, and publicist ; born in Rodez, Dec. 
 10, 1842 (or 1843). A drama, <Joan of Arc' 
 (1890), has made his name most widely known ; 
 his other work being largely represented by 
 such books as < A Course in Philosophy' {1870) 
 and < Washington, the Liberator of America' 
 (1882). 
 
 Fabre, Ferdinand. A French novelist ; bom at 
 Bedarieux, Herault; in 1830 ; died at Paris, 
 Feb. II, 1898. He published < Ivy Leaves>, 
 poems (1853 ); then the novels <Thc Courbezons' 
 (1861), and <Jr ien Savignac (1863). But the 
 remarkable novel 'Abb6 Tigrane' (1873) — one 
 of the most noteworthy in modem French fiction, 
 especially by its insijht into French priestly 
 life — first won him great distinction ; <Lucifer > 
 (1884), portraying the stmggle among the 
 
 clergy between Gallicanism and Ultramontanism, 
 is doubtl ss lis greatest work. Shorter stories 
 like the <Abbe Roitelet > (1891), < Norine > 
 (1890), < Germany > (1 891) are admirable for 
 tenderness and sympathy with nature ; < Ma 
 Vocation' (1889) is a very interesting little 
 volume of leaves from his student diary. 
 
 Fabre, Jean Raymond Auguste. A French 
 poet, brother of Ferdinand ; born in Jaujac, 
 June 24, 1792; died in Paris, Oct. 23, 1839. He 
 succeeded in journalism ; and in < Caledonia, 
 or the Patriotic War' (1823), <The Story of 
 the Siege of Missolonghi' (1827), and other 
 books, displayed a felicitous gift for poesy. 
 
 Fabre, Victorin. A French rhetorician and 
 versifier; bom in Jaujac, Languedoc, July 19, 
 1785; died in Paris, May 19, 1831. Euphony 
 and elegance are the characteristics of * Little 
 Works in Prose and Verse' (1806) ; <The Death 
 of Henry IV.' (1808), a poem; and the eulo- 
 gies on Boileau, Montaigne, and La Bruy^re, 
 which constitute his most important work. 
 
 Fabre d'Eglantine, Philippe Frangols Na- 
 zaire (fabr da-glon-ten'). A French poet; born 
 at Carcassonne, Dec. 28, 1755 ; died April 5, 
 1794. The "eglantine" denotes the prize he 
 won in the " floral plays" at Toulouse. Going 
 on the stage with little success, he turned to 
 play-writing ; and his comedy < Molifere's Plii- 
 linte,' a biting satire on <<the best society," 
 was received with extraordinary favor. <The 
 Epistolary Intrigue > ; < The Convalescent of 
 Quality ' ; < The Preceptors ' ; and others, fol- 
 lowed with great acceptance. They are spirited, 
 and bold in drawing, but literarily faulty. The 
 song <<'Tis raining. Shepherdess, 'tis raining," 
 became a popular favorite. 
 
 Fabre d'Olivet, Antoine (fiibr dol-e-va). A 
 French fanciful writer; born in Ganges, Herault, 
 1768 ; died 1825. He came as a lad to Paris 
 to learn silk-making, but speedily began to 
 pour forth mystical works based on Oriental 
 word-and-letter symbolism : < The Fourteenth 
 of July' (1790), and similar dramas; < Philo- 
 sophic History of the Human Race' (1824); 
 and a score of other productions. 
 
 Fadeyev, Rostislav Andreievitch (fa'de- 
 yev). A Russian military writer; born 1824; 
 died in Odessa, Jan. 12, 1884. He made more 
 tlian one campaign in the Caucasus; achieving 
 a reputation as a scientific soldier that com- 
 mands respect for his < Russian Military Power' 
 (1S68) ; < My Opinions of the Oriental Problem' 
 (1S70); < Letters on Russia's Present Position' 
 (1881); and many similar writings. 
 
 Fagiuoli, Glambattlsta (fa-jo-o'le). An Ital- 
 ian poet (1660-1742). His lyric poems, partly
 
 X78 
 
 FAGUET — PALKE 
 
 burlesque, appeared in six volumes (1729-34), 
 and a seventh volume in 1743, under the title 
 
 < Pacific Rimes.> Later he published his twenty- 
 two < Comedies* in six volumes. He hits off 
 the manners of the time admirably; his dia- 
 logue is fluent and free : but he lacks the true 
 comic vein and has little dramatic power. 
 
 Faguet, Emile (fa-ga')- A French historian 
 of literature ; born in La Roche-fur-Yon, Dec. 
 17, 1847. As a writer for periodicals he has 
 attracted a wide circle of readers. Among the 
 volumes upon which his fame rests are in- 
 cluded < French Tragedy of the Sixteenth Cen- 
 tury) (1883) and <Corneille> (1888); but in 
 <The Great Masters of the Seventeenth Cen- 
 tury* (1885) his learning and ability appear at 
 their best. 
 
 Fahlcrantz, Christian Erik (fal'krants). A 
 Swedish poet and theological writer (1790- 
 1866). He was a bishop in the Swedish State 
 Church. His poem < Noah's Ark > is the work 
 of a wit and a thinker. His lyrico-epic <Ans- 
 garius,* in 14 cantos, gives proof of a lively 
 fancy. He wrote several volumes of religious 
 polemic ; in particular one against the Roman 
 propaganda, < Rome Formerly and Rome Now.> 
 
 Faidit, Gaucelm (fa-e-de). A Provengal 
 troubadour; born in Uzerche, Limousin, and 
 flourished 1180-1216 or 1190-1240. He was evi- 
 dently both gifted and magnetic, as Richard 
 the Lion-Hearted, various prelates, and the 
 beautiful Guillelma were all fascinated by him. 
 For years he wandered, singing as he went, 
 with Guillelma following him; accompanying 
 Richard on his crusade to the Holy Land, and 
 mourning that monarch's death in a magnifi- 
 cent song. Some sixty of his pieces are pre- 
 served, and they are tender and sweet. 
 
 Faillon, Micbel Etienne (fa-yon'). A 
 French historical writer ; born in Tarascon, 
 France, in 1799; died in Paris, Oct. 25, 1870. 
 He visited Canada in 1854. He wrote lives of 
 the <Ven. M. 01ier> (1853); < Marguerite Bour- 
 geoys * ; < Mile. Maure > ; < Madame d' Youville * ; 
 <Mlle. le Ber>; and a comprehensive history 
 of the French in Canada, three volumes of 
 which appeared before his death. 
 
 Fairchild, Asbbel Green. An American 
 clergyman and author; bom in Hanover, N. J., 
 May I, 1795 ; died in Smithfield, Pa., in 1864. 
 He wrote many contributions to the religious 
 press. His most popular work, <The Great 
 Supper,' was translated into German, and had 
 an immense sale. He also published < Baptism,* 
 
 < Faith and Works,* and < Confession of Faith.* 
 
 Fairchild, James Harris. An American 
 educator and author ; born at Stockbridge, Mass., 
 Nov. 25, 181 7 ; died at Oberhn, O., March 19, 
 1902. He was elected president of Oberlin 
 College in 1886, after a service of twenty-six 
 years as tutor, professor of languages, professor 
 of mathematics, and professor of moral philoso- 
 phy. Besides editing the < Memoirs of Charles 
 G. Finney ) (1876) and Finney's < Systematic 
 Theology > (1878), he was the author of < Moral 
 
 Philosophy* (1869); < Oberlin, the Colony and 
 the College* (1833); and 'Woman's Right to 
 the Ballot* (1870J. 
 
 Fairfax, Edward. An English poet; died 
 about 1635 ; the time of his birth is unknown. 
 He made a metrical translation, < Godfrey of 
 Boulogne* (1600), of Tasso's < Jerusalem De- 
 livered,* and dedicated it to Queen Elizabeth; 
 it was highly esteemed by James I., is still 
 highly valued ; and on this, rather than on his 
 own < Eclogues,* the fame of Fairfax as a poet 
 rests. He is also author of a < Discourse on 
 Witchcraft,* first published in 1858. 
 
 Fairfield, Genevieve Genevra. An Ameri- 
 can miscellaneous writer ; born in New York, 
 1832. She has written < Genevra * ; < The Wife 
 of Two Husbands*; < Irene*; etc. 
 
 *Fairfield, Sumner Lincoln. An American 
 poet and prose-writer ; born in Warwick, Mass., 
 June 25, 1803; died at New Orleans, La., March 
 6, 1844. He began the publication of the 
 North American Magazine in 1833; and con- 
 tinued to edit and publish it for five years. 
 His published volumes include <Lays of Mel- 
 pomene* (1824); < Cities of the Plain* (1828); 
 ♦Poems and Prose Writings* (1840). 
 
 Falconer, William. A Scotch poet (1732?- 
 69). All his family but himself were deaf- 
 mutes. He was orphaned in boyhood, and at 
 18 was a seaman on board a Mediterranean 
 vessel that foundered in a storm off Cape Co- 
 lonna, Greece. He with two others was saved, 
 and his poem < The Shipwreck* (1762) com- 
 memorates the event : it was received with 
 great favor. The author was made midshipman 
 and afterward purser in the navy through the 
 influence of the Duke of York ; and in grati- 
 tude he wrote < The Demagogue * (1765), a satire 
 against Chatham, Wilkes, and Churchill. He 
 wrote other poems (odes, satires, etc.); and a 
 valuable < Universal Dictionary of the Marine * 
 (1769). 
 
 Falenski, Felicyan (fa-len'ske). A Polish 
 poet; born in Warsaw, 1825. < Flowers and 
 Thorns,* < Mountain Echoes,* and other poems 
 of his, display vigor and imagination. He has 
 tried his hand successfully at play-writing, with 
 < Althea * ; and his versions of Horace, Dante, 
 and B^ranger are fine. 
 
 Falk, Johannes Daniel (fiilk). A German 
 humorist, philanthropist, and man of letters ; 
 born in Danzig, Oct. 28, 1768 ; died Feb. 14, 
 1826. His capacity for satire was considerable : 
 a < Pocket Book for Friends of Jest and Satire > 
 (1797) proving very popular, as did < Men and 
 Heroes* (1796), a satire in verse, and < Prome- 
 theus* (1804), a dramatic poem. His volume 
 on Goethe is still valuable. 
 
 Falke, Jacob von (fal'ke). A German con- 
 noisseur and historian of taste ; born in Ratze- 
 burg, June 21, 1825. His administrative capacity 
 has placed many art galleries and repositories 
 of art treasures in Germany and Austria upon 
 a successful basis. His writings, particularly
 
 FALLMERAYER — FARINA 
 
 179 
 
 • Knightly Society in the Days of Homage to 
 Womanhood* (1862); < History of Modem 
 'l"aste> (1866); <Art and Art Study > ( 1878) ; 
 Ulellas and Rome> (1879); and < History of 
 Taste in the Middle Ages> (1893), are notable 
 for both learning and judgment. Died 1897. 
 
 Fallmerayer, Jacob PMlipp (fal-mer-i'er). 
 A German Jiistorian and voyager; born in the 
 Tyrol, Dec. 10, 1790 ; died in Munich, April 26, 
 1861. As a scholar, especially linguist, and as 
 an explorer of the Orient, his fame is inter- 
 national and his work authoritative ; witness 
 'Fragments from the Orient' (1845), 'History 
 of the Peninsula of Morea in the Middle Ages > 
 (1830), and other important writings. 
 
 Falloux, Alfred Frederic Pierre (fa-lo'). A 
 French historical, political, and controversial 
 writer and publicist ; born in Angers, May 7, 
 181 1 ; died there, Jan. 7, 18S6. Legitimist and 
 clerical sympathies influenced his career, his 
 typical writings being : ' Madame Swetchine, 
 her Life and Works > dsth ed. 1884); 'Story 
 of Louis XVL> (6th ed. 1881) ; and 'Political 
 Speeches and Miscellany' (1882). 
 
 Falsen, Enevold de (fal'sen). A Danish poet 
 (1755-1808). He held several high offices, judi- 
 cial and political. His dramas long enjoyed 
 public favor. Among them are ' Idda,> a tra- 
 gedy ; and the comedies ' The Droll Cousins,' 
 'The Art-Deemster,» 'The Child that Brings 
 Luck.' In despair over the ills that had be- 
 fallen his country in the Napoleonic times, he 
 ended his life by his own hand. 
 
 Falster, Christian (fal'ster). A Danish poet 
 (1690-1752). His 'Satires' on his age, mod- 
 eled on Juvenal, give him eminent rank among 
 the native poets. He wrote three volumes of 
 ' Philological Amenities or Various Discourses,' 
 containing a mass of highly interesting observa- 
 tions on the affairs of the time. His translation 
 of Ovid's 'Tristia' also is worthy of mention. 
 
 Fambri, Paul (fam'bre). An Italian dram- 
 atist, story-writer, military and literary essaj- 
 ist, and scholar ; born in Venice, about 1827. 
 His energies have expended themselves in a 
 great variety of ways. 'The Corporal of a 
 Week,' a comedy ; ' Agrippa Postumus,' a 
 tragedy; < Pietro Aretino,' a metrical play; 
 ' The Law of Dueling,' a text-book of the 
 code of honor; 'Giddy Outsets [Pazzi Mezzi] 
 and a Serious End [e Serio Fine],' a novel ; 
 and < Mary Queen of Scots, according to Tenny- 
 son and according to Hugo,' a critique, show 
 his versatility. 
 
 Fanfani, Pietro (fan-fa'ne). An Italian phi- 
 lologist, humorist, and novelist (1815-79). He 
 founded in 1847 the Philological Record, and 
 atterward edited several other periodicals of 
 a like character. His 'Vocabulary of Tuscan 
 Usage ' and other " vocabularies " are works 
 of high authority. The ' Writ at Random,' and 
 the whimsical satire ' The Laughing Demo- 
 critus : Literary Recreations,' are specimens of 
 his brimming hum.or. His novels are: <Cecco 
 
 of Ascoli'; 'Paolina'; <The Coachman aad 
 his Family ' ; etc. 
 
 Fanshawe, Anne Harrison, Lady. An Eng- 
 lish memoirist; born (Harrison) in London, 
 March 25, 1625; died there, Jan. 30, 1679 or 
 1680. Her admirably written and accurate ob- 
 servations of life and manners ii. many lands, 
 preserved in ' Memoirs,' from which extracts 
 have been published, are of historical value. 
 
 Fanshawe, Catherine Maria. An English 
 poet; born in Chipstead, Surrey, July 6, 1765; 
 died at Putney Heath, April 17, 1834. A lively 
 fancy, brilliant wit, sound sense, and personal 
 charm made this lady and her poetry admired 
 in her own circle; but she rarely consented to 
 publication, and only her riddle on the letter 
 H, sometimes credited to Byron, is generally 
 known, her stanzas not having been collected. 
 
 Faraday, Michael. An English physicist 
 and chemist of great authority ; born in New- 
 ington Butts, near London, Sept. 22, 1791 ; died 
 in Hampton Court, Aug. 25, 1867. His achieve- 
 ments in the departments of chemistry and 
 electrical induction and magnetism are of per- 
 manent importance ; and his works, particularly 
 ' Experimental Researches in Electricity' (1832- 
 55); 'Chemical Manipulations' (1843); 'Exper- 
 imental Researches in Chemistry ' (new ed. 
 1882); and 'Lectures on the Chemical History 
 of a Candle' (3d ed. 1874), are repositories of 
 valuable knowledge. 
 
 Fargus, Frederick John. (" Hugh Con- 
 way.") An English novelist (1847-85). His 
 death cut short what seemed a promising ca- 
 reer. He is best known by his novel ' Called 
 Back,' but he wrote 'Dark Days' and other 
 stories. 
 
 Faria, Manoel Severim de (fa-re'a). A Por- 
 tuguese biograplier, essayist, and scholar; bom 
 in Lisbon, 1583; died at Evora, Sept. 25, 1655. 
 He devoted many jears to the study of his 
 country's literature, giving his researches and 
 thought a lasting form in ' Various Essays > 
 (1624), containing appreciations and biogra- 
 phies of Camoens and other great writers. He 
 also wrote 'Jottings of Portugal' (1655). 
 
 Faria y Sousa, Manoel de (fa-re'a e so'zii). 
 A Portuguese poet and historical writer (1590- 
 1649). His four volumes (' Fount of Aganippe ') 
 of sonnets, eclogues, songs, and madrigals, are 
 eccentric but original. He wrote a 'History 
 of the Kingdom of Portugal,' a history of 
 ' Portuguese Asia,' ' Portuguese Africa,' etc., 
 besides many essays in literary criticism. Most 
 of his works are in Spanish. 
 
 Farina, Salvatore (fa-re'na). A distin- 
 guished Italian novelist; born at Sorso in Sar- 
 dinia, Jan. 10, 1846. His tales were successful 
 from the first, which was 'Two Amours' (1S69). 
 Among the others are 'A Secret' (1870); ' Kor- 
 b'dden Fruit'; 'Romance of a Widower'; 
 
 < Dounina's Treasure ' ; ' Courage and Onward ' ; 
 
 < Little Don Quixote ' ( 1890) ; < Living for Love ' 
 (1890); 'For Life and for Death' (iSyi). The
 
 i8o 
 
 FARINI — FASTENRATH 
 
 sympathy with lowly life and the rich humor 
 of his stories have gained him the title of 
 <The Italian Dickens.> He is the best known 
 abroad of all Italian novelists. 
 
 Farlnl, Carlo Lulgi. An Italian statesman 
 and historian; born at Russi, Oct. 22, 1812; 
 died Aug. i, 1866. He studied medicine at 
 Bologna, but early entered upon a political 
 career, becoming Minister of Public Instruc- 
 tion in 1850, of Commerce in 1861, and Presi- 
 dent of the Council in 1862 during Cavour's 
 administration. His influence contributed much 
 to the union of Central Italy with the king- 
 dom of Victor Emmanuel II. His < History of 
 the Roman State from 1815 to 1850 > (1850) 
 was translated into English ; and his < History 
 of Italy,* a continuation of Botta's celebrated 
 work, is a performance of standard merit. 
 
 Farjeon, Benjamin Leopold. An English 
 journalist and novelist; born in London in 
 1833. He went to Australia in early life, and 
 after some experience in the gold diggings of 
 Victoria, migrated to New Zealand, where he 
 became business manager of the Otago Daily 
 Times at Dunedin. He returned to London 
 in 1869 and devoted himself to literature. His 
 first novel, <Grif> (1870), a story of Australian 
 life, made his reputation ; and has been fol- 
 lowed by < Joshua Marvel > (1871); < Christmas 
 Stories> (1874); <Jessie Trim> (1874); < Duchess 
 of Rosemary Lane' (1876); <The Sacred Nug- 
 get > (1885); < Toilers of Babylon > (1888); <A 
 Fair Jewess > (1894);* The King of No Land>; 
 and others. Died at London, July 23, 1903. 
 
 Farley, Harriet. An American editor and 
 writer; bom in New Hampshire, 1817. She 
 was employed in a mill at Lowell, Mass., and 
 became editor of the Lowell Offering, a peri- 
 odical supported by the factory operatives, who 
 were also contributors to it. Her works in- 
 clude <Mind among the Spindles,* a collec- 
 tion of her miscellany, and < Fancy's Frolics.* 
 
 Farley, James Lewis. An Irish journalist, 
 topical and descriptive writer; born in Dublin, 
 Sept. 9, 1823; died in London, Nov. 12, 1885. 
 Established in Turkey as a bank official, he 
 became correspondent of two or three great 
 London dailies and speedily made himself an 
 authority on Turkish questions. His books in- 
 clude : < The Resources of Turkey > ( 1862 ) ; 
 < Turkey : Its Rise, Progress, and Present Con- 
 dition* (1866); and < Modem Turkey* (1872). 
 
 Farlow, William Gilson. An American bot- 
 anist; bom in Boston, Mass., Dec. 17, 1844. 
 After graduating at Harvard, he spent several 
 years in Europe pursuing his favorite study. 
 His publications treat mainly of marine algae, 
 fungi, and diseases of plants. Upon these sub- 
 jects, and particularly upon cryptogamic bot- 
 any, he is considered an authority. He also 
 published <The Potato Rot* (1875); < Diseases 
 of Olive and Orange Trees* (1876); < The 
 Marine Algse of New England* (1881). 
 
 Farman, Ella. See Pratt. 
 
 Farmer, Henry Tudor. An American poet , 
 born in England in 1782; died in Charleston, 
 S. C, January 1828. While very young he emi- 
 grated to Charleston, S. C, where he continued 
 to reside until his death. He published a 
 small volume of poems entitled < Imagination, 
 the Maniac's Dream, and Other Poems* (1819). 
 He also published an < Essay on Taste.* 
 
 Farmer, Mrs. Lydia Hoyt. An American 
 miscellaneous writer; born in Ohio, 1842. Her 
 books include < Aunt Belindy's Points of View * 
 and < The Doom of the Holy City.* Died, Cleve- 
 land, Ohio, Dec. 27, 1903. 
 
 Farnham, Eliza Woodson. An American 
 prose-writer; bornin Rensselaerville.N Y., Nov. 
 17, 1815 ; died m New York city, Dec. 15, 1864. 
 A philanthropist, and the author of < California, 
 Indoors and Out*; < My Early Days* (1859); 
 and < Woman and her Era* (1864). 
 
 Farqubar, George. An Irish pla>'wright 
 (1678-1707). On leaving Dublin University he 
 joined a troop of players, but quitted the stage 
 before long, having accidentally stabbed to 
 death one of his fellows. He wrote eight com- 
 edies which are ranked among the best of the 
 Restoration drama. Among them are : < Love 
 and a Bottle* (1698); 'The Constant Couple* 
 (1699), and its sequel <Sir Harry Wildair* 
 (1701); <The Recruiting Officer* (1706); <The 
 Beaux' Stratagem* (1707). 
 
 Farrar, Charles A. J. An American mis- 
 cellaneous writer, born 18 — ; died 1893. He 
 published < Moosehead Lake and the North 
 Maine Wilderness * ; < Camp Life in the Wil- 
 derness * ; < From Lake to Lake * ; etc. 
 
 Farrar, Eliza Ware. An American story- 
 writer; born in Flanders (Belgium), in 1791 , 
 died in Springfield, Mass., April 22, 1870. Her 
 works include : < The Children's Robinson 
 Crusoe ' ; * The Story of Lafayette * ; < The 
 Youth's Love-Letters * ; < Congo in Search of 
 his Master* (1854); and < Recollections of Sev- 
 enty Years* (1865). 
 
 Farrar, Frederick William. An English 
 clergyman, dean of Canterbury ; bom at Bom- 
 bay, India, Aug. 7, 1831. Of his religious and 
 theological writings the most notable are : < The 
 Witness of History to Christ* (1871); <The 
 Life of Christ* (2 vols., 1874), a work written 
 for the people and which has had a large 
 circulation ; < Life and Works of St. Paul * (2 
 vols., 1879); <The Early Days of Christianity* 
 (2 vols., 1882); 'Eternal Hope,* a work which 
 has been severely criticized by the strait or- 
 thodox school on account of its lax doctrine 
 regarding the question of everlasting punish- 
 ment. He is author also of works on language, 
 as <The Origin of Language* (i860); < Chap- 
 ters on Language * (1865); < Families of Speech* 
 (1870); < Language and Languages* (1878); He 
 died in London, March 22, 1903. 
 
 Fastenrath, Johannes (fas'ten-rat). A Ger- 
 man poet and story-teller ; born at Remscheid, 
 May 3, 1839. A brief sojourn in Spain (1864) 
 filled him with a permanent enthusiasm for
 
 FAURIEL — FAY 
 
 the land and literature which has inspired 
 nearly all his life-work. He translated Juan 
 Diana's comedy < Receipt against Mothers-in- 
 Law > ; and compiled a series of volumes which 
 are less translations than transcriptions in the 
 spirit of the originals, — <A Wreath of Spanish 
 Romances > ; ^ Hesperian Blooms > ; < The Book 
 of my Spanish P'riends > ; < Voices of Christmas.' 
 He also wrote many works on the history of 
 Spanish literature ; and in Spanish, < Passion- 
 Books of a German-Spaniard,' a description 
 of the Oberammergau Passion-Play ; and <Wal- 
 halla and the Glories of Germany.' A volume 
 of war songs dedicated ■< To the German Heroes 
 of 1870' is also his. 
 
 Fauriel, Claude (fS^re-el'). A French his- 
 torian; born in St. Etienne, Oct. 21, 1772; 
 died in Paris, July 15, 1844. He shone in the 
 most brilliant literary society of his time and 
 studied diligently before producing his great 
 < History of Southern Gaul under its German 
 Conquerors' (1836). Other noteworthy books 
 by him are : < The Origin of the Epic of 
 the Middle Ages' (1833); < History of Pro- 
 ven9al Poetry' (1846); and < Dante and the 
 Origin of the Italian Language and Literature ' 
 (1854) ; all charmingly written. 
 
 Fava, Onorato (fa'va). An Italian story- 
 writer, versifier, and essayist; born in Collo- 
 biano, Piedmont, July 7, 1859. He is versatile 
 and sprightly in < Against the Majority ' (1888) ; 
 a novel, < In the Country of the Stars' (1889) ; 
 a juvenile, <Our Life' {1885); and inany other 
 capitally written and original things. 
 
 Favart, Charles Simon (fa-var'). A French 
 dramatist; born at Paris, Nov. 13, 1710; died 
 May 18, 1792. His very youthful poem < France 
 Freed by the Maid of Orleans' won the prize 
 of the Floral Plays ; and at 24 he was writing 
 successful comedies. These and his operettas 
 number about 150 (his wife, Marie Justine 
 B^n^dicte Duronceray, 1727-72, being his con- 
 stant collaborator), and are for the most part 
 pretty and realistic scenes of love in the coun- 
 try ; but some of them are amusing drolleries 
 like the mediaeval fabliaux. His most celebrated 
 compositions are < Annette and Lubin ' ; < Tlie 
 Village Astrologer'; < Ninette at Court'; < The 
 Three Sultanas'; <The Englishman at Bor- 
 deaux.' His < Memoirs and Correspondence' 
 (3 vols., 1808) is of great value for the history 
 of literature. 
 
 Fawcett, Edgar. An American novelist, 
 poet, and dramatist ; born in New York city, May 
 26, 1847. Among his novels are : < Purple and 
 Fine Linen' (1873); <A Hopeless Case' (1880); 
 <A Gentleman of Leisure' (1881); <An Ambi- 
 tious Woman' (1883); < Rutherford' (1884); 
 <The Adventures of a Widow' (1884); <The 
 Confessions of Claude' (1886); <The House at 
 High Bridge' (1887); < Miriam Balestier' (1888); 
 <A Man's Will' (1888); < Olivia Delaplaine' 
 (1888); <A Demoralizing Marriage' (1889); 
 •Fabian Dimitry' (1890); <A New York Fam- 
 ily' (1891); <An Heir to Millions' (1892); 
 < Women Must Weep' (1892); <A Mild Bar- 
 
 barian' (1894); < Outrageous Fortune' (1894). 
 His poetical works include : < Short Poems for 
 Short People' (1872); < Fantasy and Passion' 
 (1877); <Song and Story' (1884); < Romance 
 and Revery ' (i886j. Died London, May 2, 1904. 
 
 Fawcett, Henry. An English political econo- 
 mist and publicist ; born in Salisbury, Aug. 26, 
 1833; died in Cambridge, Nov. 6, 1884. An 
 accident which deprived him of sight early in 
 life did not prevent his attainment of distinc- 
 tion as postmaster-general under Gladstone, 
 and as a writer of force in < Manual of Po- 
 litical Economy' (6th ed. 1883); < The Economic 
 Position of the British Labourer' (1865); < Pau- 
 perism : Its Causes and Remedies' (1871); and 
 'Protection and Reciprocity' (6th ed. 1885), in 
 which the liberal theory of the younger Mill is 
 carried to its logical extreme. 
 
 Fawcett, Millicent (Garrett) Mrs. An Eng- 
 lish writer, widow of Henry ; born at Aldburgh, 
 Suffolk, June 11, 1847. She is a leader in the 
 movement for university education for women. 
 Her published works comprise : < Political Econ- 
 omy for Beginners' (1870); < Tales in Political 
 Economy' (1874); < Janet Doncaster' (1875), 
 a novel ; < Some Eminent Women of Our Time ' 
 (i88q): < Life of Sir Wm. Mollesworth.' 
 
 Fawkes, Francis. An English poet and 
 translator; born in Doncaster (?), March (?), 
 1720 (?); died at Hayes, Kent (?), Aug. 26, 
 1777. He is happiest in depicting emotional 
 states and sentiments, notably in < Original 
 Poems and Translations' (1761); his versions 
 of Anacreon, Sappho, Bion, and Moschus earned 
 him a reputation as the ablest worker in this 
 field since Pope, — a reputation which later 
 changes in taste have much diminished. 
 
 Fiy, Andreas (fl or fay). A Hungarian poet 
 and novelist; bom at Kohdny (Zemplin), 
 May 30, 1786 ; died July 26, 1864. Till the ap- 
 pearance of Kossuth on the scene (1840) he 
 was the foremost leader at Pesth of the Oppo- 
 sition party ; thereafter he took no considerable 
 part in politics, but promoted many important 
 national enterprises. His volume of poems < New 
 Garland' (1818) established his fame as a poet, 
 but his admirable prose < F-ibles ' (1820) attained 
 a far wider popularity. Among his dramatic 
 works are the tragedy <The Two Bithorys' 
 (1827) ; and several comedies, the most notable 
 being <The Old Coins; or tiie Transylvanians 
 in Hungary' (1824), and <The Hunt in the 
 Matra' (i860). His social novel, <The House 
 of the B^ltekys' (2 vols., 1832), and a number 
 of short stories, entitle him to a place among 
 the great masters of Hungarian prose. 
 
 Pay, Theodore Sedgwick or Sedgewick. An 
 American poet, story-writer, and essayist ; bom 
 in New York, Feb. 10, 1807 ; died in Berlin, 
 Nov. 17, 1898. Eminent in periodical journal- 
 ism. To this period belongs his book, < Dreams 
 and Reveries of a Quiet Man >(l832). He served 
 with ability in the United States diplomatic 
 service, and wrote < The Countess Ida > ( 1841), 
 a tale; <Ulric> (1851), a poem; < The Three
 
 l83 
 
 FAZIO DEGLI UBERTI — FELETZ 
 
 Germanys' (1889); < Great Outlines of Geogra- 
 phy'; < History of Switzerland*; various vol- 
 umes of verse, travel, description, etc. 
 
 Fazio degll Uberti (fat'se-o dal'ye 6-bar'te). 
 All Italian poet; born in Pisa (?) or in Flor- 
 ence about 1300 ; died at Verona, about 1367. 
 He seems to have led a life of political tur- 
 moil. He very early yearned to place his name 
 beside Dante's ; the result being a curious poem, 
 < The World Described,* a servile but not en- 
 tirely contemptible imitation of the < Divine 
 Comedy.* He wrote also inferior stanzas and 
 sonnets. 
 
 Fearing, Lillien Blanche. An American 
 writer of verse ; born in Davenport, Iowa, 1863. 
 She was a member of the Chicago bar. Her 
 works are: <The Sleeping World and Other 
 Poems* (1887); <In the City by the Lake,* poems; 
 'Roberta.* Died in Chicago, , 1901. 
 
 Fechner, Gustav Theodor (fech'ner). A 
 German humorist and writer on physics and 
 psychiatry; born in Great Siirchen in the Nie- 
 derlausitz, April 19, 1801 ; died in Leipsic, Nov. 
 18, 1887. His works on purely scientific topics, 
 •Elements of Psychophysics * (1S60) and <Text 
 Book of Experimental Physics* (1828) among 
 them, and his < Three Motives and Grounds of 
 Faith* (1863), have made him eminent; while 
 under the name of <* Doctor Mises '* he has 
 written various popular humorous tales and 
 fancies, notably <A Proof that the Moon is 
 Made of Iodine * ( 1821 ), < Comparative Anatomy 
 of the Angels* (1825), and <The Little Book 
 of Life after Death* (1836). 
 
 Federici, Camillo (fa-da-re'che). [Properly 
 Giovanni Battista Viassolo, or (according to 
 others) Ogeri.] An Italian comedy-writer; 
 born at Poggiolo di Garessio, Mondovi, April 
 9, 1749 ; died in Turin, Dec. 23, 1802. He set 
 up as a lawyer, but turned to the stage and 
 wrote several comedies, including < A Word of 
 Advice to Husbands*; < The Sculptor and the 
 Blind Man * ; and < Falsehood is Short-lived.* 
 
 Fedkovic, Josepb Horodencuk (fed-ko'vich). 
 A Ruthenian (Austria) poet and story-writer; 
 born in Bukovina, 1834 ; died at Czernowitz, 
 Jan. II, 1888. He was early a journalist of re- 
 pute, and took to the writing of German verse ; 
 producing subsequently poems in his native Ru- 
 thenian. < Poems* (1862) and < Stories* (1876) 
 show an engaging realism in local color. 
 
 Feis, Jakob (fis or fvis). A German dram- 
 atist, essayist, and translator; born in Deides- 
 heim, July 10, 1842. Long a resident of Lon- 
 don, he has studied the literature of England 
 thoroughly ; translating Tennyson's < Locksley 
 Hall Sixty Years Later* (1888), and producing 
 the series of studies on < Shakespeare and Mon- 
 taigne * (1884) to which his chief celebrity is 
 due. 'Johanna Grey* (1881) and <The New 
 Master* (1891) are well -written dramas on con- 
 temporary social questions. 
 
 Feisi, Abul-Feis ibn Mubarak (fa-e-se'). A 
 celebrated Indo-Persian poet and scholar ; born 
 at Agra, 1547; died 1595. He surpassed all his 
 
 contemporaries in philological, philosophical, 
 historical, and medical knowledge, and about 
 1572 was crowned «king of poesy** in the court 
 of the Emperor Akbar. Of his poems the most 
 noteworthy are his lyrics, — odes, encomia, ele- 
 gies, and specially his four-line pieces or apo- 
 thegms. Their exalted pantheism brought on 
 him the enmity of the orthodox Muslim clergy. 
 He wrote also many double-rhymed poems ; 
 and a Persian imitation of the famous Indian 
 epic <Nala and Damajanti,* designed to form 
 the third member of an epic cycle, of which 
 the first was to be < The Centre of the Circle,* 
 the second 'Solomon and Balkis* (the Queen 
 of Sheba), the fourth 'The Seven Zones of 
 the Earth,* and the fifth < The History of 
 Akbar * : only the first and third were com- 
 pleted. His scientific treatises were numerous" 
 
 Feitama, Sybrand (fi'ta-ma). A Dutch minor 
 poet and critic ; born in Amsterdam, Dec. lO, 
 1694 ; died there, June 13, 1758. Quite destitute 
 of originality, but of faultless taste, he made 
 his literary verdicts respected ; and translated 
 Voltaire's ' Henriade,* F^nelon's ' Telemachus,* 
 and other French plays into correct if somewhat 
 insipid Dutch verse of marked Gallic flavor. 
 
 Feitb, Rbijnvis (fit). A Dutch poet and 
 story-teller; boi^n at Zwolle in Oberyssel, Feb. 
 7, 1753; died Feb. 8, 1824. Among his 'Odes 
 and Poems* (5 vols., 1796-1810) are several 
 that show true poetic inspiration. His trage- 
 dies are: 'Thirza* (1784); 'Lady Jane Grey* 
 (1791); 'Inez de Castro* (1793); 'Mucins Cor- 
 dus* (1795); and 'The Resuscitation of Laz- 
 arus* (1811). He wrote also some stories — 
 'Julia* (1783); 'Ferdinand and Constance* 
 (1785) — which, like his odes and his didactic 
 poem 'The Count,* show plainly the influence 
 of German poetry in the "Werther** period. 
 
 Felder, Franz Michael (fel'der). An Aus- 
 trian story-writer; born at Schoppernau, in the 
 Bregenzer Wald, May 13, 1839; died at Bre- 
 genz, April 26, 1869. Though condemned to the 
 labor of the field and " hy poverty oppressed,** 
 his ' Out of the Ordinary : Life and Character 
 Pictures of the Bregenzer Wald* (1867), and 
 'Rich and Poor* (1868), markedly original in 
 style and view, gave him an acknowledged lit- 
 erary standing. 
 
 Feldmann, Leopold (feld'man). A German 
 dramatist and journalist ; born at Munich, May 
 22, 1802 ; died March 26, 18S2. In 1835 ap- 
 peared his ' Lays of Hell,* on the theme of 
 unrequited love ; next the comedy ' The Son 
 on his Travels,* which made a brilliant suc- 
 cess at Munich. After five years in travel, 
 chiefly in Greece, as correspondent of the All- 
 gemeine Zeitung, in 1850 he settled in Vienna 
 for life. His comedies were very popular in 
 their day ; the most worthy of mention are : 
 ' Free Choice * ; ' Sweetheart's Portrait * ; ' The 
 Late Countess * ; ' The Comptroller and his 
 Daughter.* 
 
 Feletz, Charles Marie Dorimond de (fa-lets'). 
 A French critic and essayist ; born at Grimont,
 
 FELLOWS — FERNALD 
 
 183 
 
 Limousin (?), about 1767; died in Paris (?), Feb. 
 II, 1850. After some thrilling experiences in 
 the Revolutionary period, he settled down to 
 journalism in Paris, writing many celebrated 
 essays and reviews, and entering the French 
 Academy. The volumes of < Philosophical, His- 
 torical, and Literary Miscellany > (1828), and 
 ♦Historical and Literary Estimates > (1840), con- 
 tain his finest studies. 
 
 Fellows, Sir Charles. An English archaeol- 
 ogist and writer on classical antiquities ; born 
 in Nottingham, Aug. 1799; died in London, Nov. 
 8, i860. Learning and accuracy are manifest 
 in < An Account of Discoveries in Lycia> (1841), 
 <The Xanthian Marbles > (1843), and many 
 like investigations. 
 
 Fellows, John. An American prose-writer; 
 born in Sheffield, Mass., in 1760 ; died in New 
 York city, Jan. 3, 1844. His publications in- 
 clude <The Veil Removed > (1843); < Exposi- 
 tion of the Mysteries or Religious Dogmas 
 and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, Pyth- 
 agoreans, and Druids > ; < Mysteries of Free- 
 Masonry > ; and a work on the authorship of 
 the Junius Letters. 
 
 Felt, Josepli Barlow. An American his- 
 torical writer ; born in Salem, Mass., Dec. 22, 
 1789; .died there, Sept. 8, 1869. He was well 
 known for his extensive and accurate knowl- 
 edge of New England history. Among his 
 publications are : < Annals of Salem,> said by 
 Bancroft to be ♦* an accurate and useful work >^ 
 (1827; 2d ed., 2 vols., 1845-49); <The Customs 
 of New England' (1853); and < Ecclesiastical 
 History of New England > (2 vols., 1855-62). 
 
 Felton, Cornelius Conway. An American 
 scholar and writer; born in Newbury, Mass., 
 Nov. 6, 1807 ; died in Chester, Pa., Feb. 26, 
 1862. In 1834 he became professor of Greek 
 literature at Harvard; in i860 its president. 
 His publications include many translations from- 
 German, French, and Greek, of which <The 
 Clouds > and < The Birds > of Aristophanes are 
 the most distinguished ; also < Familiar Letters 
 from Europe* (1864); < Greece, Ancient and 
 Modern > (1867); * Selections from Modern 
 Greek Writers > ; etc. 
 
 Fenelon, Frangois de Salignac de la Mothe 
 
 (fan-Ion'). A French theologian and writer; 
 born in the Chateau Fdnelon in Pdrigord, 
 Dordogne, Aug. 6, 1651 ; died Jan. 7, 1715. 
 He is especially famous for his story <Telem- 
 achus.> His other writings include : < Treatise 
 on the Education of Young Girls > ; < Fables > ; 
 •Dialogues of the Dead'; <Life of Charle- 
 magne ' ; ♦ Exposition of the Maxims of the 
 Saints Regarding the Inner Life'; and many 
 others. 
 
 Fenn, George Manville. An English story- 
 writer; born in London, Jan. 3, 1831. He 
 graduated from journalism into fiction, gaining 
 prom.inence b\- ' i'",li's ("hiUircn' flSSj), a tale 
 of clerical life; < Tlie Golden Magnet' (1884), 
 a story for boysf, <The Master of the Cere- 
 
 monies' (1886), a novel of old-fashioned Eng- 
 land ;< Uncle Bart > ( 1900) ;< Old Gold > (1901). 
 
 Fenton, Elijah. An English poet, dramatist, 
 and biographer; born at Shelton, Staffordshire, 
 May 20, 1683; died in Berkshire, August (not 
 July) 1730. He worked with Pope at the trans- 
 lation of the Odysse)% wrote < Mariamne,' a 
 tragedy, and produced a < Hymn to the Sun,' 
 with other verse displaying taste and talent. 
 
 Ferguson, Adam. A Scotch historian and 
 ethical writer; born June 20, 1723; died at 
 St. Andrews, Feb. 22, 1816. As a professor, 
 and later as traveling companion to the young 
 Lord Chesterfield, he exhibited the taste, refine- 
 ment, and charm which characterize no less 
 his writings than his personality as revealed 
 by his contemporaries. < Institutes of Moral 
 Philosophy' (1769), < Observations on Civil and 
 Political Liberty' (1776), and < History of the 
 Progress and Termination of the Roman Repub- 
 lic' (1805), are a few of his interesting books. 
 
 Ferguson, Sir Samuel. An Irish lawyer, anti- 
 quarian, and poet; bom in Belfast, Ireland, in 
 1810 ; died in 1886. In early life he was a prom- 
 inent member of the Irish bar; in 1867 was 
 appointed Deputy Keeper of the Public Rec- 
 ords of Ireland ; and in 1878 was knighted in 
 recognition of his antiquarian and literary ac- 
 complishments. He will best be remembered as 
 the author of the stirring poem, < The Forging 
 of the Anchor,' which first appeared in Black- 
 wood's Magazine. Chief among his other pub- 
 lications are : < Lays of the Western Gael ' (1864); 
 < Congal ' (1872), a poem in five books ; < Poems' 
 (1880); < Shakespearean Brevities' (1882). 
 
 Fergusson, James. A celebrated Scotch 
 writer on architecture ; born at A>t, Scotland, 
 Jan. 22, 1808; died in London, Jan. 9, 1886. His 
 early travels in the Orient resulted in the < His- 
 torical Inquiry into the True Principles of Art' 
 (1849). His monumental achievement, which 
 constitutes him perhaps the greatest of writers 
 on the subject, is < History of Architecture in 
 All Countries' (3d ed. 1894). Among his titles, 
 which include volumes incorporated into his 
 great history, are < Illustrated Handbook of 
 Architecture' (1855); < History of the Modern 
 Styles of Architecture ' ; < The History of Indian 
 and Eastern Architecture ' ; < Fire and Serpent 
 Worship > ; and innumerable pamphlets on the 
 scientific and aesthetic aspects of architecture 
 and kindred themes. 
 
 Fergusson, Robert. A Scotch poet ; born 
 in Edinburgh, Sept. 5, 1750 ; died there, Oct. 16, 
 1774. He had a precocious and versatile poeti- 
 cal genius, but of the kind nearly allied to 
 madness; and after publishing < Poems' (1773), 
 a collection of many gems, he was carried to 
 an insane asylum. 
 
 Fern, Fanny. See Parton. 
 
 Fernald, Chester Bailey. An American 
 writer; born in 1869. lie is a resident of San 
 I'lancisco, Cal. lie isaconlriliuUir to uiuya/inc.N, 
 and the author of * The Cat and the Ciicnili, and 
 Other Stories ' ; < John Kcndrys' Idea.'
 
 i84 
 
 FERNANDEZ — FERRARI 
 
 Fern&ndez, Diego (fer-nan'deth). A Spanish- 
 American historian ; born in Palencia, Spain, 
 1530 (?); died in Seville, Spain, 1581. He was 
 apparently a soldier of fortune, lured to the 
 scene of Pizarro's great conquest in the hope 
 of fabulous wealth; the upshot being some 
 fighting experiences, and *■ The First and Sec- 
 ond Parts of the History of Peru> (i57l). a 
 warm and interesting, although perhaps parti- 
 san, narrative of the subjugation of the Incas. 
 
 Fernandez, Lucas. A Spanish dramatist of 
 the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. His 
 works, publislied under the general title < Farces 
 and Eclogues in the Pastoral Style and Man- 
 ner > (1514). consist of six pastoral dramas in 
 his native Castilian dialect : three religious, 
 the others pictures of actual pastoral life, with 
 shepherds acting simply and discoursing in 
 their naive way. 
 
 Fernandez de los Rios, Angel (fer-nan'deth 
 da los re'os). A Spanish publicist, topical and 
 descriptive writer, and journalist ; born in Ma- 
 drid, July 27, 1821 ; died near Paris (?), 1879. 
 Active in politics and political journalism at 
 home, he was banished at last, and became a 
 man of letters in Paris. To his credit are 
 placed <A11 or Nothing > (1876), an anti-Bourbon 
 prose study of social conditions ; <A Week in 
 Lisbon > (1876); and many essays of value on 
 the politics and resources of the Peninsula. 
 
 Fernandez de Piedrahita, Lucas (fer- 
 nan'deth da pya-dra-e'ta). A South-American 
 historian and prelate ; born in Bogota, Colom- 
 bia, 1624 ; died in Panama, 1688. Educated by 
 the Jesuits, he was soon noted as far as Rome 
 for his learning, piety, and capacity ; his pro- 
 motion to episcopal rank coming early. A 
 'History of the Kingdom of New Granada* 
 (1688), the result of many years' researches, is 
 an inestimable storehouse, from which every 
 subsequent worker has drawn treasures ; the 
 performance remaining incomplete, however, 
 in consequence of the disappearance of the 
 author's manuscript after his death. 
 
 Fernandez-Guerra y Orbe, Aureliano (fer- 
 nan'deth ger'a e or'be). A Spanish poet, dram- 
 atist, and critic ; born in Granada, June 16, 
 1816 (not 1817). A long life devoted to literary 
 stuaies has resulted in * The Lovers' Punish- 
 ment' (1838), a comedy ; < Odes and Romances* 
 (1842), a collection of verse; a critical edition 
 of the works of Francisco de Quevedo ; and 
 many other performances as brilliant. D. 1894. 
 
 Fernandez-Guerra y Orbe, Luis. A Span- 
 ish dramatist and verse-writer, brother of Au- 
 reliano ; born in Granada, April ii, 1818. The 
 law was his first calling, but he wrote <A 
 Vow,> < Her Highness's Hair-Dresser,* and other 
 stage skits, and established himself in literature ; 
 producing much verse, and a highly prized crit- 
 ical work on the eminent dramatist Alarcon 
 y Mendoza. He died Sept. 7. 1894. 
 
 Fornandez-Lizardi, Jos6 Joaquin (fer-nan'- 
 deth le-thar'de). A distinguished Mexican nov- 
 elist; born in the City of Mexico in 1771 ; died 
 
 there, June 1827. His most famous work is 
 < Periquillo Sarniento * (1816; new ed., illus- 
 trated, 2 vols., 1884). He also published two 
 novels, <Sad Nights and Gala Days' (1S23) 
 and < Life and Exploits of the Famous Knight 
 Don Catrin de la Facheuda* (1832). 
 
 Fern&ndez-Madrid, Jose. A South-American 
 poet ; born in Cartagena, Colombia, Feb. 9, 
 1789; died near London, England, June 28, 
 1829. He published a volume of poems, <Las 
 Rosas' (1822); also two tragedies, <Atala> 
 (1822) and <Guatimozin> (1827). 
 
 Fernandez y Gonzalez, Manuel (fer-nJin'- 
 deth e gon-tha'leth). A Spanish poet and nov- 
 elist; born at Seville, 1826; died Jan. 16, 1888. 
 A boyhood in Granada and seven years' army 
 service gave him varied experience of life and 
 men. From 1846 he gave himself to literature ; 
 and the plays < Struggling Against Fate ' (1848); 
 'The Cid> (1858); <A Duel on Time' (1859); 
 'Imperial Adventures' (1864), well constructed 
 and full of humor, won great popularity. 
 Among his more notable novels, which circu- 
 lated widely, are : ' The Seven Children of 
 Lara' (1862); <The Bloody Queen' (1883); 
 <The Plantagenet Brothers' (1889). 
 
 Ferrand, Eduard (fe-ron'), pseudonym of 
 Eduard Schulz. A German poet and ^story- 
 writer; born in Landsberg-on-the-Warta, Jan. 
 23, 1813 ; died in Berlin, Oct. 23, 1842. In vari- 
 ous 'Poems' (1834), and collected 'Tales' 
 (1835), and in ' E.xperiences of the Heart' 
 (1839), he shows imaginativeness, and great sus- 
 ceptibility to love in all its exquisite emanci- 
 pation from the practical. 
 
 Ferrari, Giuseppe (fer-ra're). An Italian 
 historian and philosophical writer ; born in 
 Milan, 1812 ; died in Rome, July i, 1876. Early 
 trained to an unsparingly material and real- 
 istic standpoint, he became noted for the vigor 
 and democratic impartiality of his 'On Error' 
 (1840); ' Campanella's Religious Opinions' 
 (1840); ' Machiavelli as Judge of the Revolu- 
 tions of our Time' (1849); 'Philosophy of Rev- 
 olutions' (1851); 'History of Italian Revolu- 
 tions, or Guelphs and Ghibellines' (1856-58); 
 etc., — mostly happy in style, and profoundly 
 influential in molding contemporary thought. 
 
 Ferrari, Paolo. An Italian dramatist ; born 
 at Modena, April 5, 1822; died March 9, 1889. 
 His early comedies had little success ; and his 
 masterpiece, ' Goldoni and his Sixteen Com- 
 edies ' (1852) was refused production for two 
 years, but when acted won both a popular and 
 a critical ovation. Its successor, ' Parini and 
 Satire' (1857), gained equal favor. Among his 
 others are: 'The Modern Tartuffe' (1862); 
 'Suicide' (1875); 'The Rival Friends' (1S78); 
 ' Antonietta ' ( 1880 ); ' Fulvio Testi ' (1889). 
 
 Ferrari, Severino. An Italian poet and 
 scholar; born in Alberino, near Bologna, 1856. 
 Much study and cunning workmanship are 
 manifest in the verse collections ' For Him and 
 His' (1876); 'New Stanzas' (1888); and in 
 longer experiments.
 
 FERRAZZI — FESZLER 
 
 185 
 
 Ferrazzi, Giuseppe Jacopo (fer-ats'e). An 
 Italian critic, essayist, and Dante scholar; born 
 in Cartigliano, near Bassano, March 20, 1813 ; 
 died at Bassano, 1887 (not 1881). He is best 
 known for his invaluable < Handbooks to 
 Dante > (1865-77); but<Torquato Tasso : a Bio- 
 graphical, Critical, and Bibliographical Study > 
 (1880), and studies of Ariosto, besides an 
 < Italian Anthology* (1858-59), would in them- 
 selves make him a conspicuous literary figure. 
 
 Ferreira, Antonio. A celebrated Portuguese 
 poet and dramatist; born at Lisbon in 1528; 
 died of the plague in 1569. He held a pro- 
 fessorship at the University of Coimbra ; subse- 
 quently became judge of the supreme court at 
 Lisbon. During his leisure he composed son- 
 nets, odes, and epigrams, which earned for him 
 the title of the " Portuguese Horace.'* His 
 high literary reputation, however, is due to his 
 
 < Epistles * and the tragedy of < Inez de Castro,* 
 the second regular tragedy produced in Europe. 
 The subject is a popular Portuguese legend ; the 
 play is modeled upon the Greek tragic drama. 
 
 Ferreira de Vasconcellos, Jorge (fer-ra'e-ra 
 da vas"kon-serosh). A Portuguese dramatist; 
 died 1585- His prose comedies, <Euphrosyne* 
 (1560), < Usilippo* (1618), < Aulegraphia > (1619), 
 are strictly national, and are valuable both 
 philologically and for the proverbs in which 
 they abound. He wrote also a romance of chiv- 
 alry, <The Triumph of Sagramor* (1567). 
 
 Ferreras, Juan de (fer-ra'ras). A Spanish 
 historian and poetaster; born in Labaileza, 
 June 7, 1652; died (probably) near Madrid, June 
 8, 1735- He was a scholarly and respected 
 priest, whose careful < History of Spain* (1700- 
 27) is authoritative for the period prior to 
 1598; his < Poems* (1726) are less important. 
 
 Ferrero Guglielmo, an Italian historian, 
 born at Portici, in 1871 ; wrote the bril- 
 liant works < The Greatness and Decline of 
 Rome,* and < Characters and Events of Roman 
 History* (1901). This work, a departure in 
 historical writing, consists of a series of studies 
 of ancient Rome's great men and women, and of 
 critical moments and events in Roman history. 
 He, in 1909, delivered a course of lectures in the 
 United States. 
 
 Ferreyra de la Cerda, Bernarda (fer-ri'ra 
 da la ther'da). A Portuguese poet ; (1595-1644). 
 She became, when a little more than twenty, a 
 cherished verse and play writer, of pleasing 
 style and great beauty of diction and imagery. 
 
 < Liberated Spain,* a sort of poetic history, ex- 
 emplifies her merits. 
 
 Ferrler, Susan Edmonstone. A Scotch nov- 
 elist (1782-1854). She wrote three tales: 
 <Marriage* (1818); < The Inheritance* (1824); 
 < Destiny* (1831). In them is seen a faithful 
 and spirited delineation of Scotch character ; 
 and her pages are illumined by a genial wit and 
 a quick sense of the ludicrous. 
 
 Ferrlgni, Piero Francesco Leopoldo Coc- 
 ooluto (fer-en'ye). An Italian journalist, and 
 topical and descriptive writer; bom in Li- 
 vomo (Leghorn), Nov. 15, 1836. A genius for 
 
 throwing literary flash-lights on the subjects 
 of the day has made him a prodigious favorite ; 
 among the many stepping-stones to his pop- 
 ularity being < Among Pictures and Statues* 
 (1872); <See Naples and . . .*; <Up and 
 Down in Florence* (1877); <The King Is 
 Dead > (187S) ; < Jousts and Tourneys *. D. 1895. 
 
 Ferris, George Titus. An American writer 
 on music and musicians. His works include : 
 'Great German Composers* (1879); 'Great 
 Italian and French Composers* (1879); 'Great 
 Singers* (1880-81); < Great Violinists and Pian- 
 ists* (1881). 
 
 Ferry, Gabriel (fe-re'), the Elder, pseudo- 
 nym of Eugene Louis Gabriel Ferry de Belle- 
 mare. A French story-teller (1809-52). His 
 stories appeared first serially in the Revue des 
 Deux Mondes. He made repeated voyages to 
 America : in his last voyage, to California, he 
 lost his life in the burning at sea of the ship 
 Amazon. Among his tales are : ' The Wood- 
 ranger ' ; < Hunting with Cossacks * ; < Costal 
 the Indian*; 'Scenes of Military Life in Mex- 
 ico*; 'The Squatters.* 
 
 Ferry, Gabriel, the Younger. A French 
 dramatist and novelist, son of Gabriel the 
 Elder and continuing his pseudonym ; born in 
 Paris, May 30, 1846. He has produced plays,— 
 'Rdginah* (1874), being one of the be,st; while 
 his miscellaneous prose includes < The Las) 
 Years of Alexandre Dumas, 1864-70* (1883)1 
 < Balzac and his (Feminine) Friends * (1888); and 
 ' The Exploits of Caesar : A Parisian Novel > 
 (1889); 'The Last Days of King-Sun* (1896). 
 
 Fessenden, Thomas Green. An Americai. 
 who wrote partly under the name " Christophet- 
 Caustic**; born in Walpole, N. H., April 22 
 1771 ; died in Boston, Mass., Nov. 11, 1837. Ht< 
 graduated from Dartmouth. While in college 
 he wrote a ballad, 'Jonathan's Courtship.* Ho 
 went to London in 1801, and while there pub . 
 lished anonymously a satirical poem, < TerribU 
 Tractoration * ( 1803) . He returned to the United 
 States ; did literary work in New York ; went 
 to Boston and founded the New England 
 Farmer (1822). Some of his publications were 
 'The American Clerk's Companion* (1815)^ 
 'The Ladies' Monitor* (1818); and 'Laws of 
 Patents for New Inventions* (1822). 
 
 Feszler, Ignaz Aurelius (fes'ler). A Hun- 
 garian historian and novelist (1756-1S39). A 
 Capuchin priest, his secret communication to 
 Joseph II. in 1781 regarding the monasteries 
 brought about a radical reformation of them. 
 Appointed professor of Oriental languages in 
 the Vienna University, he had to leave the post 
 and Austria for his atheistic and seditious 
 tragedy 'Sidney* (1787); similar reasons cost 
 him a professorship in the Alexander Nevsky 
 Academy of St. Petersburg; afterward he be- 
 came general superintendent of the Lutheran 
 congregations in that city. He wrote the his- 
 torical novels < Marcus Aurelius* (1790); 'Aris- 
 tides and Themistocles * (1792); 'Matthias 
 Corvinus* (1793); 'Attila* (1794). His greatest
 
 i86 
 
 FET — FIBIGER 
 
 work is a < History of Hungar}'* (lo vols., 1812- 
 25). He wrote voluminously on Freemasonry, 
 and published an interesting autobiography, *A 
 Review of my Seventy Years' Pilgrimage > 
 (1826J. 
 
 Fet, A. (fet), pseudonym of Afanasy Afana- 
 sievitch Shenshin. A Russian poet; born in 
 Orel, Dec. 5, 1820 ; died at Moscow, Dec. 4, 1892. 
 A versifier almost from his cradle, he made 
 himself noted in early manhood by his many 
 charming poems : his most enduring fame rest- 
 ing upon the collection called < Evenings and 
 Nights' (1883), although versions of Horace, 
 Juvenal, Goethe, and even Shakespeare, show 
 his scholarly and literary attainments. 
 
 Fetis, Frangois Joseph (fa-tes'). A Belgian 
 composer and authority on music ; born at 
 Mons, March 25, 1784 ; died in Brussels, March 
 26, 1871. His music is admired for original 
 harmony and a sympathetic interpretation of 
 emotion ; and his writings, especially the < His- 
 tory of Music' (1868) and < Biography and Bib- 
 liography of Music and Musicians' (1837), are 
 respected by experts. 
 
 Feuchtersleben, Baron Ernst von (foich'- 
 ters-la"ben). An Austrian poet and physician; 
 bom at Vienna, April 29, 1806; died there, 
 Sept. 3, 1849. In medicine he stood in the 
 foremost rank as a practitioner; and his works, 
 especially on psychiatry, were widely read for 
 authority and lucid exposition. Among his 
 < Poems' (1836) is the lyric — now become a 
 popular melody — "It stands in God's decrees" 
 (Es ist bestimmt in Gottes Rat). 
 
 Feuerbach, Anselm (foi'er-bach). A Ger- 
 man archieologist, brother of Ludwig ; born 
 Sept. 9, 1798; died Sept. 8, 1851. His < Vatican 
 Apollo* (1833), and essa)S and studies in classic 
 art and art history, are of great merit and im- 
 portance. 
 
 Feuerbacb, Ludwig Andreas. A noted Ger- 
 man philosopher ; born in Landshut, July 28, 
 1804 ; died in the Reichenberg, near Nuremberg, 
 Sept. 13, 1872. He was a Hegelian and ma- 
 terialist whose opinions hindered a professional 
 career, and who devoted himself to metaphys- 
 ics in retirement; but in his masterpiece, <The 
 Essence of Christianity' (4th ed. 1883), he is no 
 longer a Hegelian. In his 'Theogonie' (2d ed. 
 1866), he deals with worship from the historical 
 standpoint. 
 
 Feuerbach, Paul Johann Anselm von. An 
 eminent German criminalist and reformer of 
 the penal laws ; bom in Hainichen, near Jena, 
 Nov. 14, 1775; died at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 
 May 29, 1833. He is at his best in : < Review 
 of the Fundamental Principles and Ideals of 
 Penal Law' (1799); < Exposition of Remarkable 
 Crimes' (1828); <Kaspar Hauser : An Instance 
 of a Crime against a Soul' (1832). 
 
 Feuillet, Octave (fe-ya'). A distinguished 
 French novelist; bom at St. E6, Aug. 11, 1821 ; 
 died at Paris, Deo. 29, 1S90. < The Great Old 
 Man' (1845) was his first story; but the < Ro- 
 mance of a Poor Young Man' (1858), which 
 
 was dramatized, first made him famous. Among 
 his numerous other novels are : * The History 
 of Sibylla' (1862), a romance of mysticism; 
 
 < Julia de Trecceur' (1872), dramatized as < The 
 Sphinx'; <A Marriage in High Life' (1875); 
 
 < Story of a Parisienne ' ; < La Morte ' (1886). 
 He was also a successful playwright : ' Mont- 
 joj-e' (1863) mirrored the moral rottenness of 
 the Second Empire. He was elected to the 
 Academy in 1863. Beginning as a young-girls' 
 novelist of the discreetest sort, he ended in 
 much the usual French fashion. 
 
 Feuillet de Conches, Baron F^Ux Sebas- 
 tien (fe-ya de kohsh). A French writer of 
 biographical and historical miscellany; born 
 in Paris, Dec. 4, 1798 ; died there, Feb. 6, 1887. 
 Literary criticism is the mother of < Metaphysi- 
 cal Meditations and Correspondence of Male- 
 branche' (1841) and 'Leopold Robert: His 
 Life, Labors, and Letters' (1849); while a gos- 
 sipy fluency imparts interest to < An Old Child's 
 Tales' (i860) and a 'History of the English 
 School of Painting' (1883). 
 
 Feval, Paul (fa-val'). A notable French nov- 
 elist; born at Rennes, Sept. 27, 1817; died at 
 Paris, March 8, 1887. His first story, < The Seals' 
 Club' (1841), and others, having given him 
 some note, he was offered a large sum to write, 
 under the pseudonym <* Francis Trollope" (as 
 though an Englishman), a sensational story 
 
 < The Mysteries of London,' after the manner 
 of Sue's < Mysteries of Paris.' It was done in 
 II vols., was immensely successful, widely trans- 
 lated, and put on the stage. He remained a 
 very fertile, spirited, and popular writer, often 
 dramatized, with long runs. Especially success- 
 ful were: < The Son of the Devil' (1847); <The 
 Hunchback' (1858); < Mrs. Gil Bias'; <The 
 Last Man Alive' (1873); <The Wonders of Mt. 
 St. Michael' (1879). 
 
 Feydeau, Ernest (fa-do'). A French novel- 
 ist (1821-73). His ill-famed story < Fanny' 
 (1858) had an unprecedented success. It was 
 followed by ' Daniel > (1859); < Catherine d'Over- 
 meire' (1S60); < Sylvie ' fi86l); and <A D^but 
 at the Opera' (1863). Of his later works one 
 only had any marked success, < The Countess 
 de Chalis, or the Morals of our Day' (1868). 
 He tried, but with little success, to write for 
 the stage. He repeatedly felt the need of 
 rebutting the charge of indecency : < On the 
 Luxury of Women ; on Morals, Literature, and 
 Virtue' (1866) is an elaborate apologia. 
 
 Ffraid, I. D., pseudonym of John Evans. 
 A Welsh poet and essayist ; born at Ty Mawr. 
 Llansantffraid yn Nghonwy, July 23, 1814; died 
 there (?), March 4, 1876. He wrote brilliant 
 papers for the Baner and other journals ; while 
 his < Mixed Poems' (Difyrwch Bechgyn Glanau 
 Conwy) (1835) aroused general admiration. 
 
 Fibiger, Johannes Henrik Tauber (fib'e- 
 ger). A Danish poet; born at Nykjobing, Jan, 
 27, 182 1. He v.rote dramas founded on Biblical 
 history, — 'Jephtha's Daughter' (1849J; < Jere- 
 miah' (1850); <John the Baptist' (1857); also
 
 FICHTE — FIELDS 
 
 187 
 
 a few secular tragedies, the most notable among 
 them being* Cross and Love> (1858) and <The 
 Everlasting Struggle' fi866); and a narrative 
 poem in 16 cantos, <The Gray Friars' (1882). 
 
 Fichte, Immanuel Hermann von (lich'tcj. 
 A German philosopher, son of Johann ; born 
 in Jena, July 18, 1796; died in Stuttgart, Aug. 
 8, 1879. lie was a mystic theist, but tried to 
 frame a compromise which should not exclude 
 disbelief in a supreme being. < Speculative 
 Theology' (1847); < System of Ethics' (1850); 
 and < The Soul Question : A Philosophic Con- 
 fession' (1859), are his typical works. 
 
 Fichte, Jobann Gottlieb. A celebrated Ger- 
 man philosopher; born at Rammenau in Upper 
 Lusatia, May 19, 1762; died at Berlin, Jan. 27, 
 1814. He wrote his treatise < Essay toward a 
 Critique of All Revelation' (1792) as a "letter 
 of introduction" to Kant. He was appointed 
 professor of philosophy in the University of Jena 
 in 1794 ; and the following year published his 
 
 < Doctrine of Science,' a fundamental departure 
 from Kant. Of his philosophical writings the 
 most important are : < The Doctrine of Science ' 
 (1794); < Foundations of the Whole Doctrine of 
 Science' (1794); < Introduction to the Doctrine 
 of Science' (1798); < System of Moral Doctrine' 
 (1798); < Man's Destiny' (1800). 
 
 Field, Mrs. Caroline Leslie (Whitney). 
 An Anierican writer, daughter of Mrs. A. D. T. 
 Whitney; born at Milton, Mass., Nov. 10, 1853; 
 died there Dec. i, 1902. Her works are: 
 <High Lights' (1885), a novel; 'The Unseen 
 King, and Other Verses' (1887). 
 
 Field, Eugene. An American poet and hu- 
 morous journalist ; born at St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 
 2, 1850 ; died Nov. 4, 1895. His latter years 
 were spent in Chicago. By his poems and 
 tales in the press he won a high reputation 
 in the West, which before his death had be- 
 come national. His poems for children are 
 admirable in their simplicity and in their sym- 
 pathetic insight into the child's world of thought 
 and feeling. His complete works comprise : 
 
 < Love Songs of Childhood > ; < A Little Book 
 of Western Verse ' ; <A Second Book of Verse ' ; 
 
 < The Holy Cross, and Other Tales ' ; < The Love 
 Affairs of a Bibliomaniac' He made, in col- 
 laboration with his brother Roswell Martin 
 Field, some good translations from Horace — ■ 
 
 < Echoes from the Sabine Farm.' 
 
 Field, Henry Martyn. An American clergy- 
 man and scholar; born in Stockbridge, Mass., 
 April 3, 1822. He is a graduate of Williams 
 College, and was ordained to the ministry in 
 1842. In 1854 he became editor and proprietor 
 of the New York Evangelist. He has been a 
 lifelong traveler. Among his works are : 
 < Summer Pictures from Copenhagen to Venice' 
 (1859); 'History of the Atlantic Telegraph' 
 fiS66); <From the Lakes of Killarney to the 
 Golden Horn' (1876); <From Egypt to Japan' 
 (1878); <On the Desert' (1883); 'Among the 
 Holy Hills' (1883); <The Greek Islands and 
 Turkey after the War' (1885); <Our West- 
 
 ern Archipelago > ; < The Barbary Coast ' ; < Old 
 Spain and New Spain'; 'Gibraltar'; 'Bright 
 Skies and Dark Shadows'; 'The Story of the 
 Atlantic Cable.' Died Jan. 2b, 1907. 
 
 Field, Kate. [Mary Katherine Kemble.] An 
 American author and lecturer ; born in St. Louis, 
 Mo., about 1840 ; died in Honolulu, Hawaii, 
 May 19, 1896. During several years she was 
 P'uropean correspondent of the New York 
 Tribune and other journals. She founded Kate 
 Field's Washington (1889), in Washington, 
 D. C. Among her books are : ' Planchette's 
 Diary' (1868); 'Ten Days in Spain' ("1875); 
 ' History of Bell's Telephone > ; ' Life of Fechter > ; 
 etc. 
 
 Field, Maunsell Bradhurst. An American 
 prose and verse writer; bom in New York 
 city, March 26, 1822 ; died there, Jan. 24, 1875. 
 Among his published works are a volume of 
 poems (1869). In collaboration with G. P. R. 
 James he wrote 'Adrian; or the Clouds of the 
 Mind' (1852), and 'Memoirs of Many Men 
 and Some Women' (1874). 
 
 Fielding, Henry. A celebrated English nov- 
 elist; bom at Sharpham Park, Somersetshire, 
 April 22, 1707, of the blood of the Ilapsburgs ; 
 died at Lisbon, Oct. 8, 1754. After ill success 
 as plaj'wright and lawyer he wrote 'The Ad- 
 ventures of Joseph Andrews' (1742), to bur- 
 lesque Richardson's ' Pamela ' ; it grew in his 
 hands into a strong novel of a new type, and 
 his career and fame were determined. His 
 masterpiece is ' Tom Jones ; or the History of 
 a Foundling' (1749). His last novel, ' Amelia' 
 (1752), is characteristic of his sentiments rather 
 than of his genius. ' The History of Jonathan 
 Wild > is a piece of irony directed against the 
 professors of conventional morality. 
 
 Fielding, Sarah. An English novelist, sister 
 to Henry; born in East Stour, Dorsetshire, 
 Nov. 8, 1710; died at Bath, 1768. Contem- 
 poraries adjudged her to show something like 
 genius in her novels ' The Adventures of David 
 Simple in Search of a Faithful Friend' (1744), 
 and 'The Governess' (1749). She also did a 
 few important biographies and translations. 
 
 Fields, Annie (Adams). An American poet 
 and essayist, wife of James T. Fields ; born in 
 Boston, 1834. She has been a leader in char- 
 ity organization and work. She published : 
 'Under the Olive,' poems (1881); 'Biographv 
 of James T. Fields' (1884); 'How to Help 
 the Poor' (1S85); 'The Singing Shepherd'; 
 'Authors and their Friends'; '.\ Shelf of Old 
 Books' (1896J; 'Life and Letters of Harriet 
 Beecher Stowe ' (1897) ; * Orpheus > (1900). 
 
 Fields, James Thomas. An American pub- 
 lisher and author; born in Portsmouth, N. H., 
 Dec. 31, 1S17 ; died in Boston, Mass., April 24, 
 1881. The various publishing firms of which 
 he was partner, with Ticknor, Osgood, and 
 others, were of the first rank. He edited the 
 Atlantic Monthly in 1862-70 ; and was an ac- 
 ceptable lectureron literary subjects and autliors. 
 He published: 'Poems' (1849); 'A Few Verses
 
 1 88 
 
 FIfiVfiE — FINCK 
 
 for a Few Friends' (1858); < Yesterdays with 
 Authors' (1872); < Hawthorne' (1875); 'Old 
 Acquaintance : Barry Cornwall and Some of 
 his Friends' (1875); < In and Out of Doors 
 with Dickens' (1876); < Underbrush' (1881), 
 essays; < Ballads and Other Verses' (1881); 
 and (with Edwin P. Whipple) edited <The 
 Family Library of British Poetry' (1878). 
 
 Ti6v6e, Joseph ffya-va'). A French political 
 writer and journalist; bom in Paris, April 9, 
 1767; died there, May 7, 1839. His experiences 
 during the French Revolution were not happy, 
 largely in consequence of his work <On the 
 Necessity of a Religion' (1795); but the Na- 
 poleonic rule proved more favorable to him. 
 He produced < Suzette's Dowry ' and < Frede- 
 rick,' two rather colorless fictions, besides a 
 variety of historical works on aspects of the 
 republic, consulate, and empire. 
 
 Figueroa, Cristbval Suarez de (fe-ga-ro'a). 
 A Spanish poet of the first half of the seven- 
 teenth century. His most celebrated poems 
 are a translation of the < Faithful Shepherd ' 
 (1602) of Guarini, and < Constant Amaryllis' 
 (1609). He wrote a history of <The Deeds of 
 Don Garcia Hurtado de Mendoza' (1613) in 
 the wars with the Araucanians, interesting but 
 written in an inflated style ; also an epic, 
 < Spain Defended' (1612). 
 
 Figueroa, Francisco de. A Spanish poet 
 ('i540?-l620?). He was called by his contempo- 
 raries « the Divine Figueroa," and at Rome he 
 won the poet's crown. He wrote verse with 
 equal facility and elegance in Castilian and 
 Italian. When dying he burned all his verses ; 
 but they were published — including the cele- 
 brated volume of eclogues in blank verse, the 
 • Tirsi ' — from copies in the hands of his 
 friends. 
 
 Figueroa, Francisco. A Mexican annalist, 
 diarist, and theologian ; bom in Toluca, 1730 
 (?); died in the City of Mexico, 1800 (?). He 
 was a Franciscan priest, and taught and lect- 
 ured well ; but his great service to literature 
 consisted in the compilation of materials for 
 a history of Mexico, among them a < History 
 of the Conquest of New Galicia,' by Mota 
 Padilla, besides diaries and letters. 
 
 Figueroa, Francisco Acufla de. A Uru- 
 guayan poet ; born in Montevideo, 1791 ; died 
 there, Oct. 6, 1862. A civil-service post af- 
 forded him leisure to prepare his < Poetic Mo- 
 saic' (1857), a verse collection, and his more 
 notable ' Paraphrases of the Psalms,' and < The 
 Tordidas,' a series of Paraguayan notes. He 
 has been assigned a high rank by competent 
 European critics; lofty inspiration and sonor- 
 ous diction being his characteristics, exemplified 
 in the < National Hymn of Umguay.' 
 
 Flguier, Guillaume Louis. A French scien- 
 tific writer; born at Montpellier, Feb. 15, 1819; 
 died at Paris, Nov. 9, 1894. He has done much 
 for the popularization of science as editor of 
 the scientific column of the Presse, and as au- 
 thor of < The Exposition and History of the 
 
 Principal Modern Scientific Discoveries' (1851- 
 53); <Alchemy and Alchemists' (1854); < Great 
 Ancient and Modem Inventions' (1864, 3d ed.); 
 'The Earth before the Deluge' (1866, 5th ed.); 
 < Lives of Illustrious Savants' (1866); < Marvels 
 of Science' (1867-69). 
 
 Fileti - Ramondetta, Concettina (fe-la'te- 
 ra-mon-det'ta). An Italian poet; born (Ra- 
 mondetta) in Palermo, Dec. 31, 1830. Although 
 of a distinguished family, her childhood was 
 passed in comparative poverty, and she had 
 little formal schooling. Her talent was pre- 
 cocious, and at sixteen she wrote verses which 
 captivated the public. Becoming a wife and 
 mother, however, — with ten children at that,— 
 her association with the Muse has been inter- 
 mittent in recent years ; but she has made 
 even this of some literary service, as in her 
 later < Poems' (1887). 
 
 Filicaja, Vincenzo da (fe-le-ka'ya). A dis- 
 tinguished Italian poet (1642-1707). He lived 
 several years in retirement, devoted to political 
 study and composition, but publishing nothing 
 till 1684, when appeared his grand odes on the 
 rescue of Vienna from the Turks, which won 
 for him the admiration of all Italy, and hon- 
 orable notice on the part of the Emperor Leo- 
 pold and King John Sobieski of Poland. Queen 
 Christina of Sweden named him a member of 
 her newly founded Academy. In depth and 
 nobility of thought, in beauty of expression, 
 and in the melodiousness of his verse, Filicaja 
 is one of the foremost lyrists of Italy; never- 
 theless he trusts perhaps too much to art and 
 less to nature and inspiration. 
 
 Filon, Auguste (fe-16h'). A French histo- 
 rian; born in Paris, June 7, 1800 ; died there, 
 Dec. I, 1875. A commanding point of view 
 and an alluring style are conspicuous through- 
 out his < Comparative History of France and 
 England' (1832); <The Spiritual Power in its 
 Relations with the State' (1844); < History of 
 the Roman Senate' (1850); < History of the 
 Athenian Democracy' (1854); and several other 
 important works. 
 
 Finch, Francis Miles. An American poet, 
 and a judge of the U. S. District Court ; born 
 in Ithaca, N. ¥., June 9, 1827. He graduated 
 at Yale ; and is the author of the well-known 
 lyrics < Nathan Hale ' and < 'I'he Blue and 
 the Gray,' and a popular college song begin- 
 ning « Floating away like the fountain's 
 spray." Died 1907. 
 
 Finck, Henry Theophilus. An American 
 musical critic and author; born in Bethel, Mo., 
 Sept. 22, 1854. He graduated at Harvard in 
 1876; and from 1878 to 1881 studied physio- 
 logical psychology at Berlin, Heidelberg, and 
 Vienna. He is musical critic of the New York 
 Evening Post, and a contributor to the Nation. 
 His works include: < Wagner and Other Musi- 
 cians' (1887); < Romantic Love and Personal 
 Beauty' (1887); <The Pacific Coast Scenic 
 Tour' (1890); < Chopin, and Other Musical 
 Essays'; < Lotos Time in Japan' (1895); ^ind 
 < Spain and Morocco ' ; < Edward Grieg > ( 1905).
 
 PINLA Y — PISCHART 
 
 189 
 
 Flnlay, George. An English historian of 
 the first rank ; born in Faversham, Kent, of 
 Scotch blood, Dec. 21, 1799; died in Athens, 
 Greece, Jan. 26, 1875. An ardent Philhellene, 
 he joined Byron's company at Missolonghi in 
 1823 to assist in liberating Greece from the 
 Turks; and ended by residing there perma- 
 nently, — at first a cultivator, and then a student 
 of and writer upon Greek history. He was for 
 many years the Athens correspondent of the 
 London Times. His < Greece under the Ro- 
 mans, B.C. 146 to A. D. 7I7> (1844) raised him 
 at once to a place among the few foremost 
 historians : Edward A. Freeman declared it to 
 be the most truly original historical work of 
 modem times; and for sound broad humanity, 
 acute judgment, and luminous common-sense 
 on both the practical and the philosophic sides 
 of history, it has few equals of any age. It is 
 not in the form of detailed annals except in 
 the last part, most of it being a set of essays 
 on the political and social conditions of Greece 
 as a subject province. Succeeding volumes 
 carried the story more in detail down to mod- 
 ern times, ending with two volumes on the 
 Greek Revolution. The whole, revised and 
 some volumes wholly rewritten by the author, 
 was published posthumously in 7 vols. (1877). 
 
 Finley, Jolin. An American poet; born at 
 Brownsburg, Va., Jan. 11, 1797; died in Rich- 
 mond, Ind., Dec. 23, 1866. He was one of the 
 editors of the Richmond Palladium, 1831-34. 
 His poems were collected in one volume, < The 
 Hoosier's Nest, and Other Poems > (1865). 
 
 Finley, Martha. An American novelist; 
 born in Chillicothe, O., April 26, 1828. She is 
 the author, under the name of << Martha Far- 
 quharson,>> of a number of novels, including 
 < Elsie Dinsmore> (1868); < Wanted — A Pedi- 
 gree' (1S72); and <The Thorn in the Nest* 
 (1886). She has written in all over twenty* Elsie 
 Books,' as well as < The Mildred Books,* etc. 
 
 Finotti, Joseph Maria. An American cler- 
 gyman and author; born at Ferrara, Italy, in 
 1817; died at Denver, Col., in 1S79. He studied 
 theology in the Jesuit College, Rome, and in 
 1845 removed to the United States. He was 
 ordained priest, and stationed at Alexandria, 
 Va. In 1852 he left the Jesuit Society and 
 became literary editor of the Boston Pilot. 
 His health having failed, he removed to Cin- 
 cinnati, and afterwards to Omaha, and to Cen- 
 tral City, Col. His works include : <A Month 
 of Mary> (1853); < Italy in the Fifteenth Cen- 
 tury'; <The French Zouave' (1863); <Ameri- 
 jan Catholic Bibliography' (unfinished). 
 
 Firdausl or Firdusi (fer-dou'se). A cele- 
 brated Persian poet who lived from about 935 
 to about 1020. He is the greatest of Persian 
 epic poets. In loio, after 35 years of labor, was 
 completed his first heroic epic, the <Shah- 
 Namah' (King's Book) in about 60,000 distichs : 
 it recounts the ancient Persian traditions of 
 heroism. His other great poem, <Jussuf and 
 Zulikha,' a religious-romantic epos, is founded 
 on the Biblical story of Joseph and Potiphar's 
 
 wife. There are English translations of sun- 
 dry passages from the < Shah-Namah,' and a 
 German translation of the whole of the <Jussuf 
 and Zulikha.' 
 
 Firenzuola, Agnolo (fe-rents-wo'la). [Prop- 
 erly Girolamo Giovannini.] An Italian poet ; 
 born in Florence, Sept. 28, 1493; died at Prato 
 or in Rome, about 1545. His works consist 
 of burlesque poems; two comedies, including 
 <The Shining Ones'; a translation of Apu- 
 leius's < Golden Ass ' ; a didactic story, < Dis- 
 courses about Animals ' ; < Dialogue on the 
 Beauties of Women > ; and ten " novels," mostly 
 stories in the vein of Boccaccio. He writes in 
 a style of great elegance, but with unpardon- 
 able lubricity. 
 
 Firmenich-Richartz, Johannes Matthias 
 (fer'men-ich-rich'arts). A German poet, phil- 
 ological literary critic and student, and drama- 
 tist; bom in Cologne, July 5, 1808; died in 
 Potsdam, May 10, 1889. His play <Clotilde 
 Montalvi' (1840), a romantic tragedy, and 
 'After a Hundred Years,' a humorous compo- 
 sition in dialogue, as well as poems in vari- 
 ous languages, are highly meritorious ; but his 
 monumental achievement is < Germany's Folk- 
 Voices : A Collection of German Dialect 
 Poems, Songs, Fables, Sagas, etc' (1843-66, 
 sup. 1868), showing the most profound learning 
 and scholarly acuteness. 
 
 Flschart, Johann (fish'art). A famous Ger- 
 man satirist (about 1545-91). He took the doc- 
 tor's degree in the University of Basel 1574, 
 and afterward was an official of the Imperial 
 Chamber of Justice at Spires. The period of 
 his literary production lies between 1575 and 
 1581, while he assisted his brother-in-law 
 Jobin, who had a printing-office in Strasburg. 
 He was a man of deep patriotic feeling, a 
 notable poet, and the greatest Protestant pub- 
 licist of his time. Among his compositions 
 in verse may be mentioned : < The Jester in 
 Rhyme,' a satire on the Dominicans and 
 Franciscans (1571); < Description of the Four- 
 Cornered Hat' (1580), against the Jesuits; the 
 <Flohhatz Weibertratz ' (1573), in which he 
 describes a contest at law between fleas and 
 women ; < Podagramic Book of Consolation • 
 (1577). showing how the gout (podagra) spares 
 the laboring poor and kindly chastens the rich, 
 while leaving their minds free for wit and 
 humor; <The Hive of the Holy Roman Swarm ' 
 (1579). In imitation of Rabelais's <Gargantua,' 
 but giving free play to his own native humor 
 and wit, he wrote of < The Wondrous Deeds, 
 Thoughts, and Words of tlie Famous Heroes 
 and Lords Grandgusier, Gargantua, and Pan- 
 tagruei' (1575). Here, in full accord with the 
 spirit of the Reformation, he " contrasts the 
 sound human understanding with the vagaries 
 of idealism, the common people's bluntness 
 and uncouthness with the aristocratic-romantic 
 perversity of the upper class"; all the while 
 glorifying intellectual progress. As a treasury 
 of ingeniously contrived word compounds the 
 work is of great value to the philologist.
 
 190 
 
 FISCHER — FLAGG 
 
 .*^scher, Johann Georg ( fish'ei). f '.ei ii;an pott ; 
 ^i;ni at Gross Siissen, Oct. 25, 1816 ; died at 
 Stuttgart, May 4, 1S97. His lyric poems are in 
 >i vols. (1854-91 ). He excels in popular songs 
 and ballads ; he has the gift of combining humor 
 with gravity. In his love songs he nobly ideal- 
 izes nature and passion. He wrote four dramas : 
 < Saul ' (1862) ; <Frederic II. of Hohenstaufen > 
 <l863); <FlorianGeyer > f 1866); <Eniperor Maxi- 
 milian of Mexico > ( 186S). In <From Bird Life* 
 ( 1863) he notes the characteristic phenomena of 
 the psychic life of animals with the acuteness of 
 a naturalist and the sympathy of a poet. 
 
 Fisclier, Kuno. A German historian of phi- 
 losophy ; born at Sandevvalde, in Silesia, July 
 23, 1824. He was interdicted from teaching 
 philosophy at Heidelberg in 1853 ; but after 
 filling professorships in Berlin and Jena, he 
 had the satisfaction of being called to the 
 chair of philosophy at Heidelberg in 1872. He 
 is of the school of Hegel. His principal writ- 
 ings are : < Diotima : The Idea of the Beautiful > 
 (1849); < Logic and Metaphysic, or the Doctrine 
 of Science* (1852); < History of Modern Phi- 
 losophy > (8 vols., 1852-93), his greatest work, 
 written in the form of brilliant monographs on 
 Descartes, Kant, Fichte, Schelling, and other 
 great philosophers down to Schopenhauer; 
 < Francis Bacon and his Successors' (1856); 
 <Lessing's Nathan the Wise' (1864); < Spino- 
 za's Life and Character' (1865); ^Origin and 
 Evolution-Forms of Wit > (1871). D.July 4, 1907. 
 
 Fislier, George Park. An American divine 
 and writer ; born in Wrentham, Mass., Aug. 10, 
 1827; became professor of divinity at Yale 
 {1854), and professor of ecclesiastical history 
 (1861). Included in his works are: < Essays on 
 the Supernatural Origin of Christianity ' ; < His- 
 tory of the Reformation' (1873); < Faith and 
 Rationalism' (1879); < Outlines of Universal 
 History'; < History of the Christian Church' 
 (1888); < Nature and Method of Revelation' 
 (1890); < Colonial History of the United States.' 
 
 Fiske, Daniel Willard, scholar and librarian ; 
 born in Ellisburg, Jefferson Count}-, N. Y., Nov. 
 II, 1831 ; was educated at Hamilton College, 
 N. Y., and Upsala University, Sweden. He 
 was secretary of the New York Geographical 
 Society, and attached to the American Lega- 
 tion at Vienna under Motley. He is an adept 
 in many modern languages ; in 1869 was made 
 professor of North-European languages, and 
 librarian, at Cornell; and has been a volu- 
 minous contributor to Swedish, German, Ice- 
 landic, Italian, English, and American journals. 
 He has made the largest existing collections 
 of Icelandic and of Petrarch, and the largest 
 in America of Dante. He is now engaged in 
 trying to create a written Egyptian language. 
 
 Fiske, Jolm. A famous American historian; 
 born at Hartford Conn., March 30, 1842; died at 
 E. Gloucester, Mass., July 4, 1901. He gradu- 
 ated at Harvard College ini863, and studied law, 
 but never practiced. He was lecturer on philoso- 
 phy at Harvard, and in 1872-79 assistant libra- 
 rian. He wrote * Myths and Myth-Makers' 
 
 (1872); < Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy* (2 
 vols., 1875), his principal work, in which he 
 gives an exposition of the philosophy of nat- 
 ural evolution; < The Unseen World' (1876); 
 < Darwinism' (1879); < The Idea of God' (1885). 
 On phases of American history, he has writ- 
 ten : < American Political Ideas' (1885); <The 
 Critical Period of American History, 1783-89' 
 (1888); <The Beginnings of New England' 
 (1889); <The American Revolution' (3 vols., 
 1891); < Discovery of America' (2 vols., 1892). 
 
 Fitch, William Clyde. An American play- 
 wright and author ; born in 1865. He was edu- 
 cated at Hartford, Conn., and Amherst College, 
 Amherst, Mass. He has written and adapted 
 a number of successful plays, among them 
 
 < Beau Brummell ' and < Bohemia.' Fle is also 
 the author of < The Knighting of the Twins, 
 and Ten Other Tales' (1891); <Some Corre- 
 spondence and Six Conversations > ; < The 
 Truth > ; < The Woman in the Case > ; < The 
 Straight I\oad > ; < The Girl who has Everything' ; 
 
 < The Blue Mouse.' lie died Sept. 4, 1909. 
 
 Fitts, James Franklin. An American jour- 
 nalist and novelist; (1840-1890). Of his novels 
 the most popular were : < The Parted Veil ' ; < A 
 Version ' ; < A Modern Miracle ' ; < Captain 
 Kidd's Gold.' 
 
 Fitzgerald, Edward. A great English poet ; 
 
 born at Bredfield House, near Suffolk, March 
 31, 1809; died June 14, 1883. (Fitzgerald was 
 his mother's family name, assumed by his father 
 John Purcell.) His writings are mostly remod- 
 eled translations of foreign poems ; among them 
 are versions of < Six Dramas from Calderon ' 
 (1853), and two more, and far finer (<The 
 Mighty Magician ' and < Such Stuff as Dreams 
 are Made Of) subsequently; <The Rubiiyit 
 of Omar Khayyim' (1859), which ultimately 
 won him assured immortality, though at first 
 published anonymously and utterly neglected ; 
 yEschylus's < Agamemnon ' and Sophocles's 
 <Qidipus' plays, and part of Attdr's <Bird Par- 
 liament.' 
 
 Fitzgerald, Percy Hethrington. A pleasing 
 Irish novelist and biographical essayist ; born 
 in Fane Valley, Louth, Ireland, 1834. He 
 wrote: <The Romance of the English Stage' 
 (1874); < Lives of the Sheridans' (1887); and 
 of novels, < Never Forgotten,' 'Diana Gay,' 
 •Bella Donna,' <Dear Girl,' etc. 
 
 Fitzpatrick, William John. An I ish biogra- 
 pher and topical historian; bora in Dublin Aug. 
 31, 1830; died there, Dec. 24, 1895. From his 
 graduation at the Catholic College, Clongowes 
 Wood, he devoted himself to the study of Ireland' s 
 rights and wrongs, and of the actors in Irish 
 history. < Lord Edward Fitzgerald and his 
 Betrayers' (1859); < The Sham Squire and the 
 Informers of 1798' (1866); and < Daniel O'Con- 
 nell, the Liberator' (1888), are a few among 
 his many widely read productions. 
 
 Flagg, Edmund. An American novelist and 
 journalist; born in Wiscasset, Me., Nov. 24,
 
 PLAGG ^ FLETCHER 
 
 191 
 
 1815. He was the author of a number of novels 
 and other prose writings. His best work is 
 'Venice, the City of the Sea> {2 vols., 1853). 
 He contributed to the New World Magazine 
 seven historical romances, based on the dramas 
 of Victor Hugo. <Edmond Dant^s,* a sequel 
 to < Monte Cristo,> was written by him, as also 
 was <Mary Tudor.> He died in 1890. 
 
 Flagg, Wilson. An American naturalist, 
 scientific and political writer ; born in Beverly, 
 Mass., Nov. 5, 1805 ; died in North Cambridge, 
 Mass., May 6, 1884. Some of his books are : 
 < Studies in the Field and Forest> (1857); 'Hal- 
 cyon Days' ; *A Year among the Trees' (1881); 
 and < A Year among the Birds.' 
 
 Flammarion, Camille (fla-ma-re-6n'). A 
 French astronomer, writer on descriptive as- 
 tronomy, and "astronomical novelist"; born 
 in Montigny-le-Roi, Feb. 25, 1842. He was 
 designed by his parents for the Church, but 
 went over to science, and by a long course of 
 writings of a more or less popular character 
 has made his name widely known. < The Plural- 
 ity of Inhabited Worlds' (1862J; 'Celestial 
 Wonders' (1865); <The Atmosphere' (1872); 
 < Urania' ( 1889 ); and < The Planet Mars and 
 its Habitability ' (1892), are his best-known 
 works, not to mention an experiment or two 
 in " romance " of the " astronomical creation." 
 
 Flash, Henry Lynden. An American writer 
 of verse ; born in Cincinnati, O., Jan. 20, 1835. 
 He is the author of 'Poems' (i86oj, and of 
 many popular ballads which appeared during 
 the Civil War. 
 
 Flassan, Gaetan Raxis, Count de (flas-an'). 
 A French diplomatist and historian of diplo- 
 macy; born at Bedouin, Venaissin, 1770; died 
 in Paris, March 20, 1845. His career in the 
 diplomatic service was fairly distinguished, 
 enabling him to gather material for a valu- 
 able ' History of French Diplomacy from the 
 Foundation of the Monarchy to Aug. 10, 1792' 
 (1808-11), and one or two works of less im- 
 portance. 
 
 Flautoert, Gustav (flo-bar'). A distinguished 
 French novelist ; born at Rouen, Dec. 12, 1821 ; 
 died there, May 8, 1880. His greatest novel 
 was his first, 'Madame Bovary' (1857). He 
 next wrote a historical novel, ' Salammbo,' the 
 scene laid in the most flourishing period of 
 Carthage, — a splendid description of ancient 
 Punic life,»but having lively interest as a story; 
 'The History of a Young Man' (1869), like 
 'Madame Bovary' a pessimistic picture of so- 
 cial life; 'The Temptation of St. Anthony' 
 (1874), a piece of imaginative writing dealing 
 with philosophical problems ; and < Three Sto- 
 ries ' (1877), which had a favorable reception. 
 Die posthumous novel ' Bouvard and P^cuchet ' 
 (1881) is a satire on humanity in general. His 
 comedy 'The Candidate' (1874) failed on the 
 stage. 
 
 FlecMer, Esprit (fla-shya'). A notable 
 French pulpit orator and writer; born at 
 Femes, in the Venaissin, June 10, 1632; died at 
 
 Montpellier, Feb. 16, 1710. His funeral orations, 
 especially those on Montausier and Turenne, 
 are models of elegiac oratory. He wrote a 
 'History of Theodosius the Great' (1679); 
 'Panegyrics of Saints' (1690); 'History of 
 Cardinal Ximenes' (1693). 
 
 Fleming, George. See Fletcher, Julia. 
 
 Fleming, Mrs. May Agnes (Early). A 
 Canadian story-writer; born in New Brunswick, 
 1840 ; died 1S80. She was a prolific author of 
 romances, mostly sensational, among them be- 
 ing : ' Guy Earlscourt's Wife ' ; < Lost for a 
 Woman'; < Pride and Passion'; etc. 
 
 Fleming, Paul (flem'ingj. A distinguished 
 German poet; born at Hartenstein in Saxony, 
 Oct. 5, 1609; died at Hamburg, April 2, 1640. 
 As an attache of an embassy to Russia and Per- 
 sia, he had an opportunity (1635-39) of studying 
 many peoples. His 'German Poems,' which 
 appeared in 1642, were often republished. His 
 poetry is a true reflection of his inmost thought : 
 he is seen to be a man of unsophisticated tastes, 
 of childlike piety, and yet of virile sense and 
 passion. 
 
 Fletcher, Giles. An English clergyman and 
 poet, cousin to John ; born in London about 
 1580; died at Alderton in 1623. His only 
 notable composition was a sacred poem en- 
 titled ' Christ's Victorie and Triumph in Heaven 
 and Earth over and after Death' (1610), rich 
 in imagery and descriptions of natural scenery. 
 Parts of it were utilized by Milton in his 
 ' Paradise Regained.' 
 
 Fletcher, John. An English dramatist ; born 
 in Rye, Sussex, in December 1579; died in Lon- 
 don during the plague, in August 1625. His 
 partnership with Beaumont is called by Swin- 
 burne « the most perfect union in genius and 
 friendship." 'The Woman Hater,' published 
 anonymously in 1607 and usually accorded to 
 Fletcher, Swinburne and Bullen assign to Beau- 
 mont. Fletcher survived his friend nine years, 
 during which he produced many plays with and 
 without collaborators; the latter include Mas- 
 singer, Middleton, Rowley, Shirk)-, and others. 
 It is certain that he wrote alone 'The Faithful 
 Shepherdess,' ' Bonduca,' < Valentinian,' ' The 
 Wild Goose Chase,' and ' Monsieur Thomas,' 
 his greatest works; 'Rule a Wife and Have a 
 Wife'; 'The Loyal Subject'; 'Wit Without 
 Money ' ; < A Wife for a Month > ; < The Chances > ; 
 'The Mad Lover'; and 'The Humorous Lieu- 
 tenant.' Bullen, the most authoritative critic 
 of Elizabethan literature, says he had Massin- 
 ger's aid in 'The Knight of Malta,' 'Thierry 
 and Theodoret,' 'The Little French Lawyer,' 
 'The Beggar's Bush,' 'The Spanish Curate,' 
 'The FaTse One,' and <A Very Woman.' The 
 same authority gives 'The Queen of Corinth' 
 with Massinger, Rowley, and Middleton; 'The 
 Jeweller of Amsterdam' witii Massinger and 
 Field; 'The Bloody Brother' with Ben Jonson, 
 revised by Middleton; 'Two Noble Kinsmen' 
 with Massinger, after Shakespeare's death ; and 
 considers < Henry VIII.' the work of Fletche/
 
 192 
 
 FLETCHER — FOGAZZARO 
 
 and Massinger with Shakespearean passages. 
 
 Fletcher, Julia Constance. ["George Flem- 
 ing."] An American novelist; born in Indian- 
 apolis, , 1858, daughter of James 
 
 C. Fletcher, who was a missionary to Brazil 
 and wrote < Brazil and the Brazilians.* Among 
 her novels are: < Kismet' (1877); <The Head 
 of the Medusa > (1880); < Andromeda > (1885); 
 <The Truth about Clement Ker> (1889) ; <For 
 Plain Women Only > ; <JThe Canary.' 
 
 Fleury, Claude (fle-re'). A French Church 
 historian and pedagogue; born in Paris, Dec. 
 6, 1640; died there (?), July 14, 1723. His 
 learning and unaffected simplicity made him 
 a notable figure at the court of Louis XIV., and 
 later at that of Louis XV., whose confessor he 
 became. An < Ecclesiastical History' (1691- 
 1720) forms his claim to enduring renown; 
 the work coming down to 1414, at which point 
 a later writer has attempted, although not sym- 
 pathetically, to round out the master's perform- 
 ance. 'A History of French Law' (1674) and 
 a < Historical Catechism' (1679) are less im- 
 portant achievements. 
 
 Fleury-Husson, Jules. See Champfleury. 
 
 Flint, Timotliy. An American clergyman 
 and miscellaneous writer ; born in North Read- 
 ing, Mass., July 11, 1780; died in Salem, Mass., 
 Aug. 16, 1840. H^e was a Congregational min- 
 ister during 1812-14; subsequently he devoted 
 himself to editorial work, descriptive writing, 
 and fiction. In these departments his most 
 important work is included in : * The Geogra- 
 phy and History of the Mississippi Valley'; 
 
 < Indian Wars in the West ' ; and in fiction, 
 
 < Francis Berrian ' ; < George Mason ' ; and < The 
 Shoshone Valley.' 
 
 Floquet, Pierre Amable (flo-ka'). A French 
 historian and biographical writer ; born in 
 Rouen, July 9, 1797 ; died in Fomientin, Aug. 6, 
 1881. He made Normandy's annals and per- 
 sonages the objects of his painstaking study 
 in < Norman Anecdotes'; < History of the Par- 
 liament of Normandy' (1840-43); < Studies in 
 the Life of Bossuet' (1855); of which the last 
 two were crowned by the Academy. Subse- 
 quent volumes show the rich harvest the field 
 has yielded him. 
 
 Florez, Henrique (flo'reth). A Spanish his- 
 torian and antiquarian; born in Valladolid, 
 Feb. 14, 1701 ; died in Madrid, Aug. 20, 1773. 
 He was an Augustinian ordinary who taught 
 theology and history with brilliant success, 
 and charmed his classes by presenting dogmas 
 and annals from the standpoint of their human 
 interest. < Sacred Spain' (1747-73), on the his- 
 tory and dominion of the Church in the penin- 
 sula, brought down to the present 'time by a 
 recent writer ; < Memorials of Catholic Queens ' ; 
 and other works of importance, justify the high 
 opinion entertained of him. 
 
 Florian, Jean Pierre Claris de (flo-ryon'). 
 A French poet and romancer (1755-94). At 
 10 he captivated Voltaire by his quick repartee 
 
 and sprightliness. He made his d^but with 
 some pleasing farces (1779), and added greatly 
 to his fame with the two jDastoral stories < Gala- 
 tea' (1783) and <Estelle' (1787); but both are 
 sentimental romances in the dominant taste of 
 that time. A like judgment is to be passed on 
 his metrical romances <Numa Pompilius' (1786) 
 and <Gonsalvo of Cordova' (1791). He also 
 wrote < Medleys of Poetry and Literature ' ; and 
 
 < Florian's Youth,' in which he recounts the 
 story of his boyhood. 
 
 Flourens, Marie Jean Pierre (flo-rofi'). An 
 eminent French writer on physiology and anat- 
 omy ; born in Maurilhan, H^rault, April 15, 
 1794; died at Montgeron, near Paris, Dec. 5, 
 1867. His special studies were neurology, oste- 
 ology, and cellular pathology. The following 
 partial list of his writings indicates his wide 
 scope and massive knowledge : < Physical Re- 
 searches into Irritability and Sensibility' (1822); 
 
 < General Anatomy of the Skin and of its Mu- 
 cous Membranes' (1843); *Life and Intelli- 
 gence' (1857); < Natural Ontology' (1864); and 
 works in which he traces with admirable lucid- 
 ity the connection between the respective as- 
 pects of physical, intellectual, and ethical stat<;s. 
 
 Flower, Benjamin Orange. An American 
 editor and author; born in Illinois in 185S. 
 He was until recently the publisher and editor 
 of the Arena, Boston, Mass. Among his numer- 
 ous works are : * Civilization's Inferno ; or Studies 
 in the Social Cellar' (1893); < The New Time' 
 (1894); < Persons, Places, and Ideas'; < Gerald 
 Massey : Poet, Prophet, and Mystic' (1895); 
 < How England Averted a Revolution of Force' 
 (1901 ). 
 
 Flower, Frank Abial. An American histor- 
 ical writer; born in Cottage, N. Y., May II, 1854. 
 Has written several local histories. Among 
 his works are to be found : < Old Abe, the W^is- 
 consin War Eagle' (1880); <The Life of Mat- 
 thew H. Carpenter' (1883); and a < History of 
 the Republican Party ' (1884) ; < International 
 Deep Waterways ' ; < Life of E. M. Stanton.* 
 
 Flugel, Johann Gottfried (flii'gel). A Ger- 
 man lexicographer and compiler of language 
 manuals ; born in Barby on the Elbe, Nov. 22, 
 1788 ; died in Leipsic, June 24, 1855. He spent 
 many years in this country in business, diplo- 
 matic, and official occupations, and compiled 
 (with J. Sporschil) a < Complete English-Ger- 
 man and German-English Dictionary' (1830), 
 besides publishing < A Series of Commercial 
 Letters' (9th ed. 1874); < Practical Handbook 
 of English Business Correspondence ' (9th ed. 
 1873); < Triglot; or Mercantile Dictionary in 
 Three Tongues — German, English, French' 
 (2d ed. 1854); and other useful manuals, all 
 revised, or brought down to contemporary 
 needs, by his son. 
 
 Flygare-Carl6n. See Carlen. 
 
 Fogazzaro, Antonio (fo-gats-ar'o). An Ital- 
 ian poet and story-teller; born at Vicenza, 1842. 
 He first came into notice with < Miranda,' a 
 story in verse (1874), and added greatly to hit 
 reputation as a poet with < Valsonda,' a volume
 
 FOGLAR - FONTENELLE 
 
 tgi 
 
 of lyrics (1876). He is author of several novels 
 which were received with marked favor, among 
 them < Master Chicco'sFiasco>; < Daniel Cortis>- 
 !J^f, ^°'''^ Mystery >; <The Little Modern 
 World.' 
 
 Foglar, Ludwlg (fo'glar). An Austrian poet; 
 born in Vienna, Dec. 24, 1819; died at Kam- 
 mer, Aug. 15, 1889. Among his poems, mostly 
 lyric, are < Cypresses > (1842); < Sunbeams and 
 Shadows' (1846); < Clara von Vissegrad> an 
 ppic (1847); < Freedom's Breviary' (1848); < Joy- 
 ful and Sorrowful' (1867); < Saint Velocipede' 
 (1869), a satire (under the pseudonym " Leb- 
 erecht Flott"). 
 
 Fokke Simonsz, Arend (fok'6). A Dutch 
 essayist ; bom at Amsterdam, July 2, 1755 ; died 
 there, Nov. 15, 1812. All his writings, especially 
 his < Catechism of Arts and Sciences' (il vols., 
 1785-1804), give proof of the extraordinary 
 compass of his learning; but he is most cele- 
 brated for his popular scientific works, mostly 
 written in a burlesque or a satiric vein. From 
 him we have the delightful literary satires < The 
 Modern Helicon' (1792) and < Apollo, Sergeant 
 of the Burghers' Guard ' ; < Life of Lucifer ' 
 (1799). ^ history of demonology in form of a 
 comic romance ; the psychological disquisition 
 <The Different Aspects of Human .\ife' (1786); 
 < Woman Is Boss' (1807). 
 
 Folengo, Teofilo (fo-len'go). [Pseudonym 
 <• Merlino Coccajo."] An Italian poet (1491- 
 1554). He was the first to win fame as a writer 
 of macaronic verses. His < Macaronic Work of 
 Merlino Coccajo, Mantuan Poet ' — first pub- 
 lished in 17 cantos (1517), and four years later 
 in 25 — comprises the comico-heroic poems 
 •Baldus' and 'Moscaea' (War of the Midges). 
 His satire is mostly against monachism. He 
 writes in cynic humor, but under his burlesque 
 lies a vein of serious purpose : to him Rabelais 
 owes not a little. Under the pseudonym <<Li- 
 merno Pitocco " he wrote in Italian the epic sat- 
 ire <Orlandino' (1526) in ridicule of the story 
 of Roland ; then, partly in macaronic, partly in 
 pure Italian, partly in pure Latin, <The Chaos 
 of Three by One' (1527), in which he darkly 
 recounts the events of his own life. He wrote 
 them while a vagrant from his monastery ; he 
 returned later and composed some religious 
 poems of little value. 
 
 Follen, August (fol'len). A German poet 
 of patriotism, and popular song-writer; born 
 in Giessen, Jan. 21, 1794; died in Bern, Dec. 
 26, 1855. He was a little of a soldier, a little 
 of a lawyer, and a good deal of an enthusiast, 
 suffering imprisonment for alleged demagogy. 
 He became intensely popular as the author of 
 < Sons of Fatherland,' a patriotic hymn ; < Ma- 
 legys and Vivian ' (1829), a romance of chivalry ; 
 and numerous fine translations and poetic ap- 
 peals to the instinct for liberty. 
 
 Follen, Eliza Lee (Cabot). An American 
 prose-writer and poet ; born in Boston, Aug. 
 15, 1787 ; died in Brookline, Mass., Jan. 26, 
 i860. She was the wife of Charles T. C. Fol- 
 len, whose memoir she wrote (1842). Her other 
 
 13 
 
 works are: < Poems' (1839); < Twilight Stories* 
 (1858); and < Home Dramas' (1859). 
 
 Folz, Hans (folts). A German master- 
 singer; native of Worms; died about 1515, at 
 Nuremberg, where he followed the trade of 
 barber-surgeon. He is best known for his 
 Shrove Tuesday plays ; but he wrote also many 
 jests, New-Year's lays, minstrel songs, etc., 
 highly prized by his contemporaries, but all of 
 them marred by indelicacy. In better tone are 
 some of his poems on the events of his time, 
 as <The Plague' (1482); 'Investiture of the 
 Emperor Maximilian' (1491). 
 
 Fontan, Louis Marie (foh-taii'). A French 
 dramatist, pamphleteer, and journalist; born 
 in Lorient, Nov. 4, 1801 ; died in Thiais, Seine, 
 Oct. 10, 1839. His newspaper articles and 
 political pamphlets, particularly <The Rabid 
 Sheep' (1829), got him into prison, from which 
 he was freed. by the Revolution of Juiy. His 
 eminence as a writer for the stage rests upon 
 <The Reckless Girl Jeanne'; <The Monk'; 
 
 < The Count of St. Germain ' ; and a few others. 
 He produced also a volume of <Odes and Epis- 
 tles' (1825). 
 
 Fontana, Ferdinand (foii-ta'na). An Italian 
 poet; born in Milan, Jan. 30, 1850. He made 
 his mark early in journalism, and wrote some 
 good librettos — <f. g., <Colomba' (1887); but 
 his is essentially a poet's fame, — <The Song 
 of Hate,' < Socialism,' and < The Meeting' being 
 effective and beautiful compositions. 
 
 Fontana, Theodore (fon-ta^n6). A German poet 
 and novelist; born at Neu-Ruppin, Dec. 30, 1819; 
 died at Berlin, Sept. 21, 1898. He visited Eng- 
 land several times on literary quests, particularly 
 of old ballad poetry. Among his writings are 
 three volumes on England, one 'A Summer in 
 London' (1854); <The Sleswick-Holstein War 
 of 1864' (1866), and other war histories. His 
 first volume of lyrics, < Men and Heroes,) was 
 published in 1850; his collected <Ballads> in 
 1892. They are full at once of fire and of firmly 
 exact phrasing. He was the author of many 
 masterly stories of North German life, as <Count 
 Pet6fy>; <Under the Pear-Tree > (1885^ <Mrs. 
 Jenny Treibel > (1892). He was a tnorough 
 realist, yet had a kindly, homely humor. 
 
 Fontanes, Marquis Louis de (fontan'). A 
 French poet and statesman ; born at Niort, 
 March 6, 1757 ; died March 17, 1821. Pro- 
 scribed by the Revolution for editing papers 
 opposed to the Terror, he Bed to England, 
 where he became intimate with Chateaubriand. 
 Returning when it was safe, he attained high 
 office under Napoleon and the restored Bour- 
 bons. He was a brilliant orator and also lit- 
 erary critic ; and wrote several most graceful 
 descriptive poems — among them <The F'orest 
 of Navarre' (1778); <The Carthusian Nun'; and 
 
 < All-Souls' (1796), an imitation of Gray's 
 
 < Elegy' — and a translation of Pope's < Essay 
 on Man.' 
 
 Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de (foftt-nel'). 
 A distinguished French essayist ; born at Rouen,
 
 194 
 
 FONVIELLE — FORBES 
 
 Feb. II, 1657; died at Paris, Jan. 9, 1757. A 
 gift of luminous popular exposition made his 
 historical, philosophical, moral, and scientific 
 writings highly esteemed. Best known among 
 his prose writings are : < Dialogues of the Dead, 
 after the Manner of Lucian* (1683); < Conver- 
 sations on the Plurality of Worlds' (1686), 
 which was translated into many languages and 
 is still republished; 'History of the Oracles > 
 (1686). He was unsuccessful as a writer for 
 the stage. 
 
 Fonvlelle, Wilfried de (fon-vyal' or foft- 
 vya'). A P>ench popular scientific prose-writer; 
 born in Paris, July 21, 1828 He has long aimed 
 to propagate scientific truths by his writings, of 
 which the best known are : < Fossil Man' (1865); 
 < Balloons in the Siege of Paris' (1871); <The 
 Physics of Miracles' (1872); < The Conquest of 
 the North Pole' (1877); <The Wonders of the 
 Invisible World' (5th ed. 1880); and 'Thun- 
 ders and Lightnings' (4th ed. 1885); — besides 
 one or two minor historical works. 
 
 Fonvlzin (Von Wisin), Denis Ivanovich 
 
 (fon-vis'in). A Russian dramatist, satirist, and 
 epistolary writer; born in Moscow, April 14, 
 1745; died in St. Petersburg, Dec. 12, 1792. 
 His fame as the Moli^re of his country arises 
 from the merit of two comedies, < The Briga- 
 dier' (1766) and <The Minor' (or 'Mother's 
 Favorite Son': 1782), ridiculing certain pecul- 
 iarities of Russian character. A burlesque, 
 < Court Grammar,' and mock " correspond- 
 ence" of a facetious sort, add to his renown. 
 
 Foote, Henry Stewart. An American states- 
 man and author ; bom in Fauquier County, Va., 
 Sept. 20, 1800 ; died in Nashville, Tenn., May 
 20, 1880. In 1847 he was chosen to the United 
 States Senate ; resigning in 1852 to serve as 
 governor of his State. Subsequently he was 
 elected to the Confederate Congress. His pub- 
 lications include: 'Texas and the Texans' (2 
 vols., 1841); 'The War of the Rebellion, or 
 Scylla and Charybdis' (1866); and 'Personal 
 Reminiscences.' 
 
 Foote, Mary (Hallock). An Am.erican nov- 
 elist, descriptive writer, and illustrator ; bom at 
 Milton, N. Y., Nov. 19, 1847 ; married a mining 
 engineer, and lives mainly in the Rocky Mount- 
 ain districts. She is the author of several 
 novels and collections of short stories on the 
 life of these regions : ' The Led Horse Claim ' 
 (1883) ; < John Bodewin's Testimony ' (1886) ; < In 
 Exile ' ; ' The Chosen Valley ' ; ' Coeur d'Alfene ' ; 
 ' The Cup of Trembling and Other Stories ' ; 
 ' The Prodigal ' ; ' The Desert and the Town.' 
 
 Foote, Samuel. An English wag, imperson- 
 itor, and comic playwright; born at Truro 
 in Cornwall, 1720 ; died at Dover, Oct. 21, 
 1777. From Oxford he went to London to 
 study law, but had to go on the stage for a 
 living ; tried tragic parts and failed ; then 
 began to give entertainments of a sort now 
 familiar but then new, impersonating real and 
 imaginary people and acting little farces by 
 himself. Later he wrote regular farce-plays, 22 
 
 in number; the most notable being 'The Mi- 
 nor' (1760), a skit at the Methodists; 'The 
 Liar'; 'The Mayor of Garratt.' His repartees 
 are famous, and have been collected into a 
 volume. 
 
 Foran, Joseph K. A Canadian poet and 
 novelist ; born in Greenpark, Aylmer, P. Q., 
 1857. Among his poems the best known are 
 a ' Lament for Longfellow ' and < Indian Trans- 
 lations.' From 1879 till 1883 he published a 
 series of essays on monuments, coins, art ; and 
 subsequently ' Irish-Canadian Representatives : 
 Their Past Acts, Present Stand, and Future 
 Prospects ' ; ' The Spirit of the Age ' ; also two 
 novels — 'Tom Ellis, a Story of the Northwest 
 Rebellion,' and ' Simon, the Abenakis.' 
 
 Forbes, Archibald. A British war correspond- 
 ent and journalist ; born in Morayshire, Scotland, 
 1838; died in London, March 30, 1900. He 
 became famous during the Franco-German war 
 and the Paris communard insurrection by the 
 vivid power of his letters to the London Daily 
 News. He also did distinguished work during 
 the Russo-Turkish war. His books include : 
 <Drawn from Life' (1870) ; 'My experiences of 
 the War between France and Germany' ( 1871 ) ; 
 'Chinese Gordon, a Succinct Record of his Life' 
 (1884), a very able work; 'Soldiering and 
 Scribbling'; 'Glimpses through the Cannon 
 Smoke'; 'Life of Colin Campbell, Lord Clyde' 
 (1895); 'Memories and Studies of War and 
 Peace' (1891;); 'Czar and Sultan'; etc. 
 
 Forbes, David. An English geologist and 
 traveler ; born at Douglas, Isle of Man, Sept. 
 6, 1828; died in London, Dec. 5, 1876. As a 
 civil engineer he traveled all over the world, 
 studying rock formations and fossils, and writ- 
 ing ' On the Relations of the Silurian and 
 Metamorphic Rocks of the South of Norway* 
 (1855); 'On the Geology of Bolivia and South- 
 ern Peru' (1861); and kindred treatises. 
 
 Forbes, Edward. An eminent English nat- 
 uralist ; born in Douglas, Isle of Man, Feb. 12, 
 1815; died in Edinburgh, Nov. 18, 1854. Scarcely 
 any department of botany, palaeontology, geol- 
 ogy, and the allied sciences, remained without 
 obligation to his energy and research. The 
 'History of British Starfishes' (1841), 'De- 
 scription of Fossil Invertebrate from South 
 India' (1846), < Zoology of the European Seas* 
 (posthumous, 1859), and like studies, remain 
 monuments of his scientific attainments. 
 
 Forbes, Henry 0. A Scotch naturalist ; born 
 in Drumblade, Aberdeen, Jan. 30, 185 1. His 
 learning, supplemented by pilgrimages to Java, 
 Sumatra, Timor, and New Guinea, has enriched 
 the literature of science with 'A Naturalist's 
 Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago ' (1885); 
 'Three Months' Exploration in the Tenimbur 
 Islands of Timor Laut' (1884); and 'New 
 Guinea' (1886), which last domain he has most 
 exhaustively explored. 
 
 Forbes, James. An English writer of me- 
 moirs, and Indian civil servant; born in Lon- 
 don, 1749; died at Aix-la-Chapelle, Germany,
 
 FORBES — FORNEY 
 
 195 
 
 Aug. I, 1819. He lived almost a generation in 
 the vicinity of Calcutta, where he obtained his 
 material for the < Oriental Memoirs> (1813-15), 
 a narrative of his experiences and impressions. 
 
 Forbes, James David. A noted English 
 physicist; born in Edinburgh, April 20, 1809; 
 died in Clifton, Dec. 31, 1868. He investigated 
 glacial formation, recording his deductions in 
 
 < Travels through the Alps of Savoy > (1843); 
 
 < Illustrations of the Viscous Theory of Glacier 
 Motion > (1845); 'Norway and its Glaciers* 
 (1853); etc.; in addition to which a < Review 
 of the Progress of Mathematical and Physical 
 Science' (1858), and < Experiments on the Tem- 
 perature of the Earth > (1846), must be cited. 
 
 Force, Manning Ferguson. An American 
 general in the Civil War; born in Washing- 
 ton, D. C, Dec. 17, 1824. He joined the Fed- 
 eral Army in 1861, and continued in active 
 service until the close of the war. His publi- 
 cations include : < From Fort Henry to Corinth > 
 (1881); < Marching Across Carolina' (1883); 
 
 < The Mound Builders ♦ ; < Prehistoric Man > ; 
 and < Personal Recollections of the Vicksburg 
 Campaign' (1885). Died 1899. 
 
 Force, Peter. An American historical writer 
 and journalist ; born near Little Falls, N. J., 
 Nov. 26, 1790 ; died in Washington, D. C, Jan. 
 23, 1868. His life work, entitled < American 
 Archives,' a valuable collection of 22,000 books 
 and 40,000 pamphlets, was bought by the gov- 
 ernment (1867) and placed in the library of 
 Congress. He has published also 'Grinnell 
 Land : Remarks on the English Maps of Arctic 
 Discoveries in 1850-1 ' (1852); and < Notes on 
 Lord Mahon's History of the American Dec- 
 laration of Independence' (1855). 
 
 Forcellinl, Egldlo (for-chel-e'ne). A notable 
 Italian lexicographer; born in Feltre, Belluno, 
 Aug. 26, 1688; died in Padua, April 4, 1768. 
 Notwithstanding a humble origin and impov- 
 erished circumstances, he acquired scholarly 
 distinction early in life, and consecrated his 
 best years and efforts to a < Dictionary of all 
 Latinity' (1771), published posthumously; and 
 so thoroughly well done that every subsequent 
 work of the kind has been indebted to it. 
 The success of the volumes was largely due 
 to the guidance and support of Facciolati, his 
 collaborator. 
 
 Forchhammer, Peter Willielm (fordh'ham- 
 mer). A German classical scholar and anti- 
 quarian ; born in Husum, Oct. 23, 1801 ; died in 
 Kiel, Jan. 9, 1894. Topography and mythology 
 were his special fields; and in <Hellenica' 
 (1837); <The Topography of Athens' (1841); 
 < Description of the Plain of Troy' (1850); and 
 works on the interpretation of myth, he places 
 scholars under great obligations. 
 
 Ford, James Lauren. An American jour- 
 nalist and author; born in Missouri in 1854. 
 He has written several volumes of short stories 
 and essays, among which are : < Hypnotic Tales ' 
 (1891); <The Literary Shop' (1894); < Bohemia 
 Invaded'; 'Dolly Dillenback.' He is also the 
 
 author of two books for young readers ; < Dr. 
 Dodd's School ' (1892) and <The Third Alarm ' 
 (1893); <The Brazen Calf; <The Wooing of 
 Folly.' 
 
 Ford, John. An English dramatist ; born at 
 Islington in Devon, April 1586 ; died about 1640. 
 He turned from law to devote himself to the 
 drama. His first poem was < Fame's Memorial,' 
 an elegy on the Earl of Devonshire. Alone 
 and in collaboration he wrote a series of very 
 successful plays. His tragedies sometimes go 
 beyond even the elastic Elizabethan limits of 
 the permissible, and are Greek in repulsive- 
 ness of theme ; his comedies are sometimes 
 distasteful : but as a poet he ranks among the 
 foremost outside of Shakespeare. Among his 
 best plays are : < The Lover's Melancholy ' ; 
 * The Broken Heart > ; < Love's Sacrifice.' 
 
 Ford, Paul Leicester. An American historian 
 and novelist ; born in Brooklyn, N. Y., March 
 23, 1865; died in New York, May 8, 1902. 
 Among his works are : 'The Honorable Peter 
 Stirling) (1894) ; <The Great H. & A. Train Rob- 
 bery> (1897); <The True George Washington' 
 (1896); <The Many-Sided Franklin' (1898); 
 'Franklin Bibliography': 'Works of Thomas Jef- 
 ferson' (1897); 'The Story of an Untold Love> 
 (1897); (Janice Meredith' (1899); <Wanted — a 
 Matchmaker' (1900); etc. 
 
 Ford, Sallle Rochester. An American story- 
 writer ; born in Rochester Springs, Boyle County, 
 Ky., in 1828. Together with her husband she 
 edited the Christian Repository and the Home 
 Circle for many years. Among her published 
 works are : ' Grace Truman' (1857); < Mary Bun- 
 yan' (1859); ' Morgan and his Men' (1864); and 
 'Ernest Quest' (1887). 
 
 Forn&ris, Job6 (for-na'res). A Cuban poet; 
 born in Bayamo, Cuba, 1826. He wrote the 
 dramas 'The Daughter of the People' and 
 < Love and Sacrifice ' ; and is the author of 
 'The Harp of the Home,' 'Songs of the 
 Tropics,' and other volumes of verse. 
 
 Forneron, Henri (for-nS-ron'). A French 
 historian and biographer; born in Troyes, Nov. 
 16, 1834; died in Paris, March 26, 1886. He 
 was connected with the ministry of finance, but 
 preferred historical and biographical studies, 
 the results of which were highly profitable and 
 entertaining, particularly his 'Amours of Car- 
 dinal Richelieu' (1870); 'History of the Polit- 
 ical Debates in the English Parliament since 
 the Revolution of 1688' (1871); 'The Dukes of 
 Guise and their Time' (1877); aad ' Histor>' 
 of Philip IL' (1880-S2). 
 
 Forney, John Weiss. An American poli- 
 tician, journalist, and author; born in Lancas- 
 ter, Pa., Sept 30, 1817; died in Philadelphia, 
 Pa., Dec. 9, 1881. He was apprenticed in the 
 office of the Lancaster Journal in 1833; was 
 clerk of the House of Representatives from 
 1851 to 1855; and secretary of the United States 
 Serate from i86l to 1868. He was connected 
 with several papers in Philadelphia and Wash- 
 ington. Among his works are : ' What I Saw 
 iu Texas' (1872); 'Anecdotes of Public Men'
 
 196 
 
 FORSTER — PORTUNATUS 
 
 (1873); < Forty Years of American Journalism' 
 (1877). 
 
 FbrBter, Ernst (fer'ster). A German artist, 
 art writer, and critic ; born in Miinchengosser- 
 stadt on the Saale, April 8, 1800 ; died in Munich, 
 April 29, 1885. His capacity with pencil and 
 brush speedily made him known ; and in < The 
 Truth about Jean Paul's Life> (1827-33), 'His- 
 tory of German Art> (1851-60), 'History of 
 Italian Art* (1869-78), and numerous kindred 
 studies, he showed his literary skill. His essays 
 on the works of the old masters are invaluable 
 to tourist and student. 
 
 Fbrster, Friedrich Christoph. A Ger- 
 man historian, poet, essayist, and critic ; born 
 in Munchengosserstadt on the Saale, Sept. 24, 
 1791 ; died in Berlin, Nov. 8, 1868. He fought 
 in the war of liberation, and with a <Battle- 
 Cry to the Aroused Germans' won fame as a 
 song-writer : but * The Courts and Cabinets of 
 Europe in the Eighteenth Century* (1836-39); 
 <Gustavus Adolphus' (1832), a historical drama; 
 < Prussian Heroes in War and Peace,* a history 
 in detached studies; < Poems' (1838), a verse 
 collection ; and many short fictions, comprise 
 his enduring works. 
 
 Forster, Georg (fors'ter). A German tour- 
 ist and writer of travel, son of Johann Rein- 
 hold; born 1754; died 1794. He wrote < Views 
 on the Lower Rhine,' and < Minor Writings' on 
 philosophy. 
 
 Forster, Johann Belnhold. A German nat- 
 uralist and voyager; born in Dirschau, West 
 Prussia, Oct. 22, 1729; died in Halle, Dec. 9, 
 1798, An inveterate student and investigator, 
 he was master of seventeen languages, besides 
 his accomplishments in the physical sciences, 
 theology, and metaphysics. His specialties are 
 indicated by the titles of his brilliant and 
 famous works : *■ Introduction to Mineralogy ' 
 (1768); < Flora of South America' (1771); 'De- 
 scription of the Kinds and Qualities of Plants 
 Gathered during a Journey to the Islands of 
 the South Sea, 1772-75' (1776); 'Observations 
 Made during a Voyage Round the World' 
 (1778); and many more. 
 
 Forster, John. An English biographer and 
 historical writer ; born in Newcastle-on-Tyne, 
 April 2, 1812; died in London, Feb. 2, 1876. 
 He was educated for the law ; held one or two 
 public offices, and finally engaged in literature 
 and journalism. He is noted for his < Life of 
 Charles Dickens' (1871-74). He also wrote: 
 ' Statesmen of the Commonwealth of England ' 
 (1831-34); 'Life of Oliver Goldsmith' (1848); 
 ' Biographical and Historical Essays ' (1859) ; etc. 
 
 Forster, Karl August (fers'ter). A German 
 poet and translator of poetry ; born in Naum- 
 burg on the Saale, April 3, 1784; died in Dres- 
 den, Dec. 18, 1841. His versions of Petrarch, 
 of Tasso's choicer lyric verse, and of Dante's 
 •New Life' (1841), won admiration. He wrote 
 a work on 'Raphael' (1827), and has pub- 
 lished a volume of 'Poems' (1842). 
 
 Forsyth, Joseph. A Scotch descriptive writer ; 
 born in Elgin, Feb. 18, 1763; died there. Sept 
 20, 1815. He was a man of taste and training 
 who gratified a life's ambition by visiting Italy, 
 where he observed and studied much; after- 
 wards writing ' Remarks on Antiquities, Arts, 
 and Letters, during an Excursion in Italy in 
 the Years 1802 and 1803' (1813), a work of such 
 merit that it has run through many editions. 
 
 Forsyth, William. A Scotch poet and jour- 
 nalist; born in Turriff, Aberdeenshire, Oct. 24, 
 1818; died at Aberdeen, June 21, 1879. Sol- 
 diering songs and descriptive poems show him 
 favorably as a poet ; < Idylls and Lyrics' (1872), 
 a miscellaneous collection, being probably his 
 best work. 
 
 Forteguerri, Giovanni (for-ta-gwa're). An 
 Italian story-writer ; born 1508 ; died in Pistoja, 
 1582. He is remembered for a series of tales 
 cast in the Boccaccian mold, and interesting 
 as revelations of contemporary life and speci- 
 mens of Italian in the course of its develop- 
 ment. 
 
 Fortier, Alcee, A distinguished American 
 educator and miscellaneous prose-writer; born 
 in Louisiana, 1856. He won distinction when 
 very young, with stories of life in his native 
 State. He is now professor in Tulane Univer- 
 sity. His works include : ' Le Chateau de 
 Chambord ' ; ' Gabriel d'Ennerich,' a historical 
 tale ; ' Bits of Louisiana Folk-Lore ' ; ' Sept 
 Grands Auteurs du XIXe Si&cle'; ' Histoire 
 de la Litterature Fran^aise '; ' Louisiana Studies'; 
 < Louisiana Folk Tales > ; ' History of Mexico.' 
 
 Fortiguerri, Niccold ( for-te-gwa'ra ). An 
 Italian poet (1674-1735). He wrote a comico- 
 satirical epic ' Ricciardetto' (1737), in which 
 he, a canon of Santa Maria Maggiore and sec- 
 retary of the Propaganda, lashes the vices of 
 the clergy : it revived the ironic romantic spirit 
 of Ariosto with admirable taste. 
 
 Fortis, Giovanni Battista (for'tes). An Ital- 
 ian descriptive writer, naturalist, versifier, r.nd 
 biographer; bom in Padua, Nov. Ii, 1741 ; died 
 in Bologna, Oct. 21, 1803. He is sometimes 
 alluded to as Alberto. He was a priest of 
 attractive personality and great versatility, be- 
 sides being a noted conversationalist. His best- 
 known work is 'Travels in Dalmatia' (1774). 
 
 Fortlage, Karl (fort'lag-6). A German phi- 
 losopher; born in Osnabriick, June 12, 1806; 
 died in Jena, Nov. 8, 1881. A Hegelian in his 
 student days, he arrived finally at what we 
 might designate " transcendental pantheism " ; 
 his chief works being the 'Genetic History of 
 Philosophy since Kant' (1852) and 'A System 
 of Empirical Psychology' (1855). In the latter 
 he emphasizes the importance of introspection. 
 
 Fortunatus, Venantlus Honorius Clemen- 
 tianus. A Latin poet; bom near Treviso, in 
 northern Italy, about 530; died at Poitiers, 
 France, about 609. He was educated at Milan 
 and Ravenna ; in 565 went to France, where 
 he was welcomed at the court of Sigebert;
 
 FORTUNE — FOUQUE 
 
 197 
 
 icing of Austrasia. At Poitiers lie became 
 chaplain to Queen Radegonda, and about 592 
 succeeded to the episcopate of Poitiers. His 
 prose is mechanical, but his poetry has an easy 
 rhythmical flow. Besides the beautiful hymn 
 beginning << Vexilla regis prodeunt'^ (The ban- 
 ners of the king advance), which has been 
 translated into several modern languages, he 
 wrote lives of St. Martin of Tours, Saint Rade- 
 gonda, etc.; hymns; epitaphs, poetical epistles, 
 and some other verses. 
 
 Fortune, Robert. An English botanist ; born 
 at Kelloe, Berwickshire, Sept. 16, 1813; died at 
 South Kensington, April 13, 1880. His < Three 
 Years' Wanderings in China > (1847) and <A 
 Residence among the Chinese, Inland, on the 
 Coast, and at Sea' (1857), in addition to the 
 charm of their plant lore, possess literary grace. 
 
 Fosbroke, Thomas Dudley. An English 
 antiquary; born in London, May 27, 1770 ; died 
 at Walford, Herefordshire, Jan. i, 1842. His 
 devotion to archaeology and the older Anglo- 
 Saxon lore inspired 'British Monachism* (1802) 
 and an < Encyclopaedia of Antiquities* (1825), 
 which show learning and patient investigation. 
 
 FoscolO, Ugo (fos'ko-Io). A celebrated Italian 
 poet and patriot; born on the island of Zante, 
 Jan. 26, 1778; died Oct. 10, 1827, in London. 
 His tragedy < Thyeste ' was received with great 
 favor at Venice in 1797. 'The True Story of 
 Two Luckless Lovers, or Last Letters of Ja- 
 copo Ortis* (1799), afterward rewritten and 
 renamed < Italy* (1802), voices his disappoint- 
 ment that the French armies did not liberate 
 Italy ; as did an outspoken apostrophe to Bona- 
 parte. In 1807 was published his finest poem, 
 <The Graves.* His second tragedy, <Ajax,* 
 brought out at Milan in 1809, caused his expul- 
 sion from Lombardy ; he went to Florence and 
 there produced the tragedy < Ricciarda* (1813); 
 compelled to flee from Italy, he composed in 
 Switzerland the bitter satire against his ene- 
 mies, <The One-Volume Book of the Super- 
 Revelations of the Cleric Didymus, Least of 
 the Prophets.* He wrote many critical and 
 literary essays. 
 
 Fosdick, Charles Austin. A popular Amer- 
 ican writer of juvenile books; born at Ran- 
 dolph, N. Y., in 1842. He served in the Union 
 navy in the Civil War from 1862 to 1865. 
 Besides contributions to periodicals, he has 
 published under the pseudonym <* Harry Cas- 
 tlemon '* over thirty books for boys, among which 
 are: <The Gunboat Series ' (1864-68); < Rocky 
 Mountain Series* (1868-71); < Rod and Gun 
 Series* (1883-84); < The Buried Treasure >,< The 
 Steel Horse * ; < The White Beaver * ; < Carl the 
 Trailer.* 
 
 Fosdick, William Wbiteman. An American 
 poet; born in Cincinnati, O., Jan. 28, 1825; died 
 there, March 8, 1862. He gained some distinc- 
 tion as a poet by a drama entitled < Tecumseh.* 
 He also published < Malmiztic the Toltec * ( 1851 ) 
 and < Ariel and Other Poems' (1855). 
 
 Foster, Hannah (Webster). An American 
 novelist; born 1759; died at Montreal, Canada. 
 
 April 17, 1840. Her published works are : <The 
 Coquette, or the History of Eliza Wharton,* 
 one of the earliest of American novels; <The 
 Boarding School* (1796); and < Lessons of a 
 Preceptress* (1798). 
 
 Foster, John. An English essayist; bom 
 (prol)ably) in Halifax, Yorkshire, Sept. 17, 1770 ; 
 died at Stapleton, near Bristol, Oct. 14 or 15, 1843. 
 A clergyman, self-educated and with an ad- 
 vanced point of view, he wrote regularly and 
 delightfully; but his volume of 'Essays' (1805) 
 constitutes his chief title to recognition. Four 
 in number, these compositions are respectively : 
 <0n a Man's Writing Memoirs of Himself*; 
 <0n Decision of Character*; <0n the Applica- 
 tion of the Epithet Romantic ' ; and < On Some 
 of the Causes by which Evangelical Religion 
 has been Rendered Less Acceptable to Persons 
 of Cultivated Taste.* 
 
 Foster, Stephen Collins. A famous Amer- 
 ican song-writer and composer; bom at Pitts- 
 burg, Pa., July 4, 1826 ; died in New York city, 
 Jan. 13, 1864. He was educated at Athens 
 Academy and Jefferson College, Pennsylvania. 
 He composed the music and wrote the words 
 of over 125 popular songs and melodies, among 
 which are : < Old Folks at Home ' ; < Nelly Bly > ; 
 < Old Dog Tray > ; < Come Where my Love Lies 
 Dreaming'; < Suwanee River'; etc. 
 
 Fothergill, Jessie. An English story-teller; 
 born at Manchester, June 7, 185 1 ; died at Lon- 
 don, July 1891. Her stories show a keen faculty 
 of observation ; among them are : * Healey, a 
 Romance' (1875); <The First Violin' (1878), 
 in which German life is faithfully portrayed ; 
 'Probation' (1879); < Kith and Kin' (1881); 
 'The Lasses of Laverhouse' (1888); 'Oriole's 
 Daughter' (1893). 
 
 Foucher, Paul (fo-sha'). A French play- 
 wright (1810-75). Partly in collaboration with 
 others and partly alone, he composed about 70 
 romantic dramas of very unequal value for the 
 Boulevard Theatre of Paris. His 'Notre Dame 
 de Paris,' after Victor Hugo's novel, alone of 
 all his pieces now holds the stage. 
 
 Foucher de Careil, Louis Alexandre, Count 
 
 (fo-sha' de kar-a'e). A French diplomatist and 
 philosophical essayist and critic; born in Paris, 
 March I, 1826; died there, Jan. 10, 1891. lie 
 aimed at popularizing, or at least propagating, 
 the philosophy of Leibnitz ; for which purpose 
 he wrote 'Letters and Minor Works of Leib- 
 nitz' (1854), 'Leibnitz, Descartes, and Spinoza' 
 (1863), and other books ; as well as ' Goethe and 
 his Work' (1865), and studies of Hegel and 
 Schopenhauer. 
 
 Fouqu^, Baron Frledrich de la Motte (fo- 
 ka'). A German roniancist in various forms; 
 born at Brandenburg, Feb. 12, 1777; flied at 
 Berlin, Jan. 23, 1843. His first contributions to 
 literature were : ' Romances from the Vale of 
 RoncesvaP (1805); ' Story of the Noble Knight 
 Galmy and a Fair Duchess of Britanny' (1806); 
 'Alwin' (1808); followed by the hero-drama 
 'Sigurd the Snake-Killer' '(180S): the titles
 
 198 
 
 FOUQUIER — FRANCE 
 
 show his thoughts to have been filled with 
 legends of mediaeval France and the Scandi- 
 navian North. The work by which he is chiefly 
 known to-day is<Undine> (1811); <Sintram> 
 is also still familiar. Among his other works 
 are : < The Voyages of Thiodulf the Icelander > 
 (1815); < Short Stories* (6 vols., 1814-19); several 
 dramas, as <Alf and Yngwi,> < Runes,' < The Jarl 
 of the Orkneys > ; the epics < Corona,' < Charle- 
 magne,' < Bertrand du Guesclin.' Karoline Au- 
 guste, his second wife (1773-1831), wrote many 
 novels and tales, including: <Roderic> (1807); 
 <The Heroic Maid of La Vendue' (1816); 
 < Valerie' (1827). 
 
 Fouquler, Jacques Francois Henri (fo-kya'). A 
 French journalist and topical writer ; bom in 
 Marseilles, Sept. i, 1838; died at Neuilly, Dec. 
 25, 1 901. He long enriched the columns of Gil 
 Bias, Figaro, and L,'Echo de Paris, both over 
 his own name and such pseudonyms as «Nestor,* 
 "Columbine" and *Columba." < Artistic Studies' 
 (1859), <In the Last Century' (1884), and 
 ♦Parisian Goodness' (1885), are happy dashes 
 at men and women and things, 
 
 Fourier, Fran50is Marie Charles (fo-rya'). 
 A French social economist, a very original and 
 interesting figure ; born in Besan9on, April 7, 
 1772; died in Paris, Oct. 10, 1837. At first in 
 trade, then in the army, the seeing a cargo of 
 rice thrown into the sea to raise its price led 
 him to attempt a reform abolishing the com- 
 petitive system, by means of associated produc- 
 tion and life in ♦* phalansteries." < The Theory 
 of the Four Movements' (1808), <The New 
 Industrial and Social World' (1829), and < False 
 Industry' (1835), set forth his scheme. 
 
 Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph, Baron. A 
 
 celebrated French mathematician and physicist ; 
 born in Auxerre, March 21, 1768; died in 
 Paris (?), May 16, 1830. He was an active 
 Jacobin during the French Revolution. His 
 later energies were divorced from politics and 
 given up to science. ^Analytical Theory of 
 Heat' (1822) is his most noted work; but in 
 mathematics his speculations and methods are 
 of high permanent utility. 
 
 Fournel, Fran50is Victor (for-nel')- A 
 writer on the antiquities and curiosities of 
 Paris ; bom near Varennes, Feb. 8, 1829. Among 
 his writings are : < What One Sees in the Streets 
 of Paris' (1854); < Theatrical Curiosities ' (1859); 
 'Pictures of Old Paris' (1863); < Paris and its 
 Ruins in 1871' (1874); < Paris Cries' (1886). 
 He also wrote < The Contemporaries of Molifere ' 
 (1863); <To the Sun Lands,' sketches of travel 
 (1883); < Contemporary French Artists.' D. 1894. 
 
 Fournler, August (for-nya'). A distin- 
 guished Austrian historian; bom in Vienna, 
 June 19, 1850. < Historical Studies and Sketches > 
 (1885) and < Napoleon L: a Biography' (1886- 
 89) have confirmed the presage of a high uni- 
 versity standing. He has written also many 
 biographies and sketches of special periods. 
 
 Fournler, f douard. A French historical and 
 descriptive writer; bora in Orleans, June 15. 
 
 1819 ; died in Paris, May 10, 1880. The annals 
 of the capital and its topographical features 
 have received interesting treatment at his 
 hands; <The Street Lamps' (1854), < Riddles of 
 Parisian Streets' (1859), and < Paris Through 
 the Ages' {1876), being typical themes. In 
 other lines he is instructive and pleasing, as 
 in < Music among the People' (1847) and < La 
 Bruy^re's Comedy' {1866). 
 
 Fournler, Marc Jean Louis. A French 
 dramatist; born in Geneva, 1818; died in St. 
 Mand^, Jan. 5, 1879. He first entered journal- 
 ism, but afterwards wrote several strong and 
 original plays, < Nights on the Seine' (1852) 
 among them ; besides work done in collabora- 
 tion, notably < Paillasse' (1849) and <Manon 
 Lescaut' (1852). 
 
 Fowler, William Worthington. An Amer- 
 ican prose-writer; born in Middlebury, Vt., 
 June 24, 1833 ; died in Durham, Conn., Sept. 18, 
 1881. He was the author of < Ten Years in 
 Wall Street' (1870); < Fighting Fire' (1873); 
 < Woman on the American Frontier' (1877); 
 < Twenty Years of Inside Life in Wall Street' 
 (1880). 
 
 Fox, George. Founder of the sect of Quak- 
 ers, and an English diarist and epistolary and 
 doctrinal writer; born at Fenny Drayton, 
 Leicestershire, July 1624 ; died in London, Jan. 
 13,1691. His works are his < Journal' (1694); 
 'Epistles' (1698); and 'Doctrinal Pieces' (1706): 
 the first especially made a very deep im- 
 pression. 
 
 Fox, John (William). An American writer 
 of dialect stories ; born about i860. He is a 
 contributor to magazines, and has published 
 < The Cumberland Vendetta, and Other Stories ' 
 (1895); <Hell Fer Sartain, and Other Stories' 
 (1S97); < Knight of the Cumberland' (1906). 
 
 Foxe, John. An English divine and martyr- 
 ologist ; born at Boston, Lincolnshire, in 15 16; 
 died April 1587. He studied at Oxford, but 
 was expelled in 1545 after becoming a convert 
 to Protestantism. His fame as an author 
 mainly rests upon his < History of the Acts and 
 Monuments of the Church,' commonly known 
 as 'Foxe's Book of Martyrs.' This celebrated 
 work, upon which he labored for eleven years, 
 was published in 1563. 
 
 Frakndi, Wilhelm (frank-no'). A Hun- 
 garian historian ; born in Urm^ny, Feb. 7, 1843. 
 His country's annals and vicissitudes are graph- 
 ically and accurately elaborated in ' Peter 
 Pdzmdn and his Time' (1868-69); 'History of 
 Hungary' (1873-74); and 'Hungary and the 
 League of Cambray' (1883). 
 
 France, Anatole (frans). [Jacques Anatole 
 Thibault.] A French novelist and poet of great 
 perfection and distinction of style ; born at 
 Paris, April 16, 1844. His first volume of 
 ' Poems ' was published in 1873, ^"d his dra- 
 matic poem 'Corinthian Revels' in 1876. The 
 humorous story 'Jocaste and the Lean Cat' 
 (1879) was received with indifference; but 
 he had brilliant success with 'The Crime of
 
 FRANCE — FRANgOIS 
 
 199 
 
 Sylvester Bonnard> (1881); <The Yule Log> 
 (1881); and <The Wishes of Jean Servient 
 (1881). His other works include: <Our Child- 
 ren : Scenes in Town and in the Fields' (1886); 
 
 < Queen Pddauque's Cook-Shop > ; < Opinions of 
 the Abbd Jdrome Coignard> (1893); <The Gar- 
 den of Epicurus'; <Abeille>; < My Friend's 
 Book > ; < Our Children > ; < Balthazar > ; < Thais > ; 
 
 < Literary Life ' ; < Alfred de Vigny > ; etc. 
 
 France, Hector. A French novelist; bom 
 at Mirecourt, Vosges, 1840. By profession a sol- 
 dier, he writes ably on military and economic 
 subjects, as <John Bull's Army> (1887) and 
 several pamphlets evince. His fictions show a 
 ioving care of form and effect, also a delight 
 In dwelling on painful and revolting aspects 
 of passion. < The Pastor's Romance* (1879); 
 •Love in the Blue Country* (1880); and < Sister 
 Kuhnegunde's Sins* (1880), exemplify both. 
 
 Franchi, Ausonlo (fran'ke), pseudonym of 
 Cristoforo Bonavino. An Italian philosopher ; 
 bom in Pegli, Feb. 24, 1821. He wrote <The 
 Rationalism of the People* (1856); <The Reli- 
 gion of the Nineteenth Century* (1853); and 
 other works in which the Kantian standpoint 
 is reconciled as much as possible with deistic 
 mysticism. He died Sept. 11, 1895. 
 
 Francillon, Robert Edward. An English 
 novelist; bom at Gloucester, 1841. Among his 
 novels are: < Pearl and Emerald* (1872); 
 'Queen Cophetua * (1880); * King or Knave* 
 (1888). He wrote also many Christmas stories, 
 as • Streaked with Gold * ; < Rare Good Luck * ; 
 ' In the Dark * ; and the cantatas < The Rose 
 Maiden* and <The Corsair.* He delights in 
 realistic descriptions of scenes of adventure. 
 
 Francis d'Assisi, St. An Italian preacher, 
 poet, and great spiritual force, founder of the 
 Franciscan order ; born at Assisi in Umbria, 
 Italy, 1182; died Oct. 12, 1226. His literary 
 works consist of letters, sermons, ascetic trea- 
 tises, proverbs, moral apothegms, and hymns. 
 The most celebrated of his hymns is the < Can- 
 ticle of the Sun.* His memory is held in great 
 reverence and love on account of his devotion 
 to religion and his love for all living creatures. 
 Many anecdotes on this point are contained in 
 a collection called <The Little Flowers of St. 
 Francis,* which is still very popular in Italy. 
 
 Francis, Philip, Sir. An Irish-English pub- 
 lic man and writer, the best accredited of the 
 candidates for authorship of the « Junius '* let- 
 ters ; born in Dublin, Oct. 22, 1740 ; died in 
 London, Dec. 23, 1818. He entered the civil 
 service at 23, and was rapidly advanced, owing 
 partly to his abilities and partly to personal 
 influence curiously accordant with partialities 
 shown in the < Letters.* Suddenly raised to 
 the lofty position of one of the resident India 
 council appointed by Parliament to control 
 those affairs, he went out to India ; spent his 
 time there in a furious contest for supremacy 
 with Warren Hastings ; was finally vanquished, 
 but achieved a terrible revenge after his return 
 to England, by inciting Hastings's impeach- 
 
 ment and coaching Burke ; entered Parliament, 
 prepared many pamphlets and made many 
 speeches of much ability and unfailing acri- 
 mony. The < Letters * — savage assaults on the 
 heads of the party in power, up to George III. 
 himself — appeared in the Public Advertiser of 
 London from 1768 to 1772; ceasing with the 
 dispersion of the party faction most liked by 
 Francis, and a year before his great promotion 
 and his departure from England. The case 
 for his authorship is most effectively put in 
 Macaulay's Essay on Warren Hastings. 
 
 Franck, Adolphe ffronk). A French phi- 
 losopher; born in Liocourt, Meurthe, Oct. 9, 
 1809; died in Paris, April 11, 1893. He has 
 made a specialty of the Jewish side of meta- 
 physical and humanist subjects, being himself 
 of Jewish origin. His works are: < Sketches of 
 a History of Logic* (1838); <The Cabbala, or 
 Religious Philosophy of the Hebrews* (1843); 
 < Oriental Studies* (1861); and many similar 
 productions. 
 
 Franck, Johann (frangk). A German hymn- 
 writer; born in Guben, 1618; died in the Nie- 
 derlausitz, 1677. His hymns are distinguished 
 for a fervent, ecstatic quality, as shown in the 
 collection < Spiritual Zion* (1674); among the 
 best remembered being <Adorn Thyself, Loved 
 Soul,* and < Jesus, My Joy.* 
 
 Franck, Sebastian. A German prose Pietist 
 and spiritual and ethical writer; bom in Don- 
 auworth, 1499; died in Basle, Switzerland, 1543. 
 He was a priest who enlisted warmly in the 
 cause of the Reformation, and wrote two com- 
 pilations, 'Proverbs* (1541) and a< World-Book' 
 (1534), abounding in instructive and edifying 
 miscellany ; in addition to which he produced 
 historical and descriptive tracts and monographs. 
 
 Francke, Kuno. An American scholar and 
 author ; born in Schleswig, Germany, in 1855. 
 He is professor of German literature in Har- 
 vard University. His notable book < Social 
 Forces in German Literature * appeared in 1896. 
 
 Franco, Nlccolb (fran'ko). An Italian poet 
 (1505-69). He was long the intimate friend 
 of Pietro Aretino, and his rival in licentious- 
 ness of verse ; at Rome he was punished re- 
 peatedly for his offenses against decency, and 
 at last hanged for his satires against Pius V. 
 Among his works are: 'Popular Epistles' 
 (1538); 'Piscatorial Eclogues*; < Priapea.* 
 
 Fran90is, Luise von (fran'swa' or frofi- 
 swa'). A German novelist (1817-93). Her 
 first considerable story, 'The Last Recken- 
 burgerin* (1871), was very warmly praised by 
 the critics for its power in character delinea- 
 tion : it was followed by 'Frau Erdmuthen's 
 Twin Boys* (1872); 'Climacteric Years of a 
 Lucky Fellow* (1877); 'Judith tne House- 
 keeper* (1868), a peasant counterpart to 'The 
 Last Reckenburgerin,* and next after that 
 her best story. She wrote a ' Popular History 
 of the Prussian War of Liberation, 1813-15*; 
 and a comedy relating to the Seven Years' 
 War, 'Woman's Station* (1882),
 
 200 
 
 FRANCOIS DE NEUFCHATEAU — FRAUENLOB 
 
 rran90is de Neufchateau, Nicolas Louis, 
 Count (froii-swa' de ne-sha-to'). A French 
 public man and minor poet ; born in Saffais, 
 Meurthe, April 17. 1750; died in Paris (?), Jan. 
 10, 1828. He was admitted into the Academy 
 as the author of < Discourse on the Way to Read 
 Verse > (i775J; <New Moral Tales in Verse > 
 (1781); < Fables and Tales in Verse > (1814); and 
 similar productions. 
 
 FrancQ van BerkHey, Johannes le (frangk 
 fvan berk'hi). A Dutch poet and naturalist; 
 born in Leyden, Jan. 23, 1729; died there (?), 
 March 13, 1812. He was a physician in Am- 
 sterdam, whose < Flora and Fauna of Holland > 
 (1769-79), and < Natural History of Homed 
 Cattle* (1805-11), received high praise. In his 
 < Poems > (1776-79), and the < Song of Gratitude > 
 (1773). he shows talent. 
 
 Frankl, Ludwig August, Chevalier von 
 Hochwaii; (frinkl). An Austrian poet; bom at 
 Chrast, Feb. 3, 1810 ; died at Vienna, March 14, 
 1894. His d^but was made with <A Lay of Haps- 
 burg> (1832), a series of ballads, followed (1836) 
 by the epic 'Christopher Columbus'; the Biblical 
 poem < RacheP (1842); a poem <The Univer- 
 sity' (1848), the first publication in Austria not 
 subjected to official censorship ; <Don John of 
 Austria,' a heroic poem (1846); 'Lyric Poems,* 
 and <Epic and Lyric Poetry.' 
 
 Franklin, Benjamin. A celebrated Ameri- 
 can philosopher, statesman, and didactic writer ; 
 born in Boston, Jan. 16, 1706; died in Phila- 
 delphia, April 17, 1790. Bred a printer from 
 early boyhood, he was a hard student, and 
 a wide and judicious reader. He early con- 
 tributed political articles to the local press. 
 Removing to Philadelphia, he established a 
 printing business and founded the Pennsyl- 
 vania Gazette. He was a promoter of every 
 enterprise for the public good. His talent for 
 invention and practical scientific research soon 
 made itself felt. In 1752 he made his memor- 
 able discovery of the electrical nature of thun- 
 derstorms. He issued the first Poor Richard's 
 Almanac in 1732, to supplant the current al- 
 manacs — full of worthless astrological predic- 
 tions and stupid jests — with maxims of thrift 
 and homely practical philosophy. As Deputy 
 Postmaster-General he organized a paying 
 postal system for the colonies. He was twice 
 agent of Pennsylvania at London to procure 
 redress of grievances; he passed several years 
 abroad in public service before the Revolution, 
 returning to Philadelphia in 1775. Thencefor- 
 ward, both at home and especially as agent 
 and diplomat in foreign countries, his life was 
 devoted to his country's interests. He wrote 
 his 'Autobiography,' reaching down to the year 
 1757 ; it has been edited by John Bigelow, and 
 published in 3 vols. (3d ed. 1893). His < Works' 
 (10 vols., 1887-89) contain also his fugitive 
 pieces — many of them classics for style and 
 matter, and furnishing some proverbial say- 
 ings — and his correspondence. 
 
 Franul von Weissenthurn, Johanna (fran'- 
 ol ion vis'eii-torn}. A Germw draniiiUst and 
 
 actress; born at Griinberg in Coblentz, 1773; 
 died in Vienna, May 17, 1845. Her interpreta- 
 tions of stage emotions and characters made 
 her an international celebrity; and her plays, 
 in the edition of 'Newest Dramas' (1821), are 
 works of great power. 
 
 Franz^n, Frans Michael (frant-san'). A 
 Swedish poet ; born at Uleiborg in Finland, 
 Feb. 9, 1772 ; died Aug. 14, 1847. He was pro- 
 fessor of literature and ethics in the University 
 of Abo ; but after the annexation of Finland to 
 Russia he settled in Sweden, and in 1831 was 
 made Bishop of Hernbsand. As a poet he 
 refused to adopt the didactic manner then 
 regnant in Swedish poetry, and wrote in an 
 unaffected idyllic vein with singular grace of 
 style. His collected works were published in 
 5 vols. (1824-36). 
 
 Franzos, Karl Emll (frant-sos'). An Aus- 
 trian novelist ; born in Podolia, Oct. 25, 1848, of 
 Jewish parentage. First studying jurisprudence, 
 he became a newspaper correspondent, traveled 
 extensively in Europe and Asia, edited an illus- 
 trated paper in Vienna, and finally studied in 
 Berlin as a man of letters. His first volume — 
 ' Semi-Asia : Pictures of Life in Galicia, Buko- 
 wina. Southern Russia, and Roumania' (1876) 
 — was a brilliant success all over Europe, being 
 translated everywhere ; and he has maintained 
 high rank. Among his lively and graceful 
 novels are: <A Struggle for the Right' (1881); 
 'Tragic Stories' (1886); 'Judith Trachtenberg ' 
 (1890); 'The Old Doctor's God' (1892); 'The 
 Truth-Seeker' (1894). Died Berlin, Jan. 31, 1904. 
 
 Frapan, Use (frap'an), pseudonym of Use 
 Levien. A German story-writer; born in Ham- 
 burg, Feb. 3, 1852. She is most at home in 
 delineations of the life and traits of the people ; 
 as in 'Bitter-Sweet' (1891), 'Familiar Faces' 
 (1893), and other stories in this field. 
 
 Fraser, Alexander Campbell. A Scotch 
 philosophical writer; born at Ardchattan, Ar- 
 gyleshire, September 1819. He was a lecturer 
 on mental philosophy in the New College, Edin- 
 burgh, 1846 ; editor of the North British Review 
 1850-50 ; professor of logic in Edinburgh Uni- 
 versity. His principal productions are : ' Essays 
 in Philosophy' (1856) ; 'Rational Philosophy' 
 (1858) ; a memoir of Bishop Berkeley, with a col- 
 lected edition of his works (1871) ; an annotated 
 edition of ' Locke's Essay on Human Under- 
 standing'; and ' Philosophy of Theism.' 
 
 Fraser, James Baillie. An English traveler 
 and man of letters ; born at Reelick, Inverness- 
 shire, June II, 1783; died January 1856. He 
 went to the West Indies, and thence to India, 
 in 1815 making explorations in the Himala- 
 yas. He wrote ' A Historical and Descriptive 
 Account of Persia,' and other works. 
 
 Frauenlob (frou'en-l5b), pseudonjon of Hein- 
 rich von Meissen. A German mastersinger 
 (1250-1318). He was a roving minstrel, prac- 
 ticing his art in the courts of the princes of 
 southern and northern Germany; at last he 
 settled in Mayence, and is believed to bay?
 
 FRECHETTE — FRENCH 
 
 established there the first school of minstrelsy. 
 His pseudonym or nickname, *' Panegyric of 
 Woman," he won from contending in a poetical 
 competition for the word <Mady'> (frau) instead 
 of « woman >^ (weib). Tradition says that 
 women bore his corpse to the cathedral. 
 
 Frechette, Louis Honore (fra-shef). A 
 French-Canadian poet ; born at Quebec about 
 1839. He has written many odes and lyrics 
 exquisite in form and inspired by genuine 
 passion : they are collected in the volumes < My 
 Leisure Hours'; <Pell-MelP; <The Legend 
 of a People.' He translated for the Theatre 
 Fran9ais of Paris several of Shakespeare's plays. 
 His poem < Northern Blooms' was crowned 
 by the French Academy. Died May 31, 1908. 
 
 Frederic, Harold. An American journalist and 
 novelist ; born at Utica, N. Y., Aug. 19, 1856 ; 
 died at Henley, England, Oct. 19, 1898. He 
 was for years London correspondent for the 
 American press. Among his stories are : <The 
 Lawton Girl' ; < In the Valley' ; < The Copper- 
 head,' a tale of the Civil War; < The Damna- 
 tion of Theron Ware' ; <March Hares,' a study 
 of contemporary social life. 
 
 Frederlcq, Paul (fred-er-ek'). A Belgian 
 historian ; born in Ghent, Aug. 12, 1850. Ac- 
 curacy of scholarship, liberality of view, and 
 ease of style are manifest in his < Essay on the 
 Political and Social Part Played by the Dukes 
 of Burgundy in the Low Countries' (1875), 
 <The Netherlands under the Emperor Charles 
 V.' (1885), and other studies in Flemish and 
 Netherlandish chronicles. 
 
 Fredro, Count Alexander (frad'ro). A nota- 
 ble Polish dramatist, called «the Moli^re of 
 Poland"; born at Suchorow in Galicia, 1793; 
 died at Lemberg, July 15, 1876. He is the 
 founder of Polish comedy, those who preceded 
 him having worked over French plays. < Mr. 
 Moneybags' (his first piece, 1821), < Ladies and 
 Hussars,' < Man and Wife,' and < Revenge,' are 
 his titles. The scenes are taken from real life. 
 
 Fredro, Johann Alexander. A Polish dram- 
 atist, son of Count Alexander (1829-91). He 
 served in the Polish-Hungarian legion in the 
 Hungarian revolt of 1848, and after its sup- 
 pression lived in exile till 1857. Of his numer- 
 ous comedies these may be mentioned : < Before 
 Breakfast' (1864); < Foreign Elements' (1872); 
 <The Goloshes' (1879); < Poor or Rich' (1880). 
 
 Freeman, Edward Augustus. A distin- 
 guished English historian ; born at Harborne 
 in Staffordshire, Aug. 2, 1823 ; died at Alicante 
 in Spain, Mav 16, 1892. He was appointed 
 protessor of history at Oxford, 1884. The prin- 
 cipal of his very numerous works are: < His- 
 tory and Conquests of the Saracens' (1856); 
 ' History of the Norman Conquest of England ' 
 (6 vols., 1867-79); * General Sketch of European 
 History' (1872); < Growth of the English Con- 
 stitution' (1872); < Reign of William Rufus and 
 Accession of Henry L' (2 vols., 1882); < Fifty 
 Years of European History' (i888).' At the 
 tiin? of his death he was engaged on a great 
 
 < History of Sicily,' of which four volumes have 
 been published. Among his miscellaneous 
 writings are : < Lectures to American Audi- 
 ences ' (1882) and <Some Impressions of the 
 United States' (1883). His contributions to 
 the periodicals of his day were frequent and 
 of great weight; and he was a fiery and un- 
 varying champion of national freedom. 
 
 Freiligratli, Ferdinand (fri'lig-rat). A nota- 
 ble German poet ; born in Detmold, June 17, 
 1810; died in Cannstatt, March 18, 1876. His 
 first volume of < Poems' (1838), full of grand 
 Oriental imagery, won universal favor — and a 
 royal pension, which he renounced as discredit- 
 ing his liberalism, publishing a < Confession of 
 Faith' in verse (1844). Banished as a sower 
 of sedition, he took refuge in London till the 
 revolution of 1848. Returning, he was tried 
 for high treason for his poem < The Dead to 
 the Living,' but acquitted ; then threatened with 
 prosecution for < Political and Social Poems'; 
 and once more flying to London, lived there 
 till 1868. His poems are imaginative and pas- 
 sionate, with ringing and spirited diction ; many 
 of his songs are widely popular. He was 
 an admirable translator, notably from Scott, 
 Shakespeare, and Longfellow. 
 
 Fremont, Mrs. Jessie Benton. An Ameri- 
 can prose-writer, wife of John Charles ; born in 
 Virginia, 1824. Her father was Thomas H. 
 Benton of Missouri. She wrote: <Story of the 
 Guard: A Chronicle of the War,' with a German 
 translation (1863); a sketch of her father pre- 
 fixed to her husband's memoirs ( i886) ; <Souve- 
 nirs of my Time' ( 1887) ; and <The Will and the 
 Way Stories.' She died Dec. 27, 1902. 
 
 Fremont, John Charles. An American ex- 
 plorer, politician, general, and writer ; born in 
 Savannah, Ga., Jan. 21, 1813; died in New 
 York city, July 13, 1890. He was the first 
 Republican nominee for the Presidency, and 
 served as major-general in tlie United States 
 army during the Civil War. His publications 
 include : < Report of the Exploring Expedition 
 to the Rocky Mountains in 1842, and to Ore- 
 gon and Northern California in 1843-44'; 'Fre- 
 mont's Explorations'; and 'Memoirs of my 
 Life' (1886). 
 
 French, Alice. See Thanet. 
 
 French, Henry Willard. An American lect- 
 urer and author; born in Connecticut in 1854. 
 Among his numerous works are : < Castle Foam ' 
 (1880), a Russian story ; < Ego > (1880), a nov6l ; 
 <Gems of Genius' (1880); < Nuna, the Brah- 
 min Girl ' (1881) ; < Our Boys in China' (1883) ; 
 
 < Through Arctics and Tropics' ; * Out of the 
 Night.' 
 
 French, L. Virginia (Smith). An Ameri- 
 can poet; born in Maryland in 1830 ; died at 
 McMinnville, Tenn., March 31, 1881. She was 
 associate editor of the Southern Lady's Book, 
 a fashion magazine, published in New Orleans 
 (1852). Her collected works are: <Wind 
 Whispers,' poems (1856); < Iztalilxo,' a tragedy 
 (1859); and < Legends of the South' (1867).
 
 FRENEAU — FRIEDRICHS 
 
 Freneau, Philip. An American poet; born 
 in New York city, Jan. 2, 1752; died near 
 Freehold, N. J., Dec. 18, 1832. His connection 
 with Jefferson and other men of the time made 
 him conspicuous. < The Home of Night,> an 
 imaginative poem, possesses merit and will en- 
 dure. < The College Examination,) < Eutaw 
 Springs,) and < The Indian Student,* are favor- 
 ably remembered. A competent critic com- 
 mends his < Lines to a Wild Honeysuckle' as 
 sincere and delicate. 
 
 Frenzel, Karl Wllhelm (frents'el). A Ger- 
 man novelist and essayist ; born at Berlin, Dec. 
 6, 1827. He has published several volumes of 
 historical essays, as < Poets and Women > (3 
 vols., 1859-66), < Busts and Pictures' (1864), 
 
 < Renaissance and Rococo> (1878), all marked 
 by fine discernment and just historical per- 
 spective ; also two volumes of dramatic criti- 
 cism, < Berlin Dramaturgy' (1877). Among his 
 numerous historical novels of the eighteenth 
 century are : < Pope Ganganelli' (1864); < Char- 
 lotte Corday> (1864); < La Pucelle> (1871); 
 
 < Lucifer: A Story of Napoleon's Time' (1873). 
 Outside the field of historical fiction he has 
 written many stories, as < Mrs. Venus' (1880); 
 <Chambord' (1883); < Weary of Life' (1886); 
 < Woman's Rights' (1892). He is also author 
 of < German Voyages' (1868). 
 
 Frere, Jolin Hookham. An English poet, 
 translator, and diplomatist; born in London 
 (not Norfolk), May 21, 1769; died in Malta, 
 Jan. 7, 1846. He was a Cambridge graduate, 
 and one of the founders of the Anti-Jacobin 
 (see Canning). After a career in the diplo- 
 matic service, he produced his original < Pro- 
 spectus and Specimen of an Intended National 
 Work . . . Relating to King Arthur and his 
 Round Table' (1817), better known as < The 
 Monks and the Giants'; a literary burlesque, 
 but full of charming verse and of excellent 
 character-drawing. It naturalized in English. 
 the ottava rima afterward used by Byron in 
 
 < Beppo > and < Don Juan.' A version of a large 
 part of Aristophanes succeeded this effort. 
 
 Frey, Adolf (fri). A German poet, biogra- 
 pher, and essayist; born Feb. 18, 1855. In his 
 
 < Poems' (1886), and < Recollections of Gottfried 
 Keller' (1892), culture and scholarship are con- 
 spicuous ; and a volume on <Albrecht von Hal- 
 ler and his Importance in German Literature' 
 (1879) shows great critical acumen. 
 
 Frey, Friedricli Hermann. See Greif. 
 
 Frey, Jakob. A Swiss novelist; born at 
 Gutenschwyl in Aargau, May 13, 1824. His 
 novels are few in number, but they are to be 
 classed with the finest productions of Swiss 
 literary genius. They are : < Between Jura and 
 Alps' (1858); <The Orphan Girl of Hollizen' 
 (1863); < Swiss Portraits' (in three parts, 1864-77). 
 
 Freylinghausen, Johann Anastasius (fri'- 
 ling-hou"zen). A German theologian and 
 hymnist ; born in Gandersheim, Dec. 2, 1670 ; 
 died in Halle, Feb. 12, 1739. His < Song- Book' 
 (1704) is one of the most voluminous and 
 
 meritorious compilations of sacred verse ever 
 made ; and his work on the • Foundation of 
 Theology' is the masterpiece of the Pietist 
 movement of Halle. 
 
 Freytag, Gustav (fri'tag). A distinguished 
 German poet and novelist ; born at Kreuzburg 
 in Silesia, July 13, 1816 ; died at Wiesbaden, 
 April 30, 1895. His first dramatic composition 
 was <The Bridal Tour,' a comedy (1844); it 
 was followed by a little one-act tragedy, < The 
 Savant' (1844), and by a small volume of poems 
 <In Breslau' (1845); after which he produced 
 <The Valentine' (1846), < Count Valdemar' 
 (1847), and <The Journalists' (1853). Among 
 his works outside of the drama may be men- 
 tioned his great novel of social life < Debit and 
 Credit' (3 vols., 1855 ; 40th ed. 1893), followed by 
 another novel of social life, < The Lost MS.' 
 (1864; 23d ed. 1893). His next work, 'Ances- 
 tors,' is a cycle of six stories portraying the 
 German civilization from the beginning of his- 
 toric times. 
 
 Fri6, Joseph V&clav (frich). A Czech jour- 
 nalist, dramatist, agitator, and poet; bom in 
 Prague, Sept. 5, 1829 ; died there, Oct. 14, 1890. 
 Political activity and journalistic independ- 
 ence resulted in his exile, but he was granted 
 amnesty after wandering through Europe and 
 writing anti-Austrian books and papers. His 
 place in his country's literature is due to 
 < Laments of the Bohemian Crown' (1868), a 
 political pamphlet; <The Vampire' (1849), a 
 patriotic poem ; < Ulric von Hutten ' and < Ma- 
 zeppa,' dramas ; and various other productions. 
 
 Friedlander, Ludwig (fred'len-der). A Ger- 
 man classical philologist and scholar; born in 
 Konigsberg, July 16, 1824. His most represent- 
 ative work is < Typical Studies in the History 
 of Roman Manners and Morals' (6th ed. 1889), 
 written in popular style. <The Remains of 
 Nicanor's Emendations of the Punctuation of 
 the Iliad' (1850), and like theses, constitute 
 him an authority in Homeric criticism. 
 
 Friedmann, Alfred (fred'man). A German 
 poet and story-teller ; born at Frankfort-on-the- 
 Main, Oct. 26, 1845. His poems have every 
 grace of form, but lack original inspiration. 
 Among them are: <Merlin. Orpheus' (1874), 
 two ballads; < Biblical Stars' (1875), compris- 
 ing three idylls ; < Love's Fire Test. Angio- 
 letta'; < Lays of the Heart' (1888). He is the 
 author of many novels, including: <Two Mar- 
 riages'; < Suddenly Rich' (1891); <The Wild 
 Rose ' (1893). *- The Reliable ' (1897). 
 
 Friedrich, Friedrich (fred'rich). A German 
 novelist ; born in Gross-Vahlberg, Little Bruns- 
 wick, May 2, 1828; died in Plauen, near Dres- 
 den, April 13, 1890. He was the author of 
 many pleasing romances ; the best of them — 
 <War Scenes' (i860); <The Minister's Wife' 
 (1871); <Frank and Free' (1872); and < The 
 Honor of the House' (1884) — evincing a con- 
 siderable degree of constructive ingenuity. 
 
 Friedriohs, Hermann (fred'riihs). A Ger- 
 man poet and story-writer; born in St. Gear
 
 FRIES — FROMMEL 
 
 203 
 
 on the Rhine, June 14, 1854. He has distin- 
 guished himself in periodical journalism, and 
 shown taste as a maker of polite literature in 
 
 < The Revenge of the Bayadere* (1880), a 
 lyric ; < Love Ordeals * ( 1888 ), a volume of 
 stories; and 'Forms and Passions' (1889), 
 poems, all uniting tropical intensity to rhetorical 
 grace and purity of diction. 
 
 Fries, Jakob Friedricli (fres). A German 
 philosopher; born in Barby, Aug. 23, 1773; 
 died at Wartburg, Aug. 10, 1843. He is a link 
 between Kant's system and the so-called his- 
 torical school. * The New or Anthropological 
 Critique of Reason' (1807) is his most important 
 book : although his < Handbook to Psychical 
 Anthropology* (1820), < System of Metaphysics' 
 (1824), and two or three besides, must be con- 
 sidered in an estimation of his position in Ger- 
 man letters. 
 
 Friis, Jens Andreas (fres). A Norwegian 
 philologist, ethnologist, and sketch-writer ; bom 
 in Sogndal, May 2, 1821. He has exhaustively in- 
 vestigated the language and literature of the 
 Finns and Laps ; a< Lap Grammar '(1856),' Lap 
 Mythology' (1871), and like works, giving him 
 pre-eminence in this field. < Holidays among 
 Crags and Mountains' (1876) — hunting and 
 fishing sketches, with the mountains of his 
 country as a background — give another side 
 of his literary power. Died Feb. 16, 1896. 
 
 Frlman, Klaus (fre'man). A Danish poet; 
 born in Selloe, Norway, Aug. 4, 1746 ; died in 
 Dawigen, Norway, Oct. 16, 1829. He was a 
 country clergyman. His descriptive poem 
 <Hornelen> (1777) had merits; but the grace- 
 ful pastoral lyrics which followed constitute 
 him a poet of strongly individualized charm. 
 
 Friman, Peder Harboe. A Danish poet, 
 brother of Klaus ; born in Selloe, Nov. 19, 
 1752 ; died in Copenhagen, Sept. 31, 1839. He 
 also exploited Hornelen in a pleasing metrical 
 description (1777). He wrote odes, and a poem, 
 
 < St. Sunniva's Cloister,' of much beauty. 
 
 Froebel, Friedricli (fre'bel). A notable Ger- 
 man educator; born at Oberweissbach, April 
 21, 1782 ; died at Marienthal, June 21, 1852. He 
 was for some time associated with Pestalozzi, 
 but evolved a theory of education of his own. 
 To explain it he wrote < The Education of 
 Man' (Vol. i., 1826), a work of deep and ori- 
 ginal thought. He opened the first Kinder- 
 garten or Children's Garden at Blankenburg, 
 Thuringia, 1840. 
 
 Froebel, Julius. A German journalist, polit- 
 ical and descriptive writer, and publicist ; born 
 in Griesheim, near Stadtilm, July 16, 1805 ; 
 died in Zurich, Switzerland, Nov. 6, 1893. He 
 was active in the popular movements preced- 
 ing and during 1848. He wrote: <The Re- 
 publicans,' a political drama; < Theory of 
 Politics' (1861-64); < America: Experiences, 
 Studies, and Travels' (1857-58), the latter work 
 the fruit of much personal observation and a 
 residence there of nine years ; and < A System 
 
 of Social Politics' (2d ed. 1847). He was a 
 remarkably keen and accurate observer, and a 
 writer of rare plausibility. 
 
 Frbhlicli, Abraham Emanuel (frS'lich). A 
 Swiss poet and fabulist (1796-1865). His first 
 work was a volume of < Fables' (1825), fol- 
 lowed (1827) by a small volume of < Swiss 
 Lays.' < The Gospel of St. John in Songs ' 
 (1835) explains itself. He also wrote < Elegies 
 on Cradle and Bier' (1835); three epics on 
 the Reformers Zwingli, Ulrich von Hutten, 
 and Calvin ; a volume of < Rhymed Proverbs ' 
 (1850); < Selected Psalms and Spiritual Songs' 
 (2d ed. 1845). 
 
 Frohlicli, Karl Hermann. A German juve- 
 nile poet and artist ; born in Stralsund, April 
 8, 1821. His silhouettes and figures, accom- 
 panied by verse, have delighted childhood in 
 two continents. 'Fables and Tales' (1853-54), 
 and < New Silhouettes and Rhymes' (1855), 
 are particular favorites. He died at Berlin, 1898. 
 
 Frobschammer, Jakob (fr5'sham-er). A 
 German philosopher ; born in Illkosen, Bavaria, 
 Jan., 6, 1821 ; died at the Kreuth, June 14, 1893. 
 He was a Catholic priest when he began the 
 series of writings which called public attention 
 to him and cost him his pastorate. These 
 include ' Christianity and Modern ( Nature ) 
 Science' (1868); <The Imagination [PhantasieJ 
 as the Fundamental Factor [Grundprinzip] in 
 Cosmic Evolution [WeltprozessJ ' (1877); and 
 'Outline System of Philosophy' (Part i, 1892): 
 in which, and other works, mysticism, "other- 
 worldliness," and the phenomena of the im- 
 agination are incorporated among the more 
 ordinary particles of the philosophic mosaic. 
 
 Froissart, Jean (froi'sart or frwa-s'ar'). A 
 celebrated French chronicler and poet ; born 
 at Valenciennes in Hainault, 1333; died at 
 Chimay, i4io(?). He began at 20 to write the 
 history of the wars of his time. His 'Chron- 
 icle' (as the title is usually abbreviated) cov- 
 ering the years 1326-1400, is of capital impor- 
 tance for its period. To a collection of the 
 verses of Wenceslaus of Brabant, Froissart 
 added some of his own, and gave to the 
 whole the title ' Meliador, or the Knight of 
 the Golden Sun.' All his extant poems were 
 published at Brussels in 3 vols., 1870-72. 
 
 Fromentin, Eugene (fro-mon-tah'). A French 
 artist, critic, and writer of travel sketches ; born 
 in La Rochelle, Oct. 24, 1820 ; died in St. 
 Maurice near La Rochelle, Aug. 27, 1876; A 
 journey undertaken in the interest of art re- 
 sulted in 'A Year in the Sahel ' (5th ed. 1884) 
 and < A Summer in the Sahara ' (9th ed. 1888). 
 He has also entered another department of lit- 
 erature with 'The Masters of a Former Day' 
 (1876), a happy bit of appreciation of old 
 painters. 
 
 Frommel, Emil (from'el). A German popu- 
 lar story-writer and theologian ; bom in Karls- 
 ruhe, Jan. 5, 1828. He was a brave amiy 
 chaplain, and turned out good sermons to the 
 general edification ; but ' Tales for the People '
 
 304 
 
 FRONTAURA — FUA-FUSIN ATO 
 
 (9 vols., 1873-86), and similar collections of 
 humorous and realistic compositions, will fonn 
 his memorials in the future. Died Nov. 9, 1896. 
 Frontaura, Carlos (fron-tou'ra). A Spanish 
 story-writer and dramatist ; born in ^Iad^id, 
 Sept. 4, 1834. < The Philanthropist,* a comedy, 
 and < Fortunes and Misfortunes of Rosita,* a 
 novel, illustrate his talent at its best. His 
 compositions are characterized in general by 
 a light gayety. He was a very prolific writer. 
 
 Frontlnus, Sextus Julius. A Roman gen- 
 eral, public official, and author ; born about 40 
 A.D.; died probably in 103 A. D. He was 
 urban praetor of Rome in 70, and as governor 
 of Britain (76-78) acquired a great reputation 
 by the conquest of the warlike Silures. He 
 was twice consul, and during the reign of Nerva 
 became superintendent of aqueducts, to which 
 appointment we owe his valuable treatise < On 
 the Aqueducts of Rome.* Of the other works 
 attributed to him, the only genuine one is the 
 < Strategematicon,* treating of military tactics. 
 
 Pronto, Marcus Cornelius (fron'to). A 
 Roman rhetorician and epistolary writer; bom 
 in Cirta, Numidia, about 100 A. D. ; died in 
 Rome(?), i8o(?). It is in his letters, first 
 brought to light in 1815, that he is revealed as 
 a writer of ability and importance. 
 
 Frothingliam, Natlianiel Langdon. An 
 
 American Unitarian clergyman and religious 
 writer; born in Boston, Mass., July 23, 1793; 
 died there, April 4, 1870. He was author of 
 •Deism or Christianity*; 'Sermons in the Or- 
 der of a Twelvemonth* (1852); and < Metrical 
 Pieces* (1855). His writings are marked by 
 grace and refinement. 
 
 Frothingham, Octavius Brooks. An American 
 Unitarian clergyman, son of Nathaniel ; bom in 
 Boston, Nov. 22, 1822 ; died there, Nov. 27, 
 1895. His radical views led to the resignation 
 of his pastorate in the Unitarian Church, Salem, 
 Mass. He preached in Jersey City, 1855-59; then 
 organized the Third Unitarian Church in New 
 York city, where he preached very radical and 
 advanced views until the dissolution of the 
 church in 1879. The remainder of his life 
 was devoted to travel and literary pursuits, 
 his home being in Boston. His works were : 
 
 * Stories from the Lips of the Teacher * ; < Stories 
 from the Old Testament * ; < The Religion of 
 Humanity * ; < The Cradle of the Christ * ; < Me- 
 moir of W. H. Channing * ; < The Safest Creed * ; 
 •Beliefs of the Unbelievers*; < Creed and Con- 
 duct*; <The Spirit of the New Faith*; <The 
 Rising and the Setting Faith*; < Lives of Ger- 
 rit Smith, George Ripley, Theodore Parker*; 
 
 • Transcendentalism in New England * ; • Rec- 
 ollections and Impressions*; etc. 
 
 Froude, James Anthony (frod). A notable 
 English historian ; bom at Dartington in Devon- 
 shire, April 23, 1818; died in London. Oct. 20, 
 1894. In the beginning of the Tractarian con- 
 troversy he was a close friend of Newman, and 
 was a contributor to the < Lives of the English 
 Saints.* He took orders in the Anglican Church 
 
 (1844). Among his works may be mentioned: 
 < Luther: A Short Biography* (1833); < Shadows 
 of a Cloud* (1847); < Nemesis of Faith* (1848); 
 •History of England from the Fall of Wolsey 
 to the Death of Elizabeth* (12 vols., 1850-70); 
 • Influence of the Reformation on the Scottish 
 Character* (1867); <The English in Ireland in 
 the Eighteenth Century* (3 vols., 1872); <Ca;sar: 
 A Sketch* (1879); •Thomas Carlyle* (1882); 
 •Spanish Story of the Armada* (1892). He 
 was the successor of E. A. Freeman in the pro- 
 fessorship of modern history at Oxford. 
 
 Frugonl, Carlo Innocenzio Maria (fro- 
 go'ne). An Italian poet (1692-1768). He was 
 a Franciscan friar, and was professor of rhet- 
 oric at Brescia, Bologna, Modena, etc. ; at the 
 court of Parma he was appointed poet lau- 
 reate and historiographer. His • History of the 
 House of Farnese * was published in 1729. His 
 poetical works (15 vols., 1779) show great ele- 
 gance of style, richness of imagery, and har- 
 mony of numbers. He was happy in his poet- 
 ical 'Epistles* after the manner of Horace. 
 
 FruUani, Emilio (fro-lan'e). An Italian poet ; 
 born at Florence, 1808 ; died there, Oct. 24, 
 1879. He holds honorable rank among contem- 
 porary Italian lyrists. He is a master of elegiac 
 verse ; many of his threnodies on the death 
 of friends — above all, the one entitled •The 
 Three Souls* — are admirable. His poems are 
 collected in two volumes: •Verses* (1863); 
 •New Verses* (1874). 
 
 Fry, James Barnet. An American military 
 officer and author ; born in Carrollton, 111., Feb. 
 22, 1827; died at Newport, R. I., July 11, 1894. 
 He graduated at West Point in 1847 ; served 
 in the Mexican War (1847-48); and was in- 
 structor and adjutant at West Point (1853-59). 
 He saw active service in the Civil War and 
 was provost-marshal -general (1863-66). Aftei 
 the war he was appointed adjutant-general, and 
 retired in 1881. His works include: •Histor- 
 ical and Legal Effects of Brevets* (1877); 
 •Army Sacrifices* (1879); •Operations Under 
 Buell* (1884). 
 
 Fryxell, Anders (friiks'el). A Swedish his- 
 torian, literary critic, and grammarian ; born 
 in Edsleskog, Dalsland, Feb. 7, 1795 ; died in 
 Stockholm, March 21, 1881. He was a clergy- 
 man and a scholar. His writings are char- 
 acterized by purity of idiom and great beauty 
 of style ; the strongest of his works, • Stories 
 from Swedish History* (1832-79), is through- 
 out its many volumes admirable in its combi- 
 nation of accuracy with historical insight and 
 literary grace. •The Prejudice against Aris- 
 tocracy among Historians of Sweden* (1845- 
 50); •Contributions to Swedish Literary His- 
 tory* (1860-62); and •Manual of the Swedish 
 Tongue,* are among his most important works. 
 
 Fua-Fusinato, Erminia (fwa'fo-sen-a'to). 
 An Italian poetess, wife of the poet Arnaldo 
 Fusinato; bom of Jewish parents at Rovigo, 
 Oct. 5, 1834; died in Rome, Sept. 27, 1876. 
 Her spirited appeals to national sentiment
 
 PULDA — FURST 
 
 205 
 
 in 1848 brought her widely into notice. In 
 1852 was published her < Verses and Flowers.* 
 She wrote a series of < Stomelli,> advocating 
 Florence as the national capital instead of 
 Rome. Her complete poetical works, <Versi,> 
 were published in 1879; her < Literary Writ- 
 ings ' in 1883. 
 
 Fulda, Ludwig (fol'da). A German dram- 
 atist; born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, July 15, 
 1862. One of his first pieces, a comedy in verse, 
 • Honest Men,* was repeatedly put upon the 
 stage. His most successful plays are the two 
 comedies < Under Four Eyes* (1886) and <The 
 Wild Chase* (1888); and the drama of society 
 'The Lost Paradise* (1890). His dramatic tale 
 <The Talisman* (1893) was received with ex- 
 traordinary favor. His special gifts are an 
 easy mastery of the resources of language and 
 of poetical technique, and a lively wit ever 
 conscious of a serious purpose. 
 
 Fuller, Anna. An American novelist ; born 
 in Massachusetts in 1853. Her works are : < Pratt 
 Portraits : Sketched in a New England Suburb * 
 (1892) ; < A Literary Courtship* (1893) ; < Peak 
 and Prairie* (1894) ; < A Venetian June * (1896). 
 'Katharine Day* (1901) ; <A Bookful of Girls.* 
 
 Fuller, Henry B. An American story-writer 
 and novelist ; born in Chicago of New Eng- 
 land blood, 1857. He was intended for a mer- 
 cantile career, but entered literature anony- 
 mously with < The Chevalier of Pensieri-Vani * 
 (new ed. 1892), and <The Chatelaine of La 
 Trinitd (1892). He next wrote < The Cliff Dwel- 
 lers* (1893), and <With the Procession* (1895), 
 novels of Chicago life; < Under the Skylights.* 
 
 Fuller, Hiram. An American journalist; 
 born in Plymouth County, Mass., about 1815; 
 died in 1880. Together with N. P. Willis and 
 George P. Morris he published the New Mir- 
 ror. The three subsequently established the 
 Daily Mirror, which Mr. Fuller edited for four- 
 teen years. He resided for a number of years 
 in London and Paris, and on his return wrote 
 < Grand Transformation Scenes in the United 
 States ; or, Glimpses of Home after Thirteen 
 Years Abroad* (1875). 
 
 Fuller, Margaret. See OssoU, Sarah Mar- 
 garet Fuller, Marchioness d'. 
 
 Fuller, Thomas. A noted English historian 
 (1608-61). He was a presbyter of the Estab- 
 lished Church and a prebendary of Salisbury 
 Cathedral. He was a voluminous writer. His 
 works include: < David's Heinous Sin* (1631), 
 a poem; 'History of the Holy W^ar* (1639); 
 <A Pisgah Sight of Palestine* (1650); < Church 
 History of Britain* (1655). The one work for 
 which he is now esteemed is < The Worthies 
 of England* (folio, 1662), which is full of bio- 
 graphical anecdote and acute observations on 
 men and manners. 
 
 FuUerton, Georglana, Lady. An English 
 novelist, daughter of the first Earl Granville 
 and wife of Alexander Fullerton ; born at Tixall 
 Hall, Staffordshire, Sept. 23, 1812; died at 
 Bournemouth, Jan. 19, 1885. Her first novel. 
 
 < Ellen Middleton* (1844) was followed by 
 
 < Grantley Manor* (1847). Her later stories, 
 after her conversion to the Catholic faith in 
 1846, are in a mild way " stories with a pur- 
 pose,** the purpose being to develop the influ- 
 ence of religious belief on life and character; 
 among them are: < Lady Bird* (1852); 'Too 
 Strange Not to be True* (1864); < Mrs. Gerald's 
 Niece* (1871); <A Will and a Way* (1881). 
 She wrote also < The Gold-Digger, and Other 
 Verses* (1872). 
 
 Funclc-Brentano, Theophile (fonk"bren- 
 ta"no). A French philosophical and critical 
 writer; born in Luxembourg, Aug. 23, 1830. 
 His thorough studies in law and medicine 
 have imparted to his philosophical writings an 
 exactitude of thought and inspired a special 
 stress upon method, as in < New Thoughts and 
 Maxims* (1858); < Exact Thought in Philoso- 
 phy* (1869); < Greek Sophists and Contempo- 
 rary English Sophists* (1879); and others. As 
 a critic he is esteemed for the happy presenta- 
 tion and careful elaboration of his thought. 
 
 Furness, Horace Howard. An American 
 Shakespearean scholar and editor, son of 
 William H. ; born in Philadelphia, Nov. 2, 
 1833. He graduated from Harvard in 1854-, 
 studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 
 1859. The honorary degree of Ph.D. was con- 
 ferred upon him by the University of Gottingen 
 in recognition of his services to Shakespearean 
 literature. He is the editor of the exhaustive 
 New Variorum Edition of Shakespeare, eight 
 volumes of which have appeared since 1871. 
 
 Furness, William Henry. An American 
 clergyman and author; born in Boston, April 
 20, 1802; died in Philadelphia, Jan. 30, 1896. 
 He was educated at Harvard ; studied theology 
 at Cambridge, Mass., and was pastor of the 
 First Unitarian Church in Philadelphia from 
 1825 to 1875. Among his numerous works are : 
 < Remarks on the Four Gospels* (1836); < Jesus 
 and his Biographers* (1838); < Verses and 
 Translations from the German Poets* (1886); 
 < Pastoral Offices* (1893). 
 
 Furnivall, Frederick James. An English 
 historian of literature ; born in Egham, Surrey, 
 Feb. 4, 1825. A lawyer by profession, he became 
 a socialist and reformer, and a student of de- 
 batable literary problems. His labors resulted 
 in the production of < Shakespeare's England* 
 (1877), and many editions of old masterpieces, 
 such as: < Saint-Graal, the History of the Holy 
 Graal in English Verse, by Henry Lonelich> 
 (1861-63), and <Caxton's Book of Curtesye> 
 (1868) ; <The Succession of Shakespeare Works.* 
 
 Furst, Julius (fiirst). A Polish Oriental 
 scholar; born in Zerkovo, Posen, May 12, 1805; 
 died in Leipsic, Feb. 9, 1873. His origin was 
 Jewish. He obtained a marvelous mastery of 
 the rabbinical literature, utilized in his great 
 
 < History of Jewish General and Literary Cult- 
 ure in Asia,* and < History of Biblical Litera- 
 ture and of Hellenico-Judaic Letters* (1867-70), 
 etc. He suffered many attacks from critic*.
 
 306 
 
 PUSINATO — GALL 
 
 Fusinato, Amaldo (to-sen-a'to). An Italian 
 poet; born at Schio in the district of Vicenza, 
 1817; died at Verona, Dec. 2g, 1888. His high 
 poetical gifts were first exercised in humorous 
 poetry, often with a political aim. At the out- 
 break of the revolution of 1848 he and his 
 brother raised a battalion of volunteers and 
 took part in several actions. His collected 
 < Poems > were published in 1853, and have 
 since been many times republished in cheap 
 popular editions. His < Unpublished Patriotic 
 Poems* appeared in 1871. 
 
 Fustel de Coulanges, Numa Denis (fus-tel'- 
 de ko-lanzh'). A French historian; born in 
 Paris, March 18, 1830; died there, Sept. 12, 
 1S89. His < Polybius, or Greece Conquered by 
 the Romans) (1858); < The Ancient City > (12th 
 ed. 1889); and < History of Political Institu- 
 
 tions in Old France* (1875-92), are interesting 
 
 and exhaustive works. 
 
 Fyflfe, Charles Alan. An English historian; 
 born at Blackheath, Dec. 3, 1845 ; died in 
 London, Feb. 19, 1892. He graduated at Balliol 
 College, Oxford, in 1868, and was called to the 
 bar in 1876, but never actively practiced. As 
 correspondent of the Daily News during the 
 Franco-Prussian war he is said to have sent to 
 that journal the first account of the battle of 
 Sedan that appeared in print. On account of 
 a false charge, he became depressed and com- 
 mitted suicide. His historical works are dis- 
 tinguished by accuracy and a pleasing, perspic- 
 uous style. They include : < History of Greece' 
 (1875); < History Primers*; and the well-known 
 < History of Modern Europe* (1880, 1886, 1890), 
 covering the period from 1792 to 1878. 
 
 Q 
 
 Gaborlau, ^mlle (ga-bo-ryo'). A French 
 writer of detective stories ; born in Saujon, 
 Nov. 9, 1835 ; died at Paris, Sept. 28, 1873. His 
 early years were a succession of vicissitudes ; 
 the army, the law, and even the church, were 
 in turn the objects of his inconstant attentions, 
 until at last he wrote his way to fame and 
 fortune with <The Lerouge Affair* in 1866. 
 He had previously tried his luck with a hu- 
 morous tale or two. His works include : < File 
 No. II3> (1867); <The Crime of OrcivaP (1867); 
 < Monsieur Lecoq> (1869); <The Fall> (1871); 
 <The Rope about the Neck> (1873); etc. 
 
 Gage, William Leonard. An American 
 clergyman and author ; born in Loudon, N. H., 
 in 1832; died in 1889. He was the pastor of 
 a Congregational church at Hartford, Conn., 
 from 1868 to 1884. Besides several translations 
 from the German, he has written < Trinitarian 
 Sermons > (i860); < Songs of War Time > (1863); 
 <Life of Carl Ritter> (1887); < Palestine, His- 
 toric and Descriptive* (1887). 
 
 Gagneur, Louise (gan-yer'). A French nov- 
 elist ; born at Domblans, in the Jura, January (?) 
 1832. At 18 she wrote an essay on trades- 
 unionism which attracted the attention of Vlad- 
 imir Gagneur, a deputy in the Chamber, who 
 married her. She wrote novels of a socialistic 
 and anti-Catholic tendency, many of which 
 proved popular. <An Expiation'; < The Black 
 Crusade > ; < The Story of a Priest > ; and < The 
 Crime of the Ahh6 Maufrac,* are some of the 
 better known among these works, which are 
 characterized by vividness of narration and in- 
 tense warmth of partisan feeling. Died 1902. 
 
 Gairdner, James. A Scotch compiler and 
 historical writer ; born in Edinburgh, Scotland, 
 March 22, 1828. Besides memorials and com- 
 jpilations relating to the mediaeval period of 
 
 English history, he has published < The Houses 
 of Lancaster and York* (1874), in the 'Epochs 
 of History* Series; 'Life and Reign of Rich- 
 ard III.> (1878); the volume 'England,* in the 
 Christian Knowledge Society's series entitled 
 'Early Chroniclers of Europe* (1879); 'Henry 
 VII.,* in 'Twelve English Statesmen* (1889), 
 
 Gald6s, Benito Perez (gal'dos). A Span- 
 ish novelist; born in Las Palmas, Canary 
 Islands, May 10, 1845. He went to Madrid 
 when a lad to study law; but instead began 
 writing plays, till their persistent rejection by 
 managers caused him to try novel-writing, in 
 which he established his fame and his for- 
 tune. < The Fountain of Gold ' is the first, and 
 ' Electra * is one of the latest, of a long series 
 of novels demonstrating that, as regards life, 
 " few see it more clearly than Galdos.** 
 
 Galen, Philipp (gal'en), pseudonym of Ernst 
 Philipp Karl Lange. A German novelist ; 
 born in Potsdam, Dec. 21, 1813. He was 
 for years an army physician, retiring with a 
 reputation for medical lore ; he had also won 
 fame with 'The Island King,* a widely popu- 
 lar story, and 'The Madman of St. James,* 
 by far his best work. 'Fritz Stilling* is the 
 tale of a practicing physician's adventures, and 
 'Walther Lund* deals with literary life. 'The 
 Diplomat's Daughters* and 'Free from the 
 Yoke* are meritorious fictions. He is a pleas- 
 ing realist with no special " tendency.** D. 1899. 
 
 Gall, Kichard. A Scottish song-writer ; bom 
 at Linkhouse, December 1776; died in Edin- 
 burgh, May 10, 1801. At first apprenticed to his 
 uncle, a carpenter, afterwards to a printer in 
 Edinburgh, he subsequently became a traveling 
 clerk. Bums and Thomas Campbell were 
 counted among his friends. Several of his 
 songs were set to music, and were popular.
 
 GALLAGHER — GANGHOPER 
 
 207 
 
 Two of these, < The Farewell to Ayrshire * and 
 that beginning « Now bank and brae are clad 
 in green," are often credited to Burns. 
 
 GaHagher, William Davis. An American 
 journalist and poet ; born at Philadelphia, Aug. 
 21, 1808 ; died 1894. < A Journey through 
 Kentucky and Mississippi,* published in the 
 Cincinnati Chronicle in 1828, first drew public 
 attention to him. He wrote < The Wreck of the 
 Hornet,* a poem ; and edited < Selections from 
 the Political Literature of the West* (1841). 
 
 < Fruit Culture in the Ohio Valley > is among 
 the best of his agricultural writings. < Miami 
 Woods,* and <A Golden Wedding and Other 
 Poems,* were published in 1881. 
 
 Gallardo, Aurelio Luis (gal-yar'-do). A 
 Mexican poet ; born in Leon, Guanajuato, Nov. 
 3, 1831 ; died in Napa, Cal., Nov. 27, 1869. He 
 published three volumes of poems : < Dreams 
 and Visions * (Mexico, 1856) ; < Clouds and 
 Stars* (Guadalajara, 1865); and < Legends and 
 Romances* (San Francisco, 1868); also a col- 
 lection of poems, < Home Stories.* He wrote 
 many comedies. The drama < Maria Antonieta 
 de Lorena* is regarded as his best work. 
 
 Gallatin, Albert. An American statesman, 
 financier, and author; born in Geneva, Switzer- 
 land, Jan. 29, 1761 ; came to this country in 
 1780; died at Astoria, L. I., Aug. 12, 1849. 
 He was in Congress 1795-1801 ; Secretary of 
 the Treasury 1801-1813 ; minister to France 
 1815-1823, and to England 1826-27. Later he 
 engaged in banking. Among his works are : 
 
 < Considerations of the Currency and Banking 
 Systems of the United States* (1831); 'Memoir 
 on Northeastern Boundary* (1843); < Notes on 
 the Semi-Civilized Nations of Mexico, Yucatan, 
 and Central America* (1845). 
 
 Gallaudet, Thomas Hopkins. An American 
 writer and educator; born at Philadelphia, 
 1787; died at Hartford, Conn., 1851. In 1817 
 founded at Hartford the first deaf-mute insti- 
 tute in America, but in 1830 he resigned the 
 presidency of it. He was afterwards chaplain 
 of the Connecticut Retreat for the Insane from 
 1838 until his death. He wrote < Bible Stories 
 for the Young* (1838) and <The Child's Book 
 of the Soul* (1850). 
 
 Gallego, Juan Nicasio (gal-ya'go). A Span- 
 ish lyric poet ; born in Zamora, Dec. 14, 1777 ; 
 died at Madrid, Jan. 9, 1853. He studied law, 
 philosophy, and theology, at Salamanca ; but 
 began a poetical career upon becoming in- 
 timate with Valdds, Quintana, and Cienfuegos. 
 His political activity resulted in his imprison- 
 ment in 1814, and banishment for a short time 
 subsequently. His first poetry was light and 
 amorous, but he later took up sterner subjects. 
 His <The Second of May,* and an elegy upon 
 the death of Queen Isabella (1818), have at- 
 tained particular celebrity. He served in the 
 Spanish Cortes for some years. 
 
 Gallenga, Antonio Carlo Napoleone (galleng''- 
 ga). An Italian publicist and author; born in 
 Parma, Nov. 4, 1810; died at Llandogo, Wales, 
 
 Dec. 17, 1895. He left Italy in 1831 for 
 political reasons. He represented Piedmont 
 at Frankfort in 1848-49, and was a member of 
 Parliament from 1854 to 1864. He was long the 
 London Times's special correspondent in Italy. 
 His works, many of them issued under the 
 name of '< Mariotti,** include : < Italy, Past and 
 Present* (1841-49); < Castellamonte, an Auto- 
 biography* (1854); <Mariotti's Italian Gram- 
 mar,* which went through twelve editions ; 
 
 < History of Piedmont* (1855-56); < The Pearl 
 of the Antilles* (1873); ^"d several books of 
 travel. 
 
 Gait, John. A Scottish novelist; born at 
 Irvine, Ayrshire, May 2, 1779 ; died at Greenock, 
 April II, 1839. Going abroad, he met Lord 
 Byron at Gibraltar, and sailed with him for 
 Greece. Returning to London, he contributed 
 to Blackwood's. < The Annals of the Parish * 
 was published in 1821, and met a popular wel- 
 come. In rapid succession appeared < Sir An- 
 drew Wylie,* < The Entail,* < The Steamboat,* 
 
 < The Provost,* < Ringan Gilhaize,* < The Spae- 
 wife,* and < Rothelan.* His < Literary Miscel- 
 lanies* was published in 1834. He also wrote 
 a < Life of Byron.* 
 
 Galton, Francis. A distinguished English 
 anthropologist and traveler; born at Duddes- 
 ton, near Birmingham, 1822. He is grandson 
 of Erasmus Darwin, and thus a kinsman of the 
 celebrated author of < The Origin of Species.* 
 His principal works are : < Narrative of an Ex- 
 plorer in Tropical South Africa* (1853); <The 
 Art of Travel, or Shifts and Contrivances in 
 Wild Countries* (1855); 'Hereditary Genius, 
 its Laws and Consequences* (1869); 'Experi- 
 ments in Pangenesis* (1871); and in the same 
 line of studies, ' English Men of Science, their 
 Nature and Nurture* (1874); 'Inquiry into 
 Human Faculty* (1883); ' Natural Inheritance * 
 (1889); 'Finger Prints* (1893). He has also 
 written several memoirs on anthropometric sub- 
 jects and kindred topics. He has held official 
 positions in connection with the Royal Societj', 
 the Royal Geographical Society, and other scien- 
 tific bodies. He invented the system of com- 
 posite photography. 
 
 Gama, Jose Basilio da (ga'ma). A Brazil- 
 ian poet; born in the district of Rio-dos-Mor- 
 tes, Brazil, in 1740 ; died in Lisbon, Portugal, 
 July 31, 1795. Educated by the Jesuits, he joined 
 their order; but about 1786 renounced his al- 
 legiance to it, and published the poem ' Uru- 
 guay* to expose the alleged Jesuit design of 
 forming an independent State among the Uru- 
 guay Indians. He was elected a member of 
 the Academy of Lisbon. He also published 
 'Lenitivo da Sandade do Principe D. Jos6* 
 (1788), and 'Quitubia* (1791). 
 
 Ganghofer, Ludwig (gang'hof-er). A Ger- 
 man dramatist and novelist ; born in Kauf- 
 beuren, July 7, 1855 ; resides in Vienna. At 
 first engaged in mechanics, he later embarked 
 in literature. His first great triumph in the 
 drama was 'The Sculptor of Oberammergau,' 
 written in collaboration with Hans Neuert.
 
 208 
 
 GANNETT — GARFIELD 
 
 His other plays have been staged in all the 
 European capitals. His novels steadily grow 
 in repute ; the most successful are : < It Was 
 Once Upon a Time,> and < Discontent* His 
 volume of lyric poetry, < From the Tribe of 
 Asia,' has attracted great attention. 
 
 Gannett, William Channing. An American 
 clergyman and author ; born in Boston, Mass., 
 March 13, 1840. He graduated from Harvard 
 in i860. He has held the pastorates of several 
 Unitarian churches throughout the West and 
 East. Among his works are: < Memoir of 
 E. S. Gannett > (1875); <A Year of Miracle > 
 (1881); <The Thought of God> (with F. L. 
 Hosmer) ; < Of Making One's Self Beautiful.' 
 
 Garay, Jinos (gor'oi). A Hungarian dram- 
 atist and poet; born in Szegszard, Oct. 10, 
 1812; died at Buda-Pesth, Nov. 5, 1853. His 
 work was inspired by the German drama; as 
 shown in <Arbocz,> his best-known historical 
 composition. The poems <The Skirmisher,' 
 < Bosny&k Zsofia,' and < Arp^dok,' and a volume 
 of historical ballads, have received warm praise 
 from the best European critics. 
 
 Garborg, Arne. A Norwegian novelist ; born 
 in Jffideren, Jan. 25, 1851. He was the son of 
 humble parents, and prepared himself with dififi- 
 culty for a school-teacher's career. He took up 
 literature as a means of expressing his theories, 
 and produced the novels < Pleasant Students' 
 and < Mannfolk,' both of a rebellious and often 
 displeasing realism, which brought him fame,— 
 but also trouble, for the truthful portraiture in 
 one of them cost him his post in the govern- 
 ment service. 
 
 Gar9ao, Pedro Antonio Correa (gar-san'). 
 A Portuguese poet ; born in Lisbon, April 29, 
 1724; died there, Nov. 10, 1772. As a lyric poet 
 he stands very high; while his satires, odes, 
 and epistles,— upon the models of Horace,— 
 are dainty and spiritual. He also wrote suc- 
 cessful dramas. The Portuguese esteem him 
 for the perfection with which he employed 
 their language in his works. The < Hymn to 
 Dido' is one of his most popular productions. 
 He was arrested for a personal satire, and 
 died in prison after a long captivity. 
 
 Garcia de Quevedo, Jose Heriberto (gar- 
 the'a db ka-va'do). A South-American author; 
 born in Coro, Venezuela, March 1819; died in 
 Paris, June 1871. Educated in France and 
 Spain, he settled in Paris, and was killed in 
 the communard insurrection of 1871. Among 
 his poems are : < To Columbus ' ; < To Liberty ' ; 
 < To Pius IX.' ; < F>enzy ' ; < The Life to Come ' ; 
 and <The Proscript.' His dramas were well 
 received. He wrote the novels <The Love 
 of a Girl' and <Two Duels Eighteen Years 
 Apart.' 
 Garcia Gutierrez. See Gutierrez. 
 
 Garcia y Tassara, Gabriel (gar-the'a e fas- 
 ar'a). A Spanish poet and publicist; born in 
 Seville, June 16, 1817; died at Madrid, Feb. 
 14, 1875. Among his noteworthy poems, <A 
 
 Devil into the Bargain' (Un Diablo Mds) is 
 reckoned the best. His lyrics are very effective. 
 
 Garcilaso de la Vega (garthe-las'6 da la 
 va'ga). [Properly Garcias Laso.] A Spanish 
 poet of high rank; born in Toledo in 1503; 
 died at Nice, Oct. 14, 1536. He appeared very 
 early at the court of Charles V., where his 
 progress was rapid, not alone in letters but in 
 arms. He became ambassador to France and 
 subsequently traveled in Alva's suite, only to 
 lose the Emperor's favor and languish long 
 in prison. He it was who naturalized the 
 smoother of the Italian metres in Spain, and 
 softened the stern outlines of his country's 
 models into a delicate elegance. Theocritus, 
 Virgil, and Petrarch, he copied gracefully but 
 unblushingly, as in his famed < First Eclogue.' 
 Sonnets, lyrics, pastorals, and canzone were 
 written by him in great profusion, often on the 
 eve of battle. He was mortally wounded while 
 charging an enemy at the head of his troops. 
 
 Garczynski, Stephen (gar-chin'ske). A Po- 
 lish poet; bom in Kosmovo, Oct. 13, 1806; 
 died at Avignon, Sept. 20, 1833. He studied 
 law at Warsaw, and heard Hegel lecture at 
 Berlin ; after which he took part in the revolu- 
 tion of i83i,and then fled to France. His epic 
 poem, <The Fate of Waclaw,' and his minor 
 poetry, display a pronounced tendency to mys- 
 ticism ; but they are an earnest expression of 
 the Polish spirit of independence and its yearn- 
 ing for a national life. 
 
 Gardiner, Samuel Rawson. An eminent 
 English historian; bom at Ropley, Hants, 
 England, March 4, 1829 ; died in London, 
 Feb. 23, 1902. He was educated at Winchester 
 and Oxford, and later was professor of modern 
 history at King's College, London. His great 
 unfinished < History of England from the 
 Accession of James I. to the Restoration' is 
 one of the monuments of English historical 
 work. Among his lesser books, but all of the 
 soundest excellence, are <The Fall of the Mon- 
 archy of Charles I.> and <The Thirty Years' 
 War,' in the <Epochs of History' series ; a 
 < Students' History of England' ; and a volume 
 (1897) on the Gunpowder Plot. 
 
 Gardner, Dorsey. An American editor, com- 
 piler, and author; born in Philadelphia, Aug. 
 I, 1842 ; died in Short Hills, N. J., Nov. 30, 
 1894. He was at one time connected with 
 the Christian Union and New York Commer- 
 cial Advertiser; became one of the secretaries 
 of the United States Centennial Commission; 
 and since 1882 had been engaged editorially 
 in the revision of the Webster < International 
 Dictionary.' He published t <Quatre Bras, 
 Ligny, and Waterloo' (1882); <A Condensed 
 Etymological Dictionary of the English Lan- 
 guage' (1884). 
 
 Garfield, James Abram. Twentieth Presi- 
 dent of the United States; born at Orange, O., 
 1831 ; died at Elberon, N. J., 1881. His < Col- 
 lected Works' (2 vols., 1883) have been edited 
 bv B. A. Hinsdale.
 
 GARLAND-GASPE 
 
 209 
 
 Garland, Hamlin. An American story-writer 
 and poet; born in La Crosse, Wis., Sept. 16, 
 i860. His works include : < Main Traveled 
 Roads ' (1891); < A Spoil of Office>; <Prairie Folks>; 
 < Prairie Songs * ( 1893) ; < Crumbling Idols ' ; < Lit- 
 tle Norsk > (1893); < Rose of Butcher's Coolly* 
 (1895); < The Long Trail • ; < Money Magic.> 
 
 Oarnett, Bicliard. An English librarian, 
 editor, and poet ; bom in Lichfield, England, 
 Feb. 27, 1835. Keeper of Printed Books in the 
 British Museum. He has edited the works of 
 Shelley, De Quincey, Peacock, Drayton, and 
 others ; and is the author of biographies of 
 Carlyle, Emerson, and Milton, in the < Great 
 Writers' series. Besides contributions to peri- 
 odicals and encyclopaedias, he has published : 
 'lo in Egypt, and Other Poems > (1859); 
 ♦Poems from the German* (1862); <The Twi- 
 light of the Gods, and Other Tales > (1889); 
 'Iphigeniain Delphi, a Dramatic Poem,* <A His- 
 tory of Italian Literature.* Died Apr. 13, 1906. 
 
 Gamier, Robert (gar-ne-a'). A French 
 poet ; born in La Fert^-Bernard, Maine, in 
 1534; died at Le Mans, Aug. 15, 1590. He 
 studied law, and sat in the Parliament of Paris, 
 but his < Floral Diversions * caused him to be 
 more widely known as a poet than as a law- 
 yer. He wrote eight tragedies that attracted 
 much attention, < Porcie * and < Bradamante ' 
 being the best ; but they are scarcely adapted 
 to the stage. He was the predecessor of Cor- 
 neille, and marks a distinct epoch in the de- 
 velopment of French literature. 
 
 Garrison, William Lloyd. The famous 
 American abolitionist and journalist; born in 
 Newburyport, Mass., Dec. 10 or 12, 1804 or 1805 
 (authorities conflict); died in New York city. 
 May 24, 1879. He began life as a printer. 
 After writing for various papers in New Eng- 
 land, he became associate editor of the Genius 
 of Universal Emancipation, published at Balti- 
 more, Md. In 1831 he founded the famous anti- 
 slavery paper, the Liberator, in Boston. He 
 was also the founder of the American Anti- 
 Slavery Society, and its president from 1843 
 to 1865. Among his works are : < Thoughts on 
 African Colonization* (1832); < Sonnets and 
 Poems* (1843). 
 
 GJirshin, Vsevolod Michailovicli fgar'shin). 
 A Russian novelist; born in Bachmut,Yekate- 
 rinoslav, Feb. 14, 1855 ; died at St. Petersburg, 
 April 5, 1888. He took part in the Russo- 
 Turkish war, and was wounded at Charkow. 
 He soon after finished his great work < Four 
 Days,* in which the sufferings and hallucina- 
 tions of a wounded soldier are strikingly set 
 forth. <A Very Little Story,* < The Night,* and 
 several more novels, came from his pen during 
 the next few years. He developed a tendency 
 to melancholy (occasionally relapsing into in- 
 sanity), traces of which are to be found in 
 <Attalea Princeps * and < Night,* two weird tales ; 
 and in the psychiatrical study of < The Red 
 Flower.* He had intervals of sheer mental 
 blankness. 
 
 H 
 
 Garth, Sir Samuel. An English physician 
 and poet; born in Yorksliire (?), 1661, or at 
 Bolam, Durham, 1660 (?); died in London (?), 
 Jan. 18, 1719. His medical practice made him 
 famous; still more so the < Dispensary * (1699), 
 a polemic poem, written to sustain the physi- 
 cians in a contemporary war upon the apothe- 
 caries. He also translated Ovid, and made 
 stinging epigrams. 
 
 Gascoigne, Caroline Leigh (gas'koin). An 
 English novelist and poet; born (Smith) at 
 Dale Park (?), May 2, 1813; died June 11, 1883. 
 Literature was her earliest taste, and after her 
 marriage to a noted soldier she wrote 'Tempta- 
 tion, or a Wife's Perils* (1839); <The School 
 for Wives* (1839); <The Next-Door Neighbors* 
 (1855); and other novels showing keen obser- 
 vation of character and of the subjective life. 
 <Belgravia* (1851) reveals her pleasingly as a 
 poet. 
 
 Gascoigne, George (gas-koin'). An English 
 poet; born perhaps in Westmoreland, 1525 (?); 
 died in Stamford, Lincolnshire, Oct. 7, 1577. 
 <The Steele Glass* (1576) is probably the first 
 English satire written in blank verse; <Jo- 
 casta* is a tragedy modeled upon a play by 
 Euripides ; these, his lyrics, and < The Glass 0/ 
 Government,* a prose comedy intercalated with 
 poesies, were much esteemed in their day. 
 
 Gaskell, Elizabeth Cleghorn (Stevenson). 
 An English novelist; bom in Chelsea, Sept. 
 29, 1810; died Nov. 12, 1865. She had been 
 long a wife and mother before she turned her 
 attention to story-writing, which she did for 
 the sake of forgetting a domestic grief. < Mary 
 Barton,* a book of the class to which Dick- 
 ens's < Hard Times * belongs ; < Sylvia's Lovers,* 
 a revelation of the old press-gang's doings; 
 < Cousin Phillis,* a story of humor and pathos 
 in tasteful alternation ; and < Cranford,* a series 
 of sketches, — the last-named a seemingly en- 
 during classic, — are her best. Her < Life of 
 Charlotte Bronte* brought her under criticism, 
 but as a writer she belongs to a rank by no 
 means crowded. 
 
 Gasparin, Ag^nor f tienne, Comte de (gas- 
 pa-ran'). A French publicist and author; bom 
 in Orange, France, July 12, 1810; died near Ge- 
 neva, Switzerland, May 14, 1871. Elected to 
 the Chamber in 1846, he attracted attention by 
 his advocacy of religious liberty, prison reform, 
 abolition of slavery, and social purity. At the 
 outbreak of the American Civil War he pub- 
 lished two books maintaining the justice of 
 the Federal cause, entitled < The Uprising of a 
 Great People* (1861) and < America before Eu- 
 rope* (1862). Other important works were: 
 < Slavery* (1838); < Christianity and Paganism* 
 (1850); < Liberal Christianity* (1869); < Innocent 
 HI.,* published posthumously. 
 
 Ga8p6, Philip Aubert de. A Canadian 
 author; born in Quebec, Oct. 50, 1786; died 
 there, Jan. 29, 1871. A lawyer, afterwards 
 sheriff, he became involved in debt for which 
 he was imprisoned four years; and when
 
 210 
 
 GASSENDI — GAY 
 
 released, secluded himself on his estate of 
 St. Jean Port-Joli. His < Old-Time Canadians > 
 (1862), and his < Memoirs > (1866), treat of Cana- 
 dian traditions and folk-lore, and were writ- 
 ten in French. The former was perhaps the 
 most popular book ever published in Canada. 
 An English translation was made by Mrs. 
 Pennie. 
 
 Gassendl, Pierre (gas-san-de). A French 
 philosopher, scholar, and astronomer; born 
 near Digne, Provence, Jan. 22, 1592; died 
 at Paris, Oct. 24, 1655. A child-prodigy at 4, 
 despite poverty and mean birth he fought his 
 way to becoming the academic miracle of his 
 day. A list of his works would be a catalogue 
 of seventeenth-century science : but above the 
 rest stand < Exercises in Paradox in Opposi- 
 tion to Aristotle > ; < Objections to the Theories 
 of Descartes'; and <On the Life, Character, 
 and Doctrine of Epicurus.> Either because 
 he was so miscellaneous, or because his mind 
 was more acquisitive than profound, he failed 
 to contribute materially to the sum of human 
 knowledge; but his writings clearly denote 
 that he was gifted with a most subtle intel- 
 lect. 
 
 Gaszynski, Konstantin (ga-shin'ske or gash- 
 tsin'ske). A Polish poet and novelist; born 
 in leziorno, near Warsaw, March 30, 1809 ; died 
 at Aix, Provence, Oct. 8, 1866. His early liter- 
 ary career was interfered with by the distracted 
 condition of his country, and he took refuge in 
 France in 1831. Among his productions, < Songs 
 of a Polish Pilgrim*; < Recollections of an 
 Officer * ; < Poems * ; < Stories and Scenes from 
 Aristocratic Life > ; and two or three others, 
 are prominent. He wrote in both Polish and 
 French, and the literary studies to which he 
 devoted himself in ProVence are widely quoted 
 as authorities on its language and people. 
 
 Gatty, Margaret. An English juvenile 
 writer; born (Scott) at Burnham, Essex, 1809; 
 died in Ecclesfield, Oct. 3, 1873. Her career in 
 letters was inaugurated with < The Fairy God- 
 mother and Other Tales' (1851); but < Parables 
 from Nature' (1855-71) is most popular. 
 
 Gaudy, Baron Franz von (goud'te or goud'e). 
 A German poet and novelist; born in Frank- 
 fort-on-the-Oder, April 19, 1800 ; died at Berlin, 
 Feb. 6, 1840. He began life a soldier, but 
 abandoned arms for literature at the age of 
 33. His bent was toward humorous poetry 
 and epigram ; and < Erato,' his first book of 
 any importance, is in the Heine vein. His 
 lyric poetry is of unequal merit, while his songs 
 are more or less imitations of French popular 
 authors. < Desangaiio,' 'Extracts from the Di- 
 ary of a Traveling Tailor,' and * Venetian 
 Sketches,' are distinguished among his works 
 of fiction. He wrote some very good accounts 
 of his travels in Europe. 
 
 Gautler, Judith (go-tya'). A French novel- 
 ist, poet, and miscellaneous writer, daughter of 
 Th^ophile Gautier and Carlotta Grisi the fa- 
 mous Italian singer; bom in Paris, 1850. She 
 
 married Catulle Mendfes, but was divorced. 
 When quite young she learned Chinese from 
 a mandarin, a guest of her father, and has 
 ever since evinced great interest in the Ori- 
 ental languages and literature. Her first work, 
 under the name "Judith Walther," was <The 
 Book of Jade' (1867), a collection of prose and 
 verse translated from the Chinese; it was fol- 
 lowed by <The Imperial Dragon' (1869), a 
 Chinese romance, signed "Judith Mend^s"; 
 <The Usurper,' a Japanese romance, crowned 
 by the French Academy in 1875; <Lucienne' 
 (1877); <The Cruelties of Love' (1878); <Iso- 
 line' (1881); < Poems of the Dragon Fly' (1884), 
 adapted from the Japanese ; < Potiphar's Wife ' 
 (1884), a Persian romance; <The Merchant of 
 Smiles' (1888), a drama adapted from the Chi- 
 nese; <The Marriage of Fingal' (1888), a lyric 
 poem; < The Contemporaneous' (1901). 
 
 Gautier, L€on. A French scholar and critic ; 
 born in Havre, Aug. 8, 1832. He held offi- 
 cial positions connected with the schools and 
 libraries of his native place till his growing 
 eminence as a writer brought him to Paris. 
 His works, which are criticized for a tendency 
 to overestimate the Middle Ages, count among 
 their choicest few: < Chivalry'; < Benedict XL, 
 a Study of the Papacy ' ; and < Contemporary 
 Portraits and Present Questions.' Died. 1897. 
 
 Gautier, Theophile. A French poet, critic, 
 and novelist ; born in Tarbes, Hautes Pyr^ndes, 
 181 1; died near Paris, 1872. His works in- 
 clude : < Poems '' ( 1830 ); < Albertus ' ( 1833 ); 
 < Young France' (1833); 'Mademoiselle de 
 Maupin' (1835). His best work as a critic is 
 the 'History of Romanticism' (1854). As a 
 result of his travels he wrote : ' A Journey in 
 Spain' (1843); 'Italy' (1852); 'Constantinople' 
 (1854); etc.: also the novels 'Miltona' (1847); 
 ' Arria Marcella' (1852); etc. Other stories are : 
 ' The Golden Fleece ' ; < Beautiful Jenny ' ; ' Ma- 
 demoiselle Dafne '; ' Omphale '; ' The Little Dog 
 of the Marquise ' ; ' The Nest of Nightingales > 
 (1833); 'The Loving Dead' (1836); 'The 
 Chain of Gold ' ; 'A Night of Cleopatra's > 
 (1845); 'Jean and Jeannette' (1846); 'The Ti- 
 ger Skin' (1864-65); 'Spirite' (1866); etc. For 
 the stage he wrote : ' Posthumus Pierrot' (1845); 
 'The Jewess of Constantine' (1846); 'Look 
 but Do Not Touch' (1847); etc. His works of 
 pure fantasy are : ' Avatar ' ; < A Year of the 
 Devil' (1839); and themes for ballets. Some 
 of his poems have been collected under the 
 title of 'The Comedy of Death.' On art he 
 has written: 'Modern Art' (1852); 'The Arts 
 in Europe' (1852); etc. 
 
 Gay, Delphine (ga). A French poet and 
 novelist, daughter of Sophie ; born in Aix-la- 
 Chapelle, Jan. 26, 1804 ; died at Paris, June 29, 
 1855. Carefully educated by her celebrated 
 mother, Sophie Gay, she won fame with her 
 poetry at the age of fifteen, an academic prize 
 at eighteen, and a royal pension at twenty. 
 After her marriage with the famous Emile de 
 Girardin in 1831, she began to write romances, 
 and they proved prodigiously popular. Her
 
 GAY — GEFFROY 
 
 211 
 
 poems include < Sisters of St. Camilla,' < The 
 Vision of Joan of Arc,' and < The Widow of 
 Nain.' Her best-known works of fiction are 
 * Lorgnon,' < The Marquis de Pontanges,' and 
 < Balzac's Cane.' Her literary work is charac- 
 terized by a tendency to mysticism and a some- 
 what lackadaisical style. 
 
 Gay, John. An English poet ; born near 
 Barnstable, Devonshire, in August (?) 1685; 
 died at London, Dec. 4, 1732. His life was 
 a series of vicissitudes : starvation and luxury, 
 neglect and admiration, alternating in kaleido- 
 scopic abruptness throughout his bohemian 
 existence. His < Rural Sports' gave him his 
 start in literature ; and < Trivia, or the Art of 
 Walking the Streets of London' has become 
 a classic. But < The Beggar's Opera ' (the first 
 English comic opera), the < Fables,' and < The 
 Shepherd's Week,' must remain his enduring 
 monuments. He wrote also < The Wife of Bath,' 
 and many other poems which add to his repu- 
 tation. 
 
 Gay, Sophie. A French novelist; born 
 (Nichault de Lavalette) in Paris, July I, 1776; 
 died there, March 5, 1852. She married M. 
 Liottier, a finai "Aer, in 1793 ; was divorced, and 
 married M. Gay, a high government official. 
 Her literary talent asserted itself early ; and 
 her romantic and sentimental but not silly 
 novels — especially * Laure d'Estell,' < L^onie de 
 Montbreuse,' and <Anatole' — made her famous 
 early in the century. Her play 'The Marquis 
 of Pomenars' had quite a run. 
 
 Gay, Sydney Howard. An American author ; 
 born in Hingham, Mass., May 22, 1814; died in 
 New Brighton, N. Y., June 25, 1888. He left Har- 
 vard before graduation on account of ill-health ; 
 and studied law, but abandoned it because he 
 could not conscientiously take the required 
 oath of allegiance to the Constitution of the 
 United States. He became a " Garrisonian 
 abolitionist," and in 1844 was editor of the 
 Anti-Slavery Standard. In 1858 he became edi- 
 torially connected with the New York Tribune, 
 of which he was managing editor 1862-66. He 
 wrote a < History of the United States ' (4 vols., 
 1876-81), of which W. C. Bryant wrote the 
 preface; a <Life of James Madison' (1884), in 
 the 'American Statesmen' series; etc. 
 
 Gayiingos y Arce, Fascual de (gl-ang'gos e 
 ar'tha). A Spanish scholar and historical writer ; 
 born in Seville, Spain, June 21, 1809. From 
 1843 to 1872 he held the professorship of Ori- 
 ental languages at the University of Madrid ; 
 since 1881 he has resided mostly in London. 
 He has published the < Calendar of Letters 
 Illustrative of the History of England in Con- 
 nection with that of Spain, during the Reign 
 of Henry VIII.' (7 vols.). In Spanish he has 
 issued: <Memoria del Mora Raris' (1845); 
 •Memorial History of Spain' (19 vol^.); and 
 contributions to various societies. Died 1897. 
 
 Gayarre, Charles ^tienne Arthur (gi-a-ra'). 
 An American lawyer, politician, and historian ; 
 born at New Orleans, La., Jan. 9, 1805; died 
 
 there, Feb. 11, 1895. He was admitted to the bar 
 in 1829; was several times a member of the Lou- 
 isiana Legislature; deputy State Attorney-Gen- 
 eral (1831); Secretary of State of Louisiana 
 (1846-53). Among his works, which deal largely 
 with the history of his native State, are : < His- 
 tory of Louisiana,' in French (1830); 'Louisi- 
 ana, its History as a French Colony' (1851); 
 'Philip II. of Spain' (1866); 'Fernando de 
 Lemos,' a novel (1872). 
 
 Gayler, Charles. An AmericcJi journalist and 
 dramatist ; bom in New York city, April i, 1820 ; 
 died in Brooklyn, May 28, 1892. He wrote over 
 200 plays, and at one time had five produced 
 simultaneously at New York theatres. He also 
 wrote the first drama on the Civil War, en- 
 titled < Bull Run.' Among his dramas are : 
 'The Gold Hunters'; 'Taking the Chances'; 
 ' Lights and Shadows of New York ' ; ' Fritz.' 
 Among his novels are: 'Out of the Streets' 
 and ' Romance of a Poor Young Man.' 
 
 Gazzoletti, Antonio (gats-6-let'te). An Ital- 
 ian lyric poet; born in Nago, March 20, 1813; 
 died at Milan, Aug. 21, 1866. He was a law- 
 yer at Trieste for many years, and became 
 a government pleader upon the union of Lom- 
 bardy and Piedmont. Ballads and lyrics were 
 his poetical forms. ' What Is the Italian's Coun- 
 try ? ' is an attempt to write a national hymn. 
 ' Verses ' ; ' Memories and Fancies ' ; ' Umberto 
 Biancamano'; and a poem written in honor of 
 the Dante sexcentenary, have given him a prom- 
 inent position among modern Italian authors. 
 
 Gebhart, ^mile (geb-ar'). A French critic 
 and essayist ; born in Nancy, July 19, 1839. 
 His numerous writings have to do mostly with 
 the poetry and art of antiquity. ' History of the 
 Poetic Sentiment in Relation to Nature during 
 the Greek and Roman Classical Period ' ; ' Essay 
 on Genre Painting in Antiquity ' ; and ' Prax- 
 iteles,' are his typical productions. 
 
 Geddes, Patricli. A Scotch botanist and 
 author ; bom in 1854. He was educated at the 
 Normal School of Science under Professor 
 Huxley, and at several foreign universities ; and 
 is now professor of botany at University Col- 
 lege, Dundee. He is the founder of University 
 Hall, Edinburgh, which is part of a vast scheme 
 of university reform and social reconstruction. 
 Besides numerous monographs and articles in 
 the < Encyclopoedia Britannica,' he has written : 
 'Chapters in Modern Botany'; 'The Evolution 
 of Sex' (with J. Arthur Thomson); 'The Clas- 
 sification of Statistics' (1882); 'John Ruskin, 
 Economist' (1884); 'An Analysis of ^he Prin- 
 ciples of Economics ' ; ' Evolution of Sex.' 
 
 Geffroy, Mathieu Auguste (zhef-rvva'). A 
 French historian ; born in Paris, April 21, 
 1820 ; died there, Aug. 15, 1895. He was 
 called to the chair of history at Bordeaux in 
 1852. He became professor of ancient history 
 at Paris in 1872 ; and three years later was ap- 
 pointed director of the French school at Rome. 
 Besides several articles in the Revue des 
 Deux Mondes, he published : ' History of the
 
 GEIBEL — GENEE 
 
 2i2 
 
 Scandinavians* (1851); < Letters of Charles 
 XI1.> (1852J; <Gustavus III. and his Court> 
 (1867); <Rome and the Barbarians > (1875); 
 •Madame de Maintenon> (1887). 
 
 Geibel, Emanuel (gi'bel). A German poet; 
 born in Lubeck, Oct. 18, 1815; died there, April 
 6, 1884. His early choice was for the clerical 
 life, but he soon turned to poetry and to the 
 study of Greek history and letters. He was a 
 versatile writer, and many productions of ex- 
 quisite sentiment and pathos, as well as works 
 in lighter vein,— notably < Master Andrea,> a 
 comedy,— have proceeded from his pen. 
 
 Geljer, Erik Gustaf (yi'er). A Swedish 
 historian; born in the province of Wermland, 
 Jan. 12, 1783 ; died in Stockholm, April 23, 1847. 
 At 20 he won a prize from the Swedish Academy 
 for a eulogy of the great mediaeval regent 
 Sten Sture, and at 27 became professor of 
 history at the University of Upsala. He sat 
 in the national Parliament for some years, 
 and was distinguished for his eloquence. His 
 ♦History of the Swedish People,> < History 
 of the State of Sweden from 17 18 to 1772,* 
 and various contributions to the history of 
 philosophy, theology, and esthetics, are epoch- 
 making in Swedish letters. He had considerable 
 musical talent, and many of his compositions 
 have become favorite songs in Sweden. 
 
 Geikie, Arcbibald. A Scotch geologist and 
 scientific writer; bom in Edinburgh, 1835. In 
 the course of a brilliant career of discovery 
 and experiment he has written : < Elementary 
 Lessons in Physical Geography > (4th ed. 1884); 
 •Scenery of Scotland Viewed in Connection 
 with its Physical Geology' (2d ed. 1887); •Out- 
 lines of Field Geology > (4th ed. 1891 V, < Text-Book 
 of Geology > ; and • The Founders of Geology.' 
 
 Geikie, James. A Scotch geologist and 
 scientific writer, brother of Archibald ; born in 
 Edinburgh, 1839. <The Great Ice Age> (2d ed. 
 1877), ' Prehistoric Europe* (1881), and < Earth 
 Sculpture > are works of profound learning and 
 distinguished by much brilliancy of style. 
 
 Gelregat, Pieter (gi-ra-gadt'). A Flemish 
 novelist and dramatist ; born in Ghent, Feb. 
 25, 1828. He began as a journalist, but soon 
 became known as a writer of sketches and 
 stories, and plays of realistic and spectacular 
 character. His best fictions are : < The Work- 
 man's Life> and < Folk Voices.* He is happy 
 in delineating the national character, and suc- 
 cessful also as a historical novelist. Among 
 the most widely known of his plays are : 
 < Mother Rosa > ; < Egmont > ; and < The Two 
 Sisters. » Died at Ghent, in 1902. 
 
 Gellert, Ctiristian Fiirchtegott (gel'lert). 
 A German prose-writer of eminence, and a 
 popular poet ; born in Hainichen, July 4, 1715 ; 
 died in Leipzig, Dec. 13, 1769. His place in 
 German literature is that of a restorer and a 
 reformer. He began his literary career proper 
 in 1743 with his famous series of fables, tales, 
 and proverbial sayings. Abandoning a church 
 aareer, he took up school-teaching; and his 
 
 lectures on literary topics won him a new re- 
 nown. During the Seven Years' War he was 
 visited by princes, Frederick the Great invited 
 him to his palace, and regiments of soldiers 
 attended his class recitations. Later in life he 
 fell into a profound melancholy. • Spiritual 
 Odes and Songs > ; < Moral Precepts > ; < The 
 Loving Sisters > ; < Moral and Didactic Poems ' ; 
 and above all, the * Fables,* are the works 
 most widely read in his own day. 
 
 Gelli, Giambattista (jal'e). An Italian lit- 
 erary critic and dramatist ; born in Florence, 
 Aug. 12, 1493; died there, July 24, 1563. Origi- 
 nally a stocking-weaver, he devoted his leisure 
 to study, became known for his learning, and 
 held thronged public readings upon Dante. His 
 writings, partly in dialogue form, are excellent 
 specimens of the Italian of the sixteenth century. 
 
 < Readings in the Florentine Academy,* < Read- 
 ings on Petrarch,* < Lectures on Dante,* and 
 similar studies, are authoritative upon their 
 respective subjects. His comedies— * Sport,* 
 founded upon the <Aulularia> of Plautus, and 
 
 < Error,* a broad burlesque — are famous in Ital- 
 ian literature. 
 
 Gellius, Aulus (jel'i-us). A Latin diarist 
 and prose-writer; born in Rome(?), about 130 
 A. D. ; died about 180. Like other rich youths, 
 he studied in the best schools at Rome and 
 finished off at Athens; in Rome he held judi- 
 cial office for some years. The 'Attic Nights,* 
 which he must thank for his fame, is based on 
 his diary ; and it owes much of its interest to 
 the fact that every modern writer of historical 
 novels dealing with the period from Augustus 
 to Marcus Aurelius is compelled to study its 
 gossipy pages, owing to the unrivaled verisi- 
 militude of its pictures. 
 
 Gemmingen, Baron Otto Heinricli von 
 
 (gem'ing-en). A German dramatist; born in 
 Heilbronn, Nov. 5, 1755; died at Heidelberg, 
 March 15, 1836. He was in the diplomatic 
 service of Baden for a time, and his first 
 dramatic productions saw the light at Vienna. 
 His best-known works are: 'The German 
 Family Man,* a play in metre, founded upon 
 Diderot's • Father of a Family*; and a brilliant 
 adaptation of Shakespeare's < Richard II.* He 
 wrote a number of minor plays, most of them 
 metrical. 
 
 Genast, Karl Albert Wilhelm (ga-nast). A 
 German poet and dramatist ; born in Leipsic, 
 July 30, 1822 ; died at Vv'eimar, Jan. 18, 1887. 
 He studied law and then entered politics, be- 
 coming one of the leaders of the popular party 
 at Weimar. < Bernhard of Weimar,* a tragedy, 
 
 < Little Thorn-Rose,* a volume of poems, and 
 
 < Florian Geyer,* a novel, are his most notable 
 works. 
 
 Gen^e, Rudolf (zha-na). A German literary 
 critic, dramatist, and poet ; born in Berlin, Dec. 
 12, 1824. He abandoned wood engraving for 
 journalism, and then became an instructor in 
 literature at Berlin. As a reader and in- 
 terpreter of Shakespeare he attained distinc- 
 tion; but his plays — < The Prodigy* (1854), «A
 
 GENLIS — GERBERT DE MONTREUIL 
 
 213 
 
 New Timon,' < In Front of the Cannon,' < The 
 [female] Hermit,' and adaptations from Sher- 
 idan, — raised him to the front rank. His 
 works in criticism, treating of German poetry, 
 the drama, and kindred themes, are standard. 
 <Marienburg' is his successful historical novel. 
 
 Genlis, Stephanie T6Ucit6 Ducrest de 
 Saint- Aubin, Comtesse de (zhon-les'). A 
 French miscellaneous writer; bom at Champ- 
 c^ri near Autun, Jan. 25, 1746; died at Paris, 
 Dec. 31, 1830. Among her writings, which 
 amount to about 90 volumes, are several little 
 comedies intended to be acted by her pupils, 
 the children of the Duke of Chartres; some 
 stories, among them the romance < Mademoi- 
 selle de Clermont' {1802); < Unpublished Me- 
 moirs on the Eighteenth Century and the 
 French Revolution' (10 vols., 1825); < Baron 
 d'Holbach's Dinners.' 
 
 Gensicben, Otto Fanz (gen'sich-en). A Ger- 
 man dramatist; born in Driesen, Feb. 4, 1847. 
 He has produced a wide variety of pieces, as 
 
 < Caius Gracchus ' and < Danton,' tragedies ; 
 
 < Euphrosyne,' < Phryne,' and <Aspasia,> spec- 
 tacular plays ; and several one-act ^* curtain- 
 raisers." His most brilliant effects have been 
 obtained with historical love-stories. He has 
 produced a volume of miscellaneous poetry 
 and a historical novel of merit. 
 
 Gentil-Bernard, Pierre Joseph Bernard 
 
 called (zhoii-tel' or zhon-te'bar-nar'). A French 
 poet and dramatist; bom in Grenoble, Aug. 
 26, 1708; died at Choisy-le-Roi (?), Nov. 1,1775. 
 He was educated by the Jesuits at Lyons, and 
 rose to the chief secretaryship on Marshal de 
 Coigny's staff. He became immensely fashion- 
 able in all the salons in 1737, when his < Castor 
 and Pollux' appeared, with music by Rameau. 
 Voltaire wrote him a letter of appreciation, 
 comparing him with Ovid, and bestowing the 
 title of " Gentil-Bemard " upon him. < The Art 
 of Love,' another of his works, is, like all his 
 productions, highly erotic and in utterly false 
 taste. 
 
 Gentz, Friedrich von (gents). A German 
 publicist and controversial writer ; born in Bres- 
 lau. May 2, 1764 ; died near Vienna, June 9, 1832. 
 His early predilections were favorable to the 
 French Revolution; later he attacked it in 
 various writings, including translations from 
 Edmund Burke, Mallet du Pan, and Mounier. 
 His political career was very brilliant. He 
 labored assiduously to form the Holy Alliance. 
 He was a very able and persuasive writer of 
 political pamphlets and of books against Napo- 
 leon ; the most widely read being < Origin and 
 Character of the War against the French Revo- 
 lution,' and < Fragments of a History of the 
 Balance of Power in Europe.' 
 
 Geoffrey of Monmouth (jef'ri). A British 
 chronicler; born in Monmouth (?), iioo (?); 
 died at Llandaff, 1154. In his < Chronicle or 
 History of the Britons,' we are afforded a 
 myriorama of Albion's Olympus, with Merlin 
 and King Arthur, Lancelot and Tristan, and 
 
 several ladies, indulging themselves in the char- 
 acteristically lax and delightful manner of fanci- 
 ful personages. 
 
 George, Amara, pseudonym of Mathilde 
 Kaufmann. A German poet and story-writer; 
 born (Binder) in Nuremberg, Dec. 5, 1835. Her 
 reputation was achieved with < Blooms of the 
 Night,' a collection of poems. She has written 
 pleasing tales, among them < Before Daybreak.' 
 
 George, Henry. An American political econ- 
 omist; born in Philadelphia, Sept. 2, 1839; 
 died in New York, Oct. 29, 1897. His < Progress 
 and Poverty' was published in 1879. Mr. 
 George removed to New York in 1880. The 
 following year < The Irish Land Question > was 
 given to the world. In 1886 he was candidate 
 of the United Labor party for mayor of New 
 York. He subsequently founded the Standard, 
 a weekly newspaper. < Social Problems ' ap- 
 peared in 1884, and < Protection or Free Trade ♦ 
 in 1886. <The Perplexed Philosopher,' etc., fol- 
 lowed. A posthumous work on political econ- 
 omy is announced for publication in 1898. He 
 was candidate for mayor of Greater New York 
 at the time of his death. 
 
 Gerard, Dorothea (ji-rard'). A Scotch nov- 
 elist; born in Rochsoles, Lanarkshire, Aug. 9, 
 1855. Her youth was passed on the Continent, 
 and she married an Austrian, Major- Gen 1. 
 Julius de Lorggarde. She wrote with her 
 sister, <Reata' (1880) and < Beggar My Neigh- 
 bor'; and subsequently, alone, < Lady Baby' 
 and <Recha' (1890). The latter was esteemed 
 her best. < Miss Providence ' appeared in 1897. 
 
 Gerard de Nerval (zha-rar' d6 ner-val'), 
 pseudonym of Gerard Labrunie. A French 
 poet, dramatist, and novelist; bom in Paris, 
 May 21, 1808; committed suicide there, Jan. 
 25, 1855. His < National Elegies,' written at 
 college and published at 19, reached two edi- 
 tions. He made a brilliant translation of 
 
 < Faust ' ; and had a comedy, < Tartuffe at Moli- 
 ^re's,' brought out at 22. <The Queen of 
 Sheba,' a play written in collaboration with 
 the elder Dumas; <A Voyage to Greece,' a 
 book of travel ; < Lorelei,' a novel ; < Misan- 
 thropy and Remorse,' an imaginative tale; 
 
 < The Alchemist,' a play ; and < Dream and 
 Reality,' a romance, are among his most im- 
 portant later works. But the splendid career 
 and fortune within his reach were ruined by 
 his improvidence and recklessness, which grew 
 on him with age, till he was reduced to the 
 direst poverty, and ended by hanging himself. 
 He was one of the most imaginative and 
 graceful writers of his country. The use of 
 pseudonyms was habitual with him, "Aloysius," 
 « Fritz," and " Lord Pilgrim " among them. 
 
 Gerbert de Montreuil (zher-bar' de moh- 
 tr^y'). A French poet of the thirteenth cen- 
 tury. His most noted work is a continuation 
 of a romance of the Grail, or tale of knight- 
 hood, written by Chrestien de Troyes and en- 
 titled <The Cavalier.' Another production, 
 of about 1225, is the < Romance of the Violet,'
 
 GERHARDT-GHERARDI DEL TESTA 
 
 214 
 
 known also as < Gerard de Nevers > ; it is the 
 model taken by Weber for his < Euryanthe,> and 
 by Shakespeare for < Cymbeline.> 
 
 Gerhardt, Paul (gar'hardt). A German 
 hymn-writer of great eminence ; bom in Grafen- 
 hainichen, Saxony, March 12, 1607; died at 
 Lubben, June 7. 1676. He was a stubbornly 
 separatist Lutheran clergyman, mvolved m the 
 political turmoils of the time. The production 
 of his more than loo famous hymns — mcludmg 
 particularly « O Head all blood and wounds,» 
 « Now all the woodlands rest,» « Oh, how shall 
 I receive Thee?"— began about 1660. They 
 made an epoch in psalmody. 
 
 Gerle, Wolfgang Adolf (gar'16). A German 
 story-writer and dramatist ; born in Prague, July 
 9, 1781 ; died there by his own hand, June 29, 
 1846. He was a prolific author of works of light 
 fiction, employing at times different pseudo- 
 nyms, such as «G. Erle,» « Konrad Spat,» 
 « Hilarius Kurzweil," and others. < Corals,* 
 < Schelmufsky's Strange Adventure,> and < Moon- 
 light Pictures and Shadows,* are popular. His 
 plays, some written in collaboration with other 
 authors, have been staged with success. 
 
 Gerok, Karl (ga-rok'). A German religious 
 poet; born in Vaihingen, Jan. 30, 1815; died at 
 Stuttgart, Jan. 14, 1890. < Palm Leaves,* his 
 first ambitious effort, brought out in 1857, estab- 
 lished his reputation ; and in the ensuing years 
 he put forth many collections of verse, mostly 
 of a deeply religious and devotional character. 
 They include : < In Lonely Ways,* < Flowers and 
 Stars,* < Beneath the Evening Star,* and <The 
 Last Nosegay.* His patriotic songs are widely 
 known. 
 
 Gerstacker, Friedrich (ger'stek-er or gar'- 
 stek-er). A German writer of travel and fic- 
 tion; born in Hamburg, May 10, 1816; died in 
 Brunswick, May 31, 1872. He was the son of 
 an opera singer who left him orphaned at an 
 early age. After a seven-years' self-supporting 
 tour in the United States, begun at 20, he re- 
 turned to Germany and wrote : < Sight-Seeing 
 and Hunting Trips through the United States,* 
 <The Regulators of Arkansas,* < Mississippi 
 Scenes,* and other most interesting books 
 which gave him speedy fame. He afterwards 
 journeyed through Mexico and Venezuela, put- 
 ting his impressions into works that sold widely. 
 As a story-writer on his experiences of travel 
 — 'California Sketches,* < Under the Equator,* 
 <In Mexico,* etc.— he has been fairly successful. 
 
 Gerstenberg, Heinrich Wilhelm von (gar'- 
 sten-barg). A German dramatist, critic, and 
 poet; bom in Tondern, Schleswig, Jan. 3, 1737; 
 died at Altona, Nov. i, 1823. He studied law 
 at Jena, and then entered the Danish army. 
 He subsequently lived in Copenhagen. His 
 literary career began with < Trifles,* a collection 
 of verse. < War Songs of the Danish Grena- 
 diers,* < Song of a Scandinavian Bard,* < The 
 Bride,* and ,< Ariadne in Naxos,* succeeded,— 
 important and in many respects splendid ef- 
 forts of poetic genius. His < Letters on the 
 
 Striking Things in Literature * and his tragedy 
 of <Ugolino* have proved very popular. As a 
 critic he pays special attention to Shakespeare 
 and to the old dramatists of England. 
 
 Gervinus, Georg Gottfried (ger-fe'nos). A 
 German historian and critic; born in Darm- 
 stadt, May 20, 1805 ; died at Heidelberg, March 
 18, 1871. His early work,< History of the Anglo- 
 Saxons,* procured him a place at Heidelberg 
 in 1830, and after some preparatory travel he 
 settled down to scholarship. < History of Ger- 
 man National Literature * and < History of 
 German Imaginative Poetry and Prose* mark 
 this period. He next became professor of liter- 
 ature and history at Gottingen, bringing out his 
 < Essentials of Historic Science.* His political 
 activity, however, caused him to lose his pro- 
 fessorship, and he began a rather wandering 
 career as writer, educator, and agitator until 
 1847, when he helped found and edited the 
 Deutsche Zeitung. < History of the Nineteenth 
 Century,* < Handel and Shakespeare,* and many 
 important contributions to criticism and the 
 philosophy of history, made during this period, 
 shed lustre upon his name. 
 
 Geszner, Salomon (ges'ner). A Swiss poet 
 and painter ; born in ZUrich, April I, 1730 ; died 
 there, March 2, 1788. Painting and etching were 
 his earliest pursuits, and he distinguished him- 
 self in both; but his friendship with Wieland 
 and Kleist turned him towards literature. His 
 first success as a poet was in the <Song of 
 the Swiss to his Armed Sweetheart,* in 1751. 
 <Daphnis* and a volume of < Idylls* spread 
 his fame widely, and the < Death of Abel * had 
 great vogue in its day. He affected a mock- 
 heroic style that is now distasteful. 
 
 Gevaert, Frangois Auguste (ge-var'). A 
 French composer and writer on music; born 
 at Huysse, near Oudenarde, July 30, 1828. He 
 is the composer of several successful operas, 
 and was inspector of music at the Academy 
 of Music, Paris, from 1867 to 1870. Since that 
 time he has devoted himself to the history of 
 music. His publications include : < History and 
 Theory of Music in Antiquity* (first part, 1875); 
 < Treatise on Instrumentation * ; < The Origin of 
 the Liturgic Chant in the Latin Church* (1890). 
 
 Geyter, Julius de (cha'ter). A Flemish poet ; 
 born in Lede, May 25, 1830. He was in early 
 life a school-teacher and later a law-court offi- 
 cial, but for many years he has been connected 
 with a bank in Antwerp. His best-known work 
 is the epic < Emperor Charles.* His songs, which 
 deal with national heroic topics, and his can- 
 tatas, are exquisitely melodious and metrically 
 perfect, and are favorites with his people. 
 
 Gherardi del Testa, Tommaso (ga-rar'de 
 del tes'ta). An Italian comedy-writer; born in 
 Terriciuola, near Pisa, 1815; died near Pistoja, 
 Oct. 13, 1881. After studying at Pisa, he set- 
 tled as a lawyer in Florence; but in 1848 he 
 enlisted for the war with Austria and was taken 
 prisoner. He had already written < The Son of 
 an Illegitimate,* a novel ; but he now turned his
 
 GHISLANZONI — GIDDINGS 
 
 215 
 
 attention entirely to comedy, and rose rapidly 
 to prominence through the inimitable drollery 
 of his dialogue and the originality of his situa- 
 tions. < George's System,' < Men Must Not be 
 Trifled With,> and < The Reign of Adelaide,' 
 are conspicuous among his many productions. 
 Of a less mirthful but more satirical nature are 
 <The Fashion and the Family,* <New Life,* 
 <The False Letters,' and other efforts of his 
 maturer years. 
 
 Gliislanzonl, Antonio (ges-Ian-z6'ne). An 
 Italian dramatist, journalist, and humorist ; 
 born in Lecco, 1824 ; died there, July 18, 1893. 
 He first studied medicine, then became an 
 opera-singer, finally entering political journal- 
 ism. In the upheavals of 1848 he had various 
 adventures, including capture on the battle- 
 field. He lost his voice shortly after the return 
 of peace, and for a time supported himself by 
 writing for the comic papers, founding one or 
 two himself. He tried his hand at many kmds 
 of literary work, and was most successful as a 
 writer of librettos, <Aida> being probably the 
 best. He has produced < Book of Oddities,' 
 ' A Forbidden Book,' < Fashion in Art,' and 
 numerous similar volumes, all of a rather 
 ephemeral nature. 
 
 Glacomettl, Paolo (ja-ko-met'e). An Ital- 
 ian dramatist ; born in Novi Ligure, March 
 19, 1816; died at Rome, August 1882. He 
 achieved distinction in his twentieth year with 
 a drama, < Rosilda,' written during his law- 
 student days in Genoa. Forced into literary 
 work by his family's poverty, his dramaturgic 
 talent attained him a competence. Sickness 
 and domestic adversity did not interfere with 
 his prolific genius, and his plays show aston- 
 ishing versatility. < Queen Elizabeth of Eng- 
 land,' < Torquato Tasso,' and < Lucrezia David- 
 son,' tragedies ; < Sophocles,' his masterpiece, 
 also a tragedy; and numerous comedies, in- 
 cluding < The Woman with a Second Husband,' 
 are among the popular examples of his work. 
 
 Giacomlno da Verona (ja-ko-me'no da va- 
 ro'na). An Italian poet of the thirteenth 
 century. He owes his importance in literature 
 chiefly to his anticipation of Dante, and such 
 influence as his work may have had upon the 
 form and spirit of the < Divine Comedy.' He 
 would appear to have been a Franciscan monk, 
 who composed two crude but striking poems 
 in the Veronese dialect on the subjects respect- 
 ively of heaven and hell, < The Celestial Jerusa- 
 lem' being one and <The Infernal City of 
 Babylon' the other. 
 
 Giacosa, Giuseppe (ja-ko'sa). An Italian 
 dramatist ; born in Colleretto-Parella, Pied- 
 mont, Oct. 21, 1847. A lawyer for many years, 
 the success of one or two plays in metrical 
 form, the fruit ot his leisure, led him to turn 
 playwright solely. His wit and taste have long 
 made him popular. < The Husband in Love 
 with his Wife' and < Brothers in Arms' are 
 his best productions, but of great merit are 
 *The Sons of the Marquis' and 'Arthur.' He 
 is the author of both dramas and comedies, 
 
 and his treatment of contemporary Italian 
 social life is irresistibly satirical. 
 
 Giannone, Pietro (jan-no'na). An Italian 
 poet ; born in Campo Santo, near Modena, 
 1790 ; died at Florence, Dec. 24, 1873. When a 
 lad he entered the army of the first Napoleon, 
 on whose fall he went to Rome and lived by 
 his pen. His political affiliations caused his 
 imprisonment, and later he lived in exile at 
 Paris; but finally settled in Florence. <The 
 Exile' and < The Vision' are his masterpieces; 
 but he wrote much and well, patriotism and 
 Italian political evils affording him his inspira- 
 tion. 
 
 Gibbon, Charles, A British novelist; born 
 1836; died Aug. 15, 1890. The Scotch masses 
 were studied by him with enthusiasm, afford- 
 ing subjects for < Robin Gray ' and the Jacobite 
 tale < For the King ' ; but his * For Lack of 
 Gold ' and <A Heart's Problem,' and one or 
 two more, indicate exhaustion, although ' The 
 Braes of Yarrow' is a fine work. 
 
 Gibbon, Edward. A great English historian ; 
 born at Putney, Surrey, April 27, 1737; died 
 at London, Jan. 16, 1794. His writings are : 
 < Essay on the Study of Literature' (1761), in 
 French; 'Critical Observations' (1770), on one 
 of the arguments of Warburton's < Divine Le- 
 gation of Moses'; 'History of the Decline and 
 Fall of the Roman Empire ' (6 vols., 1776-88) ; 
 'Vindication' of the 15th and i6th chapters of 
 the 'History' (1779); 'Miscellaneous Works, 
 with Memoir Composed by Himself (1796). 
 It has lately been discovered that this Memoir 
 was not printed as written by Gibbon, but had 
 been changed in important particulars by who- 
 ever prepared it for the press. 
 
 Gibbons, James (Cardinal). An American 
 prelate of great celebrity ; born in Baltimore, 
 July 23, 1834. He was raised to the cardinalate 
 June 30, 1886. His contributions to secular and 
 religious reviews are frequent and valuable. 
 Among his published works are: 'The Faith 
 of Our Fathers'; 'Our Christian Heritage'; 
 'The Ambassador of Christ'; etc. 
 
 Gibson, William Hamilton. An American 
 artist and author; born in Sandy Hook, Conn., 
 Oct. 5, 1850; died at Washington, Conn., July 
 16, 1896. A specialist in botany, he contributed 
 to the American Agriculturist and Hearth and 
 Home, and supplied many natural-history sub- 
 jects for the 'American Cyclopaedia.' Many of his 
 illustrations appeared in the Art Journal and in 
 Picturesque America; and his illustrations of 
 books were numerous and popular. He was a 
 member of the Art Union and the Authors' Club. 
 The essays ' Birds of Plumage,' ' A Winter 
 Idyl,' and ' Springtime,' appeared in Harper's 
 Magazine. His later works included ' Our Edi- 
 ble Toadstools and Mushrooms.' 
 
 Glddings, Joshua Reed. An eminent Ameri- 
 can lawyer, politician, and author; bom at 
 Athens, Pa., Oct. 6, 1795 , died at Montreal, May 
 27, 1864. He was admitted to the Ohio bar 
 in 1820 ; elected a member of its Legislaturt
 
 !l6 
 
 GIESEBRECHT — GILBERT 
 
 in 1826, and of Congress in 1838, where he was 
 prominent as an opponent of slavery. In 
 1861 he was appointed consul-general to British 
 North America. Among his works are : < The 
 Exiles of riorida> (1858); < History of the 
 Rebellion > (1864). 
 
 Giesebrecht, Ludwlg (ge'ze-brecht). A Ger- 
 man poet ; born in Mirow, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 
 July 5, 1792 ; died at Jasenitz, near Stettin, March 
 18, 1873. He was a clerg>Tnan's son ; studied at 
 the University of Berlin, and later at Stettin ; 
 fought in the German war of liberation (1813); 
 and subsequently became a professor. < Epic 
 Poems,> < Wendish Tales,' and poetry in dialect, 
 comprise his most popular productions. 
 
 Glffen, Robert, Sir. An English editor, statis- 
 tician, and writer on economic and financial 
 subjects; born at Strathaven, Lanarkshire, 
 Scotland, in 1837. At first in trade at Glasgow, 
 in 1862 he came to London, where he was sub- 
 editor of the Globe till 1866. He was acting 
 editor of the Economist under Walter Bagehot 
 1868-76 ; then founded the Statist, and became 
 chief of the Statistical Department in the Board 
 of Trade — since 1882 its assistant secretary. 
 He was John Morley's assistant on the Fort- 
 nightly Review 1873-76 ; and is the author of a 
 number of reports, papers, and essays, which 
 have given him a high rank. < American Rail- 
 ways as Investments* appeared in 1873, and 
 was followed by < Stock Exchange Securities' 
 (1877); <Essays in Finance' (1879); <The Pro- 
 eress of the Working Classes in the Last Half 
 
 < Century > ; < Economic Inquiries and Studies.* 
 
 Gifford, William. An English satirical poet, 
 translator, and critic ; born at Ashburton, Dev- 
 onshire, April 1756; died in London, Dec. 31, 
 1826. Hl» < Baviad' (1791), based on Juvenal's 
 first satire, and his <MKviad' (1795), founded 
 upon Horace, both aimed at the Delia Crusca 
 poetlings, gave him an authoritative position 
 in the literary world. He edited the Anti- 
 Jacobin for a time ; but his supreme later posi- 
 tion was as editor of the Quarterly Review, 
 the great Tory organ, which made him a power 
 in politics as well as letters. He probably 
 wrote the famous review of Keats's < Endy- 
 mion,' inaccurately supposed ti, have killed that 
 poet. 
 
 Gil Polo, Caspar (Hel po'lo). A Spanish 
 poet; born in Valencia about 1535; died at 
 Barcelona in 1591. He was a lawyer in his 
 native town, and successful ; but his principal 
 fame arises from his poems, — one of them, 
 
 < Diana Enamored,' being a gem of Spanish 
 literature. It is a continuation of Montemay- 
 or's < Diana,' but excels that production in 
 beauty of style and metre, and in the number 
 and variety of its episodes, lifting its author 
 high above the lyric level of his time. 
 
 Gil Vicente (Hel ve-then'ta). A Portuguese 
 dramatist and actor, father of the drama of 
 his country; born in Lisbon (?), about 1475 ; 
 died there (?), about 1536 or 1538. He studied 
 law, and was a goldsmith in early manhood. 
 
 His first play was a pastoral in Spanish, writ- 
 ten in 1502 in honor of the birth of the Portu- 
 guese prince royal (afterward John III.). This 
 made an immense hit at court, and thereafter 
 he wrote every new play that was acted at 
 the royal festivals. Farces, comedies, dramas, 
 and tragedies, of keen wit, originality, and 
 great poetic talent, appear among his works, 
 which rank him beside the very great authors 
 not of Portugal only, but of the whole Ibe- 
 rian peninsula. He originated many of the 
 methods and canons of taste that are now the 
 accepted tenets of the European theatre. In 
 construction and dialogue, his < Dom Duardos > 
 and < Amadis de Gaula' are masterpieces. ♦ Inez 
 Pereira' is the best of his farces. 
 
 Gil y Z&rate, Don Antonio (nel e tha'ra-ta). 
 A Spanish dramatist ; bom in the Escorial, Dec. 
 I, 1793; died at Marfrid, Jan. 27, 1861. Mathe- 
 matics and physics were his university special- 
 ties; but he entered upon a political career 
 when a young man, attaining an important post 
 in the Ministry of the Interior in 1820. The 
 revolutions in Spain forced him out of public 
 life, and he became a professor at the Madrid 
 Lyceum. About this time he turned to play- 
 writing ; and a tragedy, < Doiia Blanca de Bor- 
 bon,' made his name widely known in 1832. 
 His next efforts were less conventionally clas- 
 sical and more on the romantic order. < Carlos 
 II., the Bewitched,' is one of his most cele- 
 brated tragedies, but < Guzman the Good ' is by 
 far the best. * Rosmunda ' and < Don Alvaro 
 de Luna ' also stand at the head of the collec- 
 tion of plays that have won for him the pre- 
 miership of the modem Spanish drama. 
 
 Gilbert. John Thomas. An Irish historical 
 writer; bom in Dublin, Ireland, Jan. 23, 1829; 
 died there, May 23, 1898. He was the editor of 
 a series of important publications entitled 'His- 
 toric Literature of Ireland.) To his enterprise 
 and energy is largely due the revival of interest in 
 Celtic studies. His principal published works in- 
 clude:* History of the City of Dublin' (1854-59); 
 <History of Affairs in Ireland, 1641-52' (1879- 
 81); <History of the Irish Confederation and 
 War in Ireland, 1641-49, (1882-90). 
 
 Gilbert, Josiah. An English artist and writer 
 on art ; bora at the Independent College, 
 Rotherham, Yorkshire, Oct. 7, 1814. He was 
 student at the Royal Academy, and practiced 
 as a portrait-painter for several years ; but 
 since 1843 has been engaged in literary pur- 
 suits and art criticism. He is the author of: 
 <Art, its Scope and Purpose' (1858); <Cadore, 
 or Titian's Country' (1869); <Art and Religion > 
 (1871); was joint author of <The Dolomite 
 Mountains' (1864); and published < Landscape 
 in Art before Claude and Salvator' (1885). 
 
 Gilbert, Nicolas Joseph Laurent (zhel-bar). 
 A French poet; bom in Fontenoy-le-Chateau, 
 Lorraine, in 175 1 ; died insane at Paris, Nov. 16, 
 1780. He went to Paris in his teens to make 
 himself a poet. The "philosophers," who then 
 lorded it over all forms of literature at Paris, 
 conceived a violent hatred of his satirical
 
 GrLBBRT — ©ILM EU'ROSENEGG 
 
 217 
 
 eductions, which handled their pet hob- 
 bies without gloves. < Farewells to Life,* ' My 
 Apolog)',' and <The Author's Carnival,' are 
 among his best-known pieces. 
 
 Gilbert, William. An English novelist and 
 biographer; born 1804; died 1890. His earlier 
 literary activity resulted in various good realistic 
 fictions, conspicuously that revelation of Lon- 
 don dark life, < De Profundis> (1864), followed 
 by <The Goldsworthy Family* (1864), < Clara 
 Levesque* (1872), and others; his most serious 
 achievement, however, being a gallant but not 
 apparently very successful effort at a rehabilita- 
 tion of Lucrezia Borgia (1869). 
 
 Gilbert, William Schwenck. An English 
 librettist and comic poet and prose-writer; 
 bom in London, Nov. 18, 1836. He prepared 
 for the bar, and practiced successfully ; but the 
 fame of the < Bab Ballads,* and of his librettos 
 to the scores of < Pinafore,* < Patience,* < The 
 Mikado,* and other comic operas, eclipsed 
 his legal attainments,— which however are not 
 inconsiderable, for he is now a magistrate with 
 a jurisdiction near London, and writes for law 
 journals more or less regularly. 
 
 Gilder, Richard Watson. An American 
 poet; born in Bordentown, N. J., Feb. 8, 1844. 
 Since 1881 he has been editor-in-chief of the 
 Century. His works include : < The New Day * 
 (1875); <The Celestial Passion* (1887); < Lyr- 
 ics*; <Two Worlds, and Other Poems* (1891); 
 <The Great Remembrance, and Other Poems* 
 (1893); < Five Books of Song*; <A Book of 
 Music* (1906). 
 
 Gilder, William Henry. An American jour- 
 nalist, Arctic traveler, and author, brother 01 
 Richard W.; bom in Pennsylvania, Aug. 16, 
 1838; died at Morristown, N. J., Feb. 5, 1900. 
 He served in the Civil War, and was brevetled a 
 major at its close. He accompanied Lieutenant 
 Schwatka in 1878 on a polar expedition, and in 
 1 88 1 was a member of the Rodgers expedition 
 as a correspondent of the New York Herald. 
 His chief works are: <Schwatka's Search> 
 (1881); <Ice Pack and Tundra* (1883). 
 
 Gildersleeve, Basil Lanneau. An Ameri- 
 can classical scholar ; born in Charleston, S. C, 
 Oct. 23, 1831. He graduated at Princeton in 
 1843, and studied in Germany for several years. 
 He was professor of Greek and Latin at the 
 University of Virginia from 1856 to 1876, when 
 he was appointed professor of Greek at Johns 
 Hopkins University. He is the founder and 
 editor of the American Journal of Philology. 
 Among his works are : < Satires of Persius 
 Flaccus* {1875); 'Justin Martyr* (1875); <Odes 
 of Pindar.* He has published a Latin Gram- 
 mar and a volume of < Essays and Studies.* 
 
 Gildon, Cbarles. A miscellaneous English 
 writer; born in 1665 at Gillingham in rv>w«*> 
 shire ; died in 1724. The for'5wlng WOllaS Hft 
 
 ascribed to him : < History of the Athenian 
 Society* (1691); <The Post-Boy Robbed of 
 his Mail * ; < Miscellany, Poems upon Various 
 Occasions* (1692); <Life and Adventures of 
 
 Defoe.* He also wrote severaJ plays. In 1699 
 he edited Langbaine's < Dramatic Poets.* 
 
 Giles, Chauncey. An American clerg)Tnan 
 
 and author ; born at Charlemonfi, Mass., in 1813 ; 
 died in 1893. He entered the jSwedenborgian 
 Church in 1853, and held pastorates in Cin- 
 cinnati, New York, and Philadelphia. Among 
 his numerous works, many of which have been 
 translated into French, German, and Italian, 
 are included: <The Magic Spectacles* (1868); 
 <The Gate of Pearl* (1869); <The New Jeru- 
 salem* (1874); <The Valley of Diamonds, and 
 Other Stories* (1881); < Perfect Prayer* (1883). 
 
 Giles, Henry. An American Unitarian minis* 
 ter; born in Crokford, County Wexford, Ire« 
 land, Nov. i, 1809; came to the United States 
 in 1840 ; died near Boston, July 10, 1882. His 
 published works are in part : < Lectures and 
 Essays* (2 vols., 1845); < Christian Thought on 
 Life* (1850); < Human Life in Shakespeare* 
 (1868); and < Lectures and Essays on Irish and 
 Other Subjects* (1869), 
 
 Gilfillan, Robert. A Scotch poet; bom in 
 Dumfermline, July 7, 1798; died at Leith, Dec. 
 4, 1850. His verse is very popular wherever 
 hearts "warm to the tartan**; and his 'Ori- 
 ginal Songs* (1831) ran through three editions, 
 the best pieces in the collection being <The 
 Exile's Song,* < Peter McCraw,* and < In the 
 Days o' Langsyne.* 
 
 Gille, Philippe (zhel). A French drama- 
 tist and journalist ; born in Paris, Dec. 18, 1834. 
 He was originally a sculptor, and his work 
 attracted attention; but he put it aside for 
 dramatic composition and journalism, succeed- 
 ing in both. He has been ^on the staff of the 
 Petit Journal, Figaro, and Echo de Paris. As 
 a librettist he has written to the scores of 
 eminent composers. He has produced likewise 
 a variety of successful plays, of the kind adapted 
 to the somewhat peculiar exigencies of the 
 Parisian stage. < Gladiator's Thirty Millions,* 
 < Jean de Nevelle,* and < My Comrade,* show 
 him probably at his best ; although several other 
 pieces, written in collaboration and independ- 
 ently, have had long runs. Died March 19, 1901. 
 
 Gillette, William. An American actor and 
 playwright ; born in Hartford, Conn., July 24, 
 1853. He is the author of several successful 
 plays, in rhany of which he has assumed the 
 leading parts. Among his best-known produo 
 tions are : 'The Professor* (1881); 'Esmeralda* 
 (1881), with Mrs. F. H. Burnett; 'The Private 
 Secretary* (adapted); 'Held by the Enemy* 
 (1886); 'A Legal Wreck* (1888); 'Too Much 
 Johnson* (1895); and 'Secret Service* (1896). 
 
 Gilm zu Rosenegg, Hermann von (gilm 
 tso roz'en-eg"). A German lyric poet; bom in 
 Innsbmck, Nov. i, 1812; died at Linz, May 31, 
 1864. He studied jurispmdence at the univer- 
 sity in Innsbruck, and then began a career in 
 the government service, rising to positions of 
 responsibility by years of valuable service. Of 
 liberal tendencies in religion and politics, and 
 enthusiastic in the cause of the Tyrolese, be
 
 2l8 
 
 GILMAN — GIRALDI 
 
 wrote < Sonnets from Tyrol > and < Songs of the 
 Natter Maids,> which achieved quick success. 
 Other poems by him did much to maintain 
 among tlie Tyrolese the spirit that prompted 
 their uprising for independence in 1809. 
 
 Gilman, Arthur. An American educator 
 and author; born at Alton, HI., June 22, 1837. 
 He was engaged in the banking business in 
 New York from 1857 to 1862, when he removed 
 to Lenox, Mass., and devoted himself to liter- 
 ary and educational work until 1871. In 1876 
 he assisted in the organization of the Harvard 
 Annex, now known as Radcliffe College. Among 
 his works are : < F"irst Steps in English Litera- 
 ture* (1870); < First Steps in General History* 
 (1874); < History of the American People* (1883); 
 •Early American Explorers* (1885); < Coloniza- 
 tion of America*; • Tlie Making ot the Ameri- 
 can Nation* (1887I. 
 
 Oilman, Caroline Howard. An American 
 autnor ; bom in Boston, Mass., Oct. 8, 1794 ; 
 died in 1888. Her collected writings include : 
 < Recollections of a New England Housekeeper* 
 (1835); 'Recollections of a Southern Matron* 
 (1836); < Poetry of Traveling in the United 
 States* (1838); etc. The 'Recollections* have 
 passed through many editions. 
 
 Gilman, Daniel Coit. An American edu- 
 cator; bom at Norwich, Conn., July 6, 1831. 
 He graduated from Yale in 1852. He was 
 superintendent of schools in Connecticut for 
 several years; professor of physical geography 
 at Yale, and college librarian, 1856-72; pres- 
 ident of the University of California, 1872-75 ; 
 and since 1875 president of Johns Hopkins 
 University, Baltimore, Md. Besides numerous 
 reports and addresses on scientific and edu- 
 cational subjects, he wrote : < Our National 
 Schools of Science* (1867);* James Monroe in his 
 Relations to the Public Service.* Died 1908. 
 
 Gilmore, James Roberts. [«Edmund Kirke.**] 
 An American miscellaneous prose-writer; bom 
 in Boston, Mass., Sept. 10, 1823. He was at 
 first in mercantile life, subsequently entering 
 journalism and literature. He wrote : 'Among 
 the Pines * ; ' My Southern Friends * ; ' Down 
 in Tennessee * ; < Life of Garfield * ; 'Among 
 the Guerrillas*; 'Adrift in Dixie*; 'On the 
 Border*; 'Patriot Boys*; 'The Rear-Guard of 
 the Revolution*; 'John Sevier as a Common- 
 wealth Builder*; 'The Advance-Guard of 
 ^Vestern Civilization * ; etc. Died Nov. 16, 1903. 
 
 Gindely, Anton (gin'del-e). A Bohemian 
 historian; bom in Prague in 1829; died Oct. 
 24, 1892. He was a graduate of the University 
 of Prague, and subsequently became a professor 
 of history there. His most important work 
 was a 'History of the Thirty Years' War,* 
 projected on a vast scale, but only a condensed 
 4-V0I. form completed, which has been trans- 
 lated into English. His 'History of the Bo- 
 hemian Brethren* (1856-57) is also notable. 
 
 Ginsburg, Christian. An eminent Polish 
 Rabbinical writer; bom in Warsaw, Poland, 
 in 1830, and received his education in the 
 Rabbinic college there. He was one of the 
 
 original members appointed by the English 
 Convocation for the revision of the English 
 version of the Old Testament Scriptures. He 
 is the author of a number of works of vast 
 erudition, among which are : <A Historical and 
 Critical Commentary on the Song of Songs* 
 (1857); 'The Kariates* (1862); 'The Moabite 
 Stone* (1871); 'The Massorah* (1880-86). 
 
 Giohertl, Vincenzo (j6-ber'te). An Italian 
 philosopher and statesman ; born in Turin, in 
 April 1801 ; died in Paris, October 1852. In 
 1831 he became chaplain to King Charles 
 Albert ; but being accused of favoring the Lib- 
 erals, he was imprisoned and exiled. He re- 
 moved to Bmssels, where he wrote : ' The 
 Theory of the Supernatural* (1838); 'Introduc- 
 tion to the Study of Philosophy* (1839); 'Civil 
 and Moral Supremacy of the Italians* (1843), 
 in which he advocated the restoration of the 
 unity of Italy; and 'The Modern Jesuit* (1847). 
 On his return to Turin in 1848 he was received 
 with enthusiasm, and subsequently became 
 prime minister. 
 
 Gioja, Melchiore (jo'ya). An eminent 
 Italian political economist; born at Piacenza, 
 Italy, in 1767 ; died at Milan in 1829. Impris- 
 oned by the Austrian government in his youth 
 on account of his republican tendencies, he 
 welcomed with enthusiasm the advent of Na- 
 poleon in Italy and the establishment of the 
 Cisalpine Republic, under which he received 
 the office of historiographer. Among his re- 
 markable works are : ' The New Galateo * 
 (1802); 'The French, Germans, and Russians 
 in Lombardy* (1805); 'New View of the Eco- 
 nomic Sciences* (1815-19); 'The Philosophy 
 of Statistics* (1826). 
 
 Giordani, Pietro (jor-da'ne). An Italian 
 essayist, controversialist, and critic ; born in 
 Piacenza, Jan. i, 1774 ; died at Parma, Sept. 14, 
 1848. His productions are mainly essays and 
 criticisms on art and literature, theses on aes- 
 thetics, pamphlets, panegyrics, and monographs, 
 all of a fugitive nature, which keep their place 
 in letters by their style. His 'Letters,* 'Select 
 Prose,* and ' Orations and Eulogies,* show his 
 style at its best. 
 
 Giozza, Pier Giacinto (jot'sa). An Italian 
 critic, poet, essayist, and student of Dante ; bom 
 April 24, 1846, in Turin, where he studied lit- 
 erature and philosophy in the university. At 
 the present time he is a professor in the Ly- 
 ceum at Alessandria. His writings are noted for 
 their poetic qualities and correct taste. 'Fan- 
 tasies and Scintillations,* < Excelsior,* ' Sighs of 
 the Soul,* ' God in Dante's Paradise,* ' Investi- 
 gation of Curious Facts concerning Dante's 
 Poetry,* and ' The Legend of the Inferno,* are 
 among the best of recent Italian writings. 
 
 Giraldi, Giglio Gregorio (je-ral'de). An 
 Italian poet and scholar; bom in Ferrara, June 
 13, 1479 ; died there, February 1552. His most 
 valuable works, ' Historia de Diis Gentium,* a 
 historical manual of classical mythology ; ' De 
 Annis et Mensibus,* a treatise on the calendar;
 
 GIRALDI — GIUSTI 
 
 319 
 
 ' Historise Poetarum Grsecorum ac Latinorum,' a 
 study in classical literary biography ; and sev- 
 eral more, are still quoted as authoritative. He 
 helped greatly to spread the taste for knowl- 
 edge characteristic of the age, and his Latin 
 verses prove him a consummate poet. 
 
 Giraldi, Giovanni Battista. An Italian 
 dramatist, novelist, and poet ; bom in Ferrara, 
 November 1504; died there, Dec. 30, 1573. In 
 early life he was so brilliant in literature, med- 
 icine, and philosophy that he became Secre- 
 tary of State under two successive dukes of 
 Este ; but a contest raised by an impostor who 
 claimed the authorship of one of his works 
 brought him into disfavor, and he lost his of- 
 fice (1560). Becoming a distinguished profes- 
 sor of literature, he ended as rhetorician at the 
 Academy of Pavia, where he was admitted 
 about 1570 under the name of Cinthio, Cintio, 
 or Cinzio, signing his works thus variously 
 from this date. Of his plays the best known 
 is <Orbecche,> perhaps the most powerful tra- 
 gedy written since the classical period and till 
 Shakespeare. Shakespeare and Beaumont and 
 Fletcher, in fact, appear to have helped them- 
 selves to his productions to some extent in the 
 construction of their own. 
 
 Girardin, ^niile de (zhe-rar-dan'). A French 
 journalistic agitator and political and economic 
 writer, illegitimate son of Count Alexander de 
 Girardin and Madame Dupuy ; born in Paris 
 (not in Switzerland), June 22, 1806 (or 1803?); 
 died there, April 27, 1881. His early years were 
 passed in poverty and neglect, but he contrived 
 to educate himself sufficiently to write at 19 a 
 sentimental novel, < Emile,* which met with pop- 
 ular favor. It was as a journalist that he first 
 made himself known among the French, he 
 being indeed the originator of the cheap popu- 
 lar press of Paris with its enormous circulations. 
 His first wife was Sophie Gay. He accumu- 
 lated a fortune, and led an anti-Prussian agi- 
 tation in the war of 1870. < Political Studies,' 
 ' The Abolition of Authority through the Sim- 
 plification of Government,' and < The Periodical 
 Press in the Nineteenth Century,' are among 
 his more solid writings. He was the author of 
 a few clever comedies. 
 
 Girardin, Marie Alfred Jules de. A French 
 litterateur and translator; born Jan. 4, 1832; 
 died at Paris, Oct. 26, 1888. He was attached to 
 the Lyceum of Versailles, and at Loches ; con- 
 tributed stories to the European Review, the 
 Revue des Deux Mondes, Paris Illustrd, and 
 other French periodicals. Among his works 
 are: < Brave Men* (1874), crowned by the 
 Academy; < Uncle Placide' (1878); (The Cap- 
 tain's Niece'; < Grandfather ' (1880), crowned 
 by the Academy; <The Gaudry Family' (1884); 
 'The Second Violin' {1887); [and translitions. 
 
 Giraud, Count Giovanni (zhe-ro'). An Ital- 
 ian comedy-writer ; bom in Rome, Oct. 28, 1776 ; 
 died in Naples, Oct. i, 1834. He was bred to the 
 profession of arms, but relieved the monotony 
 of the camp by writing comedies. They were 
 produced with immense success in Venice, and 
 
 admired by Napoleon, who gave him an im- 
 portant theatrical post ; but on Napoleon's 
 overthrow he entered mercantile life. As a 
 playwright he makes Molifere his model. < The 
 Embarrassed Governor,' <The Prophesying 
 Fanatic,' and * The Discontented Capricious 
 One,' are good examples of his talent as a 
 contriver of ludicrous situations, helped out by 
 witty dialogue. 
 
 Girndt, Otto (gernt). A German dramatist, 
 humorist, and writer of fiction ; bom in Lands- 
 berg on the Warthe, Feb. 6, 1835. His profes- 
 sion was law; but the vogue of his comedy 
 
 < Y I,' acted when he was 30, turned him toward 
 the stage, in which he has won great popular- 
 ity. < Caesar Borgia' and 'Charlotte Corday,* 
 dramas, < Oriental Entanglements,' a comedy 
 that won a prize, and < Dankelman,' a tragedy, 
 merit special mention. His stories are grace- 
 ful and replete with incident, though they do 
 not rank high ; the best of them, < The Rescue 
 of the King' and < Jolly Company,' are fair 
 specimens of a lively style. 
 
 Glsecke, Nikolaus Dletriclx (ge'zek-6). A 
 German poet ; born in Cso, Hungary, of Ger- 
 man parents, April 2, 1724; died at Sonders- 
 hausen, Feb. 23, 1765. He settled early in 
 Hamburg, where he formed one of a little lit- 
 erary circle. He was a clergyman, and his ser- 
 mons contain elegant diction ; but his literary 
 position is due wholly to a volume of poeins, 
 simple and unaffected in style, and voicing a 
 mild melancholy, 
 
 Glseke, Robert. A German dramatist, nov- 
 elist, and poet, great-grandson of Nikolaus ; 
 born in Marienwerder, Jan. 15, 1827 ; died at 
 Leubus, Dec. 12, 1890. Early an accomplished 
 theologian and an authority on philosophy and 
 history, his prospects were destroyed by his 
 political utterances in 1848, and he was driven 
 to journalism for a livelihood. After some 
 years he began to write novels, of which the 
 best is perhaps 'Otto Ludwig Brook.' But his 
 original and striking plays gave him his great- 
 est renown ; notably < The Two Cagliostros,' 
 
 < Lucifer, or the Demagogues,' < The Elector 
 Maurice of Saxony,' and <A Burgomaster of 
 Berlin.' 
 
 Gissing, George. An English novelist ; bom 
 in Wakefield, 1857. He had made a remarka- 
 ble study of the London masses, from the ranks 
 of skilled labor to the most noisome human 
 refuse of the slums, the result being half re- 
 pulsive and wholly powerful ; particularly in 
 <The Nether World,' <New Gmb Street,' 
 
 < Demos,' and < Sleeping Fires.' Died, 1903. 
 
 Giusti, Giuseppe (jos'te). An Italian poet 
 and political satirist; born in Monsummano, 
 May 1809; died in Florence, March 31, 1850. 
 His maiden masterpiece was the < Dies Ir;r,' 
 on the death of the Emperor Francis I.,— a 
 poem in which a mockery of woe blends tell- 
 ingly with sarcasm. He worked this vein the 
 next ten years, as <The Boot,' <The Crowned,' 
 and < The Investiture of a Knight ' demonstrate.
 
 220 
 
 GJELLERUP — GLEIG 
 
 These and the satires written from 1847 to 1849, 
 as well as < The Papacy of Little Peter,> evince 
 genius. 
 
 GJellerup, Karl Adolf (gyal'er-op). A Danish 
 novelist, dramatist, poet, and critic ; born in 
 Roholte, Seeland, July 2, 1857. He prepared 
 for the ministry; but published a novel, <An 
 Idealist,> under the pseudonym « Epigonos," 
 at 21. < Rodtjorn,' a book of poems, appeared 
 a few years later; followed by the novels 
 
 < Romulus,* <The Pupil of the Germans,' and 
 several others. <Brynhild> and < Saint Just> 
 are tragedies; <The Book of my Love> is an 
 assortment of erotic poems. As a critic his 
 work is discriminating and accurate ; but all 
 his productions show the influence of foreign 
 literatures. 
 
 GJorgJic, Ignaz (jor'jich). A Dalmatian poet 
 and scholar; born in Ragusa, Feb. 13, 1676; 
 died there, Jan. 21, 1737. He was abbot of the 
 Benedictine monastery on the island of Meleda, 
 but was exiled for his part in a political dis- 
 pute. The Pope interceded for him and had 
 him restored to his cloisters. Of his poems, 
 •The Sighs of the Penitent Magdalen > is the 
 most deserving of mention. < Marunko i Pav- 
 ica> is the humorous story of two Venetian 
 youths, and <The Slav Psalter > is a hymnal. 
 
 Gladden, Washington. An American clergy- 
 man and author ; born at Pottsgrove, Pa., Feb. 
 II, 1836. He has held pastorates in Congrega- 
 tional churches in New York, Massachusetts, 
 and Ohio, and served on the editorial staff 
 of the Independent and Sunday Afternoon. 
 Among his numerous works are : < Plain Thoughts 
 on the Art of Living* (1868); <From the Hub 
 to th« Hudson* (1869); <The Young Men and 
 the Church' (1885); < Cosmopolis City Club >; 
 
 < Christianity and Socialism.' 
 
 Gladstone, William Ewart. A Great Eng- 
 lish statesman and writer on theological and 
 philological subjects, essayist, and translator 
 from the classics; born in Liverpool, Dec. 29, 
 1809; died at Hawarden, May 19, 1898. His 
 place in literature has been made enduring by 
 "Juventus Mundi,> <Studies in Homer and ih.; 
 Homeric Age,) and a large number of essays, 
 rich in thought and clear and weighty in style. 
 His works include: <Church and State'; <Ho- 
 meric Synchronism'; <Gleanings of Past Years'; 
 a version of Horace; etc. 
 
 Glaisher, James. An English astronomer; 
 born in London, England, April 7, 1809. From 
 1836 until his retirement in 1874 he was con- 
 nected with the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. 
 He is the author of more than a hundred books 
 and papers relating to astronomy, meteorology, 
 and the theory of numbers. Between 1863 and 
 1866 he made twenty-nine balloon ascents for 
 scientific purposes, in one of which he attained 
 the greatest height till then reached ( seven 
 miles). The results of his observations are 
 published in the popular < Travels in the Air' 
 (1870). He transiated and edited 'The Atmo- 
 sphere' by Flammarion, and <The World of 
 Comets > by Guillemin, Died Feb. 7, 1903. 
 
 Glaptborne, Henry. An English dramatist 
 who is known to have flourished about 1639. 
 He wrote many plays, five of which have been 
 printed : < Albertus Wallenstein ' ; < The Hol- 
 lander ' ; < Argalus and Parthenia ' ; < Wit in a 
 Constable ' ; * The Lady's Privilege ' ; etc. 
 
 Glascock, William Nugent. A Scottish au- 
 thori; born 1787; died Oct. 8, 1847, at Baltin- 
 glass. He was captain in the navy ; entering 
 service January 1800, and retiring in 1847. His 
 literary works include : < The Naval Sketch 
 Book' (2 vols., 1826); 'Sailors and Saints; or. 
 Matrimonial Manoeuvres' (3 vols., 1829); 'Tales 
 of a Tar: With Characteristic Anecdotes' 
 (1836); 'Land Sharks and Sea Gulls' (3 vols., 
 1838); 'Naval Service; or. Officers' Manual' (2 
 vols., 1836), which has had a great sale and 
 been translated for all the Continental services. 
 
 Glaser, Adolf (gla'zer). A German novel- 
 ist, poet, dramatist, and translator; born in 
 Wiesbaden, Dec. 15, 1829. He won success in 
 journalism ; and published poems under the 
 pseudonym " Reinald Reimar," as well as two 
 or three plays. His first novel, written in 1857, 
 was ' The Schaller Family,' followed by many 
 popular works of fiction. 'What Is Truth?' 
 'A Magdalen without a Halo,' 'Savonarola,' 
 'Cordula,' are absorbing tales, in which im- 
 agination, humor, and ingenuity of plot are 
 predominating qualities. ' Galileo Galilei,' a 
 tragedy, and a series of translations from Dutch 
 authors, must be included. 
 
 Glassbrenner, Adolf (glas'bran-er). A Ger. 
 man humorist; born in Berlin, March 27, 1810; 
 died there, Sept. 25, 1876. He was editing the 
 satiric paper Don Quixote when it was sup- 
 pressed in 1833, and then turned to comic 
 sketch-writing. 'Berlin as it Is and — Drinks,' 
 with] 'Lively Berlin,' published under the pseu- 
 don>'m "Adolf Brennglas," quickly brought him 
 into popularity, which 'Life and Conduct in 
 the Exclusive World' and 'Berlin Folk Life* 
 increased ; while ' The New Reineke Fuchs ' 
 and ' Forbidden Songs ' displayed his versatil- 
 ity. He produced stories for children, and 
 comedies of exquisite drollery. He was a leader 
 in the popular agitation of 1848. 
 
 Glazier, Willard. An American author; 
 born in Fowler, N. Y., Aug. 22, 1841. His 
 works include : ' Capture, Prison Pen, and Es- 
 cape' (1865), which was very popular; 'Three 
 Years in the Federal Cavalry' (1870); 'Battles 
 for the Union ' ; ' Heroes of Three Wars > ; 
 ' Peculiarities of American Cities ' ; and ' Down 
 the Great River.' Died April 26, igoS. 
 
 Gleig, George Robert. A British historian 
 and miscellaneous prose-writer; born in Stir- 
 ling, Scotland, April 20, 1796 ; died near Winch- 
 field, England, July 9, 1888. He was a soldier 
 under Wellington in Spain, and commanded a 
 regiment in the American war of 1812, being 
 wounded during the sack of Washington. He 
 wrote 'The Subaltern' (1825), an admirable 
 account of a soldier's life in war, used by Par- 
 ton in his life of Jackson; 'Campaigns of the
 
 GLEIM — GOBINEAU 
 
 221 
 
 British Army at Washington and New Orleans > 
 (new ed. 1861); < Lives of Eminent British Com- 
 manders* (1831); and many others, 
 
 Glelm, Johann Wllhelm Ludwig (glim). A 
 German poet and patron of literature ; born 
 in Ermsleben, Halberstadt, April 2, 1719; died 
 Feb. 18, 1803. He attained an immense pres- 
 tige and popularity among his countrymen as 
 a sort of Msecenas. His passion for letters in- 
 duced him to resign profitable government posts 
 while still young. <An Essay in Sportive 
 Rhyme,* an early work, shows French influence. 
 The Seven Years' War afforded him themes 
 for his best work : < Songs of a Prussian Grena- 
 dier* are patriotic outbursts. < Petrarcan Songs,* 
 
 < Horatian Odes,* < Songs in Imitation of Anac- 
 reon,' and < Epigrammatic Verse,* are pleas- 
 ing, but less interesting. His fables and tales 
 became extremely popular. 
 
 Glen, William. A Scottish song-writer; 
 born in Glasgow, Nov. 14, 1789; died there, 
 December 1826. He was trained to mercan- 
 tile business, but preferred conviviality and 
 the Muse. His fame rests upon his < Poems, 
 Chiefly Lyrical* (1815): «Wae's me for Prince 
 Charlie,'* a Jacobite song, is widely known. 
 
 Glinka, Avdotia Pavlovna (glink'ka). A 
 Russian writer of stories and devotional works, 
 wife of Fedor; bom in Koutousof in 1795; 
 died in 1863. She translated Schiller's <Song 
 of the Bell,* and wrote many popular books 
 of devotion. 
 
 Glinlsa, Fedor Nicolalevich. A Russian poet, 
 historian, and essayist ; born in Smolensk in 
 1788; died at Tver, March 6, 1880. He dis- 
 tinguished himself in the campaign of Auster- 
 litz at 18, but upon falling into disfavor at 
 court gave up an army career for literature. 
 
 < Letters of a Russian Officer on the Cam- 
 paigns of 1805-6 and 1812-15,* < Presents to 
 Russian Soldiers,* and < The Liberation of Lit- 
 tle Russia,* are the best known of his books. 
 He also translated the Psalms and the Book 
 of Job into verse. 
 
 Olinlca, Gregory Andr^evich. A Russian 
 historian, dramatist, and poet, cousin of Fedor 
 N.; born near Smolensk in 1774 ; died at Mos- 
 cow in 18 18. He was in boyhood a page at 
 the imperial court. He entered upon a distin- 
 guished career as an educator, and accompanied 
 Alexander I.'s brothers on their Continental 
 tour in 181 1. His works include : < The Ancient 
 Religion of the Slavs * ; < Miscellanies in Prose 
 and Verse*; and a play, <The Daughters of 
 Love.* 
 
 Glinka, Sergiua Nlcolaievich. A Russian 
 poet and writer of juvenile literature ; brother 
 of Fedor; born in Smolensk in 1774 or 1771 ; 
 died at Moscow in 1847. He entered the mili- 
 tary service and rose to the rank of major, 
 when he retired. His literary work was de- 
 voted mainly to the young and their training. 
 < Readings for Children,' * History of Russia 
 for the Use of Boys and Girls.' and similar 
 books, are highly esteemed. He also com- 
 
 posed a few plays in verse, edited the Rus- 
 sian Messenger, and translated Young's < Night 
 Thoughts.* 
 
 Glover, Richard. An English epic poet and 
 dramatist; born in London, 1712; died there, 
 Nov. 25, 1785. He abandoned trade for poetry, 
 and made himself famous with <Leonidas* 
 (1737). 3. heroic poem, fiery but rather exag- 
 gerated in rhetoric. <The Athenaid* (1787) is 
 a continuation of it. < London* (1739), a poem 
 of commerce, and < Boadicea* (1735), a tragedy, 
 are among his works. 
 
 Gliimer, Claire von (gliim'er). A German 
 novelist and translator; born in Blankenburg- 
 am-Harz, Oct. iS, 1825. Her youth was spent 
 in France, but she has lived in Germany since 
 1848. She first attracted attention by the great 
 merit of her translations from English and 
 French authors, — Swift, Daudet, George Sand, 
 and others. A volume of < Sketches of the Pyr- 
 enees,' and studies in fiction, — <Frau Domina' 
 and * Young Hearts' among them, — prove her 
 a capable writer and an attentive observer of 
 life. 
 
 Glum Eyjolfsson (glom i"yolf'son). An Ice- 
 landic bard ; born about 940 ; died about 1003. 
 His youth was spent in Norway. He is spe- 
 cially famed for the brave fight he waged in 
 the southwestern part of his native island, the 
 particulars of which he recounted in a poem or 
 saga, orally transmitted to posterity until it was 
 put in writing in the thirteenth century. Shortly 
 before his death he became a Christian. His 
 legend is variously known as the < Viga-Glums- 
 saga,' the <Glumssaga,' etc. 
 
 Gnedich, Nicolai Ivanovich (gna'didh). A 
 Russian poet; born in Pultowa, Feb. 2, 1784; 
 died in St. Petersburg, Feb. 15, 1833. He stud- 
 ied classical philology, and made himself the 
 most accomplished Russian scholar of his day. 
 A translation of Schiller's < Conspiracy of 
 Fiesco * was an early effort ; but his master- 
 piece is the translation of the Iliad into Rus- 
 sian (1829), not unworthy of the original, at 
 which he worked for twenty years. A tran& 
 lation of Shakespeare's <King Lear,' of Voi- 
 taire's < Tancrede,' and of notable modern Greek 
 poems, occupied his later years. His own 
 poem, <The Fishers,' is much admired. 
 
 Gneist, Rudolph (nist). A German jurist and 
 historical writer; born in Berlin, Aug. 13^ 1816; 
 died there, July 21, 1895. He was a National 
 Liberal, and was in the Prussian Parliament many 
 years. William I. made him instructor in political 
 science to Prince William (now William II.). 
 Among his numerous works are : < Nobility 
 and Knighthood in England' (1853); <The 
 English Constitutional and Administrative Law 
 of the Present Day* (1857-63); <SeIf-Govern- 
 ment in England* (1863); * History of the Eng- 
 lish Parliament* (1886); <The Imperial Law 
 • against the Machinations of the Socialists.* 
 
 Gobineau, Joseph Arthur, Comte de. A 
 French diplomatist, ethnologist, and romance- 
 writer ; born at Bordeaux in 1S16 : died at Pari^
 
 GOCKINGK — GOETHE 
 
 October 1882. During a long diplomatic career 
 he held important positions at Athens, Copen- 
 hagen, and Rio Janeiro ; was a member of the 
 embassy to Persia, 1855 ; Imperial Commis- 
 sary to the United States, 1861. During his 
 long stay in the East he studied Oriental 
 religions, and brought out his famous work 
 
 < Religions and Philosophies in Central Asia > 
 ( 1865 ), a vivid and unprejudiced treatise. 
 Among his other notable publications are : 
 
 < On the Inequality of Human (Races > ( 1853- 
 55), which has been the point of departure 
 for a new ethnological school ; < History of 
 the Persians > (1869). In fiction he has pro. 
 duced: < Typhaine Abbey' (1867), a romance; 
 
 < Souvenirs of Travels' (1872), stories ; < Asiatic 
 Tales ' ( 1876 ), a masterpiece of pure literature 
 and imaginative realization of character — trans- 
 lated into English as < Romances of the East ; ' 
 <Amadis,' a poem in three books (unfinished), 
 published posthumously in 1887. 
 
 Gbcklngk, Leopold Friedrlch Guntlier von 
 (gek'ingk). A German poet; born in Gron- 
 ingen, Halberstadt, July 13, 1748 ; died at 
 Wartenburg, Silesia, Feb. 18, 1828. His prime 
 was passed in official employment, and in 
 1789 he was ennobled. He retired some years 
 later, and devoted himself seriously to litera- 
 ture. His principal works are: 'Epigrams' 
 (1772), some of which are admirable; 'Songs 
 of Two Lovers' (1777), greatly admired by his 
 contemporaries, who read between the lines 
 the story of the writer's life ; three volumes 
 of 'Poems' (i77Q) ; 'Charades and Riddles' 
 (1817) ; ' Life and Literary Remains ot Nicolai ' 
 (1800). 
 
 Godefroy, Frederic ( god-fr^va'). A French 
 lexicographer and historian of literature ; born 
 in Paris, Feb. 13, 1826. His life has been given 
 up to literary studies ; the results of which, 
 the celebrated ' Comparative Lexicon of the 
 Language of Corneille and of the Seventeenth 
 Century in General,' and ' History of French 
 Literature from the Sixteenth Century to Our 
 Own Day,' have given him an international 
 reputation. His monumental effort, however, is 
 the voluminous ' Dictionary of the Old French 
 Language and of All its Dialects from the 
 Ninth to the Fifteenth Century.' The 8th vol. 
 published 1895. 
 
 Godet, Philippe Ernest (go-da'). A Swiss 
 poet and historian of literature ; born in Neu- 
 chatel, April 23, 1850. He was bred to the 
 law, but abandoned it for journalism. He be- 
 came instructor in literature in the Academy 
 at Neuchatel. As a poet he pleases, without 
 stirring any profound depths, in such volumes 
 as < A Handful of Rhymes,' < First Poems,' and 
 ' Realities.' In prose he wrote : ' The Literary 
 History of French Switzerland,' his greatest 
 work, which won the French Academy's Gudrin 
 prize; 'Studies and Talks'; and a biography 
 of Pierre Viret. 
 
 Godfrey, Thomas. An American poet ; born 
 in Philadelphia, Dec. 4, 1736; died near Wil- 
 mington, N. C, Aug. 3, 1763. He wrote in 1759 
 
 < The Prince of Parthia,' a tragedy, believed to 
 be the first dramatic work written in this coun- 
 try. In 1763 he published < The Court of Fancy : 
 A Poem.' His poems were collected in 1767 by 
 his friend Nathaniel Evans. 
 
 Godkin, Edwin Lawrence. An American 
 journalist and essayist ; born in Moyne, Ireland, 
 Oct. 2, 1831 ; died at Brixham, Eng., May 20, 
 1902. He graduated from Queen's College, and 
 came to this country in early manhood. From 
 1865 he was prominent in journalism. In addi- 
 tion to a ' History of Hungary,' and editorial 
 work on the New York Nation, which he 
 founded, and Evening Post, he produced volumes 
 of essays ; ' The Problems of Modern Democracy' 
 and ' Impressions and Comments,' etc. 
 
 Gbdsche, Hermann (ged'sha). A German 
 journalist, critic, and romance-writer ; born in 
 Trachenberg, Silesia, Feb. 12, 1815; died at 
 Warmbrunn, Nov. 8, 1878. At first in the 
 postal service, he began writing in 1849, over 
 the name of "Armin " ; and rose to eminence 
 in journalism. As a novelist, his ' Nena Sahib,' 
 ' Villafranca,' and 'Biarritz,' written under the 
 pseudonym of " Sir John Retcliffe," are repre- 
 sentative of his talent. 
 
 Godwin, Parke. An American author ; born 
 at Paterson, N. J., Feb. 25, 1816. He began 
 the study of law, but abandoned it for literary 
 pursuits. From 1837 until recently he was 
 connected with the New York Evening Post, 
 besides contributing frequently to Putnam's 
 Magazine. In addition to translations from 
 the German, and the well-known compilation, 
 'Handbook of Universal Biography' (1851), 
 he published : ' Constructive Democracy' (1851); 
 'Vala: A Mythological Tale' (1851) ; ' Out of 
 the Past ' (1870) ; Essays ; ' Biography of Bryant ' 
 (1883). He died. New York, Jan. 7, 1904. 
 
 Godwin, William. An English political phi- 
 losopher; born at Wisbeach, Cambridge, March 
 3, 1756; died in London, April 7, 1836. His 
 principal works are : < Political Justice ' (1793), 
 one of the strongest political essays in the 
 language ; ' Caleb Williams ; or, Things as They 
 Are' (1794), a novel enforcing the principles 
 of the greater work ; ' St. Leon' (1799), a novel 
 of domestic life ; several other novels ; ' The 
 Inquirer,' a series of essays (1796); 'An- 
 tonio,' a tragedy (1801) ; 'Life of Chaucer' 
 (1803) ; 'History of the Commonwealth ' (1824) ; 
 'Thoughts on Man,' a series of essays (1834). 
 His wife, Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-97). wrote 
 a memorable work on ' The Rights of Woman' 
 (1792), and many others. 
 
 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang (ge'ta). One of 
 the world's greatest poets ; born at Frankfort 
 on the Main, Aug. 28, 1749; died at Weimar, 
 March 22. 1832. Among his early works are 
 the tragedy ' Prometheus ' (1773); ' Erwin and 
 Elmira' C1774), a comedy; 'Sorrows of Young 
 Werther' (1774) ; ' Clavigo,' a tragedy (1774) ; 
 ' Stella ' ( 1775), '^ drama suggested by Swift's 
 life. In 1776 he became privy counselor to the 
 reigning Duke of Weimar, and for some years 
 was fully occupied with business of State. His
 
 GOEVERNEUR — GOMES 
 
 223 
 
 leisure he devoted to composing, in prose, his 
 great tragedy < Iphigenia,' which was recast in 
 verse in 1786; in writing the novel <Wilhelm 
 Meister'; and in building up his greatest work, 
 
 < Faust.' The succession of his works from 
 1789 forward was: < Tasso,* a drama (1789); 
 < Metamorphosis of Plants' (1790); <The Grand 
 Cophta,' a dramatization of the affair of the 
 Diamond Necklace ; < Wilhelm Meister's Ap- 
 prenticeship > (1796); 'Hermann and Dorothea' 
 (1796-97); < Elective Affinities* (1808); <P'iction 
 and Truth' (1811); < West-Eastern Divan' 
 (1814); < Wilhelm Meister's Years of Travel' 
 (1821); second part of <Faust' (1831 : the 
 first part had appeared as <A Fragment' in 
 1790). 
 
 Goeverneur, Jan Jacob Antonie (go-ver- 
 n^r'). A Dutch poet; born in HoeveJaken, 
 Feb. 14, 1809 ; died at Groningen, March 19, 
 1889. His poems in serious vein appeared over 
 the pseudonym of "Jan de Rijmer"; but they 
 are not so meritorious as his verses for child- 
 ren, which the little people of the Netherlands 
 now know by heart. 
 
 Gogol, Nikolai Vasiljevich (go'gol). A 
 great Russian novelist and humorist; born 
 at Sorochintzy in the government of Poltava, 
 March 31, 1809 ; died at Moscow, March 4, 
 1852. His principal works are : < Evenings on 
 a Farm,' a collection of stories and sketches 
 of life in Little Russia (1831); a second series 
 of the same (1834), including the prose epic 
 ' Taras Bulba,' < Old- World Proprietors,' and 
 
 < How the Two Ivans Quarreled ' ; then fol- 
 lowed stories of life in St. Petersburg, — <Nev- 
 sky Prospect ' ; < Akakia Akakievich's New 
 Cloak.' The five last mentioned have been 
 translated into English ; as also < Dead Souls ' 
 (1837), the author's masterpiece. 
 
 Goiorani, Giro (go-yor-iin'-e). An Italian 
 poet and prose-writer; born in Pescia, Jan. 21, 
 1834. He got into trouble with the authorities 
 when a student at college in consequence of 
 his political activities ; and . has been in the 
 same trouble more or less all his life, banish- 
 ment resulting on two or three occasions. The 
 volume of < Poems of a Tuscan Exile > ade- 
 quately typifies his poetry. His prose has been 
 written mostly for political journals. 
 
 Goldoni, Carlo (gol-do'ne). An Italian 
 comedy-writer; born in Venice, Feb. 25, 1707; 
 died at Paris, Jan. 6, 1793. He was brought 
 up by the Jesuits, and began the study of law ; 
 succeeding in his practice after some early 
 vicissitudes, but always manifesting his genius 
 for dramatic authorship. <The Good Father' 
 and < The Singer' are among his early attempts ; 
 but his enduring renown dates from the ap- 
 pearance of < The Venetian Gondolier,' < Beli- 
 sarius,' and < Rosamond,' although as a writer 
 of pure comedy he is best represented by 
 works like < The Coffee House.' 
 
 Goldschmidt, Meir Aaron (golt'shmit;. A 
 Danish novelist and publicist ; bom in Vording- 
 horg, Oct. 26, 1819; died at Coi?enhagen, Aug. 
 
 15, 1887. He entered journalism when quite 
 young, with recognized power till the govern- 
 ment censorship interfered with him. <A Jew' 
 and < Homeless ' are among the novels to which 
 his international reputation is due. His later 
 years were spent in an exhaustive investigation 
 into the state of public education throughout 
 Europe. 
 
 Goldsmid, Frederic John, Sir. An English 
 general and author; born at Milan, Aug. 19, 
 1818. He held several military staff appoint- 
 ments, both general and regimental. In 1874 
 he brought out a volume entitled 'Telegraph 
 and Travel'; edited 'Eastern Persia: An Ac- 
 count of the Journeys of the Persian Boundary 
 Commission' (1876); and published 'The Life 
 of Sir James Outram' (1880). 
 
 Goldsmith, Oliver. An English-Irish poet, 
 novelist, dramatist, and miscellaneous prose- 
 writer ; born in Pallas, County Longford, Ire- 
 land, Nov. 10, 1728; died at London, April 4, 
 1774. His first literary ventures were 'Enquiry 
 into the Present State of Polite Learning in 
 Europe' and 'The Citizen of the World.' 
 Next appeared ' The Traveller ' ; ' The Deserted 
 Village'; 'The Vicar of Wakefield'; 'The 
 Good-Natured Man'; and 'She Stoops to 
 Conquer.' His essays and his histories, his 
 biographies and his text-books, are numerous 
 and famed. 
 
 Goll, Jaroslav (gol). A Czech poet and his- 
 torian ; born in Chlumetz, July li, 1846. His 
 ' Poems,' in one volume, include some very 
 popular ' Songs of the Exiles.' His historical 
 works, among them 'The French Marriages 
 France and England, 1624 and 1625,' are im- 
 portant and popular. He is professor of history 
 at the Czech University in Prague. 
 
 Gomberville, Marin Le Roy de (goh-ber-vel'). 
 A French romancer and poet, and one of the 
 original members of the French Academy; 
 bom in Paris (?) in 1599 or 1600 ; died there, 
 June 14, 1674. At 14 he brought out a vol- 
 ume of poems, some of them above the current 
 level of popular verse. At 20 he plunged into 
 the writing of interminable and extravagant 
 romances, which won unmerited admiration. 
 'Polexandre' is the only one now valued, — to 
 this he wrote a sequel, and projected a sequel 
 to this sequel. A sonnet on the ' Blessed Sac- 
 rament ' attained celebrity ; and his ' Discourse 
 on the Merits and Defects of History and the 
 Method of Writing it Well ' was extensively 
 quoted by contemporary authors. His Latin 
 poems and his philosophical works are alike 
 preposterous. 
 
 Gomes, Joao Baptista (go'mes). A Portu- 
 guese dramatist ; born in Oporto about 1775 ; 
 died there (?), Dec. 20, 1803. He was a very 
 poor boy, and entered a mercantile house when 
 a young man ; while thus employed, he wrote 
 in his early twenties a tragedy, ' The New Cas- 
 tro,' on the love of Dom Pedro for Inez de 
 Castro, which was staged in Lisbon about 1800 
 and was highly successful. It is rich in effect- 
 ive situations and stately periods, while its
 
 224 
 
 GOMES DE AMORIM — GONZALEZ DEL VALLE 
 
 dialogue and action adhere to the standards 
 of an almost perfect taste. 
 
 Qomes de Amorim, Francisco (go'mes de 
 a-mo-reii'). A Portuguese poet and romance- 
 writer; born in Avelomar, Minho, Aug. 13, 
 1827, died at Lisbon (?), Nov. 4, i8gi not 1892. 
 His childliood was one of dire poverty, and 
 when a lad he drifted to Brazil, where he lived 
 in privation for several years. He returned to 
 his native land in 1846, and in the revolution- 
 ary movements of the next few years employed 
 his poetic talent in the patriotic cause. He has 
 a European reputation as being in the first 
 rank of modern Portuguese poets. < Morning 
 Songs > and <Ephemeros> are the most cele- 
 brated of his poems. He has also written plays 
 and romances ; among the latter, < Love of 
 Country' may be mentioned. 
 
 Gomes Leal, Antonio Duarte (go'mes 
 la'al). A Portuguese poet; bom in Lisbon, 
 June 6, 1848. His poems made their appear- 
 ance when he was quite young, and all are 
 characterized by radical thought and decided 
 heterodoxy in matters of religion. One or two 
 of his more recent productions brought him 
 into conflict with the authorities, and he was 
 arrested and imprisoned. < Antichrist,* ^ Rene- 
 gade,' and <The Defense against England' 
 have been most widely read. 
 
 OoncIiar6v, Ivan Aleksandrovlch (gon -il •• 
 rov'). A Russian novelist; born in Simbirsk, 
 June 18, 1812; died at St. Petersburg, Sept. 27, 
 1891. Upon completing his university studies 
 at Moscow, he obtained a post under the gov- 
 ernment and was sent to Japan in its service. 
 He studied languages and translated numer- 
 ous masterpieces of literature into Russian, but 
 soon began the production of works of his 
 own. These include <Jean Podzabryn,* a tale 
 of life among the high functionaries of the 
 empire, and < Oblomof.' 
 
 Goncourt, Edmond and Jules de (gori-kor'). 
 French novelists and miscellaneous prose- 
 writers, brothers. Edmond was born in Nancy, 
 May 26, 1822; died at Paris, July 16, 1896. 
 Jules was born in Paris, Dec. 17, 1830; died 
 near Paris, June 20, 1870. From childhood their 
 personal intimacy was as close as their literary 
 union subsequently became. The detailed ac- 
 count of them presented elsewhere makes it 
 necessary to allude only to a work on <Art in 
 the Eighteenth Century,' many of the pictures 
 in which are from the brush of Jules, who was 
 a finished artist. Both were scholars of no 
 mean attainments, 'and possessed equally the 
 facile and strenuous talent that made them 
 co-builders of a single renown. 
 
 Gondlnet, Edmond (goh-de-na). A French 
 dramatist; born in LauriSre, March 7, 1828; 
 died at Paris, Nov. 19, 1888. His early com- 
 edies, < Too Curious > and < The Victims of 
 Money,' were received with a favor which led 
 to his writing regularly for the stage ; and the 
 farce <Christiane' in 187 1 approved him as one 
 of the first members of his profession. He 
 draws best from Parisian social life : < Panazol,' 
 
 < Papa's Convictions,' and < The Ladies' Pro- 
 fessor' afford typical examples. His pieces 
 written in collaboration have yielded enormous 
 royalties, especially < The Happiest of the 
 Three.' 
 
 Gondola, Giovanni (gon-do'la). See Gun- 
 dullc. 
 
 G6ngora y Argote, Luis de (gon'g5-ra e ar- 
 go'ta). A Spanish poet; born in Cordova, June 
 II, 1561; died there. May 24, 1627. Intended 
 for the law, he gave himself to poetry instead. 
 He entered the Church in 1606, gaining in con- 
 sequence a petty clerical post at the court ot 
 Philip in., from which he retired disheartened. 
 Now began that singular stream of verse to 
 which he owes his place in letters; the domi- 
 nant traits in which are studied artificiality, 
 extreme pedantry and obscurity, and violent 
 metaphors. Thus, he says of the beauty ot a 
 young girl that <*it would inflame .Norway 
 with its two suns [eyesPJ, and whiten Ethiopia 
 with its hands." Gongorism, as this sort ot 
 thing was termed, had a horde of imitators, 
 spread rapidly from Spain to France, and 
 spoiled the style ot a whole generation in both 
 countries : ' The Story of Polyphemus and Gala- 
 tea' and <The Story of Pyramus and Thisbe' 
 are its choicest expositions by its originator. 
 
 Gonzaga, Thomaz Antonio (gon-za'ga). 
 [Known also as <<Dirceu."] A Portuguese 
 poet; born in Oporto in August 1744; died at 
 Mozambique in 1807 or 1809. Graduating from 
 Coimbra, he emigrated to Brazil and became 
 a judge for some years. Here he conceived 
 a violent passion for one Doiia Maria Seixas, 
 whose connection with the development of his 
 genius suggests the relation ot Lesbia to Ca- 
 tullus, giving birth to his celebrated * Marilia.' 
 These love poems are the most exquisite lyr- 
 ics in Portuguese literature, flawless in metre 
 and immaculate in style. The marriage was 
 prevented by his banishment to Mozambique 
 on a seemingly trumped-up charge of treason, 
 and a fever there left him permanently insane. 
 
 Gonzales, Emmanuel (goh-sal-az'). A French 
 novelist of Spanish origin ; born in Saintes, 
 Oct. 25, 1815; died at Paris, Oct. 15, 1887. On 
 very little capital and no encouragement he 
 founded the Revue de France, and estab- 
 lished his fame as a writer of fiction in its 
 columns. Emile de Girardin engaged him for 
 the Presse, where he made the hit of a season. 
 •An Angel's Memoirs,' < Buckingham's Sevetv 
 Kisses,' < The Russian Princess,' and < The 
 Gold Seekers,' are among the romances in 
 which he most happily shows his genius for 
 narration, vivid style, and fertility of expedient. 
 
 Gonz&lez del Valle, Jos6 Z. (gon tha'lath 
 del va'la), A Spanish author, born in Havana, 
 Cuba, in 1820; died in Madrid, Spain, October 
 1851. He was professor of natural philosophy 
 in the University of Havana until failing health 
 compelled him to relinquish this post. He was 
 appointed honorary secretary to the Queen. 
 Among his novels are : < Luisa,' < Carmen and
 
 GONZALO DE BERCEO — GORDON 
 
 225 
 
 Adela,> and <Love and Death > (1839); <Tropi- 
 cales,' a volume of poems (Havana, 1842); 
 ♦European Journeys* (1843); <A Funeral 
 Wreath' (1844); < Historical Sketch of Philos- 
 ophy' (1848); and < Lectures on Meteorology' 
 {1849). 
 
 Gonzalo de Berceo (gon-tha'lo da ber-tha'6). 
 A Spanish poet; born in Berceo about 1196; 
 died at the monastery of San Millan de la 
 Cogolla, about 1270 ; was parish priest of 
 Berceo; and one of the first rhymesters to 
 write in Castilian. He wrote in rhymed quat- 
 rains and we have more than 13,000 of his 
 verses on the lives of obscure Castilian Saints, 
 on the Mass, the Dolors of the Virgin Mary, 
 th» Judgment Day, etc. His style is rude and 
 ine:e?ant, but the poet writes out of a full 
 simple heart, and he tells a story well. He 
 arrays with wonderful effectiveness the stage 
 properties of the Last Judgment ; and his con- 
 templation of Mary at the Cross strikes the 
 chord of human sympathy. 
 
 Goodale, Elaine — Mrs. Eastman. An 
 American poet ; bom in Mt. Washington, Mass., 
 Oct. 9, 1863. She became a teacher in the 
 Hampton Institute in Virginia, and wrote edi- 
 torially for the Southern Workman (1883). In 
 1885 she visited the Great Sioux reservation, 
 reporting her views to New York and Boston 
 journals. She taught school at White River 
 Camp, Lower Brul^ Agency, Dakota. Her 
 'Journal of a Farmer's Daughter' was published 
 in 1881. Together with her sister Dora Read, 
 the produced : < Apple Blossoms : Verses of 
 Two Children' (1878); <In Berkshire with the 
 Wild Flowers' (1879); and < Verses from Sky 
 Farm' (1880). 
 
 Goodale, George Lincoln. An American 
 botanist; born at Saco, Me., Aug. 3, 1839. He 
 graduated from Amherst in i860, and from the 
 Harvard Medical School in 1863. For some 
 time he was a lecturer in medical schools in 
 Maine. In 187 1 he was appointed professor of 
 Natural Sciences in Bowdoin College. Since 
 1872 he has been connected with Harvard 
 University, at first as instructor and later as 
 professor of botany. Among his works are : 
 'Concerning a Few Common Plants' (1879); 
 < Physiological Botany' (1885); <Wild Flowers 
 of America' (1886); < Useful Plants of the 
 Future.' 
 
 Goode, George Brown. An American ich- 
 thyologist ; born at New Albany, Ind., Feb. 13, 
 185 1 ; died in Washington, Sept. 6, 1896. He 
 was a member of several commissions and scien- 
 tific societies, and was identified with exposi- 
 tions both here and abroad. Besides over two 
 hundred papers on ichthyology, he published : 
 <The Game Fishes of the United Sta*es> (1879); 
 'The Beginnings of Natural History in America' 
 (1886); < Virginia Cousins' (1888); <Museums 
 of the Future' (1890). 
 
 Goodrich, Charles Augustus. An American 
 clergyman and author, brother of Samuel G. ; 
 bom at Ridgefield, Conn., in 1790 ; died at 
 Hartford. Conn„ Jan. 4, 1862. He graduated 
 
 at Yale in 1812. He held the pastorates of 
 Congregational churches in Worcester, Mass., 
 and Berlin and Hartford, Conn. Among his 
 works are : < Lives of the Signers' (1829); < His- 
 tory of the United States' (1852-55); < Universal 
 Traveller.' 
 
 Goodrich, Frank Boot. [«Dick Tinto."] 
 An American author ; bom in Boston, Dec. 
 14, 1826 ; graduated at Harvard in 1845. His 
 Paris letters to the New York Times, signed 
 « Dick Tinto," first brought him into notice. 
 He published : < Court of Napoleon ; or. Society 
 under the First Empire' (1857); < Women of 
 Beauty and Heroism' (1859); < World-Famous 
 Women, from Semiramis to Eugenie' (1870); 
 and others. 
 
 Goodrich, Samuel Grlswold. [« Peter Par- 
 ley."] An American author; bom in Ridge- 
 field, Conn., Aug. 19, 1793 ; died in New York, 
 May 9, i860. He edited the Token, published 
 in Boston from 1828 till 1842. From 1841 till 
 1854 he edited Merry's Museum and Parley's 
 Magazine. His << Peter Parley " books won 
 great popularity, evidenced by the fact that 
 the pen-name was attached to more than 70 
 spurious volumes. Among the 200 volumes 
 published by him are : < The Poetical Works 
 of John Trumbull' (1820); < Tales of Peter Par- 
 ley about America' (1827); similar books on 
 Europe, Asia, Africa, and other countries. 
 
 Goodwin, Mrs. Maud (Wilder). An Amer- 
 ican historical novelist ; bom in New York 
 State in 1856. She is a resident of New York 
 city. Among her works are : < The Colonial 
 Cavalier'; <The Head of a Hundred'; < White 
 Aprons : An Historical Romance ' ; < Dolly Mad- 
 ison, ' a biography ; < Four Roads to Paradise.' 
 
 Goodyear, William Henry. An American 
 writer on art ; born in Connecticut, 1846. He 
 has published : < Roman and Mediaeval Art ' ; 
 
 < Renaissance and Modem Art'; < History of 
 Art ' ; < The Grammar of the Lotus ' ; etc. 
 
 Gookln, Daniel (go'kin). An American col- 
 onist; born in Kent, England, about l6l2; 
 died at Cambridge, Mass., March 19, 1687. He 
 came to Virginia in 1621, but removed to Mas- 
 sachusetts in 1644. He was appointed superin- 
 tendent of the Indians of that colony in 1656, 
 and major-general in 1681. His chief work is 
 
 < Historical Collections of the Indians in New 
 England,' which was not published until 1792. 
 
 Gordon, Adam Llndsey. An Australian 
 poet ; bom in Fayal, Azores, in 1833 ; died 
 June 24, 1870. He was an Oxford man, who 
 emigrated to Australia and became a noted 
 lover of the turf. He won considerable repu- 
 tation as a writer of verse ; his < Poems ' (1868), 
 largely bush ballads and lyrics of the antipodes, 
 reaching a fifth edition. 
 
 Gordon, Archibald D. An American dra- 
 matic critic and play^vright; bom in Ceylon, 
 Oct. II, 1848; died in Port Richmond, Staten 
 Island, N. Y., Jan. 9, 1895. He entered a 
 publishing-house in New York city in 186$,
 
 226 
 
 GORDON -GOSSE 
 
 and subsequently became connected with New 
 York and Chicago papers as dramatic critic. 
 His works include: <Trixie>; < The Ugly 
 Duckling'; <Is Marriage a Failure?'; <That 
 Girl from Mexico.' 
 
 Gordon, Armistead Churchill. An Ameri- 
 can poet ; born in Albemarle County, Va., Dec. 
 20, 1855. After graduating from the University 
 of Virginia he became a lawyer in Staunton, 
 Va. In collaboration with Thomas Nelson 
 Page he wrote a volume of verse entitled < Befo' de 
 War ' ; < Echoes in Negro Dialect > ( 1888) ; < Con- 
 gressional Currency > ; < The Ivory Gate. ' 
 
 Gordon, Clarence. ["Vieux Moustache."] An 
 American juvenile-story writer; born in New 
 York, 1835. He has written < Christmas at 
 Under Tor'; < Boarding-School Days'; etc. 
 
 Gordon, Julien. See Cruger. 
 
 Gordon-Cununing, Constance Frederlca. 
 An English traveler and writer, sister of the 
 famous sportsman Roualeyn Gordon-Cumming ; 
 born at Altyre, Morayshire, Scotland, May 26, 
 1837. She traveled extensively in Great Britain 
 in her early years, and recently has passed her 
 time in Oriental countries. Among her works 
 are : * In the Hebrides ' ; < Via Cornwall to 
 Egypt'; <In the Himalayas'; <At Home in 
 Fiji*; <A Lady's Cruise in a French Man-of- 
 War'; <Two Happy Years in Ceylon'; <Work 
 for the Blind in China.' 
 
 Gore, Catherine Grace. An English novel- 
 ist; born (Moody) in East Retford, Nottingham, 
 1799 ; died at Linwood, Hampshire, Jan. 26, 
 1861. She married a captain in the army, saw 
 much high life, and wrote of it in many novels. 
 < Women as They Are' (1830), < Mothers and 
 Daughters' (1831), and < Cecil ' (1845) are the 
 best known of her works. 
 
 Gore, Charles. An English clergyman and 
 author; born in 1853. He is a Fellow of 
 Trinity College, Oxford, and is now the Bishop 
 of Worcester. He is best known as the 
 editor of < Lux Mundi,' and author of the essay 
 on *The Holy Spirit and Inspiration' in that 
 volume. He has also written : < The Church 
 and the Ministry'; the Bampton Lecture for 
 1891 on < The Incarnation of the Son of God'; 
 and < Roman Catholic Claims' (1888). 
 
 Gorner, Karl August (ger'ner). A German 
 playwright; born in Berlin, Jan. 29, 1806; died 
 in Hamburg, April 9, 1884. He ran away from 
 home when a lad in order to become an actor; 
 eventually had a company of his own; and 
 wrote over 100 successful plays, beginning with 
 <The Gardener and his Wife.' < Niece and 
 Aunt'; < Black Peter'; <A Happy Paterfamil- 
 ias ' ; and < The Ennobled Shopkeeper,' are 
 some of the others. 
 
 Gorostiza y Cepeda, Don Manuel Eduardo 
 de (gor-os-te'tha e tha-pa'THa). A Mexican 
 comedy-writer and diplomat ; born in Vera 
 Cruz, Nov. 13, 1791 ; died at Tacubaya, Oct. 
 23, 1851. His father was Spanish governor of 
 Mexico. At 25 he had made theatre-goers of 
 Madrid familiar with his name, but his impli- 
 
 cation in schemes of Mexican independence 
 interfered with his literary career. He was 
 made Mexican minister to England when in- 
 dependence was secured, and later had himself 
 transferred to Paris, in which city he achieved 
 his most enduring renown as a writer of plays. 
 Among them, < Bread and an Onion, with Thee, 
 Love,' merits special notice as the source of 
 Scribe's < A Cottage and its Heart.' His 'Al- 
 lowance for All ' and < Such as It Is ' are master- 
 pieces in comedy construction. 
 
 Gbrres, Joseph (ger'es). A celebrated 
 German publicist and philosopher ; born at 
 Coblentz, Jan. 25, 1776; died 1848. His Rhein- 
 ischer Merkur, in which he combatted French 
 republican ideas was by far the most powerful 
 journal in Germany : it was called by Napoleon 
 '•the fifth power" of Europe. He was a man 
 of vast learning and great versatility; a few 
 of his writings are : < Aphorisms on Art ' ; < Faith 
 and Science ' ; < History of Asian Myths ' ; < The 
 Hero-Book of Iran,' translated from Persian ; 
 
 < The Holy Alliance ' ; < Swedenborg, his Visions 
 and his Relation to the Church ' ; < Christian Mys- 
 ticism,' a work of high authority ( latest ed. 5 vols., 
 1879); <Athanasius,' a strong polemic against 
 Protestantism and Prussian bureaucracy; the 
 author had shortly before embraced Catholicism, 
 
 Goschen, George Joachim. An English 
 statesman ; born in London, Aug. 10, 1831, of 
 German parentage. From Oxford he entered 
 mercantile life ; became vice-president of the 
 Board of Trade and director of the Bank of 
 England ; Liberal M. P. 1863 ; Privy-Councilor 
 1865; First Lord of the Admiralty 1871-74. He 
 was sent on important missions to Cairo and 
 Constantinople. In 1887 he seceded from the 
 Liberal party and joined the Liberal-Unionists, 
 and was Chancellor of the Exchequer in Lord 
 Salisbury's administration. Besides speeches 
 and addresses on political, educational, and 
 economical questions, he published : < The The- 
 ory of the Foreign Exchanges' (1864; 14th ed. 
 1890); < Probable Result of an Increase in the 
 Purchasing Power of Gold.' Died Feb. 7, 1907. 
 
 Goslavski, Maurycy (gos-lav'ske). A Polish 
 poet ; born in Podolia in 1802 ; died in Stan- 
 islavof, Aug. 17, 1834. He was a soldier by 
 profession ; but published a volume of poetry 
 in 1828. He took part in the war for Polish in- 
 dependence in 1830, at which time he produced 
 his most famous stanzas, < The Poems of a Pol- 
 ish Uhlan.' They were very popular among his 
 countrymen during the great agitation. 
 
 Gosse, Edmund William. An English poet, 
 essayist, and critic ; born in London, Sept. 21, 
 1849. He attracted attention when very young 
 by the grace and finish of papers contributed 
 to London periodicals, and for many years his 
 literary judgments have been regarded as of 
 considerable weight. As a poet he is known 
 by < Madrigals, Songs, and Sonnets'; <On Viol 
 and Flute ' ; < The Unknown Lover ' ; etc. Some 
 of his literary criticisms and biographies are 
 contained in < Seventeenth-Century Studies > and 
 
 < From Shakespeare to Pope.'
 
 GOSSE- GOULD 
 
 227 
 
 Oosse, Philip Henry. An English natural- 
 ist and author; born in Worcester, 1810; 
 died 188S. In 1827 he started on a scientific 
 tour through Canada, the Southern United 
 States, and Jamaica, and on his return pub- 
 lished : <The Canadian Naturalist* (1840); <The 
 Birds of Jamaica > (1845); <A Naturalist's So- 
 journ in Jamaica.* In 1856 he was elected a 
 Fellow of the Royal Society. His works, which 
 amount to nearly fifty volumes, also include : 
 < Rambles of a Naturalist on the Devonshire 
 Coast' (1853); <Aquarium> (1854). 
 
 Gosson, Stephen. An English poet and 
 satirist; born in Kent (?), 1555 ; died at Bishops- 
 gate, Feb. 13, 1623 or 1624. He was a clergy- 
 man. The < School of Abuse* (1576) contains 
 good prose, and the < Pleasant Quips* (1595) 
 good rhymes, but the latter are disfigured by 
 coarse language. 
 
 Goszczynslti, Severin (gosh-chin'ske). A 
 Polish poet ; born 1803, in Ilinze in the Ukraine ; 
 died in Lemberg, Feb. 25, 1876. The influence 
 of Byron is unmistakable in his youthful < Castle 
 of Kanioff.' In the struggle for independence 
 in 1830 he achieved brilliant feats of arms, and 
 composed national odes that spread his fame 
 throughout Europe. Polish freedom proving a 
 chimera, he wandered through France and 
 Switzerland, writing poetry and prose as occas- 
 ion served. < The Terrible Huntsman,* < The 
 Three Chords,* and < Dziela * are powerful poems. 
 
 Gbtter, Friedrich Wilhelm (got'ter). An 
 important and even epoch-making German 
 poet; born in Gotha, Sept. 3, 1746; died there, 
 March 18, 1797. He wrote dramas while study- 
 ing foreign literatures at the University ; entered 
 the diplomatic service, but gave it up to be- 
 come a private tutor, and fell under the in- 
 fluence of Goethe. < Media,' a drama, a volume 
 of collected < Poems,' and numerous comedies 
 and minor pieces, represent his highest efforts. 
 He was the last German poet to use French 
 models largely. 
 
 Gottfried von Strassburg (got'fret fon 
 stras'borG). A German poet of the middle 
 ages, and the most brilliant bard of chivalry; 
 born in the twelfth century, and died between 
 1210 and 1220. In collaboration with Von 
 Eschenbach, he was author of * Parsifal,* the 
 popular " minna ** song of its time ; but he owes 
 his permanent fame to < Tristan and Isolde,* 
 apparently written between 1204 and 1215, and 
 left unfinished. In this story-poem Tristan is 
 sent to woo Isolde in his uncle's name ; but 
 he having swallowed a philtre, the two young 
 people fall deeply in love. Straszburg's work 
 is graceful and simple, and he chooses his 
 legendary material with nice critical judgment. 
 
 Gotthelf, Jeremias (got'helf), pseudonym of 
 Albert Bitzius. A Swiss novelist and poet ; 
 born in Murton, Canton of Freiburg, Oct. 4, 
 1797; died at Liitzelfliih, Bern, Oct. 22, 1854. 
 As a pastor in retired districts, he saw the 
 hard conditions of the poor, and in 1837 wrote 
 <The Peasant's Mirror,* a vividly realistic pres- 
 
 entation of peasant life, — the imaginary auto- 
 biography of one Jeremias Gotthelf; the im- 
 mense success of the book led him to adopt 
 the name as a pseudonym. He worked this 
 vein with unflagging industry: <Joys and Sor- 
 rows of a Schoolmaster,' < How Five Maids 
 Came to Grief through Brandy,' <How Uli, 
 the Servant, was Made Happy,' and numerous 
 others, « tendency** novels, followed swiftly. 
 
 Gottschall, Rudolf von (got'shal). A Ger- 
 man novelist, poet, and critic ; born in Bres- 
 lau, Sept. 30, 1823. As a critic his subtlety 
 and acuteness of treatment give him a grow- 
 ing influence. Among his works in criticism 
 are : < Pictures of Travel in Italy * ; < Portraits and 
 Studies*; < Studies in the Direction of a New 
 German Literature * ; and < Literary Silhouettes.* 
 His critical studies are not permitted to inter- 
 rupt the production of brilliant plays, stories, 
 and poems. 
 
 Gough, John Ballantine. An eminent Amer- 
 ican temperance advocate ; bom in England, 
 1817; died 1885. He published an <Autobi- 
 ography * ; < Temperance Lectures * ; < Sunlight 
 and Shadow*; < Platform Echoes*; etc. 
 
 Goulburn, Edward Meyrick. An English 
 clergyman and religious writer; born in 1818. 
 He became head-master of Rugby in 1850, and 
 dean of Norwich, 1886-89. Besides many sin- 
 gle sermons and lectures, he has published 
 over forty works, among which are : < Intro- 
 duction to the Devotional Study of the Holy 
 Scripture* (1854); < Manual of Confirmation* 
 (1855); a collection of < Family Prayers* (1857); 
 < The Functions of Our Cathedrals* (1869); 
 <The Holy Catholic Church* (1873); (Fare- 
 well to Norwich Cathedral* (1891). 
 
 Gould, Benjamin Apthorp. A distinguished 
 American astronomer ; bom in Boston, Sept. 27, 
 1824 ; died at Cambridge, Nov. 26, 1896. He 
 graduated at Harvard in 1844 and afterwards 
 studied abroad. In 1849 he received an appoint- 
 ment to the United States Coast Survey, and de- 
 vised methods for determining the longitudes tele- 
 graphically. From 1870 to 1885 he was director 
 of the national observatory at Cordova, Argen- 
 tine Republic, where he completed three ex- 
 tensive catalogues of stars, and conducted 
 meteorological and climatological investiga- 
 tions. He was the founder and editor of the 
 Astronomical Journal (1849-61). His princi- 
 pal works are: <0n the Transatlantic Longi- 
 tude, as Determined by the Coast Survey* 
 (1869); < Uranometria Argentina* (1879), which 
 gives the brightness and the position of every 
 fixed star, to the seventh magnitude inclusive, 
 within 100 degrees of the South Pole. 
 
 Gould, Edward Sherman. An American 
 prose-writer; born in Connecticut, 1808; died 
 1885. He published : < The Sleep Rider * ; < The 
 Very Age,* a comedy ; < John Doe and Richard 
 Roe,* a tale of New York life ; etc. 
 
 Gould, Hannah Flagg. An American poet ; 
 born in Vermont, 1789; died 1865. Among the 
 collections of her verse are < Hymns and Poems
 
 228 
 
 GOULD — GRABOVSKI 
 
 for Children); < The Golden Vase>; <The 
 Youth's Coronal * ; etc. The best-known piece 
 by her is *The Snow-Flake and the Frost.> 
 
 Gould, John. An English ornithologist; bom 
 in 1804; died in 1881. In 1827 he was appointed 
 curator to the Zoological Society's Museum, and 
 in 1838 proceeded to study the Australian birds 
 in Tasmania, South Australia, and New South 
 Wales. The results of his researches are em- 
 bodied in his great work on the < Birds of 
 Australia'. (7 vols., 1840-48). His other import- 
 ant works are : < A Century of Birds from the 
 Himalayan Mountains ' ; < The Birds of Europe > 
 (1832-37); <The Mammals of Australia*; <The 
 Birds of Great Britain.' 
 
 Gould, Jolin W. An American stor>'-writer ; 
 born in Connecticut, 1814; died 1838. He wrote 
 
 < Forecastle Yarns > ; < Private Journal of Voyage 
 from New York to Rio Janeiro'; etc. 
 
 Gould, Robert Freeke. An English barris- 
 ter and writer on Freemasonry ; born at Ilfra- 
 combe, Devonshire, England, in 1836. From 
 i860 to 1862 he participated, under the rank of 
 lieutenant, in militarj' campaigns in southern 
 China, and in different expeditions against the 
 Tii Ping rebels. His works include: <The 
 Atholl Lodges' (1879); < The Four Old Lodges' 
 (1879); <The History of Freemasonry: Its An- 
 tiquities, Symbols, Constitutions, Customs, etc' 
 (6 vols., 1884-87). 
 
 Goulding, Francis Robert. An American 
 story-writer; born in Georgia, 1810; died 1881. 
 He was a Presbyterian clerg}Tnan. He wrote : 
 
 < Young Marooners on the Florida Coast ' ; 
 ' Marooner's Island ' ; and other tales for boys. 
 
 Govean, Felice (go'va"an). An Italian 
 dramatist and publicist; bom in Racconigi, 
 Piedmont, 1819. He began as a miscellaneous 
 prose-writer, and founded the democratic Gaz- 
 zetta del Popolo, which reached an immense 
 circulation. His true success, however, was in 
 the drama. His first plays, <The Waldenses' 
 and < Jesus Christ,' attracted wide notice ; and 
 the success of <The Siege of Turin' and <The 
 Siege of Alessandria' made his reputation in- 
 ternational. His plays are essentially popular 
 in theme and character. He has written a 
 variety of meritorious short stories. 
 
 Gower, John. An English poet ; bom in 
 Kent (?) in 1325 (?); died at Lcndon in August 
 or September 1408. At one time ranked high 
 among Britain's early singers, his note has been 
 decried by modem critics, and to-day he is 
 falling into neglect. Still his < Mirror of Med- 
 itation' (Speculum Meditantis), < Voice of One 
 Crying' (Vox Clamantis), and 'Lover's Con- 
 fession' (Confessio Amantis), contain speci- 
 mens of genuine poetry. He wrote excellent 
 sonnets in French. 
 
 Goalan, L6on (goz-l^n'). A French novel- 
 ist; bom in Marseilles, Sept. i, 1803; died at 
 Paris, Sept. 14, 1866. From clerk in a Paris 
 book-store he became a writer for Figaro, and 
 then produced novels ; sometimes socialistic, 
 but well conceived and executed, with a vein 
 
 of peculiar irony, but an over-elaboration that 
 spoils at times his best effects. * The Notary 
 of Chantilly,' <A Millionaire's Most Beautiful 
 Dream,' and < The Lambert Family,' deserve 
 special mention. 
 
 Gozzi, Carlo, Count (got'se). An Italian 
 comedy-writer ; bora in Venice, Dec. 13, 1720 ; 
 died there (?), April 4, 1806. Forced into the 
 army by poverty while a boy, he left it for 
 literature ; at first under French influence, but 
 later turning his native folk-lore into delight- 
 ful comedies, worked up with infinite clever- 
 ness. < The Love of the Three Oranges,' < Lady 
 Serpent,' and <The Triumph of Friendship,' 
 may be mentioned. 
 
 Gozzi, Gasparo, Count. An Italian poet 
 and essayist, brother of Carlo ; bom in Ven- 
 ice, Dec. 4, 1713; died at Padua, Dec. 25, 
 1786. He married at 26 Louise Bergalli, the 
 celebrated painter and poet, who was 36, the 
 alliance bringing him into literary and artistic 
 associations. He founded the Gazzetta Veneta, 
 which was a great popular success ; but his 
 
 < Osservatore Veneto,' on the model of the 
 Spectator, is of a higher order as literature. 
 His polemic writings on Dante's < Divine Com- 
 edy ' are classic authorities on the resources 
 of the Italian language. His Horatian poems 
 are graceful ; and his literary essays are as 
 good in thought as in style. 
 
 Grabbe, Christian Dietrich (grab'bfe). A 
 German dramatic poet ; bom in Detmold, Dec. 
 II, 1801 ; died there, Sept. 12, 1836. Developing 
 from an unhappy boy to a man of brilliant 
 powers and ripe scholarship, his incurable pas- 
 sion for drink spoiled his married life and his 
 fortunes, though Heine, Tieck, and others, per- 
 suaded him to spasmodic reform ; he was suc- 
 cessively lawyer, actor, and soldier. Yet he won 
 a place in German drama second only to Goethe 
 and Schiller. His plays are striking and origi- 
 nal in conception, and commanding in execu- 
 tion. The impression they leave is of an 
 uncontrolled, discordant, and unrestful genius. 
 
 < Hannibal,' < Don Juan,' and < Faust,' the frag- 
 ment entitled < Marius and Sulla,' and < The 
 Hermann Battle,' exemplify these conditions 
 in a marked degree. 
 
 Grabovskl, Michael (grab-ov'ske). A Polish 
 novelist, essayist, and critic ; bom in Volhynia 
 in 1805 ; died at Warsaw, Nov. 18, 1863. While 
 still a student at Warsaw, he won a literary 
 reputation in the war of the romantic upon the 
 then dominant classical school. 'Thoughts on 
 Polish Literature ' and < Melodies from the 
 Ukraine ' were his first noteworthy volumes ; 
 but the revolution of 1830 interrupted his lit- 
 erary career for nearly ten years, when he com- 
 pleted 'Criticism and Literature.' Two histor- 
 ical novels, one based on a tragic episode in 
 the Ukraine, and the other upon a peasant out- 
 break in the same region, entitled respectively 
 'The Koliszezysna and the Steppe Dwellers' 
 and ' The Storm in the Steppes,' are fine ex- 
 amples of Polish literature. An epoch-making 
 work is his 'Tht Old and the New Ukraine/
 
 GRAF — GRANT 
 
 229 
 
 Graf, Arturo (graf). An Italian poet, his- 
 torian of literature, and critic ; born in Athens, 
 o'l German parentage, in 1848. His youth was 
 spent in Roumania ; he studied law at Naples ; 
 became a tutor at the University of Rome in 
 1874, and in 1882 professor of literature at 
 Turin, a post he still holds. < Poems,' light in 
 spirit and substance, < Medusa,* a powerful but 
 somewhat heavy tragic outburst, and some oc- 
 casional effusions, speak well for his poetic 
 talent. In prose he is a master when dealing 
 with <The Origin of the Modern Drama,> < His- 
 torical Literature and its Methods,' and < The 
 Legend of the Terrestrial Paradise.' 
 
 Grafflgny, Franfoise d'Issembourg d'Hap- 
 poncourt, Madame de (graf-fin'ye). A 
 French epistolary writer; born in Nancy, Feb. 
 13. 1695 ; died at Paris, Dec. 12, 1758. Married 
 young, but separating from her husband, she 
 took refuge at Cirey with Madame du Cnate- 
 let and Voltaire. Her first appearance in lit- 
 erature was with the < Peruvian Letters,' a 
 palpable imitation of Montesquieu's ' Persian 
 Letters,' but successful. A volume of her let- 
 ters appeared posthumously under the title 
 <The Private Life of Voltaire and Madame 
 du Chatelet,' a gossipy and trifling but very 
 readable work. 
 
 Graham, Nellie. See Dunning. 
 
 Grand, Mme. Sarah. An English novelist; 
 bom (Frances Elizabeth Clarke) in Ireland. 
 She married a British naval officer almost im- 
 mediately upon leaving school, and has trav- 
 eled widely. < The Heavenly Twins' made her 
 famous. < Singularly Deluded' and <Ideala' 
 are among her other works of fiction. 
 
 Grand-Carteret, John (gran-kar-ter-a). A 
 French journalist and critic ; born in Paris, 
 about 1850. He is of Swiss origin, and first 
 distinguished himself in French journalism 
 through the accuracy and acuteness with which 
 he treated German themes. Of late years he 
 has made important studies of life and man- 
 ners in Europe. < Character and Caricature in 
 Germany, Austria, and Switzerland,' < France 
 Judged by a German,' < Woman and Germany,' 
 and <J. J. Rousseau, Judged by a Frenchman 
 of To-Day,' are among his many successes. 
 
 Grant, Alexander, Sir. An English edu- 
 cator and writer; born in New York city, 
 Sept. 13, 1826; died in Edinburgh, Scotland, 
 Nov. 30, 1884. After graduating at Oxford he 
 went in 1859 to Madras, where he became pro- 
 fessor of history and political economy. He 
 was subsequently appointed director of public 
 instruction at Bombay, his administration mark- 
 ing an epoch in the history of education in 
 India. From his return to Scotland in 1868 
 till his death he was principal of the University 
 of Edinburgh. Besides contributions to peri- 
 odicals and the < Encyclopaedia Britannica,' he 
 published a translation of the < Ethics of Aris- 
 totle' (1857-58), his best-known work; lives of 
 Xenophon and Aristotle in 'Ancient Classics 
 for English Readers' (1871-77); <The Story of 
 the University of Edinburgh' (1883). 
 
 Grant, Anne. A Scotch memoirist and de- 
 scriptive prose-writer; bom in Glasgow, Feb. 
 21, 1755; died in Edinburgh, Nov. 7, 1838. 
 She was in this country when a child, and 
 from her observations gathered at that time 
 wrote < Memoirs of an American Lady' (1808), 
 a highly attractive delineation of our colonial 
 life. She is also the author of 'Essays on the 
 Superstitions of the Highlands of Scotland' 
 ( 181 1 ), besides miscellaneous prose. 
 
 Grant, George Monroe. A Canadian clergy- 
 man, educator, and author; born at Stellarton, 
 Pictou County, Nova Scotia, Dec. 22, 1835. He 
 received his education in his native province, 
 and subsequently won academic distinction in 
 the University of Glasgow, Scotland. On his 
 return to Nova Scotia he spent some time as a 
 missionary in the Maritime Provinces ; became 
 pastor of St. Matthew's Church, Halifax ; and 
 in 1877 acceqjted the principalship of Queen's 
 University. Besides contributions to periodical 
 literature his works include : < Ocean to Ocean ' 
 (1872), an interesting diary of a tour across 
 the American continent; 'Picturesque Canada' 
 (1884), a valuable work on the scenery, in- 
 dustries, and social life of the Canadian Do- 
 minion. 
 
 Grant, James. A Scottish novelist and his- 
 torical writer ; born in Edinburgh, Aug. I, 1822 ; 
 died in London, May 5, 1887. He was a kins- 
 man of Sir Walter Scott. He entered the army 
 in 1839, but resigned in 1843, and devoted 
 himself to literary pursuits. 'The Romance of 
 War' (1845) became at once popular, as also 
 'The Adventures of an Aide-de-Camp ' (1848). 
 Among his other novels are : ' Walter Fenton, 
 or the Scottish Cavalier' (1850); 'Bothwell' 
 (1851); 'Jane Seton' (1853); 'The Phantom 
 Regiment ' ( 1856) ; ' The Secret Dispatch ' ( 1869) ; 
 'Under the Red Dragon' (1872); ' Playing with 
 Fire' (1887), a story of the war in the Sou- 
 dan. He also wrote : ' Memoirs of Kirkaldy 
 of Grange' (1849); 'Memorials of the Castle of 
 Edinburgh' (1850); 'Old and New Edinburgh' 
 (1881); 'Scottish Soldiers of Fortune' (1889); 
 and others. 
 
 Grant, James Augustus. An English mili- 
 tary officer, explorer, and author ; born at Nairn, 
 Scotland, April li, 1827; died Feb. 11, 1892. 
 He served in the Indian Mutiny at Multan and 
 Gujerat; and was wounded at I>ucknow, when 
 as lieutenant-colonel he commanded the rear 
 guard. In 1860-63 he undertook with Capt. 
 Speke an expedition to find the sources of the 
 Nile, which resulted in the discovery of Lake 
 Victoria Nyanza. In 1868 he received " The 
 Star of India" for services rendered in the 
 Abyssinian campaign. He published : 'A Walk 
 Across Africa' (1863); 'Botany of the Speke 
 and Grant Expedition' (1872); 'Khartoum as 
 I Saw It in 1863' (1885). 
 
 Grant, Robert. An American lawyer and 
 author; born in Boston, Mass., Jan. 24, 1852. 
 He graduated from Harvard in 1873 and the 
 Harvard Law School in 1879. Since 1893 he 
 has been a judge of probate and insolvency
 
 23© 
 
 GRANT -GRAY 
 
 for Suffolk County, Mass. Among his most 
 popular works are : < The Little Tin Gods on 
 Wheels> (1879); < Confessions of a Frivolous 
 Girl> (1880); <An Average Man> (i88;5); < Face 
 to Face> (1886); < The Reflections of a Married 
 Man> (1892); 'The Art of Living.> He also 
 wrote the well-known boy's stories, <Jack Hall' 
 (1887) ; <Jack in the Bush> ; < The Law-Break- 
 ers' (1906). 
 
 Grant, Robert Edmond. A Scotch natural 
 ist; bom in Edinburgh, Scotland, 1793; died 
 in 1874. He was educated in his native city 
 and on the Continent. Upon his return to 
 Edinburgh in 1819 he became a Fellow of the 
 Royal College of Physicians, and began the 
 practice of medicine. In 1827 he was elected 
 professor of zoology and comparative anatomy 
 in University College, London, a position which 
 he occupied for the rest of his life. His chief 
 work is < Outlines of Comparative Anatomy,' 
 for many years a favorite .text-book, not only 
 in Great Britain, but on the Continent and in 
 America. 
 
 Grant, Ulysses Simpson. The greatest of 
 American generals, and eighteenth President 
 of the United States ; bom at Point Pleasant, 
 O., April 27, 1822 ; died at Mt. McGregor, near 
 Saratoga Springs, N. Y., July 23, 1885. His 
 < Personal Memoirs > seem destined to give 
 him enduring literary fame. 
 
 Gras, Felix. A Proven9al poet and novelist -, 
 bom at Malemort (Vaucluse), France, May 3, 
 1844 ; died at Avignon, March 4, 190I. He was 
 a lawyer and * juge de paix» in the department 
 of Vaucluse, and one of the leading Provencal 
 writers, ranking next to Mistral. His most fa- 
 mous work is <The Reds of the Midi,> a story of 
 the French Revolution, translated into English 
 by Mrs. T. A. Janvier; next in importance, < Li 
 Carbounie) (1876), and < Toloza) (1882), epic 
 poems ; <Lou Roumancero Prouven<;au> (1887), 
 shorter poems ; <Li Papalino> (1891), Avignon 
 stories. He was also editor of the «Armana Prou- 
 vencjau,* a literary annual, and from 1891 was 
 the «Capoulie,» or official head, of the «F61i- 
 brige,» the society of Provencal men of letters. 
 Grassi, Angela (gras'se). A Spanish poet, 
 novelist, and playwright; born in Crema, Italy, 
 April 2, 1826. Her childhood was passed at 
 Barcelona, where at 15 she wrote the success- 
 ful drama < Crime and Expiation.' < Riches of 
 the SouP and <The Drop of Water > won a 
 prize from the Spanish Academy. <The Son- 
 in-Law,> < The First Year of Marriage,' and 
 <The Snowball' are her best-known novels. 
 
 Grattan, Henry. An Irish orator and states- 
 man; bom in Dublin, June (?) or July (?) 3, 
 1746; died in London, June 4, 1820. His works, 
 with the exception of the political pamphlets, 
 the < Correspondence,' and < Letter on the Irish 
 Union,' consist wholly of his speeches as the 
 champion of Catholic emancipation and the 
 inviolability of the Irish Parliament. His lan- 
 guage is vivid, warm, and " contagious." 
 
 Grattan, Thomas Colley. An Irish novel- 
 ist and sketch-writer; bom in Dublin, 1792; 
 
 died in London, July 4, 1864. He abandoned 
 law for the army, and from a wandering life 
 obtained materials for his < Highways and By- 
 ways' (1823), a collection of tales and studies 
 that proved highly popular. < The Heiress of 
 Bruges' (1828) is a historical novel. Some less 
 important fictions, plays, and translations of 
 French poetry complete the sum of his literary 
 product. 
 
 Graviere, Jean Pierre Edmond Jurien de la 
 (grav-yar'). A French admiral and author ; bom 
 in Brest, France, Nov. 19, 1812; died m Paris, 
 March 5, 1892. He served with distinction in 
 Chinese waters (1841), the Black Sea, and the 
 Mediterranean ; and as commander of the expe- 
 dition against Mexico arranged the treaty of 
 Soledad (1861). He was chosen a member oi 
 the French Academy in 1868. His numer- 
 ous works include: < Sardinia in 1841 ' (1841); 
 'Souvenir of an Admiral' (i860); *The An- 
 cient Navy ' ; < The Modern Navy ' ; < Mari- 
 time Wars of the Revolution and Empire'; 
 < The Navy of the Ancients and the Cam- 
 paigns of Alexander' (10 vols.), a great work 
 which places the author in the front rank of 
 military historians. 
 
 Gray, Asa. An eminent American botanist; 
 born at Paris, N. Y., Nov. 18, 1810; died at 
 Cambridge, Mass., January 1888. He was pro- 
 fessor of botany at Harvard from 1842 to 
 1873, when he resigned to take charge of the 
 herbarium of Harvard. In 1874 he was chosen 
 a regent of the Smithsonian Institution. He 
 was recognized throughout the world as one 
 of the leading botanists of the age. Besides 
 contributions to scientific journals, his numer- 
 ous works include : < Elements of Botany > 
 (1836); < Manual of the Botany of the North- 
 ern United States' (1848); < Botany of the 
 United States Pacific Exploring Expedition' 
 (1854); < School and Field Book of Botany' 
 (1869); < Natural Science and Religion' (1880). 
 
 Gray, David. An American journalist and 
 poet; born in Edinburgh, Scotland, Nov. 9, 
 1836; died in Binghamton, N. Y., March 18, 
 1888. He was on the editorial staff of the 
 Buffalo Courier from 1856 to 1882. A volume 
 of his letters, poems, and selected prose writ- 
 ings was published posthumously in 1888. 
 
 Gray, David. A Scotch poet ; born in Merk- 
 land, Dumbartonshire, Jan. 29, 1838 ; died there, 
 Dec. 3, 1861. He was the son of a factory 
 operative, and his education was obtained 
 through many difficulties. <The Luggie,' a 
 poem of the didactic and descriptive order, 
 published posthumously, displays an exquisite 
 though ill-regulated genius. 
 
 Gray, Thomas. A great English poet ; bora 
 at Cornhill, London, Dec. 26, 17 16; died at 
 Cambridge, July 24, 1771. He is known in every 
 household for the *■ Elegy in a Country Church- 
 Yard,' published 1751, though begun seven years 
 before. The <Ode on a Distant Prospect of 
 Eton College' (1747); <Ode to Adversity'; 
 < Progress of Poetry'; and <The Bard' (1757), 
 are also famous,
 
 GRAZl AM I — GREENE 
 
 231 
 
 Grazlanl, Girolamo (grats"e-an'e). An Ital- 
 ian poet; born in Pergola in 1604; died there, 
 Sept. 10, 1675. He received his education at 
 Bologna and Padua, and became prominent in 
 the service of various Italian princes, until the 
 Duke of Modena, Francis I., created him Count 
 of Sarzano (or Saryana), vi'hen he retired, to 
 devote himself to literature. < Cleopatra,* a 
 heroic poem on the model of Tasso, and 'The 
 Conquest of Granada,* are his happiest efforts 
 in metre. A tragedy, < Cromwell,* was extraor- 
 dinarily popular for a time. 
 
 Grazzlni, Antonio Francesco (grat-se'ne). 
 An Italian humorist and poet ; bom in Flor- 
 ence, March 22, 1503; died there, Feb. 18, 1584. 
 Of much native humor, he graduated from 
 apothecary to writer of literary burlesques. He 
 was one of the founders of the celebrated 
 Florentine Academy ; was expelled in conse- 
 quence of a disputed question of grammar, and 
 established the renowned Accad&mia della 
 Crusca, whose mission was the purification of 
 the Italian tongue. His literary reputation rests 
 on his < Suppers,* written on the model of Boc- 
 caccio, and vastly popular at one time. In 
 style they are pure and refined, and they con- 
 tributed much to the literary development of 
 the language. Seven highly amusing comedies, 
 of a not high literary flavor, and a burlesque 
 poem, <The War of Monsters,* complete the 
 list of his remembered achievements. 
 
 Greeley, Horace. A famous American edi- 
 tor and controversial writer; born in Amherst, 
 N. H., Feb. 3, 1811; died in New York, Nov. 
 29, 1872. In the countless articles, papers, and 
 pamphlets that issued from his pen, as well as 
 in <The American Conflict* and < Recollections 
 of a Busy Life,* he is revealed as the consist- 
 ent and able opponent of social wrongs and 
 ills of every description ; and as a writer he is 
 gifted with a nervous, living style that power- 
 fully supports the arguments he advances. In 
 ' Glances at Europe * and like works he is 
 happy in description. 
 
 Greely, Adolphus Washington. An Amer- 
 ican soldier, Arctic explorer, and author; bom 
 at Newburyport, Mass., March 27, 1844. Be- 
 longing to the regular army, in 1881 he com- 
 manded an Arctic expedition to establish cir- 
 cumpolar stations for scientific purposes, in 
 accordance with a plan made by the Inter- 
 national Congress at Hamburg in 1879. He 
 reached the highest point north attained up to 
 that time, but endured great suffering and loss 
 of men from cold and starvation. Among his 
 ■works are : < Three Years of Arctic Service * 
 (1886) ; < American Weather > (1888); < Hand-book 
 of Arctic Discoveries* ; 'American Explorers.* 
 
 Green, Anna Katharine — Mrs. Rohlfs. An 
 
 American author ; born in Brooklyn, N. Y., Nov. 
 II, 1846. She graduated at Ripley (female) Col- 
 lege, Poultney, Vt., 1867. Her novels are detect- 
 ive stories, and enjoy great popularity. 'The 
 Leavenworth Case* (1878) is one of her best. 
 Included in her publications are : ' Risifi's 
 Daughter* (1866), a dramatic poem; 'The 
 
 Sword of Damocles*; 'A Strange Disappear- 
 ance * ; < Hand and Ring* ; ' The Mill Mystery * ; 
 'Behind Closed Doors*; 'X, Y, Z*; 'That 
 Affair Next Door > ; ' The Mayor's Wife.* 
 
 Green, John Richard. An English clergy- 
 man and historian; born in Oxford, 1837; died 
 at Mentone, France, March 7, 1883. He ruined 
 his health and died early through fiery zeal in 
 work among the London poor; much of his 
 vast research and his writing were done in bed. 
 The 'Short History of the English People* 
 is perhaps the highest combination in his- 
 torical writing of sound scholarship, immense 
 and perfectly assimilated reading, and a liter- 
 arj' style of great charm, lucidity, and swiftness. 
 ' The Making of England * and ' The Conquest 
 of England * are studies of special periods. 
 
 Green, Joseph. An American poet,— famed 
 for his loyalty to England ; born in Boston, 
 Mass., in 1706; died in London, England, Dec. 
 II, 1780; graduated at Harvard 1726. He was 
 a ready wit and satirist. His works include : 
 'The Wonderful Lament of Old Mr. Tenor* 
 (1744); 'Poems and Satires* (1780). 
 
 Green, Matthew. A British poet; bom in 
 1696; died in Nag's Head Court, in 1737. 'The 
 Spleen,* most noted of his poems for originality 
 and wit, was published (1737) after his death, 
 by his friend Richard Glover. It is one of the 
 best of its class, and was a favorite with Gray. 
 The familiar quotation " Fling but a stone, the 
 giant dies,** is from this poem. 
 
 Green, Thomas Hill. An English philoso- 
 pher and humanist ; born in Birkin, Yorkshire, 
 April 7, 1836; died at Oxford, March 26, 1882. 
 His profound learning and attractive personal 
 qualities made him a strong influence in British 
 thought, and the chief exponent of the Neo- 
 Hegelian movement. His works include: 'In- 
 troduction to Hume*; 'Treatise on Human 
 Nature * ; < Collected Writings * ; and ' Proleojom- 
 ena to Ethics.* 
 
 Greene, Aella. An American journalist and 
 poet; born in Chester, Mass., in 1S38. He was 
 connected with the press. His works include : 
 'Rhvmes of Yankee-Land*; 'Into the .Sunshine* 
 (1881); 'Stanza and Sequel* (1884); 'Gathered 
 from Life.' Died Jan. 8, 1903. 
 
 Greene, Albert Gorton. An American law- 
 yer and poet; born in Providence, R. I., Feb. 
 10, 1802; died in Cleveland, O., Jan. 4, 1868. 
 He wrote the famous poem " Old Grimes.'* 
 
 Greene, Asa. An American author; born in 
 Ashburnham, Mass., 1788; died in New York 
 city, 1837. He graduated at Williams Col- 
 lege, and in 1827 received a degree from the 
 Berkshire Medical School. He was a book- 
 seller of the old-fashioned kind, and noted as 
 a humorist. He served for some time as edi- 
 tor of the New York Evening Transcript. His 
 publications include : ' Adventures of Dr. Dodi- 
 mus Duckworth, A. N. Q.; to which is added, 
 the History of a Steam Doctor* (1833); and 
 'Debtor's Prison* (1837K
 
 23» 
 
 ©REENE--GREIP 
 
 Oreene, FranclB Vinton. An American sol- 
 dier and author; bom in Providence, R. I., 
 June 27, 1850. He graduated from West Point 
 in 1870, and served until 1886, when he resigned 
 with the rank of captain. He was assistant 
 astronomer on the Northwest Boundary Sur- 
 vey from 1872 to 1876, and was attached to 
 the headquarters of the Russian army during 
 the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78. His chief 
 works are : * The Russian Army and its Cam- 
 paigns in Turkey > (1879); <Army Life in Rus- 
 sia > (1880); <The Mississippi > (1882); <Life of 
 Nathaniel Greene > (1893). 
 
 Oreene, Qeorge Washington. An Ameri- 
 can historian, grandson of Gen. Nathanael 
 Greene ; bom in East Greenwich, R. I , April 
 8, 1811; died tliere, Feb. 2, 1883. Among his 
 works are : * History and Geography of the 
 Middle Ages> (1851); < Historical View of the 
 American Revolution* (1865); <Life of Nathan- 
 iel Greene > (1867-71). 
 
 Oreene, Homer. An American story-writer ; 
 born at Ariel, Pa., in 1853, and resides at Hones- 
 dale, Pa. He is the author of <The Blind 
 Brother, a Story of the Pennsylvania Coal 
 Mines > (1887); <Burnham Breaker > (1887); 
 < Riverpark Rebellion > ; < Pickett's Gap > (1902). 
 
 Oreene, Louisa Lelias, Hon. An English 
 writer of juveniles; born (third Lord Plunket's 
 daughter) in 1833. Her works, widely popular, 
 include: <A Winter and Summer at Burton 
 HilP (1861); < Cushions and Comers > (1864); 
 •The Schoolboy Baronet > (1870); < Gilbert's 
 Shadow > (1875); < Jubilee Hall> (1881). She 
 wrote with her cousin W. H. Wills the drama- 
 tist : < Drawing-Room Dramas * ; ' Prince Crce- 
 sus in Search of a Wife* (1873), ^ translation. 
 
 Oreene, Robert. An English dramatist ; born 
 in Norwich about 1560 ; died in London, Sept. 
 3, 1592. His works rank him as the most ori- 
 ginal and perhaps the ablest British dramatist 
 before Shakespeare : especially the < History of 
 Orlando Furioso*; 'Comical History of Al- 
 phonsus, King of Aragon > ; < Honorable History 
 of Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay > ; and < The 
 Scottish Historic of James IV.> His pamphlets 
 and tracts, which he wrote with great rapidity 
 and ability, are noteworthy ; < Never Too Late > 
 and < Greene's Groat's Worth of Wit Bought 
 with a Million of Repentance' being most 
 widely known. 
 
 Oreene, Mrs. Sarah Pratt (McLean). An 
 American novelist; bom at Simsbury, Conn., in 
 1856. She was educated at South Hadley Semi- 
 nary, and for several years taught school in 
 Plymouth, Mass. Her best-known novel is 
 <Cape Cod Folks* (1881). Among her other works 
 are: 'Towhead, the Story of a Girl > (1884); 
 • Lastchance Junction*; < Power Lot > (iqo6). 
 
 Oreenough, Sarah Dana (Loring). An 
 American author ; born in Boston, Feb. 19, 1827 ; 
 died in Franzensbad, Austria, Aug. 9, 1885. 
 Among her works are : < Treason at Home,* a 
 novel (3 Tols., 1865); 'Arabesques* (1871); <In 
 Extremis, a Story of a Broken Law* (1872); 
 and <Mary Magdalene,* a poem (1880). 
 
 Oreenwood, Orace. See Lippincott. 
 
 Oreey, Edward (gre). An English- American 
 story-writer; born in Sandwich, Kent, England, 
 Dec. I, 1835; died in New York, Oct. i, 1888. 
 After spending several years in Japan, he came 
 to the United States in 1868, became a citizen, 
 and engaged in commercial pursuits in New 
 York. Among his plays are <Vendome* and 
 < Uncle Abner.* His historical works include 
 < Young Americans in Japan* (Boston, 1881), 
 and < The Wonderful City of Tokio.* He wrote 
 a pleasing collection of Japanese short stories, 
 <The Golden Lotus,* etc. (1883); <The Captive 
 of Love,* founded on a Japanese romance; 
 translated <The Loyal Renins*; etc. 
 
 Oreg, William Rathbone. A religious and 
 economic essayist ; born in Manchester, Eng- 
 land, in 1809; died in 1881. In 1856 he be- 
 came a commissioner of customs, and in 1864 
 was appointed comptroller of the Stationery 
 Office. His views of life were profoundly 
 serious and even melancholy, and his works 
 exerted a great influence from their earnest- 
 ness and sincerity. The most important are : 
 'Sketches in Greece and Turkey* (1833); 'The 
 German Schism and the Irish Priests* (1845); 
 'The Creed of Christendom* (1851), his chief 
 work ; < Essays in Political and Social Science * 
 (1853); 'Enigmas of Life* (1872); 'Literary 
 and Social Judgments* (1877). 
 
 Oregoroviua, Ferdinand (greg-o-ro've-os). 
 A German historian and poet; bom in Nei- 
 denburg, East Prussia, Jan. 19, 1821 ; died at 
 Munich, May I, 1891. He studied severely at 
 Konigsberg and at home, and wrote essays of 
 deep scholarship ; ' Socialistic Elements in 
 Goethe's Wilhelm Meister*; a tragedy, 'The 
 Death of Tiberius,* of the ripest historical learn- 
 ing ; ' Corsica * ; and other most authoritative 
 books of travel and description, based on close 
 personal study. He wrote also ' Euphorion,* 
 an epic, and other poems of high repute. But 
 his historical works, of unsurpassed learning 
 and vivid realization of the spirit of their times, 
 are the most commanding monument of his 
 genius. 'The City of Rome in the Middle 
 Ages,* ' Lucretia Borgia,* ' Urban VIII.,* < The 
 Monuments of the Popes,* and 'Athenais,* need 
 but be named. 
 
 Oregory, Robert. An English clergj-mar. 
 and writer ; born in 1819. He received his edu- 
 cation at Oxford ; was curate of St. Mary-the- 
 Less, Lambeth (1853-73); became canon of St. 
 Paul's in 1868, and dean in 1890 in succession 
 to Dean Church. Aside from his clerical duties, 
 he has devoted much attention to charitable 
 and educational work. Among his publications 
 are : ' A Plea in Behalf of Small Parishes * 
 (1849); ' Lectures at St. Paul's* (1871-82); 'Posi- 
 tion of the Celebrant Aspect in Convocation * 
 (1875)- 
 
 Greif, Martin (grif). [An adopted name.] 
 A German poet and dramatist, son of Max 
 Frey the publicist; born in Speyer, June 18, 
 1839. Designed for public life, he preferred 
 the literary career. ' Hans Sachs,' a successfu'
 
 GREIFENSON — GRIEPENKERL 
 
 233 
 
 drama, was followed by a volume of poems, 
 the tragedies <Corfiz Ulfeldt, the Count Chan- 
 cellor of Denmark,* < Marino Faliero,> the light 
 comedy < Walter's Return to his Country,* and 
 numerous other works of high literary qualities 
 and scholarship. Strikingly successful plays 
 also are < Francesca da Rimini,* and < Agnes 
 Bemauer, the Angel of Augsburg.* He is also 
 a noted lyric poet. 
 
 Orelfenson. See Grimmelsbausen. 
 
 Orein, J. T. An Anglo-Dutch attorney, jour- 
 nalist, playwright, and dramatic critic ; bom in 
 Amsterdam, Oct. 11, 1862. He was educated 
 in Holland, Germany, and Belgium, and from 
 1879 to 1885 was engaged in the East India 
 trade and banking. He is at present an attor- 
 ney in London, besides being dramatic critic 
 of Life and the Westminster Review, London 
 editor of three papers in Holland, and corre- 
 spondent of several French and German jour- 
 nals. In 1891 he founded the Independent 
 Theatre Society. Besides <A Man's Love,* 
 produced in 1889 with C. W. Jarvis as co- 
 author, and other plays, his works include 
 (in Dutch): 'Dramatic Essays* (1884); < Sil- 
 houettes* (short novels), published in 1885; 
 < London: Wealth and Poverty* (1890); <'Twixt 
 Light and Dark,* short stories. 
 
 Grtoler, idouard (gran-ya'). A French poet; 
 bom in Baumes-les-Dames, Doubs, in 181 9; died 
 in Paris, Dec. 5. iQOi. He abandoned diplom- 
 acy for poetry. 'Little Poems ' was his maiden 
 collection ; <The Death of the Wandering Jew* 
 attained repute for delicacy and suggestiveness, 
 and 'Dramatic Poems* for intense power. His 
 lines on 'The Death of President Lincoln' wer« 
 crowned by the Academy. 
 
 Grenville-Murray, Eustace Clare. An 
 
 English descriptive and topical writer and di- 
 plomatist ; born 1824 ; died Dec. 20, 1881. He 
 experimented unsuccessfully in fiction, and then 
 won reputation with ' French Pictures in Eng- 
 lish Chalks,* a series of humorous sketches; 
 'History of the French Press* (1874); 'Round 
 about France* (1878); and 'Side Lights on 
 English Society* (3d ed. 1889). 'The Member 
 for Paris* (1871) had some vogue. 
 
 Gresset, Jean Baptists Louis de (gres-sa). 
 A French poet, dramatist, and satirist ; bom 
 in Amiens, Aug. 29, 1709; died there, June 16, 
 1777. Early a Jesuit and teacher, he gained 
 some repute from a pleasing ode < On the 
 Love of One's Native Land ' ; and rose to 
 fame by 'Vert- Vert,* a highly original and de- 
 liciously humorous verse narrative of a parrot 
 brought up in a nunnery but falling into evil 
 society. His tendency to burlesque and irrev- 
 erence in his poetry caused his expulsion from 
 the order on the appearance of ' The Impro- 
 vised Carnival* and 'The Living Reading- 
 Desk.* He cared nothing for this, and shortly 
 after rose to the pinnacle of popularity through 
 ' The Naughty Man.* He entered the Academy 
 in 1748, and wrote much popular prose and 
 poetry ; but later in life became alarmed con- 
 cerning his soul, and abjured all his writings. 
 
 GrivlUe, Henry (gra-vel'), pseudonym of Ma- 
 dame Alice Durand. A French novelist; 
 born (Fleury) in Paris, Oct. 12, 1842. She was 
 educated in Russia, and began her literary career 
 with contributions to St. Petersburg journals. 
 Upon her marriage to Prof, femile Durand, she 
 returned to France and continued her literary 
 activity,makinguseof her Russian experiences in 
 a seriesof novels which became very popular, nota- 
 bly 'Dosia* and 'The Expiation of Saveli.* Her 
 genius is essentially realistic, with an occasional 
 tendency towards the romantic. 'Cleopatra,* 
 'A Russian Violin,* 'A Crime,* and 'An Ancient 
 Household,* are types of this class of novel. 
 Died in Paris, May 20, 1902. 
 
 Greyson, ^mile (gra-zoii'). A Belgian poet, 
 novelist, and essayist; born Aug. 17, 1823, in 
 Bmssels, where he is a high educational offi- 
 cial. His early reputation was through poems, 
 stories, and essays in Belgian papers ; his later 
 fame is European. 'Fiamma Colonna* and 
 'Tales of a Flemish Subject* are his best fic- 
 tions. His translations and literary papers in 
 the Belgian Review, etc., make him a repre- 
 sentative man of letters at home. 
 
 Gribojedov, Alexander Sergeievich (gre-bo- 
 ya'dov). A Russian dramatic poet and states- 
 man; born in Moscow, Jan. l"!, 1793; killed 
 at Teheran, Persia, Feb. 11, 1829. A distin- 
 guished soldier and diplomat, he was assassin- 
 ated while minister to Persia, during an anti- 
 Russian tumult in Teheran. As a writer his 
 reputation rests mainly upon ' Knowledge 
 Brings Suffering,* a drama in verse, delineat- 
 ing Russian society with bitter fidelity. ' A 
 Georgian Night* and a rendering of the Pre- 
 lude to < Faust * are also creditable productions. 
 
 Grieben, Hermann (gre'ben). A German 
 poet and journalist ; born in Koslin, Feb. 8, 
 1822; died at Cologne, Sept. 24, 1890. He 
 studied at Breslau and rose to prominence in 
 journalism, editing the Ostsee Zeitung, the 
 Kblnische Zeitung, and other equally important 
 sheets. He wrote ' Too Late,* a tragedy, under 
 the pseudon>Tn of " Roderick,** and a valuable 
 volume on Dante ; besides poems in three col- 
 lected editions, including ' Voices of the Time.* 
 
 Griepenkerl, Wolfgang Robert (grep'ben- 
 karl). A German poet, dramatist, and essayist; 
 born in Hofwyl, Bem, Switzerland, May 4, 
 1810; died at Brunswick, Oct. 16, 1868. He be- 
 came a tutor and professor of literature soon 
 after the completion of his university course. 
 His < Pictures from Classic Greece,* a collection 
 of poems, attracted attention, and an epic on 
 'The Sistine Madonna* made him celebrated. 
 He wrote several excellent works on music. 
 'Artistic Genius in German Literature during 
 the Last Century* was for years an authority 
 upon the subject. As a playwright, ' Maximil- 
 ian Robespierre* and 'The Girondins* entitle 
 him to no minor place, and his < Ideal and 
 World > and ' In the Upper Sphere * have been 
 staged many times. He wrote a volume of 
 stories that possess merit.
 
 234 
 
 GRIESINGER — GRIMMELSH AUSEN 
 
 Griesinger, Karl Theodor (gre'zinc-er). A 
 German novelist and sketch-writer; born Dec. 
 II, 1809, in Kirnbach, in the Black Forest; 
 died at Stuttgart, March 2, 1884. He studied 
 theology at Tubingen and became a clergy- 
 man, then drifted into authorship. His first hit 
 was made with * Silhouettes from Suabia > ; and 
 he founded the Suabian Humorist, only to 
 meet ruin by the upheavals of 1848. After an- 
 other attempt to establish a popular paper, and 
 an ensuing term of imprisonment, he visited the 
 United States. < Living Pictures from Amer- 
 ica'; < Emigrant Stories >; < The Old Brewery, 
 or New York Mysteries of Crime > ; and < Vatican 
 Mysteries,* were written upon his return home. 
 
 Griffln, Gerald. An Irish novelist, dramatist, 
 and poet; born at Limerick, Dec. 12, 180.V, 
 died at Cork, June 12, 1840. In 1823 he went 
 to London and embarked upon a literary 
 career. His first success in fiction was < Hol- 
 land Tide; or Munster Popular Tales > (1827), 
 a series of short stories. < Tales of the Mun- 
 ster Festivals' (1827) also became speedily 
 popular, and <The Collegians' (1829), a second 
 series of the former, still further increased his 
 reputation ; on it Dion Boucicault founded his 
 well-known play < The Colleen Bawn.' Among 
 his other works are : < Tales Illustrative of the 
 Five Senses' (1830); <The Invasion' (1832), a 
 historical novel; < Tales of my Neighborhood' 
 (1835); <Gisippus, or the Forgotten Friend,' a 
 tragedy ; and many spirited lyrics. 
 
 Griffin, Gilderoy Wells. An American law- 
 yer and author; born in Louisville, Ky., in 
 1840. He was educated at Louisville Univer- 
 sity, and admitted to the bar in 1861. He was 
 consul to Copenhagen in 1871 ; to the Samoan 
 Islands in 1876; to Auckland, New Zealand, 
 in 1879; and to Sydney, Australia, in 1884. 
 He wrote: 'Studies in Literature' (1870); <My 
 Danish Days' (1875); <New Zealand- Her 
 Commerce and Resources' (1884); etc. 
 
 Grlffls, William Elliot. An American author ; 
 born in Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 17, 1843. His 
 published works are, in part : < New Japan Se- 
 ries' Reading Books (5 vols., Yokohama: 1872); 
 « The Mikado's Empire' (1876); 'Japanese Fairy 
 World ' ( 1880) ; < Asiatic History ' ; < The Japan- 
 ese Nation, in Evolution.' 
 
 Grigordvicli, Dimitrij Vasilievicli (j^reg- 
 5r'6-vich). A Russian novelist and prose-writer; 
 born in Simbirsk, March 31, 1822. He be- 
 Ejan life as a civil engineer. His first stories, 
 I The Village ' and < Anton the Unfortunate,' 
 achieved wide popularity. < A Failure in Life,' 
 ' The Fishers,' and < The Emigrants,' are real- 
 istic stories of village life which rank him 
 among the first of Russian novelists. Died 1900. 
 
 Grlllparzer, Franz (gril'parts-er). An Aus- 
 trian poet and dramatist of high rank ; born 
 in Vienna, Jan. I3, 1791 ; died there, Jan. 21, 1872. 
 
 < Blanche of Castile,' a tragedy, written at 17, 
 and < Spartacus,' a tragedy, showed genius ; but 
 
 < The Ancestress ' first called popular attention 
 to him. < Sappho,' a tragedy based upon classi- 
 cal tradition, made him eminent in scholarship 
 
 also. < The Golden Fleece,' < The Argonauts,' 
 and < Medea ' constitute a trilogy. < The Career 
 and End of King Ottokar,' <A True Servant 
 of his Master,' and < Woe to Him who Lies' 
 call for mention ; but his poem < Waves of 
 Ocean: Thrills of Love' is the supreme mani- 
 festation of his art. < in thy Camp is Austria ' ' 
 a poem of the times, created a sensation. Later 
 works of note are < The Jewess of Toledo,' 
 'Fraternal Strife in the House of Hapsburg,' 
 and < Libussa,' plays published posthumously; 
 and a story, <The Poor Minstrel.' 
 
 Grimm, Hermann Friedrich ( grim). A German 
 essayist, critic, and biographer, son of Wilhelm; 
 bom in Cassel, Jan. 6, 1828; died at Berlin, June 
 18, 1901. He studied law, but never practiced 
 it. His most famous work is his <Life of Michael 
 Angelo.' Among others, <Ten Essays Selected 
 as an Introduction to the Study of Modern Art,' 
 'Fifteen Essays' (new series), and <Life of 
 Raphael,) are entitled to mention. 
 
 Grimm, Jacob. A German philologist, 
 archteologist, and folk-lorist; bom in Hanau, 
 Jan. 4, 1785 ; died at Berlin, Sept. 20, 1863. He 
 studied at Cassel and Marburg; and at 20 be- 
 came Savigny's assistant at Paris. His abili- 
 ties becoming renowned, he was sent as secre- 
 tary to the Hessian ambassador at the Vienna 
 Congress, and then to Paris to reclaim the 
 plundered treasures of German libraries. He 
 continued in similar employments with in- 
 creasing reputation till his liberalism in 1848 
 forced him out of public life. Thenceforward 
 till his death he busied himself with antiquarian 
 and philological researches. <The Poetry of 
 the Meistersingers,' a < German Grammar,^ 
 < German Mythology,' 'Antiquities of German 
 Jurisprudence,' < History of the German Lan- 
 guage,' and many similar works, cover the en- 
 tire field of their subjects, and are among the 
 chief creators of modern philology and its 
 methods. His popular fame rests upon his 
 collaboration with his brother W'ilhelm in the 
 'Fables for Children' ('Grimm's Fairy Tales'), 
 universally known. 
 
 Grimm, Wilhelm. A German philologist 
 and folk-lorist, brother of Jacob ; born in Ha- 
 nau, Feb. 24, 1786; died at Berlin, Dec. 16, 
 1859. In their early work the brothers were 
 practically one : but to Wilhelm's taste, less 
 severely scientific than his brother's, belongs 
 the chief credit for the undertaking and exe- 
 cution of the Fables and other popular works ; 
 and he made a special study of mediaeval Ger- 
 man poetry, publishing ' Old Danish Hero 
 Songs,' ' The Song of Roland,' ' German Hero 
 Songs,' and ' Mediaeval German Topics.' 
 
 Grimmelsbausen, Hans Jakob Christoffel 
 
 von (grim'mels-hou-zen). ["Samuel Greifenson 
 v. Hirschfeld."] A German romance-writer; 
 born in Gelnhausen about 1625 ; died at Ren- 
 chen, Baden, Aug. 16, 1676. In youth he was a 
 military adventurer. According to some ac- 
 counts he served the Bishop of Strasburg for 
 a time, and became a Catholic. He became 
 celebrated as the author of 'The Adventures
 
 ORIMOD DE LA REYNIERE — GROSZMANN 
 
 235 
 
 of Simplicius Simplicissimus,* the life story of 
 a vagabond adventurer of the Thirty Years' 
 War, who settles into a peaceful old age in 
 the Black Forest. His other romances — <The 
 World Inside Out,> < Joseph in Egypt,> and 
 'Pluto's Council Chamber,* among them — are 
 unimportant. 
 
 Grimod de la Reynidre (gre-mo' d6 la ran- 
 yar'). A French wit and authority on gastron- 
 omy; born in Paris, Nov. 20, 1758; died at 
 Villiers-sur-Orge, Dec. 25, 1837. He was de- 
 signed for the law, but chose letters and the 
 pleasures of the table. The biting venom of 
 his wit, added to a grotesque hideousness of 
 aspect, made him renowned. His celebrity was 
 heightened by the eccentricities of his costly 
 and delicious banquets. < Reflections on Pleas- 
 ure,> <The Philosophical Lorgnette,* and <The 
 Almanac of Gourmands,* are in the number of 
 his literary extravagances. 
 
 Grimthorpe, Edmund Beckett Denison, 
 Lord. An English barrister and author; born 
 at Carlton Hall, Nottinghamshire, England, 
 May 12, 1816. He was educated at Cambridge ; 
 appointed chancellor and vicar-general of 
 York in 1877 ; and has for many years been a 
 leader of the Parliamentary bar. He has 
 taken much interest in architecture, and de- 
 signed many churches and houses. His works 
 include : 'Origin of the Laws of Nature* (1879); 
 <A Book on Building* (2d ed. 1880); 'Should 
 the Revised New Testament be Authorized?* 
 (1882); 'Astronomy without Mathematics* (7th 
 ed. 1883); 'Treatise on Clocks, Watches, and 
 Bells* (7th ed. 1883). 
 
 Gringoire, Pierre (grafi-gwar'). A French 
 poet ; born in Caen, about 1475 ; died about 
 1539. He made himself a sort of court poet 
 to Louis XH., celebrating among other things 
 the conquest of Milan and the expedition 
 against Naples. He was the creator of French 
 political or topical drama, his best work in 
 that line being ' The Game of the Prince of 
 Fools,* in which the king is said to have col- 
 laborated ; it was aimed against Pope Julius H., 
 as was his ' Morality of the Obstinate Man.* 
 His name figures in Victor Hugo's ' Notre 
 Dame.* 
 
 Grinnell, George Bird. An American orni- 
 thologist, editor, and author; bom in New 
 York State in 1849. He is the editor of For- 
 est and Stream. His works deal principally 
 with Indian life and folk-lore. Among the 
 best known are : < The Story of a Prairie People '; 
 'The Story of the Indian * ; ' Pawnee Hero Stories 
 and P'olk Tales * ; ' Jack, the Young Trapper. * 
 
 Grisebach, Eduard (gre'ze-bach). A Ger- 
 man poet, critic, and historian of literature ; 
 born in Gottingen, Oct. 9, 1845. He was a con- 
 sular agent for many years. ' The New Tann- 
 hauser* and 'Tannhauser in Rome* represent 
 his poems. 'German Literature since 1770* 
 and ' The Goethe Period of German Poetry * 
 are masterpieces. He utilizes philological 
 Studies in <The Faithless Widow,* in tracing 
 
 an old Chinese legend through its transforma- 
 tions in all literatures. ' Kin Ku-Ki-Kuan * is 
 a similar study. His editing of Schopenhauer 
 has been very important. 
 
 Griswold, Hattie Tyng. An American writer 
 of prose and verse ; bom in Boston, Jan. 26, 
 1842. She wrote many tales and poems ; pub- 
 lished 'Apple Blossoms* (1878), and 'Home 
 Life of Great Authors* (1886). 'Under the 
 Daisies* is one of her best-known poems. 
 
 Griswold, Rufus Wilmot. An American 
 journalist and prose-writer ; born in Benson, 
 Vt., Feb. 15, 1815 ; died in New York, Aug. 27, 
 1857. He left the pulpit to enter journal- 
 ism, and edited Graham's Magazine with signal 
 ability. In 1852 he conducted the International 
 Magazine. His works include ' Poets and Poetry 
 of America,* which reached twenty editions; 
 ' Poets and Poetry of England in the Nine- 
 teenth Century ' ; ' Prose Writers of America * ; 
 'Female Poets of America*; etc. 
 
 Grosse, Julius (gros-'e). A very prolific Ger- 
 man poet, story-writer, and dramatist ; bom in 
 Erfurt, April 25, 1828. He was lawyer, play- 
 wright, and journalist. His poems include 'The 
 Maid of Capri,* 'Pesach Pardel,* and 'Against 
 France.* Among his stories are: 'Untrue 
 Through Sympathy*; 'An Old Love'; 'A Revo- 
 lutionist'; and 'Against the Stream,' — dainty and 
 interesting narratives. A tragedy, 'Tiberius.* 
 Died at Forbola, May 2, 1902. 
 
 Gross!, Tommaso (gros'se). An Italian poet 
 and romance-writer ; born in Bellano, Jan. 24, 
 1791 ; died at Milan, Dec. 20, 1853. Satirically 
 pungent political poems, ' The Fugitive,* a nar- 
 rative in verse, made his reputation ; and a 
 play, ' Sforza, Duke of Milan * (in collabora- 
 tion), was a literary sensation. His ' Ildegonda * 
 is a poem on a mediseval legend ; ' The Lom- 
 bards in the First Crusade,* a happy essay in 
 metre ; ' Marco Visconti,* a historical romance. 
 Of his lyrics, ' The Swallow * has found most 
 favor. 'Ulric and Lida* was his last work. 
 
 Grosz, Ferdinand (gros). An Austrian jour- 
 nalist ; bom in Vienna, April 8, 1849. He 
 wrote while still a boy; but his first success 
 was ' Literary Music of the Future ' (1877). Since 
 then he has traveled extensively and written 
 for the best papers. < In Passing,* ' Unbound * 
 ' Passion-Play Letters,* ' Leaves in the Wind,' 
 and other collections, have been very popular. 
 His poems, notably ' Songs from the Mountain 
 Tops,* and his plays, 'The First Letter* and 
 ' At Three o'Clock,* are of special merit. 
 
 Groszmann, Gustav Friedrich Wilhelm 
 
 (gros'man). A German dramatist and actor; 
 born in Berlin, Nov. 30, 1746; died at Hanover, 
 May 20, 1796. While in the diplomatic service, 
 he became intimate in a literary circle which 
 included Lessing; and successively wrote in a 
 few days each 'The Fire of Passion,* a com- 
 edy, and 'Wilhelmine von Blondheim,* a tra- 
 gedy, which were extremely successful. He 
 turned actor, rose to high reputation, and pro- 
 duced much-admired comedies,
 
 GROTE — GRUPPE 
 
 236 
 
 Orote, George. An English historian of the 
 first order; born in Clay Hill, Kent, Nov. 17, 
 1794; died in London, June 18, 1871. He was 
 one of the most massive scholars of the century 
 in the classics and in logic, with a mind of 
 rare power, breadth, and discrimination. His 
 works on Plato and Aristotle, and various es- 
 says, are alone sufficient to give him a solid 
 reputation ; and he was an able Parliament- 
 ary speaker and reformer. But his fame rests 
 on his epoch-making < History of Greece' (12 
 vols., 1845-56), the first ever written from a 
 democratic standpoint. 
 
 Grotius, Hugo. A famous Dutch jurist and 
 scholar; born at Delft, April 10, 1583; died at 
 Rostock, Aug. 29, 1645. His treatise <On the 
 Law of War and Peace ' made him the founder 
 of the modern science of international law. 
 He was also the author of important histori- 
 cal works and Biblical commentaries. Next 
 to Barneveld he was the Remonstrant leader in 
 Holland, and barely escaped sharing his fate. 
 
 Groto, Luigi (gro'to). An Italian poet, 
 called «the Blind Man of Adria»; bom there, 
 Sept. 7, 1541 ; died at Venice, Dec. 13, 1585. 
 He lost his sight when eight days old, but 
 studied literature and philosophy with preco- 
 cious ability, delivering a speech before the 
 Queen of Poland at 18, gaining commissions 
 from Italian States to compose addresses for 
 public occasions, and taking the part of the 
 blind seer Tiresias in Sophocles's 'Oidipus.' 
 His orations and letters were collected : he left 
 also a small volume of poems ; < The Treasure,* 
 a comedy; and < Delilah,' a tragedy. His style 
 is affected, but his thoughts are original. 
 
 Grove, George, Sir. An English civil engineer, 
 editor, and compiler ; born in London, Aug 13, 
 1820; died there. May 28, 1900. During his 
 early life he was a civil engineer, and secretary 
 of the Crystal Palace Company (1852-73). Sub- 
 sequently he became editor of Macmillan's 
 Magazine, and from 1882 to 1894 was director 
 of the Royal College of Music at Kensington. 
 He was knighted in 1885. He was one of the 
 principal contributors to Dr. William Smith's 
 < Dictionary of the Bible > ; and compiled < A 
 Dictionary of Music and Musicians, A. D. 1450- 
 1878* {1878-89), a work of vast and accurate 
 information. 
 
 Griibel, Konrad (grii'bel). A German dialect 
 poet; born in Nuremberg, June 3, 1736; died 
 there, March 8, 1809. He was a saddler and 
 harness-maker, and passed his youth in priva- 
 tion ; but he possessed genuine poetic gifts, as 
 shown in the pictures he has given of the lives 
 and manners of his countrymen in the three 
 volumes of < Poems in the Nuremberg Dialect.' 
 
 Griin, Anastasius fgriin), pseudonym of 
 Anton Alexander, Count of Auersperg. An 
 Austrian poet and statesman ; bom in Laibach, 
 April II, 1806; died at Gratz, Sept. 12, 1876. 
 Although of aristocratic birth and breeding, his 
 political leanings were liberal, and he became 
 immersed in the progressive movement of his 
 
 day His literary work, for the most part, 
 grew out of and developed his public policy. 
 His first volume, ' Leaves of Love,' did not 
 attract much attention. 'The Last Knight' 
 was more successful; it celebrated the chivalry 
 of the first Maximilian's time. < Strolls of a 
 Viennese Poet' and a second volume of < Poems ' 
 made him known. < The Nibelungen in a 
 Dress Coat' is a humorous narrative; < Robin 
 Hood ' is a powerful poem in ballad form ; 
 <The Kalenberg Pastor' is a picture of simple 
 life; and 'Popular Songs of the Krains' (in- 
 habitants of Carinthia, Austria) forms a very 
 important collection of native folk-lore. 
 
 Grundtvig, Nikolai Frederik Severln 
 
 (gront-vig). A Danish theologian, historian, 
 and poet; born in Udby, Island of Seeland, 
 Sept. 8, 1783; died at Copenhagen, Sept. 3, 
 1872. He was the son of a clergyman, a very 
 precocious child ; educated first by his father 
 thoroughly, then at the University of Copen- 
 hagen, later taking up a course of study in 
 history, languages, religions, etc., with enor- 
 mous industry and power of assimilation. His 
 first writings were <A Masked Ball in Den- 
 mark,' a protest in prose and verse against the 
 intellectual frivolity of the time: <An Abridg- 
 ment of Norse Mythology ' ; and < The Pro- 
 gressive Decadence of Military Prowess and 
 Science in the North.' In 1814 he took part 
 with distinction in the Holstein war. Later 
 becoming a pastor, he had to resign in 1825 
 on account of his religious opinions, devoting 
 his time thereafter to study. The powerful 
 religious movement known as Grundtvigism — 
 designed to reconstruct Christianity, institu- 
 tionally and to some extent doctrinally — now 
 began to shape itself in his mind. < The Man- 
 ual of Universal History,' a monumental work 
 of great value, clearly reveals his theological 
 point of view. < The Mythology of the North, 
 or the Language of Symbols Developed and 
 Explained by Means of History and Poetry' 
 (1832) made a sensation in the intellectual 
 world. As a poet, ' Little Norse Poems,' < Phoe- 
 nix,' and others, have made his name a house- 
 hold word in the North. < Roskilde Riin,' 
 
 < Danish War Song,' < The Deliverance of Jut- 
 land,' and < Legends of the Poets and Heroes 
 of the North,' are among his celebrated works. 
 
 Gruppe, Otto Friedrich (grop'pe). A Ger- 
 man poet, philosopher, and critic; born in 
 Dantzig, April 15, 1804; died at Berlin, Jan. 7, 
 1876. He graduated at Berlin, and after some 
 experiences in journalism and public office, he 
 became a professor at his alma mater. He 
 first won attention with his < Antaeus,' a work 
 on speculative philosophy, written in opposi- 
 tion to Hegelianism. ' The Tuming-Point of 
 Nineteenth-Century Philosophy,' 'Ariadne, the 
 Tragic Art of the Greeks,' < Roman Elegy,> 
 'The Theogony of Hesiod,' and a variety of 
 similar works, have earned him distinction. 
 His poems include: 'The Winds,' an effort 
 at Aristophanean comedy ; ' Queen Bertha,' 
 
 < Emperor Charles,' and ' Alboin,' three epic?
 
 GRYPHIUS — GUfiROULT 
 
 937 
 
 of great beauty ; < Poems of Fatherland,' < The 
 War of i866,> and other martial poems; <Otto 
 von Wittelsbach,* a drama. These have fully 
 sustained the reputation made by his earlier 
 work. His books on the history of literature 
 are authoritative. 
 
 Gryphius, Andreas (gre'fe-osorgrif'i-us). A 
 German poet, dramatist, and scholar; bom in 
 Glogau, Silesia, Oct. ii, 1616; died there, July 
 16, 1664. An orphan who struggled into an 
 education, he was finally left a comfortable 
 legacy by a nobleman he had been tutor for: 
 he traveled, and published his poems ; but his 
 naturally morose temper was further soured by 
 the political conditions of his time, and his po- 
 etry is tinctured with a deep bitterness. < Leo 
 Armenius,* < Catherine of Georgia,' < The Mur- 
 dered Royalty; or Charles Stuart,* are power- 
 ful but sombre tragedies. He was deemed one 
 of the most profound scholars of his day, 
 having an acquaintance with eleven languages. 
 Among his performances was < Peter Squenz,' 
 an adaptation from a garbled transcript of 
 Shakespeare's < Midsummer Night's Dream.* 
 
 GuadagnoU, Antonio (gwad"an-y6'le). An 
 Italian poet ; born in Arezzo, in 1798 ; died at 
 Cortona, Feb. 21, 1858. He belonged to an aris- 
 tocratic family, but his means were slender 
 during the greater part of his life. His poems, 
 * The Nose,> < Prattle,* < My Clothes,* and < A 
 Woman's Tongue Put to the Test,* display a 
 lively wit with no malicious ingredient. In 
 Tuscany he was especially popular. His < Col- 
 lection of Light Poetry * is much quoted. 
 
 Oualandi (gwal-an'de). See Guerrazzi. 
 
 Gualtieri, Lnigi (gwaPte-a-'re). An Italian 
 novelist and dramatist ; born in Bologna, in 1826; 
 died at San Remo, Dec. — , 1901. At twenty- 
 two he settled in Milan and married the popular 
 actress Giacinta Pezzana, whom he accompanied 
 on her professional tours. His first novel was 
 <The Mysteries of Italy,* followed by <The 
 Anonymous,* <The Serpent of the Viscount,* 
 < Recollections of Ugo Bassi,* <God and Man,* 
 and the 'Last Pope,' together with many others, 
 all of which became popular. For the stage he 
 wrote : <The Duel'; The Love of an Hour*; 
 'Aspects of Marriage-' ; 'Heidelberg Students'; 
 and others. 
 
 Guarlnl, Giovanni Battlsta (gwar-e'ne). An 
 Italian poet; born in Ferrara, Dec. 10, 1538; 
 died at Venice, Oct. 7, 1612. He was a very pre- 
 cocious child, and extremely early became pro- 
 fessor of literature and philosophy at the Uni- 
 versity of Ferrara. He was in diplomatic posts 
 for various Italian princes, but lost them all 
 from a quarrelsome temper, which kept him 
 in hot water all his life. As a poet, his pas- 
 toral < The Faithful Shepherd' (II Pastor Fido), 
 in the style of Tasso's ' Aminta,' is the jewel 
 in his crown. The theme is on the yearly sacri- 
 fice of a maiden to Diana by the Arcadians, 
 and offers opportunities for passages of offens- 
 ive sensuality as well as of exquisite beauty. 
 ' Idropica,* a five-act comedy ; ' Poems,' a small 
 
 collection of verse; and some miscellaneous 
 writings, complete his productions. 
 
 Gubernatls, Angelo de (go-bar-na'tes). An 
 Italian critic, poet, philologist, and historian; 
 born in Turin, April 7> 1840. His profound 
 scholarship and versatility have won him dis- 
 tinction in widely separated departments ol 
 literature. < The First Twenty Hymns of the 
 Rig- Veda' (text and translation, 1865); 'Death 
 of Cato' (1863), a drama in metre; 'King 
 Nala,' an Indo-Brahmin play ; ' Gabriel,' a 
 novel; 'Zoological Mythology' (1872); and 
 many other works, evince a complete mastery 
 of style, and exhibit his brilliant attainments. 
 Literature is further indebted to him for his 
 invaluable work of reference entitled ' Writers 
 of the Day.' 
 
 Guell y Rent6, J086 (gwely' e ran-ta'). A 
 Spanish poet, historian, statesman, and mis- 
 cellaneous writer ; born in Havana, Cuba, 
 Sept. 14, 1818; died at Madrid, Dec. 20, 1884. 
 He studied law in Havana and Barcelona, 
 A romantic attachment for Doiia Josepha 
 de Bourbon, sister of the King, ended in his 
 marriage to her, in spite of tremendous court 
 opposition, in 1848. He sided with the popular 
 party in the revolution of 1854, and was sub- 
 sequently elected to the Cortes. 'Tears of 
 the Heart ' and < Heart-Chagrin ' brought him 
 into prominence as a poet. ' Meditations, 
 Christian, Philosophical, and Political, for the 
 Use of the People,' ' Thoughts, Literary and 
 Political,' and many essays and political pam- 
 phlets, comprise his prose writings. 
 
 Guell y Rent^, Juan. A Cuban poet; born 
 in Havana, in 1815; died in Madrid, Spain, 
 1875, ^'^ ^^^^ volume was published in 1843. 
 <Sentiments of the Soul,* poems (1844); 'Last 
 Poems' (1859) : and 'Summer Nights' (1861). 
 
 Gu6rin, Eugenie and Maurice de (ga-rafi^). 
 French diarists and prose-writers ; sister and 
 brother. Eugenie was born in Languedoc, 
 Jan. II (?), 1805; died there (?), May 31, 
 1848. Maurice was bom Languedoc, Aug. 5, 
 1810; died there, July 19, 1839. The rare and 
 somewhat hectic genius of the brother, enforc- 
 ing the sister's active participation, led to their 
 joint literary career. The 'Journals' and 'Letters* 
 comprise the result of this partnership, 
 
 Guernsey, Alfred Hudson. An American editor; 
 born at Brandon, Vt., 1818; died in New York 
 city, Jan. I6, 1902. He was for several years 
 editor of Harper's Magazine and associate editor 
 of the ' American Cyclopaedia ' (1872-76). To- 
 gether with Henry M. Alden he was author of 
 'Harper's Pictorial History of the Great Rebel- 
 lion,* writing the Eastern campaigns (2 vols., 
 1862-65) ; and 'The Spanish Armada' ( 1882). 
 
 Guernsey, Lucy Ellen. An American juvenile- 
 story writer; born at Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 12, 
 1826; died, Nov, 3, 1899, She wrote: 'Old Stan- 
 field House* ; ' Through Unknown Ways * { 
 < Winifred > ; etc. 
 
 Gu^roult, Constant (ga-rS'^. A French 
 writer of sensational fiction | oam in Elbeuf,
 
 238 
 
 GUERRAZZI — GUILD 
 
 Feb. II, 1814; died at Paris, Nov. 29, 1882. At 
 first engaged in trade, he wrote novels in his 
 leisure, and soon made his fortune. < The 
 Stranglers of Paris,' written partly in collabo- 
 ration, is his representative effort ; but < The 
 Beggar of Toledo,' < Captain Zamore,' < The 
 Depths of Paris,> and <The Marcellange Affair > 
 are powerful tales of the sensational order, 
 and gave rise to a school of imitators. 
 
 Guerrazzi, Francesco Domenico (gwer- 
 riit'se). An Italian statesman, romance-writer, 
 and satirist; born in Livorno (Leghorn), Aug. 
 12, 1804; died there, Sept. 23, 1873. After a 
 turbulent political career, a dictatorship of some 
 months in 1848, and then a cell and exile, he 
 devoted himself mainly to literature. He had 
 already written at 23 < The Battle of Benevento,* 
 a historical novel and his best work in fiction. 
 Other novels are : < The Siege of Florence,' a 
 romance, published under the pseudonym " An- 
 selmo Gualandi"; 'Beatrice Cenci,' a highly 
 popular story ; < Veronica Cybo, Duchess of San 
 Giuliano' and <The Hiding-Place in the Wall,' 
 both fine efforts of the imagination. A drama, 
 <The Whites and the Blacks'; a biographical 
 study, < The Life of Andrea Doria ' ; and a vol- 
 ume of orations, all show power. He founded 
 L'Asino (The Ass), a satirical sheet. 
 
 Guerrero, Teodoro (ga-ray'ro). A Cuban 
 poet and dramatist ; born in Havana in 1825. 
 He was educated in Spain, returning to Cuba 
 in 1845, in which year his first volume of 
 poems was published. His drama < La Escala 
 del Poder,' and his comedy • La Cabeza y 
 el Corazon,' were successful. < Lecciones de 
 Mundo' reached many editions. 
 
 Guevara, Antonio de (ga-va'ra). A Spanish 
 historical and moral essayist ; born in Viscaya, 
 about 1490 ; died in 1545. After a short career 
 at court ne became a Franciscan. Charles V. 
 made him his companion in some of his voyages, 
 and gave him a rich bishopric. His humility 
 was proverbial. His writings were an influence 
 in the development of Spanish letters, being 
 distinguished by a great purity of diction and 
 a courtly and graceful style. He applies the 
 teachings of history to daily conduct. His 
 
 < Marcus Aurelius,' for example, is a sort of 
 
 < CyTopsedia,' and has been translated into 
 many languages. 'The Prince's Time-Piece' 
 and <The First Ten Csesars' are manuals for 
 the ethical guidance of youthful royalty. 
 
 Guevara y Due&as, Luis Velez de (ga-va'- 
 ra e dwan'yaz). A Spanish dramatist and 
 romancer; born in Ecija, Andalusia, January 
 1570 ; died at Madrid, Nov. 10, 1646. As a 
 young lawyer he won the favor of King Philip, 
 who gave him his first literary encouragement. 
 He wrote four hundred plays, all very long 
 and full of wit. < Empire after Death ' and 
 
 < The King is More Important than One's Own 
 Flesh and Blood ' are the best known. He 
 also wrote a novel or romance, < The Lame 
 Devil,' from which Le Sage freely borrowed in 
 writing upon the same theme. 
 
 Guicciardini, Francesco (gwe-char-de'ne). 
 ^^ distinguished Italian historian ; born at Flor- 
 ence, March 6, 1483; died May 23, 1540. He 
 was a prominent figure in the Italian public 
 life of his time. His principal work, < History 
 of Italy,' recounts without passion or partisan- 
 ship the political events of 1492-1534; it was 
 published in 1561-64, and republished ten times 
 m the fifty years succeeding. Long after his 
 death, appeared as < Unpublished Works' (1857- 
 67, 10 vols.) his < Political Reminiscences,' a 
 series of aphorisms on politics; <The Govern- 
 ment of Florence,' an essay on the forms of 
 government suited for an Italian State ; and a 
 
 < History of Florence.' 
 
 Guidi, Carlo Alessandro (gwe'de). An Ital- 
 ian poet ; born in Pavia, June 14, 1650 ; died at 
 Frascati, June 12, 1712. He attracted notice at 
 the Roman court by his extreme hideousness 
 of aspect and precocious charm of mind and 
 character. The Queen of Sweden lodged him 
 in her villa on the Rialto, and Pope Clement 
 XL was his patron. His fame depends prin- 
 cipally upon his graceful lyrics. < Poems,' 
 
 < Daphne,' < Six Homilies of Pope Clement XI. 
 Done into Verse,' and < Endymion,' are his 
 most admired compositions. He was killed by 
 the shock consequent upon discovering a typo- 
 graphical error in one of his works. 
 
 Guidiccionl, Giovanni (gwe-de-che-o'ne). 
 An Italian poet and ecclesiastic; born in 
 Lucca, Feb. 25, 1500 ; died at Macerata in 1541. 
 He lived at the court of the Cardinal Farnese, 
 afterwards Pope Paul HI., who employed him 
 in difficult diplomatic missions and made him 
 a bishop. He wrote a small volume of < Poems,' 
 distinguished by a correct taste and elegant 
 diction. 
 
 Guido y Spano, Carlos (gwe-do e spa'no). 
 An Argentine poet; born in Salta, March 8, 
 1832. He was graduated at the University of 
 San Carlos, Buenos Ayres ; practiced law ; was 
 elected deputy to the national congress, and 
 became its president. He gained reputation 
 as a poet, and is held in highest esteem by his 
 countrymen. His poems are gathered in the 
 volume entitled < Hojas al Viento,' published 
 in 1871. 
 
 Guild, Curtis. An American journalist and 
 author; born in Massachusetts in 1827. He 
 was the editor of the Boston Commercial Bul- 
 letin, which he founded in 1859, and was the 
 author of several popular books of travel. 
 Among his works are : < Over the Ocean ' (1871); 
 •Abroad Again' (1877); < Britons and Musco- 
 vites' (1888); <A Chat about Celebrities.' 
 
 Guild, Reuben Aldridge. An American prose- 
 writer ; born in West Dedham, Mass., Alay 4, 
 1822; died at Providence, May 14, 1899. His 
 published works include : < History of Brown 
 University with Illustrative Documents' (1867); 
 <Chaplain Smith and the Baptists' ( 1885 ). He 
 edited<Rhode Island in the Continental Congress, 
 1765-1790,' by Wm. R. Staples, ( 1870); 'Letter 
 of John Cotton, and Roger Williams' Reply>
 
 GUILLAUME DE LORRIS — GUMMERE 
 
 239 
 
 (1866); and 'Queries of Highest Consideration, > 
 by Roger Williams ^1867). 
 
 Guillaume de Lorris (ge-yom' de 16-res'). 
 A French poet; born at Lorris, about 121 1; 
 died between 1240 and 1260. He appears to 
 have been about 25 when he wrote the first 
 part of the famous < Roman de la Rose.* This 
 poem has been the subject of extravagant 
 eulogy until well within the present century. 
 It has to do with a knight who arrives at the 
 Palace of Pleasure, and has varied experiences 
 with Venus and her alluring but erratic com- 
 panions. The rose in the story has no particu- 
 lar meaning, though the hero's task is to pluck 
 it. The poem is in two parts, the last being 
 from the pen of Jean de Meung. 
 
 Guillaume de Machaut (ge-yom' de ma- 
 cho'). A French poet and musician; born in 
 Machaut, Seine-et-Marne, between 1282 and 
 3284 ; died at Rheims about 1377. He first 
 appeared in a menial office at the court of 
 Jeanne of Navarre, wife of Philip the Fair; be- 
 coming the latter's valet in time, and subse- 
 quently clerk to the King of Bohemia. A lady 
 of prominence at the French court — the wife of 
 the Comte de Foix according to some, P^ronne 
 d'Armenti^res according to others — fell in love 
 with him, and their amours are set forth in 
 his < Voir Dit * or < Book of Said and Seen.' 
 'The Taking of Alexandria > narrates the ad- 
 ventures of King Peter I. of Cyprus. His 
 musical compositions were much esteemed. 
 
 Guillemard, Francis Henry Hill (gil'- 
 mard"). An English traveler and scientist of 
 French descent ; born in Eltham, Kent, in 1852. 
 He is a graduate of Cambridge, and for some 
 time taught there. He has traveled extens- 
 ively and explored many unfrequented lands. 
 Besides contributions to scientific, literary, and 
 medical reviews, he has published < The Cruise 
 of the Marchesa to Kamchatka and New 
 Guinea > (1886; 2d ed. 1887), interesting alike 
 to naturalist, traveler, and general reader. 
 
 Guiney, Louise Imogen. An American poet 
 and essayist; born in Boston, Jan. 7, 1861. 
 Among her volumes of verse may be men- 
 tioned : < Verse > ; < Songs at the Start > ; < A 
 Roadside Harp>; etc. She has also published: 
 
 < Goose-Quill Papers > ; < Brownies and Bogles > ; 
 'Monsieur Henri >; <A Little English Gallery'; 
 
 < Lovers' Saint Ruths ' ; < Patrins ' ; etc. She 
 has edited an edition of Mangan's poems. 
 
 Guinicelli, Guido (gwe-ne-chel'e). An Ital- 
 ian poet; born in Bologna about 1240 ; died in 
 exile in 1276. He held a judgeship in Bologna 
 until expelled for political reasons. His im- 
 portance is due to his great influence upon 
 Dante, who pronounced him a model of grace 
 and style, and apostrophized him in the ' In- 
 ferno.' The poems, so far as they have sur- 
 vived, scarcely justify Dante's praise. They 
 comprise seven canzone or songs in the style 
 of the ode, and five sonnets, all dealing with 
 love, and characterized more by feeling and 
 beauty of sentiment than by power. 
 
 Guinness, Mrs. Fanny E. An English evan- 
 gelist and religious writer, wife of Henry G.; 
 born (Fitzgerald) in Dublin, Ireland, April 
 1831. She was one of the earliest woman 
 preachers of the gospel, and was secretary of 
 the first Christian mission on the Congo. 
 Besides works written in collaboration with 
 her husband, she has published : < She Spake 
 of Him : Being Recollections of Mrs. H. Den- 
 ning' (1872); 'Sitwana's Story' (1882); <The 
 Wide World and Our Work' (1886); <New 
 World of Central Africa.' 
 
 Guinness, Henry Grattan. An Irish evan- 
 gelist and religious writer; born near Dublin, 
 August 1835. His chief work, 'The Approach- 
 ing End of the Age,' was issued in 1878, and 
 has passed through ten editions. He has also 
 written: 'Preaching for the Million' (1859); 
 and with his wife, ' Light for the Last Days ' 
 ( 1886) ; ' Romanism and the Reformation ' ( 1887) ; 
 'The Divine Programme of the World's His- 
 tory' (1888). 
 
 Guiraud, Alexandre, Baron (ge-ro'). A 
 French poet and dramatist ; born in Limoux, 
 Dec. 25, 1788; died at Paris, Feb. 24, 1847. He 
 gave up the management of large inherited 
 business interests and took up literary pursuits 
 in Paris, writing poems, plays, and miscellane- 
 ous prose. ' The Maccabees,' a tragedy, was 
 his first unqualified success. His ode addressed 
 to tlie Greeks had attracted some notice ; and 
 he now brought out a volume of ' Songs of 
 a Savoyard,' which attained great popularity, 
 especially ' The Little Savoyard.' He wrote 
 several other dramas, and a romance or two. 
 
 Guittone d'Arezzo (gwe-to'na dar-rets'6). 
 An Italian poet; born in Santa Firmina, near 
 Arezzo, about 1230 ; died at Florence, 1294. He 
 received a scholarly training and knew several 
 languages. When young he was a military ad- 
 venturer. In middle life he founded an order 
 of monks. His poetry is remarkable for ele- 
 gance of form and matter ; to him the present 
 fixed form of the sonnet is largely due. He 
 left much verse, of which thirty-five sonnets and 
 four canzone have been preserved. 
 
 Guizot, Frangois Pierre Guillaume (ge-z6' 
 or giie-zo'). A great French historian and 
 statesman ; born at Nimes, Oct. 4, 1787 ; died at 
 Val Richer, near Lisieux, Sept. 12, 1874. His 
 most important works are : ' The History of 
 Civilization in Europe'; 'The History of Civ- 
 ilization in France'; 'History of the English 
 Revolution ' ; ' Shakespeare and his Time ' ; 
 and his own ' Memoirs.' He also wrote : 
 ' Memoirs relating to the History of France 
 to the Thirteenth Century'; 'Corneille and his 
 Time' (1852); 'Meditations on the Present 
 State of the Christian Religion' (1865); 'His- 
 tory of France for my Grandchildren' (1870- 
 75). 
 
 Guldberg, Frederick Hbegb. See H'degh- 
 Guldberg. 
 
 Gummere, Francis Barton (gum'ery). An 
 American teacher and author ; born at Burling- 
 ton, N. J., March 6, 1855. He was instructor
 
 a40 
 
 GUMPERT — GUSTAPSON 
 
 in Harvard College from l88l to 1882; and in 
 1887 became professor of Englisn at Haver- 
 ford College, Pa. Besides miscellaneous papers 
 in Germanic philology and English literature, 
 he has written : <The Anglo-Saxon Metaphor > 
 ( 18S1 ) ; < Handbook of Poetics > ( 1885) ; <Germanic 
 Origins > {1862); <The Popular Ballad> (1907)- 
 
 Gumpert, Thekla von (gom'part). A Ger- 
 man juvenile writer ; born in Kalisch, June 28, 
 1810. She was the daughter of a prominent 
 physician. When comparatively young she 
 undertook the training of the Princess Czartor- 
 iski's children, developing then her talent as a 
 stury-teller. < The Little Father and his Grand- 
 child,> < Aunt's Trip to the Baths,> and < My 
 First White Hair,' are among her greatest 
 successes. In 1856 she married Franz von 
 Schober, under whose name she is also known. 
 Her later productions, especially < Heart-leaf 
 Pastime,* and < Treasury of Books for Ger- 
 many's Daughters,* have maintained her popu- 
 larity. She died April 2, 1897. 
 
 Gunderode, KaroUne von (gUn'de-ro-di). A 
 German poet ; bom in Karlsruhe, Feb. II, 1780; 
 died at Winkel on the Rhine, July 26, 1806. 
 An unfortunate love affair with the scholar 
 Creuzer confirmed her natural tendency to mel- 
 ancholy and mysticism, by which her poetry 
 is much colored, and she finally committed sui- 
 cide. She sometimes used the pseudonym 
 " Tian.» < Poems and Fancies * and < Poetic 
 Fragments* are her best efforts. 
 
 Gundulic, Ivan (gbn'dd-litch). [""Ciovanni 
 Gondola.**] A Dalmatian poet; born in Ra- 
 gusa, Jan. 8, 1588; died there, Dec. 8, 1638. His 
 writings show extensive acquaintance with the 
 philosophy, jurisprudence, and ethics of his 
 time, but little is known of this first dramatic 
 poet among the Slavs. His greatest poem is 
 ' Osman,* an epic in twenty books, presenting 
 a stirring panorama of the career of one of 
 the Turkish Sultans, with the Polish-Turkish 
 war of 1621 for a background. His dramas 
 are pleasing and finished productions. < Proser- 
 pina,* 'Cleopatra,* <Arijadna,* and <Dubravka> 
 show a rich and fertile imagination. Among 
 his elegies, < The Tears of a Lost Son * is full 
 of lofty and tender expression. 
 
 Gunaaulus, Frank Wakeley. An American 
 clergyman, novelist, and poet ; born at Chester- 
 ville, O., Jan. I, 1856. He graduated at the 
 Ohio Wesleyan University in 1875. Since 1887 
 he has been the pastor of a Congregational 
 church in Chicago, and has been for some 
 years director of the Armour Institute. Among 
 his works are : < The Transfiguration of Christ * 
 (1886); <Monk and Knight: An Historical 
 Study in Fiction* (1890); < Phidias and Other 
 Poems* (1892); < Songs of Night and Day.* 
 
 Gunter, Archibald Clavering. An Ameri- 
 can civil engineer, stock-broker, playwright, 
 publisher, and novelist ; bom in Liverpool, Eng- 
 land, Oct. 25, 1847. When five years old he 
 was taken to California by his parents. He 
 received his education mostly in California, 
 
 taking the degree of Ph. B. at University Col- 
 lege, San Francisco. He was a mining and 
 civil engineer in the West from 1867 until 1874, 
 when he became a stock-broker. In 1877 he 
 removed to New York, where he devoted him- 
 self to writing plays and novels. The best- 
 known of the former are : < Courage * ; < Prince 
 Karl*; <The Deacon's Daughter.* His most 
 popular novels are : * Mr. Barnes of New York * 
 (1887), translated into several foreign languages, 
 and <Mr. Potter of Texas* (1888), both suc- 
 cessfully dramatized ; < That Frenchman * (1889); 
 <Miss Nobody of Nowhere* (1890); < Baron 
 Montez of Panama and Paris* (1893); <A 
 Florida Enchantment.* He died 1907. 
 
 Giinther, Albert Karl Ludwlg Gotthelf 
 (giin'ter). A German librarian and ichthyolo- 
 gist; born at Esslingen, Wiirtemberg, Oct. 3, 
 1830. He is co-editor of the < Annals and 
 Magazine of Natural History,* and author of 
 <The Reptiles of British India* (1864); <The 
 Fishes of the South Seas* (1873-78); <Thc 
 Gigantic Land Tortoises, Living and Extinct' 
 (1877); <An Introduction to the Study of Fishes 
 (1880); < Reptiles and Batrachians of Central 
 America.' 
 
 Giintber, Johann Christian. A German 
 poet ; born in Striegau, Lower Silesia, April 8, 
 1695; died at Jena, March 15, 1723. He i;t 
 celebrated for his < Peace of Passarowitz * and 
 numerous lyrics. 
 
 Gurowskl, Adam de. Count (grof'ske). A 
 Polish scholar and author; born at Kalisz, Sept. 
 10, 1805 ; died at Washington, D. C, May 4, 
 1866. In early life he was a leading Polish 
 patriot, and an instigator of the revolution of 
 1830. Later he became an advocate of Pan- 
 slavism, and was employed in Russia. In 1841 
 he left the latter country and studied in Ber- 
 lin, and in Bern, Switzerland. In 1849 he came 
 to the United States, and from 1861 to 1863 
 was a translator in the State Department at 
 Washington. Among his works, several of 
 which were written in French and German, 
 are: < Civilization and Russia* (1840); 'Pan- 
 slavism* (1848); 'Russia as It Is* (1854); <The 
 Turkish Question* {1854); 'My Diary: Notes 
 on the Civil War* (1862 to 1866), 
 
 Guseck, Bernd von (gos'ek), pseudonym 
 of Gustave von Berneck, a German novelist 
 and writer on military topics; born in Kirch- 
 hain, Niederlausitz, Oct. 28, 1803; died at 
 Berlin, July 8, 1871. His novels have for 
 the most part a historical background, and 
 are meritorious without being great. 'The 
 Hand of the Stranger,* < The First Robbery in 
 Germany,* and ' Katharina von Schwarzburg,* 
 are noteworthy in a somewhat extended list. 
 He wrote a play or two, translated Dante's 
 ' Divine Comedy,* and completed a history of 
 the art of war. 
 
 Gustafsou, Zadel Barnes Buddlngton. An 
 
 American poet and prose-writer; born in Mid- 
 dletown. Conn., about 1841. Her poem 'Little 
 Martin Craghan* was very popular. Among 
 her well-known works are : ' Can the Old
 
 GUSTAV VOM SEE — GYULAI 
 
 241 
 
 Lov«?> (1871); <Megr, a Pastoral >; and other 
 poems, 1879 ; < Zophiel.or the Bride of Seven.> 
 
 Gufltav vom See (gos'taf vom sa), pseudonym 
 of Gustav von Struensee. A German novelist; 
 bom in Greifenberg, Pomerania, Dec. 13, 1803; 
 died at Breslau, Sept. 29, 1875. He gave up 
 law to write the series of romances and nov- 
 els — notably < Ranc<,> < The Siege of Rheinfels,> 
 and <The Egoists' — which have given him a 
 name. 
 
 Guthrie, James Carglll, A Scotch poet; 
 bom in Forfarshire, Aug. 27, 1814; a promi- 
 nent clergyman, but for years a librarian at 
 Dundee. He has written some exceedingly 
 happy studies in verse, — < Village Scenes' 
 (1851), < Wedded Love> (1865), and < Woodland 
 Echoes' (1878); besides a volume on <01d 
 Scottish Customs* (1885), a pleasing work in 
 prose. 
 
 Guthrie, Thomas A. See Ansley, 
 
 Gutierrez, Antonio Garcia (go-te-ar'eth). 
 A Spanish dramatist ; bom in Chiclana, Cadiz, 
 in 1812; died at Madrid, Aug. 26, 1884. He 
 gave up medicine for the profession of letters ; 
 living at first in great destitution, until the 
 play <E1 Trovador' made him famous and 
 immensely popular. He visited the United 
 States in 1844. Later he became a theatrical 
 manager in Madrid, writing <The Campaign 
 of Huesca,' <The Page,' and other noble tra- 
 gedies. 
 
 Guttlnguer, Ulric (gii-tang-wa'). A French 
 poet, journalist, and man of letters; bom in 
 Rouen in 1785 ; died at Paris, Sept. 21, 1866. 
 He was an extreme partisan of the romantic 
 school. He won fame with < Nadir,' a collec- 
 tion of criticisms, and essays on literary and 
 sentimental subjects. His masterpiece, how- 
 ever, is the volume of < Poetic Miscellany,' ori- 
 ginally contributed to the Muse Fran9aise. 
 He wrote several novels, a < Dithyramb on 
 Lord Byron's Death,' impressions of travel, 
 and much fugitive verse. 
 
 Gutzkow, Karl Ferdinand (gots'ko). A 
 German poet, journalist, dramatist, and critic ; 
 bom in Berlin, March 17, 1811; died at Sachs- 
 enhausen, near Frankfort on the Main, Dec. 16, 
 1878. He was an early and thorough student 
 of history and literature. His essay <0n the 
 Fate-Decreeing Deities' (De Diis Fatalibus) 
 won him a prize and reputation; and his next 
 performance, < The Forum of Literature and the 
 Press,' obtained for him a place as assistant 
 to Wolfgang Menzel, then the greatest editor 
 in Stuttgart. < The Letters of a Fool of a Man 
 to a Fool of a Woman,' and a fanciful tale, 
 < Maha Gum, the Story of a God,' were very 
 popular. He incurred the censure of the au- 
 thorities, and brought about a rupture with 
 Menzel, by injudicious utterances in his journal ; 
 
 and was thrown into prison, where he wrote 
 his < Philosophy of History.' He had already 
 brought out his <Wally, the Skeptic,' a novel 
 which added as much to his troubles as to 
 his fame. His plays are considered his best 
 woik : notably < Queue and Sword,' a comedy ; 
 
 < Uriel Acosta,' a tragedy ; < The King's Lieu- 
 tenant,' a drama in which the young Goethe 
 is portrayed ; and five or six others. Of his 
 novels, * Die Ritter vom Geiste' (The Knight« 
 of the Mind) and < The Magician of Rome > 
 have attained a wide popular circulation and 
 influence. 
 
 Guyot, Arnold Henry (ge-5'). A Swiss 
 geographer and author; bom near Neuchatel, 
 Switzerland, Sept 28, 1807; died at Princeton, 
 N. J., Feb. 8, 1884. He studied at several Eu- 
 ropean universities, and graduated as Ph. D. 
 from Berlin in 1835. After four years of study 
 in Paris he became the colleague of Agassir 
 at the Academy of Neuchatel, as professor of 
 physical geography there. He removed to the 
 United States in 1848, and from 1854 till his 
 death was professor of physical geography at 
 Princeton, N. J. Among his numerous works 
 are: < Earth and Man' (1849); < Directions for 
 Meteorological Observations' {1850); a series 
 of school geographies (1866-75); *A Memoir of 
 Louis Agassiz' (1883); 'Biblical Cosmogony' 
 (1884). 
 
 Gyllembourg - Ehrensvard, Thomaslne 
 Christine, Countess (gul'em-borG" a'rens- 
 verd"). A Danish writer of fiction; bom 
 (Buntzen) in Copenhagen, Nov. 19, 1773; died 
 there (?), July 2, 1856. Her first marriage at 
 16 being annulled at 25 by her husband's exile 
 for liberalism, she married a Swedish noble- 
 man, who, implicated in Gustavus HI.'s assas- 
 sination, had taken refuge in Denmark. At 53 
 she wrote her first novel, the < Polonius Family,' 
 as a contribution to her son's paper; and its 
 success induced the production of < Dream and 
 Reality,' <Two Ages,' and many others that 
 made her famous. She signed herself " The 
 Author of Every-Day History," and concealed 
 her identity until death. 
 
 Gyp. See Martel de Janvllle. 
 
 Gyulal, Pftl (jo'll). A Hungarian poet and 
 critic ; born at Klausenburg in 1826. He began 
 as a journalist. Later he was made professor 
 of Hungarian literature at the University of 
 Buda-Pesth. His works include < The Life of 
 Vorosmarty,' < Memorial Addresses,' and many 
 literary studies and criticisms. His collected 
 poems appeared in 1867, in a volume entitled 
 
 < Sketches and Pictures.' For many years past 
 he has been at work upon a satirical poem 
 scathing the present age and its follies, called 
 
 < Romh&nyi ' and modeled upon Byron. He 
 edits the Buda-Pesth Szemle, a monthly maga< 
 zine. 
 
 16
 
 242 
 
 HAAR-HAGEDORN 
 
 H 
 
 Haar, Bernard ter (har). A Dutch poet; 
 born in Amsterdam, June 13, 1806; died at Velp, 
 near Arnheim, Nov. 19, 1880. For a time he 
 held the professorship of church history at the 
 Utrecht University. His work, chiefly on the 
 subject of Christianity and its development, is 
 characterized by elegance of diction and wealth 
 of imagery. His • Herbert and Clara,> first pub- 
 lished in 1844, is now one of the most popular 
 pieces of verse with the people of the Nether- 
 lands. His other works include < Eliza's Flight,* 
 and a collected edition of the various poems. 
 
 Habberton, John. An American journalist 
 and novelist ; born at Brooklyn, N. Y., Feb. 
 24, 1842. After service in the Civil War, he 
 became literary editor of the Christian Union 
 (1874), and editorial writer on the New York 
 Herald (1877). His best known novel is 
 < Helen's Babies* (1876), of which over 150,000 
 copies were sold. Among the others are : < The 
 Barton Experiment* (1876); < The Worst Boy 
 in Town* (1880); <Mrs. Mayburn's Twins* 
 (1882); <Who was Paul Grayson?* < Brueton's 
 Bayou*; <Grown-Up-Babies *; <Deacon Crankett.* 
 
 Haberstich, Samuel. See Bitter. 
 
 Habicht. Ludwig (hab'icht). A German 
 novelist; born in Sprottau, July 23, 1830. His 
 first success was the novel <The Town Clerk 
 of Liegnitz,* which still remains his best-known 
 work; but among his popular fictions, 'Will 
 and World,* < In the Sunshine,* and < Before 
 the Storm,* are worthy of special mention. 
 
 Hackett, Horatio Balch. A distinguished 
 American Baptist divine ; born at Salisbury, 
 Mass., Dec. 27, 1808 ; died at Rochester, N. Y., 
 Nov. 2, 1875. He was one of the committee 
 of New Testament revision, and with Ezra 
 Abbot edited the American edition of Smith's 
 'Bible Dictionary* (1868-70). His chief work 
 was a 'Commentary on Acts* (1851); besides 
 which he wrote < Memorials of Christian Men 
 in the War* (1864); <Tour in the Holy Land* 
 (new ed. 1882); etc. 
 
 Hackett, James Henry. A famous Ameri- 
 can actor; bom at New York, March 15, 1800; 
 died at Jamaica, N. Y., Dec. 28, 1871. He was 
 particularly successful in impersonating Yan- 
 kees and Westerners, but was best known by 
 his Falstaff, which he played first about 1832. 
 He wrote < Notes and Comments on Shakes- 
 peare* (1863). 
 
 Hacklander, Friedrich Wilhelm von (hak'- 
 len-der). A German romance-writer and hu- 
 morist; born 1816; died 1877. He was in both 
 military and mercantile life for a time, and 
 based some of his most popular works on his 
 personal experiences. Among his writings are : 
 ' Scenes of Military Life * ; < The Soldier's Life 
 
 in Peace*; 'Traffic and Trade > (Handel und 
 Wandel); 'Anonymous Stories * ; < Pilgrimage to 
 Mecca * ; < Pictures of Life * : < Forbidden Fruit.* 
 His position in German literature is one of 
 great distinction. 
 
 Hadlaub, Jobann (had'loub). A German 
 writer of pleasing minne or love songs; flour- 
 ished about 1400 ; lived mostly in or near Zu- 
 rich. His poetry is of special historical value 
 as affording our sole insight into some customs 
 of private life and the way they were then 
 viewed. Harvests and autumn scenes also af- 
 ford him themes for attractive lines. 
 
 Hadley, Arthur Twining. An American 
 
 political economist, president of Yale Univer- 
 sity since 1899 ; born at New Haven, Conn., 
 April 23, 1856. He has published : < Railroad 
 Transportation* (1885); 'Private Property and 
 Public Welfare * ; and a manual of < Economics.* 
 
 Haeckel, Ernst (hek'el). A German natur- 
 alist of the first rank, born at Potsdam, Feb. 
 16, 1834. His purely scientific works have been 
 translated into many languages. His popular 
 books include : ' On the Division of Labor 
 in Nature and Human Life' (1869); <On the 
 Origin and Genealogy of the Human Race* 
 (1870); 'Life in the Great Marine Animals' 
 (1870); 'The Arabian Corals' (1873); 'The 
 System of the Medusa' (1880); and 'A Visit 
 to Ceylon ' ; ' World Riddles > (1899). 
 
 Haflfner, Karl (haf'ner). An Austrian play- 
 wright ; born in Konigsberg, Nov. 8, 1804 ; died 
 at Vienna, Feb. 29, 1876. He went on the 
 stage at 16, and rose rapidly to eminence. He 
 wrote a hundred or so dramatic pieces of vari- 
 ous kinds ; ' Theresa Krones ' alone merits 
 notice, the others being local and ephemeral. 
 
 Hafiz, Ebwaja Shams-ad-dIn Muhammad 
 
 (Pers. pro. ha-fiz). Persia's famous lyric poet; 
 born at Shiraz, about 1300 ; died there, 1389. 
 The most complete English edition of his 
 works is that of H. Wilberforce Clarke : ' The 
 Divan i Hafiz, Translated' (1891). Hafiz seems 
 to be most characteristic in his many ' Ghazels' 
 or odes, whose themes are his own emotions. 
 Sir William Jones was one of the first English 
 translators. Other English translations include : 
 ' Selections from Hafiz' (1875), by H. Bicknell ; 
 < Persian Poetry for English Readers * (pri- 
 vately printed, 1883), by S. Robinson; 'Ghazels 
 from the Divan of Hafiz* (1893), by Justin 
 Huntley McCarthy. There is a complete Ger- 
 man translation by V. von Rosenzweig (3 vols,, 
 1856-64). 
 
 Hagedorn, Friedrich von (ha'ge-dorn). A 
 German poet ; born at Hamburg, April 23, 
 1708; died there, Oct. 28, 1754. He was suc- 
 cessively in diplomacy, law, and trade, giving
 
 HAGGARD -HALE 
 
 M3 
 
 his leisure to literature. A volume of 'Poetry, 
 Fables, and Narratives,' in 1738, after Lafon- 
 taine's style, was well received, and followed 
 by < Odes and Songs,' and versified tales of a 
 moral tendency. He is noted for good taste 
 and a pleasing style. 
 
 Haggard, Henry Rider. An English nov- 
 elist; bom at Bradenham, Norfolk, June 22, 
 1856. His long residence in South Africa 
 afforded him much of the material for his 
 fictions. 'King Solomon's Mines' (1885) and 
 < Allan Quatermain> (1887) were not particu- 
 larly successful ; but < She,' an extravaganza of 
 adventure and supematuralism, made his name 
 really celebrated. His later works include < Mr. 
 Meeson's Will,^ 'Cleopatra,' 'The World's De- 
 sire ' ; ' Stella Fregelius ' ; < The Brethren >; etc. 
 
 Hague, Arnold. An American geologist; 
 born in Boston, Dec. 3, 1840 ; graduated at the 
 Sheffield Scientific School of Yale (1863); after 
 which he studied three years at the univer- 
 sities of Gottingen and Heidelberg. In 1867 
 he was appointed assistant geologist on the 
 United States geological exploration of the 40th 
 parallel, under Clarence King. In part, his 
 published works are : < The Volcanoes of Cal- 
 ifornia, Oregon, and Washington Territory' 
 (1883); ' The Volcanic Rocks of theGreat Basin' 
 (1884); < The Volcanic Rocks of Salvador '; < Crys- 
 tallization in the Igneous Rocks of Washoe ' ; 
 < Geology of the Yellowstone National Park.' 
 
 Hague, William. An American clergyman 
 and prose-writer; born in Pelham, N. Y., Jan. 
 4, 1808 ; died in Boston, Aug. i, 1887. He held 
 pastorates in Baptist churches in Utica, N. Y., 
 Boston, Providence, and New York ; and was 
 professor of homiletics in the Baptist Theo- 
 logical Seminary at Chicago in 1869. Besides 
 his writings on religion, he published < Ralph 
 Waldo Emerson,' and ' Life Notes, or Fifty 
 Years' Outlook.' 
 
 Hahn, Yelena Andreyevna (han). A Rus- 
 sian novelist; born (Fadeyev) in 1814; died at 
 St Petersburg in 1842. Of her stories, 'Ut- 
 balla,' 'The World's Judgment,' and 'Theo- 
 phania,' are the most important. 
 
 Hahn, Ludwlg Phillpp (han). A German 
 dramatist ; born in Trippstedt, Pfalz, March 22, 
 1746; died at Zweibriicken, 1814. His trage- 
 dies 'Count Karl of Adelsberg' and 'Robert 
 von Hohenecken' are his ablest efforts. He 
 belongs to the " storm and stress " period of 
 German literature, and displays its traits. He 
 is sometimes confused with Johann Friedrich 
 Hahn, an occasional poet, bo'n about I75<'» 
 died in 1779. 
 
 Hahn-Habn, Ida von, Countess (han'han). 
 A German novelist; bom at Tressow, Meck- 
 lenburg-Schwerin, June 22, 1805 ; died at Mainz, 
 May 12, 1880. Domestic troubles involving a 
 separation from her husband turned her mind 
 to travel and literature. The scenes familiar 
 to her were reproduced in her novels, which 
 met with popular favor, particularly 'Ulrich' 
 and <Two Women.' At the height of her 
 
 career she became a convert to the Catholic 
 faith. She now produced various books of •»• 
 proselytizing nature, and in 1852 took the veil. 
 Her death took place in a convent founded 
 by herself. 
 
 Hake, Thomas Gordon. An English poet 
 and physician; born in Leeds, in 1809; died in 
 London, Jan. il, 1895. He took his medical 
 degree at Glasgow University in 1831, and 
 practiced his profession in East Anglia, later 
 becoming the physician and friend of Dante 
 Gabriel Rossetti. His poetry is thoroughly 
 original, but quaint, vague, and subtly philo- 
 sophical. His works include : ' Poetic Lucubra- 
 tions ' (1828); 'Vates: A Prose Epic' (1839); 
 ' New S>Tnbols,' verse (1875); ' Maiden Ecstasy,' 
 verse (1880); <A Divine Pastoral' (1883). 
 
 Hakluyt, Richard (hak'lot). An eminent 
 English geographer ; born in Herefordshire (or 
 London?) in 1552 or 1553 ; died Nov, 23, 
 161 6. He had a passion for and keen insight 
 into cosmographic questions ; and introduced 
 globes into English schools. He took holy 
 orders, and held befitting positions under gov- 
 ernment. In 1598 appeared his great history 
 of the important voyages of English seamen. 
 The Hakluyt Society, of London, which pub- 
 lishes old and rare books on geography and 
 navigation, was named in his honor. 
 
 Halderman, Samuel Stehman. An Ameri- 
 can naturalist and prose-writer ; bom in Locust 
 Grove, Pa., Aug. 12, 1812; died in Chickies, 
 Pa., Sept. 10, 1880. He was the first to hold 
 the chair of comparative philology at the 
 University of Pennsylvania; was a member of 
 many scientific societies, and was editor of the 
 Pennsylvania Farmers' Journal. Among his pub- 
 lished works are: 'Zoological Contributions' 
 (1842-43); 'Rhymes of the Poets,' published 
 under the pen-name of "Felix Ago" (1868); 
 'Pennsylvania Dutch' (1872); 'Outlines of Ety- 
 mology' (1877); and 'Word Building' (1881). 
 
 Hale, Edward Everett. A distinguished 
 American divine and prose-writer; born April 
 3, 1822, in Boston, Massachusetts, where he re- 
 sides. He has strongly impressed his individu- 
 ality upon his time. He is singularly felicitous 
 as a writer of short stories, among which the 
 most widely read are : ' My Double and How 
 He Undid Me'; 'The Man Without a Coun- 
 try'; 'The Skeleton in the Closet'; 'Ten 
 Times One Is Ten'; 'In His Name.' One 
 well-known collection is entitled ' The Ing- 
 ham Papers.' Among his longer stories are : 
 ' Philip Nolan's Friends > ; ' Mr. Tangier's Va- 
 cations ' ; 'Ups and Downs'; 'Fortunes of Rachel'; 
 ' Ralph Waldo Emerson ' ; ' We the People > ; 
 ' New England Ballads ' ; ' Prayers in the United 
 States Senate ' ; Foundation of the Republic' 
 His influence has been marked, and his name is 
 familiarly known and cherished throughout the 
 United States. He died June 10, 1909, at Rox- 
 hury, Mass. 
 
 Hale, Horatio. An American ethnologist and 
 lawyer ; bom in Newport, N. 11., May 3, 1817; 
 died in Clinton, Can., Dec. 29, 1896. Shortly
 
 «44 
 
 HALE — HALL 
 
 after graduating at Hanrard he was made phi- 
 lologist to the government exploring expedition 
 under Capt. Wilkes, and studied the languages 
 of the Pacific Islands, North and South Amer- 
 ica, Australia, and Africa. The results of his 
 observations were published in < Ethnography 
 and Philology) (1846). From 1855 he practiced 
 law at C'inton. His other works are: < Indian 
 Migrations as Evidenced by Language* (1883); 
 <The Iroquois Book of Rites> (1883); < A Report 
 on Blackfoot Tribes > (1885). 
 
 Hale, Lucretia Peabody. An American author, 
 sister of E. E. Hale; born in Boston, Mass., 
 Sept. 3, 1820; died there, June 12, 19CX). She 
 published, among other works, <The Lord's 
 Supper and its Observance* (1866); <The Ser- 
 vice of Sorrow) (1867) ; <The Wolf at the Door) 
 in the <No Name Series) (1877); <The Peterkin 
 Papers) (1882); <The Last of the Peterkins) 
 (1886). She also wrote <The New Harry and 
 Lucy) (with E. E. Hale). Her chief fame is as 
 the creator of the Peterkins, who have become 
 recognized types of humorous character. 
 
 Hale, Sarah Josepha (Buell). An Ameri- 
 can editor and writer ; born in Newport, N. H., 
 Oct 24, 1788; died in Philadelphia, April 30, 
 1879. From 1828 until 1837 she edited the 
 Ladies' Magazine, which was then merged into 
 Godey's Lady's Book, of which she became edi- 
 tor. Among her publications are : < Sketches 
 of all Distinguished Women from the Creation 
 to the Present Day> (1853); < The Genms of 
 Oblivion, and Other Poems > ; < Northwood,) a 
 novel {1827); < Sketches of American Charac- 
 ter*; < Traits of American Life > ; and many 
 others. 
 
 Hale, Susan. An American artist, writer of 
 travels, and biographer, sister of E. E. Hale ; 
 born at Boston, 1838. She has written < Life 
 and Letters of Thomas Gold Appleton* {1885). 
 With her brother she wrote the < Family Flight * 
 scries of travels for young people. 
 
 Hd,le]E Vitezlav (hal'ek). A Czech poet; 
 born at Dolinek, Bohemia, April 5, 1835; died 
 at Prague, Oct. 8, 1874. His lyric poems have 
 met with wider appreciation than his stories 
 among his countrymen. His plays have been 
 staged with success. His best poetry appears 
 in a volume entitled • Nature.) 
 
 Halivy, Ludovic (a-la-ve'). A French nov- 
 elist and dramatist of Jewish extraction ; born 
 at Paris July i, 1834. At first adopting an official 
 career, the success of his librettos for Offen- 
 bach turned him towards the drama, where he 
 won fame and fortune. With Henri Meilhac 
 he collaborated in works unique even on the 
 French stage. His peculiar gift is an irony 
 exquisitely adapted to a French audience: < La 
 Belle H^l&ne> and <The Grand Duchess of 
 G^rolstein) are instances. In 1882 appeared 
 < L'Abb< Constantin,) a novel which has been 
 enormously successful. He has since written 
 three or four others, besides sketches; and in 
 dramatic trifles he is most prolific. He became a 
 member of the Academy in 1886. D. May 8, 1908. 
 
 Eallburton, Thomai Cliaudl«r. [" Sam 
 
 Slick.))] A Canadian author; bom at Wind- 
 sor, Nova Scotia, in 1796; died at Isleworth, 
 near London, Aug. 27, 1865. Originally a lawyer, 
 he became a judge in Nova Scotia. In addition 
 to his famous <Sam Slick) papers (1835) he 
 produced serious historical and sociological 
 books, dealing principally with conditions in 
 Nova Scotia. He removed to England after 
 resigning his colonial judgeship, and was a 
 Member of Parliament m 1859. 
 
 Hall, Ann Maria Fielding, Mrs. An Irish 
 writer of fiction, wife of Samuel C; born at 
 Dublin, Jan. 6, 1800 ; died Jan. 30, 1881. At one 
 time her novels and short stories of Irish life 
 enjoyed great popularity. Besides the works 
 written in collaboration with her husband (for 
 which see his name) she published: < Sketches 
 of Irish Character) (1829); <The Buccaneer) 
 (1832); < Lights and Shadows of Irish Life* 
 (1838); < Tales of the Irish Peasantry) (1840). 
 Of her dramas the most successful was <The 
 French Refugee,) produced in 1837. 
 
 Hall, Basil. A British naval officer and 
 traveler; bom at Edinburgh, Dec. 31, 1788; 
 died at Portsmouth, England, Sept. 11, 1844- 
 He accompanied Lord Amherst's embassy to 
 China (1815-17), assisting in important explora- 
 tions of the eastern seas ; and visited the United 
 States in 1827. He wrote : < Voyage of Dis- 
 covery to the West Coast of Corea, etc.) (1818) ; 
 < Travels in North America) (1829); < Frag- 
 ments of Voyages and Travels) (1831-33), his 
 best work ; and others. 
 
 TTftH, Christopher Newman. An English 
 clergyman and religious writer ; bom at Maid- 
 stone, May 22, 1816; died in London, Feb. 18, 
 1902. He was minister of Christ Church in 
 Hull. He was a staunch friend of the Northern 
 cause during the Civil War, and afterwards 
 made two tours in the United States to allay the 
 feeling against Great Britain. Of his religious 
 writings a devotional treatise, <Come to Jesus, > 
 is the best known, having had a circulation of 
 3,000,000 in twenty languages. He also wrote : 
 ^Antidote to Fear'; < Homeward Bound); <Land 
 of the Forum and Vatican* (1854); <Pilgrim 
 Songs in Cloud and Sunshine) (1871); *Geth- 
 semane.) 
 
 Hall, Charles Winslow. An American law- 
 yer, and writer of romance and adventure ; born 
 1843. He has written : < Arctic Rovings ) ( 1861 ) ; 
 
 < Twice Taken ) ( 1867) ; < A Drift in the Icefields ) 
 (1877); < Drifting Round the World > (1881); 
 
 < Regiments and Armories of Massachusetts.) 
 
 Hall, Fitzedward. An American philologist; 
 born in Troy, N. Y., March 21, 1825 , died at 
 Marlesford, England, Feb. i, 1901. He gradu- 
 ated from Harvard in 1846. He lived long in 
 India, and made a thorough study of its tongues, 
 producing many translations in prose and verse. 
 He had the D. C. L. from Oxford in i860. Set- 
 tling in London in 1862, he accepted tht- chair 
 of Sanskrit and Indian jurisprudence in King's 
 College. He was the first American to edit a
 
 HALL — HALLOWELL 
 
 »45 
 
 Sanskrit text. Professor Hall discovered the 
 supposed lost works : * Bharata's Natyasastra,* 
 ' Harshaacharita,> and a complete copy of the 
 valuable < Brihaddevati.' His contributions to 
 our knowledge of Hindu and allied literatures 
 are of inestimable value, and his text-books in 
 this field are valuable and authoritative. He 
 is one of the chief collaborators in Dr. Mur- 
 ray's ^eat < Etymological Dictionary.* 
 
 Hall, Gertrude. An American poet and 
 writer of short stories; bom 1863. Her home 
 is in Boston. She has written : < Far from 
 To-day,> a collection of short stories ; < Alle- 
 gretto,' a book of verse ; < Foam of the Sea, 
 and Other Tales' ; < The Wagnerian Romances.' 
 
 Hall, Granville Stanley. An American 
 educator and psychologist; born at Ashfield, 
 Mass., May 6, 1845. From 1872 to 1 876 he 
 Was professor of psychology in Antioch Col- 
 lege, Ohio, and in 1882 became a professor of 
 that subject in Johns Hopkins University at 
 Baltimore. On the establishment of Clark Uni- 
 versity at Worcester, Mass., he was made its 
 president. He is the editor of the American 
 Journal of Psychology and the Pedagogical 
 Seminary, and the author of < Aspects of German 
 Culture' (1881); < Hints toward a Bibliography 
 of Education' (1886), with J. M. Mansfield; 
 < How to Teach Reading ' ; < Adolescence.' 
 
 Hall, John. An American clergyman and re- 
 ligious writer bom in County Armagh, Ireland, 
 July 31, 1829; died at Bangor, Ireland, Sept. 17, 
 1898. He became pastor of a Presbyterian 
 church in Armagh in 1852, and in 1858 of St. 
 Mary's Abbey, Dublin. In 1867 he was called 
 to the Fifth Avenue Church, New York city. 
 His works include : 'Family Prayers for Four 
 Weeks' (1868) ; <Papers for Home Reading) 
 (1871 ) ; 'Questions of the Day' ( 1873) ; 'Founda- 
 tion Stones for Young Builders' (1879). 
 
 Hall, Samuel Carter. An English editor 
 and miscellaneous writer; bom at Topsham, 
 Devonshire, England, in 1801 ; died March 16, 
 1889. For over forty years he was the editor 
 of the Art Journal, which he founded in 1839. 
 In collaboration with his wife (see Ann Maria) 
 he published the well-known work, < Ireland, 
 its Scenery and Character' (1841-43); 'Book 
 of Royalty' (1838); < A Woman's Story' (1857); 
 'The Book of the Thames' (1859); 'A Com- 
 panion to Killamey' (1878); and others. His 
 separate works were : ' A Book of Memories ' ; 
 <Book of British Ballads'; 'Baronial Halls.' 
 
 Hallam, Henry. An English historian ; 
 bom at Windsor, July 9, 1777 ; died at Pick- 
 hurst, Kent, Jan. 21, 1859. He was of astonish- 
 ing precocity both in reading and in composi- 
 tion ; graduated from Oxford at 22, and at 
 once settled down to the bar; but marrying 
 one fortune and inheriting another, retired 
 from legal practice and devoted himself to 
 history. In 1818 the appearance of 'A View 
 of the State of Europe during the Middle 
 Ages 'gave him an instant and enduring fame 
 •uch as no other mere compilation has ever 
 
 won for a writer ; a result due to the sagacity, 
 judgment, and impartiality it displays. Nine 
 years later came the ' Constitutional History 
 of England,' continuing the last chapter of hia 
 'Middle Ages'; and in 1837-39 the 'Intro- 
 duction to the Literature of Europe during the 
 Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Cen- 
 turies.' 
 
 Halleck, Fitz-Greene. An American poet; 
 bom in Guilford, Conn., July 8, 1790 ; died 
 there, Nov. 19, 1867. He was one of the origi- 
 nal trustees of the Astor Library, and held 
 other posts of responsibility in connection with 
 it. His best-known poems include : ' Marco 
 Bozzaris' (1827), and 'Fanny.' He was joint 
 author with Joseph Rodman Drake of the 
 'Croaker' papers, which appeared in a New 
 York newspaper in 1819. 
 
 Haller, Albrecht von (hal'ler). A Swiss 
 German botanist, physiologist, and poet; waj 
 bom at Bern, Oct. 16, 1708; and died there, 
 Dec. 12, 1777. His scientific writings form a 
 considerable part of the literature of his several 
 specialties ; but the most charming of these is 
 his work as a poet. His celebrated lines on 
 ' The Alps ' have been quoted as an example 
 of great strength of imagery. His poem 'On 
 the Origin of Evil' shows no falling off in 
 power. In his later years he wrote some po- 
 litical novels, among them ' Alfred, King of 
 the Anglo-Saxons' (1773). 
 
 Hallevi. Jehudah (ha'la-ve). A Spanish* 
 Jewish poet, physician, astronomer, and mathe- 
 matician, under the Arabic caliphate ; bom in 
 Toledo, in 1080 (?); died at Jerusalem, about 
 1 150. 
 
 Halliday, Samuel Byram. An American 
 Congregational minister; born in New Jersey, 
 
 1812; died there , 1897. He was for 
 
 I many years assistant of Henry Ward Beecher at 
 Plymouth Church. He has written 'The Lit- 
 tle Street Sweeper'; 'The Lost and Found > 
 (1859); 'Winning Souls' (1873); 'The Church 
 in America and its Baptisms of Fire > ; etc. 
 
 Halliwell-Phillipps, James Orchard. An 
 
 eminent English Shakespearian and antiqua- 
 rian ; bom in London, June 21, 1820 ; died 
 near Brighton, Jan. 3, 1889. He devoted his 
 life and large wealth to research among old 
 records for traces of Shakespeare, publishing 
 private editions of Shakespeariana, buying 
 singly or with others Shakespeare buildings at 
 Stratford, etc. ; and to editing old English 
 works. A large part of the verified knowledge 
 of Shakespeare's personality we possess is due 
 to him. 
 
 Hallock, Charles. An American journalist ; 
 born in New York, 1834. He was founder and 
 proprietor (1873-80) of Forest and Stream. 
 He has written ' The F'ishing Tourist ' (1873), a 
 guide for anglers ; 'Camp Life in Florida' (187s)' 
 ' Our New Alaska' 1886) ; ' Hallock Ancestry.* 
 
 Halloclc, William Allen. An Americaa 
 clergyman, noted as the lifelong secretary of 
 the American Tract Society; born in Piai^*
 
 ^4^ 
 
 HALLO WELL— HAMLEY 
 
 field, Mass., June 2, 1794; died in New York, 
 Oct. 2, 1880. He published <Li{e of Harlan 
 Page>; <Life of Moses Hallock>; <Life of 
 Justin Edwards > ; and many tracts. 
 
 Hallowell, Richard Price. An American 
 writer and merchant; born in Philadelphia, 
 Dec. 16, 1835. He was a follower of Phillips 
 and Garrison in the abolition movement, and 
 wrote much for the Index. Among his works 
 are <The Quaker Invasion of Massachusetts* 
 (1883 1, and < The Pioneer Quakers.) Died 1905. 
 
 Halm, Friedricli (halm). See Miincli- 
 Bellinghauseii. 
 
 Halpine, Charles Graham. ["Miles O'Reil- 
 ly.wj An Irish-American miscellaneous writer; 
 born in Ireland, 1829; came to this country at 
 23; died 1868. He was a New York journal- 
 ist. He served through the Civil War, attain- 
 ing the rank of colonel. His writings include: 
 < Lyrics*; < Poems*; < Miles O'Reilly Papers'; 
 
 < Life and Adventures of Private Miles O'Reil- 
 ly'; 'Baked Meats of the Funeral'; 'Poetical 
 Works'; etc. 
 
 Hamerling, Robert (ha'mer-ling). An Aus- 
 trian poet of high and enduring place ; born 
 in Kirchberg-am-Walde, March 24, 1830 ; died 
 at Gratz, July 13, 1889. Of humble parents, but 
 reared and well educated in Vienna, he gained 
 influential patronage by poems published at 
 20, and became a lecturer in the University 
 of Trieste ; but retiring on account of illness, 
 was pensioned during the next twenty years. 
 He produced poems, plays, and romances, 
 which rank him among the first poets of <• the 
 new time " for thought, euphony, and technique. 
 His greatest work is < Ahasuerus in Rome ' 
 {1866), a vivid epic of Nero's time and the 
 dying paganism. The later < King of Zion,' 
 in hexameters ; < Cupid and Psyche ' ; and 
 
 < Homunculus,' a satire on the unspirituality 
 of the present age, are worthy his genius. 
 <Aspasia' is a powerful, graphic, and erudite, 
 but sometimes tedious, picture of Hellenic life 
 and manners in Pericles's time. <The Seven 
 Deadly Sins ' is a noteworthy but minor flight 
 of fancy. In his latter years he published an 
 autobiography, < Stages of my Life Pilgrimage.' 
 
 Hamerton, Philip Gilbert. An English artist, 
 art-writer, and writer on many topics ; born at 
 Laneside, Lancashire, Sept. 10, 1834 ; died near 
 Boulogne, France, Nov. 4,1894. His works in- 
 clude : < Thoughts about Art ' ; < Etching and 
 Etchers ' ; < Contemporary French Painters * ; 
 
 < Painting in France ' ; < The Intellectual Life > ; 
 
 < The Graphic Arts ' ; < Human Intercourse ' ; 
 <The Quest of Happiness'; 'Autobiography' 
 (incomplete, but supplemented by his widow); 
 and two or three novels. His most character- 
 istic work is <A Painter's Camp in the High- 
 lands.' 
 
 Hamilton, Alexander. An American states- 
 man ; bom in the island of Nevis, West Indies, 
 Jan. II, 1757; killed in a duel by Aaron Burr, 
 near New York, July 12, 1804. He became a 
 
 captain in the Continental Army 1776; mem- 
 ber of the Continental Congress 1782-83 ; of 
 the Constitutional Convention 1787. He was 
 Secretary of the Treasury 1789-95. In 1798, 
 during the trouble with France, he was made 
 inspector-general of the army, with the rank 
 of major-general, and was for a short time in 
 1799 commander-in-chief. His works include 
 the larger part of <The Federalist,' and nu- 
 merous political pamphlets and public docu- 
 ments and reports. His 'Collected Works 'in 
 8 vols., edited by his son, appeared in 1851. 
 
 Hamilton, Anthony. An English author; 
 born in Tipperary, Ireland, about 1646 ; died at 
 St. Germain-en-Laye, France, in 1720. Of a 
 Royalist family, and forced to live in France 
 from childhood till the Restoration, his wit and 
 moral tone are rather French than English. 
 His 'Memoirs of the Count de Grammont' 
 (1713) has been universally read and admired; 
 and his mock-Oriental tales are full of grace 
 and subtle irony. 
 
 Hamilton, Elizabeth. An Irish miscella- 
 neous writer; born at Belfast, 1758; died at 
 Harrogate, England, 1816. Her first serious 
 work, 'The Letters of a Hindoo Rajah' (2 
 vols.), appeared in 1796. 'The Modern Phi- 
 losophers' (1800) was followed by 'Memoirs 
 of Agrippina ' and < Letters to the Daughters 
 of a Nobleman.' The best of her works, ' The 
 Cottagers of Glenburnie,' was published in 1808. 
 
 Hamilton, Gail. See Dodge, Mary Abigail. 
 
 Hamilton, John Church. An American bi- 
 ographer and historian, son of Alexander Ham- 
 ilton ; born in Philadelphia, 1792 ; died 1882. 
 Besides editing his father's works (1851), he 
 wrote: 'Memoirs and Life of Alexander Ham- 
 ilton' (2 vols., 1834-40); 'History of the Re- 
 public' (4th ed. 1879); 'The Prairie Province' 
 (1876), sketches of travel. 
 
 Hamilton, Thomas. A Scottish novelist; 
 born in 1789; died at Pisa, Italy, Dec. 7, 1842. 
 He was educated at Glasgow University. After 
 showing an incapacity for business, he obtained 
 a commission in the 29th Regiment. Retiring 
 from the service about 1818, he soon became 
 known as contributor to Blackwood's. His 
 novel, 'Cyril Thornton,' published in 1827, 
 reached several editions. 'Annals of the Pen- 
 insular Campaign > came out in 1829 ; ' Men and 
 Manners in America' in 1833. 
 
 Hamilton, William. A Scottish poet; born 
 in 1704, at Bangour, Linlithgowshire ; died 
 March 25, 1754, at Lyons, France. He wrote 
 'jThe Braes of Yarrow,' and other poems. 
 
 Hamley, Edward Bruce, Sir. An English 
 general ; born at Bodmin, England, April 27, 
 1824; died in London, Aug. 12, 1893. He served 
 through the Crimean War ; was professor of 
 military history at Sandhurst 1S58-64, and com. 
 mandant there 1870-77; and was division com- 
 mander in the Egyptian war of 1882. His 
 chief work is < Operations of War ' (xS66 ; 4th 
 cd. 1878), the recognized text-book ' x militiU/
 
 HAMMER — HARDY 
 
 247 
 
 examinations. Among his other publications 
 are: <The Story of the Campaign' (1855), a 
 narrative of the Crimean War; < Wellington's 
 Career > (i860); < Voltaire' in < Foreign Classics' 
 (1877); <The War in the Crimea' (1890). 
 
 Hammer, Julius (ham'mer). A German 
 poet and prose-writer ; born in Dresden, June 
 7, 1810; died at Pillnitz, Aug. 23, 1862. His 
 comedy called <The Strange Breakfast' (1834) 
 was followed by a volume of charming lyric 
 poetry under the title < Look About You, Look 
 Within You' (1851); and by < Learn, Live, 
 Love,' and other successful efforts. His nov- 
 els show talent ; but his reputation must rest 
 upon his verse, which is graceful, unhackneyed, 
 and ingenious. 
 
 Hammerich, Peter Frederlk Adolf (ham'- 
 mer-ich). A Danish poet, theologian, and his- 
 torian ; born in Copenhagen, 1809 ; died there, 
 Feb. 9, 1877. During the Danish-German War 
 he was an army chaplain ; and after it he was 
 elected to Parliament, and began to write his- 
 tory. As a poet his < Hero Songs ' deserve 
 special mention. 
 
 Hammond, Mrs.Henrletta(Hardy). [« Henri 
 Dangd."] An American novelist; born in Vir- 
 ginia, 1854; died 1883. She wrote: <The 
 Georgians ' ; < A Fair Philosopher' ; < Her Wait- 
 ing Heart ' ; < Woman's Secrets, or How to be 
 Beautiful ' ; and other books. 
 
 Hammond, William Alexander. A distin- 
 guished American physician and medical writer, 
 also a novelist ; bom at Annapolis, Md. , Aug. 28, 
 1828; died in Washington, Jam 5, 1900. He 
 was surgeon-general in the Civil War ( 1862-64). 
 Among his novels are : < Robert Seveme > 
 (1866); <Dr. Grattan) (1884); < Lai » (1884); 
 <On the Susquehanna' (1887). 
 
 Hanaford, Mrs. Phebe Ann (Cofian). An 
 American miscellaneous writer and Universalist 
 minister; born in Massachusetts in 1829. She 
 was the first of her sex to become a member 
 of the Universalist clergy. In 1887 she was 
 called to a church in New Haven, Conn., and 
 has retained the charge ever since. Her works 
 are : < Life of Abraham Lincoln > ; < Life of 
 George Peabody ' ; < Lucretia the Quakeress ' ; 
 
 < Leonette, or Truth Sought and Found ' ; < The 
 Best of Books and its History'; < Frank Nel- 
 son, the Runaway Boy'; <The Soldier's Daugh- 
 ter'; < Field, Gunboat, and Hospital ' ; < Women 
 of the Century'; <From Shore to Shore, and 
 Other Poems > ; etc. 
 
 Hannay, James. An English novelist and 
 essayist ; born at Dumfries, Scotland, Feb. 17, 
 1827 ; died near Barcelona, Spain, Jan. 9, 1873. 
 He was a midshipman for some years. His 
 contributions to Edinburgh periodicals, since 
 collected, have been widely read ; and his nov- 
 els < King Dobbs,' < Singleton P'ontenoy,' and 
 
 < Eustace Conyers,' went through more than 
 one edition. His ability is in satire and deli- 
 cate irony rather than in characterization. 
 
 Hansen, Maurits Christoplier (han'sen). A 
 Norwegian poet; born in iNlodum, July 5, 17^4, 
 
 died at Kongsberg, March 16, 1842. His models 
 in fiction seem to have been Fouqud and Tieck. 
 As a poet he is best represented by the volume 
 of < Norse Idylls.' His style is limpid, and 
 shows the influence of German studies. He 
 also wrote school grammars, and manuals of 
 literature, that have been widely used in Nor- 
 way. 
 
 Hansllck, Eduard (hans'lik). A German 
 musical critic and writer on aesthetics; born 
 at Prague, Sept. 11, 1825. He surpassed all 
 contemporary workers in the field of musical 
 criticism, holding the position of professor of 
 musical criticism and history in the Vienna 
 University. He is a recognized authority among 
 European authors in music and aesthetics, owing 
 to his wit, imaginative power, thorough knowl- 
 edge of his specialties, and perfect command 
 of style. Died at Vienna, Aug. 7, 1904. 
 
 Hanssen, Ola (han'sen). A Swedish-German 
 poet and author; born in Housing, Sweden, 
 Nov. 12, i860. He had a passion for travel ; 
 going on foot in his impecunious early years, 
 but his first poems were successful enough to 
 improve his means. His masterpiece was < Love 
 Longings' (Sensitiva Amorosa), brought out 
 in 1887, and since translated into German and 
 French. He has lived in Berlin since 1889, 
 and written in German with grace and facility. 
 His poems combine vigorous thought with deli- 
 cate workmanship, and his literary essays are 
 those of an able and learned critic. 
 
 Hapgood, Isabella Florence. An American 
 translator and writer, who has paid particular 
 attention to Russian subjects ; born in Massa- 
 chusetts in 185 1. She has published <The Epic 
 Songs of Russia'; < Russian Rambles'; and is 
 well known as a translator of the works of Go- 
 gol, Hugo, and other great European writers. 
 
 Hapgood, Norman, An American journalist 
 of New York; born in Chicago, March 28, 1868. 
 He graduated at Harvard, and studied in Europe. 
 He has published < Literary Statesmen and Oth- 
 ers > ; < Daniel Webster ' ; < Abraham Lincoln ' ; 
 
 < The Stage in America* (1901). 
 
 Happel, Eberhard Werner (hap'el). A 
 German writer of fiction and prose miscellany ; 
 born in Kirchhain, Hesse, Aug. 12, 1647 ; died 
 at Hamburg, May 15, 1690. His < Academic 
 Romance ' is important as a contribution to 
 the records of literary and artistic evolution. 
 
 Harby, Isaac. An American dramatist ; 
 born in South Carolina, 1788; died 1828. His 
 home was in Charleston, S. C. He wrote : 
 
 < Alexander Severus ' ; < The Gordian Knot ' ; 
 <Alberti'; etc. 
 
 Hardenberg, Frledrich von. See Novalls. 
 
 Hardinge, Mrs. Belle Boyd. An American 
 Southern woman who acted as a Confederate 
 spy in the Civil War. She wrote < Belle Boyd 
 in Camp and Prison' (London and New York, 
 1865). 
 
 Hardy, Alexandre (ar-de'). A French play- 
 wright ; born at Paris about 1570 ; died near
 
 34^ 
 
 Versailles (?), 1631. He is said to have been 
 one of the first French « playwrights," properly 
 speaking. His plays number some hundreds, 
 and he borrowed his materials from Cervantes, 
 Boccaccio, and any other author he found avail- 
 able. His best effort is probably <Mariamne,> 
 produced in 1610. Such talent as he possessed 
 was for construction and adaptation, and for 
 felicitous dialogue. 
 
 Hardy, Arthur Sherburne. An American 
 novelist, poet, and man of letters ; bom at An- 
 dover, Mass., Aug. 13, 1847. He graduated from 
 West Point, and commanded a military post in 
 the South for two years. His poetry consists 
 mainly of lyrics and sonnets, while his novels 
 are full of interest and charm. He is a skilled 
 musician. In 1897 he was appointed minister 
 to Persia. < But Yet a Woman > and <The 
 Wind of Destiny > are among the more im- 
 portant of his novels. < Passe-Rose > is a French 
 idyl. His poems have been published in nu- 
 merous magazines, and some of his mathemati- 
 cal studies have taken shape in a volume on 
 < Quaternions.' His latest work is < His Daugh- 
 ter Fir.st> (1903). 
 
 Hardy, Iza Dufifus. An English novelist, 
 daughter of Sir Thomas. She began story- 
 writing very early, and has been a frequent 
 contributor to the magazines. Among her nu- 
 merous novels are: <Glencairn> (1877); <Only 
 a Love Story > (1877); < A Broken Faith > (1878); 
 <The Love that He Passed By> (1884), an 
 American novel; < A Woman's Loyalty' (1893); 
 and two volumes of transatlantic reminis- 
 cences, < Between Two Oceans' (1884) and 
 'Oranges and Alligators: Sketches of South 
 Florida Life' (1886). 
 
 Hardy, Thomas. An English novelist ; bom 
 in Dorsetshire, June 2, 1840. His works in- 
 clude : < Desperate Remedies' (1871); 'Under 
 the Greenwood Tree' (1872); <A Pair of Blue 
 Eyes' (1873); <Far from the Madding Crowd' 
 (1874); < The Hand of Ethelberta' (1876); < The 
 Retum of the Native' (1878); <The Tmmpet 
 Major' (1880); <A Laodicean' (1881); <Two 
 on a Tower' (1882); 'The Mayor of Caster- 
 bridge' (1886); 'The Woodlanders' (1887); 
 'Wessex Tales' (1888); 'A Group of Noble 
 Dames' (1891); 'Tess of the D'Urbervilles ' 
 (1891); 'Life's Little Ironies' (1894); <Jude 
 the Obscure ' ; ' Poems of the Past and Present.' 
 
 Hare, Augustus John Cuthbert. An Eng- 
 lish descriptive writer ; born in Rome, March 
 13, 1834. He was a graduate of Oxford. The 
 son of a rich father, he was enabled from his 
 earliest youth to gratify a taste for travel, on 
 descriptions of which his fame chiefly rests. 
 Among his happiest efforts are : ' A Winter at 
 Mentone' (1861); 'Walks in Rome' (1870); 
 'Wanderings in Spain' (1872); 'Walks in Lon- 
 don' (1877); 'Days near Paris' (1887); and 
 a narrative of travel in southern France. A 
 Tolume of personal recollections (1895). ^^^ 
 died at Holmhurst, Eng., Jan. 22, 1903. 
 
 Hare, Augustus William. An English cler- 
 gyman and writer; born 1792; died 1834. With 
 
 HARBY — HARRADEN 
 
 his brother Julius Charles he wrote 'Guesses 
 at Truth.' 
 
 Hare, Julius Charles. An English theolo- 
 gian ; born 1795 ; died 1855. His works include : 
 'Mission of the Comforter' (1846); 'The Con- 
 test with Rome' (1852); < Vindication of Luther' 
 (1854). See also Augustus William. 
 
 Haren, Onno Zwier van (har'en). A Dutch 
 poet and statesman ; born at Leeuwarden, 
 April 2, 1713; died near Wolvega, Friesland, 
 Sept. 2, 1779. An active public man on the 
 Orange side, he was forced into retirement by 
 an obscure scandal after the death of Anne, 
 wife of William IV., and took to literary work. 
 His best production is an epic, 'The Father- 
 land,' portraying the Dutch struggle for free- 
 dom. His lyric poetry is good ; and a tra- 
 gedy, ' William I.,' is still generally read. His 
 work on William IV. is a masterpiece of Dutch 
 prose. 
 
 Haren, Willem van. A Dutch poet and 
 statesman, brother of Onno ; born at Leeu- 
 warden, Feb. 21, 1710; committed suicide in 
 North Brabant, July 4, 1768. He held import- 
 ant governmental posts but was ruined by 
 speculation. His celebrated poem 'Leonidas' 
 (1742) was written to inspire the Hollanders 
 with his own enthusiasm for liberty and the 
 war of the Austrian succession. Even more 
 meritorious are his odes on human happiness 
 and the vicissitudes of life ; but his epic poem 
 ' Friso,' despite imperfections, won him his 
 greatest fame. 
 
 Harington, Sir John. An English poet and 
 wit; born at Kelston, near Bath, in 1561 ; died 
 there, Nov. 20, 1612. He was a soldier, courtier, 
 and scholar, in favor with Queen Elizabeth, 
 and a power in public affairs. His translation 
 of Ariosto's 'Orlando Furioso,' undertaken by 
 command of Queen Elizabeth, is meritorious ; 
 but his talent displayed itself best in epigram. 
 His witty verses in ridicule of his contempo- 
 raries got him into trouble occasionally, but 
 never into serious difficulty. He was the Mar- 
 tial of his day, though of less genius. 
 
 Harland, Henry. ["Sidney Luska."] An 
 American novelist ; born at St. Petersburg. 
 1 861. A few years ago he removed to London, 
 where he died, December 19, 1905. He is author 
 of: 'As It was Written' (1885), a musician's 
 story; 'Mrs. Peixada' (1886); 'The Land of 
 Love' (1887); 'My Uncle Florimond' (1888 1; 
 'The Yoke of the Thorah' (1887); 'Mr. Son- 
 nenschein's Inheritance' (1888); <A Latin 
 Quarter Courtship' ; 'The Cardinal's Snuff Box.' 
 
 Harland, Marion. See Terhune. 
 
 Harraden, Beatrice. An English novelist, 
 daughter of an East India agent in London ; 
 born Jan. 24, 1864. After schooling and a 
 season in Germany, she took her degree at 
 London University at 21, showing marked ex- 
 cellence in languages. She was then employed 
 in a publishing-house, but ill-health compelled 
 her to leave. Her first novel, ' Ships that Pa»s
 
 HARRIGAN — HARRISON 
 
 249 
 
 in the Night,' was instantly successful. This 
 was followed by < In Varying Moods > (1894); 
 < Things will Take a Turn' (1894); < Hilda 
 Strafford,' a Californian story ; < Katharine 
 Frensham' (1903). 
 
 Harrigan, Edward. A noted American actor 
 and playwright ; born in New York, 1845. He 
 formed a partnership with Tony Hart (1871- 
 85), when the two opened in New York their 
 first Theatre Comique (1876), bringing out there 
 the < Mulligan Guard > series of plays. Among 
 his dramas, which are all of humble New York 
 life, strong in character-drawing though weak 
 in a literary sense, may be named < Squatter 
 Sovereignty' and 'Cordelia's Aspirations.' 
 
 Harris, Amanda Bartlett. An American 
 writer of juveniles ; bom at Warner, N. H., 1824. 
 Besides numerous contributions to periodicals, 
 she has published many pleasing books, in- 
 cluding < IIow We Went Bird-Nesting'; <Wild 
 Flowers, and where They Grow ' ; < The Luck 
 of Edenhall'; etc. 
 
 Harris, Augustus Henry GIossop, Sir. An Eng- 
 lish actor, manager, and dramatist; born in Paris 
 in 1852 ; died in Folkestone, England, June 
 22, 1896. Appearing on the stage in 1873, in 
 1879 he became lessee and manager of Drury 
 Lane Theatre, where he produced popular pan- 
 tomimes and melodramas written in collabora- 
 tion — among them: < The World'; < Youth'; 
 < Human Nature ' ; < Run of Luck ' ; < Prodigal 
 Daughter'; <Life of Pleasure'; < Derby Win- 
 ner.' He induced the revival of grand opera 
 at Covent Garden. He was made sheriff of 
 London and knighted in 1891. 
 
 Harris, George Washington. An American 
 humorist; born in Allegheny County, Pa., 1814; 
 died 1869. While a Tennessee River steam- 
 boat captain he wrote, about i860, for the New 
 York Spirit of the Times, a series of broadly 
 humorous character sketches called < Sut Loven- 
 good's Yams,' published in book form in 1867. 
 
 Harris, Joel Chandler. An American jour- 
 nalist and story-writer ; bom at Eatonton, Geor- 
 gia, Dec. 8, 1848. He began life as a printer's 
 apprentice, and afterwards studied law, drifting 
 finally into journalism. He had a thorough 
 familiarity with the negro of the post-bellum 
 period, and while editing an Atlanta paper he 
 produced for it the series of < Uncle Remus ' 
 sketches and songs which immediately made 
 him known. < The Folk-Lore of the Old Plant- 
 ation' appeared in 1880, followed by < Nights 
 with Uncle Remus' (1883); < Mingo and Other 
 Sketches' (1883); < Daddy Jake, the Runaway' 
 (1889); < Uncle Remus' and «Br'er Rabbit' 
 (1907). In a more serious vein is his biography 
 of the lamented Henry W. Grady, a work of 
 genuine power. He died July 3, 1908. 
 
 Harris, Mrs. Miriam (Coles). A well-known 
 American novelist ; born at Dosoris, L. I., 1834. 
 Her home is in New York. She has written : 
 •Rutledge' (i860); <The Sutherlands' (1862)— 
 both widely read ; < Frank Warrington ' ; < A 
 Perfect Adonis ' ; < Missy ' ; etc. A complete 
 edition of her novels appeared in 1885. 
 
 Harris, Thomas Lake. A noted American 
 mystic philosopher and religious and social 
 reformer; born at Fenny Stratford, England, 
 May 15, 1823. He founded the Brotherhood 
 of the New Life, of which Laurence Oliphant 
 was a member. Among his numerous works 
 in prose and verse are : * The Great Republic, 
 a Poem of the Sun' (1867); <Arcana of Christ 
 ianity' (2 vols., 1868); < God's Breath in Man' 
 (1891). 
 
 Harris, William Torrey. A distinguished 
 American educator, and writer on education 
 and philosophy; bom at Killingly, Conn., Sept. 
 10, 1835. He established the Journal of Spec- 
 ulative Philosophy (1867), the first publication 
 of its kind in the English language, and be- 
 came United States Commissioner of Education 
 (1889). Among his works are : < Hegel's Logic' 
 (1890), a critical exposition; < The Spiritual 
 Sense of Dante's Divina Commedia' (1891); 
 
 < Introduction to Philosophy ' ; < Psychologic 
 Foundation of Education.' 
 
 Harrison, Mrs. Burton (Constance Caryi. 
 
 An American novelist and miscellaneous wrucr ; 
 born at Vaucluse, Va., April 25, 1846 ; resides 
 in New York. She has written : < Woman's 
 Handiwork in Modern Homes' (1881); < Old- 
 Fashioned Fairy-Book' (1884); 'Bar Harbor 
 Days' (1887); and the novels <The Anglo- 
 maniacs ' ; < An Errant Wooing ' ; < A Bachelor 
 Maid': <A Son of th? Old Dominion' (,1897) ; 
 <A Princess of the Hills ' ;<Latter-Day Sweet- 
 hearts.' 
 
 Harrison, Frederic. An English essayist, 
 thinker, and publicist ; born in London, Oct, 18, 
 1831. Since graduation from Oxford he has 
 served on various scientific and legal commis- 
 sions ; writing in connection therewith, reports, 
 essays, books on sociology, law, and ethics. 
 In the domain of philosophy his expositions 
 of Comte have given him an international rep- 
 utation. <The Meaning of History* (1862); 
 < Order and Progress' (1875); < Choice of Books' 
 ( 1886) ; < Oliver Cromwell ' ( 1888) ; < Annals of an 
 Old Manor House ' ; < The Study of History ' ; 
 
 < Moral and Religious Socialism ' ; < William the 
 Silent ' ; < George Washington and Other Ameri- 
 can Addresses.' 
 
 Harrison, James Albert. An American 
 educator and miscellaneous writer; born at 
 Pass Christian, Miss., 1848. He is now professor 
 of Teutonic languages at the University of 
 Virginia. He has written : < A Group of 
 Poets and their Haunts' (1875); < Greek 
 Vignettes' (1878); < Spain in Profile' (1879); 
 
 < History of Spain' (1881); < Autrefois : Tales of 
 Old New Orleans and Elsewhere' (1888); etc. 
 
 Harrison, Jane Ellen. An English lecturer 
 and writer on Greek art and mythology; bom 
 in 1850. She began her career as a lecturer 
 in 1882 at the British Museum, and has since 
 extended her work to South Kensington and 
 most of the provincial towns. She has been 
 prominently identified with the university ex- 
 tension movement. Among her publications 
 may be mentioned : < Myths of the Odyssey ' 
 (1881) ; < Introductory Studies in Greek Art' 
 (1885); < Mythology and Monuments of Ancient 
 Athens ' ; < Phoebe > ; < Rosary for Lent ' ; < Dear 
 Feast of Lent > ; < A Comer in Spain. >
 
 250 
 
 HARRISSE — HARTING 
 
 Harrisse, Henri (har-es'). An American 
 critic, bibliographer, and historian ; born in Paris, 
 1830, of Russian-Hebrew parentage. He became 
 a citizen of the United States, and for several 
 jears practiced law in New York. He has 
 written < Christopher Columbus > (2 vols., 1884- 
 85); <John and Sebastian Cabot> (1883); < The 
 Discovery of North America >; etc. 
 
 Harsdbrfer, George Philip (hars'derf-er). 
 A German poet; born in Nurnberg, Nov. i, 
 1607; died there, Sept. 22, 1658. After legal 
 studies and extensive travel, he settled down 
 to official employment in his native town. In 
 1644 he helped to found a fraternal literary 
 and horticultural society, the Pegnitz Order, 
 which did good work in improving literary 
 language. Best remembered of his many 
 works are : ^ The Poetical Funnel,' for '< pour- 
 ing in knowledge,'' a satirical <* royal road » 
 to poesy ; and a *■ Manual of Polite Conversa- 
 tion,' which e.xplains itself. 
 
 Harslia, David Addison. An American re- 
 ligious writer and biographer ; born at Argyle, 
 N. Y., Sept. 15, 1827. He wrote <Lives> of 
 Charles Sumner, Doddridge, Baxter, Bunyan, 
 Addison, James Hervey, Watts, Whitefield, 
 Abraham Booth, and < Eminent Orators and 
 Statesmen.' Died at South Argyle, in 1895. 
 
 Hart, Albert Bushnell. An American edu- 
 cator, historian, biographer, and essayist ; born 
 at Clarksville, Pa., July i, 1854. He is pro- 
 fessor of history at Harvard University. He 
 has written : < Coercive Powers of the United 
 States Government' (1885); < Introduction to 
 the Study of Federal Government' (1890); 
 
 < Studies in Education ' ; < Life of Salmon P. 
 Chase ' ; < Practical Essays on American Gov- 
 ernment' ; etc. He edited a series of works on 
 special periods of our national history which 
 were published from 1897-1907. 
 
 Hart, Charles Henry. An American art 
 critic, antiquarian, and biographer ; born in 
 Philadelphia, 1847. Among his published works 
 are: < Remarks on Tabasco, Mexico' (1865); 
 
 < Memoirs of William Hickling Prescott' (1868); 
 < Memoirs of William Willis' (1870); < George 
 Ticknor' (1871); < Turner, the Dream Painter' 
 (1879); and <Samuel S. Haldeman' (1881). 
 
 Hart, Heinrich (hart). A German poet and 
 critic ; bom in Wesel, Dec. 30, 1855. His early 
 studies were historical, philosophical, and phi- 
 lological. He is a journalist, a dramatic and 
 literary critic, and one of the leaders of what 
 is known as the naturalistic movement in lit- 
 erature. In collaboration with his brother 
 Julius, he projected a variety of successful peri- 
 odical publications. His poetical works include 
 a volume of verse ; a tragedy, < Sedan ' ; and an 
 elaborate <Song of Mankind,' of which but the 
 first few parts have yet appeared. He has 
 issued a volume of sketches, < Children of the 
 Light' 
 
 Hart, Julius. A German poet and prose- 
 writer, brother of Heinrich ; born in Miinster, 
 April 9, 1859; resides in Berlin. His earliest 
 
 efforts were in newspaper dramatic criticisms. 
 His poems include : < Sansara,' a volume of 
 verse ; * Don Juan Tenorio,' a tragedy in lyric 
 form ; and < Homo Sum.' He is a graceful 
 translator of poetry from the Persian, English, 
 and Spanish. His poetry and prose are char- 
 acterized by euphony and limpidity of style. 
 
 Harte, [Francis] Bret. A famous American 
 short-story writer and poet ; born in Albany, 
 N. Y., Aug. 25, 1839; died at Camberley, 
 England, May 5, 1902. He published <Out- 
 croppings' (1866), a collection of verse by 
 Californians ; *The Lost Galleon, and Other 
 Tales' (1867); 'Condensed Novels' (1867); 
 <The Luck of Roaring Camp, and Other 
 Sketches' (1870); <Plain Language from Truth- 
 ful James' (1 870), illustrated edition; < The 
 Heathen Chinee' (187 1 ), special edition; <Poems> 
 (1871); <East and West Poems' (1871); <Stories 
 of the Sierras ) (1872); < Poetical Works' (1872); 
 <Mrs. Skaggs's Husbands, and Other Sketches'; 
 <M'liss> (1873); < An Episode of Fiddle- 
 town, and Other Sketches* (1873); <Echoes 
 of the Foot-Hills' (1875); 'Tales of the Argo- 
 nauts, and Other Sketches' (1875); 'Gabriel 
 Conroy' (1876); 'Two Men of Sandy Bar' 
 (1876), a drama; 'Thankful Blossom' (1877); 
 'The Story of a Mine' (1878); 'The Hoodlum 
 Band, and Other Stories' (1878); 'Drift from 
 Two Shores' (1878); 'An Heiress of Red Dog, 
 and Other Tales' (1879); 'The Twins of Mar- 
 ble Mountain, and Other Stories' (1879); 'Com- 
 plete Works' (1882); ' Flip and Other Stories' 
 (1882); 'In the Carquinez Woods' (1884); 'On 
 the Frontier' (1884); 'Maruja' (1885); 'By 
 Shore and Sedge' (1S85); 'Snow Bound at 
 Eagle's' (1885); 'The Queen of the Pirate Isle' 
 (1886); 'A Millionaire of Rough and Ready' 
 (1887); 'Devil's Ford' (1887); 'The Crusade of 
 the Excelsior ' (1887); ' The Argonauts of North 
 Liberty' {1888); <A Phyllis of the Sierras' 
 (1888); 'Cressy' (1889); ' The Heritage of Ded- 
 low Marsh, and Other Tales' (1889); <A Waif 
 of the Plains' (1890); 'A Ward of the Golden 
 Gate' (1890); 'A Sappho of Green Springs, and 
 Other Stories' (1891); 'Colonel Starbottle's 
 Client and Other People ' ( 1892); 'A First Family 
 of Tasajera' (1892); 'Susy' (1893); 'Sally 
 Dows, and Other Stories' (1893); 'A Protegee 
 of Jack Hamlin's, and Other Stories' (1894); 
 'The Bell-Ringerof Angel's, and Other Stories' 
 (1894); 'Clarence' (1895); 'In the Hollow of 
 the Hills' (1895); 'Three Partners'; etc. 
 
 Harting, James Edmund. An English nat- 
 uralist ; bom in London, April 29, 1841. He 
 matriculated at the University of London in 
 1859, and followed the profession of a solicitor 
 until 1878, when he retired and devoted him- 
 self to zoological research. He is editor of 
 the natural-history columns of the Field, and 
 also has charge of the Zoologist. Among his 
 numerous publications are : ' The Ornithology 
 of Shakespeare' (1871); 'Handbook of British 
 Birds' (1871); 'Rambles in Search of Shells' 
 (1875); 'British Animals Extinct within His- 
 toric Times' (1880); 'Essays on Sport ani 
 Natural History' (1883).
 
 HARTLEY — H ASSARD 
 
 251 
 
 Hartley, Cecil B. An American biographer 
 and miscellaneous writer ; born 18 — • died 18 — . 
 He wrote < Lives > of Louis Wetzel, the Vir- 
 ginia ranger; of the Empress Josephine (i860); 
 of Francis Marion ; and of Daniel Boone. 
 Also < Hunting Sports of the \Yest.> 
 
 Hartmann, Alfred (hart'man). A Swiss au- 
 thor ; born Jan. I, 1814, near Langenthal, Bern. 
 He studied law at German universities, but 
 after a sojourn in Paris abandoned jurispru- 
 dence and devoted himself to literary pursuits 
 at Solothurn, where for many years he pub- 
 lished a comic periodical called Postheiri. His 
 chief works are the romance < Master Putsch 
 and his Companions* (1858); < Martin Disteli> 
 (1861), a biography; < Gallery of Famous Swiss > 
 ( 1863-71 ) ; < Tales from the Swiss > ( 1863) ; < Swiss 
 Tales > (1877) ; < P'ortunatus.* D. Dec. 10, 1897. 
 
 Hartmann, Eduard von. A German phi- 
 losopher ; born at Berlin, Feb. 23, 1842. At 22 
 he chose for his life vocation «thinking,'> 
 or philosophy, and on his retirement from 
 the Prussian military service (1865), devoted 
 himself wholly for some years to writing his 
 great work < The Philosophy of the Uncon- 
 scious > (1868; loth ed., 3 vols., 1890); in the 
 later editions of this work are incorporated 
 his < Physiology of the Nerve-Centres > (1876); 
 * The Truth and the Error in Darwinism ' 
 (1875); and <The Unconscious from the Stand- 
 point of Physiology and the Doctrine of De- 
 scent > (1872). Then followed <The Ethical 
 Consciousness,' or as it was at first entitled, 
 
 < Phenomenology of the Ethical Consciousness > 
 (1879); <The Philosophy of Religion > (2d ed. 
 1888), comprising <The Religious Conscious- 
 ness of Mankind > and < The Religion of the 
 SouP; <^sthetics> (2 vols., 1886-87), compris- 
 ing < German ^Esthetics since Kant ' and < The 
 Philosophy of the Beautiful.* Besides these 
 works, which constitute his exposition of a 
 system of philosophy, he has written : < On the 
 Dialectic Method* (1868); <The Thing in It- 
 self and its Nature* (1871); < Critical Grounds 
 of Transcendental Realism > (3d ed. 1885); < Elu- 
 cidations of the Metaphysics of the Uncon- 
 scious* (1874), afterwards styled < New-Kant- 
 ianism, Schopenhauerism, and Hegelianism * ; 
 
 < Self-Destniction of Christianity, and the Reli- 
 gion of the Future* (3d ed. 1888); < The Crisis of 
 Christianity in Modern Theology* (1880); <Juda- 
 ism in the Present and the Future* (1885); 
 <Lotze's Philosophy* (1888); <The Ghost-The- 
 ory in Spiritism* (1891); <The Fundamental 
 Social Questions* (1894); <Shelling's Philosoph- 
 ical System* (1897); < History of Metaphysics* 
 (1900); <The Problem of Life* (1906). Died 
 June 6, 1906. 
 
 Hartmann, Moritz. An Austrian poet and 
 agitator; born in Duschnik, Bohemia, Oct. 
 15, 1821 ; died in Vienna, May 13, 1872. He 
 was from youth an ardent social reformer, 
 and wrote poems under this inspiration. His 
 < Chalice and Sword* (1845) was distinctly 
 revolutionary. He became a « poet of the 
 people,** participated in the movement of 1848, 
 and was elected to the Frankfurt Parliament. 
 
 His < Poetic Chronicle of Father Mauritius* 
 (1849) attained a wide popularity. He lived 
 in exile for some years, but continued to write 
 poetry and prose in his wanderings, his repu- 
 tation constantly increasing. Deep feeling and 
 love of freedom permeate all his work. 
 
 Hartmann von Aue (hart'man fon ou'6). A 
 German mediaeval poet; bom about 1170; died 
 between 1210 and 1220. He took part in the 
 Crusades. He was one of the most eminent 
 poets of his time, and through the study and 
 imitation of the poets of Northern France, 
 brought about a revival of poetry in Germany. 
 His chief work is < Poor Heinrich,* a senti- 
 mental legend, on which Longfellow based his 
 < Golden Legend.* His romances <Erek* and 
 <Iwein,* written about 1190 and 1200 respect- 
 ively, were derived from Chrestien de Troyes. 
 His love songs, the noted "minne** poems, are 
 light and gracefuh 
 
 Hartshome, Henry. [«Corinne L'Estrange.*'] 
 An American physician, writer and poet ; bom 
 in Philadelphia, March 16, 1823; died at Tokio, 
 Feb. 10, 1897. He was professor in the Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania, Haverford College, and 
 the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania. 
 Besides valuable medical works, he wrote 
 'Woman's Witchcraft, ' a dramatic romance, and 
 'Summer Songs* ( 1865 ), a volume of verse. 
 
 Hartzenbusch, Juan Eugenio (harts'en- 
 bosh). A Spanish poet and playwright; son of 
 a German father and a Spanish mother; born 
 in Madrid, Sept. 6, 1806 ; died there, Aug. 2, 1880. 
 His plays adapted from the French were pro- 
 duced with success. < The Lovers of Teruel,* 
 his first original drama and his masterpiece, 
 achieved speedy popularity. Others of his best 
 plays are: <Doiia Mencia>; *The Bachelor 
 Mendarias * ; and < The Courtesan and the 
 Coward.* They show liveliness of fancy, inge- 
 nuity of plot, and good metrical workmanship. 
 He also edited the Spanish playwrights, and 
 wrote pleasing poems and stories. 
 
 Haschka, Laurenz Leopold (hash'ka). An 
 Austrian poet; born in Vienna, Sept. i, 1749; 
 died there, Aug. 3, 1827. His fame is mainly 
 due to <God Save Emperor Francis,* the na- 
 tional h}Tnn of its period, and still an Aus- 
 trian popular song. 
 
 Hasebroek, Johannes Petrus (has'e-brok). 
 A Dutch poet, preacher, and prose-writer; 
 bom in Leyden, Nov. 6, 1812. His collected 
 < Poems,* and two volumes entitled < Vesper * 
 and < Hesperides * respectivel)', reveal him a 
 pleasing maker of verse ; but his best-known 
 work is a collection of droll poems called * Jona- 
 than's Truth and Dreams.* His sermons have 
 been widely circulated in book form. Died 1896. 
 
 Hassard, John Rose Greene. An American 
 journalist and musical and literary critic ; bom 
 in New York, Sept. 4, 1836; died there, April 
 18, 1888. He was for many years on the staff 
 of the New York Tribune as an authoritative 
 musical critic. His most important work is 
 * The Ring of the Nibelung * ; but he also
 
 tsa 
 
 HASSAUREK — H AUPT 
 
 achieved distinction with such books as <Life 
 of Archbishop Hughes*; < Life ot Pope Piui 
 IX.>; <A Pickwickian Pilgrimage*; etc. 
 
 Haasaurek, Frledrlch (has'sour"ek). An 
 Austrian- American prose and verse-writer; 
 born in Vienna, Oct. 9, 1832; died at Paris, 
 Oct. 3, 1885. As a boy he was a volunteer 
 soldier in the Austrian army in 1848, but came 
 to this country the next year, and was long a 
 journalist in Cincinnati. He was United States 
 minister to Ecuador under Lincoln. <Four 
 Years among the South-Americans,* a volume 
 of sketches; <The Secret of the Andes,* a 
 novel ; and a collection of verses written in 
 German, are his remembered works. 
 
 Hasselt, Andr6 Henri Constant van (has'- 
 selt). A Belgian poet and historian ; born in 
 Maastricht, Holland, Jan. 5, 1806 ; died in Brus- 
 sels, Nov. 30, 1874. As a naturalized Belgian 
 he early made that country his own from a 
 literary point of view, and became in 1837 a 
 member of the Belgian Academy. His leading 
 historical works are : < History of French Poetry 
 in Belgium * ; < The Belgians in the Crusades * ; 
 'History of the Belgian People*; and <The 
 Glories of Art in Belgium.* He also produced 
 a variety of verses, stories, and essays. His 
 poems are highly spoken of, especially the one 
 entitled < Four Incarnations of Christ.* 
 
 Hatbaway, Benjamin. An American writer 
 of verse ; born in Cayuga County, N. Y., 1822. 
 He wrote poems with chalk on barrel heads 
 while working as a cooper, and was for thirty 
 years a nurseryman and farmer. He has writ- 
 ten : <Art Life, and Other Poems* (1877); 
 
 < League of the Iroquois * (1881); < The Fmished 
 Creation.* 
 
 Hatlfl, Maul&n& Abdallah (Pers. pron. ha- 
 tif'i). A Persian poet; born in Chargird, 
 province of Herat, in the fifteenth century; 
 died 1520 (?). His fame rests upon a series of 
 five epic poems in couplets, in which he takes 
 Nisami and Amir Chusrau, of Delhi, as his 
 models. Three of the series are : < Laila and 
 Mejnunnun * ; < Love of the Sassanid Khosru * ; 
 
 < Haft Mansar* (Seven Beauties). The fourth 
 is in a fragmentary state, while the final one 
 is the < Book of the Seven Timurs.* He was 
 one of the last of Persia's great epic poets, and 
 his genius is of a high order. 
 
 Hatton, Josepb. An English journalist, nov- 
 elist, and miscellaneous writer; born at An- 
 dover, Feb. 3, 1837. Beginning journalism on 
 his father's paper, the Derbyshire Times, he 
 edited the Gentleman's Magazine (1868-74); 
 and has since been a newspaper correspondent, 
 (particularly for the New York Times), and 
 magazinist. As a novelist he will be remem- 
 bered for<Clytie* (1874); < Queen of Bohemia* 
 (1877); <John Needham's Double* (1885), dra- 
 matized for E. S. Willard; <By Order of the 
 Czar,* a novel of Russian life ; < Princess Ma- 
 raroff * ; < Under the Great Seal * ; < When Greek 
 Meets Greek,* a novel of the French Revolu- 
 tion successfully dramatixed. Among his mis- 
 
 cellaneous publications the best known are : 
 < Journalistic London* (1882); <The New Cey- 
 lon* (1882); < Henry Irving's Impressions of 
 America* (1884); < Reminiscences of J. L.Toole. 
 Comedian* (1888). 
 
 Hauch, Jobannes Carsten (houdh). A Dan> 
 ish poet and novelist ; born in Frederikshald, 
 Norway, May 12, 1790; died at Rome, March 
 4, 1872. A several-years' European tour ended 
 by the amputation of his foot in Italy. He 
 lectured on physics at Soro, and was professor 
 of poetry at Kiel. The revolution of 1848 drew 
 him in, and he took permanent refuge in Scan- 
 dinavia ; was made professor of aesthetics in the 
 Copenhagen University, and held the post till 
 his death. His plays won him his first general 
 recognition, and several have had brilliant suc- 
 cess both in Scandinavia and Germany. < Con- 
 trasterne* and < Rosaura* were the earliest; and 
 
 < Tiberius,* < Don Juan,* and < Tycho Brahe,* 
 among the later. < Hamadryads * gave him fame 
 in romantic poetry, and his lyrics rank him as 
 Denmark's foremost poet of nature and senti- 
 ment. His romances, especially < William Za- 
 bern,* < Guldmageren,* < The Story of Thorwald 
 Vidforle,* and < Robert Fulton,* have passed 
 through many editions. In him, depth of feel- 
 ing unites with taste and mysticism in a charm- 
 ing whole. 
 
 Hauenscblld, Richard Georg Spiller von. 
 See Waldau. 
 
 Hauff, Wllhelm (houf). A German story- 
 writer ; born at Stuttgart, Nov. 29, 1802 ; died 
 there, Oct. 18, 1827. From the monastery at 
 Blaubeuren, he went to Tubingen to study the- 
 ology, but became tutor in the family of a high 
 official. His works include : < Almanach of 
 Fables for 1826*; 'Extracts from Satan's Me- 
 moirs*; 'Lichtenstein* ; 'Othello*; 'The Beg- 
 gar of the Pont des Arts * ; and a medley of the 
 most fascinating and amusing tales. His most 
 delightful creation is ' Phantasies of the Bremen 
 Rathskeller,* in which his fertility of resource 
 and sparkling wit seem unfailing. 
 
 Hang, Johann. Cristoph Frledrlch (houg). 
 ^Pseudonym " Hophthalmos ** used in one book 
 only.] A German poet and epigrammatist; 
 born in Niederstotzingen, Wiirtemberg, March 
 9, 1761 ; died at Stuttgart, Jan. 30, 1829. His 
 fame dates from the appearance of two books : 
 
 < Epigrams and Miscellaneous Poems,* and < Ep- 
 igrams.* A fine example of his ever juvenes- 
 cent wit is 'Two Hundred Hyperboles upon 
 Herr Wahl's Enormous Nose.* He wrote also 
 fables, ballads, and charades, in smooth and 
 elegant metre. 
 
 Haupt, William Ayers. [« William A. Mes. 
 tayer.**] An American actor and playwright; 
 born in Philadelphia, June 8, 1846; died in 
 New York, Nov. 21, 1896. He made his first 
 appearance in 1862. He was a popular co- 
 median, and has played with Edwin Forrest; 
 Lester Wallack, and other well-known actors. 
 During the Civil War he served in the en- 
 gineering corps of the Army of the Potomac. 
 AmonfiT the plays which he wrote or assisted in
 
 HAUPTM ANN — HAWKER 
 
 253 
 
 writing are: <The Tourist in a Pullman Car>; 
 <We, Us & Ca>; < Tobogganing > ; <The Grab 
 Bag >;< The Kitty >. 
 
 Hauptmann, Oerhart (houpt'man). A Ger- 
 man dramatist and poet ; born Nov. 15, 1862, 
 in Salzbrunn, Silesia. He was a scholar of 
 solid attainments at Jena and Berlin. His 
 taste for practical sociology comes out strongly 
 in his intense and powerful poems and dramas ; 
 he settled on a small Silesian farm solely to 
 study peasant life. He traveled widely, visit- 
 ing the United States in 1894. His first play, 
 
 < Promethidenlos * (1885), was conventional ; but 
 under Ibsen's inspiration he soon broke away 
 from the old lines, producing < Before Sunrise * 
 and < A Family Catastrophe,* tragedies pre- 
 senting the genetic conditions of proletarian- 
 ism. These and subsequent plays have given 
 him world-wide repute. He has lately turned 
 to comedy but < The Weavers > represent his forte. 
 * The Apostle > ; < Hannele * ; * Poor Henry ' and 
 
 < The Railway-Guard > are an attempt at fiction. 
 
 HausBonyllle, Gabriel Paul Othenin de 
 Citron, Comte d' (dos'oii-vel). A French lit- 
 terateur, son of Count Joseph ; bom at Guscy- 
 et-Chatel, Dept. Seine-et-Mame, Sept. 21, 1843. 
 He is a member of the French Academy, and 
 one of the leading contributors to the Revue 
 des Deux Mondes. His reputation rests on lit- 
 erary monographs, among which are < Sainte- 
 Beuve, his Life and Works > (1875), < George 
 Sand,> < Prescott,> etc. (1879-88); and works like 
 •Across the United States > (1883), notes and 
 impressions ; < Social Studies > ; < Socialism and 
 Charity.) 
 
 Haussonvllle, Joseph Othenln Bernard de 
 Cleron, Comte d'. A French historian ; bom 
 in Paris, May 27, 1809 ; died May 28, 1884. He 
 was once in the diplomatic service, but entered 
 parliamentary life. His < History of the Re- 
 union of Lorraine to France,* and < History of 
 the Foreign Policy of the French Government 
 from 1830 to 1848,* are valuable. 
 
 Haussonvllle, Louise d'. A French novel- 
 ist, wife of Joseph; bom (Princess de Broglie) 
 in 1818; died 1882. < Robert Emmet > is her 
 best novel. She wrote much about Byron. 
 
 Haven, Gilbert. A distinguished American 
 prose-writer and bishop of the M. E. Church ; 
 bom in Maiden, Mass., Sept. 19, 1821 ; died 
 there, Jan. 30, 1880. An able writer, a forceful 
 preacher, and a persistent worker, he refused 
 all honorary collegiate degrees. He published 
 'The Pilgrim's Wallet, or Sketches of Travel 
 in England, France, and Germany > ; < Life of 
 Father Taylor, the Sailor Preacher' (1871); 
 'Our Next-Door Neighbor, or a Winter in 
 Mexico* (1875); etc. 
 
 Havergal, Frances Ridley. An English 
 religious writer and poet; bom at Astley, 
 Worcestershire, Dec. 14, 1836; died at Swan- 
 sea, Wales, June 3, 1879. She began to write 
 hymns and letters in verse at the age of seven, 
 but did not publish anything until i860. She 
 was a frequent contributor to Good Words. 
 Among over -p publications, which ooce enioved 
 
 considerable popularity, may be noticed •. < The 
 Four Happy Days> (1873); 'Under the Surface* 
 (1874), poems; < Royal Graces and Loyal Gifts* 
 (6 vols., 1879); 'Under His Shadow* (1879); 
 and a number of posthumous works by various 
 editors. 
 
 Haver-Schmidt, Francois (hav'er-shmit). 
 [" Piet Paaltjens.'*] A Dutch prose and verse 
 writer ; born at Leeuwarden, Feb. 14, 1835 ; died 
 at Schiedam, Jan. 19, 1894. He studied theology 
 at Leyden, and was pastor of « Reformed ** 
 churches in various parts of the Netherlands 
 for some years. While still a student he pro- 
 duced a series of parodies, love songs, and 
 sketches (called in collected form ' Skits and 
 Jests*), which are now known almost by heart 
 to the whole Dutch collegiate world. Later 
 he wrote realistic novels and tales of a some- 
 what serious tendency. Among them are : ' My 
 Brother's House >; 'The Pastorate of Mv 
 Grandfather*; and various others. His pictures 
 of Dutch life are vivid and well drawn. 
 
 Havliiiek, Karel (hav'li-chek). ["Borovsky.**] 
 A Czech prose-writer and agitator ; bom at 
 Borova, Oct. 31, 1821 ; died at Prague, July 29, 
 1856. As a tutor at Moscow, he gathered the 
 material for his < Pictures from Russia.* Later 
 he became an influential journalist in Bohemia. 
 His Czech agitation resulted in imprisonment 
 for some years, during which he wrote ' Tyro- 
 lese Elegies,* satires popular with his country- 
 men. In 1855 he was released. He was the 
 most picturesque figure in the "new Czech** 
 movement. His fierce sarcasm and unsparing 
 wit were the dread of friend and enemy alike, 
 and not until he had been dead some years 
 were the most effective of his epigrams pub- 
 lished at all. His posthumous poem, ' The 
 Baptism of St. Vladimir,* appeared first in 
 1877 ; and later his collected works were pub- 
 lished at Prague. 
 
 Haweis, Hugh Beginald (hois). An English 
 clergyman and author ; born at Egham, Surrey, 
 April 3, 1839 ; died in London, Jan. 29, 1901. 
 He was a Cambridge graduate. His terse and 
 vigorous language and capacity for exposition 
 gave his books a wide circulation ; among them 
 may be mentioned: 'Music and Morals* (1871 ; 
 13th ed. 1885), in which he expounds the emo- 
 tional theory of music; 'Thoughts for the 
 Times* (1872); 'Shakespeare and the Stage*; 
 'Unsectarian Family Prayers* (1874); *Pet, or 
 Pastimes and Penalties* (1874); 'American Hu- 
 morists * ( 1883) ; < Life of Queen Victoria * (1887) ; 
 ' The Broad Church.* 
 
 Hawes, Joel. An American Congregational 
 divine, and religious and ethical writer; bom 
 in Massachusetts, 1789; died 1867. He was 
 settled at Hartford, Conn., 1818-67. He wrote : 
 ' Religion of the East * ; < Looking-Glass for 
 Ladies * ; < Washington and Jay * ; ' Tribute to 
 the Pilgrims * ; etc. 
 
 Hawker, Morwenna Pauline. An English 
 novelist; born 1865. She has written 'Cecilia 
 de Noel* (1891), and other novels, employing 
 the pen-name of " Laooe Falconer.**
 
 254 
 
 HAWKESWORTH — HAYES 
 
 Hawkesworth, John. A noted English mis- 
 cellaneous writer ; born in London about 1715; 
 died Nov. 16, 1773. He is best known as editor 
 of the Adventurer, and as author of about half 
 its contents. He wrote also an account of the 
 voyages of Captain Cook, Byron, Wallis, and 
 Carteret (3 vols., 1773); <Zimri> (1760), an ex- 
 cellent oratorio; < Edgar and Emeline' (1761), 
 a drama; 'Almoran and Hamet* (1761), a tale; 
 'Life of Swift' (1765-66); etc. Allibone speaks 
 of him as occupying <<the first rank among 
 English classical essayists.'' 
 
 Hawkins, Anthony Hope. A popular Eng- 
 lish novelist, writing under the name <<An- 
 thony Hope " ; born in London, Feb. 9, 1863. 
 He was admitted to the bar in 1887. Among 
 his best-known works are : <A Man of Mark ' 
 (1890); 'Father Stafford'; 'The Prisoner of 
 Zenda ' ; < The Indiscretion of the Duchess > ; 
 < Phroso ' ; ' Heart of the Princess Osra.^ 
 
 Hawkins, Frederick. An English journal- 
 ist and author ; born in 1849. He assisted in 
 establishing the Theatre, a periodical exclus- 
 ively devoted to the literature and art of the 
 stage, and was its editor until 1879. He was 
 dramatic critic of the Times for a short period, 
 and has been for some time on its editorial 
 staff. His works are : 'Life of Edmund Kean> 
 (1869); 'Annals of the French Stage, from its 
 Origin to the Death of Racine' (1884); and a 
 continuation of it to the Revolution period in- 
 clusive under the title of 'The French Stage 
 in the Eighteenth Century* (1882). 
 
 Hawks, Francis Lister. An American Epis- 
 copal divine ; born at New Berne, N. C, June 
 10, 1798; died in New York, Sept. 26, 1866. Ori- 
 ginally a lawyer, he was the first president of 
 the University of Louisiana. Besides legal and 
 religious works he wrote : ' Contributions to the 
 Ecclesiastical History of the United States' 
 (1836-41); 'Narrative of Commodore Perry's 
 Expedition' (i8t;6); 'History of North Caro- 
 lina' (1857-68); etc. 
 
 Hawthorne, Julian. An American novelist 
 and journalist, son of Nathaniel ; born in Bos- 
 ton, June 22, 1846. His boyhood was passed 
 in Europe, his youth in New England. Upon 
 leaving Harvard he studied civil engineering 
 in Dresden, but took to authorship almost in 
 spite of himself. His success was not rapid, 
 but popular favor has been accorded to the 
 novels 'Idolatry,' 'Fortune's Fool,' 'Sinfire,' 
 'Beatrix Randolph,' and 'Garth.' As a jour- 
 nalist he has traveled widely in prosecution of 
 his work, his latest task being a study on the 
 spot of the horrors of the Indian famine plague 
 of 1896-97. 
 
 Hawthorne, Nathaniel. An American novel- 
 ist and short-story writer ; born in Salem. Mass., 
 July 4, 1804 ; died at Pl}Tnouth, N. H., May 19, 
 1864. He graduated at Bowdoin in 1825; 
 held a customs post at Boston from 1838 to 
 1841; was a member of the Brook Farm com- 
 munity, 184 1 ; was suneyor of the port at 
 Salem from 1846 to 1849, and consul at Liver- 
 
 pool from 1853 to 1857, returning to the United 
 States in 1861. Among his works are : ' Fan- 
 shawe' (1826); 'Twice-Told Tales' (1837, a 
 second series appearing some years later); 
 'Mosses from an Old Manse' (1846); 'The 
 Scarlet Letter' (1850); 'The House of the 
 Seven Gables' (1851); 'The Wonder Book' 
 (1851); 'The Blithedale Romance' (1852); 'The 
 Snow Image and Other Twice-Told Tales' 
 (1852); 'Life of Franklin Pierce' (1852); 'Tan- 
 glewood Tales' (1853); 'The Marble Faun' 
 (i860); 'Our Old Home' (1863); 'Pansie,' some- 
 times called 'The Dolliver Romance' (1864); 
 'Note Books' (1868-72); 'Septimius Felton' 
 (1872); 'Tales of the White Hills' (1877); and 
 < Dr. Grimshawe's Secret' (1883), the last-named 
 being left in a fragmentary condition. 
 
 Hay, John. An American poet and prose- 
 writer; bom in Salem, Ind., Oct. 8, 1838. He 
 graduated from Brown University, and settled 
 in Illinois as a lawyer, but went to Washington 
 in 1861 as one of Lincoln's private secretaries, 
 acting also as his aide-de-camp. He served 
 under Gens. Hunter and Gillmore with the rank 
 of major and assistant adjutant-general. He 
 was subsequently in the United States diplo- 
 matic service, stationed at Paris, Vienna, 
 Madrid, and London. In 1905 he was made 
 Secretary of State. His literary reputation rests 
 upon < Pike County Ballads,' the best known of 
 which are perhaps 'Little Breeches' and 'Jim 
 Bludso'; 'Castilian Days,' a volume of travel; 
 and ' Life of Abraham Lincoln ' (with J. G. 
 Nicolav'). Died July i, 1905. 
 
 Hay, John Charles Dalrymple, Sir. An 
 English admiral and author; bom Feb. II, 
 1821. He was actively engaged in Borneo 
 (1845-46), in operations against the Chinese 
 pirates (1849), and in the Crimean War (1854- 
 56), retiring with the rank of rear-admiral in 
 1870. He has been several times a member of 
 Parliament in the Conservative interest. His 
 works include : ' The Reward of Loyalty ' 
 (1862), being suggestions in regard to the Amer- 
 ican colonies ; 'Remarks on the Lossof the " Cap- 
 tain'" (1871); 'Ashanti and the Gold Coast: A 
 Sketch' (1871) ; 'Piracy in the Chinese Sea.' 
 
 Hay, Mary Cecil. A popular English nov- 
 elist; born at Shrewsbury, 1840 (?); died 1886. 
 Her home in later life was at East Preston, 
 Sussex. Among her best works are : ' Hidden 
 Perils' (1873); 'Old Myddleton's Money' (1874); 
 'The Arundel Motto' (1877): 'For Her Dear 
 Sake' (1880). 
 
 Hayes, Augustas Allen. An American novelist; 
 born in Boston, 1837; died in Paris, April 18, 
 1892. His home was in Brookline, Mass. He 
 wrote : ' New Colorado and the Santa Fe Trail ' 
 (newed. 1880); 'The Jesuit's Ring (1887), a ro- 
 mance of Mt. Desert; 'The Denver Express'; etc. 
 
 Hayes, Henry. See Eirk. 
 
 Hayes, Isaac Israel. An American explorer 
 and prose -writer ; bom in Chester County, Pa., 
 March 5. J 832; died in New York city, Dec. 17, 
 188 1. Graduating in medicine at the University
 
 HAYGOOD — HEADLEY 
 
 255 
 
 of Pennsylvania (1853), he joined Dr, Kane's 
 expedition in searcii of Sir John Franklin. In 
 i860, as commander of the ship United States, 
 he sailed for exploration of the open polar sea. 
 His reputation was gained as explorer, author, 
 lecturer, surgeon, and legislator. Among his 
 writings are: <The Open Polar Sea> (1867); 
 <The Land of Desolation > (1871). 
 
 Haygood, AttlcuB Green. An American 
 Methodist divine, and religious and miscellane- 
 ous writer ; bom at Watkinsville, Ga., Nov. 19, 
 1839; died 1896. He became bishop in 1890. 
 He wrote : < The Monk and the Prince,* a study 
 of Savonarola and Lorenzo de' Medici ; < Our 
 Brother in Black > (1881); < Pleas for Progress > 
 (1889); etc. 
 
 Hayley, William. An English poet; born 
 at Chichester, Oct. 29, 1745 ; died at Felpham, 
 Nov. 12, 1820. He was the biographer of Cowper. 
 who received his pension through Hayley's in- 
 fluence with Pitt. < Essay on History > appeared 
 in 1780 ; <The Triumphs of Temper > in 1781; 
 an < Essay on Epic Poetry* in 1782; an < Essay 
 on Old Maids* in 1785; < Essays on Sculpt- 
 ure* in 1800; and <The Triumph of Music* 
 in 1804. He wrote also a <Life of Milton* 
 (1796). Cowper and Gibbon commended his 
 < Essay on Epic Poetry.* 
 
 Hayne, Paul Hamilton. An American poet ; 
 bom in Charleston, S. C, Jan. I, 1830; died at 
 Augusta, Ga., July 6, 1886. At first a lawyer, 
 he turned to journalism, and in 1855 his maiden 
 volume of verse appeared. < Sonnets and Other 
 Poems* followed it two years later, and then 
 came <Avolio, a Legend of the Island of Cos.* 
 He served through the war, retired from the 
 field in poverty, and wr^te poetry. < Legends 
 and Lyrics * ; < The Mountain of Lovers * ; < The 
 Wife of Brittany * ; and other productions of 
 this period, mark him easily first among South- 
 em poets, 
 
 Haynes, Emory James. An American 
 Methodist divine and novelist; born at Cabot, Vt., 
 1847. He has written : < Fairest of Three > ( 1883), 
 a tale of American life ; < Dollars and Duties > 
 (1887); <A Farmhouse Cobweb,* a Vermont 
 novel ; < Are These Things So ? > < None Such.* 
 
 Hays, William Shakespeare. An American 
 popular ballad and song writer; born in Ken- 
 tucky, 1837. His home is in Louisville, Ky. 
 One of his best-known songs is < Norah O'Neill.* 
 He has written ' Poems and Songs.* Died 1907. 
 
 Hayter, Henry Heylyn. An English statis- 
 tician and author; bom at Eden Vale, Wilt- 
 shire, October 1821. He emigrated to Victoria, 
 Australia, in 1852, in 1857 joined the department 
 of the Registrar-General, and in 1874 was made 
 government statist. He soon after originated 
 the well-known Victorian Year-Book, which he 
 still edits. His publications include: <Notes of a 
 Tour in New Zealand'; <Notes on the Colony of 
 Victoria* (1875); ^School History of Victoria'; 
 <My Christmas Adventure, Carboona, and Other 
 Poems' (1887); besides scientific papers. Died 
 at Melbourne, Australia, Mar. 23, 1895. 
 
 Hay ward, Abraham. An English essayist; 
 born Nov. 22, 1801 ; died in London, Feb. 
 2, 1884. Educated as a lawyer, he became a 
 contributor to the Edinburgh Review; also 
 wrote regularly for the Quarterly Review. He 
 translated Goethe's < Faust * in 1883, and wrote 
 
 < Sketches of Eminent Statesmen and Writers * 
 (1880). 
 
 Hazard, Samuel. An American writer of 
 travels ; born in Pennsylvania, 1834 ; died 1876. 
 He was an officer in the United States army. 
 He wrote : < Cuba with Pen and Pencil* (1870); 
 
 < Santo Domingo Past and Present * ( 1873). 
 
 Hazeltine, Mayo Williamson. An Ameri- 
 can journalist; born at Belfast, Me., 1841. 
 Originally a lawyer, he is now the well-known 
 literary editor of the New York Sun. He has 
 published : < The American Woman in Europe > ; 
 
 < British and American Education > ; < Chats 
 about Books*; etc. 
 
 Hazlitt, William, An English critic and 
 prose-writer; born in Maidstone, Kent, April 
 10, 1778 ; died at London, Sept. 18, 1830. He 
 was at first a painter. His characteristic work 
 is interesting but bizarre, like himself. < Char- 
 acters of Shakespeare's Plays * ; < Lectures on 
 English Poets*; <The Spirit of the Age*; and 
 other collected volumes of his essays, are still 
 widely read. 
 
 Hazlitt, William Carew. An English com- 
 piler and author, son of William ; born Aug. 
 22, 1834. He was a lawyer, but did not follow 
 his profession, and has either written or edited 
 a large body of literature on archaeological and 
 popular subjects. He is the author of < The 
 History of the Venetian Republic* (4 vols., 
 i860), and is the editor of the works of Henry 
 Constable, Richard Lovelace, Robert Herrick, 
 William Hazlitt, Charles Lamb, and others ; 
 <01d English Jest-Books* (1864); < Remains of 
 the Early Popular Poetry of England* (1864-66); 
 * Bibliographical Collections and Notes * (1876- 
 82). 'Venetian Republic : Rise, Growth, Fall ' 
 (1900). 
 
 Head, Barclay Vincent. An English numis- 
 matist ; born at Ipswich, England, in 1844. He 
 entered the British Museum in 1864, became 
 Assistant Keeper of the Coin Department in 
 1871, and Keeper in 1893. He has made a 
 special study of ancient Greek coinage, and 
 was the first to methodize the science of Greek 
 numismatics by introducing a chronological 
 system of classification. His works include: 
 
 < History of the Coinage of Syracuse* (1874); 
 
 < Guide to the Principal Gold and Silver Coins 
 of the Ancients* (1881), both crowned by the 
 French Institute; <Historia Numorum* (1887), 
 a complete illustrated historical manual of the 
 whole science of Greek numismatics. 
 
 Headley, Joel Tyler. An American prose- 
 writer; born inWalton, N.Y , Dec. 30, 1813; died 
 at Newburgh, J'^n. 16, 1897. Gra-.iiating from 
 Union College in 1S46, he became assistant 
 editor of the New York Tribune. His writings 
 had great currency in their day, and include : 
 <Napoleonand his Marshals* (1846); < Washing-
 
 256 
 
 HEADLE Y — HEDGE 
 
 ton and hfs Generals> (1847); <Grant and Sher- 
 man, their Campaigns and Generals' (1865); 
 and <rhe Great Rebellion' (1864). 
 
 Headley, Fhlneaa Camp. An American 
 Congregational divine and miscellaneous writer, 
 brother of Joel T.; born at Walton, N.Y., June 
 24, 1819. He has written : < Women of the Bi- 
 ble > (1850); 'Lives' of Josephine (1850), Kos- 
 suth (1852), Lafayette (1855), Mary Queen of 
 Scots (1856), etc.; a series of < Heroes of the 
 Rebellion > (Grant, Ericsson, Farragut, Sherman, 
 etc.: (1864-65); 'Court and Camp of David> 
 (1868). Died at Lexington, Mass., Jan. 5, 1903. 
 
 Hearn, Lafcadlo (him). An American jour- 
 nalist and miscellaneous writer; born of an 
 English father and a Greek mother, at Santa 
 Maura, Ionian Islands, June 27, 1850. He was 
 educated in England and France, and has since 
 resided in this country and in Japan. He has 
 written: 'Some Chinese Ghosts' (1887), six 
 stories exquisitely told ; ' Two Years in the 
 French West Indies' (1890); <Youma> (1890), 
 the story of a West-Indian slave ; ' Glimpses 
 of Unfamiliar Japan,' and several other books 
 on Japan, including ' Kokovo ; Hints and Ech- 
 oes of Japanese Inner Life ' ; < Gleanings in 
 Buddha Fields,' etc. Died Tokio, Sept. 26, 1904. 
 
 Heath, Francis George. An English bota- 
 nist; born at Totnes, Devonshire, Jan. 15, 1843. 
 He is a surveyor in the customs department, 
 and has supported movements for the extension 
 of open spaces, chiefly in and around London. 
 His works on agricultural subjects include : 
 'The Romance of Peasant Life' (1872); 'The 
 English Peasantry' (1874); 'The Fern World' 
 (1877); 'Sylvan Spring' (1880); 'My Garden 
 Wild'(i88i) ; < More about Ferns' (1903). 
 
 Heaton, John Henniker. An English jour- 
 nalist and publicist ; born at Rochester, May 
 18, 1848. At the age of sixteen he emigrated 
 to Australia, became connected with the press, 
 and was prominent in all public and philan- 
 thropic works in the Australasian colonies. 
 As M. P. for Canterbury, England, he intro- 
 duced a proposal for a universal international 
 penny postage system. His chief works are: 
 ' The Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men 
 of the Time,' a standard work of reference on 
 Australia; 'The Manners, Customs, Traditions, 
 and Annihilation of the Aborigines of Aus- 
 tralia'; 'A Short Account of a Canonization at 
 Rome.' 
 
 Hebbel, Frledrlch (heboel). A German 
 dramatist of the first rank ; bom in Wessel- 
 buren, Holstein, March 18, 1813 ; died at Vi- 
 enna, Dec. 13, 1863. A poor but precocious 
 peasant lad, his youthful poems brought him 
 patrons, and education in philosophy and his- 
 tory at Heidelberg. In 1839 appeared his first 
 tragedy, 'Judith,' and his recognition was in- 
 stantaneous; a volume of short poems in 1842 
 widened his reputation ; an allowance from the 
 Duke of Holstein enabled him to travel. In 
 1844 the tragedy < Mary Magdalen' appeared at 
 Paris. He married a celebrated actress, set- 
 
 tled in Vienna, and produced < Herod and Mari- 
 amne ' ; ' Julia ' ; and other plays. These display 
 great versatility and exhaustless fertility, but 
 are too terrific to be pleasing. Recognizing this 
 himself, he essayed a gentler mood in ' Mi- 
 chael Angelo,' 'Agnes Bernauer,' and others. 
 In the Nibelungen trilogy and in ' Demetrius ' 
 he has produced what many consider his mas- 
 terpieces. 
 
 Hebel, Johann Peter (ha'bel). A German 
 dialect poet ; born in Basle, Switzerland, May 
 II, 1760; died at Schwetzingen, Sept. 22, 1826. 
 Educated for the ministry, he held various 
 pastorates and rectorships ; and devoted his 
 leisure to poetry, his subjects drawn from the 
 dialect and folk-lore of his parishioners. His 
 ' Alemannische Gedichte,' " for friends of rural 
 life and manners," published in 1803, has at- 
 tained wide celebrity. This and other poetry 
 owed its vogue to exquisite appreciation of 
 nature, pleasing revelations of rustic simplicity, 
 and vivid realism. 
 
 Heber, Reginald. A British hymn-writer 
 and clergyman; born in Cheshire, April 21, 
 1783 ; died at Trichinopoly, India, April 3, 1826. 
 Graduating at Oxford with honors, he became 
 prominent as prebendary of St. Asaph, 1812; 
 preacher of Lincoln's Inn, 1822 ; and Bishop of 
 Calcutta, 1822. The most popular of his h> miis, 
 ' From Greenland's Icy Mountains,' appeareil 
 in 1819; and his sermon on 'The Personality 
 and Office of the Christian Comforter' also 
 brought him fame. He wrote <A Journey 
 through India from Calcutta to Bombay.' 
 
 Hecker, Isaac Thomas. A distinguished 
 American Roman Catholic clergyman ; born in 
 New York, Dec. 18, 1819; died there, Dec. 22, 
 1888. In early life he was a member of the 
 Brook Farm community. He founded the order 
 of the Paulists (1858), becoming their superior; 
 and established the Catholic World (1865), 
 editing it till he died. He wrote < Questions 
 of the Soul ' (1855); 'The Church and the Age> 
 (1888); etc. 
 
 Hector, Annie. See Alexander, Mrs. 
 
 Hedberg, Frans Theodor (hed'bferg). A 
 Swedish dramatic poet ; born in Stockholm, 
 March 2, 1828. He began life in a store, then 
 turned to wig-making, and at last drifted to 
 the stage. < The Wedding at Ulfasa,' published 
 in 1865, a historical piece ; and < When You 
 Have No Money,' a comedy brought out in 
 1854 and afterwards rewritten, are typical of 
 his talent. He has produced many plays, be- 
 sides writing a history of the Swedish stage. 
 
 H^delln, Frangols. See Aublgnac. 
 
 Hedenstierna, Earl Joseph Alfred (hed'-en- 
 sher-na). A Swedish humorist and prose-writer; 
 born in W^edisa, March 12, 1852. He writes 
 sketches of native peasant life and humorous 
 skits. 'All Kinds of People' is his most popular 
 work. 
 
 Hedge, Frederick Henry. A distinguished 
 American scholar and Unitarian divine; bom
 
 HEEMSKERK — HEIGEL 
 
 257 
 
 at Cambridge, Mass., Dec. 12, 1805 ; died there, 
 Aug. 21, 1890. He edited tJie Christian Ex- 
 aminer (1857-60), and was professor of German 
 at Harvard University (1872-81). Deeply read 
 in philosophy, ecclesiastical history, and Ger- 
 man literature, he vi'as a finished writer and a 
 polished orator. Among his writings are : 
 < Reason in Religion' (1865); <The Primeval 
 World of Hebrew Tradition > (1870); < Martin 
 Luther and Other Essays > (1888); etc. His 
 < Prose Writers of Germany' (1848) is a stand- 
 ard work. He translated and wrote numer- 
 ous hymns for the Unitarian Church, and in- 
 troduced German scholarship and literature into 
 this country. 
 
 Heemskerk, Joliaun van (hemz'kerk). A 
 Dutch poet and jurist ; born 1597 ; died at The 
 Hague, Feb. 27, 1656. He studied law at Ley- 
 den and Paris, under his kinsman Grotius. 
 He held important government posts in Hol- 
 land for years. His 'Batavian Arcadia* (1637) 
 is his principal poetical work, but his love 
 poems and elegies are much admired. His 
 works on jurisprudence are valuable but super- 
 seded. 
 
 Heeren, Arnold Hermann Ludwig (ha'ren;. 
 A German historian of eminence ; born near 
 Bremen, Oct. 25, 1760 ; died in Gottingen, 
 March 6, 1842. His fame rests upon < Views on 
 the Politics, Commerce, and Mercantile Condi- 
 tions of the Ancient World* (4th ed. 1824-26), 
 a work characteristic of his method, style, and 
 province as a historian. Scarcely less note- 
 worthy is < History of the Study of Classical 
 Literature since the Revival of Learning* (new 
 ed. 1822); < History of the States [Staat] of 
 Antiquity* (5th ed. 1828); < History of the Eu- 
 ropean State-System > (5th ed. 1839). His < His- 
 torical Works* (1821-26) comprise 15 volumes. 
 
 Hefner-Alteneck, Jacob Heinrich von (hef- 
 ner-al'te-nek). A German writer on art; born 
 at Aschaffenburg, May 20, 181 1. He went 
 through a complete course of artistic educa- 
 tion, and then devoted his attention to the 
 history of art, particularly of the Middle Ages. 
 In 1868 he became Conservator-General of the 
 artistic monuments of Bavaria, and director of 
 the Bavarian National Museum. His num.er- 
 ous works include: < Costumes of the Christian 
 Middle Ages* (1840-54); < Works of Art and 
 Furniture of the Middle Ages and Renais- 
 sance* (1848-55); <Iron Work of the Middle 
 Ages and Renaissance* (1861-86); < Costumes, 
 Works of Art, and Furniture * (1879-90). D. 1903. 
 
 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (ha'gel). 
 An eminent German philosopher ; born at Stutt- 
 gart, Aug. 27, 1770; died at Berlin, Nov. 14, 1831. 
 Among his writings are : < On the Difference 
 between the Fichtean and Schellingian Sys- 
 tems* (1801); <The Orbits of the Planets* 
 (1801); < Phenomenology of the Human Mind* 
 (1807), the first part of his < System of Science* ; 
 < Science of Logic* (3 vols., 1812-16); <Ency- 
 clopsedia of the Philosophical Sciences* (1817); 
 ' Principles of the Philosophy of Law, or the 
 
 Law of Nature and Politicaj Science* ( 1821 ). 
 His * Complete Works * appeared in 18 vol- 
 umes, 1832-42. 
 
 Hegner, Ulrich (heg'ner). A Swiss story- 
 writer and humorist ; born in Winterthur, Feb. 
 7, 1759 ; died there, Jan. 3, 1840. His reputation 
 was made by < The Whey Cure * (Die Molken- 
 kur) and < Susan's Nuptials.* < Sally's Revolution 
 Days* is an effective picture of conditions in 
 Switzerland at the end of the last century. 
 
 Heiberg, Hermann (hi'berc). A German 
 novelist; born in Schleswig, Nov. 17, 1840. 
 He retired in 1870 from the publishing busi- 
 ness left him by his father, to devote himself 
 to letters and journalism. His numerous stories, 
 novels, and essays have been widely read, par-, 
 ticularly < Talks with the Duchess of Seeland.* 
 Other successful books include : < Shoulder to 
 Shoulder*; < Blind Love*; < The Golden Ser- 
 pent* ; < Home * ; < The Black Marit* 
 
 Heiberg, Jobann Ludvig. An eminent Dan- 
 ish poet and critic, son of Peter Andreas ; born 
 in Copenhagen, Dec. 14, 1791 ; died at Bon- 
 derup, in the island of Seeland, Aug. 25, i860. 
 His first literary training was received from his 
 father, whose widow became Baroness Gyllem- 
 bourg-Ehrensvard. His early attempts in liter- 
 ature were as an exponent of the philosophical 
 system of Hegel. He then turned to play- 
 writing: < King Solomon and the Hatter* and 
 < April Fools * were extremely successful, the 
 latter being still popular with Danish audiences. 
 He is known as a sound critic and a graceful 
 essayist. « He was long the undisputed law- 
 giver of the Danish Parnassus.** 
 
 Heiberg, Peter Andreas. A Danish dra- 
 matic poet, satirist, and political writer; born 
 in Vordingborg, Nov. 16, 1758 ; died at Paris 
 April 30, 1841. His early political writings re- 
 sulted in his banishment. He went to Paris 
 and entered the service of Talleyrand, and ob- 
 tained lucrative posts under the first French 
 empire. His comedies, especially < Hecking- 
 born,* have been much admired, and success- 
 fully produced on the English, French, Dan- 
 ish, and German stage. He had a rare genius 
 for social satire. His < Life of a Dollar Bill* 
 is a prose fancy. 
 
 Heidenstam, Werner von (hi'den-stam). A 
 Swedish poet and novelist ; born at Olshammer, 
 July 6, 1859. He is the originator of the move- 
 ment in Sweden against extreme realism. He 
 has made Oriental themes his specialty. His 
 novel < Endvmion,* published in 1889, is very 
 popular. < Pilgrimages^ a collection of poems 
 appearing in 1888, and < Modern Barbarism ' es- 
 tablished his international reputation. 
 
 Heigel, Karl von (hi'gel). A German poet; 
 
 born in Munich, March 25, 1835. His father's 
 influence as an official of the Hoftheater intro- 
 duced him to dramatic authorship. He at- 
 tracted the attention of King Ludwig IL of 
 Bavaria, for whom he wrote numerous plays, 
 and by whom he was decorated. He has writ- 
 ten, besides the plays, several volumes of verse.
 
 HEIJE — HELMERS 
 
 His dramas include < Marfa,' which has been 
 widely staged. His best-known poems are 
 ' Walpurg,> a Bavarian legend, and his lyrics, 
 which are technically perfect. < The Way to 
 Heaven,* < The Theatrical Devil,> and < The 
 King's Secret,' are among his successful works 
 of fiction. 
 
 Heije, Jan Pieter (hi'e). A Dutch poet and 
 critic ; born in Amsterdam, March I, 1809 ; 
 died there, Feb. 24, 1876. He was a prominent 
 physician in Amsterdam when, with a friend, 
 he founded in 1834 The Muses, as a national 
 organ of the arts. He composed songs and 
 rectified scores ; his < Songs of Childhood > and 
 < Book of Songs for the People > being two 
 among many works that largely influenced 
 popular melody. His poetry is strongly na- 
 tional. His prose, comprising essays and criti- 
 cisms, is terse and vigorous. 
 
 Heimburg, WilLelmine (him'bbrg), pseudo- 
 nym of Bertha Behrens. A German story- 
 writer ; born at Thale, Sept. 7, 1850. Her prin- 
 cipal works are : < From the Life of my Old 
 Friend > (1879); < Lumpenmiiller's Lisbeth> 
 (1879); <The Wendhusen Cloister > (1880); 
 <Her Only Brother > (2d ed. 1883); < Crises of 
 the Heart> (1888); < Under the Linden> (i888j, 
 short stories; < Forest P'lowers> (sth ed. 1891), 
 a collection of short stories; <An Insignificant 
 Woman > (1891); < Miss Useless* (1893). 
 
 Heine, Heinrich (hi'ne). A German poet 
 of the first rank ; born at Diisseldorf, Dec. 13, 
 1799; died at Paris, Feb. 17, 1856. His chief 
 works are: a volume of < Poems* (1822); two 
 tragedies, <Almansor* and <Radcliff* (1823); 
 < Pictures of Travel* (vols, i and 2, 1826-27; 
 to which were added two volumes more, 1830- 
 31); <Book of Songs* (1827); < History of Re- 
 cent Polite Literature in Germany* (2 vols., 
 1833); <The Salon* (4 vols., 1835-40); <The 
 Romantic School* (1836); < Shakespeare's Maids 
 and Matrons* (1839); <New Poems* (1844); 
 
 < Germany: A Winter's Tale* (1844); < The 
 Romancers* (1851); < Doctor Faust* (1851); 
 •Miscellanaous Writings* (3 vols., 1854). ('Com- 
 plete Works,* 22 vols., 1861-66.) 
 
 Heinrich Julius (hm'rifih), Duke of Bruns< 
 wick. A German dramatist and jurist; bom 
 Oct. IS, 1564; died at Prague, July 20, 1613. 
 Contests with the city of Brunswick resulted in 
 his repairing to the imperial court at Prague, 
 where he officiated for a time in the royal privy 
 council. His dramas, mostly written under the 
 pseudonpn <'Hibaldeha,'> are palpably inspired 
 by foreign models, English and Italian mainly. 
 The tragedy of -The Adulteress* is reminiscent 
 of Shakespeare; his comedy <The Nobleman* 
 suggested Biirger's < Emperor and Abbot.* 
 
 < Vincentius Ladislaus > is the counterpart of an 
 older Italian play and of Plautus's * Miles Glori- 
 osus.' 
 
 Heinrich von Veldecke (hin'rich fon vel'- 
 de-k6). A Gennan poet of the twelfth century. 
 He celebrated in verse the jousts and tourna- 
 menu of his day. His love songs are among 
 
 the most exquisite that have survived from that 
 period. His epic of <Eneit* is a classic. It is 
 not modeled after Virgil's <yEneid,* but after 
 the < Roman d'^ndas,* attributed to Benoit 
 de St. Maure. He practically originated the 
 « minne '* or love-song as it has come down 
 to us. His principal work was completed about 
 1 190. 
 
 Heinse, Wilhelm (hin'ze). A German poet, 
 essayist, and romance-writer; born in Lange- 
 wiesen, Thuringia, Feb. 15, 1749; died at 
 Aschaffenburg, June 22, 1803. His youth was 
 oppressed with poverty. At Jena, where he 
 finished his education, he met Wieland, whose 
 influence over him was very great. A little 
 book of poems brought out at this time com- 
 mended him to "Father** Gleim, the poet, 
 through whom he obtained good situations and 
 the means wherewith to travel. In 1783 ap- 
 peared his masterpiece, < Ardinghello,* a power- 
 ful if somewhat Utopian romance of art and 
 aesthetics. <Hildegard von Hohenthal,* a ro- 
 mance, besides poetical and prose works based 
 upon his classical and artistic studies, testify to 
 his genius which, although great, was marred 
 by mistaken points of view. 
 
 Heliodorus (he-li-6-do'rus). A Greek ro 
 mance-writer ; bom in Emesa, Phoenicia, about 
 346; died about 420 (?). He became bishop 
 of Tricca, Thessaly, after what seems to have 
 been a creditable clerical career, but at precisely 
 what date he wrote his famous romance <.Et]ii- 
 opica * is unknown. The circumstances surround- 
 ing the production and preservation of this book 
 make it a unique work of fiction and its au- 
 thor worth remembering. 
 
 Heller, Louise R. An American miscellane- 
 ous writer; born in Covington, K}'., 1870. She 
 is the author of < Andrd Chenier,* a memorial 
 volume, and has translated < Madame Sans 
 Gene.* 
 
 Heller, Robert (hel'er). A German histor- 
 ical novelist ; born in Grossdrebnitz, Saxony, 
 Nov. 24, 1812; died at Hamburg, May 7, 1871. 
 He left the law for journalism, subsequently 
 writing < Busts from St. Paul's Church,* which 
 established his reputation. <Alhambra,* <A 
 New World,* and * The Earthquake at Caracas * 
 are distinguished by vividness, fluency of style, 
 and historic accuracy. 
 
 Helmbold, Ludwig (helm'bSld). A Gemian 
 hymn-writer; born in Miihlhausen, Thuringia, 
 Jan. 21, 1532; died there, April 12, 1598. He 
 wrote sacred songs in Latin and Gennan, tl.e 
 best in the latter tongue. Those beginnin,^ 
 " Lord Jesus Christ, Thou prince of peace >* 
 and w I will not give God up ** are most widely 
 known. 
 
 Helmers, Jan Frederik (hel'mers). A Dutch 
 poet and dramatist ; born in Amsterdam, March 
 4, 1767 ; died there, Feb. 26, 1813. He left a 
 mercantile career for the pursuit of letters. In 
 1789 he produced a tragedy, < Dinomache,* 
 founded upon Athenian history, following it 
 with a poem. < Socrates.* His best work was
 
 HELPER- HENRY 
 
 «59 
 
 UiSpired by the reverses of his country growinjj 
 out of the Napoleonic wars. When a Bona- 
 parte ascended the Dutch throne, the poet's 
 patriotism found expression in the < Fragment 
 of a Tragedy upon the Fall of Corinth.> His 
 finest composition, < The Dutch Nation,* is a 
 poetical apotheosis of Holland. 
 
 Helper, Hilton Rowen. An American prose- 
 writer; born near Mocksville, N. C, Dec. 27, 
 1829. In 1857 appeared the notable work < The 
 Impending Crisis of the South,' which the 
 Republican party used as a campaign docu- 
 ment, with great effect. < The Three Americas 
 Railway > was published in 1881, and was fol- 
 lowed by < Nojoque ' ; < The Negroes in Negro- 
 land >; <The Land of Gold>; < Oddments of 
 Andean Diplomacy ' ; etc. 
 
 Helps, Sir Arthur. A noted English essay- 
 ist, historian, and miscellaneous writer ; born at 
 Streatham, Surrey, July 10, 1S13; died in Lon- 
 don, Marcli 7, 1875. He was clerk of the privy 
 council of England in i860, and enjoyed the 
 queen's special confidence. His works, written 
 in a pure style, evince high moral purpose. 
 Among the best of them are : < Friends in 
 CounciP (a series, 1847-59); a collection of 
 essays, < Companions of my Solitude' (1851); 
 'Realmah> (1868); < Spanish Conquest in Amer- 
 ica' (1855-61); etc. He wrote also several ro- 
 mances and dramas, one of the best of the 
 former being <Casimir Maremma' (1870). 
 
 Helvetius, Claude Adrien (al-vas'yos"). 
 
 A French philosopher; born in Paris, 1715; 
 died there, Dec. 26, 1771. He was trained to 
 finance, but the circle of the Encyclopedists 
 drew him into philosophy. His < On the Un- 
 derstanding,' and, some years later, < Man : His 
 Intellectual Faculties and His Training,' were 
 celebrated at the time as strong philosophic 
 works, but they are of importance in political 
 history rather than in that of philosophy. He 
 is, however, in sympathy with the new histori- 
 cal school of economics, and may have some 
 revival of interest. 
 
 Hemans, Felicia Dorothed Browne. An 
 
 English Irish poet; born (Browne) in Liverpool, 
 Sept. 25, 1793; died at Redesdale, near Dublin, 
 May 16, 1835. At the age of fourteen she pub- 
 lished creditable poems in newspapers. Her 
 highest note was reached in the collections : 
 
 < Domestic Affections'; < Tales and Historic 
 Scenes in Verse'; and <Lays of Many Lands.' 
 Other compositions are : < Forest Sanctuary ' ; 
 
 < Songs of the Cid ' ; and < The Siege of Valen- 
 cia, the Last Constantine.' 
 
 Henderson, Isaac. An American journalist 
 and novelist ; born in Brooklyn, N. Y., 1850. 
 He was part owner and publisher of the New 
 York Evening Post (1872-81); since then he 
 has resided in Europe. He has written two 
 novels, <The Prelate' (1886), and < Agatha 
 Page' (1888), tlie second of which has been 
 dramatized ; < The Silent Battle,' etc. 
 
 Henderson, William James. An American 
 ioumalist and miscellaneous writer; bora in 
 
 New Jersey, 1855 ; connected with the New 
 York Times. He lias written : < Story of Music '; 
 
 < Preludes and Studies ' ; < Sea Yarns for Boys ' ; 
 
 < Afloat with the Flag ' ; < The Art of the Singer.' 
 
 Henley, William Ernest. An English poeti 
 horn Gloucester, Eng., Aug. 23, 1849. He was 
 variously engaged in journalism, play-writin^ 
 and magazine work, but appeared more promi- 
 nently as a poet. His < Book of Verses,' followed 
 by < The Song of the Sword,' shows his poetic 
 genius ; his note is strongly modern, and in sym- 
 pathy with the younger school of British poets. 
 Died at Woking, Eng., July 12, 1903. 
 
 Henne-am-Rhyn, Otto (hen'ne-am-rin"). A 
 
 Swiss historian ; born in St. Gall, Aug. 26, 1828. 
 His <Book of Mysteries' and * History of the 
 Swiss People* are widely known. He is a 
 graphic and. voluminous exponent of Free- 
 masonry and ancient religious rites and cere- 
 monies. 
 
 Hennequln, Alfred (en'kaA). A French 
 dramatist; born in Li&ge, Jan. 13, 1842; died 
 at Epinay, Aug. 7, 1887. <The Veauradieux 
 Trial' and <The Pink Dominoes' are his most 
 popular comedies. < Papa's Wife ' was also suc- 
 cessfully staged. 
 
 Henningsen, Charles Frederick. A Swed- 
 ish-American soldier, poet, novelist, and mis- 
 cellaneous writer ; born of Swedish parentage 
 in England, 1815 ; died 1877. He served in 
 the Carlist army in Spain in 1834; in the Rus- 
 sian army in Circassia ; took part in the Hun- 
 garian revolution of 1848 ; was with William 
 Walker in Nicaragua, and became a Confeder- 
 ate brigadier-general in our Civil War. He 
 wrote <Last of the Sophis' (1831), a poem; 
 
 < Campaign with Zumalacarregui ' (2 vols., 1836) ; 
 the two novels < The White Slave' (1845) and 
 < Sixty Years Hence' (1847); < Personal Recol- 
 lections of Nicaragua'; etc. 
 
 Henry, Caleb Sprague. An American clergy- 
 man and philosophical and miscellaneous writer ; 
 born at Rutland, Mass., Aug. 2, 1804; died at 
 Newburg, N. Y., March 9, 1884. He was pro- 
 fessor in the University of New York 1838-52. 
 He translated Guizot's < History of Civilization,' 
 etc., and wrote < About Men and Things' (1873); 
 < Satan as a Moral Philosopher' (1877); <The 
 Endless Future of the Human Race' (1879); 
 and others. 
 
 Henry, Patrick. An eminent American ora- 
 tor and public man ; born at Studley, Va., May 
 29, 1736; died at Red Hill, Va., June 6, 1799. 
 His literary fame rests upon his speeches, even 
 the meagre reports of which show the fire and 
 substance of a great orator. He would be a 
 recreant .American schoolboy indeed who has 
 not declaimed ^< But as for me, give me liberty 
 or give me death;" <• If this be treason, make 
 the most of it ; " '< I repeat it, sir, let it come ! " 
 His speeches and correspondence may be seen 
 in the < Life ' by William Wirt Henry (3 vols., 
 1891), the third volume of which is devoted 
 exclusively to them.
 
 26o 
 
 HENSEL — HEREDIA 
 
 Hensel, Luise (hen'sel). A German religious 
 poet; born in Linum, Brandenburg, March 30, 
 1798; died at Paderbom, Dec. 18, 1876. "I 
 am weary and go to rest" is not only one of 
 the best of her poems, but one of the best 
 pieces of religious verse in the German language. 
 Her poetry has been collected into a volume 
 of < Songs.' 
 
 Hensler, Karl Frledricli (hens'ler). A Swiss- 
 Austrian dramatist ; born in Schaffhausen, 1761 ; 
 died at Vienna, Nov. 23, 1825. Of his count- 
 less plays, < The Little Danube Woman > is best 
 known. 
 
 Henty, George Alfred. A popular English 
 novelist and writer for boys; born at Trump- 
 ington, Cambridgeshire, Dec. 8, 1832. He edited 
 Union Jack, a journal for boys, and had been 
 war correspondent of the London Standard in 
 various quarters of the globe. A voluminous 
 writer, among his best works are : <The Young 
 Franc-Tireurs' (1871); < Winning his Spurs' 
 (1882); <Facing Death' (1882); <The Lion of 
 St. Mark's' (1888); and many others. Died at 
 W\vmouth, Nov. 16, 1902. 
 
 Hentz, Mrs. Caroline Lee (Whiting). An 
 
 American writer of popular romances ; bom at 
 Lancaster, Mass., 1800 ; died at Marianna, Fla., 
 Feb. II, 1856. Among her works may be 
 named: <Aunt Patty's Scrap-Bag > (1846); <The 
 Mob Cap> (1848); <The Planter's Northern 
 Bride > (1854); etc. 
 
 Henzen, Karl Georg Wilhelm (henz'en). A 
 German dramatist ; born in Bremen, Nov. 30, 
 1850. <Ossian' and < Ulrich von Hutten > are 
 typical among his dramas. He has employed 
 the pseudon}!!! "Fritz von Sakken." 
 
 Hepworth, George Hughes. A prominent 
 American clergyman and journalist ; bom at 
 Boston, Feb. 4, i83_;; died in New York city, 
 June 7, 1902. He was first a Unitarian, after- 
 ward a Presbyterian, minister, and finally took 
 an editorial position on th. New York Herald. 
 He published : The Whip, H02, and Sword > 
 (1864); 'Th Criminal the Crime, the Penalty) 
 (1865) ; Starboard and Port' (1876); a book 
 entitled < ! ! ! > ; < Rocks and Shoals ' ; < Brown 
 Studies'; < Hiram Golf 's Religion >; < They Met 
 in Heaven > ; etc. 
 
 Heraclitus (her-a-kli'tus). A Greek philoso- 
 pher ; born in Ephesus, about 535 B. C. ; died 
 about 475 B, C. His system has been summed 
 up in his own favorite words : << All things 
 flow.') By this he is said, according to modern 
 critics, to convey the idea that the law of being 
 is one of perpetual change. 
 
 Heraud, John Abraham (her-6'). An Eng- 
 lish novelist, dramatist, and poet ; born in Lon- 
 don, July 5, 1799; died there, April 20, 1887. 
 At nineteen he began writing for English peri- 
 odicals. His first poem was a versified chron- 
 icle, <The Legend of St. Loy.> His eccentric 
 genius evolved < The Descent Into Hell ' in 
 1830, followed by <The Judgement of the 
 Flood.) His dramas are somewhat impressive. 
 
 notably < Videna,' and < Wife or No Wife.' He 
 wrote some good biographies, inchiding a work 
 on Savonarola, and is the author of *A Study of 
 Shakespeare.' Two romances, <Uxinal,' and 
 
 < Macde de Leodepart,' the latter historic, have 
 gone to third editions. 
 
 Herbert, Edward. Lord Herbert of Cher- 
 bury. A famous English philosopher, historian, 
 soldier, and diplomatist ; born at Eyton, Shrop- 
 shire, 1583; died in London, Aug. 20, 1648. 
 His philosophy was somewhat mystical. His 
 chief work was < De Veritate ' (On Truth : 1624). 
 
 Herbert, George. An English poet; born 
 in Montgomery Castle, Montgomeryshire, April 
 3, 1593 ; died at Bemerton, Wiltshire, in 1633. 
 He was of high birth and breeding and pro- 
 found learning. His genial saintliness is re- 
 flected in his devotional poetry. His poem 
 
 < Sweet Day, So Cool, So Calm, So Bright > is 
 probably best known and most often quoted. * 
 
 Herbert, Henry William. ["Frank For- 
 ester."] An American miscellaneous writer; 
 born in London, England, April 7, 1807; died 
 in New York city. May 17, 1858. He grad- 
 uated from Oxford, and came to this coun- 
 try in 1830, rising to eminence as a writer and 
 scholar of decided versatility. His works in- 
 clude : < Cromwell ' ; < Mamiaduke N3'vil ' ; < The 
 Puritans of New England ' ; * The Fronde ' ; 
 
 < Sherwood Forest' ; and other historical novels. 
 His histories comprise < Captains of the Old 
 World ' ; < Cavaliers of England > ; < Captains of 
 the Great Roman Republic'; etc. Over the 
 pseudonym "Frank Forester" he published: 
 
 < Field Sports of the United States and British 
 Provinces'; Frank Forester and his Friends'; 
 
 < Manual for Young Sportsmen ' ; etc. 
 
 Herculano de Carvalho e Araujo, Ales- 
 sandro (er-ko-la'no de kar-val'yo e a-rou'zho). 
 A Portuguese poet and scholar; born in 
 Lisbon, March 28, 1810; died near Santarem, 
 Sept. 12, 1877. He early distinguished himself 
 as a political refoiTner, editor, and poet of re- 
 form. He also wrote valuable histories and 
 historical novels. < The Prophet's Voice > is 
 the best of his poems. < Eurico ' is a strongly 
 original historical novel. The * History of Por- 
 tugal' and <The Origin and Development of 
 the Inquisition in Portugal ' are his best efforts 
 in histor}'. 
 
 Herder, Johann Gottfried von (her'der). 
 A German philosopher and historian of litera- 
 ture ; born at Mohrungen, Aug. 25, 1744 ; died 
 at Weimar, Dec. 18, 1803. He wrote: < Frag- 
 ments on Recent German Literature' (1767); 
 'Voices of Nations in Song' (1778), translations 
 and imitations of popular songs from several 
 European languages ; < The Cid ' ; < Spirit of 
 Hebrew Poetry' (1872-S3); < Ideas for a Phi- 
 losophy of the History of iViankind ' (4 vols., 
 1784-91), his greatest work. His < Complete 
 W^orks' were published in 45 volumes, 1805- 
 20. 
 
 Her^dia, Jose Maria de (a-raoe-a). A 
 French poet; bom in Fortuna-Cafayere, neai
 
 HERLOSZSOHN -^ HERRIG 
 
 36 r 
 
 Santiago de Cuba, Nov. 22, 1842. He went to 
 France in boyhood to study art, but preferred 
 belles-lettres. He early attracted notice by 
 the originality and charm of his essays in 
 Parisian periodicals, and his sonnets < Trophies > 
 made him famous. In 1894 he was elected to 
 iJie French Academy. Died Oct., 1905. 
 
 Herloszsolin, Karl (her'los-6n). A German 
 novelist ; born in Prague, Sept. i, 1804 ; died 
 at Leipzig, Dec. 10, 1849. He plunged into 
 story-writing at an early age, founding also a 
 periodical, The Comet, that continued from 
 1830 to 1848. His numerous novels show rich 
 fancy, and sustain the interest well, but are 
 marred by hasty execution. The best among 
 them are : < The Venetians > ; < Wallenstein's 
 First Love ' ; and < Christmas Tales.> Financial 
 reverses overtook him, his paper suspended, 
 and he died at a comparatively early age, in 
 & public hospital, poor and friendless. 
 
 Herman, Henry. An English novelist and play- 
 wright; born in Alsace in 1832; died in London, 
 Sept. 24, 1894. He was collaborator with Henry 
 Arthur Jones in the popular melodrama < The 
 Silver King> (1882), and with W. G. Wills 
 wrote < Claudian,) a classic drama, both of 
 which were features of Wilson Barrett's reper- 
 toire for many seasons. His other plays in- 
 clude: < Jeanne Dubarry' (1875), and * Slight 
 Mistakes* (1876). As a writer of fiction he 
 'vill be best remembered for <A Leading 
 Lady,* < Hearts of Gold and Hearts of Steel,> 
 and other stories ; and < One Traveler Returns ' 
 and < He Fell Among Thieves,* written with 
 D. C. Murray. 
 
 Hermann, Nikolaus (her'man). A church- 
 song writer; born about 1480; died at Joachims- 
 thal, Bohemia (?), May 3, 1561. His brief but 
 numerous songs are mainly of a liturgical 
 character. 
 
 Herndon, William Henry. An American 
 lawyer and biographer ; born at Greensburg, 
 Ky., Dec. 28, 1818; died near Springfield, 111., 
 March 18, 1891. In 1843 he formed a law 
 partnership with Abraham Lincoln, which con- 
 tinued formally till the latter's death. He 
 wrote the well-known < Life of Abraham Lin- 
 coln* (1889). 
 
 Herodianus (he-ro-di-a'-nus). A Greek his- 
 torian, who lived in the last part of the second 
 and the first half of the third century A. D. 
 He wrote a history of Rome from the death of 
 Marcus Aurelius (180 A. D.) to the accession 
 of Gordianus HI. (238 A. D.), which is of spe- 
 cial value for the reigns of the emperors sub- 
 sequent to Alexander Severus. Although written 
 in a rather declamatory style, it is distinguished 
 for candor and independence of view. 
 
 Herodotus (he-rod'o-tus). «The Father of 
 History**; born at Halicarnassus, in Caria, 
 about 500 B. C. ; died at Thurii, in Magna 
 Graecia, between B.C. 428 and B.C. 426. He 
 wrote his < Exposition of History* in nine 
 books in the Ionic dialect, naming them after 
 the nine Muses. 
 
 Herpln, Luce (5r-pan). See Perey. 
 
 Herrera, Fernando de (er-ra'ra). A Span- 
 ish poet; born in Seville about 1534; died in 
 1597- On his ordination to the priesthood he 
 devoted his leisure to the composition of a 
 series of exquisite lyrics, which have earned 
 for him the title of <• the divine.** His grace 
 and sonorousness are marred occasionally by 
 an excessive exactness of statement, leading to 
 meaningless repetition. Among his more seri- 
 ous poems are those on the battle of Lepanto 
 and the fall of the Portuguese King Sebastian. 
 His first volume was published under his im- 
 mediate supervision, comprising a selection en- 
 titled, < Some Works in Verse,* dated at Seville, 
 1582. This was followed some years later by 
 another collection of < Verses.* He wrote a 
 
 < History of the Cyprus War and the Battle 
 of Lepanto* and, as one authority declares, a 
 
 < Life and Death of Sir Thomas More.* He 
 was the friend of Garcilaso de la Vega, and 
 the founder of a school of poetry. 
 
 Herrick, Mrs. Christine (Terhune). An 
 American writer on domestic economy ; born 
 at Newark, N. J., 1859. Her home is in New 
 York. She has written : < Housekeeping Made 
 Easy* (1888); <The Little Dinner*; < Liberal 
 Living upon Narrow Means * ; etc. 
 
 Herrick, Robert. An English poet; born in 
 London in August 1591 ; died at Dean Prior, 
 Devonshire, Oct. 15, 1674. He was a royalist 
 clergyman forced from his living during the 
 Civil War, but reinstated upon the restoration. 
 Moody and merry by turns, the many 'Noble 
 Numbers,* as well as the < Hesperides,* pro- 
 duce in succession laughter and tears, but are 
 sometimes open to the charge of mischievous- 
 ness. Every revival of the forms of the lighter 
 Muse brings the poet into remembrance. 
 
 Herrick, Robert. An American educator 
 and novelist; born in Massachusetts, 1868. He 
 is assistant professor at the University of Chi- 
 cago. He has written < The Man Who Wins,* a 
 novel ; ' The Real World * ; < The Common Lot.' 
 
 Herrick, Mrs. Sophia Mcllvaine (Bledsoe). 
 
 An American editor and microscopist, daughter 
 of Albert T. Bledsoe ; bom at Gambier, O., 1S37. 
 She became editor of the Southern Review in 
 1877, and afterward joined the editorial staff 
 of Scribner's Monthly. She has written < Won- 
 ders of Plant Life under the Microscope*, < The 
 Earth in Past Ages * ; < A Century of Sonnets.* 
 
 Herrig, Hans (her'ig). A German poet, 
 dramatist, and editor; born in Brunswick, 
 Dec. 10, 1845; died at Weimar, May 4, 1S92. 
 He abandoned law for literature and journal- 
 ism, joining the staff of the Deutsches Tage- 
 blatt when it started. His plays have been 
 numerous and successful, notably < Alexander 
 the Great * ; < Jerusalem * ; < Nero * ; and others 
 serious in subject. His greatest success was 
 with the << church play** arranged and written 
 for the Luther Jubilee of 1883, and widely per- 
 formed. His poetry includes both the light 
 and serious, < The Fat King * among the former
 
 • 63 
 
 HERRON — HESEKIEL 
 
 and < The Swine > among the latter. His prose 
 works include essays on Schopenhauer and 
 upon the development of the stage. 
 
 Harron, George Davis. A prominent Ameri- 
 can Congregational clergyman, writer, and lect- 
 urer; born in Indiana, 1862. He is professor 
 of Applied Christianity in Iowa College. He 
 has published several worlis on Christian So- 
 cialism, among them : < The Christian Society > ; 
 
 < The Message of Jesus to Men of Wealth ' ; < The 
 Christian State > ; < The Day of Judgment.' 
 
 Herscliel, John Frederick William, Sir 
 (her'shel). An English astronomer and author, 
 son of Sir F. \V. Herschel ; born at Slough, 
 March 7, 1792; died at Collingwood, May 11, 
 1871. He continued the work of his father on 
 double stars and nebulae, and in 1833 went to 
 the Cape of Good Hope for astronomical in- 
 vestigations, which occupied four years, and are 
 embodied in his < Results of Observations at the 
 Cape of Good Hope* {1847). Besides several 
 encyclopaedia articles, his works include : < On 
 the Study of Natural Philosophy > (1830); < Out- 
 lines of Astronomy > (1849); < A Manual of Sci- 
 entific Inquiry > (1849); 'Physical Geography* 
 (1871); < Popular Lectures on Scientific Sub- 
 jects* (new ed. 1880). 
 
 Hertz, Henrik (herts). A Danish poet and 
 dramatist ; born in Copenhagen, Aug. 25, 1798; 
 died there, Feb. 25, 1870. He abandoned law 
 for literature. < Letters of a Ghost,* a poetical 
 satire purporting to be written by the spirit of 
 Jens Baggesen, made him famous. He fol- 
 lowed this with < Nature and Art*; <Four Let- 
 ters of Knut the Seelander,* a good piece of 
 ■word-painting ; < TyTfing,* a poem ; and miscel- 
 lanies. As a playwright he has won a perma- 
 nent place with < The Savings Bank,* a comedy ; 
 
 < Svend Dyring's House,* a tragedy ; and < The 
 Daughter of King Rend,* his masterpiece. 
 
 Hertz, "Willielm. A German poet ; born in 
 Stuttgart, Sept. 24, 1835. Upon leaving college 
 he devoted himself to agricultural pursuits, 
 after which he studied at Tubingen. He was 
 encouraged to write by a Munich literary cir- 
 cle including Geibel, Heyse, Bodenstedt, and 
 others. In 1859 appeared his < Poems,* remark- 
 able for delicate sentiment, warmth of feeling, 
 and perfect technique. Among his best-known 
 productions are : < Launcelot and Guinevere * ; 
 'Henry of Suabia*; and especially 'Tristan 
 and Isolde.* He was professor of literature at 
 the Technological school in Munich, and a lec- 
 turer and critic of high authority. Died 1902. 
 
 Hervilly, Ernest d' (ar-vi-ye). A French 
 journalist, humorist, and dramatist; born in 
 Paris, May 26, 1839. From railroad operative 
 he became editorial and sketch writer, contrib- 
 uting to the Rappel in 1872 under the pseudo- 
 nym " Le Passant.'* A few years later ap- 
 peared volumes of verse, 'The Kisses* and 
 
 < The Harem,* which won general admiration. 
 Humorous sketches — 'Tales for Great Per- 
 sonages,* ' Pastime Stories,* < The Weapons 
 of Women,* and others — extended his fame 
 throughout France ; and his plays, ' The True 
 
 Invalid*; <Bigondis> and 'Midas* especially, 
 have been very successful in Paris. 
 
 Herwegh, Georg (her'veg). An eminent 
 German poet ; bom in Stuttgart, May 31, 1817 ; 
 died at Baden-Baden, April 7, 1875. His early 
 theological studies were abandoned for poetry. 
 The 'Lyrics of a Live Man* appeared in 1841. 
 His poems, these particularly, display sponta- 
 neity and a deep love of liberty ; they speedily 
 became popular, even winning a personal trib- 
 ute from Frederick William IV. He had to 
 flee from Prussia soon afterwards, owing to his 
 letter of protest to the king against his pro- 
 hibition of a periodical which the poet con- 
 templated founding. He retired to Switzerland, 
 married a wealthy banker's daughter, and 
 plunged into the movement of 1848. He was 
 often pursued by the authorities, and once 
 nearly lost his life while leading a riot, being 
 saved by his wife's daring. He spent his riper 
 years in retirement. His poems are the finest 
 expression in verse of the movement to which 
 he devoted his energies. 
 
 Herzen, Alexander (liert'sen). A Russian 
 journalist, novelist, and political writer; bom 
 in Moscow, March 25, 1S12; died in Paris, Jan. 
 21, 1870. For his outspoken lil-eral ideas he 
 was imprisoned, and subsequently banished to 
 Matka and Vladimir. In 1851 he settled in 
 I-ondon and started the weekly paper Kolokol 
 (The Alarm Bell), exposing countless abuses 
 and. State secrets of the Russian Government. 
 Copies of the papers were smuggled into Rus- 
 sia, and had a large circulation there. Among 
 his publications (many of which are written in 
 English, French, and German) are: 'Dilettan- 
 teism in Science* (1842); 'The Development 
 of Revolutionary Ideas in Russia* (1851); 'Im- 
 prisonment and Exile.* In fiction, under the 
 pseudonym of "Iskandar," he issued: 'Doctor 
 Krupov* (1847); 'Whose Fault Is It?* (1847); 
 'Interrupted Tales* (1854). 
 
 Hesekiel, Georg Ludwig (he-za'ke-el). A 
 German poet and storywriter; born in Halle, 
 Aug. 12, 1819; died at Berlin, Feb. 26, 1874. 
 He was intended for the church, but preferred 
 literature and political journalism. His early 
 prose and poetry were of a trifling and fleet- 
 ing character, but his < Prussian Songs * in 1846 
 made him famous. Then followed numerous 
 political novels, notably 'Before Jena*; 'The 
 Calm Before the Storm * ; and his masterpiece, 
 ' Under the Iron Tooth.* Other poems are 
 ' New Songs,* and several volumes devoted to 
 patriotic themes. Flis 'Prince Bismarck* is a 
 popular and important biographical study. 
 
 Hesekiel, Ludovika. A Geiman novelist, 
 daughter of George Ludwig ; born in Altenburg, 
 July 3, 1847 ; died at Neustadt, April 6, i88g. 
 Her forte was historical-romance composition ; 
 and she wrote a sequel to one of her father's 
 books, under the title ' From Brandenburg to 
 Bismarck.* Her most successful productions 
 are ' God with Us,* and a collection of short sto- 
 ries. Her study of ' Elizabeth Louise, Queen 
 of Pmssia,* is brilliant and valuable.
 
 HESIOD — HE YWOOD 
 
 Hesiod (he'si gd). A great Greek poet ; born 
 at Ascra in Bceotia; he lived in the eighth 
 century B.C. Among his writings which are 
 still extant are the ^Theogony,' or origin of the 
 gods; < Works and Days,' in which are con- 
 tained precepts for the conduct of life, edu- 
 cation, etc., with counsels regarding agriculture. 
 Of hrs other works only fragments remain; 
 among which is a piece on < The Shield of 
 Hercules,' which is complete in itself, but the 
 authenticity of which is doubted. 
 
 Hettner, Hermann Theodor (het'ner). A 
 German historian ; born in Leisersdorf, March 
 2, 1821 ; died at Dresden, May 29, 1882. He 
 tudied 'xt Heidelberg, Berlin, and Halle, and 
 filled tjrofessorships at Jena and elsewhere. 
 His m-istcpiece, published in 1856, < History 
 of Eighteenth-Century Literature,' gave him 
 high rank as a philosophical historian. Pre- 
 viously he had made valuable studies on the 
 art of the ancients. He traveled extensively, 
 especially in Greece and Italy. His writings 
 ire varied, but all relate to the historical as- 
 pects of literature, painting, and sculpture, 
 indent and modem. 
 
 Hetzel, Pierre Jules (het'zel) See Stahl. 
 
 Heuff, Az Johan Adrian (h6f). A Dutch 
 prose-writer; born in Avezath, March 5, 1843. 
 He abandoned civil engineering for humorous 
 sketch-writing. Under the pseudonym of «J. 
 Huf van Buren'' he wrote a number of his- 
 torical romances, among them < Hertog Adolf > ; 
 a Dutch adaptation of the < Pseudolus > of Plau- 
 tus; and an original comedy entitled <Oom 
 Frederik,' and other dramatic pieces. Under 
 the pen-name <'Cosinus'' he produced a hu- 
 morous novel, <Kippeveer,> wherein certain 
 leaders of the clerical party are ridiculed. He 
 is most successful in satire and caricature. 
 
 Heun, Earl. See Clauren. 
 
 Hevesi, Ludwig (hev'esh-i). A German- 
 Hungarian story-writer and humorist; born in 
 Heves, Hungary, Dec. 20, 1843. He studied 
 medicine at Vienna, and afterwards entered a 
 business office ; then in 1866 he founded the 
 popular comic sheet Borsszem Janko, read by 
 a'l classes in the Magyar country. He writes 
 German and Hungarian with equal facility. 
 His humor has found its happiest expression 
 in < Rainbows ' ; < On the Sunny Side > ; and 
 above all < Andreas Jelky,> a sketch of a jour- 
 neyman tailor and his amusing adventures in 
 the «four quarters of the world.» 
 
 Hewit, Augustus Francis. An American Roman 
 Catholic priest and religious writer; Pseud. : Na- 
 thaniel Augustus ; born at Fairfield, Conn., Nov. 
 19, 1820; died in New York cjty, July 3, 1897. 
 He had a varied experience, as law student, as 
 Congregational minister. Episcopal deacon, and 
 Roman Catholic priest ; joining, under the name 
 of Augustine Francis, the Paulist order founded 
 by Father Hecker, and becoming professor and 
 superior in the Paulist Seminary, New York. 
 He wrote < Life of Princess Borghese > (1S56); 
 
 263 
 
 'Problems of the Age> (1868); < Light in Dark- 
 ness* (1871); etc. 
 
 Hewitt, John Hill. An American ballad 
 and miscellaneous writer; born in New York 
 1801 ; died 1890. Engaging in literary work at 
 Baltimore in 1825, he is said to have been a 
 "rival of Poe.» His best-known work is the 
 ballad <The Minstrel's Return from the War.> 
 He wrote also : < The Governess,' a comedy ; 
 
 < Washington,' a play ; < Shadows on the Wall,' 
 a volume of reminiscences ; etc. 
 
 Hewitt, Mrs. Mary. See Stebbins. 
 
 Hey. Wilhelm (hi). A German table-writer; 
 born in Leina near Gotha, March 26, 1789; 
 died at Ichtershausen, May 19, 1854. He was 
 pastor at Tottelstadt and court chaplain at 
 Gotha. His < Fables for Children,' published 
 in 1833, had an enormous circulation from their 
 first appearance. He wrote a rhyming < Life 
 of Jesus.' 
 
 Heyden, Friedrich August von (hi'den). 
 A German poet, story- writer, and dramatist; 
 born in Nerfken, East Prussia, Sept. 3, 1789; 
 died at Breslau, Nov. 5, 185 1. He gave up 
 law and entered the army. Of distinguished 
 family, he was employed in official posts at 
 court in 1843, but fell into disfavor through 
 reluctance to act as a literary censor. His 
 verse is graceful and pleasing. His reputation 
 was made with < Reginald,' and 'A Woman's 
 Word.' < The Intriguers ' was a highly suc- 
 cessful novel. As a dramatist he is not im- 
 portant. 
 
 Heyduk, Adolf (hl'diik). A Czech poet; 
 born in Richenburg, June 7, 1835. He studied 
 in Prague and traveled through Italy and 
 Germany; is now a professor at Pisek. His 
 earlier poetry, beginning in 1859, was of a 
 light order, but his volume 'Cymbal and Vio- 
 lin > established his reputation. An idyl of 
 life among his countrymen, < Grandfather's 
 Legacy,' and a powerful study in realism, ' The 
 Wood-Cutter,' are extremely popular. < Cymbal 
 and Fiddle' is considered his best work. 
 
 Heyse, Johann Ludwig Paul (hi'za). A 
 German poet and novelist; bom in Berlin, 
 March 15, 1830. At twenty-four he became 
 noted for the purity and elegance of his elegiac 
 verses, and the succeeding fertile years have 
 brought him high and enduring renown. ' Fran- 
 cesca da Rimini,' a tragedy; 'The Sabines,' a 
 play that under severe tests won the prize 
 offered by the King of Bavaria in 1857; 'The 
 Brothers'; < Ourika,' a tale; 'Rafael,' a legend 
 and metrical study, — all poems, — and 'New 
 Tales of Marianne,' a series of prose idyls, 
 the dramas ' Meleager';' Hadrian >; < Alcibiades'; 
 
 < Vamina Vamini ' ; < Elizabeth Charlotte ' ; 
 
 < The Right of the Stronger ' are among his num- 
 erous works. 
 
 Heywood, John. An English dramatist . 
 His literary fame rests upon such produc- 
 tions as a ' A Mery Play between the Par- 
 doner and the Frere, the Curate and Neybour
 
 a64 
 
 HEYWOOD — HILL 
 
 Pratte,* printed in 1533. He remained a Catho- 
 lic, and upon Elizabeth's accession retired to 
 private life. 
 
 Heywood, Thomas. An English dramatic 
 poet; born in Lincolnshire (?) about IS75!; 
 died in London (?), 1650 (?). Altliough he 
 Wrote all sorts of poetry and prose, for any 
 who would pay him, his reputation rests upon 
 his sparkling song and still more sparkling 
 comedy. <A Woman Killed with Kindness,> 
 a play of contemporary middle-class manners ; 
 * The Wise Woman of Hogsdon,> a comedy 
 of low life ; < Love's Mistress,* a travesty in- 
 troducing Apuleius and Midas; and the amus- 
 ing < Rape of Lucrece,* show his range. 
 
 Hlbbard, George Abiali. An American 
 short-story writer ; born in New York State, 
 1858. His home is in Buffalo, N. Y. He has 
 written : • Iduna, and Other Stories,* < Nowa- 
 days,' <The Governor,' and other collections 
 of short stories. 
 
 Hichens, Robert S. An English journalist 
 and novelist ; born in 1864. Although at the 
 age of seventeen he wrote a novel which was 
 actually published, he seems to have been most 
 bent on a musical career; but he wearied of 
 music, and turned to journalism. In 1S93 he 
 visited Egypt for his health, and while there 
 conceived the idea which ^materialized in the 
 
 < Imaginative Man ' (1895). < The Green Carna- 
 tion' (1894), however, epigrammatic and keenly 
 satirical in tone, first brought him into public 
 notice, and was followed by < After To-morrow,' 
 and <New Love' (1895); < The Folly of Eus- 
 tace and Other Stories' (1896); < Flames' (1897). 
 
 Hicks, Elias. A famous American Quaker 
 reformer, founder of the sect known as <* Hick- 
 site " Quakers ; bom at Hempstead, L. I., March 
 19, 1748; died at Jericho, N. Y., 1830. In 1781 
 he began visiting the meetings and families 
 both of Friends and of other denominations 
 throughout the country, preaching greater con- 
 secration. He was a fearless and impressive 
 exhorter. An early and determined foe of 
 slavery, he secured the emancipation of many 
 slaves. He was bred a carpenter, and paid 
 his traveling expenses by working at his trade. 
 His neighbors esteemed him so highly tliat 
 they often called on him to act as umpire in 
 settling their disputes. Neither he nor his fol- 
 lowers ever recognized the name <• Hicksite," 
 given them in reproach. He wrote : < Observa- 
 tions on Slaverv' (1811); < Doctrinal Epistle' 
 (1824); < Journal' (1828; 3d ed. 1832); etc. 
 
 Hiel, Enunannel (hel). A Flemish poet; bom 
 in St. Gilles dez Termonde, Belgium, May 31, 
 1834. He is professor of rhetoric and music in 
 the Industria'l Institute at Brussels. He has 
 been prominent in political reform movements, 
 those of his poems which are not of a sentimental 
 order relating mainly to such themes. His 
 beautiful poem < The Wind > won a prize, while 
 
 < Lucifer' and < The Scheldt > rank high in popu- 
 lar esteem. His poems for children and one or 
 two oratorios and dramatic compositions are 
 especially notable. He died Aug. 27, 1899. 
 
 Higginson, Mary Tbacher. [« Mrs. Potter.»] 
 An American author and poet, wife of T. W. 
 Higginson ; born in Machias, Me., Nov. 27, 
 1843. Her works are: < Seashore and Prairies' 
 (1876); <Such as They Are' (1893), a volume 
 of poems written in collaboration with her 
 husband; < The Playmate Hours' (1904). 
 
 Higginson, Mrs. Sarah Jane (Hatfield). 
 
 An American writer of stories and sketches; 
 born in Pennsylvania, 1840. Her home is in 
 New York. She has written : <A Princess of 
 Java' (1887), a tale of the far east; <Java, the 
 Pearl of the East,' a book of travel; < The 
 Bedouin Girl.' 
 
 Higginson, Thomas Wentworth. A distin- 
 guished American essayist, poet, and novelist ; 
 born in Cambridge, Mass., Dec. 22, 1823. His 
 interesting and varied career includes having 
 been an active abolitionist, a Unitarian clergy- 
 man, and (most striking of all) colonel of the 
 first negro regiment in the Civil War. Among 
 his publications are : < Out-Door Papers' (1863); 
 
 < Malbone, an Oldport Romance' (1869); 'Army 
 Life in a Black Regiment' (1870); < Atlantic 
 Essays' (1871); < Oldport Days' (1873); < Young 
 Folks' History of the United States' (1884); 
 <Life of Margaret Fuller' (1884); < The After- 
 noon Landscape ' ( 1S90), a volume of poems. < A 
 Reader's History of American Literature' .(1903). 
 
 Hildreth, Charles Lotin. An American novel- 
 ist, author, and poet ; born in New York city, 
 Aug. 28, 1856 ; died there, Aug. 19, 1896. 
 He served on the stai^ of the New York World 
 and later on Belford's Magazine. Among his 
 works are: 'Judith' (1876); < The New Sym- 
 phony and Other Stories' ( 1878) ; and the 
 <Masque of Death and Other Poems' (1889). 
 
 Hildreth, Richard. An American historian ; 
 born in Decrfield, Mass., June 22, 1807 ; died in 
 Florence, Italy, July 11, 1865. He first became 
 known as a miscellaneous prose-writer and po- 
 litical journalist. The < History of the United 
 States > is his greatest work, covering the period 
 from the discovery of America to the end of 
 President Monroe's first administration (6 vols., 
 1849-56). Among his other works are: <Archy 
 Moore,' an anti-slavery romance; < History of 
 Banks ' ; < Theory of Morals > ; < Theory of Pol- 
 itics ' ; and <Atrocious Judges as Tools of Ty- 
 rants,' compiled for political purposes from Lord 
 Campbell's < Lives of the Chief Justices.' He 
 went to Italy in 1861 as United States consul. 
 
 HileSi^Henry. An English organist, com- 
 poser, and author; born at Shrewsbury, Dec. 
 31, 1826. He is a lecturer on harmony and 
 musical composition at the Owens College. 
 Manchester, and professor of harmony at the 
 Royal Manchester College of Music. He is 
 the author of the standard theoretical works : 
 
 < The Harmony of Sounds' (1872 1; < The Gram- 
 mar of Music' (1879); < Part -Writing, or Mod- 
 ern Counterpoint' (1884). 
 
 Hill, Mrs. Agnes Leonard (Scanland). An 
 
 American novelist, writing under the pseudp-
 
 HILL — HIPPEAU 
 
 265 
 
 nym " Mollie Myrtle » ; born at Louisville, 
 Ky., 1842. She has written < Myrtle Blossoms ' 
 (1863); < Vanquished) (1866), a novel; < Heights 
 and Depths > (1S71); < The Cry of the Soul > (1907). 
 
 Hill, David Jayne. An American educator ; 
 born at Plainfield, N. J., 1850. He was made 
 president of Rochester Universit)', N. Y., in 
 1888. He has written biographies of < Wash- 
 ington Irving* (1879) and < William Cullen 
 Bryant* (1879); * Principles and Fallacies of 
 Socialism* (1885); etc., besides text-books. 
 
 Hill, George, An American writer of verse ; 
 born at Guilford, Conn., 1796; died 1871. He 
 held several government clerkships. He wrote : 
 
 < Ruins of Athens, and Other Poems*; <Ti- 
 tania's Banquet, and Other Poems.* 
 
 Hill, George Canning. An American bio- 
 grapher and essayist ; born in Connecticut, 1825. 
 He has written < Lives* of Capt. John Smith, 
 Israel Putnam, Benedict Arnold, and Daniel 
 Boone ; * Homespun, or Five-and-Twenty Years 
 Ago, by Thomas Lackland > (pseudonym : 1867); 
 
 < Our Parish, or Pen-Paintings of Village Life * 
 (187-). 
 
 Hill, Theophilus Hunter. An American 
 writer of verse ; born near Raleigh, N. C, 1836. 
 He is a lawyer in Raleigh, and was once State 
 librarian. He has written < Hesper and Other 
 Poems* (1861), distinguished as being the first 
 book copyrighted by the Confederate gov- 
 ernment ; < Poems* (1869); < Passion Flower and 
 Other Poems* (1883); etc. Died 1901. 
 
 Hill, Thomas. A distinguished Unitarian 
 clergyman and educator; born at New Bruns- 
 wick, N. J., Jan. 7, 1818 ; died at Waltham, Mass., 
 Nov. 2, 1891. He was president of Harvard 
 College from 1862 to 1868. He wrote < Geom- 
 etry and Faith* (1849); < Curvature* (1850); 
 <In the Woods and Elsewhere* (1888), a col- 
 lection of poetry, etc.; and several text-books. 
 
 Hillard, George Stillman. A distinguished 
 American lawyer and miscellaneous writer; 
 born at Machias, Me., Sept. 22, 1808; died at 
 Boston, Jan. 21, 1879. As a Massachusetts legis- 
 lator he was commended by Daniel Webster, 
 and he was conspicuous as an orator. He pub- 
 lished <Six Months in Italy* (1853); <Life of 
 George Ticknor* (with Mrs. Ticknor); <Life 
 of George B. McClellan* (1864); also a series 
 of school readers, and an edition of Spenser. 
 
 Hillebrand, Karl (hil'lfe-branf). A German 
 critic and historian; born at Giessen, Sept. 17, 
 1829; died in Florence, Oct. 19, 1884. For par- 
 ticipation in the insurrection in Baden (1849) 
 he was imprisoned, but escaped to France, 
 where he graduated at the Sorbonne, and in 
 1863 became professor of foreign languages at 
 Douai. On the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian 
 War, he removed to Italy and pas.sed the re- 
 mainder of his life there. Among his valuable 
 publications in French, German, Italian, and 
 English, are : < On Good Comedy* (1863); < Con- 
 temporary Prussia* (1867); < Italian Studies* 
 (1868); < Times, Peoples, and Men* (7 vols., 
 
 1875-85); two volumes of a 'History of France 
 from the Accession of Louis Philippe to the 
 Fall of Napoleon III.* (1877-79); < Lectures on 
 German Thought* (1880). 
 
 Hlllern, Wilhelmine von (hil'ern). A Ger- 
 man novelist (daughter of Charlotte Birch- 
 Pfeiffer); born in Munich, March 11, 1836. In 
 early life she was an actress. In 1857 she 
 married Baron von Hillern. Her novels began 
 to appear in 1862, winning rapid fame. Since 
 1882 she has been a widow. < Double Life * ; 
 
 < A Physician to the Soul * ; < The Geyer-Wally * ; 
 and numerous other works of fiction have had 
 a wide circulation. Her efforts as a dramatist 
 have not endured, but one or two of her novels 
 have been adapted for the stage. 
 
 Hillhouse, James Abraham. An American 
 dramatic poet; born at New Haven, Conn., 
 Sept. 26, 1789; died near there, Jan. 4, 1841. A 
 merchant in New- York, he retired from busi- 
 ness in 1822. He wrote : * The Judgment, a Vis- 
 ion* (1812); and the dramas < Percy's Masque* 
 (1820) and <Hadad* (1825). His < Dramas, 
 Discourses, and other Pieces * appeared in 1839. 
 
 Hilllard, Henry Washington. An American 
 soldier, diplomat, and lawyer ; born at Fayette- 
 ville, N. C, Aug. 4, 1808 ; died at Atlanta, Ga., 
 Dec. 17, 1892. He was brigadier-general in the 
 Confederate army, charg(^ d'affaires in Belgium, 
 and minister to Brazil. He wrote : * De Vane, 
 a Story of Plebeians and Patricians* (2d ed. 
 1886); < Politics and Pen Pictures* (1892); and 
 a volume of < Speeches and Addresses.* 
 
 Hind, John Bnssell. An English astronomer ; 
 born in Nottingham, May 12, 1823 ; died in 
 Twickenham, Dec. 23, 1895. He became a 
 Fellow of the Astronomical Society in 1843, and 
 received three medals from the Academy of 
 Sciences at Paris for the discovery of asteroids. 
 His most important works are : <The Solar 
 System > ( 184^, \ ; < Astronomical Vocabulary * 
 (1852); <Comcts> (1852); (Illustrated London 
 Astronomy* (1853). 
 
 Hindley, Charles. An English bookseller 
 and journalist; died at Brighton, May 1893. 
 He wrote several books, but is best known as 
 the author of < Mother Shipton's Prophecy.* 
 
 Hlnton, James. A famous English surgeon 
 and philosophical essayist; born at Reading, 
 1822 ; died 1875. He was noted as an aurist. 
 He visited the United States in 1850. His 
 great work < The Mystery of Pain : a Book for 
 the Sorrowful* appeared in 1866. Other notable 
 productions were: <Art of Thinking* (1879); 
 
 < Philosophy and Religion* (1881); etc. 
 
 Hippeau, Celestin (e-p6'). A French edu- 
 cator and author; born at Niort, Deux-S^vres, 
 May II, 1803; died in Paris, May 31, 1883. 
 He filled different positions as a teacher and 
 professor at Strasburg, Paris, Caen, etc., and 
 was sent to England and the United States 
 by the minister of public instruction to study 
 their educational systems. His publications on 
 educational and literary subjects include : < Nor- 
 man Writers of the Seventeenth Century*
 
 266 
 
 HIPPEL-HOBBES 
 
 (1857); < History of the Government of Nor- 
 mandy* (9 vols., 1863-73); < Public Instruction 
 in the United States> {1869); 'Dictionary of 
 the French Language in the Twelfth and 
 Thirteenth Centuries > (1873). 
 
 Hippel, Tlieodor Gottlieb von (hip'pel). A 
 German sociological and ethical writer, ro- 
 mancer, and jurisconsult; born in Gerdauen, 
 East Prussia, Jan. 31, 1741 ; died at Konigsberg, 
 April 23, 1796. His great but singularly con- 
 tradictory character is revealed in his many 
 writings. His best-known work is on < Mar- 
 riage.> Other productions include : < The Edu- 
 cation of Woman >; <The Civil Emancipation 
 of Woman > ; and < Biographies in the Ascend- 
 ing Line, with Supplements A, B, C,' a pecul- 
 iar piece of fiction in which a sardonic humor 
 is combined with profound observation and 
 knowledge of life. A powerful political satire, 
 < Carpenter L and Frederick H., by John Henry 
 Frederick Quincetree, Wood Carver, of Han- 
 over. Printed at Solitude,> and other similar 
 efforts, are characteristic exhibitions of his 
 strange genius. 
 
 Hirst, Henry Beck. An American lawyer 
 and writer of verse; born in Pennsylvania, 
 181 3; died 1874. His home was in Philadel- 
 phia. He wrote < Endymion, a Tale of Greece > ; 
 <The Penance of Roland >; <The Coming of 
 the Mammoth, and Other Poems.> He also 
 published a * Poetical Dictionary.' 
 
 Hita, Gines Perez de (e-ta')- A Spanish ro- 
 mantic historian of the sixteenth century, author 
 of the celebrated < History of the Civil Wars 
 of Granada.> He was of Murcian origin, and 
 fought bravely in the campaigns against the 
 Moors 1568-70. His < History > is the first histori- 
 cal romance produced by the Spaniards, and re- 
 lates in picturesque and imaginative style, and 
 with exquisite purity of language, the events 
 leading up to the expulsion of the Moors from 
 Spain. The narrative is interspersed with de- 
 lightful legends and stories. The first portion 
 appeared in 1588, the last in 1604. 
 
 Hitchcock, Edward. American geologist 
 and author; born in Deerfield, Mass., May 24, 
 1793; died at Amherst, Mass., Feb. 27, 1864. 
 In the beginning of his career he was pastor 
 of a Congregational church in Conway, Mass. 
 He was made president of Amherst College 
 in 1845, but resigned in 1854, continuing his 
 professorship there till his death. Amherst Col- 
 lege owes to him the founding of its Museum of 
 Natural History, and his writings were among 
 the earliest to call attention in this country 
 to the study of geology. His < Religion of 
 Geology and its Connected Sciences > marks 
 a distinct epoch in scientific study in this 
 country. He published also < Reminiscences of 
 Amherst College* in 1863. 
 
 Hitchcock, Ethan Allen. An American 
 soldier and miscellaneous writer, grandson of 
 the famous patriot Ethan Allen; born at Ver- 
 gennes, Vt, May 18, 1798; died at Hancock, 
 Ga., Aug. 5, 1870. A graduate of West Point, 
 
 he served in the Florida war, in the Mexican 
 War, and in the Civil War. He wrote : < The 
 Doctrines of Swedenborg and Spinoza Identi- 
 fied* (1846); <On the Sonnets of Shakespeare > 
 (1865); <On the Vita Nuova of Dante* (1866); 
 etc. 
 
 Hitchcock, James Ripley Wellman. An 
 American writer on art, etc.; born at Fitchburg, 
 Mass., July 3, 1857; died in New York, March 
 7, 1 901. He wrote: <The Western Art Movement* 
 (1885); <A Study of George Genness* (1885); 
 < Madonnas by Old Masters* (1888), the text 
 to photogravures ; < The Future of Etching * ; 
 'Some American Painters in Water Colors*; 
 < Etching in America * ; < Notable Etchings by 
 American Artists*; etc. 
 
 Hitchcock, Roswell Dwight. A distin- 
 guished American Congregational divine and 
 theologian ; born at East Machias, Me., Aug. 
 15, 1817 ; died at Somerset, Mass., June 16, 1887. 
 He was long president of Union Theological 
 Seminary. He wrote < Anal)'sis of the Bible * 
 (1869); 'Socialism* (1879); 'Life of Edward 
 Robinson * ; ' Hymns and Songs for Social and 
 Sabbath Worship * ; ' Eternal Atonement * (with 
 Francis Brown); etc. 
 
 Hittell, John Shertzer. An American jour- 
 nalist and writer; born at Jonestown, Pa., 
 
 Dec. 25, 1825; died in San Francisco, , 
 
 1901. He wrote: 'Evidences against Christian- 
 ity* (2d ed., 2 vols., 1857); 'Resources of Cali- 
 fornia* (6th ed. 1874); 'A Brief History of 
 Culture* (1875); etc. 
 
 Hittell, Theodore Henry. An American 
 lawyer and historian, brother of John Shertzer ; 
 born in Pennsylvania, 1830. His home is in 
 San Francisco. Besides valuable legal works, 
 including 'General Laws of California 1850-64* 
 (1868), commonly known as 'Hittell's Digest,* 
 he has published a critical review of ' Goethe's 
 Faust* (1872); the important 'History of Califor- 
 nia > (4 vols., 1885-97 ; < Review of Goethe's Faust.* 
 
 Hlinka, Vojtech [Adalbert] (leng'ka). A 
 Czech story-writer; born in Nekrasin, near 
 Neuhaus, Bohemia, April 17, 1817. He was a 
 Catholic chaplain at Hr^dek. For the past 
 thirty years he has written stories and novels 
 in profusion under the pseudonym of "Fran- 
 tisek [Francis] Pravda,** all of which deal with 
 life among the Czechs, and are exceedingly 
 popular with that people. The tales are of a 
 moral nature, and while lacking high qualities 
 of genius, merit notice as studies in a pleasing 
 school of realism. 
 
 Hoadly, Benjamin. An English dramatist ; 
 born in London, Feb. 10, 1706 ; died at Chelsea, 
 Aug. 10, 1757. He was educated at Cambridge. 
 He settled in London and became a Fellow of 
 the College of Physicians. Among his works 
 are the 'Suspicious Husband* (1747), a comedy 
 which was well received. He also wrote < The 
 Tatlers,* and assisted Hogarth in his ' Analysis 
 of Beauty.* 
 
 Hohbes, John Oliver, pseudonym of Pearl 
 (Richards) Craigie, an English novelist; bom
 
 HOBBES — HOFFMAN 
 
 267 
 
 1867. She has published: 'The Sinner's Com- 
 edy > ; < Sonie Emotions and a Moral > ; < A Study 
 in Temptations*; *A Bundle of Life*; <The 
 Harvest Moon'; etc. Died Aug. 13, 1906. 
 
 Hobbes, Thomas. An English philosopher; 
 born in Malmesbury, April 5, 1588 ; died at 
 Hardvvick Hall, Derbyshire, Dec. 4, 1679. One 
 of the greatest and most discriminating intel- 
 lects employed on metaphysical and social 
 analyses in any age, his thought has left deep 
 traces on all related speculation since, even 
 when adverse. Of his voluminous works, ex- 
 pository and controversial, carried on in the 
 leisure of aristocratic patronage to extreme old 
 age, the most vigorously living one to be con- 
 stantly reckoned with is < Leviathan,* dealing 
 with the origins, functions, and possibilities of 
 human society, conceived as an organism. 
 
 Hobhouse, John Cam, Lord Brougbton. An 
 
 English statesman and miscellaneous writer; 
 born at Redland, near Bristol, June 27, 1786; 
 died in London, June 3, 1869. He was Secre- 
 tary of War in 1831, and Secretary of State 
 for Ireland in 1833. He was one of Lord 
 Byron's most intimate friends. He wrote : < His- 
 torical Illustrations of the Fourth Canto of 
 Childe Harold* (2d ed. 1818); < Journey into 
 Albania* (1813); < Letters Written by an Eng- 
 lishman During the Last Reign of Napoleon * 
 (i8i6j; < Essay on the Origin and Intention of 
 Sacrifices*; < A Defense of the People*; etc. 
 
 Hodell, Frans Oscar Leonard (ho'del). A 
 popular Swedish dramatist ; born in Stockholm, 
 Aug. 13, 1840 ; died May 24, 1890. For ten years 
 he was an actor. His original and adapted 
 plays number nearly a hundred. Among the 
 most popular were : < Andersson, Petersson, 
 and Lundstrom* (1866); <The Factory Girl* 
 (1868); <The Seamstresses* (1868); <Three Pairs 
 of Shoes* (1881). From 1870 until his death 
 he was editor of the Sunday Puck, a comic 
 paper. 
 
 Hoefer, Edmund (ho'fer). A German nov- 
 elist; born in Greifswald, Oct. 15, 1819; died 
 at Cannstadt, May 23, 1882. He studied phi- 
 lology and history at Heidelberg. In 1852 he 
 resided in Stuttgart, and was associated with 
 Hacklander in founding the Hausblatter. He 
 began early to write fiction, his first stories 
 appearing in collected form under the title 
 < From the People,* and proving very popular. 
 They were followed by <Out of the Old Time 
 and the New*; <As the People Speak*; and 
 * Days that Are no More.* In 1858, the success 
 of < Norien, the Recollections of an Old Wo- 
 man,* encouraged him to write a long story. 
 The novels that followed, especially < German 
 I learts * ; < The Demagogue * ; < The Lost Son * ; 
 and <Lost in the World,* have had a wide 
 circulation, but are marred by hasty execution. 
 He was a truthful delineator of character and 
 of the every-day life of the North-German 
 people. 
 
 Hbegh-Guidberg, Frederick (hech-gold'- 
 barc). A Danish poet and philologist; born 
 
 in Copenhagen, March 26, 1771 ; died there, 
 Sept. 21, 1852. Son of the eminent statesman 
 Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, he early became noted 
 for his patriotic poems, a collected edition of 
 which, in one volume, has sold extensively. He 
 is an authority on Danish grammar. 
 
 Hoey, Mrs. Frances Sarah. An Irish novel- 
 ist and translator; born at Bushy Park, in 
 Rathfarnham, County Dublin, Feb. 15, 1830. 
 She married, in 1846, the late Adam Murray 
 Stewart, Esq., and in 1858, her present husband, 
 Mr. Cashel Hoey. Since i860 she has been a 
 contributor to Chambers' Journal, Belgravia, 
 and other periodicals. She is the author of the 
 popular novels: <A House of Cards* (1863); 
 <A Golden Sorrow* (1872); <Out of Court* 
 (1874); < The Blossoming of an Aloe* (1874; 
 newed. 1880J; < The Lover's Creed > (1884); <A 
 Stern Chase* (1886). Among her translations 
 from the French are < Memoirs of Madame de 
 R^musat * ; < The King's Secret * ; < The Last 
 Days of the Consulate.* 
 
 Hofdyk, Willem Jakobsz (hof'dik). A 
 Dutch historian and poet ; born in Alkmaar, 
 June 27, 1816; died in Arnheim, Aug. 29, 1888. 
 As village schoolmaster his leisure was de- 
 voted to the study of Dutch philology, history, 
 and the arts. From 1850 to 1856 he was in- 
 structor in history and literature at the college 
 in Amsterdam. Among his numerous and valu- 
 able historical writings are: < Historic Eras,* 
 in Dutch annals ; < The Netherlands People * ; 
 and < Historical View of the Monasteries in the 
 Netherlands.* The best of his poems is < Ken- 
 nemerland*; but his narrative poems ' Helene,* 
 < Griffo de Salier,* and some others would give 
 him a conspicuous place in Dutch literature. 
 
 Hoffman, Charles Fenno. An American 
 poet and novelist; born in New York, 1806; 
 died at Harrisburg, Pa., June 7, 1884. He was 
 originally a lawyer. He founded the Knicker- 
 bocker Magazine, edited the Literary World, 
 and was owner and editor of the American 
 Magazine. His finest work was his songs, the 
 best known being < Sparkling and Bright,* and 
 *The Myrtle and Steel.* He wrote the novel 
 'Grayslaer* (1840). His complete poetical 
 works appeared in 1874. 
 
 Hoffman, David. An American lawyer, and 
 legal and historical writer ; born at Baltimore, 
 Md., Dec. 25, 1784; died in New York, Nov. il, 
 1854. He was professor of law in the Univer- 
 sity of Maryland 1817-36. He wrote < Chroni- 
 cles Selected from the Originals of Cartaphihis, 
 the Wandering Jew* (2 vols., 1853), being the 
 beginning of what he intended to be a history 
 of the world hut never completed ; < Thoughts 
 on Men and Things* (1837); < Viator, or a Peep 
 into my Note-Book* (1S41); etc. 
 
 Hoffman, Wickham. An American soldier 
 and diplomatist; born in New York, 1821. He 
 served in the Civil War, was secretary of lega- 
 tion at Paris, London, St. Petersburg, and 
 minister to Denmark. He has written < Camp, 
 Court, and Siege* (1877), narrating personal
 
 36S 
 
 HOFFMANN — HOGAN 
 
 adventures and observations during the Civil 
 War, and the siege of Paris and the Commune ; 
 'Leisure Hours in Russia* (1883). Died 1900. 
 
 Hoflfmann, Auguat Heinrlch (hof'man), com- 
 monly called Hoffmann von Fallersleben. A 
 celebrated German philologist and poet; born 
 at Fallersleben, district of Luneburg, April 2, 
 1798; died at Castle of Korvei, on the Weser, 
 Prussia, Jan. 19, 1874. He was destined for 
 theology, but having made the acquaintance of 
 the brothers Grimm, he devoted himself to phil- 
 ological studies, and traveled through the 
 Rhine countries and Holland in search of popu- 
 lar poetry. In 1830 he was appointed pro- 
 fessor of German literature, but the publication 
 of his < Unpolitical Songs> (1840-41), in spite 
 of their innocent title, led to his dismissal. 
 For several years afterward he wandered 
 through Europe until restored to favor in 1848. 
 His own <Poems> (1834); < German Street 
 Songs > (1843); < Soldier Songs > (1851-52); etc., 
 are characterized by genuine simplicity and 
 pathos: and his other publications — < Belgian 
 Hours' (1830-52), a collection of Low German 
 folk-songs ; < Foundations for the History of 
 the German Language and Literature' (1830- 
 37); < History of German Church Hymn' (1832), 
 are of great philological value. 
 
 Hoffmann, Ernest Tbeodor Amadeus (ori- 
 ginally Wilhelm). One of the most original 
 of German story-tellers; born at Konigsberg, 
 Prussia, Jan. 24, 1776 ; died in Berlin, 1S22. He 
 led an irregular, dissipated life ; ranging at 
 different times from councilor in the Supreme 
 Court at Posen, — where his cleverness at 
 caricature led to his dismissal, — musical con- 
 ductor at Warsaw, and scene painter. In 1816, 
 having secured a clerical appointment at Ber- 
 lin, he settled down to a quiet life, but weak- 
 ened by the excesses of his early career, died 
 in 1822. The magic and demoniac element 
 pervades the majority of his works, among 
 which may be mentioned : <The Devil's Elixir' 
 (1816); < Night Pieces' (1817); < Fantastic Pieces 
 in Callot's Manner'; <The Brothers of Sera- 
 pion.' 
 
 Hoffmann, Franz. A German writer of 
 juvenile stories ; born in Bernburg, Feb. 21, 
 1814; died in Dresden, July 11, 1882. He was 
 partner with his brother Karl in the book 
 business, but subsequently traveled about and 
 supported himself by writing stories for child- 
 ren. His many books have attained wide pop- 
 ularity, and not a few have been translated 
 into all civilized tongues. He founded a pop- 
 ular periodical for children, Neuer Deutsche 
 Jugendfreund. 
 
 Hoffmann, Hans. A German novelist and 
 poet ; born in Stettin, July 27, 1848. He studied 
 philology at Bonn and in Italy, and became a 
 professor at the Stettin Academy after the 
 publication in 187 1 of his noteworthy disser- 
 tation on the Nibelungen. After a brilliant 
 career as an educator, he began, in 1878, the 
 writing of novels and lyrics which rapidly won 
 him reputation. His first fiction was on an 
 
 Italian theme, < Under Blue Skies' (1881), 
 Among others, < Brigitta von Wisby,' < Ivan 
 the Terrible and his Dog,' and a humorous 
 romance, < The Iron Captain of the Horse,* 
 met with favor. < Landsturm ' is a tragic tale. 
 His < In Life's Path' and other volumes of 
 lyrics and narrative poems won instant appre- 
 ciation, like < The Harz '; < Erring Mother's Love.' 
 Hoffmann, Heinrich. A German physician 
 and humorist ; born in Frankfort-on-the-Main, 
 June 21, 1809; died there, Sept. 20, 1894. He 
 made a practice of drawing comical pictures 
 to amuse children while treating their com- 
 plaints. These were published in 1845 under 
 the title of < Struwwelpeter,' which has gone 
 through 140 editions and was reproduced in 
 nearly every country of Europe, with transla- 
 tions of the humorous letterpress. He also 
 published several volumes of drama and verse 
 under the assumed name of '< Donner." 
 
 Hofmann von Hofmannswaldau, Christian 
 
 (hof'man fon hof'mans-vald'ou). A German 
 poet ; born in Breslau, Dec. 25, 1617 ; died there, 
 April 18, 1679. After traveling through Eng- 
 land, PVance, and Italy, he returned to Breslau, 
 and although not of legal age was chosen to 
 the legislative chamber, of which he afterwards 
 became the presiding officer. He was in the 
 diplomatic service for a time. His literary 
 work comprises odes, epigrams, wedding songs, 
 and the like. His 'Occasional Poems' and 
 
 < Hero Letters' are admirable, although be- 
 traying English influence. He was the great 
 reformer of what is known as the Silesian 
 school of poetic art, and may be said to have 
 founded a distinct movement in German liter- 
 ature. 
 
 Hofmann, Friedrich (hof'man). A Ger- 
 man editor and miscellaneous writer; born in 
 Coburg, April 18, 1813; died at Ilmenau, Aug. 
 14, 1888. After graduating at Jena he formed 
 a connection with the editorial staff of Meyer's 
 
 < Konversations-Lexikon' and subsequently 
 with other important educational undertakings. 
 He wrote < The Battle of Focksan,' a drama ; 
 
 < Childhood Joys,' poems ; < The Harp in the 
 Storm,' a work of a historical nature ; < The 
 Rat Catcher of Hameln'; and many other 
 productions. 
 
 Hogan, James Francis. An Irish journal- 
 ist, statesman, and author. He was born at 
 Nenagh, Tipperary, in 1855, and while still an 
 infant was taken by his parents to Australia. 
 He was educated at St. Patrick's College, Mel- 
 bourne, and in 1881 joined the staff of the 
 Melbourne Argus, besides contributing to other 
 journals and colonial periodicals. In 1893 he 
 was elected a Member of Parliament for the 
 Mid Division of Tipperary, and organized the 
 Colonial Party. He is the author of <An Aus- 
 tralian Christmas Collection' (1886); 'History 
 of the Irish in Australia' (1887); 'The Austral- 
 ian in London' (1888); 'The Lost Explorer' 
 (1890); 'The Convict King' (1891), the last 
 two being romantic stories of Australian ad- 
 venture.
 
 HOGG — HOLINSHED 
 
 369 
 
 Hogg, James. A Scotch pastoral poet ; bom 
 in Ettrick, Dec. i (or Nov. i, not Jan. 25, 1772), 
 1770; died at Eltrive Lake, Nov. 21, 1835. 
 He was an << Ettrick shepherd » from his sev- 
 enth year, and so remained, notwithstanding 
 various ineffectual efforts to become an Ettrick 
 farmer. In < Scottish Pastorals,' < Poems and 
 Songs,' and < The Mountain Bard > his essen- 
 tially Caledonian and pastoral quality finds 
 happy expression, but < The Queen's Wake ' is 
 his masterpiece. 
 
 HotLenhausen, Baroness Elizabeth Philip- 
 pine Amalie (ho"en-hous'en). A German poet, 
 dramatist, and romancer ; born in Waldau, near 
 Cassel, Nov. 4, 1789; died at Frankfort-on-the- 
 Oder, Dec. 2, 1857. Her father was General 
 Adam Ludwig von Ochs, and in 1809 she mar- 
 ried Baron Leopold von Hohenhausen, who 
 left her a widow in 1848. Her poetry was pub- 
 lished in 1817, under the title < Flowers of 
 Spring.' < Nature, Art, and Life' is a volume 
 of her recollections, and <John and Cornelius 
 de Witt* is a historical play of merit. 
 
 Holbach, Paul Heinricli Dietrich, Baron 
 von (G. pron. hol'bach; F. pron. 61-bak'). A 
 French philosopher and writer; bom at Hei- 
 delsheim, in the Palatinate, in 1723 ; died June 
 21, 1789, He inherited great wealth from his 
 father, and entertained in his elegant house a 
 number of eminent writers and thinkers of the 
 day, among them Rousseau, Diderot, and Buf- 
 fon. He was himself a man of no ordinary 
 talent, and held materialistic and atheistic views 
 characteristic of the period preceding the French 
 Revolution, which are expounded in < Christian- 
 ity Unveiled' (1767); < Spirit of the Clergy' 
 (1767); < Sacerdotal Imposture' (1767); <The 
 System of Nature' (1770); <The Social System' 
 (1773)- 
 
 Holberg, Ludwig (hol'berg). A Danish poet, 
 and <* father of Danish comedy " ; born in Ber 
 gen, Norway, Dec. 3, 1684 ; died at Copenhagen, 
 Jan. 28, 1754. He wrote: < Peder Paars' (1719- 
 20), a mock-epic poem ; < Plutus ' ; < Ulysses von 
 Ithacia > ; < Melampe ' ; < The Arabian Powder ' ; 
 'Without Head or Tail'; < Witchcraft'; < The 
 Busy Man'; <The Fickle-Minded Woman'; 
 *Jean de France,' directed against the aping 
 of French fashions; <The Proper Ambition'; 
 
 < Henrich og Pernille ' ; < The Political Pew- 
 terer,' a satire on <' labor politics " ; < Erasmus 
 Montanus'; <The Fortunate Shipwreck'; etc. 
 He also published < History of the Kingdom 
 of Denmark ' ; < Hero Stories ' ; etc. 
 
 Holcroft, Thomas. An English dramatic 
 author and adapter; born in London, Dec. 10, 
 1745 ; died there, March 23, 1809. By turn stable 
 boy, school usher, journalist, and strolling actor, 
 he began to write for the stage about 1778. 
 
 < The Road to Ruin,' the best of his many 
 plays, was staged in 1792. At its last London 
 revival in 1873 it ran nearly four consecutive 
 months. His <Tale of Mystery' (1802) brought 
 into favor the melodrama, which has kept the 
 stage ever since. He translated the < Mariage 
 de Figaro' and other French and German 
 
 plays. He left 'Memoirs' pronounced by 
 Thomas Moore the most interesting in the 
 language. 
 
 Holden, Edward Singleton. A prominent 
 American educator, and writer on scientific and 
 Oriental topics ; born at St. Louis, Mo., Nov. 5, 
 1846. He became president of the University 
 of California in 1886. Until 1897 he was as- 
 tronomer in charge of the Lick Observatory 
 at Mount Hamilton, connected with the Uni- 
 versity of California. He has published : ' Life 
 of Sir William Herschel > ; < The Mogul Emperors 
 of Hindustan ' ; < Stories of the Great Astrono- 
 mers >; < Things in Nature ' ; ' The Sciences.' 
 
 Holder, Charles Frederick. An American 
 popular writer and lecturer on natural history; 
 bom £,t Lynn, Mass., 1851. He was assistant 
 at the American Museum of Natural History, 
 New York, from 1870 to 1877. He has written : 
 'Marvels of Animal Life' (1886); 'Wonder 
 Wings' (1887); 'A Frozen Dragon, and Other 
 Tales' (1888), a natural-history story-book for 
 young people ; < Life of Agassiz ' ; < Big Game 
 at Sea.' 
 
 Hblderlln, Frledrlch (hel'der-lin). A Ger- 
 man poet ; born in Lauffen-am-Neckar, Marcli 
 20, 1770 ; died at Tubingen, June 7, 1843. He 
 was a profound Greek scholar, and an instructor 
 at Jena, afterwards private tutor. He was inti- 
 mate with Goethe, Herder, and Schiller, the lat- 
 ter of wJiom influenced him strongly. Later he 
 traveled in Holland, Switzerland, and France, 
 showing upon his return symptoms of mental 
 decay which necessitated his being placed 
 under restraint. ' Hyperion, or the Hermit in 
 Greece' (1797) is a brilliant story in epistolary 
 form ; < Empedocles ' an unfinished drama ; and 
 'Emily before her Bridal Day' a prose idyl. 
 His translations of the 'Antigone' and ' CEdi- 
 pus ' are powerful, and faithful to the Hellenic 
 spirit. Other works are : ' German Men and 
 Women,' a series of studies ; and several vol- 
 umes of 'Poems.' 
 
 Eole, Samuel Reynolds. An English cler- 
 gyman, lecturer, and author; born Dec. 5, 1819. 
 He was ordained a curate in his native parish 
 in 1844, became canon of Lincoln 1875, and 
 in 1887 was appointed to the deanery of Roches- 
 ter. He has done much to promote the influ- 
 ence of the Church of England as the church 
 of the poor, and has advocated the principles 
 of the Free and Open Church Association. 
 As a lecturer he is well known to American 
 audiences. Among his works are : 'A Little 
 Tour in Ireland' (1858), illustrated by John 
 Leech; 'A Book About Roses' (1869; 8th ed. 
 1884), an authority on the subject and trans- 
 lated into several languages ; < Nice and her 
 Neighbors' (1881); 'Memories of Dean Hole' 
 (iS(}2). Died Auff. 27, 1904. 
 
 Holinshed, Raphael (hol'inz-hed). An Eng- 
 lish chronicler; bom at Bosley, Cheshire (?), 
 about 1520 (?) ; died at Bramcote (?), 1580 (?). 
 Nothing is known of his personality. The 
 famous < Chronicles' — not wholly his, however 
 — reveal an accomplished historical student.
 
 270 
 
 HOLLAND — HOLMES 
 
 specially versed in Scotch affairs, which knowl- 
 edge, however, may have been drawn from 
 previous workers. The Elizabethan dramatists, 
 especially Shakespeare, drew largely on this 
 work for material. 
 
 Holland, Frederick May. An American 
 Unitarian divine and miscellaneous writer ; 
 born at Boston, 1836. He has written : < The 
 Reign of the Stoics > (1879), giving their his- 
 tory, religion, maxims, etc.; < Stories from 
 Browning' (1882); < Life of Frederick Doug- 
 lass > ; < Rise of Intellectual Liberty from Thales 
 to Copernicus > ; etc. 
 
 Holland, Henry Scott. An English clergy- 
 man and religious writer ; born at Ledbury, 
 Herefordshire, in 1847. He was a theological 
 tutor at Christ Church, O.xford (1872-85); be- 
 came canon of Truro in 18S2, and in 1884 canon, 
 afterwards precentor, of St. Paul's. His pub- 
 lished sermons and addresses include : < Logic 
 and Life > (1882); < Creed and Character) (1886); 
 
 < Christ and Ecclesiastes > (1887); <0n Behalf 
 of Belief) (1888); < Pleas and Claims' (1893). 
 
 Holland, Josiah Gilbert. A noted Amer- 
 ican poet, novelist, and editor ; bom at Belcher- 
 town, Mass., July 24, 1819 ; died in New York, 
 Oct. 12, 1881. He left the practice of medicine 
 to become editor of fhe Springfield Republican, 
 which position he held from 1849 to 1866. He 
 was editor of Scribner's Monthly, later the 
 Century Magazine, 1870-81. Among his prose 
 works are : < Life of Abraham Lincoln > ; < Let- 
 ters to the Young); < Plain Talks on Familiar 
 Subjects ) ; < Gold Foil ) ; and the novels < Arthur 
 Bonnicastle,) < Sevenoaks,) and < Nicholas Min- 
 turn.) His poems are published under the 
 titles: < Bitter-Sweet ) ; <Kathrina); <The Mis- 
 tress of the Manse ) ; < Garnered Sheaves ) ; and 
 
 < The Puritan's Guest.) Part of his poems were 
 written under the pseudonym ^< Timothy Tit- 
 comb.)) 
 
 Holland, Thomas Erskine. An English ju- 
 rist ; born at Brighton, July 17, 1835. He was 
 educated at Oxford ; was called to the bar in 
 1863 ; and in 1874 was elected Chichele pro- 
 fessor of international law, which post he still 
 holds. He is a member of several foreign 
 societies, and the recipient of honorary degrees 
 from Oxford, Bologna, and Dublin. His mon- 
 umental work is <The Elements of Jurispru- 
 dence) (1880), now in its sixth edition, which 
 has become a text-book in most English and 
 American universities. Among his other pub- 
 lications the most notable are : <An Essay on 
 Composition Deeds) {1864); <The Institutes of 
 Justinian) (1873); <The European Concert in 
 the Eastern Question) (iS8=;); •A Manual of 
 Naval Prize Law' ; (1888); < The Laws and Cus- 
 toms of War at Land > (1904). 
 
 Holley, Marietta. An American writer of 
 humorous stories ; born in Ellisburg, N. Y., 1844. 
 The most noted of her works are : < My Opin- 
 ions and Betsey Bobbet's) (1872), and < Josiah 
 Allen's Wife) (1878), both of which had an 
 extensive sale. 
 
 Hollingshead, John. An English journalist, 
 theatrical manager, and author; born at Hox- 
 ton. Sept 8, 1827 He was a constant con- 
 tributor to Household Words, All the Year 
 Round, etc. In 1868 he became lessee and 
 manager of the Gaiety Theatre, and now con- 
 trols many theatrical enterprises in London 
 and the provinces. Besides several original 
 and adapted plays, his works include : < Under 
 Bow Bells) (1859); < Rubbing the Gilt Off) 
 (i860); < Ragged London) (1861); < Miscella- 
 nies : Stories and Essays) (1874); < Footlights' 
 (1883) ; Gayeties Chronicles' (1900). 
 
 Hollister, Gideon Hiram. An American 
 lawyer and miscellaneous writer ; born at Wash- 
 ington, Conn., 1817 ; died 1881. His home was 
 in Litchfield, Conn. He was minister to Hayti 
 1868-69. He wrote: < Mount Hope' (1851), a 
 historical romance; < History of Connecticut' [2 
 vols., 1855); 'Thomas k Becket, a Tragedy; 
 and Other Poems' (1866); and < Kinley Hol- 
 low' (1882), a novel, published posthumously. 
 
 Holloway, Mrs. Laura (Carter). An Amer- 
 ican editor and miscellaneous writer; born at 
 Nashville, Tenn., 1848. She was for twelve 
 years associate editor of the Brooklyn Daily 
 Eagle. She has written : < Ladies of the White 
 House' (new ed. 1880); <The Mothers of Great 
 Men and Women, and Some Wives of Great 
 Men' (1883); <The Home in Poetry' (1884); 
 < Chinese Gordon' (1885); <An Hour with 
 Charlotte Bronte ' ; < The Buddhist Diet Book ' ; 
 etc. 
 
 Holmes, Abiel. An American Congrega- 
 tional divine and historical writer ; father of 
 Oliver Wendell Holmes ; born at Woodstock, 
 Conn., Dec. 24, 1763 ; died at Cambridge, Mass., 
 June 4, 1837. He was pastor of the First Church, 
 Cambridge, Mass. He wrote : < Life of Ezra 
 Stiles' (1798); < Annals of America' (enlarged 
 ed. 1829), a work of enduring value ; < Memoir 
 of the French Protestants'; etc. 
 
 Holmes, Mrs. Mary Jane (Hawes). An 
 American novelist ; born at Brookfield, Mass., 
 18 — . A voluminous writer, her works are 
 mostly domestic in character, and moral in tend- 
 ency. Some of them are said to have had a 
 circulation of over 50,000 copies. Among them 
 are: < Tempest and Sunshine' (i854);<Lena 
 Rivers' (1856); < Marian Gray' (1863); < Mil- 
 bank' (1871); <Queenie Hetherton' (1883); 
 etc. She was for a number of years a resident 
 of Kentucky; her present home is at Brock- 
 port, N. Y. Died Oct. 6, 1907. 
 
 Holmes, Oliver Wendell. An American 
 man of letters ; born at Cambridge, Mass., Aug. 
 29, 1809; died at Boston, Oct. 7, 1894. His 
 poetical works include: < Poems' (1836); < Ura- 
 nia' (1846); <Astr£Ea: the Balance of Illu- 
 sions' (1850); < Songs in Many Keys' (1861); 
 < Songs of Many Seasons' (1875); <The Iron 
 Gate' (1880). In prose he wrote: <The Auto- 
 crat of the Breakfast Table' (1859); <The 
 Professor at the Breakfast Table' (i860); <Tke 
 Poet at the Breakfast Table ' (1872); which had
 
 HOLST— HOMES 
 
 27i 
 
 all previously appeared serially in the Atlantic 
 Monthly. He wrote, also, the novels < Elsie 
 Venner> {1861) and <The Guardian AngeP 
 (1868J. His other prose works, exclusive of his 
 numerous writings on medical science, are : 
 'Soundings from the Atlantic* (1864); < Mech- 
 anism in Thought and Morals' (1871); <John 
 Lothrop Motley > (1879); < Ralph Waldo Emer- 
 son > (1884); <A Mortal Antipathy > (1885); <Our 
 Hundred Days in Europe' (1887); <Over the 
 Teacups' (1891); numerous prefaces and intro- 
 ductions to special volumes ; etc. His works 
 on medicine are likewise important, for Dr. 
 Holmes was by profession a physician, and in 
 1847 was made professor of anatomy and phys- 
 iology in th2 medical school of Harvard. 
 
 Hoist, Hans Peter (hoist). A Danish poet 
 and novelist ; born in Copenhagen, Oct. 22, 
 181 1 ; died near that city, June 2, 1893. He was 
 made professor of language and literature at 
 the Copenhagen Academy, 1836, and traveled 
 through Europe later at government expense. 
 His writings are exceedingly varied, elegant, 
 and tasteful. The < Poem in Memory of Fred- 
 eric IV.,' < Recollections of Travel,' < Poems,' 
 and < National Legends,' represent his early 
 work. < Gioacchino,' a drama of merit ; < Sicil- 
 ian Types and Characters,' a sketch of scenery 
 and manners ; and < Eros,' a collection of lyrics, 
 have also spread his fame. 
 
 Hoist, Hermann Eduard von. A German- 
 American historian ; born at Fellin, Livonia, 
 Russia, June 19, 1841. Coming to the United 
 States in 1866, he engaged in literary work and 
 lecturing; he returned to Europe, becoming 
 professor in the universities of Strasburg (1872) 
 and Freiburg (1874); appointed professor in 
 the University of Chicago (1892), he came to 
 this country again. He has written : < Con- 
 stitutional and Political History of the United 
 States' (5 vols., 1876-85); 'Lives' of John C. 
 Calhoun and Jolin Brown ; ' Constitutional Law 
 of tlie United States.' Died Jan. 20, 1904. 
 
 Holt, John Saunders. An American novel- 
 ist ; born in Alabama, 1826 ; died 1886. He was 
 a lawyer at New Orleans. He wrote : < Life of 
 Abraham Page,' a novel ; < What I Know about 
 Ben Eccles'; < The Quines'; etc. 
 
 Holtei, Karl von (hol'ti). A German dram- 
 atist, poet, and novelist ; born in Breslau, 
 Jan. 24, 1798 ; died there, Feb. 12, 1880. After 
 serving in the campaign of 1815, and going 
 through the university, he became an actor at 
 Breslau, and married the noted actress Louise 
 Rog^e. He then essayed dramatic authorship, 
 his < Viennese in Berlin ' and < Berliners in 
 Vienna ' meeting with great success. Not long 
 after appeared the dramas : < The Old Com- 
 mander ' ; < Lenore ' ; < The Tragedy at Berlin ' ; 
 < Poor Peter ' ; and plays founded on Shakes- 
 peare's life. His wife dying, he married an- 
 other actress, and continued his work in 
 connection with the stage ; and also began 
 reading in public. Two volumes of poems, 
 also < Silesian Poems,' < German Songs,' < Voice 
 of the Forest,' and others, extended his re- 
 
 nown. His popular novels include : < The Vaga- 
 bonds ' ; < Christian Lammfell ' ; and < Noblesse 
 Oblige.' 
 
 Hblty, Hermann (hel'ty). A German poet; 
 born in Ulzen, Hanover, Nov. 4, 1828 ; died at 
 Rehburg, Aug. 16, 1887. He became a clergy- 
 man, and held various pastorates in Hanover. 
 His < Songs and Ballads,' < Alpine Charms,* 
 < From the German Olympus,' and various other 
 volumes, have given him his place in literature. 
 He is a pleasing minor poet. 
 
 Hblty, Ludwig Heinricli Christopli. A 
 
 German elegiac poet ; born in Mariensee, near 
 Hanover, Dec. 21, 1748; died at Hanover, 
 Sept. I, 1776. He was always physically deli- 
 cate. < The Fall of the Leaves ' shows his at- 
 tractive if slightly effeminate Muse to perfec- 
 tion. < Faith and Candor Ever,' an elegy to a 
 country maiden, is a spiritual expression of 
 love. The consciousness that he was destined 
 to an early death infused into his song a rarely 
 pensive note. 
 
 Holyoake, George Jacob. An English social 
 and religious reformer, journalist, and author; 
 born at Birmingham, April 13, 1817. He was 
 educated at the Mechanics' Institute in his 
 native city, and has figured as teacher, jour- 
 nalist, and lecturer. He is chiefly known for 
 his advocacy of secularism. His works include : 
 < Secularism' (1854); < Life of Robert Owen> 
 (1859); <The Limits of Atheism' (1861); < His- 
 tory of Co-operation' (1875-79); < Among the 
 Americans' (1881); <A Hundred Days in N-'w 
 Mexico and Canada.' Died Jan. 22, 1906. 
 
 Home, John. A Scotch dramatist; born in 
 Leith, near Edinburgh, Sept. 21, 1722; died at 
 Marchiston, near Edinlaurgh, Sept. 5, 1808. He 
 took part against Charles Edward in the war of 
 1745, was taken prisoner at Falkirk, but freed 
 after Culloden. He subsequently became a 
 clergyman. His great tragedy < Douglas,' pro- 
 duced in Edinburgh in 1756, aroused hostility 
 among the Scotch clergy, and he abandoned 
 the church. < Douglas ' met with great success 
 in London, and was followed by <Agis,' <The 
 Fatal Discovery,' and 'Alfred.' He aided Mac- 
 pherson financially in the production of the 
 Ossian poetry, and also wrote a < History of 
 the Rebellion in Scotland in 1755-56.' 
 
 Homer (ho-mer). The greatest of epic poets, 
 author of the Iliad and Odyssey. The date of 
 his birth is generally set at the eighth or ninth 
 century B. C, but has been tiie subject of dis 
 cussion among scholars, with various results, 
 now inclining to a much earlier period, — as 
 early as 1300 B. C, — in accordance with the gen- 
 eral results of archaeological investigations. 
 
 Homes, Mrs. Mary Sophie (Shaw) (Rogers), 
 An American novelist and writer of verse 
 (pseudon3Tn « Millie Mayfield "); born at Fred- 
 erick, Md., about 1830. Her home is in New 
 Orleans. She has written: < Carrie Harring- 
 ton, or Scenes in New Orleans' (1857); < Pro- 
 gression, or the South Defended' (1868), verae; 
 <A Wreath of Rhymes' (1869); etc.
 
 272 
 
 HONE — HOOKER 
 
 Hone, William. An English clergyman and 
 author; born at Bath, June 3, 1780; died at 
 Tottenham, London, Nov. 6, 1842. He was for 
 some years a publisher and bookseller. During 
 the latter part of his life he preached to a con- 
 gregation of Dissenters. Of his works : < The 
 Everyday Book > (1826); <The Table Book> 
 (1827-28); <The Year Book> (1829), containing 
 much curious information, descriptions of old 
 customs, etc., were popular in their day, and 
 were more than once imitated. < The Politi- 
 cal House that Jack Built,> a satire, appeared 
 in 1819, and went through nearly fifty editions. 
 
 Hood, Edwin Paxton. An English clergyman 
 and author; born in London, Oct. 24, 1820; died 
 in 1885. For many years pastor of a Congre- 
 gational church in London, editor of the Eclec- 
 tic Review, and a popular lecturer, he wrote, 
 compiled, and edited nearly fifty volumes, 
 among which are: <John Milton* (1851); <The 
 Uses of Biography' (1852); < Biography of Will- 
 iam Wordsworth > (1856); < Lamps, Pitchers, 
 and Trumpets > (1867), lectures delivered to the- 
 ological students ; < The World of Anecdote > 
 (1869); <The Romance of Biography > (1876); 
 
 < Oliver Cromwell, his Life, Times, Battle-Fields, 
 etc.> (1884); < The Throne of Eloquence > (1885). 
 
 Hood, Thomas. An English poet, master ,of 
 humor and pathos ; born in London, May 23, 
 1799 ; died there. May 3, 1845. He had few early 
 advantages, his genius first asserting itself in 
 his early twenties in < Whims and Oddities,' a 
 collection of verse. The most playful and hu- 
 morous of poets, there is yet a melancholy in 
 all his numbers that now and then dominates 
 his song entirely, — <The Hostler's Lament' and 
 
 < The Haunted House ' constituting examples. 
 <The Plea of the Midsummer Fairies' is worthy 
 of the hand that wrote <The Song of the Shirt.' 
 He has had more imitators than any other 
 modern poet. 
 
 Hood, Thomas, the younger. An English 
 poet, humorist, and novelist, son of Thomas; 
 born in Wanstead. Essex, Jan. 19, 1835 ; 
 died at Peckham Rye, Surrey, Nov. 20, 1S74. 
 He studied at Oxford, and began his literary 
 career there with < Pen and Pencil Pictures.' 
 < Quips and Cranks' was his best production 
 in verse. His successful novels include: <A 
 Disputed Inheritance ' ; <A Golden Heart > ; and 
 <The Lost Link.' His talent for droll stories 
 and sketches was considerable. 
 
 Hooft, Pieter Corneliszoon (hoft). A Dutch 
 poet and historian ; born in Amsterdam, March 
 16, 1581 ; died at The Hague, May 25 (or 21), 
 1647. He was burgomaster of Minden for nearly 
 forty years. His works give him high rank, 
 especially his volume of collected < Poems.' In 
 prose, the < History of Henry IV.' ; < History of 
 the House of Medici > ; and < History of the Low 
 Countries,' display a talent worthy of a great 
 annalist and investigator. 
 
 Hook, James. Dean of Worcester; born in 
 London, June 1772; died at Worcester, 1828. 
 Educated at Oxford, he took holy orders, rose 
 
 rapidly in the church, and in 1825 was ap« 
 pointed dean of Worcester. He wrote politi- 
 cal pamphlets, sermons, etc. Two of his 
 novels, <Pen Owen' {1822) and * Percy Mai- 
 lory' (1823) attracted much attention. 
 
 Hook, Theodore [Edward]. An English 
 humorist, story-writer, and dramatist; born in 
 London, Sept. 22, 1788; died in Fulham, Aug. 
 24, 1841. His peculiar wit was well adapted to 
 the fashion of his day, and the < Sayings and 
 Doings' were once much in vogue. The plots 
 of his dramas are mere pegs to hang witticisms 
 on; but < Gilbert Gurney' and <Jack Brag' are 
 good stories. 
 
 Hooker, Joseph Dalton, Sir. An English 
 botanist, son of Sir William Jackson ; born at 
 Halesworth, Suffolk, June 30, 1817. He took 
 his M. D. at Glasgow University in 1839. He 
 was assistant surgeon and naturalist of the 
 famous expedition of Sir James Clark Ross; 
 visited India in 1847 ; and in 1871 with John 
 Ball ascended the Great Atlas in Morocco. 
 From 1855 to 1885 he was on the directorate 
 of Kew Gardens. Among his works are : 
 < Botany of the Antarctic Voyage' (1847-60); 
 'Himalayan Journals' (1854); < Student's Flora 
 of the British Islands' (1870); ' Botany' (Science 
 Primers), in 1876; 'Journal of a Tour in Mo- 
 rocco and the Great Atlas' (1878), with John 
 Ball. 
 
 Hooker, Richard. A famous English divine 
 and theological writer; born at Heavitree, 
 Exeter, Mar., 1553-4; died at Bishopsbourne, 
 near Canterbury, Nov. 2, 1600. He has been 
 called "the judicious Hooker.'* His great 
 work, the < Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity' (1592- 
 1648), supporting the ministry, ritual, and cere- 
 monies of the Church of England, is one of the 
 masterpieces of English eloquence. Hallam 
 compares it to Cicero's < De Legibus,' and 
 Pope Clement VIII. had part of it translated 
 into Latin, that it might be read to him. The 
 best edition is John Keble's third (3 vols., 1845), 
 
 Hooker, Thomas. An English nonconform- 
 ist clergyman ; born at Markfield, Leicester- 
 shire, in 1586; died at Hartford, Conn., July 
 7, 1647. He came to America in 1633; in 1636 
 removed from Newtown (Cambridge, Mass.) 
 to Hartford, and founded that colony, be- 
 coming minister of the First Church there. 
 He won eminence as a theological writer and 
 a preacher, and has a permanent historical 
 importance for his instrumentality in drawing 
 up the first written constitution in America — 
 that of the Hartford Colony. His chief work 
 is < A Survey of the Summe of Church Disci- 
 pline,' in collaboration with John Cotton. 
 
 Hooker, William Jackson, Sir. An Eng- 
 
 lish botanist; born at Norwich, in 1785; died 
 at Kew, Aug. 12, 1865. A zealous botanist, he 
 traveled much in his favorite pursuit. He wag 
 Regius professor of botany in Glasgow Uni- 
 versity in 1820-41, when he became director 
 of the Kew Gardens. He was knighted in 
 1836 on account of his high scientific attain*
 
 HOOPER — HOPKINS 
 
 273 
 
 ments. His best-known botanical works are : 
 < Journal of a Tour in Iceland > (1809); <Mus- 
 cologia Britannica> (1818), containing the 
 mosses of Great Britain and Ireland; <The 
 British Flora > (1830), which has gone through 
 several editions; < British Ferns' (1862); < Gar- 
 den Ferns > (1862). 
 
 Hooper, Johnson. An American writer of 
 stories; born in North Carolina in 1815 ; died 
 1863. He was a lawyer in Alabama. He 
 wrote : < Adventures of Captain Simon Suggs * ; 
 •Widow Rugby's Husband, and Other Ala- 
 bama Tales.' 
 
 Hooper, Lucy. An American sketch-writer 
 and poet; born in Massachusetts, 1816; died 
 1841. Her home was in Brooklyn, N. Y. She 
 wrote < Scenes from Real Life,' a volume of 
 prose sketches. Her complete poems appeared 
 in 1848. 
 
 Hooper, Mrs. Lucy Hamilton (Jones). An 
 American poet, novelist, and journalist ; born in 
 Philadelphia, Jan. 20, 1835 ; died in Paris, 
 Aug. 31, 1893. She was for some time assist- 
 ant editor of Lippincott's Magazine. Her hus- 
 band being United States vice-consul-general in 
 Trance, she resi .ed after 1874 in Paris, where 
 she was correspondent for several American 
 i:ev.-spapers. She wrote : < Poems > ( 1864 and 
 1S71); and the novels < Under the Tricolor* 
 (1880) and (The Tsar's "Window > (1881J. 
 
 Hope, Anthony. See Hawkins. 
 
 Hope, James Barron. An American lawyer, 
 journalist, and poet; born at Norfolk, Va., 
 1827 ; died 1887. He served in the Confederate 
 army in the Civil War. Among his poems 
 are : <Leoni di Monti* (1857); < Under the Em- 
 pire, or the Story of Madelon' (1878); and 
 <Arms and the Man> (1882). 
 
 Hope, Thomas. An English novelist; born 
 about 1770 ; died Feb. 3, 1831. He was one of 
 three brothers, wealthy merchants in Amster- 
 dam. Among his works are : < Household 
 Furniture and Decorations' (1805); 'The Cos- 
 tume of the Ancients' (1809); < Designs of 
 Modem Costumes' (1812). <Anastasius> (1819) 
 was his best-known work. Byron told the 
 Countess of Blessington that he wept bitterly 
 on reading <Anastasius,' for two reasons — one 
 that he had not written it, and the other that 
 Hope had. 
 
 Hopfen, Hans von (hop'fen). A German poet 
 and novelist ; bom in Munich, Jan. 3, 1835, win- 
 ning note at the university there. His* Neces- 
 sity,' and other poems of equal merit, are char- 
 acterized by originality and picturesqueness, 
 while his novels — notably <The Old Practi- 
 - tioner' — show him a graceful and graphic de- 
 lineator of character and customs. He ranks 
 among the best contemporary German writers, 
 his versatility not having impaired his quality. 
 
 Hopkins, Alphonso Alvah. An American 
 educator, lecturer, journalist, and miscellaneous 
 writer; born in New York State, 1843. He has 
 written in verse : < Asleep in the Sanctum ' ; 
 ' Geraldine,' a metrical romance modeled after 
 18 
 
 < Lucile ' ; the novels, < His Prison Bars > ( 1874) ; 
 
 < Sinner and Saint ' (1881) ; < Life of General Clin- 
 ton Fisk' (188S); (Wealth and Waste' (1896). 
 
 Hopkins, Edward Washburn. An American 
 educator and writer ; born in Massachusetts, 1857. 
 He is professor of Sanskrit at Yale, successor of 
 Professor Whitney. He has written : < Mutual 
 Relations of the Four Castes in Manu ' ; < Trans- 
 lation of Laws in Manu ' ; < Social and Military 
 Position of the Ruling Caste in Ancient India ' ; 
 
 < The Religions of India '; < India, Old and New.' 
 
 Hopkins, John Henry. An American divine 
 and writer, the first Protestant Episcopal bishop 
 of Vermont (1832); born in Dublin, Ireland, 
 Jan. 30, 1792 ; died in Rock Point, Vt., Jan. 9, 
 1868. He was originally an iron manufacturer, 
 afterwards a lawyer, and won eminence by his 
 vigorous and versatile writings. Among his 
 works are: < History of the Confessional'; 
 
 < The End of Controversy Controverted > ; * The 
 Primitive Church ' ; < Essay on Gothic Archi- 
 tecture ' ; < The Church of Rome in her Prim- 
 itive Purity ' ; < Scriptural View of Slavery,' a 
 defense of the institution ; < Law of Ritualism ' ; 
 
 < History of the Church,' in verse ; Twelve 
 Canzonets, words and music. 
 
 Hopkins, John Henry. An American cler- 
 g>-man and writer, son of John Henry; born 
 1820; died 1891. He founded and long edited 
 the Church Journal. He wrote : < Carols, Hymns, 
 and Songs ' ; *■ Poems by the Wayside ' ; • Life 
 of Bishop Hopkins > ; < Faith and Order of 
 the Protestant Church in the United States'; 
 etc. He also translated Goethe's < Autobio- 
 graphy.' 
 
 Hopkins, Mrs. Louisa Parsons (Stone). An 
 American educator and writer of verse ; bora 
 in Massachusetts, 1834; died 1895. Her home 
 was in Boston. Besides several educational 
 works she wrote in verse : < Motherhood ' (1880); 
 •Breath of the Field and Shore'; < Easter 
 Carols ' ; etc. 
 
 Hopkins, Mark. A distinguished American 
 educator and religious and ethical writer ; born 
 at Stockbridge, Mass., Feb. 4, 1802 ; di.-^d at Will- 
 iamstown, Mass., June 17, 1887. He was a Con- 
 gregational divine, and president of Williams 
 College. Among his works are : • Evidences of 
 Christianity' (1846); <The Law of Love, and 
 Love as a Law' (i860); 'An Outline Study of 
 Man' (1873); etc. 
 
 Hopkins, Mark. An American-English jour- 
 nalist and novelist, son of Mark ; born in Mas- 
 sachusetts, 1851. He resides at present in Lon- 
 don. He has written < The World's Verdict' 
 (1888), a novel. 
 
 Hopkins, Samuel. A noted American theo- 
 logian ; born at Waterbury, Conn., Sept. 17, 1721 ; 
 died at Newport, R. I., Dec. 20, 1803. He was 
 one of the leaders in the New England theol- 
 ogy (so called), and was instrumental in the 
 extermination of slavery in Rhode Island. His 
 chief work was < System of Doctrines' (1793). 
 He is said to be the hero of Mrs. Stowe*« 
 novel, < The Minister's Wooing.'
 
 274 
 
 HOPKINSON — HOSMER 
 
 Hopklnson, Francis. An American political 
 writer and lawyer and one of the signers of 
 the Declaration of Independence ; born in 
 Philadelphia, Sept. 21, 1737 ; died May 9, 1791. 
 He wrote: <The Pretty Story > (1774); *The 
 Prophecy > (1776); <The Political Catechism* 
 (1777). He also wrote poems and essays. The 
 
 < Miscellaneous Essays, and Occasional Writ- 
 ings* appeared posthumously. His humorous 
 ballad, <The Battle of the Keg,> was once 
 widely known. 
 
 Hopklnson, Joseph. An American jurist, 
 son of Francis; born at Philadelphia, Nov. 12, 
 1770 ; died there, Jan. 15, 1842. He was one of 
 the ablest lawyers of his day. He wrote the 
 famous patriotic song, < Hail Columbia* (1798), 
 for the benefit of an actor, calling it at first 
 the < President's March.* 
 
 Hoppln, Augustus. An American illustrator 
 and novelist ; bom at Providence, R. I., July 13, 
 1828 • died at Flushing, April 2, 1896. He was 
 originally a lawyer. Besides illustrating works 
 by many well-known authors, he illustrated his 
 own books : <0n the Nile*(i87i): 'Recollections 
 of Anton House, by C. Anton* {1881), a novel; 
 <Two Compton Boys' (1884); < Married for 
 Fun * (1885), a romance ; etc. 
 
 Hoppln, James Mason. An American edu- 
 cator and miscellaneous writer; born at Provi- 
 dence, R. I., Jan. 17, 1820. A Congregational 
 clergyman and professor at Yale. Besides 
 religious writings, he has published : < Life of 
 Rear-Admiral Foote* (1874); 'Greek Art on 
 Greek Soil*; <01d England* (8th ed. 1886), a 
 highly praised book of travel; <The Early 
 Renaissance* (1892) ; etc. Died in 1906. 
 
 Hopps, John Page. An English clergyman 
 and religious writer; bom in London, Nov. 6, 
 1834. At first a Baptist minister, he joined 
 the Unitarians, holding pastorates at Sheffield, 
 Glasgow, and Leicester, where he now resides. 
 He is an active social reformer and advocate 
 of co-operation. Among his numerous works are : 
 
 < Seven Lectures for the People* (4th ed. 1861) ; 
 
 < Besides the Still Waters * (1879) ; < A Scientific 
 Basis of Belief in Future Life* (i88i); < Future 
 Probation* (1886) ;< The Bible for Beginners.* 
 
 Horace, or Qulntus Horatlus Flaccus. 
 A great Latin lyric poet ; born at Venusia, 
 in southern Italy, Dec. 8, B. C. 65 ; died 
 at Rome, Nov. 27, B. C. 8. His writings, in 
 the order of their production, are : The < Sat- 
 ires,* or as the poet himself called them, 
 < Talks* (Sermones), eighteen in number, and 
 written in hexameter verse ; < Epodes,* a col- 
 lection of lyric poems in iambic and compos- 
 ite metres ; < Odes,* his most exquisite works, 
 and the delight of scholars ever since they 
 were written ; < Epistles,* in hexameter verse, 
 brilliant in wit, perfect in melody, replete with 
 workaday wisdom, — among them is the < Epis- 
 tle to the Pisos,* or < The Art of Poetry,* as it 
 has been aptly called. 
 
 Hormann, Ludwlg von (h^r'man). A Ger- 
 man descriptive writer ; bom in Feidkirch, Oct. 
 
 12, 1837. He is a philologist and librarian by 
 profession, and was at one time professor in 
 the Academy at Innsbruck, and since 1878 has 
 been librarian of the university there. His 
 fame depends upon : < Tyrolese Types > ; < The 
 Life of the People of the Tyrol * ; and numer- 
 ous studies of conditions and manners among 
 the natives of the Alpine region. 
 
 Horn, Franz Chrlstoph (horn). A German 
 novelist, historian of literature, and essayist; 
 born July 30, 1781 ; died July 19, 1837. His 
 romances and tales, < Guiscardo, the Poet,' 
 
 < Battle and Victory,* and <The Wandering 
 Jew,* were once widely read, but are now for- 
 gotten. More noteworthy are : < Outlines of 
 the History and Nature of German Polite Lit- 
 erature from 1790 to 1818 * ; < German Poetry 
 and Rhetoric from Luther's Time to Our Own * ; 
 
 < Shakespeare's Plays,* a valuable critical work. 
 
 Hornaday, William Temple. An American 
 naturalist and writer of travels ; born near 
 Plainfield, Ind., 1854. He was for a number 
 of years chief taxidermist of the United States 
 National Museum, Washington. He has writ- 
 ten : <Two Years in the Jungle* (1885); <The 
 Buffalo Hunt* (1887); 'Free Rum on the 
 Congo* (1887); < Taxidermy and Zoological 
 Collecting * ; < Canoe and Rifle on the Orinoco * ; 
 etc. Since 1896, Director of N.Y. Zoological Park. 
 
 Home, Eichard Henry L, Hengist. An Eng- 
 lish miscellaneous writer; born Jan. I, 1803 ; 
 died March 13, 1884. His principal works are : 
 < Cosmo de' Medici* (1837) and <The Death 
 of Marlowe* (1837), tragedies; < Orion,* an epic 
 poem (1843); <A New Spirit of the Age* (1844); 
 < Judas Iscariot, a Miracle Play* (1848); <The 
 Dreamer and the Worker* (1851); 'Australian 
 Facts and Prospects* (1859); 'Exposition of 
 the False Medium, and Barriers Excluding Men 
 of Genius from the Public* (1883). 
 
 Horvath, Andreas (hor'vat). A Hungarian 
 poet ; born in Pdzmdnd, Nov. 25, 1778 ; died 
 there, March 7, 1839. He became a Catholic 
 priest soon after attaining manhood. He cre- 
 ated the classic epic in Hungarian literature. 
 His principal works are: 'Memorial of Zircz*; 
 and the heroic poem 'Arpdd,* in twelve cantos, 
 for which he was awarded a prize by the Hun- 
 garian Academy. He became a member of 
 this body in 1832. 
 
 Hosmer, George Washington. An Ameri- 
 can miscellaneous writer ; born in 184-. He 
 is a physician by profession. Among his writ- 
 ings are : < The People and Politics * ; 'As We 
 Went Marching On,* a story of the War; etc. 
 
 Hosmer, James Kendall. An American 
 educator and miscellaneous writer ; born at 
 Northfield, Mass., 1834. He was professor in 
 Antioch College 1866-72; the University of 
 Missouri, Columbia, Mo., 1872; Washington 
 University, St. Louis, Mo., 1874-92; and is now 
 librarian of the public library of Minneapolis 
 (1892-97). Among his works are: 'The Color 
 Guard* (1864), a record of experiences in the 
 Civil War; 'The Thinking Bayonet* (1865), a
 
 HOSMER — HOWARD 
 
 275 
 
 novel; 'History of German Literature > (1879); 
 
 < Life of Samuel Adams* (1S85); < How Thank- 
 ful was Bewitclied > ; < Life of Sir Henry Vane ' ; 
 
 < Story of tlie Jews,' in < Story of the Nations * 
 series ; ' History of the Louisiana Purchase.' 
 
 Hosmer, Mrs, Margaret (Kerr). An American 
 novelist and writer for the young ; born in Phila- 
 delphia, 1830; died at Philadelphia, Feb. 3, 
 1897. Her home was in San Francisco, where 
 she taught school, and in Philadelphia She 
 wrote the novels, <The Morrisons' ( 1864), ^Rich 
 and Poor' (1870), (The Sin of the Father' 
 (1872), etc.; the juveniles, <BIanche Gilroy> 
 (-871), ^ A Rough Boy's Story' (1873) ; and 
 also, <Ten Years of a Lifetime.) 
 
 Hosmer, William Henry Cuyler. An Amer- 
 ican writer of verse ; born in New York State, 
 1814 ; died 1877. He was a lawyer in western 
 New York. He wrote : < Fall of Tecumseh ' ; 
 
 < Legends of the Senecas ' ; < Yonnondio ' ; < Bird 
 Notes ' ; < The Themes of Song ' ; < The Months ' ; 
 
 < The Pioneers of Western New York ' ; etc. 
 
 Hostrup, Jens Christian (hos'trup). A Dan- 
 ish poet, dramatist, and humorist ; born in Co- 
 penhagen, May 20, 1818; died there, Nov. 21, 
 1892. He was intended for the church, but his 
 talent as a writer of songs and plays, comic, 
 patriotic, and sentimental, decided his career. 
 <The Neighbors,' a farce, made his reputation 
 while yet a theological student. His best play 
 is < Master and Pupil.' Later, as a clergyman, he 
 brought out more serious work : < Eva,' a drama ; 
 a volume of < Popular Discourses ' ; and various 
 other productions. His is one of the foremost 
 names in later Danish literature. 
 
 Houghton, George Washington Wright. 
 (hoton). An American journalist and writer 
 of verse ; born at Cambridge, Mass., 1850 ; died 
 1891. His home was in New York. He wrote : 
 * Songs from Over the Sea' (1874); <The Le- 
 gend of St. Olaf's Kirk' (1881); < Niagara' 
 (1882); etc. 
 
 Houghton, Richard Monckton Milnes, Lord 
 (houton). An English poet, critic, and states- 
 man ; born irt London, Eng., June 19, 1809; 
 died at Vichy, France, Aug. 11, 1885. A 
 Conservative in Parliament, he joined the 
 Liberals under Lord John Russell, and in 1863 
 was raised to the peerage. His best poetry 
 appears in : < Memorials of a Tour in Greece ' ; 
 '( Memorials of a Residence on the Continent, 
 and Historical Poems'; < Poems of Many 
 Years ' ; < Palm Leaves ' ; and a few other small 
 •volumes. His prose is remarkable for the pur- 
 ity of its Saxon style. It includes : < Life, Let- 
 ters, and Literary Remains of John Keats ' ; 
 
 < Monographs, Personal and Political > ; etc. 
 
 House, Edward Howard. An American jour- 
 nalist and story-writer ; born at Boston, Sept. 5, 
 1836, died t Tokio, Japan, Dec. 18, 1901. 
 He was a musical and dramatic critic in Boston 
 and New York ; afterwards professor of English 
 Language and literature in the U'liversity of 
 Tokio, Japan (1871-73), actifig as conespond- 
 cnt of the New York Herald. Pie wrote : 
 < Japanese Episodes) (1881); <Yone Santo > 
 
 (1S8S), a story of life in Japan; <The Mid- 
 night Warning, and Other Stories ' ; < The 
 Kagosima Affair'; etc. 
 
 Houssaye, Arsene (o-sa'). A French novel- 
 ist, dramatist, and critic ; born in Bruyferes, 
 near Laon, March 28, 1815 ; died in Paris, Feb, 
 26, 1896. He came early to Paris, and had writ- 
 ten two novels at the age of twenty-one, <The 
 Sinner' being still remembered. He wrote <The 
 Caprices of the Marchioness,) (The Comedy 
 at the Window,) and other successful light 
 plays, and became a stage manager. His 
 later novels include : <The Beautiful Raffa- 
 ella) ; (Marion's Repentance); (Romance of 
 the Duchess) ; (Women as They Are ) ; ( Wo- 
 men of the Past) ; etc. His art and theatrical 
 criticisms are exceedingly good ; the ( History 
 of French Art in the Eighteenth Century,' 
 (Portrait Gallery of the Eighteenth Centur),' 
 and (Studies of Voltaire and Rousseau,' rank 
 high. His style is clear and graceful. 
 
 Houssaye, Henri. A French historian and 
 critic, son of Arsene ; born in Paris, Feb. 24, 
 184S. He studied painting, but transferred liis 
 attention to the study of Greek antiquity. Dur- 
 ing the siege of Paris in 1870 his gallant con- 
 duct earned him the Cross of the Legion of 
 Honor. His valuable publications include : 
 
 < History of Alcibiades and the Athenian Re- 
 public' (1875), crowned by the French Acad- 
 emy in 1874; (Athens, Rome, and Paris' (1878); 
 (History of the Conquest of Greece by the 
 Romans' (vol. i. 1885); < 1814,' a history of the 
 campaign in France and the Fall of the Em- 
 pire, published in 18S8 ; < Waterloo ' (1899). 
 
 Houwald, Christoph Ernst (ho'vald). A 
 German dramatic poet and story-writer; born 
 at Straupitz, Nov. 29, 1778 ; died at Neuhaus, 
 Jan. 28, 1845. He wrote fables and juvenile 
 stories, but his literary reputation depends 
 wholly upon his plays. ( The Picture ' and 
 ( Curse and Benison ' are among his best works. 
 In construction, vigor of style, and ingenuity 
 of situation, he is remarkable. ( The Prince 
 and the Townsman ' and ( The Enemies ' are 
 striking examples in point. 
 
 Hovey, Richard. An American writer of verse; 
 born at Normal, 111., May 4, 1864 ; died in 
 New York city, April 24, 1900. He wrote : 
 (Launcelot and Guenevere > ; ( Gandolfo,' a 
 tragedy ; ( Songs ftt)m Vagabondia > ; ( More 
 Songs from Vagabondia' (with Bliss Carman); 
 (The Laurel,) an ode ; ( Seaward ) ; etc. 
 
 Howard, Blanche Willis. See Teuffel, von. 
 
 Howard, Bronson. A prominent American 
 playwright; born at Detroit, Mich., Oct. 7, 
 1842 ; resides in New York. He was connected 
 with several newspapers in that city, 1867-72. 
 Among his very successful plays are : (Saratoga' 
 (1870) ; < The Banker's Daughter ' (1878) < Youm^ 
 Mrs. Winthrop' (1882); < Tlie Henrietta ' (18S7 T; 
 
 < Shenandoah' (18S9J ; (Aristocracy' (1892); 
 ( Kate > ; ( Norroy, Diplomatic Agent > ; ( Scars on 
 the Southern Seas.' 
 
 Howard, Edward. An English novelist: 
 born 18—; died Dec. 30, 1841. After serving
 
 276 
 
 HOWARD — HOWELLS 
 
 in the navy, he wrote sea stories; and was 
 associated with Marryat in editing the Metropol- 
 itan Magazine in 1832. Later he joined tlie 
 staff of the New Monthly Magazine, then 
 edited by Hood. His greatest work, <Rattlin 
 the Reefer > (1836), met with much success. 
 Among his other works are : < The Old Com- 
 modore > (1837); < Outward Bound > (1838); 
 t Memoirs of Admiral Sir Sidney Smith, K. C. B.> 
 (1839); < Jack Ashore >; <The Centiad, a Poem 
 in Four Books > (1841); <Sir Henry Morgan, the 
 Buccaneer,* (1842). 
 
 Howard, Oliver Otis. A distinguished Amer- 
 ican general ; born at Leeds, Me., Nov. 8, 1830. 
 A graduate of West Point, he rose to the rank 
 of brevet major-general United States Army in 
 the Civil War, and was president of Howard 
 University (1869-73). He has written: < Don- 
 ald's School-Days > (1879); <Nez Percd Joseph > 
 (1881), a valuable contribution to Indian litera- 
 ture ; Isabella of Castile > ; < Our Wild Indians.* 
 
 Howartli, Mrs. Ellen Clementine (Doran). 
 An American writer of verse; born at Coopers- 
 town, N. Y., May 20, 1827. She published 
 two volumes of verse (1864 and 1867). The 
 best known of her poems are < 'Tis but a Little 
 Faded Flower,> and <Thou Wilt Never Grow 
 Old.* Her poems have been edited by Richard 
 Watson Gilder ( 1868). Died at Trenton, N. J., 
 , 1899- 
 
 Howe, Edgar Watson. An American jour- 
 nalist and novelist; born in Wabash County, 
 Ind., 1854. He is proprietor, publisher, and 
 editor of the Daily Globe, Atchison, Kan. He 
 has written : < The Story of a Country Town > 
 (1883), which attracted considerable attention; 
 <The Mystery of the Locks >; <A Moonlight 
 Boy ' ; < A Man Story ' ; < Lay Sermons.* 
 
 Howe, Henry. An American historical writer 
 and compiler; born at New Haven, Conn., 1816. 
 He published: <Memoir of Eminent Mechanics* 
 (1839); 'Travels and Adventures of Celebrated 
 Travelers* (1853); 'Adventures and Achieve- 
 ments of Americans* (1858); < Over the World* 
 (1883); <Our Whole Country*; <The Great 
 West'; etc. Died in Cincinnati, , 1893. 
 
 Howe, Mrs. Julia Ward. A famous Ameri- 
 can poet, essayist, biographer, writer of travels, 
 and lecturer, daughter of Samuel Ward ; born 
 in New York, May 27, 1819. A philanthropist, 
 interested especially in woman's suffrage, she 
 was the wife of Dr. Samuel G. Howe the phi- 
 lanthropist, and with him edited the anti-slavery 
 journal, the Boston Commonwealth. She is 
 best known as the author of the < Battle Hymn 
 of the Republic * (1861), written during a visit to 
 the camps near Washington. Among her works, 
 besides several volumes of verse, are : < The 
 World's Own * ( 1857), a drama ; < Life of Margaret 
 Fuller * ( 1883) ; < Trip to Cuba > ( i860) ; < Is Polite 
 Society Polite ? and Other Essays * ; etc. She also 
 wrote : < Later Lyrics * ; < From the Oak to the 
 Olive * ; and ' Sex and Education *; < Sketches of 
 Representative Women of New England.* 
 
 Howell, James. An English author; born 
 probably in Wales about 1594 ; died in Hol- 
 
 born, 1666. As steward of a glass-ware factory 
 and subsequently on public missions, he trav- 
 eled for several years on the Continent. He 
 became a clerk of council in 1640, was im- 
 prisoned during the civil war, and upon the 
 Restoration received the post of historiographer 
 royal as a reward for his loyalty to Charles I. 
 Of forty works on historical, political, poetical, 
 and philological subjects, only the 'Epistolae 
 Ho-Elianse ; or. Familiar Letters > ( 1645-55 ) 
 have survived. 
 
 Howells, William Dean. A famous Amer- 
 ican novelist and poet; born at Martinsville, 
 O., March I, 1837. He was consul at Yen 
 ice 1861-65; editor-in-chief of the Atlantic 
 Monthly 1871-81 ; editor of The Editor's Study 
 in Harper's Magazine 1886-91 ; editor of the 
 Cosmopolitan 1892. His very numerous pro- 
 ductions include the following: < Poems of 
 Two Friends* (i860), with J. J. Piatt; <Life 
 of Abraham Lincoln* (i860); six poems in 
 
 < Poets and Poetry of the West* (i860); 'Ve- 
 netian Life* (1866); 'Italian Journeys* (1867); 
 'No Love Lost: a Romance of Travel * (1869); 
 'Suburban Sketches* (1871); 'Their Wedding 
 Journey* (1872); <A Chance Acquaintance* 
 (1873); 'Poems* (1873); <A Foregone Conclus- 
 ion* (1875); 'Sketch of the Life and Charac- 
 ter of Rutherford B. Hayes* (1876); 'A Day's 
 Pleasure* (1876); 'The Parlor Car* (1876), a 
 farce; 'Out of the Question* (1877), a com- 
 edy; 'A Counterfeit Presentment* (1877), a 
 comedy; 'The Lady of the Aroostook* (1879); 
 'The Undiscovered Country* (1880); 'A Fear- 
 ful Responsibility, and Other Stories* (1881); 
 
 < Dr. Breen's Practice* (1881); ' Buying a Horse* 
 (1881); 'A Modern Instance* (1882); 'The 
 Sleeping-Car* (1883), a farce; <A Woman's 
 Reason* (1883); 'A Little Girl among the Old 
 Masters* (1884); 'The Register* (1884), a farce; 
 'Three Villages* (1884); 'The Rise of Silas 
 Lapham * (1885); ' The Elevator* (1885), a farce ; 
 ' Indian Summer* (1885); ' Tuscan Cities* (1886); 
 ' The Garroters * (1886), a farce; 'Poems* (i886)- 
 biographical sketch, 'George Fuller: His Life 
 and Works* (1886); 'Modem Italian Poets* 
 (1887); 'The Minister's Charge* (1887); edited 
 with T. S. Perry ' Library of Universal Advent- 
 ure by Sea and Land* (1888); 'April Hopes* 
 (1888); <A Sea-Change, a Lyricated Farce* 
 (1888); 'Annie Kilburn* (1889); 'The Mouse' 
 Trap and Other Farces* (1889); <A Hazard of 
 New Fortunes* (1890); 'The Shadow of a 
 Dream* (1890); <A Boy's Town* (1890); 'Crit- 
 icism and Fiction* (1891); edited 'Poems* 
 (1892), by George Pellew; 'An Imperative 
 Duty* (1892); 'The Albany Depot* (1892); 'A 
 Letter of Introduction* (1892), a farce; 'A Lit- 
 tle Swiss Sojourn* (1892); 'The Quality of 
 Mercy) (1892); 'The World of Chance* (1893); 
 'The Coast of Bohemia* (1893); 'The Niagara 
 Book* (1893), with S. L. Clemens and others; 
 ' Christmas Every Day, and Other Stories Told 
 for Children* (1893); 'Evening Dress* (1893), 
 a farce; 'My Year in a Log Cabin* (1893); 
 'The Unexpected Guests* (1893), a tarce; <A 
 Likely Story* (1894), a farce; 'Five O'clock
 
 HOWISON — HUDSON 
 
 277 
 
 Tea* (1894), a farce; <A Traveler from Al- 
 truria* (1894), a romance; <My Literary Pas- 
 sions' (1895); < Stops of Various Quills' (1895); 
 'Landlord at Lion's Head' (1896); <The Day 
 of their Wedding' (1896); <A Parting and a 
 Meeting ' (i8y6); < Impressions and Experiences ' 
 (1S96), largely autobiographical ; <An Open-Eyed 
 Conspiracy' (1897); <A Previous Engagement ' 
 (1897) ;* Between the Dark and the Daylight.' 
 
 Howison, Robert Reid. An American his- 
 torian and biographer; born at Fredericksburg, 
 Va., 1820. He has practiced law at Richmond, 
 Va., since 1845. He has written : < History of 
 Virginia' (2 vols., 1847-48); < Lives' of Generals 
 Morgan, Marion, and Gates ; < History of the 
 American Civil War'; < God and Creation.* 
 Died 1906. 
 
 Howitt, Mary. An English poet, story-writer, 
 and essayist ; wife of and collaborator with 
 William; born (Botham) of Quaker parentage 
 in Coleford, March 12, 1799; died at Rome, Jan. 
 30, 1888. < The Desolation of Eyam,' a poem ; 
 'Colonization and Christianity'; 'Rural Life in 
 England' ; and volumes of essays and historical 
 studies, besides articles on Spiritualism, — in 
 which both believed, — represent their joint 
 work. Her own are ' The Seven Temptations,' 
 a striking poem ; various children's stories ; and 
 translations of Fredrika Bremer's novels. 
 
 Howitt, William. An English historian, es- 
 sayist, and miscellaneous writer ; born in Heanor, 
 Derbyshire, Dec. 18, 1792; died at Rome, March 
 3, 1879. For his joint work with Mary, see her 
 name. His separate productions include : ' Pop- 
 ular History of England,' once really popular; 
 'The Student Life of Germany'; 'Woodburn 
 Grange,' a novel ; and a couple of dozen other 
 bulky volumes, besides countless occasional ar- 
 ticles, all in an easy, readable style. 
 
 Howorth, Henry Hoyle, Sir. An English 
 politician and author; born in Lisbon, Portu- 
 gal, July I, 1842. He was a Conservative Mem- 
 ber of Parliament in 1886, and again in 1893. 
 In recognition of his works on Eastern history 
 and other subjects, he was created K. C. I. E. 
 in 1892. In addition to over seventy scientific 
 memoirs, contributions to periodicals, etc., he 
 has published: 'History of the Mongols' (3 
 vols., 1876-80), a large work marked by pro- 
 fundity of research; 'The Mammoth and the 
 Flood ' ( 1887), which discusses the problems 
 arising out of the destruction of the so-called 
 palaeolithic man ; ' The Glacial Nightmare and 
 the Flood.' 
 
 Hoyt, Charles Hale, an American play- 
 wright, born in Concord, N. H., July 26, i860 ; 
 died in 1900. He is the author of < A Bunch 
 of Keys ' ; ' A Rag Baby ' ; ' A Brass Monkey '; 
 ' A Texas Steer ' ; 'A Parlor Match ' ; < A Trip 
 to Chinatown ' ; 'A Day and Night in New 
 York ' ; ' A Dog in the Manger ' ; etc. 
 
 Hubbard, Elbert. An American novelist; 
 born in Illinois, 1856. His home is in East 
 Aurora, N. Y. He is editor of the Philistine. 
 He has written: 'No Enemy but Himself; 
 
 < Little Journeys to the Homes of Good Men 
 and Great ' ; ' Forbes of Harvard > ; ' One Day ' ; 
 
 < Little Journeys to the Homes of Famous 
 Women' (1897); etc. 
 
 Hubbard, William. An American clergy- 
 man and author; born in Tendring, Essex, Eng- 
 land, in 1621 ; died at Ipswich, Mass., Sept. 14, 
 1704. He emigrated to Massachusetts in 1635, 
 graduated at Harvard in 1642, and was minis- 
 ter of Ipswich for over forty years. In 1688 
 he was temporary president of Harvard Col- 
 lege. His chief works are: 'The Present State 
 of New England' (1677); <A Narrative of 
 Troubles with the Indians' (1677), containing 
 the first map of New England known to have 
 been made in America ; and ' A General His- 
 tory of New England from the Discovery to 
 1680' (published by the Massachusetts Histor- 
 ical Society in 1815), for which the colonial 
 authorities paid him ;^50. 
 
 Hubbell, Mrs. Martha (Stone). An Ameri- 
 can novelist and writer for the young; born 
 at Oxford, Conn., 1814 ; died at North Stoning- 
 ton. Conn., 1856. Besides a number of Sunday- 
 school books, she wrote : ' The Shady Side, or 
 Life in a Country Parsonage' (1853), one of 
 the most widely sold books of its day. 
 
 Hubner, Cbarles William. An American 
 journalist and miscellaneous wjiter; born in 
 Maryland, 1835. His home is at Atlanta, Ga. 
 He has written : < Souvenirs of Luther' ; ' Poems 
 and Essays '; ' Modern Communism ' ; * Cinde- 
 rella 'and ' Prince and Fairy,* two lyrical dramas; 
 
 < Representative Southern Poets.' 
 
 Hue, ^variste Regis (Uk). A French priest, 
 missionary, and author ; born at Toulouse, 
 Aug. I, 1813; died in Paris, March 26, i860. 
 Ordained a priest in 1839, he went the same 
 year to China as a missionary, traveling through 
 the heart of the empire to Mongolia and Thibet, 
 where he penetrated even to Lhassa. His ex- 
 periences are recounted in ' Souvenirs of a 
 Journey to Tartary, Thibet, and China' (1852); 
 'The Chinese Empire' (1854); ' Christianity in 
 China, Tartary, etc' (1858), all of which were 
 translated into English. 
 
 Hudson, Frederick. An American journal- 
 ist ; born at Quincy, Mass., 1819 ; died 1875. He 
 was connected with the New York Herald for 
 nearly thirty years, retiring in 1866. He wrote : 
 •History of Journalism in the United States' 
 (1873)- 
 
 Hudson, Henry Norman. An American 
 Shakespearean scholar and Episcopal divine ; 
 born at Cornwall, Vt, Jan. 28, 1814; died at 
 Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 16, 1886. He served as 
 chaplain in the Civil War, and was professor 
 of Shakespeare at Boston University, and was 
 for a time editor of the Churchman. He wrote : 
 'Lectures on Shakespeare' (1848); 'Campaign 
 with General Butler' (1865); 'Shakespeare, his 
 Life, Art, and Characters' (4th ed. 1883); 'Es- 
 says on Education, Etc' (1883); etc. He edited 
 the Harvard and the University edition of 
 Shakespeare.
 
 278 
 
 HUDSON — HUMBOLDT 
 
 Hudson, Mrs. Mary (Clemmer) (Ames). 
 An American journalist and miscellaneous 
 writer ; born at Utica, N. Y., 1839 ; died at 
 Washington, D. C, 1884. She was at one time 
 Washington correspondent of the New York 
 Independent. She wrote : < Ten Years in Wash- 
 ington > (1871); < Memorials of Alice and Phoebe 
 Cary> (1872); < Men, Women, and Things* 
 (1873); <Poems> (1882); and several novels, 
 among them < His Two Wives* (1874). 
 
 Huerta, Vicente Garcia de la (o-ar'ta). A 
 Spanish dramatist, poet, and critic ; born at 
 Zafra, 1730 ; died at Madrid, March 12, 1787. 
 He was government librarian, etc. He wrote 
 indifferent lyrics, good narrative and descriptive 
 verse, and excellent plays, one of the best be- 
 ing the tragedy * Raquel,' on the love of Al- 
 phonso VIH. for a beautiful Jewess. 
 
 Huet, Coenraad Busken (hu-a'). A Dutch 
 journalist and miscellaneous writer ; born in 
 The Hague, Dec. 28, 1826; died at Paris, May 
 I, 1886. He was pastor of a church until 1862, 
 when he became editor of the Haarlemmer 
 Courant. He has produced some of Holland's 
 best literary criticism. < Literary Phantasies,* 
 
 < Dutch Literature,* * Stories,* and numerous 
 essays, have given him a high place in the litera- 
 ture of Europe. 
 
 Hughes, Jolin. A distinguished American 
 Roman Catholic prelate ; born at Annalogham, 
 Tyrone, Ireland, June 24, 1797; died in New 
 York, Jan. 3, 1864. He was archbishop of New 
 York in 1850- ; special agent of the United 
 States in Europe, 1861-62. He founded St. 
 John's Asylum in 1829, the Catholic Herald 
 1833, and St. John's College, Fordham, 1839. 
 He was prominent as a controversialist against 
 Rev. John Breckenridge, a Presbyterian (1833- 
 35), on the New York public-school system 
 (1839-42), and against Erastus Brooks on the 
 tenure of church property (1851). (< Works,* 
 2 vols., 1865.) 
 
 Hughes, Thomas, An English story and essay 
 writer ; bom at Uflington, Oct. 20, 1822 ; died 
 at Brighton, March 22, 1896. Apart from 
 
 < Tom Brown's School Days,* and < Tom Brown 
 at 0.\ford,* which brought him unexampled 
 fame and popularity, he wrote persistently and 
 capably in behalf of the foim of socialism 
 to which he was wedded, notably < Our Old 
 Church: What Shall We Do with It?* and 
 
 < Rugby,* an account of a co-operative colony 
 projected in Tennessee. <The Manliness of 
 Christ* is a very original addition to the liter- 
 ature of militant Christianity. 
 
 Hugo, Victor Marie (hu'gS). A great French 
 man of letters and publicist ; born at Besan9on, 
 Feb. 26, 1802; died at Paris, May 22, 1885. His 
 poems include : < Various Odes and Poems * 
 (1822); 'New Odes* (1824); <Odes and Bal- 
 lads* (1826); <The Orientals* (1829); < Autumn 
 Leaves* (1831); 'Twilight Songs* (1835); 
 
 < Inner Voices * ( 1837 ) ; < Sunbeams and Shadows * 
 (1840); < The Chastisements* (1853); 'The Con- 
 templations * (1856-57); 'The Legend of the 
 
 Ages * ( 1859) ; ' Songs of the Streets and Woods > 
 (1865); 'the Terrible Year* (1872); 'The Art 
 of Being a Grandfather* (1877); 'The Legend 
 of the Ages,* second series (1877); 'The Pope* 
 (1878); 'The Four Winds of the Spirit* (1881); 
 and other volumes of poetry. His plays in- 
 clude: 'Cromwell* (1827); 'Amy Robsart* 
 (1828), adapted from Scott's < Kenilworth * ; 
 'Marion Delorme* (1829); 'Hernani* (1830); 
 'Le Roi s' Amuse* (1832); 'Lucretia Borgia* 
 (1833); 'Marie Tudor* (1833); 'Angelo* (1835); 
 'Esmeralda* (1836); ' Ruy Bias* (1838); <Les 
 Burgraves* (1843); 'Torquemada* (1882); 'The 
 Theatre in Freedom* (1S86); etc. His prose 
 includes: 'Han d'Islande* (1823); 'Bug-Jargal* 
 (1826); 'The Last Day of a Condemned Man* 
 (1829); 'Notre Dame de Paris* (1831); 'Liter- 
 ature and Philosophy Blended* (1834); 'Claude 
 Gueux* (1834); 'The Rhine* (1842); 'Napoleon 
 the Little* (1852); 'Les Misdrables* (1862); 
 ' Victor Hugo Revealed by a Witness of his 
 Life* (1863); 'William Shakespeare* (1864); 
 'The Toilers of the Sea* (1866); 'The Man 
 Who Laughs* (1869); 'Acts and Words* (1872- 
 76); 'Ninety-Three* (1874); 'History of a 
 Crime* (1877-78): (posthumously) 'Things 
 Seen* (1887); 'Touring: Alps and Pyrenees* 
 (1890); etc. 
 
 Hull, Edward. An Irish geologist; born at 
 Antrim, 1829. As a member of the Geological 
 Survey of Great Britain for twenty years, he 
 geologically mapped a large portion of the 
 central counties of England. In 1869 he became 
 professor of geology at the Royal College of 
 Science, Dublin ; and in 1883 commanded an 
 expedition under the auspices of the Palestine 
 Exploration Society to Arabia Petraea and 
 Palestine. Among his important works are : 
 'The Coal-Fields of Great Britain* (1865); 
 'Building and Ornamental Stones* (1872); 'A 
 Text-Book of Physiography* (1888); 'Mount 
 Seir, Sinai, and Southern Palestine* (1885). 
 
 Humboldt, Alexander von (hum'bolt). A 
 German scientist and writer on science ; born 
 in Berlin, Sept. 14, 1769; died there. May 6, 1859. 
 His educational opportunities were worthy of 
 his splendid intellectual gifts. From childhood 
 he delighted in zoological, physical, and geo- 
 graphical investigations. At 28, on the death 
 of his mother, he began the series of voyages 
 memorable in the annals of science. No name 
 is likely ever to stand higher on his country's 
 roll than his: the 'Cosmos* is a sufficient 
 proof. 'Voyages to the Equinoctial Regions 
 of the New Continent * ; < View of the Cordil- 
 leras and of the Monuments of the Indigenous 
 Races of America * ; ' Observations on Zoology 
 and Comparative Anatomy*; and a wealth of 
 similar works, attest alike his Titanic genius 
 and the singular charm of his literary style. 
 
 Humboldt, Wilhelm von. A German phi- 
 lologist, critic, and statesman, brother of Alex- 
 ander ; born in Potsdam, June 22, 1767 ; died at 
 Tegel, near Berlin, April 8, 1835. He was edu- 
 cated at Gottingen, and devoted to philologi- 
 cal and literary studies ; but he had strong
 
 HUME — HUNTINGTON 
 
 279 
 
 practical gifts and elevated social sympathies. In 
 1789 he visited Paris to study the French Revo- 
 lution, with which he sympathized , from 1802 
 to 1819 he was in active official life, — minister 
 to Vienna, member of the Privy Council, Sec 
 retary of State, ambassador to London, etc.; 
 finally quitting it in disgust at the corruption 
 he would not share. Meantime and later he 
 wrote critiques on Goethe and Homer, and 
 scientific and literary monographs, and trans- 
 lated ^schylus and Pindar. His main work 
 in philology is <0n the Kawi Language of 
 the Javanese,' but he made other valuable 
 studies of primitive dialects. 
 
 Hume, David. A British historian and phi- 
 losopher; bom in Edinburgh, April 26, 171 1; 
 died there, Aug. 25, 1776. His works include: 
 *A Treatise on Human Nature* (1739-40); 
 < Essays, Moral and Political' (1741-42), < Phil- 
 osophical Essays Concerning Human Under- 
 standing' (1748), which subsequently had the 
 title <An Enquiry Concerning Human Under- 
 standing'; 'Political Discourses' (1751); <An 
 Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals' 
 (1751); <Four Dissertations' (1757), < History 
 of England' (1754-61); < Natural History of 
 Religion' (1757); <Two Essays' (1777); 'Dia- 
 logues Concerning Natural Religion' (1779), 
 etc. 
 
 Hume, Fergus. A New Zealand novelist. 
 He was educated for the law, and was articled 
 in the office of Sir Robert Stout, the well-known 
 New Zealand statesman. His first long work, 
 < The Mystery of a Hansom Cab,' was pub- 
 lished in Melbourne, and later in London, 
 achieving a phenomenal circulation. Since the 
 success of his first novel the author has devoted 
 himself to literature in London. His most pop- 
 ular publications are . < The Piccadilly Puzzle ' 
 (1889); < Miss Mephistopheles' (1890); <A Creat- 
 ure of Night' (1891); <An Island of Fantasy' 
 (1894) ;< The lurupike House* (1902). 
 
 Humphry, George Murray, Sir. An Eng- 
 lish surgeon and author ; born at Sudbury, 
 Suffolk, July 1820 ; died in 1896. He became 
 professor of anatomy at Cambridge in 1866, 
 and since 1883 has held the professorship of 
 surgery in that institution. The honor of 
 knighthood was conferred upon him in 1891, 
 on account of his services to medical science. 
 Among his valuable publications may be men- 
 tioned : <A Treatise on the Human Skeleton ' 
 (1858); <0n Myology' (1872); 'Vivisection: 
 What Good Has It Done?' (1882); < Guide to 
 Cambridge' (1883); <01d Age and Changes 
 Incidental to It' (1885), an oration. 
 
 Hungerford, Mrs. Margaret (Hamilton Argles). 
 [«The Duchess."] A popular Irish novelist; 
 bom at Milleen, about 1855; died at Brandon, 
 Jan. 24, 1897. < Phyllis' (1877; < Molly 
 Bawn> (1878); <Airy Fairy Lillian' (1879); 
 'Beauty's Daughters' (1880); <Mrs. Geoffrey' 
 (1881); 'Faith and Unfaith)(l88l); 'Portia' 
 (1882); <Loys, Lord Beresford, and Other Tales> 
 
 (1883); 'Rosmoyne' (1883), < Doris) (li 
 <0 Tender Dolores' (1885); <A Maiden All 
 
 Forlorn, and Other Stories' (1885); < In Durance 
 Vile' (1885); 'Lady Branksmere' (1886); 'A 
 Mental Struggle' (1886); 'Lady Valworth's 
 Diamonds' (1886); 'Her Week's Amusement' 
 (1886); < Green Pastures and Gray Grief ' (1886); 
 <A Modern Circe' (1887); 'The Duchess' 
 (1887); 'Undercurrents' (1888); 'Marvel' 
 (1888); 'Hon. Mrs. Vereker' (1888). 
 
 Hunnewell, James Frothingham. An Amer- 
 ican bibliographer, and writer of travels and his- 
 tory; born in Massachusetts, 1832. His home 
 is at Charlestown, Mass. He has written : 
 'Historical Monuments of France' (1884); 
 'England's Chronicle in Stone' (1886), being 
 a study of English cathedrals, castles, and 
 palaces ; < Triumphs of Early Printing.' 
 
 Hunt, Freeman. An American biographer 
 and sketch-writer ; born in Massachusetts, 1804 ; 
 died 1858. A publisher in New York, he was 
 the founder of Hunt's Merchants' Magazine. 
 He wrote : ' Lives of American Merchants ' ; 
 ' Sketches of Female Character ' ; etc. 
 
 Hunt, Leigh. An English poet, critic, essay- 
 ist, born in Southgate, Oct. 19, 1784; died at 
 Putney, Aug. 28, 1859. His collected poems, 
 called 'Juvenilia,' appeared when he was fifteen. 
 With his brother he founded the Examiner, a 
 strong political journal, a disrespectful article in 
 which on the Prince Regent gained him two 
 years' imprisonment. After his release he pro- 
 duced a rapid succession of essays, criticisms, 
 studies, and miscellany; among them 'Sir 
 Ralph Esher,' a romance; 'A Legend of Flor- 
 ence,' a drama; 'The Story of Rimini,' his 
 best work ; and ' Recollections of Byron,' his 
 most abused one. 
 
 Hrniter, WilUam Wilson, Sir. An English 
 statistician and author; bom at Glasgow, July 
 15, 1840; died at Oxford, Feb. 6, 1900. He was 
 educated at the University of Glasgow and for- 
 eign universities, and was appointed to the Ben- 
 gal Civil Service in '62. As Dir-ctor-General 
 of Statistics he made a statistical survey of India, 
 the results of which are embodied in the well- 
 known 'Imperial Gazetteer of India* (1881 ; 
 1885-87). He was the author of <Annals of 
 Rural Bengal > (1868; 5th ed. 1872), continued 
 in 'Orissa' (2 vols., 1872); 'The 'Life of the 
 Marquess of Dalhousie' ; 'A Dictionary of the 
 Non- Aryan Languages of India and High Asia,> 
 'Brief History of the Indian Peoples,' which has 
 been translated into five languages ; and was 
 the projector and editor of the series of biogra- 
 phies known as 'The Rulers of India. > 
 
 Hunter-Duvar, John. A Canadian poet; 
 born in England, 1830. He has published 'An- 
 nals of the Court of Oberon' (1895), besides 
 other volumes of poetry. 
 
 Huntington, Frederick Dan. An American 
 clergyman and religious writer; born at Had- 
 ley, Mass., 1819. In early life as a Unitarian 
 minister he held a pastorate in Boston from 
 1842 to 1855, when he became Plummer pro- 
 fessor of Christian morals in Harvard Univer- 
 sity. In i860 he withdrew from the Unitarian
 
 28o 
 
 HUNTINGTON — HUXLEY 
 
 denomination, was ordained in the Protestant 
 Episcopal Church, and in 1869 was consecrated 
 bishop of Central New York. His writings 
 include: < Christian Believing and Living' 
 (i860); < Lectures on Human Society* (i860); 
 •Steps to a Living Faith > (1873); < Personal 
 Christian Life in the Ministry' (1887); < Forty 
 Days with the Master.' Died July 11, 1904. 
 
 Huntington, Jedediah Vincent. An Amer- 
 ican poet and novelist ; born in New York, Jan- 
 uary 1815; died in France, 1862. Originally a 
 physician, then an Episcopal clergyman, he 
 became a Roman Catholic in 1849, and edited 
 Roman Catholic magazines. He wrote : < Po- 
 ems' (1843); the striking novels, 'Lady Alice, 
 or the New Una,' (1849), < Alban, or the History 
 of a Young Puritam' (new ed. 1853, with its 
 sequel <The Forest,' 1852), < Blonde and Bru- 
 nette' (1859); etc, 
 
 Hurlburt, "William Henry. An American jour- 
 nalist; born at Charleston, S. C, July 3, 1827; 
 died at Cadenabbia, Sept. 4, 1895. After long 
 journalistic experience in New York, he became 
 editor-in-chief of New York World (1876-83). 
 Afterl883 he resided in pAirope. He wrote: <Gan- 
 Eden> (1854), travels in Cuba; 'General McClel- 
 lan and the Conduct of the War (1864), etc. 
 
 Hurst, John Fletcher. A prominent Amer- 
 ican Methodist divine and writer; born near 
 Salem, Md., Aug. 17, 1834. He became bishop 
 in the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1880, 
 and chancellor of the American University of 
 his denomination in 1891. He has written : 
 'Literature of Theology'; 'History of Ration- 
 alism ' ; ' Martyrs to the Tract Cause ' ; < Life 
 and Literature in the Fatherland > ; < Outline 
 of Church Plistory'; 'Our Theological Cen- 
 tury'; ' Bibliotlieca Theologica'; 'Short His- 
 tories of the Church'; 'Short History of the 
 Christian Church'; 'Indika,' a large illustrated 
 work on India, and one of great importance ; 
 translations of theolo-^ical works and histories; 
 etc. Died at Washington, I). C, May 4, 1903. 
 
 Hurter, Friedrich Emanuel, von (hor'ter). 
 A Swiss theologian and historian ; born at 
 Schaffhausen, March 19, 1787; died at Gratz, 
 Styria, Aug. 27, 1865. Appointed to a pastorate 
 in his native town, he resigned in 1841, and be- 
 came a convert to Catholicism. In 1846 he was 
 selected as historiographer to the Emperor of 
 Austria. Of his numerous works, relating chiefly 
 to mediaeval and church history, may be men- 
 tioned : < History of King Theodoric and his 
 Reign' (1807); 'Pope Innocent III. and his 
 Contemporaries' (1834-42); 'Birth and New 
 Birth' (1845), in which he gives his reasons 
 for a change of religion ; ' Emperor Ferdinand 
 11.' (10 vols., 1850-62); 'Last Four Years of 
 the Life of Wallenstein' (1862). 
 
 Hutcheson, Francis. A Scotch educator and 
 philosopher ; bom at Drumalig, Ulster, Ireland, 
 Aug. 8, 1694; died in Glasgow, about 1746. 
 For many years a public teacher in Glasgow, 
 he became in 1729 professor of moral philoso- 
 phy at the university in that city. He is re- 
 
 garded as one of the founders of modem phi- 
 losophy in Scotland. He was the author of: 
 ' Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of 
 Beauty and Virtue' (1720); 'Nature and Con- 
 duct of the Passions and Affections' (1728); 
 'System of Moral Philosophy' (1755). 
 
 Hutchinson, Ellen Mackay. ["Mrs. Royal 
 Cortissoz."] An American poet and journalist; 
 born in western New York in 18 — . She was 
 long one of the editors of the New York Trib- 
 une, and was associated with E. C. Stedman 
 in the compilation of the ' Library of Ameri- 
 can Literature.' Her numerous poems have 
 been collected under the title of 'Songs and 
 Lyrics' (1881). 
 
 Hutten, Ulrlch von (hot'ten). A German 
 poet, theologian, and controversial satirist ; bom 
 in Steckelburg, near Fulda, 1488; died in the 
 island of Ufenau, Lake Zurich, 1523. Of a 
 noble family and destined for the church, he 
 preferred a life of roving adventure. After 
 many vicissitudes, including shipwreck, military 
 service, and absolute beggary, he rose to fame 
 by brilliant contributions to the current re- 
 ligious and political controversies. His works 
 include: 'The Art of Prosody'; 'Nemo,' a 
 satire upon the pedantic learning of his day; 
 ' Dialogues ' ; and various others, most of them 
 attacking abuses in the church. His most 
 noteworthy production, however (his in part 
 if not wholly), is the 'Letters of Obscure Men' 
 (that is, men who think and talk obscurely), 
 mercilessly ridiculing the ignorance of the 
 lower clergy. His position in literature is that 
 of a fearless genius and champion of truth ; 
 he aimed to regenerate his country, but his 
 means were somewhat Utopian. 
 
 Hutton, Laurence. An American essayist 
 and literary critic ; born in New York, Aug. 8, 
 1843. Devoting his earlier years to mercantile 
 pursuits, he at length became dramatic critic 
 of the New York Evening Mail. He has edited, 
 since 1886, Literary Notes in Harper's Maga- 
 zine. His publications are well known under 
 the titles ' I'lays and Players ' ; ' Edwin Booth > ; 
 ' Literary Landmarks ' ; and essays on London, 
 Edinburgh, Jerusalem, Venice, Florence, and 
 Rome. Died at Princeton, N. J., June 10, 1904. 
 
 Hutton, Richard Holt. An English editor and 
 author ; born at Leeds, June 2, 1826 ; died in 
 London, Sept. 9, 1897. He was editor of the 
 London Spectator, a critic of great repute, and 
 the author of 'Studies in Parliament : a Series 
 of Sketches of Leading Politicians' (1866); 
 'Essays, Theological and Literary' ( 2 vols, 1871); 
 'Sir Walter Scott' (1878) in 'English Men of 
 Letters' series ; 'Essays on Some Modern Guides 
 of English Thought in Matters of Faith' (1887). 
 
 Huxley, Thomas Henry. An eminent Eng- 
 lish scientist; bora in Ealing, May 4, 1825; 
 died June 29, 1895. His works include: 'On 
 the Educational Value of the Natural-History 
 Sciences' (1854); 'On Tape and Cystic Worms* 
 (1857), translated from the German of C. T. 
 Von Siebold ; ' Evidence as to Man's Place ia 
 
 /
 
 HUYGENS — HYNDMAN 
 
 281 
 
 Nature' (1863); <On Our Knowledge of the 
 Causes of the Phenomena of Organic Nature : 
 Being Six Lectures to Workingmen> (1863); 
 * Lectures on the Elements of Comparative 
 Anatomy' (1864); <An Elementary Atlas of 
 Comparative Osteology' (1864-66); < Palseonto- 
 logia Indica: Vertebrate Fossils' (1866); 'Les- 
 sons in Elementary Physiology' (1866); <An 
 Introduction to the Classification of Animals ' 
 (1869); < Protoplasm : the Physical Basis of Life ' 
 (1869), new edition entitled < On the Physical 
 Basis of Life > in < Half Hours with Modern 
 Scientists'; <Lay Sermons, Addresses, and Re- 
 views > ( 1870) ; < Essays : Selected from Lay Ser- 
 mons, etc' (1871); <A Manual of the Anatomy 
 of Vertebrated Animals' (1871); < Critiques 
 and Addresses' (1873); < American Addresses' 
 (1877); < Physiography' (1877); <Hume' (1879), 
 in < English Men of Letters ' ; < Science Primers : 
 Introductory' (1880); <The Crayfish: an Intro- 
 duction to the Study of Zoology' (1880); < Sci- 
 ence and Culture, and Other Essays' (1881); 
 
 < Inaugural Meeting of the Fishery Congress : 
 Address' (1883); with H. N. Martin, <A Course 
 of Practical Instruction in Elementary Biol- 
 ogy ' (1888) ; < Evolution and Ethics ' ( 1893). 
 
 Huygens, Constantyn (hi'genz). A Dutch 
 poet and prose-writer ; born in The Hague, Sept. 
 4, 1596; died March 28, 1687. He was long 
 private secretary to the Prince of Orange. His 
 first volume of poems, <Otia> (Relaxations), is 
 in Italian, French, Latin, and Dutch. The last 
 two sections were subsequently enlarged and 
 each published separately : the first as< Momenta 
 Desultoria ' ; and the second, the widely read 
 
 < Corn Flowers,' which contained epigrams, trans- 
 lations, and one or two excellent comedies. 
 His most notable poems are <Daghwerck,' in 
 memory of his wife, and <Batave Tempe,' a 
 series of native legends and scenes. His prose 
 comprises memoirs, essays on music, and State 
 papers. He is the most brilliant figure in Dutch 
 literary history. 
 
 Huysmans, Jorris Karl (es-mans). A French 
 novelist ; born in Paris, Feb. 5, 1848. He studied 
 
 law and entered the French civil service, but 
 abandoned it for literature. At first a pro- 
 nounced realist, he turned to idealism and even 
 mysticism. He first attracted notice by the 
 story < Pack on Back * ; then followed < Martha,' 
 < The Vatard Sisters,' < The Menage,' and others. 
 The latest expression of his theories is in 
 ' Down There > (La-bas). His style is dreamy and 
 intensely delicate, but obscure at times. D. 1906. 
 
 Hyacinthe, Pere. See Loyson. 
 
 Hylton, Jolin Dunbar. An American writer 
 of verse ; born in the island of Jamaica, W. I., 
 1837. He is a phj-sician at Palmyra, N. J. He 
 has written: <The Bride of Gettysburg' (1878); 
 'Above the Grave of John Odenswurge' (2d 
 ed. 1884); <Artaloise' (1887); etc. 
 
 Hymans, Louis (e-mans). A Belgian histo- 
 rian, journalist, novelist, and poet; born in 
 Rotterdam, 1829 ; died at Brussels, 1884. He re- 
 moved to Belgium in boyhood and rose rapidly 
 to distinction as a Liberal journalist. He edited 
 the Belgian Star and the Parliamentary Echo 
 for some )'ears, and was elected to Parliament 
 in 1859. He wrote : < History of the Marquisate 
 of Anvers,' < Popular History of Belgium,' and 
 'Political and Parliamentary History of Bel- 
 gium ' ; two popular novels, ' Andrd Bailly ' and 
 ' The Buvard Family '; and some pleasing poems. 
 
 Hyndman, Henry Mayers. An English jour- 
 nalist, socialistic leader, and author; bom in 
 1842. He acted as special correspondent for 
 the Pall Mall Gazette during the war between 
 France and Italy in 1866, and was one of the 
 founders of the Social Democratic Federation 
 in 1881. Among his works, which deal chiefly 
 with socialism, may be mentioned : <The Indian 
 Famine and the Crisis in India' (1877); 'Text- 
 Book of Democracy' (1881); 'The Historical 
 Basis of Socialism in England' (1883); 'Will 
 Socialism Benefit the English People?' (1884); 
 'The Commercial Crisis of the Nineteenth 
 Century' (1892). He was co-author with Will- 
 iam Morris of <A Summary of the Principles 
 of Socialism' (1884).
 
 283 
 
 lAMBLICHUS — IDE 
 
 lamblichuB (jam'bli-kus). A Syrian philoso- 
 pher; born at Chalcis, Coele-Syria ; died about 
 330 A. D. He was the author of numerous 
 philosophical works written from the Neo- 
 Platonic point of view, among them an < Ex- 
 hortation to Philosophy.* He also wrote a 
 <Life of Pythagoras.' 
 
 Ibn Batuta (ibn ba-to'ta). An Arabic 
 writer of travel ; born at Tangier, Morocco, 
 about 1304 ; died at Fez, about 1377. He made 
 many voyages and wrote his < Travels,* which 
 were translated into French and English. He 
 is sometimes termed Abu Abdallah Mohammed. 
 
 Ibn Doreid, Abubekr Mobammed (ibn da- 
 rid'). An Arabic poet and philologist; born 
 at Basra, 838 ; died in Bagdad, 933. He wrote, 
 among other things, a celebrated elegy on the 
 mutability of fortune, which has been translated 
 and commented upon. 
 
 Ibn Esra (ibn ez'ra). [Properly Abraham 
 ben Meir ibn Esra.] A Jewish writer and 
 scholar ; born at Toledo, about 1092 ; died 
 1 167. He traveled extensively, studying poetry, 
 grammar, mathematics, astronomy, and philos- 
 ophy. He wrote a Hebrew grammar, was one 
 of the earliest critics and commentators on the 
 Bible, and composed hymns largely used in 
 the Jewish liturgy. 
 
 IbnKbaldto, Abderrahman (ibn khal-don'). 
 An Arabic historian, descended from a noble 
 family of Seville; born in Tunis, 1322; died at 
 Cairo, 1406. He occupied high official positions 
 at the courts of various Mahometan princes, 
 and is considered the greatest of Arabic his- 
 torians, hi.'- chief work being a history of the 
 Arabs and Berbers in several volumes, with a 
 philosophical introduction to the science of 
 history. 
 
 Ibn Khallikan (ibn kal'li-kan). An Arabic 
 scholar and writer; born at Arbc'a, 121 1; died 
 at Damascus, 1281. He was renowned in his 
 own day for his numerous works in every de- 
 partment of literature. His best-known work 
 is the < Wafiat-ul-Aiyan,> or < Deaths of Emi- 
 nent Men.> 
 
 Ibn Koteiba, Abdallah ibn Muslim. A noted 
 Arabic philologist and historian ; bom at 
 Bagdad, 828 ; died there, 890. He composed, 
 among many other things, a < Handbook of 
 History,* brought out in a German translation 
 in 1850 ; a work on < The Art of Poetry ' ; and 
 'Contributions to the Knowledge of Poetry 
 among the Old Arabs.* 
 
 Ibn Sina (ibn sen'a). An Arabic philoso- 
 pher, known also as Avicenna; born in Af- 
 shena, Bokhara, 980 ; died at Hamaden, Persia, 
 1037. The titles of his works are so numerous 
 
 that the reader is referred to his biography in 
 the < Library * for an authoritive enumeration of 
 them as well as for a history of his career. 
 
 Ibn Tofail (ibn to-fil'). An Arabic philos- 
 opher and physician, who flourished towards 
 the close of the twelfth century in one of the 
 Spanish dominions of the Moors. His most 
 celebrated work is a philosophical romance 
 bearing the title < The Improvement of Hu- 
 man Reason Exhibited in the Life of Hai Ebn 
 Yokdhan,* which has been translated into He- 
 brew, Latin, and English. 
 
 Ibrabim of Aleppo (ib-ra-hem'). A famed 
 Ottoman writer on jurisprudence ; born about 
 1490 (?); died 1549. He compiled the great 
 code of laws known as <Multeka-al-Abhar* 
 (Confluence of the Seas). 
 
 Ibsen, Henrik (ib'sen). A Norwegian dram- 
 atist ; born in Skien, March 20, 1828. His plays 
 are : < Brand,* a drama ; <A Doll's House,* a 
 satiric comedy ; < Peer Gynt,* a dramatic poem ; 
 ' Emperor and Galilean,* a historic drama (in 
 two parts: i., < Julian's Apostasy*; ii., < Julian 
 the Emperor*); <The Pillars of Society,* a 
 satiric comedy; <The Warriors at Helgeland,* 
 a historical drama ; < Love's Comedy,* a satiri- 
 cal play ; and the series comprising < Ghosts,* 
 <An Enemy of the People,* <The Wild Duck,* 
 
 < Rosmersholm,* <The Lady from the Sea,* 
 
 < Hedda Gabler,* and < Architect Solness,* all 
 of which are alike in that they aim to dissect 
 the conventionalities of the social system under 
 which we live. Died May 23, 1906. 
 
 Ibycus (ib'i-kus). A Greek lyric poet; born 
 in Rhegium, about B. C. 560 (?); died there (or 
 near Corinth ?), B. C. 525 (?). The fragments 
 of exquisite metre that have come down to us, 
 and the picturesque fate that befell him — a 
 fate that suggested to Dante one of his in- 
 imitable images — have won for him a distinct 
 renown. The ancients esteemed him highl)-, 
 although Cicero complains of the impurity of 
 his Muse as a sign of the degeneracy of the 
 Romans who admired it. The story told of him 
 is that the poet went on a journey to Corinth 
 but was captured by bandits near that city, 
 and murdered after having been despoiled. 
 As he expired he called to a flock of passing 
 cranes to avenge him ; and as the bandits sat 
 in the theatre not many days later, a flight of 
 the stately birds took place, whereupon the 
 leader of the guilty men called attention, iron- 
 ically, to the dead poet's « avengers.** The 
 word attracted notice and led to discovery. 
 
 Ide, George Barton. An American writer 
 and clergyman ; born in Vemicnt, 1804 ; died 
 in 1872. He has published < Green Hollow*; 
 
 < Bible Echoes, or Lessons from the War';
 
 IDRISI — INGEMANN 
 
 283 
 
 ' The Power cf Kindness,' a juvenile tale ; and 
 < Bible Pictures.' 
 
 Idrlsl (id're-se). An Arabian geographer, 
 who flourished between iioo and 1200, and 
 wrote a <Book About the World' which is of 
 importance in the annals of geographical 
 science. 
 
 Iffland, August Wilhelm (if'fland). A Ger- 
 man dramatist and actor; born in Hanover, 
 April 19, 1759; died at Berlin, Sept. 22, 1814. 
 He fled his home and theological studies when 
 a mere youth, in order to go on the stage, and 
 soon became a great actor. As a playwright 
 he captured the public with < The Hunters ' 
 and <The Crime of Ambition.' He united in 
 a rare degree a mastery of stage-craft with a 
 knowledge of dramatic construction. 
 
 Iglesias, Jose Maria (e-gla'se-as). A Mex- 
 ican historian and publicist ; born in the City 
 of Mexico, Jan. 5, 1823. He has figured very 
 prominently in his country's politics. He has 
 written < Contribution to a History of the War 
 between Mexico and the United States' (1852), 
 and a < Historical Review of the French Inter- 
 vention' (1870). 
 
 Iglesias de la Casa, Jose (e-gla'se-as da la 
 ka'sa). A Spanish poet; born in Salamanca, 
 Oct. 31, 1748; died there, Aug. 26, 1791. He 
 was a priest in his native diocese, and in con- 
 junction with Melendez, organized a devoted 
 band of poetasters, the fame of which spread far 
 and wide, under the name of the School of Sala- 
 manca, exercising in time no ordinary authority 
 over Spanish poetry. His volume of < Light 
 Verse ' has, under various titles, passed through 
 numerous editions in Spain, where he will prob- 
 ably always be a classic. 
 
 Ilsley, Charles Parker. An American au- 
 thor ; born in Maine in 1807 ; died in 1887. 
 He was a resident of Portland, Me., until 
 1866. Among his works are : < The Liberty 
 Pole, a Tale of Machias ' ; < Forest and Shore,' 
 later republished as < The Wrecker's Daughter.' 
 
 Imbert, Barthel^mi (ah-bar'). A French 
 poet; bom at Nimes, 1747; died near Paris (?), 
 Aug. 23, 1790. He attained celebrity with <The 
 Judgment of Paris,' a specimen of delicately 
 wrought and musical versification. He also 
 wrote a < Book of Fables.' 
 
 Imbert de Saint-Amand, Arthur (an-bar'' de 
 sant-a-mih). Pseud. : Arthur Leon. A French 
 biographer and historian; bom in Paris, Nov. 22, 
 1834- died there, June—*, 1900. His career 
 was a diplomatic and official one until he began 
 a study of the lives of the women of the old 
 French courts, of the First Empire, and of the 
 restoration. His < Women of Versailles ' is a 
 graphic presentation of court manners and morals 
 before the Revolution, while the <Women of the 
 Tuileries ' is a bit of realism in biography that 
 brings the era vividly before the reader. His 
 studies of the Napoleonic royalties sustain the 
 reputation estab shed by the earlier works. 
 
 Imbriani, Vittorio (em-bre-an'e). An Ital- 
 ian poet and historian of literature ; bom in 
 
 Naples, Oct. 27, 1840 ; died there, Jan. i, 1886. 
 His life was involved in political turmoil, but 
 he made himself known as a graceful and ele- 
 gant poet with < Popular Songs of the Southern 
 Provinces,' and as an ode-writer of strength 
 and dignity in an* Address to Italy's Queen.' In 
 prose he ranks high, as < Purloined [or Usurped] 
 Reputations,' a book of literary essays, demon- 
 strates. His < Philological Studies in Dante > 
 is a valuable contribution to our knowledge 
 of the great Florentine. 
 
 Imlah, John. A Scottish poet and song- 
 writer ; bom in Aberdeen, 1799 ; died at St. 
 James, Jamaica, 1846. His songs met the pop- 
 ular fancy, and are to be found in all Scotch 
 collections. He published 'May Flowers' in 
 1827, followed by < Poems and Songs' (1841). 
 
 Immermann, Earl Leberecht fim'mer-man). 
 A German poet, dramatist, and romancer ; born 
 in Magdeburg, April 24, 1796; died at Diissel- 
 dorf, Aug. 25, 1840. A university course and 
 the campaign of Waterloo supplied his early 
 experiences. As the result of years of hard 
 labor he produced plays above mediocrity but 
 below greatness. < The Princes of Syracuse ' 
 and < The Eye of Love ' merit notice among 
 his comedies, while as a tragedy, his < Ghis- 
 monda' ranks high. He lives in the brilliant 
 and original < Epigoni.' ' Miinchhausen,' his 
 lightest fancy, is well known. It must not be 
 confused with < Baron Miinchhausen.' 
 
 Inchbald, Elizabeth (Simpson). An English 
 actress, dramatist, and novelist ; born 1753 ; died 
 1821. <A Simple Story,' 'Nature and Art,' are 
 among her best tales. She also wrote : ' Such 
 Things Are > ; < The Married Man ' ; < The Wed- 
 ding Day'; 'The Midnight Hour'; 'Every 
 One Has his Fault'; 'Lovers' Vows'; etc. 
 
 Ingalls, Joshua King. An American finan- 
 cier and writer; bom 18 — . He has published : 
 'Social Wealth'; 'Economic Equities'; and 
 'Reminiscences of an Octogenarian' (1897). 
 
 Ingelow, Jean. An English poet and novelist ; 
 bom in Boston, Eng., March 17, 1820; died 
 in London, July 19, 1897. <A Rhyming Chron- 
 icle of Incidents and Feeling,' her maiden 
 volume, reveals her melancholy disposition. 
 The ' Round of Days ' brought her fame, and 
 the circle of her admirers constantly widened 
 as ' Home Thoughts and Home Scenes,' ' A 
 Story of Doom, and Other Poems,' ' Mopsa the 
 Fairy,' and ' Little Wonder Horn ' made evi- 
 dent the full range of her power. Her novels, 
 ' Fated to be Free,' ' Sarah de Berenger,' ' Don 
 John,' and one or two more, did not attract 
 wide attention. 
 
 Ingemann, Bernhard Severln (ing'e-man). 
 A Danish poet and novelist; born 1789; died 
 1862. His 'Procne,' 'Youthful Poems,' and 
 'The Renegade' display genius. 'Blanca,' 
 ' The Voice in the Desert.' and ' The Battle 
 for the Possession of Walhalla' are wonder- 
 ful plays, alive with inspiration. <Waldemar 
 the Great and his Companions,' a historic 
 poem, is his masterpiece^ while as a novelist
 
 284 
 
 INGERSOLL — IRVING 
 
 he stands among the chosen few with < Con- 
 queror Waldemar,> one of the triumphs of the 
 Danish language. 
 
 Ingersoll, Charles Jared. An American 
 poet and miscellaneous writer ; born in Phila- 
 delphia, 1782; died there, 1862. He was the 
 author of <Chiomara> (1800), a poem; <Edwy 
 and Elgira> ( 1801 ), a tragedy; < Inchiquin 
 the Jesuit's Letters on American Literature 
 and Polities' (1810); <Julian' (1831), a poem; 
 and a < Historical Sketch of the Second War 
 between the United States and Great Britain > 
 (4 vols., 1845-52). 
 
 Ingersoll, Ernest. An American naturalist 
 and prose-writer; born in Michigan, 1852. The 
 summer of 1873 he spent with Louis Agassiz 
 in his seaside school on Penikese. After Agassiz 
 died he was naturalist and collector with the 
 llayden survey in the West. He contributed 
 scientific articles to various newspapers. His 
 writings include: < Birds'-Nesting > (1881); < His- 
 tory and Present Condition of the Oyster In- 
 dustries of the United States' (1S81); < Knocking 
 Ixound the Rockies* (1882); < Country Cousins * 
 (1884); 'The Strange Ventures of a Stowawav' 
 ( 1886) ; and < The Wit of the Wild > ( igo6). ' . 
 
 Ingersoll, Luther Dunlin.m. An American 
 writer; born 18 — . He is librarian of the War 
 Department at Washington, and has published 
 < Iowa and the Rebellion > ; a ' Life of Horace 
 Greeley ' ; and a < History of the War Depart- 
 ment.' 
 
 Ingei oil, Robert Green. A aistinguished 
 American orator, lecturer, and lawyer ; born in 
 Dresden, N. Y., Aug. 11, 1833; died at Dobb's 
 Ferry, N. Y., July 21, 1899. He was well known 
 as a free-thinker. He went west when twelve 
 years old, becoming in time a school-teacher. 
 He began to practice law in 1854. He was col- 
 onel of Illinois cavalry during the War. In 1866 
 he was made attorney-general for Illinois. He 
 has published : < The Gods' ; < Ghosts' ; < Some 
 Mistakes of Moses'; 'Lectures Complete' ; 'Prose 
 Poems and Selections'; and many other pam- 
 phlets and miscellaneous articles. 
 
 Ingleby, Clement Mansfield. An English 
 Shakespearean critic and miscellaneous writer ; 
 born at Edgbaston, near Birmingham, Oct. 29, 
 1823; died at Ilford, Essex, 1886. He was edu- 
 cated at Cambridge for the law, which he 
 abandoned for a literary career, and became 
 famous as a Shakespearean scholar and critic, 
 aiding in the Stanton edition. He wrote : < The 
 Principles of Acoustics and the Theory of 
 Sound ' ; < Tho Stereoscope ' ; < The Ideality of 
 the Rainbow'; <The Mutual Relation of The- 
 ory and Practice*; < Law and Religion'; <A 
 Voice for the Mute Creation ' ; ' Miracles Versus 
 Nature.^ 
 
 Inglls, Henry David (ing'lz). An English 
 descriptive prose-writer; born in Edinburgh, 
 1795; died in London, March 20, 1835. From 
 mercantile life he drifted into literature ; travel- 
 ing widely, and under the pseudonym of " Der- 
 went Conway," writing : < Tales of the Ardennes ' 
 
 (1825), a very popular book, duly followed by 
 'Solitary Walks through Many Lands' (1828), 
 ' Rambles in the Footsteps of Don Quixote ' 
 (1837), and various similar studies. 
 
 Ingraliam, Joseph Holt. An American 
 writer and clergyman ; born in Maine, 1809 ; 
 died 1866. He lived for a time in Holly Springs, 
 Miss., and early in life wrote some very sensa- 
 tional romances, among them : < Lafitte ; the 
 Pirate of the Gulf ' ; ' Captain Kyd ' ; and ' The 
 Dancing Feather.' After entering the minis- 
 try he wrote three religious romances : ' The 
 Prince of the House of David'; 'The PHlar 
 of Fire ' ; and ' The Throne of David.' 
 
 Innsley, Owen. See Jennison, Lucy White, 
 
 Intra, Giambattista (en'tra). An Italian 
 novelist and essayist ; born in Calvenzano, near 
 Bergamo, in 1S32. He has contributed ably to 
 periodical literature and produced original and 
 interesting fiction, notably 'Agnese Gonzaga,' 
 and < The Last of the Bonaccolsi ' ; ' In Villa.' 
 
 Ion of Chios (i'on [w-e'on] ki'os). A Greek 
 poet and prose-writer ; born in Chios about 484 
 B.C.; died at Athens about 422. Few losses to 
 literature are so serious as the destruction of 
 his works, fragments only of which have de- 
 scended to us. Richly endowed, intellectually 
 and physically, and accomplished even for the 
 age of Pericles, he established himself in the 
 intimacy of i^schylus, Sophocles, and the other 
 men who ornament that unexampled era. He 
 distinguished himself by his versatility : trage- 
 dies, hymns, elegies, epigrams, and essa}s issued 
 in a splendid if not very deep stream from the 
 perennial springs of his fancy. Brilliant pass- 
 ages in his memoirs, saved to us by a happy 
 accident, tell of the banquet he gave to Sopho- 
 cles and the things said and done on that typ- 
 ically Hellenic occasion. 
 
 Iron, Ralph. See Schreiner, Olive. 
 
 Irving, John Treat, Jr. An American writer ; 
 born 1812 ; a nephew of Washington Irving, and 
 a lawyer of New York city. He has written : 
 < Indian Sketches ' ; ' Hawk Chief ; ' The Attor- 
 ney'; 'Henry Harson'; and 'The Van Gelder 
 Papers.' He died in 1906. 
 
 Irving, Pierre Munroe. An American writer, 
 nephew of Washington Irving; born 1803; died 
 in 1876. He was the author of a ' Life of 
 W^ashington Irving.' He also edited various 
 compilations and acted as his uncle's literary 
 assistant. 
 
 Irving, Washington. An American histo- 
 rian, biographer, and man of letters; born in 
 New York, April 3, 1783 ; died at "Sunnyside," 
 near Tarrytown, N. Y., Nov. 28, 1859. His works 
 include : 'A Voyage to the Eastern Part of 
 Terra Firma' (1806), a translation; Salma- 
 gundi (1807-8), with J. K. Paulding and WilF 
 iam Irving; 'History of New York by Diedn'ch 
 Knickerbocker' (1809); 'The Sketch Book' 
 (1819-20); 'Bracebridge Hall' (1822); 'Let- 
 ters of Jonathan Oldstyle, Gent.' (1824); 'Life 
 and Times of Christopher Columbus' (1828);
 
 IRVING— JACOBI 
 
 285 
 
 'Conquest of Granada' (1829); < Companions of 
 Columbus > (1831); <The Alhambra> (1832); 
 'Crayon Miscellany > (1835); 'Astoria > (1836); 
 < The Rocky Mountains : Journal of Captain 
 B. L. E. Bonneville > (1837); 'Life of Oliver 
 Goldsmith > (184OJ; 'Mahomet and his Suc- 
 cessors) (1849-50); 'Wolfert's Roost > (1855); 
 'Life of Washington > (1855-59). Among his 
 literary labors he made an edition of ' The 
 Poetical Works of Thomas Campbell* (1810), 
 and ' Miscellaneous Works of Oliver Gold- 
 smith.> 
 
 Irving, William. An American prose-writer, 
 and brother of Washington Irving ; born in 
 New York city, 1766 ; died there, 1821. He con- 
 tributed largely in the production of Salma- 
 gundi ; the political pieces were mostly his, 
 as also were the letters of Mustapha in Nos. 5 
 and 14. 
 
 Isaaks, Jorge (e'saks or i'zaks). A South 
 American novelist and poet ; born in Cali, 
 Colombia. His extraction is partly English- 
 Jewish and partly Spanish. ' Maria,* a novel, 
 is his masterpiece, but he has written meritori- 
 ous verse. 
 
 Isla, Jose Francisco de (es'la). A Spanish 
 latirist; born in Vidane, March 24, 1703; died 
 at Bologna, Nov. 2, 1781. He was a Jesuit and 
 taught successfully in the Jesuit seminaries for 
 years, but the expulsion of his order from Spain 
 reduced him to destitution, and he died in 
 
 want. He is without a rival among his coun- 
 trymen, Cervantes always excepted, as a wit 
 and satirist ; the prodigious popularity of his 
 
 < Life and Adventures of Friar Gerundio de 
 Campazas,* upon its first appearance in 1758 
 (under the pseudonym of " F. Lobon de Sala- 
 zar ** ), being but a well-won tribute to its unhack- 
 neyed drolleries and epigrammatic style. As a 
 portrait of Spanish life in the eighteenth cen- 
 tury it must ever remain a standard work. He 
 made an infelicitous translation of ' Gil Bias * 
 from the French that led to a still more in- 
 felicitous controversy over the authorship of 
 that lengthy masterpiece. His other works are 
 without importance. 
 
 Isocrates (i-sok'ra-tes). A Greek orator and 
 rhetorician ; born in Athens in 436 B. C. ; died 
 at Athens (?) 338 B.C. He was apparently 
 carefully educated, Socrates having been of 
 the number of his preceptors ; and at an early 
 age he was celebrated for the facility with 
 which he used his native tongue, although the 
 weakness of his voice precluded any hope he 
 may once have entertained of distinction in 
 public life. He therefore opened a school of 
 oratory, the fame of which soon filled all Greece, 
 in consequence of the exceptional attainments of 
 its graduates. The ages have spared to us 
 twenty-one of his compositions, rhetorical and 
 epistolary. He is best represented by the dis- 
 courses known as the 'Areopagiticus * and the 
 
 < Panegyricus.* 
 
 Jablonsky, Boleslav (yab-lon'ske). [" Karl 
 Eugen Tupy.**] A leading Czech poet; born 
 Jan. 14, 1813; died in Cracow, March 1881. 
 His love lyric 'Pisne* and his didactic 'The 
 Father's Wisdom* are universally popular, 
 
 Jackson, Edward Payson. An American 
 prose-writer ; born in Erzeroum, Turkey, March 
 15, 1840. He graduated at Amherst in 1870. 
 He published : < Mathematic Geography* (1873); 
 <A Demi-God* (1886); and 'The Earth in 
 Space > (1887). He died in 1905. 
 
 Jackson, Helen Fiske. [«H. H.**] An 
 American poet and miscellaneous writer ; born 
 1831; died 1885. She published: < Poems*; 
 'Bits of Talk*; 'Hetty's Strange History*; 
 'Ramona*; <A Century of Dishonor*; etc. 
 
 Jackson, Henry, An English novelist ; born 
 in Boston, Lincolnshire, April 15, 1831 ; died at 
 Hampstead, May 24, 1879. His novels : 'A Dead 
 Man's Revenge*; < Gilbert Rugge * (1866); and 
 •Argus Fairburn* (1874), had much vogue. 
 
 Jackson, Sbeldon. An American missionary ; 
 born at Minaville, N. Y., May 18, 1834. He was 
 superintendent of missions for the Rocky Mount- 
 ain region from 1870 to 1872. In 1885 he was 
 appointed general agent of education in Alaska. 
 
 Among his works are : 'Alaska and Missions 
 on the North Pacific Coast* (1880); 'Education 
 in Alaska* (1881). 
 
 Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich (ya-ko'be). A 
 German philosopher and metaphysician ; born 
 in Diisseldorf, Jan. 25, 1743; died at Munich, 
 March 10, 1819. He obtained recognition from 
 Wieland, Goethe, and other accomplished Ger- 
 mans as one of the most original thinkers of 
 their common country. ' Letters on Spinoza's 
 Philosophy * ; < Things Divine * ; ' Letter to 
 Fichte * ; 'An Enterprise in Criticism to Render 
 Reason Reasonable*; and 'Woldemar,* a phil- 
 osophical fiction, are among his most important 
 additions to literature. 
 
 Jacobi, Johann Georg. A German poet, 
 
 brother of Friedrich ; born in Diisseldorf, Sept. 
 2, 1740 ; died at Freiburg, Jan. 4, 1814. His asso- 
 ciation with Wieland, Klopstock, Goethe, Her- 
 der, and "Father** Gleim, the poet and patron 
 of poets, quickened his talent, and the verse 
 that gives him such eminence among his coun- 
 try's minor bards was the result. ' The Summer 
 Journey * and ' The Winter Journey * are among 
 the prettiest of this poet's pieces. 
 
 Jacobi, Mary Putnam. An American phy- 
 sician ; born in Loudon, England, Aug. 31. 1842
 
 386 
 
 JACOBSEN — JAMES 
 
 She graduated from the Woman's Medical Col- 
 lege, Philadelphia; College of Pharmacy, New 
 York ; and the School of Medicine, Paris. Since 
 1871 she has practiced in New York city. Among 
 her works are: <The Value of Life> (1879); 
 < Hysteria, and Other Essays > (1888). D. 1906. 
 
 Jacobsen, Jens Peter (ya'kub-sen). A Dan- 
 ish novelist; born at Thisted, Jutland, April 7, 
 1847 ; died at Copenhagen, April 30, 1885. He 
 was a botanist and Darwinian who turned to 
 stor>'-writing and became eminent as a realistic 
 novelist. < Mogens,> < Niels Lyhne,> and < Marie 
 Grubbe' are tales of great merit in plot, con- 
 struction, and style. 
 
 Jacobson, Eduard (ya'kub-son). A German 
 comic poet; born at Great Strelitz, Upper 
 Silesia, Nov. 10, 1833. He studied medicine, 
 but wrote < Faust and Gretchen > in his college 
 days, and thus learned what he was fitted for. 
 A host of laughable nothings have followed it. 
 Among his best works < 500,000 Devils > and 
 * The Man in the Moon ' may be cited. D. 1897. 
 
 Jacopone da Todi (ya"k5-p5'ne da tS'de). 
 An Italian Pietist poet and satirist ; born at 
 Todi about 1230; died at CoUazzone, Dec. 25, 
 1306. He was a prominent lawyer, who lost 
 his wife, became a monk, and got involved in 
 politics. He wrote dialect poems in support 
 of his party ; the stinging sarcasm of his rhymes 
 aimed against Pope Boniface VIH. causing 
 them to be particularly remembered. The 
 hymn <Stabat Mater > is attributed to him, al- 
 though the authorship has been disputed. 
 
 Jacotot, Jean Joseph (zha-ko-to). A Fr^r-ch 
 authority on education ; born in Dijon, March 
 4, 1770 ; died at Paris, July 31, 1840. He founded 
 a system of pedagogics that still bears his 
 name, and is based apparently upon the iter, 
 iterumque of Virgil, — constant repetition, and 
 learning by heart, — together with a harmony of 
 studies. His system is set forth in the < Uni- 
 versal Instruction, > an elaborate manual in 
 « mother tongue," and in < Music, Design, and 
 Painting,* works of great vogue at one time, 
 and still widely accepted. 
 
 Jager, Oskar (ya'ger). A German historian 
 and pedagogue ; born at Stuttgart, Oct. 26, 
 1830. As an educator he has attained prestige 
 and official position; while his 'History of 
 Recent Times, from the Congress of Vienna 
 to our Own Day> (1874-75) is an acknowl- 
 edged masterpiece. <The Humanist Gymna- 
 sium > (1889) is an example of his achievements 
 in pedagogics ; and he has written < The Punic 
 Wars> (1869-70) and <John Wycliffe and his 
 Significance for the Reformation' (1854), both 
 profound studies ; and a < World History > (1902). 
 
 Jago, Richard. An English poet; born in 
 Beaudesert, Warwickshire, Oct. i, 1715 ; died at 
 Snitterfield, May 8, 1781. He was a clergyman 
 poetically endowed, whose elegy * The Black- 
 birds* (1753) pleases, and whose other works 
 are tasteful. 
 
 Jagodynskl, Stanislas (ya-go-din'ske). A 
 Polish poet and prose-writer, who flourished in 
 
 the sixteenth century, and was, it would seem, 
 a laureate and epigrammatist at court, distin- 
 guishing himself by his wit and eloquence. 
 
 < Presents for Saxon Ladies,* a biting and 
 dainty satire, directed against the corruption 
 of the times ; * The Courtesans,* a volume of 
 epigrams ; and < The Escape of Rugiera,* a 
 drama, show him at his best. 
 
 Jalal-ud-din Rumi. See Rumi. 
 
 James I., King of Scotland. Born at Dun- 
 fermline, Aug. I (?), 1394; assassinated near 
 Perth, Feb. 20, 1437. His < Kingis Quair * ( King's 
 Booklet: 1404 ?) is a poem of spirit; and in 
 
 < The Ballade of Guid Counsale,* almost cer- 
 tainly his, are many fine passages. 
 
 James I., King of England. Born in Edin- 
 burgh Castle, June 19, 1566; died at the palace 
 of Theobalds, March 27, 1625. His literary 
 gifts are revealed in < Essays of a Prentice in 
 the Divine Art of Poetry* (1584); < Poetical 
 Exercises* (1591); and <Tb'' True Law of Free 
 Monarchies* (1603). 
 
 James, George Payne Rainsford. An Eng- 
 lish novelist ; born in London, Aug. 9, 1801 ; 
 died in Venice, May 9, i860. His historical 
 novel < Richelieu* (1829) won encomiums from 
 Scott. Next came < Darnley * ( 1830) ; < Delorme *' 
 (1831); <Attila* (1837); and many stirring and 
 readable novels. He attempted the historian's 
 role, without encouraging results, in <Dark 
 Scenes of History* (1849), and other books. 
 He wrote as many as seventy historical novels. 
 
 James, Henry. An American scholar ; born 
 at Albany, N. Y., June 3, 1811 ; died at Cam- 
 bridge, Mass., Dec. 18, 1882. He resided at 
 Cambridge. Among the most noted of his 
 works on morals and religion are : < What Is 
 the State?* (1845); < Moralism and Christian- 
 ity* (1852); 'Lectures and Miscellanies* (1852); 
 <The Nature of Evil* (1855); 'Christianity the 
 Logic of Creation* (1857); 'Substance and 
 Shadow* (1863); 'The Secret of Swedenborg* 
 (1869). 
 
 James, Henry. An American novelist and 
 miscellaneous prose-writer, son of Henry (ist); 
 born in New York, April 15, 1843. His works 
 include: 'Transatlantic Sketches* (1875); 'A 
 Passionate Pilgrim and Other Tales* (1875); 
 'Roderick Hudson* (1876); 'The American* 
 (1877); 'Watch and Ward* (1878); 'French 
 Poets and Novelists* (1878); 'Daisy Miller: 
 a Study* (1878); 'The Europeans: a Sketch* 
 (1878); 'An International Episode* (1879); 
 'The Madonna of the Future and Other 
 Tales* (1879); 'Hawthorne* (1879); 'A Bun- 
 dle of Letters* (1880); 'Confidence* (1880); 
 'The Diary of a Man of Fifty* (1880); 'Wash- 
 ington Square* (1880); 'The Portrait of a 
 Lady* (1882); 'Daisy Miller: a Comedy* 
 (1883); 'The Siege of London; The Pension 
 Beaurepas; and The Point of View* (1883); 
 'Portraits of Places* (1883); 'Tales of Three 
 Cities* (1884); 'A Little Tour in France > 
 (1885); 'The Art of Fiction* (1885), with 
 Walter Besant; 'Stories Revived* (2 vols..
 
 JAMES — JANVIER 
 
 287 
 
 1885); <The Author of Beltraffio> (1885); <The 
 Bostonians> (1886); < The Princess Casamas- 
 sima> (1886); < Partial Portraits > (1888); <The 
 Aspern Papers and Other Stories > (1888); <The 
 Reverberator > (1888); <A London Life> (1889); 
 <The Tragic Muse > (1890); < Port Tarascon> 
 (1891), a translation; <The Lesson of the Mas- 
 ter > (1892), a volume of stories; < The Real 
 Thing and Other Tales > (1893); < Picture and 
 Text> (1893); <The Private Life' (1893), a 
 volume of stories ; < Essays in London and 
 Elsewhere' (1893); < The Wheel of Time> 
 (1894); < Theatricals > (1894); < Terminations' 
 (ibvSj; < What Maisie Knew'(i897J; < The 
 Awkward Age' (18991; * The Sacred Fount' 
 (1901J; < The Wings of the Dove ' (1902); < The 
 Better Sort' (1903) ; <The Lesson of Balzac' 
 (1905) ;< American Scenes' (1906). 
 
 James, William. An American scholar and 
 psychlogist, son of Henry (ist); born Jan. il, 
 1842. Graduated at Harvard University, and has 
 been a professor since 1872 of anatomy, physiolo- 
 gy, and psychology. His published works are: 
 < Principles of Psychology' ("1890); 'Psychology, 
 Briefer Course ' (1892); < Pragmatism ' (1907). 
 
 Jameson, Anna Brownell. An Irish mis- 
 cellaneous writer; bom (Murphy) in Dublin, 
 May 17, 1794; died in London, March 17, i860. 
 She was the daughter of a noted artist, and 
 began her literary work with 'The Diary of 
 an Ennuy^e' (1826). Then followed < Loves 
 of the Poets' (1829); 'Celebrated Female Sov- 
 ereigns' (1831); 'Characteristics of Women'; 
 'Companion to the Public Picture Galleries of 
 London' (1842); 'Memoirs of the Early Italian 
 Painters' (1845), edited; 'Sacred and Legend- 
 ary Art' (1848-52), not quite complete; etc. 
 
 Jameson, Robert William. A British jour- 
 nalist, novelist, poet, and miscellaneous writer; 
 born in Leith, 1805 ; died in London, Dec. 10, 
 1868. Radical in his politics, he wrote brill- 
 iantly during the Anti-Corn-Law agitation ; 
 evolving between times, 'Nimrod' (1848), a 
 poem in blank verse ; ' The Curse of Gold ' 
 (1854), a novel; and a tragedy, 'Timoleon,' 
 which reached a second edition in 1852. 
 
 Jami, 'Abd-urraliman (ja-me', abd'or-oi- 
 man). The last of Persia's classic poets ; bom 
 in Jam, Khorasan, August (?) 1414; died at 
 Herat (?), in May (?) 1492 or 1493. His best- 
 known poetical works are : ' The Abode of 
 Spring' (Beharistan); 'The Chain of Gold'; 
 and ' The Loves of Joseph and Zuleika and of 
 Mejnun and Leila.' He is known in Europe 
 as the Persian Petrarch, while his countrymen 
 call him " the fiery star to which the gold stars 
 bend," a metaphor illustrative of the glories 
 with which he invested the passion of love. 
 
 Jamison, Mrs. Celia V. (Hamilton). An 
 
 American novelist; born in Yarmouth, Can., 
 1848. Among her best-known works are : ' Tion- 
 ette's Philip ' ; ' Lady Jane '; < Thistledown.' 
 
 Jamyn, Amadis (ja-mah'). A French poet; 
 born in Chaource, Champagne, about 1538 ; 
 died there about 1585. He wrote in imitation 
 of Ronsard, producing neat and dainty but 
 
 rather insipid sonnets, in which we are assured 
 that love, while a grand thing, has yet its in- 
 conveniences. 'The Hunt' and < Liberality > 
 are among his pieces. 
 
 Janda, Bohumil (yan'da). A Bohemian nov- 
 elist and poet ; born at Patek, May i, 1831 ; 
 died at Prague (?), Sept. 29, 1875. His poetry 
 and prose deal mostly with historical themes 
 afforded by the annals of his native land. ' Jan 
 Talafus z Ostrova' is his masterpiece in metre, 
 being an epic of a fifteenth-century knight. His 
 novel 'Anna M^stecki Bocek' is based upon 
 somewhat similar material. 
 
 Jan de Rijmer (yan de remer). See Goever- 
 neur. 
 
 Janet, Paul (zhan-a'). A French philosopher 
 and essayist ; born in Paris, April 30, 1823. He 
 has received important professorships in ac- 
 knowledgment of the services conferred upon 
 education by. ' The Family' (1855), 'Studies of 
 Dialectic in Plato and in Hegel' (i860), 'Mas- 
 ters of Modem Thought M 1883), and others which 
 show the influence of Cousin. Died Oct. 4, 1899. 
 
 Janin, Jules (zha-nah). A French critic, 
 journalist, and novelist; bom in St. Etienne, 
 Feb. 16, 1804; died at Paris, June 19, 1874. He 
 caught the fancy of the Parisians with his lit- 
 erary and theatrical criticisms, displaying an 
 incredible aptitude for detecting the public taste, 
 and guiding himself wholly by it. In 1870 he 
 was elected to the French Academy. Among 
 his stories and novels, ' The Dead Donkey and 
 the Guillotined Woman,' < Confession,' and ' A 
 Heart for Two Loves,' are conspicuous. His 
 permanent work is probably the collection of 
 papers called ' History of Dramatic Literature.* 
 
 Janson, Kristofer Nagel (yan'son). A Nor- 
 wegian poet; born in Bergen, May 5, 1841. 
 He is a clergyman and educator, and settled 
 in this country in 1881. ' Norse Poems,' a col- 
 lection of IjTics, and < Praerien's Saga,' are his 
 most popular works, but he has produced many 
 stories of merit. He writes in both Norse and 
 Enplish. He returned to Norway in 1892. 
 
 Janssen, Johannes (yan'sen). A German 
 historian ; born in Xanten, Diisseldorf, April 
 10, 1829; died in Frankfort-on-the-Main, Dec, 
 24, 1891. Distinguished for the zeal and learn- 
 ing with which he contends for the Catholic 
 point of view in various valuable historical 
 studies, he has produced in 'The^History of 
 the German People since the Close of the Mid- 
 dle Ages' (1877-94), a masterpiece of energetic 
 controversialism softened by a happy style. 
 
 Janvier, Francis de Haes. An American 
 
 poet, kinsman of Thomas A. ; born in Penn- 
 sylvania in i8':7; died in 1885. He published: 
 ' The Skeleton Monk, and Other Poems ' (i860); 
 'The Sleeping Sentinel' (1863); ' Pat-iotic 
 Poems' (1866). 
 
 Janvier, Margaret Thomson. ["Margaret 
 Vandegrift."] An American writer of juvenile 
 literature, sister of Thomas A. ; bora in New 
 Orleans, La., 1845. She is a resident of Phil- 
 adelphia. Among her best-known works are:
 
 a88 
 
 JANVIER— JEFFERSON 
 
 •Clover Beach > (1880); < Under the Dog Star> 
 (1881); <The Dead Doll, and Other Verses > 
 (1888) ; < Little Helpers) (1888); < Umbrellas to 
 Mend> (1905). 
 
 Janvier, Tliomas Allibone. An American 
 novelist and miscellaneous writer ; born in Phil- 
 adelphia, 1849. He has published : < An Em- 
 bassy to Provence,* a volume of travel ; < Color 
 Studies > ; < Four Stories > ; < The Mexican 
 Guide'; < Stories of Old New? Spain >; <The 
 Aztec Treasure House,' a romance ; < The Un- 
 cle of an Angel, and Other Stories'; <In Old 
 New York > ; etc. 
 
 Jarves, James Jackson. An American prose- 
 writer; born in Boston, Aug. 20, 1820; died 
 in Terasp, Switzerland, June 28, 1888. He pub- 
 lished : * History of the Hawaiian or Sandwich 
 Islands' (1843); < Art Hints: Architecture, 
 Sculpture, and Painting' (1855); <Art Studies: 
 The Old Masters of Italy' (1861); < Glimpses 
 at the Art of Japan' (1876); and < Italian Ram- 
 bles' (1884); and < Santa F^'s Partner' (1907). 
 
 Jasmin, Jacques (zhas-man). A Proven5al 
 poet ; born in Agen, Lot-et-Garonne, March 6, 
 1798; died there, Oct. 4, 1864. His origin was 
 of the humblest, and he earned his livelihood 
 as a barber. He wrote : < Curl Papers,' a string 
 of quaint verses ; < Souvenirs,' a series of stan- 
 zas, the nature of which is sufficiently indicated 
 by the title they bear ; and the narrative poem 
 
 < Frangonette.' He developed the possibili- 
 ties of the language of Provence as a medium 
 of modern literary expression. 
 
 Jasykov, Nicolai Mikhailovich (yas-e'kov). 
 A Russian poet; born in Simbirsk, March 16, 
 1803; died at Moscow, Jan. 7, 1847. His earliest 
 verse was in a light and amatory vein (hence 
 his sobriquet <The Russian Anacreon'), but ill 
 health changed the current of his thoughts. 
 His first book is a collection of amorous lyrics, 
 and his last a compilation of religious poetry. 
 The good taste with which he uses the Rus- 
 sian language makes his verse notable. 
 
 Jauregui y Aguilar, Juan de (hou'ra-ge e 
 a'ge-lar). A Spanish poet ; born in Seville, 
 about 1570 ; died at Madrid, Jan. 10 (?), 1649. 
 His name became universally known in Spain 
 upon the appearance of his charming transla- 
 tion of Tasso's <Aminta.' He wrote < Orpheus,' 
 a long mediocre poem, and a < Poetic Discourse ' 
 against the poet Gongora, besides rendering 
 Lucan's < ^arsalia ' into Spanish with respect- 
 able fidelity to the original, but without its 
 power. 
 
 Jay, Antoine (zha). A French critic, essay- 
 ist, and biographer ; born in Guitres, Gironde, 
 Oct. 20, 1770; died at Lagorce, April 9, 1855. 
 His early essays on literature won prizes from 
 the French Academy, the reputation thus ob- 
 tained being fully borne out by his work as an 
 editor on the Journal de Paris ; by the < History 
 of Cardinal Richelieu's Ministry ' ; and the 
 
 < Biographies of Contemporaries,' to which he 
 contributed numerous articles. His < Eulogy of 
 Corneille ' and * Hermits in Prison ' are much 
 quoted. 
 
 Jay, Jolm. An American lawyer; born in Ne\nr 
 York city, June 23, 1817 ; died there, Ma" 5, 
 1894. He graduated from Cclumbia College in 
 1836, and was admitted to the bar in 1839. He 
 actively opposed slavery, and was counsel for 
 many fugitive slaves. From 1869 to 1875 he was 
 minister to Austria, and in 1883 became a 
 member of the New York Civil Service Com- 
 mission. Among his works are : < Caste and 
 Slavery in the American Church' (1843); 
 •America Free, or America Slave' (1856). 
 
 Jayadeva (jT-a-da'va). A Sanskrit poet; 
 born in Kenduli (.?), about 1150 (?). He is 
 known only as the author of the < Gita-Govinda' 
 or < Song of the Cowherd,' an expressively pas- 
 sionate and realistic outburst of the amorous 
 Muse. 
 
 Jeaffbrson, John Cordy (jSPersgn). An Eng- 
 lish essayist, biographer and critic; born in Fram- 
 lingham, Suffolk, Jan. 14, 1831; died ia London, 
 Feb. 2, 1901. He was bred to the bar, but 
 became a novelist, changing his mind when his 
 fiction failed and his < Novels and Novelists from 
 Elizabeth to Victoria' (1858) succeeded; after 
 which time, < A Book about Doctors) (i860), 
 <A Book about Lawyers' (1866), and <A Book 
 about the Clergy' (1870) spread his fame. In 
 biography <The Real Lord Byron > (1883) and 
 <The Real Shelley' (1885) are studies in which 
 the critic and the essayist show knowledge and 
 skill. 
 
 Jean Paul. See Richter. 
 
 Jefferies, Ricbard. An English essayist and 
 novelist ; born in Swindon, Wiltshire, Nov. 6, 
 1848 ; died at Goring, Sussex, Aug. 14, 1887. 
 His published works include : < The Goddards 
 of North Wilts' (1873), a local family history; 
 <The Scarlet Shawl' (1874), a novel; < Rest- 
 less Human Hearts' (1875), ^ novel; <The 
 World's End' (1877), a novel; <The Dewy 
 Morn,' a novel; 'Wild Life in a Southern 
 County' (1879), a volume of descriptive 
 sketches : this was followed by similar books, 
 notably, < Round about a Great Estate ' ; < The 
 Life of the Fields'; <The Open Air'; < The 
 Amateur Poacher' (1879); < Hodge and his 
 Masters'; <The Game Keeper at Home'; etc. 
 His later works were the novel < Green Feme 
 Farm' (1880); <Wood Magic' (1881), a fanci- 
 ful animal story; <Bevis' (1882), a tale of child- 
 hood; <The Story of My Heart' (1883), by 
 many pronounced his masterpiece ; < Red Deer* 
 (1884), a description of Exmoor; < After Lon- 
 don' (1885), an imaginative tale; 'Amaryllis 
 at the Fair' (1887), a novel of country life; 
 and some fugitive essays and sketches. < Field 
 and Hedgerow ' was published posthumously. 
 
 Jefferson, Joseph. An American actor of 
 great repute and charm ; born in Philadel- 
 phia, Feb. 20, 1829. He came of a long line of 
 dramatists, and was associated with the most 
 famous actors of his time. His play < Rip Van 
 Winkle' delighted untold thousands of play- 
 goers. No other American actor ever won so 
 warm a place in the American heart. His 
 'Autobiography' was published in 1890. He
 
 JEFFERSON — JERVEY 
 
 289 
 
 gave frequent lectures and addresses on the art 
 of the actor. He died at Palm Beach, Florida, 
 April 23, 1905. 
 
 Jefferson, Tbomas. A statesman of the first 
 rank and fame; born at Shadvvell, Va., April 
 2, 1743; died at Monticello, Va., July 4, 1826. 
 The Declaration of Independence is the pro- 
 duction of his pen ; and he was author of 
 < Notes on Virginia,* 'Autobiography,' and < Cor- 
 respondence.> (< Complete Works,* 10 vols., 
 1892. 
 
 Jeffrey, Francis. A famous Scottish critic; 
 born at Edinburgh, Oct. 23, 1773; died there, 
 Jan. 26, 1850. He was educated for the law, 
 but chose letters, beginning his noted literary 
 career by co-operating in the founding of the 
 Edinburgh Review. He was one of the most 
 conspicuous figures of his day in criticism. 
 His multifarious writings are only partially rep- 
 resented in < Contributions to the Edinburgh 
 Review > (1843), < Essay on Beauty,* and < Nature 
 and Principles of Taste* (1879). 
 
 Jeffrey, Rosa Vertner Grififttli. An Ameri- 
 can novelist and poet; born in Natchez, Miss., 
 1826 ; died 1894. She contributed to the Louis- 
 ville Journal under the name << Rosa ** in 1850. 
 Her published works are in part : < Poems, by 
 Rosa* (1857); <Woodburn,* a novel (1864); 
 ♦Daisy Dare and Baby Power,* poems (1871); 
 •The Crimson Hand and Other Poems* (1881); 
 and < Marsh,* a novel (1884). 
 
 Jenkln, Henrietta Camilla. An English 
 novelist ; born in Jamaica about 1807 ; died in 
 Edinburgh, Feb. 8, 1885. Well educated and 
 clever, she wrote fiction as a means of liveli- 
 hood. Her < Cousin Stella* (1859), a portrayal 
 of West-Indian life and manners, made a hit ; 
 as did <Who Breaks, Pays* (1861), in which 
 the flirt is admirably pictured. Her other nov- 
 els are only mediocre. 
 
 Jenkins, Edward. An English political 
 pamphleteer; born in Bangalore, India, 1838, 
 and educated at McGill University, Canada, 
 and the University of Pennsylvania. A Mem- 
 ber of Parliament, he has written on social and 
 political questions in the satirical vein; his 
 <Ginx's Baby' (1870), <Lord Bantam,* < Little 
 Hodge,* and other efforts, have had great cur- 
 rency. 
 
 Jenkins, John Stilwell. An American prose- 
 writer, born in Albany, N. Y., Feb. 15, 1818; 
 died in Weedsport, N. Y., Sept. 20, 1852. He 
 was a lawyer by profession, but edited the Cay- 
 uga Times. Among his works are : < Generals 
 of the Last War with Great Britain* (1841); 
 an abridgment of Hammond's < Political His- 
 tory of New York* (1846); < Alice Howard* 
 (1846); <Life of Silas Wright* (1847); <History 
 of the Mexican War* (1848); < Heroines of 
 History* {1853); etc. 
 
 Jenneval (zhen-val), pseudonym of Louis 
 Dechez. A French-Belgian patriotic song- 
 writer; born in Lyons, 1808; killed in the 
 campaign of Lierre, Oct. 19, 1830. His fame 
 rests upon that most renowned of Belgian patri- 
 
 19 
 
 otic songs, < Brabanfonni?,* which won its way 
 rapidly to official recognition as the national 
 hymn ; and his collected < Poems ' give evidence 
 of a genuine inspiration. 
 
 Jennison, Lucy White. [«Owen Innsley.**] 
 An American poet ; born in Massachusetts in 
 1850. She has lived mainly in Europe. She 
 published <Love Poems and Sonnets* (1881). 
 
 Jensen, Wilhelm (yen'sen). A prolific Ger- 
 man poet, novelist, and miscellaneous writer; 
 born in Heiligenhafen, Holstein, Feb. 15, 1837. 
 He is antithetic and realistic in method. Of 
 his poetry the < Songs from France * and < A 
 Dream in a Glade* must win a permanent 
 place. The tragedy <Dido> is meritorious. 
 Of the novels, <Eddystone,> < Under Warmer 
 Skies,* < Nameless,* and < After Sunset,* have 
 achieved wide popularity. Impatience and 
 rapidity of production tend to mar his style. 
 
 Jer&bek, Frantisek (yer'sha-bek). A Czech 
 poet of great eminence; born in Sabotka, Jan. 
 25, 1836; died at Prague, March 30 (?), 1893. 
 <Hdna* was his first dramatic effort; but <The 
 Way of Public Opinion > and < A Servant of 
 his Lord* are deemed the triumphs of his 
 genius. In the historic tragedies of <The Son 
 of Man* and<Zivist* he obtains the most vivid 
 dramatic effects. Few play-writers of recent 
 times have equaled him in sensational climax 
 and in dignity of diction and movement. 
 
 Jerome, Jerome Elapka. An English hu- 
 morist and story-writer; bom in Walsall, May 
 2, 1859. He wrote: <On the Stage — and Off* 
 (1885), largely autobiographical; 'Idle Thoughts 
 of an Idle Fellow * ; and a comedy, < Barbara.* 
 'Three Men in a Boat* (1889) was the succe.->5 
 of its year; since which time his labors as 
 dramatist, journalist, and story-teller, have been 
 many. 
 
 Jerrold, Douglas William. An English hu- 
 morist; born in London, Jan. 3, 1803; died 
 there, June 8, 1857. His wit was caustic and 
 keen, and his long-continued contributions to 
 Punch are widely known. He wrote : ' Mrs. 
 Caudle's Curtain Lectures * ; ' Story of a 
 Feather*; <The Rent Day*; 'Time Works 
 Wonders * ; and ' Retired from Business * ; all 
 jolly good things. 
 
 Jerrold, William Blanchard. An English 
 journalist and topical writer, son of Douglas; 
 born in London, Dec. 23, 1826; died there 
 (Westminster), March 10, 1884. He edited 
 Lloyd's newspaper brilliantly, and became half 
 a Frenchman in residence, speech, a-nd man- 
 ner, his best writings being contained in : ' Paris 
 for the English* (3d ed. 1868); ' The Cockaynes 
 in Paris* (1871); and 'The Best of all Good 
 Company* (1871), a series of recollections of 
 Dickens, Bulwer, and others : but he wrote a 
 good comedy occasionally, and some readable 
 stories, and also a 'Life of Napoleon III.* 
 (1875-77). 
 
 Jervey, Mrs. Caroline H. [''Oilman Glov- 
 er.'*] An American novelist; born in SouUr
 
 290 
 
 JESSE— JOHNSON 
 
 Carolina in 1823 ; died in 1877. Her works in- 
 clude < Vernon Grove > and < Helen Courtenay's 
 Promise. > 
 
 Jesse, John Heneage. An English histori- 
 cal writer; born near London, 1815; died there, 
 July 7, 1874. His early verse, < Mary Queen of 
 Scots* and < Tales of the Dead,> is of no mo- 
 ment. He is remembered for a series of com- 
 pilations of historical gossip, generally known 
 as < Courts and Cabinets > of the Stuarts, George 
 II. and III., etc.; they show neither independ- 
 ent research nor critical judgment, but are con- 
 venient as bringing together many scattered 
 bits from the original memoirists. He wrote 
 also < George Selwyn and his Contemporaries* 
 (1843), and < London and Its Celebrities* (1850). 
 
 Jessup, Henry Harris. An American mis- 
 sionary ; born at Montrose, Pa., 1832. He was 
 a missionary to Tripoli and Syria from 1856 
 to i860, and is at present stationed at Beyrout. 
 His works include < The Women of the Arabs * 
 (1873), and < The Mohammedan Missionary 
 Problem ' (1S79) ; < Syrian Home Life* ; < Kamil.* 
 
 Jewett, Sarah Orne. An American short- 
 story writer; born in Maine, 1849. Her works 
 include : < Old Friends and New * ; < Play Days * ; 
 
 < Country Ey-Ways * ; < Deephaven * ; < The Mate 
 of the Daylight, and Friends Ashore*; <A 
 Country Doctor * ; < A Marsh Island*; < A White 
 Heron and Other Stories * ; < The Story of the 
 Normans,* a historical work ; < The King of 
 Folly Island, and Other People*; < Betty Lei- 
 cester* ; < Strangers and Wayfarers* ; <A Native 
 of Winby, and Other Tales'; <The Life of 
 Nancy*; <The Country of the Pointed Firs*; 
 
 < The Queen'sTwin * ; < The Tory Lover.* 
 
 Jewsbury, Geraldine Endsor. An English 
 novelist; born at Measham, Derbyshire, l8l2; 
 died in London, Sept. 23, 1880. Her novels, 
 <Zoe, the History of Two Lives* (1845), <The 
 Half-Sisters* (1848), < Right or Wrong* (1859), 
 and others of like charm and interest, met 
 with success. 
 
 Jewsbury, Maria Jane. An English poet 
 and prose-writer, sister of Geraldine ; born in 
 Measham, Derbyshire, Oct. 25, 1800 ; died of 
 cholera at Poonah, India, Oct. 4, 1833. She 
 wrote < Phantasmagoria, or Sketches of Life 
 and Character,* (1824?) and the fascinating 
 
 < Letters to the Young* (1828) during a severe 
 illness. Her <Lays of Leisure Hours* (1829) 
 attracted general admiration, and her < Three 
 Histories: the History of an Enthusiast, the 
 History of a Nonchalant, the History of a 
 Realist* (1830) ran through four editions. She 
 married Rev. W. K Fletcher, an Indian mis- 
 sionary. 
 
 Jirftsek, Aloys (ye-riis'ek). A Czech novel- 
 ist; born in Hronov, Bohemia, 1851. His talent 
 IS for the production of faithful and effective 
 word-paintings of Czech life and character; 
 
 < Between the Streams,* <Against All,* and < In 
 Foreign Service,* being typical examples. 
 
 Joachim, Joseph (yo-a'kem). A Swiss story- 
 writer; bom at Kestenholz, near Solothurn, 
 
 April 4, 1835. The son of a peasant, and with- 
 out early advantages, he did not take to the 
 pen until mature life ; but < Lonny, the Home- 
 less * (1889), <The Brothers* (1891), < Mother 
 Lenen's Revenge* (1892), and other tales of 
 village peasant life, have given him an enviable 
 renown. 
 
 Jobez, Alphonse (zho-bez'). A French his- 
 torian and writer on social science ; born in 
 Lons-le-Saulnier, Aug. i, 1813. His literary rep- 
 utation dates from the appearance of <A Pref- 
 ace to Socialism,* < Democracy Is the Unknown,* 
 and < Woman and the Child, or Poverty En- 
 tails Oppression.* His history of < France un- 
 der Louis XV.* is an authority. 
 
 Jodelle, :6tienne (zho-del). A French dra- 
 matic poet ; bom in Paris about 1532 ; died 
 there (?), 1573. At twenty his tragedy of 
 < Captive Cleopatra* met with almost unpar- 
 alleled success. It was an imitation of the later 
 classical models, confused with some of the 
 methods of Seneca. His later plays, <Dido* 
 and < The Meeting,* were comparative failures. 
 
 Jodrell, Richard Paul. An English dram, 
 atist and scholar; born in Derbyshire (?), Nov. 
 13, 1745 ; died in London, Jan. 26, 1831. He 
 wrote: < Seeing Is Believing* (1786), a good 
 comedy; <The Persian Heroine* (1786), a good 
 tragedy ; and < Philology of the English Lan- 
 guage* (1820), a good manual. 
 
 John, Eugenie (yon). See Marlitt. 
 
 Johnson, Charles Frederick. An American 
 
 scholar and author; born in New York city in 
 1836. He graduated from Vale in 1855 ; and 
 is at present a professor of English literature 
 at Trinity College, Hartford, Conn. His works 
 include < Three Americans and Three English- 
 men * (1S86), and < Forms of English Poetry.* 
 
 Johnson, Emily Pauline [Tekahionwake]. 
 A Canadian poet ; born in the Six Nations 
 Reserve, Canada. She is of Indian descent. 
 Her first volume of verse was <The White 
 Wampum* (1894). Her first sketch, <A Red 
 Girl's Reasoning,* took a prize in the Cana- 
 dian Magazine. 
 
 Johnson, Helen Eendrick. An American 
 author ; bom 1843 ; is the author of < The Roddy 
 Books* (3 vols., 1874-76), and < Raleigh West- 
 gate* (1889). She edited < Tears for the Little 
 Ones : Poems and Passages Inspired by the Loss 
 of Children* (1878); < Poems and Songs for 
 Young People* (1884); and <The Nutshell 
 Series* (6 vols., 1885). 
 
 Johnson, Oliver. An American editor and 
 author; born in Peacham, Vt., Dec. 27, 1809; 
 died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Dec. 10, 1889. He 
 was editor of the Independent from 1865 to 
 1870; became editor ot the Christian Union in 
 1872; was one of the founders of the New 
 England Anti-Slavery Society in 1832 ; and pub- 
 lished < William Lloyd Garrison and his Times* 
 (1880). 
 
 Johnson, Robert Underwood. An Ameri- 
 can poet and editor; bom in Washington, D. C,
 
 JOHNSON -JOLIN 
 
 291 
 
 Jan. 12, 1853. He is associate editor of the 
 Century Magazine. His efforts in belialf of 
 the establishment of international copyright 
 were recognized by the degree of M. A., con- 
 ferred by Yale University in 1891. He edited, 
 with C. C. Buel, the notable < Battles and Lead- 
 ers of the Civil War> (1887-88), and has pub- 
 lished two volumes of poems : < The Winter 
 Hour and Other Poems' (1892); and < Songs of 
 Liberty > (1897) ; < Poems > (1902). 
 
 Jolinson, Eossiter. An American author and 
 editor; born, Rochester, N. Y., Jan. 27, 1840. Ed- 
 itor Rochester Democrat, and later Concord, 
 (N. H.) Statesman, 1869-72. Authorof <Phaeton 
 Rogers*; <A History of the War Between the 
 United States and Great Britain > ; < Idler and 
 Poet> (poems); <A History of the War of Seces- 
 sion*; <The End of a Rainbow*; <Three Decades* 
 (poems); <A short History of the War Between 
 tne United States and Spain *; < The Hero of 
 Manila*; ^Morning Lights and Evening Shadows* 
 (poems); <The Alphabet of Rhetoric,* etc. Editor 
 
 < Little Classics * ; < Works of the British Poets * ; 
 <The Annual Cyclopaedia,* etc. Associate editor 
 <The American Cyclopaedia'; <The Standard 
 Dictionary*; < Cyclopaedia of American Biogra- 
 phy ; < The Story of the Constitution of the U. S.* 
 
 Johnson, Samuel. An English critic, essay- 
 ist, poet, and lexicographer, the most pictur- 
 esque figure in British literature ; born in Lich- 
 field, Sept. 18, 1709; died in London, Dec. 13, 
 1784. His works include: < Voyage to Abys- 
 sinia* (1735), a translation; <London> (1738); 
 
 < Marmor Norfolciense > ( 1739), an essay ; < Life 
 of Richard Savage* (1744); < Macbeth* (1745), 
 an essay; <Plan for a Dictionary* (1747); 'Van- 
 ity of Human Wishes* (1749); < Irene* (1749); 
 The Rambler (1750-52); The Adventurer pa- 
 pers (1753); the English Dictionary (1755); 
 The Idler (1758-60); <Rasselas> (1759); < Shakes- 
 peare with Notes* (1765); <The False Alarm* 
 (1770); <A Journey to the Western Isles of 
 Scotland* (1775); < Taxation No Tyranny* 
 (1775); < English Poets* (1779-81). (< Collected 
 Works,* II vols., 1787.) 
 
 Johnson. Virginia Wales. An American 
 prose-writer ; born in Brooklyn, N. Y., Dec. 28, 
 1849. Her publications include : < Kettle Club 
 Series* (1870); < Travels of an American Owl> 
 (1870); (Joseph the Jew* (1873); <A Sack of 
 Gold* (1874); <The Catskill Fairies* (1875); 
 <The Calderwood Secret* (1875); <A Foreign 
 M-xrriage* (1880); < Tulip Place* (1886); <Miss 
 Nancy's Pilgrimage > (1887); < The House of the 
 Musician* (1887); < The World's Shrine * (1902). 
 
 Johnston, Richard Malcolm. An American 
 story-writer and essayist; born in Hancock 
 County, Ga., March 8, 1822. He studied for 
 the bar and practiced with distinction, but it 
 was as an educator that he first attracted at- 
 tention. His studies of character and manners 
 in Georgia bej^an to appear shortly after the 
 war. Noted for humor and realism are his 
 
 < Dukesborough Tales,* <01d Mark Langston,* 
 and < '.'■'_Qcdiee Cross-Firings.* Died 1898. 
 
 Johnston, William Preston.'' An American 
 educator and author ; born in Louisville, Ky., 
 Jan. 5, 1831. He was a colonel in the Con- 
 federate army ; became a professor in Wash- 
 ington and Lee University (1867-77); president 
 of Louisiana State University (1880-83); and 
 president of Tulane University (1884). His 
 works include < Life of General Albert Sid- 
 ney Johnston* (1878), and <The Prototype of 
 Hamlet > (1890). He died 1899. 
 
 Johnstone, Charles. An Irish novelist; 
 born at Carrigogunnel, Limerick, about 1719 ; 
 died at Calcutta, India, about 1800. He had 
 wit and imagination, which he exploited in 
 <ChrysaI, or the Adventures of a Guinea* 
 (1760-65), «the best scandalous chronicle** of 
 its day; and in < History of John Juniper, Esq., 
 alias Juniper Jack* (1781). He emigrated to 
 India, where he succeeded in journalism. 
 
 Johnstone, Christian Isobel. [«Margart?t 
 Dods.*'] A Scottish novelist ; born in Fifeshire, 
 1781 ; died in Edinburgh, Aug. 26, 1857. She 
 edited, in association with her husband as pub- 
 lisher, many periodicals and papers, and wrote 
 popular tales, notably : < Clan Albin : a National 
 Tale * (1815), < Elizabeth de Bruce * (1827), < The 
 Edinburgh Tales* (1845-46), and others, de- 
 scribed as forceful, brilliant, and entertaining. 
 She also compiled < The Cook and Housewife's 
 Manual* (1826). 
 
 Joinville, Jean, Sieur de (zhwan-vel). A 
 noted French chronicler; bom in Champagne 
 in 1224; died there (?) in 1317 or 1318. He 
 took part in Louis IX.'s crusade, and on his 
 return spent his leisure composing his invalu- 
 able < Memoirs,* which embody the important 
 < History of Saint Louis,* sometimes treated as 
 a separate work. 
 
 J6kai, Maurice (yo'ko-i). A Hungarian 
 novelist, journalist, and publicist; bom in 
 Komora, Feb. 19, 1825. Few lives have been 
 so busy, and few have been enriched with the 
 accomplishment of so much that is good in 
 the domain of letters. <The White Rose,» 
 <The Gold Man,* <The Man with the Iron 
 Heart,* < Mine, Thine, His,* < Pater Pater,* < The 
 Poor Rich,* and < Peter the Priest* (1897), must 
 be named among his works. Died May 5, 1904. 
 
 Joliet, Charles (zho-lya'). A French jour- 
 nalist, essayist, and miscellaneous writer; born 
 in St. Hippolyte-on-the-Doubs, Aug. 8, 1832. 
 He has contributed to every periodical of note 
 in Paris, producing likewise countless volumes, 
 such as : < The Athenians,* poems ; < The Ladies' 
 Doctor,* a humorous narrative ; < The Viper,* 
 a study of woman ; < The Story of Two Young 
 Wives,* a novel; and others, all evincing the 
 happiest versatility and felicity of style. 
 
 Jolin, Johan Kristofer (yo'lin). A Swed- 
 ish dramatist, novelist, and poet; bom in 
 Stockholm, Dec. 28, 1818; died there, Nov. 13, 
 1884. His work, which is popular and origi- 
 nal, includes < Master Smith,* a drama, and 
 'Vinglaren,* a novel, besides pleasing verse.
 
 2Q2 
 
 JOLY — JORDAN 
 
 Joly, Guy (zho-le'). A seventeenth-century 
 French writer of memoirs, who came into some 
 prominence during the Fronde, and compiled 
 
 < Memoirs to explain and continue those of the 
 Cardinal de Retz> (1718),— a curious, readable, 
 and accurate, yet partisan work. 
 
 Jonckbloet, Willem Jozef Andreas (yonk'- 
 blet"). A Dutch historian of literature, also 
 essayist and critic ; born at The Hague, July 6, 
 1817 ; died in Wiesbaden, Oct. 19, 1885. He is 
 a conceded authority on Dutch letters, his mas- 
 terpieces on <The Middle Dutch Epic> (1849), 
 <The History of Middle Dutch Literature > 
 (1851-54), and < Study of the Romance of Ren- 
 ard> (1863), exhausting those subjects; and his 
 editions of Dutch classics are the standard. 
 
 Jones, Amanda Tbeodosia. An American 
 poet ; born in East Bloomfield, Ontario County, 
 N. Y., Oct. 19, 1835. Some of her war songs 
 were very popular. She published : < Ulah and 
 Other Poems > (i860); < Atlantis and Other 
 Poems' (1866); and < A Prairie Idyl, and Other 
 Poems > (1882)"; < Rubayat of Solomon > (1905). 
 
 Jones, Charles Colcock, Jr. An American 
 lawyer and author; born in Savannah, Ga., 
 Oct. 28, 1831 ; died July 19, 1893. He was lieu- 
 tenant-colonel in the Confederate service dur- 
 ing the War, afterward removing to New York, 
 where he practiced law. Among his works 
 are : < Antiquities of the Southern Indians > 
 (1873); < Siege of Savannah in 1779 > (1874); 
 
 < History of Georgia' (1883). 
 
 Jones, Ebenezer. An English poet ; born in 
 Islington, Jan. 20, 1820 ; died in London, 
 Sept. 14, i860. His genius was of the erratic 
 sort, as < Studies of Sensation and Event' (1843), 
 a collection of miscellaneous poems, showed. 
 
 < Winter Hymn to the Snow,> < When the World 
 Is Burning,' and <To Death,' are his best- 
 known pieces. Since his death there has been 
 a revival of interest in his poetry. 
 
 Jones, Ernest Charles. An English poet, 
 novelist, and agitator; born in Berlin, Jan. 25, 
 1819; died at Manchester, Jan. 26, 1868. He 
 became a leader in the Chartist agitation, to 
 which he sacrificed a large fortune. His prose 
 and poetry were inspired by his political opin- 
 ions; <The Lass and the Lady' (1854) and 
 <Lord Lindsay' being his best fictions, and 
 <The Battle Day and Other Poems ' (1855) con- 
 taining his most popular songs. 
 
 Jones, Evan. A Welsh poet ; born at Biyn- 
 tynoriad, Sept. 5, 1820; died near Cardiff, Feb. 
 23, 1852. He was a clergyman, and best known 
 as leuan Gwynedd, over which name he pro- 
 duced in his native tongue poems on < The 
 Huts of Wales,' < Moses on Mount Pisgah,' 
 
 < Peace,' and other themes ; in addition to 
 which he edited many periodicals, including Yr 
 Adolygydd, or National Review. 
 
 Jones, John B. An American journalist and 
 novelist; born in Baltimore, Md., in 1810; died 
 1866. He spent many years in journalism, and 
 is author of < Books of Visions' (1847); < Rural 
 Sports: a Poem' (1848); <The Western Mer- 
 
 chant' (1848); <Wild Western Scenes' (1849); 
 <The Rival Belles' (1852); < Freaks of Fortune' 
 (1854); <A Rebel War Clerk's Diary at the 
 Confederate States Capital' (1866). 
 
 Jones, Joseph Stevens. An American play- 
 writer; born in 1811 ; died in Boston, 1877. 
 He wrote many plays, some of the best known 
 being < Solon Shingle ' ; < Eugene Aram ' ; * The 
 Liberty Tree'; < Moll Pitcher'; <The Silver 
 Spoon.' 
 
 Jones, Justin. An American novelist, writ- 
 ing under the pseudonym << Harry Hazel." 
 Among his works are: <The Flying Artillerist' 
 (1853); <The Yankee Middy' (1865); < Virginia 
 Graham, the Spy of the Grand Army' (1869); 
 etc. 
 
 Jonge, Johan Karel Jacob de (yong'e). A 
 Dutch historian, son of Johannes ; born at The 
 Hague, June 17, 1827; died there, March 15, 
 1880. He has studied the colonial history of 
 his country with effect, as < The Rise of Nether- 
 land Dominion in the East Indies' (1862-78), 
 and other works, demonstrate. 
 
 Jonge, Johannes Cornells de. A Dutcli 
 historian ; born in Zierikzee, May 9, 1793 ; died 
 near Ryswick, June 12, 1853. He has quarried 
 indefatigably and with rich results in the Neth- 
 erland vein ; < Studies in the History of the 
 Low Countries' (1825-27) and <The History of 
 the Dutch Navy' (1833-48) being the best 
 specimens. 
 
 Jonson, Ben. A celebrated English dram- 
 atist; born in London in 1572 or 1573; died 
 there August 6, 1637. He was about twenty- 
 three when he tried dramatic authorship, and 
 seems to have been only moderately successful 
 until < Every Man in his Humour' was written, 
 followed by < Every Man Out of his Humour,' 
 both comedies being the fruit of a wit so clear 
 and fine that his epitaph "O Rare Ben Jon- 
 son" fits him well. His poetry is "excellently 
 bright," and impregnated with the Elizabethan 
 atmosphere and spirit. 
 
 Jordan, Cornelia Jane Matthews. An A.mer- 
 ican poet ; born in Lynchburg, Va., 1830. She 
 wrote her poem < Corinth' in 1863; it was pub- 
 lished in 1865 ; by order of Gen. Alfred H. 
 Terry, it was seized and burned in the court- 
 house yard at Lynchburg as objectionable and 
 incendiary. Her publications include : < Flowers 
 of Hope and Memory' (1861); < Corinth and 
 Other Poems of the War' (1865); <A Chri.st- 
 nias Poem for Children' (1865); < Richmond : 
 Her Glory and Her Graves' (1867); < Useful 
 Maxims for a Noble Life' (1S84). 
 
 Jordan, David Starr. An eminent Ameri- 
 can naturalist; born in Gainesville, N. Y., Jan. 
 19, 1851. He graduated from Cornell Univer- 
 sity in 1872, and has held professorships in 
 several universities in the West ; was president 
 of Indiana University from 1885 to 1891 ; was 
 elected the first president of Leland Stanford 
 University (California) in 1891, and is still at 
 its head. He wrote voluminously on ichthy- 
 ology. Among his works are: <A Manual of
 
 JORDAN -niAN MANUEL 
 
 «93 
 
 the Vertebrates of the Northern United States > 
 (1876); <A Synoposis of the Fishes of North 
 America > (18S3); < Evolution and Animal Life * 
 (1907). 
 
 Jordan, Wilhelm f)or'dan). A German poet 
 and story- writer, and an eminent publicist ; born 
 in Insterburg, Feb. 8, 1819. His early poems 
 and sketches brought him into trouble with 
 the authorities ; but he managed, notwithstand- 
 ing, to rise to a position of power in public 
 life, while as a literary man his eminence has 
 long been unquestioned. As a poet he voices 
 his liberal political aspirations through the 
 medium of a chaste but not severe Muse, < Bells 
 and Cannon > and < Earthly Fantasies > being 
 characteristic. In fiction he strives to make 
 propaganda and to demonstrate the necessity 
 of a higher social state by exposing the evils 
 of the existing one, and yet he is neither a 
 revolutionist nor a socialist, as <The Sebalds> 
 and < Two Cradles > amply prove. < Demiurgos,* 
 a philosophical poem, <The False Prince,* a 
 comedy, and < The Widow of Agis,' a tragedy, 
 are also his. Died June 25, 1904. 
 
 Josephus, Flavius (jo-se'fus). A Jewish his- 
 torian ; born in Jerusalem, 37 A. D.; died at 
 Rome about 100 A. D. He was of noble birth, 
 and bore a conspicuous part in the contests 
 of his people with the Romans and the imperial 
 government of Rome, rising finally to great 
 favor with the Emperor Vespasian and his two 
 immediate successors. He passed the years of 
 his literary activity at Rome, living in dignified 
 ease upon a royal pension and in a luxurious 
 residence, enjoying also the rights of citizenship. 
 The products of these favoring circumstances 
 are the < History of the War of the Jews 
 against the Romans, and of the Fall of Jeru- 
 salem,> the 'Judaic Antiquities,* and an 'Auto- 
 biography.* As an eye-witness of much that 
 he records, his work merits attention ; but it is 
 the subject of much controversy and doubt. 
 
 J6sika, Baron Nikolaus (yo'she-ko). A Hun- 
 garian novelist ; bom in Torda, Transylvania, 
 April 28, 1794; died at Dresden, Feb. 27, 1865. 
 The scion of a rich and noble family, he re- 
 ceived a finished education, entered the arm)-, 
 and at last became a man of letters. His first 
 efforts were collected into a volume of < Sketches,* 
 and were greatly admired. As a writer of real- 
 istic and historic fiction he achieved fame with 
 < The Poet Zrinyi,* < The Last of the Bathory,* 
 'Abafi,* and ' A Hungarian Family during the 
 Period of the Revolution.* A profound student 
 of the life, manners, legends, and antiquities of 
 his countr>-men, gifted with a. bewitching style, 
 rich in invention and perennially enticing in 
 his plots, he well merits the praises he has won 
 as «the Sir Walter Scott** of the land that 
 gave him birth. 
 
 Joubert, Joseph (zho-bar'). A French mor- 
 alist and writer of aphorisms; bom in Mon- 
 tignac, P<^rigord, 1754 ; died at Paris, 1824. The 
 bulk of his epigrammatic work was published 
 posthumously under the critical supervision of 
 Chateaubriand and Raynal, the titles of the 
 
 volumes being < Thoughts * and < ThoughU. Es- 
 says, Maxims, and Correspondence.* 
 
 Joubert, L^o. A French biographer and 
 historical writer; born in Bourdeilles, Dordogne, 
 Dec. 13, 1826. He is skillful, accurate, and read- 
 able, as a miscellaneous biographical writer; 
 and his best studies, 'Washington and the 
 Formation of the Republic of the United States 
 of America* (1888), 'Alexander the Great* 
 (1889), and 'The Battle of Sedan* (1873), are 
 popular. 
 
 Jouy, Victor Joseph ftienne, called de 
 (zho-e'j. A French librettist, dramatist, and 
 descriptive writer ; born in Jouy, near Versailles, 
 1764; died at Paris, Sept. 4, 1846. He entered 
 upon a military career in connection with the 
 Revolution and the restoration, and wrote an 
 opera libretto, ' The Vestal,* which won him a 
 reputation. 'Ferdinand Cortez* and 'William 
 Tell * came next, followed by ' Sylla,* a tragedy. 
 'The Hermit of the Chaussde d'Antin* is his 
 best thing in prose. This, and other writings 
 in similar vein, had once a tremendous vogue 
 as witty and faithful portraiture of contempo- 
 rary folly. 
 
 Jovanovic, Jovan (yo-van'-o-vitch), surnamed 
 Zmaj. A Servian poet, journalist, humorist, 
 and dramatist ; born in Neusatz, Nov. 24, 1833. 
 He qualified as a lawyer, but went into jour- 
 nalism, winning fame throughout Austria and 
 Hungary as editor and founder of influential 
 political and satirical sheets. He is called 
 " Zmaj ** or the " Dragon,'* from the name of his 
 most successful paper. The volume ' Withered 
 Roses* contains the finest verse, and his farce 
 'Saran* is perennially popular on the Servian 
 stage. Died at Belgrade, Servia, June 14, 1904. 
 
 Jovellanos (Jove-Llanos), Caspar Melchor 
 de (Ho-vel-ya'nos). A Spanish dramatist, 
 prose-writer, and statesman ; born in Gijon, 
 Asturia, Jan. 5, 1744; died at Vega, Nov. 27, 
 181 1. His political and official career was not 
 fortunate, although he filled high posts with dis- 
 tinction. As a writer he was happy ; applause 
 greeting his tragedy of ' Pelagius,* founded upon 
 the fortunes of the famed Asturian king. His 
 ' Orations and Discourses * are the productions 
 of a finished and talented rhetorician. 
 
 Joyce, Robert Dwyer. An Irish poet ; bom 
 in County Limerick, 1836 ; died in Dublin, 
 Oct. 23, 1883. In 1866 he came to the United 
 States. He was a versatile writer of ballads, 
 songs, and sketches ; and contributed to the 
 Pilot and other Irish journals. His best-known 
 published works are : ' Ballads, Romances, and 
 Songs* (1872); 'Deirdr^,* an epic poem, which 
 appeared anonj-mously as one of the ' No 
 Name Series* (1876); 'Legends of the Wars 
 in Ireland * (1868); ' Fireside Stories of Ireland * 
 (1871); ' Blanid,* a poem (1S79); 'The Squire 
 of Castleton.* 
 
 Juana Inez de la Cruz (kroth). (See Mexi- 
 can Nun. 
 
 Juan Manuel, Don (Hd-an'), Infant of Cas- 
 tile. A Spanish romancer and poet ; born in
 
 994 
 
 JUDD — JUVENAL DES URSINS 
 
 Escalona, 1282; died 1347. He was a gallant 
 knight who lived for love and fought against 
 the Moors, varying these activities by the 
 gratification of his literary tastes. His best 
 work, < Count Lucanor,' is a collection of an- 
 ecdotes, apologues, and apostrophes to the 
 gods of love and war, all set down in flowery 
 style, the Oriental influence being readily dis- 
 cernible. 
 
 Judd, Sylvester. An American novelist, 
 poet, and theologian; born in Westhampton, 
 Mass., July 23, 1813; died at Augusta, Me., 
 Jan. 20, 1853. His remarkable romance < Mar- 
 garet > will always be remembered. < Richard 
 Edney ' is another romance ; < Philo > is a strik- 
 ing poem ; and his discourses on < The Church > 
 were esteemed. 
 
 JudBOn, Emily Chubbuck. [« Fanny For- 
 rester.»] An American missionary and writer 
 of prose and verse ; born in Eaton, Madison 
 County, N. Y., Aug. 22, 1817; died in Hamil- 
 ton, N. Y., June i, 1854. She wrote : < Charles 
 Linn> (1841); <The Great Secret > (1842); < Al- 
 len Lucas> (1843); <Alderbrook> (2 vols., 1846); 
 <The Kathayan Slave > (1853). Her poems ap- 
 peared as <An Olio of Domestic Verses > (1852). 
 Among her other works are : < Trippings in 
 Author Land> (1846); < My Two Sisters > (1854); 
 and a memoir of < Mrs. Sarah B. Judson > 
 (1850). She married Adoniram Judson, the mis- 
 sionary, in 1846. 
 
 Judson, Harry Pratt. An American scholar 
 and author; bom in New York State in 1849. 
 He is, since 1907, president of the University of 
 Chicago. His works include: 'Caesar's Army, 
 a Study of the Military Art of the Romans > 
 (1888); 'Europe in the Nineteenth Century'; 
 < The Growth of the American Nation >; 'The 
 Essentials of a Written Constitution.' 
 
 June, Jennie. See Croly. 
 
 Jungliane, Sophie (yong'hans). A German 
 novelist ; bom in Cassel, Dec. 3, 1845. Her 
 literary career began with the production of 
 short stories and verses ; with the appearance 
 of <Kathe, the Story of a Modern Maid,> and 
 <The House of Eckberg,> a study of life dur- 
 ing the Thirty Years' War, she attracted at- 
 tention. Her novels, while analytical, and per- 
 spicuous where plot is concerned, are strong in 
 style and interesting in incident ; < The Amer- 
 ican [Woman],* <A Riddle,' 'An Heiress 
 Against her Will,' and others, exemplifying 
 these qualities pre-eminently. 
 
 Jung-StUUng (yong-stil'ing), called Johann 
 Heinrlch Jxing. A German writer of fiction 
 and autobiography ; born in Grund, Westphalia, 
 Sept. 12, 1740; died at Karlsruhe, April 2, 
 1817. He was of very humble origin, reared 
 
 in a narrow and simply pious environment, 
 and sent out into the world for a livelihood ; 
 but his eager mind turned thirstily to study, 
 and he worked his way to learning. The nov- 
 els with which he began his literary career, 
 
 < The Story of Florentm von Fahlendorn,' ' The 
 Story of the Lord of Morgenthau,' and oth- 
 ers, are chronicles of his career at various 
 stages; but he worked the field at its richest 
 in the series of <' Stilling" autobiographies, 
 
 < Heinrich Stilling's Youth,' ' Heinrich Stilling's 
 Wanderings,' and the prolific cycle of their 
 successors. The author recounts the incidents 
 and the experiences of his life in these nomi- 
 nal fictions with a realistic power that has sel 
 dom been surpassed. 
 
 Junius. See Francis. 
 
 Junot, Madame (zho-no'), pseudonym of 
 Laurette de St. Martin-Permon, Duchess of 
 Abrantes; bom in Montpellier, 1784; died at 
 Paris, June 6(?), 1838. She married one of 
 Napoleon's generals, and after his death was 
 compelled, by financial embarrassments, to take 
 up literature. ' Recollections of Napoleon, the 
 Revolution, the Directory, the Consulate, the 
 Empire, and the Restoration,' is her most per- 
 manent work. 
 
 Junquelra Freire, Luiz J086 (Hon-kay'ra 
 fray'ra). A Brazilian poet; born in Bahia, 
 Dec. 31, 1832; died there (?), June 24, 1855. 
 He manifested a spiritual purity of mind and 
 heart that drew the attention of his religious 
 instructors while he was yet a boy ; and at 
 nineteen years of age he took religious vows, 
 but almost immediately learned that he had 
 mistaken his vocation. He obtained a release 
 from his vows in three years' time, after a 
 period of such agony of soul that we owe to 
 it the most profoundly moving verses in which 
 the bre iking of a human heart is recorded, — 
 his ' Inspirations of the Cloister.' He died at 
 twenty-three, the regret and the delight of his 
 country. 
 
 JuBserand, Jean Jules (zhiis-ran). A 
 French historian of literature, and diplomat; 
 bom in Lyons, Feb. 18, 1855. He has made a 
 specialty of the Elizabethan age, and of the liter- 
 ature of England in the Middle Ages ; his most 
 brilliant studies being 'The English Theatre, 
 from the Conquest to the Immediate Predecessors 
 of Shakespeare,' ' The Novel in the Time of 
 Shakespeare,' and 'The English Novel.' 
 
 Juvenal (j6'ven-al). (Decimus Junius Ju- 
 venalis. ) A Latin poet ; born at Aquinum 
 about 60 A. D. ; died about 140 A. D. Sixteen 
 of his satires, in fii e books, are extant. 
 
 Juvenal des Ursins, Jean. See Urslns.
 
 KAALUND — KALIDA8A 
 
 995 
 
 K 
 
 Kaalund, Hans Vilhelm (ka'lond). A Dan- 
 ish poet; born at Copenhagen, 1818; died 1885. 
 After making futile attempts at sculpture and 
 painting, a fortunate poem in honor of Thor- 
 waldsen (1838) turned him to literature. Though 
 he had published before, < Et Foraar > (A Spring- 
 tide), a collection of his best poems old and 
 new, which, while not of great scope, were grace- 
 ful and musical, brought him his first success. 
 <Fulvia> (1875), a fine drama depicting the 
 struggles of the early Christians, contained many 
 lyrics, — a fault in a play intended for the stage ; 
 though, altered, it was successfully acted in 1880. 
 «En Eftervaar> (Return of Spring: 1877) de- 
 serves mention. He excelled in satirical fables, 
 his being the best Denmark has produced. 
 
 Ka'b Ibn Zahir (kab ibn za'her). A noted 
 Arabic poet; contemporaneous with Mahomet. 
 His father was author of one of the famous 
 seven < Mu 'allak^t> (prize poems). After lam- 
 pooning his own brother and Mahomet, and 
 being outlawed by the latter, Ka'b composed a 
 eulogy on him, *■ The Poem of the Mantle,' his 
 best-known work. It was translated into Eng- 
 lish by Redhouse in 1880. 
 
 Kacic-Mioslc, Andrija (ka-chich-me-o-shich). 
 A Croatian poet ; born at Brist, Dalmatia, 1690 ; 
 died at Zaostrog, 1760. He performed for his 
 country a service similar to that of Percy in 
 his <Reliques> to England, or of Allan Ramsay 
 in his < Evergreen' or <Tea-Table Miscellany' 
 to Scotland, in publishing < Recreations of the 
 Slavonic People' (1756). This was an anthol- 
 ogy of popular songs which he collected or 
 adapted, celebrating the exploits of South-Slavic 
 heroes from the earliest times. Many editions 
 ka.ve appeared, and it is popular to-day with the 
 Southern Slavs. 
 
 Kaden, Woldemar (ka'den). A German au- 
 thor and translator; Ijom at Dresden, Feb. 9, 
 1838. He filled the chair of German language 
 and literature in the University of Naples, but 
 resigned in 1882. He has traveled extensively 
 In Italy, and his writings treat almost exclus- 
 fvely of that country. • Prominent among them 
 are: < Wanderings in Italy' (1874); * Under the 
 Olives' (1880); <Pompeiian Tales' (1882); 'Ital- 
 ian Sketches and Pictures of Civilization' 
 (1889); < Italian Plaster Casts' (1891). 
 
 Kaempfen, Albert (kem'pfen). A French 
 novelist and journalist ; bom at Versailles, April 
 15, 1826. He wrote under the pseudonyms 
 «"Feyrnet," « Henrys," « Henri Este." His ro- 
 mance < The Cup of Tea' (1866), and the humor- 
 ous work < Paris, the Capital of the World ' 
 (1877), may be mentioned. 
 
 Kaempfer, Engelbert. A German physician 
 «nd historian; bori} at Lemgo, Westphalia, ijx 
 
 1651 ; died there, Nov. 2, 1716. As secretary of 
 legation in the Swedish diplomatic service he 
 visited Russia and Tartary; and later, having 
 joined the Dutch East India Company, visited 
 Arabia, Siam, and Japan. In the latter country 
 he remained two years exploring it. The re- 
 sults of his investigations are given in his 
 accurate and reliable < History of Japan and 
 Siam,' published in English (1727), and after- 
 wards in Latin, Dutch, French, and German. 
 
 Kaiser, Frledrlch (kl'zer). A German hu- 
 morous writer; born at Biberach, April 3, 1814; 
 died at Vienna, Nov. 7, 1874. He is best known 
 by his comedies, which were successfully per- 
 formed, and of which < Hans Hasenkopf ' (1834) 
 is a good example. 
 
 Kajaanl, Johan Fredrik (ka-ya'ne). A Fin- 
 nish writer ; born at Sotkamo, 1815 ; died in 1887. 
 He was the author of the first history of Finland 
 written in Finnish. 
 
 Kalb. Charlotte von (kalb). A German 
 memoir-wi iter ; born at Waltershausen, in Grab- 
 feld, July 25, 1761 ; died at Berlin, May 12, 1843. 
 Best known as the friend of Schiller, Goethe, 
 and Richter. She was a lovely and devoted 
 woman. Schiller's poems <The Conflict' and 
 < Resignation ' refer to her. The character of 
 Linda in Richter's < Titan ' was drawn from her. 
 Her romance < Cornelia 'is in places incompre- 
 hensible, which may be said also of < Charlotte' 
 (memoirs, 1879). < Letters to Richter and his 
 Wife ' appeared in 1882. She wrote a < History 
 of the American War of Independence.' 
 
 Kalbeck, Max (kal'bek). A German author, 
 playwright, and journalist; born at Breslau, 
 Jan. 4, 1850. He has paid considerable atten- 
 tion to the stage, among other work altering 
 Mozart's <Don Juan' (1887) and writing for 
 Gluck's music a pastoral libretto, < The May 
 Queen' (1888). His discussions of Richard 
 Wagner's <Nibelungen' and < Parsifal' ap- 
 peared in 1883 ; < Rhymed and Unrhyraed,' 
 satirical papers, in 1885; <01d and New,' col- 
 lected poems, in 1890. In some respects his 
 intellectual attitude is Greek. 
 
 Kaler, James Otis. An American journalist ; 
 born in Winterport, Me., March 19, 1848. Under 
 the pen-name ot "James Otis" he published tales 
 for the young, including: < Toby Tyler' ( 1880); 
 <Left Behind' (18S2); < Mr. Stubbs's Brother' 
 (1883); a sequel to Toby Tyler; < Silent Pete' 
 (1885); < The Wreck of the Ocean Queen '(1907). 
 
 Kalidasa (ka-li-da'sa). A celebrated Hindu 
 poet ; his date is variously placed, but moat 
 probably he lived about the sixth century A. D. 
 He was called one of the "nine pearls," ?. e., 
 one of the nine poets adorning the court of
 
 ag6 
 
 KALINA — KANE 
 
 King Vikramaditya. His most famous work, 
 and the one most attractive to modern readers, 
 and greatly admired by Goethe, is the drama 
 • (^akuntala.' It portrays a love affair tliat, 
 after surmounting manifold impediments, ends 
 at last happily, and brings home to us in a 
 wonderful way the essential unity of human 
 nature in all ages. It was translated into Eng- 
 lish by Sir William Jones in 1789, and by 
 Monier-Williams in 1885, and has been adapted 
 to the German stage. Kalidasa wrote dramatic, 
 epic, and lyric poetry. 
 
 Ealina, Jaroslav (ka-le'na). A Czech poet ; 
 born at Hajda, in 1816; died at Prague, 1847. 
 His ballads are his best works. Ten thousand 
 copies of his poem <Ksaft' (Last Will and 
 Testament) were sold. The latest complete edi- 
 tion of his verse appeared in 1874. 
 
 Kalinka, Valerian (ka-lin'ka). A Polish his- 
 torian, political writer, and journalist; born in 
 1826; died in 1886. His masterwork, <The 
 Great Diet,* was intended to be a thorough 
 study of the political history of Poland; only 
 the first volume appeared (1880). 
 
 Kalir or Kalirl, Eleazar ben (ka'ler or ka- 
 le're). A Hebrew poet; born at Kiriat-Sefer, 
 in the eighth century. He wrote 150 liturgical 
 chants, of but slight literary value, for use in 
 the synagogue. His religious fame and influ- 
 ence in Italy, Germany, and France were great. 
 He is known as the creator of the Neo-Hebraic 
 poetry, so called ; it imitated the Arabic in 
 having, for instance, verses of fixed length, 
 rhyme, and the acrostic. 
 
 KaliBCh, David (kii'lish). A German comic 
 poet; bom at Breslau, Feb. 23, 1820 ; died at 
 Berlin, Aug. 21, 1872. Of Jewish birth, and in- 
 tended originally for business, he devoted him- 
 self to journalism, beginning as Paris corre- 
 spondent for German newspapers. Returning 
 to Germany in 1846, he settled eventually in 
 Berlin, where he founded (184S) the Prussian 
 Punch, Kladderadatsch, with which he was suc- 
 cessful for many years. He wrote a series of 
 successful farces, like ^ The Gold Uncle.* 
 
 Kalisch, Ludwlg. A German miscellaneous 
 writer; born at Polnisch-Lissa, Sept. 7, 1814; 
 died at Paris, March 3, 1882. Among his earlier 
 works were : < The Book of Folly > (1845) ; < Shad- 
 ows* (1845); 'Tales in Verse >'( 1845), which to 
 fit diction united vividness of portrayal ; < Shrap- 
 nels ' (1849). Exiled by the revolution of 1848, 
 he described his new places of residence in 
 'Paris and London* (2 vols., 1851). His later 
 works were: 'Bright Hours* (2 vols., 1872); 
 'Pictures from my Boyhood* (1872); 'Bound 
 and Unbound* (1876); < Paris Life* (2d ed. 1882); 
 etc. He was the author also of humorous writ- 
 ings and romances. 
 
 Kail, Abraham (kal). A popular Danish 
 historian ; born at Copenhagen, 1743 ; died there, 
 1821. He became university librarian in 1765, 
 professor of history 1780, councilor of State 
 181 1. His chief work was a ' Universal History * 
 (1776). 
 
 Kalousek, Josef ;ka-lo'sek). A Bohemian 
 historian ; born at Vaniberk, April 2, 1838. He 
 is professor of history at the University of 
 Prague, and an authority on Czech history and 
 literature. His publications include : 'Bohemian 
 Constitutional Law* (1871); 'Review of the 
 Ethnographic Literature of the Czechs > ; ' De- 
 fense of Wenceslas*; 'Biography of Emperor 
 Charles IV. of Bohemia* (1878). 
 
 Kaltenbrunner, Karl Adam (kiil'ten-bron-er). 
 A popular German poet and prose-writer ; born 
 at Enns, Dec. 30, 1804; died at Vienna, Jan. 
 6, 1867. He was author of a number of vol- 
 umes of poetry in Austrian dialects, his hand- 
 ling of which was masterly. Duke Maximilian 
 of Bavaria set a number of his songs to music. 
 His drama 'The Three Firs* (1862) had a 
 stage success. He was for a large part of his 
 lifetime an official in the Vienna government 
 printing-house. 
 
 Kamaryt, Joseph Klastimil (ka'ma-rit). A 
 Czech poet ; born at Velesin, near Budejovice, 
 1797 ; died at Tabor, 1833. He entered the 
 church. His ' Parables in Verse * reached a 
 second edition in 1845. 
 
 Kames, Henry Home, lord A famous 
 
 Scottish author and jurist; born at Kames, 
 Berwickshire, in 1696; died at Edinburgh, Dec. 
 27, 1782. Educated at the University of Edin- 
 burgh, after nearly thirty years' practice as a 
 lawyer he became judge in 1752. Besides im- 
 portant legal works, he wrote on antiquities, 
 metaphysics, ethics, religion, aesthetics, educa- 
 tion, agriculture, etc. His chief literary pro- 
 duction, 'Elements of Criticism* (3 vols., 1762), 
 forestalled, as regards works of the imagina- 
 tion, the modern psychological school. Of this 
 book. Goldsmith said it was "easier to write 
 than to read.** Like his contemporary Lord 
 Chesterfield, he was a great social favorite. 
 
 Kampen, Nikolaas Godfrled van (kam'- 
 
 pen). A distinguished Dutch historian; born 
 at Haarlem, May 15, 1776; died at Leyden, 
 March 15, 1839. The son of a gardener, hav- 
 ing laid the foundation of vast learning while 
 clerk in a book-store, he became editor and 
 finally professor of English and German in 
 the University of Leyden (1815). Many of his 
 historical and literary works were translated 
 into German, their reputation becoming Euro- 
 pean. ' History of the Literature of the Nether- 
 lands* (1812); 'History of French Domination 
 in Europe* (8 vols., 1815-23); 'History of the 
 Influence of the Netherlands Outside of Europe » 
 (3 vols., 1831-33), are among his finest works. 
 
 Kane, Elisha Kent. A celebrated American 
 Arctic explorer; born at Philadelphia, Feb. 3, 
 1820; died at Havana, Feb. 16, 1857. Was a 
 surgeon in the United States navy. Having 
 previously visited practically every other quar- 
 ter of the globe, he accompanied the Grinnell 
 expedition in search of Sir John Franklin (1850- 
 52). On his return, by contributing the pro- 
 ceeds of a series of lectures and his pay, he 
 shared .in equipping a second expedition, under
 
 KANITZ — KAR AVELGV 
 
 297 
 
 his own command (1853-55). These adventures 
 were in spite of feeble health and frail con- 
 stitution. He died young. His two works, 
 < The United States Grinnell Expedition in 
 Search of Sir John Franklin > (1854) and < Sec- 
 ond Grinnell Expedition > (1856), are very in- 
 teresting. He started northward the second 
 time so quickly that the first work went through 
 the press without his revision. 
 
 Kanitz, PMlipp Felix (ka'nits). A Hunga- 
 rian explorer and writer on ethnography and 
 archaeology ; bom at Buda-Pesth, Aug. 2, 1829. 
 His series of works on Servia, Bulgaria, Her- 
 zegovina, Montenegro, etc., beginning in 1862, 
 gave him a brilliant reputation, and have 
 spread greatly the knowledge of Slavic coun- 
 tries. He was the first to draw correct maps 
 of Bulgaria and the Balkans. Died Jan. 5, 1904. 
 
 Kannegiesser, Karl Ludwig (kan'ne-ge-ser). 
 A German writer; born at Wendemark, in Alt- 
 mark, May 9, 1781 ; died at Berlin, Sept. 14, 
 1861. He is best known as the translator into 
 German of Chaucer, Beaumont and Fletcher, 
 Byron, Scott, Dante, Madame de Stael, etc. 
 
 Kant, Immanuel (kant). An eminent Ger- 
 man philosopher ; born at Konigsberg, April 22, 
 1724; died there, Feb. 12, 1804. His three 
 great works were : < Kritik der Reinen Ver- 
 nunft> (Critique of Pure Reason: 1781), which 
 attempts to define the nature of those of our 
 ideas which lie outside of experience, and to 
 establish the basis of valid knowledge; < Kritik 
 der Praktischen Vernunft> (Critique of the 
 Practical Reason : 1788), which bases the ideas 
 of God, freedom, and immortality on the ethi- 
 cal consciousness alone, denying that we have 
 any right to hold them otherwise ; < Kritik der 
 Urteilskraft ' (Critique of the Power of Judg- 
 ment: 1790). He wrote also on cosmic physics, 
 aesthetics, pedagogy, ethics, the metaphysical 
 basis of law, etc. He was professor of logic 
 and metaphysics at the University of Konigs- 
 berg. 
 
 Kantemlr. Antiochus Dmitrlevitch, Prince 
 
 (kan'te-mer). A noted Russian author; born 
 at Constantinople, Sept. 21, 1709; died at Paris, 
 April II, 1744. His < Satires,* in the antique 
 form, written in rhyme and syllabic metre, 
 were his most important work, and are valuable 
 as describing Russian life and manners. Many 
 of their verses became proverbs with the Rus- 
 sian peasantry. They were the first fruits of 
 modern Russian literature. He may be called 
 the father of secular writing in Russia. (< Works,* 
 2 vols., St. Petersburg, 1867.) 
 
 Kapnist, Vasili Vasilievitch (kap'nist). 
 A celebrated Russian poet and dramatist ; born 
 at Oboukhovka, in 1757 ; died there, Nov. 9, 
 1824. His chief work, < Chicanery* (1798), a 
 comedy in verse, forbidden by the censor, was 
 performed by express permission of the em. 
 peror. It has been more than once reprinted 
 (last in 1888), was translated into French, and 
 has furnished several proverbs. It is an Aris- 
 tophanic satire on the old justice in Russia — 
 
 showing, as has been wittily said, ^ the Russian 
 Themis stark-naked.** He wrote also many 
 exquisite lyrics. (< Works,' St. Petersburg, 1849.) 
 
 Kapp, Friedricli (kap). A German bio- 
 grapher and historian ; born at Hamm, West- 
 phalia, April 13, 1824; died at Berlin, Oct. 27, 
 1884. He left Germany at the outbreak of the 
 revolution of 1848, finally v.'andering as far as 
 New York (1850). He took active part in 
 American politics. Returning to Germany in 
 1870, he entered the Reichstag in 1872. Nearly 
 all his works refer to the United States, as 
 •American Soldier Traffic by German Princes' 
 (1864), < German Emigration to America* (1868), 
 and his • Lives * of Kalb and Steuben. A 
 citizen of two hemispheres, he was a pioneer 
 in a style of literature that may be called inter- 
 national. 
 
 Karadzic, Vuk Stefanovotcli (ka-ra'jitsh) 
 A famous Servian autlior; born at Trshitch, 
 Nov. 7, 1787; died at Vienna, Feb. 7, 1864. 
 The two great works of his life v^ere the refor- 
 mation of the Servian literary language (which, 
 up to his time had been a very debased 
 medium, being either rude Slavonian or a hy- 
 brid jumble of Serb and Slavonian), and the 
 publication of the • Popular Serb Songs* (4 vols., 
 1814-33; 3d ed. 1841-46). His epoch-making 
 •Dictionary* appeared in 1818. The songs at- 
 tracted wide-spread attention, and were trans- 
 lated into every European tongue. He was 
 the founder of modern Servian literature. 
 
 Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovitch (ka-ram- 
 zin'). A celebrated Russian historian; born at 
 Mikhailovka, near Simbirsk, Dec. 12, 1765 ; died 
 near St. Petersburg, June 3, 1826. He left the 
 army to devote himself to literature. His great 
 work, •History of Russia* (ll vols., 1816-29), 
 created a tremendous sensation, being read 
 even by the court and fashionable ladies. •• He 
 appeared,** in Pushkin's words, •• to have dis- 
 covered old Russia, as Columbus discovered 
 America.** The tone of the work was ultra- 
 conservative. Its style has been pronounced 
 perfect, though to-day it seems over-rhetorical. 
 It was translated into French and German. 
 •Letters of a Russian Traveler* (1797-1801), 
 in the style of Sterne, met with great favor. 
 Of several novels, •Poor 'Lisa* was much imi- 
 tated, and with others of his writings, trans- 
 lated into German by Richter. Karamzin was 
 also a translator and journalist. With Lomon- 
 osov, he was the creator of Russian prose. 
 (•Works,* St. Petersburg, 1848.) 
 
 Karasoutzas, Jolin (ka-ra-so'tzas). A mod- 
 ern Greek poet ; born at Smyrna, July 9, 1824 ; 
 died April 3, 1873. His verse was not only 
 patriotic, but strong and graceful. It appears 
 in the collections •Lyrics* (1839); • Breath of 
 the Morn* (1846); • Kleonike > (1868), a nar- 
 rative poem ; etc. 
 
 Karavelov, Liuben (ka-rii-va'lof). A Bul- 
 garian author; born at Koprivchtitsa, 1834; died 
 at Rustchuk, Feb. 11, 1S79. Was one of the 
 creators of Bulgarian prose. His works con- 
 sisted of novels, tales, and poems (8 vols., 1887).
 
 398 
 
 KARNOVITCH — KEATS 
 
 Kamovltoli, ErgenlJ Petrovitch (kar-n5'- 
 vich). A Russian historian and novelist; bom 
 near Jaroslav, Oct 22, 1823. His historical 
 work, < Russia's Part in the Deliverance of the 
 Christians from Turkey's Yoke,> <Konstantin 
 Pavlovitch,* etc., was important. < Great For- 
 tunes in Russia' (1885) contained interesting 
 (acts. His best-known novel is < Love and 
 Crown >; it has been translated into several 
 European languages. 
 
 KarplDskl, Franciszek (kar-pin'ske). A 
 celebrated Polish poet ; born at Hotoscow, 
 Galicia, in 1741 ; died in Lithuania, Sept. 4, 
 1825. He was one of the illustrious figures at 
 \he court of Stanislaus Augustus for a time, 
 but withdrew to his estates in 1793 and en- 
 paged in philanthropic work. His poems 
 (1804) are remarkable for energy, simplicity, 
 *nd patriotism, and still retain a hold upon 
 ihe people. 
 
 Earr, Alphonse (kar). A celebrated French 
 writer ; born at Paris, Nov. 24, 1808 ; died at 
 St. Raphael, Var, Sept. 29, 1890. Among his 
 numerous striking novels were < The Shortest 
 Way> (1836); < Genevieve > (1838); <Clotilde> 
 (1839). <A Journey around my Garden > (1845), 
 \alks on botany and natural history, was in 
 another vein. < Woman* (1853) was a study 
 of morals. Two dramas, < The Norman Penel- 
 ope > (i860) and < Yellow Roses > (1866), were 
 not very successful. One of his most char- 
 acteristic efforts was the series of papers called 
 < Les Guepes.' They were confidential, anec- 
 dotic, critical, witty, satirical, caustic, in fact 
 well-nigh unique ; and were the cause of an 
 attempt being made on his life (1844) by an 
 offended woman author whom they had harshly 
 criticized. 
 
 Karsh or Karshln, Anna Luise (karsh 07- 
 karsh'in). A German poet; born near Schwie- 
 bus, Dec. I, 1722; died at Berlin, Oct. 12, 1791. 
 Self-taught, of low birth and free life, her poetic 
 merit was but slight, though she has been ex- 
 travagantly called « the German Sappho.>> 
 
 Kastner, Abraham Gotthelf (kest'ner). A 
 German poet; born at Leipsic, Sept. 27, 1719; 
 died at Gottingen, June 20, 1800. Though a 
 learned mathematician, he is best known by 
 his witty and caustic < Epigrams > (1781 ; 2 vols., 
 1800). As an example of these, on a poor 
 tragedy- writer he wrote : — 
 
 "This poet's just the man to reach a tragedy's aim: 
 We've sympathy with his piece, wild dread of more of 
 the same." 
 (Poetical and prose works, 4 vols., 1841.) 
 
 Kate, Jan Jakob Lodewijk ten (ka'te). A 
 Dutch poet ; born at The Hague, Dec. 23, 
 1819; died at Amsterdam, Dec. 25, 1889. <De 
 Schepping> (The Creation, 1866) ranks as 
 his best poem. In the form of a vision of 
 Moses from Mt. Sinai, it describes the creation 
 of heaven and earth in seven songs, each be- 
 ginning with the words of the Bible, then nar- 
 rating the day's creation just finished, and 
 ending with a hymn. His two next best poems 
 
 are <The Planets > and <The New Church ia 
 Amsterdam.' (< Works,' 12 vols., 1889-93.) 
 
 Katona, Joseph (ka't5-na). A Hungarian 
 poet; bom at Kecskemet, Nov. 11, 1792; died 
 there, Nov. 2, 1830. He wrote <B4nk-B&n> 
 (1821), the grandest tragedy Hungary has pro- 
 duced. Long unnoticed, it appeared on the 
 stage only in 1834, when it met with success, 
 but did not become generally famous till 1845. 
 Meanwhile its author, embittered by its failure, 
 had renounced poetry, and died, beloved by 
 the people, especially the poor. (< Works,' 3 
 vols., 1880.) 
 
 Eaufmann, Alexander (kouf'man). A favor- 
 ite German poet; bom at Bonn, May 14, 1817; 
 died at Wertheim, May I, 1893. Popular among 
 his lyrics have been < The Bride,' < About Mid- 
 night,' < Morning > ; of his ballads, < King Wen- 
 zel,' < The Stolen Steed,' < Lifthilde.' His songs 
 were simple, hearty, and fervent, — droll and 
 dreamy, humorous and playful. Of several vol- 
 umes of verse, the best was < Under the Vines ' 
 (1815). 
 
 Eaufmann, Mathilda. See George. 
 
 Eavanagh, Julia. A popular English writer ; 
 born at Thurles, Ireland, Jan. 7, 1824; died at 
 Nice, Oct. 28, 1877. She wrote a large number 
 of novels, the scenes of which were almost in- 
 variably laid in France, where she had resided : 
 among them < Daisy Burns' (3 vols., 1853); 
 also < Woman in France during the i8th Cen- 
 tury' (2 vols., 1850), <A Summer and Winter 
 in the Two Sicilies ' (2 vols., 1858), < French 
 Women of Letters' (1862). She was best 
 known by the novels she published in maga- 
 zines. One of the best of recent English au- 
 thors. 
 
 Eaye, John William, Sir (ka). An English 
 administrator and military historian ; born in 
 1814; died in 1876. He was for a number of 
 years an officer in the Bengal artillery, but re- 
 signed in 1841, and in 1856 entered the East 
 India Company. Upon the transfer of the gov- 
 ernment of India to the crown, he succeeded 
 John Stuart Mill in the political department of 
 the India office. His works consist of histories 
 and biographies relating to the East, among 
 them being <A History of Afghanistan ' (1851- 
 53); < History of the Administration of the East 
 India Company' (1853); <A History of the 
 Sepoy War in India' (1857-58; London, 1864- 
 75), a comprehensive narrative of the celebrated 
 mutiny down to the fall of Delhi ; < Lives of 
 Indian Officers' (1867). 
 
 Eeary, Annie. An English novelist; bom 
 near Wetherby, Yorkshire, March 3, 1825 ; died 
 at Eastbourne, March 3, 1 879. Beginning with 
 books for children, she made her reputation 
 with stories of Irish life. She was a prolific 
 writer and very popular in her day, < Castle 
 Daly' (1875) being her best work. Her letters 
 were published in 1883. 
 
 Eeats, John. An eminent English poet ; 
 born in London, 1795 ; died in Rome, 1821. 
 < Endymion, a Poetic Romance' (1818), his first
 
 KEBBEL — KELLGREN 
 
 299 
 
 im^rtant effort, though immature, gave great 
 promise, which was fulfilled in < Lamia, Isa- 
 bella, the Eve of St Agnes, and Other Poems ' 
 (1820), containing also the fine unfinished epic 
 
 < Hyperion.' < The Letters of John Keats to 
 Fanny Brawne,> whom he loved, appeared in 
 1878 ; < Letters to his Family and Friends > in 
 1891. Dying at 25, he succeeded in leaving a 
 name immortal in literature. Shelley wrote the 
 exquisite elegy <Adonais' in commemoration 
 of his death. (< Works,* 3d ed. 1859.) 
 
 Kebbel, Thomas Edward. An English 
 journalist and author; born in Leicestershire, 
 Nov. 23, 1828. Educated at Oxford, he be- 
 came a lawyer and afterwards engaged in jour- 
 nalism, being connected with the Press (1855) 
 and the Day (1867) as political writer. He 
 has written on political topics : < Essays upon 
 History and Politics' {1864); < English States- 
 men since the Peace of l8i5> (1868); <A His- 
 tory of Toryism* (1885); and biographies of 
 Lord Beaconsfield and Lord Derby in the 
 
 < English Statesmen* series. His more recent 
 works are : < The Old and the New English 
 Country Life* (1891); < Sport and Nature* 
 (1893)- 
 
 Keble, John. A famous English religious 
 poet ; born at Fairford, Gloucestershire, 1792 ; 
 died at Bournemouth, Hampshire, 1866. He was 
 remarkable for great beauty of character. A 
 clergyman of the English Church, he repeatedly 
 refused rich livings from a sense of duty. Of 
 his great work <The Christian Year* (2 vols., 
 1827), which he published anonymously, in 1872 
 appeared the 158th edition ; over 500,000 copies 
 in all have been sold. It has been illustrated 
 and illuminated, books have been made from 
 and written on it, including a concordance, and 
 from its profits the author built one of the 
 most beautiful parish churches in England. 
 
 Keddle. Henrietta. [« Sarah Tytler.'*] An 
 English novelist and miscellaneous writer; 
 born in 1827. She is the author of several 
 graceful and readable stories, the best known 
 being: < Days of Yore* (1864); <Citoyenne 
 Jacqueline* (1865); < Noblesse Oblige* (1869); 
 * French Janet * ; < Blachall Ghosts.* Of her mis- 
 cellaneous works, designed chiefly for juvenile 
 readers, may be noticed : < Modem Painters > 
 ( 1873 ) ; < Children of a Hundred Years Ago * 
 ( 1876); < Jane Austen and her Works* (1880); 
 
 < Marie Antoinette : the Woman and the Queen > 
 ( 18S3); < Three Men of Mark * ; < The Machina- 
 tions of Janet.* 
 
 Keenan, Henry Francis. An American nov- 
 elist ; born at Rochester, N. Y., May 4, 1850. A 
 successful journalist, a New York and a Paris cor- 
 respondent of note, he deserted journalism for lit- 
 erature in 1883. He published : < Trajan * ( 1884) • 
 
 < The Aliens> ( 1886); < One of a Thousand > ( i887)- 
 
 < Conflict with Spain > ( 1898). 
 
 Keightley, Thomas (kit'ly). An English 
 writer; bom at Newton, Ire., 1784 ; died near 
 Erith, Kent, Nov. 4, 1872. He is best known 
 by his <Fairy Mythology* (2 vols., 1828), and 
 *<Tales and Popular Fretions* (1834). 
 
 Kelm, Karl Theodor (kim). A noted Ger- 
 man theologian ; bom at Stuttgart, Dec. 17, 1825 ; 
 died at Giessen, Nov. 17, 1878. While a disciple 
 of the modern critical school of theology (of 
 Strauss, Baur, and Renan) he strove to recon- 
 cile it with the old faith. He wrote : < The His- 
 torical Christ* (3d ed. 1866), and the great work 
 
 < History of Jesus of Nazareth* (3 vols., 1867-72). 
 
 Keller, Gerard (kel'er). A Dutch miscel- 
 laneous writer; born at Gouda, Feb. 13, 1829. 
 His best works are his books of travel : < A 
 Summer in the North* (1861); <A Summer in 
 the South* (1864); < Paris Besieged* (1871); 
 
 < Murdered Paris* (1872); < Europe Sketched in 
 All her Glory* (1877-80); 'America in Image 
 and in Writing* (1887). Of his numerous 
 novels may be named: <The Teacher's House 
 hold* (1858); < Within and Without* (1860)1 
 <The Mortgage on Wasenstein* (1865); <From 
 Home* (2 vols., 1867); < Over-Perfect * (1871); 
 
 < Three Tales* (<The Privy Councilor,* <How 
 They are Enjoyed,* < In Our Days,* 1880); <Oul 
 Minister* (1883); < Flickering Flames* (1884); 
 < Nemesis* (1885). He is the author also of 
 books for the young, and the dramas < The Bar- 
 ber's Daughter* (1878), <The Blue Ribbon* 
 (1881 ),< The Dangerous Cousin ' (1884). D. 1899. 
 
 Keller, Gottfried. A powerful German poet 
 and one of the foremost of German novelists; 
 bom at Ziirich, July 19, 1819; died there, July 
 16, 1890. Original in execution, he was a keen 
 observer, genuinely artistic, and with a strong 
 sense of humor, sometimes extravagantly in- 
 dulged. In his best vein he goes straight to the 
 heart. To romanticism in motifs, processes, 
 and charactens, he joined realism in execution. 
 His writings disclose the fact that he was a 
 painter before being an author. An impression 
 of his poetical genius may be obtained from 
 < Complete Poems* (3d ed. 1888). Of his novels, 
 'Seldwyla Folk* (1856) is one of the best- 
 (< Works,* II vols., 1889-93.) 
 
 Kelley, James Douglas Jerrold. An Amer- 
 ican naval officer and story-writer ; born 1847. 
 Besides works relating to the navy, he has writ- 
 ten the story <A Desperate Chance*; < Ameri- 
 can Man of War.* 
 
 Kolly, William Darrah. An American 
 politician ; born at Philadelphia, April 12, 
 1814 ; died at Washington, D. C, Jan. 9. 1890, 
 He was a lawyer; was Member of Congress 
 from Pennsylvania 1861-90, and prominent as 
 an abolitionist and a protectionist. Besides 
 addresses and political writings, he nublished 
 
 < Letters from Europe * ( 1880), < The New South * 
 (18S7), etc. 
 
 Kellgren, Johan Henrik (kel'gren). One of 
 tlie greatest of Swedish poets ; born at Floby, 
 West Gothland, Dec. I, 1751 ; died April 20, 
 1795. He excelled especially in lyrics, of which 
 one of his finest is <Nya Skapelsen* (The New 
 Creation). Gustavus III., whose private libra- 
 rian and secretary he was, fumished the plots 
 of most of his dramas and operas, he himself 
 contributing merely the versification. (<Workg> 
 2 vols., 1884.)
 
 300 
 
 KELLOGG — KENNEDY 
 
 Kellogg, Elijah. An American Congrega- 
 tional minister and writer for the young ; born 
 at Portland, Me., 1S13; died at Harpswell, Me., 
 March 17 , 1901. He was author of several series 
 of juvenile books, — <Elm Island> series, <Good 
 Old Times> series, etc., — but is probably best 
 known by the 'Address of Spartacus to the 
 Gladiators. > 
 
 Kelly, Jonathan Falconbridge. An American 
 prose-wriier ; bom in Philadelphia, in 1818 ; 
 died in Cincinnati, O., 1S54. He was the author 
 of <The Humors of Falconbridge) (1856). 
 
 Kelvin, Lord. See Thomson. 
 
 Kemble, Frances Anne (Mrs. Pierce Butler). 
 A famous English actress, daughter of Charles 
 Kemble and "niece of Mrs. Siddons ; born in 
 London, Nov. 27, 1809; died there, Jan. 15, 
 1S93. Among other works, she published her 
 'JoumaP (1S34); 'Journal of a Residence on a 
 Georgia Plantation) (1863); 'Recollections of a 
 Girlhood) (3 vols., 1878); 'Recollections of 
 Later Life) (3 vols., 1882); and in the Atlantic 
 Monthly, reminiscences of her theatrical career 
 (1876-77). 
 
 Keraeny, Zsigmond, Baron (kem'a-ne). An 
 eminent Hungarian novelist and publicist ; born 
 at Magyar-Kapud, 1816; died at Puszta-Kam- 
 aras, Dec. 22, 1S75. His romances and politi- 
 cal writings are classics in Hungarian literature. 
 Of the former, ' Man and Wife* (1852) and 
 <The Abysses of the Heart) (1854), both psy- 
 chological studies, are among the best. ' Stud- 
 ies ' (2 vols., 1870) is an admirable work. The 
 st3-ie of his writings and the tax they impose 
 on thought make them not alwaj-s easy to 
 read, but what they demand they amply repay 
 in pleasure and profit. He was called " prince 
 of the Magyar journalists.)) 
 
 Kempis, Thomas a (kem'pis). A celebrated 
 German mystic ; born at Kempen (whence his 
 name, " Thomas from Kempen )) j, near Cologne, 
 1380; died I471. His true name was Hamer- 
 ken (Latin, Malleolus). Sub-prior of the mon- 
 astery of Mount St. Agnes, near Zwolle, he 
 was distinguished for piety and success as an 
 instructor of youth. He was author of the 
 < Imitation of Christ,) one of the most famous 
 of books, which has been universally read and 
 has moved the hearts of men of all nations, 
 conditions and kinds, for four centuries. Its 
 title describes its contents; it abounds in max- 
 ims of humility and resignation, and is such a 
 book as only a man living the most unevent- 
 ful of lives, withdrawn from the world and 
 spent in contemplation, could have written. It 
 is said that it has been translated into more 
 languages than any other book except the 
 Bible. 
 
 Kendall, Amos. A distinguished American 
 politician ; bom at Dunstable, Mass., Aug. 16, 
 1789; died at Washington, D. C, Nov. 11, 1869. 
 He was Postmaster-General of the United States 
 1835-40. He wTote 'Life of Andrew Jackson*; 
 •Autobiography) (1872), 
 
 Kendall, George Wilkins. An American 
 writer; born at Mount Vernon, N. H., about 
 1809; died at Oak Springs, Tex., Oct. 22, 1867. 
 He was founder of the New Orleans Picayune, 
 which became under his direction one of the 
 leading journals of the South. He wrote ' The 
 War Between the United States and Mexico* 
 (1851). 
 
 Kendall, Henry Clarence. An Australian 
 poet ; born in Ulladalla district. New South 
 Wales, 1841 ; died near Sydney, 1882. While a 
 lawyer's clerk in Sydney, three poems were 
 accepted by the London Athenaeum in 1862; 
 he then devoted himself to literature, publish- 
 ing 'Leaves from an Australian Forest* (1869) 
 and 'Songs from the Mountains) (1880), his 
 chief works. Especially happy in description 
 of Australian scenery, he is known as " the 
 poet of the bush.)* A collection of his poetry 
 appeared in 1886. 
 
 Kendricli, Ashael Clark. An American 
 scholar, editor, and miscellaneous writer; born 
 at Poultney, Vt., Dec. 7, 1S09 ; died at Roches- 
 ter, N. Y., Oct. 21, 1895. Besides bringing out 
 translations and several text-books, and revis- 
 ing and editing Olshausen's ' New Testament 
 Commentary * and Meyer's ' Commentary on 
 John,) he published ' Our Poetical Favorites ) 
 (3 vols., 3d ed. 1880); 'Life and Letters of 
 Emily C. Judson* (1862). He was one of the 
 American committee of New Testament re- 
 visers. 
 
 Kennan, George. A noted traveler and 
 writer on Russian topics ; bom at Norwalk, 
 Huron County, O., Feb. 16, 1S45. I^i early life, 
 and before the completion of the Atlantic cable, 
 he was a member of the Western Union tele- 
 graph expedition to sur\-ey a route for a Behr- 
 ing Strait and Siberian telegraph line to Europe. 
 The result of this expedition was the book 
 called 'Tent Life in Siberia* (1870J. His jour- 
 neys through Northern Russia and Siberia in 
 the years 1S85-86 for the purpose of investi- 
 gating the condition of the Sib)erian exiles, re- 
 sulted in the publication of a series of papers 
 in the Century Magazine ( 1890-91 ), afterwards 
 issued in book form under the title ' Siberia 
 and the Exile System * ; ' The Tragedy of Pel^e.* 
 
 Kennedy, Crammond. An American law- 
 yer and miscellaneous writer; bom at North 
 Berwick, Scotland, 1842. He came to New 
 York (1856), became known as the boy preacher, 
 served as chaplain in the Civil War, was man- 
 aging editor of the Christian Union (1870), 
 and since 1878 has practiced law at Washing- 
 ton, D. C. He has ^vritten : ' Corn in the 
 Blade > (i860), verse; ' Liberty of the Press * (187b), 
 a prize essay ; ' The Capture of Aguiualdo.) 
 
 Kennedy, Grace. An English novelist ; born 
 at Pinmore, Ayrshire, 1782; died at Edinburgh, 
 1825. Her best-known work was ' Father Clem- 
 ent* (1823), which reached a twelfth edition 
 and was translated into nearly every European 
 language. Her works were moral and religious 
 in character.
 
 KENNEDY — KEPLER 
 
 30I 
 
 Kennedy, John Pendleton. An American 
 writer; born at Baltimore, Oct. 25, 1795; died 
 at Newport, Aug. 18, 1870. Best known by 
 his very popular < Horse -shoe Robinson' (1835). 
 Among his other works was a < Life of Will- 
 iam Wirt, Attorney-General of the United 
 States > (1849). Active in politics and several 
 times Member of Congress, he was Secretary 
 of the Navy under President Fillmore. 
 
 Kennedy, Patrick. An Irish antiquarian 
 writer ; bom in County Wexford, 1801 ; died 
 at Dublin, March 28, 1873. His studies were 
 given to the archaeology and popular traditions 
 of Ireland. His chief work was < Legendary 
 Fictions of the Irish Celts' (new ed. 1892). 
 
 Kennedy, William. A Scottish writer of 
 prose and verse; born at Dublin, 1799; died in 
 
 Paris, , 1 87 1. He resided many years 
 
 in Galveston, Tex., serving there as British 
 consul. He published: < My Early Days' 
 (1826); <The Arrow and the Rose; with Other 
 Poems' (1830); < The Rise, Progress, and Pros- 
 pects of the Republic of Texas' (2 vols., 1841). 
 
 Kennedy, William Sloane. A well-known 
 American biographer, story-writer, and poet; 
 bom at Breckville, O., 1850. His home is at 
 Belmont, Mass. He has written lives of Long- 
 fellow, Whittier, and Holmes; < Wonders and 
 Curiosities of the Railway : Locomotive Stories ' 
 (1884); < In Portia's Garden,' verse; etc. 
 
 Kennett, White. An English clergyman and 
 historian; bom at Dover, in 1660; died in 
 1728. From 1718 until his death he occupied 
 the episcopal see of Peterborough. In 1706 he 
 brought out a complete < History of England,' 
 from the earliest times to the death of William 
 III., a work of great accuracy and interest ; 
 and in 1713 < Bibliothecae Americanae Primordia,' 
 an attempt towards laying the foundation of an 
 American library. 
 
 Kenney, Charles Lamb. An English mis- 
 cellaneous writer, son of James ; born at Bellevue, 
 France, April 29, 1821 ; died at Kensington, Aug. 
 25, 1S81. Was a friend of Thackeray and Dick- 
 ens. Secretary of M. Lesseps, his book < The 
 Gates of the East' (1857) turned English pub- 
 lic opinion in favor of the Suez Canal, against 
 Lord Palmerston's opposition. He introduced 
 opera-bouffe in London, writing librettos for 
 < The Grand Duchess of Gerolstein,' < La Belle 
 H^l^ne,' etc. He wrote also several popular 
 songs, among them < Ever my Queen.' 
 
 Kenney, James. An English dramatist ; bom 
 in Ireland, 1780; died July 25, 1849. He was a 
 bank clerk in London, with a taste for the 
 theatre, and wrote a number of pieces that 
 still hold the stage. Among them were the 
 farces < Raising the Wind' (1803); <Tum Him 
 Out' (1812); <Love, Law, and Physic' (1812); 
 the stock favorite < Sweethearts and Wives ' 
 (1823); and the famous tragedy <The Sicilian 
 Vespers' (1840). 
 
 Kenrick, Francis Patrick. A distinguished 
 American Roman Catholic prelate and theo- 
 logical writer ; bom at Dublin, Ireland, Dec 3, 
 
 1797 ; died at Baltimore, Md., July 6, 1863. He 
 founded the seminary of St. Charles Borromeo 
 in Philadelphia in 1832 : became archbishop of 
 Baltimore, 1851 ; honorary primate of the United 
 States, 1859. He was prominent as a contro- 
 versialist and a Biblical scholar. Among his 
 works were: < Dogmatic Theology' (4 vols., 
 1839-40); < Moral Theology' (3 vols., 1841-43). 
 He also published a revision of the Douai Eng- 
 lish Bible, with notes. 
 
 Kenrick, Peter Richard. An American prel- 
 ate and writer, brother of Francis Patrick ; bom 
 in Dublin, 1806 ; died in St. Louis, 1896, of which 
 city he was the first Roman Catholic archbishop. 
 He published: <The Holy House of Loretto'; 
 < Anglican Ordinations'; <Concio in Concilio 
 Vaticana'; etc. 
 
 Kent, James. An eminent American jurist; 
 born at Philippi, N. Y., July 31, 1763 ; died at New 
 York, Dec. 12, 1847. Author of the famous < Com- 
 mentaries on American Law' (4 vols., 1826-30), 
 which holds in this country a position similar to 
 that occupied by Blackstone's commentaries in 
 Great Britain. It contains not only federal juris- 
 prudence, but the municipal law, written and 
 unwritten, of the several States ; has proved its 
 general interest and special value by years of 
 use ; passed through many editions, and is one 
 of the intellectual monuments of our country. 
 He was chief justice and chancellor of the State 
 of New York. 
 
 Kent, William Charles Mark. An English 
 miscellaneous writer ; born in London, 1823. He 
 has produced a number of works in prose and 
 verse, besides contributing to the < Encyclopje- 
 dia Britannica' and several of the best Eng- 
 lish reviews, and being active as a journalist. 
 His poem <Aletheia, or the Condemnation of 
 Mythology' (1850) was praised by Lamartine. 
 Among his prose works may be mentioned 
 
 < The Vision of Cagliostro' (1863). <The Derby 
 Ministry,' under the pseudonym " Mark Roch- 
 ester," and < The Gladstone Government,' under 
 that of ^'A Templar," consisted of sketches of 
 prominent political personages. 
 
 Kenyon, James Benjamin. An American 
 poet; born in Frankfort, Herkimer Count}', 
 N. Y., April 26, 1858. He has contributed to 
 periodicals, and is the author of < The Fallen, 
 and Other Poems' (1876); <Out of the Shad- 
 ows' (1880); < Songs in All Seasons' (1885^; and 
 
 < In Realms of Gold > ; < Reed Voices' (1905). 
 
 Kepler, Johannes (kep'ler). An eminent 
 German astronomer ; born at Weil, Wiirtem- 
 berg, Dec. 27, 1571 ; died at Ratisbon, Nov. 15, 
 1630. He was the discoverer of the laws of 
 planetary motion, famous as ^< Kepler's laws," 
 which revolutionized previous theories of the 
 position of humanity, and formed the founda- 
 tion for Newton's subsequent labors and mod- 
 em astronomy. His great work was the < New 
 Astronomy, with Commentaries on the Motions 
 of Mars' (1609). He also completed (1627) 
 the famous « Rudolphine Tables " of Tycho 
 Brahe, the basis of astronomy for tlie next
 
 302 
 
 KER — KETTLE 
 
 hundred yea.-s ; while his contribution to optics 
 was of first, to mathematics of striking, im- 
 portance. One of the great epoch-makers of 
 human thought. (< Works,> 8 vols., 1858-71.) 
 
 Ker, David. An American journalist and 
 writer of travels, stories, and books for the 
 young; born in England, 18—. Formerly a 
 correspondent of the London Daily Telegraph, 
 he has of late years resided in New York. He 
 has written : < The Broken Image, and Other 
 Tales' (1870), published anonymously; 'On 
 the Road to Khiva* (1874); < Into Unknown 
 Seas* (1886), describing the cruise of two sailor 
 boys; etc. 
 
 K^ratry, Auguste Hllarion de (ka-ra-tre). 
 A French politician ; born at Rennes, Oct. 28, 
 1769; died at Port Marly, Nov. 7, 1859. He 
 wrote on a great variety of subjects, his chief 
 works being < Moral and Philosophical Induc- 
 tions > (1817), and <The Beautiful in the Imi- 
 tative Arts' (3 vols., 1822). 
 
 Kerkhoven, Petrus Frans van (kerk-hS'ven). 
 A Flemish miscellaneous writer; born at Ant- 
 werp, 1818 ; died there, 1857. He was editor 
 of several journals; wrote numerous poems, 
 tragedies, comedies, romances, and novels, 
 among them < Daniel' (1845); 'Ferdinand the 
 Corsair' (1845). His works appeared in 1869-73 
 in thirteen volumes. 
 
 Eernahan, Coulson. An English poet, nov- 
 elist, and essayist ; born at Ilfracombe, Aug. i, 
 1858. His poetry is strong in matter and fin- 
 ished in form. Some of his novels are marked 
 by a play of gloomy fancy not unlike Haw- 
 thorne's. The striking story <A Dead Man's 
 Diary,' published anonymously, soon reached a 
 fourth edition. Two others, < Stranger than Fic- 
 tion' (1893) and <Dead Faces' (1894), were 
 notable. He has shown himself to be also an 
 excellent critic. Some ot his best works are < The 
 Child, the Wise Man. and the Devil'; <\Vise 
 Men and a Fool.' 
 
 Kerner, Justinu-s (kar'ner). A famous Ger- 
 man poet and novelist ; born at Ludwigsburg, 
 Wiirtemberg, 1786; died at Weinsberg, 1862. 
 Several of his lyrics — for instance, <Song of 
 Wandering,' < The Wanderer in the Saw Mill,' 
 — are popular with the masses, and a number 
 were set to music by Schumann. His poetry 
 can be read in <The Last Bunch of Blossoms' 
 (1852) and 'Winter Blossoms' (1859). Of his 
 prose works (which included medical writings, 
 he being a physician), <The Seeress of Pre- 
 vorst' (5th ed. 1877), a result of his studies in 
 animal magnetism and somnambulism, attracted 
 great attention. Noteworthy too was his < Pict- 
 ure Book from my Childhood' (2d ed. 1886). 
 His work was marked by keen observation, 
 fancy, satirical power, humor blended with pa- 
 thos, and thought always busy with the other 
 world. He may be called the romanticist of 
 the Swabian school of poets. 
 
 Kerner, Theobald. A German poet and 
 novelist, son of Justinus ; bom at Gaildorf, June 
 14, 1817. A physician like his father, like him 
 
 he has published both medical and literary 
 works. Among the latter, his < Poems ' ap- 
 peared in 1851 ; < Princess Klatschrose ' the 
 same year (2d ed. 1894); <The Flying Tailor,' 
 an opera, in 1862 ; < Parson Staber, or the New 
 Ahasuerus,' a comedy, in 1888. <The Kerner 
 House and its Guests' (1893) consisted of bright 
 and interesting sketches of the inmates and vis- 
 itors of his famous father's domicile, his own 
 since the latter's death. 
 
 Kerr, Orpheus C. See NewelL 
 
 Kervyn de Lettenhove, Josef Marie Bruno 
 Konstantin (ker-van' de let'en-ho-ve). A Bel- 
 gian historian ; born at St. Michel, West Flan- 
 ders, Aug. 17, 1817 ; died at Brussels, April 3,' 
 1891. His principal work was < History of 
 Flanders' (3d ed., 4 vols., 1874). Among his 
 other works may be mentioned <The Hugue- 
 nots' (6 vols., 1883-85), < Marie Stuart' (2 vols., 
 1890). 
 
 Ketchum, Mrs. Annie (Chambers). An 
 American educator, lecturer, and miscellaneous 
 writer; born in Scott County, Ky., 1824. She 
 was principal of the high school for girls at 
 Memphis, Tenn., 1855-58. She has written : 
 < Christmas Carillons and Other Poems' (1888); 
 < Nellie Braden,' a novel ; < Rilla Motto,' a ro- 
 mance ; etc. Died Jan 27, 1904. 
 
 Ketteler, Wilhelm Emanuel von (ket'e-ler). 
 A distinguished German prelate ; born at Miin- 
 ster, Dec. 25, 181 1; died at Burghausen, Bava- 
 ria, July 13, 1877. One of the ablest of Ger- 
 man ultramontanists ; bishop of Mentz (1850), 
 for which diocese he obtained special privi- 
 leges; and member of the first Reichstag (1871). 
 He wrote on the questions of the day. Among 
 his works may be mentioned : < Freedom, Au- 
 thority, and Church' (7th ed. 1862); <The 
 Labor Question and Christianity' (3d ed. 1864), 
 v.'hich even Lassalle praised ; < Germany after 
 Ihe War of 1866' (6th ed. 1867), 
 
 Kettell, Samuel. An American prose-writer ; 
 born in Newburyport, Mass., Aug. 5, 1800; died 
 in Maiden, Mass., Dec. 3, 1855. He assisted 
 Samuel G. Goodrich in the preparation of some 
 of his < Peter Parley ' books. Under the pen- 
 names of << Peeping Tom " and <' Timothy 
 Tittervvell" he contributed many humorous 
 articles to the Boston Courier, afterward be- 
 coming its editor. His principal works are: 
 ♦Records of the Spanish Inquisition' (1828); and 
 ♦Specimens of American Poetry, with Critical 
 and Biographical Notices' (3 vols., 1 829). 
 
 Kettle, Mary Eosa Stuart (Mackenzie), best 
 known as *Rosa Mackenzie Kettle." An English 
 novelist; bom at Overseale, Leicestershire; died 
 at Callander, Scotland, March I4, 1895. Her 
 stories treat of Comwall and the South Coast. 
 Her earliest success was < Fabian' s Tower' ( 1 85 2 ) . 
 She also published : <La Belle Marie : A Ro- 
 mance of the Comish Coast' (1862); <Hillsden 
 on the Moors' (1873); <My Home in the Shires> 
 (1877); <The Sea and the Moor' (1877); <The 
 Sisters of Ombersleigh ; or. Under the Soutb 
 Downs' {^li
 
 KEXEL — KIMBALL 
 
 303 
 
 Kezel, Olof (chaiks'el). A Swedish miscel- 
 laneous writer; bom at Kalmar, 1748; died at 
 Stockholm, 1796. He wrote numerous satires, 
 songs, poems, plays, and a historical romance, 
 
 < Zalameski.> 
 
 Key, Francis Scott. An American poet; 
 born in Frederick County, Md., Aug. 9, 1780; 
 died at Baltimore, Jan. 11, 1843. Author of 
 
 < The Star Spangled Banner,^ which was sug- 
 gested and partially written while he was view- 
 ing the bombardment of Fort McHenry, near 
 Baltimore, by the British fleet, on which he was 
 a prisoner. It was set to music by J. S. Smith. 
 
 Keyes, Erasmus Darwin. A distinguished 
 American soldier ; born at Brimfield, Mass., May 
 29, 1810; died 1895. A graduate of West Point 
 (1832), he rose to the rank of major-general in 
 the Civil War. He wrote < Fifty Years' Ob- 
 servation of Men and Events > (1884). 
 
 Keyser, Jakob Rudolph (ki'zer). One of 
 the foremost Norwegian historians ; born at 
 Christiania, Jan. i, 1803 ; died there, Oct. 8, 1864. 
 Among his many important works were a 
 •History of Norway > (2 vols., 1865-70); < His- 
 tory of the Norwegian Church under Catholi- 
 cism > (2 vols., 1856-58). 
 
 Khayy&m, Omar (ki-yam'). A noted Per- 
 sian poet, mathematician, and astronomer ; born 
 at Nishdpur, 1050 (?); died there, 1 123 (?). He 
 is best known by his famous <Rubdiydt,> or 
 'Quatrains,* — four-line stanzas with the third 
 unrhymed, — of which about 500 are considered 
 genuine ; Fitzgerald gives lOi. Though some 
 of these had been already translated into Eng- 
 lish by Hyde, Ouseley, and Cowell (in prose), 
 the first English translation to make them 
 widely known was Fitzgerald's, editions of 
 which appeared in 1859, 1868, 1872, 1879, 1889. 
 Other English translations have been by Whin- 
 field (London, 1881), McCarthy (ib., 1889), Les- 
 lie Garner (Milwaukee, 1888), Le Gallienne 
 (1897). An American edition in 1884 contained 
 the celebrated illustrations by Elihu Vedder. 
 There are also German, French, Norwegian, 
 and Hungarian versions. A valuable work is 
 that of N. H. Dole, containing English, French, 
 and German translations, comparatively ar- 
 ranged, with further selections, notes, biogra- 
 phies, bibliography, etc., and an Introduction 
 (2 vols., 1896). A new translation by John Payne, 
 the famous translator of Villon and the <Ara- 
 bian Nights,' is announced, containing some 
 400 additional quatrains. 
 
 Kheraskov, Mikhail (che-ras-kof). A Rus- 
 sian epic poet; born Oct. 25, 1733; died at 
 Moscow, Oct. 9, 1806. His principal works 
 were the <Rossiad> (1785), in 12 cantos, on the 
 conquest of Kazan, and < Vladimir' (1786), in 
 18 cantos, on the conversion of St. Vladimir. 
 
 Khvostchinsk&ia, Nadezhda Dmitrievna 
 
 (chvo-schin'ska-e-a). A Russian novelist ; born 
 at Riazan, 1825; died at Peterhof, July 2, 1889. 
 A prolific writer, her best works were : < Anna 
 Mikhailovna* (1850); < Waiting for Something 
 Better > ; the romance < The Country Teacher > ; 
 
 <The Great Bear,> the last particularly having 
 a pronounced success. She wrote also good 
 short stories and published poetry. (< Works,* 
 6 vols., 1859.) 
 
 Kidder, Daniel Parish. An American de- 
 scriptive writer; born at Darien, N. Y., 1815; 
 died at Evanston, 111., 1891. He was a mis- 
 sionary to Brazil, and very active in the Meth- 
 odist Episcopal Church; was editor of the 
 Sunday School Advocate. He wrote : < Mor. 
 monism, and the Mormons* (1844); < Sketches 
 of a Residence and Travels in Brazil* (2 vols., 
 1845). 
 
 Kidder, Frederic. An American prose-writei»; 
 born in New Ipswich, N. H., 1804; died in 
 Melrose, Mass., 1885. An antiquarian who gave 
 much attention to the language and religion 
 of the New England Indians. He was author 
 of < The Expeditions of Capt. John LovewelP 
 (1865); < History of the First New Hampshire 
 Regiment in the War of the Revolution* (1868); 
 < History of the Boston Massacre, March 5, 
 1770* (1870). 
 
 Kielland or Kjelland, Alexander Lange 
 
 (chel'and). One of the most prominent of 
 Norwegian novelists and dramatists; born at 
 Stavanger, 1849. A strong representative of 
 the realistic school, he seeks to introduce Eu- 
 ropean culture into Norway, and is a foe to 
 all forms of ecclesiastical tyranny. His writ- 
 ings have been supposed to show the influence 
 of Balzac and Zola, also of Ibsen and Heine. 
 Notable among his novels are : < Garman and 
 Worse* (1880), his first; 'Laboring People* 
 (1881); < Skipper Worse* (1882). The Christ- 
 mas story <Else* (1881), one of his best pro- 
 ductions, should be read by all who desire to 
 form an opinion of his work. Of his dramas, 
 which differ from his novels only in having 
 the dialogue form, among the best are : < Betty's 
 Formynder* (Betty's Guardian: 1887), < Profes- 
 soren* (1888). 
 
 Killigrew, Thomas. An English dramatist, 
 brother of William ; bom at Handworth, Mid- 
 dlesex, 1611; died in London, 1682. Held sev- 
 eral offices under Charles I. and Charles II., 
 among them that of English resident at Venice 
 (1651), and court jester. He succeeded his 
 rival theatre manager. Sir Henry Herbert, as 
 master of the revels (1673). He wrote eleven 
 plays, not all of which were intended for the 
 stage. As was to be expected from his charac- 
 ter, his comic dramas surpass the serious ones. 
 A complete edition appeared in 1664. 
 
 Killigrew, Sir William. An English dram- 
 atist; born at Handworth, 1606; died in Lon- 
 don, 1695. His dramas were praised by Waller. 
 <Selindra* (1665) and <Ormasdes* (1665), two 
 tragi-comedies,— so called because, though they 
 end happily, they contain violent deaths, — are 
 good specimens of his work. He was a Mem- 
 ber of Parliament and a courtier. 
 
 Kimball, Hannah Parker. An American 
 poet; born 1861. She has contributed much to
 
 304 
 
 KIMBALL — KINGLAKE 
 
 magazines, her best collection of verse appear- 
 ine in the volume < Victory and Other Verses ' 
 (1897). 
 
 Kimball, Harriet McEwen. An American 
 writer of religious lyrics ; born in Portsmouth, 
 N. H., 1834. Her published works include : 
 < Hymns' (1867); < Swallow Flights of Song> 
 ( 1874) ; and < The Blessed Company of All Faith- 
 ful People > (1879) ; < Poems> (Compl. Ed. 1889). 
 
 Kimball, Richard Burleigh. An American 
 writer; born at Plainfield N. H., Oct. II, 1816; 
 died at New York, Dec. 2S, 1S92. He was a law- 
 yer. Among his literary works were: <Cuba and 
 the Cubans' (1850); < Romance of Student 
 Life Abroad' (1853); < Under-Currents of Wall 
 Street' (1862); < Henry Powers, Banker' (1868). 
 
 Kind, Johann Friedrich (kint). A German 
 miscellaneous writer ; born at Leipzig, March 
 4, 1768; died at Dresden, June 25, 1843. His 
 works consisted of poems, novels, and dramas, 
 among the latter being the librettos of Kreutz- 
 er's opera < The Night Camp of Granada' and 
 Weber's < Der Freischiitz' (1821). 
 
 King, Alice. An English novelist; born at 
 Cutcombe, March 28, 1839; died there, May, 
 1894. Though she became blind at the age of 
 seven, she learned seven languages, and was a 
 prolific writer for magazines and author of 
 novels, composing her manuscript by the aid 
 of a typewriter. Among the most popular of 
 her works were: <Sir Tristram's Will' (1867); 
 < Hearts or Coronets' (1876); < Fettered Yet 
 Free' (1883); <A Strange Tangle' (1885). 
 
 King, Mrs. Anna Eichberg. An American 
 short-story writer ; born in Switzerland, 1 856. 
 Daughter of Julius Eichberg the musician. She 
 is now Mrs. John Lane of London. Author of 
 <Brown's Retreat and Other Stories' (1893). and 
 <Kitwyk Stories' ( 1895), genuinely Dutch in tone. 
 
 King, Captain Charles. An American nov- 
 elist and descriptive writer; born at Albany, 
 N. Y., 1844. He resigned from the United States 
 army in 1879, becoming professor of military 
 science and tactics at the University of Wiscon- 
 sin (1881) and devoting his time largely to liter- 
 ature. He wrote a long series of novels treat- 
 ing of army and frontier life and people, among 
 the best of which are: <The Colonel's Daugh- 
 ter' (1883), describing life in a frontier fort; 
 < Kitty's Conquest' (1884), very popular; < Fa- 
 mous and Decisive Battles of the World' 
 (1884); <The Colonel's Christmas Dinner and 
 Other Stories ' (1892); <Captain Close and Ser- 
 geant Crcesus' (1895): also < Campaigning with 
 Crook' (1890); < The Iron Brigade' (1902). 
 
 King, Clarence. A representative American 
 writer on geology and allied topics ; born at 
 Newport, R. I., Jan. 6, 1842; died at Phoenix, 
 !\.riz., Dec. 24, 1901. In 1863 he joined the 
 State geological survey of California, making the 
 first detailed surveys of the Yosemite Valley. 
 In 1867 he was in charge of the United States 
 geological survey of the 40th Parallel, and for 
 the next five years did valuable work from the 
 
 California Sierras to Eastern Wyoming, the 
 results of wliich were registered in two atlases 
 and the seven quarto volumes entitled 'Protes- 
 sional Papers of the Engineer Department of the 
 United States Survey' (1870-78). The first 
 volume was written entirely by Mr. King. When 
 in 1879 the different geological surveys were 
 united in one bureau of the Department of the 
 Interior, Mr. King was made first director of the 
 Survey, holding the position until 1 88 1, when 
 he resigned. He later carried on independent 
 investigation, and contributed many important 
 papers to scientific periodicals in this country 
 and Europe. He was elected in 1S76 a mem- 
 ber of the National Academy of Science. His 
 best-known book, 'Mountaineering in the Sier- 
 ras' (1871), is not merely a contribution to 
 technical knowledge in this field, but a brilliant 
 literary performance; being written in a graphic 
 way, and narrating picturesque and thrilling 
 incidents of Western wild life. 
 
 King, Edward. An American miscellaneous 
 writer; born at Middlefield, Mass, July 31, 1848; 
 died at Brooklyn, N. Y., March 27, 1 896. He 
 was both a journalist — being well known as a 
 Paris and a war correspondent — and an author. 
 His specialties were our own Southern States and 
 French themes. Among his works were < J^vly Paris, 
 or French Character Sketches' (1868); < Ken- 
 tucky's Love, or Roughing It around Paris' 
 (1872); <The Great South' (1875); <A Venetian 
 Lover' (1887), a poem; <The Gentle Savage' 
 (1888), a popular novel. 
 
 King, Grace Elizabeth. An American nov- 
 elist, short-story writer, and historian ; born in 
 Louisiana, 1852. She is one of the most promi- 
 nent of Southern writers, and her books largely 
 deal with Southern subjects. Her novel < Mon- 
 sieur Motte,' which appeared first in the New 
 Princeton Review, was republished in book 
 form in 1888. < Balcony Stories' was one of 
 her best works ; others can be seen in < Tales 
 of a Time and Place.' Her historical writings 
 embrace < New Orleans, the Place and the Peo- 
 ple,' and a <Life' of Bienville, the founder of 
 New Orleans ; < De Soto and his Men in Florida.' 
 
 King, Horatio. An American statesman, 
 publicist, and writer of travels ; born at Paris, 
 Me., June 21, 1811; died at W^ashington, May 
 20, 1897. He was Postmaster-General of the 
 United States in 1861. He wrote '.Sketches of 
 Travel' (1878'; and 'Turning on the Light : A 
 Survey of the Administration of Buchanan.' 
 
 King, Thomas Starr. An American essayist ; 
 born in New York, Dec. 17, 1824 ; died in San 
 Francisco, March 4, 1863. He was a Unitarian 
 clergjTnan and a popular lecturer, and wrote 
 < The White Hills : their Legends, Landscape, 
 and Poetry' (1859); 'Patriotism and Other Pa- 
 pers' (1S64). 
 
 Kinglake, Alexander William. A noted 
 English historian ; bom at Taunton, Devonshire, 
 Aug. 5, 1809 ; died in London, Jan. 2, 1891. Hav- 
 ing accompanied the English army to the 
 Crimea in 1854, he wrote his masterpiece, ' The
 
 KINGO — KINNEY 
 
 305 
 
 Invasioi of the Crimea, its Origin and an Ac- 
 count of its Progress > (8 vols., 1863-87). It is 
 trie standard work on the subject, written in 
 an almost perfect style, though perhaps it is 
 slightly diffuse, and partial to his friend Lord 
 Raglan. Before the Crimean War he had 
 written < Eothen ; or Traces of Travel Brought 
 Home from the East> (5th ed. 1846), a delight- 
 ful record of personal experiences and a brill- 
 iant book of travel, with a light touch yet often 
 penetrating to the springs of Oriental feeling. 
 
 Eingo, Thomas (kin'gS). A Danish reli- 
 gious poet; born at Slangeruh, Seeland, 1634 ; 
 died 1703. His secular poetry was common- 
 place ; but his hymns, of which he wrote 41, 
 elevated in thought and beautiful in style, may 
 oe said to have made him the John Keble of 
 Denmark. More than two centuries old, they 
 are sung to-day in the Danish churches, and 
 will continue in use while the Danish tongue 
 endures. They appeal both to the cultivated 
 and the rude. The best of them may be seen 
 in his < Hymn Book> (1689). 
 
 Kingsley, Charles. An English novelist, 
 poet, and philanthropist; born at Holne, near 
 Dartmoor, Devonshire, June 12, 1819 ; died at 
 Eversley, Hampshire, Jan. 23, 1875. He became 
 curate (1842) and vicar (1844) of Eversley, 
 where he spent a large part of his life. His 
 literary career began with the publication of 
 <The Saint's Tragedy* (1848), a drama in verse 
 on the story of St. Elizabeth of Hungary. 
 This was followed by a series of novels that 
 caught the attention of the best readers : the first 
 being < Alton Locke, Tailor and Poet> (1849J, 
 which led to the establishment of co-operative 
 associations in England, and contained the 
 author's views as a Christian socialist, as did 
 also < Yeast > (1851). <Hypatia> (1853) described 
 pagan and Christian life in Alexandria early 
 in the fifth century. < Westward Ho!> (1855) 
 narrated the adventures in the New World 
 of Sir Amyas Leigh, with Sir Walter Raleigh, 
 Drake, Hawkins, etc., as fellow characters. 
 <The Water Babies* (1853) was a fairy tale 
 enjoyed by readers of all ages. Of his verse, 
 < Poems,* chiefly lyric, appeared in 1856, again 
 in 1875, and < Andromeda and Other Poems* 
 in 1858. < Lectures delivered in America* (1875) 
 contained addresses given during his visit to 
 the United States in 1874. His controversy 
 with John Henry (afterward Cardinal) New- 
 man, in 1864, led to the latter publishing his 
 celebrated < Apologia pro Vita Sua.* Mr. Kings- 
 ley became professor of modern history at 
 Cambridge in 1859, chaplain to the Queen in 
 i860, canon of Westminster in 1873. ('Works,* 
 28 vol.s., 1878-81.) 
 
 Kingsley, Henry. An English novelist, 
 brother of Charles ; born at Bamack, North- 
 amptonshire, Jan. 2, 1830; died at Cuckfield, 
 Sussex, May 24, 1876. An unsuccessful experi- 
 ment at gold-mining in Australia gave him 
 the material for his first novel, < The Recollec- 
 tions of Geoffrey Hamlyn* (3 vols., 1859), 
 which was well received. He followed it with 
 20 
 
 a long list of popular novels, among them 
 <Ravenshoe* ( 1861 ), generally considered his 
 best work; < Austin Elliot* (2 vols., 1863); <The 
 Hillyars and the Burtons* (3 vols., 1865); 
 <Leighton Court* (2 vols., 1866). A humorous 
 strain in his writings contrasts forcibly with 
 his brother's work. He was also a worker 
 for reviews and newspapers, being a special 
 correspondent in the Franco-Prussian War. 
 The battle of Sedan, at which he was present, 
 formed the subject of < Valentin : A French 
 Boy's Story of Sedan* (1872). 
 
 Kingston, William Beatty. An English 
 journalist and author ; born in London, in 1837. 
 For some years in the Austrian consular serv- 
 ice at London and Cardiff, he became a spe- 
 cial correspondent of the Daily Telegraph in 
 the principal Continental cities, and subse- 
 quently war correspondent for the same jour- 
 nal in the Austro-Prussian, Franco-Prussian, 
 and Russo-Turkish wars. His publications in- 
 clude : <The Battle of Berlin* (1871); < William 
 L, German Emperor* (1883); < Music and Man- 
 ners* (1887), a volume of personal reminis- 
 cences; (Monarchs 1 Have Met* (1887). 
 
 Kingston, V/illiam- Henry Giles. An Eng- 
 lish novelist; bom in London, Feb. 28, 1814; 
 died near there, August 5, 1880. He wrote 
 almost t'nough not quite exclusively for boys, 
 producing 130 stories in 30 years ; mostly of 
 sea voyage and adventure, instructive as well 
 as pleasing, and very popular. < Peter the 
 Whaler* (1851), <The Cruise of the Frolic* 
 (i860), the series beginning with <The Three 
 Midshipmen* (1873), <Joviman* (1877), etc., 
 won swarms of readers, both young and old. 
 His articles on Portugal, where his father was 
 a merchant at Oporto, led to the commercial 
 treaty between Portugal and England in 1842. 
 
 Kinkel, Johann Gottfried (kink'el). A dis- 
 tinguished German poet and historian of art ; 
 born at Obercassel, near Bonn, Aug. il, 1815 ; 
 died at Zurich, Nov. 12, 1882. His patriotic 
 and stormy life and political martyrdom con- 
 trasted oddly with his peaceful writings. His 
 first volume of verse (1843; 7th ed. 1872), rich 
 in feeling and charming in simplicity, contained 
 the fine narrative poem <Otto the Archer,* which 
 had afterward enormous success printed alone 
 (56th ed. 1881), also serving repeatedly as an 
 opera libretto ; his second (1868), more political 
 and m-uch inferior, contained however the ex- 
 quisite narrative poem <The Blacksmith of 
 Antwerp,* one of his best productions. The 
 tragedy <Nimrod* (1857) aimed to depict the 
 rise of despotism. The village tale < Margret > 
 became at once a classic. Of a great prose 
 work he projected, < History of Christian Plastic 
 Art,* only the fir.st part, on < Ancient Christian 
 Art,* ever appeared (1845). 
 
 Kinney, Coates. An American journalist 
 and writer of verse ; born in Yates County, 
 N. Y., 1826. He was oiiginally a lawyer, after- 
 wards editor of the Cincinnati Times and the 
 Ohio State Journal. He has written: <Ke-u-ka, 
 etc.* (1855); < Lyrics of the Ideal and the
 
 3o6 
 
 KINNEY— KISFALUDY 
 
 Real' (1888). His best-known poem is probably 
 * The Rain upon the Roof.* He died in 1904. 
 
 Kinney, Elizabeth Clementine (Dodge). 
 An American prose and verse writer; born in 
 New York city, 1810; died at Summit, N. J., 
 1889. She wrote < Felicita, a Metrical Romance' 
 (1855); < Poems' (1867); and < Bianca Cappello, 
 a Tragedy' (1873). 
 
 Kip, Leonard. An American miscellaneous 
 prose-writer, brother of William I. Kip ; born in 
 New York city, 1826; died in San Francisco, 
 Cal., 1893. Among his published works are : 
 'California Sketches' (1850); <ainone, a Ro- 
 man Tale' (1S66); < Under the Bells' (1879); 
 and <Nestlenook' (1880). 
 
 Kip, William Ingraham. An American Epis- 
 copal divine, one of the notable men of his de- 
 nomination; born in New York city, Oct. 3, 181 1; 
 died in San Francisco, April 7, 1893. He achieved 
 distinction as missionary bishop of California in 
 1853, and was made bishop in 1857. He pub- 
 lished : <The Double Witness of the Church' 
 (1844); < The Catacombs of Rome' (1854); <The 
 Unnoticed Things of Scripture' (i868); and 
 <The Church of the Apostles' (1877). 
 
 Kipling, Rudyard. An English short-story 
 writer, novelist, and poet ; born at Bombay, In- 
 dia, Dec. 30, 1865. Starting with prose, his short 
 stories are : < Plain Tales from the Hills' (1888), 
 introducing among others the famous creations 
 Mulvaney and Ortheris, who appeared again 
 with Learoyd, the third of the great trio, in 
 
 < Soldiers Three ' (1889) and others of his works ; 
 <The Phantom Rickshaw' (1889); < Mine Own 
 People' (1891); <Life's Handicap' (1891); 
 <Many Inventions' (1893); <The Jungle Books' 
 (1894-95). His novels are: <The Story of the 
 Gadsbys' (1890), in dialogue form; <The Light 
 that Failed' (1891); <The Naulahka' (1892), 
 with Wolcott Balestier ; < Captains Courageous ' 
 (1897), a story with American characters. His 
 verse can be seen in < Departmental and Other 
 Ditties' (1890); < Barrack Room Ballads' 
 (1892J; * '1 he Seven Seas ' (iSgo); < Traffics and 
 Discoveries' (1904). 
 
 Kirby, William. A Canadian novelist, poet, 
 and dramatist; bom in Kingston-upon-Hull, 
 England, Oct. 13, 1817. He came to Canada in 
 1832. From 1841 till 1861 he edited and pub- 
 lished the Niagara Mail. Among his published 
 works are : <U. E.: A Tale of Upper Canada' ; 
 
 < Niagara,' a poem (1869); <Chien d'Or,' a 
 Canadian historical romance (1877); < Joseph 
 in Egypt ' ; dramas ; and many poems. 
 
 Kirchbach, Wolfgang (kirch'bach). A Ger- 
 man poet and novelist; born in London, Sept. 
 18, 1857. Of his numerous works, especially 
 noticeable were: 'Salvator Rosa' (1880), a 
 novel; < Children of the Kingdom' (1883), «a 
 novel cycle"; < Selected Poems' (1883); <Waib- 
 linger' (1886), a modern tragedy; < The Judge 
 of Men ' (1888), a comedy ; the dramas < Gordon 
 Pasha ' and * Eginhard and Emma ' ; and < What 
 did Jesus Teach?' 
 
 Klrchliofif, Theodor (kir.ch'hof). A German- 
 American poet ; born at Utersen, Jan. 8, 1828. 
 Residing in the United States, he writes in 
 
 German and publishes in Germany. With his 
 brother Christian, he published < Songs of War 
 and Love' (1864), and another volume of 
 poems, <Adelpha' (1869). Alone, he has writ- 
 ten: < Pictures of Travel .and Sketches from 
 America' (2 vols., 1875-76); * Ballads and Re- 
 cent Poems' (1883); < Pictures of Californian 
 Civilization' (i886j; <A Trip to Hawaii' (1890). 
 
 Kirk, Ellen Warner (Olney). An American 
 novelist, wife of John Foster Kirk; born at 
 Southington, Conn., 1842. She has been a fre- 
 quent and welcome contributor to periodicals. 
 Of her books, <A Midsummer Madness' (1885), 
 and <A Daughter of Eve' (1889), created a 
 marked impression. < The Story of Margaret 
 Kent' (1885), published under the pseudonym 
 << Henry Hayes," passed rapidly through many 
 editions. Her latest work is *Marcia' (1907). 
 Kirk, John Foster. An American historian; 
 born at Fredericton, N. B., 1824. He moved 
 to the United States about 1842. He is author 
 of < History of Charles the Bold' (3 vols., 1863- 
 68), and of various historical essays and re- 
 views. He was editor of Lippincott's Magazine 
 for many 3'ears. Died Sept. 21, 1904. 
 
 Kirkland, Caroline Matilda (Stansbnry). A-n 
 American prose-writer; born in New Yoi-k city, 
 1801 ; died there, 1864. Her works, in part, are : 
 < Forest Life' (1842); < Garden Walks with the 
 Poets' (1854); <Memoirs of Washington '(1857); 
 <The Destiny of Our Country' (1864). 
 
 Kirkland, John Thornton. A distinguished 
 American Unitarian divine, educator, and bi- 
 ographer; born in New York State, 1770 ; died 
 1840. He was president of Harvard University 
 (1810-27). He wrote: < Life of Fisher Ames'; 
 
 < Eulogy of General Washington.' 
 
 Kirkland, Joseph. An American novelist; 
 bom at Geneva, N. Y., Jan. 7, 1S30; died at 
 Chicago, April 29, 1S94. <Zury, the Meanest 
 Man in Spring County' ( 18S7) gives a picture of 
 pioneer life in Illinois. In <The McVeys (188S) 
 reappear several of the characters of <Zury.> 
 
 < The Captain of Company K ' appeared in 
 1891; < The Chicago Massacre of 1812' in 1893 
 ( in collaboration with Caroline Kirkland ) ; 
 <The Story of Chicago' (2 vols.) in 1892-94. 
 
 Kirwan. See Murray, Nicholas. 
 
 Kisfaludy, K^roly (kish'fa-lo'de). A noted 
 Hungarian poet and novelist, brother of San- 
 dor; born at Tdt (Raab), Feb. S, 1788; died 
 Nov. II, 1830. He was the father of modern 
 Hungarian drama. His noblest tragedy, < Irene ' 
 (1820), has scarcely a peer in Hungarian lit- 
 erature. Next comes the fragment < Matthew 
 Csik ' ; overwork on which, injuring his health, 
 compelled him to leave it unfinished. His com- 
 edies excelled his tragedies ; among the best 
 of them were : < The Rebels,' < The Murderer,' 
 •Illusions,' all bright pictures of modern Hun- 
 garian life. He was successful as a lyric poet 
 also; and as a novelist, particularly a humor- 
 ous one. Soon after his death a Kisfaludy 
 Society was formed in Hungary in support of 
 , the national Muse. (< Works,' 6 vols., 1893.)
 
 KISPALU DY — KLEMM 
 
 307 
 
 Kisfaludy, S&ndor. A celebrated Hungarian 
 poet; born at Sumeg (Zala), Sept. 27, 1772; 
 died Oct. 28, 1844. He was the first great poet 
 of modern Hungary. His masterpiece was 
 
 < Himfy's Love Songs > (1801-7), in two parts, 
 
 < Love Unrequited* and < Love Returned,* — the 
 former being the better, and both showing the 
 influence of Petrarch. His other important work 
 was the epic < Legends from the Magyar Past* 
 (1807-38), which also contained many love songs. 
 He was the poet of the aristocracy, as Csokonai 
 was of the people. A memorial to him was 
 Jrected at Lake Flatten in i860. (< Works,* 8 
 I'ols., 1892.) 
 
 Kiss, Josef (kish). A celebrated Hungarian 
 poet ; born at TemesvS,r, 1843. He is exclus- 
 ively modern in subjects and treatment, but 
 with a strain of melancholy. His <Song of 
 the Sewing-Machine * (1884), a glorification of 
 work and a noble eulogy on woman, and < A 
 Grave* (his mother's), are noted. A fourth edi- 
 tion of his < Poetical Works* appeared in 1890; 
 <New Poems* in 1891. Since 1890 he has been 
 editor of The Week, a literary journal. 
 
 Kjerlsegaard, Sbren Aaby (kyer'ke-gor). An 
 eminent Danish religious writer; born at Co- 
 penhagen, May 5, 1813; died there, Nov. 11, 
 1835. He placed the philosophical basis of Chris- 
 tianity in personal faith ; and decried <* official ** 
 Christianity, making religion a personal matter 
 between each soul and the Supreme Being. 
 His principal work was < Enten — ElJer* (Either 
 — Or: 4th ed. 1878). 
 
 Klaczko, Julian (klach'ko). A Polish states- 
 man, poet, and historical writer ; born Nov. 6, 
 1828, of Hebrew parents. He was at one time a 
 prominent member of the Austrian Landtag, 
 and is a voluminous writer on historical and 
 political subjects in Polish, French, and Ger- 
 • man. Chief among his publications are : < The 
 Polish School* (1854); <The Unitarian Agita- 
 tion in Germany* (1862); < Studies in Contem- 
 porary Diplomacy* (1866); <The Preliminaries 
 of Sadowa* (1869); <The Two Chancellors* 
 (1876), a study of Bismarck and Gortchakoff; 
 * Florentine Causeries*; < Dante and Michel 
 Angelo * ; < Rome and the Renaissance.* 
 
 Klapp, Michael (klapp). A German dram- 
 atist and novelist ; born at Prague, 1834 ; died 
 at Vienna, Feb. 25, 1888. He was a successful 
 writer of comedies, of which one of the best 
 known was < Rosenkrantz and Guildenstem * 
 (1878). Others were: <The Blank Lottery*; 
 
 < Miss Councillor of Commerce.* <The Bank 
 Barons* (2 vols., 1877) deserves mention. 
 
 Klaprotb, Heinrich Julius von (klap'rot). 
 A celebrated German Orientalist ; born in Ber- 
 lin, Oct. II, 1783; died in Paris, Aug. 20, 1835. 
 He was sent by tiie Russian government on 
 a mission to Central Asia, and acquired valua- 
 ble information concerning Oriental languages 
 and customs. In 1815 he took up his residence 
 at Paris, at the same time holding a nomi- 
 nal professorship at the University of Berlin. 
 Among his numerous works may be noticed : 
 
 < Travels in Caucasus and Georgia* (1812-14); 
 <Geographico-Historical Description of Eastern 
 Caucasus* (1814); <Asia Polyglotto* (1823-29); 
 
 < Historical View of Asia* (1824). 
 
 Klein, Julius Leopold (klin). A German 
 dramatist and dramatic historian ; bom at Mis- 
 kolcz, Hungary, 1810; died at Berlin, Aug. 2, 
 1876. Prominent among his dramas were the 
 historical tragedies < Marie de Mddicis* (1841; 
 second part, < Luines,* 1842); <Zenobia* (1847); 
 
 < Strafford* (1862): among his comedies, <The 
 Duchess* (1848); <A Prot^gd* (1850); < Vol- 
 taire* (1862). Of his dramatic work, it has 
 been said that it shows him to be a man of 
 talent working by a mistaken method. His 
 celebrated 'History of the Drama* (13 vols., 
 1865-76 ; index 1886) — a production of vast scope, 
 research, and industry — aimed to give the dra- 
 matic history of all peoples, but was unfinished 
 at death. 
 
 Kleinpaul, Rudolph (klin'poul). A German 
 miscellaneous writer ; born at Grossgrabe, near 
 Kamentz, March 9, 1845. He wrote several in- 
 teresting volumes of travel in Egypt, Italy, and 
 along the shores of the Mediterranean, of which 
 * Crucify Him ! Adventures of Italian Travel * 
 reached a second edition in 1882. The drama 
 
 < The Abduction of the Princes * appeared in 1884. 
 
 Kleist, Ewald Christian von (klist). A 
 German poet ; born at Zeblin, Pomerania, 
 March 7, 1715; died at Frankfort on the Oder, 
 Aug. 24, 1759. His fame rests upon the poem 
 < Spring* (1749), which contains description 
 eminently true to nature, together with an ele- 
 ment of melancholy ; this trait marks also his 
 odes, elegies, songs, etc. His second-best poem 
 was the little martial epic < Cissides and Paches,* 
 breathing patriotism from every line. A lover 
 of nature, he was an ardent admirer of the 
 English poet Thomson. His idyls belong to his 
 best work. 
 
 Kleist, Heinrich von. A German poet ; born 
 at Frankfort on the Oder, Oct. 18, 1777 ; died at 
 Wannsee, near Potsdam, Nov. 21, 1811. His 
 dramas rival those of Goethe and Schiller. The 
 best are: < Penthesilea* (1808), a tragedy; 
 
 < Kitty of Heilbronn* (1810) ; < The Prince of 
 Homburg* (1821) ;< Hermann's Battle* (1821),— 
 the last two being his masterpieces ; the comedy 
 *The Broken Jug* (1812). Though known 
 chiefly as a dramatic poet, he wrote also lyrical 
 verse that made a deep and lasting impression. 
 His fine prose story < Michael Kohlhaas,* to- 
 gether with others, all showing marked ability, 
 appeared in < Tales* (2 vols., 1810-I1). His 
 fame did not come till after his death. (< Works,* 
 Stuttgart, 1885.) 
 
 Klemm, Friedrich Oustav (klem). A Ger- 
 man librarian and historian; born at Chemnitz, 
 Nov. 12, 1802 ; died at Dresden, Aug. 26, 1867. 
 Having studied in Leipsic, he settled in 1825 
 in Dresden, where he became royal librarian 
 (1852), retaining that post until 1864. Of special 
 value are his historical works, such as : <Attila 
 according So History, Sagas, and Legends '
 
 3o8 
 
 (1825); < History of Bavaria > (1828); < Hand- 
 book of German Archoeology* (1835); <Italica' 
 (1839), Italian travels; 'General History of 
 Civilization > (10 vols., 1843-52); < Science of Civ- 
 ilization > (1854-55); * Women > (6 vols., 1854-59). 
 
 Klicpera, Vaclav Kliment (klich'pe-ra). A 
 Czech poet and novelist ; born at Chlumec, 
 Bohemia, 1792 ; died at Prague, 1859. He wrote 
 in a style that was picturesque, but occasionally 
 somewhat coarse. Of a large number of dramas, 
 the tragedy < Sobeslav > ; and the comedies < The 
 Magic Hat,' • Ziska's Sword,' < The Liar,' < The 
 Comedy on the Bridge,' were successful. Among 
 his novels may be named < Tocnik ' and < Vil- 
 kovic.' He wrote also patriotic ver.se, etc. 
 (< Works,' 1864.) 
 
 Klingemanu, Ernst August Friedricli 
 (kling'e-man). A German dramatist ; born at 
 Brunswick, Aug. 31, 1777 ; died there, Jan. 25, 
 1831. His model was Schiller, and so success- 
 ful in their day were his dramas, that for years 
 his name and Schiller's were coupled in popu- 
 lar speech. Among his works were : < Mar- 
 tin Luther'; 'Cromwell'; 'German Faith'; 
 < Faust.' When belonging to the management 
 of the Brunswick Court Theatre, he was the 
 first to produce, though sorely against his will, 
 Goethe's 'Faust' (1829). ('Works,' 2 vols., 
 1817-18.) 
 
 Ellnger, Friedrich Maximilian von (kling'- 
 er). A German poet and novelist ; born at 
 Frankfort on the Main, Feb. 17, 1752; died 
 at Dorpat, Feb. 25, 1831. Among his earlier 
 dramas, including 'The Twins' (1776), 'Otto' 
 (1781), <The Suffering Wife,' etc., was 'Sturm 
 und Drang' (Storm and Stress: 1776), which 
 gave its celebrated name to that period of Ger- 
 man literature. He was called at the time he 
 wrote it a " Shakespeare gone mad," and he 
 himself referred in later life to his early pro- 
 ductions as "explosions of youthful brains 
 and ill-humor." From them his evolution was 
 toward moderation and restraint. Of his novels, 
 best known was the gloomy < Faust's Life, Deeds, 
 and Journey to Hell' (1791); unless indeed 
 <The Worldling and the Poet' (1798), consist- 
 ing of psychological dialogues on the contrast 
 between the actual and the ideal world, were 
 its successful competitor. < Reflections and 
 Thoughts on Various Subjects of the World and 
 Literature' (3 vols., 1802-5) may also be men- 
 tioned. Early left an orphan in wretched cir- 
 cumstances, after various vicissitudes he entered 
 the service of Russia, where he rose to high 
 position. (Latest edition of his works, 1841.) 
 
 Klonowicz, Sebasti&,n Fabian (klo-no'vich). 
 A Neo-Latin and Polish poet ; born at Sul- 
 mierzyce, about 1545 ; died at Lublin, Aug. 29, 
 1602. His chief work, 'Roxolania' (1584), was 
 a description in verse of the country and peo- 
 ple of Red Russia (eastern Galicia). The 
 didactic poem 'The Victory of the Gods' 
 (1595). also in Latin, and directed against the 
 privileges of birth and other wrongs, contained 
 fine passages, but was too long. 'Flis' (The 
 Waterman : 1595), a Polish poem, described 
 
 KLICPERA — KNEELAND 
 
 transportation down the Vistula from W 
 saw to Dantzic. 'Judas's Purse' (1600) was 
 
 ar- 
 
 as a 
 
 )rtation aown tne Vistula trom > 
 saw to Dantzic. 'Judas's Purse' (1600) was a 
 sharp, satirical poem, directed against theft, 
 hypocrisy, etc. 
 
 Klopp, Onno (klop). A German historian; 
 born in Leer, 1822. For a number of years 
 he was a teacher in the gymnasium at Osna- 
 briick, and later became a close friend of 
 George V. of Hanover. A strong anti-Prussian 
 tendency is the only blemish in a series of 
 remarkable historical productions, such as a 
 'History of East Friesland' (1854-58); 'King 
 Frederick of Prussia and the German Nation' 
 (2d ed. 1867); 'Tilly in the Thirty Years' War' 
 (1861); 'The Fall of the House of Stuart' (14 
 vols., 1875-87); 'The Thirty Years' War to the 
 Death of Gustavus Adolphus' (1891). D. 1903. 
 
 Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb (klop'stok). 
 A celebrated German poet ; born at Quedlin- 
 burg, 1724; died at Hamburg, 1803. In free- 
 ing German poetry from the exclusive reign of 
 the Alexandrine verse, he was the founder of 
 a new era in German literature. His great epic 
 'Messiah' (1748-73), at first partly written in 
 prose and changed afterward to hexameters, 
 made him famous ; its effect on German thought 
 was great, and its influence can be traced down 
 succeeding German literature. His most fin- 
 ished work, however, was doubtless his ' Odes,' 
 which represent intellectual originality and truth. 
 Even Schiller and Goethe were artistically in- 
 debted to him. His dramas were of less worth. 
 ('Works,' 1879.) 
 
 Knapp, Albert (knap). A German religious 
 poet; born July 25, 1798; died June 18, 1864. 
 Many of his hymns can be found in the man- 
 ual < Christoterpe ' (1833-53), a collection which 
 had previously appeared in small volumes, one 
 issued each year. His ' Evangelical Treasury 
 of Songs for Church and Home' (1837; 3d ed. 
 1865) was taken from the liturgies and hjTnns 
 of all Christian countries. He gave great im- 
 petus to the poetry of devotion in Germany. 
 
 Knapp, Arthur May. An American Uni- 
 tarian divine and writer of travels ; born in 
 Massachusetts, 1841. His home is at Fall River, 
 Mass. He has written < Feudal and Modern 
 Japan.' 
 
 Knapp, Samuel Lorenzo. An American mis- 
 cellaneous writer ; born in Newburyport, Mass., 
 1783; died in Hopkinton, Mass., 1838. He at- 
 tained to eminence in law ; was editor of the 
 Boston Gazette and the Boston Monthly Mag- 
 azine. His works, chiefly biographical, include 
 'Travels in North America by Ali Bey' (1818); 
 'Memoirs of General Lafayette' (1824); 'Lect- 
 ures on American Literature' (1829); 'Lives' 
 of Daniel Webster, Aaron Burr, and Andrew 
 Jackson. He edited < The Library of American 
 History' (1837). 
 
 Kneeland, Samuel. An American miscel- 
 laneous writer and naturalist ; born in Boston, 
 Mass., 1821 ; died 1888. He was a member of 
 numerous scientific societies, and has contrib- 
 uted many articles to medical literature. In
 
 KNIASHNIN — KNOWLBS 
 
 309 
 
 addition to editing 'The Annual of Scientific 
 Discovery* (1886-S9), a translation of < Andry's 
 Diseases of the Heart > (1847), and Smith's 
 
 < History of the Human Species,* he wrote 
 
 < Science and Mechanism* (1854); < The Won- 
 ders of the Yosemite Valley and of California* 
 (1871); and <An American in Iceland* (1876). 
 
 Euiaslinin, Jakov Borissovitch (kne-azh'- 
 nen). A Russian poet; born at Pskov, 1742; 
 died at St. Petersburg, 1791. In his tragedies, 
 
 < Dido,* < Roslav,* etc., he tried to imitate Cor- 
 neille. < Vladimir* (1793), another tragedy, was 
 destroyed by order of Catherine II. as imperil- 
 ing public safety. Of his comedies, two, <The 
 Queer Fellows * and < The Boaster,* are excel- 
 lent pieces of work. He wrote also odes, 
 satires, songs, fables, and other minor poems. 
 (< Works,* 2 vols., 1842.) 
 
 Kniaznin, Franciszek Dionizy (kne-azh'- 
 nen). A Polish poet; born at Witebsk, 1750 ; 
 died at Konskawola, 1807. He may be styled 
 the herald of romanticism in Poland. His 
 works consisted of lyrics, dramas, and numer- 
 ous occasional pieces. Among them were the 
 drama < Spartan Mother,* and the tragedy < The- 
 mistocles,* also the opera <The Gipsies.* He 
 translated into Polish some of La Fontaine's 
 fables. (< Works,* 7 vols., 1828.) 
 
 Knigge, Adolf Franz Heinricli von, Baron 
 
 (knig'ej. A German miscellaneous writer; born 
 at Bredenbeck, near Hanover, Oct. 16, 1752; 
 died at Bremen, May 6, 1796. The most im- 
 portant of his works, < On Converse with Men * 
 (2 vols., 17881, gave maxims and rules for the 
 conduct of life, of which it showed profound 
 knowledge. < The Journey to Brunswick * (1839, 
 illustrated) was a humorous novel, and has fre- 
 quently been reprinted. < The Romance of My 
 Life * (4 vols., 1781 ; new ed. 1805) has been a 
 great favorite. He was one of the '* Illumi- 
 nati**; and published a defense of Illuminism 
 in his adept's-name " Philo.** (< Works,* 12 
 vols., i8o4hd6.j 
 
 Knight, Charles. An English miscellaneous 
 writer and publisher; born at Windsor, 1791 ; 
 died at Addlestone, Surrey, 1873. His life was 
 one of wide activity and increasingly great 
 usefulness to his country, from the time when 
 he became publisher of The Etonian for Praed, 
 Macaulay, Nelson Coleridge, etc., while they 
 were students at Eton. He was editor of 
 Knight's Quarterly Magazine ; superintendent 
 of publications to the famous Society for the 
 Diffusion of Useful Knowledge; publisher of 
 the < Library of Entertaining Knowledge,* in 
 which he wrote several volumes ; publisher of 
 the Penny Magazine (1832) and of the 'Penny 
 Cyclopaedia* (1833). His great work was the 
 'Popular History of England* (8 vols., 1854- 
 61), a monument of research, breadth of view, 
 and devotion to the people. His autobiogra- 
 phy, ' Passages from a Working Life * (3 vols., 
 1864-65), is one of the most interesting of books. 
 His 'Pictorial Shakespeare* (8 vols., 1839-41), 
 which he himself probably considered the 
 
 work of his life, served a good end ; aad ' The 
 Shadows of the Old Booksellers* (1865) is a 
 gem of its kind. He wrote also a historical 
 novel entitled 'Begg'd at Court* (1868). 
 
 Knight, Francis Arnold. An English writer 
 on country life ; born at Gloucester, 1852. A 
 regular contributor, mainly on natural-history 
 subjects, to the Daily News, Speaker, Spectator, 
 and other periodicals, he has published four 
 volumes of essays, entitled ' By Leafy Ways * ; 
 ' Idylls of the Field * ; < Rambles of a Dominie ' ; 
 ' By Moorland and Sea.* 
 
 Knight, William Angus. A Scotch philo- 
 sophical writer and litterateur ; born at Mord- 
 ington, Berwickshire, Feb. 22, 1836. He has 
 been professor of philosophy at the University 
 of St. Andrews since 1876, and made valuable 
 additions to philosophical and general liter- 
 ature. Among numerous publications may be 
 noticed : < Poems from the Dawn of English 
 Literature to the Year 1699* (1863); 'Colloquia 
 Peripatetica* (1870); 'Studies in Philosophy and 
 Literature* (1879); 'Memorials of Colenton* 
 (1887); 'Wordsworth's Prose* (1893); 'Aspects 
 of Theism* (1894). He has also been the 
 editor of ' Philosophical Classics for English 
 Readers* (15 vols., 1880-90), and 'University 
 Extension Manuals* (18 vols., 1891-94). 
 
 Knorring, Sofia Margarete von (knor'ing). 
 A Swedish novelist : born Sept. 29, 1797 ; died 
 Feb. 13, 1848. Unlike Fredrika Bremer, who 
 described middle-class life, she was the novel- 
 ist of Swedish society; seeing its follies and 
 frivolities indeed, but lacking that power of 
 satire which makes, for instance, Thackeray's 
 handling of similar material so effective. Vivid 
 and graceful, she wanted simplicity and out- 
 spokenness. Her best works were : < Kusinerna * ; 
 'Axel*; 'Class Parallels*; 'A Peasant and his 
 Surroundings,* the only novel in which she 
 treats of middle or lower class life. 
 
 Knortz, Karl (knorts). A German-American 
 miscellaneous writer; born at Garbenheim, near 
 Wetzlar, Aug. 28, 1841. Has resided since 1863 
 in the United States, where he bends his efforts 
 to upholding German interests. Notable among 
 his works are : < Tales and Legends of the 
 North-American Indians* (1871); 'American 
 Sketches * (1876); < Longfellow > (1879); 'From the 
 Wigwam *(i8So);< Indian Legends* ;' Pictures of 
 American Life > (18S4). With Dickman (1S80) he 
 collaborated on < Modern American Lyrics *; 
 < Vestiges of Teutonic Belief and Custom in 
 America * (1903). 
 
 Knowles, Herbert. An English poet ; born 
 at Gomersal, near Leeds, 1798; died there, Feb. 
 17, 1817. His reputation rests wholly on the 
 poem 'The Three Tabernacles,* known other- 
 wise as ' Stanzas in Richmond Churchyard,* 
 written Oct. 7, 1816, when he was only eighteen 
 years old. It is a remarkable if not unique 
 production, since, while being so precocious, 
 it is mature in thought and feeling, and apart 
 from one or two blemishes, perfect in form. 
 Its solemnity and pathos have seldom been 
 equaled.
 
 3i» 
 
 KNOWLBS— KOCK 
 
 Knowles, James Sheridan. An Irish actor, 
 lecturer, and dramatist; born at Cork, May 12, 
 1784; died at Torquay, England, Nov. 30, 1862. 
 He made his first appearance as an actor in 
 1806, but never attained much eminence in that 
 profession. Subsequently he taught elocution 
 for several years at Belfast and Glasgow, and 
 wrote for the stage. He abandoned dramatic 
 work in 1845 from religious scruples, devoted 
 himself to literature, and later became well 
 known as a Baptist preacher. Of his works 
 only the tragedy of < Virginius,' produced 1820, 
 and the comedies < The Hunchback* (1832) 
 and < The I-ove Chase > (1837), have survived. 
 They are good ^* acting plays,» and always 
 popular, but possess little literary value. Among 
 his other dramas may be mentioned : < Cains 
 Gracchus' (1815); 'William TelP (1825); <A1- 
 fred the Great> (1831); <The Wife: A Tale of 
 Mantua > (1833); <The Rose of Aragon' (1842). 
 
 Knox, Mrs. Adeline (Trafton). An Amer- 
 ican novelist, daughter of Mark Trafton ; born 
 at Saccarappa, Me., about 1845. Her home is 
 at St. Louis, Mo. She has written : < Katharine 
 Earle> (1874); < His Inheritance* (1878); < An 
 American Girl Abroad* ; 'Dorothy's Experience.* 
 
 Knox, John. The great Scottish religious 
 reformer; born at Giffordsgate, near Hadding- 
 ton, 1505; died at Edinburgh, Nov. 24, 1572. 
 A pioneer of Puritanism ; prisoner of war, for 
 nineteen months confined in the French gal- 
 leys ; friend of Calvin and Beza ; a preaciier of 
 sermons that moved their hearers to demolish 
 convents ; with a price on his head, yet never 
 faltering; arrested for treason, an armed 
 "congregation** at his heels; burned in effigy, 
 for years a dictator, — he spent his life forward- 
 ing the Reformation in Scotland. His great 
 work, distinguished in Scottish prose, was his 
 • History of the Reformation of Religion within 
 the Realm of Scotland* (1584; new ed. 1831). 
 His famous 'Letter to the Queen Dowager* 
 appeared in 1556; the 'First Trumpet Blast 
 against the Monstrous Regiment of Women * 
 — inveighing against women taking part in the 
 government, and which offended Queen Eliza- 
 beth—in 1558. ('Works,* 6 vols., 1864.) 
 
 Knox, Thomas Wallace. An American prose- 
 writer and traveler; born in Pembroke, N. H., 
 June 25, 1835; died in New York city, Jan. 6, 
 1896. He made a journey around tlie world as a 
 newspaper correspondent in 1886. His published 
 works include: 'Underground Life' (1873); 
 'How to Travel* (1880); 'Lives of Blaine and 
 Logan' (1884); 'Decisive Battles since Water- 
 loo' (1887). 
 
 Knox, William. A Scotch poet; born at 
 Roxburgh, in 1789; died in 1825. Except 
 for the well-known poem beginning "Oh, 
 why should the spirit of mortal be proud ? " 
 he is almost forgotten, although Sir Walter 
 Scott and his contemporaries had consider- 
 able regard for his talents. 'Mariamne* and 
 'The Lonely Hearth* also enjoyed a good 
 deal of popularity. 
 
 Kobbe', Gustav (kob'e). An American mu- 
 
 sical and miscellaneous writer; bom in New 
 York, 1857. His home is in New York. He 
 has written : ' Jersey Coast and Pines * ; ' Wag- 
 ner's Ring of the Nibelung*; 'New York City 
 and its Environs *; ' Wagner's Dramas Analysed.* 
 'Opera Singers*; 'Famous American Songs*; 
 ' Signora.* 
 
 Kobbe, Theodor Christopti August von, A 
 German poet and novelist. Of his works we 
 name : < TheStudent's Mortal Pilgrimage' (1820); 
 * The Swedes in the Convent at Utersen * (1830) a 
 Romance ; ' Humorous Sketches and Pictures* 
 (1831); ' Recent Tales > (2 vols., 1833);' Humor- 
 ous Reminiscences of my College Days * (2 vols., 
 1S40); 'Comicalities from Philistine Life* 
 (2 vols. 1841). He lived from 1798-1845. 
 
 Kobell, Franz von (ko'bel). A German poet ; 
 born at Munich, July 19.1803; died there, Nov. 
 II, 1882. A mineralogist, he made important 
 contributions to his science. His verse, which 
 belongs to the best German dialect poetry, was 
 marked by humor, freshness, and heartiness. 
 The Upper Bavarian and Palatine dialect 
 poems, ' Schnadahiipfeln und Spriicheln* (2d 
 ed. 1852); 'Palatine Tales* (1863); < Schnada- 
 hupfeln und Geschichteln * (1872); 'Hansl o' 
 Finsterwald,* etc. (2d ed. 1876), were among his 
 best. A devoted hunter, he was able to depict 
 attractively the mountain life of the Bavarian 
 Alps ; ' Wildanger : Sketches from the Chase and 
 its History' (1859) pleased sportsmen especially. 
 
 Kochanovski, Jan (koch-a-nof'ske). A Po- 
 lish poet ; born at Sycyna, 1530 ; died at Lub- 
 lin, Aug. 22, 1584. He was the most important 
 Polish poet of the i6th century ; and has been 
 called the Polish Pindar. The influence he 
 exerted on Polish literature by his endeavor 
 to introduce into it classic models can scarcely 
 be overestimated. Writing at first in both 
 Latin and Polish, he gradually abandoned the 
 former. He wrote epics, panegyrics, political 
 satires, ethical discussions, and a drama, 'The 
 Dismissal of the Greek Ambassadors' (1578), 
 which took high rank. His best poem was 
 ' Lamentations,* written at the death of his 
 daughter, — whom he called the Slavonic Sap- 
 pho, and to whom he hoped his genius would 
 be transmitted, — and breathing bereavement 
 and prayer. ('Works,* last and best edition, 
 4 vols., 1884.) 
 
 Kochovski, Hieronymus Vespasian (ko- 
 chof'ske). A Polish poet; born at Gaje, San- 
 domir, 1633; died 1699. His songs written 
 for the enlivenment of camp life, if occasionally 
 somewhat wild, are always fresh and gay. A 
 collection of his satires, odes, and epigrams 
 appeared in 1674. Among his religious poems 
 was an epic, 'The Suffering Christ* (1681), 
 consisting of 5,000 verses. ' Polish Psalmody * 
 appeared in 1695. He is the best representa- 
 tive of the Polish poetry of the 17th century. 
 He wrote also several historical works. 
 
 Kock, Charles Paul de (kok). A French nov- 
 elist and playwright; born at Passy, May 21,
 
 KOCK — KOLTSOT 
 
 311 
 
 1794 ; died at Paris, Aug. 29, 1871. A remarkably 
 prolific writer, his long series of novels, nearly 
 all of which he worked over for the theatre, 
 became the fashion with a certain « emanci- 
 pated '> circle of readers on both sides of the 
 ocean. They showed observation and knowl- 
 edge of their subject, the Parisian lower-class 
 life of his time, and were emphatically realistic. 
 Among the most popular were : < Georgette ' 
 (1820); <Gustave> (1821); < Monsieur Dupont> 
 (1824); <Wife, Husband, and Lover > (1829); 
 < The Man with Three Pairs of Trousers > (1840); 
 <A Woman with Three Faces > (1859); <The 
 Millionaire) (1887). He wrote also popular songs. 
 
 Kock, Paul Henri de. A French novelist and 
 playwright, son of Paul; born at Paris, April 21, 
 1819; died at Limeil, April 18, 1892. He fol- 
 lowed closely in his father's footsteps, produ- 
 cing numerous novels and plays, which, how- 
 ever, never enjoyed the same popularity. Titles 
 of some of his novels are : <The King of the 
 Students and the Queen of the Grisettes> ( 1844); 
 < Kisses Accursed' (i860); <Absinthe Drinkers> 
 (1863); tThe New Manon> (1864); <Mademoi- 
 selle Croquemitaine* (1871). 
 
 KoeUer, Sylvester Rosa. An American prose- 
 writer and art critic; bom in Leipsic, Germany, 
 Feb. II, 1837; died at Littleton, N. H., Sept. 
 15, 1900. He came to this country in 1849. He 
 was the editor of the American Art Review 
 and author of <Art Education and Art Patronage 
 in the United States' (1882). He became after- 
 wards Curator of Prints and Engravings at the 
 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. He wrote a 
 history of color painting. 
 
 Kohl, Johann Georg (Iwl) . A German traveler 
 and historian; bom at Bremen, April 28, 1808; 
 died there, Oct. 28, 1878. Nearly his entire 
 life was devoted to travel and historical investi- 
 gation in Europe and North America, where he 
 spent four years and published as the fmits of 
 researches : <Travels in Canada' ( 1855 ) ; ^Travels 
 in the Northwestern Parts of the United States' 
 (1S57); < History of the Discovery of America) 
 ( 1861); and several essays on American cartog- 
 raphy. Other works are: <Travels in the Interior 
 of Russia and Poland' (1841); <The British 
 Isles and Their Inhabitants) (1844); < The 
 Rhine' (1851); etc. 
 
 Kohn, Salomon (kon). A German novelist; 
 born at Prague, March 8, 1825. His first novel, 
 'Gabriel' (1852; 2d ed. 1875), published anony- 
 mously, met with considerable success. His 
 other more important works have been : < Mirror 
 of the Present > (3 vols., 1875); < Prague Ghetto 
 Pictures' (1886), containing three short stories; 
 <The Old Grenadier,' < The Faithful 01d,»<The 
 Life Saver and Other Tales > ; < Judith Lorach.' 
 
 Kohut, Alexander (ko'hot). A distin- 
 guished Jewish-American theologian, scholar, 
 and preacher; born at Fdlegyhdzza, Hungary, 
 May 19, 1842 ; died in New York, May 25, 1894. 
 He was one of the greatest Orientalists and 
 Semitic scholars of his age. He was member 
 of the Hungarian Parliament; founded the Jew- 
 ish theological seminary in New York (1886), 
 
 in which he was professor (1886-94). His chief 
 work was < Complete Dictionarj' of the Talmud* 
 (9 vols., 1878-92). In later years he devoted 
 himself to Arabic-Hebrew literature as recently 
 discovered in the MS. fragments from Yemen. 
 A noble monument has just been raised to him 
 in < Semitic Studies in Memory of Rev. Dr. A. 
 Kohut,' Berlin, 1897 ; it is composed of contri- 
 butions by Max Miiller, Canon Cheyne, C. A. 
 Briggs, M. Steinschneider, M. Heimthal, etc. 
 
 Kol^r, Josef Jiri (ko'lar). A Czech novelist 
 and dramatist; born at Prague, Feb. 9, 1812. 
 Several of his dramas have been successful : 
 for instance, <Monika' (1847); < Ziska's Death' 
 (1850); <Smirick' (1881); <Primator' (1883). 
 He has also made excellent translations from 
 the dramatic works of Shakespeare, Goethe, 
 Schiller, etc., and written novels. He was 
 an actor, very successful in tragic roles, espe- 
 cially Shakespearean. 
 
 Kblcsey, Ferencz (kel'cha-i). A Hungarian 
 poet; born in the county of Middle Szolnok, 
 Aug. 8, 1790; died at Pesth, Aug. 24, 1838. In 
 character, life, and writings, he was one of 
 the noblest of Hungarians. He wrote ballads, 
 songs, satires, short novels, critical treatises, and 
 orations, but is best known in literature by his 
 verse. Its first characteristic was, not so much 
 strength of thought or warmth of feeling as a 
 certain melancholy longing for something bet- 
 ter. Of his short poems, two of the best are 
 his famous national hymn and the ballad < Beau- 
 tiful Lena.' 
 
 Koll4r, Jan (kol'lar). A noted Czech poet; 
 born at Mossocz, Thurocz ( Hungary ), July 
 29, 1793; died at Vienna, Jan. 29, 1852. A 
 most ardent if not the first Panslavist, he used 
 his pen to inculcate and spread the doctrine. 
 His < Daughter of Glory' (1821), his most pop- 
 ular work, a collection of 645 original sonnets 
 inspired by love, joy, sorrow, patriotism, etc., 
 produced on the nation an enormous effect and 
 made him famous ; it has been pronounced one 
 of the most remarkable productions of the nine- 
 teenth century. Dedicated to the same end were 
 a collection of < Popular Songs' (2 vols., 1827), 
 and < On the Literary Reciprocity of the Slavic 
 Races and Dialects' (2d ed. 1844). He was 
 the first to give the Panslavic idea literary ex- 
 pression. (< Works,' incomplete, 4 vols., 1862- 
 63.) 
 
 Koltsov, or Kolzov, Aleksei Vasilievitch 
 (kolt'-sof). A Russian lyric poet; born at Vo- 
 ronesch, Oct. 14, 1809 ; died there, Oct. 31, 1842. 
 A dealer in cattle and wood, devouring books 
 in a friendly bookseller's store, he became " the 
 Burns of Russia." His poems, few in number 
 (124), the best of them treating of peasant life, 
 short and even almost uncouth, introduced a 
 new form of art. Their diction was inimita- 
 bly original and natural, their feeling deep and 
 true ; they won their author consideration in 
 the highest Russian literary circles. Good 
 specimens of them are: <The Harvest'; <The 
 Young Reaper'; < The Forest.' (< Poetical 
 Works,' 7th ed. 1880.)
 
 312 
 
 KONDR ATOVICZ — KOROLENKO 
 
 Kondratbvicz, Vladislav (kon-dra-to'vich). 
 [<<Ladislas Syrokomla."] A popular Polish 
 poet; born at Smalkov, Sept. 17, 1823; died at 
 Vilna, Oct. 15, 1862. His verse (some of it 
 founded on Polish proverbs), dealing with pa- 
 triotism, the love, the joy, the sorrow of the 
 every-day characters, went to the heart of 
 the nation. He was full of compassion for 
 the poor and the weak, hard toward worldly 
 success, pitiless to arrogance and selfishness, 
 as can be seen in <Chit-Chat and Fugitive 
 Rhymes > (1853); <John the Gravedigger>; etc. 
 His < Philip of Konopi,> a sort of Polish < Don 
 Quixote,' was an original creation. Though he 
 himself considered < Margier> (1855), a dignified 
 epic founded on early Lithuanian history, his 
 best work, beside or even above it must be 
 placed the epic < John Demborog' (1854), based 
 on a family legend. He wrote also in prose, 
 including a < History of Polish Literature > and 
 several dramas; and made some translations. 
 He called his pen his <' plow.» (< Poetical 
 Works,* 10 vols., 1872.) 
 
 Kbnig, Ewald August (ke'nio). A German 
 novelist; born at Barmen, Aug. 22, 1833; died 
 at Cologne, March 9, 18S8. He wrote a long 
 list of works, most of them dealing with crime. 
 Some of the best are : < Through Conflict to 
 Peace > (1869); < Guilty ?> (4 vols., 1878); <A 
 Lost Life* (2 vols., 1882); <The Golden Cross* 
 (2 vols., 1883); <A Modern Vampire* (3 vols., 
 1883); <The Daughter of the Councillor of 
 Commerce* (1886); < Shadows of Life* (2 vols., 
 1885); <0n Dishonor's Path* (1885). 
 
 Konig, Helnrich Joseph. A German nov- 
 elist; born at Fulda, March 19, 1790; died 
 at Wiesbaden, Sept. 23, 1869. He wrote a 
 series of excellent historical novels, of which 
 the best were: <The Noble Bride* (2 vols., 
 1833) and especially the artistic and admirable 
 <Club Members of Mayence* (3 vols., 1847). 
 The latter is his best work, and describes the 
 political and religious influence of the French 
 Revolution in Gennany toward the end of the 
 eighteenth century. < William Shakespeare * 
 (1850) was a successful attempt to depict in 
 a novel the great English dramatist and his 
 time. 
 
 Eonrad von Wurzburg (kon'rad fon viirts'- 
 bbrG). One of the most celebrated German 
 poets of the Middle Ages; bom at Wurzburg; 
 died at Basel in 1287. He was of burgher de- 
 scent, and lived at first at Strasburg and later 
 at Basle. Fertile in imagination, learned, and 
 a perfect master of German versification, he 
 was equally at home in lyric, epic, and didactic 
 poetry. His largest work, <The Trojan War,* 
 consisting of 40,000 verses, remained unfinished. 
 His fame, however, is due to several shorter 
 legendary poems, such as : < Otto with the 
 Beard*; <The Reward of the World*; < The 
 Golden Smithy,* a glorification of the Virgin 
 Mary; <The Legends of Sylvester*; < Alexius*; 
 < Engehart and Engeltrut* ; <The Golden Smithy.* 
 
 Koopman, Harry Lyman. An American 
 writer of verse ; born in Maine, i860. He h 
 
 librarian of Brown University. He has written : 
 <The Great Admiral*; < Orestes,* etc.; < Wo- 
 man's Will,* etc.; and others. 
 
 Kopisch, August (kop'ish). A German poet ; 
 born at Breslau, May 26, 1799; died at Berlin, 
 Feb. 3, 1853. Also an artist, he was an artist 
 in his verse, which was precise in form and 
 largely descriptive ; it can be best seen in 
 < Poems* (1836) and <A11 Sorts* {1848). His 
 ballads particularly were exquisitely humorous 
 and brisk. Two extremely popular productions 
 of his were the < Story of Noah* and the droll 
 
 < Heinzelmannchen* (The Brownies). 
 
 Kopp, Josef EutycMus (kop). A Swiss his- 
 torian and poet ; born at Beromiinster, Luzern, 
 April 25, 1793; died at Luzern, Oct. 25, 1866. 
 The first to apply the scientific method of study- 
 ing history in Switzerland, to him we owe our 
 modern views of old Swiss legends, especially 
 of that of William Tell. His chief work was 
 
 < History of the Allied Leagues* (1882). He 
 has been called the " Niebuhr of Switzerland.'* 
 He wrote also four volumes of dramatic poems 
 (1855-56). 
 
 Koppel, Franz (kop'el). A German miscel- 
 laneous writer; born at Eltville, Nassau, Dec. 7, 
 1840. Among his works are the heroi-comic 
 poem, < Cervantes on his Travels * (1865); * Two 
 Brothers in Christ* (1867), a romance; several 
 comedies, including <.Which Meyer?* < Use- 
 less to Worry,* < On Thorns * ; < Spartacus,* 
 a tragedy; the dramas < Hans in Luck* (1885) 
 and < Albert the Brave* (1889). He wrote also 
 opera librettos and celebration poems. 
 
 Kbrner, Karl Theodor (kfer'ner). A noted 
 German lyric poet ; born at Dresden, Sept. 23, 
 1791 ; died near Gadebusch, in the vicinity of 
 Schwerin, Mecklenburg, Aug. 26, 1813. When 
 Prussia armed against Napoleon I. in 1813, he 
 took the field ; where, shortly at'-er a return to 
 his corps from an absence caused by a wound, 
 he fell in battle. His spirited war-songs, which 
 have been the inspiration of Germany since, 
 many of them written in the field, can be found 
 in <Lyre and Sword* (1814). Among the best 
 of them are the < Battle Prayer * and ' The 
 Sword Song.* His earlier verse — dramas, opera 
 texts, etc. — although well received at the time, 
 is of minor importance. A Korner museum 
 was founded at Dresden in 1873. (< Works,' 
 1838). 
 
 Korolenko, Vladimir Galaktionovitch (ko"- 
 
 r6-len'k5). A Russian novelist; born at Zhito- 
 mir, Volhynia, July 27, 1853. Exiled in 1879, 
 while still a student, to Siberia, he was par- 
 doned in 1885. His pictures of contemporary 
 Russian life are among the best we have. 
 
 < Makar's Dream* (1885), his first work, was 
 one of the most successful (see Cosmopolitan 
 Magazine, Vol. vi., p. 147); 'The Vagrant,* etc., 
 a volume of sketches translated into English, 
 appeared in New York in 1S8S ; < The Blind 
 Musician* and <In Two Moods* (1890-91), also 
 exist in English ; < In Bad Society * and < The 
 Forest Murmurs* deserve their popularity.
 
 KORTING— KOTZEBUE 
 
 313 
 
 Kbrtlng, Oustav (ker'ting). A German 
 philologist ; born at Dresden, June 25, 1845. 
 Professor at Miinster (1876) and Kiel (1893), 
 he has written many and valuable works in 
 the line of his specialty; and, of particular 
 interest to readers of English, an excellent 
 
 < History of English Literature > (2d ed. 1893J. 
 
 Kortum, Karl Arnold (kor'tom). A German 
 comic poet ; born at Miilheim, July 5, 1745 ; 
 died there, Aug. 15, 1824. His immortal mas- 
 terpiece, < The Jobsiad ; or the Life, Opinions, 
 and Deeds of Hieron^anus Jobs, the Candidate > 
 (1784; 14th ed. 1888), a heroi-comic poem, has 
 been popular in Germany for over a century. 
 Its doggerel verse, somewhat in the style of 
 our < Mother Goose,> its riotous thought and 
 rhyme, and wild drollery, almost place it in a 
 genus by itself. Describing the college life, 
 as well as the previous and subsequent career 
 of its subject, as it does, it is a great favorite 
 with university students. It was translated 
 into English by Rev. Charles T. Brooks (1863). 
 
 Kosegarten, Ludwig Theobul (ko'se-gar-ten). 
 A German poet; born at Grevesmiihlen, Feb. i, 
 1758; died at Greifswald, Oct. 26, 1818. His 
 novels and dramas were commonplace, but his 
 poetry was of a higher order. Among his most 
 successful volumes of verse were : * Romantic 
 Poems > (6 vols., 1800); < Rhapsodies > (3 vols., 
 (1804); <The Island Journey > (1804); < Legends' 
 (2 vols., 1816). His best work was his lyrics; 
 though they were more poetic in feeling than 
 in its expression. (Complete lyrical works, 12 
 vols., 5th ed. 1824-27.) 
 
 Kossack, Karl Ludwig Ernst (kos'sak). A 
 German feuilletonist ; born at Marienwerder, 
 Aug. 4, 1814; died at Berlin, Jan. 3, 1880. He 
 introduced into Germany, through the medium 
 of the Berlin Monday Post founded by himself 
 in 1854, the French feuilleton. These piquant 
 and very popular productions, by which he was 
 best known, were afterward issued in book form. 
 Among the volumes were : < Berlin and the Ber- 
 liners> (1851); <From a Journalist's Waste-paper 
 Basket > (2d ed. 1859) ; < Berlin Silhouettes >( 1859) ; 
 
 < Comicalities > (1852); < Paris Stereoscopic Views ' 
 (i855);<Watering-Place Pictures' (1858); (Com- 
 icalities of Travel > (2 vols., 1862) ; etc. A col- 
 lection of his novels, < Genre Pictures,* appeared 
 in 1839. 
 
 Koster, Hans (kes'ter). A German dram- 
 atist; born near Wismar, Aug. 16, 1818. His 
 earlier works having been coldly received, he 
 abandoned writing for several years, but event- 
 ually embraced it again. Best of his dramas 
 have been: <Alcibiades' (1839), his first play, 
 showing in places the influence of Shakespeare, 
 though it has been said the hero talks too much 
 and acts too little; < Marie Stuart > (1842), in 
 which Mary is depicted not in adversity but 
 on the throne, and considerable skill is shown 
 in individualizing the characters ; < Paolo and 
 Francesca* (1842); < Henry IV.: A Trilogy' 
 (1844), containing many strong scenes and sev- 
 eral well-developed characters ; < Luther > (1847), 
 
 a fine tragedy; < Ulrich von Hutten> (1846), a 
 tragedy; < Love in May' (1866), a comedy; 
 < Emperor and Empire' (1872); etc. 
 
 Koster, Samuel. See Coster. 
 
 Kbstlin, Christian Reinliold (kest'len). 
 [<*C. Reinhold."] A German novelist and poet; 
 iaorn at Tiibingen, Jan. 29, 1813; died Sept. 14, 
 1856. Besides important legal works (he be- 
 ing by profession a lawyer), he was a prolific 
 writer of lyric and dramatic poetry, novels, 
 etc. One of his best novels was * Matilda's 
 Grotto' (1838). His drama <The Doges' Sons' 
 was performed at Stuttgart in 1838. A 3-vol. 
 collection of his novels appeared in 1847-48, 
 under the title < Collected Tales and Novels.' 
 
 Kostomarov, Nikolai Ivanovich (kos-to'ma- 
 r5v). A Russian historian, novelist, and poet; 
 born at Ostrogosz, in 1817 ; died April 19, 1885. 
 His efforts while instructor at the University 
 of Kharkov to promote the development of 
 Little Russian as a separate tongue led to his 
 arrest and temporary banishment. In 1859 
 he was restored to favor, and appointed to a 
 professorship in the University of St. Peters- 
 burg, but resigned in 1861. A brilliant poetical 
 style characterizes his numerous literary and 
 historical works, the best-known being : < The 
 Cossack War with Poland' (1856); < The Com- 
 merce of Moscow in the Sixteenth and Seven- 
 teenth Centuries' (1858); < Ancient Memorials of 
 Russian Literature' (1861-62); < History of the 
 Polish Republic' (1870); < Russian History in 
 Biographies' (1873-76); <Mazeppa> (1882), a 
 tragedy. Under the pseudonym <<Jeremija 
 Halka" he wrote several historical novels, be- 
 sides dramas and ballads. 
 
 Kotliarevsky, Ivan Petrovitcli (kot-le-a-ref- 
 ske). A Russian poet; born at Poltava, Sept. 
 9, 1769; died there, Nov. 10, 1838. He was the 
 founder of modern Little Russian literature, 
 his works being written in that language. They 
 were and are very popular in Russia; his ope- 
 rettas < Natalka Poltavka' (1819) and < The Sol- 
 dier Wizard' still holding the stage there. In 
 his chief work, a satire on the state of Russian 
 society, in the form of a burlesque on Virgil's 
 <^neid' (3 vols., 1798), was made the first liter- 
 ary use of genuine Little Russian. 
 
 Kotzebue, August Friedrich Ferdinand von 
 
 (kot'ze-bb). A celebrated German dramatist; 
 born at Weimar, May 3, 1761 ; died at Mann- 
 heim, March 23, 1819. Weak in character- 
 drawing, he had a strong sense for situations, 
 and his works have been a mine for dramatists 
 since. Of about 200 tragedies, comedies, dramas, 
 and farces, many of them very popular -at 
 the time of their production, the best known 
 now are : < Misanthropy and Repentance ' ( 1789), 
 reproduced in Paris as lately as 1862, and fa- 
 mous in the United States and England in 
 Sheridan's adaptation entitled <The Stranger'; 
 and <The Spaniards in Peru' (1796), adapted 
 by Sheridan as < Pizarro.' < The Indians in 
 England' (1790) won great applause. < Ger- 
 man Provincials' was one of his best comedies.
 
 314 
 
 KOTZEBUE — KRASZEVSKY 
 
 These excelled his tragedies, but were not del- 
 icate in expedients for raising a laugh at any 
 cost. His most celebrated novel was < Sorrows 
 of the Ortenberg Family > (1785). The famous 
 •Doctor Bahrdt with the Iron Brow> (1790), 
 published under another's name, contained an 
 attack on Goethe, Schiller, etc., who declined 
 to admit him to their society. He was very 
 fond of publishing his autobiography. During 
 much of his life he was in Russian service; 
 and was once banished to Siberia by the Em- 
 peror Paul, who however recalled him a year 
 later through being moved by something in one 
 of his plays, gave him a rith estate, and made 
 him aulic councilor and director of the court 
 theatre at St. Petersburg. He was assassinated 
 in Germany as a Russian spy, by a student. 
 (< Complete Dramatic Works,* 40 vols., 1840-41.) 
 
 Kotzebue, Wilhelm von. A German miscel- 
 laneous writer, brother of August ; born at Neval, 
 March 19, 1S13; died there, Nov. 5, 1887. Of 
 his works, may be named: '■A Hard-Hearted 
 Friend,' which scored a success, and < Two Sin- 
 ners,' — both dramas under the pseudonym 
 « W. Augustsohn » ; < Moldavian Pictures and 
 Sketches' (i860), < Small Stories from the Great 
 World' (1862), < Lascar Viorescu' (1863), 'Arti- 
 ficial and Natural Life' (1869), all anonymous; 
 *August von Kotzebue' (1884), the romance 
 'Baron Fritz Reckensteg' (2 vols., 1885), 'Rou- 
 manian Folk Songs' (1859), all under his own 
 name. 
 
 Kouns, Nathan Chapman (konz). An Amer- 
 ican novelist ; born in Missouri, 1833 ; died 1890. 
 A lawyer by profession, he was State librarian 
 of Missouri (1886-90). He wrote two historical 
 romances : 'Arius the Libyan,' and < Dorcas, 
 the Daughter of Faustina.' 
 
 Kovalevsky, Sonya (k5-va-lev'ske). An em- 
 inent Russian mathematician, said to be the 
 greatest woman mathematician of any age ; 
 born in Moscow, 1850 ; died at Stockholm, 1891, 
 where she was professor of mathematics at the 
 University. See her < Recollections of Child- 
 hood,' with a biography by the Duchess of 
 Cajanello ( Anne Charlotte Leffler-Edgren ). 
 Her works include theses on < Rotation ' ; ' The 
 Laplace Hypothesis ' ; < Light ' ; etc. She also 
 wrote some popular novels under the pseudo- 
 nym '* Tanya Rerevski " ; among them ' The 
 Private Tutor,' 'The Rajevski Sisters,' etc. 
 
 Krantz, Albert (kriints). A German his- 
 torian; born in Hamburg, about 1450 ; died 
 there, Dec. 7, 1517. He became rector of the 
 University of Rostock in 1482, represented the 
 Hanseatic towns in several important diplo- 
 matic missions, and was chosen arbitrator by 
 the King of Denmark and the Duke of Hol- 
 stein, in their dispute over the province of 
 Ditmarsch. His historical works are distin- 
 guished by great erudition, and a critical spirit 
 rarely found in his day. He published : ' Van- 
 dalia, or the History of the Vandals' (1519); 
 <Saxoma' (1520); 'Chronicles of the Kingdoms 
 of Sweden, Denmark, and Norway' (1545); 
 
 'Metropolis, or History of the Church in Sax- 
 ony' (1548). 
 
 Krapotkin, Peter Alexievich, Prince. A 
 
 Russian scientist, revolutionist, editor, lecturer, 
 and author; born at Moscow, Dec. 9, 1842. He 
 was in the Russian army for a time, and made 
 extensive journeys in Siberia and Mantchuria. 
 Charged with anarchist affiliations, he was im- 
 prisoned two years in Russia, escaped, founded 
 the anarchist paper La R^volte in Geneva 
 (1879), and after being expelled from Switzer- 
 land in 1881, commenced a crusade against the 
 Russian government in the English and French 
 press. He was imprisoned in FVance from 18S3 
 to 1886, under a law directed against the In 
 ternational Workingmen's Association, of which 
 he was a member. He has lectured in various 
 parts of the world ; is the author of ' To Young 
 People' (1881); 'Words of a Revolutionist* 
 (1885); 'In Russian and French Prisons' (1887): 
 ' In Search of Bread ' (1892); and pamphlets on 
 nihilistic subjects ; 'Prosperity for All ' (1896): 
 'Memoirs of a Revolutionist > (1899); 'Mutual 
 Aid ♦ (1902). 
 
 KraBlckl, Ignacy (kra-sitz'ke). A Polish 
 ecclesiastic and author ; born at Dubiecko, Ga- 
 licia, in 1734 ; died at Berlin, Germany, March 
 14, 1801. He became bishop of Ermeland in 
 1767, archbishop of Gnesen in 1795, and for 
 many years was one of the most brilliant figures 
 at the court of Frederick II. The characteristics 
 of his productions are caustic wit and a facile 
 and agreeable style, which procured for him the 
 title of "the Polish Voltaire." 'Monacho- 
 machia, or the Battle of Monks ' is considered 
 his best work, but his 'Satires' (1778) and 
 'Fables' (1780) also take a high rank. 
 
 Krasinski, Sigismund, Count (kra-sin'ske). 
 A noted Polish poet ; born in Paris, Feb. 19, 
 1812 ; died there, Feb. 23, 1859. On account of 
 his health he lived in various European capi- 
 tals outside Poland. He became one of Po- 
 land's three greatest poets, exerting a wide 
 influence on her literature. The drama ' Irid- 
 ion,' depicting the contrast between Christianity 
 and paganism in Rome under the Cssars, ap- 
 peared in 1836, and is generally thought his 
 finest work. Next best are the symbolic drama 
 ' Nieboska Comedya' (The Undivine Comedy 
 1837-48), 'Przedswit' (The Dawn: 1843); and 
 ' Psalmy Przyszlosci > (Psalms of the Future: 
 1845-48), collections of lyric poems full of re- 
 ligion and patriotism. His writings were all 
 published anonymously or under fictitious names. 
 (' Works,' 4 vols., 1880-88.) 
 
 Kraszevsky, J6sef Ignacy (kra-shev'ske). A 
 noted Polish novelist ; born at Warsaw, July 
 28, 1812; died at Geneva, March 19, 1887. He 
 was the author of over 500 works, consisting, 
 besides valuable historical writings, of romances, 
 novels, critiques, travels, political treatises, epic 
 poems, etc. Of poetry, among his chief works 
 was the epic 'Anafielas ' (1840-43), in three parts, 
 founded on Lithuanian history. 'The Devil 
 and the Woman' (1841) was an imaginative 
 drama. But his best work was in his romances
 
 KRAUSE - KRCOER 
 
 315 
 
 and novels, over 240 in number. Among them 
 were: <The Poet and the World > (1839); 
 <Ulana> (1841), containing pictures of Polish 
 society; <The Hut beyond the Village' (1855), 
 which became very popular in his country; 
 < About to Die' (1871). His celebrated series 
 of novels depicting Polish history from the 
 earliest times made him the Walter Scott of 
 Poland. It has been said of him that he taught 
 his countrymen to "know better both their 
 past and themselves." 
 
 Krause, Karl Christian Friedrich (krous'e). 
 A German philosopher; born at Eisenberg, 
 Saxe-Altenburg, May 6, 1781 ; died at Munich, 
 Sept. 27, 1832. For two years he was tutor at 
 the University of Jena, and then traveled about 
 Germany, France, and Italy. Besides treatises 
 on music, language, and philosophy, he pub- 
 lished several works on Freemasonry, which best 
 represent his peculiar philosophic ideas. Chief 
 among them are : < Observations on the History 
 of Freemasonry' (1810); < The Three Oldest 
 Monuments of Freemasonry' (1810); < Proto- 
 type of Mankind' (1811). 
 
 Krehbiel, Henry Edward. An American 
 musical critic ; born in Ann Arbor, Mich., 1854. 
 He was musical critic successively on the Cin- 
 cinnati Gazette and the New York Tribune. 
 His published works include : < The Technics of 
 Violin Playing ' (1880) ; < Review of the New York 
 Musical Season ' (1885-86) ; and the same for the 
 season of 1886-87; <How to Listen to Music' (1896). 
 
 Kremer, Alfred von (kra'mer). An Aus- 
 trian diplomatist and Orientalist ; born in Vi- 
 enna, May 13, 1828. Upon his return from a 
 visit to Syria and Egypt he was made pro- 
 fessor of modern Arabic in the Polytechnic 
 School, Vienna ; and since 1858 has held im- 
 portant positions in the consular service at 
 Cairo, Galatz, and Beyrout. He published 
 (1875-77) <A History of Oriental Civilization 
 under the Khalifs,' which has firmly established 
 his reputation as an Orientalist. Other im- 
 portant works are: < Egypt' (1863); < Legends 
 of Southern Arabia' (1866); 'History of the 
 Dominant Ideas of Islam' (1868); <The Idea 
 of Nationality and the State ' (1885). Died 1889. 
 
 Kremnitz, Mite (Marie) (krem'nits). A 
 prolific German miscellaneous writer; born at 
 Greifswald, Jan. 4, 1852. Of her works on Rou- 
 mania, may be named: < Roumanian Sketches' 
 (1877); <New Roumanian Sketches' (1881); 
 < Roumanian Tales' (1882). Prominent among 
 her other books are: < Exiles' (1890), a ro- 
 mance; < Love's Curse' (1881), written under 
 the pseudonym « George Allan " ; <A Prince's 
 Child ' (1882). In collaboration with « Carmen 
 Sylva," she has written : <Anne Boleyn ' (1886); 
 ' From Two Worlds > (3d ed. 1887); < Astra' (3d ed. 
 iS87);< Revenge' (2d ed. 1889); < Astray' (1890); 
 'Man and Woman ' (1902); < Fatum' (1903). 
 
 Krestovskii, Vsevolod Vladlmlrovich (kres- 
 tof'ske). A Russian military officer and histo- 
 rian ; born at Kiev, Feb. 11, 1840. After a short 
 course of study at the University of St. Peters- 
 
 burg, he entered a regiment of uhlans and sub- 
 sequently was transferred to the Imperial Guard, 
 which he accompanied during the war with 
 Turkey (1877) as official historian attached to 
 the general staff. On his return he published 
 an account of his experiences, in ' Twenty 
 Months in the Active Army' (1879). He is best 
 known, however, as a novelist : his ' Not the 
 First nor the Last ' (1859); 'The Sphinx' (i860); 
 'Slums of St. Petersburg' (1867); 'Egyptian 
 Darkness ' ; etc., enjoying great popularity in 
 Russia and Germany. 
 
 Krestovsky, V., later Krestovskii (pseudo- 
 nym) (kres-tof'ske). See Khvostcbinsk^ia. 
 
 Kretzer, Max (kretz'er). A German novel- 
 ist ; born at Posen, May 7, 1854. He is a pro- 
 lific and powerful realist. Several of his works 
 have been on socialism. Among the best of 
 his writings are : ' Berlin Tales and Pictures of 
 Manners' (2d ed. 1887); 'Civil Death' (1888), 
 a drama; 'The Deceived' (2d ed. 1891); 'The 
 Sermon on the Mount' (2d ed. 1891), deal- 
 ing with social questions ; ' The Creator of 
 Millions' (1891); 'Uncle Fifi ' (2d ed. 1892); 
 'The Two Confederates' (3d ed. 1893), deal- 
 ing with social questions ; ' Strange Enthusiasts ' 
 (1893); 'The Son of the Woman' ; ' The Wan- 
 dering Dollar.' 
 
 Kroeger, Adolph Ernst. An American prose- 
 writer; born in Schwabstedt, Schleswig, 1S37; 
 died in St. Louis, Mo., 1882. During the Civil 
 War he served on Fremont's staff. By transla- 
 tions of the works of Fichte, Kant, and Leibnitz, 
 he largely contributed to a better understand- 
 ing of German literature in this country. He 
 wrote for the St. Louis Journal of Speculative 
 Philosophy. He published Fichte's 'Science 
 of Knowledge' (1868); the same author's 'Sci- 
 ence of Rights' (1869). He also issued 'Our 
 Forms of Government, and the Problems of the 
 Future' (1862). 
 
 Kriidener, Barbara Juliane von, Baroness 
 (krii'de-ner). A Russian novelist and mystic; 
 born at Riga, Nov. 21, 1764; died at Karassu- 
 Bazar, Dec. 24, 1824. Her checkered and ro- 
 mantic career touched the extremes of life — 
 worldliness and sainthood. After having left her 
 husband, with whom her union had been un- 
 happy and whom she had deceived, and tasted 
 Parisian dissipation, she became a Swedenborg- 
 ian, and devoted herself to helping the poor 
 and afflicted. Surrounded by a retinue of clergy, 
 she traversed Europe, preaching eloquently to 
 the people a return to primitive Christianity, and 
 being persecuted and expelled by the different 
 governments. She was the friend of Queen 
 Louise of Prussia and of Alexander I. of Rus- 
 sia, and is said to have been very influential 
 in the formation of the Holy Alliance. She 
 foretold Napoleon's triumphant return from 
 Elba. Her death was the result of ascetic prac- 
 tices. Her literary reputation rests upon the 
 famous romance < Valeria, or Letters of Gustave 
 
 de Linar to Ernest de G .' (last ed. 1878), 
 
 containing the history of her marital relations. 
 
 Kriiger, Johann Christian (kriig'er). A 
 German dramatist; born at Berlin, 1722 « died
 
 3i6 
 
 KRUMMACHER - KURNBERQER 
 
 at Hamburg, Aug. 23, 1750. He studied phil- 
 ology, but became an actor and a playwright. 
 Among his comedies were: < The Clergy in 
 the Country >; < The Blind Husband >; <The 
 Candidates, or the Way to Get in Office'; 
 <The Wedded Philosopher); < The Devil's a 
 Coward >; and the universally popular <Duke 
 Michael.* (Poetical and dramatic works, 1763.) 
 
 Krummaclier, Friedrich Adolf (kro'mach-er). 
 A German writer of parables ; born at Tecklen- 
 burg, July 1767 ; died at Bremen, April 4, 1845. 
 A minister in the German Reformed Church 
 and a professor of theology, he became widely 
 known by his <Parables> (1805), which ran 
 through many editions and are familiar in an 
 English translation. They were as a rule short, 
 written in simple prose, on such subjects as 
 <The Blind Man,> < Life and Death,> <The 
 Hero,> etc., and became a sort of international 
 property, being even printed in schoolbooks. 
 None of his other writings won popularity. 
 
 Kruse, Heinricli (kro'zfe). A German poet; 
 born at Stralsund, Dec. 15, 1815. His very 
 successful works consist of dramas, idyls, and 
 lyrics. Of tragedies, the best known are < The 
 Countess > (1868, his first attempt); < King 
 Eric> (2d ed. 1873); < Wullenwever> (3d ed. 
 1878); <The Outlaw > (2d ed. 1881); < Brutus > 
 (2d ed. 1882); <The Byzantine Maiden > (2d 
 ed. 1885); 'Arabella Stuart > (1888). Three 
 farces, <The Devil at Lubeck,> <The Jealous 
 Miller,' and < Steadfast Love,> appeared in one 
 volume in 1887 ; < Seven Little Dramas > was 
 published in 1893. In his dramatic work the 
 dialogue is pithy and the characters are sharply 
 defined, while the keen humor that fills the 
 comedies and farces breaks out intermittently 
 in the tragedies also. His idyls can be best 
 seen in <Sea Tales' (first collection 1880, 2d 
 ed. 1889; second collection 1889). His lyrics 
 appeared in < Poems '(iSgi). Died Jan. 13, 1902. 
 
 Krylov. Ivan Andreevitcli (kre-lof)- A 
 Russian writer of fables ; born at Moscow, Feb. 
 13, 1768; died at St. Petersburg, Nov. 21, 1844. 
 He is the most popular author in Russia; the 
 children learn to read from his books, and many 
 of his verses have become national proverbs. 
 His statue stands in the summer garden at St. 
 Petersburg. He produced 142 fables original 
 in substance and form, and 56 translations or 
 imitations. Without ill-nature, their satire on ex- 
 isting conditions is keen. They are written in 
 verse, simple and attractive in style ; — any child 
 or peasant readily understands them. They 
 have been translated into every European lan- 
 guage. The first collection appeared in 1890. 
 (< Works,' 1859.) 
 
 Kugler, Franz Theodor (kog'ler). A Ger- 
 man writer on art and its history ; born at 
 Stettin, Jan. 19, 1808 ; died at Berlin, March 18, 
 1858. He was appointed a professor of fine 
 arts in the University of Berlin in 1833, and 
 subsequently became a member of the Acad- 
 emy of Berlin. His works have undoubtedly 
 had great influence on German art and culture : 
 notably a, < History of Painting from Coustantine 
 
 the Great to the Present Times' (1837); < Hand- 
 book of the History of Art' (1841-42); < His- 
 tory of Architecture' (1856). He is also the 
 author of a < History of Frederick the Great' 
 (1840), which is popular in Germany. 
 
 KUbne, Gustav (kii'ne). A prolific German 
 novelist and poet; born at Magdeburg, Dec. 27, 
 1806; died at Dresden, April 22, 1888. Among 
 his novels, the later ones of which show a ten- 
 dency toward too many reflections and a lack 
 of form, were : <A Quarantine in the Madhouse' 
 (1835); < Feminine and Masculine Characters' 
 (2 vols., 1838); < Portraits and Silhouettes' (2 
 vols., 1843) ; < Convent Tales ' (2d ed. 1862) ; < The 
 Rebels of Ireland' (2d ed. 1863); < German Men 
 and Women' (2d ed. 1863); <The Freemasons' 
 (2d ed. 1867). Of poems, in addition to those 
 contained in his collected works, he published : 
 < Roman Sonnets ' ( 1869) ; < Christ on his Travels ' 
 (1S70); < Wittenberg and Rome' (3 vols., 1877); 
 < Romances, Legends, and Fables' (1880). He 
 wrote also the following dramas : < Isaura of 
 Castile'; <The Emperor Friedrich HI.'; < De- 
 metrius ' ; etc. For several years he edited the 
 celebrated periodicals Journal for the Elegant 
 World, and Europa. He belonged to the " Voung 
 Germany" school of literature. (< Works,' 10 
 Yols., 1862-67.) 
 
 Kulmann, Elisabeth Borisovna (kol'man). 
 A Russian poet; born at St. Petersburg, 1808; 
 died 1825, at 17. She was very precocious in 
 language-study and literary aptitude, and wrote 
 in Russian, German, and Italian. Her Russian 
 poems, edited by the Russian Academy, appeared 
 in 1833; the best edition of her German verse 
 is that of 1857 ; the Italian poems were published 
 at Milan in 1847. Her poetry, written in a sim- 
 ple and clear style, showed keen observation, 
 considerable descriptive power, and a lively 
 imagination ; Goethe prophesied for her an 
 honorable place in literature. A monument 
 was erected to her memory by the Russian em- 
 press. 
 
 Kunstmann, Friedricli (konst'man). A 
 German historical and geographical writer; 
 born at Nuremberg, Jan. 4, 181 1; died at Mu- 
 nich, Aug. 15, 1867. He was private tutor to 
 the Princess Donna Amalia of Brazil in Lis- 
 bon (1841-46), and on his return to Munich 
 was appointed to a professorship in the uni- 
 versity. He contributed papers to the transac- 
 tions of the Munich Academy, and published : 
 <The Latin Penitential Books of the Anglo- 
 Saxons' (1844); < Africa before the Discoveries 
 of the Portuguese ' ( 1853) ; < The Discovery of 
 America from the Most Ancient Sources' (1859), 
 with an atlas giving fac-simile copies of early 
 maps. 
 
 Kiirnberger, Ferdinand (kiirn'barg-er). A 
 German novelist • born at Vienna, July 3, 1821 ; 
 died at Munich, Oct. 14, 1879. His works are 
 witty, highly poetical, and written in a pithy 
 style. His first novel, < Tired of America' 
 (1856), was his most popular one; it described 
 the American civilization of that period as
 
 KURZ — LA BfiDOLLIERE 
 
 317 
 
 merely matenal. Of several volumes of tales, 
 < Selected Tales > ( 1857) contained his best work. 
 Others of his writings were : the drama < Cata- 
 line> (1855); the volume of essays <Seal Rings' 
 (1874); the romance * The Despot of the House' 
 (1876); 'Literary Affairs of the Heart' (1877). 
 
 Kurz, Heinrich (korts). A German histo- 
 rian of literature ; born at Paris, April 28, 1805 ; 
 died at Aarau, Switzerland, Feb. 24, 1873. 
 Having suffered two years' imprisonment for 
 articles published in his paper, the Augsburg 
 Times, he removed to Switzerland, where he 
 held several professorships and made a special 
 study of German literature. The results of his 
 investigations are embodied in the well-known 
 < History of German Literature' (4 vols., 1851 ; 
 1868-72). Equally important are: < Handbook 
 of the National Poetic Literature of the Ger- 
 mans ' (1840-43); < Handbook of German Prose' 
 (1S45-52.) ( Manual of Sacred History.' 
 
 Kurz, Hermann. A German novelist ; born 
 at Reutlingen, Wiirtemberg, Nov. 30, 1813; 
 died at Tubingen, Oct. 10, 1873. He is best 
 known by his two fine romances, < Schiller's 
 Life in his Native Place' (2d ed. 1856-57), de- 
 scribing Wiirtemberg at the time Schiller grew 
 up there ; and < Mine Host of the Sun ' (2d ed., 
 2 vols., 1862), a Swabian popular tale of psycho- 
 logical power. <From the Days of Dislionor' 
 (1871), another strong work, was historical in 
 tone ; < On Shakespeare's Life and Work' (1868) 
 and the text for Konewka's 'Falstaff and his 
 
 Companions' (1872) were critical. He trans- 
 lated from the Italian, Spanish, French, and 
 English masters, and wrote also two volumes 
 of poems. {< Works,' 10 vols., 1874-75.) 
 
 Kvitka, Grigorii Fedorovitch (kvit'ka). A 
 Russian novelist ; born at Osnova (whence his 
 appellation "Osnovianenko"), near Karkov, 
 Nov. 29, 1778; died at Karkov, Aug. 20, 1843. 
 He wrote both in Great and Little Russian, being 
 one of the chief writers in the latter, his works 
 in which (new ed., 2 vols., 1858) were especially 
 dear to his countrymen for presenting pictures 
 of the familiar national life idealized ; the most 
 popular was the novel < Maroussia.' In Great 
 Russian he published two novels of manners 
 and a number of dramas, the most popular of 
 the latter being < Selmenko.' 
 
 Kyd, Thomas. An English dramatist ; flour- 
 ished in the sixteenth century. He was the 
 most popular English writer of tragedies before 
 Shakespeare, and helped prepare the way for 
 him. His most successful two plays, his first 
 and second works respectively, were < The 
 Spanish Tragedy, or Hieronimo,' and <Oratio.' 
 They were very popular and were frequently 
 acted, not only in England, but in Germany 
 and in Holland : but the former was much rid- 
 iculed by Shakespeare and his contemporaries, 
 for its bombastic rant ; and " Go by, Jeronimy " 
 {i.e., "Get out, you lunatic"), from the rav- 
 ings of the distracted hero, became a common 
 phrase. 
 
 Laas, Ernst (la'as). A well-known German 
 philosopher and educator ; born at Fiirstenwald 
 on the Spree, June 16, 1837 ; died at Strasburg, 
 July 25, 1885. He was one of the chief repre- 
 sentatives of positivism in Germany, though 
 his strength lay more in criticism than in con- 
 struction. His principal work, < I^lealism and 
 Positivism' (3 vols., 1879-84), opposed the views 
 of Plato and Kant. Of his pedagogical writ- 
 ings, the most important are < German Com- 
 position in the Upper Gymnasium Classes' (2d 
 ed. 1877-78), an epoch-making work, and < Ger- 
 man Education in the Higher institutions of 
 Instruction' (2d ed. 1886). 
 
 Labanca, Baldassare (la-bank'a). An Ital- 
 ian philosopher ; born at Agnone (Molise), 1829. 
 He has attained great eminence with such works 
 as < Readings in Natural Philosophy' (1864); 
 < Concerning the True and the False Spirit in 
 Philosophy' (1857); and many similar ones. 
 
 Labarre, called Louis Labar (la-bar'). A 
 Belgian journalist and man of letters ; born at 
 Dinan, Namur, May I, 1810; died at Ixelles, 
 Jan. 17, 1892. His first success was a volume 
 of < Satires and Elegies' (1836), in which his 
 republican sentiments are strongly expressed. 
 
 He has edited Charivari Beige and other jour- 
 nals. His best works include : <A Revolution 
 to Laugh At,' a comedy; *Antoine Wiertz' 
 (1867), a biography; < Waterloo' (1868), a his- 
 torical study; and other miscellany. 
 
 Lab€, Louise (la-ba). A French poet; true 
 name Charlieu; called ** the fair rope-maker" 
 from her husband's business (about 1526-66). 
 She was early noted for beauty, linguistic talent, 
 and intrepidity. At 16, disguised as a cavalier, 
 she took part in the siege of Perpignan. After 
 marriage at Lyons, her house became the ren- 
 dezvous of poets, scholars, artists, and musicians. 
 Pier poems are true lyrics, singularly graceful 
 and original, though showing Petrarch's influ- 
 ence. She also wrote in prose a charming alle- 
 gory, < Dispute between Folly and Love.' 
 
 La B^dolllere, fmlle Glgault de (la bad- 
 61-yar'). A French historian, and social ana- 
 lyst; born at Amiens, 1812; died in Paris, 1883. 
 He wrote much, his best works being: < His- 
 tory of Paris' (1864); < History of the Morals 
 and Private Life of the French' (1847); < His- 
 tory of Mother Michel and of her Cat' (1851), 
 a delightful mock-serious tale, translated into 
 English by T. B. Aldrich for St. Nicholas.
 
 3i8 
 
 LABEO — LA BRUYfiRE 
 
 Labeo, Marcus Antistlus (lab'e-o). A cele- 
 brated Roman jurist of the Augustan age. He 
 wrote some 400 works on jurisprudence ; but of 
 them one only has come down to our time, 
 being embodied in the Pandects of the Justin- 
 ian < Corpus Juris.' 
 
 Laberius, Decimus (ia-be'ri-us). A Roman 
 knight and miscellaneous writer; born about 
 105 B. C; died at Puteoli, January 43 B.C. His 
 writings consisted of farces, comic and satirical 
 poems, an epic poem on Csesar's Gallic war, 
 and a prose work containing anecdotes, etc. 
 He was compelled by Caesar to appear on the 
 stage in one of his own farces, thereby forfeit- 
 ing his knighthood, which was restored to him 
 by the dictator. 
 
 Labesse, Antoine ^douard Decaudin (la- 
 bes'). A French miscellaneous writer; born in 
 Angouleme, April 11, 1848. He is a prolific 
 writer on a variety of subjects, his works 
 including: <The Terrestrial World,' a pop- 
 ular scientific study ; < Monsieur, Madame, and 
 Baby>; < My First Case>; <The King of the 
 Fjords ' ; and many more. 
 
 Labiche, Eugene da-besh'). An important 
 French comedy- writer ; born in Paris, May 5, 
 1815; died there, Jan. 23, 1888. Of over 100 
 comedies, vaudevilles, farces, etc., of his writ- 
 ing, almost all possessed strong qualities, in- 
 cluding striking dialogue, caustic yet never 
 cruel humor, and stage technique, while several 
 were models of their kind. Among the best 
 are: <The Italian Straw Hat> (1851); <The 
 Misanthrope and the Auvergnat* (1853); <Eye 
 Powder' (with Martin, 1862); <C^limare the 
 Well-Beloved) (1863); <Cagnotte> (1864); <One 
 Foot in Crime' (with Choler, 1866); etc. (< Dra- 
 matic Works,' 10 vols., 1878-79.) He wrote a 
 number of pieces in collaboration. 
 
 La Boetie, ^tienne de (la bo-e-te'). A French 
 anti-monarchical poet ; born at Sarlat, Nov. i, 
 1530; died at Germignan, Aug. 18, 1563. He 
 was a friend of Montaigne, who brought out 
 an edition of his writings (1570-71). Of these 
 the best known is the < Discourse on Voluntary 
 Slavery,' a rather flat philippic against mon- 
 archy. ('Works,' Paris, 1892.) 
 
 Laborde, Alexandre Louis Joseph, Count 
 
 de (la-bord'). A French writer of travels ; born 
 in Paris, Sept. 17, 1773; died there, Oct. 24, 1842. 
 He wrote : < Picturesque and Historic Journey 
 in Spain' (4 vols., 1807-18; new ed. 1823); 
 ' 1 )escription of the New Gardens and Ancient 
 Castles of France' (1808-15); *The Monuments 
 ct France' (2 vols., 1816-36); < Picturesque Jour- 
 ney in Austria' (3 vols., 1821-23); < Descriptive 
 Itinerary of Spain' (3d ed., 6 vols., 1827-31); 
 < Versailles, Ancient and Modern' (1840). He 
 was a soldier, accompanying Napoleon to Spain 
 and Austria, and a politician. 
 
 Laborde, L^on, Marquis de. A French mis- 
 cellaneous writer, son of Alexandre ; bom in 
 Paris, June 15, 1807 ; died there, March 25, 1869. 
 Having accompanied his father on a trip to 
 the East, he wrote : < Journey in Arabia Petraea> 
 
 (1830-33); < Journey in the East' (2 vols., 1837- 
 62); < History of Engraving' (1839); < The Dukes 
 of Burgundy' (1849-51); < Account of the En- 
 amels, Jewelry, and Various Objects on Exhi- 
 bition in the Galleries of the Louvre' (2 vols., 
 1853); <The Renaissance of the Arts at the 
 Court of France. Vol. I.: Painting' (1855). In 
 the revolution of 1830 he was General Lafay- 
 ette's adjutant, was afterwards in the diplomatic 
 service at London, The Hague, and Cassel, and 
 succeeded to his father's office. 
 
 Labouchere, Henry (la-bo-shar'). An Eng- 
 lish journalist and politician ; born in London, 
 1831. He was in the diplomatic service, part 
 of the time at Washington, and a member of 
 Parliament. An advanced republican, he used 
 Truth, the journal established by him in 1876 as 
 a society and political organ, for the promul- 
 gation of his ideas, often thereby getting into 
 serious difficulties. He wrote < Diary of a Be- 
 sieged Resident in Paris' (1871). 
 
 Laboulaye, ^douard Rene Lefebvre de (la- 
 bo-la'j. A distinguished French jurist, histo- 
 rian, and writer of tales ; born at Paris, Jan. 18, 
 1811; died there, May 25, 1883. He was ap- 
 pointed professor of comparative jurisprudence 
 in the Coll&ge de France in 1849, having already 
 won distinction by several treatises on Roman 
 and French law. His greatest work outside of 
 the field of jurisprudence is a < Political His- 
 tory of the United States, 1620-1789' (3 vols., 
 1855-66). He wrote also <The United States 
 and France' (1862) and the humorous satiric 
 novel < Paris in America' (1863), which had a 
 very large circulation (27th ed. 1872). His 
 novel of < Prince Caniche' (1868) reached a 
 20th edition. But by far his best-known works 
 of fiction are the three series of < Blue Stories,' 
 — tales of fairies, elves, enchanters, etc., original 
 and retold. Some of his essays on contempo- 
 rary political and social questions have been 
 collected and published under the titles 'Con- 
 temporary Studies of Germany and the Slavic 
 States' (1856); 'Religious Liberty' (1858). 
 
 Labrunie. See Gerard de Nerval, 
 
 La Bruyere, Jean de (la brii-yar'). A fa- 
 mous French moralist and satirist; born in 
 Paris, August 1645 ; died at Versailles, May 10, 
 1696. Appointed tutor of the dauphin, he spent 
 a large part of his life at the court of Louis 
 XIV. His great work, on which his reputation 
 rests, < The Characters of Theophrastus, Trans- 
 lated from the Greek, with the Characters or 
 Manners of this Century' (1688), was a cloak 
 for the keenest and most sagacious observations 
 on the characters and manners of the court. It 
 abounds in wit, shows him to have been an ex- 
 cellent judge of men, and is written in an ad- 
 mirable style. The number of " characters » was 
 greatly increased as the various editions came 
 out. Numerous keys appeared, the first in 1720. 
 It has been translated into well-nigh every mod- 
 em language. A true philosopher, desiring but 
 to lead a quiet life with his books and friends, 
 only his worth and tact enabled him always to
 
 LAC AILLE — LACORDAIRE 
 
 319 
 
 preserve his dignity among the ignorant and ar- 
 rogant courtiers. 
 
 Lacaille, Nicolas Louis de (la-kay'). A noted 
 French astronomer (1713-62). In 1750 he pro- 
 posed to the Paris Academy an astronomical 
 expedition to the Cape of Good Hope ; the 
 project being officially sanctioned, he made the 
 voyage to the Cape 1751, and spent three years 
 in the southern hemisphere. He made more 
 observations and calculations than all the other 
 astronomers of his time put together, and his 
 exactitude was not inferior to his diligence. 
 His principal writings are: <The Foundations 
 of Astronomy > (1757); < Solar Tables >; <The 
 Southern Starry Heavens > (1763), a catalogue 
 of 10,000 southern stars ; elementary treatises 
 on < Mathematics > (1741), < Mechanics' (1743), 
 ^Astronomy > (1746), 'Optics' (1750J. 
 
 La Calprenede, Gautbier de Coste, Sei- 
 gneur de (la kiil-pre-nad'j. A French romancer 
 (1610-63). He first entered the field of litera- 
 ture with tragedies and tragi-comedies, but 
 had little success. He then wrote a romance 
 of chivalry, < Cleopatra' (12 vols., 1647-58), in 
 which contemporary personages and manners 
 are portrayed under names and amid surround- 
 ings of the age of Augustus. The episodes of 
 intrigue and gallantry are to the last degree 
 prolix and wearisome ; but the characters are 
 for the most part well defined, some of the 
 scenes skillfully contrived, and the style always 
 elegant and perspicuous. Among his other 
 romances, in a like vein, are < Cassandra' (10 
 vols., 1642-50); <Pharamond' (7 vols., 1661-70); 
 
 < Diversions of the Princess Alcidiana' (1661). 
 
 Lacaussade, Auguste (la-ko-sad'). A French 
 poet; born in the Isle of Bourbon, 1817. His 
 most notable volumes of verse include : < Na- 
 tional Poems' (1871); < Anacreontics ' ; etc. 
 
 Lac6pede, Bernard Germaiu ^tienue de 
 Laville, Count de (la-sa-ped'). A distinguished 
 French naturalist ; born at Agen, Dec. 26, 1756 ; 
 died at Epinay, Oct. 6, 1825. The perusal of 
 Buffon's < Natural History' in early life de- 
 cided his after career. Most noteworthy among 
 his works are : < History of Oviparous Quad- 
 rupeds > (1788); < Natural History of Reptilia' 
 (1788); 'Natural History of Fishes,' a work of 
 the highest authority (6 vols., 1798-1805); < Nat- 
 ural History of Man' (posthumous). 
 
 Lachambeaudie, Pierre (la-shoii-bo-de'). A 
 F"rench fabulist ; born at Sarlat, Dec. 16, 1807 ; 
 died at Brunoy, near Paris, July 7, 1872. His 
 principal work was < Popular Fables' (7th ed. 
 1849), a number of which have been trans- 
 lated into German. 
 
 Lachaud, Georges (la-sho'). A French story 
 and political writer ; born in Paris, 1846. < The 
 Bonapartists and the Republic' (1877) is a 
 typical specimen of his political writings, and 
 
 < Pitiless Love' (1884) of his fiction. 
 
 La Chaussee, Pierre Claude Nivelle de (la 
 sho-sa'). A French dramatist, founder of the 
 so-called << mixed * or « weeping " comedy ; bom 
 
 in Paris, 1692; died there, March 14, 1754. 
 His comedy <The False Antipathy' (1734) 
 was the first French pathetic comedy. Of 
 eighteen dramas written by him, among the 
 best are: 'Fashionable Prejudice' (1735), di- 
 rected against the idea, then wide-spread, that 
 a man of rank can have no love for his wife; 
 'School of Friendship' (1737); <Mdlanide> 
 (1741); <Love for Love' (1742); 'Pamela' 
 (1743); 'School of Mothers' (1745); 'The Gov- 
 erness' (1747). His plays were all written in 
 verse and followed strictly the rules of the 
 classic drama, but inclined to be somewhat tedi- 
 ous in their moralizing. (' Works,' 5 vols., 1762.) 
 
 Laclimann, Karl (lach'man). A noted Ger- 
 man philologist and critic ; bom at Brunswick, 
 March 4, 1793; died at Berlin, March 13, 1851. 
 With Jakob Grimm he was the founder of the 
 Old-German philology, and was distinguished 
 for the keenness of his critical method. Among 
 the most important of his works were his treat- 
 ment of the Nibelungen (1836), arguing that it 
 is composed of twenty old folk-songs; 'Views 
 on Homer's Iliad' (1847), aiming to show it to 
 be made up of single songs; and his editions 
 of the Nibelungenlied (1826); Walther von der 
 Vogelweide, Wolfram von Eschenbach, Proper- 
 tius, Catullus, Tibullus, Lucretius, etc. He was 
 professor at Konigsberg (1818) and Berlin 
 (1825). 
 
 Laclos, Pierre Ambroise Francois Cboderlos 
 
 de (la-kl5'). A French novelist; born at Ami- 
 ens, 1741 ; died at Taranto, Italy, 1803. He 
 is best known by his ' Dangerous Connections ' 
 (4 vols., 1782). He wrote also a satire against 
 Madame Dut)arry, < A Letter to Marget.' His 
 life was spared by Robespierre, for the reason, 
 so it was said, that he composed R.'s speeches 
 for him. 
 
 La Condamine, Charles Marie de (la kon"- 
 da-men'). A French scientist; born in Paris, 
 Jan. 28, 1701 ; died there, Feb. 4, 1774. He is 
 best known as having with Bouger and Godin 
 measured an arc of the meridian on the plain 
 of Quito, South America. The expedition lasted 
 nine years (1735-44). On his way home he 
 descended the Amazon, being the first scientist 
 to do so, and the first man to publish accurate 
 maps of the river. He is said to have intro- 
 duced the knowledge of india-rubber into Eu- 
 rope. He wrote : < Journal of an Expedition to 
 the Equator by Order of the King' (1751); 
 'Abridged Account of a Journey Made in the 
 Interior of South America' (1745); < History of 
 Small-Pox Inoculation' (1773); etc. 
 
 Lacordaire, Jean Baptiste Henri Domi- 
 nique (la-kor-dar'). A noted French pulpit or- 
 ator and journalist ; born at Recey-sur-Ource, 
 May 12, 1802 ; died at Sor^ze, Nov. 22, 1861. 
 He became famous as a preacher at Notre 
 Dame, speaking from the pulpit on the ques- 
 tions of the day, and was a member of the Na- 
 tional Assembly. With Lamennais, he founded 
 the democratic journal L'Avenir (The Future : 
 1830), which was condemned by the Pope. 
 Among his works were : ' Philosophical Con-
 
 320 
 
 LACRETELLE — LA PARGE 
 
 siderations on the System of Lamennais* (1834); 
 •Life of St. Dominic > (1840); < Detached Ser- 
 mons and Funeral Orations' (1844-47), the 
 most impressive of which was the oration 
 preached over the remains of Gen. Drouot; 
 and a voluminous correspondence. 
 
 Lacretelle, Henri de (la-kret-el'). A French 
 poet and prose-writer, son of Jean ; bom Aug. 
 21, 1815. He was a member of the national 
 legislature. He wrote < Lamartine and his 
 Friends' (1878). 
 
 Lacretelle, Jean Charles Dominique de, the 
 Younger. A noted French historian and jour- 
 nalist, brother of Pierre Louis ; born at Metz, 
 Sept. 3, 1766; died at Bel-Air, near Macon, 
 March 26, 1855. He was editor of the Journal 
 des D^bats, censor of the press, president of 
 the French Academy, and professor of history 
 at the University of Paris. He wrote a num- 
 ber of histories of France at different periods, 
 among which may be named : < Compendium of 
 the History of the French Revolution > (6 vols., 
 1801-6); < History of France during the Eigh- 
 teenth Century' (6 vols., 1808). He wrote also 
 interesting memoirs of his own time : < Ten 
 Years of Trials during the Revolution' (1842); 
 < Philosophic and Literary Last Will and Testa- 
 ment > (2 vols., 1840). 
 
 Lacretelle, Pierre Louis. A French legal and 
 miscellaneous writer; born at Metz, 1751 ; died 
 Sept. 5, 1824. Besides several legal works, etc., 
 he wrote < Portraits and Pictures' (2 vols., 1817J, 
 containing masterly descriptions of Napoleon L, 
 Mirabeau, and Lafayette. He edited the Mer- 
 cure de France and the Minerve Franjaise. 
 (< Works,' 6 vols., 1823-24.) 
 
 Lacroix, Jules (la-krwa'). A French poet, 
 dramatist, and novelist, brother of Paul ; born 
 in Paris, May 7, 1809 ; died Nov. 10, 1887. He 
 wrote numerous romances ; a volume of poetry, 
 <Les Pervenches' (The Periwinkles : 1838); sev- 
 eral dramas ; and <The Year of Infamy' (1872), 
 a collection of patriotic poems. 
 
 Lacroix, Paul. A French novelist and his- 
 torian ; born at Paris, Feb. 27, 1806 ; died there, 
 Oct. 16, 1884. Under the pseudonym « P. L. 
 Jacob, Bibliophile," he edited with valuable 
 commentaries the works of Rabelais and other 
 great 16th-century authors. Among his works 
 are : < Dissertations on Some Curious Points of 
 the History of France' (3 vols., 1838); <The 
 l6th Century in France' (2 vols., 1838); 'His- 
 tory ... of Napoleon HL' (4 vols., 1853); sev- 
 eral historical novels ; numerous works of great 
 value on such subjects as < Historic Costumes 
 of France ' (10 vols., 1852); < Manners, Costumes, 
 etc., of the Middle Ages' (1870); <The iSth 
 Century : Institutions, Usages, and Costumes > 
 (1879); <The Directorate and the Empire,' etc. 
 (1883); these works on costumes, usages, etc., 
 are illustrated with most elaborate and accurate 
 designs executed by the foremost artists. 
 
 Lactantius Firmianus (lak-tan'shi-us f^r- 
 mi-a-nus), Lucius Caelius or Caecllius. An 
 eminent Christian author of tlie fourth century, 
 
 A. D. A pupil of the rhetorician Amobius, he 
 became a teacher of rhetoric in Nicomedia, 
 and afterwards tutor to Crispus, son of Con- 
 stantine the Great. His principal work, < The 
 Divine Institutes,' a production of a polem- 
 ical character, earned for him the title of the 
 "Christian Cicero." 
 
 Lacy, John. An English dramatist and 
 comedian ; born near Doncaster, before 1620 ; 
 died in London, Sept. 17, 1681. His best play 
 is < The Old Troop,' of which Scott makes use 
 in < Woodstock.' 
 
 Ladd, George Trumbull. An American 
 educator and philosophical writer; born at 
 Painesville, O., 1842. He was educated at 
 W^estern Reserve College and Andover Theo- 
 logical Seminary. He was pastor of Spring 
 Street Congregational Church, Milwaukee, Wis.i 
 from 187 1 to 1879; and professor of philosophy 
 at Bowdoin College from 1879 to 1881, when 
 he assumed the chair of philosophy at Yale. 
 His works include : < Principles of Church Pol- 
 ity' (1881); < Doctrine of Sacred Scripture' 
 (1883); < Elements of Physiological Ps3'chology ' 
 (1887); < Philosophy of Conduct' (1902). 
 
 La Dixmerie, Nicolas Bricaire de (la dez- 
 mar-e'). A French man of letters; born 1730 ; 
 died 1791. His works are able and powerful, 
 but not agreeable. They include : < Philosoph 
 ical and Moral Tales' (1765), and 'Eulogy of 
 Voltaire' (1779). 
 
 Laet, Jan Jakob de (lat). [« Johan Alfried."] 
 A Flemish poet, novelist, and journalist ; born 
 at Antwerp, Dec. 13, 1815; died there, April 22, 
 1891. He was a physician. After championing 
 Flemish rights and language in several journals, 
 some of them founded for the purpose by him- 
 self, he deserted journalism for business, but 
 engaged afterward in politics. Among his best- 
 known works were the romance ' The House 
 of Wesenbeke' (1842); the village tale <The 
 Player' (1846); < Poems' (1848; 2d ed. 1883). 
 
 La Fare, Charles Auguste, Marquis de (la 
 
 far). A French poet; born at Castle Valgorge, 
 Vivarais, 1644; died in Paris, 1712. A friend oi 
 Marshal Turenne, he distinguished himself in 
 tlie campaigns of 1667 and 1674 ; but left the 
 army afterward and devoted himself to a life 
 of pleasure, the delights of which he celebrated 
 in verse. The Duke o'l Orleans wrote the music 
 for his opera of < Panthde.' 
 
 La Farge, John (la farj). An American 
 artist of the first rank ; born in New York cit)-, 
 1835. He studied under Couture in Paris ; be- 
 came a National Academician in 1869; and a 
 member of the Society of American Artists in 
 1877. He has executed remarkable paintings, 
 altar pieces, and decorations of interiors — 
 notably of Trinity Church, Boston ; and de- 
 signed stained-glass windows for churches and 
 many other buildings, in the new American 
 manner, which is a revival of the art of mak- 
 ing colored glass (instead of painting glass), 
 of which he was the originator, in association 
 with Louis Tiffany. He has published a vol-
 
 LA FARINA — LAING 
 
 3«i 
 
 ame of < Lectures on Art,* and < An Artist's 
 Letters from Japan > ; < Artist and Writer.> 
 
 La Farina, Giuseppe (la fa-re'na). An Ital- 
 ian statesman and historian; born at Messina, 
 July 20, 1815 ; died at Florence, Sept. 5, 1863. A 
 democratic leader, favormg Italian unity and in- 
 dependence, he lived part of his life as a polit- 
 ical refugee ; but played an important part in the 
 movements of his time. His principal work 
 was < History of Italy Narrated to the Italian 
 People* (10 vols., 1846). 
 
 La Fayette, Marie Madeleine Pioche de la 
 Vergne, Comtesse de (la-fl-ef or laf-a-et'). A 
 distinguished French novelist; bom at Paris, 
 1634; died there. May 25, 1693. All her life 
 she was in the foremost literary circles, after 
 marriage her house being a noted rendezvous 
 of wits and scholars, including Mme. de S^- 
 vignd, Lafontaine, and La Rochefoucauld. Her 
 first novel was <The Princess de Montpensier> 
 (1660); ten years later appeared her second, 
 'Za'ide,' which among her works ranks next 
 after <The Princess of Cleves> (4 vols., 1678), 
 her most celebrated work, and one of the 
 classics of French literature. She wrote also 
 a < History of Henrietta of England > (1720), 
 and < Memoirs of the Court of France for the 
 Years 1688 and 1689 > (1731). 
 
 Lafontaine, August Heinrich Julius (la-fon- 
 tan'). A German novelist; bom at Brunswick, 
 Oct. 5, 1758; died at Halle, April 20, 1831. He 
 wrote more than 150 novels, and founded a 
 school which in its day was regarded with 
 high favor at the court of Pmssia for its tone 
 of illiberal moralizing sentimentality. Among 
 his novels may be named : < Picture of the 
 Human Heart' (1792); < Descriptions of the Life 
 of Man> (1811); <The Parsonage on the Lake 
 Side> (1816). 
 
 La Fontaine, Jean de. A celebrated French 
 fabulist and poet ; born at Chateau-Thierry, in 
 Champagne, July 8, 1621 ; died in Paris, April 
 13. 1695. His first work was an adaptation of 
 Terence's < Eunuch > (1654). His poem 'Adonis > 
 was published in 1658. His principal works 
 are < Stories and Novels > (5 books, 1665-95), 
 and the < Fables > (12 books, 1668-95),— both in 
 rerse. The < Stories* are mostly versions of 
 stories like Boccaccio's and Margaret of Na- 
 varre's, and almost unrivaled in variety and 
 vividness; but their licentiousness caused the 
 suppression of one book in 1675 by the public 
 censor. In this respect the < Fables ' are with- 
 out blemish, while as works of literary art they 
 stand in the foremost rank. He wrote some 
 dramas, of little worth ; also a version in prose 
 and verse of <The Loves of Psyche' (1669). 
 
 Lafuente, Modesto (la-fwen'ta). A Spanish 
 historian ; born at Rabanel de los Caballeros, 
 1806; died there, Oct. 25, 1866. Under the 
 pseudonym '•'• Fray Gerundio " he published a 
 series of satirical sketches which had wide 
 circulation ; but his principal work is a < General 
 History of Spain > (30 vols., 1850-66). It is 
 written without partisanship, and is the fruit of 
 laborious research; the style is excellent. 
 21 
 
 Lagarde, Paul Anton de (la-gard'). A dis- 
 tinguished German Orientalist ; born at Berlin, 
 Nov. 2, 1827 ; died at Gottingen, Dec. 22, 1891. 
 He became professor of Oriental languages at 
 Gottingen, 1869. Of his very numerous writings 
 the majority relate to the books of the Hebrew 
 Scriptures ; but he edited and commented on 
 versions of those books and of the books of 
 the New Testament in Greek, Armenian, Ara- 
 bic, Syriac, Coptic, etc. 
 
 Lagrange, Joseph Louis (la-granzh'). A 
 great French mathematician ; bom at Turin, 
 Jan. 25, 1736; died at Paris, April 10, 1813. 
 While still a youth he solved for Euler the 
 « isoperimetrical problem » ; when Euler died, 
 he succeeded him as director of the Berlin 
 Academy (1766), and held that office till 1787. 
 In the mean time he contributed to the Pro- 
 ceedings of the Academy a long series of 
 memoirs, and wrote his greatest work, < Analyt- 
 ical Mechanics.' After the death of Frederick 
 the Great he removed to Paris; there he was 
 lodged in the Louvre, and a pension was set- 
 tled on him equal to that granted by Frederick. 
 He remained in France during the Revolution, 
 safeguarded by the respect felt for his learn- 
 ing and his virtues even by the judges of the 
 revolutionary tribunals. 
 
 La Gu6ronnidre, Louis i^tienne Arthur 
 Dubreuil H6lion, Vicomte de (la gar-on-yar'). 
 A French publicist; bom at Limoges, 1816; 
 died at Paris, Dec. 23, 1875. He became a 
 zealous partisan of Louis Napoleon after the 
 Coup d'Etat of 1851, being then chief editor of 
 the Pays. In a celebrated pamphlet, < Napoleon 
 III. and Italy,' he first heralded the approach- 
 ing war against Austria in Lombardy (1859). 
 In another pamphlet, < France, Rome, and Italy* 
 (1861), he brought again to the front the ques- 
 tion- of the Pope's temporal power. Hardly 
 less celebrated than these were his pamphlets 
 < Napoleon III. and England' (1858); <The 
 Pope and the Congress' (1859). 
 
 La Harpe, Jean Frangois de (la arp). A 
 French literary critic and poet ; bom at Paris, 
 Nov. 20, 1739; died there, Feb. 11, 1803. After 
 publishing several volumes of mediocre verse, 
 he first came into public notice through his 
 tragedy < Warwick' (1763), and then added 
 largely to his fame by a number of elegant 
 and spirited < Eloges ' on great French worthies. 
 He was professor of literature in the Lyc^e, 
 1786-98, and his lectures were attended by all 
 the fashionables of Paris; the lectures were 
 collected and published in a series of volumes, 
 — <Lycde, or Course of Literature' (1799-1805). 
 Among his numerous works Sainte-Beuve as- 
 signs the first rank to < Gazette's Prophecy.' 
 
 Laing, Malcolm (lang). A Scotch lawyer and 
 historian ; born on the Island of Mainland, 
 Orkneys, in 1762 ; died in the Orkneys, Novem- 
 ber 1818. He was a lawyer by profession, and 
 later a member of Parliament, but devoted him- 
 self principally to historical investigation. He 
 wrote a continuation of Henry's < A History of 
 Great Britain' (1785), and < History of Scot-
 
 322 
 
 LAING — LAMBERT 
 
 land' (2 vols., 1800), which may be regarded as 
 supplementary to Dr. Robertson's History. In 
 the preliminary dissertation he presents an 
 elaborate argument to prove Queen Mary's par- 
 ticipation in the murder of Darnley. 
 
 Laing, Samuel. An English statesman and 
 philosophical writer ; born at Edinburgh in 1810. 
 He has been prominently identified with rail- 
 way legislation in England, was for many years 
 prominent in Parliament, and from 1861 to 1863 
 held the office of finance minister to India. 
 Of his works, < Modern Science and Modern 
 Thought* (1886), and <A Modern Zoroastrian> 
 (1887), have occasioned some discussion. His 
 other publications of a miscellaneous character 
 include: < India and China > (1863); <A Sport- 
 ing Quixote ; or the Life and Adventures of 
 the Hon. Augustus Fitzmuddle> (1886); <The 
 Antiquity of Man' (1890); <Hunian Origins.) 
 He died at Sydenham, Aug. 6, 1897. 
 
 Laistner, Ludwig (list'ner). A German 
 poet ; born at Esslingen, Nov. 3, 1845. Among 
 his works are: < Barbarossa's Marriage-Broker > 
 (1875), an epic poem; < Cloud-Myths> (1879), 
 relating to German mythology ; < The Sphinx's 
 Riddle: Elements of a History of Mythology > 
 (2 vols., 1889); 'Germanic Names of Peoples' 
 (1892). He died March 22, 1896. 
 
 Lalande, Joseph .'T^ome Lefrangais de 
 
 (la-land'). An eminent French astronomer; 
 born at Bourg-en-Bresse, July 11, 1732; died at 
 Paris, April 4, 1807. Among his voluminous 
 works are: <A Treatise on Astronomy' (1764); 
 < French History of the Heavens* (1801), in 
 which are determined the places of 50,000 stars ; 
 'Astronomy for Ladies* (1785). 
 
 La Mara (la mar'a), pseudonym of Marie 
 Lipsius. A noted German writer on music ; 
 born at Leipsic, Dec. 30, 1837. Her interesting 
 work, < Studies of Musicians' Heads* (5 vols., 
 1868-82), has had a wide circulation. She is 
 author also of < Musical Thoughts* (1873). a 
 collection of sayings of eminent musicians ; 
 < Letters of Musicians* (1886); < Classicism and 
 Romanticism in the World of Music* (1892). 
 
 Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de 
 Monet, Cbevalier de (la-mark'). A celebrated 
 French naturalist; born at Barentin, Aug. I, 
 1744 ; died at Paris, Dec. 18, 1829. He directed 
 his studies first to meteorology, but soon turned 
 mainly to botany : his < French Flora * (3 vols., 
 1778) became the basis of De Candolle's more 
 celebrated work. He wrote also an < Encyclo- 
 paedic Tableau of Botany* (3 vols., 1791-1823) 
 and a < Natural History of Plants* (15 vols., 
 1802). His most celebrated work, < History of 
 the Invertebrates,* appeared in 1815-22 in seven 
 volumes. His theoretical views are expounded 
 in his < Zoological Philosophy* (2 vols., i8oq): 
 » there he attacks the doctrine of the immuta- 
 bility of species, and lays the scientific founda- 
 tions of what later was called the development 
 theory of the origin of species. 
 
 Lamartlne, Alphonse Marie Louis de (la- 
 miir-ten'J. A celebrated French poet; born at 
 
 Milly, near Macon, Oct. 21, 1790; died at Passy, 
 March i, 1869. His first volume of poems, 
 'Poetical Meditations* (1820), was in effect a 
 new departure in French lyrism, expressing 
 sympathy with nature and with religious senti- 
 ment which accorded with the then new reac- 
 tion against materialism. Then followed : < New 
 Poetical Meditations * ( 1823 ) ; < Poetic and 
 Religious Harmonies* (1830); 'Recollections, 
 Impressions, and Reflections* (4 vols., 1835); 
 'Jocelyn* (1836), an idyllic epos in which he 
 reaches the summit of his poetic inspiration ; 
 <The Fall of an Angel* (1838), an imitation 
 of Byron; 'History of the Girondins* (8 vols., 
 1847); 'Confidences* (1849); 'New Confidences* 
 (1851); 'History of the Restoration* (8 vols., 
 1852) ; < Lettres a L. » (1818-65). 
 
 Lamb, Charles. A celebrated English essay- 
 ist ; born in London, Feb. 10, 1775 ; died at Ed- 
 monton, Dec. 27, 1834. His 'Essays of Elia* 
 were originally contributed to the London Mag- 
 azine, beginning 1820 ; they were collected and 
 published in a volume in 1823, received with 
 universal public favor, and have a high place 
 among English classics. 'Last Essays of Elia* 
 were published in 1833. Lamb's cheerful phi- 
 losophy of life, his genuine and spontaneous 
 humor, and the easy grace of his style, are as 
 grateful to readers of to-day as to those of 
 two generations ago. He twice attempted dra- 
 matic composition, but without success. With 
 his sister Mary Lamb (1765-1847) he wrote 
 'Tales from the Plays of Shakespeare* (1807), 
 intended for youthful readers, with whom it 
 has ever since been a favorite work. 
 
 Lamb, Martha Joanna Beads (Nash). An 
 American historian ; born in Plainfield, Mass., 
 Aug. 13, 1829 ; died in New York city, Jan. 2, 
 1893. The best known of her works is the < His- 
 tory of the City of New York* (2 vols., 1877-81). 
 She also wrote ' The Homes of America* (1879); 
 'Wall Street in History* (1883). For years she 
 was editor of the Magazine of American His- 
 tory. Mrs. Lamb was a member of many 
 learned societies in this country and Europe. 
 
 Lambecius, called Peter Lambeck (lam-be' 
 shos). A German scholar (1628-80). He was 
 teacher of history in the high-school of his 
 native city, Hamburg, from 1652 to 1660, when 
 he became its rector. He then becam.e super- 
 intendent of the Imperial Library, Vienna. His 
 principal writings are : ' Introduction to Literary 
 History* (1659), the first methodical work of 
 the kind; 'Notes on the Imperial Library* (8 
 vols., 1665-79), a work of great value for early 
 German language and literature. 
 
 Lamber, Juliette (lah-ba') —Madame Adam 
 
 (a-doii). A French miscellaneous writer; born 
 at Verberie, 1836. Her writings are mainly 
 on political, social, and literary topics. She 
 founded the Nouvelle Revue. Her works in- 
 clude : ' The Siege of Paris * ; ' Garibaldi * ; <A 
 Peasant Woman's Narratives > ; < In the Alps * ; 
 'La'ide*; 'The Hungarian Country*; etc. 
 
 Lambert, Johann Heinrich (lam'bert). A 
 distinguished German philosopher and scientist ;
 
 LAMENNAIS — LANCASTER 
 
 323 
 
 bom at Miihlhausen, Alsace, Aug. 26, 1728 ; 
 died at Berlin, Sept. 25, 1777. He was entirely 
 self-educated. At 16 he calculated the period 
 of the comet of 1744, according to the « Lam- 
 bertine theorem. '^ He became tutor in the 
 household of a nobleman in 1748, and in 
 1759 was appointed professor in the Munich 
 Academy. He was called to Berlin (1764) by 
 Frederick the Great. His masterpiece in phi- 
 losophy is the <New Organon, or Thoughts 
 upon the Research of Truth* (2 vols., 1764); 
 in physics he laid the foundations of photome- 
 try, pyrometry, and hygrometry ; in his < Cos- 
 mological Letters' (1761), he sets forth the 
 views still held by astronomers regarding the 
 nature of the fixed stars ; not less important 
 are his researches in pure mathematics. 
 
 Lamennais, Hugues F^licit^ Robert de (la- 
 men-a'). A French ecclesiastic, polemical, and 
 political writer; born at St. Malo, June 19, 
 1782 ; died at Paris, Feb. 27, 1854. He was or- 
 dained priest in 1817. The same year appeared 
 the first volume of his < Essay upon Indiffer- 
 ence in the Matter of Religion > (4 vols., 1807- 
 20), a work of profound learning and of strict 
 orthodoxy. He developed his views further in 
 < Religion Considered in its Relation to the 
 Civil and Political Order> (1825), and < Pro- 
 gress of the Revolution and of the War against 
 the Church* (1829). By degrees he became the 
 Clitic of Church policy, and his journal L'Ave- 
 nir (The Future) was condemned by the Pope. 
 Lamennais bowed to Rome's decree ; but after 
 a year was published his < Words of a Be- 
 liever* (1834), in which he repudiates all au- 
 thority of popes and bishops. The little volume 
 is written in archaic style, imitating the lan- 
 guage of the Hebrew sacred books ; it had an 
 enormous circulation among the masses of the 
 people in every country of Europe. It was 
 followed by <The Book of the People* (1837), 
 and <The Past and the Future of the People* 
 (1842), in the same tone. He wrote also: 
 < Sketch of a Philosophy* (3 vols., 1841); 'Re- 
 ligion*; and translated the Gospels, accom- 
 panying the text with notes. 
 
 La Mettrie, Julien Offray de (la-metre'). 
 A French philosopher ; born at St. Malo, Dec. 
 25, 1709; died at Berlin, Nov. 11, 1751. A 
 fever while he was army surgeon led him to 
 study the question of the parallel decline of 
 mental force and bodily strength : his con- 
 clusions, those of materialism and atheism, 
 he states in < The Natural History of the 
 Soul* (1745). Next he attacked the medical 
 profession in < The Politics of Dr. Machiavel > 
 (1746). Both works were burnt by the com- 
 mon hangman. In numerous other works, as 
 < Charlatans Unmasked* (1747), < The Machine- 
 Man* (1748), <The Plant-Man* (1748), <The 
 Metaphysic Venus, or Essay on the Origin 
 of the Soul * ( 1752 ), he provoked the en- 
 mity of the clergy and of medical men. Fred- 
 erick the Great had an edition of La Mettrie's 
 * Philosophical Works * published (1751) at the 
 cost of the royal privy purse. 
 
 Lami'i (la-me-e'). A notable Turkish poet 
 and prose-writer; died about 1530. His prose 
 works are chiefly translations from Jami. 
 Among his poetical works are four epics 
 founded on Persian legend : < Vamik and Afra*; 
 
 < Vis and Ramin * ; < Absdl and Selman * ; and 
 the < Ferhddnameh.* There is a translation in 
 German, by Pfizmaier, of one of the minor po- 
 ems,— < The Glorification of the City of Bursa.' 
 
 Lamington, Alexander Dundas Ross Wisli- 
 ard Baillie Cochrane, Baron. An English 
 author and politician; born in November 1816; 
 died in London, Feb. 15, 1890. He was the 
 eldest son of Admiral Sir Thomas J. Cochrane, 
 and one of the leaders of the Young England 
 Party in Parliament. < Exeter Hall or Church 
 Polemics* (1841); < Morea,* a poem; < The State 
 of Greece* (1847); < Ernest Vane,* a novel; 
 
 < Florence the Beautiful* (1854); 'Francis the 
 First, and Other Historic Studies* (1870); <The 
 Theatre Fran9ais in the Reign of Louis XV.> 
 (1879), constitute his chief works. 
 
 Lamon, Ward HiU. An American lawyer 
 
 and biographer ; born, , 1828 ; died at 
 
 Martinsburg, W. Va., May 8, 1893. He was a 
 law partner of Abraham Lincoln. His works are: 
 <Life of Abraham Lincoln, from his Birth to his 
 Inauguration as President* (1872); 'Recollec- 
 tions of Abraham Lincoln.* 
 
 La Motte, Antoine Houdart de (li-mot''). A 
 French poet; born at Paris, Jan. 17, 1672; died 
 there, Dec. 26, 1731. His first dramatic com- 
 position 'Originals,* was a failure ; but some o^ 
 his operas, his tragedy 'Ines del Castro* (17231, 
 and his comedy 'The Swell,* had great success. 
 The 'Odes* and 'Fables,* like all his lyric com- 
 positions, though they show considerable inven- 
 tion, are artificial and lack spontaneity. 
 
 La Mott^-Fouque. See Fouque. 
 
 Lampman, Archibald. A Car ^dian poet; bom 
 at Morpeth, Canada, Nov. i'/^ 1861; died at 
 Ottawa, Feb. lo, 1899. He was a graduate of 
 Trinity College, Toronto (1882), and after 1883 
 held an appointment in the Post Office Depart- 
 ment at Ottawa. A constant contributor of verse 
 to the papers and magazines of the Dominion 
 and the United States, he published two col- 
 lections of poems, 'Among the Millet* (1888), 
 and 'Lyrics of Earth* (1895), which reveal a 
 deep love of nature and outdoor life. Mr. 
 Howells ranks him with the strongest of Ameri- 
 can singers. 
 
 Lamprecbt .he Priest (lam'precht). A Ger- 
 man poet of the first half of the twelfth cen- 
 tury. He wrote the 'Song of Alexander,* one 
 of the best poems of mediaeval Germany : it 
 is an adaptation of a French poem by Alberic 
 of Besangon, of which only a fragment remains. 
 
 Lancaster, William Joseph Cosens. An 
 
 English civil engineer and author ; born at 
 Weymouth in 185 1. He entered the British 
 navy as a midshipman, but on account of de- 
 fective eyesight resigned and became a civil 
 engineer, in that capacity visiting different 
 parts of the world. Under the pseudonym of
 
 324 
 
 LANCIANI-LANE 
 
 << Harry Collingfwood,'^ he is known to juvenile 
 readers in England and America as the author 
 of the popular nautical romances: <The Secret 
 of the Sands > {1878); < Under the Meteor Flag> 
 (1884); < The Pirate Island' (1884); < The Congo 
 Rovers > (1885), a story of the Slave Squadron; 
 <The Missing Merchantman > (1888); < The 
 Cruise of the Esmeralda ' ; < The Castaways.> 
 
 Lanclani, Rodolfo Amedeo (lan-che-a'ne). 
 An Italian archaeologist ; born in Rome, Jan. i, 
 1847. He has attained celebrity by investigat- 
 ing the ruins of classical Rome. Among his 
 works are: < Ancient Rome in the Light of 
 Recent Discoveries* (Boston: 1888); < Pagan 
 and Christian Rome> (Boston: 1892); and <The 
 Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome > (Bos- 
 ton : 1897). 
 
 Land, Jan Pieter Nicolaas (lant). A Dutch 
 Orientalist and philosopher; born at Delft, 
 April 23, 1834; died at Leyden, April 30, 1 897. 
 Among his works are : <John, Bishop of Ephe- 
 sus, the First Syrian Church Historian) (1856); 
 <Syriac Anecdotes' (4 vols., 1862); <In Memory 
 of Spinoza* (1877); 'Javanese Music> (1891); 
 ♦Arnold Geulinex and his Philosophy* (1895). 
 
 Lander, Eichard and John. African ex- 
 plorers, natives of Cornwall. Richard was born 
 1804; died 1834. John was born 1807; died 
 1839. The elder brother accompanied Clapper- 
 ton on his expedition to the Niger, and after 
 Clapperton's death returned to England, where 
 he published his own and his master's < Journals.* 
 He was then commissioned by the British 
 government to determine the course of the 
 lower Niger, and on that expedition was ac- 
 companied by his brother (1830-31). A de- 
 tailed narrative of their explorations is given 
 in their 'Journal of an Expedition to Explore 
 the Course and Termination of the Niger* (3 
 vols., 1832). 
 
 Landesmann, Heinrich. See Lorm. 
 
 Landois, Hermann (land-wa'^rlant'ois). A 
 German zoologist; born at Miinster, April 19, 
 1835. He is author of < Sound and Voice 
 Apparatus of Insects* (1867); < Text-Book of 
 Zoology * (1870J; < Text-Book of Botany > (1872); 
 < Voices of Animals* (1875); 'Text-Book of In- 
 struction in the Description of Nature * ; and 
 other works of a like character, which have 
 been frequently republished. 
 
 Landon, Charles Paul (lan-doh'). A French 
 painter and art critic; born at Monant, 1760 ; 
 died at Paris, March 5, 1826. His more notable 
 writings are : 'Annals of the Musde and of the 
 Modern School of Fine Arts* (29 vols., 1801-17); 
 < Landscapes and Genre Paintings in the Mus^e 
 Napoleon* (4 vols., 1805-8); 'The Salons of 
 1808-24* (13 vols.); 'Selections of Paintings 
 and Statues in the most Celebrated Foreign 
 Museums and Cabinets* (12 vols., 182 1 sq.). 
 
 Landon, Letltla Elizabeth (later Mrs. Mac- 
 lean). An English poet and novelist; born 
 in Chelsea, London, Aug. 14, 1802; died at 
 Cape Coast Castle, Africa, Oct. 15, 1838. She 
 
 was a poet of genuine feeling and descriptive 
 power, was at one time connected with the 
 London Literary Gazette, and published under 
 the pseudonym of " L. E. L. >* : ' The Improvi- 
 satrice, and Other Poems* (1824); 'The Golden 
 Violet, etc.,* all collected in 184 1 ; and several 
 novels. In June 1838, she married Mr. George 
 Maclean, governor of Cape Coast Castle, and 
 a few months later died from an accidental 
 overdose of prussic acid, which she had been 
 in the habit of taking for the alleviation of 
 spasms. The theory of suicide is now gener- 
 ally discredited. 
 
 Landon, Melville De Lancey. ["Eli Per- 
 kins.**] An American humorist; born in New 
 York State in 1839. Among his works are : 
 < The Franco-Prussian War in a Nutshell * ( 187 1 ) ; 
 'Saratoga in 1901 * (1872); 'Eli Perkins's Wit, 
 Humor, and Pathos* (1883); 'Fun and Fact*; 
 ' Money * ; ' Thirty Years of Wit.* 
 
 Landor, Walter Savage. A distinguished 
 English poet and prose-writer ; bom at Ipsley 
 Court, Warwickshire, Jan. 30, 1775 ; died at 
 Florence, Sept. 17, 1864. He inherited a very 
 large fortune ; entered the military service of 
 Spain 1808, with a body of troops maintained 
 at his own expense ; in 1815 he fixed his resi- 
 dence at Florence. His most celebrated work 
 is 'Imaginary Conversations of Literary Men 
 and Statesmen* (ist series, 3 vols., 1824-28; 2d 
 series, 3 vols., 1829). Among his other works 
 are: 'Poems* (1795); 'Gebir* (1798); 'Count 
 Julian; a Tragedy* (1812); 'Heroic Idylls* 
 (1814 and 1820), two volumes of Latin verse; 
 'Sati e upon Satirists and Admonition to De- 
 tractors* (1836), an attack upon Wordsworth; 
 'The Pentameron,* conversations of Petrarch 
 and Boccaccio (1837); 'Andrea of Hungary 
 and Giovanni of Naples* (1839); 'Fra Rupert, 
 the Last Part of a Triology* (1840); 'The Hel- 
 lenics* (1847); 'Italics,* verses (1848); 'Popery, 
 British and Foreign* (1851); 'Letters of an 
 American, mainly on Russia and Revolution * 
 (1854); 'Letter to R. W. Emerson* (1856), on 
 Emerson's < English Traits > ; < Antony and Oc- 
 tavius: Scenes for the Study* (1856); 'Dry 
 Sticks Fagoted by W. S. Landor* (1858); 'Sa- 
 vonarola and the Prior of St. Mark* (i860); 
 ' Heroic Idylls, with Additional Poems* (1863). 
 
 Lane, Edward William. An English Ori- 
 entalist, one of the most accomplished men of 
 his time ; born at Hereford, Sept. 17, l8oi ; died 
 at Worthing, Aug. 10, 1876; He published ' Man- 
 ners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians* 
 (1836), and made one of the most famous trans- 
 lations of the 'Arabian Nights* (1838-40). This 
 work was the first translation of consequence 
 into English which was made directly from 
 the Arabic, all previous translations having been 
 made through the French. It contained valu- 
 able illustrations and numerous scholarly and 
 indispensable notes. The translations of Bur- 
 ton and Payne were subsequent to it. The 
 world is indebted to him for many valuable 
 works on Egypt, and especially for his 'Arabic- 
 English Lexicon* (1863-74), which cost him
 
 LANE-POOLE — LANGENDIJK 
 
 325 
 
 twenty years of unremitting labor. The suc- 
 ceeding parts came out from 1877 to 1882 un- 
 der the editorship of S. Lane-Poole, the whole 
 forming a dictionary indispensable to the stu- 
 dent of Arabic. He also published < Selections 
 from the Ku-ran.' 
 
 Lane-Poole, Stanley. An English historical 
 and archreological writer, nephew of Edward 
 William Lane and editor of many of his 
 works , born in London, Dec. 18, 1854. He is 
 famed for his knowledge of the civilizations and 
 peoples of antiquity and of the mediaeval period. 
 Among his works are : < Arabian Society in the 
 Middle Ages > (1883); < Social Life in Egypt> 
 (1883); < The Moors in Spain > (1886) ;< The Mo- 
 gul Emperors > ( 1892) ; < Mediaeval India.' 
 
 Lanfrey, Pierre (lon-fra'). A French histo- 
 rian ; bom at Chamb^ry, Savoy, Oct. 26, 1828 ; 
 died at Pau, Nov. 15, 1877. He wrote < The 
 Church and the Philosophers of the i8th Cen- 
 tury' (1855) and an < Essay on the French Rev- 
 olution' (1858 J; both works show profound 
 research and impartial judgment. Besides a 
 number of minor historical studies he wrote a 
 'History of Napoleon I.' (5 vols., 1867-75), 
 which is his principal work : it is a severe criti- 
 cism of Napoleon, based on all the accessible 
 historic material. It only comes down to just 
 before the Russian campaign, his death super- 
 vening. 
 
 Lang, Andrew. An English poet, story-teller, 
 and literary critic ; bom at Selkirk, Scotland, 
 March 31, 1844. He has written many volumes 
 of verse, characterized by grace of style, har- 
 mony of numbers, and a lively, playful fancy. 
 Among his poems are : < Ballads and Lyrics 
 of Old France' (1872), some of the pieces trans- 
 lated or adapted from the old French, others 
 written new in the tone and spirit of the ancient 
 singers ;< Ballads in Blue China' (1881); < Helen 
 of Troy' (1883). His < Letters to Dead Au- 
 thors' (1886) is worthy of a place on the same 
 shelf with Lucian's < Dialogues of the Dead ' 
 and Landor's < Imaginary Conversations.' His 
 < Custom and Myth' (1884) and his <Myth, 
 Ritual, and Religion' (1887) belong to the pop- 
 ular literature of archaeological and prehistoric 
 research. Among his very numerous volumes 
 are translations of Theocritus, Bion, and Mos- 
 chus ; and, in collaboration with Prof. Butcher 
 and Messrs. Walter Leaf and Ernest Myers, a 
 prose translation of the Iliad and Odyssey. 
 
 Lang, John Dunmore. A Scotch clergy- 
 man, Australian pioneer, and author; born at 
 Greenock, Aug. 25, 1799 ; died in Sydney, N.S.W., 
 Aug. 8, 1878. He emigrated to Australia in 
 1822, was ordained to the Scots Church, in 
 Sydney (1823), and contributed much to the ad- 
 vancement of the colony by his advocacy of 
 immigration, the introduction of a school sys- 
 tem, and other public measures. He was a 
 prolific writer, among his important works be- 
 ing: <A History of New South Wales' (1834); 
 ' Origin and Migration of the Polynesian Na- 
 tives ' (1834); <New Zealand in 1839'; < Cook's 
 Land, Australia' (1847); numerous pamphlets; 
 
 and a series of poems, * Aurora Australis* 
 
 (1826), 
 
 Lang, Karl Heinrich Ritter von (lang). A 
 German historian ; born at Balgheim, July 7, 
 1764 ; died near Ansbach, March 26, 1835. His 
 principal works are : < Historic Development 
 of the German Tax System' (1793); < Modern 
 History of the Principality of Bayreuth' (3 vols., 
 1798-1811); < History of the Jesuits in Bavaria' 
 (1819). His posthumous < Memoirs of the Rit- 
 ter von Lang' (2 vols., 1841) made a great 
 noise when first published ; but they are to be 
 used with discretion. 
 
 Lang, Wilhelm. A German journalist and es- 
 sayist ; born at Tuttlingen, July 16, 1832. Among 
 his works are : < Michelangelo Buonarotti as a 
 Poet' (1861); < David Friedrich Strauss' (1874); 
 < Wanderings in Peloponnesus' (1878); <From 
 Suabia : History, Biography, Literature ' (in 7 
 parts, 1885-90), a collection of delightful essays. 
 
 Langbein, August Friedrich Ernst (lang'- 
 bin). A German humoristic poet; born near 
 Dresden, Sept. 6, 1757 ; died Jan. 2, 1835, at Ber- 
 lin. His < Poems' (1788); < Drolleries' (1792); 
 and < Later Poems ' (1812, 1823), circulated every- 
 where : they were inspired by the Muse of broad 
 comedy, and at times showed little regard for 
 the proprieties. He wrote also several humorous 
 stories which were received with great popular 
 favor, among them < Master Zimpfel's Wedding 
 Tour ' and < Thomas Kellerwurm.' 
 
 Lange, Friedrich Albert (lang'6). A Ger- 
 man philosopher and political economist; born 
 near Solingen, Sept. 28, 1828 ; died at Marburg, 
 Nov. 21, 1875. He wrote a valuable < History 
 of Materialism and Critique of its Importance 
 for the Present Time' (1866; supplementary 
 volume, 1867). His principal writings on polit- 
 ical economy are : < The Labor Question Now 
 and in the Future' (1865; 5th ed. 1894); <J. S. 
 Mill's Views of the Social Question' (1866). 
 
 Lange, Julius Henrik. A Danish art critic; bom 
 at Vordingborg, June 19, 1 838; died at Copen 
 hagen, Aug. 20, 1896. After leaving the Univer. 
 sity of Copenhagen he thereafter devoted himsel! 
 to study of the history of art. Among his worki 
 are: <0n Art Values' (1876); < Danish and 
 Foreign Art' ( 1879) ; <Gods and Men in Homer' 
 ( 188 1 ) ; < Art and Polities' ( 1 885 ) ; <Thorwaldsen' s 
 Representation of the Human Figure' (189^). 
 
 Lange, Samuel Gotthold. A German poet ; 
 born at Halle, 171 1; died at Laublingen, June 
 25, 1781. He wrote a series of < Horatian Odes' 
 (1747) in praise of Frederick the Great, and a 
 metrical translation of <The Odes of Horace' 
 (1752), which found a severe critic in Lessing; 
 and published a 'Collection of Letters from 
 Scholars and Friends' (2 vols., 1769-70) which 
 is of considerable value for the literary history 
 of the time. 
 
 Langendijk, Pieter (lang'en-dik). A Dutch 
 poet and pla)"^vright ; born at Haarlem, July 
 25, 1683 ; died in 1756. Left to the care of 
 an extravagant mother by the early death of 
 his father, he was obliged to abandon hi$
 
 326 
 
 LANGFORD — LANZI 
 
 course of education, and support himself as a 
 designer in a damask factory. His comedies, 
 which are the redeeming features of a barren 
 period of Dutch literature, include : < Don 
 Quixote > (1711); <The Braggart>; <The Mutual 
 Marriage Deception > ; < Xantippe > ; < Papirius > ; 
 <A Mirror of Our Merchants,) the last three 
 being comedies of manners. 
 
 Langford, John Alfred. An English mis- 
 cellaneous writer; born in Birmingham, Sept. 
 12, 1823. He was a prominent educator and pub- 
 licist in his native city. Among his works are : 
 
 < Religious Skepticism and Infidelity > (1850); 
 
 < English Democracy) (1855); < Poems of the 
 Fields and Town > (1859)-, and < Heroes and 
 Martyrs, and Other Poems' (1890). 
 
 Langland, William. An English poet ; born 
 in Shropshire (?), about 1330; died about 1400. 
 His < Vision of Piers Plowman > (1362?) is the 
 poem by which he is known. 
 
 Lanier, Sidney. An American poet; born 
 at Macon, Ga., Feb. 3, 1842; died at Lynn, 
 N. C, Sept. 7, 1881. He served in the Con- 
 federate Army as a private soldier; after the 
 war studied law, and for a while practiced it 
 at Macon; but abandoned that profession and 
 devoted himself to music and poetry. From 
 1879 till his death he was lecturer on English 
 literature in Johns Hopkins University. The 
 poem 'Corn,' one of his earliest pieces (1874), 
 and < Clover,' <The Bee,> <The Dove,> etc., 
 show insight into nature. His poetic works 
 were collected and published (1884) after his 
 death. He wrote also several works in prose, 
 mostly pertaining to literary criticism and to 
 mediaeval history : among the former are ' The 
 Science of English Verse' (1880); <The Eng- 
 I'sh Novel and the Principles of its Develop- 
 ment' (1883). He edited or compiled <The 
 Boy's Froissart' (1878); <The Boy's King Ar- 
 thur' (1880); <The Boy's Percy' (1882). 
 
 Lanigan, George Thomas. An American 
 journalist and poet; born in Canada, Dec. 10, 
 1845; died in Philadelphia, Feb. 5, 1886. In 
 Montreal, with Robert Graham, he founded 
 the Free Lance, a journal of satire and humor; 
 now published under the name Evening Star. 
 In the United States he was connected with 
 various journals. His writings include : < Cana- 
 dian Ballads' (1864); < Fables Out of the World' 
 (1878), by « George Washington ^sop." <The 
 Amateur Orlando' and < A Threnody' (for the 
 Ahkoond of Swat) are among his most success- 
 ful humorous poems. 
 
 Lankester, Edwin Ray. An English sci- 
 entist; born in London, May 15, 1847. A grad- 
 uate of Christ Church, Oxford, he is Linacre 
 professor of human and comparative anatomy 
 at that university, and curator of the museum ; 
 and is among the first of living authorities in 
 biology and physiology. He has been active 
 and effective in his field of science since 1865 ; 
 was made professor of zoology in London 
 University in 1874; he is LL. D. and F. R. S. ; 
 and has published over a hundred scientific 
 memoirs. He has served as secretary of the 
 
 British Association, and president ©f its biologi- 
 cal section; was founder and president of the 
 Marine Biological University at Plymouth. He 
 is editor of the Quarterly Journal of Micro- 
 scopical Science, and a frequent contributor 
 to Nature and other periodicals. Among his 
 books are : < On Fossil Fishes of the Red Sand- 
 stone of Great Britain' (1S70); < Comparative 
 Longevity' (1871); < On Earth-Worms'; < De- 
 generation, a Chapter in Darwinism' (1880); 
 ' The Advancement of Science ' ( 1890); < Zoolog- 
 ical Papers,' a collection of his articles in the <En- 
 cyclopiiediaBritannica' (1891); < Okapia' (1Q02). 
 
 Lanman, Charles. An American prose- 
 writer and journalist; born in Monroe, Mich., 
 June 14, 1819; died in Washington, D. C, 
 March 4, 1895. In 1847 he was connected with 
 the New York Express ; in 1850 was private 
 secretary of Daniel Webster; and 1871-82 sec- 
 retary to the Japanese legation. He has writ- 
 ten for English and American journals; for 
 his description of scenery of the Saguenay, and 
 the mountains of North Carolina, he was called 
 by Washington Irving « the picturesque ex- 
 plorer of the United States." Among his nu- 
 merous publications are : <A Tour to the River 
 Saguenay' (1848); < Private Life of Daniel Web- 
 ster' (1852); <The Japanese in America' (New 
 York and London: 1872); < Curious Characters 
 and Pleasant Places' (Edinburgh: 1881); 'Hap- 
 hazard Personalities' (Boston: 1886). 
 
 Lanman, Charles Rockwell. An eminent 
 American Sanskrit scholar; born at Norwich, 
 Conn., July 8, 1850. He studied Sanskrit under 
 Prof. Whitney at Yale College, afterwards con- 
 tinuing his work at Berlin, Tubingen, and 
 Leipsic. Upon his return to the United States 
 he was appointed to an instructorship at Johns 
 Hopkins University, Baltimore, and in 1880 
 became professor of Sanskrit at Harvard Uni- 
 versity, a post which he still retains. An au- 
 thority on Oriental languages and literature, 
 he has published: <A Sanskrit Reader' (1884), 
 the chief text-book on the subject ; and is the 
 projector of the < Harvard Oriental Series.' 
 
 La None, Francois de, called Bras de Fer. 
 See None. 
 
 Lansdell, Henry. An English clergyman, 
 traveler, and author ; bom at Tenterden, Kent, 
 in 1841. As secretary to the Irish Church Mis- 
 sion, he has been prominent in philanthropic 
 movements, traveling extensively about the 
 world. In Siberia he investigated the prisons, 
 publishing the results of his observations in 
 < Through Siberia' (1882); < Russian Central 
 Asia' (1885). < Chinese Central Asia' ap- 
 peared in 1893. 
 
 Lanza, Marchioness Clara (Hammond). 
 An American novelist ; born in Kansas in 1858. 
 She is a resident of New York city. Among 
 her works are : <Tit for Tat' (1880); <Mr. Per- 
 kins's Daughter ' (1881); < A Righteous Apostate ' 
 (1883); < A Modern Marriage ' ;< Horace Everett.' 
 
 Lanzi, Luigi (lants'e). An Italian antiqua- 
 rian ; born at Monte deU' Ormo, 1732 ; died aX
 
 LAO-TSZE — LARRAZABAL 
 
 327 
 
 Florence, March 31, 1810. Chief among his 
 works are an < Essay on the Etruscan Language > 
 (3 vols., 1789) and 'Pictorial History of Italy' 
 (1789). He wrote also < Notices on the Sculp- 
 ture of the Ancients* (1789). 
 
 Lao-tsze (la'o-tsa'). A Chinese philosopher 
 of the sixth century B. C. His < Taoteh-King,> 
 or < Doctrine of Reason and Virtue,* has been 
 translated into English, French, and German. 
 He rates as being high above our obligations 
 to country, society, and family those which are 
 founded in our common humanity ; and teaches 
 that we ought to repay injuries with benefits. 
 See < Literature of China.* 
 
 Laplace, Pierre Simon, Marquis de (la-plas')- 
 A renowned French mathematician and physi- 
 cal astronomer; born at Beaumont-en- Auge, 
 March 28, 1749; died at Paris, March 5, 1827. 
 In his great work < Mechanism of the Heavens * 
 (5 vols., 1799-1825), he attacks nearly every 
 problem arising out of the movements of the 
 heavenly bodies, and in great part offers the 
 solution. His < Exposition of the System of the 
 Universe* (2 vols., 1796), may be regarded as a 
 less abstruse presentation of the arguments ad- 
 vanced in the < Mechanism * ; in the former he 
 hits on the same hypothesis to account for the 
 origin of the planets which had been a little 
 before offered by Kant. His famous researches 
 into the laws of probability are summed up in 
 the two works, < Analytic Theory of Probabili- 
 ties* (1812), and < Philosophical Essay on Prob- 
 abilities* (1814). 
 
 Lappenberg, Johann Martin (liip'en-berG). 
 A German historical writer ; born at Hamburg, 
 July 30, 1794; died Nov. 28, 1865. His task was 
 research into the sources of history rather than 
 historical narrative ; as material for the authentic 
 writing of sundry phases of German history 
 his works are of very great and permanent 
 value. Among them are : < Rise of the Civic 
 Constitution of Hamburg* (1828); < Early Ham- 
 burg Archives* (1842); < Documentary History 
 of the Hanse Steelyard in London* (1851); 
 •Hamburg Chronicles* (1852-61). 
 
 Laprade, Victor de (la-prad'). A French 
 poet; born at Montbrison, Jan. 13, 1812; died 
 at Lyons, Dec. 13, 1883. His earliest poems, as 
 < Magdalen's Precious Ointment* (i839),< Jesus's 
 Wrath* (1840), showed very plainly the influ- 
 ence of Lamartine ; and to the end Lamartine 
 was his model. Besides several volumes of lyric 
 poems,— < Psyche* (1841); <Odes and Poems* 
 (1844); 'Evangelic Poems* (1852); 'Heroic 
 Idylls* (1858),— he wrote the tragedy < Harmo- 
 dius* (1870), and several works in prose; e. g., 
 •Questions of Art and Morals* (1861); 'Liberal 
 Education* (1873); 'Essays in Idealist Criti- 
 cism* (1882). 
 
 La Ram^e, Louise de. See Ouida. 
 
 Larcom, Lucy. An American poet ; born in 
 Beverly, Mass., 1826; died in Boston, 1893. 
 Through her early contributions to the Lowell 
 Offering, she attracted the attention of Whit- 
 ti«r, who assisted her in literary work, and 
 
 was a faithful friend to the close of his life. 
 She edited Our Young Folks, a Boston maga- 
 zine, from 1866 to its absorption by St. Nicholas 
 in 1874. Her published works include : ' Poems * 
 (1868); 'An Idyl of Work, a Story in Verse* 
 (1875); 'As It Is in Heaven* (1891); and 'The 
 tjnseen Friend * (1892). 
 
 Lardner, Dionysius. An Irish physicist; 
 born in Dublin, April 3, 1793; died at Naples, 
 April 29, 1859. He vvrote several notable 
 mathematical treatises ; and edited, himself be- 
 ing one of the chief contributors, an ' Encyclo- 
 pedia* (132 vols., 1829-46). Among his other 
 writings are : ' Manual of Electricity,* etc. (2 
 vols., 1841); 'Treatise on Heat* (1844); 'The 
 Steam Engine* (1852); 'Natural Philosophy 
 and Astronomy* (3 vols., 1851-52) 
 
 Larivey, Pierre (la-re-va'). A French dram- 
 atist (1540-1611). His prose comedies, founded 
 on Italian originals, are full of life and spirit, 
 and had an influence on Moli^re. Larivey's 
 best comedy, < Les Esprits,* is an adaptation of 
 Lorenzo de' Medici's ' Aridosio.* 
 
 La Roche, Maria SopMe (la-rosh'). A Ger- 
 man story-teller ; born at Kaufbeuren, Dec. 6, 
 1731 ; died at Offenbach, Feb. 18, 1807. Her 
 stories show intimate knowledge of the human 
 heart. She was a correspondent of Wieland 
 and of Goethe. She wrote : ' The History of 
 Fraulein von Sternheim* (1771); 'Moral Tales* 
 (1782); 'History of Miss Long* (1789); <Me- 
 lusine's Summer Evenings* (1806). 
 
 La Rochefoucauld, Frangois, Due de. See 
 Rochefoucauld. 
 
 Larousse, Pierre (la-ros'). A French lex- 
 icographer; born at Toucy, Oct. 23, 1817; died 
 Jan. 3, 1875. For several years he compiled 
 valuable educational text-books. In 1864 ap- 
 peared the first volume of his ' Great Universal 
 Dictionary of the Nineteenth Century * (com- 
 pleted 1876, 15 vols., with supplementary volumes 
 1878 and 1887). He also published two smaller 
 works of the same class, the ' New Illustrated 
 Dictionary,* and ' Complete Illustrated Dic- 
 tionary.* 
 
 Larra, Mariano Jos6 de (lar'a). A Spanish 
 play^vright and journalist ; born at Madrid, 1809 , 
 committed suicide Feb. 13, 1837. He adapted 
 to the Spanish stage several French comedies, 
 and wrote a tragedy, ' Macias * (1834), on the 
 tragic ending of a famous Galician troubadour. 
 Five volumes of his contributions to the Re- 
 vista Espafiola were published in 1837 ; his prin- 
 cipal work is ' From 1830 to 1835, or Spain 
 from Fernando VII. to Mendizabal* (1836). 
 
 Larrazabal, Felipe (lar-ra-tha'bal). A Ven- 
 ezuelan biographer and historian ; born about 
 1822; drowned 1873. He wrote a valuable 'Life 
 of the Liberator Simon Bolivar* (2 vols., 1863), 
 collected a large amount of manuscript ma- 
 terial on the history of America, and was on 
 his way to Europe to arrange for the publica- 
 tion of several of his works when he was 
 drowned in the wreck of the steamship City 
 of Havre,
 
 328 
 
 LA SALLE — LATHROP 
 
 La Salle, Antoine de (la-sal'). A French 
 mediaeval romancer (1398-1470). Among his 
 works may be mentioned the < Chronicle of 
 Little John of Saintr^,' a historical romance ex- 
 emplifying the ideal knightly education of the 
 time. His < Hfteen Joys of Wedlock ' is a witty 
 satire on marriage. He wrote also <A Hun- 
 dred New Novels,) stories purporting to be re- 
 counted by personages attached to the court 
 of his patron, Philip the Good, of Flanders. 
 
 Laa Casas. See Casas. 
 
 Las Cases, Emmanuel Augustin Dieudonn^, 
 Uarquis de (las-kaz). A French writer; born 
 near Revel, 1766 ; died May 15, 1842. He was 
 one of the emigrant nobles of 1791, but re- 
 turned to France in 1799, and set up in Paris 
 as a bookseller. Under the pseudonym «Le 
 Sage » he compiled an < Atlas, Historical, Geo- 
 graphical, Chronological, and Genealogical* 
 (1803-4) which gained him high office from 
 Napoleon. He accompanied the latter to St. 
 Helena, and began to take down his < Memoirs > 
 from dictation ; but before they were com- 
 pleted, Las Cases's secret correspondence with 
 Napoleon's friends outside was discovered, and 
 he had to quit his master's service. The re- 
 mainder of the < Memoirs > is contained in 
 O'Meara's < Napoleon in Exile.' After Napo- 
 leon's death, Las Cases published < Memorial 
 of St. Helena > (8 vols., 1821-23). 
 
 Laskaratos, Andreas (las-kar'a-tos). A 
 modem Greek poet ; bom in Kephalenia, May 
 I, 181 1. His most notable work is the satire 
 <The Mysteries of Cephalonia> (1856), which 
 gave great offense to the clergy, and provoked a 
 long and bitter controversy. In defense the poet 
 wrote a < Reply to the Decision of the Clergy 
 of Cephalonia> (1867), and < Behold the Man> 
 (1886). He wrote in Italian an account of his 
 sufferings in prison, < My Sufferings.* 
 
 Lasker, Eduard (las'ker). A German polit- 
 ical leader; born at Jarotschin in Posen, Oct. 
 14, 1829; died at New York, Jan. 5, 1884. His 
 principal works are: < Constitutional History 
 of Prussia* (1874); < Future of the German Em- 
 pire* (1877), 'Ways and Means of Cultural 
 Development* (1881). 
 
 Lassalle, Ferdinand (la-sal'). A German 
 agitator, founder of the German Social Democ- 
 racy ; bom of Jewish parents named Lassal, 
 at Breslau, April 11, 1825; died Aug. 31, 1864. 
 Before entering politics he had earned high dis- 
 tinction in philosophical thought, which had 
 brought him to the notice of Humboldt, Bockh, 
 and others. Among his writings of this period 
 are < Franz von Sickingen,* a historical drama 
 (1859); <The Philosophy of Heraclitus the 
 Obscure* (2 vols., 1858); <The System of Ac- 
 quired Rights* (2 vols., i860); <Fichte's Phi- 
 losophy and the Popular Mind of Germany* 
 (1862). He first came into the political arena 
 as the spokesman of the German workingman 
 in 1862, when he published the < Workingmen's 
 Programme.* For this he was arrested and im- 
 prisoned. Other pamphlets followed ; < Science 
 
 and the Workingmen* (1863); <The Criminal 
 Trial of Lassalle* (1863); < Indirect Taxation 
 and the Condition of the Laboring Classes* 
 (1863). He further developed the Socialist pro- 
 gramme in an < Open Reply to the Central 
 Committee* (1863). His last work was a spir- 
 ited attack on one of the foremost opponents 
 of the Social Democracy, < Herr Bastiat-Schulze 
 von Delitzsch, the Julian of Economics ; or Cap- 
 ital and Labor* (1864). His talents won him 
 the admiration even of his enemies. 
 
 Lassen, Cliristlan (las'sen). An eminent 
 German Orientalist; born at Bergen, Norway, 
 Oct. 22, 1800 ; died at Bonn, May 8, 1876. He 
 has been since 1827 first tutor and then pro- 
 fessor of ancient Indian languages and litera- 
 ture at the University of Bonn, where he learned 
 Sanskrit and Arabic ; he spent three years in 
 Paris and London. His editions of ancient 
 texts in, the languages of India, with transla- 
 tions and commentaries, give ample proof of 
 his accurate and comprehensive scholarship. 
 His greatest work is <The Science of Indian 
 Antiquity * (4 vols., 1844-61 ; 2d ed. enlarged, 
 1867 and 1874); in this he co-ordinates the total 
 results of antiquarian research in India. 
 
 Lasson, Adolf (las-son). A German writer 
 on philosophy; born at Altstrelitz, March 12, 
 1832. He is author of <J. H. Fichte in his 
 Relation to Church and State* (1863); 'Civil- 
 ization and War* (1868); 'Master Eckhart the 
 Mystic* (1878); 'Philosophy of Law* (1881). 
 
 Latham, Robert Gordon. A distinguished 
 English ethnologist and philologist; born at 
 Billingborough, 1812 ; died at Putney, March 9, 
 1888. He is author of numerous works on the 
 English tongue, among them a 'Treatise on 
 the English Language* (1841; frequently re- 
 published); 'History and Etymology of the 
 English Language* (1849); 'Handbook of the 
 English Language* (1851); 'Elements of Com- 
 parative Philology* (1862). His principal works 
 on ethnology are : ' Natural History of the 
 Varieties of Man * (1850); < Man and his Migra- 
 tions * (i8si); < Ethnology of the British Islands * 
 (1852); ' Ethnology of Europe » (1852) ; ' Descrip- 
 tive Ethnology* (2 vols., 1859) ; 'Russian and 
 Turk* (1878); 'Outlines of General Philology.* 
 
 Lathrop, George Parsons. An American 
 poet and prose-writer; bom in the Hawaiian 
 Islands, Aug. 25, 1851; died in New York city, 
 April 19, 1898. He was for some years employed 
 editorially on the Atlantic Monthly and the 
 Boston Courier. He wrote ; 'Rose and Roof- 
 Tree,* verses (1875); < A Study of Hawthorne* 
 (1876); 'Afterglow* (1876); 'An Echo of Pas- 
 sion* (1882); 'Spanish Vistas* (1883); 'Gettys- 
 burg, a Battle Ode* (1888); 'Would You Kill 
 Him?* (1889); 'Dreams and Days,* verses 
 (1892); 'Gold of Pleasure* (1892), a novel; 
 <Story of Courage,* with Rose Hawthorne. 
 
 Lathrop, Mrs. Rose (Hawthorne). An 
 
 American poet, daughter of Nathaniel Haw- 
 thorne ; born in Lenox, Mass., May 20, 1851. 
 She passed her childhood in Europe. In 1871
 
 LATIMER — LAVATER 
 
 329 
 
 she married George Parsons Lathrop. She has 
 been prominent in literar)' circles, has written 
 for the periodicals, and has published <Along 
 the Shore > (1888) and < Some Memories of 
 Hawthorne. > 
 
 Latimer, Hugh. An English bishop and 
 sermonist; born at Thurcaston, Leicestershire, 
 1485 (?); died at the stake, Oct. 16, 1555. His 
 ♦Sermons* are famous. 
 
 Latour, Antoine Tenant de (la-tor'). A 
 French writer ; bom at St. Yrieix, 1808 ; died 
 at Sceaux, Aug. 27, 1881. He wrote an < Essay 
 on the Study of French History in the Nine- 
 teenth Century > (1835); a noteworthy study of 
 Luther (1835); an < Account of a Voyage to 
 the East> (1847); and a series of studies of 
 Spain, the land and the people : the series com- 
 prises ten volumes, devoted to separate towns 
 and provinces, as, < Seville and Andalusia'; 
 
 < Toledo and the Banks of the Tagus > ; or to 
 general views, as < Spain, Religious and Liter- 
 ary > ; < Spain : Traditions, Manners, and Liter- 
 ature.* 
 
 Latrellle, Pierre Andr^ (la-tra'e). A French 
 zoologist; bom at Brives, Nov. 29, 1762; died 
 at Paris, Feb. 6, 1833. He has contributed ma- 
 terially to the classification of the animal king- 
 dom, as in a < History of the Salamanders > 
 (1800); < Natural History of Reptilia> {4 vols., 
 1802); < Genera of Crustacea and Insecta'; 
 < Course in Entomology' (2 vols., 1831-33). 
 
 Laube, Heinrich (loub'e). A German dram- 
 atist and novelist; bom at Sprottau, Sept. 18, 
 1806; died at Vienna, Aug. i, 1884. He was 
 director of theatres in several cities of Ger- 
 many and Austria between 1849 and 1880. 
 Among his dramatic works are : < Gustavus 
 Adolphus* (1829); < Zaganini,' a farce (1829) 
 the tragedy < Monaldeschi > (1839); <The Amber 
 Witch > (1842); <Struensee,> a tragedy (1847) 
 <The Schoolboys* (1847), a very clever drama 
 tization of an incident in the life of Schiller 
 <Lord Essex' (1856), his finest tragedy. Among 
 his stories and works of fiction are : < Young 
 Europe' (1833); < Love-Letters > ; <The Actress' 
 (1836); < The Pretender' (1842); < Countess Cha- 
 teaubriand' (1843); < The Belgian Count' (1845); 
 
 < The German War' (9 vols., i86s); < Life History 
 of Franz Grillparzer'(iS84) ;< Ruben > (i88s). 
 
 Laud, William, Archbishop of Canterbury. 
 An English theologian ; born at Reading, Oct. 
 7. 1573 ; died at London, Jan. 10, 1645. He was 
 an uncompromising upholder of High-Church 
 principles, and exerted all the powers of his 
 high office for the repression of Puritanism. 
 He was brought to trial in the House of Lords 
 on the charge of high treason, Nov. 13, 1643, 
 and was beheaded Jan. 10 following. His writ- 
 ings are but few; his < Diary' (1695), and 
 his letters, are of value for the history of his 
 time. 
 
 Laughlin, James Lawrence. An eminent 
 American political economist ; bom in Deer- 
 field, O., April 2, 1850. In 1892 he became a 
 professor in Chicago University. His chief 
 
 works are: <The Stud> of Political Economy > 
 (1885); <The History of Bimetallism in the 
 United States > (1885); < The Elements of Political 
 Economy ' (1887) ; < Industrial America' (1906). 
 
 Lauremberg, Johann Wilhelm (lou'rem- 
 bero). A Low-German satirist; born at Ros- 
 tock, Feb. 26, 1590; died at Loro, Feb. 28, 1658. 
 In 'Four Famous Old Comic Poems' (1652), 
 written in the Low-German dialect, he ridicules 
 the fashion of the time in costume, manners, 
 speech, etc. He wrote also some Latin poems ; 
 and a few dramatic pieces of little value in 
 High-German, with interludes in Low-German. 
 
 Laurent, Frangois (16-rori'). A Belgian jurist 
 and historical writer ; born at Luxemburg, July 
 8, 1810; died at Ghent, Feb. 11, 1887. His works 
 on law, municipal and international, are writ- 
 ten with great breadth of view. He wrote 
 several works in defense of Liberal principles 
 against the Clericals, among them one < On the 
 Passion of Catholics for Liberty' (1850); and 
 < Letters on the Jesuits' (1865). 
 
 Laurentie, Pierre S^bastien (16-ron-te'). A 
 French journalist and historian ; bom at Houga, 
 Gers, Jan. 21, 1793 ; died at Paris, Feb. 9, 1876. 
 An ardent advocate of the royalist cause, he 
 held several important offices until the revo- 
 lution of 1830, after which he joined the Legiti- 
 mist journal La Quotidienne, with which he 
 had previously been connected. His extreme 
 royalist sentiments detract from the value of 
 most of his works, among which are : < History 
 of the Dukes of Orleans' (4 vols., 1832-34); 
 'History of France' (8 vols., 1841-43); < Rome 
 and the Pope' (i860); 'History of the Roman 
 Empire' (4 vols., 1861-62); <The Pope and 
 the Czar' (1862); and numerous brochures, etc. 
 
 Lauser, Wilhelm (lou'ser). A German pub- 
 licist ; born at Stuttgart, June 15, 1836. He spent 
 several years in France and Spain, and in for- 
 eign travel, and wrote : ' Contemporary Spain • 
 (1872); 'History of Spain from the Fall of Isa- 
 bella to the Accession of Alfonso XII.' (1877); 
 ' In all Directions : Stories of my Travels > (1889); 
 ' The First Picaresque Romance : Lazarillo of 
 Tormes' (1889). He died Nov. 11, 1902. ' 
 
 Lavater, Johann Easpar (lav'a-ter). A Swiss 
 physiognomist and theological writer; born at 
 Ziirich, Nov. 15, 1741 ; died there, Jan. 2, 1801. 
 He was pastor of a church in his native town, 
 and his semi-mystical religious writings won 
 him great fame throughout Germany. In his 
 'Christian Songs' (first 100, 1776; second 100, 
 1780), he seeks to counteract the principles of 
 Illuminism and Rationalism ; and he has the 
 same aim in the drama 'Abraham and Isaac' 
 (1776), in the epics 'Jesus the Messiah, or the 
 Coming of the Lord' (1780), 'Joseph of Ari- 
 mathea' (1704), etc. His views of the inner 
 life of the soul find expression in his ♦ Private 
 Diary of a Self-Observer' (1772-73). But his 
 most celebrated work is 'Physiognomic Frag- 
 ments' (1775-78), which was received with ex* 
 traordinary favor by the leading minds of Ger- 
 many, among them Goethe, Stolberg, Jakobi.
 
 33° 
 
 LAVEDAN — LAZARUS 
 
 Lavedan, Henri (lav-doh'). A French jour- 
 nalist, critic, novelist, and playwright; born at 
 Orleans, in i860. He contributed under the 
 pseudonym of " Manchecourt >> a series of brill- 
 iant articles to Vie Parisienne, Gil Bias, etc., 
 and in the department of fiction has produced : 
 
 < Mam'zelle Virtue > (1885); < Queen Janvier > 
 (1886); <Lydie> (1887); < Inconsolable > (1888); 
 <High Life> (1891); <A New Game> (1892). 
 Of his plays the most notable are : <A Family,> 
 a comedy produced at the Comddie Fran9aise 
 (1890), and awarded a prize of 4,000 francs by 
 the French Academy ; and < Prince d'Aurec ' 
 (acted in 1892). 
 
 Laveleye, Emile Louis Victor de (lav-la''). A 
 Belgian economist; born at Bruges, April 5, 1822; 
 died at Doyon, near Liege, Jan. 3, 1892. Among 
 his numerous writings are : < History of the Pro- 
 Ten9al Language and Literature* (1846); <The 
 Question of Gold' {i860); * Property and its 
 Principal Forms' (1874); < Contemporary So- 
 cialism' (1881); < Elements of Political Econ- 
 omy' (1882); < Money and International Bimet- 
 allism' (1891); < Government in Democracies' 
 ( 1891); < Essays and Etudes ' (1894-95). 
 
 La Vigne, Andrieu de (la-ven'). A French 
 poet (1457-1527). He accompanied Charles 
 VIII. to Naples, and told the story of the 
 march in verse. He also wrote a < Mystery- 
 Play of Saint Martin,' and several minor po- 
 ems ; among them a sonnet in the Lombard 
 dialect, the first sonnet written by a French- 
 man. 
 
 La Villemarque, Theodore Hersart, Vi- 
 comte de. See Villemarqu6. 
 
 Lavisse, Ernest (lii-ves'). A French his- 
 torian ; born at Nouvion-en-Thi^rache, Dec. 17, 
 1842. His historical researches have chiefly to 
 do with Prussia and the German Empire, as 
 in* The Mark of Brandenburg under theAscan- 
 ian Dynasty ' (1875); * Studies of the History of 
 Prussia' (1879); < Frederick the Great before his 
 Accession' (189^); <Three Emperors of Germany: 
 William I.. Frederick III., William H. ' (1888); 
 
 < Outlines of Europe's Political History.' 
 
 Lavoisier, Antolne Laurent (la-vwa-zya'). 
 A celebrated French chemist, one of the found- 
 ers of modern chemistry; born at Paris, Aug. 
 16, 1743; died there. May 8, 1794. Starting from 
 the discoveries which the phlogistonists had 
 added to the work of the much-libeled alche- 
 mists, he demonstrated experimentally the acid- 
 ifying action of " dephlogisticated air," or as 
 he renamed it, " oxygen gas." He was the first 
 to analyze water, and to obtain by synthesis 
 "fixed air," or as he called it, « carbonic acid." 
 He first gave system to chemistry; and not 
 least of his services to science was his part in 
 devising — with Guyton de Morveau — a con- 
 sistent scheme of chemical nomenclature. Be- 
 sides papers contributed to the proceedings 
 of learned societies, he wrote an < Element- 
 ary Treatise on Chemistry' (1789). He was a 
 farmer-general of taxes, and was guillotined 
 for it in the Terror, 
 
 Lawless, Emily, Hon. An Irish novelist, 
 daughter of the third Baron Cloncurry; born 
 in 1845. She is the author of several popular 
 romances of Irish life, full of pathos and pict- 
 uresqueness, among which may be noticed : 
 <A Millionaire's Cousin' (1885); < Hurrish > 
 (1886), a study; <Grania' (1892), her most 
 powerful work; < Maelcho > (1894), a story of 
 the rebellion of Sir James Fitzmaurice in the 
 16th century. She is also author of < Ireland ' 
 (1887) in the < Story of the Nations' series. 
 
 Lawton, William Cranston. An American 
 classical teacher and writer ; born at New Bed- 
 ford, Mass., May 22, 1853. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1873; studied in Europe from 1880 
 to 1883; was a classical teacher in New Bed- 
 ford and Boston for several years ; was pro- 
 fessor at Bryn Mawr; and is now in Adelphi 
 College, Brooklyn. Besides contributions to the 
 periodicals, he has published: < Three Dramas 
 of Euripides' (1889); < Folia Dispersa,' a vol- 
 ume of verse ; <Art and Humanity in Homer.' 
 
 Layamon or Lawemon. The name of the 
 author of a chronicle of Britain. This chron- 
 icle is described as « a poetical semi-Saxon 
 paraphrase," and it is entitled < Brut.' Laya- 
 mon seems to have modeled his work upon 
 the < Roman de Brut ' of Wace, for there are 
 marked resemblances and not many differences 
 between the two. Nothing is known of the 
 personal history of Layamon, but his <Brut> 
 is supposed to have been completed about the 
 beginning of the thirteenth century. See the 
 volume * Noted Books ' in the < Library.' 
 
 Layard, Sir Austen Henry. An English 
 traveler; born at Paris, March 5, 1817; died 
 July 5, 1894. He first became interested in 
 archaeological research in 1840, while traveling 
 in Asiatic Turkey, on discovering at Nimrud, 
 a village near the junction of the Tigris with 
 the Zab, the ruins of an ancient city : this 
 was the site of Nineveh. He made excavations 
 on the site, and soon uncovered remains of 
 several palatial edifices. The results of his ex- 
 plorations he published in < Nineveh and its 
 Remains' (2 vols., 1848), and < Nineveh and 
 Babylon' (1853). He wrote also < Early Ad- 
 ventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia' 
 (2 vols., 1887). 
 
 Lazarus, Emma (laz'a-rus). A Hebrew- 
 American poet ; born in New York city, July 
 22, 1849; died there, Nov. 19, 1887. She la- 
 bored diligently in behalf of her race and de- 
 voted her pen largely to Hebrew subjects, 
 publishing a much-discussed article in the 
 Century on < Russian Christianity versus Mod- 
 ern Judaism.' Her first volume was composed 
 of < Poems and Translations' (1866), written 
 between the ages of fourteen and seventeen. 
 This was followed by <Admetus ' (1871) ; <Alide; 
 an Episode of Goethe's Life' (1874); < Songs 
 of a Semite' (1882), all of which are marked 
 by naturalness of sentiment, vivid effect, and 
 artistic reserve of expression. 
 
 Lazarus, Moritz (lat'sa-ros). A German 
 philosophical writer; born at Filehne (Posen),
 
 LEA — LECKY 
 
 331 
 
 SepL 15, 1824. Among his writings are : < The 
 SouKs Life in Monographs > (1856); < Origin of 
 Customs >; < Ideal Questions > (1878); <The 
 Allurements of Gaming > (1883); <The Prophet 
 Jeremiah > (1894). With Steinthal he founded 
 (1859) the Journal of Ethnopsychology and 
 Philology, since 1890 known as the Journal of 
 the Ethnological Societ)-. Died April 13, 1903. 
 Lea, Henry Charles. An American pub- 
 lisher and historian ; born in Philadelphia, 
 Sept. 19, 1825. He entered his father's pub- 
 lishing house in 1843; became the principal in 
 1865; and retired from business in 1880. Be- 
 tween 1840 and i860 he wrote many papers on 
 chemistry and conchology. Since 1857 he has 
 devoted his attention to European mediaeval 
 history, his chief works being : < Superstition 
 and Force > (1866); <An Historical Sketch of 
 Sacerdotal Celibacy > (1867); < History of the 
 Inquisition of the Middle Ages > ( 1888) ; < History 
 of the Inquisition of Spain > (1906-07). 
 
 Leaf, Walter. An English banker, scholar, 
 and translator; born in 1852. After a brilliant 
 career at Cambridge University, where he was 
 Senior Classic, Chancellor's Medalist, and Fel- 
 low of Trinity, he entered mercantile life in 
 1877, retiring in 1892. In addition to his duties 
 as vice-president of the Chamber of Commerce 
 and director of charitable and educational or- 
 ganizations, he is editor of the Journal of Hel- 
 lenic Studies, and has published : < The Story 
 of Achilles' (1880), with J. H. Pratt; < The 
 Iliad of Homer Translated into English Prose * 
 (1882), with A. Lang and E. Myers; < The 
 Iliad > (1886-88); < Companion to the Iliad > 
 (1892); <A Modern Priestess of Isis' (1S94), 
 from the Russian ; < \'ersions from Hafiz.' 
 
 Leake, William Martin. An English anti- 
 quarian and classical topographer ; born at 
 London, Jan. 14, 1777 ; died at Brighton, Jan. 6, 
 i860. An officer in the West-Indian service 
 (1794-98), and artillery instructor at Constanti- 
 nople in early life, he later traveled in the East, 
 and was engaged in surveys and diplomatic 
 business for the British government in Greece 
 (1805-g). Among his publications are: < Re- 
 searches in Greece* (1814); 'Topography of 
 Athens' (1821 : 2d ed. 1841), a learned and still 
 valuable work ; < Historical Outline of the Greek 
 Revolution' (1826); < Travels in Northern 
 Greece' (4 vols., 1835); <Peloponnesia' (1846). 
 
 Lear, Edward. An English writer and 
 draughtsman of nonsense verses and pictures ; 
 born at London, May 12, 1812 ; died at San 
 Remo, 1888. In early life he was a designer, 
 drawing birds and animals in the way of illus- 
 tration ; his later years were passed in South- 
 em Italy. He wrote a < Book of Nonsense ' 
 (1846); and thereafter < Nonsense Songs and 
 Stories ' ; < Nonsense Songs, Pictures, etc' ; 
 
 < Laughable Lyrics ' ; < Nonsense Botany ' ; 
 
 < Nonsense Alphabets.' He wrote also : < Jour- 
 nal of a Landscape Painter in Greece and 
 Albania' (1851); 'Journal of a Landscape 
 Painter in Southern Calabria' (1852); 'Journal 
 of a Landscape Painter in Corsica' (1870). 
 
 Learned, Walter. An American poet and 
 translator ; born in New l>ondon, Conn., June 22, 
 1847. He is a resident of New London. Be- 
 sides contributions to current literature, he has 
 written 'Between Times' (1889), a volume 
 of poems ; and translated < Ten Tales ' and < The 
 Rivals ' from Coppde. 
 
 Lebid ibn Rabi'a (leb'ed ibn rab'ya). A 
 celebrated Arabian poet (about 575-662). He 
 was at first an opponent of Mohammed, after- 
 ward an adherent. His 'Mu'allakat' has been 
 published both in the original language and in 
 French translation by M. de Sacy (1816); and 
 his ' Divan ' in the original Arabic, and in Ger- 
 man translation by Huber (1887-91). 
 
 Lebrun, Pierre Antoine (le-brun'). A French 
 poet ; born at Paris, Nov. 29, 1785 ; died there. 
 May 27, 1873. For his 'Ode to the Grand 
 Army' (1805), Napoleon conferred on him a 
 pension of 6000 francs a year; and his 'Ode 
 on the Campaign of 1807' won for him the 
 place of chief collector of indirect taxes. He 
 was elected to the Academy on the publication 
 of his 'Travels in Greece' (1828). He wrote 
 several mediocre tragedies; his 'Mary Stuart' 
 (1820), which still holds a place in the French 
 theatrical repertoire, is half imitation, half trans- 
 lation, of Schiller's play. 
 
 Lebrun, Ponce Denis f couchard, surnamed 
 Lebrun-Pindare. A French poet ; born at 
 Paris, Aug. 11, 1729; died there, Sept. 2, 1807. 
 His title "Pindar" is due to the form and the 
 mythological allusions of his odes, not to any 
 large poetical merit, either in them or the 
 lyrics ; and as a satirist, he alternately groveled 
 before and libeled the same men. His best 
 odes are addressed to Buffon. He excelled 
 in the composition of madrigals and epigrams ; 
 the latter relate for the most part to his quar- 
 rels with other authors. 
 
 Le Chevalier, Jean Baptiste (le-shev-a-lya'). 
 A French archaeologist ; born at Trelly, July i, 
 1752; died at Paris, July 2, 1836. Before the 
 Revolution he made an archaeological explora- 
 tion of the Troad, and published (1794) 'A 
 Visit to the Troad, or the Plain of Troy as It 
 Now Is.' He wrote also 'The Propontis and 
 the Euxine ' (2 vols., 1800). 
 
 Lecky, William Edward Hartpole. An Eng- 
 lish historian; born in Dublin, Ireland, March 
 26, 1838. His first work, < The Leaders of Pub- 
 lic Opinion in Ireland' (1861), is a stud)-, from 
 a Liberal and Union standpoint, of Swift, Flood, 
 Grattan, and O'Connell. His next work was a 
 ' History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit 
 of Rationalism in Europe' (2 vols., 1865); a 
 semi-controversial essay to prove that the ad- 
 vance of the masses in religious common-sense 
 has been due to the general progress of civiliza- 
 tion and not to the arguments of enlightened 
 leaders. Then followed 'A History of Euro- 
 pean Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne' 
 (2 vols., 1869); <A History of England in the 
 l8th Century' (8 vols., 1878-90); 'A History of 
 Ireland in the l8th Century' (5 vols., 1892),
 
 332 
 
 LECLERCg — LLE 
 
 enlarged from the chapters on this subject in the 
 English History; < Democracy and Liberty • 
 (1896). Died at Dublin, Oct. 23, 1903. 
 
 Leclercq, Michel Theodore (le-klerk'). A 
 French dramatic poet ; born at Paris, April I, 
 1777; died there, Feb. 15, 1851. He wrote after 
 the manner of Carmontel a series of < Dra- 
 matic Proverbs,' little pieces for the drawing- 
 room, which, by their pointed, witty dialogue, 
 their fine character-drawing, and their elegant 
 style, won universal favor. The latest edition 
 was in six volumes (1828), and comprised about 
 80 pieces. 
 
 Leconte de Lisle, Charles Marie Ren^ (le- 
 kortt' de lei'). A French poet; born in the Isle 
 of Bourbon (Reunion), Oct. 23, 1818; died at 
 Louveciennes, near Paris, July 17, 1894. Settling 
 in Paris (1846), he was at first an enthusiastic 
 socialist and disciple of Fourier ; afterward he 
 became an impassioned admirer of the ancient 
 religions of Greece and India, and a pantheistic 
 conception of the universe dominated all his 
 thoughts. In his < Antique Poems > (1853), he 
 sings in verse exquisite in form the praises of 
 the ancient gods and heroes ; in his < Barbarian 
 Poems* (1862), with a poet's insight he seeks 
 to interpret the mythological ideas of the He- 
 brews, Irish, Bretons, Scandinavians, Indians, 
 and Polynesians. His < Tragic Poems' (1882) 
 were crowned by the French Academy. He 
 made admirable translations of ancient Grecian 
 poets, — Homer, Hesiod, Theocritus, Anacreon, 
 and the dramatists. 
 
 Le Conte, Joseph (le-kont'). An American 
 scientist ; born in Liberty County, Ga., Feb. 26, 
 1823; died in Yosemite Valley, July 6, 1901. 
 He practiced medicine at Macon, Ga., but in 
 1 850 went to Cambridge, Mass., where he studied 
 natural history under Agassiz. He subsequently 
 held several professorships, and after 1869 occu- 
 pied the chair of geology and natural history in 
 the University of California. <The Mutual Rela- 
 tions of Religion and Science' appeared in 1874, 
 and was followed by < Elements of Geology > 
 (1878); <Ligbt) (1881); < A Compend of Geolo- 
 gy (1884); <Evolution and its Relation to 
 Religious Thought' (1888). 
 
 Ledeganck, Karel Lodewyk (led-e-gank'). 
 A Flemish poet ; born at Eecloo, Nov. 9, 1805 ; 
 died March 19, 1847. He is one of the most 
 popular of Flemish writers. His first collection 
 of poems was < Flowers of my Springtide ' (1839). 
 His poem on < The Three Sister Cities' — i.e., 
 Ghent, Bruges, Antwerp — is considered his 
 finest production. 
 
 Ledesma Bultrago, Alonso de (la-des'ma 
 bwe-tra'go). A Spanish poet ; born in Segovia, 
 1552; died 1623. He was very mystical and 
 allegorical in his verse, carrying imaginative- 
 ness to the point of unintelligibility. < Spiritual 
 Conceptions' (1600-12) is his best work. 
 
 Lee, Eliza Buckmlnster. An American 
 prose-writer; born in Portsmouth, N. H., in 
 1794 ; died in Brookline, Mass., June 22, 1864. 
 Her < Sketches of New England Life ' ap- 
 
 peared in 1837, and was followed by < Delus- 
 ion' (1839); a translation from the German of 
 the * Life of Jean Paul Richter ' ( 1842) ; < Naomi ; 
 or, Boston Two Hundred Years Ago' (1848); 
 < Parthenia ; or. The Last Days of Paganism ' 
 (1858); and a translation of Berthold Auer- 
 bach's 'Barefoot Maiden' (i860). 
 
 Lee, Frederick George. An English clergy- 
 man and miscellaneous writer ; born at Thame 
 Vicarage, Oxfordshire, Jan. 6, 1832. At Oxford 
 he was both University and College prizeman. 
 He was ordained in 1854, and is at present 
 vicar of All Saints', Lambeth. He is author 
 of nearly fifty poems, essays, lectures, ser- 
 mons, religious and historical studies, among 
 which are : < Poems' (2d ed. 1855); <The Beauty 
 of Holiness' (1859), lectures; <The Martyrs of 
 Vienne and Lyons' (3d ed. 1866), an Oxford 
 prize poem ; < Glimpses of the Supernatural ' 
 (1875); <A Glossary of Liturgical and Eccle- 
 siastical Terms' (1877); < Historical Sketches of 
 the Reformation' (1878); <The Church under 
 Queen Elizabeth' (1880); < King Edward the 
 Sixth, Supreme Head' (1886); 'Cardinal Regi- 
 nald Pole' (1887); <A Manual of Polities' 
 (1889). 
 
 Lee, Mrs. Hannah Farnham Sawyer. An 
 
 American essayist and miscellaneous writer, 
 wife of George Gardiner Lee of Boston ; bom 
 in Newburyport, Mass., 1780; died in Boston, 
 1865. Her works, which exerted considerable 
 influence during the first quarter of the nine- 
 teenth century, are: 'Grace Seymour' (1835); 
 'Three Experiments in Living' (1838); 'The 
 Huguenots in France and America '(1842); 'Me- 
 moir of Pierre Toussaint' (1853). 
 
 Lee, Nathaniel. An English dramatist ; bom 
 about 1650 ; died 1692. He wrote several trage- 
 dies, including 'The Rival Queens' (1677) and 
 'Theodosius' (1680). 
 
 Lee, Sophia and Harriet. English novel- 
 ists; born in London — Sophia 1750, Harriet 
 1757; died — Sophia March 13, 1824, Harriet 
 Aug. I, 1851. They were daughters of John 
 Lee, actor. Sophia at 29 wrote a very success- 
 ful comedy, ' The Chapter of Accidents.' In 
 'The Recess: A Tale of Other Days' (1784) 
 and in 'Canterbury Tales' (5 vols., 1797-1805), 
 which she wrote in conjunction with Harriet, 
 and which soon became a general favorite, is 
 seen the beginning of the historical school in 
 novel-writing. One of the ' Canterbury Tales ' — 
 'Kruitzner; or. The German's Tale' — written 
 by Harriet, suggested to Byron the subject of 
 ' Werner.' She also wrote the stories ' The 
 Errors of Innocence ' (5 vols., 1786), and ' Clara 
 Lennox' (1797). 
 
 Lee, Vernon, pseudonym of Violet Paget. An 
 English essayist and miscellaneous writer; born 
 in 1856. Her writings include: 'Studies of the 
 Eighteenth Century in Italy' (1880); 'Beicaro' 
 (1882), a volume of essays; 'The Prince of a 
 Hundred Soups' (1883), a fairy tale; 'Miss 
 Brown' (1884), a novel; and many others. She 
 has lived in Italy for years.
 
 LE FANU — LEIBNITZ 
 
 333 
 
 Le Panu, Joseph Sheridan (16-fa'nu or lef- 
 »-nu), A popular Irish journalist and novelist; 
 born in Dublin, Aug. 28, 1814; died there, Feb. 
 7, 1873. Having graduated from Trinity Col- 
 lege, Dublin, he joined (1837) the staff of the 
 Dublin University Magazine, at first as con- 
 tributor, and afterwards as editor and proprie- 
 tor, besides having an interest in the Evening 
 Mail. He made his literary d^but while in 
 college, but did not attract attention until the 
 publication of two stirring Irish ballads, 
 
 < Phaudbrig Crookore > and < Shamus O'Brien.' 
 Among modem Irish novelists he stands next 
 in popularity to Charles Lever. < The House 
 by the Churchyard ' appeared in 1863, and was 
 succeeded by < Uncle Silas' (1864), his most 
 powerful work; <Guy DeverelP (1865); <The 
 Tenants of Malory' (1867); < The Wyvern 
 Mystery' (1869); <In a Glass Darkly' (1872). 
 
 Lfiffler, Charlotte. See Edgren. 
 
 Le Oalllenne, Richard. An English poet and 
 journalist; born in Liverpool, 1866. His first 
 volume of poems, 'My Lady's Sonnets' (1887), 
 was printed privately ; among his other works 
 m verse and prose are : < Volumes in Folio ' ; 
 
 < The Book Bills of Narcissus > ; < English Poems ' 
 ( 1892) ;< The Religion of a Literary Man' (1893); 
 * Prose Fancies > (1894). He has recently put out 
 some translations of the *■ Rubiiy4t of Omar 
 Khayydm. He also wrote < If I were God.' 
 
 Legendre, Adrien Marie (le-zhoiidr'). An 
 eminent French mathematician ; born in Paris, 
 Sept. 18, 1752; died Jan. 10, 1833. At 22 he 
 was professor of mathematics in the Military 
 School at Paris, and in 1783 was elected mem- 
 ber of the Academy. He was one of a com- 
 mission of three in 1787 to measure a degree of 
 latitude between Dunkirk and Boulogne, — the 
 basis of the metric system ; afterward he held 
 high and honorable posts under the govern- 
 ment ; and in 1824 was Inspector of the Higher 
 Education. From this office he was dismissed 
 in disgrace because he refused, as member of 
 the Academy, to vote for the admission of 
 government nominees. He died in great pov- 
 erty. His principal works are : *■ Elements of 
 Geometry' (1794); < Theory of Numbers' (1798); 
 
 < Treatise on Euler's Elliptical and Integral 
 Functions' (3 vols., 1826-29). 
 
 Leger, Paul Louis (le-zha'). A French 
 scholar and author; bom in Toulouse, Jan. 
 13, 1843. He is professor of the Slav lan- 
 guages at the College de France, and has done 
 much to awaken an interest in the history and 
 philology of the Slav peoples by such works 
 as: <Slav Studies' (1875); < History of Austria- 
 Hungary' (1878), translated into English ; < Slav 
 Tales ' (1882); < The Save, Danube, and Balkan' 
 (1884); < Bulgaria' (1885); < Russians and Slavs' 
 (i890);< Russian Literature' ;*The Slavic World.' 
 
 Leggett, William. An American story-writer 
 and journalist ; bom in New York city, 1802 ; 
 died in New Rochelle, N. Y., May 29, 1839. He 
 was on the editorial staff of the New York 
 Evening Post (182^1836); and wrote : < Leisure 
 
 Hours at Sea' (1825); <Naval Stories' (1834). 
 
 Legouvg, Ernest Wilfried (le-go-va'). A 
 French dramatist and story-teller ; born at Paris, 
 Feb. 15, 1807. In 1827 he won a prize of the 
 Academy with a poem on the art of printing. 
 As instructor in the College de France, 1847, he 
 lectured on the history of woman's develop- 
 ment; and later published 'Moral History of 
 Women> (7th ed. 1882), and 'Woman in France 
 in the Nineteenth Century' (1864). These 
 works, addressed to a feminine public, were re- 
 ceived with great favor, and were followed by 
 'Science of the Family' (1867), and 'Messieurs 
 the Young Folk' (1868). Meanwhile Legouvd 
 was winning high distinction as a playwright 
 with < Louise de Lignerolles ' ; 'Adrienne Le- 
 couvreur'; 'Medea'; 'By Right of Conquest'; 
 'Miss Susanna'; 'Anne de Ker\viler'; 'Con- 
 sideration ' ; etc. In 1882 he published ' Recol- 
 lections of Sixty Years,' and in 1890 'Winter 
 Flowers, Winter Fruits: Storyof my Household.' . 
 He died in Paris, March 14, 1903. 
 
 Lehrs, Karl (lars). A German philologist; 
 born at Konigsberg, Prussia, Jan. 14, 1802 ; died 
 there, June 9, 1878. He was appointed in- 
 structor in philology in the Konigsberg Uni- 
 versity in 1831, and in 1845 became professor. 
 His works deal for the most part with recon- 
 dite questions, as ' Aristarchus's Studies on 
 Homer' (1833); 'Three W^ritings of Herodi- 
 anus' (1848); 'The Scholia to Pindar' (1873); 
 but he wrote also ' Popular Essays on Antiq- 
 uity, Especially on the Ethics and Religion of 
 the Greeks' (1856; enlarged ed. 1875). 
 
 Leibnitz or Leibniz, Gottfried "Wilhelm von. 
 Baron. A renowned German philosopher and 
 scholar; bom at Leipsic, July 6, 1646; died at 
 Hanover, Nov. 14, 1716. His learning was uni- 
 versal, and in every branch he was master. At 
 15 he entered Leipsic University for the study of 
 law and philosophy. He then passed to Jena, 
 devoting himself there chiefly to mathematics. 
 In the mean time he composed two disquisi- 
 tions, with which he proposed to qualify himself 
 for a degree at Leipsic : the degree was refused 
 because of his youth, but in 1666 he took the 
 doctor's degree in law at Altdorf. His scholar- 
 ship is almost unparalleled in the vastness of 
 its range : he reached the highest eminence 
 among the scholars of his time in languages, 
 history, divinity, philosophy, jurisprudence, po- 
 litical science, physical science, mathematics, 
 even in polite letters. His essays and disqui- 
 sitions in the field of mere erudition are nu- 
 merous in the transactions of the learned 
 societies of his time, such as the <Acta Erudi- 
 torum,' < Miscellanea Berolinensia,' 'Journal des 
 Savants,' and in his voluminous ' Correspond- 
 ence.' Among his theological and philosoph- 
 ical wTitings are : ' Essays on God's Goodness, 
 Man's Freedom, and the Origin of Evil' (1710); 
 ' Principles of Nature and Grace' (1717); ' New 
 Essays on the Human Understanding ' ; < Refu- 
 tation of Spinoza,' first printed in 1854. An 
 incomplete edition of his < Mathematical Works* 
 was published in eleven volumes (1884).
 
 334 
 
 LEICHHARDT — LfiMCKE 
 
 Lelchhardt, Ludwig (lich'hardt). A Ger- 
 man traveler; born at Trebatsch, Oct. 23, 1S13. 
 He visited Australia in 1841, and made several 
 tentative explorations preparatory to his great 
 expedition of 1844-46, which traversed Queens- 
 land from Moreton Bay to the Gulf of Carpen- 
 taria, and crossing the peninsula of Arnhem 
 Land reached Port Essington (or Victoria) on 
 the west coast of the peninsula. For this he 
 received a reward of ^7,000, with which he 
 equipped a second expedition to traverse the 
 continent from west to east : he failed in this 
 attempt, and perished in the wilderness. He 
 published his < Journal of an Overland Expe- 
 dition,* etc. (1847). 
 
 Leighton, William. An American poet; 
 born in Cambridge, Mass., 1833. Educated at 
 Harvard. He wrote: 'The Sons of Godwin > 
 ( 1876), a tragedy ; < Change : the Whisper of 
 the Sphinx* (1878), a philosophical poem; <A 
 Sketch of Shakespeare* (1879); <The Subjec- 
 tion of Hamlet* (1882). 
 
 Leisewitz, Johann Anton (li'ze-vits), A 
 German poet ; born at Hanover, May 9, 1752 ; 
 died at Brunswick, Sept. 10, 1806. His one tra- 
 gedy, < Julius of Tarentum' (1776), is one of 
 the characteristic dramas of the period of 
 " storm and stress,'* and was highly admired 
 by the young Schiller. Several other dramatic 
 pieces he left in an unfinished state ; after his 
 death they were destroyed ; and all that re- 
 mains is one scene of a comedy. 
 
 Leitner, Gottlieb William (lit'n-r). A Ger- 
 man Orientalist and traveler; born at Buda- 
 Pesth, Oct. 14, 1840; died at Bonn, March 24, 
 1899. He was educated at King's College, 
 London, and afterward was professor of modern 
 Greek, Arabic, and Turkish in that Institution. 
 In 1864 he became a member of the Punjab 
 University College faculty, and took a lively 
 interest in the cause of education in the Punjab. 
 He is author of <The Races and Languages 
 of Dardistan> (1867); < Theory and Practice of 
 Education*; < Races of Turkey*; < History of 
 Indigenous Education in the Punjab* (1883). 
 
 Leitner, Karl Gottfried, Ritter von. An 
 
 Austrian poet ; born at Gratz, Nov. 18, 1800 ; 
 died there, June 20, 1890. By his popular bal- 
 lads he earned the title of «The Uhland of 
 Styria.** He published three volumes of his 
 collected verses: 'Poems* (1825); < Autumn 
 Flowers* (1870); 'Stories and Poems* (1880). 
 
 Leixner, Otto von (lix'ner). A German poet 
 and miscellaneous writer ; born at Saar in Mora- 
 via, April 24, 1847. Among his poetical works 
 are: a volume of 'Poems* (1868); the drama 
 
 < Resurrection of Germany* (1870); 'Twilight* 
 (1886); ' Proverbs and Satiric Rhj-mes.* He has 
 also written short stories : ' The Two Marys * ; 
 
 < Memento Vivere * ; < Princess Sunshine * (1882). 
 Among his other works are : ' Marginal Notes 
 by a Hermit*; 'Gossamer* (1886); 'Gossipy 
 Letters to a Young Matron* (i8go); 'Lay Ser- 
 mons* (1894). His 'History of German Liter- 
 ature* is a notable work. 
 
 Leland, Charles Godfrey. An American poet 
 and prose-writer; born in Philadelphia, Aug. IC, 
 1824. He was most widely known for his 'Hans 
 Breitmann's Party, and Other Ballads* (1868); 
 burlesque poems in Pennsylvania Dutch, of which 
 there have been four series. He spent much 
 time abroad, studying gypsy life. His works 
 include : 'Poetry and Mystery of Dreams*; 
 'English Gypsies*; 'Minor Arts*; 'The Gypsies.* 
 Pie died March 20, 1903. 
 
 Lelewel, Joacnim (le'-le-vel). A Polish pa- 
 triot and historian ; born at Warsaw, March 
 21, 1786; died at Paris, May 29, 1861. While 
 a professor at Wilna he delivered a series of 
 popular lectures on Polish history, which pro- 
 voked interference by the Russian government; 
 and later for his active participation in the 
 revolution of 1830, he was compelled to leave 
 his native country and locate in France and 
 Belgium. Among his various works on Polish 
 history and antiquities are : 'Ancient Polish 
 Bibliogiaphy* (1823-26); 'History of Poland* 
 (1829); 'History of Lithuania and Little Rus- 
 sia* (1830); 'Geography of the Arabs* (1851); 
 'Geography of the Middle Ages* (1852-57). 
 
 Lemaitre, Fran9ois Elie Jules (le-matr'). 
 A French literary critic and dramatist; born 
 at Vennecy, (Loiret), April 27, 1853. He is 
 the author of five volumes of literary biogra- 
 phies, < Contemporaries : Being Literary Studies 
 and Portraits* (1885-95). He was for many 
 years dramatic critic of the Journal des D^bats. 
 His ddbut as a dramatist was made at the 
 Od^on with 'La Revolt^e * (1889), followed by 
 'Deputy Leveau* (1890), an exceedingly clever 
 political satire. Of his other dramatic compo- 
 sitions may be mentioned : ' The Kings * (1893), 
 and 'The Pardon* (1895). He is the author 
 of two volumes of poems, ' Medallions * (1880) 
 and < Petites Orientales* (1882); 'Corneille and 
 Aristotle's Poetics* (1888); ' Myrrha : Stories' 
 (1894) ; < Lonely Stories* (igooj. 
 
 Lemay, Leon PampMle. A Canadian writer 
 of prose and verse ; born in Lotbini^re, Que- 
 bec, Jan. 5, 1837. He published ' Essais Po^- 
 tiques * (1865). 'The Discovery of Canada* 
 won him the gold medal of Laval University. 
 He translated Longfellow's < Evangeline * ( 1870) . 
 His best work is said to be found in 'L' Affaire 
 Sougraine * (1884). 
 
 Lembcke, Christian Ludwig Eduard ( 1 emb^ke ) . 
 A Danish poet; born at Copenhagen, June 15, 
 1815; died at Hadersler, March 20, 1897. He 
 made translations of Shakespeare, Byron, Moore, 
 and other English poets. Published in 1870 a 
 volume of 'Poems and Songs,' in which he la- 
 ments the defeat of Denmark, in the Schleswig- 
 Holstein war; his ballad 'Our Mother Tongue' 
 is one of the favorite national songs of Denmark. 
 
 Lemcke, Karl (lem'ke). AGerman writer on 
 aesthetics ; bom at Schwerin, Aug. 26, 1831. 
 His 'Popular Esthetics* (1865), a work of 
 rare merit, has been often republished, and has 
 been translated into several foreign languages. 
 He is author also of 'Songs and Poems* (1861);
 
 LEMERCIER — LENNEP 
 
 335 
 
 ♦ History of Recent German Poetry' ; and of biog- 
 raphies of distinguislied painters. Under the 
 pseudonym ** Karl Manno >^ he wrote the novels 
 < Beowulf > (1882) ; < A Lovely Boy > (1885); ' Coun- 
 tess Gerhild >( 1892) -/Companions of Youth.* 
 
 Lemercier, Nepomucene (le-mer-sya'). A 
 French poet ; born at Paris, April 21, 1771 ; died 
 there, June 7, 1840. After many failures he 
 made a brilliant success with his classical tra- 
 gedy < Agamemnon > (l795). Elegance of versi- 
 fication, grace of style, and richness of fancy, 
 characterize his <Four Metamorphoses' (i799)» 
 and < Pinto' (1800), a mixture of tragedy and 
 comedy, in which he attempts to outdo < Figaro's 
 Wedding.' The most notable of his poems is 
 the philosophical satire < The Panhypocrisiad, 
 or Infernal Spectacle of the Sixteenth Century ' 
 (in 16 cantos; 4 more added in 1832). 
 
 Le Moine, James MacPherson. A Canadian 
 historian ; born in Quebec, Jan. 24, 1825. His 
 historical works are so fair in spirit and accu- 
 rate in statement as to disarm adverse criti- 
 cism. Among his works are : < L'Omithologie 
 du Canada' (i860); < Etude sur les Navigateurs 
 Arctiques Franklin; McClure, Kane, McClin- 
 tock' (1862); < The Tourist's Note-Book' (1870); 
 'Quebec: Past and Present' (1876); and 'The 
 Scot in New France' (1880). 
 
 Lemoinne, John tm.ile (le-mwan'). A 
 French publicist; born in London, Oct. 17, 1815 ; 
 died at Paris, Dec. 14, 1892. He was political 
 editor of the Journal des D^bats. He was 
 elected to the Academy in succession to Jules 
 Janin in 1876, and in 1880 became a senator 
 for life. Some of his political writings were 
 collected and published under the titles 'Criti- 
 cal and Biographical Studies' (1852), and 'New 
 Studies' (1862). 
 
 Lemon, Mark. An English humorous writer 
 and playwright; bom at London, Nov. 30, 1809; 
 died at Crawley in Sussex, May 23, 1870. Among 
 his comedies and dramas are : ' Domestic Econ- 
 omy'; 'Arnold of Winkelried' (1835); 'Hearts 
 Are Trumps > (1849); 'The Railway Belle' 
 (1854); 'Lost and Won>; 'The Gentleman in 
 Black ' ; ' Medea, or the Libel on the Lady 
 of Colchis' (1856). He was the first editor of 
 Punch, and for 29 years controlled it. He 
 wrote many fairy tales, among them : ' The 
 Enchanted Doll> (1850); 'Tinykin's Trans- 
 formations' (1869); and 'A Christmas Ham- 
 per.' Memorable among his humorous writ- 
 ings is ' Mark Lemon's Jest-Book.> 
 
 Lemonnier, Camilla (Ife-mo-nya'). A Bel- 
 gian novelist ; born at Brussels, Mar;h 24, 1835. 
 He is a pronounced realist. Among his stories 
 are: 'Our Flemings' (1869); 'Flemish and Wal- 
 loon Stories' (1873); 'Neither Fish nor Flesh' 
 (1884); ' Flemish Christmas Carols' (1887);' Ma- 
 dame Lupar' (1888); 'The Two Consciences' 
 (1902). 
 
 Lemoyne, Camille Andre (le-mwan). A 
 French poet ; born at Saint-Jean-d'Ang^ly 
 (dept. Charente-Infdrieure), in 1822. Having 
 suffered financial reverses while studying for 
 the bar, he became a compositor and proof- 
 
 reader in the publishing house of Firmin Didot, 
 
 and subsequently archivist librarian of the 
 School of Decorative Arts. He belongs to 
 the Parnassian school of French poets, and is 
 the author of: 'Last Year's Roses' (1865- 
 69); 'The Charmers' (1867); 'Flowers of the 
 Meadows' (1876); 'Flowers of the Ruins > 
 (1888); 'Flowers of the Evening' (1893), sev- 
 eral of which have been crowned by the French 
 Academy. He was decorated with the Legion 
 of Honor in 1870. 1 
 
 Lenartovicz, Teofil (len-art'o-vech). A Pol- 
 ish poet ; born at Warsaw, Feb. 27, 1822 ; died at 
 Florence, Feb. 3, 1893. His popular ballads and 
 songs, 'Lirenka' (1855), are reckoned among 
 the choicest pearls of the national poetry. The 
 most noteworthy of his longer poems are : ' The 
 Polish Land' (1848); 'The Gladiators' (1857); 
 and the 'Italian Album' (1870). He wrote in 
 Italian 'On the Character of Polono-Slavic 
 Poetry' (1886). 
 
 Lenau, Nikolaus (la-nou'), pseudonym of 
 Nikolaus Franz Niembsch von Strehlenau. A 
 celebrated German lyric poet; born at Csatad, 
 Hungary, Aug. 13, 1802; died at Oberdobling, 
 near Vienna, Aug. 22, 1850. An unhappy love 
 affair made him insane, and he died in a mad- 
 house. He is widely known for his elegies. 
 His works include 'Savonarola' (1837), 'The 
 Albigenses' (1842), and others; all of gloomy 
 tendency. 
 
 Leng, John, Sir. An English journalist ; born 
 in Hull, in 1828. He began his successful 
 journalistic career in 1847 as sub-editor of the 
 Hull Advertiser; in 1851 became editor and 
 general manager of the Dundee Advertiser, 
 which has since been one of the most influ- 
 ential papers in Great Britain ; and he was the 
 founder of the People's Journal, Evening Tel- 
 egraph, and People's Friend. He was knighted 
 in 1893. Among a number of his books and 
 pamphlets are : ' Impressions of America > 
 (1876); 'Scottish Banking Reform' (1881); 
 'Practical Politics' (l88£); 'Trip to Norway' 
 (1886); ' Home Rule All Round > ; < Glimpses of 
 of Egypt and Sicily.' 
 
 Lenient, Charles F^lix (len-yen'). A French 
 historian of literature ; bom at Provins, 1826. In 
 1865 he became professor of poetry in the Sor- 
 bonne. His principal works are: 'France in 
 the Middle Ages' (1859); 'Satire in France, or 
 the Militant Literature of the Sixteenth Cen- 
 tury' (1866); 'Comedy in France in the Eigh- 
 teenth Century) (2 vols., 1888); 'Patriotic Po- 
 etry in France in the Middle Ages> (1892); and 
 ' Patriotic Poetry in France in Modern Times > 
 (2 vols., 1894). 
 
 Lennep, Jacob van (len'nep). A celebrated 
 Dutch poet; born at Amsterdam, March 24, 
 1802: died at Oosterbeek, Aug. 25, 1868. He 
 translated some of Byron's poems. His first vol- 
 ume of original verse, 'Academic idylls' (1826), 
 won little attention ; but his ' Legends of the 
 Netherlands' were received with universal ap- 
 plause. The 'Legends* comprise among oth- 
 ers: <Adegild> (1828); 'Jacoba and Bertha »
 
 23^ 
 
 lenngr£n-leo 
 
 (1829); <The Struggle with Flanders > (1831); 
 
 < Edward van Gelre* (1847). 
 
 Lenngren, Anna Maria (len'gren). A Swed- 
 ish poetess ; born at Stockholm, June 18, 1754 ; 
 died there, March 8, 1817. She received from 
 her father, Prof. Malmstedt, a very thorough 
 education. Her poems were originally con- 
 tributed to the Stockholmsposten, of which her 
 husband was editor : they were collected after 
 her death and published under the title of 
 
 < Essays in Poesy > (1819; 12th ed. 1890). They 
 consist of humorous satires or epigrams, amus- 
 ing travesties and idyllic sketches, all distin- 
 guished by perfection of form and true poetic 
 sensibility. 
 
 Lennox, Charlotte Ramsay. An American 
 novelist ; born in New York city in 1720 ; died 
 m London, Jan. 4, 1804. Educated in England, 
 she received encouragement in her literary 
 work from Samuel Johnson. Her best achieve- 
 ment is < Shakespeare Illustrated > (2 vols., 1753), 
 and a supplementary volume (i754)- She also 
 wrote < Memoirs of Harriet Stewart' (1751); 
 <The Female Quixote > (1752); <Sophia,> a novel 
 (1763); <The Sisters,' a comedy (1769). 
 
 Lennox, William Pitt, Lord. An English 
 writer of biographical memoirs; born 1799; 
 died in London, Feb. 18, 1881. He was son of 
 the fourth Duke of Richmond. He wrote < Fifty 
 Years' Biographical Reminiscences* (2 vols., 
 1863); <My Recollections from 1806 to 1873' 
 (2 vols.); 'Three Years with the Duke of 
 Wellington' ; < Life of the Duke of Richmond ' ; 
 < Recreations of a Sportsman' (1862). He wrote 
 several novels, among them < The Tuf t-Hunter ' 
 (1843). 
 
 Lenormant, Charles (le-nor-man'). A French 
 archaeologist and art historian ; born at Paris, 
 June I, 1802 ; died at Athens, Nov. 24, 1859. He 
 was professor of Egyptian archaeology in the 
 College de France from 1848 till his death. 
 Among his writings are : < Thesaurus of Numis- 
 matics and Glyptics' (20 vols., 1834-50); < Intro- 
 duction to Oriental History' (1838); < Museum 
 of Egyptian Antiquities' (1835-42); < Selection of 
 Keramographic Monuments' (4 vols., 1837-61). 
 
 Lenormant, Frangols. A French historian 
 and archcEologist, son of Charles ; born at Paris, 
 Jan. 17, 1837; died there, Dec. 10, 1883. He 
 is one of the foremost of French Assyriologists. 
 His works are very numerous. Among them are : 
 'Archaeological Researches at Eleusis' (1862); 
 'Political and Economic Organization of Coin- 
 age in Antiquity' (1863); 'Ancient History in 
 the East' (3 vols., 1868-69); 'Letters on Assyr- 
 iology' (5 vols., 1871-79); 'Akkadian Studies' 
 (3 vols., 1873-79); 'The Primitive Language of 
 Chaldea' (1875); 'The Beginnings of History 
 according to the Bible' (3 vols., 1880-84). 
 
 Lenz, Jakob Michael Reinhold (lents). A 
 German poet; born at Sesswegen, in Livonia, 
 Jan. 12, 1751 ; died at Moscow, May 24, 1792. 
 He was an enthusiastic admirer of Shakes- 
 peare, and in 1774 published ' Remarks on the 
 Stage, with Translation of Parts of Shakes- 
 
 peare's ' Love's Labour's Lost ' ' ; and the influ 
 ence of Shakespeare is seen in his odd com- 
 edies, 'The Tutor' (1774); 'The New Mcnoza' 
 (1774); ' The Soldiers' (1776). He adapted sev- 
 eral < Plays of Plautus for the German Stage ' 
 ( 1774). His finest poem is ' Love in the Country.' 
 His minor songs and ballads are sometimes 
 admirable for their simple and unaffected poetic 
 feeling. 
 
 Lenz, Oskar. A German traveler; born at 
 Leipsic, April 13, 1848. He visited the west 
 coast of Africa in the service of the German 
 African Society (1874), and spent three years 
 in exploring the course of the Ogow^ ; he re- 
 counted his obser\'ations and experiences in 
 'Sketches from West Africa' (1878). He next 
 visited Marocco and Timbuctu, and wrote ' Tim- 
 buctu : Journey through Marocco, the Sahara, 
 and Soudan' (1884). He wrote also 'Wander- 
 ings in Africa' (1895). 
 
 Leo I., the Great, Pope. One of the Fa- 
 thers of the Latin Church ; fifth century ; Pope 
 440-61. He was a vigorous asserter in words and 
 in acts of the primacy of the bishop of Rome. 
 He heard the appeal of Celidonius, bishop of 
 Vesontio (Besan5on) from the sentence of the 
 synod of Aries deposing him, and pronounced 
 an ecclesiastical censure on Hilarius, the bishop 
 who had presided over the synod. His ' Dog- 
 matic Epistle to Flavianus' set forth the Cath- 
 olic doctrine in opposition to the heretical 
 teaching of Eutyches, in the form and terms 
 ever since recognized as orthodox in the creeds. 
 His writings consist of 96 'Sermons' or dis- 
 courses, and 173 'Epistles.' A treatise on 
 'The Sacraments' and one on 'The Calling of 
 all the Nations' are appended to his undoubt- 
 edly genuine works, and attributed to him. 
 
 Leo XIII., Pope (Count Gioachino Peccl). 
 
 He was born at Carpineto, near Anagni, March 
 2, 1810. He was nuncio to Belgium 1843-45; 
 was made archbishop of Perugia 1845 ; cardi- 
 nal 1853; supreme pontiff March 3, 1878. He 
 opened the Vatican archives to scholars desir- 
 ing to examine them for purposes of historical 
 research. Two of his ' Encyclical Letters ' are 
 worthy of special mention; viz., that to " All 
 Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops," etc., on < The 
 Condition of Labor' (1891), and that to "The 
 English People" on 'Church Unity' (1895). 
 He is author of a small volume of lyrics in 
 Latin : ' Lyric Poems [Carmina] of Leo XIII., 
 Supreme Pontiff > (1883). Died July 20, 1903. 
 
 Leo, Heinrich. A German historian; born 
 at Rudolstadt, March 19, 1799; died at Halle, 
 April 24, 1878. He was appointed professor of 
 history in the University of Halle, 1830. In 
 early life he was in religion a rationalist, and 
 in political faith a radical ; but later he be- 
 came a conservative and an "obscurantist." 
 His principal works are : ' History of the Ital- 
 ian States' (5 vols., 1829); 'History of the Ne- 
 therlands > (2 vols., 1832); ' Natural History of the 
 State' (1833); 'Text-Book of Univei sal History' 
 (6 vols., 1835-44); 'Anglo-Saxon Glossary' (2 
 vols., 1872),
 
 LEO APRICANUS — LE ROUX 
 
 337 
 
 teo AfWcanuB (le'o afre-ka'nus), properly 
 Alhassan ibn Mohammed Alwazzan. A Moor- 
 ish traveler and geographer. About 1 517 he 
 was captured by pirates while returning from 
 Egypt after extended travels in northern and 
 central Africa, Arabia, Syria, etc. Ultimately 
 he was presented as a slave to Leo X., who 
 assigned him a pension. He wrote a < Descrip- 
 tion of Africa* which for a long time was al- 
 most the only authority, especially on the Sou- 
 dan. He also wrote a < Tractate on the Lives 
 of Arab Philosophers.* 
 
 Leon, Luis de. See Ponce de Leon. 
 
 Leonowens, Anna Harriette Crawford. A 
 noted educator and prose-writer ; born in Caer- 
 narvon, Wales, Nov. 5, 1834. In 1863 she was 
 appointed governess in the family of the King 
 of Siam. She was four years in the King's 
 household at Bangkok, acting as secretary to 
 the King and instructor to the royal family. 
 The present King of Siam was educated by 
 her. She came to the United States in 1867 ; 
 opened a school in New York to prepare teach- 
 ers in the kindergarten system. She has pub- 
 lished : ' The English Governess at the Court 
 of Siam> (1870); <The Romance of the Harem > 
 (1872); and <Life and Travels in India> (1884). 
 
 Leopard!, Giacomo, Count (la-6-par'de). A 
 celebrated Italian poet; born at Recanati in 
 Tuscany, June 29, 1798 ; died at Naples, June 
 14, 1837. His family, though noble, was poor, 
 and he acquired a knowledge of the classics 
 and of literature almost unaided in his father's 
 library. Before he was 18 he had produced a 
 Latin translation (with commentary) of Por- 
 phyrius's < Life of Plotinus > ; a treatise on 
 < Some Roman Rhetoricians > of the second 
 century, and a < History of Astronomy,' both 
 in Latin ; and an < Essay on the Popular Errors 
 of the Ancients,* in Italian, citing over 400 
 authors. His subsequent works were: < Ode 
 to Italy* (1818); < Ode on the Monument to 
 Dante* (1819); <Ode to Cardinal Mai on the 
 Discovery of Cicero's Tractate on The State * 
 (1820); < Brutus the Younger* (1823), an ode, 
 and < Comparison of the Sentiments of Brutus 
 the Younger, and of Theophrastus, when in 
 the Face of Death,* in which two works 
 his pessimistic views first had formal expres- 
 sion ; < Verses,* a collection of his miscellane- 
 ous poems (1826); < Moral Opuscules* (1827), 
 mostly observations, in dialogue form, on eth- 
 ical questions. < The Broom-Flower,* < Sylvia,* 
 and < The Night Song,* are his most celebrated 
 poems. He left unpublished at his death a 
 volume of < Thoughts.* 
 
 Leopold, Karl Gustaf af (le'o-pold). A 
 Swedish poet ; bom at Stockholm, Nov. 23, 1756 ; 
 died there, Nov. 9, 1829. He was for a long 
 time a kind of literary dictator, and was the 
 chief representative in Sweden of the French 
 school of classicism. He attempted all forms 
 of poetry save the epic. Of his tragedies the 
 best-known are <Odin* (1790), for which Gus- 
 tavus III. presented him a crown of laurel 
 from Virgil's tomb; and < Virginia* (1802). 
 
 Lepslus, Karl Ricliard (lep'se-os). A dis- 
 tinguished German Egyptologist ; born at Naum- 
 burg, Dec. 23, 1810 ; died at Berlin, July 10, 
 1884. While pursuing his studies in Paris he 
 wrote three disquisitions, which won prizes ol 
 the Academy: < Palaeography as a Means ol 
 Linguistic Research* (1834); < Kinship of th« 
 Semitic, Indian, Ethiopian, Old Persian, and 
 Old Egyptian Alphabets*; < Origin and Rela- 
 tionship of Numerical Terms in the Indo-Ger« 
 manic, Semitic, and Coptic Languages.* In his 
 celebrated < Letter to Mr. Rossellini on the 
 Hieroglyphic Alphabet* (1837), he propounded 
 a scientific theory of hieroglyphic writing. Hii 
 translation of the <Book of the Dead* was 
 published in 1842. That year he visited Egypt, 
 and for four years studied its monuments; the 
 results of his researches and those of his asso- 
 ciates are contained in the magnificent < Mon- 
 uments of Egypt and Ethiopia* (12 vols., 1849- 
 60). Besides numerous memoirs addressed to 
 the Academy of Berlin and other learned 
 societies, he wrote for the general public < Let- 
 ters from Egypt, Ethiopia, and the Sinaitic 
 Peninsula* (1852). 
 
 Le Queux, William (16-k6). An English 
 novelist ; bom in London, 1864. He has writ- 
 ten : <The Great War in England in 1897* (9th 
 ed. 189s); <Zoraida*; 'Stolen Souls*; 'Guilty 
 Bonds >; < Strange Tales of a Nihilist * ; and < The 
 Eye of Istar * (1897); < The Court of Honor.* 
 
 Lermontov, Michail Yuryevitch (ler'mon- 
 tov). A celebrated Russian poet; born at Mos- 
 cow, Oct. IS, 1814; died July 27, 1841. He was 
 an officer in the Imperial Guards in 1837, when, 
 in a passionate poem, he gave vent to his in- 
 dignation over the death of Pushkin. The 
 poem, < The Poet's Death,* gave offense at court, 
 and Lermontov was relegated to the Cauca- 
 sus, there to serve as ensign in a dragoon regi- 
 ment He is at his best in lyric and narra- 
 tive poetry. The most noteworthy of his rather 
 Byronesque epics are : < The Novice * ; < Ismail 
 Bey*; <Valerik*; 'The Dremon.* His fine 
 novel, <A Hero of Our Time > led to a duel in 
 which he fell. 
 
 Lerouz, Pierre (16-ro'). A French socialist 
 philosopher; bom at Paris, 1797; died there, 
 April 12, 1871. He was for a while an adher- 
 ent of Saint-Simon, but after\vard developed a 
 humanitarian or socialistic system of his own. 
 Its principles are expounded in 'Equality* 
 (1838); 'Refutation of Eclecticism*; 'Human- 
 ity* (2 vols., 1840). After the Coup d'Etat he 
 was proscribed, and took up his residence in 
 the island of Jersey: there he pursued agri- 
 cultural experiments, and wrote a philosophical 
 poem, 'The Beach of Samarez* (1864). 
 
 Le Roux (R. C. Henri), known as Huguei. 
 A French journalist and novelist ; born in 
 Havre, in i860. In early life he was con- 
 nected with the Political and Literary Review, 
 and subsequently succeeded Jules Claretie ai 
 writer of the Paris chronique in the Temps. 
 He is author of a series of popular romances, 
 including 'M^d^ric and Lis^e* and 'One of
 
 33» 
 
 LEROY-BEAULIEU — L'ESPINASSE 
 
 Us> (1886); < Souls in Agony' (1888); (The Pa- 
 risian Inferno > (1888); <A11 for Honor > (1892). 
 His miscellaneous works are: < In the Sahara* 
 (1891); <0n Board a Yacht: Portugal, Spain, 
 etc.* (1891); two translations from the Russian; 
 etc. 
 
 Leroy-Beaulieu, Anatole (le-rwa' bo-ly6). A 
 French historian; bom at Lisieux, 1842. He 
 became professor of modern history in the Free 
 School of Political Sciences, 1881. His princi- 
 pal work, written after extensive travels in 
 Russia, is 'The Empire of the Tsars and the 
 Russians* (3 vols., 1881-89). Among his other 
 writings are : <A Russian Statesman : Nikolas 
 Milutin* (1884); 'France, Russia, and Europe' 
 (1888); (Revolution and Liberalism' (1890); 
 < The Papacy, Socialism, and Democracy ' (1893). 
 
 Leroy-BeauUeu, Pierre Paul. A French 
 economist; bom at Saumur, Maine-et-Loire, 
 Dec. 9, 1843. He is opposed to socialism, and 
 is very conservative in his views. His works 
 include <The Labor Question in the Nineteenth 
 Century' (1871), <The Modern State and its 
 Functions' (2d ed. 1891), and others. He is 
 the founder and editor of L'Economiste Fran- 
 jais. 
 
 Le Sage, Alain Reni (16-sazh'). A celebrated 
 French novelist and dramatist ; bom at Sarzeau, 
 near Vannes, May 8, 1668; died at Boulogne- 
 sur-Mer, Nov. 17, 1747. He abandoned law for 
 literature, with scant success till 1707, when 
 the comedy < Crispin his Master's Rival' was 
 received with high public favor; as was 'Tur- 
 caret' the following year. The latter — a sat- 
 ire on the financiers, trading classes, and nobil- 
 ity — is one of the best comedies in French 
 literature ; every character is drawn with sharp 
 individuality. His novels < The Devil on Two 
 Sticks' (1707) and <Gil Bias' (1717), were 
 suggested by Spanish originals ; but he owes 
 them nothing beyond suggestion. As author 
 of <Gil Bias' he is the parent and pattern of 
 Fielding and Smollett. Of his other romances 
 in the same general vein may be mentioned 
 <The Bachelor of Salamanca' and <The Life 
 and Adventures of M. de BeauchSne.' 
 
 Lescure, Mathurin Fran9ois Adolphe de 
 
 (la-kiir'). A French litterateur and historian; 
 born at Bretenoux (Lot), in 1833; died at 
 Clamart (Seine), May 6, 1892. Successively 
 attached to the Ministry of State and the Sen- 
 ate, he acquired a unique reputation by a series 
 of essays and monographs on the Revolutionary 
 and other periods in French history. Among 
 more than forty publications are : < Confessions 
 of the Abbess de Chelles' (1863); < Marie 
 Antoinette and her Family' (1865); <Mary 
 Stuart' (1871); (Illustrious Mothers' (1881); 
 <Love under the Terror' (1882); <Rivarol and 
 French Society during the Revolution and 
 Emigration' (1883), his best work, crowned by 
 the Academy; < Chateaubriand' (1892); and 
 numerous memoirs. 
 
 Leskov. Nikolai Semyonovitch (les'kov). 
 A Russian novelist ; born in the government 
 
 of Orel, Feb. 16, 1831 ; died in St. Petersburg, 
 March 5, 1895. His first story, < No Way Out ' 
 (1865), is a powerful delineation of Russian 
 society, and is tinged with radicalism and ni- 
 hilism. In the novel < The Clergy ' he portrays 
 the life of the priesthood; in <To the Knife' 
 he describes in detail the schisms and factions 
 of the intellectual world of Russia. He has 
 also written many tales based on ancient 
 legends. 
 
 Lesley, John. A Scotch historian; born 
 Sept. 29, 1527 ; died in Brussels, Belgium, May 
 31, 1596. A stanch friend of Mary Queen of 
 Scots, he was implicated in the project for her 
 marriage to the Duke of Norfolk, and in the 
 consequent rebellion in the north of England, 
 and was imprisoned in the Tower. On his 
 release he crossed to the Continent, and sub- 
 sequently became bishop of Coutances in Nor- 
 mandy. His chief production is a history of 
 Scotland (published at Rome, 1578), in ten 
 books, seven in Latin and the last three in 
 Scotch dialect. 
 
 Leslie, Cbarles Robert. An English painter 
 and writer on art ; born in London, Oct. 19, 
 1794; died there, May 5, 1859. He was brought 
 to America by his parents in 1799, but return- 
 ing to England (1811), studied art under Alls- 
 ton and West. For a brief period he was 
 instructor in art at West Point, N. Y., and 
 later professor of painting at the Royal Aca- 
 demy (1848-52). His published works include : 
 •Memoirs of John Constable' (1845); 'Hand- 
 book for Young Painters' (1855), an enlarged 
 edition of his Royal Academy lectures ; and 
 a < Life of Reynolds ' (completed by Taylor, 
 1865). 
 
 Leslie, Eliza. An American prose-writer; 
 born in Philadelphia, Nov. 16, 1787; died in 
 Gloucester, N. J., Jan. 2, 1858. Her father 
 was a personal friend of Franklin, Jefferson, 
 and other eminent men of his time. Her first 
 successful work was a cookery book ; she after- 
 ward adopted literature as a profession, and 
 edited The Gift, which attained great popu- 
 larity. Her published works include : < Pencil 
 Sketches' (1833-37); < House Book' (1840); 
 < Ladies' Receipt Book' (1848); and < Behaviour 
 Book' (1853). 
 
 Lespes, L60 (les-pas'). A French story-teller; 
 born at Bouchain, June 18, 1815 ; died at Paris, 
 April 29, 1875. He wrote for the minor Paris 
 newspapers, under the signature "Timothj' 
 Trimm," a number of short stories, which were re- 
 ceived with extraordinary popular favor. He 
 founded the Petit Journal (1862), which imme- 
 diately reached the then unexampled circulation 
 of 200,000 copies. Among his stories, which were 
 frequently republished, are : < Stories in Pink 
 and Black' (1842); 'Mysteries of the Grand 
 Opera' (1843); <A Story to Make You Shudder' ; 
 'Physiology of Champagne' (1866); 'Walks 
 about Paris' (1867). 
 
 L'Espinasse, Julie de (les-pe-nas'). A French 
 letter-writer ; born at Lyons, about 1732 ; died
 
 LESSEPS — LEVER 
 
 339 
 
 at Paris, May 23, 1776. Her drawing-room was 
 a place of assembly for the fashion and wit of 
 Paris. Her < Letters' (2 vols., 1809), and < Un- 
 published Letters* (2 vols., 1877), are of interest 
 more as reflecting the writer's passionate sen- 
 sibility and enthusiasm than for their literary 
 excellence. 
 
 Lesseps, Ferdinand, Vicomte de (les-eps). 
 A French diplomat and engineer; bom at 
 Versailles, Nov. 19, 1805 ; died Dec. 7, 1894. He 
 was employed several years in the French 
 consular and diplomatic service. In 1854, on 
 the invitation of Said Pasha, he visited Egypt 
 to study the problem of canalizing the Isthmus 
 of Suez : the results of his studies were stated 
 in a memoir, < Piercing the Isthmus of Suez.' 
 He was made chief director of the works in 
 1856. The canal was opened to traffic Aug. 
 15, 1869. He published (1875-81) five volumes 
 of • Letters, Journals, and Documents Relating 
 to the Suez Canal > ; and in 1887, < Recollections 
 of 40 Years.' His attempt to pierce the Isth- 
 mus of Panama resulted in failure, and in 
 numberless discussions and papers, none of 
 which have been embodied in a book. 
 
 Leasing, Gottliold Ephraim (les'ing). A 
 great German poet, and the foremost critic of 
 German literature ; born at Kamenz in Upper 
 Lusatia, Jan. 22, 1729 ; died at Brunswick, Feb. 
 15, 1781. Among his writings are : < The Young 
 Savant,' a comedy (1750); * Trifles,' a collection 
 of his lyric poems (1751); 'Rehabilitations' 
 (1751) — redeeming from obloquy the name and 
 fame of sundry historical personages; <Miss 
 Sara Sampson' (1755), a tragedy; < The Free- 
 Thinker,' <The Jews,' <The Woman-Hater' 
 (1755), comedies; <Pope a Metaphysician!' 
 (1755); < Letters on Literature' (1758); < Philo- 
 tas,' a prose tragedy (1759); < Laocoon : on the 
 Boundaries of Painting and Poetry,' Part i. 
 (1766), — the second part was never written; 
 'Minna von Barnhelm,' a comedy (1767); 'An- 
 tiquarian Letters' (1768); 'Emilia Galotti,' a 
 tragedy (1772); 'Nathan the Wise' (1779); 
 
 < Education of the Human Race ' (1780); - Ernst 
 and Falk> (1780). 
 
 Lester, Charles Edwards. An American 
 prose-writer; born in Griswold, Conn., 1815; 
 died in Detroit, Mich., 1890. Among his works 
 are : < The Glory and Shame of England ' (2 
 vols., 1841); 'Artists in America' (1846); 'Life 
 and Public Services of Charles Sumner' (1874); 
 
 < History of the United States, Considered in 
 Five Great Periods' (2 vols., 1883). 
 
 Lesueur, DanieL See Loiseau. 
 
 Lethbrldge, Roper, Sir. An English states- 
 man, scholar, and author; born in 1840. He 
 was for many years prominent in educational 
 and political movements in India, as professor 
 in the Bengal Educational Department, and 
 subsequently as Political Agent and Press Com- 
 missioner under Lord Lytton's viceroyalty. 
 Ajnong his works are: <A Short Manual of 
 die History of India' (1881); 'High Educa- 
 tion in India'; <A History of Bengal'; and the 
 
 articles on ' Feudatory Statta ' in the Imperial 
 Gazetteer of India. In 1890 he was created 
 Knight Commander of the Indian Empire. 
 
 Letronne, Jean Antoine (le-tron'). A French 
 archaeologist ; born at Paris, Jan. 2, 1787 ; died 
 there, Dec. 14, 1848. He is distinguished chiefly 
 for his studies in numismatics and inscriptions. 
 Among his writings are : ' Topography of Syra- 
 cuse' (1813); 'Fragments of Hero of Alexan 
 dria' (1816); 'Valuings of Greek and Roman 
 Coins' (1817); 'Materials to Serve for a His- 
 tory of the Christian Religion' (1833); 'The 
 Vocal Statue of Memnon' (1833); 'Collection 
 of Greek and Latin Inscriptions from Egypt' 
 (1842-48). 
 
 Leuckart, Budolf (loik'art). A German zo- 
 5logist; bom at Helmstedt, Oct. 7, 1822; died 
 at Leipsic, Feb. 6, 1898. He became professor 
 of zoology at Giessen in 1855, and of zoology 
 and zootomy at Leipsic in 1869. His studies were 
 chiefly made in the field of lower and lowest 
 forms of animal life, — zoophytes, sponges, in- 
 sects, parasites. Among his writings are treatises 
 on 'Trichina Spiralis' ( i860); 'Tapeworms'; 'Par- 
 thenogenesis of Insects'; 'Anatomy of Bees.> 
 
 Leuthold, Heinrich (loit'old). A German- 
 Swiss poet; bom at Wetzikon, Switzerland, 
 Aug. 9, 1827 ; died near Ziirich, July I, 1879. 
 With Geibel he made translations of French 
 poetry : < Five Books of French Lyrism > ( 1862). 
 A volume of original verse, 'Poems' (1879), 
 showed him to be a gifted poet, possessing per- 
 fect mastery of artistic form. The author died 
 insane while his volume was going through the 
 press. 
 
 Leva, Giuseppe de (la'va). An Italian 
 writer of history ; born at Zara in Dalmatia, 
 1821. Among his works are : ' Life of Cardi- 
 nal G. Contarini ' ; < Giulio della Rovere ' ; 
 ' Giovanni Grimani ' ; ' Documentary History of 
 Charles V. in his Relation to Italy' (4 vols., 
 1863-81). 
 
 Levasseur, Pierre tmile (l6-vas-6r'). A 
 French political economist ; bom at Paris, Dec, 
 8, 1828. He is author of ' Public Moneys among 
 the Romans' (1854); 'The Gold Question' 
 (1858); 'The Laboring Classes of France from 
 Caesar's Time to the Revolution' (2 vols., 1859); 
 the same continued to 1867 (2 vols.); 'The 
 French Population' (1889-91, 3 vols.), an im- 
 portant work ; ' France and her Colonies ' (1893), 
 
 Levay, Joseph (lev'a). A Hungarian poet; 
 born at Sajo Szent-Peter, Nov. 18, 1825. Be- 
 sides poems in eulogy of Kazinczy, Paloczy, 
 Dedk, etc., and translations of parts of Shakes- 
 peare's plays and of Burns's songs, he wrote : 
 'Songs of Memory' (1850); 'Poems' (1850); 
 'New Poems' (1856). In his songs he always 
 strikes the chord of national and popular senti- 
 ment. 
 
 Lever, Charles [James]. An Irish novelist; 
 born at Dublin, Aug. 31, 1806; died at Trieste, 
 June I, 1872. He wrote : 'Confessions of Harry 
 Lorrequer' (1841); 'Charles O'Malley' (1841); 
 'Arthur O'Leary' (1844); 'Jack Hinton the
 
 340 
 
 LEVERRIER — LEWIS 
 
 Guardsman > (1844); <Tom Burke of Ours> 
 (1844); <The 0'Donoghue> (1845); <Con Cre- 
 gan> (1849); * Roland CasheP (1850); < The 
 Daltons, or Three Roads in Life> (1852); <The 
 Dodd Family Abroad > (1854); < The Fortunes 
 of Glencore> (1857); < Davenport Dunn> (1859); 
 < Harrington > (1863); < Luttrell of Arran> (1865); 
 <Sir Brooke Fosbrooke> (1866); <The Bram- 
 leighs of Bishop's Folly > {1868); <Lord Kil- 
 gobbin> (1872). 
 
 Lfcverrier, Urbain Jean Joseph (le-va-rya'). 
 A celebrated French astronomer; born at St. 
 L6, March 11, 181 1 ; died at Paris, Sept. 23, 
 1877. Till 1837 his studies were wholly in the 
 department of chemistry ; in that year he was 
 appointed teacher of astronomy in the Poly- 
 technic School. In 1839 he attained rank among 
 the foremost astronomers by two memoirs pre- 
 sented to the Academy on *■ Secular Perturba- 
 tions of the Planetary System.' He then 
 studied the movements of Mercury and Uranus, 
 and was led to infer the existence of a planet 
 beyond Uranus : the inference was proved true 
 by the finding of the hypothetical planet (Nep- 
 tune) by Galle. His theories and tables of the 
 several planets are given in the <Annals of the 
 Paris Observatory.' 
 
 Levertin, Oscar. A Swedish poet; born at 
 Stockholm, 1862. He first wrote some stories 
 after the manner of the <* realists,'' but they 
 had little success. Breaking then with realism, 
 he indulged his bent toward romance and mys- 
 ticism in his poems < Legends and Tales ' ( 1891 ), 
 and <New Poems' (1894). He is at the head 
 of the younger lyric poets of Sweden. In his 
 work <Gustavus III. as a Dramatist' (1894), 
 he proves himself an acute critic of 18th-century 
 literature. 
 
 Levien, Use. See Frapan. 
 
 Lewald, August (le-vald'). A German story- 
 teller; born at Konigsberg, Prussia, Oct. 14, 
 1792; died at Munich, March 10, 1871. He 
 wrote: 'Aquarelles from Life' (1836); < Story 
 of the Theatre ' (5 vols., 1841), autobiographical ; 
 <Clarinette' (3 vols., 1863); <The Insurgent' (2 
 vols., 1865); <Last Travels' (1870). 
 
 Lewald, Fanny. A German novelist ; born 
 at Konigsberg, March 24, 181 1; died at Dres- 
 den, Aug. 5, 1889. Her principal writings are : 
 <The Representative' (1841); 'Clementine' 
 (1842); <Diogena: Story of Iduna, Countess 
 H-H' (1847), a mild satire on Ida, Countess 
 Hahn-Hahn; < Dunes and Mountain Strata' 
 (1851); 'Pictures of German Life' (1856); 'From 
 Generation to Generation' (1863); 'Woman: 
 Pro and Contra' (1870); 'The Darner Family' 
 (1887); 'Twelve Pictures from the Life' (1888). 
 
 Lewes, George Henry. An English historical 
 and miscellaneous writer; born at London, 
 April 18, 1817 ; died there, Nov. 28, 1878. Among 
 his writings are : ' Biographical History of Phi- 
 losophy' (1845-46), afterward entitled 'History 
 of Philosophy from Thales to Comte' (1866); 
 <Life of Robespierre' (1849); 'The Life and 
 Works of Goethe' (1855); 'Seaside Studies' 
 
 (1858); 'The Physiology of Common Life> 
 (1859); 'Studies in Animal Life' (1862); 'Aris- 
 totle: a Chapter from the History of Science' 
 (1864); 'Problems of Life and Mind' (3 vols., 
 1872-79); 'The Physical Basis of Mind' (1877). 
 He wrote two novels, 'Ranthorpe' (1847), and 
 'Rose, Blanche, and Violet' (1848); and the 
 dramatic poems < Lope de Vega and Calderon * 
 and ' The Noble Heart.' 
 
 Lewis, Alonzo. An American poet, known 
 as the " Lynn bard " ; born in Lynn, Mass., Aug. 
 28, 1794; died there, Jan. 21, 1861. He was the 
 author of ' Forest Flowers and Sea Shells,' which 
 reached ten editions, and ' History of Lynn ' 
 (1829; 2d ed. 1844). N. P. Willis spoke highly 
 of his poems. 
 
 Lewis, Charles Bertrand. [«M. Quad.'^] 
 An American journalist and humorist ; born in 
 Liverpool, O., 1842. He received his education 
 at the Michigan Agricultural College. During 
 the Civil War he served in the Union army. 
 For many years he was on the staff of the 
 Detroit Free Press, and since 1891 has been 
 connected with the New York World. He has 
 published: 'Quad's Odds' (1875); < Goaks and 
 Tears' (1875); 'The Lime Kiln Club.' 
 
 Lewis, Charlton Thomas. An American 
 scholar, journalist, and lawyer; born at West 
 Chester, Pa., in 1834. He was professor of 
 mathematics and subsequently of Greek at 
 Troy University (1859-62), revenue commis- 
 sioner at Washington, D. C, and latterly has 
 practiced law in New York. He wrote a ' His- 
 tory of Germany,' founded on D. Miiller's 
 work, and collaborated with Charles Short in 
 the preparation of 'Harper's Latin Dictionary' 
 ( 1S79 ), etc. Died Morristown, N. J., May 26, 1904. 
 
 Lewis, Estelle Anna Blanche Robinson, 
 An American dramatist; born near Baltimore, 
 Md., April 1824 ; died in London, Nov. 24, 1880. 
 While a schoolgirl she translated the 'yEneid' 
 into English verse ; wrote < Forsaken ' ; and pub- 
 lished 'Records of the Heart' (1844), and 
 'Heb^mah, or the Fall of Montezuma' (1864). 
 Her best dramatic work, < Sappho of Lesbos,' 
 a tragedy, ran through seven editions, and was 
 translated into modern Greek and played at 
 Athens. Edgar A. Poe spoke of her as the rival 
 of Sappho; Lamartine called her the "female 
 Petrarch." 
 
 Lewis, George Cornewall, Sir. An English 
 statesman, scholar, and critic; born at London, 
 April 21, 1806; died at Harpton Court, Radnor- 
 shire, April 13, 1863. A graduate of Christ 
 Church, Oxford, with high honors, he became a 
 lawyer, and rose almost to the top in politics, 
 filling three Cabinet places in rapid succession, 
 ending with Chancellor of the Exchequer in 
 1855. His immense knowledge, sagacious judg- 
 ment, and cool temper (he said to an excitable 
 colleague, " I am a vegetable and you are an 
 animal"), made him very influential both in 
 public life and in the world of critical scholar- 
 ship. His most enduring work is the < Enquiry 
 into the Credibility of Early Roman History'
 
 LEWIS — LIDNER 
 
 341 
 
 (2 vols., 1855); mainly a criticism of Niebuhr's 
 assumption that there can be reliable intuitive 
 perceptions of historic fact without a sufficiently 
 tangible basis of evidence to support the test 
 of argument. It is also an excellent analysis 
 of early Roman records and legends. His books 
 on Grecian subjects, on the Romance languages, 
 on early astronomy, etc., are mines of research 
 and good criticism; on Egyptian subjects his 
 over-skepticism led him to the absurd conten- 
 tion that the hieroglyphics could not be de- 
 ciphered at all. His political writings, as <On 
 the Use and Abuse of Political Terms > (1835), 
 'On the Influence of Authority in Matters of 
 Opinion' (1849), < On the Methods of Observa- 
 tion and Reasoning in Polities' (2 vols., 1852), 
 are clarifying but too prolix. 
 
 Lewis, Maria Theresa, Lady. An English 
 biographer, a descendant of the great historian 
 Lord Clarendon and wife of Sir George C. 
 Lewis ; bom March 8, 1803 ; died Nov. 9, 1865. 
 She wrote < Lives of the Friends and Contem- 
 poraries of Lord Chancellor Clarendon' (3 
 vols., 1852). 
 
 Lewis, Matthew Gregory. ["Monk" Lewis.] 
 An English poet ; born at London, July 9, 1775 ; 
 died May 14, 1818. His first poem, < Ambrosio, 
 or the Monk' (1795), became instantly very pop- 
 ular ; a court decree stopped its sale for a time ; 
 when its sale was resumed many objectionable 
 passages had been expunged. He next wrote a 
 musical drama, < The Castle Spectre' (1796), 
 long a favorite piece on the stage. He wrote 
 also < Journal of a West-Indian Proprietor,' pub- 
 lished after his death. 
 
 Lewis, Tayler. An American scholar and au- 
 thor ; born in Northumberland, N. Y., in 1802 ; 
 died in Schenectady, N. Y., May 11, 1877. Was 
 professor of Greek in the University of New 
 York in 1838, and later of Oriental literature in 
 Union College. He published many volumes. 
 Among these are : < The Six Days of Creation ' 
 (1855); < Heroic Periods in a Nation's History' 
 (1866); <The Light by which We See Light' 
 (1875); and many addresses and reviews. 
 
 Lewis, Thomas Hayter. An English archi- 
 tect and author; bom in London, July 9, 1818. 
 He was professor of architecture at University 
 College (1865-81), and is the author of <The 
 Holy Places of Jerusalem' (1888), the most 
 important work on the subject issued in recent 
 years. Besides papers relating to architecture 
 and antiquities in the transactions of various 
 societies, he has written also the articles on 
 architecture in the < Encyclopaedia Britannica.' 
 
 Leybourn, William. An English mathema- 
 tician, a pioneer in popularizing arithmetic and 
 astronomy ; born 1626 ; died about 1700. His 
 < Urania Practica' (1648) was the first English 
 treatise on astronomy; his < Panarithmologia' 
 (1693) the first English ready-reckoner. 
 
 Leyden John (li'den). A Scotch Oriental- 
 ist, poet, and author ; bom in Denholm, Sept. 
 8, 1775; died at Batavia, Java, Aug. 28, l8ll. 
 Soon after obtaining his medical degree he 
 
 went to India, where his proficiency in Ori- 
 ental and especially Indo-Chinese languages 
 led to an appointment as professor of Hindus- 
 tani at Fort William College, Calcutta. He 
 is the author of < An Historical Account of 
 Discoveries in Northern and Western Africa' 
 (1789), an accurate and useful work for that 
 time ; an essay on Indo-Chinese literature in 
 < Asiatic Researches'; < Scenes of Infancy,' a 
 poem ; and a number of Scotch ballads, much 
 admired by Sir Walter Scott and others. 
 
 L'Hopital, Michel de (lo-pe-tal'). A French 
 statesman ; bom at Aigueperse, 1505 ; died March 
 I3> 1573- Hs Is^t some elegant Latin poems, 
 also memoirs, discourses, and papers on juris- 
 prudence and political affairs; they were pub- 
 lished in five volumes under the title < Works 
 of Michel de I'Hopital' (1824). 
 
 Libanius (li-ba'ni-us). A Greek sophist of 
 the fourth century ; native of Antioch in Syria, 
 Though a heathen, he was beloved by St. Basil 
 and St. John Chrysostom, once his pupils. He 
 was a voluminous writer, and very successfully 
 imitated in his orations the style of Demos- 
 thenes ; he got the nickname of << the little De- 
 mosthenes." Of his orations 68 are extant : they 
 are of value for the history of his time ; the 
 same is to be said of his < Epistles,' of which 
 1,607 remain. 
 
 Libelt, Earol (le'belt). A Polish miscellane- 
 ous writer ; bom at Posen, April 8, 1807 ; died 
 near Gollancz, June 9, 1875. His principal work 
 is < Philosophy and Criticism ' (5 vols., 1845- 
 50). He wrote also : < Mathematical Handbook ' 
 (2 vols., 1844); a drama, < The Maid of Orleans' 
 (1847); < Humor and Truth' (1848), a volume 
 of brief essays. 
 
 Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph (licht'en- 
 berc). A distinguished German satirical writer 
 and physicist; bom near Darmstadt, July I, 
 1742; died at Gottingen, Feb. 24, 1799. He 
 gained great celebrity as a lecturer on physical 
 science, chiefly through the ingenious apparatus, 
 contrived by himself, with which he illustrated 
 his lectures. His being a hunchback probably 
 embittered his satiric disposition. The best of 
 his satires are those on the notorious literary 
 pirate Tobias Gobhard ; the essay on * The 
 German Novel ' ; < Timorus,' ridiculing Lava- 
 ter's zeal for proselytizing; and < Pronunciation 
 of the Wethers of Ancient Greece,' aimed at 
 Voss's system of pronouncing Greek. His brill- 
 iant sayings have been collected and published 
 in a separate volume, < Lichtenberg's Thoughts 
 andMaxims: Light Rays from his Works' (1871). 
 
 Lichtenstein, Ulrich von. See Ulrich von L. 
 
 Lichtwer, Magnus Gottfried (licht'var). A 
 German poet; born at Wurzen, Jan. 30, 1719; 
 died at Halberstadt, July 6, 1783. His principal 
 work is <Four Books of yEsopic Fables' (1748). 
 His didactic poem <The Right of Reason' 
 (1758), founded on the philosophy of Wolf, is 
 of little value. 
 
 Lidner, Bengt flid'ner). A Swedish poet; 
 bom at Goteborg (Gothenburg), March 16,
 
 342 
 
 LIE — LILLIE 
 
 1757; died at Stockholm, Jan. 4, 1793. He pub- 
 lished a volume of < Fables ' after the manner 
 of Lafontaine (1799). In 1781 he was secretary 
 to the Swedish envoy at Paris, and there wrote 
 the tragedy < Erik the Fjortonde.' He lost his 
 secretarj'ship through his dissipations. He was 
 a highly gifted poet ; but his poems were, like 
 his life, irregular, lacking sobriety and dignity. 
 The best of them are: <Spastaras Dod> (1783); 
 <Aret,> (1783); <Ythersta Domen>; and the op- 
 era < Medea.' 
 
 Lie, Jonas Laurlts Idemll (le). A Nor- 
 wegian poet ; born at Eker, near Drammen, 
 June II, 1833. He published a collection of his 
 < Poems > 1 1866); <The Ghost-Seer,> a novel 
 (1870); < Pictures from Norway > (3d ed. 1880); 
 <Lotse and his Wife> (1874); <Fanfulla,> an 
 Italian tale (1875); 'Faustina Strozzi,> a lyrico- 
 dramatic poem (1875). Thereafter he wrote a 
 series of novels ; among which were : *■ Thomas 
 Ross> (1878); <Adam Schrader> (1879); <The 
 Commander's Daughter* (1886); < Evil Powers' 
 (1890). He also issued the comedies, < Garbow's 
 Cat> (1880); and < Merry Wives' (1894). 
 
 Lieber, Franz (le'ber). An eminent Ameri- 
 can publicist; born at Berlin, Germany, March 
 18, 1800 ; died in New York, Oct. 2, 1872. He 
 volunteered as a soldier at 15, and was in 
 the battles of Ligny, Waterloo, and Namur. He 
 served also in the Greek war of independence, 
 recording his experiences in < Journal in Greece ' 
 (1823). He settled in the United States in 
 1827, and during the next five years was occu- 
 pied with the compilation of the < Encyclopaedia 
 Americana' (13 vols.). While professor of 
 history and political economy in South Caro- 
 lina College, he wrote the three great works 
 on which hii fame mainly rests : < Manual of 
 Political Ethics' (1838); < Legal and Political 
 Hermeneutics' (1839); < Civil Liberty and Self- 
 Government' (1853). Ii^ the beginning of the 
 Civil War he drew up by order of President 
 Lincoln the < Code of War for the Govern- 
 ment of ihe Armies of the United States in the 
 Field.' 
 
 Lleblg, Justus, Baron von (le'bic). A Ger- 
 man chemist ; born at Darmstadt, May 12, 1803 ; 
 died at Munich, April 18, 1873. In 1826 he 
 was appointed professor of chemistry in the Uni- 
 versity of Giessen, and there set up the first 
 chemical laboratory for experimental instruction. 
 He was a very successful lecturer, and attracted 
 students from all over the world. His treatises 
 and memoirs on theoretical and practical chem- 
 istry are very numerous, and are of exceptional 
 value ; and the term <' Liebig's Extract " is cer- 
 tainly a « household word." No other chemist 
 of great rank has so sedulously striven to make 
 the science a tender to practical utilities. Among 
 his writings on the chemistry of agriculture are : 
 'Principles of Agricultural Chemistry' {1855); 
 < Theory and Practice of Farming' (1856); < Sci- 
 entific Letters on Modern Farming' (1859). 
 
 Liebknecht, Wllbelm (leb'nedht). A Ger- 
 man socialist agitator ; bom at Giessen, March 
 39, 182b. He is editor-in-chief of the organ of 
 
 the Social Democratic party, Vorvvarts ; au- 
 thor of <The Fundamental Question' (1876); 
 <A Glance at the New World' (1887), recount- 
 ing his observations during a visit to the United 
 States; < Robert Blum' (1890); < History of the 
 French Revolution' (1890); 'Robert Owen' 
 (1892). His work on < Woman' is widely 
 known. He died Aug. 7, 1900. 
 
 Lleblein, Jens Daniel Carolus (leb'lln). A 
 Norwegian Egyptologist; born at Christiania, 
 Dec. 23, 1827. He has written works on Egyp- 
 tology in French, Gennan, Swedish, and Nor- 
 wegian ; among them : < Egyptian Chronology ' 
 (1863); 'Dictionary of Hieroglyphic Names' 
 (1871-92); 'Trade and Shipping in the Red 
 Sea in Ancient Times' (1887). 
 
 Liebrecht, Felix (leb'recht). A noted Ger- 
 man mythologist ; born at Namslau, Silesia, 
 March 13, i8i2; died at St. Hubert, France, 
 Aug. 3, 1890. He made a study of the sagas 
 and legends of various countries. Among his 
 writings are : translations, with critical annota- 
 tions, of Giambattista Basile's < Pentamerone, 
 or the Story of Stories' (1846); of the ' Baarlam 
 and Josaphat' of John of Damascus (1847); 
 and of Dunlop's 'History of Prose Poems.' 
 
 Ligne, Charles Joseph, Prince de (len). A 
 Belgian soldier and miscellaneous writer ; born 
 at Brussels, May 12, 1735 ; died Dec. 13, 1814. 
 He wrote : ' Military, Literary, and Sentimental 
 Miscellanies' (3 vols., 1795-1811); 'Life of 
 Prince Eugene of Savoy' (2 vols., 1809). From 
 his correspondence, journals, etc., Mme. de Stael 
 compiled two volumes of < Letters and Thoughts ' 
 (1809). 
 
 Liguori, Alfonso Maria de (le-gwo're). An 
 Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church ; 
 born at Naples, 1696; died Aug. i, 1787. While 
 bishop of Sant' Agata de' Goti, he founded the 
 religious congregation of Redemptorists. He 
 was " beatified " in 1816 ; canonized in 1839 ; 
 proclaimed " Doctor of the Universal Church " 
 in 1871. He wrote 'Moral Theology' (ed. of 
 1881, 8 vols.), and many books of devotion. 
 
 Liliencron, Detlev, Baron von (Icl'yen- 
 kron"). A German novelist and poet; born 
 at Kiel, June 3, 1844. He wrote : < The Adju- 
 tant's Rides, and Other Poems' (1883); <A 
 Summer Battle' (1886), a collection of stories; 
 'Work Ennobles' (1886); 'The Merovingians, 
 a Tragedy ' (1888) ; the novels ' Under Flutter- 
 ing Banners ' (1888), and < Maecenas ' (1889); and 
 several volumes of collected poems. Died 1909. 
 
 Liliencron, Rochus, Baron von. A Ger- 
 man philologist; born at Plon in Holstein, Dec. 
 8, 1820. He is author of 'Runic Writing' 
 (1852); 'Songs and Sayings from the Latest 
 Period of the Minnesingers' (1855); 'Historic 
 Popular Ballads of Germany from the 13th to 
 the i6th Century' (4 vols., 1864-69); 'German 
 Life in the J"olk-Song of the i6th Century.' 
 
 Lillie, Mrs. Lucy Cecil (White). An Amer- 
 ican writer of juvenile literature ; born in New 
 York State in 1855. Among her most popular 
 works are: 'Prudence* (1882); 'Rolf House*
 
 LILLO — LINGO 
 
 343 
 
 (1886); <The Colonel's Money' (1888); <The 
 Squire's Daughter' (1891); <Alison's Advent- 
 ures' (1895). 
 
 Lillo, George. An eminent English drama- 
 tist; bom at Moorfields, Feb. 4, 1693; died in 
 London, Sept. 3, 1739. The son of a Dutch 
 jeweler, he was brought up to his father's 
 trade, and was for several years in partnership 
 with him. < Silvia, or the Country Burial > 
 (1730), a ballad opera, was his first piece; and 
 was followed (1731) by the famous < London 
 Merchant, or the History of George Barnwell,' 
 nowadays better known by its sub-title, which 
 made its author famous, and held the stage for 
 nearly a century. It had a marked influence 
 in its day, and may be regarded as a precursor 
 of the « domestic drama." His other dramatic 
 productions include : < Britannia, or the Royal 
 Lovers' (1734); < Fatal Curiosity ' (1736); <Arden 
 of Feversham,' an adaptation of an Elizabethan 
 play, revised or completed by John Hoadly 
 after Lillo's death. 
 
 Lilly, William Samuel. An English con- 
 troversial writer ; born at Fifehead, Dorsetshire, 
 1840. He is a champion of the Catholic point 
 ot view in such works as < Ancient Religion and 
 Modern Thought > (1884); < The Claims of Chris- 
 tianity' ;< Christianity and Modern Civilization.* 
 
 Limburg-Brouwer, Petrus van (lem'borg- 
 brou'er). A Dutch scholar; bom at Dordrecht, 
 Sept. 30, 1795 ; died at Groningen, June 21, 1847. 
 He wrote < History of the Moral and Religious 
 Civilization of the Greeks' (3 vols., 1833-42), 
 still highly valued ; two fine historical novels 
 with the scene laid in ancient Greece, — <Chari- 
 cles and Euphorion' (1831), and < Diophanes ' 
 (1838); and a novel relating to his own time, 
 <The Reading Society' (1847). 
 
 Limburg-Brouwer, Petrus Abraham Sam- 
 uel van. A Dutch novelist, son of Petrus; 
 born at Li&ge, Nov. 15, 1829; died at The 
 Hague, Feb. 13, 1873. He wrote the Oriental 
 romance <Akbar> (1872), the work of a man of 
 poetic sensibility and most intimate knowledge 
 of Indian literature. 
 
 Lincoln, Abraham. Sixteenth President of 
 the United States, the great " War President " ; 
 born in Hardin County, Ky., Feb. 12, 1809; 
 died at Washington, April 15, 1865. His <Ad- 
 dress > on the occasion of the dedication of the 
 National Cemetery at Gettysburg, Pa., Nov. 19, 
 1863, is justly esteemed one of the most memo- 
 rable utterances of human eloquence ; classic 
 also is his < Second Inaugiu^al Address ' of 
 March 4, 1865. 
 
 Lindau, Paul (lin'dou). A German novelist 
 and literary critic ; bom at Magdeburg, June 3, 
 1839. He has written books of travel, including 
 <From Venice' (1864); <From Paris'; works 
 of literary criticism, as 'Harmless Letters of 
 a Provincial German' (2 vols., 1870); < Literary 
 ■lrivialities> (1871) < Moli^rc' (1872) ; <Afredde 
 Musset' (1877) ; * From Literary France ' (1880); 
 and novels, — < Mr. and Mrs. Brewer' (1882); 
 < Berlin,' and the drama < Maria and Magdalena.' 
 
 Llndan, Budolf. A German diplomat and 
 novelist; born at Gardelegen, Oct. 10, 1830. 
 He was for many years engaged in the consu- 
 lar and diplomatic service of Switzerland and 
 Germany. His principal novels are : < Robert 
 Ashton' (1877); 'Liquidated' (1877); <Good 
 Company' (1880); < The Flirt' (1894); < Silence' 
 (1895). Some of his stories are perfect works 
 of art; all of them mirror with rare fidelity 
 life in the four quarters of the globe, as seen 
 and studied by a man of very extensive traveL 
 
 Lindner, Albert (lind'ner). A German dram- 
 atist ; born at Suiza in Saxe-Weimar, April 24, 
 1831 ; died at Berlin, Feb. 4, 1888. His tragedy 
 < Brutus and Collatinus' won him the Schiller 
 prize. 'The Bloody Nuptials, or St. Bartholo- 
 mew's Eve' (1871) had extraordinary success 
 upon the stage He wrote several other trage- 
 dies: 'Marino Faliero' (1875); 'Don John of 
 Austria' (1875)); 'The Reformer' (1883). He 
 wrote also 'The Swan of Avon' (1881), and 
 'The Riddle of Woman's SouP (1881). 
 
 Lindner, Theodor. An Austrian historian; 
 bom May 29, 1843. Among his numerous works 
 are : ' The Vehm ' (1887); ' German History un- 
 der the Hapsburgs and Luxemburgs' (1889-93); 
 and 'History of the German People' (1894). 
 
 Lindsay, Sir David of the Mount. A Scotch 
 poet; born about 1490; died before May 1555. 
 His satires in rhyme were noted for their ridi- 
 cule of the clergy. His works include ; ' The 
 Dreme' (1528); < Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis' 
 (1539); and ' Historic of Squier Meldrun' (1548). 
 
 Lindsey, William. An American poet and 
 prose-writer ; bom in Massachusetts in 1858. 
 His works are: 'Apples of Istakhar' (1895), a 
 volume of poems; and 'Cinder- Path Tales' 
 (1896), stories of athletic sports. 
 
 Linen, James. A Scottish poet ; bora 1808 ; 
 died in New York city, 1873. His dialect 
 poems appeared in the Knickerbocker Mag- 
 azine and the Scottish - American Joumal ; a 
 collection, ' Songs of the Seasons, and Other 
 Poems,' was published in 1852; 'The Golden 
 Gate' appeared in 1869. 
 
 Ling, Peter Henrik. A Swedish poet ; bom 
 at Ljunga, Nov. 15, 1776; died at Stockholm, 
 May 3, 1839. He founded Swedish gymnas- 
 tics, and wrote ' The General Principles of 
 Gymnastics' (1840). He also produced sev- 
 eral spirited lyric poems, tragedies, and epics, 
 to inspire his countrymen to emulate the ex- 
 ploits of the ancient heroes of Scandinavia. 
 
 Lingg, Hermann (ling). A German poet; 
 born at Lindau, Jan. 22, 1820. He published 
 (1853) a volume of ' Poems' of great originality, 
 and remarkable for wealth of imagery and 
 deep elegiac tone. ' The Migration of Peoples > 
 (3 books, 1866-68) showed grandeur and epic 
 power. His dramas are less admirable; among 
 them are: 'The Doge Candiano ' (1873); 'The 
 Sicilian Vespers ' ; and ' Catiline.' Besides 
 'Patriotic Ballads' (1868), 'Dark Powers,' and 
 several volumes of collected poems, he has 
 written < Byzantine Tales ' (1881); ' From Forest
 
 S44 
 
 LINGUET — LISTA Y ARAGON 
 
 and Lake,> five storiea (1883); <Clytia, a Scene 
 from Pompeii > (1883). 
 
 Llnguet, Simon Nicolas Henri (lan-ga')- A 
 French writer of history ; bom at Rheims, July 
 14, 1736; died June 27, 1794. He won great 
 fame by his < History of the Age of Alexander > 
 (1762), and his < Judiciary Memoirs > (7 vols.). 
 Of his numerous works on laws, politics, science, 
 etc., these may be mentioned : < History of the 
 Revolutions of the Roman Empire > (2 vols.); 
 'Theory of the Civil Law> (1767); < Impartial 
 History of the Jesuits > (1768); < Memoirs on 
 the Bastille > (1783). 
 
 Llnnssus, Carolus (lin-ne'us) — (Karl von 
 Llnn^). A celebrated Swedish naturalist; born 
 at Rishult in Smiland, May 13, 1707; died at 
 Upsala, Jan. 10, 1778. Among his writings 
 are : *■ The System of Nature, or the Three 
 Kingdoms of Nature Systematically Arranged > 
 (7 vols., 1735); < Foundations of Botany* (1736); 
 •Library of Botany > (1736); < Genera of Plants > 
 (1737); < Classes of Plants> (1738); 'Philosophy 
 of Botany* (i75i);< System of Plants* (1779). 
 
 Linton, Eliza (Lynn). An English novelist, 
 wife of William J.; born in Keswick, Feb. 10, 
 1822; died in London, July 14, 1898. Her first 
 novel, <Azeththe Egyptian,' appeared 1846; she 
 also published: <Witch Stories* (1861); <The 
 Lake Country* ( 1864); <PatriciaKemble» (1874); 
 <The World Well Lost* (1877); <My Love* 
 (1881); <The One Too Many* (1894); etc. 
 
 Linton, William James. An English wood- 
 engraver, poet, and miscellaneous writer; born 
 in London, 1812; died Jan. i, 1898. A 
 draughtsman of repute, and for a period an 
 illustrator on the Illustrated London News, he 
 removed to the United States in 1867 and 
 opened an engraving establishment at New 
 Haven, Conn. Besides works on engraving he 
 wrote a <Life of Thomas Watson* (the Chart- 
 ist leader), giving a history of the Chartist 
 movement, in which he shared ardently ; a 
 < Life of Thomas Paine * ; < Claribel and Other 
 Poems* (1865); <The Flower and the Star* 
 (1869); stories for children; edited < Rare 
 Poems of the i6th and 17th Centuries* (1883); 
 and was co-editor with R. H. Stoddard of 
 'English Verse* (1883). 
 
 Llppard, George. An American story-writer ; 
 bom at Yellow Springs, Pa., April 10, 1822 ; died 
 at Philadelphia, Feb. 9, 1854. His most notori- 
 ous work was <The Quaker City* (1845), mod- 
 eled on Sue's < Mysteries of Paris,* and imply- 
 ing that Philadelphia was a modem Sodom, 
 though he disclaimed the inference when threat- 
 ened with legal consequences. < Mysteries and 
 Miseries of Philadelphia* and <The Empire 
 City: New York — Its Upper Ten and Lower 
 Million* were companion pieces. He wrote 
 also < Paul Ardenheim,* a Rosicrucian romance ; 
 'Legends of Mexico* and 'Legends of the 
 Revolution* (1847); 'Washington and his Gen- 
 erals*; and others. 
 
 Llppert, Julius (lip'ert). A German his- 
 torian ; born at Braunau in Bohemia, April 12, 
 
 1839. He wrote : ' Animism in its Relations to 
 the Ancient Hebrew Religion* (1880); 'Re- 
 ligions of the European Culture-Peoples * (1881); 
 ' Christianism, Popular Beliefs, and Popular 
 Usages* (1882); ' History of the Family* (1885); 
 ' History of Civilization in its Leading Feat- 
 ures* (1886); 'History of German Manners and 
 Morals* (1889). 
 
 Llpplncott, Sarah Jane (Clarke). ["Grace 
 Greenwood.**] An American writer of prose 
 and verse ; born in Pompey, N. Y., Sept. 23, 1823. 
 She was favorably known as an editor and con- 
 tributor. 'Ariadne* is one of her best poems. 
 She published: 'Greenwood Leaves* (1850); 
 'Poems* (1851); 'Merrie England* (1855); 
 'Records of Five Years* (1868); and 'New 
 Life in New Lands* (1873). Died April 20, 1904. 
 
 Llppmann, Julie Matbllde. An American 
 writer of verse and juvenile literature ; born in 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1864. She is the author of 
 'Through Slumbertown and Wakeland*; 'Jock 
 o' Dreams,* a collection of short stories; and 
 ' Miss Wildfire * ; < The Facts in the Case.* 
 
 Llpslus, Justus (lip'se-us). [Properly Joest 
 Lips.] A celebrated Dutch humanist ; bom at 
 Overyssche, Belgium, Oct. 18, 1547 ; died at Lou- 
 vain, March 23, 1606. His strength lay chiefly in 
 the Latin historians and in Roman antiquities; 
 his editions of Tacitus and of Seneca, with 
 commentaries, were prepared with extreme care, 
 and (especially Tacitus) finally determined the 
 genuine text in all essential particulars. In 
 addition he wrote 48 separate treatises and es- 
 says, among them : ' The Amphitheatre * (1584); 
 'On Politics* (1589); 'The Cross* (1593); 'The 
 Military System of the Romans* (1595); 'Vesta 
 and the Vestal Virgins* (1603); 'Introduction 
 to the Stoic Philosophy* (1604); 'Natural Phi- 
 losophy of the Stoics* (1604). 
 
 Llpslus, Marie. See La Mara. 
 
 Llpslus, Richard Adelbert. A German the- 
 ologian ; born at Gera, Feb. 14, 1830 ; died at 
 Jena, Aug. 19, 1892. Among his writings are: 
 'The Pauline Doctrine of Justification* (1853); 
 ' Gnosticism* (i860);' Chronology of the Bishops 
 of Rome * ( 1869) ; ' Sources of the Roman Fable 
 of Peter* (1872); 'Text-Book of Protestant 
 Dogmatic Theology* (1876); 'Philosophy and 
 Religion* (1885); 'Chief Heads of Cbrstian 
 Doctrine* (1889); 'Brief Commentary on cftc 
 New Testament * (2 vols., 1891); ' Luther's Doc- 
 trine of Penance* (1892). 
 
 List, Friedrlch (list). A Ge-^idn political 
 economist; bom at Reutlingen, Aug. 6, 1789; 
 died at Kufstein, Nov. 30, 1846. He emigrated 
 to the United States in 1825, and settled at 
 Harrisburg, Pa. There he wrote 'Outlines of a 
 New System of Political Economy* (1827). He 
 went to Leipsic (1833) as American consul, and 
 did not return to America. He published (1841) 
 Vol. i. of ' The National System of Political 
 Economy* (7th ed. 1884). 
 
 Llsta y Aragon, Alberto (les'ta e a-ra-gon'). 
 A distinguished Spanish poet ; bom at Triana, 
 near Seville, Oct. 15, 1775; died there, Oct S,
 
 LISTER — LIVINGSTONE 
 
 345 
 
 184S He was one of the best lyric poets of 
 his time in Spain, with a rich fancy, deep 
 ;ensibility, and a philosophic mind. His 
 < Poems' were published in 2 vols. (2d ed. 
 1837). He wrote a < Course of Universal His- 
 tory,* an adaptation of S^gur's work ; and 
 
 < Literary and Critical Essays' (2 vols., 1884). 
 
 Lister, Sir Joseph. An eminent English 
 surgeon; born April 5, 1827. He first sug- 
 gested the antiseptic mode of treating surgical 
 cases. Among his writings are : < Early Stages 
 of Inflammation' (1859); 'Ligature of Arteries 
 and the Antiseptic System' (1869); <The Germ 
 The«ry of Fermentative Changes' (1875); < Lac- 
 tic Fermentation and its Bearings on Pathol- 
 ogy' (1878). 
 
 Liszt, Franz (list). A great Hungarian 
 pianist and composer; bom at Raiding, near 
 Odenburg, Oct. 22, 181 1 ; died at Bayreuth, July 
 31, 1886. At 13 he composed the operetta < Don 
 Sancho,' which was successfully produced at 
 the Paris Grand Opera in 1825. His chief 
 contributions to the literature of music are : 
 
 < Wagner's < Lohengrin' and <Tannhauser" 
 (1851); <The Gipsies and their Music in Hun- 
 gary' (1859); < Robert Franz' (1872). There is 
 a collection of his < Letters ' (3 vols., 1892-93) ; 
 also of his correspondence with Richard Wag- 
 ner (2 vols., 1887). 
 
 Litchfield, Grace Denlo. An American 
 novelist ; bom in New York city, 1849. She has 
 lived in Europe for a number of years, and now 
 resides in Washington, D. C. Among her works 
 are: <Only an Incident' (1883); <The Knight 
 of the Black Forest' (1885); 'Criss Cross' 
 (1885); <A Hard-Won Victory' (1888); < In the 
 
 < Crucible ' ; < Vita ' ; < The Letter.' 
 
 Lltta, Pompeo, Count (let'a). An Italian 
 writer of history ; born at Milan, Sept. 27, 1781 ; 
 died Aug. 17, 1852. After his death, was pub- 
 lished in 183 parts his great work < Celebrated 
 Italian Families' (1819-82), containing memoirs 
 of 75 noble families. 
 
 Llttledale, RicTiard Frederick. An Eng- 
 lish clergyman and religious writer ; born in 
 Dublin in 1833 ; died in 1890. He was curate 
 of St. Mary Virgin, London, from 1857 to 1861, 
 when he resigned on account of ill-health and 
 devoted himself to the study of religious sub- 
 jects, particularly the Anglican ritual. Among 
 a number of polemical, historical, exegetic, and 
 other publications, are : < The Catholic Ritual 
 in the Church of England' (1865); 'Pharisaic 
 Proselytism' (1870); 'Plain Reasons against 
 Joining the Church of Rome' (1880); <A Short 
 History of the Council of Trent' (1888). 
 
 Littleton, Sir Thomas. An English jurist; 
 bom in Frankley, Worcestershire, 1402 ; died 
 there, Aug. 23, 1481. He wrote a treatise on 
 tenures, known through Coke's Commentaries. 
 'Coke on Littleton' is a secondary course in 
 the bringing up of young lawyers. 
 
 Littr^i M%xlmilien Paul ^niile (le-tra'). A 
 celebrated trench philologist, philosopher, lexi- 
 cographer, Aiid author; born at Paris, Feb. i, 
 
 1801 ; died there, June 2, 1881. He was one of 
 the greatest linguists and scientists of the cen- 
 tury, best known for his celebrated 'Diction 
 ary of the French Language' (1863-72). In 
 addition to his labors as a philologist he con- 
 tributed to various scientific and philosophical 
 journals, was active in politics, translated the 
 works of Hippocrates (10 vols., 1839-61), which 
 admitted him to the Academy of Inscriptions, 
 and Pliny's 'Natural History' (1848), and wrote 
 a 'History of the French Language' (1862); 
 'Studies of the Barbarians and the Middle 
 Ages' (1867); 'Medicine and Physicians' (1872); 
 'Literature and History' (1875); 'The Estab- 
 lishment of the Third Republic' (1880); and 
 several treatises on Auguste Comte's positive 
 philosophy, of which he was an ardent advo- 
 cate. In 187 1 he was elected to the French 
 Academy. 
 
 Littrow, Heinrich von (lit'trou). An Aus- 
 trian naval officer and writer on maritime af- 
 fairs; born at Vienna, Jan. 26, 1820 ; died April 
 25, 1895. He is author of a 'Maritime Dic- 
 tionary' (1851); 'Manual of Seamanship '(1859); 
 'From the Sea,' a volume of verse (4th ed. 
 1876); 'Karl Weyprecht, Austrian Polar Ex- 
 plorer' (1881); 'Pictures of Travel' (4th ed. 
 1883). 
 
 Littrow, Josef Johann von. An Austrian 
 astronomer; born at Bischofsteinitz in Bohemia, 
 March 13, 1781 ; died Nov. 30, 1840. By his 
 writings and public lectures he contributed 
 largely to the diffusion of astronomical knowl- 
 edge in Austria. His chief works are :' Theoretic 
 and Practical Astronomy' (2 vols., 1821); 'Won- 
 ders of the Heavens' (1834; 8th ed. 1894); 
 'Atlas of the Starry Heavens' (1838; 3d ed. 
 1870). 
 
 Livermore, Mary Ashton (Rice). An Amer- 
 ican reformer and lecturer; born in Boston, 
 Dec. 19, 1820. In 1862 she was appointed agent 
 of the Northwestern branch of the United States 
 Sanitary Commission. Since the War she has 
 been conspicuous in her efforts to promote the 
 woman-suffrage and temperance movements. 
 Among her popular lectures are : ' What Shall 
 We Do with Our Daughters?' 'Women of the 
 War'; 'The Moral Heroism of the Temper- 
 ance Reform.' She is the author of ' Pen Pict- 
 ures ' (1865), 'Thirty Years Too Late' (1878), 
 and a work setting forth her experiences dur- 
 ing the War. Died May 23, 1905. 
 
 Livingstone, David. A celebrated Scotch 
 traveler; born at Blantyre, March 19, 1813; died 
 in Central Africa, May I, 1873. He first went 
 out to Africa in the service of the London Mis- 
 sionary Society, 1840. He discovered the Vic- 
 toria Falls of the Zambezi in 1855, and soon 
 afterward returned to England. He went back 
 to Africa in 1858, and continued his labors as 
 missionary and explorer till 1864 ; but after a 
 few months he was in the field again, and 
 there remained, without any communication 
 with Europe, till he was found by Stanley. 
 He continued his work in Africa till his death. 
 His works are : ' Missionary Travels and Re*
 
 346 
 
 LIVIUS — LOCKHART 
 
 searches in South Africa' (2 vols.,_ 1857); < Nar- 
 rative of an Expedition to the Zambezi and its 
 Tributaries' (1865); < Last Journals of David 
 Livingstone in Central Africa, from 1865 to his 
 Death > (1874). 
 
 Livius Andronicus. See Andronlcus. 
 
 Livy — Titus Livius. A great Roman his- 
 torian; bom at Patavium (Padua), 59 B.C.; 
 died there, 17 A. D. He wrote the < History of 
 Rome from the Founding of the City> in 142 
 « books, '> of which only 35 have come down to 
 us,— books i-io, reaching to the year 293 B. C, 
 and books 21-45, covering the years 218-167 
 B. C; of the lost books some fragments remain. 
 
 IJunggren, Gustaf Hakon Jordan (lyong'- 
 gren). A Swedish writer on aesthetics ; born 
 at Lund, March 6, 1823. He wrote: <Winckel- 
 mann and Ehrensvard Compared as Philoso- 
 phers of Art> (1856); <The Leading Systems 
 of .•Esthetics' (2 vols.. 1856); <The Swedish 
 Drama* (1864); 'Swedish Literature since Gus- 
 tavus in.' (5 vols., 1873-95); 'History of the 
 Swedish Academy' (2 vols., 1886). 
 
 Llorente, Juan Antonio Don (lyo-ran'ta). 
 A Spanish writer of history ; born at Rincon 
 de Soto in Andalusia, March 30, 1756; died 
 at Madrid, Feb. 5, 1823. He was ordained 
 priest in 1770; was commissary of the Inquisi- 
 tion at Logroiio in 1785, and general secretary 
 of the Inquisition at Madrid in 1789. He was 
 commissioned in 1793 to draw up plans for a 
 general reform of the procedure of the court. 
 His greatest work is the celebrated < Critical 
 History of the Spanish Inquisition' (4 vols., 
 1815-17). He wrote also 'Political Portraits of 
 the Popes'; 'Memoirs Relating to the History 
 of the Spanish Revolution' (3 vols., 1815-19). 
 
 Lloyd, David Demarest. An American jour- 
 nalist and playwright; born in New York city, 
 1851; died at Weehawken, N. J., 1889. He 
 graduated at the College of New York, and 
 soon after was attached to the staff of the 
 New York Tribune. As a correspondent at 
 Albany in 1875 ^^ ^^s prominent in exposing 
 the canal ring. Besides contributions to maga- 
 zines, he wrote four plays : < For Congress ' 
 (1883); < The Woman Hater' (1885); < The Dom- 
 inie's Daughter' (1887); 'The Senator' (1889). 
 
 Lloyd, Henry Demarest. An American 
 writer on economics, brother of David ; bom 
 in New York State in 1847. He received his 
 education at Columbia College, and shortly 
 after graduating joined the editorial staff of 
 the Chicago Tribune. At present he resides 
 in Winnetka, 111. His chief work is the nota- 
 ble book 'Wealth Against Commonwealth.' 
 He has also written <A Strike of Millionaires 
 against Miners.' Died Sept. 28, 1903. 
 
 Lobo, Francisco Rodrigues (lo'bS). A Por- 
 tuguese poet ; died about 1623. Practically 
 nothing is known of his life. He is one of 
 the most admired of Portuguese poets, among 
 his popular works being: 'Romances' (1596); 
 •Eclogues' (1605); 'Court in the Country' 
 
 (1610), long deemed his masterpiece; and vs. 
 rious others. 
 
 Locke, David Ross. [" Petroleum V. Nasby."] 
 An American satirist; bom in Vestal, N. Y., 
 Sept. 20, 1833; died in Toledo, O., Feb. 15, 
 1888. He gained celebrity as the author of 
 the widely known ' Nasby Letters ' on politics, 
 and produced many pamphlets on literary, po- 
 litical, and social topics. Among his publica- 
 tions are: 'The Moral History of America's 
 Life Struggle ' ; ' The Morals of Abou ben Ad- 
 hem, or Eastern Fruit in Western Dishes.' 
 
 Locke, Jane Ermlna. An American writer 
 of prose and verse ; born in Worthington, Mass., 
 April 25, 1805 ; died in Ashbumham, Mass., 
 March 8, 1859. Her contributions appeared in 
 the Ladies' American Magazine. 'Poems' was 
 published in 1842 ; < The Recalled, or Voices 
 of the Past,' 1855; a 'Eulogy on the Death 
 of Webster,' in rhyme, 1855. 
 
 Locke, John. A celebrated English philos- 
 opher ; born at Wrington, near Bristol, Aug. 
 29, 1632; died at Gates (Essex), Oct. 28, 1704. 
 Among his philosophical writings the first place 
 is held by the ' Essay concerning Human Un- 
 derstanding' (1690). In the field of political 
 science he wrote: 'An Epistle on Tolerance' 
 (1689); a second letter (1690); a third (1692); 
 and 'Two Treatises on Government' (1690). 
 On the subject of religious beliefs he wrote : 
 ' The Reasonableness of Christianity as deliv- 
 ered in the Scriptures' (1695), and a first and 
 second 'Vindication' of the same (1695-97). 
 On education he wrote < Some Thoughts on 
 Education' (1693), ^°d 'Some Thoughts con- 
 cerning Reading and Study' (1706). Among 
 his miscellaneous writings are 'The Funda- 
 mental Constitutions of Carolina' (1706), and 
 'Elements of Natural Philosophy' (1706). 
 
 Locke, John Staples. An American writer ; 
 born in 1836. He is a resident of Saco, Me. 
 Among his works are : ' Picture Rhymes for 
 Happy Times' (1886); 'A Brave Struggle,' a 
 novel (1887); 'Shores of Saco Bay'; 'Histor- 
 ical Sketches of Old Orchard.' He died 1906. 
 
 Locker-Lampson, Frederick. An English poet; 
 bora at Greenwich, May 29, 1821; died at Row- 
 fant, May 30, 1895. He wrote "society verses", 
 among them: 'London Lyrics' (1857); 'Lyra 
 Elegantiarum > (1867); 'Patchwork' (1879). 
 
 Lockhart, John Gibson. A Scotch biogra- 
 pher and poet, son-in-law of Sir Walter Scott ; 
 born at Cambusnethan, Lanark, 1794; died at 
 Abbotsford, Nov. 25, 1854. His writings are : 
 'Peter's Letters to his Kinsfolk' (1819); the 
 novels 'Valerius' (1821), 'Adam Blair' (1822), 
 'Reginald Dalton' (1823), 'Matthew Wald' 
 (1824); a volume of translations of 'Ancient 
 Spanish Ballads' (1823); ' Life of Robert Bums' 
 (1828); < Life of Sir Walter Scott' (7 vols., 1839- 
 41), his most celebrated work. 
 
 Lockhart, Laurence William Maxwell. A 
 British novelist, nephew of J. G. ; bom in 
 Lanarkshire, 1831 ; died at Mentone, March 23,
 
 LOCKRO Y — LOHER 
 
 347 
 
 1882. Among his novels are: < Double and 
 Quits*; 'Fair to See>; and <Mine Is Thine.* 
 
 Lockroy, ^douard Etienne Antoine Simon 
 
 (lok-rwa'). A French journalist and states- 
 man; born in Paris, July 18, 1838. He was 
 prominent as a journalist before and after the 
 war with Germany, and suffered several months' 
 imprisonment for his radical articles published 
 in Figaro, The Recall, and The Sovereign Peo- 
 ple, — a popular political journal, of which he 
 was editor. In recent years he has figured con- 
 spicuously in political life, having been Minister 
 of Commerce in 1886, and of Public Instruction 
 in 1888. His published volumes are composed 
 mainly of articles contributed to various jour- 
 nals, and include : < The Eagles of the Capitol > 
 (i8e^); 'Down with Progress* (1870); 'The 
 Commune and the Assembly* (1871); 'The 
 Rebel Island > (1877) ; ' Von Moltke > (1891), me- 
 moires ;< A Mission in the Vendue, I7Q3' (1893); 
 < From the Wesertothe Vistula* (1901). 
 
 Lockyer. Joseph Norman. An English as- 
 tronomer and physicist; born at Rugby, May 
 17, 1836. He is editor of Nature, the leading 
 scientific weekly publication in England. 
 Among his works are • ' Elementary Lessons in 
 Astronomy* (1868; 44th thousand 1894); 'Con- 
 tributions to Solar Physics* (1873); 'The Spec- 
 troscope and its Applications* (1873); * Star- 
 gazing, Past and Present > (1877) ;' The Dawn of 
 Astronomy*; (1894); 'Inorganic Evolution* 
 (1900). 
 
 Lodge, Henry Cabot. An American writer 
 ot history and biography ; born at Boston, May 
 12, 1850. He was lecturer on history at Har- 
 vard 1876-79, and editor of the North American 
 Review 1873-76. He then entered political 
 life, and in 1893 was elected United States Sen- 
 ator from Massachusetts. He is the author 
 of a ' Life of Daniel Webster,* and of lives of 
 Alexander Hamilton and George Washington ; 
 also of ' Boston * in the series of ' Historic 
 Towns*; of a 'Short History of the English 
 Colonies in America * ; ' Studies in History > 
 (1884); 'Historical and Political Essays*; 
 'Hero Tales from American History*; 'Cer- 
 tain Accepted Heroes, and Other Essays * ; etc. 
 
 Lodge, Thomas. An English poet, drama- 
 tist, and story-writer; born at London, about 
 1558; died there, 1625. He wrote: 'A Defense 
 of Poetry, Music, and Stage-Plays* (1579); 
 'Alarum Against Usurers* (1584); the story of 
 'Rosalynde, Euphues' Golden Legacie* (1590), 
 the basis of Shakespeare's ' As You Like It * ; 
 the play ' Looking-Glasse for London and Eng- 
 land*; 'History of Robin the Divell* (1591); 
 ' Life and Death of William Longbeard* (1593); 
 < Phillis* (1593), a collection of lyrical pieces. 
 
 Loftie, William John. An Irish clergyman, 
 editor, and writer on antiquities ; born at Tan- 
 dragee, County Armagh, in 1839. After hold- 
 ing temporary Church appointments, he be- 
 came assistant minister of the Chapel Royal, 
 Savoy, in 187 1 ; and in 1874 joined the staff of the 
 Saturday Review, besides contributing to the 
 Portfolio and the Magazine of Art. As a writer 
 
 on antiquarian subjects he successfully combines 
 the qualities of learning and picturesqueness, 
 particularly in 'Round About London* (1877; 
 4th ed. 1880); 'Memorials of the Savoy* (1879); 
 'A History of London* (1883); 'Authorized 
 Guide to the Tower of London* (1886); 'The 
 Cathedral Churches of England* (1892); 'Inns 
 of Court and Chancery > (1894) 'London After- 
 noons.* 
 
 Logan, Cornelius Ambrosius. An Ameri- 
 can dramatist ; born in Baltimore, Md., 1806 ; 
 died near Wheeling, Va., 1853. He made a 
 vigorous reply to Lyman Beecher's attack upon 
 the stage from the pulpit. He wrote successful 
 plays: 'Yankee Land* (1834); 'A Hundred 
 Years Hence,* a burlesque. He also wrote tales 
 and poems. 
 
 Logan, John Alexander. An American gen- 
 eral and statesman ; born in Jackson County, 
 111., 1826 ; died in Washington, D. C, 1886. He 
 distinguished himself both in the field and the 
 forum. He published : ' The Great Conspiracy ' 
 (1866); 'The Volunteer Soldier of America* 
 (1887). 
 
 Logan, Olive. An American miscellaneous 
 writer ; born in Elmira, N. Y., 1839. She began 
 her career as an actress in Philadelphia 1854 ; 
 retired from the stage in 1868; since then has 
 been a lecturer on social topics, and a contrib- 
 utor to newspapers and magazines. She mar- 
 ried W. W. Sikes, a journalist. She is the au- 
 thor of lectures, plays, and books. Among the 
 latter are: 'Chateau Frissac* (i860); 'Photo- 
 graphs of Paris* (i860); 'Women and Thea- 
 tres* (1869); and 'Before the Footlights and 
 Behind the Scenes : a Book about the Show 
 Business* (1870). 
 
 Logau, Friedrich von (lo-gou'). A German 
 epigrammatist; born at Brockut, Silesia, June 
 1604 ; died at Liegnitz, July 24, 1655. He wrote 
 under the pseudonym " Salomon von Golau,** 
 anagram of his true name. His works are : 
 ' First Century of German Rhymed Adages ' 
 (1638); 'Three Thousand German Epigrams* 
 (1654). He was an original thinker and a force- 
 ful writer, but soured by adversity and by con- 
 templation of the evils of his time. 
 
 Lohenstein, Daniel Casper von (lo'en-stin). 
 A Silesian poet; born at Nimpsch in Silesia, 
 Jan. 25, 1635 ; died at Breslau, April 28, 1683. 
 He wrote a volume of lyric verse, 'Flowers*; 
 six tragedies ; and a long hero-romance, ' The 
 Magnanimous General Arminius or Hermann, 
 with his Most Illustrious Thusnelda,* etc. (new 
 ed. 1889-90). This mammoth work, of 3076 
 double-column pages, and unfinished at that, 
 was in its day regarded as the consummate 
 model of the heroic-gallant romance. His lyr- 
 ics are tasteless ; his tragedies insufferably bom- 
 bastic. 
 
 Loher, Franz von (le'er). A German mis- 
 cellaneous writer; born at Paderborn, Oct. 15, 
 1818 ; died at Munich, March i, 1892. He vis- 
 ited the United States and Canada in 1846, 
 to gather material for a history of the Germans 
 in America, and wrote < Significance of the Ger*
 
 34S 
 
 LOISEAU — LONGFELLOW 
 
 man Race in the World's History > (1847); 'His- 
 tory of the Germans in America' (1848). He 
 wrote also : < Land and People in the Old and 
 New Worlds' (1854); <The Magyars and Other 
 Hungarians > (1874); < Cyprus' (1878); and many 
 other sketches of history and notes of travel. 
 
 Loiseau, Jeanne (lwa-z6'). ["Daniel Les- 
 ueur.'>] A celebrated French poet and ro- 
 mantic writer. She ranks among the best of 
 French contemporary poets, being compared 
 to Meurne, Ackermann, and SuUy-Prudhomme. 
 Her < Flowers of April,' < Dreams and Visions,' 
 and a translation of the < Works of Lord Byron ' 
 (of which two volumes have appeared), were 
 crowned by the French Academy. Among her 
 successful romances are : < The Neurotic ' ; < Pas- 
 sion's Slave ' ; < Woman's Justice > ; < The Hatred 
 of Love.' 
 
 Lokman (lok-man'). An Arabian sage an- 
 terior to Mohammed. In legendary story he 
 figures now as King of Yemen, then as a prophet, 
 again as an Abyssinian slave. Under his name 
 we have, besides certain sayings contained in 
 the Koran or current in the common speech, a 
 small collection of < Fables,' which in no wise 
 merit the praises bestowed upon them. They 
 are an awkward adaptation of ^sop's fables, 
 and are not of earlier date than the sixteenth 
 or the fifteenth century. 
 
 Lolli, Giambattista (iSl'le). A celebrated 
 Italian chess-player. He was a native of Mo- 
 dena. His classical work < The Game of Chess' 
 appeared in 1763. 
 
 Loman, Abraham Dirk (16'man). A Dutch 
 theologian ; born at the Hague, Sept. 16, 1823. 
 He became professor of theology in the Uni- 
 versity of Amsterdam in 1877. He is one of 
 the foremost of the Dutch Radical critics of the 
 Scriptures. He wrote : < The Testimony of the 
 Muratorian Canon' (1865); < Protestantism and 
 the Authority of the Church' (1868); <The 
 Gospel of John' (1873); < Symbol and Fact in 
 the Gospel History' ; (1884). Died April 18, 1897. 
 
 Lombard!, Eliodoro (lom-bar'de). An Ital- 
 ian poet and man of letters; born at Marsala, 
 18 — . His < Songs' (1884), and 'Evolutionary 
 Process in Literature' (1888), are well known. 
 
 Lombroso, Cesare (}om-br6's5). An Italian 
 scientist ; born in Venice, November 1836. He 
 has attained world-wide celebrity as an investi- 
 gator of pathology, psychiatry, nervous diseases, 
 and allied departments of science. His principal 
 works are : < Researches on Cretinism in Lom- 
 bardy' (1859); 'Genius and Insanity' (1864); 
 'Clinical Studies on Mental Diseases' (1865); 
 'Microcephaly and Cretinism' (1873); 'Love 
 in Suicide and in Crime' (1881); 'The Crimi- 
 nal as related to Anthropology, Jurisprudence, 
 and Prison Discipline' (4th ed. 1889); 'The Man of 
 Genius as Related to Psychiatry' (1889); 'Female 
 Criminals' (1803); < Anti-Semitism and the Mod- 
 ern Sciences' (1894); < The Anarchists' (1894); 
 ' Crime ; its Causes and Remedies.' Died 1909. 
 
 Lom€nle, Louis Leonard de do-ma-ne'). A 
 French man of letters ; born at St. Yrieix, Haute 
 
 Vienne, 1815 ; died 1878. He had an intimate 
 acquaintance with contemporary European lit- 
 erature. His writings were ' Gallery of Con- 
 temporaries ' (1840-47); ' Beaumarchais and his 
 Time' (1855); and many more. 
 
 Lomonossov, Michail Vasily^vlcli (15-m6- 
 nos'ov). A Russian poet and man of science; 
 born at Dennisowka, Archangel, 171 1 or 1712; 
 died at St. Petersburg, April 15, 1765. He is 
 "father of Russian grammar and literature." 
 He was made instructor in chemistry and phys- 
 ics in the Academy in 1742, and professor of 
 chemistry in 1745. He was the first to write 
 polished lyric verse in Russian : his models 
 were the classic poets of France. Among his 
 odes is the celebrated one 'On the Taking of 
 Chotin.' He wrote also songs, didactic poems, 
 and poetical epistles. He failed in tragedy. 
 His principal scientific works are : 'Atmospheric 
 Phenomena Produced by Electricity'; 'Ele- 
 ments of Metallurgy ' ; ' Causes of Heat and 
 Cold ' ; etc. Of very great importance are his 
 philological writings ; among them are ' On the 
 Utility of Church Slavic for Study of the Rus- 
 sian Language ' ; ' Russian Grammar,' the pub- 
 lication of which marked an epoch. 
 
 Long, Charles ChalUe. An American sol- 
 dier and author ; born at Princess Anne, Som- 
 erset County, Md., 1842. He enlisted in the 
 Union army in the Civil War, and attained the 
 rank of captain. In 1869 he was appointed 
 lieutenant-colonel in the Egyptian army ; in 
 1874 he was made chief of staff to General Gor- 
 don, and employed on a diplomatic and geo- 
 graphical mission to the interior of Africa. In 
 1877 he returned to the United States, studied 
 at the Columbia Law School, and was admitted 
 to the bar. He was appointed consul-general in 
 Corea in 1887. His works are : ' Central Africa ' 
 (1876); ' The Three Prophets — Chinese Gordon, 
 tne Mahdi, and Arabi Pasha > ; < The Sources ci 
 the Nile.' 
 
 Long, George. An English classical scholar; 
 bom at Poulton, Lancashire, 1800 ; died 1879. 
 He was distinguished for his knowledge of Latin 
 and Greek literature. He published an admir- 
 able translation of ' Thoughts of the Emperor 
 M. Aurelius Antoninus' (1862-79) and 'Dis- 
 courses of Epictetus' (1877). 
 
 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. An emi- 
 nent American poet ; born at Portland, Me., 
 Feb. 27, 1807 ; died at Cambridge, Mass., March 
 24, 1882. He was a graduate of Bowdoin Col- 
 lege in 1825. His early years were occupied 
 in travel, and in studies in Spanish, French, 
 and Italian literatures, and translations from 
 each of them. 'Outre Mer, a Pilgrimage Be- 
 yond the Sea' was published in serial form 
 in 1833-34 anonymously, but under his own 
 name in 1835; 'Hyperion' followed (1839); 
 'Voices of the Night' (1839); 'Ballads and 
 Other Poems' (1842); 'Poems on Slavery' 
 (1842); 'The Spanish Student' (1843). His 
 important collection ' Poets and Poetry of Eu- 
 rope,' still a favorite anthology, was published 
 in 1845. Then came 'The Belfry of Bruges 
 and Other Poems' (1846); 'Evangeline, A
 
 LONGFELLOW — LOPES 
 
 349 
 
 Tale of Acadie> (1847); < Kavanagh, a Tale> 
 (1849); <The Seaside and the Fireside > (1850); 
 <A Volume of Poems > (1850); <The Golden 
 Legend> (1851) ; < Song of Hiawatha> (1855); 
 < Prose Works,' a series of essays, collected 
 ( 1857 ) ; < Poems,> complete edition ( 1857 ) ; < Court- 
 ship of Miles Standish> (1858); < Tales of a 
 Wayside Inn> (1863); < Household Poems > 
 (1865). He translated and published Dante's 
 •Divine Comedy' in 1867; <A New England 
 Tragedy' came next (1868); <The Building of 
 a Ship' (1870); < Excelsior' (1872); <Christus: 
 a Mystery,' in a volume comprising several of 
 the foregoing (1872); <Aftermath> (1873); <The 
 Hanging of the Crane ' (1875); < The Masque of 
 Pandora and Other Poems ' (1875). He edited 
 his < Poems of Places' in 31 vols. (1876-79); 
 < Poems of the Old South Church' (1877); 
 <The Skeleton in Armor' (1878); <K^ramos 
 and Other Poems' (1879). < From my Arm- 
 Chair' was printed in 1879; the volume < Ul- 
 tima Thule' in 1880; < Michael Angelo' in 
 1884 ; < Complete Poetical and Prose Works with 
 Later Poems,' with a biographical sketch by 
 Octavius B. Frothingham, in 1880-83. 
 
 Longfellow, Samuel. An American clergy- 
 man, poet, and author, brother of Henry W. ; 
 born in Portland, Me., June 18, 1819; died there, 
 Oct. 3, 1892. He graduated from Hars'ard in 
 1839, and from the Divinity School in 1846. He 
 held pastorates in Unitarian churches in Fall 
 River, Mass., Brooklyn, N. Y., and German- 
 town, Pa. Later he settled in Cambridge, Mass. 
 As a hymn-writer he had few equals. Among 
 his works are : < Hymns of the Spirit ' (with 
 the Rev. Samuel Johnson), published in 1848; 
 <Life of H. W. Longfellow' (1886); <A Few 
 Verses of Many Years' (1887). 
 
 Longinus, Casslus (lon-ji'nus). A c( lebrated 
 Greek philosopher and rhetorician ; lived about 
 21&-273 A. D. ; born at Athens. He taught at 
 Athens till called to Palmyra by Queen Zeno- 
 bia to be her counselor ; he confirmed the 
 Queen in her resolve to resist Roman domina- 
 tion, and on that account was beheaded by 
 order of the Emperor Aurelian. He was a 
 man of vast learning : his biographer calls him 
 a << living library," a <* walking museum." Of his 
 voluminous writings, all that have come down 
 to us are the prolegomena to Hephsestion's 
 < Metrics,' and a fragment of a treatise on rhet- 
 oric. The valuable little essay on < The Sub- 
 lime,' commonly attributed to him, is the work 
 of some unknown writer of the first century of 
 our era. 
 
 Longnon, Auguste Honor€ (lon-yoii'). A 
 French historian and philologist ; born at Paris, 
 Oct. 18, 1844. He was a shoemaker, but by 
 diligent cultivation of his rare natural gifts 
 rose to eminence among French scholars. He 
 became professor of history in the College de 
 France, 1892. His principal works are : < Ge- 
 ography of Gaul in the 6th Century' (1878); 
 'Historical Atlas of France' (1884-89). 
 
 LongBtreet, Augustus Baldwin. An Amer- 
 ican lawyer, clergyman, educator, and author ; 
 
 born in Augusta, Ga., Sept. 22, 1790 ; died at 
 Oxford, Miss., Sept. 9, 1870. He graduated at 
 Yale in 1813, studied law at Litchfield, Conn., 
 and was admitted to the bar in Richmond County, 
 Ga., in 1815. In 1822 he removed to Augusta, 
 Ga., and founded the Sentinel. In 1838 he 
 entered the Methodist Episcopal ministry, and 
 later was president of several Southern uni- 
 versities, chief among them being the Univer- 
 sity of Mississippi. His works include: < Georgia 
 Scenes ' ( 1840) ; < Letters from Georgia to Massa- 
 chusetts.' 
 
 Longus (long'gus). A Greek romancer; be- 
 longs probably to the fifth century of our era. 
 The pastoral romance <Daphnis and Chloe,' 
 the prototype of < Paul and Virginia ' and sim- 
 ilar sentimental tales, is ascribed to him. 
 
 Lbnnrot, Ellas (len'rot). A Finnish philolo- 
 gist ; born at Sammatti, in Nyland, April 9, 1802 ; 
 died there, March 19, 1884. Recognizing the 
 value of the people's songs and ballads for 
 Finnish language-study, he spent years in col- 
 lecting such material in Finland, Lapland, and 
 adjoining provinces, and published the fruits 
 of his researches in a series of volumes. Among 
 his "finds" is to be numbered the great pop- 
 ular epic < Kalevala,' of which only a few cantos 
 were previously known to the learned world. 
 He wrote a 'Finnish-Swedish Dictionary' (2 
 vols., 1866-80). (See < Kalevala.') 
 
 Loosjes, Adriaan (los'yes). A Dutc^ poet 
 and novelist ; born on the island of Texel in 
 1761 ; died at Haarlem in 1818. He was in- 
 tended for the Church, but abandoned theology 
 for the trade of bookseller, devoting his leisure 
 to the composition of poems and especially 
 historical romances which made him a favorite 
 in Holland. Among the most popular were : 
 'Charlotte of Bourbon' (1792); 'Louise de Co- 
 ligny ' (1803) ; < Johann de Witt ' ( 1805) ; ' Maurice 
 Lynslager' (1808). 'Love Songs' (1783); <De 
 Ruyter' (1784), an epic; and several dramas, 
 constitute his other important works. 
 
 Lope de Vega. See Vega 
 
 Lopes or Lopez, Fernao (16'path). The 
 oldest of the Portuguese chroniclers; born 
 about 1380 ; died after 1459. Appointed chief 
 archivist of the kingdom by Dom Joao I. in 
 1434, he devoted his life to historical research 
 and to the composition of chronicles, which 
 for literary and critical value were unsurpassed 
 in his century. His 'Chronicle of Senor Don 
 John I.,' describing the great struggle between 
 Portugal and Castile, has invited comparison 
 with Froissart's writings on account of its pict- 
 uresqueness and dramatic reality. Equally 
 vigorous are his chronicles of Dom Pedro I. 
 and Don Fernando. 
 
 Lopes, Caetano (lo-pes). A Brazilian histo- 
 rian; born in Bahia, October 1780; died in Paris, 
 Dec. 22, i860. He was a mulatto, educated in 
 Bahia and Paris; he settled in the latter in 
 1822 and became corresponding member of the 
 Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-lettres. 
 The emperor Pedro held him in high esteem.
 
 '35© 
 
 LOPEZ Y PLANES — LOTZE 
 
 The Historical Institute of Rio Janeiro be- 
 stowed a gold medal upon him. He was noted 
 for brightness of style and purity of language. 
 His works were numerous, treating of history, 
 biography, and surgery. 
 
 Lopez y Planes, Vicente (15'path e pla'nes). 
 An Argentine poet; born in Buenos Ayres in 
 1784; died there in 1856. He was lawyer, sol- 
 dier, politician, and author ; founded the classic 
 and topographical departments when the uni- 
 versity was established. He was Member of 
 Congress, 1819-25 ; provisional President of the 
 republic, July 5 to Aug. 13, 1827 ; President of 
 the supreme court of justice; and governor of 
 the province of Buenos A>Tes. He wrote the 
 ♦Argentine National Hym'n> and other poet- 
 ical works. 
 
 Lord, Jolin. An American historian and lec- 
 turer; born in Berwick, Me., Sept. 10, 1809; 
 died at Stamford, Conn., Dec. 15,1894. He spent 
 most of his life in historical study and lecturing; 
 three years (1843-46) were passed in England, 
 where he spoke on <The Middle Ages.> His 
 lectures have been delivered in the principal 
 towns and cities of the United States. The 
 degree of LL. D. was given him by the Univer- 
 sity of New York in 1864. He published < Mod- 
 ern History for Schools > (1850); <The Old 
 Roman World > (1867); < Ancient States and 
 Empires' (1869); and <Beacon Lights' (1883). 
 
 Lord, William Wilberforce. An American 
 verse-writer ; bom in Madison County, N. Y., 
 1819. He published a volume of < Poems ' ( 1845 ) , 
 that were ridiculed by Edgar A. Poe and praised 
 by Wordsworth; < Christ in Hades' (1851); and 
 
 < Andr^, a Tragedy ' (1856). He died 1907. 
 
 Lorente, Sebastian (lo-ren'ta). A Peruvian 
 historian ; born about 1820 ; died at Lima, No- 
 vember 1884. A professor of history at the 
 University of San Marcos, he made valuable 
 contributions to the historical literature of his 
 country in his < History of Peru ' (5 vols., i860); 
 <Historyof the Conquest of Peru' (1861); and 
 articles in the Peruvian Review. 
 
 Lorenz, Ottokar (16'rentz). A German his- 
 torian; born at Iglau, Sept. 17, 1832. His 
 first work was <The Consular Tribunal' (1855). 
 He was appointed professor of history in the 
 University of Vienna, 1862 ; in 1885 accepted 
 a call to the University of Jena. Among his 
 writings are : < German History in the 13th and 
 14th Centuries' (2 vols., 1863); < Sources of 
 Mediaeval German History' (1870); < History 
 of Alsace' (1871); < History and Politics ' (1876); 
 ♦Genealogical Manual of the History of Euro- 
 pean States' (1895). Died at Jena, May 13, 1904. 
 
 Lorenzo de' Medici. See Medici. 
 
 Lorimer, George Claud. A noted American 
 pulpit orator; born in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 
 1837 ; educated at Georgetown College, Ky. 
 He has preached very acceptably in several 
 cities. He was editor of the Watchman in 1876. 
 Among his published works are : < Under the 
 Evergreens ' ( 1872) ; < The Great Conflict ' ( 1876) ; 
 
 < Isms' (1882), etc. Died, Aix-les-Bains, 1904. 
 
 Lorm, HieronymuB, pseudonym of Heinricb 
 Landesmann. A German poet and prose- 
 writer; born Aug. 9, 1821, at Nikolsburg, Mo- 
 ravia. Though blind and deaf, he has performed 
 much literary work. His works include < Poems ' 
 (7th ed. 1894); and <A Child of the Sea> (1882), 
 a novel. He died Dec. 2, 1902. 
 
 Lome, "John Douglas Sutherland Camp- 
 bell, Marquis of, (son-in-law of Queen Vic- 
 toria). A Scotch miscellaneous writer; bom in 
 London, 1845. He has written : <A Trip to the 
 Tropics' (1867); <Guido and Lita' (1875), a 
 poem; < Life. of Lord Palmerston' (1890); and 
 
 ♦ Life and Times of Queen Victoria' (1901). 
 
 Lorris. See Guillaume de Lorris. 
 
 Lossing, Benson John. An American his- 
 torian; born in Beekman, Dutchess County, 
 N. Y., 1813 ; died near Dover Plains, N. Y., June 3, 
 1891. He was a voluminous writer, and equally 
 at home in historical, biographical, and critical 
 composition ; but his most useful and enduring 
 works were his great < Pictorial Field-Books' 
 of the Revolution, the War of 1812, and the 
 Civil War, — the first published in illustrated 
 numbers 1850-52 (2 vols.), the second in 1868, 
 the third 1866-69 (3 vols.). He was a wood 
 engraver, and himself made the engravings for 
 the works, the scenic ones largely from sketches 
 on the spots. He wrote also < Outline History 
 of the Line Arts' (1841); < Lives of the Presi- 
 dents of the United States' (1847); ♦Biog- 
 raphies of Eminent Americans' (1855); <A 
 History of England' for schools (1871); etc. 
 
 Lotheissen, Ferdinand (lo'tis-en). A Ger- 
 man historian of literature ; born at Darmstadt, 
 May 20, 1833; died at Vienna, Dec. 19, 1887. 
 His studies were mainly in the field of French 
 literature ; he wrote : < Literature and Society 
 in France, 1789-94' (1872); < History of French 
 Literature in the Seventeenth Century' (4 vols., 
 1878-84); < Molifere, his Life and Works' (1880); 
 ♦Margaret, Queen of Navarre' (1885). Among 
 his literary remains was a contribution to the 
 
 ♦ History of French Civilization in the Seven- 
 teenth and Eighteenth Centuries' (1889). 
 
 Lothrop, Harriet Mulford. [« Margaret Sid- 
 ney."] An American novelist, wife of the 
 publisher D. Lothrop; bom in New Haven, 
 Conn., 1844. Among her published works are : 
 ♦So as by Fire' (1881); ♦The Pettibone Name,' 
 a novel of New England life (1883); ♦The 
 Golden West' (1885); ♦The Minute-Man' 
 (1886); and ♦Dilly and the Captain' (1887). 
 
 Loti, Pierre (16-te'). A French poet and 
 novelist, whose real name is Louis Marie Julien 
 Viaud; born at Rochefort, Jan. 15, 1850. His 
 works include: ♦Aziyadd' (1876); ♦Rarahu' 
 (1880), afterwards called ♦The Marriage of 
 Loti,' a romance of Tahiti ; ♦ An Icelanu 
 Fisherman' (1886); ♦Madame Chrysanth&me ' 
 (1887); ♦ In Morocco '(1890); ♦The Romance of a 
 Child ' (1890); < The Last Days of Peking' 1902). 
 
 Lotze, Kudolf Hermann (16t's6). A Ger- 
 man pliilosopher ; born at Bautzen, Saxony, May 
 21. 1S17; died in Berlin, July I, 1881. Having
 
 LOUNSBURY — LO WELl. 
 
 351 
 
 graduated in medical science and philosophy 
 at Leipsic, he was appointed professor of men- 
 tal philosophy there (1843), and in 1844 ac- 
 cepted a call to Gottingen. He ranks among 
 the first of metaphysicians, and has given im- 
 pulse to the recent development of physiologi- 
 cal psychology. Among his numerous works 
 the most important are: < Metaphysics > (1841); 
 < Logic > (1843); <Microcosmos of Philosophic' 
 (3 vols., 1856-64); < History of /Esthetics in Ger- 
 many > (1868), several of which have been trans- 
 lated into English. 
 
 Lounsbury, Thomas Raynesford. An Amer- 
 ican scholar; born at Ovid, N. Y., Jan. i, 1838. 
 He graduated at Yale in 1859, and led the 
 life of a student in Anglo-Saxon and early 
 English, and a writer in critical and biograph- 
 ical works, till 1862, when he enlisted as a 
 volunteer in the Union Army, served as first 
 lieutenant of the 126th New York Volunteers, 
 and was mustered out at the close of the War ; 
 since 1871 has occupied the chair of professor 
 of English in the Sheffield Scientific School of 
 Yale University. Among his published works 
 are Chaucer's < House of Fame > and < Parle- 
 ment of Foules>; < History of the English 
 Language* (1879); biography of James Feni- 
 more Cooper in < American Men of Letters' 
 series (1883); and his crowning work, which 
 has brought him great celebrity, < Studies in 
 Chaucer, his Life and Writings' (3 vols., 1892). 
 
 Louvet de Couvray, Jean Baptlste (lo-va' 
 de ko-vra'j. A French writer of memoirs; 
 born at Paris, June II, 1760; died there, Aug. 
 25, 1797. He wrote a licentious novel, * Ad- 
 ventures of Chevalier Faublas' (2 vols., 1787- 
 90); 'Some Notes for Use in History* (1795); 
 < Memoirs upon the French Revolution' (1795). 
 
 Lovelace, Richard. An English dramatist 
 and poet; born in Kent, 1618; died in London, 
 1658. He shone at the court of Charles L, and 
 sacrificed liberty and fortune for that unhappy 
 prince. His < Lucasta ' is a collection of charm- 
 ing verse, <The Scholar' is a comedy of merit, 
 and < The Soldier ' is a tragedy. 
 
 Lover, Samuel. An Irish novelist and song- 
 writer; bom at Dublin, 1797; died July 6, 1868. 
 He wrote : < Legends and Stories of Ireland ' 
 (1832); song — < Rory O'More, a National Ro- 
 mance' (1837); <Songs and Ballads' (1839), 
 including <The Low-Backed Car,' < Widow 
 Machree,' ' The Angel's Whisper ' and < The 
 Four-Leaved Shamrock ' ; < Handy Andy, an 
 Irish Tale' (1842); 'Treasure Trove' (1844); 
 'Metrical Tales and Other Poems' (i860). He 
 edited a collection of 'The Lyrics of Ireland' 
 (1858). 
 
 Lowe, Martha Ann. An American verse- 
 writer; born at Keene, N. H., 1829. She 
 published 'The Olive and the Pine' (1859); 
 'Love in Spain, and Other Poems' (1867); 
 'The Story of Chief Joseph' (1881); and 'Me- 
 moir of Charles Lowe ' ( 1883). She died 1902. 
 
 Lowell, Anna Cabrt (Jackson). An Ameri- 
 can prose and verse-writer; bom in Boston 
 
 1819 ; died in Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 7, 1874. 
 Among her publications are ' Theory of Teach- 
 ing' (1841); 'Gleanings from the Poets, for 
 Home and School' (1843); 'Outlines of Astron- 
 omy, or the World as It Appears' (1850); 
 and < Posies for Children : a Book of Verses > 
 (1870). 
 
 Lowell, Edward Jackson. An American 
 historical writer ; bom in Boston, 1845 ; died 
 there May II, 1894. He was educated as a 
 lawyer, but later gave himself entirely to literary 
 pursuits. He is the author of 'The Hessians 
 and Other German Auxiliaries of Great Britain 
 in the Revolutionary War' (1884): this work is 
 deemed exhaustive in its scope. He was a fre- 
 quent contributor to the magazines. 
 
 Lowell, James Russell. An eminent Ameri- 
 can poet and critic ; born at Cambridge, Mass., 
 Feb. 22, 1819; died there, Aug. 12, 1891. His 
 principal poetical works are : ' A Year's Life,' 
 a volume of poems (1841); 'Poems' (1848); 
 'The Biglow Papers' (2 vols., 1849 and 1864); 
 'Under the Willows and Other Poems' (1868). 
 Among his essays in literary criticism are : 
 'Among my Books' (two series, 1870 and 1875); 
 'My Study Windows' (1871); 'Latest Literary 
 Essays and Addresses' (1892). He published 
 also 'Democracy, and Other Addresses' (1887); 
 < Political Essays ' ( 1888) ; < Heartsease and Rue ' 
 (1888). 
 
 Lowell, Maria (White). An American writer 
 of prose and verse, wife of James Russell 
 Lowell ; bom in Watertown, Mass., July 8, 
 1821 ; died in Cambridge, Mass., Oct. 27, 1853. 
 The best-known of her poems are ' The Alpine 
 Shepherd' and 'The Morning Glory.' The 
 death of Mrs. Lowell, occurring the same night 
 that a child was born to Mr. Longfellow, called 
 forth his poem beginning 
 
 " Two angels, one of life and one of death. 
 Passed o'er our village as the morning broke.* 
 
 Lowell, Perclval. An American traveler, 
 astronomical investigator, and author; bom in 
 Massachusetts in 1855. He graduated from Har- 
 vard in 1876, and spent some time in Japan and 
 Corea. Among his works are: ' Choson, a Sketch 
 of Corea' (1886); 'The Soul of the Far East > 
 (1888) ; ' Noto, an Unexplored Comer of Japan '; 
 'Occult Japan' ;' Mars and Its Canals' (1906). 
 
 Lowell, Robert Traill Spence. An Ameri- 
 can clergyman, educator, and author, brother 
 of James Russell ; born in Boston, Oct. 8, 
 1816; died Sept. 18, 1891. He graduated from 
 Harvard in 1833; was ordained a Protestant 
 Episcopal minister in Bermuda in 1842 ; and 
 held pastorates in Newfoundland, New Jersey, 
 and New York. He became principal of St. 
 Mark's School, Southborough, Mass., in 1869 ; 
 and in 1873 professor of Latin in Union College, 
 Schenectady, N. Y. His best-known work is 
 the novel ' The New Priest in Concepcion Bay ' 
 (1864). He also wrote ' Fresh Hearts, and Other 
 Poems' (i860); 'Antony Brade' (1874), a story 
 of school life ; 'A Story or Two from an Old 
 Dutch Town' (1878).
 
 35« 
 
 LOWRY — LUCY 
 
 Lowry, Robert. An American composer and 
 hymn-writer; born in Piiiladelphia, March 12, 
 1826; died at Plainfield, N. J., Nov. 23, 1899. 
 His music and hymns met popular approval. He 
 edited: <Chapel Melodies' ( 1868); <Bright Jew- 
 els* (1869); 'Pure Gold> and <H)inn Sei-vice> 
 (1871); 'Brightest and Best> (1875); 'Glad 
 Refrains> (1886); and other sacred collections. 
 
 Loyson, Charles (Iwa-zoh'), widely known as 
 « PSre Hyacinthe.» A French pulpit orator and 
 writer; born at Orleans, March 10, 1827. His 
 writings include : < Liturgy of the Gallic-Catholic 
 Church > (4th ed. 1883); 'Neither Clericals nor 
 Atheists> (1890); and 'My Testament > (1893). 
 
 Lubbock, Sir John. An English naturalist 
 and palaeontologist ; born in London, April 30, 
 1834. His chief writings are : < Prehistoric Times 
 as Illustrated by Ancient Remains,' etc. (1865); 
 'The Origin of Civilization and the Primitive 
 Condition of Man> (1870); 'Origin and Meta- 
 morphoses of Insects > (1874); 'Ants, Bees, and 
 Wasps' (1882); 'On the Senses, Instincts, and 
 Intelligence of Animals' (1888); 'The Beauties 
 of Nature and the Wonders of the World > ( 1892) ; 
 ' The Use of Life' (1894); * Scenery of Switzer- 
 land' (1896); 'Buds and Stipules' (1898); 
 'Fifty Years of Science' (1882). Died 1901. 
 
 Liibke, Wllhelm (liib'ke). A German his- 
 torian of art ; born at Dortmund, Jan. 17, 1826 ; 
 died at Karlsruhe, April 5, 1893. Chief among 
 his works are : 'Mediaeval Art in Westphalia' 
 (1853); 'Outline of the History of Art' (i860; 
 nth ed. 1891); 'History of Architecture' (2 
 vols., 1855); 'History of the Renaissance in 
 France' (186S); 'History of the Renaissance 
 in Germany' (1873); < History of German Art' 
 (1888); 'Recollections' (1891). 
 
 Lubllner, Hugo (lob'lin-er). A German 
 dramatist ; born at Breslau, April 22, 1846. His 
 three-act comedy ' The Women's Advocate ' 
 (1873) was produced on every stage in Ger- 
 many. Of inferior merit are his < The Floren- 
 tines,' a tragedy ; the comedies ' The Woman 
 Without a Mind,' ' On the Wedding Journey,' 
 < 1 he Poor Rich.' He wrote two novels,' Credit- 
 ors of Luck ' and ' The Matron of Nineteen 
 Years,' (1887); and the dramas, 'The Fifth 
 Wheel ' and ' Dear Enemies.' 
 
 Lubovltcb, Nikolas lob'6-vich). A Russian 
 writer of history ; born in Podolia, March 16, 
 1855. He wrote : ' Marnix de Saint Aldegonde 
 as a Political Writer' (1877); 'History of the Re- 
 formation in Poland' (1883); 'Duke Albert of 
 Prussia and the Reformation in Poland ' (1885); 
 'Origin of the Catholic Reaction and of the 
 Lapse of the Reformation in Poland' (1890). 
 
 Lubovski, Edward (lob-ov'ske). A Polish 
 dramatist ; born at Cracow, 1838. His first suc- 
 cessful dramatic venture was made with ' Bats.' 
 His dramas, 'The Court of Honor' (1880), 
 and 'Jacus' (1883), are favorite pieces in the 
 theatrical repertoire of Poland. He is the au- 
 thor of two books of fiction: 'A Step Farther' 
 (1885); 'Stories Without a Moral' (1886). 
 
 Lucan — Marcus Annaeus Lucanus (lo'kan). 
 A Latin poet, nephew of Seneca; born at 
 
 Cordova, Spain, 39 A. D. ; died at Rome, 65 
 
 A. D. His uncle introduced him to the court 
 of Nero, and for a time he was a favorite ; but 
 Nero envied his poetic talents and banished 
 him from court. His epic poem 'Pharsalia' 
 has for its subject the great battle between 
 Caesar and Pompey at Pharsalus : in style it is 
 stilted, labored, and rhetorical, yet it shows un- 
 doubted poetic talent and nobility of thought. 
 
 Luce, Simeon (liis). A French writer of his- 
 tory ; born at Bretteville-sur-Ay, Dec. 29, 1833 ; 
 died Dec. 14, 1892. He is author of ' History 
 of the Jacquerie' (1859; 2d ed. 1894); * Chron- 
 icle of the First Four Valois' (1862); 'History 
 of Bertrand Duguesclin and his Time' (1876)- 
 'Joan of Arc at Domrdmy' (1886); 'France 
 during the 100 Years' War' (1890). He edited 
 Froissart's 'Chronicle' (7 vols., 1869-77). 
 
 Lucbaire, Achille (16-char'). A French his- 
 torian ; born at Paris, Oct. 24, 1846. He has 
 held professorships at Pau, Bordeaux, and Paris, 
 where he now occupies the chair of mediaeval 
 history in the Faculty of Letters. An authority 
 on the institutions of France in the Feudal 
 Period, he has published : ' Monarchical Insti- 
 tutions of France under the First Capetians' 
 (1884), < Studies of the Acts of Louis VII.' (1885}, 
 both of which received the Gobert Prize offered 
 by the Academy of Inscriptions. Among his re- 
 cent works are : ' The French Communes ' ( 1890) ; 
 'Louis VI.' (1890); and several monographs 
 written in collaboration with M. B. Zeller. In 
 1891 he was decorated with the Legion of Honor. 
 
 Luclan — Lucianus (lo'shun). A celebrated 
 Greek satirist ; born at Samosata, in northern 
 Syria, about 120 A. D. ; died about 200 A. D. 
 Very many of his Vtritings are extant, among 
 them: 'Praise of Demosthenes'; 'Dialogues 
 of the Gods'; 'Dialogues of the Sea Gods'; 
 < Dialogues of the Dead ' ; ' The True History ' ; 
 ' Lucius ; or The Ass ' ; < On the Syrian God- 
 dess ' ; < Death of Peregrinus > ; ' The Lover of 
 Lying'; 'The Sea Voyage; or Votive Offer- 
 ings ' ; ' The Banquet ; or The Lapithas ' ; < The 
 Fisherman ' ; ' The Sale of Lives ' ; < Hermoti- 
 mus'; 'Alexander, or The False Prophet'; 
 'Anacharsis.' The genuine writings of Lucian 
 that are extant number 124, not including some 
 fifty epigrams. 
 
 Lucilius, Gains (lo-sil'yus). A Latin poet; 
 born about 180 B. C, at Suessa Aurunca, in 
 Campania ; died at Naples, 103 B. C. He first 
 gave form to Roman satiric poetry. Only frag- 
 ments remain of his thirty books of satires. 
 These show that he wrote in various metres, 
 though mainly in hexameters. In his verses he 
 lashed the vices and follies of his time with 
 perfect freedom and impartiality. ^ 
 
 Lucretius Cams, Titus (lo-kre'shus ka'rus). 
 A Roman poet ; born about 98 B. C. ; died 55 
 
 B. C. His one work, ' On Nature,' in six books, 
 was left incomplete ; but it is one of the great- 
 est of Latin didactic poems. 
 
 Lucy, Henry W, An English journalist 
 and author; born at Crosby, near Liverpool,
 
 LUDEN — LUKENS 
 
 353 
 
 Uec. 5, 1845. After some provincial expe- 
 rience as a journalist, he came to London in 
 1868 and joined the Daily News as special 
 correspondent, chief of the Gallery staff, and 
 writer of the Parliamentary summary. On the 
 death of Tom Taylor, who had written the 
 < Essence of Parliament * for London Punch, he 
 continued the work as < The Diary of Toby, 
 M. P.> He is the author of < Men and Man- 
 ners in Parliament' (1874); <A Handbook of 
 Parliamentary Procedure' (1880); < Gideon 
 Fleyce> (1882), a novel ; < East by West> (1885), 
 an account of a journey round the world ; < A 
 Diary of Two Parliaments' (1885-86). 
 
 Luden, Helnrich (lo'den). A German his- 
 torian; bom at Loxstedt, April 10, 1778; died 
 at Jena, May 23, 1847. He was appomted pro- 
 fessor of history in the University of Jena, 1810. 
 He rendered a notable service to German his- 
 torical literature by the example he set of his- 
 tories written in elegant, spirited style. Among 
 his writings are : < Manual of Universal History 
 of the Mediaeval Nations' (2 vols., 1821); < His- 
 tory of the German People' (12 vols., 1825-37), 
 his greatest work, but reaching only to the 
 year 1237. 
 
 Liiders, Charles Henry. An American poet ; 
 born in Philadelphia, 1858 ; died there, July 12, 
 1891. Upon the completion of his university 
 studies he visited Europe, subsequently settling 
 in his native city, where he was a prominent 
 member of "The Pegasus," a club of poets. 
 He attained distinction by his contributions of 
 verse to leading magazines, one of his best 
 poems being <The Dead Nymph.' With S. 
 Decatur Smith, Jr., he published a volume en- 
 titled < Hallo I My Fancy' (188-); and a post- 
 humous volume of his, <The Dead Nymph' 
 appeared in 189-. 
 
 Ludlow, Fitzhugh. An American journalist 
 and author ; born in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., Sept. 
 II, 1836; died in Geneva, Switzerland, Sept. 12, 
 1870. He received his education at Union 
 College. He was editor of Vanity Fair from 
 1858 to i860, and also wrote for the World and 
 Evening Post, besides contributing frequently 
 to Harper's Monthly. His most famous work 
 is <The Hasheesh Eater' (1857), a glowing 
 portrayal of the early delights and later horrors 
 of addiction to the drug. In 1S68 he published 
 <The Opium Habit,' a warning against that 
 habit, to which he himself later became a vic- 
 tim. He wrote also < The Heart of the Conti- 
 nent' (1870). His poem < Too Late' is familiar 
 in anthologies. 
 
 Ludlow, James Meeker. An American cler- 
 gyman and author ; born in Elizabeth, N. J., 
 1841. He is a minister in the Presbyterian 
 Church, and at present is a resident of East 
 Orange, N. J. His best-known works are : < The 
 Captain of the Janizaries, a Story of the Times 
 of Scanderbeg ' (1886) ; < A Kingof Tyre > (1891) ; 
 <The Angelic Woman'; <Jesse Ben David' (1906). 
 
 Ludolf, Hlob (lod'olf). An eminent Ger- 
 man Orientalist ; born at Erfurt, Jan. 15, 1624 ; 
 23 
 
 died at Frankfort on the Main, April 8, 1704. 
 He traveled extensively through Europe ; and 
 while visiting Rome made the acquaintance of 
 the Abyssinian patriarch Gregorius, and from 
 him acquired a knowledge of the Ethiopian lan- 
 guage. He is said to have understood 25 lan- 
 guages. He wrote: 'Sketch of the History of 
 Ethiopia' (1681); < Grammar of the Amharic 
 Language' (1698); 'Ethiopic-Latin Diction- 
 ary > ; < Ethiopic Grammar.' 
 
 Ludwig, Karl F. W. (I6d''-vig). A great 
 German physiologist; bom at Witzenhausen, 
 Dec. 29, 1816; died at Leipsic, April 23, 1895. 
 He became professor of physiology at Leipsic 
 University, 1865. There is hardly any depart- 
 ment of physiology with which his name is 
 not honorably associated ; some of his works 
 were of fundamental importance for medical 
 science and natural history. His principal 
 work is < Text-Book of Human Physiology* 
 
 (2 vols., 1852-56). 
 
 Ludwig, Otto. An eminent German dram- 
 atist and story-writer; born at Eisfeld, Feb. 
 II, 1813; died at Dresden, Feb. 25, 1865. His 
 first ambition was for music ; and, at first self- 
 taught, a melodrama he wrote gained him the 
 means of becoming a pupil of Mendelssohn at 
 Leipsic. But he soon abandoned this, and 
 went into retirement to write novels and dra- 
 mas ; many of the latter he never published, 
 but in 1850 he brought out his tragedy <The 
 Hereditary Forester,' very faulty in construction 
 though with manifold great excellences. He 
 essayed a higher flight in the tragedy <The 
 Maccabees' (1855), but again failed in con- 
 struction. He turned now to story-telling, and 
 began a series of tales of Thuringian life. 
 To this series belongs < Between Heaven and 
 Earth' (1857), his masterpiece. 
 
 Ludwig Salvator, Archduke of Austria. A 
 
 noted explorer and traveler; bom at Florence, 
 Aug. 4, 1847. His principal writings, all illus- 
 trated by himself and most of them published 
 anonymously, are: <Levkosia, Capital of Cy- 
 pms> (1873); * Yacht Voyage to the Syrtes* 
 (1874); <Los Angeles in Southern California* 
 (2d ed. 1885); <The Caravan Route from Egypt 
 to S>Tia'(i878); <The Balearic Islands,' superbly 
 illustrated (7 vols., 1869-91); < Around the World 
 without Intending It ' (4th ed. 1886) ; < The Lipari 
 Islands' (1893). 
 
 Luis de Granada, Fray (lo'es de gra-na'da). 
 A Spanish mystic and preacher ; born at Gra- 
 nada, 1504; died at Lisbon, 1588. He entered 
 the order of Preaching Friars or Dominicans in 
 1523. Though high church dignities were re- 
 peatedly offered to him, he remained a simple 
 friar all his life. Of his discourses or sermons, 
 thirteen were committed to writing and have 
 been preserved. He wrote many works of de- 
 votion ; among them: < Sinners' Guide* (1556); 
 'Meditations' (1556). 
 
 Luis de Leon. See Ponce de Leon. 
 
 Lukens, Henry Clay. An American jour- 
 nalist ; bora in Philadelphia, Aug. 18, 1838. In
 
 354 
 
 LUMBY — LYCOPHRON 
 
 1884 he was associate editor of the New York 
 Daily News, and subsequent!)' editor of the Jour- 
 nalist, New York. His pen-name is " Erratic 
 Enrique. » He has published: <The Marine 
 Circus at Cherbourg' (1865); < Lean Nora,> a 
 travesty of Burger's <Lenore> (1870); < Story of 
 che Types > (1S81); and < Jets and Flashes' (1883). 
 
 Lumby, Joseph Rawson. An English clergy- 
 man, editor, and author; born at Stanningley, 
 Leeds, July 18, 1831; died at Grant, Chester, 
 Nov. 21, 1895. Norris professor of divinity at 
 Cambridge, 1879-92. For the Early English 
 Text Society edited* King Horn,' <Ratio Raving, 
 etc.'; for the Pitt Press, Sir Thomas More's <Life 
 of Richard IH.' and <Utopia.> He wrote: <A 
 History of the Creed' (1873); <A Popular Intro- 
 duction to the New Testament' (1883); and a 
 work on <Greek Learning in the Western Church 
 during the Seventh and Eighth Centuries. > 
 
 Lummis, Cbarles Fletcher. An American 
 author ; born in Massachusetts in 1859. He is 
 a resident of Los Angeles, Cal. He is de- 
 Voted to the archaeology and history of the 
 ""^original tribes of the Southwest. Among his 
 works are : < The Land of Poco Tiempo ' ; 
 
 • The Spanish Pioneers '; < The Man who Married 
 the Moon ' ; < The Gold Fish of the Grand Chimu'; 
 
 * A New Mexico David and Other Stories' ; < The 
 Awakening of a Nation '; < Mexico To-day.' ■ 
 
 Lundy, Benjamin. An American anti-slavery 
 agitator; born at Hardwich, N. J., Jan. 4, 1789; 
 died at Lowell, 111., Aug. 22, 1839. He advo- 
 cated emancipation in frequent contributions 
 to periodicals, till 1821, when he founded the 
 monthly Genius of Universal Emancipation, 
 which was published under difficulties for some 
 years. He started in Philadelphia a weekly anti- 
 slavery journal. The National Enquirer ( 1836) ; 
 and in 1839 was about to revive the Genius of 
 Universal Emancipation at Lowell, when he 
 died. 'The Life, Travels, and Opinions of 
 Benjamin Lundy > was published in 1847. 
 
 Lunt, George. An American poet and prose- 
 writer; born in Newburyport, Mass., Dec 31, 
 1803; died in Boston, May 17, 1885. During the 
 Civil War he was associate editor, with George 
 6. Hillard, of the Boston Courier. He was a 
 forceful, graceful writer. He published < Poems > 
 (1839); <The Age of Gold' (1843); <The Dove 
 and the Eagle' (1851); < Lyric Poems' (1854); 
 'The Union,' a poem (i860); 'Origin of the 
 Late War' (1866); 'Old New England Traits' 
 (1873). 
 
 Lunt, William Parsons. An American cler- 
 gyman ; born in Newburyport, Mass., April 21, 
 1805; died in Akabah, Arabia Petrsea, March 
 20, 1857. His writings are singularly felicitous 
 in purity of taste, and have been much admired. 
 Among his published works are : ' Gleanings ' ; 
 ' Discourse at the Interment of John Quincy 
 Adams'; 'Union of the Human Race'; 'Ser- 
 mon on Daniel Webster.' He also compiled 
 'The Christian Psalter.' 
 
 Luschka, Hubert von (losh'ka). A German 
 anatomist and physiologist ; born at Constance, 
 
 July 27, 1820; died at Tiibingen, March I, 1875. 
 He became professor of anatomy in the Univer- 
 sity of Tiibingen in 1855. His principal work 
 is ' Human Anatomy as related to Practical 
 Medicine' (3 vols., 1862-69). 
 
 Luska, Sidney. See Harland, Henry. 
 
 Luther, Martin. The renowned church re- 
 former; born at Eisleben, in Saxony, Nov. 10. 
 1483; died there, Feb. 18, 1546. Noteworthy 
 among his numerous writings are : ' The Baby- 
 lonian Captivity of the Church' (1520); the 
 treatise 'Against Henry, King of England' 
 (1522); 'The Slave Will,' Luther's reply to 
 Erasmus's tractate ' On Free Will ' ; ' Letters ' 
 (6 vols., 1825-56); 'Table Talk' (1566). His 
 greatest service to the literature of Germany 
 was his translation of the Bible, the New Tes- 
 tament version being completed in 1522 and 
 the Old Testament in 1534. 
 
 Liitzow, Karl von (liits'ou). A German his- 
 torian of art ; born at Gottingen, Dec. 25, 1832. 
 He wrote: 'Munich Antiques' (7 vols., 1861- 
 69); 'Masterpieces of Ecclesiastical Architect- 
 ure' (1862), fruit of his studies in France and 
 England ; ' Monuments of Art,' in association 
 with Liibke (6th ed. 1892) ; < History of German 
 Copperplate and Wood Engraving. Died 1897. 
 
 Luzan, Ignacio de (lo'th'an). A Spanish poet 
 and scholar; born at Saragossa, 1702; died at 
 Madrid, 1754. His work on 'The Poetic Art* 
 (1737) is greatly admired. 
 
 Luzzatti, Luigi (lots-a'te). An Italian states- 
 man ; born at Venice, 1841. He is author of a 
 series of works on political law, among them 
 'State and Church in Belgium' and 'Embry- 
 ology and Development of Political Constitu- 
 tions'; ' The Social Peace at the Paris Exposition.* 
 
 Lyall, Alfred Comyns, Sir. An English 
 administrator and author; born at Coulston, 
 Suirey, in 1835. In the course of a long and 
 useful career in India he was Home Secretary, 
 Foreign Secretary, and in 1882 Lieutenant- 
 Governor of the North-West Provinces, having 
 in the previous year been created K. C. B. As 
 an author his reputation is due chiefly to hi. 
 'Asiatic Studies, Religious and Social' (1882); 
 a biography of Warren Hastings (1889) in 
 the < English Men of Action > series; and ' The 
 Rise of the British Dominion in India' (3d ed. 
 1893) ; ' Asiatic Studies ' (1902). 
 
 Lyall, Edna, pseudonym of Ada Ellen 
 Bayly. An English novelist ; bom at Brighton 
 about i860 ; died at Eastbourne, Feb. 9, I903. 
 Among her works are: ' Won by Waiting*; 
 ' Donovain > ; 'Autobiography of a Slander'; 
 'Knight Errant'; <A Hardy Norseman'; 'In 
 the Golden Days'; 'We Two'; 'Derrick 
 Vaughan, Novelist'; 'Doreen'; etc. 
 
 Lycophron (ll'kof-ron). A Greek poet and 
 grammarian, native of Chalcis in Euboea ; lived 
 in the third century B. C. lie had a part in 
 organizing the Alexandrine Library. He was 
 classed as a tragic poet with the " Pleiad," so 
 called. One poem alone of his numerous
 
 LYCURGUS — LYTLE 
 
 355 
 
 compositions remains : < Alexandra,' which con- 
 tains, in 1474 iambic verses, a prophecy of 
 Cassandra relating to the fall of Troy and the 
 fortunes of the heroes therein concerned. 
 
 Lycurgus (li-ker'gus). An Attic orator of 
 the fourth century B.C. He was a disciple of 
 Plato and Isocrates, and a zealous adherent 
 of the patriotic party. His < Orations' against 
 Leocrates are extant ; they are notable less for 
 their form than for their noble and dignified 
 exposition. 
 
 Lydekker, Richard. An English naturalist ; 
 born in 1849, in England ; graduated at Trinity 
 College, Cambridge, in 187 1 ; served from 1874- 
 82 in the Geological Survey of India, covering 
 nearly the whole tenitory of Kashmir. He cat- 
 alogued the British Museum collections of fossils, 
 mammalia, birds, reptiles and amphibia in 10 
 volumes. He became chief editor and part 
 owner of Frederick Warne and Company's 
 
 < Royal Natural History,' the publication of 
 which began in 1895. His other works include : 
 
 < The Deer of All Lands > ; < Fossil Animals of 
 La Plata > ; < Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats, of 
 All Lands > ; < Horns and Hoofs.' 
 
 Lyell, Sir Charles. A distinguished English 
 geologist ; bom at Kinnordy, Scotland, Nov. 14, 
 1797; died at London, Feb. 22, 1875. In his 
 
 < Principles of Geology > (3 vols., 1830) he as- 
 sailed the doctrine of << catastrophism >' in geol- 
 ogy. He published : < Elements of Geology > 
 (1837); 'Travels ia North America, with Geo- 
 logical Observations* (2 vols., 1845); ' A Second 
 Visit to the United States ' (2 vols., 1846) : these 
 voyages were made for the purpose of testing 
 his principle of continuous geologic evolution. 
 His last work was 'Geological Evidences of 
 the Antiquity of Man> (1863). 
 
 Lyle, William. A Scottish poet; bom in 
 Edinburgh, Nov. 17, 1822. S'nce coming to 
 the United States he has resided in Roches- 
 ter, N. Y. His poems are widely read in this 
 country and Canada. Among his most popular 
 Scottish dialect poems is < The Grave of Three 
 Hundred.* He has also written several Eng- 
 lish poems, including < Diotima.* < The Martyr 
 Queen' was published in 1888. 
 
 Lyly, Jolin. An English dramatist; bom 
 1554 ; died in London, 1606. Between 1578 and 
 1600 he composed several plays, chiefly myth- 
 ological, which were acted by the boys of 
 St. Paul's School in presence of Queen Eliza- 
 beth. But he is noteworthy principally on ac- 
 count of his two books <Euphues, or the An- 
 atomy of Wit> (1579), and < Euphues and his 
 England' (1580), which were the first serious 
 attempts in English to use words as mere musi- 
 cal notes, quite subordinating the matter to the 
 sound. Fantastic as the form was, the recog- 
 nition of new possibilities in the language in- 
 toxicated the cultured classes, and set the liter- 
 ary fashion for many years : story-writers who 
 wished to assure themselves an audience en- 
 titled their books 'Euphues his ■,' and the 
 
 influence is clear and strong os Sidney and 
 Spenser. 
 
 Lyman, Joseph Bardwell. An American 
 agriculturist; bora in Chester, Mass., Oct. 6, 
 
 1829; died in Richmond Hill, L. I., Jan. 28, 
 1872. In 1867 he became agricultural editoi 
 of the New York World. The following year 
 he was editor of Hearth and Home, and shortly 
 after joined the staff of the Tribune. He wrote, 
 with his wife, ' The Philosophy of Housekeep- 
 ing* (1867). He published: 'Resources of the 
 Pacific States* (1865); 'Women of the War* 
 (1866); and 'Cotton Culture* (1867). 
 
 Lyman, Laura Elizabeth Baker. An Amer- 
 ican journalist ; born in Kent's Hill, Me., April 
 2, 1831. Under her pen-name of " Kate Hun- 
 nibee,** she became widely known from a series 
 of articles which appeared in Hearth and 
 Home. She edited tlie Home Interest depart- 
 ment in the New York Tribune (1869-70), and 
 the Dining-Room Magazine (1876-77). 
 
 Lyman, Theodore. An American philan- 
 thropist ; bom in Boston, Feb. 20, 1792 ; died 
 in Brookline, Mass., July 18, 1849. Graduated 
 at Harvard in 1810. He founded the State 
 Reform School, to which he gave 372,500. 
 Among his works are : 'Three Weeks in Paris* 
 (1814); 'The Political State of Italy* (1820); 
 'Account of the Hartford Convention* (1823); 
 and < The Diplomacy of the United States with 
 Foreign Nations* (2 vols., 1828). 
 
 Lynch, James Daniel. An American poet 
 and miscellaneous writer ; born in Mecklenburg 
 County, Va., Jan. 6, 1836. His best-known 
 poems are : ' The Clock of Destiny,* < The 
 Star of Texas,* and < The Siege of the Alamo.* 
 He also published : < Kemper County Vindi- 
 cated* (1878); 'Bench and Bar of Mississippi' 
 (1881); and 'Bench and Bar of Texas* (1885). 
 
 Lyne, Joseph Leycester. An English di- 
 vine and religious writer, called "Father Ig- 
 natius ** and " Ignatius of Jesus ** ; bom in 
 London, Nov. 23, 1837. He was a mission 
 curate in London, but withdrew to begin the 
 attempt of restoring monasticism in the Church 
 of England. He built Llanthony Abbey in 
 Wales, and established there a community of 
 monks on the pattern of the Benedictine or- 
 der. He is the author of many published 
 sermons, poems, tales, etc., among which are : 
 'The Catholic Church of England* (1864); 
 'Brother Placidus* (1870); 'Leonard Morris, or 
 the Benedictine Monk* (1871); 'Mission Ser- 
 mons and Orations* (1886); 'Tales of the Mon- 
 astery* ;' Life of Father Ignatius* (1904). 
 
 lyslas (liz'i-as). An Attic orator; about 
 450-380 B. C. Of his anciently accredited 425 
 orations only 233 were authentic ; 31 are still 
 extant, but some even of these, and considera- 
 ble fractions of others, are suspected to be spuri- 
 ous. All but one of these were written for other 
 persons to deliver in courts or public assem- 
 blies ; the exception is a speech made by him 
 in court for the conviction of his brother's 
 murderer. They are all written in the purest 
 Attic, and the narration and arguments are 
 managed with extraordinary skill. 
 
 Lytle, William Haines (ll-tl). An Ameri- 
 can general and poet; bom in Cincinnati, 0«
 
 356 
 
 LYTTON — MACARTHUR 
 
 Nov. 2, 1826; killed at the battle of Chicka- 
 mauga, Tenn., Sept. 20, 1863. He graduated 
 at Cincinnati College, and studied law. He 
 was a captain in the Mexican War; and in 
 the Civil War served as colonel in 1861, and 
 latet as brigadier-general of volunteers, having 
 been promoted to thai rank for gallant conduct. 
 His best-known poems are 'Antony to Cleo- 
 patra* and < Jacqueline.* No complete collec- 
 tion of his works was published. 
 
 Lytton, Edward Bulwer, Lord. See Bul- 
 wer. 
 
 Lytton, Edward Robert Bulwer, Earl of 
 
 [«Owen Meredith**], the only son of Edward 
 Bulwer- Lytton ; bom in London, Nov. 8, 1831 ; 
 
 died in Paris, Nov. 24, 1891. He was educated 
 at Harrow and Bonn; went to Washington in 
 1849 as private secretary to his uncle, Lord 
 Balling (William Henry Lytton Earle); and 
 subsequently had an important diplomatic ca- 
 reer in Vienna, Athens, Copenhagen, and Lis- 
 bon. He was made viceroy of India in 1876; 
 created Earl of Lytton in 1880 ; and ambassa- 
 dor to France in 1887. His works include: 
 < Clytemnestra, The Earl's Return, and Other 
 Poems* (1855); <The Wanderer* (1859); <Lu- 
 cile,* a novel in verse (i860); < Fables in Song* 
 (1874); <Glenaveril* (1885); < King Poppy* 
 (1892); <The Ring of Amasis,* a novel (1863; 
 new ed. 1890); and < Marah,* poems, published 
 posthumously (1892). 
 
 M 
 
 Haartens, Maarten (mar'tenz), pseudonym 
 of J. M. W. Van der Poorten-Schwartz. The 
 most noted Dutch novelist of the day ; born in 
 Amsterdam, 1858. He writes his books in Eng- 
 lish. Among them are : < The Sin of Joost Ave- 
 lingh* (1890); <A Question of Taste* (1891); 
 
 < God's Fool* (1892); <The Greater Glory* 
 (1894); etc. 
 
 Mable, Hamilton Wright. A distinguished 
 American essayist, critic, and editor; born at 
 Cold Spring, N. Y., Dec. 13, 1846. He grad- 
 uated from Williams College, practiced law 
 for a time in New York city, and then entered 
 journalism, becoming in 1879 associate editor 
 of the Christian Union, now the Outlook. His 
 thoughtful, happily turned, and sound essays, 
 many of which have appeared originally in his 
 paper, have won him the position of a critic 
 of recognized authority and influence. He has 
 insisted on the value of the past and the neces- 
 sity of a broad culture for the true appreciation 
 of literature, while sympathetic towards the 
 new. The wide sale of his books has done much 
 to stimulate and direct the American taste for 
 letters. He has supplemented the written word 
 by much work on the lecture platform. He is 
 one of the most acceptable lecturers on liter- 
 ary subjects in the country. His books are : 
 
 < Norse Stories Retold from the Eddas * ; < My 
 Study Fire * ; < Under the Trees and Elsewhere * ; 
 
 < Short Studies in Literature * ; < Essays in Lit- 
 erary Interpretation > ; < Essays on Nature and 
 Culture * ; < Essays on Books and Culture.* 
 
 Mabillon, Jean (ma-be-yon'). A noted French 
 scholar and historian; born at St. Pierremont, 
 Ardennes, Nov. 23, 1632; died at Paris, Dec. 
 27, 1707. He belonged to the Benedictine order, 
 and lived in the famous Abbey of St. Germain- 
 des-Pr€s, Paris, after 1664. His critical <Ancient 
 Analects* (4 vols., 1675-85), and < Italian Mu- 
 seum* (2 vols., 1687-89), collected in Germany 
 and Italy, possess great ralue. In < On Diplo- 
 macy* (l68l),his chief work, in which are stated 
 tLe principles of historic inquiry, and which 
 
 became a class 'C, he defended his method, whick 
 had been attacked by the Jesuits. He wrote 
 also works relating to the Benedictine saints 
 and history. 
 
 Mably, Gabriel Bonnot de (ma-ble'). A 
 French publicist, brother of Condillac ; bom at 
 Grenoble, March 14, 1709 ; died in Paris, April 
 23, 1785. The admiration of t^nciquity prevalent 
 during the French Revolution was largely due 
 to his < Parallel between the Romans and the 
 French* (1740), < Observations on the Romans > 
 (1751), and < Observations on the History of 
 Greece* (1766). His < Conversations of Pho- 
 cion* (1763) has been said to contain the germ 
 of modern communism. (Collected Works, 1879.) 
 
 MacAfee, Mrs. Nelly Nichol (Marshall). An 
 
 American novelist, daughter of Gen. Humphrey 
 Marshall of the Confederate army; born at 
 Louisville, Ky., 1845. Among her works are: 
 < Sodom Apples' (1866); < Wearing the Cross > 
 (1868); <A Criminal through Love* (1882); etc. 
 
 McAfee, Robert Breckinridge. An Ameri- 
 can lawyer and historian; born in Mercer 
 County, Ky., February 1784; died there, March 
 12, 1849. He was United States charge d'affaires 
 at Bogota, Colombia, from 1833 till 1837; and 
 was a member of the Royal Antiquarian So- 
 ciety of Denmark. He wrote a < History of 
 the War of 1812* (1816). Much valuable in- 
 formation has been obtained from his private 
 journal, relating to the early history of Kentucky. 
 
 McAnaily, David Rice. An American edu- 
 cator and prose-writer ; born in Tennessee, Feb. 
 17, 1810. He was long associated with Horace 
 Mann in efforts to improve methods in edisi: 
 tion. He is the author of <Life of Martba 
 Laurens Ramsay* (1852); <Life and Labors of 
 Bishop Marvine* (1878); and 'History of Meth- 
 odism in Missouri* (1881). 
 
 MacArthur, Robert Stuart. An American 
 Baptist divine ; born at Dalesville, P. Q., 1841. 
 He has been pastor of Calvary Baptist Church, 
 New York, since 1870, and is editor of the
 
 MACAULAY — MCCLINTOCK 
 
 357 
 
 Christian Inquirer and the Baptist Quarterly 
 Review. He has published < Quick Truths in 
 Quaint Texts > ; < Calvary Pulpit, or Christ and 
 Him Crucified > ; < The Preeminence of Christ, 
 and Other Sermons* (1905). 
 
 Macaulay, Catharine, Mrs. (Sawbridge). 
 An English historian; born in Kent, 1731; died 
 June 22, 1791. She is best known by her < His- 
 tory of England* (8 vols., 1763-83). Her < His- 
 tory of England from the Revolution* (1778) 
 was called « the republican history of Eng- 
 land,'* and was severely criticized. Only one 
 volume appeared. 
 
 Macaulay, James. A Scottish novelist and 
 writer for the young; bom at Edinburgh, 1817. 
 He has been editor of several periodicals, for 
 thirty-five years editor-in-chief of the Religious 
 Tract Society ; founded the Boy's Own Paper, 
 and the Girl's Own Paper. He has published 
 < Across the Ferry* (1871); <A11 True* (new ed. 
 1880); <From Middy to Admiral of the Fleet*; 
 <Sea Pictures* (new ed. 1884); < Victoria, her 
 Life and Reign* (1887); etc. 
 
 Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Lord. A 
 famous English historian, essayist, poet, and 
 statesman ; bom at Rothley Temple, Leicester- 
 shire, Oct. 25, 1800 ; died at Kensington, Dec. 
 28, 1859. Called to the bar in 1826, he was 
 Member of Parliament 1830-34, 1839-47, 1852- 
 57; member of the Supreme Council in India 
 (residing at Calcutta) 1834-38; Secretary of 
 War 1839-41 ; Paymaster-General 1846-47. The 
 
 < History of England * is his one large work. 
 Vols. i. and ii. appeared in 1849; iii. and iv. 
 in 1855; v., edited by his sister Lady Trevel- 
 yan, in 1866. His < Lays of Ancient Rome* 
 appeared in 1842. His works have been pub- 
 lished in innumerable forms in many coun- 
 tries ; a complete edition, edited by Lady 
 Trevelyan, appeared in 1866. He was a keen 
 critic, an eloquent and convincing orator, and 
 one of the most delightful of English letter- 
 writers. He has contributed to English liter- 
 ature a vast number of brilliant essays, the 
 enumeration of which will be found in the 
 biographical notice in the < Library.* 
 
 MacCarthy, Denis Florence. An Irish poet ; 
 born at Dublin, 1817 (?); died 1882. He was 
 a lawyer by profession, but never practiced. 
 He won the love of his countrymen by his 
 lyrics on Irish history and legend. Among 
 his works are : < Ballads, Poems, and Lyrics * 
 (1850); <The Bell-Founder,* etc. (new ed. 1857); 
 
 < Underglimpses,* etc. (1857). He wrote also 
 'Early Life of Shelley* (1872). 
 
 McCarthy, Justin. A noted Irish joumalist, 
 politician, historian, novelist, and miscellaneous 
 writer; born at Cork, Nov. 22, 1830. He has 
 been a Home Rule Member of Parliament 
 since 1879, and since the fall of Parnell, chair- 
 man of the Irish Parliamentary party. He 
 spent three years (1868-70) in the United States, 
 traveling, lecturing, and engaged in literary 
 work, being (amongst other things) connected 
 editorially with the New York Independent. 
 He revisited this country in 1886. Among his 
 
 chief works are : < A History of Our Own 
 Times* (4 vols., 1879-80); < History of the Four 
 Georges* (4 vols., 1889); the novels <Lady 
 Judith* (1871); <A Fair Saxon* (1873); <Dear 
 Lady Disdain* (1875); <The Right Honorable* 
 (1886, with Mrs. Campbell-Praed); etc. < Modern 
 Leaders,* a collection of biographical sketches, 
 appeared in 1872. His latest works are <The Story 
 of Gladstone's Life * ; < Ireland and her Story.* 
 
 McCarthy, J«stia Huntley. An Irish jour- 
 nalist, politician, historian, poet, and novelist, 
 son of Justin ; born i860. He has been a 
 Member of Parliament since 1884. He has 
 written: < Outline of Irish History* (1883); 
 < Serapion, and Other Poems* (1883); < Eng- 
 land under Gladstone* (2d ed. 1885); <Camiola, 
 a Girl with a Fortune* (1885). He completed 
 a < History of the French Revolution * in 1897. 
 
 McCaul, John. A Canadian educator and 
 writer ; born in Dublin, Ireland, 1807. In 1849 
 and 1853 he was elected president of Toronto 
 University. He published several volumes of 
 articles and treatises on classical subjects, be- 
 sides editing portions of Horace, Longinus, 
 Lucian, and Thucydides, as college text-books. 
 He also wrote : < Britanno-Roman Inscriptions* 
 (1863); and < Christian Epitaphs of the First 
 Six Centuries.* 
 
 Macchetta Blanche (Tucker), Marquise d' Alli- 
 gre, « Blanche Roosevelt » (mS.-ket-'a). An 
 American novelist and biographer, daughter of 
 John Randolph Tucker, U. S. Senator from Vir- 
 ginia; bom at Sandusky, O., 1856; died in Lon- 
 don, Sept. 10, 1898. She wrote: 'Home Life of 
 Henry W. Longfellow) (1882); <Stage-Struck> 
 (1884); <Life of Gustave Dore> (1885); etc. 
 
 McClellan, George Brinton. A distinguished 
 American general; bom in Philadelphia, Dec. 
 3, 1826; died in Orange, N. J., Oct. 29, 1885. 
 He was commander of the Army of the Poto- 
 mac, 1861-62. The most important of his 
 works are : 'Report on the Organization and 
 Campaigns of the Army of the Potomac* (1864); 
 •The Armies of Europe*; 'European Cavalry'; 
 and < McClellan' s Own Story' (1887). 
 
 McClelland, Margaret Greenway. An Amer- 
 ican novelist; bom in Norwood, Va., 18 — ; died 
 Aug. 2, 1895. Besides many stories and poems 
 contributed to magazines, she wrote : ' Obliv- 
 ion* (1885); < Princess > (1886); <Jean Monteith * 
 (1887); < Madame Silva * (1888); < Burkett's Lock > 
 (1889); < Mammy Mystic * ; and other novels an^l 
 tales. 
 
 McClintock, John. An American educator 
 and author; bom in Philadelphia, Oct. 27, 1814; 
 died in Madison, N. J., March 4, 1870. He was 
 made president of Drew Theological Seminary 
 in 1867. He was the author with James Strong 
 of a large and valuable 'Cyclopaedia of Bib- 
 lical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature ' 
 (12 vols.); a work of many years' labor, and 
 intended to cover the whole field embraced in 
 the title. The last volume was published in 
 1895. He wrote also <An Analysis of Wat- 
 son's Theological Institutes* (1850); 'Temporal
 
 358 
 
 MACCOLL — MACE 
 
 Power of the Pope> (1853); and <Livingf 
 Words,' a volume of sermons published since 
 his death. 
 
 MacColl, Evan. A Canadian poet ; bom in 
 Kenmore, Argyleshire, Scotland, Sept. 21, 1808. 
 Since emigrating to Canada (1850), he has 
 written many poems, and is called the bard of 
 St. Andrew's Society of Kingston. Among his 
 publications are: <My Rowan Tree,> best 
 known of his lyrical verses; <Clarsach Nan 
 Beann, or Poems and Songs in Gaelic > (1837); 
 and <The Mountain Minstrel, or Poems and 
 Songs in English' (1887). 
 
 MacColl, Malcolm. A distinguished English 
 clergyman and religious and political writer; 
 born in Inverness-shire, March 27, 1838. He 
 became canon of Ripon 1884, and Savoy 
 chaplain 1894. He has published : < Mr. Glad- 
 stone and Oxford, by Scrutator' -(2d ed. 1865); 
 < Science and Prayer' (4th ed. 1866); <The 
 Reformation in England' (2d ed. 1869); < Tha 
 Ober-Ammergau Passion Play' (7th ed. 1870); 
 
 < Lawlessness, Sacerdotalism, and Ritualism ' 
 (3d ed. 1875); < Christianity in Relation to Sci- 
 ence and Morals' (4th ed. 1889); etc. 
 
 McConnell, John Ludlum. An American 
 prose-writer; born in Jacksonville, 111., Nov. Ii, 
 1826; died there, Jan. 17, 1862. His books, de- 
 scriptive of Western individuality and growth, 
 include : < Talbot and Vernon ' (1850); < Graham, 
 or Youth and Manhood' (1850); <The Glens' 
 (1851); and < Western Characters, or Types of 
 Border Life' (1853). 
 
 McCook, Henry Christoplier. An American 
 clergyman, naturalist, and miscellaneous writer ; 
 born in New Lisbon, O., July 3, 1837. He is 
 vice-president of the American Entomological 
 Society, and of the Academy of Natural Sci- 
 ences of Philadelphia; and author of <The 
 Mound-Making Ants of the Alleghanies' (1877); 
 
 < The Natural History of the Agricultural Ant 
 of Texas' (1880); < Tenants of an Old Farm' 
 (1884); <The Gospel in Nature' (1887); and 
 < American Spiders and their Spinning- Work ' 
 (1888) ; < Nature's Craftsmen ' (1907). 
 
 McCosh, James. A prominent Scottish- Amer- 
 ican theologian ; born in Carskeoch, Ayrshire, 
 Scotland, April i, 181 1; died in Princeton, N. J., 
 Nov. 6, 1894. He came to America in 1868; 
 was president of Princeton College (1868-88), 
 and was one of the foremost men of his day in 
 university life. His principal works include : 
 ♦Christianity and Positivism' (1871); <A Re- 
 ply to Prof. Tyndall's Belfast Address' (1875); 
 <The Development Hypothesis' (1876); <The 
 Emotions' (1880); < Herbert Spencer's Philoso- 
 phy as Culminating in his Ethics' (1885). 
 
 McCrackan, William Denlson. An Ameri- 
 can political and miscellaneous writer and 
 lecturer; born in Munich, Bavaria, 1864. His 
 home is in New York. He has written : < Rise 
 of the Swiss Republic ' ; < Swiss Solutions of 
 American Problems > ; < Little Idyls of the Big 
 World ' ; <The Fair Land Tyrol > ; < Italian Lakes.' 
 
 McCrae, George Gordon. An Australian 
 poet; born in Scotland. He has a position in 
 the civil service in Victoria. A number of his 
 poems are based on native Australian legends, 
 the best known being < Mamba, the Bright- 
 Eyed ' (1867), and < Story of Balladeadro ' (1867), 
 both published in Australian periodicals. No 
 collection of his verse has appeared. 
 
 MacCrie, Thomas. A Scottish Presbyterian 
 divine and historical writer ; born at Duns, No- 
 vember 1772; died at Edinburgh, Aug. 5, 1835. 
 He was professor of divinity at Whitburn, 1817- 
 27. He wrote: <Life of John Knox' (1812, 
 several editions); < Life of Andrew Melville ' (2 
 vols., 1819); < History of the Reformation in Italy ' 
 (1827); < History of the Reformation in Spain' 
 (1829); the two last becoming standard works. 
 
 McCullocIi, John Ramsay. A famous Scot- 
 tish statistician and political economist ; bom 
 at Whithorn, Wigtownshire, March 1, 1789; died 
 in London, Nov. 11, 1864. He was professor of 
 political economy at London University (now 
 University College) 1828-32 ; editor of the Scots- 
 man 1818-20 ; comptroller of the stationery of- 
 fice 1838-64; and a regular contributor to the 
 Edinburgh Review. Among the very large 
 number of works he wrote or compiled may be 
 mentioned: < Principles of Political Economy' 
 (1825), his chief work ; < Dictionary of Commerce' 
 (1832); < Statistical Account of the British Em- 
 pire' (1837); etc. He was a disciple of Adam 
 Smith and Ricardo, and edited the works of 
 both, adding a life of the former to his edition 
 of the < Wealth of Nations.' 
 
 McCurdy, James Frederick. A Canadian 
 Oriental scholar ; born in Chatham, N. B., Feb. 
 18, 1847. He has published : < Aryo-Semitic 
 Speech' (1881); <The Semitic Perfect in As- 
 syrian ' in the < Transactions of the Congress of 
 Orientalists' (1883); and various essays on sub- 
 jects connected with Oriental learning. 
 
 Macdonald, George. A noted Scottish nov- 
 elist and poet; born at Huntley, 1824. He was 
 originally an Independent minister, but became 
 a lay member of the Church of England. He 
 has lectured in this country (1872-73). Among 
 his best-known novels are : < David Elginbrod ' 
 (1862); <Annals of a Quiet Neighborhood' 
 (1S66); < Robert Falconer' (1868). He published 
 poems in 1855, 1857, 1864, 1868, and 1882. 
 
 McDowell, Katharine Sherwood. An 
 
 American poet ; born in Holly Springs, Miss., 
 Feb. 26, 1849 ; died there, July 22, 1884. In 1872 
 she became private secretary to Longfellow. 
 She wrote : < The Radical Club,' a poem ; 
 < Suwanee River Tales ' ; < Like Unto Like > 
 (1881); and < Dialect Tales' (1884). 
 
 Mace, Frances Parker Laughton. An Amer- 
 ican poet; born in Orono, Me., Jan. 15, 1836. 
 She published < Legends, Lyrics, and Sonnets' 
 (1883); (Under Pine and Palm'; her contribu- 
 tions to magazines include: <Israfil,> < Easter 
 Morning,' and <The Kingdom of a Child.' 
 <Only Waiting,' a poem, attained great popular- 
 ity. Died in California, 1899,
 
 MACE — MACKAY 
 
 359 
 
 Mac^, Jean (ma-sS'). A French educator and 
 popular v/riter for the young ; born in Paris, 
 1815. He served in the French army 1842-45. 
 m 1866 he founded a league of instruction in 
 the Belgian manner. His best-known work is 
 <Contes du Petit-Chateau' (1862), called in the 
 English translation < Home Fairy Tales.' He 
 has also written : < History of a Mouthful of 
 Bread >(i86i); < Servantsof the Stomach > (1866); 
 
 < France before the Franks > (1881); etc. 
 
 Macedo, Joaqiuiiu Manoel de (ma-sha'do). 
 A Brazilian poet ; born in San Joao d'ltaborahi, 
 June 24, 1820 ; professor of national history in 
 the college of Rio Janeiro. He has written 
 very successful novels, dramas, and comedies. 
 As a lyric poet he is greatly esteemed. His 
 works include: < Moreninha,> a novel (1844; 
 5th ed., revised, 1877); < O M050 Loura,' a novel 
 of the early stages of the Portuguese conquest 
 (1845); <A Nebulosa,> a poem (1857); <Cotie,> 
 a drama; < Fantasma Branco,> a comedy (1856); 
 and < Corographiado Brasil > (1873). Died 1882. 
 
 Macedo, Jose Agostinbo de. A noted Por- 
 tuguese miscellaneous writer ; born at Beja, 
 Sept. II, 1761 ; died at Pedrou90S, 1831. Among 
 his works are: <Gama> (1811), an epic; <A 
 Meditafao > (Meditation : 1813), a poem, his chief 
 work; < Man, or the Limits of Reason* (1815), 
 a philosophical treatise ; a number of sarcastic 
 critiques; etc. 
 
 Macfarlane, Charles. A Scottish historian ; 
 born 18 — ; died 1858. He traveled extensively 
 in the East, and for many years resided in Italy. 
 He wrote: <Our Indian Empire* (1844); < Pic- 
 torial History of Scotland* (8 vols., 1849, with 
 G. L. Craik); < Turkey and Its Destiny* (1850); 
 
 < History of British India* (1852); etc. 
 
 McGafFey, Ernest. An American writer of 
 verse ; born in Ohio, 1861. He is a lawyer in 
 Chicago. He has published < Poems of Gun 
 and Rod * and < Poems * ; < Cosmos * ; *■ Outdoors.* 
 
 MacGahan, Barbara. A Russo-American 
 novelist, wife of J. A.; born (Elagina) on her 
 father's estate near Tula, Russia, April, 1850. 
 She graduated from the Tula Female Seminary 
 in 1866. Her first novel was written in Russian 
 under the pseudonym "Pavel Kashirin**; she 
 has written in English one called < Xenia Rep- 
 nina.* Her articles in American and European 
 periodicals made her widely known. Died 1904. 
 
 MacGaban, Januarius Aloyslus. A noted 
 American journalist and war correspondent ; 
 born near New Lexington, O., June 12, 1844 ; 
 died at Constantinople, June 9, 1878. He was 
 war correspondent of the New York Herald 
 during the Franco-Prussian war (1870-71); ac- 
 companied the Russian expedition against 
 Khiva in 1873, and the Arctic expedition on 
 the Pandora in 1875. He wrote : < Campaign- 
 ing on the Oxus, and the Fall of Khiva* 
 (1874); 'Under the Northern Lights* (1876); 
 
 < Turkish Atrocities in Bulgaria* (1876), which 
 appeared originally during the same year as a 
 famous series of war letters in the London 
 
 Daily News. He is regarded by the Bulgarians 
 as the author of their independence. 
 
 MacGillivray, William. A Scottish natural- 
 ist ; born at Old Aberdeen, 1796 ; died at Aber- 
 been, 1852. He was professor of natural his- 
 tory in Marischal College, Aberdeen, 1841-52. 
 His principal work was a < History of British 
 Birds* (5 vols., 1837-52). He wrote also < Lives 
 of Eminent Zoologists* (1834), etc. 
 
 MacGregor, John. An English traveler; 
 born at Gravesend, Jan. 24, 1825 ; died at Bos- 
 combe, near Bournemouth, July 16, 1892. He 
 was called to the bar in 1851 ; was captain of 
 the Royal Canoe Club 1866. He wrote : < The 
 Rob Roy on the Baltic* (new ed. 1872-79); 
 < The Voyage Alone in the Rob Roy * (4th ed. 
 1880); < The Rob Roy on the Jordan* (new ed. 
 1880); <A Thousand Miles in the Rob Roy> 
 (13th ed. 1884); etc. 
 
 M&cba, Karel Hynek (ma'ka). A Bohemian 
 poet ; born at Prague, Nov. 15, 1810 ; died at 
 Litomerice, Nov. 7, 1836. His chief work was 
 a lyrico-epic poem, < Mdj * (May : 1836), contain- 
 ing a strain of Byronic pessimism. He wrote 
 also short lyrics and stories, including < Cikdni * 
 (The Gipsies : 1857). His merit was recognized 
 only after his death. His complete works were 
 published in 1862, a German translation appear- 
 ing in the same year. 
 
 McHenry, James. An American physician, 
 novelist, and poet ; bom in Larne, County An- 
 trim, Ireland, Dec. 20, 1785 ; died there, July 21, 
 1845. He emigrated to the United States in 
 1817, and settled in Philadelphia in 1824. In- 
 cluded in his many publications are: <The 
 Pleasures of Friendship,* a poem (1822); <The 
 Usurper: An Historical Tragedy* (a poetical 
 work); also < O'Halloran, or the Insurgent: 
 A Romance of the Irish Rebellion,* reprinted 
 at Glasgow ; < The Wilderness of Braddock's 
 Times: A Tale of the West* (2 vols., 1823); 
 and <The Betrothed of Wyoming* (2d ed. 1830). 
 
 Macbiavelli, Niccolo (mak-i-a-vel'li). A fa- 
 mous Italian statesman, and political and his- 
 torical writer; born at Florence, May 3, 1469; 
 died there, June 22, 1527. Among his works 
 were: <The Prince* (1513), the famous book 
 on the art of government which has made 
 " Machiavelism ** a synonym for perfidy and 
 mercilessness in politics and diplomacy ; < Man- 
 dragola* (1513?), a comedy; < Art of War* 
 (1520); < Discourses,* etc. (1531), a treatise on 
 republican government ; < Florentine History * 
 (1532). An edition of his works in eight vol- 
 umes appeared in 1813. 
 
 Mackarness, Mrs. Matilda Anne (Plancbe). 
 An English novelist; born 1826; died 1881. 
 Her numerous works include : < Trap to Catch 
 a Sunbeam * (1849 ; 35th ed. i860); < Old Joliffe * 
 (7th ed. 1851); < Cloud with the Silver Lining* 
 (1852); < False Appearances* (1858); <Sibert's 
 Wold* (3d ed. 1864); 'Clifford Castle* (new ed. 
 1885). 
 
 Mackay, Charles. A Scottish poet, journal- 
 ist, and miscellaneous writer; born at Perth,
 
 36o 
 
 March 27, 1814 ; died in London, Dec. 24, 1889, 
 He was editor of the Illustrated London News, 
 1852-59. He lectured in the United States in 
 1857-58. While special correspondent of the 
 London Times in New York during the Civil 
 War (strongly favoring the Southern cause), 
 he unearthed the Fenian conspiracy (1862). He 
 wrote : < The Salamandrine, or Love and Im- 
 mortality) (1842); < Voices from the Crowd > 
 (1846); < Voices from the Mountains> (1847); 
 < History of the Mormons > (1851); etc. 
 
 Mackay, George Eric. A Scotch poet, son of 
 Charles; born in London, Jan, 25, 1851; died 
 there, June 2, 1898. «George Eric Lancaster*. 
 Among his works are : < Songs of Love and 
 Death* (1865); <Ad Reginam> (To the Queen; 
 1 88 1, 3 eds. ); the popular < Love Letters of a 
 Violinist) (1886); <A Lover's Litanies) (1888); 
 <Nero and Actrea,) a tragedy; etc. 
 
 Mackay, Minnie. ["Marie Corelli.))] A pop- 
 ular English novelist, daughter of Charles; 
 born 1864. Among her works are : <A Ro- 
 mance of Two Worlds) (1886); < History of a 
 Vendetta) (1886); <Thelma) (1887), a society 
 novel ; < Ardath,) the story of a dead self ; etc. 
 
 McKenney, Thomas Lorraine. An Ameri- 
 can prose-writer ; born in Hopewell, Md., March 
 21, 1785; died in New York city, Feb. 19, 1859. 
 He published < Sketches of a Tour to the 
 Lakes,) etc. (1827). With James Hall he wrote 
 <A History of Indian Tribes,) illustrated with 
 120 colored Indian portraits (3 vols., 1838-44); 
 and < Memoirs, Official and Personal, with 
 Sketches of Travels among the Northern and 
 Southern Indians,) etc. (2d ed. 1846). 
 
 Mackenzie, Alexander Slidell. An Amer- 
 ican naval officer and author, brother of John 
 Slidell the famous Confederate commissioner, 
 — "Mackenzie)) being assumed later; born in 
 New York, April 6, 1803 ; died in Tarrytown, 
 N. Y., Sept. 13, 1848. He published <A Year in 
 Spain, by a Young American ) (2 vols., 1829-31 ; 
 enlarged ed., 3 vols., 1836), which attained great 
 popularity in England and the United States. 
 Washington Irving commended it highly. He 
 also wrote : < Popular Essays on Naval Sub- 
 jects) (2 vols., 1833); <The American in Eng- 
 land) (2 vols., 1835). 
 
 Mackenzie, George, Sir. A noted Scottish 
 lawyer and statesman ; born at Dundee, 1636 ; 
 died in London, 1691. As king's counsel in 
 1677, his ardor in prosecuting witches and the 
 Covenanters earned him the name " Bloody 
 Mackenzie.)) He wrote: <A Stoic's Religion) 
 (1663); < Moral Essay upon Solitude) (1665); 
 < Moral Gallantry) (1667); etc., besides legal 
 writings. (< Works,) 1716-22.) 
 
 Mackenzie, Henry. A Scotch novelist, es- 
 sayist, and miscellaneous writer ; born at Edin- 
 burgh, August 1745 ; died there, Jan. 14, 1831. 
 He was a lawyer at Edinburgh ; was appointed 
 comptroller of taxes in 1804. His novels are : 
 <The Man of Feeling) (1771), — by far his 
 most famous work, and still remembered in 
 the class with Sterne ; < The Man of the World ) 
 
 MACKAY — MACLEOD 
 
 (1773); 'Julia de Roubign^) (1777). (<Works,> 
 
 8 vols., 1808.) 
 
 Mackenzie, Robert Shelton. An American 
 miscellaneous writer; born at Drews Court, 
 County Limerick, Ireland, June 22, 1809; died 
 in Philadelphia, Nov. 30, 1880. He came to the 
 United States in 1852. He wrote : < Lays of 
 Palestine) (1828); < Titian: A Venetian Art- 
 Novel ); <Life of Guizof) (1846); <Life of 
 Charles Dickens) (1870); and <Sir Walter 
 Scott: The Story of his Life) (1871). He also 
 edited the <Noctes Ambrosianre) (S vols., 1854). 
 
 Mackey, Albert Gallatin. An American 
 writer on Freemasonry ; born at Charleston, 
 S. C, March 12, 1807 ; died at Fortress Monroe, 
 Va., June 20, 1881. His works are authorities. 
 They include: <A Lexicon of Freemasonry) 
 (1845); <The Mystic Tie) (1849); < Book of 
 the Chapter) (1858); <A Manual of the Lodge) 
 (1862); <A Text-Book of Masonic Jurispru- 
 dence) (1869); and an < Encyclopaedia of Free- 
 masonry) (1874). 
 
 Mackintosli, Sir James. A famous Scottish 
 philosopher, lawyer, and politician ; born at 
 Aldourie, Inverness-shire, Oct. 24, 1765 ; died in 
 London, May 30, 1832. He was recorder of 
 Bombay, India, 1804-6; judge of admiralty 
 1806-11; Member of Parliament, 1813; profes- 
 sor of law and politics at Haileybury College 
 1818-24 ; Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1830. 
 He wrote : < Dissertation on the Progress of 
 Ethical Philosophy) (1830), in the < Encyclopae- 
 dia Britannica); 'History of England) (1830); 
 ♦Life of Sir Thomas More); etc. Much of his 
 philosophical writing is to be found in < Modern 
 British Essayists.) (< Works,) 3 vols., 1836.) 
 
 McIacUan, Alexander. A Scottish poet; born 
 in Johnstone, Renfrewshire, Aug. 12, i8i8;died 
 there, Mar. 20, 1896. In 1841 he went to Can- 
 ada. His works are : < Poems,) chiefly in Scotch 
 dialect (1855); 'Po-ems and Songs) (1874); and 
 <The Poets and Poetry of Scotland) (1876). 
 
 Maclaren, Ian See Watson. 
 
 McLean, Sarah Pratt. See Greene. 
 
 McLellan, Isaac. An American poet; bom in 
 Portland, NIe., May 21, 1806; died at Greenport, 
 L. I., Ai'g. 20, 1899. His love for outdoor sports 
 was so intense, and his poems on these themes so 
 nume-ous, that they won him the title of ''the 
 poet sportsman.)) His early poems, 'The Death 
 of Napoleon) and 'New England's Dead) at" 
 well-known. He is also the author of 'Ti)c 
 F?ll of the Indian) (1830); 'Mount Auburn) 
 ( 1 843) ; and < Poems of the Rod and Gun) ( 1 886 j . 
 
 Macleod, Fiona (mak-loud'). A nom-de- 
 plume of William Sharp the English critic, sup- 
 posed to be a picturesque Irish poet and novelist 
 whose work was prominent in the Celtic renais- 
 sance. Mr. Sharp's death in 1905 revealed the 
 fact that Fiona Macleod was the creation of that 
 critic's fancy. He wrote under her name : 
 'Pharais) (1895), a romance; 'The Mountain 
 Lovers' {1895); * The Sin-Eater and Oth-.-r 
 Tales ) ( 1895 ) ; < The Washer of the Ford ) ( 189b 1 ; 
 •Green Fire) (1896); and a modern version of
 
 MACLEOD — MAERLA NT 
 
 361 
 
 the old Celtic romance < The Laughter of Peter- 
 kin.> 
 
 Macleod, Norman. A distinguished Scottish 
 divine, and miscellaneous writer ; born at 
 Campbeltown, June 3, 1812 ; died at Glasgow, 
 June 16, 1872. He founded the Evangelical 
 Alliance in 1847 ; became chaplain to the Queen 
 for Scotland in 1857 ; edited Good Words 
 1860-72, making it an educational and literary 
 power. Among his works are : < The Earnest 
 Student> (1854), a biography; < Parish Papers* 
 (1862); <Wee Davie> (new ed. 1865); < The 
 Starling' (1867, new eds. 1870-77-80), a Scotch 
 story; < Peeps at the Far East> (1871); < Char- 
 acter Sketches' (1872); etc. 
 
 McLeod, Xavier Donald. An American poet 
 and miscellaneous writer ; bom in New York, 
 Nov. 17, 1821 ; killed near Cincinnati, July 20, 
 1865. An Episcopal clergyman, he became a 
 Roman Catholic in 1852, and later a priest. He 
 wrote : < Pynnshurst> (1852); < Life of Sir Walter 
 Scott> (1852); (The Blood-Stone> (1853); < Les- 
 cure>; <Life of Mary Queen of Scots' (1857). 
 
 HcMaster, Guy Humphrey. An American 
 poet ; born in Clyde, N. Y., Jan. 31, 1829 ; died 
 in Bath, Steuben County, N. Y., Sept. 13, 1887. 
 At 19 he wrote < Carmen Bellicosum,' better 
 known as < The Old Continentals,' published 
 in the Knickerbocker Magazine, and very pop- 
 ular. Aside from the above, his best-known 
 poems are : < A Dream of Thanksgiving Eve ' 
 (1864); < The Professor's Guest Chamber' (1880); 
 <The Commanders' (1887). 
 
 McMaster, John Bach. An American his- 
 torian of celebrity ; born at Brooklyn, N. Y., 
 June 29, 1852. He has been professor of Amer- 
 ican history in the University of Pennsylvania 
 since 1883. He has written < Benjamin Frank- 
 lin as a Man of Letters' (1887), etc. His prin- 
 cipal work is < History of the People of the 
 United States ' ; 'Cambridge Modern History' 
 ( 7903) ; < The Struggle of the Social, Political and 
 Industrial Rights of Man ' (1903). 
 
 Macneil, Hector. A Scottish poet; bom at 
 Rosebank, near Roslin, 1746; died 1818. He 
 wrote: 'Scotland's Skaith' (1795); <The Waes 
 of War' (1796), — both immensely popular, — 
 and others. His poetical works, 2 vols., ap- 
 peared in 1801 (3d ed. 1812). He published 
 also 'Scottish Adventurers' (1812), a historical 
 tale; 'Memoirs of Charles Macpherson' (1801), 
 an autobiography ; etc. 
 
 Macnish, Robert. A noted Scottish medical 
 and miscellaneous writer ; born at Glasgow, Feb. 
 15, 1802 ; died there, Jan. 16, 1837. He was a 
 contributor to Blackwood's and Eraser's, over 
 the signature " The Modern Pythagorean." His 
 best-known works are : 'Anatomy of Drunk- 
 enness* (loth ed. 1854), and 'Philosophy of 
 Sleep' (new ed. 1854). A second edition of his 
 'Book of Aphorisms' appeared in 1840 ; 'The 
 Modern Pythagorean' (containing tales, essays, 
 and sketches, with life) in 1844. 
 
 McPherson, Edward. An American journal- 
 ist and political writer ; born in Gettysburg, Pa., 
 
 July 31, 1830; died there, Dec. I4, 1895. 
 Among his publications are: 'Political History 
 of the United States during the Great Rebellion' 
 (1865); 'The Political History of the United 
 States during Reconstruction' (1870); and a 
 'Hand-Book of Politics' (1872). 
 
 Macpherson, James. The Scottish author of 
 the " Ossian " poems ; born at Ruthven, Inver- 
 ness-shire, Oct. 27, 1736 ; died Feb. 17, 1796. 
 Some fragments of Gaelic verse with transla- 
 tions, published by him in 1760, attracted so 
 much attention that funds were raised for send- 
 ing him to the Highlands to discover more. 
 On his return he published the ' Poems of Os- 
 sian,' consisting of ' Fingal, an Epic Poem in 
 Six Books' (1762), and 'Temora, an Epic Poem 
 in Eight Books' (1763). They became at once 
 famous, and were translated into nearly every 
 European language. A fierce controversy has 
 been waged as to their being genuine Gaelic 
 remains. He was secretary to the governor of 
 Florida 1764-66; agent to the Nabob of Arcot 
 1779 ; Member of Parliament 1780-90. He wrote 
 also 'History of Great Britain' (1775). 
 
 Macquoid, Mrs. Katharine S. A popular 
 English novelist ; born in London. Among her 
 numerous works are: 'A Bad Beginning' (last 
 ed. 1884); 'Hester Kirton' (new ed. 1870); 
 'Patty' (new ed. 1873); 'At the Red Glove' 
 (1885); 'Puff' (1888); etc. Among several books 
 of travel are : 'Through Normandy' (1877), and 
 'Through Brittany' (1877). 
 
 Mad^ch, Emerich (ma'-datsh). A popular 
 Hungarian poet; born at Also-Sztregova, Jan. 
 21, 1823; died at Balassa-Gyarmath, Oct. 5, 1864. 
 He studied law, and was a notary in his na- 
 tive county. His principal works are : ' Moses > 
 (1861); and 'The Tragedy of Man' (1861), a 
 philosophical dramatic poem treating of the 
 development of mankind since the Fall, pro- 
 duced on the stage in 1883. He wrote also 
 lyrics and dramatic fragments. 
 
 Madden, Richard Robert. An English phy- 
 sician and miscellaneous writer ; born in Ireland, 
 1798; died 1886. He was prominent in the Eng- 
 lish anti-slavery cause. He wrote: 'Travels in 
 Turkey' (2d ed. 1833); 'The Mussulman,' a 
 tale; 'The Infirmities of Genius' (1833); 'Life 
 of Savonarola' (2d ed. 1854); 'Life and Cor- 
 respondence of the Countess of Blessington ' 
 (2d ed. 1855); ' The United Irishmen, their Lives 
 and Times ' (4 vols., 1857-60), his great work. 
 
 Madison, James. The fourth President of 
 the United States ; bom at Port Conway, Va., 
 March 16, 1751 ; died at Montpelier, Va., June 
 28, 1836. He served two terms as President 
 (1809-17). He was associated- with Jay and 
 Hamilton in the composition of the < Feder- 
 alist.' ' Madison Papers,' 3 vols., appeared in 
 1840 ; ' Letters and Other Writings,' 4 vols., 
 in 1865. His complete works have been pub- 
 lished in 6 vols. 
 
 Maerlant, Jakob van (mar'-lant). A Flem- 
 ish poet ; born probably at Maerlant, on the
 
 362 
 
 MAETERLINCK —MAHLY 
 
 island of Voorne, about 1235 ; died at Damme, 
 near Bruges, 1291. He founded the didactic 
 school of poetry in the Netherlands, and has 
 been called "the father of Dutch poets.>> His 
 chief work was < Mirror of History,* begun in 
 1283 but left unfinished. A statue has been 
 erected to him at Damme. 
 
 Maeterlinck, Maurice ( met'er-lingk ). A 
 noted Belgian poet; born in Flanders, 1864. 
 He is the foremost representative of the school 
 calling itself " Young Belgium." Among his 
 works are the dramas < The Blind > ; < The In- 
 truder >; < Princess Maleine> (Sthed. 1891); <The 
 Seven Princesses' (1891); < Aglavaine > and 
 < Sdlysette >; < Monna Vanna > ; also the volume of 
 verse < Hot-House Blooms,> and the essays < The 
 Treasure of the Humble.* 
 
 Maffel, Andrea, Cavaliere (ma-fa 'e). An 
 Italian poet ; born at Riva di Trento, 1802 ; 
 died at Milan, Nov. 27, 1885. He wrote < Dal 
 Benaco' (1854); 'Verses Published and Un- 
 published* (1858); <Art, Ardors, and Fancies* 
 (2d ed. 1864), containing many rare lyrics. He 
 made numerous translations from the German, 
 English, and Greek. He was also in public 
 life, and became senator. 
 
 Magalhaens, Domingo Jose Gron9alyes de 
 
 (ma-gal-ya'ens). A Brazilian poet; born in 
 Rio Janeiro in 181 1. From 1845 to 1867 he 
 was Brazilian minister to Dresden, Naples, 
 Turin, and Vienna. As a lyric poet he ranks 
 high among his countrymen. His works in- 
 clude : <Poesias* (1832); and < Antonio Jos^* 
 and <01giato,* two dramas which had great 
 popularity in Spanish, French, and English 
 translations. He died at Rome, in 1882. 
 
 Magariflos Cervantes, Alejandro (ma-ga- 
 ren'yos ther-van'tes). A Uruguayan miscellane- 
 ous writer ; born in Montevideo, 1826. He has 
 written: 'Historical Studies on the River La 
 Plata*; 'Church and State*; several volumes 
 of poems ; etc. 
 
 Maggi, Carlo Maria (ma'je). Latin, Mad- 
 dius (mad'i-us). An Italian poet; born at 
 Milan, 1630 ; died 1699. He was member of the 
 famous Accademia Delia Crusca, and professor 
 of Greek at Milan. He wrote poems in Greek, 
 Latin, and Italian ; letters ; etc. He was one 
 of the restorers of Italian poetry. 
 
 Magill, Mary Tucker. An American mis- 
 cellaneous writer; born in Jefferson County, 
 Va., Aug. 21,1832. She wrote: <The Holcombes* 
 (1868); 'Women; or, Chronicles of the Late War* 
 (1870); and 'Pantomimes; or, Wordless Poems* 
 (1882). Died at Winchester, Va., , 1899. 
 
 Maginn, William. An Irish scholar, poet, 
 and journalist, a noted man in his day ; born 
 at Cork, Nov. ii, 1793; died at Walton on 
 Thames, Aug. 2, 1842. He was a contributor 
 to the early volumes of Punch, and with Hugh 
 Eraser founded Eraser's Magazine in 1830. The 
 only collection of his writings (and that par- 
 tial) is the 'Miscellanies* (1855-57), edited by 
 R. Shelton Mackenzie. His best stories are 
 •The City of Demons* and < Bob Burke's Duel 
 with Ensign Brady.* 
 
 Magnin, Charles (ma-nyah'). A French 
 critic and poet; born in Paris, Nov. 4, 1793; 
 died there, Oct. 8, 1862. He was one of the 
 directors of the National Library in 1832. Be- 
 sides poetry, he wrote : < Racine > (1826), a suc- 
 cessful comedy; 'The Origins of the Modern 
 Stage* (1838); 'Historical and Literary Talks 
 and Meditations* (1843); < History of Puppet 
 Shows* (1852); etc. 
 
 Magoon, Elias Lyman. An American pulpit 
 orator and author; born in Lebanon, N. H., 
 Oct. 20, 1810; died in Philadelphia, Nov. 25, 
 1886. Among his published works are : ' Elo 
 quence of the Colonial Times* (1847); 'Prov 
 erbs for the People* (1848); < Republican Christ 
 ianity* (1849); and 'Westward Empire* (1856) 
 
 Magruder, Julia. An American prose-writer 
 born in Charlottesville, Va., Sept. 14, 1854. She 
 has published ' Across the Chasm,* anonymous 
 (1885); 'At Anchor* (1887); 'A Magnificent 
 Plebeian * ; < Princess Sonya * ; < Violet.* D. 1907. 
 
 Mahaflfy, John Pentland. An Irish classical 
 scholar and historian ; born at Chapponnaire, 
 Switzerland, Feb. 26, 1839. He is professor of 
 ancient history at Trinity College, Dublin. He 
 has published : ' Social Life in Greece * (3d ed. 
 1877); 'Rambles and Studies in Greece* (2d 
 ed. 1878); 'Greek Life and Thought* (1888); 
 'Greece under Roman Sway' (1890); ' History 
 of Greek Classical Literature > (3 vols., 2d ed. 
 1892); 'The Empire of the Ptolemies' (1896); 
 etc. 
 
 Mahan, Alfred Thayer. A distinguished 
 American naval officer and writer on naval his- 
 tory ; born at West Point, N. Y., Sept. 27, 1840. 
 He served in the Civil War ; and was president 
 of the Naval War College, Newport, in 1886-S9 
 and 1890-93. Visiting Europe in command of 
 the Chicago in 1893, he received many honors, 
 among them degrees from both Oxford and 
 Cambridge. His chief work, < Influence of Sea 
 Power upon History* (1890), with its continua- 
 tion, ' Influence of Sea Power upon the P'rench 
 Revolution and Empire' (1892), gave him a 
 world-wide reputation. He has published also : 
 'The Gulf and Inland Waters' (1883); 'Life 
 of Admiral Farragut' (1892); 'The Interest of 
 America in Sea Power, Present and Future > 
 (1897), a compilation of his magazine articles; 
 < l,ife of Nelson ' ( 1897) ;' From Sail to Steam* 
 (ioo7t- 
 
 Mahan, Asa. A distinguished American Con- 
 gregational divme and educator; born at Ver- 
 non, N. Y., Nov. 9, iSoo; died at Eastbourne, 
 England, April 4, 1889. He was president of 
 Oberlin College, 1838-50 ; of Cleveland Univer- 
 sity, 1850-56; of Adrian College, Mich., 1860- 
 71. Among his works were : ' System of Intel- 
 lectual Philosophy* (1845); 'Science of Logic' 
 (1857); 'History of Philosophy' (1883). He 
 published ' Scripture Doctrine of Christian Per- 
 fection* (1839) in support of perfectionist views. 
 
 Mahly, Jakob (ma'le). A Swiss poet, mis- 
 cellaneous writer, and classical scholar ; born at 
 Basle, Dec. 24, 1828. He was professor of phi- 
 lology at Basle in 1863. Besides learned works,
 
 MAIKOV — MAJOR 
 
 563 
 
 including 'Richard Bentley> (1868), < History 
 of Ancient Literature* (2 vols., 1880), etc., he 
 has written < Rhigmurmel ' (1856), a volume of 
 poems in the Basle dialect; the epic poems 
 < Matilda' (2d ed. 1862) and <The Earthquake at 
 Basle > (1856); the idyl < Peace > (1862); stories, 
 comedies, juveniles, etc. He died June 18, 1902. 
 
 Maikov, Apollon Nikolaevicli (ma-e'kof). A 
 distinguished Russian poet; born at Moscow, 
 1821; died at St. Petersburg, Mar. 20, 1897. He 
 is probably the first of recent Russian poets. The 
 tone of his writings is idealistic, and marked by 
 great finish of form. During the Crimean War 
 he published patriotic poems. His two plays 
 are entitled <Tri Smerti> (Three Deaths) and 
 <Dva Mira' (Two Worlds). The fourth edition 
 of his works, in 3 vols., appeared in 1884. 
 
 Maiiath, J&nos, Count (mi'lat). A Hun- 
 garian historian and poet ; born at Buda-Pesth, 
 Oct. 3, 1786; died Jan. 3, 1855. His most im- 
 portant historical works were : < History of the 
 Austrian Empire > (5 vols., 1834-50), his master- 
 piece; < History of the Magyars' (5 vols., 1828- 
 31). His chief poetical writings were : < Poems ' 
 (1824) and 'Magyar Legends, Narratives, and 
 Tales' (1826), together with translations from 
 the German. He and his daughter committed 
 suicide together. 
 
 Maimonides, Moses (mi-mon'i-dez). A fa- 
 mous Jewish philosopher and scholar; born at 
 Cordova, Spain, March 30, 1135; died at Cairo, 
 Egypt, Dec. 13, 1204. He harmonized Judaism 
 and philosophy. Driven with his family from 
 Spain, he resided in Fez ; then traveled by way 
 of Palestine to Cairo, becoming there chief rabbi 
 and the caliph's physician. His chief work, 
 written in Hebrew, is <Mishneh Torah> (Repe- 
 tition of the Law: 1170-80), a masterly exposi- 
 tion of the whole of the Jewish law as contained 
 in the Pentateuch and the voluminous Tal- 
 mudic literature. His principal philosophical 
 work, written in Arabic, was < Dalalt al Ha'irin' 
 (Guide of the Perplexed: 1190). The estima- 
 tion in which he is held by the Jews can be 
 seen in their saying, " From Moses [the law- 
 giver] to Moses [Maimonides] there is none 
 like unto Moses." 
 
 Maine, Sir Henry James Sumner. A dis- 
 tinguished English jurist; born near Leighton, 
 Aug. 15, 1822; died at Cannes, Feb. 3, 1888. He 
 was professor of civil law at Cambridge 1847-54; 
 reader on Roman law at the Inns of Court, Lon- 
 don, 1852; legal mem.ber of the council in India 
 1862-69; professor of jurisprudence at Oxford 
 1869-78; master of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 
 1877; professor of international law at Cam- 
 bridge 1887. Among his more noted works 
 were: <Ancient Law> (1861), an epoch-making 
 book; 'Village Communities' (1871); < Popular 
 Government' (1885); etc. 
 
 Maine de Biran, Marie Fran9ois Pierre 
 GontMer (man de be-roii'). A noted French 
 philosopher; born at Bergerac, Nov. 29, 1766; 
 died July 16, 1824. He served in Louis XVI.'s 
 4nny, and was member of the Council of Five 
 
 Hundred in 1797. He was the founder of mod- 
 ern French spiritualism in philosophy. He 
 wrote : < Influence of Habit upon the Thinking 
 Faculty' (1803); 'Decomposition of Thought' 
 (1805); ' Foundations of Psychology' (1859); etc. 
 ('Works,' 3 vols., edited by Cousin, 1841 ; 3 
 vols, additional, by Naville, 1846-59.) 
 
 Mair, Charles. A Canadian poet; born in 
 Lanark, Sept. 21 1840. He is the author of 
 'Dreamland and Other Poems' (1868). and a 
 drama entitled 'Tecumseh' (1886). 
 
 Mairet, Jean de (ma-ra'). A French dram- 
 atist ; born at Besangon, Jan. 4, 1604 ; died there, 
 Jan. 31, 1686. The precursor of Corneille, like 
 him he furthered the purification of the French 
 stage. He wrote pastorals, tragedies, and tragi- 
 comedies. Among his most original works 
 were the pastoral 'Silvanire' (1625), and the 
 first regular French tragedy, 'Sophonisbe' 
 (1629), his best production. 
 
 Maistre, Joseph Marie de, Count (mastr or 
 matr). A famous French statesman and phil- 
 osophical and miscellaneous writer; born at 
 Chambery, April i, 1754; died at Turin, Feb. 
 26, 1821. He was senator of Savoy in 1788; 
 chancellor of Sardinia 1799; Sardinian minister 
 at St. Petersburg 1802; minister at Turin 1817. 
 He wrote : ' Thoughts on the French Revolu- 
 tion' (1796); 'Generative Principle of Human 
 Institutions' (1810); 'Examination of Bacon's 
 Philosophy' (1835; new ed. 1864); etc. 'St. 
 Petersburg Evenings' was published in 1821 ; 
 and his interesting correspondence in 1851 and 
 1858. ('Works,' 8 vols., 1864.) 
 
 Maistre, Xavier de. Count. A noted French 
 soldier, essayist, and novelist, brother of Joseph 
 Marie ; born at Chambery, October, 1763; died at 
 St. Petersburg, June 12, 1852. After serving in 
 Piedmont and Italy (1798-99), going to Russia 
 he rose to the rank of major-general. His mas- 
 terpiece was the much-admired 'Journey Round 
 my Room' (1794) in Sterne's style, written 
 while under arrest for fighting a duel. He 
 wrote besides : ' The Siberian Girl ' (1815);' Pris- 
 oners of the Caucasus' (1815); etc. The charm 
 of his work is its dainty style, its power of nar- 
 ration, and its revelations of the author's per- 
 sonality. 
 
 Maitin, Jos^ Antonio (ma-e'ten). A Vene- 
 zuelan poet; bom in Porto Cabello, 1798; died 
 in Choroni, 1874. In 1824 he returned from 
 Havana to his own country from which he 
 had fled on account of persecution, and subse- 
 quently lived in the valley of Choroni. In 1844 
 he made a collection of his best poems and 
 published them under the title < Echoes from 
 Choroni,' and in 185 1 a collected edition of all 
 his works. 
 
 Major, Richard Henry. An English historian 
 and geographer ; born in London, 1818 ; died 
 there 1891. He was connected with the British 
 Museum Library 1844-80; honorary secretary 
 of the Hakluyt Society 1849-58 ; and vice- 
 president of the Royal Geographical Society. 
 He wrote 'Life of Prince Henry of Portugal*
 
 3^4 
 
 MALABARl'-MALLOCK 
 
 (j868), <The Discoveries of Prince Henry and 
 their Results> (1877); edited < Select Letters of 
 Christopher Columbus > (1847); etc. 
 
 Malabari, Behramji Merwanji (ma-la-ba're). 
 An eminent social reformer of India, and a 
 poet; born (Mehta) at Baroda, 1853. He has 
 given his fortune and his life to \)ettering the 
 condition of women in India **y the abolition 
 yi infant marriage and enforced widowhood. 
 He is editor and proprietor of the Indian Spec- 
 wtor and the Voice of India. Among his works 
 »re the fine < Niti Vinod,> etc., in verse ; < Gujarat 
 and Gujaratis,> liked for its picturesque and 
 humorous style; various political and ethical 
 productions; etc. 
 
 Malcolm, Sir John. A distinguished British 
 soldier, statesman, and historian ; bom at Burn- 
 foot, Dumfriesshire, Scotland, May 2, 1769 ; died 
 in London, May 30, 1833. Employed by the 
 East India Company, he distinguished himself 
 as a fighter, diplomatist, and ruler; was presi- 
 dent of Mysore 1803; won the important bat- 
 tle of Mehidpur over the Mahrattas in 1817; 
 was governor of Malwa 1818-22; of Bombay 
 1827-30; Member of Parliament 1831-32. He 
 wrote among others: 'Political History of 
 India > (1811); < History of Persia > (2 vols., 1815), 
 which is still an authority; < Memoir of Cen- 
 tral India > (1823); and above all, < Sketches of 
 Persia > (1827), still read, and a mine of good 
 stories, legends, travel sketches, descriptions 
 of Oriental life and ceremonial, and manly 
 sense and thought. 
 
 Malczewslci, Antonl (mal-chev'ske). A noted 
 Polish poet ; born at Warsaw, about 1793 ; 
 died there. May 2, 1826. The merit of his 
 works, which were marked by a deeply reli- 
 gious spirit, was not recognized till after his 
 death. His masterpiece, the famous epic 
 <Marya> (Maria: 1825), has been several times 
 edited and translated into English (London, 
 1836), French, German, and Bohemian. The 
 tomb erected to him at Varsovia bears the in- 
 scription : « To the author of Maria.» He died 
 in abject poverty. 
 
 Malebranche, Nicolas (mal-bronsh'). A fa- 
 mous French philosopher; bom in Paris, Aug. 
 6, 1638 ; died there, Oct. 13, 1715. The keynote 
 of his philosophy is to be found in his cele- 
 brated principle, « We see all things in God.» 
 His chief work, containing the substance of 
 his whole philosophy, was < Search for Truth > 
 (1674). Other works were: <0f Nature and 
 Grace > (1680); 'Christian and Metaphysical 
 Meditations > (1683); 'Treatise on Ethics > 
 (1684); etc. Imbued with a deep piety, he felt 
 it to be of the utmost importance to effect a 
 reconciliation between philosophy and religion. 
 (<Works,> II vols., 1712; last ed. 1859-71.) 
 
 Malesherbes, Chretien Guillaume de La- 
 moignon de (mal-zarb'). A famous French 
 statesman and miscellaneous writer; bom in 
 Paris, Dec. 6, 1721 ; was guillotined there, April 
 22, 1794. He was censor of the press and 
 president of the excise court 1750-71 ; Minister 
 of the loterior 1774-76; Louis XVI.'s counsel 
 
 before the Convention T792-93, He wrot* 
 'Public Law of France* (1779); 'Thoughts 
 and Maxims* (1802); ' Book -Selling and the 
 Liberty of the Press > (2d ed. 1827); etc. The 
 second edition of his < Unpublished Works * 
 appeared in 1822. 
 
 Malet, Lucas. Pseudonym of Mary St Leger 
 Harrison, an English novelist, youngest daugh- 
 ter of Charles Kingsley; born 1852, and now 
 wife of Rev. W. Harrison, rector of Clovelly, 
 England. Her novels include : * Colonel En- 
 derby's Wife > ; 'A Counsel of Perfection ' ; 
 * Little Peter >; 'Mrs. Lorimer'; 'The Wages 
 of Sin > ; ' Carissima ' ; < The Gateless Barrier.' 
 
 Malherbe, Frangois de (ma-larb). A fa- 
 mous French poet ; bom at Caen, 1555 ; died 
 in Paris, Oct 16, 1628. He became court poet 
 in 1605. He was the inaugurator of French 
 classicism, and made Parisian French the 
 standard for the kingdom. His poems were 
 marked by purity of diction and harmony of 
 versification, rather than by great poetic feeling. 
 Besides translations from Latin, he wrote but 
 one volume of poetry, containing 'Stanzas,' 
 ' Odes,* ' Sonnets,* < Epigrams,* and < Songs.' 
 The best edition of his works is in Lalanne's 
 'Great Writers* (Paris, 5 vols., 1860-65). 
 
 Mallery, Garrick. An American ethnologist; 
 bom in Wilkesbarre, Pa., April 23, 1831; died in 
 Washington, Oct. 24, 1894. His works in part 
 are: <A Calendar of the Dakota Nation* (1877); 
 'Sign Language among the North American In- 
 dians compared with That among Other Peoples 
 and Deaf Mutes* (1881). He, besides, con- 
 tributed much to periodicals. 
 
 Mallet, originally Mallocb, David (mal'et 
 or mal'lgch). A Scottish poet and dramatist; 
 born at Crieff, Perthshire, about 1705; died in 
 England, April 21, 1765. He was under-secre- 
 tary to the Prince of Wales, and a friend of 
 Pope, Bolingbroke, and other celebrities of the 
 time. He wrote in verse 'The Excursion* (1728); 
 'The Hermit* (1747); 'Edwin and Emma* 
 (1760); the tragedies 'Eurydice* (1731), 'Mus- 
 tapha* (1739) ; etc. The famous English patri- 
 otic song ' Rule Britannia * appeared in ' Al- 
 fred : a Masque * (1740), written with James 
 Thomson ; its authorship has been claimed for 
 each. 
 
 Mallian, Julien de (ma-yan'). A West- 
 Indian dramatist ; born m Le Moule, Guade- 
 loupe, 1805; died in Paris, 1851. He gained 
 wide reputation as a writer of comedies and 
 dramas, many of which have been presented on 
 the metropolitan stage. The most popular are : 
 'Two Roses* (1831), a historical drama of the 
 civil wars in England; 'The Carpenter* (1831), 
 a comedy; and 'The Wandering Jew' (1834). 
 
 Mallock, William Hurrell. A distinguished 
 English essayist, novelist, and poet; bom in 
 Devonshire, 1849. He is a nephew of Froude 
 the historian. Among his best-known works 
 are: 'The New Republic' (1877), and 'Is Lif# 
 Worth Living?' (1879). His novels are <A 
 Romance of ihe Nineteenth Century'; *Tb«
 
 MALMESBURY — MANETHO 
 
 365 
 
 Old Order Changeth>; <A Human Document >; 
 and <The Heart of Life.> He has published 
 two volumes of poems ; and a great number of 
 magazine articles, some of which have been 
 collected under the titles < Social Equality* 
 (1882), < Property. Progress, and Poverty* (1884) 
 and < Classes and Masses; or Wealth and 
 Wages in the United Kingdom* (1896) ;< Religion 
 asa Credible Doctrine* (1902). He credits in- 
 dustrial progress to intellect, not labor. 
 
 Malmesbury. William of. A noted English 
 historian ; born in Somersetshire, about 1095 ; 
 died at Malmesbury, about 1143. He was a 
 monk, and librarian of the monastery of 
 Malmesbury. Of his great work, < History of the 
 Kings of England,* which next to the < Saxon 
 Chronicle* is the highest authority for Anglo- 
 Saxon times, and its continuation < Modem His- 
 tory,* both in Latin, the latest and best edition 
 is Hardy's (1840). The latest English transla- 
 tion of the former is in Bohn's Library (1847). 
 
 MalmstrSm, Bernliard Ells (malm'strem). 
 A Swedish poet and historian of literature ; 
 bom at Nerike, March 14, 1816; died at Upsala, 
 June 21, 1865. He was professor of aesthetics 
 and literature at Upsala in 1858. He published : 
 •Poems' (1845-47; latest ed. 1889); <Ariadne* 
 (1889), of which many editions have appeared; 
 the prose work *■ History of Swedish Litera- 
 ture* (5 vols., 1866-68); etc. Much of his 
 poetry has great perfection of form. (< Works,* 
 8 vols., 1866-69). 
 
 Malone, Edmund. A noted Irish Shakes- 
 pearean scholar and editor ; bom at Dublin, Oct. 
 4, 1741; died in London, April 25, 1812. He was 
 originally a lawyer. He edited the works of 
 Sir Joshua Reynolds (1797). Dryden (1800), 
 W. G. Hamilton (1808), with memoirs; he wrote 
 also a < History of the English Stage* (1790). 
 He is chiefly known for his edition of Shakes- 
 peare (11 vols., 1790) ; and for having collected 
 the material of the Variorum Shakespeare, 
 edited by James Boswell (21 vols., 1821). 
 
 Malory, Sir Thomas. The British author 
 of the famous <Morte d'Arthur*; bom prob- 
 ably about 1430 ; died after 1470. He was 
 probably a priest. The <Morte d'Arthur* (1469 
 or 1470) is a prose collection of the romantic 
 traditions concerning King Arthur and the 
 Knights of the Round Table. It was the main 
 source upon which Tennyson drew in writing 
 his * Idylls of the King.* The latest editions 
 are Sommer's 1890-91 (the standard), and Dent's, 
 with a preface by Professor Rhys (1893). 
 
 Malot, Hector (ma-16'). A French novel- 
 ist; born near Rouen, May 20, 1830. He has 
 been a prolific writer. Of his numerous works 
 the best known are : ' The Victims of Love,* 
 in three parts; <The Lovers* (1859); < Husband 
 and Wife * ( 1865) ; < The Children * ( 1866) ; < Doc- 
 tor Claude > (1879) ; < Accomplices* (1892) ; < In 
 tne Bosom of the Familv * (1893); < Blue Blood *; 
 < The Novel of my Novels,* etc. Most of his books 
 treat of French life under the Second Empire. 
 
 M&lte-Brun, Conrad (malt-brun'), originally 
 Make Conrad Brunn. A famous French ge- 
 
 ographer and publicist ; bom at Thisted, Den- 
 mark, Aug. 12, 1775 ; died in Paris, Dec. 14, 
 1826. Banished from his native country in 1800, 
 he resided in Paris. His great work was < Epit- 
 ome of Universal Geography* (1810-29; latest 
 ed., 6 vols., 1872). He also founded the <An- 
 nals of Travels, Geography, and History* 
 (1808-14); collaborated in 'Mathematical, Phys- 
 ical, and Political Geography* (16 vols., 1804-7) 
 and < Dictionary of Universal Geography* (8 
 vols., 1821); wrote < Scientific and Literary Mis- 
 cellanies* (3 vols., 1828); etc. 
 
 Maltbus, Thomas Robert. A famous Eng- 
 lish political economist; bom near Guildford, 
 Surrey, Feb. 17, 1766; died at St. Catherine's, 
 near Bath, Dec. 23, 1834. He was professor of 
 history and political economy at Haileybury 
 College (1805). His celebrated «Malthusian 
 doctrine,** as it is called, was announced in 
 'Principle of Population* (1798; revised ed. 
 1803). His theory is that population increases 
 faster than the means of subsistence ; so that 
 the increase in population must in some way 
 be checked. A ninth edition appeared in 1888. 
 
 Mamlani della Rovere. Terenzlo, Count 
 
 (ma-me-a'ne del'la ro'va-ra). A distinguished 
 Italian statesman, educator, and philosophical 
 writer; born at Pesaro, about 1800 ; died at 
 Rome, May 21, 1885. He was imprisoned and 
 exiled for taking part in the revolution at Bo- 
 logna in 1831 ; made Minister of the Interior 
 in 1848; Minister of Public Instmction in i860; 
 Minister to Athens. He wrote numerous and 
 important books, among which are : < Confes- 
 sions of a Metaphysician* (2d ed. 1865); <The 
 Religion of the Future* (1879); 'Social Ques- 
 tions* (1882); etc. 
 
 Mandeville, Bernard. A Dutch-English 
 medical and miscellaneous writer; born at 
 Dordrecht about 1670 ; died in London, Jan. 
 21. 1733. He was a physician in London. He 
 wrote: <Esop Dressed* (1704), being fables in 
 verse; 'Treatise of the Hypochondriac and 
 Hysteric Passions* (1711); 'Free Thoughts on 
 Religion* (1720); etc. His 'Fable of the Bees,- 
 or. Private Vices Public Benefits * (2d ed. 1723) 
 was presented as a nuisance by the grand jury 
 of Middlesex in 1723. 
 
 Mandeville, Sir John. A noted (and proba- 
 bly imaginary) English traveler, who or whose 
 inventor flourished in the fourteenth century. 
 He was the reputed author of a popular book 
 of travels of that century, the writer of which 
 claimed to have visited Turkey, Armenia, Tar- 
 tary, Persia, Syria, Arabia, Egypt, Libya, Ethi- 
 opia, Chaldea, Amazonia, and India ; to have 
 been in the service of the Sultan of Egypt ; etc 
 It is in fact a most entertaining and curious 
 compilation of legends, miracles, and wonder- 
 stories from many sources, pressed into the 
 service of Christianity and its miracle-working 
 powers. 
 
 Manetho (man'e-tho). An Egyptian priest 
 and annalist; bom at Sebennytus, in Lower 
 Egypt; lived about 250 B. C. He composed 
 three bookt in Greek, which purported to give
 
 366 
 
 MANGAN — MANZANO 
 
 the history of Egypt from the mythical period 
 downward ; but only fragments remain, im- 
 Dedded in the works of Josephus and other 
 writers. His writings, coming down through 
 translations and transliterations of Syncellus, 
 Eusebius, Jerome, and Africanus, have been 
 the chief source of information as to the suc- 
 cessive dynasties of Egypt ; and with the in- 
 Bcriptions coming to light, assist archaeologists 
 m framing its chronology. 
 
 Mangan, James Clarence. An Irish poet; 
 born at Dublin, May i, 1803; died in Meath 
 Hospital, June 20, 1849. His work shows great 
 command of language and skill in versification. 
 He published volumes entitled : < Romances and 
 Ballads of Ireland > { 1850) ; < German Anthology> 
 (1849); < Poets and Poetry of Munster> (1849); 
 etc. A selection of his poems, edited by Louise 
 Imogen Guiney, appeared 1897. 
 
 Manley, Mrs. Mary de la Riviere. An Eng- 
 lish novelist; born in the island of Guernsey, 
 1672; died at Lambeth Hill, July 11, 1724. She 
 was daughter of Sir Roger Manley. She pub- 
 lished <The New Atlantis* (1709), a scandalous 
 satire on distinguished public characters, for 
 which she was arrested for libel, but discharged. 
 She published a key to it entitled < Memoirs of 
 Europe* (1710). She wrote also <The Power 
 of Love, in Seven Novels* (1720), etc. 
 
 Mann, Horace. A noted American educator 
 and educational writer ; born in Franklin, Mass., 
 May 4, 1796 ; died in Yellow Springs, O., Aug. 
 2, 1859. He was Member of Congress from 
 Massachusetts, 1848-53; president of Antioch 
 College, 1852-59. He was one of the foremost 
 men in educational reform ; and published, be- 
 sides his educational lectures and voluminous 
 controversial writings, <A Few Thoughts for a 
 Young Man' (1850); < Slavery: Letters and 
 Speeches' (1851); and < Powers and Duties of 
 Woman' (1853). 
 
 Mann, Mary Tyler (Peabody). An Ameri- 
 can writer, wife of Horace Mann ; born in 
 Cambridgeport, Mass., Nov. 16, 1806; died in 
 Jamaica Plain, Mass., Feb. 11, 1887. Her pub- 
 lished works are: < Flower People' (1838); 
 < Culture in Infancy' (1863); < Life of Horace 
 Mann' (1865); <Juanita, a Romance of Real 
 Life in Cuba,' published after her death. 
 
 Manning, Henry Edward, Cardinal. A dis- 
 tinguished English Roman Catholic prelate and 
 religious writer; born at Totteridge, Hertford- 
 shire, July 15, 1808; died Jan. 14, 1892. Origi- 
 nally a clergyman of the Church of England, 
 in which he rose to be archdeacon of Chiches- 
 ter (1840), he became a Roman Catholic priest 
 in 1851 ; archbishop of Westminster in 1865 ; 
 cardinal in 1875. He founded the Roman Cath- 
 olic University of Kensington in 1874. He was 
 a friend of the laboring classes. He wrote : 
 •Unity of the Church' (1842); * Temporal Mis- 
 sion of the Holy Ghost' (3d ed. 1877); <The 
 Catholic Church and Modern Society' (1880); 
 <The Eternal Priesthood' (1883); <Religio Via- 
 toris ' (A Traveler's Religion : 3d ed. 1888); etc. 
 
 Manrique, Jorge (man-re'ka). A famous 
 Spanish poet ; died 1479. He belonged to one 
 of the oldest and most distinguished families 
 in Spain. His chief work was an ode on his 
 father's death (1492), now known as <Coplas 
 de Manrique' (Manrique's Stanzas), one of 
 the most touching poems in the Spanish lan- 
 guage. It has often been reprinted, and was 
 translated into English by Longfellow. Sev- 
 eral of his love poems also have come down 
 to us. 
 
 Mansel, Henry Longueville. A distin- 
 guished English metaphysician ; born at Cos- 
 grove, Northamptonshire, Oct. 6, 1820; died 
 there, July 30, 187 1. He was dean of St. Paul's, 
 London, in 1868. A follower of Sir William 
 Hamilton, he developed his philosophy still 
 further. His chief works were : < Prolegomena 
 Logica' (Introduction to Logic: 1851); the 
 article on < Metaphysics ' in the < Encyclopaedia 
 Britannica' (1857); < Bampton Lectures > (1858); 
 
 < Philosophy of the Conditioned' (1866); etc. 
 
 Mansfield, Edward Deering. An American 
 journalist and miscellaneous writer; born at 
 New Haven, Conn., Aug. 17, 1801 ; died at Mor- 
 row, O., Oct. 27, 1880. He wrote : < Political 
 Grammar' (1834); < Life of General Scott* 
 (1846); < Legal Rights of Women' (1847); < His- 
 tory of the Mexican War' (1848); < American 
 Education' (1850); < Personal Memoirs' (1879); 
 
 < Utility of Mathematics ' ; etc. Pie was for 
 many years a contributor to the New York 
 press over the signature « Veteran Observer." 
 
 Mansilla de Garcia, Eduarda (man-sel'ya 
 da gar-the'aj. An Argentine novelist ; born 
 (Mansilla) at Buenos Ayres, 1838. She married 
 Manuel Garcia, a diplomatist, in 1855. She has 
 written: < The Physician of St. Louis'; < Lucia 
 Miranda ' ; < Paul ; or, Life on the Pampas ' 
 (translated into French); etc., all descriptive 
 of Argentine customs or historical episodes. 
 
 Mant, Richard. A distinguished English 
 clergyman and religious writer ; born at South- 
 ampton, Feb. 12, 1776 ; died at Ballymoney, Ire- 
 land, Nov. 2, 1848. He was bishop in the Irish 
 church. He is best known as one of the authors 
 of the 'Annotated Bible' (3 vols., 1814), known 
 as D'Oyly and Mant's, which had an immense 
 circulation. He wrote also: 'Ancient Hj-mns> 
 (1837); 'History of the Church of Ireland' 
 (1840); etc. 
 
 Manuel, Don Juan (ma-nb-el'). A Spanish 
 prince and famous miscellaneous writer; born 
 at Escalona, 1282; died 1347 or 1349. Holding 
 the highest offices in the State, — being joint 
 regent of Spain in 1320, — and twice in arms 
 against his king, as well as commander-in-chief 
 against the Moors, his life was a stormy one. 
 He was one of the first and best of Spanish 
 prose-writers. He is best known by < El Conde 
 Lucanor' (Count Lucanor : 1575), a collection of 
 fifty tales in the Eastern style. It was trans- 
 lated into English by James York (new ed. 1888). 
 
 Manzano, Juan Francisco (man-thah'no). 
 A Cuban poet ; bom in Havana, in 1797 ; died
 
 MANZONI — MARGUERITE D'ANG0UL£ME 
 
 367 
 
 in 1854. A negro, born in slavery, and remain- 
 ing in servitude for forty years, he obtained his 
 education with great difficulty. While still a 
 slave he succeeded in publishing a small vol- 
 ume of poems entitled < Passing Flowers.' His 
 drama < Zafira > was published in 1842. Some 
 of his poems have been translated into French 
 and German. 
 
 Manzonl, Alessandro, Count (man-tso'ne). 
 A famous Italian novelist and poet; bom at 
 Milan, March 7, 1785 ; died there, May 22, 1873. 
 He became senator in i860. He was the leader 
 of the Italian romantic school. His most cele- 
 brated work was the romance • I Promessi 
 Sposi > (The Betrothed : 1827 ; English transla- 
 tion in Bohn's Library, 1883). He wrote also 
 the allegorical poem < Urania* (1807), in honor 
 of poetry; < Sacred Hymns* (1815); the great 
 tragedies <The Count of Carmagnola' (1820) 
 and <Adelchi> (1822); the famous ode on Na- 
 poleon's death, <The Fifth of May>; etc. 
 (Latest edition of his works, 2 vols., 1875-81.) 
 
 Map or Mapes, Walter. A British theo 
 logian, satirist, and poet; bom in Gloucester- 
 shire or Herefordshire, about I140; died about 
 1210. He was archdeacon of Oxford in 1197. 
 He wrote : < De Nugis Curialium ' (Courtiers' 
 Triflings : 1182-92). Probably the Lancelot story 
 in the Arthurian legends is based on an Anglo- 
 French poem by him ; and the legends gener- 
 ally have been thought to be largely his work. 
 
 Maquet, Auguste (ma-ka'). A French nov- 
 elist and playwright ; bom in Paris, Sept. 13, 
 1813; died at Ste. Mesme, Jan. 8, 1888. He 
 was professor at the College Charlemagne in 
 1831. He collaborated with the elder Dumas 
 in some of his novels. He wrote alone (most 
 of them in both novel and play form): < Beau- 
 tiful Gabrielle> (1853), with its sequel < The 
 Bather's House > (1856); <The White Rose> 
 (1859); < Journey to the Country of the Blue* 
 (1859); the play < The Bercheny Hussar* (1865), 
 which was very successful ; etc. 
 
 March. Ausias or Augustin (march). A cel- 
 ebrated Spanish poet; born 1390 (?); died about 
 1460. He is the best of all the Catalan poets. 
 Of his works now extant are ninety-three < Love 
 Songs > ; eight < Laments * ; fourteen < Moral 
 Poems * ; a fine < Song of Devotion * ; etc. He 
 has been called « the Petrarch of Catalonia.'* 
 (Latest edition of his works, Barcelona, 1884.) 
 
 Marchand, F6lix Gabriel. A Canadian jour- 
 nalist and dramatist ; bom at St. John's, P. Q., 
 Jan. 9, 1832. Among his works are the prose 
 comedies <Fatenville* and < Mistakes Don't 
 Count * ; the comedies in verse < One Good For- 
 tune Brings Another* and < The Paste Dia- 
 monds * ; also a comic opera, < The University 
 Laureate.* 
 
 Marco Polo. See Polo, Marco. 
 
 Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. See Aurelius, 
 Marcus. 
 
 Marden, Orison Swett. An American bi- 
 ographer; born in New Hampshire, 1848. His 
 
 home is in Boston. He has written < Pushing- to 
 the Front > and * Architects of Fate,* collecttons of 
 short biographies ; < The Optimistic Life.* 
 
 Marechal, Pierre Sylvain (ma.-ra-*al'). A 
 French atheistical writer; born in Paris, Aug. 
 15. 1750 ; died at Montrouge, near Paris, Jan. 
 18, 1803. He was originally a lawyer. He pub- 
 lished < Fragments of a Moral Poem on God * 
 ( 1 781), modeled upon Lucretius. A parody on 
 the Psalms (1784) cost him his position as sub- 
 librarian of the College Mazarin. He wrote 
 an < Almanac of Honest People* (1788), sub- 
 stituting a list of names of his own invention 
 for the usual calendar of saints; with the as- 
 tronomer Lalande a < Dictionary of Atheists* 
 (1800); etc 
 
 Marek, Jan Jindric (ma'rek). A Bohe- 
 mian novelist and poet; born at Liblin, Nov. 
 4, 1801 ; died at Kralovice, Nov. 3, 1853. He 
 became a priest in 1826. He wrote < Poems * 
 (1823); < Lilies of the Valley* (2 vols., 1824 
 and 1826), novels. His works were published 
 in 10 vols, at Prague 1843-47. The first two 
 volumes contain ballads, legends, and short 
 poems ; the other eight are novels, including 
 <The Harper,* <The Bohemians in Prussia,* <A 
 Night at Kacerov,* <The Quack,* etc. 
 
 Marenco, Carlo (ma-ren'ko). An Italian 
 tragic poet ; bom at Cassolnuovo, May i, 1800 ; 
 died at Savona, Sept. 20, 1843. He was ori- 
 ginally a law student. Among his best-known 
 works are < La Pia de' Tolomei,* his best pro- 
 duction (translated into English by Williams, 
 London, 1856); <Corso Donati*; < Arnold of 
 Brescia*; etc. (< Works,* 4 vols., Turin, 1835- 
 40.) 
 
 Marenco, Leopoldo, Count. An Italian 
 dramatist, son of Carlo ; born at Ceva, Nov. 8, 
 1831. He was for a time employed in the 
 ministry of finance (1851); and as professor of 
 Italian literature at Bologna 1860-64, and Milan 
 1864-71. He has written the tragedies < Pic- 
 carda Donati* (1869), < Sappho* (1880), < Rosa- 
 linda* (1884), etc.; the comedies < George 
 Gandi* (4th ed. 1882), <A Bad Example in 
 the Family' ; etc. (< Dramatic Works,* 20 vols., 
 Turin, 1883.) He died at Milan, April 30, 1899. 
 
 Margry, Pierre (mar-gre'). A French his- 
 torian ; born at Paris, Dec. 8, 1818. He is ad- 
 junct curator of the archives of the ministry 
 of marine and the colonies. He has written 
 < Democracy in France* (1849); < Navigation of 
 the Mississippi* (1859); 'French Navigation 
 from the 14th to the 15th Century* (1867); 
 •Conquest of the Canary Isles* (1880); etc. 
 
 Marguerite d'Angouleme, or d'Alengon, or 
 de Valois, or de Navarre (mar'ge-ret dan-go- 
 lam'). Queen of Navarre, and famous for her 
 stories, poems, and letters ; born at Angouleme, 
 April 1492 ; died in Bigorre, 1549. She was 
 a great patroness of literature. She is best 
 known in literature by the celebrated < Hepta- 
 meron,* a collection of tales. A book of her 
 poems, < Pearls of the Pearl of Princesses,* ap« 
 peared in 1547 < Letters,* 1841-42.
 
 368 
 
 MARGUERITTES — M ARMIER 
 
 Marguerlttes, Julie de (mar-ger-et'). An 
 English dramatic critic ; born in London in 
 1814; died in Philadelphia, June 21, 1866. After 
 successfully appearing in the opera of < La 
 Gazza Ladra' both in New York and Phila- 
 delphia, she retired from the stage and became 
 the dramatic critic of the Philadelphia Sunday 
 Transcript. She was a voluminous writer for 
 the press. Among her books are < The Ins and 
 Outs of Paris > (1855); < Italy and the War of 
 1859 > (1859); and < Parisian Pickings.* 
 
 Mariager, P. (ma-re-a'ger). A Danish nov- 
 elist ; born 1827. Besides translating a num- 
 ber of works from the French and German, 
 he wrote <From Hellas' (1881), five stories that 
 were a new departure in Danish literature, — 
 being attempts to reproduce Greek culture as 
 Ebers did Egyptian, — and were translated into 
 several languages; •The Last Lamia > (1884); 
 <The Potentate of Rhodes' (1885); < Sybaris,> 
 a drama ; <A Marriage in the Catacombs > 
 (1893); etc. 
 
 Marie. See Meyn, Antoinette. 
 
 Marie de France (ma-re' de frons). The 
 earliest French poetess; lived probably in the 
 latter half of the 12th century. She spent her 
 life in England. She wrote < Lais' (Lays), a 
 collection of narrative poems, descriptive es- 
 pecially of love, and belonging to the finest 
 specimens of the Old-French ballad ; * Ysopet,' 
 fables ; and a poem on the purgatory of St. 
 Patrick. (< Works,' edited by Roquefort, 2 vols., 
 1S20; <Lays,> 1885.) 
 
 Marlette, Auguste £douard (ma-ryet'). A 
 distinguished French Egyptologist ; born at 
 Boulogne, Feb. 11, 1821 ; died at Cairo, Egypt, 
 Jan. 18, 1881. He was the principal promoter 
 of the Egyptian museum at Boulak (afterwards 
 at Gizeh), the French School of Egyptology, 
 and the Egyptian Institute ; and was inspector- 
 general and guardian of the Egyptian national 
 monuments. He wrote : < Kamak ' (1875); < Den- 
 derah' (4 vols., 1869-80); < Monuments of Up- 
 per Egypt' (Boston, 1890); etc. 
 
 Marlnl, Giovanni Battista (ma-re'ne). A 
 celebrated Italian poet ; born at Naples, Oct. 
 18, 1569; died there, March 25, 1625. He lived 
 a dissipated and licentious life. The influence 
 of the style he introduced, known as <<marin- 
 ism," was great both in Italy and France, which 
 he visited. He wrote 'Adonis' (1623), his prin- 
 cipal work ; < The Massacre of the Innocents ' 
 (1633); sonnets; etc. 
 
 Marlvaux, Pierre Carlet de Chamberlain 
 de (ma-ri-vo'). A distinguished French dram- 
 atist and novelist ; born in Paris, Feb. 4, 1688 ; 
 died Feb. 12, 1763. His peculiar style gave 
 rise to the term '* marivaudage." His principal 
 plays were : < Game of Love and Chance ' (1730); 
 < School of Manners' (1732); <The Legacy' 
 (1736); etc.: his chief novels < Marianne ' (1731- 
 41), his masterpiece, said to have been the 
 model of Richardson's < Pamela ' ; < The Up- 
 start Peasant' (new ed. 1865); etc. ('Works,' 
 to vols., 1827-30.) 
 
 Markham, Charles Edwin. An American 
 poet ; born in Oregon, in 1852. He is professor in 
 Christian College, Santa Rosa. He has written 
 < In Earth's Shadow ' (1890); < Songs of a Dream- 
 Builder > ( 1890) ; < The Hoe-Man in the Making.' 
 
 Markham, Clements Robert. An English 
 traveler, geographer, and historian; born at 
 Stillingfleet, near York, July 20, 1830. He ac- 
 companied an Arctic expedition in 1851 ; visited 
 Peru 1852-54; visited Peru and India as com- 
 missioner to introduce cinchona plants into the 
 latter country, i860; was secretary of the Royal 
 Geographical Society 1863-88; accompanied 
 the Abyssinian expedition 1867-68. He has 
 written: 'Travels in Peru and India' (1862); 
 'History of the Abyssinian Expedition' (1869); 
 'History of Peru' (1892); etc. He has edited 
 a number of reprints of works on South Amer- 
 ica for the Hakluyt Society. 
 
 Markoe, Peter. ["A Native of Algiers."] 
 
 An American poet ; born in Santa Cruz, W. L, 
 about 1753 ; died in Philadelphia about 1792, 
 He published a tragedy, ' The Patriot Chief * 
 (1783); 'Miscellaneous Poems' (1787); a poem 
 called 'The Times' (1788); and 'Reconcilia- 
 tion,' a comic opera (1790). 
 
 Mark Twain. See Clemens. 
 
 Marlitt, £. (mar'lit). Pseudonym of Eugenie 
 John, a popular German novelist ; born in Arn- 
 stadt on the Gera, Dec. 5, 1825 ; died there, June 
 22, 1887. Her novels deal largely with domes- 
 tic scenes and incidents, and include : ' Gold 
 Else' (1866); 'Blue Beard' (1866); 'The Little 
 Moorland Princess' (1871); 'The Old Mam- 
 sell's Secret' (1877); 'In the Schillingscourt' 
 (1880); 'The Eulen House'; etc. 
 
 Marlowe, Christopher. A noted English 
 poet and dramatist; born at Canterbury about 
 1564; killed at Deptford, June i, 1593. Soon 
 after graduating at Cambridge (1583), he be^ 
 came dramatist to the " Lord Admiral's Com- 
 pany," London, whicii produced most of his 
 plays. Among them were the tragedies ' Life 
 and Death of Dr. Faustus' (1601); 'The Jew of 
 Malta' ; and ' Edward II.' (1593), his best work. 
 Many believe him to have been the author of 
 the second and third parts of Shakespeare's 
 ' Henry VI.' He wrote also the first part of 
 a narrative poem, ' Hero and Leander,' com- 
 pleted afterward by George Chapman. (' Works,' 
 best edition by Dyce, 3 vols., 1850.) 
 
 Marmette, Joseph. A Canadian prose- 
 writer; born in Montmagny, P. Q., Oct. 25, 
 1844. His published works include : ' Charles 
 and Eva> (1868); 'Chevalier de Momac > 
 (1873); and 'The Maccabees of New France* 
 (1878). 
 
 Marmier, Xavier (mar-mya'). A French 
 miscellaneous writer; born at Pontarlier, June 
 24, 1809; died in Paris, Oct. 11, 1892. He was 
 librarian of the library of St. Genevieve, Paris 
 (1846). He was a great traveler. His works 
 include: 'History of Iceland' (1838); 'Letters 
 on Russia,' etc. (2 vols., 1843); 'From, tjxe
 
 MARMOL — MARSH 
 
 Rhine to the Nile> (1846); <The United States 
 and Canada' {1874); the novels <The Spitz- 
 bergen Lovers' (1858), <The Dramas of the 
 Heart' (1868), < A Russian Great Lady' (1876); 
 \n verse, < Poetical Sketches' (1830); < Poems of 
 a Traveler' (1841); etc. 
 
 Marmol, Jos^ (mar'mol). An Argentine 
 poet; born in Buenos Ayres, Dec. 5, 1818; died 
 there, Aug. 12, 1871. His principal works 
 are : < The Pilgrim ' and < Harmonies,' descript- 
 ive poems of travels (1856); the dramas <E1 
 Cruzado' (i860) and < El Poeta' (1862); and 
 
 < La Amalia,' a historical romance based upon 
 the War of the Roses in England (1866), — 
 considered his best work, and which has been 
 translated into French and German. 
 
 Marmontel, Jean Frangois (mar-mon-tel'). 
 A famous French miscellaneous writer ; born 
 at Bort, July 11, 1723; died at Abbeville, Dec. 
 31, 1799. He was brought up by the Jesuits, 
 and intended for the Church. Among his works 
 were : the popular tragedies < Dionysius the 
 Tyrant' (1748), < Aristomenes ' (1749), etc.; 
 
 < Moral Tales' (1761); the novels <Belisarius' 
 (1767) and <The Incas' (1778); etc. Of more 
 lasting value, however, were < French Poetics ' 
 (1763); his contributions to the < Encyclopedic,' 
 collected as < Elements of Literature' (1787); 
 and his < Memoirs' (1804). (< Works,' 17 vols., 
 1786-87.) 
 
 Marnix, Phillpp van (mar'niks). Baron of 
 Baint-Aldegonde. A Dutch statesman, satirist, 
 and miscellaneous writer ; born at Brussels, 
 1538; died at Leyden, Dec. 15, 1598. He was 
 prominent in the liberation of tjje Netherlands ; 
 formulated the treaty of Breda (1566); was 
 governor of Delft and Rotterdam ; defended 
 Antwerp (1584-85). His chief work was < De 
 Byencorf der h. Roomscher Kercke ' (Beehive 
 of the Holy Church of Rome : 1569), a satire 
 on Catholicism (published under the pseudo- 
 nym "Isaac Rabbotenus"). which has become 
 a Dutch prose classic. He wrote the ballad 
 ♦William of Nassau,' officially recognized as 
 one of the two national songs of Holland ; and 
 a fine poetical version of the Psalms. 
 
 Marot, Adolpbe Gaston (ma-ro'). A French 
 dramatist ; bom at Rochefort, Aug. 13, 1837. 
 He was director of the Cluny Theatre (1875). 
 He has written: < Aristophanes in Paris' (1873, 
 with Clairville); <The Loves of the Boulevard' 
 (1877); <Clairon'; < The French in Tonkin' 
 (1855, with P^ricaud); < Weeping Paris' (1886); 
 <My Wife's Husband' (1889); the romance 
 * Mother and Daughter' (1889); etc 
 
 Marot, Clement. A famous French poet; 
 born at Cahors, 1495 ; died at Turin, 1544. He 
 was easily the first French poet of his age, 
 noted for literary vivacity, facility, and grace. 
 He excelled in elegies, eclogues, and epistles. 
 His metrical version of the Psalms, however, is 
 heavy and prosy. Among hi'^ works were * The 
 Temple of Cupid' (1515J, and < Hell ' (1526). 
 
 Marquez, Jos6 Arnaldo (mar'ketn). The 
 best of modern Peruvian — especially lyric — 
 24 
 
 369 
 
 poets; bom about 1825; died Jan. 15, 1881. He 
 published < Lost Notes' (1862), <Flor de Abel,' 
 etc.; and a book of travels in the United States. 
 He was editor of several journals. He lost 
 his life in the defense of Lima against the 
 Chilians. 
 
 Marradi, Giovanni (mar-ra'de). An Italian 
 poet ; bom at Leghorn, 1852. He has written : 
 < Modern Hymns, by G. M. Labronio' (1878); 
 < Fancies of the Sea' (1881); < Lyric Memories' 
 ( 1884) ;< Poems '( 1887) ;< New Songs '(1891); etc. 
 
 Marryat, Florence. A popular English nov- 
 elist, daughter of Capt. Frederick Marryat ; born 
 at Brighton, July 9, 1838; died in London, Oct. 
 27, 1899. She married first Col. Ross Church, 
 and then Col. Francis Lean. She was a dramatic 
 reader and singer; was editor of London Society 
 (1872-76); and acted in London in her own 
 play <Her World' (1881). She wrote: <Too 
 Good for Him' (new ed. 1868); <Woman Against 
 Woman' (1865 'I; 'Confessions of Gerald Est- 
 court' (1865); 'Veronique' (1869); <Fighting 
 he Air> (new ed. 1878); <A Daughter of the 
 Tropics' ( 1887). She published <Life and Let- 
 ters of Captain Marryat,' 2 vols. (1872). 
 
 Marryat, Frederick. ["Captain Marryat."] 
 A famous English novelist ; bom in London, 
 July ID, 1792; died at Langham, Norfolk, Aug. 
 9, 1848. Entering the British navy in 1806, he 
 became commander in 1815 ; and was serving 
 on the St. Helena station at the time of Napo- 
 leon's death. Among his best-known works 
 were: < Frank Mildmay' (1829); < The King's 
 Own' (1830); < Peter Simple' (1834); <Mr. 
 Midshipman Easy' (1836); < Japhet in Search 
 of a Father ' ( 1836 ) ; < Masterman Ready ' 
 (1841). 
 
 Marsh, Mrs. Anne (Caldwell). A popular 
 English novelist ; bom in Staffordshire, 1796 ; 
 died there, October 1874. She published most 
 of her works anonymously. Among them were : 
 <Two Old Men's Tales' (1834; latest ed. 1849); 
 < Mount Sorel' (1845); < Emilia Wyndham' 
 (latest ed. 1849); < Norman's Bridge' (latest ed. 
 1849). She wrote also the historical work < The 
 Protestant Reformation in France' (1847). 
 
 Marsh, George Perkins. An American 
 philologist ; bom in Woodstock, Vt., March 15, 
 1801 ; died in Vallombrosa, Italy, July 23, 1882. 
 A graduate of Dartmouth in 1820, he practiced 
 law in Burlington, Vt.; became Member of 
 Congress 1842-49, minister to Turkey 1849-53, 
 and first minister to the new kingdom of Italy 
 1861, holding the post until his death, a period 
 of over 20 years. As a diplomatist he had 
 great ability. His services to the study of lan- 
 guage, especially the history of his own tongue, 
 give him a distinguished place among Ameri- 
 can scholars. The 'Origin and History of the 
 English Language' remains a standard work. 
 He translated Rask's 'Icelandic Grammar' 
 (1838); and also published 'Lectures on the 
 English Language' (1861); an edition of Wedg- 
 wood's 'Etymology'; and 'The Earth as Mod- 
 ified by Human Action' (1874). A revised
 
 370 
 
 MARSH — MARTIN 
 
 edition of his complete works appeared in 1885 ; 
 his < Life and Letters > compiled by his widow 
 in 1888. A part of his fine library of Scandi- 
 navian literature was acquired by the University 
 of Vermont. 
 
 Marsh, Othniel Charles. A distinguished Amer- 
 ican palaeontologist; born at Loci port, N. Y.,Oct. 
 29, 1831; died at New Haven, Conn., Mar. 18, 
 1899. A Yale graduate, he studied at Berlin, 
 Heidelberg, and Breslau; and was professor of 
 palaeontology at Yale from 1866 to his death. He 
 was authority on the extinct vertebrates of the 
 Rocky Mountains, having conducted many scien- 
 tific expeditions thither, and discovered more than 
 1,000 new specimens, many of which he de- 
 scribed in the American Journal of Science, and 
 which he presented to Yale University. For 
 twenty years he labored upon a series of gov- 
 ernment reports containing an illustrated account 
 of his discoveries. Three of these — on the 
 <Odontornithes,) the <Dinocerata,) and <Lau- 
 ropoda' — have appeared. He was president 
 of the American Association for the Ad- 
 vancement of Science, vertebrate palaeontol- 
 ogist of the U. S. Geological Survey, president 
 of the National Academy of Sciences, and fel- 
 low of the Geological Society of London. His 
 work has been recognized by honorary degrees 
 from great universities, and in many other 
 ways, bringing him international reputation. 
 
 Uarsliall, Jolm. An eminent American ju- 
 rist; bom at Germantown, Fauquier County, 
 Va., Sept. 24, 1755; died at Philadelphia, July 6, 
 1835. He served in the Revolutionary War; 
 was United States envoy to France 1797-98 ; 
 Member of Congress from Virginia 1799-1800; 
 Secretary of State 1800-1 ; Chief Justice of the 
 United States Supreme Court 1801-35. Among 
 his published works were : < Life of Washington > 
 (5 vols., 1804-7 ; abridged and improved, i vol., 
 1832); 'Writings upon the Federal Constitu- 
 tion.' The greatest American jurist, he was 
 one of the greatest jurists of any age. 
 
 Marshall, Nelly Nichol. See MacAfee. 
 
 Marsham, John, Sir. An English Egyptol- 
 ogist ; born 1602 ; died 1685. His < Diatriba 
 Chronological (1649), enlarged into <Chronicus 
 Canon Egyptiacus,* etc. (1672), was a pioneer 
 work in fixing the sequence of ancient history 
 by means of the Egyptian annals. 
 
 Marston, John. An English dramatist and 
 poet; bom about 1575; died in London, June 
 25, 1634. He graduated at Oxford in 1594, and 
 became lecturer at the Middle Temple, London, 
 1593. His chief work was <The Malcontent' 
 (1604), a tragicomedy which he recast from its 
 original form as written by John Webster. The 
 comedy 'Eastward Ho!> (1605), written with 
 Ben Jonson and George Chapman, caused the 
 imprisonment of all three on account of its satire 
 tn the Scotch. (< Dramatic Works,' latest edi- 
 tion, 3 vols., 1887. < Poems,' 3 vols., 1856.) 
 
 Marston, John Westland. An English dram- 
 atist^ bom at Boston, Lincolnshire, Jan. 30, 1819 ; 
 died in London, Jan. 5, 1890. He was one of 
 
 a group of English mystics. Among his dra- 
 mas were: <The Patrician's Daughter' (1842); 
 
 < Donna Diana' (1863), his best play; <The 
 Favorite of Fortune' (1866); etc. He wrote 
 also <Our Recent Actors' (1888), a valuable 
 work ; a novel ; two collections of short stories ; 
 and a number of poems, — among the latter < The 
 Death-Ride at Balaklava' (1854), which be- 
 came very popular. 
 
 Marston, Philip Bourke. An English poet, 
 son of John W.; born in London, Aug. 13, 1850 ; 
 died Feb. 13, 1887. From youth he was almost 
 wholly blind. He was the subject of Hake's 
 poem <The Blind Boy,' and of Mrs. Craik's 
 
 < Philip, My King.' He wrote: < Song-Tide,' 
 etc. (1871); <A Last Harvest' (1881); <Wind 
 Voices' (1883); etc. His 'Collected Poems,' 
 edited by Louise Chandler Moulton, appeared 
 in 1892. 
 
 Martel de Janville, Gabrielle de, Countess 
 
 (mar-tel' de zhon-vel')- [** Gyp."] A popular 
 French novelist ; born at the Chateau de Koetsal, 
 Morbihan, about 1850. She is the creator of 
 several new types, among them Paulette, Lou- 
 lou. Bob, etc.; and has been a prolific writer. 
 Among her numerous works are : *About Mar- 
 riage' (1883), dramatized the same year; < About 
 Divorce' (1886); 'Conjugal Joys' (i887);<Miss 
 Eve' (1889); <The Duke' (1892); <The Duch- 
 ess ' (1893); ' Baron Sinai' (1897); < A Household '; 
 
 < The Last Cry > (1903). 
 
 Martial— Marcus Valerius Martialls (mar'- 
 shal). A famous Latin poet; bom at Bilbilis, 
 Spain, 40 (?) A. D. ; died in Spain about 102 (?) 
 He spent most of his life at Rome, where he 
 enjoyed the favor of the emperors Titus and 
 Domitian. His fame rests upon his < Epigrams,' 
 in fifteen books; they are witty and marked by 
 great felicity of form and expression, but are 
 often sensual and marred by flattery of the 
 great. A late edition, with notes and indices 
 by Friedlander (2 vols.), appeared at Leipzig 
 in 1886. 
 
 Martin, Arthur Patchett. An Australian 
 poet and journalist ; born at Woolwich, Eng- 
 land, 1851. He was one of the founders of 
 the Melbourne Review, and its editor for six 
 years. He has written in verse : <A Sweet 
 Girl Graduate'; <An Easter Omelette' (1878); 
 in both verse and prose <Femshawe' (1881; 
 2d ed. London, 1885); etc. 
 
 Martin, Bon Louis Henri (mar-tan'). One 
 of the most eminent of French historians ; born 
 at St. Quentin, Aisne, Feb. 20, 1810; died in 
 Paris, Dec. 14, 1883. He studied law originally ; 
 became a senator in 1876, and member of the 
 Academy in 1878. His great work, the < His- 
 tory of France,' in 16 volumes, appeared in 1855- 
 60 ; the < Popular History of France ' in 1867-75 ; 
 and the continuation bringing the account down 
 to the present day, < History of Modern France 
 from 1789 ' 1878-85. He wrote besides : < France, 
 her Genius and her Destinies' (1847); < Italian 
 Unity > (1865); the heroic drama < Vercingetorix ' 
 (1865); < Russia in Europe' (1866); and the 
 Monograph < Jeanne d' Arc ' (1872).
 
 MARTIN - MARZIALS 
 
 37J 
 
 Martin, Edward Sanford. An American 
 journalist of New York city; bom at <*Wil- 
 lowbrook,» Owasco Lake, N. Y., in 1856. He 
 is author of <Slv Ballades in Harvard China'; 
 
 < A Little Brother of the Rich, and Other Poems>; 
 
 < Windfalls of Observation > ; < Courtship of a 
 Careful Man.> 
 
 Martin, Theodore. Sir. An English poet, 
 translator, and biographer ; born at Edinburgh, 
 1816. He became a solicitor in London in 
 1846; married the actress Helen Faucit in 1851 ; 
 was elected rector of the University of St. An- 
 drews in 1880. He first became known as an 
 author in London under the pen-name «Bon 
 Gaultier»; and jointly with W. E. Aytoun pub- 
 lished the famous <Book of Ballads' about 
 1858, also under that pseudonym. He has made 
 many excellent translations from Horace and 
 Catullus, from Dante, from Goethe, Schiller, and 
 Heine, and from mediaeval ballads, epigrams, 
 etc. Upon the completion of the < Life of the 
 Prince Consort' (5 vols., 1874-80), he was 
 knighted. He also wrote < Life of the Princess 
 Alice* (1883); and other biographies. 
 
 Martin, William Alexander Parsons. A 
 
 distinguished American Presbyterian mission- 
 ary and educator ; bom at Livonia, Ind., April 
 10, 1827. A missionary originally at Ningpo, 
 China (1850-60), he founded and directed the 
 Presbyterian mission at Pekin, 1863-68; be- 
 came professor of international law at Tung- 
 wen College, Pekin, in 1868 ; president in 1869 ; 
 was sent by China to the United States and 
 Europe to report on methods of education 
 in 1880-81 ; made mandarin of the third rank 
 in 1885. He has published in Chinese, < Evi- 
 dences of Christianity' (1855), <The Three 
 Principles' (1856), etc.; in English, <The Chi- 
 nese, their Education, Philosophy, and Letters ' 
 (1881); < Awakening of China' (1907). 
 
 Martineau, Harriet (mar'ti-no). An Eng- 
 lish reformer and miscellaneous writer, sister 
 of James ; born at Norwich, June 12, 1802 ; died 
 at Ambleside, June 27, 1876. She visited this 
 country in 1834, aiding the abolitionists, and 
 traveled in Palestine and the East in 1846. 
 She wrote a series of stories based on political 
 economy (1832). Among her more important 
 works are : < Society iij America' (1836); < Deer- 
 brook' (1839), a novel; < History of England 
 during the Thirty Years' Peace' (1848); < Phi- 
 losophy of Comte' (1853); < British Rule in 
 India' (1857); < Biographical Sketches' (1869); 
 etc. She labored under the remarkable dis- 
 ability of being all her life without the senses 
 of taste and smell, and at 16 became very deaf. 
 
 Martineau, James. An English Unitarian 
 theologian; bom at Norwich, April 21, 1805; 
 died in London, Jan. 11, 1900. He was the most 
 profound and brilliant theological and religious 
 writer on the liberal side in England. He was 
 professor of philosophy at Manchester New Col- 
 lege, London ( 1853). He published 'Endeavors 
 after the Christian Life' (1843-47); <MiscelIa- 
 nies> (1852), edited by T. Starr King; < Studies 
 of Christianity' (1858). <Essays, Theologi- 
 cal and Philosophical' (2 vols., 1866-68); 
 
 < Religion and Modem Materialism' (1874); *A 
 Study of Spinoza' (1882); < The Seat of Au- 
 thority in Religion' (1890); < Essays, Reviews, 
 and Addresses' (4 vols., 1890-91); etc. 
 
 Martinez de la Rosa, Francisco (mar-te'- 
 neth da la r5'sa). A distinguished Spanish 
 statesman, poet, dramatist, and miscellaneous 
 writer; born at Granada, March 10, 1789; died 
 at Madrid, Feb. 7, 1862. His best works were 
 the tragedy < CEdipus,' the drama < The Vene- 
 tian Conspiracy,' and the comedy < The Daugh- 
 ter at Home and the Mother at the Ball.' 
 His novels • Hernan Perez > and < Isabel de 
 Solis,' and his < Spirit of the Age,' are slight. 
 
 Martyn, Sarah Towne. An American writer 
 of semi-historical fiction; bom in Hopkinton, 
 N. H., Aug. 15, 1805 ; died in New York, Nov, 
 22, 1879. Some of her books are : < Huguenots 
 of France > (1865); < Sibyl Grey ' (1866); < Women 
 of the Bible' (1868); <The Crescent and the 
 Cross' (1869); < Dora's Mistake' (1870); and 
 < Hillside Cottage' (1872). 
 
 Martyn, William Carlos. An American 
 biographical and historical writer ; bom in New 
 York city, Dec. 15, 1841. He is a Presbyterian 
 divine in that city. In his works are included 
 < Life of John Milton ' ; < Life of Martin Luther ' ; 
 < History of the Huguenots' (1866); < History of 
 the Pilgrim Fathers of New England' (1867); 
 and < 'i'he Dutch Reformation ' ; * Christian 
 Citizenship.' 
 
 Marvel, Ike. See Mitchell. 
 
 Marvell, Andrew. An English poet and 
 satirist ; bom at Winestead, Yorkshire, March 
 31, 1621 ; died in London, Aug. 18, 1678. He 
 was Milton's friend, and his assistant in the 
 Latin secretaryship to the Commonwealth (1657). 
 He was called "the British Aristides." He 
 is best known by his < Poems on Affairs of 
 State' (1689), a collection of satires on Charles 
 II. and the Stuarts ; though often coarse, they 
 abound in lofty and generous sentiments. Of 
 his other writings, the best are the < Horatian 
 Ode on Cromwell's Return from Ireland' (1776); 
 <The Rehearsal Transposed' (1672-73); the 
 single poem < The Nymph Complaining ' ; etc. 
 
 Marz, Karl (marks). A famous German so- 
 cialist; born at Treves, May 5, 1818; died in 
 London, March 14, 1883. He studied jurispru- 
 dence, philosophy, and history, at Bonn and 
 Berlin; edited the Journal of the Rhine, 1842- 
 43; on its suppression went to Paris, but was 
 expelled from there (1845), and took refuge at 
 Brussels; founded the New Journal of the 
 Rhine at Cologne (1848); expelled again from 
 Prussia (1849), settled in London. He was the 
 controlling spirit of the International, 1864-72. 
 His great work was <Das Kapital' (Capital: 
 1867; new ed. 1885). Vol. i., containing all the 
 essential points of his theory, was translated 
 into English (London, 1887). The entire work, 
 issued under the editorship of Friedrich Engels, 
 appeared in an English translation in 1893. 
 
 MarzialB, Th^ophile. An English poet, of 
 French parentage; bom at Brussels, 1850. H»
 
 372 
 
 M ASALSKII — MASUDI 
 
 was educated in Belgium, Switzerland, and 
 England, and has been employed in the Brit- 
 ish Museum since 1870. He has published 
 < Gallery of Pigeons and Other Poems > (1873), 
 which has been highly praised. His best-known 
 piece is the song < Twickenham Ferry.* 
 
 Masalskli, Konstantin Petrovich (ma-sal'- 
 ski-e). A Russian novelist and poet; born at 
 Jaroslav, 1802; died 1861. He was in the gov- 
 ernment service till 1842. His principal novels 
 were : <Terpi Kazak,> etc. (Have Patience, Cos- 
 sack, You will be Hetman: 1829); <The Black 
 Trunk > ; < Siege of Uglich * ; < The Russian 
 Icarus > ; < The First Love of the Last of a 
 Race>; etc. (<Works,> 1843-45.) 
 
 Mason, Caroline Atherton (Brlggs). An 
 American verse-writer; born in Marblehead, 
 Mass., July 27, 1823; died in 1890. She pub- 
 lished < Utterance, a Collection of Home Poems > 
 (1852); and <Rose Hamilton,' a story (1859). 
 Her poems < Do They Miss Me at Home ? ' and 
 <The King's Quest,' are widely popular. 
 
 Mason, William. An English divine and 
 poet; bom at Hull, Feb. I2, 1724; died at York, 
 April 7, 1797. He was the friend, executor, and 
 biographer of the poet Gray, and precentor and 
 canon of York. He wrote: <Elfrida> (1752), 
 and <Caractacus> (1759), two dramas; < The 
 English Garden* (1772-82), a poem; < Memoirs 
 of Gray> (1775); etc. (<Works,> 1811.) 
 
 Maspero, Gaston (mas-pe-ro'). A distin- 
 guished French Egyptologist; born in Paris, 
 June 24, 1846. He became professor of Egyp- 
 tian archseology and philosophy at the College 
 de France in 1874; founded a school of Egyp- 
 tian archaeology at Cairo, 1881. Among his 
 works are : < Popular Tales of Ancient Egypt ' 
 (1881); 'Ancient History of the Peoples of the 
 Orient > (4th ed. 1886); < Egyptian Archaeology ' 
 (IS87) ;< Ancient History of the Peoples of the 
 Classical Orient* ; <The Passing of the Empires.' 
 
 Massaranl, Tullo (mas-sa-ra'ne). An Italian 
 miscellaneous writer; born at Mantua, 1826. 
 A student of law originally, he was Member 
 of Parliament in 1860-67; then magistrate in 
 Milan. He has written political works, includ- 
 ing <The Italian Idea through the Ages' (1850); 
 the volumes of essays < Studies in Literature 
 and Art' (1873), < Studies in Politics and His- 
 tory' (1873), < Critical Essays' (2d ed. 1883); 
 •Legnano' (1876), a volume of long and short 
 stories; < Talks and Rhymes' (2d ed. 1884); 
 etc. He is known also as a painter. 
 
 Massey, Gerald. An English poet ; born at 
 Tring, May 29, 1828. In youth he worked 
 in a silk-mill and as a straw-braider. He 
 founded and edited the Spirit of Freedom in 
 1849, and was secretary of the Christian So- 
 cialists. He lectured in this country in 1873. 
 He is a firm believer in spiritualism. The titles 
 of his works are : < Ballad of Babe Christabel,' 
 etc. (5th ed. 1855); < War Waits' (1855J; < Have- 
 lock's March,' etc. (1861); < My Lyrical Life' 
 Ci889);etc. 
 
 Masslllon, Jean Baptlste (ma-se-yon'). A 
 famous French preacher ; born at Hyferes, 
 June 24, 1663 ; died at Clermont, Sept. 18, 
 1742. He was director of the Seminary of St. 
 Magloire, Paris, in 1699 ; court preacher in 1699, 
 1701, and 1704 ; preached the funeral orations 
 on Conti in 1709, the Dauphin in 171 1, and 
 Louis XIV. in 1715; became bishop of Cler- 
 moat in 1717. His sermons are finished in 
 form, and deal with conduct more than dogma. 
 The funeral oration on Louis XIV. was trans- 
 lated into English (London, 1872); also selected 
 sermons (2 vols., 1889-90). (< Works,' 4 vols., 
 Paris, 1886.) 
 
 Massinger, Philip. A noted English drama- 
 tist ; bom at Salisbury, 1583 ; died at the Bank-, 
 side, Southwark, March, 1639-40. Of 38 plays 
 written wholly or in part by him, he was the sole 
 author of 15. Among the best are : < The Duke 
 of Milan' (1623); <The Fatal Dowry' (1632); 
 <A New Way to Pay Old Debts' (1633), which 
 still keeps the stage, the character of Sir Giles 
 Overreach being almost as familiar as one of 
 Shakespeare's; <A Very Woman' (1655); <A 
 City Madam' (1659); etc. He excelled in de- 
 picting tragic character and in lofty sentiment 
 without escaping from the limits of possible 
 life ; but his verse is prosaic, and often halting 
 and unmelodious. 
 
 Masson, Auguste Michel Benolt Gaudlchot 
 
 (ma-s6h'). A French novelist and dramatist; 
 born in Paris, 1800 ; died 1883. He wrote much 
 in collaboration. Among his works in fiction 
 are: < Tales of the Workshop' (1832-33); <A 
 Young Girl's Heart' (1834); <The Bundle of 
 Straw' (1861); <The Stubborn Wife' (1865). 
 He also wrote : * Reminiscences of a Child of 
 the People' (1838-41), autobiographic; < History 
 of Celebrities' (1838, many editions); the dramas 
 <The Devil in Love' (1836), 'Madame Favart' 
 (1837), <A Fixed Idea' (1850), <The Orphans 
 of Notre Dame Bridge' (1849); etc. 
 
 Masson, David. A Scottish biographer, 
 essayist, and critic ; bom at Aberdeen, Dec. 2, 
 1822. He was professor of English at Univer- 
 sity College, London, ?5552; later, for a num- 
 ber of years editor of Macmillan's Magazine; 
 professor of rhetoric and English literature at 
 the University of Edinburgh, 1865. His chief 
 work is < Life of Milton' (6 vols., 1858-79). He 
 wrote besides : < Essays, Biographical and Crit- 
 ical' (1856); 'British Novelists' (1859); <The 
 Three Devils ' ( 1874) ; etc. He died Oct. 7, 1907. 
 
 Masudi or Al-Masudl (md-so'de). An Ara- 
 bic historian ; born at Bagdad about the close 
 of the ninth century; died in Egypt, 957. He 
 has been called «the Arabian Herodotus." 
 His best work was < Meadows of Gold and 
 Mines of Gems' (many editions ; the latest, text 
 with French translation, 9 vols., Paris, 1861-77). 
 It abounds in information regarding his time, 
 the result of extensive travel, and is the most 
 celebrated of its kind in the language. One 
 volume was translated into English by A. 
 Sprenger (1841).
 
 MATHER — MAT U RIN 
 
 373 
 
 Mather, Cotton. A famous American cler- 
 gyman, son of Increase ; born in Boston, Feb. 
 12, 1663; died there, Feb. 13, 1728. A prolific 
 •writer of books, his <Magnalia> is probably 
 better known than any other of the nearly four 
 hundred volumes that he published. < Mem- 
 orable Providences relating to Witchcraft and 
 Possessions' appeared in 1685. 
 
 Mather, Increase. A noted American Con- 
 gregational divine, educator, and scholar ; born 
 at Dorchester, Mass., June 21, 1639; died at 
 Boston, Aug. 23, 1723. Graduating from Har- 
 vard at 17, he went to England ; graduated 
 from Trinity College, Dublin, at 19 ; settled in 
 England as a pastor, but at the Restoration 
 refused to conform and returned to Boston; 
 was president of Harvard 1685-1701 ; visited 
 England again to convey a vote of thanks to 
 James II. (1688). Of his ninety-two publica- 
 tions, one of the most curious was < An Essay 
 for the Recording of Illustrious Providences* 
 (1684; London, 1856). It is a collection of 
 remarkable happenings, — sea-deliverances, ac- 
 cidents, witchcraft, apparitions, etc. 
 
 Mathers, Helen Buckingham. See Reeves. 
 
 Mathews, Cornelius. An American novel- 
 ist, verse-writer, and dramatist; born in Port 
 Chester, N. Y., Oct. 28, 1817 ; died in New York 
 city, March 25, 1889. His < Poems on Man in 
 the Republic,' and < Witchcraft,' were com- 
 mended by Margaret Fuller in her essay on 
 < American Literature'; Poe criticized him 
 sharply. Other works of his are : < Behemoth : 
 a Legend of the Mound-Builders' (1839); < Pen- 
 and-ink Panorama of New York City' (1853); 
 < False Pretences,' a comedy ; and < Indian Fairy 
 Tales' (1868). In 1840, with Evert A. Duyck- 
 inck, he edited Arcturus, a monthly magazine. 
 
 Mathews, William. An American essayist ; 
 bom in Waterville, Me., July 28, 1818 ; resigned 
 the professorship of rhetoric and English liter- 
 ature in the University of Chicago (1875) to 
 devote his time entirely to literary work. His 
 publications include : < Getting on in the World ' 
 (1872); <The Great Conversers, and Other Es- 
 says' (1873); < Literary Style, and Other Essays ' 
 (1881); < Wit and Humor, their Use and Abuse ' ; 
 and ' Nugse Litterariae ; < Conquering Success > 
 
 (1903)- 
 Mathieu, Adolphe Charles Ghlslain (ma- 
 
 ty6'). A Belgian poet and journalist; born at 
 Mons, June 22, 1804 ; died near Brussels, June 
 13, 1876. He was curator of the public library 
 at Mons, 1840-45; assistant professor at the 
 University of Li&ge, 1849; chief librarian of 
 the Royal Library, 1864. He wrote : < Poems 
 of the Belfry' (2d ed. 1846); < Roland de Lat 
 tre> (2d ed. 1840); <Mons and Brussels' (1852) 
 <011a Podrida' (1828-29); < Memories' (1866) 
 <Clippings' (1863-71); the dramas <Two Wed 
 dings for One' (1836), <D'Aubign^' (1854), etc.; 
 <Mons Biographies' (1848); the political works 
 <The Reveille of Liberty' and < France and 
 Belgium.' 
 
 Matta, Gulllermo (mii'ta). A Chilian poli- 
 tician and poet, born at Copiap6, Chili, 1829. 
 
 He was banished in 1859; was deputy 1870 
 and 1873; governor of Atacama 1875-81. He 
 published in 1853 some short stories that were 
 severely criticized for their freedom of style. 
 His verses, chiefly lyric, are very popular. 
 (< Poems,' 2 vols., Leipzig, about 1880.) 
 
 Matthew Paris. See Paris. 
 
 Matthew, Sir Tobie. An English courtier, 
 diplomat, and writer; born at Salisbury, 1577; 
 died 1655. He was famed for amiability, and 
 for a series of letters published posthumously 
 under the title <A Collection of Letters made 
 by Sr. Tobie Mat [t] hew, Kt., with a Character 
 of the Most Excellent Lady Lucy' (1660). 
 
 Matthews, (James) Brander. An Ameri- 
 can critic and essayist; born in New Orleans, 
 La., Feb. 21, 1852. He graduated from Colum- 
 bia College in 1871, and from Columbia Law 
 School in 1873, being admitted to the bar the 
 same year. He soon turned to literature, taking 
 especial interest in the drama, and made him- 
 self an authority upon French dramatic liter- 
 ature ; has also written several clever comedies. 
 In fiction he has steadily gained in art and 
 reputation, his short studies of New York city 
 life in the realistic vein being among the very 
 best of their kind. He has also written a strong 
 novel of New York life, < His Father's Son.' 
 He is one of the founders of the Authors' Club 
 of New York, and did valuable work in or- 
 ganizing the American Copyright League. Mr. 
 Matthews is a frequent and acceptable con- 
 tributor of essays and fiction to periodicals. 
 Of his many writings the following books are 
 the more important : < The Theatres of France > ; 
 
 < French Dramatists of the Ninteenth Century ' ; 
 
 < Margery's Lovers, a Comedy ' ; < The Last 
 Meeting, a Story'; <The Secret of the Sea, 
 and Other Stories' ; <A Family Tree, and Other 
 Stories'; <The Story of a Story'; <Tom Paul- 
 ding'; < Studies of the Stage'; 'Americanisms 
 and Briticisms'; < Vignettes of Manhattan'; 
 
 < Introduction to the Study of American Liter- 
 ature ' ; < The Royal Marine ' ; < Tales of Fantasy 
 and Fact > ; and < Development of the Drama.' 
 
 Maturin, Charles Robert (mat'u-rin). An 
 Irish novelist ; born at Dublin, 1782 ; died there. 
 Oct. 30, 1824. A clergyman of the Church of 
 England, he was noted for eloquence in the 
 pulpit and hostility to Roman Catholicism. 
 His best novel was < Melmoth the Wanderer' 
 (1820); others being <The Wild Irish Boy' 
 (1808), <The Milesian Chief (1812), etc. His 
 tragedy < Bertram,' thought by many to be his 
 best work, was produced by Edmund Kean at 
 Drury Lane in 1816. 
 
 Maturin, Edward. An American novelist; 
 born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1812 ; died in New 
 York city. May 25, 1881. In 1832 he came to 
 America with letters of introduction from 
 Thomas Moore and other literati. He wrote 
 
 < Montezuma, the Last of the Aztecs : A Ro- 
 mance' (2 vols., 1845); 'Benjamin, the Jew 
 of Grenada: A Romance' (1848); < Lyric* of
 
 374 
 
 M AUUSLE Y —MAY 
 
 Spain and Erin > (1850); and <Bianca, a Tale 
 of Erin and Italy > (1852), 
 
 Haudsley, Henry. An English alienist; 
 bom at Giggleswick, Yorkshire, Feb. 5, 1835. 
 He was professor of medical jurisprudence in 
 University College, London, 186^79; and edi- 
 tor of the Journal of Mental Science, 1863-78. 
 He has published : < Physiology and Pathology 
 of the Mind> (1867); < Responsibility in Mental 
 Disease) (1874); < Body and Will> (1883); etc. 
 
 Maupassant, Guy de (mo-pa-s6h' ) . A French 
 novelist; born at the Chateau de Miromesnil 
 (Seine-Inferieure), Aug. 5. 1850; died at Passy, 
 July 6, 1893. He was for some time clerk at 
 the navy department, Paris. He published over 
 twenty volumes, among them the collections 
 of short stories <The Sisters Rondoli> (1884), 
 •Tales of Day and Night> (1885), < The Left 
 Hand> (1889); the novels < Peter and John> 
 (1888), <Strong as Death' (1889), <Our Heart> 
 (1893); the books of travel <In the Sunshine* 
 (1884), <On the Water' (1888), <A Wandering 
 Life > (1890); <The Book Agent> (1900). Un- 
 settled by the insanity and death of a brother, he 
 himself died in an asylum. 
 
 Maurice, Frederick Denison. A celebrated 
 English divine, and theological and philosoph- 
 ical writer; born near Lowestoft, Suffolk, Aug. 
 29, 1805 ; died in London, April i, 1872. He 
 was professor at King's College, London, in 
 1840 ; assisted in founding Queen's College for 
 women, 1848 ; was principal of St. Martin's 
 Hall, a workingmen's college, 1854; professor 
 of moral philosophy at Cambridge University, 
 1866. Among his works are : < Theological 
 Essays' (1853); < Ancient Philosophy' (1850); 
 < Mediaeval Philosophy' (1857); < Modem Phi- 
 losophy' (1862); the novel < Eustace Conway' 
 (1834). He was known as a leader in the 
 " Broad Church " and in the Christian Socialist 
 movement of his time. 
 
 Maury, Matthew Fontaine. An American 
 naval officer, famous in science ; bom in Spott- 
 sylvania County, Va., Jan. 14, 1806 ; died in 
 llexington, Va., Feb. i, 1873. His most distin- 
 guished work is < Physical Geography of the 
 Sea' (1855; revised ed. i860); he was also au- 
 thor of treatises on navigation, astronomy, and 
 meteorology. 
 
 Mauthner, Fritz (mout'ner). A German 
 novelist; born at Horitz, Bohemia, Nov. 22, 
 1849. His home since 1876 has been in Berlin. 
 Among his works may be named : < After Fa- 
 mous Models ' (27th ed. 1894 ; new series, i6th 
 ed. 1883), a collection of witty parodies ; < The 
 Baroness's Sundays' (3d ed. 1884); <The New 
 Ahasuerus' (1882); < The Last German of 
 Blatna ' (5th ed. 1890); < Hypatia' (2d ed. 1892); 
 'The Ghost-Seer ' (l894);< The Bohemian ^Tanu- 
 script ' (1897). 
 
 Mautner, Eduard. A German poet ; born 
 at I'esth, Nov. 13, 1824; died at Baden, near 
 Vienna, July 2, 1889. He wrote : < The Prize 
 Comedy,' which took the prize offered by the 
 Hofburg Theatre in Vienna (1851), 'Countess 
 Aurora' (1852), <A Stratagem' (1878), comedies; 
 
 the plays < Eglantine' (1863) and <The Hour- 
 Glass' (1871); <Short Stories' (1858); <Poems' 
 (1847 and 1858); etc. < Select Poems' appeared 
 in 1889. 
 
 Max O'RelL See Blouet, Paul. 
 
 Maxwell, Herbert Eustace, Sir. An Eng- 
 lish politician and miscellaneous writer ; bom 
 Jan. 8, 1845. He has been a Member of Parlia- 
 ment since 1880; was a lord of the treasury 
 1886-92, member of the Royal Commission 
 on the Aged Poor in 1893. He has written : < Pas- 
 sages in Life of Sir Lucian Elphin' (1889), <The 
 Art of Love' (1890), < The Letter of the Law' 
 (1891), all novels;* Meridiana : Noontide Essays ' 
 (1892); < British Fresh Water Fishes.' 
 
 Maxwell, Mary Elizabeth (Braddon). See 
 Braddon. 
 
 Maxwell, William Hamilton. An Irish 
 novelist; born at Newry, County Down, 1792; 
 died at Musselburgh, near Edinburgh, Scotland, 
 Dec. 29, 1850. He may be called the father of 
 the military novel. After serving as an in- 
 fantry captain in the Peninsular War and at 
 Waterloo, he became rector of Ballagh. There 
 not being a single Protestant in his parish, he 
 devoted his ample leisure to field sports and 
 literature. Among his best works are : < O'Hara, 
 or 1798' (1825), a novel; 'Sports of the West' 
 (1832); 'Stories of Waterloo' (1834); <Life of 
 the Duke of Wellington' (1839-41). He was 
 editor of the Military and Naval Almanac for 
 1840. 
 
 Maxwell, William Stirling, Sir. See Stir- 
 ling-Maxwell. 
 
 Maxwell Gray, See Tuttiett, Mary 0. 
 
 May, Caroline. An American poet ; born in 
 England about 1820; came to New York, 1834. 
 She was author of < American Female Poets ' 
 (1848); 'Treasured Thoughts from Favorite 
 Authors' (1850); 'Poems' (1864); and 'Lays 
 of Memory and Affection.' 
 
 May, Lyoflf Aleksandrovich (ma). See Mei. 
 
 May, Samuel Joseph. A noted American 
 reformer; born at Boston, Sept. 12, 1797; died 
 at Syracuse, N. Y., July i, 1871. He was a Uni- 
 tarian minister, his longest settlement being at 
 Syracuse (1845-68). One of the first and 
 stanchest abolitionists, his best-known publi- 
 cation was < Recollections of the Anti-Slavery 
 Conflict' (1869). 
 
 May, Sophie. See Clarke. 
 
 May, Thomas. An English poet, dramatist, 
 and historian; born at Mayfield, Sussex, 1595 » 
 died in London, Nov. 13, 1650. He was secre- 
 tary and historiographer to the Long Parlia- 
 ment. His chief work was ' History of the 
 Long Parliament' (1647). He wrote also two 
 historical poems and five dramas, among the 
 latter the comedy 'The Heir' (1620), and a 
 tragedy entitled 'Julius Csesar.' 
 
 May, Thomas Erskine, Sir — Lord Farn- 
 borough. ;An English writer on the consti- 
 tution and history of England, etc. ; born in
 
 MAYER — MA ZfiRES 
 
 375 
 
 London, Feb. 8, 1815; died in Westminster Pal- 
 ace, May 17, 1886. He was called to the bar 
 in 1838, but the principal part of his life was 
 spent in the service of the House of Com- 
 mons as librarian and clerk. His principal 
 works are : < Constitutional History of Eng- 
 land > (3d ed. 1871), reprinted in this country, 
 and translated into French and German; and 
 < History of Democracy in Europe > (2 vols., 
 1877). Besides these he reduced to order for 
 the first time the < Rules, Orders, and Forms of 
 the House of Commons* (1854); published a 
 'Treatise on the Law, Privileges, Proceedings, 
 and Usage of Parliament' (1844), which be- 
 came a parliamentary text-book; etc. 
 
 Mayer, Alfred MarshalL An American 
 scientific writer; born in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 
 13, 1836. Besides his editorial work on the 
 American Journal of Science, and numerous 
 contributions to other journals, he has pub- 
 lished <The Earth a Great Magnet > (1872); 
 « Light > (1877); < Sound > (1878); and < Sport 
 with Gun and Rod in American Woods and 
 Waters > (1883). He died in 1897. 
 
 Mayer, Brantz. An American journalist, 
 descriptive writer, and novelist; born at Balti- 
 more, Md., Sept. 27, 1809; died there, Feb. 23, 
 1879. He was a lawyer by profession; became 
 editor of the Baltimore American ; was attached 
 to the American legation in Mexico, 1841-42; 
 served in the Civil War. He wrote several 
 works on Mexico, including < Mexico : Aztec, 
 Spanish, and Republican > (2 vols., 1853), his 
 best work ; < Captain Canot ' ( 1854), a novel ; etc. 
 
 Mayer, Karl (mi'6r). A German poet and 
 biographer ; bom at Neckarbischofsheim, Wiir- 
 temberg, March 22, 1786; died at Tubingen, 
 Feb. 25, 1870. A student of jurisprudence ori- 
 ginally, he held several important legal and 
 political positions in his native country. He 
 belonged to the << Suabian School '* of poets. 
 He wrote: < Lenau's Letters to a Friend > (2d 
 ed. 1853); < Songs > (3d ed. 1864); <Uhland, 
 his Friends and Contemporaries' (2 vols., 
 1867); etc. 
 
 Mayhew, Henry. An English humorist ; bom 
 in London, Nov. 5, 1812; died July 25, 1887. He 
 founded the comic paper Figaro, in London ; 
 assisted in founding Punch (1841), of which he 
 was for several years chief editor. He was a 
 frequent contributor to the magazines ; wrote 
 several juveniles ; and with his brothers Horace 
 and Augustus, wrote many popular humorous 
 novels, fairy-tales, and farces. His main work 
 was < London Labor and the London Poor > 
 (new ed. 1868). 
 
 Maynard, Francois (ma-nar'). A French 
 poet; born at Toulouse, 1582; died at Aurillac, 
 1646. He was for several years secretary of 
 Queen Margaret of Navarre ; later a magistrate 
 of Aurillac ; toward the end of his life a Coun- 
 cilor of State. One of the most correct and 
 elegant poets of his day, his talent lay in elab- 
 oration of form rather than force of matter. 
 Malherbe used to say that of him and Racan 
 
 (whose merit was of matter rather than style) 
 together, a great poet might be made. His spe- 
 cialty was epigrams. (< Poetical Works,> 1646. 
 < Letters,' 1653.) 
 
 Mayne, Jasper. An English divine, poet, 
 and dramatist ; bom in Devonshire, 1604 ; died 
 1672. He was archdeacon of Chichester, and 
 chaplain in ordinary to Charles IL Besides 
 sermons and poems, he wrote < The City Match ' 
 (new ed. 1659), one of the best of early Eng- 
 glish comedies; <The Amorous Warre> (new 
 ed. 1659), a tragicomedy; etc. 
 
 Mayne, John. A Scottish poet ; bom at 
 Dumfries, 1759; died 1836. He was editor oJ 
 the London Star. Among his publications are 1 
 <The Siller Gun> (new ed. Edinburgh, 1836)$ 
 and < Glasgow' (1803), a descriptive poem. 
 
 Mayo, Mrs. Isabella (Fyvie). [« Edward 
 Garrett."] A Scottish novelist; born in Lon- 
 don, 1843. She has resided in Aberdeen since 
 1877. Among her works are : < Occupations of 
 a Retired Life > (1868); < Friends and Acquaint- 
 ances' (2d ed. 1872); <By Still Waters' (new 
 ed. 1886); <The Capel Girls' (new ed. 1877); 
 <The House by the Works' (new ed. 1881); 
 
 < Equal to the Occasion ' (1887); < Chrystal Joyce.' 
 
 Mayo, Robert. An American historical 
 writer; born in Powhatan County, Va., April 
 25, 1784; died in Washington, D. C, Oct. 31, 
 1864. Among his publications are : < View of 
 Ancient Geography and History' (1813); <New 
 System of Mythology' (4 vols., 1815-19); and 
 
 < The Treasury Department : its Origin, Organi- 
 zation, and Operations' (1847). 
 
 Mazade, Charles de (ma-zad'). A French 
 publicist and critic; born at Tarn et Garonne, 
 March 19, 1820; died in Paris, April 27, 1893. 
 He was one of the most tasteful of French prose- 
 writers. He wrote : < Contemporary Spain ' 
 (1855); 'Modern Italy' (i860); <Two Women of 
 the Revolution' (Marie Antoinette and Madame 
 Roland: 1866); <Lamartine's Literary and Polit- 
 ical Life ' (1872); < The War of France ' (2 vols, 
 1875); < Character Studies in the Moral and Po- 
 litical History of the Time' (1875); < The Royal- 
 ist Opposition ' ( 1894) ; etc. He also edited < Mar- 
 shal Davoust's Correspondence ' (4 vols., 1885). 
 
 Maze, Hippolyte (maz). A French states- 
 man and historian ; born at Arras, Nov. 5, 1839 ; 
 died in Paris, Oct. 25, 1891. He was twice 
 elected deputy for Versailles (1879 and 1881), 
 and twice senator (1886 and 1891). He wrote: 
 
 < The Governments of France from the 17th to 
 the 19th Century' (1864); < The Republic of 
 the United States ' (1869); < The Struggle against 
 Want' (1883); <The Generals of the Republic' 
 (1889); etc. 
 
 Mazeres, ^douard (ma-zar'). A French dra- 
 matic writer; born in Paris, 1796; died there, 
 1866. When a young man he was in the army 
 was prefect of the department at Le Cher. 
 He wrote the comedies < The Young Husband * 
 (1826); < Each for Himself ' (1828); < The Friend- 
 ship of Women' (1849); <The Pearl Necklace' 
 (1851); etc. His greatest successes came from
 
 376 
 
 MAZURANIC — MEISSNER 
 
 plays written in collaboration : as < The Found- 
 ling* (1824); t Three Quarters' (1827), which 
 was very popular, with Picard; <The Uncle 
 from America' (1826), 'Quackery' (1828), etc., 
 with Scribe; < Mother and Daughter' (1830), 
 etc., with Empis. 
 
 Mazuranlc, Ivan ( ma-zho-ran'yich ). The 
 greatest of Croatian poets ; born at Novi, about 
 1813. He was procurator-general in 1850 ; pres- 
 ident of the Croat-Slavonian high court of just- 
 ice, 1861 ; governor, 1873-80. His chief work 
 is the epic < Death of Smail-aga Cengic' [Jen- 
 ghiz Khan] (1846; several editions), translated 
 into Bohemian, Polish, Russian, Slovenic, and 
 German. He wrote the notable political pamph- 
 let < The Croats to the Magyars.' Died 1890. 
 
 Mazzini, Joseph (mat-se'ne). An Italian 
 patriot ; born at Genoa, June 22, 1805 ; died 
 at Pisa, March 10, 1872. Upon the fall of the 
 Revolutionary government of 1848, in Rome, 
 Mazzini fled to Switzerland, and from there 
 was driven to England. He was concerned in 
 the revolutionary movements of 1852, 1853, and 
 1857, and so on down to the occupation of Rome 
 in 1870. He wrote much in English and French. 
 His commentaries on Dante's works are very 
 important, and his essays on affairs in Europe 
 and criticisms on the great writers of Europe 
 are most eloquent and discerning. His < Me- 
 moirs' were printed in 1875. ('Complete 
 Works,' 18 vols., 1861-91.) 
 
 Mazzonl, Guido (mat-so'ne). An Italian 
 poet and scholar; born at Florence, June 12, 
 1859. He became professor of Italian litera- 
 ture in the University of Padua, 1887. He 
 has written: 'Epigrams' (1880); 'Experiments 
 in Metre ' ( 1882) ; ' Poems ' ( 1883) ; ' New Poems ' 
 (1886); 'Literary Reviews' (1887); 'Among 
 Books and Papers' (1887); etc. 
 
 Mead, Edwin Doak. An American histor- 
 ical writer and lecturer; born in Chesterfield, 
 N. H., Sept. 29, 1849. He is the author of ' The 
 Philosophy of Carlyle > (1881), and 'Martin 
 Luther: a Study of the Reformation' (1884); 
 < The Roman Church and Public Schools.' He is 
 editor of the New England Magazine (1897 1 . 
 
 Meason, Malcolm Ronald Laing (me'zgn). 
 A Scottish soldier, editor, journalist, and story- 
 writer; bom at Edinburgh, 1824. Entering the 
 army (1839), he served with distinction in India ; 
 edited the Bombay Telegraph 1851-54; has 
 been special correspondent for the London 
 Daily News and Daily Telegraph, the New 
 York Herald, etc. He has written : < The Bub- 
 bles of Finance' (1865); 'The Profits of Panics' 
 (1866); 'Turf Frauds' (1875); 'Three Months' 
 after Date, and Other Tales > ; 'Sir William's 
 Speculations' (1886); etc. 
 
 Medici, Lorenzo de' (med'e-che), called the 
 Magnificent. A celebrated Florentine states- 
 man and patron of letters (1449-1492). He 
 wrote many fine poems in Italian and Latin, 
 and contributed much of his wealth to literary 
 undertakings. 
 
 Meding, Oskar (ma'ding). ["Gregor Sa- 
 marow."] A German statesman and historical 
 novelist; born at Konigsberg, Prussia, April 
 II, 1829. After holding office in Prussia, he en- 
 tered the public service of Hanover (1859), and 
 became councilor of State. He has resided 
 since 1873 in Berlin. Among his works are: 
 'For Sceptres and Crowns' (1872-76); 'Heights 
 and Depths' (1879-80); 'Summit and Abyss' 
 (1888); 'Memoranda for Contemporary His- 
 tory' (1881-84); a short biography of the Em- 
 peror William I., entitled 'Eighty-nine Years 
 in Faith, Struggle, and Victory.' Died 1903. 
 
 Meek, Alexander Beaufort (mek). An 
 American jurist, journalist, and miscellaneous 
 writer; born at Columbia, S. C, July 17, 1814; 
 died at Columbus, Miss., Nov. 30, 1865. He 
 served in the Seminole war, 1836; was attorney- 
 general of Alabama, 1836 ; judge of Tuscaloosa 
 County, 1842-44 ; member of the Legislature 
 in 1853, where and when he established the 
 free-school system of Alabama; Speaker of 
 the Alabama House, 1859. Besides a legal di- 
 gest (1842), he wrote : 'The Red Eagle ' (1855); 
 'Songs and Poems of the South' (1857); 'Ro- 
 mantic Passages in Southwestern History' 
 (1857); 'History of Alabama' (unpublished); 
 etc. His best-known poem is ' The Charge at 
 Balaklava.' 
 
 Mei, Lev Aleksandrovich (ma'e). A Russian 
 poet ; born at Moscow, Feb. 13, 1822 ; died at 
 St. Petersburg, May 16, 1862. He was long in 
 the government employ at St. Petersburg. He 
 wrote a modern rendering of ' The Tale of the 
 Troop of Igor ' ; the historical dramas ' The 
 Tsar's Bride' (1849), 'Servilia' (1854), 'The 
 Women of Pskov' (i860); numerous short po- 
 ems, etc. ('Works,' 3 vols., 1863-65.) 
 
 Meilhac, Henri (ma-yac'). A noted French 
 dramatist; bom in Paris, reb.23, 1831; died there 
 July 6, 1897. He wrote (mostly in collaboration 
 with Ludovic Halevy): 'What Pleases the Men' 
 (i860); <La Belle Helene' (1865); 'Bluebeard' 
 (1866); 'The Grand Duchess of Gerolstein' 
 (1867); <La Perichole>(i869);<Froufrou'(lS69); 
 etc. Several of his pieces have been used by 
 Offenbach as opera-bouffe librettos. 
 
 Melnhold, Jobann Wilbelm (min'holt). A 
 German clergyman ; born at Netzelkow, Use- 
 dom Island, Feb. 27, 1797 ; died at Charlotten- 
 burg, Nov. 30, 1851. He was settled at Usedom 
 and Coserow. His books are ' Maria Schweid- 
 ler' (1843) and 'Sidonia von Bork,' both pur- 
 porting to be mediaeval manuscripts discovered 
 by Meinhold ; his object being to show the 
 Biblical critics, through the deception, that in- 
 ternal evidence as to the antiquity of works is 
 not reliable. Both the works were successful 
 and popular. 
 
 Meissner, Alfred (mis'ner). A German poet 
 and novelist; born at Teplitz, Oct. 15, 1822; 
 died at Bregenz, May 29, 1885. He lived at 
 Prague (1850-69) and Bregenz (1869-85). His 
 principal works are : the revolutionary ' Poems' 
 (1845); the epic 'Ziska' (1846); the romances
 
 MELANCHTHON — MENDELSSOHN 
 
 377 
 
 <Sansara> (3d ed. 1861), <Dark Yellow) (1862- 
 64), <Norbert Norson> (1883). (<Works,> 18 
 vols., 1871-73.) 
 
 Melanchthon, Phllipp (me-langk'thon). [A 
 Greek translation of his real name Schwarzerd, 
 « black earth.')] A famous German theologian 
 and religious reformer ; born at Bretten, Baden, 
 Feb. 16, 1497 ; died at Wittenberg, April 19, 1560. 
 He was professor of Greek at Wittenberg 
 (1518), and Luther's chief literary helper in 
 the German Reformation ; revised the Augsburg 
 (Confession (1530); wrote the < Apology' (1530); 
 etc. His influence extended even to England. 
 His principal theological work was < Loci Com- 
 munes > (Places in Common: 1521), of which 
 over sixty editions were issued during his life- 
 time. The best edition of his works is in 24 
 vols., in the 'Corpus Reformatorum > (Body 
 of Reformers : 1834-60). 
 
 Meleager (mel-e-a'jer). A Greek poet; born 
 at Gadara, Palestine ; flourished about the mid- 
 dle of the first century B. C. He is best known 
 as a writer of epigrams on love ; and by his 
 'Stephanos' (Garland), a compilation made up 
 of short poems taken from the writings of some 
 forty poets, alphabetically arranged, with an 
 introduction in verse by himself. The best edi- 
 tion of his own poems, edited by Grafe, was 
 published at Leipzig, 181 1. 
 
 Helendez Valdes, Juan, Don (ma-len'deth 
 val-das'). A Spanish poet; bom at Ribera del 
 Fresno, March 11, 1754; died at Montpellier, 
 France, May 24, 1817. He was professor of 
 the humanities at Salamanca (1781); afterward 
 entered public life ; the lasting unpopularity 
 incurred by siding with the French on their 
 invasion of Spain forced him in 181 1 into exile, 
 where he died. He was one of the most promi- 
 nent figures in Spanish literary life during the 
 i8th century. (Poetical works, best edition, 
 Paris, 1820.) 
 
 Melgar, Mariano (mal-gar'). A Peruvian 
 poet ; bom at Arequipa, Peru, 1791 ; shot at 
 Cuzco, March 10, 1815, having been taken 
 prisoner in Pumacagua's rebellion. Affected 
 by a disappointment in love, nearly all his 
 verse was sad. Many of his lyrics were set to 
 music, and are among the most popular songs 
 of the Spanish-American country-folk. 
 
 Meli, Giovanni (ma'le). The greatest of 
 Sicilian poets ; born at Palermo, March 4, 1740 ; 
 died there, Dec. 20, 1815. He was professor 
 of pharmaceutical chemistry in the University 
 of Palermo (1787). His best work was his 
 songs, some of which recall Anacreon and The- 
 ocritus ; next, his witty satires and fables. He 
 wrote also two epics, and the heroi-comic 
 poem < Don Chisciotte,' an elaboration and 
 continuation of Cervantes's < Don Quixote.' 
 (' Works,' poetical and scientific, 8 vols., Pa- 
 lermo, 1830.) 
 
 Heline, James Florant. An American his- 
 torical writer ; bom at Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., 
 181 1 ; died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Aug. 14, 1873. 
 His later years were devoted to literary work. 
 
 Three of a series of articles on Savonarola 
 have been published. Most noted of his works 
 are : ' Two Thousand Miles on Horseback ' 
 (1867); 'Mary Queen of Scots, and her Latest 
 English Historian,' an attack upon Froude's 
 view of the subject ; and ' Life of Sixtus the 
 Fifth' (1871). 
 
 Mellin, Gustaf Henrik (mel-len'). A Swed- 
 ish novelist; born at Revolax, Finland, April 
 23, 1803 ; died Aug. 2, 1876. He was a pastor 
 at Norra Wram (1851). Most of his novels 
 deal with Swedish history. Among them are : 
 'The Flower of Kinnekulle' (3d ed. 1831); 
 ' Sivard Kruse's Wedding' (2d ed. 1832); 'Anna 
 Reibnitz' (2d ed. 1833). He produced also his- 
 torical, biographical, and poetical writings. 
 ('Works,' Stockholm, 1852.) 
 
 Melo or Mello, Francisco Manuel de (ma'- 
 15 or mel'lo). A Portuguese historian and poet ; 
 bom at Lisbon, Nov. 23, 161 1 ; died there, Oct. 
 13, 1665. He served with distinction in the 
 Spanish army in Flanders ; was imprisoned for 
 nine years, and banished to Brazil, on a false 
 charge of murder. He wrote sometimes in 
 Spanish, sometimes in Portuguese. Among his 
 voluminous works are : ' History of the Dis- 
 turbances, Separation, and War of Catalonia, 
 in the Time of Philip IV.> (1645; best ed. Paris, 
 2 vols., 1826-32); 'The Three Muses of Melo- 
 dino' (1649), containing his poems, mostly sa- 
 tirical and comic. 
 
 Melville, George John WLyte. See Whyte- 
 Melville. 
 
 Melville, Herman. A noted American writer 
 of travel and adventure; bom at New York, 
 Aug. I, 1819 ; died there, Sept. 28, 1891. Going 
 to sea as a cabin-boy, he spent a number of 
 years in travel. His most famous books were 
 'Typee' (1846), and 'Omoo' (1847), narrating 
 his adventures in the Marquesas Islands ; others 
 were 'White Jacket' (1850), 'Moby Dick' 
 (1851), and a number of other stories, and three 
 volumes of poems. He lectured in the United 
 States in 1857. 
 
 Menander (me-nan'der). A famous Greek 
 comic poet; bom at Athens, 342 B.C.; died 
 about 291 B. C. See Kock's < Fragments of the 
 Attic Comedians' (vol. 3, Leipzig, 1888), and 
 article 'Philemon, Menander, and the Lost 
 Attic Comedy,' in the ' Library.' 
 
 Mencius (men'shi-us). Latinized from Meng- 
 tse (meng-tse'). A famous Chinese philoso- 
 pher ; bom at Tsow-hien, 372 B. C. ; died about 
 289 B. C. He was a follower of Confucius, 
 whose influence he revived. Twenty-nine years 
 he spent in traveling about China preaching, 
 but with small success ; his last fifteen years 
 were passed with his disciples in retirement. 
 His sayings are laid down in seven books bear- 
 ing his name as signature and are contained 
 in the last of the so-called Chinese < Pour 
 Books.' 
 
 Mendeissohn, Moses (men'del-son). A fa- 
 mous Jewish philosopher; bom a* Dessau*
 
 378 
 
 MENDELSSOHN-BARTHOLDY — MENZEL 
 
 Anhalt, Germany, Sept. 6, 1729; died at Berlin, 
 Jan. 4, 1786. He has been called "the Ger- 
 man Socrates." He wrote on religious, moral, 
 aesthetic, and practical questions, in a semi- 
 philosophical, common-sense way, popularizing 
 the philosophy of Leibnitz and Wolf, and bring- 
 ing into notice that of Spinoza. Among his 
 friends were Lessing, Nicolai, Herder, Wie- 
 land, etc. He wrote: <Phsedon> (1767), a dia- 
 logue on the immortality of the ,soul, which 
 won a European reputation ; < Jerusalem > (1783); 
 •Morning Hours > (1785); etc. (<Works,> Leip- 
 zig, 1843-45-) 
 
 MendelBsohn-Bartholdy, Felix (men'del- 
 s6n-bar-t6l'de). An eminent German composer 
 and musician, grandson of Moses ; born at Ham- 
 burg, Feb. 3, 1809; died at Leipzig, Nov. 4, 
 1847. Apart from his musical works, between 
 one and two hundred in number, he was a vo- 
 luminous correspondent. His < Letters' were 
 published in 1861 and 1863 (English translation, 
 1862-63); < Letters to the Moscheles > (1888); 
 •Selected Letters' (London, 1894). 
 
 Hendds, Catulle (moh-des'). A French poet 
 and novelist ; born at Bordeaux, May 22, 1843. 
 His verse is marked by extreme devotion to 
 form ; his style has been called the cameo-art in 
 literature. The collection entitled < Poesies ♦ ap- 
 peared in 1878. In prose he has written < Love's 
 Follies' (1877), < Parisian Monsters' (1882), < To 
 Read at the Bath ' (1884), etc. ; the dramas < Cap- 
 tain Fracasse ' (1872), < Fiamette ' (1889), etc. 
 His best novels are < Grande-Maguet ' (1888); 
 and<Rainbow> (1897). Died Feb. 8, 1908. 
 
 Mendes Leal da Silva, JosI (men'das la-al' 
 da sel'va). A distinguished Portuguese states- 
 man and poet ; born at Lisbon, Oct. 18, 1818 ; 
 died at Cintra, Aug. 22, 1886. He was minister 
 of the navy and of foreign affairs; ambassa- 
 dor to France 1874-83 ; to Spain 1883-86. His 
 •Songs' were published in 1858. He wrote 
 also a large number of plays, some of them 
 very popular on the Portuguese stage, as < Uncle 
 Andrew from Brazil' and <The Sportsman'; 
 and several romances. 
 
 Mendez-Pinto, Ferflao or Fernam (men'- 
 deth-pen-to). A Portuguese traveler; bom near 
 Coimbra about 1510; died near Lisbon, 1583. 
 He spent many romantic years as a traveler in 
 the East, being repeatedly captured, often sold 
 as a slave, acquiring a large fortune, becoming 
 for a time a Jesuit, founding a Roman Catho- 
 lic seminary in Japan, etc. He wrote • Mendez- 
 Pinto's Pilgrimage' (1614), which was translated 
 into the principal European languages, and has 
 become a Portuguese classic. 
 
 Mendlve, Rafael Maria de (man-de'va). A 
 Cuban poet; bom in Havana, 1821 ; died in 
 1886. His first collection of poems (1847), 
 entitled < Passion-Flowers,' is widely popular. 
 Banished in 1869, he lived alternately in New 
 York and Nassau, writing legends and stories 
 in verse. He was one of the best of Spanish- 
 American poets; many of his verses received 
 English, French, and Italian translations. A 
 
 new edition appeared in i860, published by 
 the Spanish critic Don Manuel CaHete. 
 
 Mendoza, Antonio Hnrtado de (men-do'thti). 
 A Spanish dramatist and poet ; bom about 
 1590; died 1644. He was private secretary of 
 Philip IV., and a member of the Inquisition. 
 Among his best plays are <The Obligations 
 of Lying,' and < The Husband Makes the Wife.* 
 He wrote also many ballads and lyrics, and 
 a < Life of Our Lady > in about 800 roundelays. 
 
 Mendoza, Diego Hurtado. A distinguished 
 Spanish statesman, satirist, and historian ; bom 
 in the palace of the Alhambra at Granada, 
 1503; died at Valladolid, 1575. Intended ori- 
 ginally for the Church, he entered the army 
 instead, and rose high in public life. His chief 
 works are, first, the famous satiric romance 
 
 < Little Lazams of Tormes' (1553, and afterward 
 many editions), which was translated into a 
 number of languages (English by Blakeston, 
 1670), provoked many imitations, and created 
 that new department in Spanish literature which 
 finally produced < Gil Bias ' ; and second, the 
 
 < War of Granada' (first complete edition, 1776). 
 (•Works,' Vols, iii., xxi., xxxii., xxxvi., of Riva« 
 deneyra's • Library of Spanish Authors.') 
 
 Mendoza, Iftigo Lopez de. See Santlllana. 
 
 Menendez 7 Felayo, Marcellno (ma-nen'- 
 deth e pa-la'yo). A Spanish scholar, historian, 
 and poet ; born at Santander, 1856, He is pro- 
 fessor of Spanish literature at the University 
 of Madrid, and one of the most brilliant writers 
 of modern Spain. His < History of Spanish 
 Heterodoxy' (3 vols., 1880-82), in which he de- 
 fended the Inquisition, and declared against 
 modem liberalism and science, has excited 
 much discussion. Other prose works are :< His- 
 tory of Esthetic Ideas in Spain' (1884-91); 
 
 • Calderon and his Plays ' (3d ed. 1885); • Spanish 
 Science' (3d ed. 1887-89). His best poetry is con- 
 tained in • Odes, Epistles, and Tragedies' (1883). 
 His last work is • Origin of the Novel' (1905). 
 
 Menken, Adali Isaacs. An American-Jewish 
 poet and actress ; bom near New Orleans, 1835 ; 
 died 1868. Her maiden name was Dolores 
 Adios Fuertes. Married four times (once to the 
 pugilist John C. Heenan), she was generally 
 known by the name of her first husband, Alex- 
 ander Isaacs Menken. Her verses show po- 
 etic ability uncultivated. She published : < Mem- 
 ories '; <Infelicia> (1868). 
 
 Menzel, Wolfgang. A German critic and 
 miscellaneous writer ; born at Waldenburg, Si- 
 lesia, June 21, 1798; died at Stuttgart, April 
 23, 1873. He was member of the Wiirtemberg 
 Assembly (1830-38) and Chamber (1848-49); 
 editor for many years of the Literaturblatt 
 (Journal of Literature). His writings were very 
 varied. The best known were : • German Lit- 
 erature* (1828; English translation in Ripley's 
 
 • Specimens of Foreign Literature,' Boston, 
 1840); a collection of critiques, •History of the 
 Germans > (6th ed. 1872-73 ; English translation 
 by Horrocks, London, 1849); •History of Ger- 
 man Poetry' (2d ed. 1875); <Rubezahl> (1829);
 
 MERCATOR ^MERLIN 
 
 379 
 
 'Narcissus> (1830), two tales; <Furore> (1851), 
 a romance ; etc. 
 
 Mercator (Latinized from his real name, 
 Kramer), Gerhard (mer-ka'tor). A celebrated 
 Flemish geographer ; born at Rupelmonde, Bel- 
 gium, March S, 1512; died at Duisburg, Prussia, 
 Dec. 2, 1594. He invented the « Mercator sys- 
 tem " of projection of the earth's surface, made 
 familiar in our atlases. His chief works were 
 
 < Geographical Maps according to Ptolemy > 
 (1578-84); and < Atlas > (1595), which made an 
 epoch in cartography. 
 
 Mercier, [Louis] S^bastien (mar-se-ya'). A 
 French dramatist and essayist; bom at Paris, 
 June 6, 1740; died there, April 25, 1814. He 
 was a member of the Five Hundred ; professor 
 of history at the Central School, Paris; mem- 
 ber of the National Institute. His dramatic 
 works appeared in four volumes at Amsterdam, 
 1778-84. His most important writings were: 
 
 < Picture of Paris> (12 vols., 1781-90), a descrip- 
 tion of Parisian life; <New Paris > (6 vols., 
 1800), a description of Parisian life during the 
 Revolution. < My Night-Cap' (4 vols., 1784) 
 was an attack on classicism. He was a very 
 prolific writer, and made the first French trans- 
 lation of Schiller's <Maid of Orleans.' 
 
 Meredltb, George. A great English novel- 
 ist and poet; born in Hampshire, 1828. He 
 has published: < Poems > (1851); <The Shaving 
 of Shagpat' (1855); < Farina: a Legend of Co- 
 logne' (1857); < The Ordeal of Richard FevereP 
 (1859); <Mary Bertrand' (i860); < Evan Har- 
 rington ' (1861); < Modem Love' (1862), poems ; 
 < Emilia in England' (1864), subsequently re- 
 published under the title < Sandra Belloni ' ; 
 <Rhoda Fleming' (1865); <Vittoria> (1866); 
 < The Adventures of Harry Richmond' (1871); 
 <Beauchamp's Career' (1875); < The Egoist' 
 (1879); < The Tragic Comedians ' (1881); < Poems 
 and Lyrics of the Joy of Earth' (1883); < Diana 
 of the Crossways' (1885); < Ballads and Poems 
 of Tragic Life' (1887); < A Reading of Earth' 
 (1888); <One of our Conquerors' (1890); <The 
 Empty Purse' (1892), poems; < Lord Ormont 
 and his Aminta' (1894); <The Amazing Mar- 
 riage' (1895). His shorter prose tales include: 
 
 < The Tale of Chloe ' ; < The House on the 
 Beach ' ; < The Case of General Ople and Lady 
 Camper.' He died May 17, 1909. 
 
 Meredith, Owen. See Lytton. 
 
 M^rim^e, Prosper (ma-re-ma'). A celebrated 
 French essayist and litterateur; born at Paris, 
 Sept. 28, 1803; died at Cannes, Sept. 23, 1870. 
 He studied law, but never practiced ; was sen- 
 ator in 1853. His best-known works were the 
 two novels <Colomba' (1830), treating of the 
 Corsican vendetta ; and < Carmen' (1840), which 
 furnished the plot of Bizet's opera of the 
 same name. He wrote besides : < Plays of 
 Clara Gazul' (1825); < Historic Monuments' 
 (1843); * Historic and Literary Medleys' (1855), 
 a collection of comedies in the style of the 
 Spanish « intermezzo " ; <Guzla' (1827), a col- 
 lection of Iliyrian lyrics; 'Mateo Falcone,' a 
 
 novel ; ' Letters to an Unknown ' (< Lettres k 
 Une Inconnue': 1873); etc. 
 
 Merivale, Charles. An English historian 
 and divine ; born at Barton Place, Devonshire, 
 March 8, 1808 ; died at Ely, Dec. 27, 1893. He 
 was dean of Ely from 1869. He wrote : < His- 
 tory of the Romans under the Empire' (latest 
 ed. 1890), his principal work, extending from 
 Caesar's Gallic campaigns to Commodus, where 
 Gibbon begins ; < General History of Rome ' 
 (1875); * Lectures on Early Church History' 
 (1879); etc. 
 
 Merivale, Herman. An English states- 
 man, political economist, and historical writer, 
 brother of Charles ; born at Dawlish, Devon 
 shire, Nov. 8, 1806; died in London, Feb. 0, 
 1874. He was professor of political economy 
 at Oxford, 1837-42 ; under-secretary for the 
 colonies, 1848-60 ; perpetual under-secretary fo) 
 India. He wrote : < Colonization and Colonies' 
 (2 vols., 1841), the best work on the subject; 
 
 < Historical Studies' (1865); etc. 
 
 Merivale, Herman Charles. An Englisli 
 dramatist, novelist, and poet, son of Herman; 
 born in London, 1839. A lawyer for fiftecD 
 years, he withdrew from practice in 1879. He 
 has written the plays <A11 for Her' (1874), 
 
 < Forget Me Not' (1879), etc.; the stories 
 <Faucit of Balliol' (1S82) and <Binko's Blues' 
 (1884); the volume of poems < The White Pil- 
 grim> (iS83);<F]orieii> (1884). Died Jan. 15,1906. 
 
 Meriwether, Mrs. Elizabeth (Avery). An 
 American novelist; born in Tennessee, 1832. 
 Her home is at Memphis, Tenn. She has writ- 
 ten: <The Master of Red Leaf (1879); <Ku- 
 Klux-Klan' (1880), a drama; <My First and 
 Last Love ' ; etc. 
 
 Meriwether, Lee. An American writer ; 
 born in Columbus, Miss., Dec. 25, 1862. He 
 is the author of : <A Tramp Trip : How to See 
 Europe on Fifty Cents a Day' (1887); <The 
 Tramp at Home ' ; and 'Afloat and Ashore on 
 the Mediterranean ; < A Lord's Courtship.* 
 
 Merle, Jean Toussaint (marl). A French 
 dramatist, publicist, and critic ; bom at Mont- 
 pellier, 1785 ; died in Paris, 1852. A prolific 
 writer, he collaborated with Ourry, Brazier, Car- 
 mouche, etc., on the dramas < The Old Young- 
 Man' (1812); <The New-Market Races' (1818); 
 <The Monster and the Magician' (1826); etc.: 
 and wrote < Memoirs, Historic, Literary, and 
 Critical, of Bachaumont' (3 vols., 1808-9); 
 <The English Spy' (1809); <0f the Opera' 
 (1827); 'Anecdotes, Historical and Political, for 
 a History of the Conquest of Algiers' (1831-32); 
 <Chambord' (1832); etc. 
 
 Merle d'AubignS. See D'Aublgn£. 
 
 Merlin (mer'lin). Putative author of <The 
 Prophecy of Merlin ' ; a British bard and magi- 
 cian supposed to have lived in the 5th century. 
 In the I2th century Geoffrey of Monmouth gave 
 a Latin translation of the < Prophecy,' which 
 till then had been preserved in Welsh tradition. 
 By natural accretion the < Prophecy ' grew in
 
 38o 
 
 MERRIAM — MEYER 
 
 Tolume from age to age, and to " Merlin >^ are 
 ascribed poems which had their rise in the 
 time of King Arthur, as the <Avallenau> (Ap- 
 ple-Garth), and the < Hoianau * (Listeners). 
 
 Merriam, George Spring. An American es- 
 sayist and biographer; born in Massachusetts, 
 1843. He lives at Springfield, Mass. He has 
 written : < A Living Faith ' ; < Life of Samuel 
 Bowles > ; < A Symphony of the Spirit ' ; < The 
 Negro and the Nation * ; and is a frequent con- 
 tributor to periodicals. 
 
 Merrill, Selab. A well-known American 
 explorer and archsologist ; born at Canton 
 Centre, Conn., May 2, 1837. He was chaplain 
 in the Civil War (1864-65); since then has been en- 
 gaged in explorations in Palestine. He was con- 
 sul at Jerusalem 1884-86 and 1890-93. Among 
 his works are : < East of the Jordan > (2d ed. 1883); 
 •Galilee in the Time of Christ > (i88l);<The 
 Site of Calvary ^ ; < Ancient Jerusalem.^ 
 
 Merry, Robert. An English dilettante ; bom 
 in London, April 1755 ; died at Baltimore, Md., 
 Dec. 14, 1798. He resigned from the army 
 (1775); became a member of the famous Delia 
 Crusca Academy at Florence, Italy (1784-87); 
 on returning to London, wrote plays and poems 
 under the pseudonym « Delia Crusca.'^ His 
 affected style found many imitators, and the 
 school that arose was satirized by Gifford in 
 his <Baviad> and ' Maeviad.* He married an 
 actress, and came to this country in 1796. 
 
 Mersliakov, Alexis Theodorovlch (mar-zle- 
 a-kof). A noted Russian poet and miscella- 
 neous writer; bom at Dolmatov, government 
 of Perm, 1778 ; died near Moscow, 1830. He 
 was an ardent classicist; professor of rhetoric 
 and literature at the University of Moscow in 
 1810. He wrote a number of poems which were 
 set to music and became popular songs. His 
 principal literary works were : 'Ancient Poetry 
 and its Influence on Modem Civilization ' (1810); 
 and < Imitation and Translation of Greek and 
 Latin Authors' (1825). 
 
 M^ry, Joseph (ma-re'). A French miscella- 
 neous writer ; born near Marseilles, Jan. 21, 1798 ; 
 died in Paris, June 17, 1866. Some of his works 
 became very popular. Among them were the 
 volumes of verse < Poetic Melodies > (1853), < Na- 
 poleon in Italy* (1859); the romances < London 
 Nights> (i840),<H€va> (1843), <Novel Novels* 
 (1853); the dramas < The Two Frontins* (1858), 
 <The Fiancee Worth Millions* (1864). With 
 Barthdlemy he wrote satirical verses, and by 
 himself librettos for several operas. 
 
 Meslhl (mes'i-he). A renowned Turkish 
 poet; flourished in the 14th century. He is 
 one of the seven poets called by the Turks << the 
 Pleiades,** and whose names, written in gold, 
 are suspended in the temple of Mecca. Sir 
 William Jones, in his < Commentaries on Asi- 
 atic Poetry,* translated one of his idyls. 
 
 Mesonero y Romanos, Ramon de (ma-so- 
 na'ro ro-ma'nos). A Spanish descriptive writer 
 and historian, employing sometimes the pseu- 
 donym <* El Curioso Parlante ** (The Inquisitive 
 Chatterer); bom at Madrid, July 10, 1803; died 
 
 there, April 1882. He was connected with th» 
 national library, Madrid (1845). He wrote: 
 •Manual of Madrid* (3d ed. 1844), containing 
 apt pictures of life there; • Madrid Panorama* 
 (2 vols., 1832-35); • Types and Characters* 
 (1843-62); < Mementos of Travel in France and 
 Belgium* (1842); < Ancient Madrid* (1861), a 
 scholarly history; etc. He founded and edited 
 the Spanish Pictorial Weekly (8 vols., 1836). 
 
 Mesquita, Salvador de (mas-ke'ta). A Bra- 
 zilian poet; born in Rio Janeiro ia 1646; died 
 in Rome, beginning of i8th century. His repu. 
 tation as a poet was assured when he wrote 
 his sacred drama <Sacrificium Jephtae* (1680), 
 His best tragedies are •Demetrius,^ < Perseus,' 
 and < Prusias of Bithynia* (1690 to 1700). 
 
 Metastasio, Pietro (ma"tas-ta'ze-6). A cel» 
 •brated Italian poet ; bom at Rome, Jan. 13, 
 1698; died at Vienna, April 12, 1782. His real 
 name was Trapassi. He was court poet at 
 Vienna, honored, surrounded by friends, and 
 probably the most famous Continental poet 
 of his time. His fame rests chiefly on his lyr- 
 ical dramas <The Gardens of the Hesperides* 
 (1720):- < Demetrius* (1732); <The Clemency of 
 Titus' (1734); •Atilius Regulus* (1740-50); and 
 •Them.stodes.* He was a master of the can' 
 zonet, anA wrote also sonnets, idyls, elegies, 
 criticisms, and letters. Monuments were erected 
 to him at Feme and Vienna. (< Works,* best 
 edition. Pans 1780-82.) 
 
 Metcalfe, Frederick. An English Scandi- 
 navian scholar' born 1815 ; died Aug. 24, 188^ 
 He was a clergyman of the Church of Eng 
 land. He wrote: <The Oxonian in Norway' 
 (1856); <The Oxonian in Thelemarken* (1858)- 
 <A History of German Literature* (1858); <Th« 
 Oxonian in Iceland* (new ed. 1867); <The Eng- 
 lishman and the Scandinavian* (1880); etc. 
 
 Metternlch, Clemens Wenzrl Nepomuk Lo' 
 thar, Prince (met'ter-nich). A celebrated Aus- 
 trian statesman ; bom at Coblen^^, May 15 
 1773; died at Vienna, July 11, 1859. Managing 
 Austria's affairs with consummate skil.' through 
 the Napoleonic era, he secured for he^"- at tha 
 Congress of Vienna (1814) more than a resto- 
 ration of the territory Napoleon had stripped 
 her of, and a more prominent position than ever» 
 was chancellor of the Austrian empire (1821- 
 48); and dominated for thirty years the Con- 
 tinental politics of Europe (1814-44). (Writings, 
 with autobiography, 8 vols., Vienna, 1880-84). 
 
 Mexican Nun, The — Juana Yflez de la Cruz. 
 
 A Mexican poet (1651-95), nun of the convent 
 of San Ger6nimo. She is famous for the beauty 
 of her stanzas < Learning and Riches*; < Death 
 in Youth > ; etc. 
 
 Meyer-Zeigler, Conrad Ferdinand. A Swiss 
 poet and novelist; bom at Zurich, Oct. 12, 1825; 
 died, Nov. 28, 1898. His home after 1875 was at 
 Kilchberg, near Ziirich. Among his works are 
 inverse, <Ballads> (1867); <Romances an** 
 Pictures) (1870), <Hutten's Last Days> (8tk 
 ed. 1 891), <Engelberg> (3d ed. 1889); th# 
 novels <The Saint> (I2tli ed. 1894), <A Boy**
 
 MEYN — MICKLE 
 
 Su£Eering> (3d ed. 1889), <The Monk's Wed- 
 ding> (5th ed. 1893), <The Temptation of Pes- 
 cara> (4th ed. 1889), < Angela Borgia> (5th ed. 
 1892); etc. Most of the novels are contained 
 in a collection, the fifth edition of which ap- 
 peared in 1892. 
 
 Meyn, Antoinette (min). A Norwegian 
 miscellaneous writer, employing the pseudo- 
 nyms « Marie '> and « Holger Birch.» Most of 
 her works have been translated into Swedish 
 and German. Among them are : • In the Twi- 
 light > (3d ed. i88i);< Through Struggles > (1876); 
 <In the Home Circle > (1878); <The House of 
 Dyocke> (1885); < Dream and Real Life> (1891); 
 •From Times Gone By> (1893); etc. 
 
 Meynell, Alice (Thompson) (ma'nel). An 
 English poet and essayist; bom in London. 
 She spent much of her childhood in Italy, and 
 married (1877) Wilfrid Meynell, editor of Merry 
 England. She has written in verse < Preludes* 
 (1875; 2d ed. 1893), illustrated by her sister 
 Lady (Elizabeth) Butler; in prose < Rhythm 
 of Life > (1893); < John Ruskin> (1900). 
 
 Meyr, Melchlor (mir). A German novelist, 
 poet, and philosophical writer; bom at Ehr- 
 ingen, near Ndrdlingen, Bavaria, June 28, 1810 ; 
 died at Munich, April 22, 187 1. He resided in 
 Berlin (1841-52) and Munich (1852-71). His 
 best-known works were : < Stories from the 
 Ries> (4th ed. 1892), containing delightful de- 
 scriptions of peasant life in his native district; 
 they are among the very best German village 
 tales. Among the best of his other produc- 
 tions were <Duke Albert > (1852) and < Charles 
 the Bold> (1862). He published also < Poems > 
 (1857), religious-philosophical writings, trage- 
 dies, and romances. 
 
 Mezeray, Frangols Eudes de (maz-ra'). A 
 French historian ; born at Ruy, near Falaise, 
 Normandy, 1610; died in Paris, July 10, 1683. 
 Richelieu made him historiographer, and gave 
 him a pension. His principal work was a 
 < History of France' (1638-51), published after- 
 ward in improved form as < Chronological Ab- 
 stract of the History of France > (1668). His 
 method was a radical departure in historical 
 writing, and the forerunner of modem histo- 
 ries, being of the people as well as sovereigns. 
 
 Michaud, Joseph Fran90ls (me-sho'). A 
 French journalist, poet, and historian ; born at 
 Albens, Savoy, June 19, 1767 ; died at Passy, 
 Sept. 30, 1839. Through the Revolution and 
 the Napoleonic era he remained a stanch Bour- 
 bonist. His most popular poem was <An Ex- 
 ile's Spring > (2d ed. 1827). His chief histor- 
 ical works were : < History of the Empire of 
 Mysore' (2 vols., 1801); < History of the Cru- 
 sades' (3 vols., 1812-22). With his brother he 
 edited the < Biographic Universelle' (1811-28). 
 
 Michel Angelo (me-kel an'je-lo)— Michel- 
 agnolo Buonarroti. The eminent Italian sculp- 
 tor, painter, architect, and poet ; born at Ca- 
 prese, March 6, 1475; died at Rome, Feb. 18, 
 1564. Of world-wide and lasting renown as an 
 artist and architect, his claim to literary fame 
 
 381 
 
 rests upon his sonnets and letters. The best 
 edition of his 'Poems' was published at Flor- 
 ence, 1863; an English translation of the son- 
 nets by Symonds, London, 1892. A volume of 
 < Letters' was published at Florence, 1865. 
 
 Michelet, Jules (mesh-la'). A famous 
 French historian ; bom in Paris, Aug. 21, 1798 ; 
 died at Hy^res, Feb. 9, 1874. He was pro- 
 fessor of history at the College Rollin, 1821- 
 26; lecturer at the Normal School, 1827; chief 
 of the historical department of the royal ar- 
 chives, 1830 ; professor of history and morals at 
 the College de France, 1838-51. His principal 
 historical works were: < History of France' (16 
 vols., 1833-67); < History of the Revolution' 
 (7 vols., 1847-53); < Abridgment of Modem His- 
 tory' (1827); etc. Among his polemical writ- 
 ings were: <0f the Jesuits' (1843); <0f the 
 Priest, the Wife, and the Family' (1844); <Of 
 the People' (1845); < Poland and Russia' (1851); 
 etc. He wrote also, assisted by his wife, the 
 delightful works <The Bird' (1856); <The In- 
 sect' (1857); <Love' (1858); < Woman' (1859); 
 *TheSea'(i86i); <The Sorceress' (1862). , 
 
 Michlels, Alfred Joseph Xavier (me-shi-al'). 
 A French historian, critic, and miscellaneous 
 writer; born in Rome, Dec. 25, 1813; died in 
 Paris, Oct. 28, 1892. He studied law originally. 
 He wrote < Studies of Germany' (2d ed. 1850); 
 < History of Literary Ideas in France in the 
 19th Century' (3d ed. 1862); < Journey of a Vir- 
 tuoso in England' (4th ed. 1872); 'History of 
 Flemish and Dutch Painting' (new ed. 10 vols., 
 1865-76) ; 'Architecture and Painting in Europe ' 
 (3d ed. 1873); 'Secret History of the Austrian 
 Govemment' (4th ed. 1879); 'Count Bismarck' 
 (1871); the popular 'Tales of the Mountains' 
 (1857); and 'Political Dramas' (1865); etc. 
 
 Mickiewicz, Adam (mits-ke'a-vi6h). A cel- 
 ebrated Polish poet; born near Novogxodek, 
 Lithuania, Dec. 24, 1798; died at Constanti- 
 nople, Nov. 26, 1855. He was the greatest of 
 Slavic poets. Banished from Poland for polit- 
 ical reasons, he resided principally at Paris 
 after 1828; was professor of the Slavic lan- 
 guages and literature at the College de France 
 (1840-44). His great work was the epic 'Pan 
 Tadeusz' (Lord Thaddeus [of Warsaw]: 1834), 
 a picture of Lithuanian life in 1812; though 
 another epic, 'Conrad Wallenrod' (1828), writ- 
 ten while an exile in Russia, is hardly less re- 
 nowned. Other important works were : a third 
 epic, 'Grazyna' (1822); the ballad 'Dziady' 
 (1823); 'Crimean Sonnets' (1826); 'The Books 
 of the Polish People and of the Polish Pil- 
 grimage' (1832); 'Lectures on Slavic Litera- 
 ture,' etc. (' Works,' latest edition, 4 vols, 
 Lemberg, 1893.) 
 
 Mickle, William Julius. A Scottish poet; 
 bom at Langholm, Dumfriesshire, Sept. 28, I735^■ 
 died at Forest Hill, Oct. 28, 1788. He trans- 
 lated into English the ' Lusiad ' (new ed. 1798), 
 the national epic of Portugal ; and wrote ' Syr 
 Martyn' (1778), 'Almada Hill' (1781). etc. 
 He is said to have been the author of the
 
 38» 
 
 MIDDLETON — MILICE VIC 
 
 song < There's Nae Luck aboot the Hoose.> 
 (< Poetical Works,> with life, 1806.) 
 
 Hlddleton, Conyers. An eminent English 
 theological and classical writer; bom at Rich- 
 mond, Yorkshire, Dec. 27, 1683; died at Hil- 
 dersham, July 28, 1750. His life was one of 
 embittered controversy, in which he gained 
 immediate opprobrium and material harm, but 
 enduring intellectual consideration. His princi- 
 pal writings were: <Life of Cicero' (1741), an 
 acute defense of Cicero as statesman; < Intro- 
 ductory Discourse' (1747); most famous of all, 
 the <Free Inquiry' (1748),— an argument to 
 prove that the mediaeval miracles were false 
 because they grew more plentiful as the need 
 of them grew less. 
 
 Mlddleton, Thomas. An English dramatist ; 
 born in London (?) about 1570 ; died at New- 
 ington Butts, 1627. He collaborated with Row- 
 ley, Massinger, Fletcher, and Ben Jonson. He 
 wrote: <A Mad World, My Masters' (1608); 
 ♦The Game of Chess' (1623); <The Spanish 
 Gipsy' (1653);* Women Beware Women' (1657); 
 a satire on Prince Charles's unsuccessful woo- 
 ing of the Spanish Infanta ; etc. (' Dramatic 
 Works,' 8 vols., London, 1886.) 
 
 Mignet, Frangols Auguste Marie (men-ya'). 
 A French historian ; born at Aix, Provence, 
 May 8, 1796 ; died in Paris, March 24, 1884. He 
 studied law; was director of the archives of 
 the foreign ministry, Paris, 1830-48. Among 
 his works were: <Life of Franklin' (1848); 
 < History of the French Revolution' (13th ed. 
 1880); < Charles V.' (loth ed. 1882); < History of 
 Marie Stuart' (6th ed. 1884); etc. He wrote 
 also a drama entitled <Antonio Perez and Philip 
 II.' (5th ed. 1881.) 
 
 Mlkliaiilov, Mikhail Larionovich (me-ka'e- 
 lof). A Russian journalist and novelist; born 
 in the Ural Mountains, 1826; died in Siberia, 
 1865. He was son of a Russian official and a 
 Khirgiz princess. On his return from traveling 
 in Europe (1858-61), political considerations 
 caused his exile. His best novel was : <Adam 
 Adamovich' (1851). (< Works,' St. Petersburg, 
 1859.) 
 
 Miklosich, Franz von (mik'lo-zidh). The 
 founder of Slavic philology ; bom near Lutten- 
 berg, Styria, Nov. 20, 1813; died at Vienna, 
 March 7, 1891. He was member of the Reichs- 
 tag (1848); professor of Slavic philology at 
 Vienna (1850-86); life member of the Reichstag 
 (1862). He published : < Comparative Grammar 
 of the Slavic Languages' (1852-74); < Dialects 
 and Wanderings of the Gipsies of Europe ' 
 (1872-77); < Etymological Dictionary of the 
 Slavic Languages' (1886); etc. 
 
 Mikovec, Ferdinand Bretislav (mik'o-vets). 
 A Bohemian dramatist and archaeologist; born 
 at Sloup (Pirkstein), Dec. 24, 1826; died at 
 Prague, Sept. 22, 1862. He took part in the 
 Bohemian and Servian commotions of 1848 ; 
 founded at Prague the Lumir, the only maga- 
 eine in Bohemia then devoted exclusively 
 tu belles-lettres (1851); also wrote < Bohemian 
 
 Antiquities' (1858). He published <The Ex 
 tinction of the Premyslides' (1851). and < Dimitri 
 Ivanovic' (1856), two successful tragedies; and 
 left two other dramas in MS. 
 
 Mil& y Fontanals. Manuel (me-la' e fon-ta- 
 nals'). A Spanish scholar; born near Barce- 
 lona, May 4, 1818 ; died at Barcelona, July 16, 
 1884. He was professor of literature at Barce- 
 lonia (1845). He devoted himself to history, 
 especially that of Catalonia and Spain, and 
 was an authority on the Romance languages 
 and literatures. Among his works were* 
 <Catalonian Legends' (2d ed. 1882); <The 
 Troubadours in Spain' (1861); <The Popular 
 Heroic Poetry of Spain' (1873); < Principles of 
 Spanish Literature' (1874); etc. 
 
 Milanes, Jose Jacinto (me-la-nas'). A Cu- 
 ban poet ; born in Matanzas, August 1814 ; 
 died November 1863. His drama <E1 Conde 
 de Alarcos' at once gave its author fame, as 
 it contains passages of very passionate poetry. 
 The drama < A Poet at Court ' also met great 
 success. He published < A Cuban Looker-on,' 
 a series of social sketches (1842). Many of 
 his poems have been translated into English, 
 French, and Italian, and nearly all his works 
 into German. 
 
 Milburn, William Henry. A noted Ameri- 
 can Methodist preacher and lecturer; born in 
 Philadelphia, Sept. 26, 1823. He has been 
 widely known as <<the blind preacher," and 
 six times chaplain of the national House of 
 Representatives, once of the national Senate 
 (1893). He has written : < Rifle, Axe, and Sad- 
 dle-Bags' (1857); <Ten Years of Preacher Life' 
 (1859); < Pioneers and People of the Missis- 
 sippi Valley ' (i860). He died in IQQ^ 
 
 Milelli, Domenico (me-lel'le). An Italian 
 poet ; bom at Catanzaro, Calabria, 184I. In- 
 tended for the priesthood, he adopted instead 
 literature of the most realistic sort. A prolific 
 writer, among his works are : < In Youth ' (1873); 
 <Gioconda> (1874); <Hiemalia' (1874); < Pagan 
 Odes' (1879); <Song Book' (1884); etc. His 
 'Rime' (Verses), published under the pseudo- 
 n>Tn '* Count of Lara," has been very popular. 
 
 Miles, George Henry. An American dram- 
 atist and story-writer ; bom in Baltimore, Md., 
 July 31, 1824 ; died in Thombrook, Md., July 23, 
 1871. His short story <Loretto, or the Choice,' 
 won the $$0 prize offered by the Baltimore 
 Catholic Mirror for the best short story. In 
 1850 his < Mohammed ' won the $1,000 prize 
 offered by Edwin Forrest for the best play by 
 an American author. He wrote many poems, 
 plays, and sketches ; among them < Christine, a 
 Troubadour's Song; and Other Poems' (1866); 
 and <Abou Hassan the Wag, or the Sleeper 
 Awakened' (1868). 
 
 Milicevic, Milan ( mil-i-chev'ich ). A Ser- 
 vian geographical, ethnological, and historical 
 writer, and novelist; bom near Belgrade, May 
 7, 1831. He studied theology; was a teacher 
 (1850); and secretary of the Servian minister 
 of education (1861). He has written: <Tbe
 
 Principality of Servia> (1876); < Servian Peasant 
 Life > (in the Glasnik: 1867 and 1873); < King- 
 dom of Servia> (1884); the stories of Servian 
 life < Jurmutsa and Fatima,> and ♦ Winter Even- 
 ings ' (1879); < Summer Evenings* (1880). 
 
 Mill, James. A noted English philosopher, 
 historian, and political economist ; bom in For- 
 farshire, Scotland, April 6, 1773 ; died at Kens- 
 ington, June 23, 1836. He studied originally 
 for the church. His great work was <An 
 Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human 
 Mind> (2 vols., 1829), which laid the founda- 
 tion of the « association » psychology, since 
 fcbly developed by Spencer and Bain. He 
 published besides a 'History of British India > 
 (3 vols., 1817-18; new ed. 1872), which got him 
 a position with the East India Company ; < Po- 
 litical Economy > (1821-22); numerous contri- 
 butions to the Westminster Review; articles 
 in the < Encylopaedia Britannica>; etc. 
 
 Mill, John Stuart. A celebrated English 
 philosophical writer, logician, and political econ- 
 omist, son of James ; bom in London, May 20, 
 1806; died at Avignon, France, May 8, 1873. 
 In early childhood he was educated by his 
 father after a unique and rigid system. He 
 became superintendent and proprietor of the 
 Westminster Review (1836-40); chief examiner 
 of the India House (1856); Member of Parlia- 
 ment (1865). Among his most important works 
 were: < Logic' (1843); < Political Economy* 
 (1848); < Essay on Liberty* (1859); < Utilita- 
 rianism* (1862); 'Examination of Sir William 
 Hamilton's Philosophy* (1865); <Auguste Comte 
 and Positivism* (1865); <0n the Subjection of 
 Women* (1869); etc. His 'Autobiography* ap- 
 peared in 1873. He was one of the most lucid 
 expositors of abstract ideas who ever wrote in 
 English. 
 
 Miller, ClncinuatuB Heine, better known 
 as Joaquin Miller. An American poet; born 
 in Wabash district, Ind., Nov, 10, 1841. His 
 checkered life has included the extremes of 
 being a California gold-miner, editor of an Ore- 
 gon newspaper, an Oregon lawyer and judge, 
 a social lion in London, journalist at Washing- 
 ton, D. C, etc. The name of "Joaquin** he 
 took from Joaquin Murietta, a Mexican brigand, 
 whom he had once legally defended. His < Col- 
 lected Poems* appeared in 1882. Since then 
 he has published 'Songs of Mexican Seas* 
 (1887); and 'Songs of the Soul* (1896). He 
 has written also in prose 'The Baroness of 
 New York* (1877); ''49, or The Gold Seekers 
 of the Sierras* (1884); etc. His novel 'The 
 Danites* (1881) was successfully staged. 
 
 Miller, Mrs. Emily (Huntington). An Amer- 
 ican educator and popular writer for the young ; 
 bom in Connecticut, 1833. She is president of 
 the Woman's College of the Northwestem Uni- 
 versity, 111. Among her works are : < From Ava- 
 lon and Other Poems * ; ' The Royal Road to 
 Fortune* (1875); the 'Kirkwood* series; etc. 
 
 Miller, Harriet (Mann). ["Olive Thome 
 Miller.**] An American writer of children's 
 
 MILL "MILLER 389 
 
 stories ; bom in Auburn, N. Y., 1831 ; particularl} 
 distinguished for her descriptive books of bird; 
 and their habits. Included in her publication; 
 are: 'A Bird- Lover in the West*; ' In Nesting 
 Time*; 'Little Folks in Feathers and Fur*; 
 ' Our Home Pets* ; and < Little People of Asia * 
 
 Miller, Hugh. A noted Scottish geologist, 
 whose writings first made geology popularly 
 known; bom at Cromarty, Oct. 10, 1802; died 
 near Edinburgh, Dec. 2, 1856. Beginning life 
 as a stone-mason (1819-36), he became bank 
 accountant at Cromarty (1834), and editor of 
 an Edinburgh newspaper (1840). His chief 
 works were: 'The Old Red Sandstone* (1841); 
 ' Footprints of the Creator* (1847); ' My Schools 
 and Schoolmasters* (1852); 'Testimony of the 
 Rocks* (1857). He published besides 'Poems* 
 (1829); 'Scenes and Legends of the North of 
 Scotland* (1835); etc. 
 
 Miller, Joaquin. See Miller, C. H. 
 
 Miller, Johann Martin. A German novel- 
 ist and poet; bom at Ulm, Dec. 3, 1750 ; died 
 there, June 21, 1814. He was professor at Ulm 
 (1781); dean and clerical councilor (1810). He 
 was best known by < Siegwart, a Convent Tale > 
 (1776). He wrote also in prose: 'Contribu- 
 tion to the History of the Tender Passion* 
 (1776); 'Correspondence between Three Col- 
 lege Friends* (1776); 'Story of Charles of 
 Burgheim and Emilia of Rosenau* (1778); etc.: 
 while several of his 'Poems* (1783) became 
 popular songs. 
 
 Miller, Olive Thorne. See MlUer, Har- 
 riet M. 
 
 Miller, Orest Fedorovich (mil'er). A Rus- 
 sian political, archaeological, and critical writer; 
 bom in Reval, 1833. He is one of the lead- 
 ing Slavophils; teacher of Russian literature 
 in the University of St. Petersburg (1861). He 
 has written: 'The Slav Question in Life and 
 Knowledge* (1865); 'Lomonosov and the Re- 
 forms of Peter the Great* (1866); < Ilja Muro- 
 vetz and the Heroes of Kiev* (1869), a study 
 of Russian popular myths; 'The Slav World 
 and Europe* (1877), his most successful work; 
 'Lectures on Russian Literature after Gog 1* 
 (3d ed. 1887); etc. 
 
 Miller, Stephen Franks. An American law- 
 yer and biographical writer; bom in North 
 Carolina about 1810; died 1867. He wrote: 
 '.Bench and Bar of Georgia* (2 vols., 1858), a 
 valuable collection of biographies and histor- 
 ical matter ; ' Memoir of General Blackshear and 
 the War in Georgia, 1813-14* (1858); 'Wilkins 
 Wylder* (i860). 
 
 Miller, Thomas. An English poet, novelist, 
 and writer on rural life ; bom at Gainsborough, 
 1807; died in London, Oct. 24, 1874. He sup- 
 ported himself as a basket-maker, till Rogers 
 the poet enabled him to open a book-store in 
 London. He wrote: ' Royston Gower* (1838), 
 a novel; 'Rural Sketches* (1839), in verse; 
 'Gideon Giles, the Roper* (1840) and 'God- 
 frey Malvern* (1843), novels; 'Histoiy of the
 
 384 
 
 MILLER — MIRABEAU 
 
 Anglo-Saxons' (1848; four editions since); etc. 
 With G. W. M. Reynolds, he wrote VoL v. of 
 the < Mysteries of London.* 
 
 Miller, William. A Scottish poet; bom in 
 Bridgegate, Glasgow, August 1810; died at 
 Glasgow, Aug. 20, 1872. Uncertain health pre- 
 venting his becoming a physician, he adopted 
 the trade of wood-turning. He has been called 
 « the laureate of the nursery." He wrote : 
 < Scottish Nursery Songs and Other Poems > 
 (1863). One of his most popular single poems 
 was <Wee Willie Winkie.> 
 
 Millet, Francis Davis. An American artist, 
 story-writer, and noted war correspondent ; born 
 at Mattapoisett, Mass., Nov. 3, 1846. He was 
 very successful as correspondent of the Lon- 
 don Daily News in the Turco-Russian war, and 
 has been a frequent contributor to periodicals. 
 He has publislied in book form <A Capillary 
 Crime, and Other Stories ' ; and < The Danube 
 from the Black Forest to the Black Sea.> 
 
 Mills, Abraham. An American prose-writer ; 
 born in Dutchess County, N. Y., in 1796; died 
 in New York city, July 8, 1867. He published 
 •Literature and Literary Men of Great Brit- 
 ain and Ireland > (2 vols., 1851); < Outlines of 
 Rhetoric and Belles-Lettres > (1854); < Poets 
 and Poetry of the Ancient Greeks' (1854); 
 •Compendium of the History of the Ancient 
 Hebrews' (1856). 
 
 Milman, Henry Hart. A distinguished Eng- 
 lish clergyman, historian, and poet ; bom in 
 London, Feb. 10, 1791 ; died near Ascot, Sept. 
 24, 1868. He was professor of poetry at Ox- 
 ford, 1821-31 ; Bampton lecturer 1827 ; canon of 
 Westminster 1835; dean of St. Paul's 1849. His 
 •History of the Jews> (1830) excited intense 
 antagonism, being the first attempt to apply 
 secular historical methods to the sacred history, 
 though not irreverently. In 1838 he edited 
 Gibbon's • Decline and Fall of the Roman Em- 
 pire,' and in 1839 published a < Life of Gibbon.' 
 He wrote < History of Christianity under the 
 Empire' (1840), and published in 1855 his most 
 important work, <The History of Latin Christ- 
 ianity down to the Death of Pope Nicholas V.> 
 In verse he produced <Samor' (1818), an epic; 
 •Fall of Jemsalem' (1820); etc. The drama 
 •Fazio' (1815), written while he was at Ox- 
 ford, was performed in 1818 by Charles Kem- 
 ble and Miss O'Neill, and by Madame Ristori 
 in 1856. He also wrote a history of St. Paul's 
 Cathedral. His •Essays and Memoirs' were 
 collected by his son in 1870. 
 
 Milnes, Richard Monckton (milz). See 
 Houghton. 
 
 Milton, John. One of the greatest of Eng- 
 lish poets ; bom in London, Dec. 9, 1608 ; died 
 there, Nov. 8, 1674. He graduated at Cambridge 
 in 1629; traveled in Italy, 1638; was Latin sec- 
 retary of the Commonwealth, 1649 ; became to- 
 tally blind in 1652. His greatest works were the 
 famous epics • Paradise Lost' (1666) and • Para- 
 dise Regained' (1671); the tragedy 'Samson 
 Agonistes' (1671); the poems •Comus' (1634), 
 
 •Lycidas' (1637), <L'Allegro> (1645), < II Pen- 
 seroso' (1645); and his various sonnets. Of his 
 prose writings the most renowned were • Areo- 
 pagitica' (1644), advocating freedom of the 
 press; <The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates' 
 (1649), justifying the execution of Charles I.; 
 and the • Defence of the English People ' 
 (1654). 
 
 Mines, John Flavel. [« Felix Oldboy."] An 
 American journalist, descriptive writer, and 
 writer of verse ; born in Paris, 1835 ; died 1891. 
 Originally a student of theology, he entered 
 the army as chaplain in 1861 ; but afterward 
 abandoned the ministry, received a commis- 
 sion, and was mustered out as lieutenant-colonel 
 in 1865. He published : < Heroes of the Last 
 Lustre ' (1858), verse ; < Tour around New York, 
 by Mr. Felix Oldboy' (1888). 
 
 Minghetti, Marco (min-get'te). An Italian 
 statesman, journalist, and miscellaneous writer; 
 born at Bologna, Nov. 8, 1818; died at Rome, 
 Dec. 10, 1886. A conspicuous political figure in 
 his day, he occupied for a number of years the 
 highest positions, and was very influential in 
 the government. He wrote : • Relation of Pub- 
 lic Economy to Morality and Right' (2d ed. 
 1868), his most remarkable work ; • Literary and 
 Economic Pamphlets' (1872); < Italian Ladies 
 in the Fine Arts' (1877); < Church and State' 
 (1878); < Raphael > (1885) ; a biography ; < My Re- 
 collections '(1888-91); < Parliamentary Speeches.' 
 
 Minot, Laurence. An English lyric poet; 
 born 1300 (?); died 1352 (?). Scarcely an}rthing 
 is known of his life. His poetry expressed 
 the militant England of his time, being devoted 
 to the triumph of England over the French and 
 Scots. First printed in 1795; latest edition, 
 edited by Joseph Hall, Clarendon Press, 1887. 
 
 Minto, William. A Scottish scholar and 
 miscellaneous writer; bom in Alford, Aber- 
 deenshire, Oct. 10, 1845 ; died at Aberdeen, 
 March i, 1893. He was editor of the Lon- 
 don Examiner, 1874-78 ; professor of logic and 
 English literature at the University of Aber- 
 deen, 1880. Besides several novels, articles in 
 the • Encyclopaedia Britannica,' contributions 
 to reviews, etc., he published < English Prose 
 Writers' (1872); and < English Poets' (1874). 
 
 Mira de Mescua or Amescua, Antonio (me'- 
 ra da ma'-sk\?a). A Spanish poet and dram- 
 atist ; bom at Guadix, about 1570 ; died at Ma- 
 drid, 1635. He was court chaplain at Granada, 
 and afterward chaplain of honor to Philip IV. 
 at Madrid. Calderon and Comeille borrowed 
 from his works. A few of his lyrics can be 
 SA^en in Vol. xiii., five of his plays in Vol. xiv., 
 of Rivadeneyra's < Library of Spanish Authors.' 
 
 Mirabeau, Gabriel Honors de Riquetti, 
 Count of (me-ra-b5'). A famous French ora- 
 tor and revolutionist ; born at Bignon, March 
 9, 1749; died in Paris, April 2, 1791. He rose 
 to the lank of captain in the army; in 1789 
 was delegate of the Third Estate to the conven- 
 tion of the States-General, where his eloquence 
 made him a power; president of the Jacobin
 
 MIRANL J1.A— MIVART 
 
 38s 
 
 Club in 1790, of the National Assembly in 1791. 
 Among his writings were : < The Friend of Men * 
 (1755); < Rural Philosophy > (1763); < The Prus- 
 sian Monarchy > (1788), his chief work; < Secret 
 History of the Court of Berlin > (1789); etc. 
 He was the one large statesman of the French 
 Revolution. (*Works,> best edition, — though 
 lacking the < Prussian Monarchy,* — by Blanch- 
 ard, 10 vols., 1822.) 
 
 Mlrandola (me-ran'do-la). See Pico. 
 
 Mirecourt, Eugene de (mer-kor'). A French 
 novelist and miscellaneous writer ; born at Mire- 
 court, Nov. 19, 1812; died in Tahiti, Feb. 13, 
 1880. Among his novels were : < Confessions 
 of Marion Delorme> (1848)- < Memoirs of Ni- 
 non de Lenclos* ( 1852); < The Marchioness de 
 Courcelles> (1859). His name was originally 
 Jacquot Mirecourt. 
 
 Mistral, Frederi (mes-tral'). A celebrated 
 Proven9al poet ; bom at Maillane, Bouches-du- 
 Rhone, Sept. 8, 1830. After studying law, he 
 devoted himself to establishing the Provencal 
 dialect as a literary tongue, and became one 
 of the originators of the renowned society of 
 F^librige (1854), founded for that purpose 
 His most famous works are the poems < Mi- 
 rfeio* (1858; several editions, and translated into 
 a number of languages); <Calendau> (1867); 
 and <Nerto> (1883). He has published also 
 
 < Lis Isclo d'Oro> (1875), a collection of fugi- 
 tive poems; <The Poem of the Rhone' (1897); 
 two volumes of < Lou Tresor dou Felibrige ' 
 {1878-86); a Provengal-French dictionary ; etc. 
 
 Mitchel, Frederick Augustus. An Ameri- 
 can novelist and biographer; born 1839. He 
 has written : * Chattanooga > and < Chicka- 
 mauga,' two romances of the Civil War; and 
 
 < Ormsby Macknight Mitchel, Astronomer and 
 General* (1887), a biography of his father. 
 
 Mitchel, Ormsby Macknight. An American 
 astronomer and soldier ; born in Union County, 
 Ky., in 1809 or 1810; died in Beaufort, S. C, 
 of yellow fever, Oct. 30, 1862. He graduated 
 at West Point in 1829; became professor of 
 mathematics and astronomy at Cincinnati Col- 
 lege, O., 1834, and was largely instrumental in 
 building and equipping the observatory there , 
 and was director of the Dudley Observatory, 
 Albany, N. Y., 1859. He was made brigadier- 
 general in the Federal service, 1861 ; won the 
 battle of Huntsville, Ala., April 1862; was pro- 
 moted to major-general and commander of the 
 Department of the South. He delivered many 
 popular lectures on astronomy, and published 
 
 < Planetary and Stellar Worlds > ; < The Orbs of 
 Heaven > ; < Elementary Treatise on the Sun * ; 
 and 'Astronomy of the Bible.* 
 
 Mitchell, Donald Grant. [«Ik Marvel.**] 
 A noted American essayist and novelist; born 
 at Norwich, Conn., April 1822. Originally a 
 lawyer, he was consul at Venice 1853-55 ! he 
 has since lived on his estate Edgewood, near 
 New Haven, Conn. His best-known works 
 are: < Reveries of a Bachelor* (1850); < Dream 
 Life*(i85i); <My Farm of Edgewood > (1863 >; 
 
 as 
 
 < Wet Days at Edgewood * (1864). He has written 
 also: < Doctor Johns *(l866j, a novel ; < Bound To- 
 gether* (1884); 'English Lands, Letters and 
 Kings * (1889-90); < American Lands and Letters * 
 (1897). 
 
 Mitchell, John Ames. An American jour- 
 nalist and novelist ; born in New York, Jan. 17, 
 1845. He is the editor of Life. He has pub- 
 lished ' The Summer School of Philosophy at 
 Mount Desert * (1881); < Romance of the Moon > 
 (1886); < That First Affair, and Other Stories* ; 
 <The Silent War.* 
 
 Mitchell, Langdon Elwyn. [« John Philip 
 Varley *'.] An American writer, son of S. Weir; 
 born in Philadelphia, 1862. He is author of 
 
 < Love in the Backwoods * and < Becky Sharp.* 
 
 Mitchell, Silas Weir. A distinguished Amer- 
 ican physician, poet, and novelist; born in 
 Philadelphia, Feb. 15, 1829. He is noted as a 
 specialist in toxicology, nervous disorders, etc., 
 the results of his researches being embodied in 
 a number of valuable medical works. He has 
 achieved a high reputation by his purely liter- 
 ary books : < Hephzibah Guinness, and Other 
 Stories* (1880); < In War Time* (1885), a novel; 
 
 < Poems* (1882-87); < Characteristics > (1893); 
 
 < Hugh Wynne * ( 1897) ; * Youth of Washington.> 
 
 Mitchell, Walter. An American prose and 
 verse writer ; born in Massachusetts in 1826. He 
 is an Episcopalian clergyman of New York city, 
 and writer of < Two Strings to his Bow * ; < Bryan 
 Maurice,* a novel; and 'Tacking Off Shore,* 
 and < The Mocking Bird,* notable poems. 
 
 Mitford, Mary Russell. A distinguished 
 English miscellaneous writer; born at Aires- 
 ford, Hampshire, Dec. 16, 1787 ; died at Swallow- 
 field, Jan. 10, 1855. Pier father (a physician) 
 having dissipated several fortunes, she adopted 
 literature as a means of family support. Her 
 most famous works were : < Our Village * (5 vols., 
 1824-32) ; and < Recollections of a Literary Life > 
 (1852-54). Other works were the tragedies 
 
 < Julian* (1823), <The Foscari* (1826), and < Ri- 
 enzi* (1828), all produced by Macready or 
 Charles Kemble, the last being the best ; < Bel- 
 ford Regis* {1835), a novel ; poems, short stories, 
 juvenile stories, etc. ; besides which she was a 
 contributor to periodicals and all sorts of occas- 
 ional publications. 
 
 Mitford, William. An English historian; 
 born in London, Feb. 10, 1744 ; died at Exbury, 
 Feb. 10, 1827. He was admitted to the bar, but 
 never practiced; was Member of Parliament 
 for over twenty vears, and professor of history 
 at the Royal Academy. His most notable work 
 wasthe ^History of Greece*: Vol. i., 1784; Vol. 
 v., 1818. (Best edition, 8 vols., 1838.) 
 
 Mivart, St. George Jackson (miv^art). An 
 English naturalist; born in London, Nov. 30, 
 1827; died there, April I, 1900. He was pro- 
 fessor of biology in University College, 1874-77; 
 was professor of the philosophy of natural history 
 at the University of Louvain, Belgium, after 
 1890. Among his chief works are : 'Genesis of 
 Species) (1870-71); <Man and Apes> (l873">; 
 'Contemporary Evolution) (1876); 'Origin of 
 Human Reason) (1889); 'Types of Animal
 
 386 
 
 MOE — MOLLER 
 
 Life> (1893). Though an evolutionist, he is 
 well known as denying that evolution accounts 
 for the human intellect. 
 
 Moe, Jbrgen Ingebrektsen (m5'e). A dis- 
 tinguished Norwegian poet and folk-lorist ; 
 born in the district of Ringerike. about 1813; 
 died at Christiansand, 1880 (?). He became 
 bishop of Christiansand in 1875. The influ- 
 ence on Norwegian language, literature, and 
 art, of the popular fairy tales collected at great 
 pains by him, can hardly be exaggerated. He 
 wrote: <Digte> (Poems: 2d ed. 1856); <In the 
 Well and in the Tarn> (1851), stories for child- 
 ren; < Norwegian Folk-Tales > (5th ed. 1874-, 
 English translation as < Popular Tales from the 
 Norse > by Dasent, 3d ed. 1888), with P. C. 
 Asbjornsen; etc. (<VVorks,> 1877.) 
 
 Moffat, James Clement, An American mis- 
 cellaneous writer ; born in Glencree, Galloway, 
 Scotland, May 30, 181 1 ; died in Princeton, N. J., 
 June 7, 1890. He contributed numerous articles 
 to periodicals, and published <A Rhyme of the 
 North Countrie> (1847); <Life of Dr. Thomas 
 Chalmers > (1853); <Song and Scenery, or, A 
 Summer Ramble in Scotland' (1874); < Church 
 History in Brief > (1885); < The Story of a 
 Dedicated Life> (1887). 
 
 Moffat, Robert. A noted Scottish mission- 
 ary ; born at Ormiston, Dec. 21, 1795 ; died at 
 Leigh, Kent, Aug. 8, 1883. Originally a gar- 
 dener, he went to South Africa as a mission- 
 ary in 1816, remaining till 1870; he translated 
 parts of the Bible, hymn-books, etc., into the 
 Bechuana and other barbaric languages, and 
 was very successful. He wrote < Labors and 
 Scenes in South Africa' (1842). One of his 
 daughters married Dr. Livingstone, the Afri- 
 can explorer. 
 
 MoLl, Julius von (m5l). A German-French 
 Orientalist ; born at Stuttgart, Wurtemberg, Oct. 
 25, 1800 ; died at Paris, Jan. 4, 1876. He was 
 professor of Oriental literature at Tiibingen in 
 1826 ; professor of Persian literature in the Col- 
 lege de France, 1845. His principal work was 
 his edition of Firdausi's <Shah Namah' (The 
 Book of the Kings : 6 vols., Paris, 1836-68, text 
 and translation). 
 
 Mokry, Otokar (mok're). A Bohemian poet 
 and novelist; born at Budweis, 1854. He is 
 State notary at Vodnany, and editor of the < Peo- 
 ple's Cheap Library.' He is a romanticist. He 
 has written : in verse, < Melodies from South- 
 ern Bohemia' (1880), < Poems' (1883), < On 
 tlie Maiden's Rock' (1S85), < Reflections and 
 Legends' (1888); and in prose, < Short Stories 
 and Arabesques' (1883), < Short Stories and 
 Sketches' (1886); etc. 
 
 Molbech, Christian Knud Frederik (mol'- 
 bech). A Danish poet and dramatist; born at 
 Copenhagen, July 20, 1821 ; died at Kiel, May 
 20, 1888. He was professor of Danish language 
 and literature at Kiel, 1853-64 ; then a journal- 
 ist at Copenhagen ; censor at the royal theatre, 
 Copenhagen. Among his works were : < Pict- 
 ures from the Life of Jesus > (1840), a volume 
 
 of poems; <The Bride of the Mountain King> 
 (1845), and <The Venusberg' (1845), dramas; 
 < Twilight' (1851), poems; < Poems, Lyric and 
 Dramatic' (1863); <The Financier,' a comedy. 
 (< Poetical Works,' new ed. 1879.) 
 
 Molesworth, Mrs. Mary Louisa (StJwart). 
 [«Ennis Graham."] An English novelist and 
 writer for children ; born of Scotch parentage 
 at Rotterdam, Holland, 1842. She has lived 
 several years in France and Germany. Among 
 her works are the novels < Lover and Hus- 
 band' (new ed. 1873), 'She was Young and 
 He was Old' (1872), < Cicely' (1874), <Miss 
 Bouverie' (1880); and the juveniles <Tell 
 Me a Story' (1875), < Carrots' (1876), < Children 
 of the Castle' (1890), < Hollow Tree House,' 
 etc. ( 1894) ; 'The Laurel Walk > ; < Peterkin.' 
 
 Moliere (mo-lyar'), the stage name of Jean 
 Baptiste Poquelin. The greatest of French 
 dramatists; bom in Paris, Jan. I5(?), 1622; died 
 there, Feb. 17, 1673. His greatest works were his 
 comedies of character, < The School for Wives ' 
 (1662); <Tartuffe' (1664), thought by many to be 
 his masterpiece; <Don Juan' (1665); <The Mis- 
 anthrope' (1666); <The Miser' (1668); <The 
 Tradesman Turned Gentleman' (1670); <The 
 Learned Ladies' (1672); <The Imaginary In- 
 valid' (1673). Other renowned dramas were: 
 <The Affected Ladies' (1659); < Sganarelle ' 
 (1660); <The School for Husbands' (1661); 
 <The Physician in Spite of Himself (1666); 
 
 < Georges Dandin ' (1668). 
 
 Molina, Juan Ignacio (mo-le'na). A Jesuit 
 historian ; born in the province of Talca, Chili, 
 June 24, 1737 ; died at Bologna, Italy, Sept. 
 12, 1829. After 1774 he resided at Bologna, 
 teaching and devoting his leisure to the com- 
 position of valuable historical works on Chili. 
 These were: < Compendium of Chilian His- 
 tory'; < Essay on Chilian Natural History' 
 (1782); < Essay on Chilian Civil History' (1787), 
 the last-named being translated into several lan- 
 guages, including English ; etc. 
 
 Molinos, Miguel (mo-Ie'nos). A Spanish 
 mystic, founder of the Quietists ; born near Sa- 
 ragossa, Dec. 21, 1640 ; died at Rome, Dec. 29, 
 1696 or 1697. He was a priest at Rome. His 
 principal work, <A Spiritual Guide' (1675), 
 maintained that godliness consists in uninter- 
 rupted communion with God through contem- 
 plation — the doctrine called « Quietism." This 
 being thought to imperil the doctrine of good 
 actions, the book was condemned (1687); and 
 in spite of recanting, he was imprisoned for 
 life, dying in confinement. 
 
 Mbller, Peter Ludwig (mel'ler). A Danish 
 poet and art critic ; born at Aalborg, April 18, 
 1814; died at Rouen, Dec. 7, 1865. He spent 
 the last fifteen years of his life in Paris. He 
 published < Lyrical Poems' (1840); < Critical 
 Sketches' (1847); < Pictures and Songs' (1847); 
 
 < Falling of the Leaves' (1855, under the pseu- 
 donym of <<Otto Sommer"); and the interesting 
 work 'Modern Comedy in France and Den- 
 mark' (1858).
 
 MOLLER — MONROE 
 
 387 
 
 Mbller, Poul Martin. A Danish poet, nov- 
 elist, and philosophical writer; born at Veile, 
 March 21, 1794 ; died at Copenhagen, March 
 13, 1838. He was professor of philosophy at 
 Christiania, Norway, 1828-31, and at Copenha- 
 gen in 1831. Of a number of fine lyrics, the 
 best-known was his *■ Joy over Denmark.' In 
 fiction he wrote < Eyvind the Skald,* <A Danish 
 Student's Adventure,' etc. His philosophical 
 writings are contained in his < Posthumous 
 Works' (3d ed. 1856). He wrote also < Notes 
 Taken on a Journey to China.' < Poetry and 
 Prose,' selections, appeared in 1891. 
 
 Moltke, Count Hellmuth Karl Bernhard 
 
 von (molt'ke). The famous Prussian field-mar- 
 shal ; born at Parchim, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 
 Oct. 26, 1800; died at Berlin, April 24, 1891. 
 Having reorganized the Prussian army (1858- 
 63-), he won the Franco-Prussian war, 1870-71 ; 
 became field-marshal, 187 1 ; life member of the 
 Prussian Upper House, 1872. He published : 
 < The Russo-Turkish Campaign, 1828-29' (2d 
 ed. 1877); < History of the Franco-Prussian War' 
 (1891); < Letters' (1892); < Letters on Conditions 
 in Turkey' (6th ed. 1893); etc. (< Works,' 1891- 
 93. < Military Works,' 1892-93). 
 
 Monunsen, Theodor (mom'zen). A famous 
 German historian ; born at Garding, Schleswig, 
 Nov. 30, 1817. He was professor of law at 
 Leipzig, 1848-50; of Roman law, at Ziirich 
 1852-54, at Breslau 1854-58; of ancient history 
 at Berlin, 1858 ; member of the Prussian House 
 of Delegates. His great work is < Roman His- 
 tory' (1854-56; 8th ed. 1888-89; vol. 5, 3d ed. 
 1886). He has written besides, < Roman Chro- 
 nology down to Caasar' (2d ed. 1859); < History 
 of Roman Coinage' (i860); < Roman Investi- 
 gations' (1864-79); ' History of Roman Political 
 Law' (3d ed. 1888). He was editor-in-chief of 
 the great < Body of Latin Inscriptions' (15 vols, 
 iind supplement, 1863-93). His historical work 
 •^ncorporates the results of vast learning in 
 i.iany lields. Died at Berlin, Nov. i, 1903. 
 
 Monboddo, James Burnet, Lord (mon-bod'- 
 do). A distinguished Scottish judge and phil- 
 osophical writer; born at Monboddo, 1714; 
 died at Edinburgh, May 26, 1799. He wrote : 
 ^Dissertation on Language* (6 vols., 1773-92), 
 and 'Ancient Metaphysics' (6 vols., 1779-99); 
 both works upholding the theory that the hu- 
 man race was developed from simian stock. 
 
 Monier-Williams, Sir Monier. An English 
 Orientalist; bom at Bombay, India, 1819; died 
 at Cannes, April II, 1899. He was professor 
 of Sanskrit at Haileybury College 1844-58, 
 Cheltenham College 1858-60, Oxford i860. 
 His books include: Sanskrit grammars (1846 
 and i860); English-Sanskrit (1851) and San- 
 skrit-English (1872) dictionaries; editions of 
 Kalidasa's (^akuntala (1853) and other San- 
 skrit texts; <Rudiments of Hindustani' (1858); 
 'Indian Epic Poetry' (1863); 'Indian Wisdom' 
 (1875); Hinduism' (1877); 'Modem India and 
 the Indians' (1878); Religious Thought and 
 Life in India) (1883); 'The Holy Bible and the 
 Sacred Books of the East' (1887); and 'Bud- 
 
 dhism in its Connection with Brahminism and 
 Hinduism, and in its Contrast with Christianity^ 
 —the Duff Lectures (1889). 
 
 Monkhouse, 'Williani Cosmo. An English ar^ 
 critic, born March 18, 1840; died, July 20, 190I. 
 Among his works are : 'A Dream of Idleness' 
 (1865), verse; 'A question of Honor' (1868^, 
 a novel; 'Masterpieces of English Art' (i868k 
 <Tumer' (1879, in the 'Great Artists' series); 
 <Italian Pre-Raphaelites' (1887); etc. 
 
 Monnier, Marc (mo-nya'). A French scholar 
 and miscellaneous writer; bom at Florence, 
 Italy, Dec. 7, 1827 ; died at Geneva, April 18, 
 1885. He was professor of comparative liter- 
 ature at Geneva. Among his works were : ' Is 
 Italy the Land of the Dead?' (1830), which 
 made a sensation; 'Permitted Loves' (1861), a 
 novel; 'Figaro's Ancestors' (1868), an essay 
 in dramatic history ; ' Plays for Marionettes > 
 (1871); 'Geneva and its Poets' (1874); 'Popu- 
 lar Tales in Italy' (1880); 'History of Modern 
 Literature' (2 vols., 1884-85); and in verse 
 'Lucioles' (1863), 'Poems' (1872). 
 
 Monod, Gabriel Jacques Jean (mo-no'). A 
 distinguished French historian ; born at Ingou- 
 ville, near Havre, May 7, 1844. Since 1880 
 he has been a lecturer at the Normal School, 
 Paris. Chiefly noted for his researches in me- 
 diaeval history, he has published : ' Germans 
 and French' (1872); 'Jules Michelet' (1875); 
 < Critical Studies on the Sources of Merovin- 
 gian History' (1872-85); the school text-books, 
 'Short Universal History' (1883), with M. G. 
 Dhombre, and ' History of France to Louis 
 XL' (1884), with P. Boudois; 'Bibliography of 
 the History of France' (1888), indispensable 
 to the student ; a translation of J. R. Green's 
 'History of the English People' (with his 
 brother, A. M. Monod); articles in French and 
 English reviews ; 'Portraits and Souvenirs' (1897). 
 
 Monroe, Harriet. An American poet and 
 biographer ; born i860. She has written ' Co- 
 lumbian Ode' (1893), composed for the opening 
 celebration of the World's Columbian Exposi- 
 tion ; < John Wellborn Root > (1896), a study of his 
 life and work;' Historical Lutheranism.' 
 
 Monroe, James. The fifth President of the 
 United States ; bom in Westmoreland County, 
 Va., April 28, 1758 ; died in New York, July 4, 
 1831. He served in the Revolutionary War, 
 was useful to his State and country in many 
 conspicuous positions, and was President of the 
 United States for two terms, 1817-25. The time 
 of his administration is known as the "era of 
 good feeling," from the lack of party divisions, 
 the Federalist party having been absorbed in 
 the Democratic. Among its chief events were 
 the acquisition of Florida, 1819; the Missouri 
 Compromise, 1820; and the statement of the 
 " Monroe Doctrine," 1823. He published : < Con- 
 duct of the Executive in the Foreign Affairs 
 of the United States' (1798); 'Tour of Obser- 
 vation through the North-Eastem and North- 
 Westem States' (1818); 'The People the Sov- 
 ereigns ' ; etc.
 
 388 
 
 MONSELL — MONTEMAYOR 
 
 Monsell, John Samuel Bewley. An Eng- 
 lish divine and hymn -writer; born at St. Co- 
 lumb's, Derry, Ireland, March 2, i8il; died 
 April 9, 1875, at Guildford, England, his final 
 church living. Among his popular publica- 
 tions of devotional poetry were : < Parish Mus- 
 ings* (7th ed. 1863); < Hymns of Love and 
 Praise > (2d ed. 1866); <The Passing Bell, and 
 Other Poems' (2d ed. 1869); < Simon the Cyre- 
 nian, and Other Poems* (new ed. 1876); < Spir- 
 itual Songs* (6th ed. 1887). 
 
 Montagu, Mrs. (Elizabeth Robinson). An 
 
 English social leader and letter-writer ; born 
 at York, Oct. 2, 1720; died in London, Aug. 
 25, 1800. She married Edward Montagu, grand- 
 son of the fifth Earl of Sandwich. She gave 
 every year a famous dinner to the London 
 chimney-sweeps. Her residence in Portman 
 Square was the meeting-place of the celebrated 
 <• Blue-Stocking Club '* (origin of this famous 
 term). Among her visitors and associates were 
 Lord Lyttelton, Burke, Garrick, Sir Joshua 
 Reynolds, Hannah More, Fanny Burney, etc. 
 She wrote three of the dialogues in Lord 
 Lyttelton's < Dialogues of the Dead * (4th ed. 
 1765); <The Genius of Shakespeare' (1769), an 
 essay; < Letters* (4 vols., 1809), her best-known 
 work. 
 
 Montagu, Mary Wortley, Lady. A famous 
 English letter-writer; born at Thoresby, Notts, 
 May 26, 1689; died in England, Aug. 21, 1762. 
 Her high birth (eldest daughter of an earl 
 afterwards duke) gave her brilliant wit and 
 literary gifts national fame. Accompanying 
 her husband (grandson of the first Earl of 
 Sandwich, and the richest commoner in Eng- 
 land) to Constantinople, where he was minister 
 to the Porte (1716-17), she assisted in intro- 
 ducing from the East into England the prac- 
 tice of inoculation. At one time the friend of 
 Pope, she quarreled with him afterward. From 
 1739 to 1762, having left her husband, she was 
 again abroad, settling in 1758 at Venice. Her 
 < Letters,* with a life, appear in her works 
 (3d ed. 1887). 
 
 Montague, Charles Howard. An American 
 journalist and novelist ; born in Massachusetts, 
 1858 ; died 1889. He was one of the editors of 
 the Boston Globe. He wrote : < Romance of the 
 Lilies* (1886); <The Face of Rosenfel* (1888); 
 'Countess Muta>; etc. 
 
 Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de (mon-tan'). 
 The famous French moral philosopher ; born at 
 Chateau Montaigne, P^rigord, Feb. 28, 1533 ; 
 died Sept. 13, 1592. Having originally studied 
 law, he became a courtier in 1559; was attached 
 to the person of Henry III., 1571; traveled in 
 Germany, Switzerland, and Italy, 1580 ; was 
 mayor of Bordeaux 1581-85. His masterpiece 
 was his < Essays > (1580; 5th ed. during his life- 
 time, with an added book, 1588 ; many editions 
 since, the best being Le Cleve's, 4 vols., Paris, 
 1865; the best English translation, Hazlitt's). 
 They are marked by a doubting or inquiring 
 spirit, a tolerant and anti-persecuting temper, 
 and a classic perfection of style. 
 
 Montalembert, Charles Forbes de Tryon, 
 Comte de (mohta-loh-bar'). A noted French 
 statesman, historian, and orator; born in Lon- 
 don, May 29, 1810; died in Paris, March 13, 
 1870. He championed the Catholic and cler- 
 ical interests. He was a member of the Cham- 
 ber of Peers in 1835; the National Assembly 
 1848; the Chamber of Deputies 1848-57. His 
 principal writings were : < Life of St. Elizabeth 
 of Hungary* (1836); <The Political Future of 
 England* (1855); < The Monks of the West* 
 (1860-67 ; 5th ed. 1874-77), his main work ; < Let- 
 ters to a College Friend* (1874); etc. (< Works,* 
 1861-68.) 
 
 Montalvin, Juan Perez de (mon-tal-van'). 
 A Spanish dramatist and story-writer; born at 
 Madrid, 1602 ; died June 25, 1638. He was a 
 priest at Madrid, and notary of the Inquisition. 
 His best play, < Teruel's Lovers,* one of the 
 most popular of Spanish dramas, holds the 
 stage at the present da)'. Among his works 
 were: < Model Novels* (1624); < Life and Pur- 
 gatory of St. Patrick* (1627); < El Para-Todos* 
 (1632), a collection of diverting stories, anec- 
 dotes, and plays ; etc. The best of his dramas 
 can be seen in Vol. xiv. of Rivadeneyra's < Li- 
 brary of Spanish Authors* (Madrid, 1881). 
 
 Montalvo, Garcia Ordoflez de (mon-tal'vo). 
 A Spanish romancer; lived at the end of the 
 15th century. He was governor of the city of 
 Medina del Campo. He was the author of the 
 earliest Spanish version of the famous < Amadis 
 of Gaul.* 
 
 Montchrestien, Antoine de (moh-kra-tyah'). 
 A French poet, dramatist, and political econo- 
 mist; born at Falaise, Normandy, about 1570; 
 died near Domfront, October 1621. His life 
 was adventurous and romantic. He wrote a 
 work on political economy (he is said to have 
 been the first to introduce the term into French); 
 several poems, and seven tragedies possessing 
 merit. (< Dramatic Works,* Rouen, last ed. 
 1607.) 
 
 Montegut, tmile (moh-ta-gii')- A French 
 journalist and miscellaneous writer; bom at 
 Limoges, June 24, 1825. He became a chev- 
 alier of the Legion of Honor in 1865. He 
 has published in book form < The Netherlands : 
 Impressions of Travel and Art* (1869); < Poets 
 and Artists of Italy* (1881); 'Literary Types 
 and /Esthetic Fancies* (1882); < Books and 
 People of the Orient* (1885); 'Critical Mis- 
 cellanies* (1887); <A Critic's Reading Hours* 
 (1891); etc. 
 
 Montemayor, Jorge de (mon-ta-ma-yor'). A 
 celebrated Spanish romance-writer and poet ; 
 born at Montemayor, Portugal, about 1520 ; died 
 at Turin, Feb. 26, 1561. When a young man 
 he was in the army; afterward, being a skill- 
 ful musician, was attached to the traveling 
 chapel of the prince of Spain (later Philip II.), 
 visiting several countries, particularly Italy and 
 Flanders. His principal work was the famous 
 •Diana Enamorada* ('Diana in Love,* 1542; 
 latest ed. Madrid, 1795), the most popular
 
 MOXTEPIN - MOORE 
 
 389 
 
 Spanish pastoral romance since <Amadis of 
 Gaul.> It furnished the model for Sir Philip 
 Sidney's 'Arcadia.' (< Works,* Antwerp, 1554; 
 several editions since.) 
 
 Montepin, Xavier Aymon de (mofi-ta-pafi'). 
 A French novelist and dramatist ; born at Apre- 
 mont, Haute-Sa6ne, March 18, 1824; died at 
 Paris, May I, 1902. His works abound in sen- 
 sational incidents and situations. He wrote 
 nearly IChd novels, which have been translated 
 into almost every language, the first being <The 
 Knights of Lansquenet' (1847); and, alone or 
 with collaborators, about 30 plays. 
 
 Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, Baron 
 de (mon-tes-kye'). A famous French historian 
 and political philosopher; born near Bordeaux, 
 Jan. 18, 1689 ; died in Paris, Feb. 10, 1755. He 
 gave up high magistracies to travel widely in 
 order to collect material for the renowned 
 < Spirit of Laws* (1748); his masterpiece, and 
 one of the most influential works of modern 
 times, establishing the historical method in 
 political science. He wrote besides : ' Persian 
 Letters' (1721), a satire on French society; 
 'The Temple of Cnidus' (1725), an allegory; 
 'Causes of Roman Greatness and Decline' 
 (1734), a powerful work; 'Dialogue of Sylla 
 Eucrates and Lysimachus ' (174S); etc. 
 ('Works,' best edition, Paris, 1879.) 
 
 Montgomery, Florence. An English novel- 
 ist, daughter of Sir Alexander Montgomery ; 
 born 1843. She has written : ' A Very Simple 
 Story > ( 1867 ) ; ' Thrown Together ' ( 1872 ) ; 
 'Thwarted' (1874); 'Wild Mike and his Vic- 
 tim' (newed. 1878); 'Seaforth' (1878); < Trans- 
 formed' (1886); 'The Fisherman's Daughter' 
 ( 1.S8S); < Prejudged ' ; < An Unshared Secret.' 
 
 Montgomery, James. An English poet, best 
 known by his hymns and" devotional poetry ; 
 born at Irvine, Ayrshire, Scotland, Nov. 4, 1771 ; 
 died at Sheffield, England, April 30, 1854. He 
 founded and edited the Sheffield Iris, 1794- 
 1825. He published : ' The West Indies ' (1809), 
 an anti-slavery poem ; ' The World before the 
 Flood' (1813); 'Greenland' (1819); 'Prose by 
 a Poet' (1830-31), lectures on poetry and Eng- 
 lish literature; 'Original Hymns' (1853), his 
 chief work ; etc. 
 
 Monti, Luigi (mon'te). An American mis- 
 cellaneous writer; born in Palermo, Sicily, in 
 1830. Being exiled, he came to Boston in 1850. 
 Besides contributions to magazines, he has pub- 
 lished ' The Adventures of an American Consul 
 Abroad' (1878); and 'Leone,' a novel in the 
 ' Round Robin > series. Longfellow introduced 
 him in his 'Tales of a Wayside Inn' as the 
 young Sicilian. 
 
 Monti, Vlncenzo. A celebrated Italian poet; 
 born near Ravenna, Feb. 19, 1754 ; died at Milan, 
 Oct. 13, 1828. He was secretary of the Cis- 
 alpine Republic ; professor of rhetoric at Pavia ; 
 Napoleon's Italian court historiographer; a 
 member of the Italian Institute. Among his 
 works were the tragedies ' Aristodemus' (1787), 
 •Caius Gracchus,' etc.; ' Basvilliana' (1793), 
 
 a grand poem in four cantos on the death of 
 Hugo Basville ; ' Mascheroniana,' a poem on 
 the death of the mathematician Mascheroni ; 
 'Italian Dictionary' (1817-26); etc. 
 
 Montiano y Luyando, Agustin de (mon-ti- 
 a'no e 16-i-an'd5). A Spanish poet and dram- 
 atist; born at Valladolid, March i, 1697; died 
 at Madrid, Nov. I, 1764. He was director of 
 the Academy of History, Madrid. He wrote 
 ' The Rape of Diana ' and ' The Lyre of Or- 
 pheus,' poems; 'Virginia' (1750) and 'Athaul- 
 pho' (1753), tragedies aiming at a reform of 
 the Spanish drama by bringing it into conform- 
 ity with the rules of the French stage ; and 
 other works. 
 
 Montresor, Frances Frederica. An English 
 novelist, daughter of the late Admiral F. B. 
 Montrdsor, R. N. She resides in London. She 
 is the author of several powerful stories of 
 lowly life : the first, ' Into the Highways and 
 Hedges' (1895), met with instant success; and 
 'False Coin or True' (1896), the story of a 
 workhouse girl, and 'Worth While' (1896), 
 have been favorably received. 
 
 Moodie, Susanna. A Canadian poet and 
 prose-writer, sister of Agnes Strickland ; born 
 in Reydon Hall, Suffolk, England, Dec. 6, 
 1803; died in Toronto, Canada, April 8, 1885. 
 She wrote : ' Enthusiasm and Other Poems > 
 (1829); 'Roughing it in the Bush, or Life in 
 Canada' (2 vols., 1852); 'Matrimonial Specula- 
 tions' (1854); and 'The Monctons' (2 vols., 
 1856). 
 
 Moody, Dwight Lyman. A noted American 
 evangelist; born at Northfield, Mass., Feb. 5, 
 1837; died there, Dec. 22, 1899. With Ira D. 
 Sankey he held revival meetings in the United 
 States and Great Britain. He founded a School 
 for Christian Workers in Northfield, and a Bible 
 Institute in Chicago. Among his works are : 
 'Arrows and Anecdotes' ( 1877); 'Secret Power' 
 (1881); 'Bible Characters) (1888); etc. 
 
 Mooney, James. An American ethnologist; 
 born at Richmond, Ind., 1861. From a boy of 
 12 his specialty has been Indian ethnology. He 
 has written: 'Medical Mythology of Ireland' 
 (1887); 'Funeral Customs of Ireland' (1888); 
 'Holiday Customs of Ireland' (i8qo); 'Myths 
 of the Cherokees'; < Siouan Tribes of the 
 East'; 'The Messiah Religion and the Ghost- 
 Dance * ; < Myths of the Kero Kec' 
 
 Moore, Mrs. Bloomfield. See Bloomfield- 
 Moore. 
 
 Moore, Charles Leonard. An American 
 writer of verse ; born at Philadelphia in 1854. 
 A lawyer there, he was consul at San Antonio, 
 Brazil, 1878-79. He has written : ' Poems, An- 
 tique and Modern' (1883); 'A Book of Day- 
 Dreams ' in verse ; and ' Banquet of Palacios,' 
 a comedy; < The Red Branch Crests' (1904). 
 
 Moore, Clement Clarke. An American edu- 
 cational writer and poet ; born in New York 
 city, July 15, 1779; died in Newport, R. I., July 
 10, 1863. He was the compiler of the first
 
 39° 
 
 MOORE — MOREAS 
 
 Hebrew and Greek lexicon published in Amer- 
 ica, and the author of a book of < Poems' (1844), 
 in which is included his best-known poem, < A 
 Visit from St. Nicholas > («'Twas the night 
 before Christmas"). He was the donor of the 
 extensive grounds on which the General The- 
 ological Seminary, New York city, stands. 
 
 Moore, Edward. An English dramatist and 
 fabulist; born at Abingdon, March 22, 1711-12, 
 died in London, March i, 1757. He was edi- 
 tor of The World (1753), to which Lyttelton, 
 Pulteney, Chesterfield, Soame Jenyns, Horace 
 Walpole, and others of distinction were contrib- 
 utors. He wrote < Fables for the Female Sex > 
 (1744); <The Foundling) (1748) and < Gil Blas> 
 (1751), comedies; < The Gamester' (1753, with 
 Garrick, often reprinted), a highly successful 
 tragedy; < Poems, Fables, and Plays' (1756). 
 (< Dramatic Works,' 1788.) 
 
 Moore, Frank Frankfort. An English novel- 
 ist. Among his principal works may be men- 
 tioned < Flying from a Shadow' (1872); < The 
 Mate of the Jessica '(new ed. 1882); <Tre, Pol, and 
 Pen' (1887); < Under Hatches' (1888); The Ope- 
 r 1 tns : < TJie Queen's Room'; < The Ma} flower.' 
 
 Moore, George. An English novelist, poet, 
 and essayist ; born 1859. Among his novels 
 are: <A Modern Lover' (1883); <A Mummer's 
 Wife' (6th ed. 1885); <A Drama in Muslin' 
 (1886); < Confessions of a Young Man' (1888); 
 
 < Esther Waters ' (1894); etc. He has written 
 also: in verse, < Flowers of Passion' (1877), 
 
 < Pagan Poems' (1881); and the volumes of es- 
 says < Impressions and Opinions' (1891), 'Mod- 
 ern Painting' (1893). 
 
 Moore, George Henry. An American his- 
 torical writer ; born in Concord, N. H., April 
 20, 1823; died in New York city. May 5, 1892. 
 He published: <The Treason of Charles Lee' 
 (1858) ; < Employment of Negroes in the Revolu- 
 tionary Army ' (1862); < Notes on the History of 
 Slavery in Massachusetts ' (1866); and< Washing- 
 ton as an Angler ' ; < The Untilled Field ' (1903). 
 
 Moore, Horatio Newton. An American 
 dramatist and novelist ; born in New Jersey in 
 1814; died in Philadelphia, Aug. 26, 1859. His 
 first work of importance, < Orlando, or Woman's 
 Virtue,' a tragedy, was published at 19; < The 
 Regicide,' a five-act drama, at 20. His short 
 novel <Mary Morris' (1840) was very popular. 
 The < Lives of Marion and Wayne ' was issued 
 in 1854. 
 
 Moore, Thomas. A famous Irish poet and 
 song-writer; born at Dublin, May 28, 1779; died 
 near Devizes, Feb. 25, 1852. He was the pet 
 of London society; received an appointment 
 in the civil service in the Bermudas, 1803-4; 
 traveled in the United States, 1803-4; married 
 an actress, 181 1. His principal works were a 
 translation of the <Odes of Anacreon' (1800); 
 <Odes and Epistles' (1806); < Irish Melodies' 
 (10 parts, 1807-34); < The Twopenny Post Bag' 
 (1813); <Lalla Rookh' (1817); < Loves of the 
 Angels' (1823); etc. He wrote also : < The Epi- 
 curean > (1827), a romance ; < Lives > of Sheridan 
 
 (1825) and Byron (1830); < History of Ireland> 
 (1827-35); etc. 
 
 Moratin, Leandro Fernandez de (m5-ra-ten'). 
 A noted Spanish dramatist and poet, son of 
 Nicolas F.; born at Madrid, March 10, 1760; 
 died at Paris, June 21, 1828. He has been called 
 << the Spanish Moli^re." Among his plays were : 
 <The Old Man and the Young Girl' (1790), 
 his best drama; < The New Comedy' (1792); 
 <The Baron' (1803); < The Female Hypocrite' 
 (1804); <The Girl's Yes' (1806); etc. He wrote 
 also < Origins of the Spanish Stage'; lyrical 
 poems; etc. His works can be seen in Vol. ii. 
 of < Library of Spanish Authors.' 
 
 Moratin, Nicolas Fernandez de. A Span- 
 ish poet; born at Madrid, July 20, 1737; died 
 there, May II, 1780. He was professor of poetry 
 in the Imperial College, Madrid. His best work, 
 and one of the best epics in the language, was 
 <The Ships of Cortds Destroyed' (1785). He 
 wrote besides < Diana' (1763), a fine didactic 
 poem ; and many of his short poems were ex- 
 cellent. In the attempt to substitute for the 
 usual religious dramas others more agreeable 
 to the taste of the times, he produced the com- 
 edy < The Belle ' ( 1762 ), and the tragedies 
 < Lucrecia,' < Hormesinda' (1770), < Guzman the 
 Good' (1777), etc. His works can be seen in 
 Vol. ii. of Rivadeneyra's < Library of Spanish 
 Authors.' 
 
 More, Hannah. An English religious writer ; 
 born at Stapleton, Gloucestershire, Feb. 2, 1745; 
 died at Clifton, Sept. 7, 1833. She abandoned 
 a successful worldly literary career at its height 
 to devote her pen to the furtherance of edu- 
 cation and religion. Her best-known works 
 were the celebrated tract 'The Shepherd of 
 Salisbury Plain' and the novel *Ccelebs in 
 Search of a Wife* (1809). She wrote also: 
 'Sacred Dramas' (1782); 'Religion of the 
 Fashionable World' (1791); 'Practical Piety' 
 (1811); etc. Garrick produced her tragedies 
 'Percy' (1778) and 'The Fatal Falsehood' 
 (1779). ('Works,' II vols., 1830.) 
 
 More, Paul Elmer. An American essayist; 
 born in Missouri, 1864. He is instructor in San- 
 skrit and Greek at Bryn Mawr College. He 
 has written : < The Great Refusal : Being Let- 
 ters of aDreamer in Gotham'; 'Shelburne Plssavs ' 
 
 More, Thomas, Sir. An eminent English 
 statesman and miscellaneous writer; born in 
 London, Feb. 7, 1478; executed on Tower Hill, 
 July 6, 1535. A great lawyer, he became Lord 
 Chancellor, and was put to death by Henry 
 VIII. for refusing to take the oath renouncing 
 the Pope and abjuring Catherine's rights. His 
 greatest literary work was the famous ' Utopia ' 
 (1516), an account of an imaginary ideal com- 
 monwealth supposed to exist on a distant 
 island of the Atlantic. He wrote besides : ' Life 
 of John Picus, Earl of Mirandola' (1510); ' His- 
 tory of Richard HI.' (1513); etc. (' Works,> 
 Latin and English, Louvain, 1556-57.) 
 
 Moreas, Jean (mo-ra-a'). A French poet, 
 novelist, and romance-writer; born at Athens,
 
 MOREAU — MORLEY 
 
 391 
 
 April 15, 1856. He is one of the leaders of 
 trie school called the " Decadents.^ He has 
 v.'ritten in verse < The Quicksands' (1884), < Can- 
 tilenas' (1886), <Iconostasis>; the novel <The 
 Young Ladies' (1887); the romances* The Thin 
 Woman,' <Tea at Miranda's' (1887), etc. 
 
 Morelli, Giovanni (mo-rel'e). A distin- 
 guished Italian art critic ; born in Verona, Feb. 
 25, 1816; died in Milan, Feb. 28, 1891. He 
 traveled widely throughout Europe, studying 
 the great collections of paintings. His fame 
 rests principally upon the < Critical Art Studies 
 in Italian Painting' (1890-93), devoted to the 
 Borghese and Doria Pamfili galleries in Rome, 
 the Munich and Dresden galleries, and that 
 of Berlin. He bequeathed his valuable collec- 
 tion of paintings to his native city. In 1895 
 a monument was erected to his memory in 
 Milan. 
 
 Moreto y CabaiLa, Agustin (mo-ra'to e ka- 
 ba'nya). A noted Spanish dramatist; born at 
 Madrid about 1618; died at Toledo, Oct. 28, 
 1669. He introduced into Spain the comedy of 
 character and manners. < Disdain for Disdain,' 
 his chief work, was one of the four classical 
 masterpieces of the old Spanish stage ; < The 
 Handsome Don Diego' contained excellent 
 character-drawing; < Snares Ahead' (Trampa 
 Adelante) won high success ; and < The Val- 
 iant Justiciary ' and < The Power of Blood ' were 
 good specimens of his more earnest writing. 
 
 Morford, Henry. An American novelist and 
 dramatist ; born in New Monmouth, N. J., 1823 ; 
 died in New York city, 1881. Among his plays 
 are < The Merchant's Honor ' and < The Bells 
 of Shandon.' Two volumes of poems were 
 published by him : < Rhymes of Twenty Years' 
 (1859); and < Rhymes of an Editor' (1873). 
 Among his novels are < Shoulder Straps' (1863), 
 <The Coward' (1864), < Utterly Wrecked' 
 (1866), and <Only a Commoner' (1871). 
 
 Morgan, Lady (Sydney Owenson). An 
 
 Irish novelist and miscellaneous writer; bom 
 in Dublin, about 1783; died in London, April 
 14, 1859. The daughter of an Irish actor, she 
 became a leader in London Society. Among 
 her works were the novels < The Wild Irish 
 Girl' (1806), her most successful book ; < O'Don- 
 neP (1814) ;< Florence Macarthy' (i8i6j ; <The 
 O'Briens and the O'Flahertys ' (1827) ; etc. She 
 wrote also : < France under the Bourbons ' (1817), 
 and its companion, < Italy' (1821), two books 
 which excited furious opposition ; < Woman and 
 her Master' (1840); 'Autobiography' (1858); 
 songs, comic operas, biographies, travels, etc. 
 See her < Memoirs,' edited by Hepworth Dixon 
 (2 vols., 1862). 
 
 Morgan, Lewis Henry. An American ethnol- 
 ogist and archKologist of great repute ; born 
 near Aurora, N. Y., Nov. 21, 1818 ; died at 
 Rochester, N. Y. (where he was a lawyer), Dec. 
 17, 1881. Among his important contributions 
 to the science of ethnology is < Systems of 
 Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Fam- 
 ily,' published by the Smithsonian Institution 
 
 in 1869, and which remains the standard work 
 on the subject. His < League of the Iroquois,' 
 published in 1851, is the highest authority on 
 the tribal organization of the Six Nations. 
 His other works include: <The American Bea- 
 ver and his Works'; < Ancient Society' (1887)-, 
 
 < Horses and Horse Life of the American Ab- 
 origines '; etc. 
 
 Morier, James Justinian (mo'ri-er). An 
 English novelist and writer of travels ; bom 
 1780; died at Brighton, March 19, 1849. He was 
 Lord Elgin's secretary during his embassy to 
 Constantinople, and secretary of legation at the 
 court of Persia (1811-15). He wrote two suc- 
 cessful books describing travels in Brazil, Asia, 
 Asia Minor, and Turkey. He was best known, 
 however, by his novels depicting Persian life : 
 < Adventures of Hajji-Baba' (1824-28; latest ed. 
 1895); <Zohrab the Hostage' (1832); <Ayesha, 
 the Maid of Kars' (1834); <Mirza' (1841). 
 
 Mbrike, Eduard (me're-ke). A noted Ger- 
 man poet (the last and best of the '* Suabian 
 school " ) and novelist ; born at Ludwigsburg, 
 Wiirtemberg, Sept. 8, 1804 ; died at Stuttgart, June 
 4, 1875. He was a clergyman and teacher, and 
 the greatest German lyrist after Goethe. His 
 best verse can be seen in 'Poems' (nth ed. 
 1895), and < Idylls from the Lake of Constance' 
 ( 1846 ). Of his prose writings, famous are : 
 <Nolten the Painter' (3d ed. 1892) and < Mozart 
 on the Way to Prague' (5th ed. 1892). He 
 also made fine translations of Anacreon and 
 Theocritus. ('Works,' Stuttgart, 1890.) 
 
 Morison, James Augustus Cotter. An Eng- 
 lish biographer and essayist ; born in London, 
 1832; died Feb. 26, 1888. He was a Positivist 
 in philosophy, and one of the founders of the 
 Fortnightly Review. He wrote 'Life and 
 Times of St. Bernard' (3d ed. 1877); lives of 
 Gibbon, Macaulay, and Madame de Maintenon ; 
 
 < The Service of Man : An Essay toward the 
 Religion of the Future' (2d ed. 1887); etc. 
 
 Morley, Henry. An English scholar and 
 physician; bom in London, Sept. 15, 1822; died 
 May 14, 1894. He practiced medicine 1844-48; 
 edited the Examiner; was professor of Eng- 
 lish language and literature at University Col- 
 lege 1865-89, and Queen's College 1878-89, 
 London ; principal of University Hall 1882-89. 
 He wrote: 'A Defense of Ignorance' (1851); 
 several biographies ; ' Memoirs of Bartholomew 
 Fair' (1857); 'First Sketch of English Liter- 
 ature' (1873); 'English Literature in the Reign 
 of Victoria' (1881); 'English Writers' (8 vols., 
 1887-93); etc.; besides editing many important 
 works, as Boswell's ' Life of Johnson ' (5 vols., 
 1886); Cassell's ' National Library,' 'Carisbrook 
 Library,' etc. 
 
 Morley, John. A distinguished English states- 
 man, editor, biographer, essayist, and critic; 
 born at Blackburn, Lancashire, Dec. 24, 1838. 
 He was admitted to the bar in 1873; edited 
 successively the Literary Gazette, the Fort- 
 nightly Review, the Pall Mall Gazette, and 
 Macmillan's Magazine ; became Member of
 
 MORLEY — MORSE 
 
 Parliament 1S83 ; chief secretary for Ireland 18S6, 
 1892. He has written lives of Voltaire (1S72), 
 Rousseau (1S74I, Burke (1879). Cobden fi88i), 
 Emerson ('1884), Sir Robert Walpole (1889); and 
 edited the valuable series known as < English 
 Men of Letters > ; < Life of Gladstone* (1903). 
 
 Morley, Margaret Warner. An American 
 writer of popular scientific, biological, and botan- 
 ical works. She has written : < The Song of 
 Life> (1891I; < Life and Love> (1895); *A Few 
 Familiar Flowers' ( i8q7); < Flowers and their 
 Friends > ( 1897 ) ; < The Renewal of Life > ; ' Grass- 
 hopper Land.' 
 
 Morris, George Pope. An American jour- 
 nalist and song-writer; born in Philadelphia, 
 Oct. 10, 1802 ; died in New York city, July 6, 
 1864. In 1846, with N. P. Willis, he founded 
 the Home Journal. He became famous as a 
 writer of songs, among which is included 
 
 < Woodman, Spare that Tree.* His books are : 
 
 < Briercliff,* a drama ; < The Little Frenchman > ; 
 and < Poems.' 
 
 Morris, George Sylvester. An American 
 prose-writer; born in Norwich, Vt., 1840; died 
 1889. He has published : < British Thought and 
 Thinkers' (1880); < Kant's Critique of Pure 
 Reason: A Critical Exposition' (1882); and 
 •Hegel's Philosophy of the State and of His- 
 tory: An Exposition' (1887). 
 
 Morris, Gouverneur. A famous American 
 statesman; born at Morrisania, N. Y., Jan. 31, 
 1752; died there, Nov. 6, 1816. He was mem- 
 ber of the Continental Congress, 1777-80 ; of the 
 committee that drafted the Constitution, 1787; 
 minister to France, 1792-94 ; United States Sen- 
 ator from New York, 1800-3. He was noted 
 for ability both in political thought and polit- 
 ical action. Specimens of his writing can be 
 seen in Jared Sparks's < Memoirs of Gouverneur 
 Morris' (3 vols., 1832), Annie Cary Morris's 
 < Diary and Letters of Gouverneur Morris' (2 
 vols., 1889), etc. 
 
 Morris, Harrison Smith. An American poet ; 
 born in Philadelphia, Oct. 4, 1856. With John 
 A. Henry he wrote <A Duet in Lyrics' (1883). 
 He is author of < Madonna and Other Poems,' 
 and has edited many editions of standard works. 
 
 Morris, Lewis, Sir. An English poet ; bom 
 at Carmarthen, 1833. He practiced law till 
 1881 ; became secretary of University College, 
 Wales, in 1877 ; is now justice of the peace 
 for Carmarthenshire. He has written : < Songs 
 of Two Worlds' (three series, respectively in 
 1871, 1874, and 1875); <The Epic of Hades' 
 (1876), his best-known work ; < Gwen > (1879), a 
 dramatic monologue ; < The Ode of Life ' (1880): 
 
 < A Vision of Saints ' (1890). Died Nov. 12, 1907. 
 
 Morris, William. A celebrated English 
 poet, and writer on socialism ; born near Lon- 
 don, 1834; died at Hammersmith, Oct. 3, 1896. 
 Having studied painting, he became a designer 
 and manufacturer of artistic household furni- 
 ture, wall paper, stained glass, etc. (1863). In 
 later life he took great interest in social ques- 
 tions, was a leader in tbe Socialist League, 
 
 and contributed to the Commonweal. His chie! 
 poetical work was <The Story of Sigurd' (1876). 
 He wrote besides in verse : < Defence of Guene- 
 vere, and Other Poems' (1858); < Life and Death 
 of Jason' (1867); < The Earthly Paradise' (1868- 
 70); <Love Is Enough' (1872); < Poems by the 
 Way' (1892); etc. Translations of the ^neid 
 ( 1876) , the Odyssey ( 1887) , and < Beowulf ' ( 1895) ; 
 and < The House of the Wolfings' (1889), <The 
 Roots of the Mountains' (1890), etc., represent 
 his prose work. He also published < Hopes and 
 Fears for Art' (1882), five lectures; < Signs of 
 Change ' ( 1888), a socialistic book ; and others. * 
 Morrison, Arthur. An English writer of 
 fiction; born 1863. During his employment 
 and residence for some years as secretary of a 
 Charity Trust in the East End of London, he 
 made a study of life in the slums, which he 
 has reproduced in his powerful * Tales of Mean 
 Streets' (1895), and <The Child of the Jago> 
 (1896). A volume of detective stories, entitled 
 
 < Martin Hewitt, Investigator,' appeared in 1896. 
 
 Morse, Mrs. Charlotte Dunning (Wood). An 
 
 American novelist, writing under the name 
 « Charlotte Dunning » ; born in New York 
 State, 1858. She has written : < Upon a Cast,> 
 a society novel ; <A Step Aside ' ; • Cabin and 
 Gondola.' 
 
 Morse, Edward Sylvester. A distinguished 
 American biologist ; born at Portland, Me., 1838. 
 He founded the Peabody Academy of Sciences, 
 Salem, Mass., being its curator and president 
 since 1881 ; was professor at Bowdoin College, 
 1871-74; professor at the Imperial University, 
 Tokio, Japan, 1877 ; president of the American 
 Association for the Advancement of Science, 
 1885-87. Besides numerous scientific and pop- 
 ular papers, he has published : < First Book in 
 Zoology' (new ed. 1880); < Japanese Homes* 
 (1885); < Mars and Its Mystery' (1906). 
 
 Morse, John Torrey. An American writer 
 of biography ; born in Boston, Jan. 9, 1840, and 
 resides in that city as a lawyer. He is editor 
 of the 'American Statesmen Series,' and has 
 published biographies of Alexander Hamilton 
 (2 vols., his strongest work), John and J. Q. 
 Adams, Jefferson, Lincoln, Franklin, and Dr. 
 Holmes; also < Banks and Banking'; 'Arbitra- 
 tion and Award ' ; and < Famous Trials.* His lit- 
 erary work is marked by virile energ3% strong 
 grasp, and luminous common-sense. 
 
 Morse, Mrs. Lucy (Gibbons). An Ameri- 
 can novelist ; born in New York State, 1839. 
 Her home is in New York. She has written 
 
 < Rachel Stanwood * ; < The Chezzles : A Story 
 of Young People' (1888). 
 
 Morse, Samuel Finley Breese. The famous 
 inventor of the electro-magnetic telegraph, also 
 an artist and a publicist ; born at Charlestown, 
 Mass., April 27, 1791 ; died at New York, April 
 2, 1872. He was professor of natural history 
 at Yale College ; the first president of the 
 National Academy of Design, New York (1826- 
 42); and one of the first professors of the Uni- 
 versity of the City of New York (professor 0;
 
 MORTON — MOTLEY 
 
 393 
 
 the fine arts). He wrote < Foreign Conspiracies 
 against the Liberties of the United States > 
 (1835); <Our Liberties Defended,* a memoir of 
 Lucretia Maria Davidson (1829); etc. 
 
 Morton, John Maddison. An English play- 
 wright; born at Pangbourne, Jan. 3, 1811; died 
 Dec. 19, 1S91. He wrote over 100 farces, many 
 of great popularity ; including the well-known 
 <Box and Cox,> adapted from the French. 
 
 Morton, Sarah Wentworth (Apthorp). An 
 American verse- writer; born in Braintree, Mass., 
 Aug. 29, 1759; died in Quincy, Mass., May 14, 
 1846. She was the writer of < Ouabi,> an In- 
 dian tale in four cantos (1790), and < My Mind 
 and its Thoughts > (1823). 
 
 Morton, Thomas. An English dramatist; 
 born in the county of Durham, 1764; died in 
 London, March 28, 1838. He abandoned the 
 law for play-writing. Among his dramas, some 
 of which are still favorites, were: < Children in 
 the Wood> (1793); <The Way to Get Married > 
 (1796); <Cure for the Heart-Ache> (1797); 
 ♦Speed the Plough > (1798), introducing the ori- 
 ginal Mrs. Grundy, who is heard of but never 
 seen; <The Blind Girl> (1801); <Town and 
 Country* (1807); < School for Grown Children* 
 (1827); etc. 
 
 Mosby, John Singleton. A famous Confed- 
 erate cavalry leader ; born in Powhatan County, 
 Va., 1833. After the Civil War he practiced 
 law at Warrenton, Va. ; was United States con- 
 sul at Hong-Kong, 1875-85 ; afterward practiced 
 law at San Francisco. He wrote <War Rem- 
 iniscences* (1887). 
 
 Moschus (mos'kus). A celebrated Greek bu- 
 colic poet ; born at Syracuse ; lived about 200 
 B. C. His extant works are generally published 
 with those of Theocritus and Bion, the latter 
 being his friend and very likely his teacher. 
 They consist of four complete idyls, three 
 small fragments, and an epigram ; and are 
 mostly joyous and sportive in character. They 
 can be found in Ahrens's < Remains of the Bu- 
 colic Greek Poets * (1861); English translations 
 by Fawkes, in Chalmers's < English Poets.* 
 
 Mosen, Julius (mo'zen). A German poet, 
 dramatist, and novelist ; born at Marieney, Sax- 
 ony, July 8, 1803 ; died at Oldenburg, Oct. 10, 
 1867. He gave up the practice of law at Dres- 
 den to become official dramatist of the court 
 theatre at Oldenburg. His chief work was the 
 epic <Ahasuerus* (1838), based on the legend 
 of the Wandering Jew. He published < Poems > 
 ( 1836), some of which became popular songs ; the 
 historical dramas < The Brides of Florence * 
 (1842), <The Prince's Son* (1858), < Emperor 
 Otto HL* (1842), < Henry the Fowler* (1836), 
 etc.; and the novels < The Blue Flower* (1837), 
 < Homesickness * ( 1837), etc. (< Works,* new ed., 
 6 vols., Leipzig, 1880.) 
 
 Mosenthal, Salomon Hermann von (m5'- 
 zen-tal). A German dramatist ; born at Cassel, 
 Jan. 14, 182X ; died at Vienna, Feb. 17, 1877. 
 He obtained a position in the Austrian gov- 
 ernment in 1850. His best-known works were 
 
 < Deborah* (1S50: the original of < Leah the 
 Forsaken*), and < Heliotrope Manor* (1857). 
 He wrote also <The German Actors* (1863); 
 <The Mayor of Altenbiiren* (1868); <Maryna> 
 (1871); the tragedies < Diiweke* (i860), <Pietra* 
 (186S); etc. (< Works,* 6 vols., Stuttgart, 1878.) 
 
 Mbser, Albert (me'zer). A German poet; 
 born at Gottingen, May 7, 1835. His life has 
 been that of a teacher. He has written < Po- 
 ems* (1865; new ed. 1890); < Night and Stars' 
 (1872); < Idylls* (1875); < From the Attic* (1893); 
 < Pol de Mont » (1893). Died Feb. 27, 1900. 
 
 Moser, Gustav von (mo'zer). A prolific 
 German comedy-writer ; born at Spandau, May 
 II, 1825. He resigned from the army in 185610 
 devote himself to literature. Among his pieces 
 are : < What do You Think about Russia?* ; <A 
 Modern Barbarian * ; < Ultimo * ; < The Hypo- 
 chrondriac*; <The Temptress'; <The New Govern- 
 ess.* (< Works,* l8 vols., Berlin, 1873-88). D. 1903. 
 
 Mbser, Justus (me'zar). A noted German 
 publicist and historian ; born at Osnabriick, Dec. 
 14, 1720; died there, Jan. 8, 1794. He held very 
 important government posts. Modern Ger- 
 man historiography may be said to date from 
 him ; his theory being that history should de- 
 scribe the development of peoples, laws, cus- 
 toms, and habits, instead of being a mere 
 chronicle of dynasties and wars. His most cel- 
 ebrated works were < History of Osnabriick* 
 (3d ed. 1819); and < Patriotic Reveries* (latest 
 ed. 1871), a work of national importance. 
 (< Works,* 10 vols., Berlin, 1842-44.) 
 
 Mosheim, Johann Lorenz von (mos'him). 
 A distinguished German church historian and 
 theologian ; born at Liibeck, Oct. 9, 1694 ; died 
 at Gottingen, Sept. 9, 1755. He was the first 
 to treat ecclesiastical history as a sequence of 
 secular causes and effects. He became pro- 
 fessor of history and chancellor of the uni- 
 versity at Gottingen in 1747. His great work 
 was his < Institutes of Ecclesiastical History* 
 (new ed. 1755). He published also other his- 
 torical writings, and was a noted pulpit orator. 
 His published sermons are contained in < Sacred 
 Discourses* (4th ed., 3 vols., Hamburg, 1765). 
 
 Mota-Padilla, Matias de la (mo'ta-pa-del'- 
 ya). A Mexican historian; born at Guadala- 
 jara, Oct. 6, 1688 ; died 1766. He was a lawyer, 
 and during the latter part of his life a priest. 
 He wrote among other things < History of the 
 Conquest of New Galicia* (1870-71), a work 
 of much importance. 
 
 Motherwell, William. A Scottish poet and 
 antiquary ; born at Glasgow, Oct. 13, 1797 ; 
 died there, Nov. i, 1835. He was a journalist 
 and under-secretary of the sheriff of Paisley. 
 His principal works were : < Minstrelsy, Ancient 
 and Modern* (1827), and < Poems, Narrative 
 and Lyrical* (1832; latest ed. 1881). 
 
 Motley, John Lothrop. A distinguished 
 American historian and diplomatist ; born at 
 Dorchester, Mass., April 15, 1814; died in Dor- 
 setshire, England, May 29, 1877. Originally a,
 
 394 
 
 MOULTON — MULHALL 
 
 lawyer, he wrote two novels, became interested 
 in historical research, chose Dutch historj' for 
 his field, and spent years in Holland working 
 up the original sources. The chief fruits were : 
 <Rise of the Dutch Republic > (3 vols., 1856); 
 'History of the United Netherlands > (4 vols., 
 1860-68); <Life of John of Bameveld > (1874). 
 He was United States minister to Austria 1861- 
 67, and to Great Britain 1869-70. After 1868 he 
 resided in England. 
 
 Moulton, Louise (Chandler). An Ameri- 
 can poet and prose-writer; born in Pomfret, 
 Conn., April 10, 1835. She is one of the prom- 
 inent literary women of Boston, and the author 
 of many books, in which are included : < This, 
 That, and the Other' (1854), stories, essays, 
 and poems ; • Bedtime Stories for Children > 
 (1873); < Swallow-Flights, and Other Poems > 
 (1878); <Ourselves and Our Neighbors' {1887); 
 < Some Women's Hearts ' (1888); and < In the Gar- 
 den of Dreams, Lyrics, and Sonnets \ D. 1908. 
 
 Moultrie, John. An English poet ; bom in 
 London, Dec. 30, 1799 ; died at Rugby, Dec. 
 26, 1874. He was rector of Rugby in 1828. He 
 published : < My Brother's Grave and Other 
 Poems' (4th ed. 1854); <The Dream of Life 
 and Other Poems' (last ed. 1854); a volume of 
 'Sermons' (1852); etc. 
 
 Mountcastle, Clara H. ["Cans Sima."] A 
 Canadian poet and story-writer ; born at Clin- 
 ton, Ont. Nov. 26, 1837. She taught drawing 
 and painting 1871-84. She has written: <The 
 Mission of Love, and Other Poems' (1882); 
 <Lost, and Other Poems' (1882), <A Mystery' 
 (1886), verse; and the novel 'Crow's Hollow.' 
 
 Mountford, William. An American miscel- 
 laneous prose-writer; born in Kidderminster, 
 England, May 31, 1816; came to the United 
 States in 1849; died in Boston, April 20, 1885. 
 Among his publications are : ' Martyria, a 
 Legend' (1846); 'Euthanasy; or Happy Talks 
 toward the End of Life' (1850); 'Beauties of 
 Channing' ; < Miracles, Past and Present' (1870). 
 
 Mowatt, Mrs. See Ritcliie. 
 
 Mudford, William. An English journalist 
 and miscellaneous writer; born in London, Jan. 
 8, 1782; died there, March 10, 1848. He was 
 for many years editor of the London Courier, 
 afterward of the Kentish Observer. Among his 
 works were ' Nubilia in Search of a Husband ' 
 (4th ed. 1809); 'The Contemplatist' (1811), 
 essays on morals and literature ; ' Life and 
 Adventures of Paul Plaintive' (1811), a novel; 
 'The Premier' (1831), a novel; 'Tales and 
 Trifles from Blackwood's ' (1849), containing the 
 well-known story 'The Iron Shroud,' his best 
 work ; etc. 
 
 Miigge, Theodor (miig'ge). A German nov- 
 elist and writer of travels ; bom at Berlin, 
 Nov. 8, 1806; died there, Feb. 18, 1861. For 
 some years he was a journalist. Among his 
 best-known works were the novels 'The Cav- 
 alier' (1835), 'Toussaint' (1840), 'Life and 
 Love in Norway' (1858), 'The Prophet' (i860), 
 
 etc. ; and the volumes of travel < Sketches from 
 the North ' ( 1844 ), ' Noithem Picture-Book > 
 (3d ed. 1862), etc. (Complete novels, 33 vols., 
 BerJin, 1862-67). 
 
 Miihlbacli, Luise (miil'bach), pseudonym of 
 Madame Klara Miiller Mundt. A German 
 novelist, wife of Theodor Mundt ; born at Neu- 
 brandenburg, Jan. 2, 1814 ; died at Berlin, Sept. 
 26, 1873. She wrote a number of popular his- 
 torical novels, including 'Queen Hortense' (5th 
 ed. 1861); 'Emperor Joseph II. and his Court' 
 (9th ed. 1866); 'Marie Antoinette and her Son' 
 (1867); 'Emperor Alexander and his Court' 
 (1868); 'Mohammed Ali and his House' (1871); 
 •Frederick the Great and his Court' (8th ed. 
 1882). She was a prolific writer. 
 
 Muhlenberg, William Augustus. An Amer- 
 ican Episcopal clergyman and miscellaneous 
 writer; born in Philadelphia, Sept. 16, 1796; 
 died in New York, April 8, 1877. From 1846 
 to 1877 he was rector of the Church of the 
 Holy Communion, New York. His time was 
 largely given to educational work and the 
 amelioration of the condition of the poor. 
 Among his writings are : ' St. Johnland : Ideal 
 and Actual' (1867); 'Christ and the Bible' 
 (1869); and <I Would Not Live Alway,' the 
 story of the hymn (1871). 
 
 Muir, John. An American naturalist and 
 explorer; born at Dunbar, Scotland, 1838. He 
 discovered Glacier Bay and the Muir Glacier 
 in Alaska in 1879. Besides contributing a 
 number of illustrated papers to magazines, and 
 editing Picturesque California, he has published 
 ' The Mountains of California > (1894), a valuable 
 and charming work ; < Our National Parks.' 
 
 Muir, Sir William. A Scottish Orientalist, 
 brother of John ; born at Glasgow, 1819. En- 
 tering the Bengal civil service at 18, he was 
 lieutenant-governor of the Northwest Prov- 
 inces, 1868-74 ■> minister of finance for India. 
 1874-76; principal of the University of Edin- 
 burgh, 1885. He has written : < Life of Ma- 
 homet and History of Islam' (18S3); 'The 
 Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline, and Fall' (2d ed. 
 1892); 'The Mohammedan Controversy ' (1897). 
 
 Mulford, Elisha. An American Episcopal 
 clerg)-man and philosophical 'WTiter; born at 
 Montrose, Pa., Nov. 19, 1833; died at Cam- 
 bridge, Mass., Dec. 9, 1885. He wrote 'The 
 Nation' (new ed. 1876) and 'The Republic of 
 God' (1881), two works of great elevation of 
 thought and expression. 
 
 Mulford, Prentice. An American journalist 
 and miscellaneous writer ; born on Long Island 
 in 1834; died in 1891. He was settled in New 
 York, and afterwards in San Francisco. He 
 wrote : ' The Swamp Angel ' ; ' Life by Land 
 and Sea ' ; ' Your Forces, and How to Use 
 Them' (2 vols., 1888). 
 
 Mulhall, Michael G. A British statistician; 
 born at Dublin, Sept. 29, 1836; died in London, 
 Dec. 13, 1900. Having removed to South Ameri- 
 ca, he founded the Buenos Ayres Standard 
 (1861), the first English daily paper printed in
 
 MULLANY — MULLER 
 
 395 
 
 South America. He published : 'Handbook of 
 the River Plata> (5th ed. 1885), translated into 
 Spanish; 'Progress of the World) (1880); 'Dic- 
 tionary of Statistics' (new ed. 1892); etc. His 
 wife, Mrs. Marion Mulhall, has published 'Be- 
 tween the Amazon and the Andes' (1883). 
 
 Mullany, Patrick Francis. ["Brother Aza- 
 rias."] An Irish-American priest, educator, and 
 literary critic ; born in Killemain, Ireland, June 
 29, 1847 ; emigrated to the United States in 
 childhood; died at Plattsburg, N. Y., Aug. 20, 
 1893. He joined the order of the Brothers of 
 the Christian Schools. He became in 1866 pro- 
 fessor of mathematics and English literature 
 at Rock Hill College, Ellicott City, Md., and 
 in 1878 president, remaining such until 1889, 
 after which he lived in New York and its 
 neighborhood until his death. As a lecturer 
 on literary, philosophic, and pedagogic themes, 
 he was eloquent and influential ; his papers on 
 Dante and Aristotle were read at the Concord 
 School of Philosophy, and he was a frequent 
 speaker in different parts of the country. He 
 was also a steady contributor to the periodicals ; 
 his essays, afterwards gathered into book form, 
 embodying the results of wise thought and ripe 
 culture, and possessing a fine literary quality. 
 His critical attitude was that of the Christian 
 scholar making a constant appeal to the ideals 
 of the great past, and judging the present 
 thereby. His printed works are : <The Devel- 
 opment of English Literature'; 'Old English 
 Period > ; < Philosophy of Literature > ; < Psy- 
 chological Aspects of Education'; < Address 
 on Thinking'; 'Aristotle and the Christian 
 Church > ; < Culture of the Spiritual Sense ' ; 
 ' Phases of Thought and Criticism.' 
 
 Miiller, Friedrich (miil'ler). [Called Painter 
 Mliller.] A German painter, engraver, poet, and 
 dramatist; bom at Kreuznach, Jan. 13, 1749; 
 died at Rome, April 23, 1825. As a poet he 
 belonged to the '< storm and stress " school. 
 Among his works may be mentioned : ' Bac- 
 chido and Milo' (i775); * The Satyr Mop- 
 sus' (1775); < Adam's First Awaking and First 
 Happy Nights' (1778); the dramas <Genoveva> 
 (1808); 'Life of Faust' (latest ed. 1881); the 
 opera ' Niobe ' (1778); etc. (< Works,' new ed., 
 Heidelberg, 1825.) 
 
 Miiller, Friedrich Maximilian. [Universally 
 known in England and America as "Max 
 Miiller."] A celebrated German-English San- 
 skrit scholar and comparative philologist, son of 
 Wilhelm Miiller the poet ; born at Dessau, Dec. 
 6, 1823 ; died at Oxford, Oct. 28, 1900. Remov- 
 ing to England (1846), he became professor of 
 modern languages and literature (1854J, and 
 professorof comparative philology (1868-75), at 
 Oxford. He has edited and translated the 
 
 < Hitopade9a' (1844), and edited the 'Rig- Veda' 
 ( 6 vols., 1849-74 j, etc. He has written : < History 
 of Ancient Sanskrit Literature ' (2d ed. i860) ; 
 
 < Science of Language ' (latest ed. 1891) ; < Chips 
 from a German Workshop' (latest ed. 1895); 
 
 < Science of Religion ' (1870) ; < Essays on Lan- 
 guage, Mythology, and Religion' (1881); 'Science 
 
 of Thought' (1887) ; the novel ' German Love' : 
 and was the editor of the series < Sacred Books 
 of the East,' now being issued by the Claren- 
 don Press at Oxford, of which some sixty vol- 
 umes are now ready, and which constitutes the 
 most important translated collection of Oriental 
 literature. 
 
 Miiller, Jobannes von. A celebrated Swiss 
 historian ; born at Schaffhausen, Jan. 3, 1752 ; 
 died at Cassel, Prussia, May 29, 1809. He held 
 a number of positions in the service of Mainz, 
 Austria, and Prussia, and when he died was 
 director-general of education in the kingdom 
 of Westphalia. His principal works were : ' His- 
 tory of the Swiss' (new ed., 5 vols., 1786-1808), 
 and <24 Books of Universal History' (3 vols., 
 1811; new ed. 1852). 
 
 Miiller, Earl. A German romance-writer; 
 bom at Stuttgart, Feb. 8, 1819 ; died there, Nov. 
 28, 1889. He was editor of several periodicals. 
 He wrote : ' Life's Changes, by Franz von El- 
 ling' (1854); 'New Mysteries of Paris' (1863); 
 'New Mysteries of London' (1865-67); 'The 
 White Woman' (1868-73); 'The Turks before 
 Vienna' (1870); 'At the Court of the Northern 
 Semiramis' (1873); etc. Among his pseudo- 
 nyms were "Otfried Mylius," '<Rod. Nellen- 
 burg," etc. 
 
 Miiller, Karl Otfried. A distinguished Ger- 
 man Hellenist and archaeologist ; born at Brieg, 
 Aug. 28, 1797 ; died at Athens, Aug. i, 1840. He 
 was professor of archaeology at Gottingen in 
 1819. His principal works were : ' History of 
 Hellenic Races and States' (2d ed. 1844); 'The 
 Etruscans' (2d ed. 1877-78); 'Introduction to a 
 Scientific Mythology' (1825); ' Handbook of the 
 Archaeology of Art' (latest ed. 1878); < Monu- 
 ments of Ancient Art' (3d ed. 1876-81); ' History 
 of Greek Literature' (4th ed. 1882-84); maps of 
 ancient Greece ; etc. 
 
 Miiller, Otto. A German novelist ; bom at 
 Schotten, Hesse, June i, 1816; died at Stuttgart, 
 Aug. 7, 1894. He edited several periodicals. 
 Among his works were the popular < Burgher' 
 (3d ed. 1870); < Charlotte Ackermann' (1854), 
 which he dramatized; <The Mayor of Frank- 
 fort' (3d ed. 1878); 'The Convent Court' (2d 
 ed. 1862); 'Roderich' (2d ed. 1862); 'Tales' 
 (2d ed. 1870); etc. 
 
 Miiller, Wilhelm. A German lyric poet; 
 bora at Dessau, Oct. 7, 1794; died there, Sept. 
 30, 1827. His life was that of a teacher and a 
 librarian. He wrote in verse ' Poems from the 
 Posthumous Papers of a Traveling Bugler' 
 (1821-24; 2d ed. 1826), < Songs of the Greeks' 
 (new ed. 1844), < Romaic National Songs' 
 (1825), < Lyrical Journeys and Epigrammatic 
 Walks' (1827), etc.; the novel < The Thirteenth' 
 (1827); the critical essay < Introduction to Ho- 
 mer' (2d ed. 1836); the book of travel 'Rome, 
 and Rome's Men and Women' (1820); etc. 
 A number of his songs became very popular; 
 some were set to music by Schubert and oth- 
 ers. (Miscellaneous writings, with biography, 
 5 vols., Leipzig, 1830. Poetical works, new ed. 
 Berlin, 1874.)
 
 396 
 
 MULLER— MUNDT 
 
 Miiller, Wilhelm. A German historian; 
 born at Giengen, Wiirtemberg, Dec. 2, 1820; 
 died near Ravensburg, Feb. 7, 1892. He was 
 professor in the gymnasium at Tiibingen in 
 1863. He wrote: < Guide for Instruction in 
 History) (14th ed. 1890); < Political History of 
 the Present > (annual, 1867-92); 'Illustrated 
 History of the Franco-Prussian War> (1873); 
 'Historical Women > (2d ed. 1882); 'Emperor 
 William » (4th ed. 1880); < Count Moltke > (3d ed. 
 1889); 'Prince Bismarck > (3d ed. 1890); 'Em- 
 peror Frederick > ( 1888) ; ' Political History of the 
 Most Recent Times, 1876-90 > (4th ed. 1890); etc. 
 
 Miiller, Wolfgang, called von Kbnigswinter 
 
 (fon k6'nigs-vin-ter). A German lyric and epic 
 poet and novelist ; born at Konigswinter, Prus- 
 sia, March 15, 1816; died at Neuenahr, Prussia, 
 June 29, 1873. Originally a physician (1842), 
 he was Member of the Frankfort Parliament 
 in 1848, but abandoned both medicine and 
 politics for literature. Among his works were : 
 'Poems' (3d ed. 1868); 'Legends of the Rhine 
 in Ballad Form> (4th ed. 1873); 'The May 
 Queen > (1852), a charming village tale in verse ; 
 'Prince Minnewin' (2d ed. 1856); ' Heinrich 
 Heine's Journey to Hell > (1856), published anon- 
 ymously ; 'Aschenbrodel * (Cinderella : 1863), an 
 epic poem ; the comedy < She has Uncovered 
 her Heart'; and in the department of art his- 
 tory 'Diisseldorf Artists' (1854) and 'Munich 
 Sketch Book' (1856). A selection of many of 
 his best poems, entitled 'Verses of a Rhine 
 Poet,' appeared in 6 vols., Leipzig, 1871-76. 
 
 Mulock, Dinah Maria. See Craik, Mrs. 
 
 Munby, Arthur Joseph. An English poet; 
 born in the wapentake of Bulmer, Yorkshire, 
 1828. His themes are largely pastoral idylls. 
 He has written: 'Verses Old and New' (1865); 
 'Dorothy' (18S0), which was well received; 
 'Vestigia Retrorsum' (Steps Backward: 1891); 
 'Vulgar Verses, by Jones Brown' (1891), mostly 
 in dialect; 'Susan' (1893). 
 
 Munch, Andreas (monch). A Norwegian 
 poet and dramatist; born at Christiania, Oct. 
 19, 1811; died near Copenhagen, June 27, 1884. 
 Originally a student of law, he was an edi- 
 tor (1841-46) and professor in the university 
 (1866) at Christiania. His chief works were 
 'Ephemera' (1836), his first effort; 'King 
 Sverre's Youth' (1837), a drama; 'The Singer' 
 (1838); 'Poems Old and New' (1848); 'Pict- 
 ures from North and South' (1848), in prose; 
 'New Poems' (1850); 'Grief and Consolation' 
 (1852), his most successful production; 'Lord 
 William Russell' (3d ed. 1888), a tragedy; 'An 
 Evening at Giske' (1855), a historical drama. 
 ('Works,' Copenhagen, 5 vols., 1887-90.) 
 
 Munch, Peder Andreas. A distinguished 
 Norwegian historian, antiquary, and philologist; 
 born at Christiania, Dec. 15, 1810; died at 
 Rome, May 23, 1863. He was professor of his- 
 tory in the university at Christiania in 1841. 
 His masterpiece was 'History of the Norwe- 
 gian People' (1851-64). ('Works,' published 
 tjy the State, 2d ed. Christiania, i8g4.) 
 
 Miinch-Bellinghausen, Eligius Franz Jo- 
 seph von, Baron (miinch' beriing-hou"zen), 
 better known as "Friedrich Halm" (halm). 
 An Austrian dramatist ; born at Cracow, April 
 2, 1806 ; died at Vienna, May 22, 1871. He stud- 
 ied law, and held various official positions at 
 Vienna. He wrote: 'Griseldis' (loth ed. 1893), 
 which had great success; 'The Adept' (1836); 
 ' Camoens ' ( 1837 ) ; ' Imelda Lambertazzi ' 
 (1838); 'The Son of the Wilderness' (9th ed. 
 1894), well known in England and America 
 under the title 'Ingomar'; ' The Fencer of Ra- 
 venna' (5th ed. 1893), perhaps his best work; 
 'Wild Fire' (6th ed. 1894), a romantic com- 
 edy; etc. ('Works,' 8 vols., Vienna, 1856-64.) 
 
 Munchausen, Baron. See Munchhausen 
 and Raspe. 
 
 Miinchhausen, Hieronymus Karl Friedrich 
 von, Baron (miinch-hou'zen). A notorious 
 German braggart ; born at Bodenwerder, Han- 
 over, 1720; died there, 1797. Having served 
 in the Russian cavalry against the Turks (1737- 
 39), the tales he told of his exploits gave him 
 the reputation of being " the greatest liar in 
 Germany." Ostensibly written out in English 
 by Rudolph Eric Raspe, a German exile, ' Baron 
 Munchausen's Narrative of his Marvelous Trav- 
 els and Campaigns in Russia' appeared at 
 (Oxford, 1785), and was translated into Ger- 
 man by Gottfried A. Biirger the poet (1786). 
 Since then it has often been reprinted. In real- 
 ity the stories are old " yarns " of various ages 
 collected from other books. See also Raspe. 
 
 Munday, Anthony. An English miscella- 
 neous writer of great versatility and note ; born 
 in London, 1553; died there, August 1633. He 
 wrote a large number of plays, generally in 
 collaboration with Chettle, Drayton, Wilson, 
 Dekker, Webster, and others : among them be- 
 ing ' Richard Coeur de Lion's Funeral ' (1589); 
 'A Chance Medley' (1598); <The Rising of 
 Cardinal Wolsey' (1601); 'Death of Robert, 
 Earl of Huntington' (1601); and 'The Two 
 Harpes' (1602). He was also a writer of bal- 
 lads of much note, which were licensed to be 
 sung in London. He wrote, translated, or 
 adapted numerous romances, including < Pal- 
 ladino of England' (1588) and the two first 
 books of ' Amadis de Gaule' (between 1589 
 and 1595). His work 'The English Romayne 
 Lyfe > (about 1582) excited the most comment: 
 it was ostensibly an account of his adventures 
 among English Catholic refugees in France 
 and Italy, and was anti-Catholic in tone. His 
 prodigious activity in literature and affairs 
 makes him one of the most notable characters 
 of his time. 
 
 Munday, John William. [« Charles Sumner 
 Seeley."] An American writer for boys; born 
 in Indiana, 1844. He is a lawyer at Chicago. 
 He has published 'The Spanish Galleon >,• 
 ' The Lost Canyon of the Toltecs.' 
 
 Mundt, Klara. See Miihlbach. 
 Mundt, Theodor. A German biographer, 
 writer of travels, critic, and novelist; bom at
 
 HUNGER — MURNER 
 
 397 
 
 Potsdam, Sept. 19, 1808 ; died at Berlin, May 
 30, 1861. He belonged to the <* Young Ger- 
 many >> school. He was professor of the his- 
 tory of literature at Breslau in 1848; professor 
 and librarian at the University of Berlin, 1850. 
 Among his biographical writings and travels, 
 which were his best, were monographs on 
 Prince Piickler, George Sand, Lamennais, and 
 others; < Walks and World Journeys > (1838-39); 
 
 < Italian Conditions* (1859-60). His critical 
 works include : <Art of German Prose > (2d ed. 
 1843); 'Universal History of Literature > (2d ed. 
 1848); < History of Contemporary Literature' 
 (2d ed. 1853); <The Pantheon of the Ancient 
 Peoples' (2d ed. 1854); < History of Society' 
 (2d ed. 1856). He wrote the novels < Thomas 
 Miintzer> (3d ed. i860); < Mendoza, the Father 
 of Rogues' (1847); etc. 
 
 Munger, Theodore Thornton. An Ameri- 
 can Congregational clergyman ; born in Bain- 
 bridge, N. Y., March 5, 1830. He graduated 
 from Yale in 1851, and Yale Theological School 
 in 1855. Since 1885 he has been pastor of the 
 United Church, New Haven, Conn. He is a 
 Congregational leader in his State ; has been 
 active in municipal reform, and is well known 
 as a writer of ability and attractiveness on 
 ethical subjects, and an exponent of broad, 
 progressive theology. He has published : < On 
 the Threshold > ; < The Freedom of Faith > ; 
 
 < Lamps and Paths ' ; and < The Appeal to Life.' 
 
 Munkittrick, Richard Kendall. An Amer- 
 ican poet and humorous writer ; born in Eng- 
 land, 1853. He is on the editorial staff of Puck, 
 New York. He has published : < The Moon 
 Prince,' for children ; < The Acrobatic Muse,' a 
 volume of humorous verse. He has also writ- 
 ten serious verse of fine fancy and delicate 
 workmanship. 
 
 Munroe, [Charles] Kirk. An American 
 writer for the young; born in Wisconsin, 1856. 
 His present home is in Florida. He has writ- 
 ten : < The Flamingo Feather ' (1887); * Wakulla ' 
 (1888); <Campmates'; <Canoemates' ; < Raft- 
 mates ' ; < Rick Dale ' ; < Dorymates ' ; < The 
 White Conquerors ' ; < Big Cypress ' ; < At War 
 with Pontiac ' ; etc. : also a < Life of Mrs. Stowe ' 
 (with her son) ;< The Outcast Warrior.' 
 
 Murat, Napoleon Achille (mii-ra')- A French- 
 American essayist and political writer ; born in 
 France, 1801 ; died 1847. He was son of Joa- 
 chim Murat, king of Naples, and hence prince 
 of the Two Sicilies. Coming to this country 
 in 1821, he settled at Tallahassee, Fla., where he 
 was mayor 1824, and postmaster 1826-28. He 
 wrote in French < Essays Moral and Political 
 on the United States of America'; < Exposition 
 of the Principles of Republican Government 
 as Perfected in America,' the latter running 
 through over fifty editions. 
 
 Muratorl, Ludovlco Antonio (mo-.a-tS'ri). 
 An Italian historian ; born at Vignola, Oct. 21, 
 1672; died Jan. 23, 1750. He was keeper of the 
 Ambrosian library at Milan (1694), and of the 
 Este library and ducal archives at Modena 
 
 (1700). He wrote : 'Writers of Italian Affairs' 
 (25 vols., 1723-51); 'Italian Antiquities of the 
 Middle Ages ' (6 vols., 1738-42) ; < Annals of 
 Italy' (12 vols., 1744-49); all of great value. 
 
 i Muraviefif, Andreii (mo-ra've-eff). A Rus- 
 sian traveler and miscellaneous writer; born 
 1798; died 1874. His works enjoyed consider- 
 able popularity in Russia. They contained : 
 'Dante' (1841), a drama; 'History of the Rus- 
 sian Church' (1845); 'Souvenirs of Rome' 
 (1846); 'Souvenirs of the East' (1851); 'Im- 
 pressions of the Ukraine and Sebastopol ' (1859); 
 etc. 
 
 Murchison, Roderick Impey, Sir. A Scot- 
 tish geologist; born at Tarradale (Ross), Feb. 
 19, 1792; died in London, Oct. 22, 1871. He was 
 one of the founders and often president of the 
 Royal Geographical Society ; director-general 
 of the British Geological Survey (1855). He 
 published: 'Geology of Russia and the Ural' 
 (1845); 'Siluria' (1854); 'Geological Atlas of 
 Europe' (1856); etc. 
 
 Murdoch, William. A Canadian poet ; born 
 in Paisley, Scotland, Feb. 24, 1823; died in St. 
 John, N. B., May 4, 1887. His publications in- 
 clude 'Poems and Songs' (2d ed. 1872); and 
 ' Discursory Ruminations : a Fireside Drama,' 
 with other pieces (1876). 
 
 Mure, William. A Scottish historian; born 
 near Caldwell, Ayrshire, July 9, 1799; died in 
 London, April i, i860. He was Member of 
 Parliament for Renfrew, 1846-55 ; and rector of 
 Glasgow University, 1847-48. He wrote ' His- 
 tory of the Language and Literature of Ancient 
 Greece' (5 vols., 1850-57), his main work, but 
 left unfinished ; ' Journal of a Tour in Greece 
 and the Ionian Islands' (1842); etc. 
 
 Murfree, Fanny Noailles Dickinson. An 
 American novelist, sister of Mary; born in 
 Tennessee, 1845. She has written the novel 
 'Felicia.' 
 
 Murfree, Mary Noailles, better known as 
 "Charles Egbert Craddock." A noted Ameri- 
 can novelist; born at Murfreesboro, Tenn., Jan. 
 24, 1850. She was a contributor to the Atlantic 
 Monthly before 1880. Among her best-known 
 books are: 'In the Tennessee Mountains' 
 (1884); 'The Prophet of the Great Smoky 
 Mountains '(1885); < In the Clouds ' (1886) ; ' The 
 Story of Keedon Bluffs > ; ' The Windfall.' 
 
 Murger, Henri (miir-zha')- A noted French 
 litterateur ; born in Paris, March 24, 1822 ; died 
 near there, Jan. 28, 1861. He was at one time 
 secretary of Count Leo Tolstoy. He wrote : 
 'Scenes of Bohemian Life' (1848), his best- 
 known work, depicting existence in the Latin 
 Quarter of Paris ; ' Claude and Marianne ' 
 (1851); 'Scenes of Youthful Life' (1851); 'The 
 Last Appointment' (1852); 'The Latin Coun- 
 try' (1852); 'Adeline -Protat' (1853); 'The Wa- 
 ter Drinkers' (1854); etc. His verse was col- 
 lected in a volume entitled ' W^inter Nights.' 
 
 Murner, Thomas (mor'ner). An Alsatian 
 clergyman, and a leading satirist of the i6th
 
 398 
 
 MURPHY - MUSAUS 
 
 century ; born at Straslnirg, Dec. 24, 1475 ; 
 died at Oberehnheim, Alsace, about 1536. He 
 was made poet laureate by the emperor Maxi- 
 milian (1506), and taught for a while logic at 
 Cracow; but in the main led a roaming and 
 unsettled life, drawing large crowds by his witty 
 sermons whenever he preached. He wrote : 
 <The Rogues' Guild > (1512); < The Exorcism 
 of Fools> (1512); <0n the Great Lutheran 
 Fool> (1522), a stinging satire on the Reforma- 
 tion; etc. 
 
 Murphy, Henry Cruse. An American jour- 
 nalist and historical writer; born at Brooklyn, 
 N. v., 1810; died 1882. He was a lawyer by 
 profession; was minister to The Hague 1857- 
 61. He wrote: < Henry Hudson in Holland' 
 (1S59); < Anthology of the New Netherlands' 
 1 1S65), consisting of translations and memoirs ; 
 < The Voyage of Verrazzano > (1875); etc. 
 
 Murray, David Christie. An English nov- 
 elist; born at West Bromwich, Staffordshire, 
 April 13, 1847. He has been a journalist in 
 London. He has written numerous works, 
 among which are : <A Life's Atonement' (1879); 
 ♦Goals of Fire> ( 1881 ); < The Way of the 
 World' (new ed. 1886); < The Weaker Vessel' 
 (1888); etc. He died Aug. 2, 1907. 
 
 Murray, Grenville. An English miscella- 
 neous writer ; born Oct. 2, 1824 ; died at Passy, 
 France, Dec. 20, 1881. He was in the diplo- 
 matic service 1845-68. A voluminous writer, 
 among his works were : < Dudley Cranbourne ' 
 (1845), a novel; <The Roving Englishman' 
 (1854); < Embassies and Foreign Courts' (1856); 
 <The Member for Paris' (1871); < Young Brown' 
 (1874), both novels; < Turkey' (1877); <The 
 Russians of To-day' (1878); < Under the Lens, 
 Social Photographs' (2d ed. 1885); etc. 
 
 Murray. Hugh. A Scottish geographer; 
 born at North Berwick, 1779; died in Lon- 
 don, March 4, 1846. He was a clerk in the 
 excise office at Edinburgh, devoting his leis- 
 ure to literature, especially geography ; edited 
 the Scots' Magazine. He wrote : < Histories of 
 Discoveries and Travels,' consisting of < Africa' 
 (2 vols., 1817), <Asia' (3 vols., 1820), and 
 < North America' (2 vols., 1829); < Descriptive 
 Geography of British India ' (3 vols.); < China ' 
 (3 vols.); 'United States' (3 vols.); < Marco 
 Polo's Travels' (i vol., 1839); and < Encyclo- 
 paedia of Geography' (1834), his chief work. 
 
 Murray, James Augustin Henry. A dis- 
 tinguished British lexicographer ; born in Den- 
 holm, Roxburghshire, Scotland, 1837. He has 
 long been compiling* A New English Diction- 
 ary on Historical Principles ' (first number 1888), 
 founded mainly on materials collected by the 
 Philological Society. The letters A and B, and 
 the greater part of C and E, had appeared by 
 1893, and G by 1897 ; and the work is now in 
 continuous publication. The aim of this dic- 
 tionary « is to furnish an adequate account of 
 the meaning, origin, and history of English 
 words now in general use, or known to have 
 been in use at any time during the past 700 
 
 years." Its purpose is << not to dictate to usage, 
 but to record usage." Dr. Murray has also 
 published < Dialect of the Southern Counties of 
 Scotland,' and similar philological studies. 
 
 Murray, John Clark. A Canadian educator 
 and miscellaneous writer ; born in Paisley, Scot- 
 land, March 19, 1836. In 1872 he became pro- 
 fessor of mental and moral philosophy in Mc- 
 Gill University, Montreal. He is the author 
 of <The Ballads and Songs of Scotland' (1874); 
 
 < Handbook of Psychology' (1885); and < Solo- 
 mon Maimon : an Autobiography,' translated 
 from the German, with notes and additions 
 (1888). 
 
 Murray, John O'Kane. An American physi- 
 cian and historian ; born in Glenariffe, County 
 Antrim, Ireland, Dec. 12, 1847 ; died in Chicago, 
 July 30, 1885. He was a man of unusual cult- 
 ure. His most notable work was a < Popular 
 History of the Catholic Church in the United 
 States' (1876). This was succeeded by *The 
 Prose and Poetry of Ireland' (1877); <The Cath- 
 olic Heroes and Heroines of America' (1878); 
 <The Catholic Pioneers of America' (1881); 
 and 'Lessons in English Literature' (1883). 
 
 Murray, Lindley, whose name was long a 
 synonym for grammar in America, was born 
 in Swatara, Pa., April 22, 1745; died near 
 York, England, Jan. 16, 1826. From 1784 until 
 his death he was devoted to literary work. 
 His publications include : < Grammar of the 
 English Language' (1795, first ed.), <The 
 Power of Religion on the Mind' (1787); 'Com- 
 pendium of Religious Faith and Practice.' 
 
 < Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Lindley 
 Murray' was issued in 1826. 
 
 Murray, Nicholas. ["Kirwan."! An Ameri- 
 can Presbyterian clergyman, and controversial 
 and didactic writer; born in Ireland, Dec. 25, 
 1802; died 1861. He was settled at Elizabeth- 
 town, N. J. Among his works were : < Letters to 
 Bishop Hughes' (collective ed. revised and en- 
 larged, 1855), translated into several languages ; 
 
 < Romanism at Home > (1852); < Men and Things 
 as I Saw Them in Europe' (1853); 'Preachers 
 and Preaching' (i860); etc. 
 
 Murray, William Henry Harrison. An 
 
 American preacher, lecturer, and miscellaneous 
 writer ; born in Guilford, Conn., April 26, 1840. 
 His publications include : ' The Perfect Horse' ; 
 'Adirondack Tales'; 'How Deacon Tubner 
 Kept New-Year's ' ; ' Daylight Land ' ; ■> Ad- 
 ventures in the W^ilderness ' ; ' Deacons ' ; < Music 
 Hall Sermons'; 'Sennons from Park Street 
 Pulpit ' ; ' The Doom of Mamelons ' ; < Words 
 Fitly Spoken'; etc. Died March 3, 1904. 
 
 Musaus, Johann Karl August (mb-za'os). A 
 German satirical writer; born at Jena, March 
 29, 1735 ; died at Weimar, Oct. 28, 1787. He was 
 professor at the Weimar gymnasium in 1770. 
 Among nis works were : ' The German Grand- 
 ison' (1781-82), satirizing Richardson's novel 
 ' Sir Charles Grandison ; ' ' Physiognomical Jour- 
 neys ' (177S-79), satirizing Lavater; ' Folk-Tales 
 of the Germans' (latest ed. Hamburg, 1870);
 
 MUSICK — M YRDDIN 
 
 'Ostrich Feathers > (1787), his chief production, 
 and for a long time very popular; etc. 
 
 Musick, John Roy. An American novelist 
 and historian; born at St. Louis, Mo., Feb. 28, 
 1849; died at Omaha, Neb., April 14, 1901. 
 Among his werks may be named: ^Calamity Row> 
 (1887); <Brother Against Brother> (1887); 
 'Mysterious Mr. Howard > ; etc. He wrote a 
 series of twelve American historical novels. 
 
 Musset, Louis Charles Alfred de (mii-sa'). 
 One of the greatest three French poets of the 
 nineteenth century; born in Paris, Nov. il, 
 1810; died there, May i, 1857. He studied 
 law and medicine, and tried business, each 
 for a short time ; was librarian of the depart- 
 ment of the Interior (1838), and the department 
 of Public Instruction (1855). He wrote: <Tales 
 of Spain and Italy > (1830); <A Play in an 
 Arm-Chair> (1832); < A Night of May> (1835); 
 «A Night of December > (1835); <A Night of 
 August > (1836); < A Night of October > (1837),— 
 the last four being his masterpieces ; < Letter to 
 Lamartine> (1836); < Hope in God> (1838); etc. 
 The < Nights,* as well as the latter part of the 
 prose story < Confession of a Child of the Cen- 
 tury* (1836), related to his connection with 
 George Sand. Other notable stories were : < Em- 
 meline> (1837); < The Two Mistresses' (1837); 
 ♦Frederick and Bernerette> (1838); < Titian's 
 Son> (1838); etc. He produced also a series of 
 graceful and original < Comedies and Proverbs,' 
 some of which hold the stage to-day : < One 
 Must Not Play with Love> (1834); <We Must 
 Swear to Nothing' (1836); <A Door Must be 
 either Open or Shut' (1845); etc. His life was 
 dissipated. (< Works,' best ed. 10 vols., 1886.) 
 
 Muzzey, Artemas Bowers. An American 
 clergyman and miscellaneous writer; born in 
 Lexington, Mass., Sept. 21, 1802; died at Cam- 
 bridge, April 21, 1892. In 1865 he retired from 
 ministerial work. Included in his numerous 
 publications are : <The Young Man's Friend* 
 (1836); <Man, a Soul) (1842); <The Higher 
 Education* (1871) ; Personal Recollections of 
 Rev. Dr. Channing' (1874-75); 'Immortality 
 in the Light of Scripture and Science' (1876); 
 and 'Education of Old Age> (1884). 
 
 399 
 
 Myers, Ernest James. An English poet, 
 brother of Frederic W. H.; born at Keswick 
 in 1844. He was called to the bar (1874), but 
 never practiced. He has published: 'The 
 Puritans' (1869); 'Poems' (1877); 'Defence of 
 Rome and Other Poems' (1880); 'Judgment 
 of Prometheus and Other Poems' (1886); etc.; 
 besides translating the odes of Pindar (2d ed. 
 1884). 
 
 Myers, Frederic William Henry. An Eng- 
 lish poet and critic; born at Keswick, Feb. 6. 
 1843; died in Rome, Jan. 17, 1901. He was 
 classical lecturer at Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 1865-68. He wrote 'St. Paul' (new ed. 1879), 
 verse; 'Wordsworth' (1880), in 'English Men 
 of Letters' ; 'Renewal of Youth, and Other 
 Poems' (1882); 'Essays, Modern and Classical' 
 (1883); 'Science and a Future Life' (1893), a 
 volume of essays; etc. He was one of the fore- 
 most writers in English reviews. 
 
 Myers, Peter Hamilton. An American 
 story-writer and lawyer; born in Herkimer, 
 N. Y., Aug. 4, 1812; died in Brooklyn, N. Y., 
 Oct. 30, 1878. Among his published works are : 
 < The First of the Knickerbockers : A Tale of 
 1673' (1848); 'The Young Patroon, or Christ- 
 mas in 1690' (1849); 'The King of the Hu- 
 rons,' republished in England as 'Blanche 
 Montaigne' (1856); and 'The Prisoner of the 
 Border: A Tale of 1838' (1857). 
 
 Myers, Philip Van Ness. An American edu- 
 cator and historian ; born in New York State, 
 1846. He was president of Belmont College, 
 Ohio, and has been dean of the University of 
 Cincinnati since 1895. He has written : ' Re- 
 mains of Lost Empires' (1875); 'Outlines of 
 Ancient History' (1882); 'Outlines of Mediae- 
 val a.nd Modern History' (1886); 'General His- 
 tory ' ; < The Middle Ages > ; < The Modern Age.' 
 
 Myrddin (m€r'din), Wyllt, — ?. i?., the Mad. 
 [Called also Merlin.] A Welsh poet; flour- 
 ished 580 (?). Hardly anything is known of 
 his life. In mediseval Welsh literature he is 
 credited with being the author of six poems, 
 which can be found in the ' Myryrian Archae- 
 ology' (2d ed., pages 104-18, 348).
 
 400 
 
 NABUCO DE ARAUJO — NAPIER 
 
 N 
 
 Nabuco de Araujo, Jos^ Tito (na-bo'ko da 
 ar-ii-o'zho). A Brazilian historical and dra- 
 matic writer; born in Rio Janeiro, Jan. 4, 1836. 
 He has written <The Son of Chance,* a drama 
 which has been successfully represented in 
 several of the South-American cities ; < Maxims 
 and Thoughts* (1876); <Life of Lamartine* 
 (1877); <Life of General Gurjao* (1878); and 
 < Poems* (1879). 
 
 Nack, James. An American verse-writer; 
 born in New York city, Jan. 4, 1809 ; died there, 
 Sept. 23, 1879. He labored under the disability 
 of being deaf and dumb. His popular verses 
 include < Spring Is Coming,* < Here She Goes 
 and There She Goes,* and the volumes <The 
 Legend of the Rocks* (1827); <The Immortal, 
 and Other Poems * (1850); < Poems * (1852); and 
 < The Romance of the Ring, and Other Poems * 
 (1859). 
 
 Nadal, Ehrman Syme. An American jour- 
 nalist, lecturer, and author ; bom at Lewisburg, 
 W. Va., Feb. 13, 1843. He was secretary of the 
 United States legation at London, 1870-71 and 
 1877-84. He is a frequent contributor to maga- 
 zines. His chief works are : < Impressions of 
 London Social Life* (1875); < Essays at Home 
 and Elsewhere* (1882); < Zwieback, or Notes 
 of a Professional Exile* (1887). 
 
 Nadaud, Gustave (na-do'). A French song- 
 writer and composer; born in Roubaix, Feb. 
 20, 1820 ; died in Paris, April 28, 1893. He 
 published : < Songs * ( 1849 ) ; < More Songs * 
 (1873); < Unpublished Songs* (1876); and <New 
 Songs* (2ded. 1892). He composed the music 
 for many of them. He also wrote a novel 
 called <An Idyll* (2d ed. 1886). 
 
 Naden, Constance C. W. An English poet; 
 born in Birmingham, 1858; died in London (?), 
 1889. She studied sociological problems, and 
 lectured with effect ; but is chiefly remembered 
 for her volumes of < Songs and Sonnets of 
 Springtime* (1S81), and ^A Modern Apostle,* 
 etc. (1887). 
 
 NsBVius, Cneius (ne've-us). A Roman poet; 
 born in Campania, B.C. 272 (?); died B.C. 
 204 (?). He wrote dramas and an epic on the 
 Punic wars, but only fragments of his works are 
 extant. The ancients, Cicero in particular, con- 
 sidered him a great genius. 
 
 Naharro, Bartolom^ de Torres (na-ar'o). 
 A Spanish dramatist who flourished in the six- 
 teenth century. He entered the clerical l^ody, 
 but his career otherwise is little known. His 
 pieces are among the earliest specimens of 
 Spanish drama. The best are probably <Sol- 
 dadesca* (Soldiery), and the <Tinelaria.* The 
 <Propaladia* was condemned by the Inquisi- 
 tion. 
 
 Nairne, Lady (Carolina Oliphant). A 
 
 Scotch poet; born at Gask, Perthshire, 1766; 
 died there, 1845. She attained universal celeb- 
 rity in Scotland through her poetry, the most 
 popular among her productions being : < The 
 Land of the Leal* (1798); < Caller Herrin*; and 
 
 < The Laird o' Cockpen.* 
 
 Najac, tmile, Count de (na-zhak'). A French 
 dramatist ; born in Lorient, Morbihan, 1828 ; 
 died in Paris, 1869. He produced : < Caged 
 Birds* (1863); (The Last Doll* (1875); < Madam 
 Is Served* (1874); and < Let Us Divorce!* 
 (1880). He has also collaborated with Meilhac, 
 Sardou, and Hennequin. 
 
 Nannarelli, Fabio (na-na-rel'le). An Italian 
 poet ; born in Rome, Oct. 25, 1825 ; died in 
 Corneto Tarquinia, May 1894. His early studies 
 were elaborate, and he held a professorship of 
 literature at the University of Rome for years. 
 His poetry shows the influence of classic mod- 
 els, particularly the collections entitled < Poems* 
 (1853), and <New Poems* (1856). His essays 
 and studies appear in various volumes, and 
 his later poems include <New Lyrics* (1881). 
 
 Nansen, Fridtjof (nan'sen). A Norwegian 
 Arctic explorer; born near Christiania, Oct. 10, 
 1861. For many years he has devoted himself 
 to Arctic exploration, aiming especially to reach 
 the North Pole, which he has approached much 
 more nearly than any other explorer. His ob- 
 servations, experiences, and discoveries have 
 been carefully noted by him, and published in 
 
 < Farthest North * ; < Oceanography of the North 
 Polar Basin.* 
 
 Napbegi, Gabor. An American-Hungarian 
 miscellaneous writer; born in Buda-Pesth in 
 1824; died in 1884. He became a naturalized 
 American citizen in 1868. Among his works 
 are: < Among the Arabs* (1868); <An Album 
 of Language* (1869); <Ghardia; or. Ninety 
 Days in the Desert* (1871); <The Grand Re- 
 view of the Dead,* poems. 
 
 Napier, Charles James, Sir. An English 
 soldier and military writer; born in London, 
 Aug. 10, 1782; died Aug. 29, 1853.' He had a 
 very distinguished military career, and wrote 
 important books based on his experiences ; in- 
 cluding < Lights and Shades of Military Life * 
 (2d ed. 1853), and < Letter on the Defense of 
 England by Corps of Volunteers and Militia' 
 (1852). 
 
 Napier, Charles John, Sir. A British vice- 
 admiral and military and naval historian ; bom 
 in Scotland, March 6, 1786; died Nov. 6, i860. 
 He held high command, and was a great naval 
 tactician. His writings include : < The War in 
 Portugal between Pedro and Miguel* (1836); 
 <The War in Syria* (1842); <The Navy>
 
 NAPIER- NEALE 
 
 401 
 
 (1850); and 'History of the Haltic Campaign' 
 (1857). 
 
 Napier, Henry Edward. An English naval 
 commander and historian, brother of Sir Charles 
 James; born in 1789; died in 1853. His best- 
 known work is * Florentine History from the 
 Earliest Authentic Records' (6 vols., 1847). 
 
 Napier, William Francis Patrick, Sir. A 
 British soldier and historian ; born in Ireland, 
 Dec. 17, 1785; died Feb. 10, i860. He saw 
 much active service, his earliest experiences 
 being in the wars again* Napoleon. In litera- 
 ture he ranks among the greatest of military 
 historians through his < History of the War in the 
 Peninsula > ( 1828-40) , a masterpiece and a classic. 
 
 Napoleon III. (Charles Louis Napoleon 
 Bonaparte). Emperor of the French (1852-70); 
 born at Paris, April 20, 1808; died at Chisel- 
 hurst, England, Jan. 9, 1873. He was the os- 
 tensible author of < History of Julius Caesar' 
 (1865-66), an important and valuable work; 
 Victor Duruy was his collaborator. 
 
 Nares, Edward. An English story-writer 
 and biographer; born in London, 1762; died 
 1841. He was a clergyman, who held the pro- 
 fessorship of modern history at Oxford for a 
 time. His writings include < Thinks I to My- 
 self (1811), a novel; and <Life and Adminis- 
 tration of Lord Burghley' (1828-31). 
 
 Naruszewicz, Adam Stanislas (na-ros'6- 
 vich). A Polish historian and poet ; born in 
 Lithuania, 1733; died 1796. He entered the 
 Jesuit order and became a bishop, devoting 
 his leisure to literature. His masterpiece is a 
 < History of the Polish People' (new ed. 10 
 vols., 1836). His idyls and satires are the best 
 of his poetic pieces. He made a good Polish 
 version of Tacitus. 
 
 Nasby, Petroleum V. See Locke. 
 
 Nascimento, Francisco Manoel do (nas-che- 
 men'to). ["Filinto Elysio."] A Portuguese 
 poet; born in Lisbon, 1734; died 1819. He 
 won a prominent place in his country's liter- 
 ature with a version of La Fontaine's fables, 
 but it is to his < Odes ' and other poems that 
 he owes his greatest eminence. 
 
 Nash, Thomas. An English satirical poet, 
 dramatist, and novelist ; born in Lowestoft, Suf- 
 folk, 1567 (?); died in London, 1601. His <An- 
 atomy of Absurdities' (1589), a satire, was very 
 successful; as were his < Return of Pasquil' 
 (1589), and 'Pasquil's Apology' (1590). His 
 best work was the romance called < The Unfor- 
 tunate Traveler ; or, The Life of Jack Wilton ' 
 (1594)- 'Summer's Last Will and Testament' 
 (1600), a comedy, is known to students of liter- 
 ature. 
 
 Nason, Ellas. An American clergyman, bi- 
 ographer, and ^'l^ious writer; bom in Wrent- 
 ham, Mass;, April 21, 1811; died in North Bil- 
 lerica, Mass., June 17, 1887. Among his works 
 are: <Life of Governor Andrew' (1868); <Life 
 of Charles Sumner' (1874); < Lives of Moody 
 and Sankey' (1877); < Originality ' (1882), 
 26 
 
 Nason, Mrs. Emma (Huntington). An 
 
 American poet ; born in Maine in 1845. She 
 is a resident of Augusta, Me. Her works are 
 < White Sails' (1888), and <The Tower, with 
 Legends and Lyrics.' 
 
 Navarrete, Manuel Maria de (na-va-ra'ta). 
 A Mexican poet; born in Zamora, Mechoacan, 
 June 18, 1768; died in Tlalpujahua, July 17, 
 1809. His principal work is < Poem on the 
 Divine Providence' (1808). Before his death 
 he burned his manuscripts. The few which 
 escaped destruction were published under the 
 title of < Poetical Entertainments' (Mexico, 
 1823; Paris, 1825). 
 
 Navarrete, Martin Fernandez de. A Span- 
 ish historian and scholar ; born in Abalos, Nov. 
 9, 1765; died Oct. 8, 1844. He paid particular 
 attention to geographical science and to the 
 historical side of discovery, his best work being 
 < Collection of Voyages aftd Discoveries Made 
 by the Spaniards since the End of the Fifteenth 
 Century' (1825-37). 
 
 Navarro, Madame de — Mary [Antoinette] 
 (Anderson). An American actress; bom in Sac- 
 ramento, Cal., 1859. She won fame both in 
 the United States and England. In 1890 she 
 retired from the stage and married Antonio 
 F. de Navarro. Her autobiography, <A Few 
 Memories' (1896), is an interesting work. 
 
 Neal, Daniel. An English historian; bom 
 in London, 1678 ; died 1743. He was a widely 
 known Dissenting clergyman. His principal 
 writings are: < History of the Puritans' (1732- 
 38); and < History of New England' (1720). 
 
 Neal, John. An American poet and author; 
 born in Falmouth, Mass., now Portland, Me., 
 Aug. 25, 1793; died there, June 21, 1876. He 
 was a member of the Society of Friends, but 
 left it at 25. Later in life he figured as editor, 
 lecturer, lawyer, poet, novelist, and teacher of 
 gymnastics. Among his numerous works are : 
 <Keep Cool> (1817), a novel; <The Battle of 
 Niagara' (1818), a poem; < Brother Jonathan' 
 (1825); < Rachel Dyer' (1828), a novel ; < Down- 
 easters' (1833), a novel; < Wandering Recollec- 
 tions of a Somewhat Busy Life' (1870). 
 
 Neal, Joseph Clay. An American journal- 
 ist and humorist ; born at Greenland, N. H., 
 Feb. 3, 1807 ; died at Philadelphia, July 18, 1847. 
 He was editor of the Pennsylvanian from 1831 
 to 1844, when he founded the Saturday Gazette. 
 His works are: < Charcoal Sketches' (1837); 
 < Peter Ploddy and Other Oddities' (1844). 
 
 Neale, John Mason. A notable English 
 church historian and poet ; born in London, 
 Jan. 24, 1818; died at East Griustead, Aug. 6, 
 1866. He was an extreme High-Churchman ; 
 founded a sisterhood, was inhibited from church 
 ministrations for 14 years, and once burned in 
 effigy. His translations of Latin and Greek 
 hymns are among the finest religious lyrics in 
 the language : the most famous are • Art Thou 
 Weary' and * Jerusalem the Golden.' His best- 
 known books are : History of the Holy Eastern 
 Church ' ; < Mediaeval Hymns ' ; < Hymns of the
 
 402 
 
 NEANDER — NEWHALL 
 
 Eastern Church > ; and < History of the So-called 
 Jansenist Church of Holland.' 
 
 Neander, Johann August Wilhelm (na-an'- 
 der). A German church historian; born in 
 Gottingen, Jan. 17, 1789 ; died at Berlin, July 14, 
 1850. He was of Jewish extraction, but earnest 
 in the advancement of Christianity. His prin- 
 cipal works include : < The Emperor Julian and 
 his Times > (1812); < Memorable Occurrences 
 from the History of Christianity and Christian 
 Life> (1822); < History of the Planting of the 
 Apostolic Church > (1832); < Universal History 
 of the Christian Religion and Church > (1843); 
 and many others. 
 
 Neele, Henry. An English poet; born in 
 London, 1798; died 1828. He was a lawyer, 
 but devoted his leisure to literature, writing 
 < Dramatic Scenes'; < Odes and Other Poems' 
 (1817); and editing an edition of Shakespeare. 
 
 Negri, Ada (na'gre) — Mme. Garlanda. An 
 Italian poet; born in Lodi, Feb. 3, 1870. She 
 has written in mournful numbers of the suf- 
 ferings of the poor, the best collection of her 
 verse being in the volume < Fatality' (or < Fate ' : 
 1892); but excellent poems are contained in 
 < Storms' (1895). 
 
 Negruzzi, Jakob (na-grots'e). A Roumanian 
 poet, son of Konstantin ; born in Jassy, Jan. 
 II, 1843. He is a member of the Roumanian 
 Academy, and founder of the periodical Con- 
 vorbiri Literare. His volumes of < Poems,' and 
 < Copies from Nature,' the latter made up of 
 sketches and tales, have been widely read. 
 
 Negruzzi, Konstantin. A Roumanian poet 
 and prose-writer ; born in Jassy, 1808 ; died there, 
 1861}. He wrote many verses and plays, the 
 historical poem <Aprode Purice,' and the his- 
 torical sketch ^Alexander Lepusneanu.' His 
 best verse is in the volume entitled < Youthful 
 Sins.' 
 
 Nekras30V,NikolaiAlexejevich(na-kras'ov). 
 A Russian poet; born in Podolia, Dec. 4, 1821 ; 
 died in St. Petersburg, Jan. 8, 1888. He is one 
 of the most important figures in the literature 
 of his country; and his < Poems' (1845), and 
 <Last Poems' (1877), gave him great celebrity. 
 He contributed to periodical literature, and 
 sdited Sovremmenik (Contemporaries). 
 
 Nelson, Henry Loomis. An American jour- 
 nalist and author ; born in New York city, Jan. 
 5, 1846. Edited Harper's Weekly ; became 
 professor at Williams College. He wrote: <Our 
 Unjust Tariff Law' (1884); <John Rantoul' 
 (1885), a novel ; < The Money We Need ' (1896). 
 
 Nemcovft,, Bozena (nyem'tso-va). A Czech 
 poet and story-writer; born (Pankl) in Vienna, 
 Feb. 4, 1820 ; died in Prague, Jan. 21, 1862. 
 She studied the folk-lore of the Czechs, and 
 embodied it in poetic narratives, notably < Little 
 Grandmother,' and the < Little Mountain Vil- 
 lage.' 
 
 Nepos, Cornelius (ne'pos). A Roman bi- 
 rvpapher and historian; born in Ticinum (?), 
 yg tf*) 3. C; died 24 (?) B.C. His 'Lives' 
 
 of eminent men are preserved, and much used 
 as school text-books from their simplicity of 
 style. 
 
 Neruda, Jan (nyer-o'da). A Czech poet; 
 born in Prague, July 10, 1834 ; died there, Aug. 
 22, 1891. He was noted in periodical journal- 
 ism ; while as a poet he is distinguished for his 
 
 < Book of Verse' (1867), < Cosmic Songs' (2d 
 ed. 1878), and various plays, including <Fran- 
 cesca da Rimini.' His < Humble Histories' 
 (1878), a series of sketches of Czech life, at- 
 tained great popularity. 
 
 Nerval, Gerard de. See Gerard de Nerval. 
 
 Nettement, Alfred Frangois (net-man'). A 
 French journalist ; born in Paris, 1805 ; died 1869. 
 He acquired note with his < History of the 
 Revolution of July 1830' (1833), and < History 
 of French Literature under the Reign of Louis 
 Philippe.' 
 
 Nevay, John. A Scotch poet; bom at For- 
 far, Jan. 28, 1792 ; died May 1870. His lyrics 
 are contained in <A Pamphlet of Rhymes' 
 (1818); <The Child of Nature' (183s), a verse 
 collection ; and other volumes. 
 
 Nevin, William Clianning. An American 
 lawyer and journalist ; born in New Athens, O., 
 in 1844. He was admitted to the bar in 187 1 ; 
 and has written for Philadelphia journals. His 
 works include :< History of All Religions' (1871); 
 
 < Ghouls and Gold > (18S5); < In the Nick of Time > 
 (1886); < A Summer School Adventure' (1887); 
 ' Our New Possessions > ; < A New Start in Life.' 
 
 Nevinson, Henry W. An English story-writer ; 
 born 18 — . He has been a contributor of fic- 
 tion to London periodicals for some time ; a 
 collection of his tales, called < Slum Stories of 
 London' (1895), being very popular. 
 
 Newcastle, Duchess of. See Cavendish. 
 
 Newcomb, Simon. An American astronomer 
 of distinction, scientist, and author; born of 
 United States parents in Wallace, N. S., March 
 12, 1835. Among his most important works are : 
 
 < Popular Astronomy ' ; < School Astronomy,' 
 with E. S. Holden ; a series of text-books on < x\l- 
 gebra,' < Geometry,' < Trigonometry,' and < Cal- 
 culus ' ; ' .Spherical Astronomy ' ; < Lights on As- 
 tronomy > ; * The Moon.' Died July 11, 1909. 
 
 Newell, Robert Henry. [« Orpheus C. Kerr."] 
 An American journalist and humorist ; born in 
 New York city, Dec. 13, 1836; died in Brook- 
 lyn, July II, 1901 He was connected with the 
 New York Mercury and World, and editor of 
 Hearth ajiid Home from 1S74 to 1876. He 
 wrote: 'The Orpheus C. Kerr Papers' (1862- 
 68); < The Palace Beautiful, and Other Poems' 
 (1864); < The Cloven Foot,' a travesty of 
 Dickens's 'Edwin Drood' (1870); 'Versatilities' 
 (1871); 'There Was Once a Man' (1884); etc. 
 
 Newhall, Charles Stedman. -^^\.n American 
 educator and author; born in Massachusetts in 
 1842. He is a resident of Asbury Park, N. J. 
 Besides a series of books on the trees, shrubs, 
 and vines of northeastern America, he has 
 written several books for young people. The
 
 NEWMAN — NICHOLS 
 
 403 
 
 most popular are : < Joe and the Howards ' ; 
 •Harry's Trip to the Orient' (1885); < Ruthie's 
 Story > (1888); < Handbook and Herbarium.' 
 
 Newman, Francis William. An English 
 historian and theological writer, brother of John 
 Henry; born in London, June 27, i8o5; died at 
 Weston -Super Mare, Oct. 4, 1897. He wrote 
 many important works, including : ^History of 
 the Hebrew Monarchy) (1847); <The Soul: Its 
 Sorrows and Aspirations' {1849); <Phases of 
 Faith' (1850) ; < Lectures on Ancient and Modern 
 History' (1851); <Crimesof the House of Haps- 
 burg'(i853); etc. 
 
 Newman, John Henry. An English the- 
 ologian ; born in London, Feb. 21, 1801 ; died 
 in Birmingham, Aug. 11, 1890. His writings 
 include: < St. Bartholomew's Eve' (1821), a 
 poetic tale ; < Suggestions on Behalf of the 
 Church Missionary Society' (1830); <The Ari- 
 ans of the Fourth Century' (1833); <Five Let- 
 ters on Church Reform' (1833); < Tracts for the 
 Times' (1834-41); <Lyra Apostolica' (Verses 
 on Various Occasions : 1834) ; < Lectures on the 
 Prophetical Office' (1837); < Plain and Parochial 
 Sermons' (1837-42); < Lectures on Justification ' 
 (1838); 'Sermons before the University of Ox- 
 ford' (1843); < Select Treatise of St. Athana- 
 sius' (1842-44); < Loss and Gain' (1848), a novel; 
 
 < Verses on Religious Subjects' (1853); < Hymns 
 for the Use of the Birmingham Oratory' (1854); 
 <Callista' (1856), a novel; < Apologia pro Vita 
 Sua' (1864); < Essay in Aid of a Grammar of 
 Assent' (1870); <The Via Media of the Angli- 
 can Church' (1877). A new and uniform edi- 
 tion of the < Works ' appeared in 36 vols., 
 1868-81. 
 
 Newman, John Philip. An American clergy- 
 man and writer; born in New York city, Sept. I,. 
 1826; died at Saratoga, July 5, 1899. He was 
 ordained a minister in the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church in i860, and elected bishop in 1888. He 
 was a preacher of note in Washington, and long 
 chaplain to the Senate. In 1873 he was sent 
 to Asia as inspector of consulates. Among his 
 works are: <From Dan to Beersheba' (1864); 
 
 < Thrones and Palaces of Babylon and Nine- 
 veh' (1875); < America for Americans' (1887). 
 
 Newton, Isaac, Sir. The celebrated English 
 philosopher and mathematician ; born at Wools- 
 thorpe, Lincolnshire, Dec. 25, 1642 (O.S.), died 
 at Kensington, March 20, 1727. He wrote : 
 
 < Theory of Light and Colors' (1675); <0n 
 Motion' (1685); <Principia' (1687); <Opticks' 
 (1704); 'Optical Readings' (1728); <The Chro- 
 nology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended' (1728); 
 
 < Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel 
 and the Apocalypse of St. John' (1733); and 
 various essays. 
 
 Newton, John. An English religious and 
 historical writer, best remembered as Cowper's 
 friend ; born in London, 1725 ; died 1807. He 
 published 'Review of Ecclesiastical History' 
 (1770), < Cardiphonia,' and various hymns. 
 
 Newton, Richard Heber. An American 
 clergyman and religious writer ; bom in Phila- 
 
 delphia, Oct. 31, 1840. Since 1869 he has been 
 rector of All Souls Church, New York city. He 
 is a Churchman of advanced views. His pub- 
 lished works include : < The Morals of Trade ' 
 (1876); 'Philistinism' (1885); 'Social Studies' 
 (1886); 'Church and Creed' (1891) ; 'Parci- 
 faP (1904). 
 
 Newton, William Wilberforce. An Ameri- 
 can clergyman and miscellaneous writer, brother 
 of Richard H.; born in Philadelphia, Nov. 4, 
 1843. He is rector of a Protestant Episcopal 
 church at Pittsfield, Mass. His works include : 
 'Essays of To-Day' (1879); 'The Priest and 
 the Man' (1883), a historical novel; ' Ragnar, 
 the Sea-King' (1888); and a series of sermons 
 for children. 
 
 Nicander, Karl August (ne-kan'der). A 
 Swedish poet ; bom at Strengnas, 1799 ; died 
 1839. His ' Death of Tasso' (1826) is very well 
 known ; other noted works by him are : ' The 
 Runic Sword,' a tragedy in verse (1821); ' King 
 Enzio ' ( 1825 ) ; and ' Recollections of the South > 
 (1828). 
 
 Niccolini, Giovanni Battista (ne-ko-le'ne). 
 An Italian poet and dramatist ; born near Pisa, 
 1782 ; died 1861. His tragedies 'Antonio Fos- 
 carini' (1827), ' Polissena,' 'Giovanni da Pro 
 cida' (1830), and 'Filippo Strozzi' (1847), are 
 well known. 
 
 Nicephorus (ni-sef'o-rus), known as the 
 " Confessor." A Byzantine historian ; born 
 at Constantinople in 758 ; died in 828. He 
 was appointed patriarch of Constantinople in 
 806, but on account of his defense of image- 
 worship was persecuted and finally deposed 
 by the Iconoclast Leo V., the Armenian. Re- 
 tiring to a monastery he wrote a ' Breviarium,' 
 a brief history of Constantinople (602 to 770), 
 distinguished for accuracy and erudition ; a 
 ' Chronology ' from the beginning of the world ; 
 and controversial writings. 
 
 Nichol, John. A Scottish litterateur and 
 historical writer ; born in Montrose, Forfarshire, 
 Sept. 8, 1833; died in London, Oct. 11, 1894. 
 He was a professor of English literature at 
 the University of Glasgow (1861-89), who did 
 much to make American books popular in 
 England. His numerous publications include : 
 'Leaves' (1854), verse; 'Tables of European 
 History, 200-1876 A. D.' (1876; 4th ed. 1888); 
 ' Byron ' in ' English Men of Letters ' series ; 
 'American Literature, 1620-1880' (1882). He 
 was an ardent advocate of the Northern cause 
 during the Civil War, and visited the United 
 States at the close of the conflict. 
 
 Nichols, George Ward. An American writer 
 on art and music ; born in Mt. Desert, Me., 
 June 21, 1837 ; died in Cincinnati, O., Sept. 15, 
 1885. He was on the staff of General Sher- 
 man in the Civil War. He was for some years 
 president of the Cincinnati College of Music. 
 Among his works are : ' The Story of the Great 
 March' (1865); 'Sanctuary' (1866), a story of 
 the Civil War ; ' Art Education Applied to In- 
 dustry' (1877); 'Pottery' (1878).
 
 404 
 
 NICHOXS— NISARD 
 
 Nichols, John. An English essayist and 
 miscellaneous pro?e-writer ; bom in London, 
 1745; died, 1826. He was one of the publish- 
 ers of the Gentleman's Magazine, and wrote 
 < Histor>' and Antiquities of Leicestershire 
 (1795-1811), and < Literary Anecdotes of the 
 Eighteenth Century' (1812-15). 
 
 Nlcolardot, Louis (nik-6-lar-do). A French 
 essayist and man of letters; born at Dijon, 
 Nov. 28, 1822; died at Paris, Nov. 21, ibbS. 
 The most characteristic of his works are : 
 (Journal of Louis XVL> (1873); <The Impec- 
 cable Thdophile Gautier) (1883); and < La lon- 
 taine and the Human Comedy> (1885). 
 
 Nicolay, John George. An American jour- 
 nalist and historical writer ; bom at Essingen, 
 Bavaria, Feb. 26, 1832; died in Washington, 
 Sept. 26, 1 901. He came to the United States 
 in 1838.' He was engaged in journalism in the 
 V^'^est; was private secretary of President Lincoln, 
 1861-5; United States consul at Paris, 1865-69; 
 and marshal of the United States Supreme Court, 
 1872-87. His chief work is 'Abraham Lincoln: 
 A History) (1891), written in collaboration with 
 John Hay. He also wrote <The Outbreak of 
 the Rebellion) (1881). 
 
 Nicole, Francois Leon Etienne (ne-kol). 
 A Haytian poet ; bom near Grande Riv&re in 
 1731; died at Cap Franfais in 1773. He was 
 a mulatto. Educated in a Jesuit college, he 
 went to Paris in 1750, where Voltaire introduced 
 him to literary circles. Louis XV. granted 
 him a pension in recognition of his talents. 
 He published: <The Romance of the Slave > 
 (1766); < Tropical Flowers > (1770); and <New 
 Poems) (1772). 
 
 Nicole, Pierre. A French theological and 
 philosophical writer; bom at Chartres, 1625; 
 died 1695. He is best known for his 'Moral 
 Essays and Theological Instructions) (25 vols., 
 1671-), a collection of treatises, of which the 
 one entitled <0n the Means of Preserving 
 Peace) is very famous. He also wrote 'Trea- 
 tise on Human Faith) (1664), and <The Imagi- 
 native and the Visionary) (1667). 
 
 NicoU, Robert. A Scotch poet; bom in 
 Perthshire, 1814; died 1837. His 'Poems) 
 (1835) were very popular, but he died at so 
 early an age that the promise of his first book 
 remained unfulfilled. 
 
 NicoU, William Robertson. A Scotch cler- 
 gyman and editor; born in Lumsden, Aberdeen- 
 shire, Oct. 10, 185 1. He took an M. A. at 
 Aberdeen University ; was minister of the Free 
 Church at Kelso for eight years ; on account of 
 ill-health he resigned, in 1887 started the Brit- 
 ish Weekly, one of the most successful religious 
 papers in England, and within recent years has 
 been English editor of the Bookman. Among 
 his publications a»e : 'Calls to Christ) (1877); 
 < The Incamate Saviour : A Life of Jesus Christ ) 
 (1881); 'John Bunyan) (1884) in the 'Evangel- 
 ical Succession > series ; ' Ten-Minute Sermons > 
 (1895); ' The Key of the Grave >; ' Letters on Life.) 
 
 Niebuhr, Barthold Georg (ne'bor). A great 
 German historian; born at Copenhagen, Aug. 
 27, 1776 ; died at Bonn, Jan. 2, 1831. His ' Roman 
 History) (3 vols., 1811-32) marked a great 
 advance in critical history-writing. Other 
 works by Niebuhr are : ' Lectures on the His- 
 tory of Rome) (2d English ed. 1850); 'Lectures 
 on Ancient History) (3 vols., 1852); 'Grecian 
 Heroic History) (1842); 'Minor Historical and 
 Philological Writings) (2 vols., 1828-43). 
 
 Niembscn von Strehlenau, Nikolaus Franz. 
 See Lenau. 
 
 Niemcewicz, Julian Ursin (nyem-se'vitch). 
 A Polish poet, historian, and publicist ; born in 
 Lithuania, 1758 ; died at Paris, 1841. His public 
 career was quite distinguished ; and he accom- 
 panied Kosciuszko to this country. He married 
 Mrs. Livingston Kean of New York. His prin- 
 cipal works are : ' Historical Songs of Poland);' 
 < History of the Reign of Sigismund HI.) ; ' Con- 
 tributions to the Ancient History of Poland); 
 and a romance called 'John of Tenczyn.) 
 
 Nieriker, Mrs. May (Alcott) (ne'rik-er). An 
 American artist and author, daughter of A. B. 
 Alcott; born in Massachusetts in 184O; died 
 in 1879. Her works are : < Concord Sketches ) 
 (1869), and 'Studying Art Abroad) (1879). 
 
 Nietzsche, Friedricli Wilhelm (netsh'6). A 
 German writer; born in Rocken, Oct, 15, 1844; 
 died at Weimar, Aug. 25, 1900. His writings 
 have attracted a great deal of attention owing to 
 there extreme character. His principal works 
 include: 'The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit 
 of Music) (4th ed. 1895); 'Thus Spake Zara- 
 thustra) (4th ed. 1895 ) ; 'Beyond Good and Evil' 
 (5th ed. 1895) ; ' The Genealogy of Ethics > 
 (4th ed. 18951; ^'i'lie Inversion [Umwertung| 
 of all Values [Weite],) the last remaining m- 
 complete, although deemed his masterpiece. 
 
 Nievo, Ippolito (nya'v5). An Italian poet 
 and story-writer ; bom in Padua, Nov. 30, 1832 ; 
 died at sea, March 4, 1861. His best-known 
 work is < The Confessions of an Octogenarian > 
 (new ed. 1887), a historical novel. His < Poems' 
 (1883) are admired. 
 
 • Nikitin, Ivan Savich (ne-kit'in). A Rus- 
 sian poet; born in Varonesh, Oct. 3, 1824; 
 died Oct. 28, 1861. His 'Peasant Hangman) 
 (1858), and 'Poems) (1856), 'Taras,) and other 
 verse, have given him a conspicuous place. 
 
 Niles, John Milton. An American lawyer, 
 journalist, and statesman; born in Windsor, 
 Conn., Aug. 20, 1787 ; died in Hartford, Conn., 
 May 31, 1856. In 1817 he founded the Hart- 
 ford Times ; was twice United States Senator ; 
 and in 1840 became Postmaster-General. Be- 
 sides addresses and speeches he published: 
 'Lives of Perry, Lawrence, Pike, and Harri- 
 son) (1820); 'History of the Revolution in 
 Mexico and South America' (1839). 
 
 Nisard, Jean Marie Napoleon D^slr^ (ne- 
 sar'). A French man of letters; bom at Cha- 
 tillon-sur-Seine, March 20, 1806; died at San 
 Remo, Italy, March 15, 1888. He wfts noted
 
 NIZAMl — NORRIS 
 
 405 
 
 as a critic, and also for his < Studies of Morals 
 and Criticism on the Latin Poets during the 
 Decline of Learning* (1834), and 'History of 
 French Literature' (1844-61). 
 
 Nizami or Nizamee (ne-sha'me). A Persian 
 poet; born 1141; died 1202. His works are: 
 the < Storehouse of Mysteries,' a religious poem ; 
 
 < Khusrau and Shirin,* a metrical tale ; < Laila 
 and Majnun,* a romantic epic ; < Seven Portraits,' 
 love stories ; and the 'Alexander Book.' 
 
 Noah, Mordecal Manuel. An American lavi'- 
 yer, editor, and author ; born in Philadelphia, 
 July 14, 1785; died in New York, May 22, 
 1851. During his journalistic career in New 
 York he was connected with seven newspapers. 
 He made an unsuccessful attempt to found a 
 Jewish colony on Grand Island, in the Niagara 
 River. His chief works are: < The Siege of 
 Tripoli > and < The Fortress of Sorrente,' dra- 
 mas ; < Travels in England, France, and Spain > 
 (1819); 'Gleanings from a Gathered Harvest' 
 (1845). 
 
 Noble, Annette Lucile. An American writer 
 of fiction ; born in Albion, Orleans County, N. Y., 
 July 12, 1844. She is a frequent contributor to 
 magazines. Among her works are : < Uncle Jack's 
 Executors' (1880); < Tarryport Schoolhouse ' 
 (1882); 'After the Failure' (1887); 'Rachel's 
 Farm ' ( 1894) ; ' The Silent Man's Legacy ' ; ' The 
 Crazy Angel.' 
 
 Noble, Louis Legrand. An American poet ; 
 born in Lisbon, N. Y., Sept. 26, 1813; died in 
 Ionia, Mich., Feb. 6, 1882. He published : ' Ne- 
 Ma-Min : An Indian Stor)',' in three cantos 
 (1852); ' The Course of Empire, Voyage of Life, 
 and Other Pictures of Thomas Cole, with Se- 
 lections from his Letters and Miscellaneous 
 Writings Illustrative of his Life, Character, and 
 Genius' (1853); 'The Lady Angeline, A Lay 
 of the Appalachians ; The Hours ; and Other 
 Poems' (l8S7). 
 
 Noble, Lucretia Gray. An American novel- 
 ist ; a native of Lowell, Mass. ; born 18 — . At 
 an early age she removed to Wilbraham, Mass., 
 where she now resides. Besides contributions 
 to magazines, she wrote the popular novel ' A 
 Reverend Idol' (1882). 
 
 Nodier, Charles (nod-ya'). A French ro- 
 mance-writer and poet; bom at Besan9on, 
 April 1780 ; died 1844. His works include: 
 'Entomological Bibliography' (1801); 'Napo- 
 leone' (1802), a satiric ode; 'The Painter of 
 Salzburg' (1803), 'The Exiles,' 'Jean Sbogar' 
 (1818), 'Th^r^se Aubert' (1819), romances; 
 'Dictionary of French Onomatopoeia' (1808); 
 
 < Picturesque and Romantic Travels in Ancient 
 France' (1820); and others. 
 
 Noel, Roden Berkeley Wriothesley. An 
 
 English poet; bom Aug. 27, 1834; died at Mainz, 
 May 26, 1894. He published: 'Behind the Veil 
 and Other Poems' (1863); Beatrice and Other 
 Poems, ( 1 868); and various other volumes. 
 
 Noel, Thomas. An English poet; born, 1799; 
 died, 1861. He published several volumes of 
 IPtrse, among them 'Rhymes and Roundelayes' 
 
 (1841), in which is the poem 'The Pauper's 
 Drive,' often erroneously attributed to Hood. 
 
 Nogaret, Frangois Felix (n5-ga-ra'). A 
 French poet and man of letters; bom at Ver- 
 sailles, 1740; died 1831. He wrote : 'The Apol- 
 ogy for my Taste' {1771). a work on natural 
 history; 'Tales in Verse' (5th ed. 1810); and 
 several plays. 
 
 Nomsz, Jan (nomz). A Dutch playwright 
 and poet ; born at Amsterdam, 1738 ; died 1803. 
 His most popular work is < Maria van Lalain,' 
 a tragedy; 'Zoroaster'; and a poem (1779) of 
 which William I, of Orange is the hero. 
 
 Nonius Marcellus (no'ne-us). A Roman 
 writer on syntax, who flourished in the fourth 
 century. His ' Correctness in [the use of] 
 Words' is important because of its citations 
 from classic works now lost. 
 
 Nordau, Max Simon (nor'dou). A German 
 prose-writer and critic ; born at Pesth, Hungary, 
 July 29, 1849. His most celebrated work is 
 ' Degeneration ' ( 1893), but he has written : ' Paris 
 under the Third Republic' (1881J; 'The Con- 
 ventional Lies of our Civilization' (1883); ' Par- 
 adoxes' (1886); 'The Sickness of the Century' 
 (1889), a novel ; and the drama ' Doctor Kohn ' 
 (1898). 
 
 Nordhofif, Charles (nord'hof). An Ame' - 
 can journalist and author ; born at Lrwittee, West- 
 phalia, Aug. 31, 1830; died at Coronado, Cal., 
 July 14, 1901. He came to the United States in 
 1835, and was a sailor for nine years. He was 
 on the stafT of the New York Evening Post from 
 1861 to 1871, and later correspondent of the 
 New York Herald at Washington, D. C. Among 
 his works are: <Manof-War Life' (1855); 
 <Merchant Vessel' (1855); 'Cape Cod and All 
 Along Shore' (1868); 'Northern California' 
 (1873); 'Pohtics for Young Americans' (1875); 
 tPenmsular Califomia' (1888). 
 
 Nordmann, Johannes Rumpelmaier (nord'- 
 man). An Austrian poet and descriptive writer; 
 born near Krems, March 13, 1820; died in Vi- 
 enna, Aug. 20, 1887. He was connected with 
 several prominent periodicals, and also wrote : 
 'Poems' (1847); < A Marshal of France' (1857), 
 a tragedy ; ' Springtime Evenings in Salamanca' 
 (3d ed. 1880); several novels; and a record of 
 travel called 'My Sundays' (2d ed. 1880). 
 
 Noriac, Claude Antoine Jules Cairon (nor- 
 yak'). A French novelist and publicist; born 
 at Limoges, 1827 ; died at Paris, Oct. i, 1882. 
 His novels include: 'The Countess of Bruges' 
 (1878); 'The Chevalier de Cerny' (1879); and 
 'Paris as It Is' (1884). 
 
 Norman, Henry. An Anglo-American jour- 
 nalist and author; born at Leicester, Eng. , Sept. 
 19, 1858. Educated at Harvard University; has 
 been a member of Parliament since 1900. 
 Besides contributions to magazines he has writ- 
 ten : 'The Broken Shaft' (1886); 'The Witch- 
 ing Time' (1887); 'The Real Japan' (1892); 
 'Peoples and Politics of the Far East' (1895). 
 
 Norris, William E. An English novelist ; bom 
 in London, 1847. His very numerous works
 
 4o6 
 
 NORTH -NYE 
 
 include : < Heaps of Money > (1877); * Mademoi- 
 selle de Mersac> (1880); < Matrimony > (1881); 
 <No New Thing >; <His Grace',; <A Deplora- 
 ble Affair' ; < The Countess Kadna ' (1893); < My 
 Friend Jim >; * The Rogue'; < Nature's Comedian.' 
 
 North, Cbristopher. See Wilson, Jolin. 
 
 North, Simeon. An American educator and 
 author; born in Berlin, Conn., Sept. 7, 1802 ; 
 died in Clinton, N. Y., Feb. 12, 1884. He is 
 widely known as president of Hamilton Col- 
 lege, 1839-57. His works include: <The Amer- 
 ican' System of Collegiate Education' (1839); 
 < Faith in tne World's Conversion' (1842); <The 
 Weapons in Christian Warfare' (1849); 'Obe- 
 dience in Death' (1849); < Half-Century Letter 
 of Reminiscences' (1879). 
 
 Norton, Caroline Elizabeth Sarah. An 
 
 English poet and miscellaneous prose-writer; 
 born in 1808; died 1877. She was a grand- 
 daughter of Richard Brinsley Sheridan. Her 
 first book of poetry, < The Sorrows of Rosalie ' 
 (1829), was published when she was seventeen. 
 Her <The Undying One' (1830), a poem; <A 
 Voice from the Factories' (1836); <The Dream, 
 and Other Poems' (1840); and <Aunt Carry's 
 Ballads' (1847), contain much admired verse. 
 She also wrote < Stuart of Dunleith' (1847), a 
 novel, and < Lives of the Sheridans.' 
 
 Norton, Charles Eliot. An American 
 scholar and author ; born at Cambridge, Mass., 
 Nov. 16, 1827. He was one of the editors of 
 the North American Review 1863-68, and is 
 professor in Harvard Universit3\ Among his 
 writings are: < Notes of Travel and Study in Italy' 
 (i860); ' The New Life of Dante Alighieri, trans- 
 lated, with Essays and Notes > (1867); < Historical 
 Studies of Church-Building in the Middle 
 Afjes.' 
 
 Norton, Charles Ledyard. An American 
 journalist and author ; born at Farmington, 
 Conn., in 1837. He graduated at Yale in 1859. 
 He was editor of the Christian Union 1869-79, 
 and in 1893 became editor of Outing. His 
 chief works are: 'Canoeing in Kanuckia' (1878), 
 with J. Habberton; 'Handbook of Florida' (1890); 
 < A Medal of Honor Man ; or. Cruising among 
 Blockade-Runners' ; *,The Queen's Rangers.' 
 
 Norton, Thomas. An English dramatist ; 
 bom in London, 1532; died, 15S3-4. He 
 owes his place in literature to the fact that he 
 was joint author with Sackville of the earli- 
 est English blank-verse tragedy, called < The 
 Tragedie of Gorboduc' (1560-61), based on the 
 legendary history of a British king. 
 
 Nott, Eliphalet. An American clergjonan 
 and educator; bom at Ashford, Conn., June 
 25. 1773; died at Schenectady, N. Y., Jan. 29, 
 1866. He was ordained a Presbyterian minis- 
 ter in 1795. After holding pastorates in Cherry 
 Valley and Albany, N. Y., he became presi- 
 dent of Union College in 1804, where he re- 
 mained until his death. His chief works 
 are: 'Counsels to Young Men' (1810), and 
 < Lectures on Temperance ' (1847). Hi* funeral 
 
 sermon on the death of Alexander Hamilton 
 was famous, and in the school readers for 
 many years. 
 
 None, Fran9oi3 de la (no), called Bras de 
 Per (Iron Arm). A French Huguenot com- 
 mander ; bom near Nantes, 1531 ; killed at 
 Lamballe, 1591. His 'Political and Military 
 Discourses' (1587) are deemed masterpieces. 
 
 Novalis (no-val'es), pseudonym of Friedrick 
 von Hardenberg. A German philosopher and 
 mystic; bom in Saxony, 1772; died 1801. His 
 works include: ' H>inns to the Night' (1797); 
 'Disciples at Sais'; and < Heinrich von Ofter- 
 dingen,' his most considerable work. 
 
 Noyes, John Humphrey. An American 
 communist ; born in Brattleboro, Vt., Sept. 6, 
 181 1 ; died at Niagara Falls, Canada, April 13, 
 1886. He is best known as the founder of the 
 Oneida Community. He published : ' The Sec- 
 ond Coming of Christ' (1859); ' Salvation from 
 Sin the End of Christian Faith' (1869); 'His- 
 tory of American Socialism' (1870). 
 
 Numatianus, Rutilius Claudius (no-ma-te- 
 a'nos). A Roman poet of Gallic birth. He 
 wrote ' Of His Return,' a metrical narrative of 
 a visit to his native country, which had been 
 devastated by the Gothic invader. This poem 
 is supposed to date from 416 A. D., and it has 
 not come down to us complete. 
 
 Nuflez, Rafael (non'yath). President of 
 Colombia; born in Carthagena, Sept. 28, 1825. 
 He is a brilliant writer, and his poems rank 
 high in Spanish literature. The most widely 
 known are: 'Que Sais-je?'; ' Dulce Ignoran- 
 cia'; 'Todavia and Moises.' His publications 
 include: 'Ensayos de Critica Social' (1876); 
 'La Reforma Politica en Colombia' (1885). 
 
 Nuflez de Arce, Caspar (non'yath da 
 ar'tha). A Spanish dramatist and poet, known 
 as the " Spanish Tennyson " ; born at Vallado- 
 lid, Aug. 6, 1834. Of his plajs the most nota- 
 ble are the comedies ' Who Is the Author ? > 
 (1859); 'Neither So Much nor So Little ' (1865); 
 < El Hazde Leila,' a drama in five acts on the 
 subject of Don Carlos. Among his remarkably 
 popular lyric and patriotic poems are : ' The 
 Last Lament of Lord Byron' (23d ed. 1884); 
 'Battle Cries' (5th ed. 1885); 'Vertigo' (25th 
 ed. 1886); 'An Idyl and an Elegy' (i8th ed, 
 1886); ' The Vision of Friar Luther ' (1880). 
 
 Nye, Edgar Wilson. An American journal- 
 ist, lecturer, and humorist ; born at Shirley, Me., 
 Aug. 25, 1850 ; died near Asheville, N. C, Feb. 
 22, 1896. He settled in Wyoming Territory as 
 a young man, studied law, and was admitted 
 to the bar [in 1876. Afterwards he removed 
 to New York city, and became famous as a 
 humorous lecturer and writer under the pseu- 
 donym of " Bill Nye." Among his works are : 
 'Bill Nye and the Boomerang' (1881); 'Forty 
 Liars' (1883); 'Remarks' (1886); 'Fun, Wit, 
 and Humor' (1889), with J. W. Riley; 'Comic 
 History of the United States' (1894); 'Comic 
 History of England' (1896).
 
 OBER — OHNET 
 
 407 
 
 Ober, Frederick Albion. An American 
 ornithologist, traveler, and author; bom in 
 Beverly, Mass., Feb. 13, 1849. He has traveled 
 extensively in Florida, the West Indies, and 
 Mexico; and is the author of a large number 
 of books of travel and descriptive works, prin- 
 cipally for young readers. Among the best 
 known are: < Camps in the Caribbees> (1880); 
 <The Silver City> (1883); < Young Folks' His- 
 tory of Mexico' (1883); < Montezuma's Gold 
 Mines' (1887); < In the Wake of Columbus' 
 I1S93); <The Heroes of American History' 
 (12 vols., 1907). 
 
 Oberholtzer, Mrs. Sara Louisa (Vickersi. 
 An American poet; born in Chester County, 
 Pa., May 20, 1841. Her works include : 'Violet 
 Lee and Other Poems' (1872); <Come for 
 Arbutus' (1882); < Hope's Heart Bells,' a story 
 of Quaker life (1884); < Daisies of Verse' 
 (1886); and < Souvenirs of Occasions.' 
 
 O'Brien, Fltz-James. An Irish- American 
 poet and story-writer ; born in Limerick, 1828 ; 
 died April 6, 1862. His writings comprise 
 <The Diamond Lens and Other Stories,' and 
 many poems. His collected works appeared 
 in 1881. 
 
 Occam or Ockham, William. A scholastic 
 philosopher ; born at Occam, Surrey, England ; 
 died in Munich, Bavaria, in 1347, at an ad- 
 vanced age. Throughout his life he strenu- 
 ously contested the right of the pope to political 
 power and secular possessions. His skill in 
 logic gave him the name « Doctor Invincibi- 
 lis." His chief works are : < Tractatus Logi- 
 ces>; <Quodlibeta Septem'; < Super Quatuor 
 Libros Sententiarum ' ; < Expositio Aurea super 
 Totam Artem Veterum.' Besides these there 
 are commentaries and polemics. 
 
 Occleve or Hoccleve, Tbomas. An early 
 English poet and lawyer; supposed to have 
 been born about 1370. He wrote <The Story 
 of Jonathan' and other poems. His poetry, 
 according to Hallam, « abounds with pedantry, 
 and is destitute of all grace and spirit." 
 
 Ochoa y Acuna, Antonio (6-cho'a e a-ko'na). 
 A Mexican poet; born in Huichapam, April 
 27, 1783; died in Queretaro, Aug. 4, 1833. His 
 first satirical work appeared in 1806. In 1811 
 he was admitted to the Arcadia Mexicana, a 
 society of poets ; the same year he wrote < Don 
 Alphonso,' a tragedy. < Love by Proxy,' a com- 
 edy, was presented in 1831. His works, under 
 the name of * Poems of a Mexican,' have been 
 issued in this country (1820). He was a 
 priest, and wrote under the name of << Pastor 
 Antimio." He is greatly admired by his coun- 
 trymen. 
 
 O'Connell, Daniel. The great Irish orator 
 and statesman ; was bom at Carhen House, 
 
 Cahirciveen, County Kerry, Aug. 6, 1775 ; died 
 in Genoa, Italy, May 15, 1847. His < Life and 
 Speeches' (1846) appeared under the editorial 
 supervision of his son ; and there is also an edi- 
 tion of the < Correspondence of Daniel O'Con- 
 nell ' by Fitzpatrick. His < Life ' has been writ- 
 ten by W. Fagan (1847); M. F. Cusack (1872); 
 J. O'Rourke and O'Keefe (1875); J. A. Hamil- 
 ton (1888). He wrote <A Memoir of Ireland, 
 Native and Saxon' (1843). 
 
 O'Connor, William Douglas. An Ameri- 
 can author ; bom in Boston, Jan. 2, 1833 ; died 
 in 1889. He was on the editorial staff of the 
 Saturday Evening Post, Philadelphia, from 1854 
 to i860, and afterwards held several government 
 positions at Washington, D. C. His chief works 
 are: <The Ghost' (1856); < Harrington' (i860), 
 a novel; < Hamlet's Note-Book' (1886). 
 
 O'Conor, John Francis Xavier. An Ameri- 
 can Catholic clergyman and author; bom in 
 New York in 1852. He is a member of the 
 Society of Jesus, and a professor in Boston 
 College. His works include : < Something Real > ; 
 
 < Lyric and Dramatic Poetry'; < Reading and 
 the Mind ' ; < Christ, the Man God.' 
 
 Oehlenschlager or Oblenschlager, Adam 
 Gottlob (feren-shlag"er). A leading Danish 
 poet ; bom near Copenhagen, Nov. 14, 1779 ; 
 died Jan. 20, 1850. His works comprise : 
 < Poems' (1803); < First Song of the Edda>; 
 
 < A Journey to Langeland ' ; < The Life of Christ 
 Annually Repeated in Nature ' ; < Earl Hakon' ; 
 
 < Thor's Journey to Jotunheim > ; < Palnatoke ' ; 
 <Axel and Valborg'; <The Little Shepherd 
 Boy ' ; and several tragedies, including < Socra- 
 tes > and < Hamlet* 
 
 Oettinger or Ottinger, Eduard Marie (et'- 
 ing-er). A German journalist and novelist; 
 born in Breslau in 1808; died 1872. He edited 
 several satirical journals ; and published a 
 number of novels, among which is <Onkel 
 Zebra' (7 vols., 1843). He also wrote a work 
 entitled < Rossini' (1847), which is said to be a 
 romance rather than a biography ; and < Biblio- 
 graphie Biographique Universelle ' (2 vols., 1850- 
 54), the most complete work on that subject. 
 
 Ohnet, Georges (5-na'). A French novelist 
 and dramatist ; born in Paris, April 3, 1848. 
 Among his dramatic works are < Regina Sarpi > 
 (1875) and < Martha' (1877). His novels have 
 appeared as serials in Figaro, L'lllustration, 
 and the Revue des Deux Mondes, before being 
 published in book form ; some of them have 
 been adapted to the stage, notably < The Forge 
 Master.' Among his stories are : < Black and 
 Red ' ; < Doctor Rameau ' (1888); < Pierre's Soul> 
 (1890); <Les Dames de Croix-Mort> (1886); < La 
 Comtesse Sarah > ; < The March to Love > (1902).
 
 4o8 
 
 O'KEEFE — OLSSON 
 
 O'Keeffe, John. An Irish dramatist; born in 
 Dublin, lune 24, 1747; died at Southampton, 
 Feb. 4, 1833. He was designed for an artist; 
 but becoming stage-struck, left Dublin for Lon- 
 don, where, failing to procure a theatrical en- 
 gagement, he devoted himself entirely to dra- 
 matic composition. He produced nearly fifty 
 comedies, comic operas, and farces, which were 
 extremely popular. Among the principal ones 
 were : < The Castle of Andalusia > ; Wild Oats> ; 
 <The Poor Soldier >; <The Young Quaker*; 
 and < Peeping Tom.> 
 
 Oldham, Jobn. An English poet and sat- 
 irist ; born in Shipton, Gloucestershire, in August 
 1653; died 1683. He was educated at the 
 school of Tedbury, and then at Oxford. He 
 had many patrons, the last being the Earl of 
 Kingston, in whose house he died. His works 
 have been published in three volumes. 
 
 Oldmizon, John. An English political writer ; 
 born in Bridgewater, Somersetshire, 1673 ; died 
 1742. His principal works were: 'A History 
 of England > (2 vols.); <Life of Arthur Ma)Ti- 
 waring>; and <Life of Queen Anne.* He was 
 distinguished for his hatred of the Stuart fam- 
 ily. 
 
 Oldys, William. An English biographer 
 and antiquary; born July 14, 1696; died April 
 15, 1761. In 1737 he succeeded to the care of 
 Lord Oxford's (the Harleian) library, the cata- 
 logue of which was partly drawn up by him. 
 He wrote : < Life of Sir Walter Raleigh > ; 
 < The British Librarian > ; < The Universal Spec- 
 tator*; 22 lives in the <Biographia Britannica.* 
 His most valuable and curious work is an an- 
 notated copy, now in the British Museum, of 
 Langbaine's < Account of the Early Dramatick 
 Poets.* Mr. James Yeowell published in 1862 
 <A Memoir of 01d3'S, together with his Diary, 
 Choice Notes from his Adversaria, and an Ac- 
 count of the London Libraries.* 
 
 Olipliant, Laurence. An English writer 
 and traveler, who was more remarkable than 
 his books. He was born in Cape Town, South 
 Africa, in 1829 ; died at Twickenham, England, 
 Dec. 23, 1888. Of good family and position, 
 he roamed over the earth, deeply interested in 
 the mystic philosophy of the East; and while 
 sometimes holding official positions, was essen- 
 tially a dreamer who cared most for the things 
 of the spirit, and gave up brilliant prospects 
 and the pleasures dearest to humanity in order 
 to elevate his soul. He published a dozen 
 books, including three novels ; several works of. 
 a politico-military nature, such as < A Narrative 
 of the Earl of Elgin's Mission to China and 
 Japan* (i860); and journalistic and philosophic 
 books, like < Episodes in a Life of Adventure* 
 (1887) and 'Scientific Religion (1888). 
 
 Oliphant, Margaret Oliphant Wilson. A 
 Scotch novelist ; born at Wallyford, Scotland, 
 April 4, 1828 ; died at Windsor, England, June 
 29, 1897. Her works include : <Zaidee* (1856); 
 'Chronicles of Carlingford*; <The Story of 
 Valentine and bis Brother*; <Sir Tom*; <In 
 
 Trust*; <A House Divided against Itself*; 
 < The Cuckoo in the Nest * ; < English Liter- 
 ature at the End of the Eighteenth and Begin- 
 ning of the Nineteenth Century*; < Victorian 
 Age of English Literature * ; < Makers of Flor- 
 ence, Venice, and Rome.* 
 
 Olivier, Juste Daniel (6-lev-ya'). A Swiss 
 poet ; born in Eysius, Canton of Vaud, Oct. 18, 
 1807 ; died in Geneva, Jan. 7, 1876. In 1830 he 
 published his first volume of poems, <Pofemes 
 Suisses.* This was followed by <The Future* 
 (1831); < Songs from Afar* (1833); and many 
 others. He also wrote many works in prose. He 
 spent most of the last years of his life in Paris. 
 
 Ollivier, ^niile. A French statesman and 
 political writer; born at Marseilles, July 2, 1825. 
 He was elected to the French Academy (1870) 
 as successor to Lamartine. His main works 
 are : < Democracy and Liberty* (1867); < Church 
 and State in the Council of the Vatican* (2 
 vols., 1879); 'Thiers in the Academy and in 
 History* (l88o); < 1789 and 1889* (1890). 
 
 Olmedo, Jos6 Joaquin (ol-ma'do). A South- 
 American poet ; born in Guayaquil in 1781 ; 
 died there, Jan. 19, 1847. His verses have been 
 highly praised. One of his best poems is a 
 <Song to Bolivar* (1826). His 'Collected 
 Works* (Valparaiso, 1848; Paris, 1853; and 
 Mexico, 1862) have been widely circulated. 
 
 Olmsted, Frederick Law. The renowned 
 American architect and designer of public 
 parks; born in Hartford, Conn., April 26, 1822. 
 He designed Central Park in New York, and 
 the park systems of Boston, Chicago, Buf- 
 falo, and other cities. His publications in- 
 clude : < Walks and Talks of an American 
 Farmer in England* (1852); <A Journey in the 
 Seaboard Slave States* (1856); <A Journey in 
 Texas* (1857); <A Journey in the Back Coun- 
 try* (1861). These books may be regarded as 
 diversions, — though some of them are of per- 
 manent interest and instructiveness, — as his 
 engineering work has been constant, and is of 
 the highest value and repute. Died Aug. 2S, 1903. 
 
 Olney, Jesse. An American geographer; 
 born in Union, Conn., Oct. 12, 1798; died in 
 Stratford, Conn., July 31, 1872. In 1828 he first 
 published <A Geography and Atlas,* which be- 
 came a standard work for thirty years, and 
 caused a revolution in the methods of teaching 
 geography. IJe published a series of text-books 
 (1831-52), including a series of 'Readers,* a 
 
 < Common School Arithmetic,* a ' History of 
 the United States ' ; and a volume of poems, 
 
 < Psalms of Life.* 
 
 Olsson, Olof (ol'sen). A Swedish Lutheran 
 clergyman and educator ; bom in Bjortorp, 
 March 31, 1841. He came to this country in 
 18&8, and was professor and president of Augus- 
 tana College, Rock Island, 111. He edited two 
 Swedish journals, and has published : < At the 
 Cross > ; < Greetings from Afar,* travels in Eng- 
 land and Germany (1880); and <The Christian 
 Hope* (1887). His books have been translated 
 into Swedish and Norwegian, Died, 1900.
 
 O'MAHONY — OROZCO Y BERRA 
 
 409 
 
 O'Mahony, Francis. [« Father Prout.'>] 
 A noted Irish journalist and poet ; born at 
 Cork, about 1804 ; died in Paris, 1866. Or- 
 dained a Roman Catholic priest, he resigned 
 his calling about 1834, and became an author. 
 He published : < Reliques of Father Prout > 
 (1836), contributed originally to Fraser's Mag- 
 azine (a final volume appeared in 1876, edited 
 by Blanchard Jerrold); < Facts and Figures from 
 Italy* (1847), published originally as letters to 
 the Daily News. He died in a monastery, to 
 which he retired in 1864. (<Works,> 1880.) 
 
 Omar Khayyam. See Khayyam. 
 
 Ofla, Pedro de (5n'ya). A Chilian poet; 
 born in Confines, Araucania, about 1560 ; died 
 in Lima about 1620. His great work <Arauco 
 Domado* (Conquered Chili: 1596) consisted 
 of nineteen cantos. It is said to be one of 
 the finest of epic poems. A second edition 
 appeared in 1605, and one in 1849. He also 
 wrote a poem < The Lima Earthquake of the 
 Year 1609 > ; several sonnets ; and a heroic 
 poem, <Ignacio de Cantabria> (1639). 
 
 Ondegardo, Polo (on-da-gar'do). A Spanish 
 historian; born in Spain, about 1500; died in 
 Peru, about 1570. From manuscripts written by 
 him and preserved in the archives of Simancas 
 and the Escorial, Prescott obtained information 
 which he used in his < History of the Conquest 
 of Peru.> 
 
 Opie, Amelia. An English writer, wife of 
 John Opie the painter ; born in Norwich, Nov. 
 12, 1769; died there, Dec. 2, 1853. Among her 
 numerous tales, once highly popular, may be 
 mentioned: < Father and Daughter >; < Murder 
 Will Out > ; < The Ruffian Boy > ; < Temper > ; < St. 
 Valentine's Day > ; < Illustrations of Lying.* In 
 1825 she joined the Society of Friends, and 
 after this only published < Detractions Dis- 
 played* and < Lays for the Dead.* 
 
 Opitz, Martin (o'pits). A German poet; 
 born in Bunzlau, Silesia, Dec. 23, 1597; died 
 of the plague in Dantzic, Aug. 20, 1639. For 
 more than a century he was called the << father 
 of German poetry.'* He attained great influ- 
 ence on the literature of Germany, chiefly by 
 his theoretical and critical writings ; of which 
 his <Aristarchus ; or, on Contempt for the Ger- 
 man Language* (1617) is the most important. 
 
 Oppert, Julius. A celebrated French Assyri- 
 ologist and Orientalist ; born at Hamburg, July 
 9, 1825, of Jewish parents. An expert on the 
 decipherment of cuneiform inscriptions, he has 
 published: < Assyrian Studies* (1859-64); < San- 
 skrit Grammar* (1859); < History of the Em- 
 pires of Chaldea and Assyria from the Monu- 
 ments* (1866); <The People and Language of 
 the Medes' (1879); ^Chronology of Genesis* ( 1895). 
 
 Oppian or Oppianus (op'e-an). A Greek 
 poet; born at Anazarbus in Cilicia; flourished 
 under Marcus Aurelius. He composed a di- 
 dactic poem, < On Fishing,* in five books. The 
 versification is smooth, the style ornate. His 
 works have been edited by J. G. Schneider 
 (Leipzig, 1813), and F. S, Lehrs (Paris, 1846). 
 
 Optic, Oliver, pseudonym of William T. 
 Adams. A popular American writer of stories 
 for boys ; born in Massachusetts, 1822 ; died 
 1897. He was for many years a teacher in the 
 Boston public schools. He wrote < Army and 
 Navy * series ; < Young America Abroad * series ; 
 < Lake Shore * series ; etc. 
 
 O'Reilly, John Boyle. An Irish-American 
 poet and prose-writer, for a long time editor 
 of the Pilot, Boston ; born near Drogheda, Ire- 
 land, June 28, 1844; died at Hull, Mass., Aug. 
 10, 1890. His works comprise : < Songs of the 
 Southern Seas* (1873); <Moondyne* (1878); and 
 many fugitive poems and stories. He was 
 part author of < The King's Men * (1884). 
 
 O'Reilly, Miles. See Halplne. 
 
 O'Rell, Max. See Blouet, Paul. 
 
 Orgaz, Francisco (or-gath'j. A Cuban poet; 
 born in Havana in 1815 ; died in Madrid in 
 1873. He published a volume of poems, < Pre- 
 ludes for the Harp* (1841), which placed him 
 among the best lyric poets of Spanish Amer- 
 ica. A collection of poems, < Poems of the 
 Tropics* (1850), preserved the uses and cus- 
 toms of the Cuban aborigines. He also wrote 
 several dramas. 
 
 Origen (or'i-jen), surnamed "Adamantinos ** 
 from his indefatigable study ; one of the most 
 learned and spirited of the Christian fathers ; 
 born at Alexandria in 185 (?) A. D.; died in 
 Tyre, in 254(7). Of his many writings only a 
 few have come down to us. Of his *De Prin- 
 cipiis* (Of the Principles), there exists only 
 a free and even interpolated translation by 
 Rufinus. Flis celebrated treatise on martyrdom 
 is entire. His works were among the earliest 
 printed of the patristic writings. 
 
 Orosius, Paulus (6-r6'si-us). A Latin histo- 
 rian and theologian ; born in Spain, probably 
 at Tarragona, at the beginning of the fifth 
 century A. D. He wrote a < History directed 
 against Pagans* (in seven books), from the 
 beginning of the world to the author's time, 
 especially to disprove the assertions of pagan 
 historians that the calamities of Rome, such as 
 the invasions of the barbarians, were due to 
 Christianity. 
 
 Orozco y Berra, Fernando (6-roth'k6 e 
 bar'a). A Mexican poet; born in San Felipe 
 del Obraje, June 3, 1822; died in Mexico, in 
 1851. His novel < The Thirty Years' War* ap- 
 peared in 1850. He wrote : < The Coming 
 Fashion,* < Three Patriots,* < Three Aspirants,* 
 three-act comedies in verse; and 'Friendship,* 
 a five-act comedy in prose. After his death a 
 collection of his works was published (1886;. 
 
 Orozco y Berra, Manuel. A Mexican his- 
 torian ; born in the City of Mexico, June 8, 
 1816; died there, Jan. 27, 1881. Among his 
 published works are : < History of Geography 
 in Mexico* (1876 and 1880); and < Ancient 
 History of Mexico,* his most famous work 
 (1880-81), in four parts,— < Civilization,* < Prim- 
 itive Man,* < Ancient History,* and <The Con- 
 quest.*
 
 4IO 
 
 ORTON — OTFRIED 
 
 Orton, James. An American clergyman, 
 naturalist, and traveler ; born at Seneca Falls, 
 N. Y., April 21, 1830 ; died on Lake Titicaca, 
 Peru, Sept. 25, 1877. In 1867, 1873, and 1876, 
 he conducted exploring expeditions to South 
 America. His works are: <The Andes and 
 the Amazon > (1870); < Underground Treasures > 
 (1872); (Liberal Education of Women> (1873); 
 'Comparative Zoology' (1875). 
 
 Orton, Jason Rockwood. An American poet 
 and miscellaneous writer; born in Hamilton, 
 N. Y., in 1806; died in Brooklyn, N.Y., Feb. 13, 
 1867. He was educated as a physician, but 
 abandoned the practice of medicine in 1850, 
 and devoted himself to literature. Besides con- 
 tributions to periodicals, he published : < Poet- 
 ical Sketches' (1829); 'Arnold, and Other 
 Poems' (1854); <Camp-Fires of the Red Men' 
 (1855); < Confidential Experiences of a Spirit- 
 ualist' (1858). 
 
 Osborn, Laughton. An xiiiierican artist and 
 litterateur ; born in New York city in 1809 ; 
 died there, Dec. 12, 1878. He graduated at 
 Columbia College in 1827. His works include : 
 < Sixty Years of Life' (1831); < Vision of Ru- 
 beta' (1838); < Arthur Carryl' (1841); < Travels 
 by Sea and Land' (1868). 
 
 Osborne, (Samuel) Duffleld. An American 
 novelist ; born on Long Island, N. Y., in 1858. 
 His works are : < The Spell of Ashtaroth ' 
 (1888); < The Robe of Nessus > ( 1890), a historical 
 novel ; < Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome.' 
 
 Oscanyan, Hatchik (os-kan'yan). An Ar- 
 meno-Turkish author, resident in New York ; 
 born in Constantinople, April 23, 1818, of Ar- 
 menian parents. He was educated in the 
 United States, established an Armenian paper 
 in Constantinople in 1841, and was afterwards 
 in the official employ of the Turkish govern- 
 ment. He wrote in Armenian : < Acaby,' a satir- 
 ical romance (1849); < Veronica' (1851); and a 
 child's book, <Bedig.' He published in New 
 York <The Sultan and his People' (1857), a 
 remarkably popular work. 
 
 Osgood, Mrs. Frances Sargent (Locke). An 
 
 American poet; born in Boston, June 18, 181 1; 
 died at Hingham, Mass., May 12, 1850. Besides 
 contributions to magazines she published : 
 'Wreath of Wild Flowers' (1839); < Poetry of 
 Flowers' (1841); < Poems' (1849). 
 
 Osgood, SamueL An American clergyman 
 and author ; bom in Charlestown, Mass., Aug. 
 30, 1812 ; died in New York city, April 14, 1880. 
 He was the pastor of a Unitarian church in 
 New York city from 1849 to 1869, when he 
 resigned and joined the Episcopal Church. 
 Besides translations from the German, his nu- 
 merous works include : < Studies in Christian 
 Biography' (1851); < Mile-Stones in our Life 
 Journey' (1855); 'Student Life' (i860). 
 
 O'Shaughnessy, Arthur William Edgar. A 
 British poet; born in 1844; died in 1881. In 
 1864 he entered the British Museum, and in 
 1873 married Eleanor, sister of Philip Bourke 
 Marston. He was a follower of Morris and 
 
 Swinburne and of the French romantic school. 
 He published between 1870 and 1881 : 'An Epic 
 of Women ' ; ' Lays of France,' a free para- 
 phrase of the lais of Marie de France ; < Music 
 and Moonlight'; and 'Songs of a Worker.' 
 Ossian. See the article ' McPherson, James.' 
 
 Ossoli, Marcbioness d' (os-s6'le)— Sarah 
 Margaret Fuller, best known as " Margaret 
 Fuller." An American writer on literature, 
 art, and society ; born at Cambridgeport, Mass., 
 1810; died at sea, 1850. For some years she 
 was employed as a teacher in girls' schools ; 
 for two years edited the Dial (1840-42). Her 
 collected essays on ' Women in the Nineteenth 
 Century' were published in 1843. She con- 
 tributed regularly to the New York Tribune 
 papers on literature and art, which were col- 
 lected in a volume published in 1846. At Rome 
 in the same year she married the Marquis 
 d'Ossoli. The pair were on the way to New 
 York when their ship was wrecked and both 
 were lost. Besides the volumes already named, 
 she published other collections of her essays 
 under the titles : 'Art, Literature, and Drama' ; 
 'At Home and Abroad ' ; < Life Without and 
 Life Within.' 
 
 Ostrovsky, Alexander Nikolaievicb (os- 
 trov'ske). A Russian dramatist; born in Mos- 
 cow, April 12, 1823 ; died June 14, 1886. One of 
 his best comedies, ' We Get On with our Own 
 Kind,' published in 1849, established his repu- 
 tation. His works followed each other in 
 rapid succession. Among the best are : ' The 
 Poor Bride' (1852); 'Poverty is Not a Fault' 
 (1853); 'A Profitable Place' (1857); 'The 
 Storm' (1859); and 'A Warm Heart' (1869). 
 He was the author of several translations, 
 especially a remarkable one of 'The Taming 
 of the Shrew.' His complete works were pub- 
 lished in St. Petersburg (1887, 10 vols.). 
 
 Oswald, Felix Leopold. An American nat- 
 uralist and miscellaneous writer ; born at Na- 
 mur, Belgium, in 1845. He graduated at Li^ge 
 in 1864, and became a physician ; but later 
 abandoned the practice of medicine, and de- 
 voted himself to the study of natural history. 
 He resides in Tennessee. His works include : 
 'Summer-Land Sketches' (1880); 'Physical 
 Education' (1882); 'The Secret of the East; 
 or. The Origin of the Christian Religion ' 
 (1883); 'Days and Nights in the Tropics' 
 (1887). He died in 1906. 
 
 Otero, Rafael (6-ta'r" A Cuban dramatist; 
 born in Havana in 1827 ; died there in 1876. 
 Among his comedies are : ' A Betrothed of a 
 Day'; 'The Coburger' ; 'My Son the French- 
 man > ; and ' The Dead Commands It,' which 
 were presented in the theatres of Havana and 
 Matanzas. His novel < La Perla de la Diaria ' 
 was published in 1866, and ' Cantos Sociales ' 
 in 1868. 
 
 Otfried (ot'fred). A Prankish poet; bom 
 near Weissenburg in Alsace ; studied at Fulda 
 under Hrabanus Maurus (822-884), and also 
 under Salomon I., bishop of Constance (839-
 
 OTIS — OWEN 
 
 411 
 
 871); then went back to the Benedictine Mon- 
 astery in Weissenburg, where he wrote his 
 famous < Evangilienbuch,> a paraphrase in verse 
 of the Gospels, dedicated about 865 to (King) 
 Louis the German, and to Archbishop Luit- 
 bert of Mentz. It is one of the most valuable 
 documents of the Old High German period. 
 
 Otis, Harrison Gray. An eminent Ameri- 
 can statesman and orator, son of James ; born 
 in Boston, Oct. 8. 1765; died there, Oct. 28, 
 1848. He was Member of Congress 1797-1801, 
 and U. S. Senator 1817-22. He was prominent 
 in the Massachusetts Legislature ; took an act- 
 ive part in the Hartford Convention of 1814 ; 
 and was mayor of Boston in 1829. His pub- 
 lished works include : < Letters in Defense of 
 the Hartford Convention' (1824), and < Ora- 
 tions and Addresses.' 
 
 Otis, James. A celebrated American states- 
 man and orator; born at West Barnstable, 
 Mass., Feb. 5, 1725 ; died at Andover, Mass., May 
 23. 1783. At an early age he attracted attention 
 by his eloquence in behalf of the colonists 
 against British oppression, and his determined 
 opposition to the « writs of assistance '' in 1761. 
 Through his efforts the Stamp Act Congress 
 was assembled in 1765. He was the author of 
 a number of political essays and orations, among 
 which are : *■ Vindication of the Conduct of the 
 House of Representatives* (1762); 'Rights of 
 the British Colonies Asserted > (1765); < Consid- 
 eration on Behalf of the Colonists' (1765). 
 
 Otis, James. See Ealer. 
 
 Otway, Thomas. An English dramatist; 
 born at Trotton, Sussex, 1652 ; died 1685. He 
 was educated at Winchester, and at Christ 
 Church, Oxford ; served as comet in the Low 
 Countries ; was an unsuccessful actor, and finally 
 wrote for the stage. Of his many plays, one 
 tragedy, < Venice Preserved,' is among the best 
 remembered of the Restoration drama, and 
 keeps his name familiar in literary allusion. 
 ^ The Orphan ' ranks next in critical esteem. 
 
 Oulda (we'da), pseudonym of Louise de la 
 Ramde ; an English novelist of French extrac- 
 tion ; born at Bury St. Edmunds, 1840. She has 
 published: < Held in Bondage' (1863); < Strath- 
 more' (1865); <Chandos' (1866); < Cecil Castle- 
 maine's Gage'; <Idalia'; < Under Two Flags' 
 ( 1867) ; < Tricotrin ' ( 1868) ; < Puck ' ( 1870) ; < Folle 
 Farine' (1871); <A Dog of Flanders'; <A 
 Leaf in the Storm' (1872); <Pascarel> (1873); 
 'Bebee; or, Two Little Wooden Shoes' (1874); 
 <Signa' (1875); <In a Winter City' (1876); 
 
 < Ariadne' (1877); < Friendship' (1878); < Moths' 
 (1880); < Pipistrello ' (1880); <A Village Com- 
 mune' (i88i);<In Maremma'; <Bimbi' (1882); 
 
 < Wanda'; < Frescoes' (1883); < Princess Na- 
 praxine' (1884); <Othmar'; <A House Party'; 
 
 < Guilderoy ' ; < Syrlin ' ; < A Rainy June ' ; < Don 
 Gesualdo' (1890); <Moufflou'; <TheNurnberg 
 Stove ' ; < The Tower of Taddeo ' ; < The Silver 
 Christ'; <The New Priesthond) (1803); < Views and 
 Opinions' (1895) ; ^Critical Studies.' Died in 1908. 
 
 Overskov, Thomas (6'ver-skov). A Danish 
 dramatist; born in Copenhagen, Oct. 11, 1798; 
 died in 1873. ^lis first comedy (1826) was a 
 complete failure, but later his dramas were suc- 
 cessfully performed ; one of them, < Ostergade 
 og Vestergade,' in the style of Sheridan, being 
 his best work, and another, < Capriciosa,' still 
 keeping its place in the repertory of the Royal 
 Theatre. His most important contribution to 
 literature is a < History of the Danish Theatre' 
 (7 vols., Copenhagen, 1854-76). 
 
 Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso) (ov'id). The 
 Roman poet; born at Sulmo, March 20, 43 
 B. C; died at Tomi, 17 A. D. He wrote : < Meta- 
 morphoses '; < Fasti ' (The Calendar); < Epis- 
 tles ' ; < Amours ' ; < Art of Love ' ; < Heroids ' ; 
 and other works. 
 
 Oviedo y Valdez, Gonzalo Fernandez de (6v- 
 ya'd5 e val'dath). A Spanish historian; born 
 in Madrid in 1478; died in Valladolid in 1557. 
 In 1545 he was appointed historian of the 
 Spanish Indies. The first part of his great 
 work appeared as < General and Natural His- 
 tory of the West Indies,' in 1535 ; the revision 
 of the entire work was completed in 1548. It 
 was once deemed one of the profoundest works 
 on the natural history of America. 
 
 Owen. Goronwy. A Welsh poet; born in 
 Anglesea, North Wales, Jan. I, 1722; died in 
 St. Andrews parish, Brunswick County, Va., 
 between 1770 and 1780. He became rector of 
 Uppington, Shropshire, in 1745 ; and while there 
 wrote his celebrated poem <The Day of Judg- 
 ment.' He came to the United States in 1775 ; 
 accepted a position at William and Mary Col- 
 lege, and married for his second wife Mrs. 
 Clayton, a sister of the president of the college. 
 He is described as the last of the great poets 
 of Wales. His bardic title was « Black Go- 
 ronwy of Anglesea." His poems for a long 
 time circulated in manuscript ; but in 1780 his 
 collected works were published, succeeding edi- 
 tions being printed in 1819 and i860. In 1831 
 his countrymen erected a tablet to his memory 
 in the cathedral church of Bangor. 
 
 Owen, Robert. Social reformer and author; 
 born in Newtown, Montgomeryshire, Wales, 
 May 14, 1 77 1; died there, Nov. 17, 1858. He 
 early turned his attention to social questions, 
 publishing in 1812 < New Views of Society; 
 or, Essays upon the Formation of the Human 
 Character, and Book of the New Moral World.' 
 He attempted to found communist societies in 
 England, also in New Harmony, Ind., and later 
 in Mexico. In his later years he became a be- 
 liever in Spiritualism. His followers bore the 
 name of Owenites, and were among the found- 
 ers of the English Chartist movement. 
 
 Owen, Robert Dale. An American politi- 
 cian, diplomatist, and miscellaneous writer, son 
 of Robert ; born in Glasgow, Scotland, Nov. 
 6, 1801 ; died at I>ake George, N. Y., June 17, 
 1877. He was educated in Switzerland ; re- 
 moved to the United States in 1823; was Rep- 
 resentative to Congress from Indiana (1843-47);
 
 412 
 
 OZAN AM — PAGET 
 
 ind minister to Naples (1855-58). During 
 the Civil War he was a prominent advocate of 
 negro emancipation. Among his works are : 
 < Moral Physiology > (1831); < Footfalls on the 
 Boundary of Another World > (i860); < Beyond 
 the Breakers > (1870), a novel; < Threading My 
 Way> (1874). 
 
 Ozanam, Antoine Frederic (5-za-nam'). A 
 French scholar and writer; born in Milan, 1813 ; 
 died September 1853. In 1844 he succeeded 
 Fauriel as professor of foreign literature at the 
 
 Sorbonne, Paris. He attained eminence as a 
 lecturer, and published besides other works : 
 < Dante and the Catholic Philosophy in the 
 Thirteenth Century > (1839); < Germanic Studies 
 for Use in the History of the Franks > (2 vols., 
 1847-49). 
 
 Ozaneaux, Jean George (o-za-no). A French 
 writer of prose and verse ; born in Paris, 1795 ; 
 died 1852. He wrote a < History of France* (2 
 vols., 1846), which gained a prize from the Acad- 
 emy ; and < Poetic Errors ♦ (3 vols., 1849). 
 
 Paalzov, Henrietta Joanna Wach von {piV- 
 zof). A German story-writer ; born at Berlin, 
 1788 ; died there, 1847. Among her stories are : 
 < Godwin Castle > (3 vols., 1837); < Saint-Roche > 
 (1839); < Thomas Tyrnau> (1842); < Jakob von 
 der Nees> (1842). Her plots are very skillfully 
 contrived and elaborated. 
 
 Paban, Adolphe (pa-bah'). A French poet 
 and story-writer ; born at Combs-la-Ville, dept. 
 Seine-et-Oise, Nov. 13, 1839. He published 
 three volumes of < Poems ' (1859-62); < Inspira- 
 tions > (1868); < Fanciful Sonnets > (1871); <A 
 Drama in a Garden,' a story in prose (1874). 
 
 Packard, Alpheus Spring. An American 
 naturalist and author; born at Brunswick, Me., 
 Feb. 19, 1839. Since 1878 he has been pro- 
 fessor of geology and zoology in Brown Uni- 
 versity. His works include : <A Guide to the 
 Study of Insects' (1869); < Half-Hours with In- 
 sects' (1875); < Life Histories '( 1876) ;< Zoology' 
 (1879). He died in 1905. 
 
 Packard, Frederick Adolphus. An Ameri- 
 can lawyer, editor, and author; bom in Massa- 
 chusetts in 1794; died in 1867. He was editor 
 of the publications of the American Sunday- 
 School Union for nearly forty years. Among 
 his important works are : < The Union Bible 
 Dictionary' (1837); < The Teacher Taught' 
 (1839); <Life of Robert Owen' (1866). 
 
 Pacuvius, Marcus (pa-ku've-us). A Roman 
 tragic poet ; born at Brundisium about 219 B. C. ; 
 died about 129 B. C. His plays are nearly all 
 founded on Greek subjects connected with the 
 Trojan war : except fragments preserved in the 
 writings of Cicero and in the 'Attic Nights' 
 of Gellius, they are all lost. Among these 
 fragments is one in which the poet is seen to 
 have been a rather bold free-thinker, consider- 
 ing the age in which he lived : << They who un- 
 derstand the notes of birds " (i. e., augurs, ha- 
 ruspices, etc.), '< and derive their wisdom more 
 from examining the livers of other creatures 
 than from their own [wit], I think should be 
 rather heard than heeded." 
 
 Paddock, Mrs. Cornelia. An American 
 writer of fiction. Her works are : < In the Toils > 
 
 (1879); <The Fate of Madame la Tour : A Tale 
 of Great Salt Lake' (1881). 
 
 Padilla, Pedro de (pa-de'lya). A Spanish 
 poet; born at Linares; died about 1595. He 
 was a friend of Cervantes, and a notable im- 
 provisator. He renounced the world in his 
 old age and became a Carmelite friar (1585). 
 His works consist of lyric and bucolic poems, 
 satires, spiritual songs, and metrical romances : 
 some of them, especially the eclogues, are 
 among the best of their time. His poems were 
 published under the titles : < Treasury of Vari- 
 ous Poems' (1575); 'Pastoral Eclogues' (1581); 
 'Romances' (1583); 'Spiritual Garden' (1585); 
 ' Grandeurs and Excellencies of the Virgin Our 
 Lady' (1587). 
 
 Page, Thomas Nelson. An American writer 
 of fiction ; born in Oakland, Va., April 23, 1853. 
 He was educated at Washington and Lee 
 University, and practiced law at Richmond, Va. 
 His first story, 'Marse Chan> (1887), attracted 
 immediate attention and was widely read. He 
 has written : 'Two Little Confederates ' (1888); 
 <iOn New-Found River' (1891); ' Elsket and 
 Other Stories' (1891); 'The Old South' (1892); 
 ' Pastime Stories ' ( 1894) ; < Unc' Edinburgh ' 
 (1895); 'Social Life in Old Virginia' (1S971 
 'Two Prisoners' (1897) ; 'Red Rock' (1898); 
 'Gordon Keith' (1903); 'The Negro— The 
 Southerner's Problem' (1904); 'Bred in the 
 Bone.' (1905) ; 'Under the Cross' (1907). 
 
 Paget, Francis Edward. An English story- 
 writer ; born Ma^y 24, 1806 ; died Aug. 4, 1882. 
 His most important work is a compilation of 
 'Some Records of the Ashstead Estate' (1873). 
 His stories deal with church and social reform; 
 among them are : ' Caleb Kniverton, the In- 
 cendiary' (1833); 'Milford Malvoisin; or. Pews 
 and Pewholders' (1842); 'The Curate of Cum- 
 berworth and the Vicar of Roost' (1859). 
 
 Paget, Violet. [" Vernon Lee.»] An Eng- 
 lish story-teller and miscellaneous writer ; born 
 at Chateau St.-Leonard in Normandy. She is 
 author of several works on the history of art 
 and of culture, among them ' Studies of the l8tli
 
 PAILLERON — PALFREY 
 
 413 
 
 Century in Italy' (1880); < Belcaro : Essays on 
 Sundry .'Esthetical Questions' (1881) ; < Eupho- 
 rion : Studies of the Antique and the Mediseval 
 in the Renaissance' (2 vols. 2d eu. 1885); < Re- 
 naissance Fancies and Studies' (1895). Among 
 her stories are : < Ottilie' (1883) ; <Miss Brown ' 
 (1884); < Limbo, Essays' (1897). 
 
 Pailleron, Edouard Jules Henri (pa-yer-ofi''). 
 A French dramatic writer ; bom at Paris, Sept. 
 17, 1834; died there April 20, 1S99. Authorof 
 the comedy < The Parasite' (1860J; <The Para- 
 sites,' a volume of satiric poems ; the comedies 
 <Last Quarters,' the last stage of a wedding tour 
 (1863); <The Second Movement' (1865); <The 
 World where One is Amused' (1868); < The 
 World ofBoredom>(i88i);<TheMouse'( 1887); 
 *The Strolling Players. ' He wrote three volumes 
 of poems; viz., < Loves and Hatreds' (iS 
 <Prayer for France' ( 1 871 ), <The Doll' (18 
 and 'Academic Discourses' (1886). 
 
 Pain, Marie Joseph (paft). A French dram- 
 atist ; bom at Paris, 1773; died there, 1830. 
 Beginning with < Saint-Far, or Love's Dainti- 
 ness,' in the initial crisis of the Revolution (1792), 
 he followed it with a long series of vaude- 
 villes and comedies, some of which had great 
 success; among them: <A Flat to Let' (1799); 
 <The Connoisseur' (1800); <The Duke's Por- 
 trait' (1805); <Love and Mystery; or. Which Is 
 my Cousin?' (1807); < The Dreamers Awak- 
 ened' (1813); <The Ghost' (1816). 
 
 Paine, Robert Treat, Jr. An American 
 poet; born in Taunton, Mass., Dec. 9, 1773; 
 died in Boston, Nov. 13, 181 1. During the 
 greater part of his erratic career he was engaged 
 in various literary pursuits, although he was at 
 one time in business, and later practiced law 
 for a brief period. He will be best remembered 
 as the author of two songs, < Rise, Columbia,' 
 and <Adams and Liberty.' Among his poems 
 are: < The Invention of Letters' (i795J, and 
 < The Ruling Passion' (1797J. 
 
 Paine, Thomas. A celebrated American 
 publicist ; born at Thetford in Norfolkshire, 
 England, Jan. 29,1736-7; died at New Rochelle, 
 N. Y., June 8, 1809. He wrote 'Common Sense' 
 (1776); < The Rights of Man' (2 vols., 1790); 
 'The Age of Reason' (1793); 'Decline and 
 Fall of the English System of Finance' (1896: 
 it had 14 editions in that year). 
 
 Painter, William. An English writer and 
 compiler of stories after the manner of Boc- 
 caccio; born about 1540; died Feb., 1893-4. His 
 most famous book is <The Palace of Pleasure' 
 (2 vols., 1566-67), consisting of stories taken 
 from the < Heptameron,' from Bandello, and 
 other Italian story-tellers. 
 
 Palacky, Frantisek (pa-lats-ke'j. A Czech 
 historian ; bom at Hodoslavitz in Moravia, June 
 14; 1798; died at Prague, May 26, 1876. He 
 was appointed State historian of Bohemia in 
 1839. He wrote a ' History of Bohemia' down 
 to the year 1526 (1836-67); 'Beginnings of Bo- 
 hemian Poetry' (1818); 'Estimate of the An- 
 cient Bohemian Historians' (1830); 'Literary 
 
 Travels in Italy in the Year 1837, in Search of 
 Documents for Bohemian and Moravian His- 
 tory' (1838); 'The Earliest Monuments of the 
 Bohemian Language' (1840); < History of Huss- 
 itism' (1868); 'Documents Illustrating the Life, 
 the Cause, and the Teaching of Master John 
 Huss' (1869). 
 
 Palaprat, Jean Sieur de Bigot (pa-la-pra). 
 A French dramatist; bom at Toulouse, 1650; 
 died at Paris, 1721. He is best known for cert- 
 ain lively comedies written by him in collabora- 
 tion with the Abb^ Brueys ; chief among these 
 are: 'The Mute'; 'The Grumbler' (1681); 
 'The Ridiculous Concert' (1689); 'The Secret 
 Revealed' (1690). Independently he wrote: 
 'Quid pro Quo'; 'Hercules and Omphale'; 
 'The Prude.' 
 
 Palearius, Aonius, or Antonio della Paglia 
 fpa-le-ar'e-us). An Italian polemic wTiter; 
 born at Veroli in the Pontifical States ; died at 
 Rome, 1570. He wrote several theological dis- 
 sertations, and a notable ' Disputation against 
 the Roman Pontiffs and their Adherents ' ; his 
 best work is a poem ' On the Immortality of the 
 Soul' (1531), one of the finest specimens of 
 Latin poetry written in the l6th century. 
 
 Paley, Frederick Apthorp. An English 
 scholar and writer on architecture, grandson 
 of William. He graduated in 1838 at Cam- 
 bridge, became a Roman Catholic in 1846, and 
 professor of classical literature in Universit}' 
 College from 1874. He edited many Greek and 
 Latin texts, and published a ' Manual of Gothic 
 Architecture' ( 1846), and other writ'int^s on similar 
 subjects. Born Jan. 14,1815; died, Dec. 9,1888. 
 
 Paley, William. A distinguished English 
 theological writer; born at Peterborough, 1743; 
 died May 25, 1805. He was appointed arch- 
 deacon of Carlisle, 1782; prebendary of St 
 Paul's, London, 1794 ; dean of Lincoln, 1795. 
 His principal writings are : ' Principles of Moral 
 and Political Philosophy' (1785); ' Horae Pau- 
 linae ; or. The Truth of the Scripture History 
 of St. Paul Evinced,' etc. (1791); 'View of 
 the Evidences of Christianity' (1794), his 
 most celebrated work ; ' Natural Theology ; or, 
 Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of 
 the Deity Collected from the Appearances of 
 Nature' (1802), in some respects the most re- 
 markable of all his writings. 
 
 PSilffy, Albert (pal'fe). A Hungarian novel- 
 ist and publicist; born at Gyula, 1820. In the 
 year of revolutions, 1848, he started a daily 
 journal, The Fifteenth of March, which had a 
 powerful influence in inciting the Hungarian 
 people to insurrection. He was incarcerated 
 for several months after the suppression of the 
 rebellion, and then resumed his labors as a 
 novelist. His principal stories are: 'The Hun- 
 garian Millionaire' (1845); 'The Black Book' 
 (1846); 'Stories Left Behind by a Refugee' 
 (1850); 'Mother and Countess' (1886); 'Last 
 Years of Old Hungary' (1S90). D.Dec. 23, 1897. 
 
 Palfrey, Francis Winthrop. An American 
 historical writer; born in Boston, April ii-, 1831 ;
 
 414 
 
 PALFREY — PALMEIRIM 
 
 died in Cannes, France, Dec. 5, 1889. He was 
 educated as a lawyer ; served in the Civil War 
 as colonel of the 20th Massachusetts Infantry. 
 He published <A Memoir of William F. Bart- 
 lett> (1879); <Antietam and Fredericksburg;,> 
 being Vol. v. of < Campaigns of the Civil War > 
 (1882). 
 
 Palfrey, John Gorham. An American cler- 
 gyman and author; born in Boston, May 2, 
 1796; died in Cambridge, Mass., April 26, 1881. 
 He graduated at Harvard; was pastor of 
 Brattle Street Unitarian Church, Boston; pro- 
 fessor in Han-ard, 1830-39; member of the 
 State Legislature, 1842-43; Secretary of State 
 of Massachusetts, 1844-48; and member of the_ 
 Anti-Slavery Congress at Paris, 1867. He pub-' 
 lished numerous lectures, addresses, and ser- 
 mons ; and wrote < The Relation between Juda- 
 ism and Christianity > (1854). His enduring 
 work, however, is <The History of New Eng- 
 land) (4 vols., 1858-64). 
 
 Palfrey, Sarah Hammond. [«E. Foxton."] 
 An American novelist and poet, daughter of 
 John G.; born in Massachusetts in 1823. She 
 resides in Cambridge, Mass. Among her po- 
 etical works are : < Prdmices > ; < The Chapel * ; 
 <Agnes Wentworth.' She has also published 
 the stories < Katherine Mome > ; < Hermann, or 
 Young Knighthood > (1866). 
 
 Palgrave, Francis, Sir. An English histo- 
 rian of Jewish parentage, originally named 
 Cohen ; born in London, 1788 ; died July 6, 1861. 
 Besides numerous contributions to the reviews, 
 he wrote: < History of England> (1831); < Rise 
 and Progress of the English Commonwealth > 
 (1832); < Detached Thoughts on the Polity and 
 Ecclesiastical History of the Middle Ages>; 
 
 < History of Normandy and England > (4 vols., 
 1851-64); < Merchant and Friar> (1837), an im- 
 aginary history of Marco Polo and Friar Bacon. 
 
 Palgrave, Francis Turner. An English poet 
 and art critic, son of Sir Francis ; bom at Great 
 Yarmouth, Sept. 28, 1824 ; died in London, Oct. 
 24, 1897. From 1885 to 1895 he was a professor 
 at Oxford. His books are : <Idylls and Songs' 
 (1854); the famous anthology <The Golden 
 Treasury-) of English poetry ( 1861); <Essays on 
 Art) (1866); <Hymns) (1868); <Lvrical Poems' 
 ( 187 1 ) ; <The Visions of England' ( 1 88 1 ) ; <The 
 Life of Jesus Christ Illustrated from the Italian 
 Painters of the 14th, 15th, and l6th Centuries' 
 (i885l;<Amenophis and Other Poems' (1892). A 
 second <Golden Treasury' was published in 1897. 
 
 Palgrave, Reginald F. D., Sir. An English 
 writer on history and parliamentary law, son 
 of Sir Francis ; born at London, June 28, 1829. 
 He wrote: < The Chairman's Handbook (nth 
 ed. 1895); <The House of Commons'; < Oliver 
 Cromwell, the Protector : an Appreciation Based 
 on Contemporary Evidence' (1890), in which 
 he presents the antidote to Thomas Carlyle's 
 
 < Life and Letters of Oliver Cromwell.' 
 
 Palgrave, William Giflford. An English 
 traveler, son of Sir Francis ; bom in London, 
 Jan. 24, 1826 ; died at Montevideo, Sept. 30, 1888. 
 
 His chief writings are : Narrative of a Year's 
 Journey through Central and Eastern Arabia' 
 (2 vols., 1862-63) ; < Essays on Eastern Questions ' 
 (1872); < Herrmann Agha,' a story (1872); 
 < Dutch Guiana' (1876); < Ulysses: Scenes and 
 Studies in Many Lands' (1887); a posthumous 
 poem, < A Vision of Life : Semblance and Re- 
 ality' (1891). 
 
 Palissot de Montenoy, Charles (pa-le-so' 
 de mont-nwa'). A French poet; bom at 
 Nancy, Jan. 3, 1730 ; died at Paris, June 15, 1814. 
 At 14 he took the degree of Bachelor of The- 
 olog)', but gave up the ecclesiastical career for 
 literature, and was appointed director of the 
 Mazarin Library. With his first tragedies he 
 had little success ; otherwise with his comedies 
 <The Guardians' and <The Barber of Bagdad.* 
 His satiric piece <The Coterie' (Le Cercle), at- 
 tacking Rousseau, brought down upon him the 
 enmitj' of the encyclopedists, who paid him 
 back with < Little Letters on Great Philoso- 
 phers ' (1757), and the comedy <The Philoso- 
 phers' (1760). He lived on pacific terms with 
 Voltaire, and even dedicated to him his < Dun- 
 ciad, or War of the Blockheads' (1764). 
 
 Pallssy, Bernard (pa-le-se). A great artistic 
 potter and glass-painter ; born at La Chapelle, 
 Biron, in the province of Pdrigord, 1510 ; died 
 about 1590, in the Bastille, where he was impris- 
 oned on the charge of heresy. His writings 
 are : < Veritable Receipt whereby all Men in 
 France can Learn to Multiply and Enlarge 
 their Treasures,' etc. (1564); < Admirable Dis- 
 courses on the Nature of Waters and Fount- 
 ains' (1580). 
 
 Pallavicino, Sforza, Cardinal (pa-la-ve'che- 
 n5). An Italian church historian; born at 
 Rome, Nov. 28, 1607 ; died June 4, 1667. He 
 became a member of the Company of Jesus 
 in 1638 ; was raised to the cardinalate in 1659. 
 His principal work, < History of the Council of 
 Trent,' written in Italian, was first published 
 (2 vols., folio) in 1656-57; the second edition 
 (1666) had many changes. The work was 
 written to counteract Sarpi's history of the same 
 council. 
 
 Palleske, Emil (pa-lesk'e). A German elo- 
 cutionist and author ; born at Tempelburg, in 
 Pomerania, Jan. 5, 1823 ; died at Thai, near 
 Eisenach, Oct. 28, 1880. He gave dramatic 
 readings, especially of Shakespeare's plays, 
 throughout Germany. He wrote < Life and 
 Work of Schiller' (2 vols., 1858-59); < Char- 
 lotte von Kalb: in Memoriam' (1880). 
 
 Palma y Romay, Ram6n (pal'ma e ro'ma). 
 A Cuban dramatist and poet ; born in Havana, 
 in January 1812; died there, January i860. His 
 first poems were published in 1830. The drama 
 
 < La Vuelta del Cruzado,' performed in 1837, 
 met great success. Volumes of his poems have 
 appeared with the titles : < Aves de Paso' (1841); 
 
 < Hojas Caidas ' ( 1843) ; and < Melodias Po^ticas > 
 (1846). 
 
 Palmeirim, Luiz Augusto fpal-mi'rem). A 
 Portuguese poet ; born at Lisbon, Aug. 9, 1825 ;
 
 PALMER — PANS y 
 
 415 
 
 died there, Dec. 4, 1893. His first collection 
 of lyric verse, < Poesies* (1851), reached a 5th 
 edition in his lifetime, and won for him the 
 title «the Bdranger of Portugal.') Among his 
 patriotic poems, < Exiled ' is the one best known. 
 His lyrics have been published as < Popular 
 Songs.' He wrote also some comedies in verse ; 
 a < Gallery of Portuguese Portraits' (1878); and 
 <The Eccentrics of my Time' (1891). 
 
 Palmer, Edward Henry. An English Ori- 
 entalist; born at Cambridge, Aug. 7, 1840; died 
 in Egypt, 1882. He wrote Arabic and Persian 
 grammars ; made a metrical translation of the 
 
 < Poetical Works of Behd-ed-din Zoheir of Egypt ' 
 (1876); translated the < Koran' (1880); wrote a 
 
 < Life of Haroun Alraschid > (1881); and a series 
 of papers on <Arab Humour.' 
 
 Palmer, John Williamson. An American 
 physician and miscellaneous writer; born in 
 Baltimore, Md., April 4, 1825; died on February 
 26, 1906. In 1870 he settled in New York ; 
 subsequently was connected with the staff of 
 the Century Dictionary. Among his writings 
 are : * The Golden Dagon ; or, Up and Down 
 the Irrawaddi' (1S53); < The New and the Old; 
 or, California and India in Romantic Aspects' 
 (1859); 'After his Kind, by John Coventry,' a 
 novel (1886); and 'Stonewall Jackson's Way,' 
 which was one of the most popular ballads of 
 the Civil War. 
 
 Palmer, Joseph. An English miscellaneous 
 writer; born 1756; died at Eastbourne in Sus- 
 sex, Sept. 4, 1815. He wrote : < A Fortnight's 
 Ramble to the Lakes,' etc. (1782); < Half-Pay,' 
 a narrative poem ; < The Lancashire Collier 
 Girl' (1795); 'Siege of Gibraltar' (1795), a 
 poem; 'Windermere' (1798), a poem. 
 
 Palmer, Julius Auboineau. An American 
 author ; bom in Massachusetts in 1840. Among 
 his works are : ' One Voyage and its Conse- 
 quences' (1889); 'About Mushrooms' (1894); 
 
 < Memories of Hawaii' (1894); 'Again in Ha- 
 waii' (1895). He died 1900. 
 
 Palmer, Mary. An English writer, niece of 
 Sir Joshua Reynolds ; born at Plympton Earl 
 in Devonshire, F"eb. 9, 1716; died at Great Tor- 
 rington, May 27, 1794. She wrote ' A Devon- 
 ihire Dialogue,' the best piece of literature in 
 the Devon dialect. 
 
 Palmer, Ray. An American clergyman and 
 h>Tnn-writer ; born at Little Compton, R. I., 
 Nov. 12, 1808 ; died at Newark, N. J., March 
 29, 1887. He was pastor of Congregational 
 churches in Bath, Me., and Albany, N. Y., and 
 secretary of the Congregational Union, 1866- 
 78. His best-known hymn is ' My Faith Looks 
 Up to Thee,' which has been translated into 
 twenty languages. He has published : ' Spirit- 
 ual Improvement' {1839); 'Hymns and Sacred 
 Pieces' (1865); 'Hymns of my Holy Hours' 
 (1866). 
 
 Palmer, William. An English theologian 
 and archaeologist ; bom at Mixbury in Oxford- 
 shire, July 12, 181 1 ; died at Rome, April 4. 1879. 
 He was a clergyman of the Established Church, 
 
 but seceded to Rome in 1855. He was a volu- 
 minous writer. Among his works are : ' Shorl 
 Poems and H>-mns' (1843); 'Remarks on the 
 Turkish Question' (1858); 'Introduction to 
 Early Christian S)Tnbolism> (1859); 'Egyptian 
 Chronicles' (1861); 'Commentary on the Book 
 of Daniel' (1874). 
 
 Palmer, William Pitt. An American poet ; 
 born in Stockbridge, Mass., Feb. 22, 1805 ; died 
 in Brooklyn, N. Y., May 2, 1884. He wrote 
 many poems, some of which became famous; 
 among them are the ' Ode to Light ' and ' Or- 
 pheus and Eurydice.' 
 
 Palmotta, Giunio (pal-mot'ta). A Dalma- 
 tian poet; born at Ragusa, 1606; died 1657. 
 Among his works are : ' The Christiad ; or, Life 
 of Jesus Christ,' in 24 cantos (1670); some 
 dramas, as < Atalanta,' < CEdipus,' < The Rape 
 of Helen ' ; and the poem ' Glorious History of 
 the Slav Kings of Dalmatia.' 
 
 Paltock, Robert. An English story -writer ; 
 born at London, about 1697 ; died there, March 
 20, 1767. He is known to fame only through 
 his story ' Peter Wilkins, a Cornishman' (1750J. 
 
 Paludan-Miiller, Frederik (pal'o-dan- 
 mel'ler). A Danish poet; born at Kjerteminde 
 in the island of Fuynen, Feb. 7, 1809 ; died at 
 Copenhagen, Dec. 28, 1876. He wrote : ' Love 
 at Court' (1832), a romantic drama; the spirited 
 Byronesque poem 'The Dancers' (1833); 'Cupid 
 and Psyche' (1834); 'Trochees and Iambics' 
 (1837); 'Poems' (2 vols., 1836-38); the dra- 
 matic poems 'Venus' (1841), 'Tithon' (1844); 
 the great satirical poem 'The Man Adam' 
 (3 vols., 1841-49), his masterpiece; 'Aeronauts 
 and Atheists' (1853), a versified defense of 
 Christianity ; ' Death of Abel ' ; ' Ahasuerus ' ; 
 ' Benedict of Nursia' (1854-62). His chief prose 
 writings are 'The Fountain of Youth' (1865), 
 and 'Story of Ivar Lykke' (3 vols., 1866-73). 
 One of his latest poems is 'Adonis,' in which 
 he returns to mythological themes. 
 
 Panaiefif, Vladimir Ivanovicli (pa-ni'yef). 
 A Russian story-writer and poet ; born in the 
 government of Kazan, 1792; died at St. Peters- 
 burg, 1854. He wrote ' Panegyrics ' of the poet 
 Derzhavin (1817) and the Emperor Alexander I. 
 (1820); 'Idylls' (1820); 'Miscellaneous Poems'; 
 ' Stories.' 
 
 Panard, Francois (pan-ar'). A noted French 
 lyric poet; bom at Courville near Chartres, 
 about 1694; died at Paris, June 13, 1765. He 
 wrote a series of admirable songs, besides 
 vaudevilles and comic operas. He lived on 
 the bounty of his friends, repaying them with 
 his verses. 
 
 Panlni (pa'ne-ne). A celebrated Indian phi- 
 lologist of the fourth century B. C. There is 
 extant a philological work written by him, con- 
 sisting of eight books of Sanskrit grammati- 
 cal rules : it was published at Calcutta (2 vols., 
 1809). 
 
 Panonaita. See BeccadelU. 
 
 Pansy. See Alden.
 
 4i6 
 
 PANTENIUS — PARK 
 
 Pantenius, Theodor Hermann (pan-te'ne-us). 
 A German novelist; born at Mitau in Cour- 
 land, Oct. lo, 1843. Under the pseudonym of 
 « Theodor Hermann » he wrote : < Wilhehn 
 Wolfschild> (2d ed. 1873); < Alone and Free> 
 (1875); < Ruddy Gold> (1881); < Stories from 
 Courland* (1892). 
 
 Paparrtlgopoulos, Constantine (pa"pa-re- 
 gop'6-los). A modern Greek historian; born 
 at Constantinople in 1815; died at Athens, 
 April 26, 1891. His father was a rich banker 
 of Constantinople, who was put to death dur- 
 ing the Greek Revolution of 1821. The son, 
 having escaped to Russia, was educated at 
 Odessa at tlie expense of the Czar Alexander, 
 and in 1854 became professor of history at the 
 University of Athens. His principal work, ^{A 
 History of the Greek People > (5 vols., 1862-77), 
 was translated into French in an abridged form 
 as a < History of Hellenic Civilization' (1878). 
 
 Papillon, Marc de (pa-pe-yon'), known as 
 " Captain Lasphrise.'^ A French poet ; born at 
 Amboise, 1555; died about 1605. In 1590 he 
 published a volume of stanzas, songs, elegies, 
 epigrams, satires, epitaphs, etc. His verses 
 are graceful and enlivened with wit, but many 
 of them are licentious. Toward the end of 
 his life he composed poems on religious sub- 
 jects; e. g., a versified rendering of the < Can- 
 ticle of the Three Children in the Fiery Fur- 
 nace,* the < Magnificat,* the < Lord's Pra3'er,* etc. 
 
 Pardo-Baz^n, Emilia (par-do-ba-zan'). A 
 Spanish story-teller; born at Coruna, 1852. 
 Most noteworthy among her writings are : < Pas- 
 cual Lopez* (1888); < Mother Nature* (2 vols., 
 1888); Morrifia, a Love Story* (1889); <The 
 Palpitating Question* (4th ed. 1891). She com- 
 menced the publication of the monthly New 
 Critical Theatre in 1890. 
 
 Pardee, Julia. An Engli„ii historical and 
 miscellaneous writer ; born at Beverly, York- 
 shire, 1806 ; died in London, Nov. 26, 1862. She 
 was a most voluminous writer, among her works 
 being: < Traditions of Portugal* (1833); <City 
 of the Sultan,* etc. (1837); < Louis XIV. and 
 the Court of France* (1847); <The Jealous 
 Wife* (1847-58); <The Court and Reign of 
 Francis I.* (1849); < Marie de' Medici* (1852); 
 < Episodes of French Historj', during the Con- 
 sulate,* etc. (1859); <A Life Struggle* (1859). 
 
 Pardon, George Frederick. An English 
 miscellaneous writer ; born at London, 1824 ; 
 died 1884. He wrote many handbooks of games, 
 sports, and pastimes ; several stories, as < Faces 
 in the Fire* (1856); < Tales from the Operas* 
 (1858); <Boldheart the Warrior* (1859); < Noble 
 by Heritage* (1877); 'Stories About Animals * ; 
 ' Stori«s About Birds * ; < Illustrious Women who 
 have Distinguished Themselves for Virtue, Piety, 
 and Benevolence* (1868). 
 
 Parini, Giuseppe (pa-re'ne). An Italian 
 lyric and satiric poet; born in the village of 
 Bosisio in the Milanese, May 22, 1729; died at 
 Milan, Aug. 15, 1799. His chief work is a so- 
 cial satire in four parts, called < Morning,' 
 
 < Noon,* < Evening,* and < Night,* afterward col- 
 lected and named < Day.* (< Works,* 6 vols., 
 1801-4.) 
 
 Paris, Gaston Bruno Paulin (pa-res'). A 
 distinguished French Romance philologist ; born 
 at Avenay, Aug. 9, 1839. He was professor of 
 the French language and literature at the College 
 de France, and did much to arouse interest in 
 the study of Romance philology. <A Poetical 
 History of Charlemagne* (1866); <Poetry of the 
 Middle Ages* (1885), and < French Mediaeval 
 Literature* (1888), were his most important 
 publications. He was a member of German, 
 Austrian, and Italian academies. Died at Paris, 
 March 6, 1903. 
 
 Paris, Matthew. A celebrated mediaeval 
 chronicler ; his birthplace and date of birth 
 are unknown ; he died about 1259. He be- 
 came a novice in the Benedictine monastery 
 of St. Albans, England, in 1217 ; was received 
 into the order, and was employed in many 
 weighty affairs of church and State. His prin- 
 cipal work is his < Greater History,* or < Larger 
 Chronicles* of events down to 1259. Among 
 his other writings is the < Lives of Twenty-three 
 Abbots of St. Albans.* 
 
 Parisius, Ludolf (par-e'se-us). A German 
 publicist ; born at Gardelegen, Oct 15, 1827. 
 Besides several political pamphlets, he wrote : 
 
 < Commentary on the Imperial Law against 
 Associations* (1876); < German Political Parties, 
 and the Ministry of Bismarck* (1877); the nov- 
 els <Duty and Obligation* (1873), 'Weary of 
 Freedom* (1873), < In the Woods and on the 
 Heath * ; < German Popular Songs * ; < Pictures 
 from Ancient Brandenburg* (2 vols., 1882-84). 
 
 Park, Andrew. A Scotch poet ; borri at Ren- 
 frew, March 7, 1807 ; died at Glasgow, Dec. 27, 
 1863. After an Oriental tour he published 
 < Egypt and the East* (1856). His poems are: 
 
 < The Vision of Mankind * ; *■ The Bridegroom 
 and the Bride* (1834); < Silent Love,* a grace- 
 ful poem (1843); < Veritas* (1849), a poem of 
 an autobiographical character. 
 
 Park, John. A Scotch poet ; born at Green- 
 ock, Jan. 14, 1804; died at St. Andrews, April 
 8, 1-865. He wrote many songs which have 
 become popular favorites, among them < O gin 
 I were where Gadie rins,* and *■ The Miller's 
 Daughter.* His songs were not published till 
 after his death ; then also was published a 
 volume of his < Lectures and Sermons* (1865). 
 
 Park, Mungo. A celebrated Scottish traveler ; 
 born at Fowlshiels, Sept. 10, 1771 ; died in 
 equatorial Africa in 1806. He was sent to 
 Africa under the auspices of the African Asso- 
 ciation, and explored the Gambia and upper 
 Niger, publishing on his return the well-known 
 
 < Travels in the Interior of Africa* (1799). On 
 his second expedition, which was equipped by 
 the British government, he descended the Niger 
 some 1500 miles ; and after losing the majority 
 of his men from fever, was treacherously mur- 
 dered by natives.
 
 PARK — PARR 
 
 417 
 
 Park, Roswell. An American miscellaneous 
 writer; bom in Lebanon, Conn., 1807; died in 
 Chicago, 111., 1869. He published : < Selections 
 of Juvenile and Miscellaneous Poems' (1836); 
 
 < Sketch of the History of West Point* (1840); 
 
 < Pantology, or Systematic Survey of Human 
 Knowledge* (1841); and < Jerusalem, and Other 
 Poems > (1857). 
 
 Parker, Edwin Pond. An American clergy- 
 man, hymn-writer, and author ; born at Castine, 
 Me., 1836. He has been pastor of the South Con- 
 grejjational Church in Hartford, Conn., since i860, 
 lie is the author of several hymns, and has pub- 
 lished among other works < Book of Praise > ; <The 
 Ministry of Beauty*; < Sermons on Domestic 
 Duties.* 
 
 Parker, Sir Gilbert. A Canadian novelist, 
 now living in London ; born in Ontario, 1862 ; 
 Among his works are : * Pierre and his Peo- 
 ple * ; < Tales of the Far North*; <An Ad- 
 venturer of the North * ; < A Romany of the 
 Snows*; <A Lover's Diary* (1894); < The Trail , 
 of the Sword * (1894); ^When Valmond Came to 
 Pontiac*; <The Seats of the Mighty*; <The 
 Pomp of the Lavillettes * ; < The Trespasser.* 
 
 Parker, John Henry. An English archae- 
 ologist; born in London in 1806; died in 1884. 
 He superintended many excavations in Rome, 
 and was the author of *■ The Archaeology of 
 Rome * (3 vols., 1874-84), an important work 
 on the walls, aqueducts, tombs, etc., of the 
 Eternal City. His other publications are : a 
 < Glossary of Architecture* (1836), an important 
 aid to the revival of Gothic art ; < Introduction 
 to the Study of Gothic Architecture* (1849). 
 
 Parker, Martin. A noted English balladist ; 
 the dates of his birth and death are unknown, 
 but he died probably in 1656. Among his bal- 
 lads are : < When the King Enjoyes his Own 
 Again * ; < The King and a Poore Northerne 
 Man * ; < Sailors for my Money * ; < John and 
 Joan; or, A Mad Couple Well Met.* 
 
 Parker, Theodore. A distinguished Ameri- 
 can preacher and reformer; born at Lexing- 
 ton, Mass., Aug. 24, 1810; died at Florence, 
 May 10, i860. He was pastor of a Unitarian 
 church in Roxbury (1836-43), meanwhile con- 
 tributing to the Dial essays and reviews in 
 which he gave expression to theological opin- 
 ions of extreme heterodoxy. His < Discourse 
 on Matters Pertaining to Religion* (1842), a 
 volume of lectures delivered by him in Boston, 
 made him famous, and he finally left Rox- 
 bury and preached regularly in that city. He 
 also lectured in the chief cities of the Union. 
 He published < Theism, Atheism, and the Pop- 
 ular Theology* (1853), and a volume of <Ten 
 Sermons on Religion* (1852). 
 
 Parkhurst, Charles Henry. An American 
 clergyman and reformer ; born at Framingham, 
 Mass., April 17, 1842. He graduated at Am- 
 herst College in 1866, and studied theology in 
 Germany. Since 1880 he has been pastor of 
 the Madison Square Presbyterian Church. In 
 1891, as president of the Society for the Pre- 
 vention of Crime, he began his attack on the 
 
 37 
 
 police department of New York city, and was 
 prominent in the Lexow investigation which 
 followed. His writings include : < The Blind 
 Man's Creed* (1883); < Three Gates on a Side* 
 (1891); <Our Fight with Tammany* (1895). 
 
 Parkman, Francis. An eminent American 
 historian; born at Boston, Sept. 16, 1823; died 
 at Jamaica Plain, Mass., Nov. 8, 1893. He wrote : 
 
 < The Oregon Trail : Prairie and Rocky Mount- 
 ain Life* (1849); < History of the Conspiracy 
 of Pontiac* (2 vols., 1851); <The Pioneers of 
 France in the New World* (1865); <The Jesuits 
 in North America* (1866); <La Salle and the 
 Discovery of the Great West* (1869); <The 
 Old Regime in Canada* (1874); 'Count Fron- 
 tenac and New France under Louis XIV.* {1877); 
 
 < Montcalm and Wolfe * (2 vols., 1884); <A Half- 
 Century of Conflict* (2 vols., 1892). 
 
 Parley, Peter. See Goodrich. 
 
 Parmenides (par-men'i-dez). A celebrated 
 Greek philosopher of the fifth century B. C. ; 
 born at Elea in Southern Italy. He wrote but 
 one work on philosophy, — a didactic poem 
 in the epic metre and in the Ionic dialect, 
 entitled <On Nature*: fragments of it, in all 
 about 160 lines, have come down to our times. 
 It was divided into three sections, < Proem,* 
 
 < Truth,* < Opinion.* The fragments have been 
 rendered into English by Thomas Davidson. 
 
 Parnell, Thomas. An Irish poet; bom at 
 Dublin, 1679; died 1718. He was a minister 
 of the established Irish Church, and held a 
 cure of souls in Ireland, but spent most of his 
 life in England. His works are : a volume of 
 
 < Poems,* in which is < The Hermit * ; a < Life 
 of Homer* prefixed, and a translation of the 
 
 < Battle of the Frogs and Mice * always suffixed, 
 to Pope's version of the Iliad. 
 
 Parny, ^variste Desir^ Desforges, Viscomte 
 de (par-ne'). A French poet; born in the Isle 
 of Bourbon, Feb. 6, 1753 ; died at Paris, Dec. 5, 
 1814. He won celebrity through his volume of 
 
 < Erotic Poems,* which first appeared in incom- 
 plete form 1778, completed 1781 : Voltaire sa- 
 luted him, «My dear Tibullus.** In 1799 he 
 published <The War of the Gods,* afterward 
 enlarged and named < The Christianide * : it is 
 a cynical and impious attack upon all religions. 
 He published (1805) < The Stolen Portfolio,* con- 
 taining < Venus's Disguises,* < Gallantries of the 
 Bible,* < Paradise Lost.* 
 
 Parodl, Dominique Alexandre (pa-ro-de'). 
 A French poet of Greek origin ; born in the 
 island of Crete, Nov. 15, 1840. He spent his 
 early years at Smyrna, then lived for a time 
 at Milan, and afterward settled in Paris as a 
 journalist. He wrote : <The Last of the Popes,* 
 a novel, in Italian ; a volume of French verses, 
 
 < Passions and Thoughts * (1865); < Messenian 
 Tales* (1867); <The Triumph of Peace* (1878); 
 
 < Flesh and Soul Cry Out* (1883). He wrote 
 also the tragedy < Rome Vanquished* (1876), 
 and the Scriptural poem *Sephora> (1877). 
 
 Parr, Samuel. A famous English scholai 
 and educator ; born at Harrow-on-the-Hill, Jan.
 
 4i! 
 
 PARROT — PASCAL 
 
 15, 1747; died at Hatton, March 6, 1825. He 
 was chief assistant at Harrow, 1767-71 ; after- 
 wards master of schools at Colchester and Nor- 
 wich; and prebend of St. Paul's, London. He 
 was famous for extent and variety of learning 
 vnd for conversational powers. His writings 
 /8 vols., 1828) include sermons, memoirs, re- 
 views, dissertations, etc.,— a mass of crude schol- 
 arship not focused to any special field, and per- 
 ishing with itself. < Aphorisms, Opinions, and 
 Reflections by Dr. Parr> (1826) was an effort 
 to preserve some of the talk which helped to 
 make him a popular colossus in his day. 
 
 Parrot, Henry. An English epigrammatist ; 
 place and date of birth and death unknown. 
 in the first quarter of the 17th century he pub- 
 lished six volumes of licentious epigrams and 
 satires. One of the volumes was entitled 
 •Springes to Catch Woodcocks > (1613), and 
 contains 216 epigrams ; another, * Cures for the 
 Itch: Characters, Epigrams, Epitaphs* (1626). 
 
 Parsons, Mrs. Eliza. An English novelist and 
 dramatist; born at Plymouth; died at Leyton- 
 stone in Essex, Feb. 5, 181 1. She wrote the 
 farce < Intrigues of a Morning ; or. An Hour at 
 Paris' (1792), an adaptation of Moliere's < Mon- 
 sieur de Pourceaugnac > ; the novels 'History 
 f Miss Meredith) (1790); <The Castle of Wolf- 
 enbach* (i793); 'The Peasant of Ardennes 
 Forest > ; < The Mysterious Visits > ; and others. 
 
 Parsons, Mrs. Frances Tbeodora (Smitli) 
 (Dana). An American writer of Albany, N. Y. ; 
 born in New York State in 1861. Under the 
 name of "William Starr Dana*) she has pub- 
 lished : < How to Know the Wild Flowers > ; < Ac- 
 cording to Season * ; * Plants and their Children.* 
 
 Parsons, George Frederic. An American 
 journalist and writer; bom in Brighton, Eng- 
 land, January 15, 1840 ; died in New York city, 
 July 19, 1893. In 1863 he began journalistic 
 work at Vancouver Island ; subsequently was 
 editor of the Sacramento (Cal.) Record Union. 
 In 1883 he joined the editorial staff of the New 
 York Tribune. His works include : <Life of 
 James Marshall,* discoverer of gold in California 
 (1871); 'Middle Ground,* a novel (1874). 
 
 Parsons, Mrs. Gertrude. An English novelist 
 born, 1812; died at Hextmouth, I'eb. 12, 1891. 
 Among her novels are: < Thornberry Abbey* 
 (1846); <Emma Cross: A Tale* (1859); < Ruth 
 Baynard's Story* (1861); 'Major V^andermere * 
 (1876). She wrote also < Life of St. Ignatius of 
 Loyola* (i860); 'Life of St. Colette* (1879). 
 
 Parsons, Philip. An English miscellaneous 
 writer; born at Dedham in Essex, 1729; died 
 at Wye, June 12, 1812. His principal work is 
 < Monuments and Painted Glass in upwards of 
 100 Churches* (1794). He wrote also: < Inef- 
 ficacy of Satire : a Poem* (1766); ' Dialogues of 
 the Dead with the Living* (1779); 'Simplicity: 
 A Poem* (1784). 
 
 Parsons, Thomas William. An American 
 poet ; bom at Boston, Aug. 18, 1819; died at 
 Scituate, Sept. 3, 1892. He made a metrical 
 translation of the hrst ten cantos of Dante's 
 
 ■Inferno* (1843), and afterwards of the others 
 (18)7). He published a volume of poems, 
 'Ghetto di Roma* (1854); 'The Magnolia* 
 (1867); 'The Old House at Sudbury* (1870); 
 'The Shadow of the Obelisk* (1872). 
 
 Parsons, William. An English poet of the 
 i8th century ; died 1807. He wrote ' A Poetical 
 Tour* (1787); 'Ode to a Boy at Eton* (1796); 
 ' Fidelity, or Love at Firs' ,gh«-, with Other 
 Poems* (1798). 
 
 Parthenius (par-the'ne-us). A Bithynian 
 poet said to have lived in Rome in the first 
 century B. C. He wrote ' Metamorphoses * and 
 other poems, none of which are preserved ex- 
 cept one on ' Amatory Affections,* dedicated to 
 the poet Cornelius Gallus. 
 Partington, Mrs. See Shillaber. 
 Parton, James. An American writer; born 
 at Canterbury, England, Feb. 9, 1822; died at 
 Newburyport, Mass., Oct. 17, 1891. He wrote 
 many valuable biographies, as : < Life of Horace 
 Greeley* (1855); 'Life and Times of Aaron 
 Burr* (1857); ' General Butler in New Orleans* 
 (1863); ' Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin* 
 (1864); 'Famous Americans of Recent Times* 
 (1870); 'Life of Thomas Jefferson* (1874); 
 'Life of Voltaire* (1881). Among his other 
 works are : ' Humorous Poetry of the English 
 Language* (1857); 'Triumphs of Enterprise, 
 Ingenuity, and Public Spirit* (1871); 'Topics 
 of the Time* (1871); 'Caricature in all Times 
 and Lands* (1875). 
 
 Parton, Sara Pay sou Willis. ["Fanny 
 Fern.'*] An American essay-writer, sister of 
 N. P. Willis and wife of James Parton ; born in 
 Portland, Me., July 9, 1811; died in Brooklyn, 
 N. Y., Oct. 10, 1872. She is said to have con- 
 tributed an article each week, for sixteen years, 
 to the New York Ledger. She published two 
 novels, — 'Ruth Hall* (1854), a slightly veiled 
 autobiography, and 'Rose Clark* (1857); and 
 collections from her contributions to the weekly 
 press. 
 
 Partridge, John. An English poet and trans, 
 lator ; he flourished in the latter half of the i6th 
 century. Besides prose work, he wrote : ' The 
 Most Famouse and Worthie Historic of the 
 Worthy Lady Pendavola * ; ' The Worthye His- 
 toric of the Most Noble and Valiaunt Knight 
 Plasidas * ; ' The Notable Hystorie of the Two 
 Famous Princes of the World, Astianax and 
 Polixena* — all published in 1566. 
 
 Partridge, William Ordway. An American 
 sculptor and writer on art ; born in France in 
 1861. He is a resident of Milton, Mass., and 
 the author of 'Art for America* (1894); * The 
 Song Life of a Sculptor* (1894); 'The Technique 
 of Sculpture *( 1895); < The Czar's Gift * (1906). 
 
 Parzanese, ■"'"rwaulo foar-tsan-a'zej. An 
 Italian poet; born at Ariano in the kingdom 
 of Naples, about 1800; died 1852. He wrote: 
 ' Popular Songs * ; ' Songs of the Poor * ; < Mis- 
 cellaneous Verses * ; ' The Man of Viggiano.* 
 
 Pascal, Blaise ( pas-kal' ). A celebrated 
 French philosopher and mathematician; born
 
 PASQUfi— PAULI 
 
 419 
 
 at Clermont Ferrand in Auvergne, June 19, 
 1623; died at Paris, Aug. 19, 1662. Among 
 his writings are: < Letters Written by Louis 
 Montalte to a Friend in the Provinces,' better 
 known as the /Provincial Letters* (1656); 
 
 < Thoughts on Religion > (Pens^es), published 
 several years after the author's death. 
 
 Pasqiue, Ernst (pas-ka'). A German story- 
 writer and musician ; born at Cologne, Sept. 3, 
 1821 ; died at Alsbach, March 20, 1892. Among 
 his novels are : < The Grenadier of Pirmasens > 
 (1875); < The Prima Donna > (1879); < The Vaga- 
 bonds' (1886); < Stories of Musicians' (1887); 
 
 < Magdalena : Story of a German Parisian 
 Lioness' (1890). 
 
 Pasquier, Etlenne (pas-kya'). A celebrated 
 French jurisconsult; born at Paris, 1529; died 
 there, 1615. His greatest work is < Researches 
 on France,' in nine books, treating of the magis- 
 tracies, States-general, Church affairs, famous 
 trials, origin of French poetry, the French 
 language, etc. ; very important are < Pasquier's 
 Letters' (1619). 
 
 Passarge, Ludwig (pas-ar'ge). A German 
 miscellaneous writer ; born at Wollitnick near 
 Heiligenbeil, East Prussia, Aug. 6, 1825. He 
 traveled extensively in Europe, and wrote: 
 <From the Weichsel Delta' (1857); < Fragments 
 from Italy ' (i860); < Sweden, Wisby, and Copen- 
 hagen' (1867); < Summer Tours in Norway 
 (2d ed. 1884. He wrote also: < Henrik Ibsen' 
 (1883); < Baltic Stories' (1884); <From Con- 
 temporary Spain and Portugal' (1884); and 
 translated several works of Scandinavian poets. 
 
 Passerat, Jean (pas-er-a'). A French poet 
 and scholar ; born at Troyes, 1534 ; died at Paris, 
 1602. Among his works are : *■ Verses of Love 
 and the Chase ' ; < Metamorphosis of a Man into 
 a Bird > ; he wrote a complete commentary on 
 Rabelais's works, but shortly before his death 
 committed it to the flames. 
 
 Pater, Walter Horatio. An English literary 
 and art critic ; born at London, Aug. 4, 
 1839 ; died at Oxford, July 30, 1894. He wrote: 
 <rhe Renaissance : Studies in Art and Poetry' 
 (1873); <Marius the Epicurean' (1885); <Imagi- 
 nary Portraits' (18S7); 'Appreciations' (1889); 
 <Plato and Platonism' (1893); <Greek Studies' 
 and 'Miscellaneous Studies and Essays,' post- 
 humously published ( 1 895 ) . 
 
 Paterculus, Gains Velleius (pa-ter'ku-lus). 
 A Roman historian ; bom about 19 B. C. ; died 
 after 30 A. D. He was a prefect or legate in 
 the Roman army under Tiberius, and saw active 
 service in Germania, Pannonia, and Dalmatia. 
 His only extant work is the < Historise Romanae,- 
 in two books; a compendium of universal, but 
 more particularly of Roman, history. It is 
 generally trustworthy, and valuable for confirma- 
 tory evidence. 
 
 Patmore, Coventry Kearsey Deighton. An Eng- 
 lish poet ; born at Woodford, July 23, 1823 ; 
 died at Lymington, Nov. 26, 1896. He wrote: 
 <The Angel in the House' (4 parts, 1854-62 ; 
 
 7th ed. 1877); <The Unknown Eros' (1877); 
 <Amelia' (1878); 'Religio Poet?e' (1893); <The 
 Rod, the Root and the Flower' (1895); also 
 ^Principle in Art, and Other Essays' (1889). 
 
 Patmore, Peter George. An English miscel- 
 laneous writer; born at London, 1786; died 
 Dec. 19, 1855. He wrote : < Imitations of Cele- 
 brated Authors, or Imaginary Rejected Articles ' 
 (1826); <My Friends and Acquaintances, being 
 Memorials, Mind-Portraits, and Personal Recol- 
 lections,' etc. (1854); 'Marriage in Mayfair,' a 
 comedy (1854). 
 
 Patten, George Washington. An American 
 poet ; bom in Newport, R. I., Dec. 25, 1808 ; died 
 in Houlton, Me., April 28, 1882. Educated at 
 West Point, he served in the Mexican and 
 Seminole wars. He acquired some reputation 
 as a writer, and has been called the " poet- 
 laureate of the army." Among his lyrics are : 
 <The Seminole's Reply,' once declaimed by 
 most American schoolboys; <Joys that We've 
 Tasted'; and < An Episode of the Mexican 
 War.' He published in book-form: 'Artillery 
 Drill' (1861); 'Army Manual' (1863); 'Voices 
 of the Border,' a collection of his poems (1867). 
 
 Pattison, Mark. An English critic and his- 
 torian of literature; bom at Hornby in York- 
 shire, Oct. 10, 1813 ; died at Harrogate, July 30, 
 1884. His writings were for the most part con- 
 tributions to the quarterlies, and notes and com- 
 mentaries on classic authors ancient and modern. 
 His chief book is 'Isaac Casaubon' (1875), a 
 life of the great scholar giving a vivid picture 
 of literary life in the l6th century. His auto- 
 biographical ' Memoirs > (1883) come down only 
 to the year i860. 
 
 Patton, Jacob Harris. An American histor- 
 ical writer; born in Fayette County, Pa., May 
 20, 1812. Among his publications are : 'A Con- 
 cise History of the American People ' (2 vols., 
 1860-82); 'Yorktown. 1781-1881' (1881); 'The 
 Democratic Party, its History and Influence' 
 (1884); and 'The Natural Resources of the 
 United States' (1888). 
 
 Paul, John. See Webb, Charles Henry. 
 
 Paulding, James Kirke. An American novel- 
 ist; born in Dutchess County, N. Y., Aug. 22, 
 1779 ; died at Hyde Park, N. Y., April 6, i860. 
 He founded, with Washington Irving, the satir- 
 ical journal Salmagundi. He wrote : ' Lay of 
 a Scotch Fiddle' (1813); 'The United States 
 and England' (1814); 'The Diverting History 
 of John Bull and Brother Jonathan' (1816). 
 His chief novels are: ' Koningsmarke ' (1823); 
 < Tales of a Good Woman by a Doubtful Gentle- 
 man' (1823); 'John Bull in America' (1824); 
 ' Merry Tales of the Three Wise Men of Gotham > 
 (1826); 'The Dutchman's Fireside' (1831); 
 'Westward Ho!' (1832); 'The Puritan and his 
 Daughter' (1849). He wrote also 'Letters on 
 Slavery' (1835), and < Life of George Washing- 
 ton ' (2 vols., 1854). 
 
 Paull, Reinhold (pou'le). A German his- 
 torian; born at Berlin, May 25, 1823; died at
 
 420 
 
 PAULUS— PEACOCK 
 
 Bremen, June 3, 1882. Among his writings are : 
 <King Alfred and his Place in the History of 
 England> (1851J; <History of England,> con- 
 tinuation of Lappenberg's work (Vols, iii., iv., v., 
 1853-58); < Pictures of Ancient England* (i860); 
 • History of England from the Treaties of Peace 
 i8i4-i5> (3 vols., 1864-75). 
 
 Paulus, Helnrlch Eberhard Gottlol) 
 
 (pou'lus). A German theologian and Oriental- 
 ist ; born in Leonberg, Wiirtemberg, Sept. I, 
 1761; died at Heidelberg, Aug. 10, 1851. He 
 was professor of Oriental languages at Jena 
 (1789) and Heidelberg (1811). He was the 
 author of a < Philological, Critical, and Histor- 
 ical Commentary on the New Testament > (4 
 vols., 1800-4); <Exegetic Manual on the First 
 Three Gospels > ( 1830-33 and 1841-42 ) ; and 
 similar works. 
 
 Paulus Diaconus (pa'lus di-ak'o-nus) (Paul 
 the Deacon). An early Langobardian histo- 
 rian in the eighth century. He wrote a < Ro- 
 man History,' coming down to the time of 
 Justinian. In the court of Charlemagne he was 
 one of the chiefs of the literary circle. By 
 the order of Charlemagne he compiled a col- 
 lection of homilies, < Omiliarius ' ; < he wrote 
 also < History of the Bishops of Metz,' and a 
 
 < History of the Langobardi,' which however 
 he did not live to complete. 
 
 Pausanias (pa-sa'ne-as). A Greek traveler 
 of the second century of our era; a native of 
 Lydia. He wrote in ten books < The Tour of 
 Greece,* commonly called • Pausanias's De- 
 scription of Greece.' 
 
 Pautet, Jules (po-ta'). A French publicist 
 and poet ; born at Beaune, 1799 ; died 1870. 
 Among his writings are : < Evening Songs ' 
 (1838); < Abdul Medjid,' a lyric chant (1840); 
 
 < Ernest, or the Savoyard Vicar's Confession of 
 Faith > (1858); <The Pope, Austria, and Italy' 
 (1859); < Vercingetorix and Caesar,' a poem 
 (186S). 
 
 Pavlov, Nikolai Pbilippovitsli (p'av'lov). A 
 Russian story-writer and poet ; born at Moscow, 
 1802; died 1854. He wrote: < Mary Stuart,' a 
 tragedy (1828); < Lyric Poems' (1831); two series 
 of < Stories ' (1831-35); and a series of < Dramas ' 
 (1850). 
 
 Payn, James. An English editor and novelist. 
 He was born at Cheltenham, Feb. 28, 1830; died 
 in London, March 25, 1898. He graduated at 
 Cambridge in 1854, beginning at once a notable 
 literary career. From 1858 he edited Chambers' 
 Journal, for which he wrote exclusively for many 
 years. In 1882 he became editor of the Corn- 
 hill Magazine. His works reach upwards of loo 
 books, the best known being : <Lost Sir Massing- 
 berd'; <By Proxy); <The Luck of the Darrells'; 
 <The Talk of the Town'; <Some Literary Recol- 
 lections* (1886); and <Gleams of Memory' 
 (autobiographical), 1894. 
 
 Payne, John. An English poet and Oriental 
 scholar ; bom in London, Aug. 23, 1842. He 
 studied for the bar, and in 1867 became a 
 
 solicitor. Among his works are : < The Masque 
 of Shadow' (1870); < Intaglios' (1871); < Songs 
 of Life and Death' (1872); <Lautrec' (1878); 
 a translation of the < Poems of Francis Villon* 
 (1878); <New Poems' (1880); < Francis Villon 
 — a Biographical Study' (1881); a close and 
 scholarly translation of the 'Arabian Nights' 
 Entertainments,' with the addition of those 
 volumes of 'Arabian Tales' not included in 
 the common (1882 et seq.); and a translation 
 of the *Rub&iy^t> of Omar Khayydm, includ- 
 ing over 800 quatrains, several hundred more 
 than have been before translated (1897). He 
 has also made a translation of Dante's < Divina 
 Commedia,' which is unpublished. Mr. Payne 
 is a profound Oriental scholar, and a writer of 
 vigorous vernacular English. 
 
 Payne, John Howard. An American 
 dramatist and author; born in New York city, 
 June 9, 1792; died in Tunis, Africa, April 10, 
 1852. A precocious child, a successful acto" 
 and author, his chief fame rests upon the lyric 
 < Home, Sweet Home,' which occurs in one of 
 his dramas, the < Maid of Milan.' From 1841 
 until his death he was consul at Tunis; his 
 remains were removed to Washington in 1883. 
 Of his plays, < Brutus,' < Virginius,' and < Charles 
 II.' still remain popular. 
 
 Payne, William Morton. An American lit- 
 erary critic, editor of the Dial Chicago : born in 
 Massachusetts, 1858. He published < Our New 
 Education'; < Little Leaders'; ' Bjornstjerne 
 Bjornson ' ; < The American scholar of the 
 Twentieth Century ' ;< Richard Wagner — A Cy- 
 cle of Sonnets ' ; < The Greater English Potts 
 of the Nineteenth Century.' 
 
 Paz Soldan, Mariano Felipe (path sol-dan'). 
 A Peruvian geographer and historian; bom at 
 Arequipa, August 1821 ; died at Lima, Dec. 31, 
 1886. He was director of public works, twice 
 minister of justice, and the author of < Geo- 
 graphical Atlas of Peru' (1861); 'History of 
 Independent Peru' (1866); 'Dictionary of the 
 Argentine Republic* (1884); 'History of the 
 War of the Pacific* (1884); etc. During the 
 Chilean occupation he was exiled to Buenos 
 Ayres. 
 
 Peabody, Elizabetli Palmer. An American 
 writer and educator, of celebrity ; born at Bil- 
 lerica, Mass., May 16, 1804; died at Jamaica 
 Plain, Mass., Jan. 3, 1894. She became a teacher 
 in Boston in 1822 ; and was one of the first to 
 introduce the kindergarten system in the United 
 States. Besides contributions to periodicals she 
 published: 'First Steps to History* (1833); 
 'Esthetic Papers* (1849); ' The Polish-American 
 System of Chronology* (1852); 'Chronological 
 History of the United States' (1856); ' Remi- 
 niscences of Dr. Channing' (1880); 'Letters to 
 Kindergarteners' ( 1886 ); and ' The Last Even- 
 ing with Allston, and Other Papers* (1887). 
 
 Peacock, John Macleay. A Scotch verse- 
 writer; born at Kincardine, March 31, 1817; 
 died at Glasgow, May 4, 1877. His works are : 
 ' Poems and Songs' (1864); * Hours of Reverie*
 
 PEACOCK — PEELE 
 
 421 
 
 (1867); and some previously unpublished verses 
 contained in his < Life and Works' (1880). 
 
 PeacoclE, Thomas Brewer. An American 
 verse-writer; born in Ohio, 1852, and living in 
 Topeka, Kan. He has written : < Rhyme of 
 the Border War,> and < The Vendetta : Poems 
 of the Plains ' ; < Nil Desperandum.' 
 
 Peacock, Thomas Love. An English novel- 
 ist and poet; born at Weymouth, Oct. 18, 1785; 
 died at lower Halliford, near Chertsey, Jan. 23, 
 1866. He first wrote poems : < The Monks of 
 St. Mark> (1804); < Palmyra > (1806); <The Gen- 
 ius of the Thames' (1810); <The Philosophy of 
 Melancholy* (1812); and some dramas. His 
 principal novels are; < Headlong HalP (1815); 
 <Melincourt> (1816); <Maid Marian> (1822); 
 <The Misfortunes of Elphin' (1821^); < Crotchet 
 Castle > (1831); <Gryll Grange' (i860). 
 
 Feake, Richard Brinsley. An English dram- 
 atist ; born at London, Feb. 19, 1792 ; died Oct. 
 4, 1847. Among his plays are : <Amateurs and 
 Actors,' a musical farce (1818); < The Duel, or 
 my Two Nephews' (1823); < Presumption, or 
 the Fate of Frankenstein' (1824); < Comfortable 
 Lodgings, or Paris in 1750' (1827); < Before 
 Breakfast' (1828); <The Title Deeds,' a three- 
 act comedy in prose (1847). 
 
 Peale, Charles Willson. An American 
 artist, inventor, and miscellaneous writer ; born 
 in Maryland, April 16, 1741 ; died in Philadel- 
 phia, Feb. 22, 1827. He attained distinction 
 as a portrait painter, and also as a naturalist. 
 He wrote : < Essay on Building Wooden Bridges' 
 (l797)» 'Discourse Introductory to a Course of 
 Lectures on Natural History' (1800); < Do- 
 mestic Happiness' (1816). 
 
 Peale, Rembrandt. An American artist and 
 writer on art ; born in Bucks County, Pa., Feb. 
 22, 1778 ; died in Philadelphia, Oct. 3, i860. 
 He was a renowned portrait painter, and the 
 author of < Notes on Italy' (1831); < Portfolio of 
 an Artist' (1839); 'Graphics' (1845). 
 
 Peard, Frances Mary. A popular English 
 novelist, daughter of Commander G. S. Peard, 
 R. N.; born at Exminster, Devon, in 1835. 
 Among her numerous novels and historical ro- 
 mances, which have been popular both in Eng- 
 land and the United States, are : < Unawares > 
 » (1870); <The Rose-Garden' (1872); < Thorpe 
 Regis ' (1874) ; < Cartouche ' (1878) ; < Schloss and 
 Town' (1882); <The Asheldon School-Room' 
 (1883); < Prentice Hugh ' (1887) ; < The Blue Dra- 
 gon' ; <The Interloper' ;<Tlie Abbot's Bridge.' 
 
 Peattie, Mrs. Elia ( Wilkinson). An Ameri- 
 can journalist and miscellaneous writer ; born 
 in Michigan in 1862. She is connected with 
 the Chicago press. Her works include : < The 
 Judge,' a novel (1891); < With Scrip and Staff.' 
 a story of the Children's Crusade (1891); <A 
 Mountain Woman, and Other Stories' (1896). 
 
 Peck, George Wilbur. An American poli- 
 tician and humorist ; bom in New York State 
 in 1840. He was at one time mayor of Milwau- 
 kee, and subsequently governor of Wisconsin. 
 
 In 1883 he published < Peck's Bad Boy and 
 his Pa,' a humorous book which attained im- 
 mediate popularity and was subsequently suc- 
 cessfully dramatized. His other works include : 
 < A Compendium of Fun' (1883); < How Private 
 George W. Peck Put Down the Rebellion' 
 ( 1887) ; < Peck's Bad Boy with the Circus.' 
 
 Feck, Harry Thurston. An American 
 scholar and literary critic ; bom at Stamford, 
 Conn., 1856. He is a graduate of Columbia 
 College, and professor of Latin in that institu- 
 tion, now Columbia University. Since 1895 he 
 has been the American editor of the Bookman. 
 Among his works are : < The Semitic Theory of 
 Creation' (1886); < Suetonius' (1889); < Latin 
 Pronunciation' (1890); 'Dictionary of Classical 
 Antiquities and Literature ' ; ' Twenty Years of 
 the Republic' 
 
 Feck, Samuel Minturn. A popular Amer- 
 ican poet ; born in Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1854. He 
 was educated at the University of Alabama, and 
 later studied medicine in New York. He is a 
 resident of his native place, where he devotes 
 his time to literature and farming. Among his 
 works are : 'Cap and Bells ' (1886); < Rings and 
 Love Knots ' (1892); < Rhymes and Roses > ; <Fair 
 Women of To-Day ' ; < Alabama Sketches.' 
 
 Peckham, John. An English mediaeval theo- 
 logian; archbishop of Canterbury; died 1292. 
 He was a voluminous writer on theological 
 and scientific subjects. Among his works are : 
 ' Common Perspective ' ; ' Theory of the Plan- 
 ets.' In verse he wrote : < The Nightingale, 
 Harbinger of Pleasant Weather'; 'Defense of 
 the Mendicant Friars.' 
 
 Federsen, Christiern (pa'der-sen). A Dan- 
 ish scholar and historical writer; bom about 
 1480, at Svendborg on the island of Fuynen; 
 died 1554. He was an ardent Reformer. By 
 his translation of Luther's Bible — the 'Bible 
 of Christian HI.,' so called — he contributed 
 largely to the formation of the literary lan- 
 guage of Denmark. He wrote several histori. 
 cal works, and translated the 'Danish History* 
 of Saxo Grammaticus. 
 
 Fedoue, Frangols (ped-b-a'). A French 
 poet; bom at Paris, 1603; died at Chartres, 
 1667. His works are : ' Essays in Poetry and 
 in Praise of a Lady' (1624); 'Early Works of 
 the Sieur Pedoue ' ; and ' The Polished Citizen > 
 (1631). Thereafter he renounced poetry and 
 set about compiling a work on mystical the- 
 ology, ' The Granada Collection.' 
 
 Peebles, Mrs. Mary Louise (Parmlee). 
 [«Lynde Palmer."] An American writer of 
 juvenile tales; bom in Lansingburg, N. Y., 
 Dec. 10, 1833. Among her books are : < The Little 
 Captain' (1861); < Helps over Hard Places' 
 (1862); <The Good Fight' (1865); 'The Hon- 
 orable Club' (1867); < Drifting and Steering' 
 (1867 J; < Archie's Shadow' (1869); ' Jeannette's 
 Cisterns ' ; < The Spirit's Pathway ' ; Five Jour- 
 neys Around tlic ^^'orld.' 
 
 Peele, George. An English dramatist ; born 
 1553 (?); died 1597 (?). He wrote: < The Ar- 
 raignment of Paris,' a comedy (15S4I; < 'Die 
 Chronicle History of Edward I.' (1593); 'The
 
 422 
 
 PEET--PENN 
 
 Battle of Alcazar > {1594); 'The Old Wives' 
 Tale> (1595); 'David and Bethsabe > (i599); 
 »Sir Clyomon and Sir Clamydes > (1599)- 
 
 Peet, Stephen Denlson. An American cler- 
 gyman and archaeologist; born at Euclid, O., 
 Dec. 2, 1830. He is a Congregational minister 
 of Wisconsin, and an authority on the works 
 of the mound-builders and American archaeol- 
 ogy in general. Among his works are : <Ancient 
 Architecture in America > (1884); 'Picture Writ- 
 ing > (1885); < The Effigy Mounds of Wisconsin) 
 (1888); 'Prehistoric America> (1890-95). 
 
 Pelabon, Etienne (pa-la-bon). A Proven9al 
 poet; born at Toulon, 174S; died at Marseilles, 
 1808. He wrote a two-act comedy in patois 
 verse (1790), which had extraordinary success. 
 He wrote also: 'Patriotic Reunion,' in verse 
 and in one act ; < Matthew and Anne > ; < The 
 Sansculottes.* 
 
 Feladan, JosepMn (pa-la-dan'). ["The Sar.»] 
 A French mystical writer ; born at Lyons, 1859. 
 He gave himself out to be a descendant of the 
 last of the Babylonian kings, and as such took 
 the name or title of "Sar,» and assumed a 
 theatrical garb. He reinstituted the Templar 
 Order of the Rosy Cross, of which he was 
 grand master. For the "salon of the Rosy 
 Cross » he prepared dramatic pieces, among 
 them : ' The Son of the Stars,> a sort of Wag- 
 nerian-Chaldaic play in three acts (1892); and 
 'Babylon,' a tragedy in four acts (1893). His 
 masterpiece is a romantic cyclus, ' Latin Deca- 
 dence,' a mixture of astrology, mysticism, and 
 esotericism. The first romance in the cyclus is 
 'The Supreme Vice' (1886); others are 'The 
 Man-Woman > ( 1890); < TheWoman-Man '(1891). 
 He has written also < /Esthetic Decadence ' and 
 'Ochlocratic Art' ; 'Introduction to History of 
 Painting.' 
 
 Pellegrin Simon-Josepli (pel-gran'). A 
 French dramatist ; born at Marseilles, 1663 ; died 
 at Paris, 1745. Among his works are : ' Poly- 
 dorus,' a tragedy (1705); 'Death of Ulysses' 
 (1706); 'The New World,' comedy (1723); 'Di- 
 vorce of Love and Reason' (1724); 'Pastor 
 Fido' (1726); 'Hymen's School; or, Her Hus- 
 band's Sweetheart' (1742). He wrote also a 
 great many religious poems. 
 
 Pelletan, Pierre Clement Eugene (pel-ton'). 
 A French publicist ; born Oct. 29, 1813 ; died Dec. 
 13, 1884. Under the signature "An Unknown," 
 he won distinction as a literary and phil- 
 osophical critic and writer on social questions 
 in the Paris Presse. Noteworthy among his 
 writings are : ' The Extinguished Lamp,' a philo- 
 sophical novel (1840); ' Dogma : the Clergy and 
 the State' (1848); 'Rights of Man' (1858); 
 'Some People and Others' (1873), a curious 
 collection of personal reminiscences. 
 
 Pellew, [William] George (pel'o). An 
 American writer ; born in England in 1859 ; died 
 in New York city, Feb. 18-19, 1892. Among 
 his works are : <ln Castle and Cabin, or Talks 
 in Ireland' (1888); 'Woman and the Common- 
 wealth' (1888); 'Lifeof John Jay' (1888). 
 
 Pellico, Silvio (pel'le-ko). An It^ilian poet; 
 born at Saluzzo in Piedmont, June 24. 1788; 
 died at Turin, Jan. 31, 1854. His works are the 
 tragedies ' Laodicea,' 'Francesca of Rimini,' 
 and 'Eufemio of Messina' (1820). During his 
 incarceration in the prison of Santa Margherita 
 in Milan, he wrote the tragedies ' Iginia of 
 Asti,' ' Ester of Engaddi,' and ' Leonerio of 
 Dertonia.' He told the story of his prison life 
 in ' My Prisons.' After his liberation he wrote 
 the tragedies ' Gismonda da Mendrisio,' ' Hero- 
 dias,' and ' Thomas More ' ; also some poetical 
 narratives and lyric poems. 
 
 Pellissier, Charles Marie Atbanase (pel-is- 
 ya'). A French theologian; born at Bordeaux, 
 1810; died 1871. He entered the ministry of 
 the French Protestant Church 1847, and attained 
 high distinction as a pulpit orator and polemist. 
 He wrote an 'Appeal to Catholics, or Essay 
 on the Duty of Examining ' ; also several poems ; 
 and made a versified translation of the Book 
 of Job. 
 
 Pelloutier, Simon (pel-bt-ya'). A German 
 historian ; born at Leipsic, 1694; died at Berlin, 
 1757. He wrote a 'History of the Celts' (2 
 vols., 1740-50), a work of immense research 
 and written in most attractive style. 
 
 Pels, Andreas (pels). A Dutch poet of the 
 17th century; died at Amsterdam in 1681. His 
 principal works are : ' Death of Dido,' a tragedy ; 
 ' lulfus,' comedy ; a poem ' On the Use and 
 Abuse of the Theatre' (1671). 
 
 Pemberton, Max. An English journalist, 
 editor, and novelist. He has been a contributor 
 to Vanity Fair, and editor of Chums, a boys' 
 paper, and is now in charge of Cassell's Maga- 
 zine. He has published : ' The Iron Pirate ' 
 (1894), < Sea- Wolves' (1894), and 'The Im- 
 pregnable City' (1895), stories of adventure; 
 'The Little Huguenot'; 'A Puritan's Wife' 
 (1896); < A Gentleman's Gentleman ' ; 'Christine 
 of the Hills'; 'Red Moon' (1904); 'The Fin- 
 ishing School > (play), (1904). 
 
 Pendleton, Louis [Beauregard]. An Amer- 
 ican novelist and writer of juvenile literature ; 
 born in Georgia in 1861. His works deal prin- 
 cipally with Southern scenes and characters, 
 the most popular being: 'In the Wire Grass' 
 (1889); < King Tom and the Runaways' (1890), a 
 juvenile tale ; 'The Sons of Ham' ( 1895); < In the 
 Okefenokee '; ' A Forest Drama > ; ' In Assyrian 
 Tents.' 
 
 Penn, Granville. An English theological 
 writer ; born at London, Dec. 9, 1761 ; died 
 1844. He made a critical revision of the New 
 Testament — 'The Book of the New Covenant 
 of our Lord' (1836); 'Annotations' to the 
 same (1837); 'Remarks on the Eastern Ori- 
 gination of Mankind and of the Arts of Cul- 
 tivated Life' (1799). 
 
 Penn, John. An English miscellaneous 
 writer; born at London, Feb. 22, 1760; died 
 June 21, 1834. He wrote : ' The Battle of Ed- 
 dington, or British Liberty,' a drama (1792); a 
 volume of 'Poems' (1794); 'Letters on the
 
 PENN — PEREY 
 
 Drama > (1796); < Virgil's Fourth Eclogue, with 
 Notes > (1825). 
 
 Penn, William. The founder of Pennsyl- 
 vania ; born at London, Oct. 14, 1644 ; died 
 July 30, 1718. He wrote: < Truth Exalted,* a 
 religious tract expounding the doctrines or 
 principles of the Friends (1668); <A Sandy 
 Foundation Shaken > (1668), an impeachment 
 of the Athanasian Creed; <No Cross, No 
 Crown > (1669), written in the prison of the 
 Tower of London, to which he had been com- 
 mitted for publication of the Anti-Athanasian 
 tract without license ; < Reasonableness of Tol- 
 eration* (1689); < Primitive Christianity Revived 
 in the Faith and Practice of the People Called 
 Quakers* (1696); and many other works. 
 
 Pennell, Henry Cholmondeley. An English 
 poet and writer on angling ; born in 1837. After 
 serving in various departments of the Admi- 
 ralty, he was selected to carry out commercial 
 reforms for the Kliedive of Egypt. His poetical 
 works are well known, among them being : < Puck 
 on Pegasus* (1861); < The Crescent* (1866); 
 <The Muses of Mayfair* (1874); <From Grave 
 to Gay* (1885). On angling and ichthyology 
 he has written: < The Angler-Naturalist* (1864); 
 <The Modem Practical Angler* (1873); two 
 volumes on fishing in the < Badminton Library * ; 
 articles in the Fisherman's Magazine and Re- 
 view, of which he was editor 1864-65. 
 
 Pennell, Mrs. Elizabeth (Robins) (pen'el). 
 An American writer, wife of Joseph. For many 
 years she has been a resident of London, and 
 has traveled extensively in Europe. Besides 
 contributions to the Atlantic, the Century, and 
 other magazines, she has published numerous 
 books, illustrated by her husband, and in some 
 cases written in collaboration with him, the 
 best known being : < A Canterbury Pilgrimage * 
 (1885); <Two Pilgrims' Progress* (1886); < Our 
 Journey to the Hebrides* (1889); <Play in 
 Provence* (1891); < To Gipsyland* (1892); 
 < Feasts of Autolycus* (1896). 
 
 Pennell, Joseph. An American illustrator 
 and author; born in Pennsylvania in i860. Besides 
 works written in collaboration with his wife, he 
 has published: < Pen Drawing and Pen Draughts- 
 men * (1889); <The Jew at Home * ; < Modern Il- 
 lustration * ; < Lithography and Lithographers.* 
 
 Pennie, John Fitzgerald. An English dra- 
 matic writer ; born at East Lulworth in Dorset- 
 shire, March 25, 1782 ; died at Storborough, near 
 \Vareham,July 13, 1848. Among his dramas are : 
 <The Varangian, or Masonic Honor*; < Ethel- 
 red the Usurper* (1817); < Ethelwolf, or the 
 Danish Pirates* (1821); he wrote also < The 
 Royal Minstrel,* an epic poem (1817). 
 
 Pentecost, George Frederick. An Ameri- 
 can clergyman and religious writer ; born at 
 Albion, 111., in 1843. He was at one time con- 
 nected with the Baptist and Congregational 
 Churches, but of late has been more prominent 
 as an evangelist. His best works are : < The 
 Angel in the Marble' (1877); <Out of Egypt* 
 
 (1884); < The Christian and the Modern Dance * 
 
 ( iS84i ; < Bible Studies > ; < Precious Truths.* 
 
 Pepys, Samuel (peeps or peps). A cele- 
 brated English diarist ; born in London, Feb. 
 23, 1632-3; died there. May 26, 1703. He wrote 
 the < Diary* which bears his name, beginning 
 it in January 1660, and making the last entry 
 May 31, 1669. 
 
 Peralta-Barnuevo, Pedro de (pa-ral'ta-bar- 
 no-a'voj. A Peruvian historian of the first half 
 of the i8th century. Among his works are : 
 <The Founding of Lima* (1718); < History of 
 Spain Vindicated* (1730). 
 
 Perce, Elbert. An American writer and 
 litterateur of New York city; born in New 
 York in 1831 ; died in 1869. He published : 
 <01d Carl the Cooper* (1854); <The Last of 
 his Name* (1854); < The Battle Roll* (1857); 
 <His Three Voyages*; and several translations 
 from the Swedish. 
 
 Percival, James Gates. An American poet 
 and scientist ; born in Kensington, Conn., Sept. 
 15, 1795 ; died at Hazel Green, Wis., May 2, 1856. 
 During his career he was a professor of chem- 
 istry at West Point, army surgeon, botanist, and 
 State geologist of Connecticut; but will be 
 best remembered as a poet. His chief works 
 are: < Prometheus* (1820); <Clio* (1822), prose 
 and verse; < Dream of a Day* (1843). 
 
 Percy, Thomas. An English poet; born at 
 Bridgenorth in Shropshire, April 13, 1728 or 
 1729; died at Dromore, Ireland, Sept. 30, 1811. 
 He was a minister of the English Church; 
 was made dean of Carlisle in 1778, and bishop 
 of Dromore in 1782. He made a collection of 
 old popular ballads and songs, published under 
 the title < Reliques of Ancient English Poetry* 
 (3 vols., 1765), which ultimately transformed 
 English poetic style and matter. He wrote 
 the ballad < The Hermit of Warkworth,* and 
 the song < O Nanny, Wilt Thou Gang wi' Me.* 
 
 Pereda, Jose Maria de (per-a'da). A Span- 
 ish story-writer ; born at Polanco, near Santan- 
 der, Feb. 7, 1834. He wrote many charming 
 descriptions of life in rural Spain and in Ma- 
 drid. Among his stories are : <Sotileza* (1888); 
 <Don Gonzalo Gonzalez de la Gonzalera*(i889); 
 <La Puchera'; <La Montalvez.* Died Mar. 2, 1906. 
 
 Pereira da Silva, Joao Manuel (pe-ra'ra da 
 sel'va). A Braziban historian : born at Rio de 
 Janeiro, 1818. He wrote : < History of the 
 Founding of the Empire of Brazil * (3 vols., 
 1864-68); < Brazilian Plutarch* (2 vols.', 1866); 
 
 < Jeronimo Corte-Real * ; < Portuguese Literature : 
 Its Past and Present* (1866); < Second Period of 
 the Reign of Dom Pedro I. in Brazil* (1875); 
 
 < History of Brazil during the Minority of 
 Dom Pedro IL, 1831-40* (1882); < Epic Poetry* 
 (1889). 
 
 Perey, Luce (par-a), pseudonym of Luce 
 Herpin. A French critic and essayist ; born in 
 Carouge, Switzerland, 1845. Her best works 
 are : <A Woman of the World in the i8th Cen- 
 tury : The Youth of Madame d'^pinay * ; < The
 
 424 
 
 PEREZ — PERRQT 
 
 Last Years of Madame d'Epinay>; and <The 
 Private Life of Voltaire at D^lices and at 
 Femey.' 
 
 Perez, Antonio (pa'rath). A Spanish states- 
 man and historian; born 1539; died at Paris, 
 i6n. His principal work is 'Relations of An- 
 tonio Perez, Secretary of State of Philip II.> 
 (1589). As revealing the secrets of Philip IL's 
 life as a king and a man, it had a wide circu- 
 lation : from this work was made up a volume 
 of 'Aphorisms of Antonio Perez >; also a vol- 
 ume of < Noteworthy Passages Taken from the 
 Writings of Don Antonio Perez > (1602). 
 
 Perez, Pedro Ildefonso. A Mexican poet; 
 born at Merida in Yucatan, Jan. 23, 1826 ; died 
 tnere, Feb. 21, 1869. He wrote : 'The Martyrs 
 of Independence ' ; ' The Prison of Life > ; < The 
 Smuggler,* a tragedy. 
 
 Perez de Zambrana, Lulsa (pa'rath da 
 tham-bra-na). A Cuban story-writer and poet; 
 born at El Cobre near Santiago, 1837. She 
 wrote the novels < Angelica and Stella,' and 
 ♦The Executioner's Daughter'; several of her 
 poems were translated into Italian and French. 
 
 Perez Galdos, Benito. See Galdos. 
 
 Perfall, Karl, Baron von (per'fal). A Ger- 
 man story-writer and art critic ; born at Lands- 
 berfT on the Lech, Dec. 11, i8S3- Under the 
 pseudonym " Theodor von der Ammer," he 
 wrote ' Munich Pictures : Humor and Satire 
 irom isar- Athens ' (2d ed. 1878); and under his 
 own name the novels < Ghosts of Quality ' 
 (1883); 'Wedding of Herr von Radenau> (1884); 
 •Viscountess Bossu' (1885); 'The Langstein- 
 frs> (I.S86);' Natural Love > (1890) 'The Devout 
 \VmI,,w> (2ded. 1890); 'Lost Eden: Holy Grail > 
 ('•^'M); < At tlie Table of Life > (1902). 
 
 Perfetti, Bernardino (per-fet'te). An Italian 
 poet ; born at Siena, 1681 ; died 1747. He was 
 an improvvisatore, and accompanied with the 
 lyre his verses as he composed them ; he was 
 as ready to versify a thesis of philosophy or of 
 jurisprudence as to compose a lyric poem. A 
 collection of his verses was published in 1748 
 under the title < Poetic Essays.' 
 
 Perl, Gian Domenico (per'e), sumamed " The 
 Poet of the Woods." An Italian poet ; born 
 in the district of Siena, about 1570 ; died 1638. 
 He wrote < Comedies of the Woods ' and 
 ' Shepherds' Dramas.' After reading the Bi- 
 ble and Tasso, he essayed more ambitious 
 themes, and wrote a poem on the creation of 
 the world, entitled ' Chaos > ; but it was never 
 published. He wrote some spirited satires on 
 the corrupt manners of his time in the highest 
 and lowest classes of society. 
 
 Perkins, Charles Callahan. An American 
 writer and lecturer on art ; born in Boston, 
 March 1823; died at Windsor, Vt., Aug. 25, 
 1886. He was a prominent art critic and lect- 
 urer, and president of the Boston Art Club 
 (1869-79). His published works include :' Ital- 
 ian Sculptors' (1868); 'Raphael and Michel 
 Angelo' (1878); 'Sepulchral Monuments in 
 
 Italy' (1883). He was also critical editor of 
 the 'Cyclopaedia of Paintings and Painters* 
 
 (1892). 
 
 Perkins, Eli. See Landon, Melville de 
 Lancey. 
 
 Perkins, Frederic Beecher. An American 
 miscellaneous writer; born in Hartford, Conn., 
 Sept. 27, 1828. He received his education at 
 Yale ; studied law, and was admitted to the 
 bar in 1851. He was librarian of the San 
 Francisco Library from 1880 to 1887. Among 
 his works are : ' Scrope ; or. The Lost Library ' 
 (1874), a novel; 'Devil Puzzlers, and Other 
 Studies > ( 1877) ; ' Life of Dickens > ( 1877) ; ' The 
 Best Reading' (1877). He died 1899- 
 
 Perkins, James Breck. An American lawyer 
 and historical writer of Rochester, N. Y. ; born 
 at St. Croix Falls, Wis., Nov. 4, 1847. His chief 
 works are: 'France under Mazarin' (1886); 
 'France under the Regency' (1892); 'France 
 under Louis XV.' ; ' Richelieu ' (1900). 
 
 Perkins, Justin. An American missionary ; 
 born at West Springfield, Mass., March 12, 1805 ; 
 died in Chicopee, Mass., Dec. 31, 1869. He 
 was educated at Amherst and Andover. In 
 1833 he went to Persia as a missionary, and was 
 active in establishing schools in that country. 
 His works include : ' Residence of Eight Years 
 in Persia' (1843); 'Missionary Life in Persia' 
 (1861). 
 
 Perrault, Charles (pa-ro'). A French poet; 
 born at Paris, Jan. 12, 1628 ; died there. May 
 16, 1703. He wrote a poem on ' The Age of 
 Louis the Great' (1687); a 'Parallel between 
 the Ancients and the Moderns ' ; and a series 
 of immortal fairy-tales in prose : ' Stories of my 
 Mother the Goose' (1697), containing 'Puss in 
 Boots,' < Red Riding Hood,' ' Bluebeard,' ' Cin- 
 derella,' 'Tom Thumb,' etc. 
 
 Perrens, Fran50is Tommy (per-raris'). A 
 F'rench historian ; born at Bordeaux, Sept. 20, 
 1822 ; died Feb. 4, 1901. Among his works 
 are: 'Jerome Savonarola' (1854); 'Church and 
 State under Henri IV.' (1872); 'Democracy in 
 France in the Middle Ages' (1873); 'General 
 History of Paris); 'History of Florence from 
 the Beginning to the Domination of the Medicis' 
 (6 vols., 1877-S4); continued down to the fall 
 of the republic (3 vols., 1893). 
 
 Ferret, Paul (per-a'). A French novelist ; 
 born at Paimbceuf (Loire Inf^rieure), Feb. 12, 
 1830. He wrote : ' Life's Seven Crosses ' ; ' Eve's 
 Fair Daughters'; 'Neither Maid nor Widow' 
 (1879); 'What Love Costs' ( 1881 ); 'Half- 
 Marriages' (1881); 'King Margot' (1887); 
 'The Last Dreamers' (1890). 
 
 Perrot, Georges ( per-ro'). A celebrated 
 French archaeologist and historian of art ; born 
 at Villeneuve-Saint-Georges ( Seine-et-Oise ), 
 Nov. 12, 1832. He became professor of archae- 
 ology in the Faculty of Letters ( 1877 ), and 
 director of the Upper Normal School (1883). 
 During his archaeological investigations in 
 Asia Minor, he made the first complete copy
 
 PERRY — PETERSON 
 
 425 
 
 of the celebrated inscription on the monument 
 to Augustus at Ancyra. He enjoys a world- 
 wide reputation as co-author, with the archi- 
 tect C. Chipiez, of a < History of Art in An- 
 tiquity* (1881-89), in five volumes, treating of 
 art in Egypt, Chakiiva, Asia Minor, etc. He also 
 wrote < The Forerunners of Demosthenes' and 
 < Crete — Past and Future.* 
 
 Perry, Bliss. An American educator and 
 writer of fiction ; born in Massachusetts in i860. 
 He was professor of oratory and aesthetic criti- 
 cism at Princeton University. He has pub- 
 lished : <The Broughton House > (1890); < Salem 
 Kittredge, and Other Stories > (1894); <The 
 Plated City > ( 1895) ; < The Powers at Play> ; < The 
 Amateur Spirit.' 
 
 Perry, Charlotte Augusta. An American 
 poet : born in Wisconsin in 1848. In 1888 she 
 published a volume of poems under the name 
 « Carlotta Perry.» 
 
 Perry, Mary Alice. An American writer of 
 fiction ; born in Massachusetts in 1854 ; died in 
 1883. Her works include < Esther Pennefather,' 
 and < More Ways Than One.' 
 
 Perry, Nora. An American poet and writer 
 of fiction; born at Dudley, Mass.. in 1832; died 
 there May 13, 1896. For many years she was 
 a correspondent of the Chicago Tribune and the 
 Providence Journal. She early gained a repu- 
 tation as a poet, but of late was more widely 
 known as a writer of stories for girls. Her 
 ■works include: < After the Ball, and Other 
 Poems' ( 1875); <For a W^oman' ( 1885), a novel ; 
 <New Songs and Ballads' (1886); <A Flock of 
 Girls' (1887); <A Rosebud Garden of Girls) 
 (1892); <Hope Benham' (1894). 
 
 Perry, Tbomas Sergeant. An American 
 educator, critic, and author; born at Newport, 
 R. F, 1845. He graduated at Harvard in 1866; 
 was tutor in German there, 1868-72 ; and in- 
 structor in English, 1877-81. He has spent 
 many years abroad, and is a frequent contrib- 
 utor to magazines. One of his best efforts is 
 <The Evolution of the Snob' (1887). His other 
 works are : < English Literature in the i8th 
 Century' (1883); <From Opitz to Lessing' 
 (1884); < History of Greek Literature' (1890). 
 
 Perry, William Stevens. An Am^iican cler- 
 gyman and writer ; born in Providence, R. I., 
 Jan. 22, 1832 ; died at Dubuque, Iowa, May 
 13, 1898. He became bishop of Iowa in 1876. 
 He wrote : 'Documentary History of the Protes- 
 tant Episcopal Church' (1863); <FIistory of the 
 American Episcopal Church' (1885); <Life 
 Lessons from the Book of Proverbs' (1885). 
 
 Persius Flaccus, Aulus (per'ze-us flak'us). 
 A Latin satiric poet; born at Volaterrse in 
 Etruria, 34 A. D. ; died 62 A. D. He wrote but 
 six satires, and they are all extant. The mean- 
 ing is often very obscure because of unintelli- 
 ble allusions and excessive brevity. 
 
 Pesado, Jose Joaquin (pa-za'do). A Mexi- 
 can poet ; born at San Agustin de Palmar, Feb. 
 9, 1801 ; died at Mexico, 1861. His works are 
 collected in the volume < Original and Trans- 
 lated Poems' (3d ed. 1886). 
 
 Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich (pes-ta-lot'se). 
 A Swiss educationist ; born at Ziirich, Jan. 12, 
 1746 ; died at Brugg in Aargau, Feb. 17, 1827. 
 Inspired by Rousseau's <Emile,' he decided to 
 work for the reformation of the systems of 
 popular schooling. He wrote a celebrated story 
 of village life, < Lienhart and Gertrude' (4 vols., 
 1781-89); its sequel, < Christopher and Else' 
 (1782); < Researches on the Course of Nature 
 in the Development of the Human Race ' (1797); 
 
 < How Gertrude Teaches her Children : An Es- 
 say toward Directing Mothers how to Educate 
 their Children' (i8oi);<Life and its Fortunes,' 
 autobiographical (1825); < The Simplest Way 
 to Educate a Child from the Cradle to the 
 Sixth Year' (1825) ; and his < Swan Song '(1826). 
 
 Peter, Karl Ludwig (pa'ter). A German 
 historian ; born at Freyburg on the Unstrut, 
 April 6, 1808; died at Jena, Aug. Ii, 1893. 
 Among his works are : ' Epochs in the History 
 of the Roman Constitution' (1841); < Studies 
 in Roman History' (1863); < Criticism of the 
 Sources of Ancient Roman History' (1879). 
 
 Peters, Samuel Andrew. An American 
 clerg>Tnan and author ; born at Hebron, Conn., 
 1735; died in New York, 1826. He was or- 
 dained a minister in the Church of England 
 at Hartford in 1760. In 1774 he sailed to 
 England to escape persecution on account of 
 his toryism, and in 1781 published the satirical 
 
 < General History of Connecticut,' which gave 
 rise to the misconception as to ** Blue Laws," 
 which were in the brain of Peters instead of 
 having ever been on the statute-books of Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 Petersen, Niels Mathias (pa'der-sen). A 
 Danish historian and philologist ; born at 
 Sanderum in the island of Fuynen, Oct. 24, 
 1791 ; died at Copenhagen, May 11, 1862. He 
 was appointed professor of Nor.se languages 
 in the University of Copenhagen in 1845. 
 Among his numerous works are : < History of 
 the Danish, Nor\vegian, and Swedish Lan- 
 guages' (2 vols., 1829-30); < History of Den- 
 mark in Heathenism' (3 vols., 2d ed. 1854); 
 < Norse Mythology' (2d ed. 1862); < History of 
 Danish Literature' (5 vols., 2d ed. 1867-71). 
 
 Peterson, Charles Jacobs. An American 
 publisher and novelist ; born in Philadelphia, 
 1S18; died there, 1887. He was the founder of 
 Peterson's Magazine, and the author of several 
 popular novels. His works include : < Military 
 Heroes of the United States' (1847); < Cruising 
 in the Last War' (1849); < Grace Dudley ' (1849); 
 Kate Aylesford' (1855); < Mabel' (1857). 
 
 Peterson, Frederick. An American physi- 
 cian and poet ; born in Minnesota in 1859. 
 He has published < Poems and Swedish Trans- 
 lations ' (1883); and < In the Shade of YgdrasiP 
 ( 1893) ; < A Song of the Latter Day ' (1904). 
 
 Peterson, Henry. An American journalist 
 and poet, cousin of Charles J. ; born in Phila- 
 delphia, 1818; died in 1891. For twenty years 
 he was on the editorial staff of the Philadelphia
 
 436 
 
 PETIS DE LA CROIX— PFEFFEL 
 
 Saturday Evening Post. Among his works are : 
 <The Modern Job, and Other Poems > (1869); 
 
 < Faire-Mount > (1874); 'Csesar: A Dramatic 
 Study > (1879). 
 
 Petls de la Croix, Francois (pa-te' de la 
 krwa'). A French Orientalist; born in Paris 
 in 1653; died in 1713. He was secretary to 
 the French ambassador in Morocco, and greatly 
 assisted in negotiating the treaties of peace be- 
 tween France, Tunis, and Tripoli. From 1692 
 he was professor of Arabic in the Royal College 
 of France. He translated from the Persian 
 <The Thousand and One Days> (5 vols., 
 1710-12). His great work <The History of 
 Timur,> from the Arabic of Ali Yazdi, was 
 published nine years after his death (4 vols., 
 1722), and translated into English in 1723. 
 
 Petit de Julleville, Louis (pete' de zhiil- 
 vel'). A French historian of literature ; born 
 at Paris, July 18, 1841 ; died there Aug. 28, 
 igcxD. Hebecame professor of French literature 
 in the Sorbonne. His principal work is 'His- 
 tory of the Theatre in France' (5 vols., 1880-86); 
 it is very full with regard to the old French 
 theatre. He gives in <The Theatre in France* 
 (1889) an account of the evolution of the 
 French drama down to the present time. In 
 1896 he commenced the publication of a < His- 
 tory of the French Language and Literature,* to 
 be comprised in 8 vols. 
 
 Petbfi, Alexander (pa-te'fe). A celebrated 
 Hungarian poet ; born at Kis-Koros, near Pesth, 
 Jan. I, 1823; died July 31, 1849. Among his 
 chief works are: <The Wine-Bibbers > (1842); 
 ' The Hangman's Rope > ; < Coriolanus,' trans- 
 lated from Shakespeare (1848); < Arise, Ye Mag- 
 yars* (1848). 
 
 Petrarch, Francesco (pe'trark). The great- 
 est of Italian lyric poets; born at Arezzo, July 
 20, 1304 ; died at Arqui, July 18, 1374. He wrote 
 mostly in Latin ; but his fame rests on his lyrics 
 written in the vulgar tongue, and his < Rime, * 
 containing sonnets (227), ballads, songs, etc. 
 In Latin verse he wrote : < Africa,' an epic in 
 hexameters, recounting the feats of Scipio Afri- 
 canus the Elder ; a < Bucolic Poem * ; a volume 
 of 68 < Metrical Epistles.* His chief writings in 
 Latin prose are : < Of Contempt of the World > ; 
 
 < Of the Solitary Life * ; < Of the Remedies for 
 Either Fortune* ; < Memoranda,' brief historical 
 and legendary anecdotes; < Of Illustrious Men*; 
 <Of True Wisdom'; < Of his Own and Others' 
 Ignorance.' 
 
 Petrie, W.M. Flinders (pe'tre). A celebrated 
 English Egyptologist, grandson of Capt. Flin- 
 ders the Australian explorer ; born June 3, 1853. 
 He made measurements of prehistoric monu- 
 ments in Britain (1875-80); discovered and exca- 
 vated the Grseco-Egyptian city of Naukratis, 
 m the Delta ; and examined the interior of the 
 pyramids at Hawara and Illahun. The results 
 of his researches are found in < Stonehenge : 
 Plans, etc.* (1881); < Pyramids and Temples of 
 Gizeh' (1883); <Tanis' (1885-88); < Ten Years' 
 Diggings in Egypt' (1892), a popular summary 
 ol Ins Egyptian work ;• Ko}al Tombs ' (1900-01). 
 
 Petronius Arbiter (pe-tro'ne-us ar'bit-er). 
 A Latin writer of satirical fiction. He lived 
 in the first century of our era, but nothing is 
 known with certainty of his life. Of his story 
 or novel, called *■ Satires,' which originally con- 
 sisted of about 20 « books," there is extant 
 a considerable fragment, < Trimalchio's Ban- 
 quet.* 
 
 Petrucelli della Gattina, Ferdinando 
 
 (pa-tro-chel'e del'la gat-te'na). An Italian 
 politician and journalist ; born in Naples, 1813. 
 He wrote : < Preliminaries of the Roman Ques- 
 tion* (i860); <King of Kings,* a study of 
 Hildebrand (2d ed. 1865); < Diplomatic His- 
 tory of Conclaves* (4 vols., 1864-65). 
 
 Peyrebrune, Georges de — Mathilde Geor- 
 gina Elisabeth de Peyrebrune de Judicis 
 
 (par-briin'). A French novelist ; born in Dor- 
 dogne in 1848. She is one of the most popular 
 women novelists in France, and has written : 
 <Gatienne> (1882); <Jean Bernard* (1883); <A 
 Separation' (1884); <The Brothers Colombe* 
 (1S85), one of her best works; <A Decadent* 
 (1888); <The Romance of a Bas-Bleu* (1892), 
 showing the dangers of a literary career for 
 women. 
 
 Peyrol, or Peyrot, Antoine (pa-roT). A 
 Provencal poet ; born at Avignon in the be- 
 ginning of the 17th century ; died about 1780. 
 His < Christmas Carols' (Noels) are published 
 with those of two other Provencal poets, Sa- 
 boly and Roumanillo (1852). 
 
 Peyton, John Lewis. An American lawyer 
 and author; born in Staunton, Va., Sept. 15, 
 1824. He studied law at the University of 
 Virginia, and subsequently practiced in Chi- 
 cago. In 1861 he went to Europe as agent of 
 the Confederacy, and remained abroad until 
 1880. He has published: < Adventures of My 
 Grandfather' (1867); <The American Crisis* 
 (1867); <Over the Alleghanies' (1869); < Me- 
 morials of Nature and Art' (1881). Died 1896. 
 
 Pfau, Ludwig (pfou). A German lyric poet 
 and art critic ; born at Heilbronn, Aug. 25, 
 1821 ; died at Stuttgart, April 12, 1894. He 
 took a prominent part in the Baden revolu- 
 tion, 1848 ; and was editor of the Owl-Glass, 
 one of the most spirited comic journals of that 
 day. He wrote: < Voices of the Time' (1848); 
 'German Sonnets for the Year 1850' (1849); 
 translated into German 'Breton Folk-Songs' 
 (1859). Among his works in art criticism are: 
 <Art in the State' (3d ed. 1888); 'Contempo- 
 rary Art in Belgium ' ; ' Art and Criticism ' 
 (1877). 
 
 Pfefifel, Gottlieb Konrad (pfa'fel). A Ger- 
 man poet ; born at Colmar, June 28, 1736 ; died 
 there. May i, 1809. He became totally blind 
 in 1758. He is best known as a fabulist. He 
 wrote ' Ibrahim ' ; ' The Tobacco Pipe ' ; ' The- 
 atrical Diversions after French Models' (1765); 
 ' Dramatic Plays for Children ' (1769). A selec- 
 tion from his 'Fables and Poetical Narratives* 
 was published in 1810.
 
 PFEIFFER — PHILLIPS 
 
 427 
 
 Pfeiffer, Ida Reyer (pfl'fer). An Austrian 
 traveler; born at Vienna, Oct. 15, 1797; died 
 tliere, Oct. 28, 1858. Her travels were made in 
 both hemispheres. Among her books are : 
 
 < Travels of a Viennese Woman in the Holy 
 Land> (2 vols., 1843); 'Travels in the Scandi- 
 navian North and Iceland' (2 vols., 1846); <A 
 Lady's Voyage Round the World > (1850); < My 
 Second Voyage Round the World > (4 vols., 
 1856); < Voyage to Madagascar > (2 vols., 1861). 
 
 Pfizer, Gustav (pfe'tser). A German poet; 
 born at Stuttgart, July 29, 1807 ; died there, July 
 19,1890. His principal works are: < Poems > 
 (1831; a second series 1835); < Life of Martin 
 Luther > (1836); < Poems Epical and Epico- 
 LyricaP (1840); the poem <The Italian and the 
 German : /Eneas Silvius Piccolomini and Gregor 
 von Heimburg> (1844); < History of Alexander 
 the Great < (1S47); < History of the Greeks.' 
 
 Pbsedrus (fe'drus). A Latin fabulist. He 
 was a native of Macedonia, and was taken to 
 Rome as a slave, but was freed by Augustus. 
 Nearly the whole of the <.(Esopian Fables of 
 Phaedrus, Freedman of Augustus > are extant in 
 the original poetic form ; besides these, we have 
 three different versions in Latin prose, made 
 in the Middle Ages. 
 
 Phelps, Austin. An American clergyman 
 and author; born at West Brookfield, Mass., 
 Jan. 7, 1820; died at Bar Harbor, Me., Oct. 13, 
 1890. He was pastor of the Pine Street Con- 
 gregational Church, Boston, 1842-48 ; and pro- 
 fessor of sacred rhetoric in Andover Theologi- 
 cal Seminary, 1848-79. He was noted as an 
 original writer and an eloquent preacher. His 
 works include: ^The Still Hour> (1859); < The 
 New Birth > (1867); < Men and Books' (1882); 
 •English Style in Public Discourse' (1883). 
 
 Phelps, Charles Henry. An American mis- 
 cellaneous writer ; born at Stockton, Cal., Jan. 
 I, 1853. He wrote <Californian Verses' (1882). 
 
 Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart. See Ward, Mrs. 
 Elizabeth Stuart (Phelps). 
 
 Pherecrates (fer-e-kra'tes). A Greek comic 
 poet of the fourth century B. C, contemporary 
 of Cratinus, Crates, and Aristophanes. Of his 
 works fragments only remain ; among them an 
 
 < Address to Old Age,' preserved by Stobasus. 
 He is variously stated to have written 18 or 
 16 plays. 
 
 Pherecydes of Syros (fer-e-si'des). An 
 early Greek philosopher, native of the island 
 of Syros ; he lived in the sixth century B. C, 
 being contemporary with Thales and Anaxi- 
 mander. He is credited with having written a 
 work on the origin of things, in which the 
 doctrine of metempsychosis is first propounded. 
 
 Philemon (fi-le'mon). A Greek comic poet ; 
 born at Soli in Cilicia, about 361 B. C. ; died 
 263 B.C. He wrote 97 plays, nine of which 
 are extant : the Latin poet Plautus's < Merchant ' 
 and <Trinummus' are founded on Philemon's 
 • The Merchant > and < The Treasure.' See 
 
 article < Philemon, Menander, etc' 
 
 Philippson, Martin (firip-son). A German 
 historian; born at Magdeburg, June 27, 1846. 
 He was appointed professor of history m the 
 University of Brussels, 1878. Among his works 
 are : < Henry IV. and Philip HI. : Origin of 
 French Preponderance in Europe, 1598-1610 ' 
 (3 vols., 1871); <The Age of Louis XIV.' (1879); 
 
 < Origins of Modern Catholicism' (1884). 
 
 Philips, Ambrose. An English poet; born 
 in Leicestershire, 1675 (?); died 1749. He wrote 
 a series of < Pastorals' (1709); < The Distressed 
 Mother' (1712), a drama adapted from the 
 'Andromache' of Racine, and highly praised 
 by Addison in the Spectator; <The Briton' 
 and < Humphry, Duke of Gloucester,' dramas 
 (1722). He wrote also some epigrams, and 
 made translations of odes of Pindar, Anacreon, 
 and Sappho. 
 
 Philips or Phillips, Edward. An English 
 miscellaneous writer, nephew of Milton; born 
 at London, 1630 ; died about 1696. He was 
 a voluminous writer. Among his works are : 
 <New World of English V^'ords' (1658); 'Mys- 
 teries of Love and Eloquence ; or. The Arts of 
 Wooing,' etc. (1658); 'Compendious Latin Dic- 
 tionary' (1682); 'Poem on the Coronation of 
 his Most Sacred Majesty King James II. and 
 his Royal Consort' (1685). 
 
 Philips, Francis Charles. An English bar- 
 rister, playwright, and novelist ; born in 1849. 
 After long service as officer in the army, he 
 retired from it and became a barrister. From 
 1874 to 1880 he was lessee of the Globe Thea- 
 tre, London. His novels include : < As in a 
 Looking-Glass' (1885), translated into several 
 languages, and dramatized for Mrs. Beere and 
 Sarah Bernhardt; 'A Lucky Young Woman' 
 (1886); 'The Dean and his Daughter' (1887), 
 dramatized; 'Mrs. Bouverie' (1894). He was 
 also collaborator in the acted plays ' Husband 
 and Wife ' ; ' Godpapa ' ; etc. 
 
 Philips, John. An English dramatist ; born 
 at Bampton in Oxfordshire, 1676; died, 1 708-9. 
 He was an ardent student of the ancient classics, 
 and also of Chaucer, Spenser, and Milton. He 
 came into the favorable notice of critics and 
 lovers of poetry with 'The Splendid Shilling' 
 (1703), pronounced by the Tatler "the best 
 burlesque poem in the English language." In 
 a like burlesque vein he wrote ' Blenheim' 
 (1705); then the didactic poem 'Cyder' in 
 imitation of Virgil's ' Georgics.' 
 
 Philips, Katherine (Fowler). ["The Match- 
 less Orinda."J An English poet; born in Lon- 
 don, Jan. I, 1631 ; died June 22, 1664. She 
 wrote many poems, and translated Corneille's 
 
 < Horace ' and < Pompde.' She signed herself 
 "Orinda" in correspondence with literary 
 friends, and was pronounced "matchless" for 
 her poetry, first collected in 1678. Dryden, 
 Cowley, Jeremy Taylor, and others eulogized 
 it extravagantly ; but personal admiration for 
 the woman probably affected their judgment. 
 
 Phillips, George Searle. [" January Searle." J 
 An English-American litterateur; born in
 
 428 
 
 PHILLIPS — PIC ARD 
 
 England in 1818; died in 1889. He was a 
 well-known writer and lecturer of Yorkshire, 
 England, who removed to this country and 
 became prominent in literary circles. He pub- 
 lished : < Chapters in the History of a Life>; 
 < Memoirs of Wordsworth > ; and < The Gypsies 
 of Dane's Dyke.* 
 
 Phillips, Henry. An American writer and 
 lawyer of rhiladelpliia; bom there Sept. 6, 1838; 
 died there June 6, 1895. He wrote : <History 
 of American Colonial Paper Currency); <History 
 of American Continental Paper Money>; <Pleas- 
 ures of Numismatic Science*; <Poems from the 
 Spanish and German.* 
 
 Phillips, Wendell. An eminent American 
 social and political reformer and orator; born 
 at Boston, Nov. 29, 1811; died there, Feb. 2, 
 1884. He wrote : < The Constitution a Pro- 
 Slavery Compact* (1840); <Can Abolition- 
 ists Vote or Take Office?* (1845); 'Review 
 of Spooner's " Constitutionality of Slavery ** * 
 (1847); < Review of Webster's Speech of March 
 7th* (1850); < Review of Kossuth's Course'* 
 (1851); * Defense of the Anti-Slavery Movement* 
 (1853); < Addresses* (1859); < Speeches, Lectures, 
 and Letters* (1863). 
 
 Philo the Jew (fi'lo), or Philo Judaeus. An 
 Alexandrine Jewish philosopher ; born at Alex- 
 andria about 20 B. C. About the year 40, in 
 his old age, he went to Rome at the head of 
 a Jewish embassy, to persuade the emperor 
 Caligula to exempt the Jews from the obliga- 
 tion of paying the emperor divine honors; a 
 full account of this mission is given in Philo's 
 extant work < On the Embassy to Caius.* We 
 have still many of his writings, or considerable 
 fragments of them; an edition of them has 
 been published (8 vols., 1851-54). 
 
 Philolaus (fil-o-la'us). A Greek Pythagorean 
 philosopher, native of Magna Graecia ; con- 
 temporary with Socrates. Only fragments of 
 his writings have come down to us. He was 
 the first to commit to writing the doctrines of 
 Pythagoras. He taught the doctrine of the 
 earth's motion ; that the sphere of the fixed 
 stars, the five planets, and the sun, moon, and 
 earth, move round the « central fire,** which is 
 the « hearth of the universe.** 
 
 Philostratus (fi-los'tra-tus). A Greek rhet- 
 orician and sophist ; bom in the island of 
 Lemnos between 170 and 180 A. D.; died about 
 250. Of his writings five are extant : viz., < Life 
 of ApoUonius of Tyana,* the famous religious 
 impostor and thaumaturge ; < Lives of the Soph- 
 ists*; ^Heroics*; < Images*; and < Epistles.* 
 
 Philoxenus (fi-lok'se-nus). A Greek poet; 
 bom in the island of Cythera about B. C. 435 ; 
 died at Ephesus, B. C. 380. He was taken 
 prisoner in war, conveyed as a slave to Ath- 
 ens, and sold to the musician Melanippides, who 
 gave him a liberal education. At the court 
 of Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse, he brought 
 upon himself condemnation to servitude in the 
 quarries by refusing to praise the autocrat's 
 verses; when brought again before the tyrant 
 
 and asked what he thought of the verses now, 
 he answered, << Take me away to the quarries.** 
 He took his revenge on Dionysius in his dithy- 
 ramb < Cyclops.' He wrote 24 dithyrambs, and 
 a lyric poem on the genealogy of the .(Eacidse. 
 Of his writings only scanty fragments remain. 
 
 Fhoeniz, John. See Derby. 
 
 Phranza (fran'tsa) or Phranzes, George 
 
 (fran'tses). The last of the Byzantine his- 
 torians ; born in 1401 ; died in 1478. He was 
 chamberlain of Manuel II. (Palseologus), and 
 protovestiary, or wardrobe keeper, to Constan- 
 tine XIII., whose life he saved at the siege of 
 Patras (1429). After the capture of Constan- 
 tinople by Mohammed II. he escaped to Corfu, 
 and retiring to a monastery, wrote his inter- 
 esting and reliable < Chronicon * or Byzantine 
 history, covering the period from 1259 to 1477. 
 
 Phrynichus (frin'i-kus). A Greek tragic poet 
 of the fifth century B. C. Departing from the 
 custom of tragic poets, he took for the subject 
 of his greatest tragedy < The Capture of Miletus * 
 by the Persians, a contemporary event. It 
 moved the Athenians profoundly, but they fined 
 the poet 1,000 drachmas for harrowing their 
 sensibilities by rehearsing the woes of their 
 allies. Next he wrote : < The Phoenician Wo- 
 men,* commemorating the defeat of Xerxes at 
 Salamis. He wrote also several tragedies on 
 legendary themes, as < The 'Danaids * ; < Ac- 
 ta;on > ; <Alcestis * ; < Tantalus.* Only fragments 
 of his plays remain. 
 
 Piatt, Donn. An American lawyer, journal- 
 ist, and author ; born in Cincinnati, O., 1819 ; 
 died in 1891. He began his career as a lawyer; 
 was secretary of the Paris legation in Pierce's 
 administration ; served as colonel of volunteers 
 during the Civil War; and subsequently be- 
 came famous as a journalist in Washington. 
 His works include: < Memories of Men Who 
 Saved the Union* (1887); 'The Lone Grave 
 of the Shenandoah* (1888); < Life of General 
 George H. Thomas* (1893). 
 
 Piatt, John James. An American journalist 
 and poet, nephew of Donn; born at James' 
 Mills, Ind., March i, 1835. He became 
 clerk of the U. S. Treasury Department and 
 the House of Representatives ; and from 1882 
 to 1894 was consul at Cork, Ireland. He has 
 written poems of considerable merit and ori- 
 ginality. His works include : < Poems by Two 
 Friends* {i860), with W. D. Howells; <The 
 Nests at Washington* (1863), with Mrs. Piatt; 
 < Poems in Sunshine and Firelight * (1866); 'West- 
 ern Windows* (1868); 'Idyls and Lyrics of the 
 Ohio Valley* (1884); 'The Hesperian Tree* (igoo). 
 
 Piatt, Mrs. Sarah Morgan (Bryan). An 
 American poet, wife of John J. ; born at Lex- 
 ington, Ky., 1836. Her best-known works are : 
 <A Woman's Poems* (1871); 'A Vo3'age to 
 the Fortunate Isles* (1874); 'Dramatic Persons 
 and Moods* (1880); 'The Witch in the Glass* 
 (1888); 'An Enchanted Castle* (1893). 
 
 Picard, Louis Benoit (pe-kar'). A French 
 writer of comedy ; born at Paris, July 29, 1769 ;
 
 PICH AT — PIETSCH 
 
 429 
 
 died there, Dec. 31, 1828. At 20 he was a 
 
 writer for the stage, but in 1797 he first came 
 into prominence with the comedy < Mediocre 
 and Groveling* (worked over by Schiller in 
 
 < The Parasite '). He then went upon the stage, 
 and in 1801 became director of the Louvois 
 Theatre ; but renounced the stage in 1807, was 
 elected to the French Academy, and was ap- 
 pointed director of the Imperial Academy of 
 Music. His best comedies are : < The Little 
 City>; 'Monsieur Musard> (Mr. Trifler); <The 
 Puppets >; <The Two Philiberts.> 
 
 Pichat, Michel (pe-sha'). A French dram- 
 atist ; born at Vienne, 1790 ; died at Paris, 1828. 
 He wrote the tragedies <Turnus,> <Leonidas> 
 (1825), which had great success, < William Tell > ; 
 <Ali Pasha> (1822), a melodrama; < Devotion of 
 the French Physicians at Barcelona > (1822), a 
 poem. 
 
 PicMer, Adolf (pich'ler). An Austrian poet 
 and naturalist ; born at Erl in the Tyrol, Sept. 4, 
 1819. He wrote narratives of the revolution- 
 ary troubles of 1848, viz.: < The Days of March 
 and October in Vienna, 1848 > (1850); and < The 
 Italo-Tyrolean War* (1849), in which he served 
 as a volunteer. He wrote also a volume of 
 'Poems' (1853); < Hymns > (2d ed. 1857); <From 
 the Tyrol Mountains > ( 1862) ; < Epigrams ' ( 1865) 
 <A11 Sorts of Stories from the Tyrol > (1867) 
 'Boundary Stones,' poetical narratives (1874) 
 
 < Literature and Art,> a volume of epigrams 
 (1879); 'In My Time,' personal recollections 
 (1892); 'The Solitary' (1896). Died in 1900. 
 
 Pichler, Karoline. An Austrian novelist; 
 bom at Vienna, Sept. 7, 1769 ; died there, July 
 9, 1843. She was a very prolific writer. Among 
 her stories are: 'Agathocles' (3 vols., 1808); 
 'Woman's Worth' (4 vols., 1808); 'The Siege 
 of Vienna' (3 vols., 1824); 'The Castle among 
 the Mountains ' ; ' Black Fritz.' 
 
 Pichon, Jerome Frederic, Baron (pe-shoh'). 
 A French writer on historical subjects; born 
 at Paris, Dec. 3, 1812. Among his works are : 
 'The Apparition of Jehan de Meun; or, The 
 Dream of the Prior of Salon' (1845); 'The 
 Count d'Hoym, his Library and his Collections ' 
 (2 vols., 1880). 
 
 Pickering, Charles. An American natu- 
 ralist and author; born in Pennsylvania, 1805; 
 died in Boston, 1878. He traveled extensively, 
 and published the volumes : ' The Races of 
 Man and their Geographical Distribution' 
 (1848); 'Geographical Distribution of Animals 
 and Man' (1861); 'Chronological History of 
 Plants' (1879). 
 
 Pickering, Henry. An American poet ; born 
 in Newburg, N. Y., 1781 ; died in New York, 
 1831. His poetical writings include : ' Ruins 
 of Paestum' (1822); 'Athens and Other Poems' 
 (1824); and 'The Buckwheat Cake' (1831). 
 
 Pickering, John. A distinguished American 
 philologist and Oriental scholar ; born in Salem, 
 Mass., 1777 ; died in Boston, 1846. He held 
 many important public positions ; was president 
 
 of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 
 and a member of various learned associations 
 at home and abroad. He published a paper 
 on the 'Adoption of a Uniform Orthography 
 for the Indian Languages' (1820); a 'Vocab- 
 ulary of Words and Phrases Peculiar to the 
 United States' (1816); a 'Greek Dictionary' 
 (1826); and wrote many pamphlets on scien- 
 tific and political questions. 
 
 Pico, Giovanni, Count of Mirandola (pe'ko). 
 An Italian philosopher ; lived 1463-1494. Pie 
 wrote ' Heptaplus,' an allegorical explanation of 
 the creation ; ' Philosophical, Cabalistic,' and 
 'Theological Conclusions ' (i486). 
 
 Picot, Emile, a French scholar; born Sept. 
 13, 1844 ; professor of Roumanian at the School 
 of Oriental Languages in Paris. He published 
 'The Servians of Hungary' (1874); 'Rouman- 
 ian Folksongs uf Servia > ( 1889) ; ' The Italians 
 in France in the XVI. Century' (1902-4). 
 
 Picot, Georges (pe-ko'). A French historian; 
 born at Paris, Dec. 24, 1838. He succeeded 
 Thiers as member of the Institute in 1878, and 
 on the death of Jules Simon in 1896 became 
 permanent secretary of the Academy of Sci- 
 ences. He wrote : ' Elections to the States- 
 General in the Provinces from 1302 to 1614* 
 (1874); 'The Parliament of Paris under Charles 
 VIII.' (1877); 'Judiciary Reform in France' 
 (1881); 'A Social Duty and Workmen's Homes > 
 (1885); 'History of the States-General and 
 their Influence on the Government of France 
 from 1355 to 1614' (4 vols., 1872), his principal 
 work, which twice won the Gcoert prize of the 
 Academy ; < The Battle against Social Revolu- 
 tion' (1895). 
 
 Piedagnel, Francois, Alexandre (pya-dan- 
 yel'). A French verse-writer; born at Cher- 
 bourg, Dec. 27, 1831. He published three vol- 
 umes of poems: 'Yesterday' (1882); 'On the 
 Road' (1886); 'April' (1887). He wrote also: 
 'Jules Janin' (1874); 'J. F. Millet: Recollec- 
 tions of Barbizon' (1878). 
 
 Pierce, Henry Niles. An American Epis- 
 copal bishop and author; born in Pawtucket, 
 R. I., 1820. He spent many years in the West 
 as a missionary, and was consecrated bishop 
 in 1870. He published essays, sermons, and 
 reviews; and a volume of poems, 'The Agnostic,' 
 etc. (1884). Died, Sept. 5, 1899. 
 
 Pierpont, John. A Unitarian clergyman and 
 poet ; born in Litchfield, Conn., April 6, 1785 ; 
 died in Medford, Mass., Aug. 27, 1866. Among 
 his works is < Airs of Palestine, and Other Po- 
 ems > (1840). One of his best-known poems 
 is 'Warren's Address at the Battle of Bunker 
 Hill.' 
 
 Piers Plowman. Assumed name of William 
 Longland or Langland. An English satirical 
 writer of the 14th century. His work 'The 
 Vision of Piers Plowman' — a religious and 
 moral allegory, in rhjone — is a picture of the 
 disorders in church and State prevailing at his 
 time. 
 
 Pietsch, Ludwig (p§tsh). A German traveler 
 and designer; born at Dantzic, Dec. 25, 1824. 
 He wrote : < The World and Art ' (2 vols, 1867)'
 
 43° 
 
 PIGAULT-LEBRUN — PINKERTON 
 
 'Travels in the East> (1870); <From Berlin to 
 Paris: War Pictures > (1871); < Morocco > (1S78); 
 < Pilgrimage to Olympia in i876> (1879); <How 
 I Became an Author > (2 vols., 1892-94). 
 
 Pigault-Lebrun ( pe-go''le-briin'), pseudo- 
 nym of Antoine P. de L'Epinoy. A French 
 novelist and dramatist ; born at Calais, April 8, 
 1753; died at La Celle Saint Cloud, July 24, 
 1835. He wrote more than 70 volumes of 
 stories, among them < The Child of the Car- 
 nival > (1792), <The Barons of Felsheim> (1798), 
 •Spanish Madness> (1801); and several come- 
 dies, as <The Pessimist > (1789), 'Rivals of 
 Themselves' (1798), < Love and Reason' (1799). 
 He wrote also ' Literary and Critical Miscel- 
 lanies ' (2 vols., 1816). 
 
 Pignottl, Lorenzo (pen-yot'te). An Italian 
 poet and historian ; born at Figlina, Tuscany, 
 1739; died at Pisa, 1812. Among his writings 
 are poems * On the Grave of Shakespeare > 
 (1778); <The Shade of Pope> (1791). He wrote 
 a book of * Fables' (1779), which were very 
 popular; and a 'History of Tuscany' (9 vols., 
 1813). 
 
 Piis, Pierre Antoine Augustin (pes). A 
 French dramatist ; born at Paris, 1755 ; died 
 1832. Among his very numerous dramatic 
 pieces were : 'Aristotle in Love,' vaudeville 
 (1780); 'Summer Loves' (1781); 'Two Sedan- 
 Chairmen' (1781); 'Marriage in Extremis' 
 (1782), a comedy in one act. His miscella- 
 neous writings included : < Carlo-Robertiad ' 
 (1784), a satire on ballooning; 'Easter Eggs 
 for my Critics' (1786). 
 
 Pike, Albert. An American lawyer, journal- 
 ist, and poet; born in Boston, Dec. 29, 1809; 
 died in Washington, D. C, April 2, 1891. Early 
 in life he went West, entered journalism, and 
 later practiced law in Arkansas. He served as 
 captain of cavalry in the Mexican War, and was 
 a brigadier-general in the Confederate army 
 during the Civil War. His chief works are : 
 < Prose Sketches and Poems' (1834); 'Hymns 
 to the Gods' (1839); 'Nugse' (1854); 'Morals 
 and Dogma of Freemasonry' (1870). 
 
 Pike, Mrs. Mary Hayden (Green). An 
 American novelist ; bom in Eastport, Me., Nov. 
 30, 1825. She will be best remembered as the 
 author of 'Ida May' (1854), a novel dealing 
 with slavery and Southern life, which had a 
 large sale. She also published < Caste' (1856), 
 and 'Bond and Free' (1858). 
 
 Pilch, Frederick Henry. An American verse- 
 writer; born at Newark, N. J., March 5, 1842; 
 died at Bloomtleld, N. J., Dec. 3, 1889. He con- 
 tributed verses to the magazines, and published 
 a collection of 'Homespun Verses' (1889). 
 
 Pilkington, Mary. An English story-writer ; 
 born at Cambridge, 1766; died 1839. Among 
 her very numerous writings were : ' Edward 
 Barnard ; or. Merit Exalted' (1797); < Mentorial 
 Tales for Young Ladies' (1802); < The Sorrows 
 of Caesar ; or. Adventures of a Foundling Dog ' 
 (1813); 'The Shipwreck; or. Misfortune the 
 Inspirer of Virtuous Sentiments' (1819) 
 
 Pillet, Fabien (pe-ya'). A French journal- 
 ist; born at Lyons, 1772; died at Passy, 1855. 
 He published several volumes of dramatic criti- 
 cism, and a collection of 'Oddities, Stories, 
 Anecdotes, Epigrams,' etc., relating to the 
 stage (1838). 
 
 Pilpay or Pilpai (pil-pa'). The supposed 
 author of fables in India, which have been so 
 extensively used by other Oriental countries 
 and in Europe. 
 
 Pindar (pin'dar). The greatest of the Greek 
 lyric poets ; born at Cynoscephalce near Boeo- 
 tian Thebes, 522 B. C; died at Argos, about 
 450 B.C. The Alexandrine scholars divided 
 his poems into 17 books, comprising Hymns, 
 Paeans, Dithyrambs, Encomia, Songs of Victory. 
 There are now extant, apart from mere frag- 
 ments, only four books, all songs of victory 
 (epinikia) celebrating the victors in the Olym- 
 pian, Pythian, Nemean, and Isthmian games. 
 
 Pindemonte, Ippolito (pen"da-mon'tal). An 
 Italian poet ; 1753-1828. He achieved a dis- 
 tinguished reputation by his works : < Poems of 
 the Fields' (1788), among the best of their 
 kind in Italian literature ; ' Various Poems ' 
 (1798); ' Epistles in Verse ' (1805); a tran.slation 
 of Homer's Odyssey (1809-22); 'Discourses' 
 (181Q: Sermoni, after tiie manner of Horace's 
 
 < Satires.' 
 
 Pinero, Sir Arthur Wing. A distinguished 
 English dramatist ; born in London in 185=;; 
 knighted in 1909. He studied for the law, then 
 became an actor, and ultimately left the stage 
 for dramatic authorship. His first comedy, 
 
 < Two Can Play at That Game,' was produced 
 in 1877, and has been followed by 'Two Hun- 
 dred a Year' (1877); 'The Money Spinner' 
 (1880); 'The Magistrate' (1885); 'Dandy Dick' 
 (1887); 'Sweet Lavender' (1888); 'The Prof- 
 ligate' (1889); 'Lady Bountiful' (1891); 'The 
 Second Mrs. Tanqueray' (1893), conceded to 
 be his most powerful work ; < The Notorious 
 Mrs. Ebbsmith' (1895); 'The Benefit of the 
 Doubt' (1896); 'The Princess and the Butter- 
 fly' (1897); 'Trelawny of the Wells' (1898); 
 
 < The Gay Lord Onex ' ( 1890 ) ; < Iris ' and < Letty ' 
 (1903); < A Wife Without a Smile > (1904); ' His 
 House in Order' (1905). 
 
 Pinheiro-Chagas, Manuel (pen-ya'ro-sha'- 
 gas). A Portuguese poet and miscellaneous 
 writer ; born at Lisbon, 1842. Among his works 
 are : <A Poem of Youth,' ' The Angel of the 
 Hearth ' ; some novels, as ' The Court of John 
 V.,' 'The Red Mask,' < Death's Guerrillas' 
 (1872), 'The Viscountess's Secret'; dramas, 
 'Senhorita de Valflor' (1867), 'Helen,' <The 
 Jewish Woman,' 'During the Battle' (1870); 
 some volumes of political comment and satire, 
 as < Ministers of State, Priests, and Kings,' 
 ' Critical Essays,' < Portuguese Scenes and Fan- 
 cies,' ' Celebrated Portuguese,' < Madrid : Im- 
 pressions of Travel' 
 
 Pinkerton, Allan G. A famous American 
 detective ; born at Glasgow, Scotland, 1819-,
 
 PINKNEY — PLANCHE 
 
 431 
 
 died in Chicago, 1884. He became involved 
 in the Chartist outbreak in Birmingham, and 
 emigrated to the United States in 1842. He 
 founded his detective agency in Chicago in 
 1850, and was in charge of the United States 
 secret service during the Civil War. His works 
 include: <The Molly Maguires> (1877); < The 
 Spy of the Rebellion) (1883); 'Thirty Years a 
 Detective' (1884). 
 
 Pinkney, Edward Coate. An American 
 writer of verses ; born at London, 1802 ; died 
 at Baltimore, Md., 1828. He wrote a volume 
 of < Poems' (1825; republished 1838 and 1844). 
 
 Fiozzl, Hester Lynch Salisbury (Thrale) 
 
 (pe-ots'e). An Englishwoman, chiefly noted 
 from her friendship with Dr. Johnson. She was 
 born in Carnarvonshire, Jan. 16, 1740-I; died 
 May 2, 1 82 1. She received a good education, 
 and married in 1763 Henry Thrale, a brewer 
 much her elder, taciturn and wholly absorbed 
 in business, and who allowed her little liberty. 
 She first became acquainted with Dr. Johnson 
 the next year; he spent much time at their 
 home and traveling with them. After Thrale's 
 death she married Mr. Piozzi, a cultivated Ital- 
 ian musician of considerable note ; Johnson re- 
 sented the change and left her with reproaches, 
 English society considered it a social descent, 
 and most writers since have echoed their sen- 
 timents. Although she has written other things, 
 her < Anecdotes of Dr. Johnson > and her < Auto- 
 biography ' are the works now read. 
 
 Piron, Alexis (pe-roii'). A French poet; 
 born at Dijon, July 9, 1689 ; died at Paris, Jan. 
 21, 1773. As an epigrammatist he holds the 
 foremost place in French literature. He wrote 
 many tragedies, comedies, and comic operas, 
 but of these none is now valued except the 
 comedy < Metromania' (The Poetic Craze). His 
 pungent epigrams made him many enemies ; 
 and when he was elected to the Academy, 
 Louis XIV. was prevailed upon to nullify the 
 choice. Hence the witty couplet proposed for 
 his epitaph : — 
 
 «Ci g^t Piron, qui ne fut rien, 
 Pas mgme acad^micien ; " 
 that is, '< Here lies Piron, who was nothing, not 
 even Academician." 
 
 Pisan, Christine de (pe-zan'). A French 
 poet ; born at Venice, 1364 ; died about 1431. 
 Among her poems are : <An Epistle to the 
 God of Loves' (1399); < Feats of Arms and of 
 Chivalry' (1404); < Life and Good Ways of the 
 Wise King Charles V.' [of France] (1404); 
 • Lamentations over the Evils of the Civil War > 
 (1410); < Moral Sayings.' 
 
 PisemskiJ, Aleksei Teofilaktovich (pe-zem- 
 ske). A Russian novelist; born at Ramene in 
 the government of Kostroma, March 20, 1820 ; 
 died January 1881. His greatest novel is <A 
 Thousand Souls' (1858); he wrote also <The 
 Stormy Sea' (1863), <The Men of 1840' (1868), 
 < In the Whirlpool' (1871). Some of his short 
 stories are in every way admirable, among them 
 *The Wood Demon' and < Pietershik.' 
 
 Pithou, Pierre (pe-to'). A notable French 
 jurisconsult and historical writer; born at 
 Troyes, Nov. I, 1539 ; died at Nogent-sur-Seine, 
 Nov. I, 1596. Among his writings are : < Me- 
 moirs of the Counts of Champagne' (1572); 
 < Reasons why the Bishops of France were 
 able to give absolution to Henry of Bourbon, 
 King of France' (1593); < Comparison of Mo- 
 saic and Roman Laws' {1673). 
 
 Pitre, Luigi (pe-tra'). An Italian collector 
 of folk-lore; born at Palermo, Dec. 23, 1842. 
 He compiled and edited a < Library of Sicilian 
 Popular Traditions' (19 vols., 1870-95), and 
 was editor of 'Archives for the Study of Pop- 
 ular Traditions,' founded 1882. He is author 
 of a < Bibliography of Italian Folk-Lore Litera- 
 ture' (1894); < Patron Festivals in Sicily' (1901). 
 
 Pitre Chevalier, name assumed by Pierre 
 Michel Fran5ois Chevalier. A French journal- 
 ist and historical writer; born 1812; died 1863. 
 He wrote several volumes of poems; also 
 'Studies on Brittany' (6 vols. 1839-42); 'An- 
 cient Brittany' (1844); 'Modern Brittany' 
 (1844); 'History of the War of the Cossacks 
 against Poland' (1859). 
 
 Pixer6court, Rene Charles Guilbert de 
 
 (pex-a-ra-kor'). A French dramatist; born at 
 Nancy, Jan. 22, 1773; died July 27, 1844. He 
 wrote dramas, among them ' Seligo ; or. The 
 Generous Negro' (1793), 'The Castle in the 
 Apennines ; or, The Mysteries of Udolfo ' (1798); 
 several very successful comedies, as ' The Doc- 
 tor in Love,' ' The Living Manikin ; or. The 
 Wooden Husband,' ' Marcellus ; or. The Sup- 
 posititious Heir' (1801); and many melodramas, 
 comic operas, etc. 
 
 Placentius, John Leo (pla-sen'shus). A Bel- 
 gian versifier, viriting in Latin; born about 
 1500, at St. Trond (Lifege); died about 1550. 
 Among his writings are : ' Catalogue of all 
 Bishops of Tongres, Lifege,' etc., a fabulous his- 
 tory (1529); two comedies, one in prose, the 
 other in verse ; an alliterative poem, ' Battle 
 of the Pigs, by P. Porcius, Poet' (Pugna Por- 
 corum, per P. Porcium, Poetam), in which every 
 word in the 253 verses begins with the letter p. 
 It was printed at Basle, 1552, in conjunction 
 with Hugbald's 'Eclogue on Baldheads' (De 
 Calvis), in which every word begins with c. 
 
 Planard, Fran90is Antoine Eugene (pla- 
 nar'). A French dramatist; born at Millau, 
 in Aveyron, Feb. 4, 1783; died at Paris, Nov. 
 13. 1853. Besides the novel 'Almedan' (1825), 
 and some occasional verse, he wrote many 
 comedies, as ' The Marrier of Old Women ' 
 (1808); 'The Family Portrait' (1809); 'The 
 Supposititious Niece' (1813); 'The Lucky 
 Meeting' (1821): and several libretti of comic 
 operas, among them ' Last Wills and Love 
 Letters,' music by Auber; 'The Manikin of 
 Bergamo,' music by Fdtis; 'Mina,' music by 
 Ambroise Thomas. 
 
 Planch^, James Robinson (plon-sha'). An 
 English playwright, archaeologist, and herald ; 
 born in London, Feb. 27, 1796 ; died May 301
 
 432 
 
 PLATEN-HALLERMUND - PLUMPTRE 
 
 1880. He was an expert on the subject of 
 archaeology and costumes ; one of the founders 
 of the British Archxological Association; and 
 is credited with the authorship of 200 plays 
 and librettos, original and adapted. Among 
 his miscellaneous works are : < Lays and Le- 
 gends of the Rhine > (1826-27); < History of 
 British Costume' (1834); < Pursuivant of Arms> 
 (1851), a treatise on heraldry which procured 
 for him the appointment of Rouge Croix Pur- 
 suivant ; < Popular Fairy Tales > ; < Recollections > 
 (2 vols., 1872), chiefly literary and theatrical. 
 
 Platen-Hallermund, August, Count von 
 
 (plat'en-hal'ler-mond). An eminent German 
 poet ; born at Ansbach, Oct. 24, 1796 ; died at 
 Syracuse in Sicily, Dec. 5, 1835. His principal 
 works are : < Sonnets from Venice ' (1824); < The 
 Fateful Fork> (1826), an Aristophanic comedy 
 ridiculing the reigning literary fashions of the 
 time ; < The Romantic CEdipus > ( 1828), a comedy 
 with the same subject: then followed a num- 
 ber of lyric poems and odes, with the drama 
 <The League of Cambrai,' and the epic story 
 
 < The Abassides,> written in 1830. His < Songs 
 of Poland' (1830) gave expression to his deep 
 hate for the Czar; though privately circulated 
 they were not published till after the poet's 
 death. 
 
 Plato (pla'to). The renowned Greek philos- 
 opher; born at Athens, in 427 B. C; died 
 there, 347 B. C. His writings seem to have 
 come down to us complete. They consist 
 of 44 separate works in 64 books, and are all 
 written in dialogue form. These dialogues are 
 classed in three series, marking three periods in 
 the philosopher's life. First, those written dur- 
 ing the life of Socrates or during the year or 
 two next following his death : in these Plato is 
 thoroughly under the Socratic influence, and 
 tlie discussion is ever on conduct, the founda- 
 tions of morality. The dialogues of this period 
 are: the < Apology,' < Lysis,' <Charmides,' 
 
 ♦ Laches,' < Protagoras,' < Meno,' < Gorgias,' < lo,' 
 
 < Euthyphro,' < Crito,' etc. In the second pe- 
 riod the object of research is the objective 
 ground of cognition : to this belong ^ Thesetetus,' 
 
 * The Sophist,' < The Politician,' < Parmenides.' 
 The dialogues of the third period deal with 
 the problem of reducing to philosophical unity 
 the data of the several sciences, — physics, eth- 
 ics, politics, etc.: to this class belong < Phse- 
 drus,' < Symposium,' < Phaedo,' < Philebus,' < The 
 Republic,' <Tim£eus,' <The Laws.' No better 
 guide to the full sense and spirit of Plato's 
 dialogues need be wished than Jowett's trans- 
 lation, as revised by Jowett shortly before his 
 death. 
 
 Plautus, Titus Maccius (pla'tus or plou'- 
 tus). A celebrated Roman comic poet; born 
 at Sarsina in Umbria, about 254 (?) B.C.; died 
 at Rome in 184 B. C. According to Varro, 
 130 comedies passed current in his time as 
 written by Plautus; but of these Varro consid- 
 ered only 21 genuine. Twenty of these are 
 extant. In their plots, leading incidents, and 
 characters, and even in the outlines of the 
 
 dialogues, they are borrowed from Greek origi- 
 nals ; but Plautus fairly makes this borrowed 
 material his own. Lessing declared Plautus's 
 < Captives ' to be <' the best constructed drama 
 in existence"; and the greatest of modern 
 dramatists, as Shakespeare and Moli&re, did 
 not scruple to draw on the Roman poet for 
 motives of their comedies. 
 
 PlavistsMkoff, Peter Alexilvlch (plav- 
 ist'she-kof). A Russian dramatist; born at 
 Moscow, 1760 ; died there, 1812. Besides lyric 
 and didactic poems, he wrote these dramatic 
 pieces : < Ruric, Founder of the Russian Mon- 
 archy'; <Takmass Kuli Khan, Prince of Si- 
 beria ' ; < Yermak, Conqueror of Siberia > ; < The 
 Landless Peasant'; <The American Savages.' 
 
 Pliny the Elder, or the Naturalist (Caius 
 Plinius Secundus) (plin'e). A celebrated Ro- 
 man compiler of encyclopaedic knowledge ; born 
 at Novum Comum, the modem Como, 23 
 A. D. ; died 79 A. D. He wrote a < Natural His- 
 tory ' in 37 books, compiled, as the author states 
 in the preface, from more than 2,000 volumes. 
 He begins with physics and astronomy, which 
 occupy books I and 2; books 3-6 treat of 
 geography; books 7-19 treat of man, the ani- 
 mal kingdom, and plants; in books 20-32 
 the author notes the medicinal properties of 
 plants ; the remaining books are devoted to 
 mineralogy and the medicinal uses of minerals, 
 and to fine art and anecdotes of artists. 
 
 Pliny the Younger (Caius Publius Csecilius 
 Secundus, Minor). A Roman orator, nephew 
 of Pliny the Elder ; born at Comum, A. D. 61 ; 
 died about 113. Of his writings, one oration 
 is extant, < The Panegyric,' addressed to the 
 emperor Trajan on the occasion of Pliny's in- 
 vestiture with the insignia of the consulship ; 
 and his < Letters,' including the correspondence 
 between him and Trajan while Pliny was pro- 
 praetor of Bithynia. 
 
 Plotinus (plo-tl'nus). An Alexandrine, the 
 most celebrated representative of Neo-Plato- 
 nism ; born at Lycopolis in Egypt, 205 A. D. ; 
 died at Minturnae in Campania, 270. His writ- 
 ings were collected by his disciple Porphyrins, 
 and divided into six parts, each part subdivided 
 into nine books. The doctrine of Plotinus starts 
 from the basis of Plato's doctrine of ideas ; but 
 with that he combines many foreign elements 
 of supernaturalism, mysticism, and extravagant 
 idealism. 
 
 Plouvier, fdouard (plov-ya'). A French 
 dramatist and story-writer ; bom at Paris, Aug. 
 2, 1821 ; died there, Nov. 12, 1876. Among his 
 stories are: < The Christmas Tree' (1854); 
 <The Beauty with Golden Hair' (1861). He 
 wrote a volume of songs, < Sunday Refrains > 
 (1856); and the comedies <The Steeple-Chase' 
 (1851), < Winter Night's Dream' (1854), <A 
 Household Crisis' (1858), <The Dragooness ' 
 (1874); also <The Late Capt. Octave' (1859). 
 
 Plumptre, Anna. An English miscellaneous 
 writer, sister of James ; bom 1760 ; died at Nor- 
 wich, 1818. She wrote: < Antoinette,' a novel;
 
 PLUMPTRE — POGODIN 
 
 433 
 
 <Life of Kotzebue> (1801); 'Narrative of a 
 Three Years' Residence in PVance* (1810); 
 
 < Narrative of a Residence in Ireland > (1817); 
 many other narratives of observations in for- 
 eign countries, as South Africa (1806), the Otto- 
 man Empire, Brazil, Japan, etc.; and several 
 stories. 
 
 Plumptre, James. An English dramatic and 
 miscellaneous writer ; born 1770 ; died Jan. 23, 
 1832, at Great Gransden in Huntingdonshire, 
 where he was rector of a church. Among his 
 writings are : < The Coventry Act,* comedy 
 {1793); < Osway,> tragedy (1795); < The Lakers,* 
 comic opera (1798); <A Popular Commentary 
 on the Bible > (1827 J. 
 
 Plutarch (plo'tark). A celebrated Greek 
 moralist, practical philosopher, and biographer;^ 
 born at Chseronea in Bceotia about 46 A. D., the 
 time of his death cannot be determined, but he 
 appears to have been living at an advanced age 
 at the death of Trajan, 117 A. D. He wrote 
 * Parallel Lives > of notable men of Greece and 
 Rome : and a great many < Moral Treatises,* 
 including < The Education of Children > ; < The 
 Right Way of Hearing*; < Precepts about 
 Health * ; < Cessation of Oracles > ; < The Pythian 
 Responses * ; < The Retarded Vengeance of the 
 Deity * ; < The Daemon of Socrates * ; < The Vir- 
 tues of Women*; < On the Fortune of the Ro- 
 mans * ; < Political Counsels * ; < On Superstition * ; 
 
 < On Isis and Osiris*; <On the Face of the 
 Moon's Disk * ; < On the Opinions Accepted by 
 the Philosophers.* 
 
 Pocci, Franz, Count von (pot'che). A Ger- 
 man poet, musician, and designer; born at 
 Munich, March 7, 1807; died there. May 7, 
 1876. Besides several light musical dramas he 
 wrote an opera, < The Alchemist,* and a num- 
 ber of songs and sonatas ; a volume of < Poems * 
 (1843); < Hunting Songs* (1843); < Student 
 Songs*; several books for children, admirable 
 alike for literary form and artistic illustration, 
 — e.g., <The Little Rose Garden,* a prayer- 
 book (3d ed. 1868); <A Little Book of Prov- 
 erbs.* 
 
 Pocock, Edward. An English Orientalist; 
 born at Oxford, 1604 ; died 1691. He wrote, 
 or rather edited, with a most learned and elab- 
 orate commentary, < Specimen of the History 
 of the Arabians* (1649); and a similar work, 
 'Moses's Gate* (1655), one of the writings of 
 Maimonides. 
 
 Pocock, Isaac. An English playwright ; bom 
 at Bristol, 1782; died 1835. Among his most 
 successful productions were: <John of Paris,* 
 comic opera (1814); <Zembuca; or. The Net- 
 Maker,* holiday piece (1815); <The Robber's 
 Wife,* romantic drama (1829); <King Arthur 
 and the Knights of the Round Table,' Christ- 
 mas spectacle (1834). 
 
 Foe, Edgar Allan. An American poet and 
 story-writer ; born in Boston, Jan. 19, 1809 ; died 
 in Baltimore, Md., Oct. 7, 1849. Left an or- 
 phan in early childhood, he was adopted by 
 John Allan of Richmond, Va., and at the age 
 28 
 
 of 19 left this home and published his first vol- 
 ume of verse at Boston. He was a cadet at 
 the United States Military Academy, 1830-31 ; 
 and subsequently was editor of the Southern 
 Literary Messenger, 1835-37 ; of the Gentle- 
 man's Magazine, 1839-40 ; of Graham's Maga- 
 zine, 1841-42 ; and of the Broadway Journal, 
 1845. He also contributed to the Evening 
 Mirror, Godey's Lady's Book, the Whig Review, 
 and other periodicals. He projected a maga- 
 zine to be called Literary America, and to aid 
 it, lectured in New York city and through the 
 South, 1848-49. He died under distressing con- 
 ditions at Baltimore in 1849. A complete list 
 of his works in book form includes : < Tamer- 
 lane and Other Poems* (Boston, 1827); <A1 
 Aaraf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems* (Balti- 
 more, 1829); < Poems* (2d ed., including many 
 poems now first published, New York, 1831). 
 The < Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym, of 
 Nantucket* (New York, 1838); <The Conchol- 
 ogist's First Book* (Philadelphia, 1839); < Tales 
 of the Grotesque and Arabesque* (Philadelphia, 
 1840); <The Prose Romances of Edgar A. Poe* 
 (Philadelphia, 1843J; <The Raven and Other 
 Poems* (New York, 1845); < Mesmerism : In 
 Articulo Mortis* (London, 1846); 'Eureka, a 
 Prose Poem* (New York, 1848). After his 
 death there were republished ' The Literati : 
 Some Honest Opinions about Autorial Merits 
 and Demerits, with Occasional Words of Per- 
 sonality,* etc., edited by R. W. Griswold (New 
 York, 1850) ; < Tales of Mystery, Imagination, and 
 Humor ; and Poems,* edited by Henry Vizetelly 
 (London, 1852). A collected edition was issued 
 in 3 vols., 1850, 4th vol. 1856. The definitive 
 edition is the one edited by E. C. Stedman 
 and G. E. Woodberry (10 vols., Chicago, 1894- 
 95)- 
 
 Poggio Brujciolini, Gian Francesco (pod'- 
 je-o bratch-e-o-le'ne). An eminent Italian hu- 
 manist ; born at Castel Terranuova, near Flor- 
 ence, Feb. II, 1380; died at Florence, Oct 
 30, 1459. By his untiring research of the mon- 
 astery libraries of Switzerland and Germany, 
 he brought to light MSS. supposed to have 
 been lost, of works of the ancient classics, as 
 Quintilian, Valerius Flaccus, Ascanius, Statius, 
 Ammianus, and many others. He translated 
 into Latin several of the Greek classics. His 
 own writings are : < Facetiae,* a work of the 
 same questionable character as others of the 
 same title — the book had 26 editions at the 
 end of the 15th century; <0f the Variances of 
 Fortune > ; a < History of Florence * ; < The 
 Miseries of Human Life * ; < The Infelicity of 
 Princes*; < On Marriage in Old Age*; 'Dia- 
 logue Against Hypocrites.* 
 
 Pogodin, Mlcbail Petrovicli (po-go'din). A 
 Russian historian ; born at Moscow, Nov. 23, 
 1800; died there, Dec. 20, 1875. He wrote: 
 'On the Origin of the Russians' (1823); 'Char- 
 acter of Ivan the Terrible* (1828); 'Complicity 
 of Godunov in the Murder of Demetrius* 
 (1829); < Marfa Posadniza,* a tragedy (1831); 
 •Stories* (3 vols., 1833); < History of the Pseudo-
 
 434 
 
 POINSINET — POLO 
 
 Demetrius> (1835); < Russian History' (7 vols., 
 1846-54: the work was left unfinished); 'Re- 
 searches on the Historic Basis of Serfdom > 
 (1858); <The First Seventeen Years of the 
 Reign of Peter the Great > (1875). 
 
 Polnalnet, Antolne Alexandre Henri 
 (pwan-se-na'). A French dramatic writer; 
 born at Fontainebleau, 1735; died at Cordova, 
 1769. His first work was a parody of the 
 opera < Tithonus and Aurora >; then followed 
 '<The False Dervish,> comic opera (i757); 
 <The Little Philosopher,* comedy (1760); <San- 
 cho Panza in his Island,' opera-bouffe (1762); 
 <Tom Jones,> lyric comedy (1764); <Erme- 
 linda,> lyric tragedy (1767); * The Sick Ogre,' 
 spectacular piece; *Lot and his Daughters.' 
 
 Poitevin, Prosper (pwat-van'). A French 
 lexicographer and writer ; born about 1804 ; 
 died at Paris, Oct. 27, 1884. He wrote : < Ali 
 Pasha and Vasiliki,' a poem (1833); and some 
 comedies, among them < A Night at Potiphar's ' 
 (1841), <The Husband in Spite of Himself 
 (1842). His works on lexicography and lin- 
 guistics are numerous ; among them < Universal 
 Dictionary of the French Language' (2 vols., 
 1854-60), and < General and Historical Gram- 
 mar of the French Language' (2 vols., 1856). 
 
 Pol, Vincenty (pol). A Polish poet; born 
 at Lublin, April 20, 1807 ; died at Cracow, 
 Dec. 2, 1872. He wrote the patriotic < Songs 
 of Janusz' (1833); < Song of Our Country' 
 (1843), which won for its author unbounded 
 popularity ; < Pictures from Life and from 
 Travel' (1847), probably his finest work; < The 
 Starost of Kisla' (1873), a narrative poem on 
 the chase. 
 
 Polev6J, Nikoia.j Alexejevitsli (po-lev'oi). 
 A Russian novelist, dramatist, and literary 
 critic ; born at Irkutsk, July 4, 1796 ; died at 
 St. Petersburg, March 6, 1846. His dramatic 
 compositions are < Ugolino,' < Parasha,' * Little 
 Grandfather of the Russian Fleet': they have 
 a place in the repertoire of Russian theatres. 
 He wrote also < History of the Russian Peo- 
 ple' (6 vols., 1829-33). 
 
 Politian (Angelo Ambrogini) (po-lish'an). 
 A celebrated Italian humanist ; born at Monte- 
 pulciano in Tuscany, July 1454; died at Flor- 
 ence, 1494. At 15 he wrote epigrams in Latin, 
 at 17 in Greek, and at 18 published an edition 
 of Catullus. He was professor of Greek and 
 Roman literature at Florence, 1480. His trans- 
 lations from Greek into Latin, especially that 
 of the Iliad, were much admired by his contem- 
 poraries. Among the Greek works translated 
 by him were those of Epictetus, Herodian, Hip- 
 pocrates, and Galen, Plutarch's < Eroticus,' and 
 Plato's < Charmides.' Among his original works 
 are : <A Brief Account of the Conspiracy of the 
 Paz?.i> (1478); < Miscellanea' (1489), a collection 
 of his essays in philology and criticism ; several 
 poems in elegant Latin, among them < Manto,' 
 in praise of Virgil ; <Ambra,' an idyllic sketch 
 of Tuscan landscape ; < The Countryman,' cele- 
 brating the delights of rural life. He wrote in 
 
 Italian the stanzas called < The Joust,' on Giuli- 
 ano de' Medici's victory in a tournament; and 
 
 < Orpheus,' a lyric drama. 
 
 Polko, Elise (pol'kS). A Gennan story- 
 writer; born at Minden, Jan. 31, 1822; died at 
 Munich, May 15, 1899. She wrote an interesting 
 series of <Musical Tales' (first instalment 1852); 
 also < A Woman's Life' (1854); <In the Artist 
 World' ; (Reminiscences of Felix Mendelssohn 
 Bartholdy) (1868'; < Conversations > (1872); 
 <From the Year 1870' ; <Xew Story-Book' (1884). 
 
 Pollard, Edward Albert. An American 
 journalist and author ; born in Virginia, Feb. 
 27, 1828; died at Lynchburg, Va., Dec. 12, 1872. 
 As editor of the Richmond Examiner during 
 the Civil War, he was an earnest advocate of 
 the Confederate cause, but an active opponent 
 of Jefferson Davis. Among his numerous works 
 are :< Black Diamonds' (1859); < Southern His- 
 tory of the War' (1862); <The Lost Cause' 
 (i866j; <The Life of Jefferson Davis' (1869). 
 
 Pollard, Josephine. An American writer of 
 juvenile literature ; born in New York city in 
 1843; died there, Aug. 15, 1892. Her works 
 include: <The Gypsy Books' (1873-74); <Elfin 
 Land' (1882), poems; 'Gellivor, a Christmas 
 Legend) ( 1882) ; <The Boston Tea Party' ( 1 882). 
 
 Pbllnitz, Karl Ludwig (pel'nits). A Ger- 
 man adventurer, known as a writer of memoirs ; 
 born 1692 ; died 1775. He was at one time mas- 
 ter of ceremonies at the court of Frederick the 
 Great. He wrote <La Saxe Galante' (1737: 
 the private life of Augustus of Saxony), and 
 
 < Memoirs' of his own life and times (1734). 
 
 Pollock, Walter Berries. An English edi- 
 tor, poet, and author, son of Sir W. F. Pollock ; 
 born in London in 1850. He was admitted to 
 the bar in 1874, has delivered lectures at the 
 Royal Institution, and from 1884 to 1894 acted 
 as editor of the Saturday Review. Among his 
 miscellaneous literary and poetical publications 
 are : < Lectures on French Poets > ; < The Picture's 
 Secret,' a novel : < Songs and Rhymes, English 
 and French'; a translation of De Musset's 
 
 < Nights'; * Old and New,' verse; 'Fencing' in 
 the < Badminton Library > ; < Animals That Have 
 Owned Us.' 
 
 Pollok, Robert. A Scotch poet; born at 
 Moorhouse in Renfrewshire, Oct. 19, 1798; died 
 at Shirley-Commor, near Southampton, Sept. 
 18, 1827. His poem <The Course of Time' 
 (1827) is noted. He wrote also 'Tales of the 
 Covenanters' (1833). 
 
 Polo, Gaspar Gil. See Gil Polo. 
 
 Polo, Marco. A famous Italian traveler ; 
 born at Venice, 1254; died there, 1324. He 
 accompanied his father and his uncle, Venetian 
 traders, 127 1, on their second journey to the 
 court of Kublai, the Khan of Tartary. Marco 
 won the favor of Kublai, and was taken into 
 his service : he was employed on various im- 
 portant missions to the remotest parts of the 
 Khan's dominions, and thus collected informa- 
 tion regarding the countries and their inhab- 
 itants. The three Venetians started on their
 
 POLO DE MEDINA — PONGERVILLE 
 
 435 
 
 return home, 1292, by way of Cochin-China, 
 Sumatra, Ceylon, Ormus, Trebizond, and Con- 
 stantinople, reaching Venice in 1295. Marco 
 commanded a Venetian galley in the war with 
 Genoa, and was taken prisoner, 1298 ; while in 
 prison he dictated to Rusticiano of Pisa an 
 account of his travels, which Rusticiano wrote 
 out in French, and nine years later revised 
 and amended. The title of the book is simply 
 <The Book of Marco Polo.> About 80 MS. 
 copies of it are extant, differing each from each 
 considerably. 
 
 Polo de Medina, Salvador Jacinto (po'16 
 de ma-de'na). A Spanish poet; bom in Murcia 
 about 1607 ; died about 1660. He wrote a poem 
 in the form of a vision, < The Incurables' Hos- 
 pital ; Journey out of this Life into the Next,' 
 a moral treatise which was much admired in 
 his time ; < On Moral Supremacy, to Lselius > ; 
 also some fables and some satirical verses. 
 
 Polysenus (pol-i-e'nus). A Greek writer of 
 the second century, native of Macedonia. He 
 wrote a historical collection of instances of mili- 
 tary ruses employed by Greeks, Romans, and 
 Barbarians. It was entitled < Strategics,' or 
 < Stratagems,' and was inscribed to the em- 
 perors Marcus Antoninus and Lucius Verus. 
 The work is extant. It was first printed in 
 1549, and_again in 1887. 
 
 Polyblus (po-lib'e-us). A celebrated Greek 
 historian ; born at Megalopolis in Arcadia, 210 
 B.C., while much of Greece was stiU inde- 
 pendent; died 127, after it had long been a 
 province of Rome, and himself an admired 
 companion of its conquerors. His work, < His- 
 tories,' comprised 40 books, of which only the 
 first five have come down to us complete : it 
 was the author's purpose to write the history 
 of ^' all the known regions of the civilized world 
 which had fallen under the sway of Rome." 
 
 Polyides (pol-e-i'des). A Greek poet and 
 musician of the fourth century B. C. ; famous 
 for his dithyrambs. To him is credited by 
 Welcker the tragedy of < Iphigenia,' some pass- 
 ages from which are quoted by Aristotle in 
 his < Poetics.' 
 
 Pomeroy, Marcus Mills. [« Brick Pomeroy.'*] 
 An American journalist and humorous writer; 
 born at Elmira, N. Y., Dec. 25, 1833; died at 
 Brooklyn, May 30, 1896. He was a journalist 
 of La Crosse, Wis., and later of New York city, 
 where he founded Brick Pomeroy' s Democrat. 
 His chief publications are: <Gold Dust' (1872^; 
 <Brick Dust' (1872); <Perpetual Money> (1878). 
 
 Pomfret, John. An English poet; bom at 
 Luton in Bedfordshire, 1667 ; died 1702. His 
 best-knovra work is < The Choice : A Poem Writ- 
 ten by a Person of Quality' (1700), which had 
 four editions within a year. His other principal 
 writings are : < A Prospect of Death,' an ode 
 (1700), and 'Reason,' a poem (1700). 
 
 Pommier, Victor Louis Amedee (pom-ya'). 
 A French poet ; born at Lyons, 1804 ; died in 
 1877, Among his writings are : < The Russian 
 
 Expedition' (1827); <The Republic; or. The 
 Book of Blood' (1836); <The Assassins' (1837); 
 <Hell' (1853), a most realistic portrayal of the 
 infernal regions as conceived by old-time or- 
 thodoxy ; 'Algeria and Conquering Civilization > 
 (1848); < Death of the Archbishop of Paris' 
 (1849); < Monologues of a Solitary' (1870). 
 
 Pompery, ifidouard de (pom-per-e'). A 
 French miscellaneous writer; bom at Couv- 
 relles in Afane, 1812. lie was a socialist demo- 
 crat, and nearly all his writings deal with social 
 questions. He wrote : < The Doctor from Tim- 
 buktu' (1837); < Despotism or Socialism' (1849); 
 'Woman in Human Society: Her Natiu-e, her 
 Role, her Social Value > ( 1864) ; < Essay on the 
 True Voltaire' (1873). 
 
 Pomplgnan, Jean Jacques Lefranc, Mar* 
 quis de (p5m-pen-yan ). A French poet; born 
 at Montauban, 1709; died 1784. His tragedy 
 <Dido' (1734) had an extraordinary success; 
 it was followed by < Zoraide,' tragedy ; < The 
 Farewell of Mars,' comedy (1735); <Trip to 
 Languedoc and Provence,' narrative poem 
 (1740). Some of his odes are works of con- 
 summate grace and art, e. g., the < Ode on the 
 Death of Jean Jacques Rousseau.' 
 
 Ponce de Leon, Luis (pon'tha da la-6n'). 
 A great Spanish l>Tic poet; bom at Granada, 
 1527 ; died at Madrigal, 1591. He entered the 
 order of Augustin Friars, 1544, and in 1561 
 became professor of theology in the University 
 of Salamanca. He suffered five years' impris- 
 onment, by sentence of the Court of Inquisi- 
 tion, for his translation of the < Song of Songs ' 
 into Spanish, with commentary. Among his 
 prose writings is a treatise on the < Names of 
 Christ' (1583) and <The Perfect Wife' (1583): 
 both books are still in popular use in Spain. 
 His poems, almost exclusively of a religious 
 character, are to be classed with the highest 
 products of the lyric Muse of Spain. His 
 translations in verse of some of the works of 
 Virgil and Horace, of 40 of the Psalms, and 
 of passages from Greek and Italian poets, are 
 characterized by much spirit and grace of style. 
 
 Poncy, Louis Charles (p6n-se'). A French 
 poet ; bom at Toulon, 1821 ; died 1891. He 
 was a stone-mason quite without school edu- 
 cation. He published a series of volumes of 
 verse: <Poems> (1840); < Marine Views' (1842); 
 •Marguerite's Posy' (1855). 
 
 Pond, Frederick Eugene. An American 
 journalist and author ; bom in Marquette 
 County, Wis., April 8, 1856. He was among 
 the first to urge the establishment of a Na- 
 tional Sportsman's Association, and und^r the 
 pen-name of ^< Will Wildwood " has published 
 
 < Handbook for Young Sportsmen' (1876); 
 
 < Memoirs of Eminent Sportsmen' (1878); and 
 <Guu Trial and Field Records of America' 
 (1885); * American Game Reserves.' 
 
 Pongerville, Jean Baptiste AimS Sanson 
 de (pon-zha-vel'). A French miscellaneous 
 writer; bom at Abbeville in Somme, March 3, 
 1782; died at Paris, Jan. 24, 1870. His great
 
 436 
 
 PONINSKl — PORPH VRIUS 
 
 work is a scholarly metrical translation of the 
 Latin poet Lucretius. He translated also into 
 French verse some of Ovid's works, under the 
 title < Mythological Amours.' 
 
 Poninski, Anton Slodzin (po-nin'ske). A 
 Polish poet; died 1742. He wrote < Hymeneal 
 Song of Augustus IIL> (1720), and <Sarmatides 
 or Satires' (1741). 
 
 Ponsard, Fran90is (p6n-sar'). A French 
 dramatist; born at Vienne, 1814; died at Paris, 
 1867. His first venture in literature was made 
 with a translation of Lord Byron's < Manfred > 
 {1837). His <Lucretia> (1843), in the produc- 
 tion of which on the stage of the Oddon the 
 celebrated Rachel acted the leading role, was 
 a brilliant success : it marlced a reaction against 
 romanticism. Among his other dramatic pro- 
 ductions are : <Agn&s de M^ranie > ( 1846) ; < Char- 
 lotte Corday> (1850); <Ulysses> (1852); < Honor 
 and Money > (1853), a fine satiric comedy ; < The 
 Bourse' (1856); <What Pleases Womankind' 
 (i860), a trilogy, which had little success; <The 
 Lion in Love' (1866); < Galileo' (1867). 
 
 Ponson du Terrail, Pierre Alexis (pon-son 
 dii ter-il'). A French romancer; born at Mont- 
 maur near Grenoble, July 8, 1829; died at 
 Bordeaux, Jan. 31, 1871. He wrote an in- 
 credible number of works of fiction ; among 
 his works are : < Heritage of a Centenarian > ; 
 <Gown and Sword' (1857); <The Matrimonial 
 Agency'; < Memoirs of a Man of the World' 
 (1861); < Nights at the Gilded House'; <The 
 King of Navarre's Mistress' (1863); <The Great 
 World's Bohemians' (1867); <Dr. Rousselle's 
 Secret' (1869); 'Aurora's Amours' (1870). 
 
 Pontmartin, Armand Augustin Joseph 
 Marie (poii-mar-tan'). A French story-writer 
 and literary critic ; bom at Avignon, July 16, 
 181 1; died there, 1890. In 1853 he commenced 
 a series of < Literary Talks ' in the Gazette 
 de France, which, collected, fill 30 volumes. 
 Among his works are : < Recollections of an 
 Old Lover of Music' (1878); < Medusa's Raft' 
 (1872); < Recollections of an Old Critic'; <My 
 Memoirs' (2 vols., 1885-86); <Sins of Old Age' 
 (1889); < Literary Episodes' (1890). 
 
 Pontoux, Claude de (poii-to'). A French 
 versifier; born at Chalons-sur-Saone, about 
 1530; died there, 1579. He wrote: < Lament- 
 able Harangues on the Death of Divers Ani- 
 mals'; < Love's Smiles and Tears' (1576); <The 
 Idea and Other Works' (1579), <The Idea' 
 being a lady to whom he paid a hopeless suit. 
 
 Pool, Maria lomse. An American journalist 
 and novelist; born in Rockland, Mass., Aug. 20, 
 1845; died there. May 19, 1898. At one time she 
 was connected with the New York Tribune. Her 
 best-known works are : <ln Buncombe County'; 
 <.A. Vacation in a Buggy' (1887); < Tenting at 
 Stony Beach' (1888); <Rowena in Boston' 
 (1892); <ln a Dike Shanty' (1896). 
 
 Poole, William Frederick. An American libra- 
 rian and bibliographer; bom at Salem, Mass., 
 Dec. 24, 1821; died at Evanston, III., March I, 
 1894. He was a librarian at Boston, Cincinnati, 
 
 and Chicago. His chief work is the celebrated 
 'Index to Periodical Literature,' which he in- 
 itiated, and of which in its greatly expanded 
 later form he was co-editor with W. I. Fletcher. 
 Among his other works are 'The Battle of 
 the Dictionaries' (1856), and 'Cotton Mather 
 and Salem Witchcraft' (1869). 
 
 Poore, Benjamin Perley. An American jour- 
 nalist, compiler, and author ; born at Newbury, 
 Mass., Nov. 2, 1820 ; died at Washington, D. C, 
 May 30, 1887. He spent several years abroad, 
 and devoted much time to research in French 
 history. Upon his return he became active in 
 journalism, and for thirty years was Washington 
 correspondent of the Boston Journal. His works 
 include : ' The Rise and Fall of Louis Philippe ' 
 (1848); < Early Life of Napoleon' (1851); ' Remi- 
 niscences of Sixty Years' (1886). 
 
 Poorten-Schwartz, J. M. W. van der. See 
 Maartens. 
 
 Poot, Huibert Cornelis (pot). A Dutch 
 poet ; born at Abtswoud, South Holland, Jan. 
 29, 1689; died at Delft, Dec. 31, 1733. His 
 countrymen called him "the Hesiod of Hol- 
 land." He published ' Miscellaneous Poems ' 
 (1716; to which succeeded a second volume, 
 1728, and a third, 1735). 
 
 Pope, Alexander. A great English poet; 
 born at London, May 21, 1688 ; died at Twick- 
 enham on the Thames, May 30, 1744. His 
 principal works are : ' The Iliad of Homer,' 
 translated (1715-20); ' Homer's Odyssey' (1725); 
 ' Essay on Criticism,' in the manner of Horace 
 (1711); 'The Temple of Fame' (1711); 'Epis- 
 tle from Eloisa to Abelard' (1716); 'The Rape 
 of the Lock' (1712); 'The Dunciad' (1728, 
 1742); 'Essay on Man' (1733); 'Imitations of 
 Horace' (1740). 
 
 Pope, John. An Amen, an general; born at 
 Louisville, Ky., March 16, 1822; died at San- 
 dusky, O., Sept. 23, 1892. He graduated from 
 West Point in 1842, and had important com- 
 mands in the Civil War. Later in life he had 
 charge of various departments of the regular 
 army in the West. He published : < The Vir- 
 ginia Campaign of July and August 1862,' a 
 defense of his campaign in command of the 
 Army of the Potomac. 
 
 Porphyrins (por-fi're-us). A celebrated Neo- 
 Platonic philosopher ; born at Batanea in Syria, 
 233 A. D.; died at Rome, 304 A.D. He was a 
 disciple first of Longinus, then of Plotinus, 
 whose works he edited, and whom he succeeded 
 as master of a school of philosophy at Rome. 
 But few of his writings have come down to us. 
 He wrote a ' History of Philosophy,' to which 
 probably belongs the extant 'Life of Pythago- 
 ras.' Some fragments of his work against the 
 Christian religion — condemned to the flames 
 by the emperor Theodosius II. in 453 — are 
 preserved in the writings of his adversaries. 
 We have his tractate < On Abstinence from 
 Animal Food > ; also his < Homeric Questions,' 
 in 32 chapters ; his < Epistle to Marcella ' on 
 the right conduct of life; his letter to the
 
 PORSON — PORTER 
 
 437 
 
 Egyptian priest Anebon in condemnation of 
 magic nnd theurgy ; < Introduction to Philoso- 
 phy,' in which the question of realism and 
 nominalism is first mooted ; < On Deriving a 
 Philosophy from Oracles > ; and < On the Cave 
 of the Nymphs.* 
 
 For son, Ricliard. An eminent English 
 scholar and critic ; born in Norfolk, Dec. 25, 
 1759; died in London, Sept. 25, 1808. He was 
 educated at Eton and Cambridge, and regius 
 professor of Greek at Cambridge from 1792 
 till his death. He possessed phenomenal pow- 
 ers of memory, great critical acumen, and a 
 knowledge of Greek unequaled in his day. His 
 emendations and critical notes on the Greek 
 writers are accepted as authoritative. He wrote 
 for the literary reviews on many subjects ; ed- 
 ited ^schylus (1795); the <Hecuba,> <Orestes,> 
 < Phoenissae.> and < Medea > of Euripides (1797- 
 1801) : and published <Adversaria> (1812); 
 ♦Tracts and Criticisms* (1815); <Aristophanica' 
 (1820); <Photii Lexicon' (1822); <Notae in Sui- 
 dam > (1834). His Letters to Archdeacon Travis 
 on the << Three Witnesses " are monuments of 
 analytic and argumentative power. 
 
 Port, Elizabeth-Marie (port). A Dutch poet 
 and novelist; born in the second half of the 
 eighteenth century. Her writings are : < The 
 Country' (1792), prose and poetry; < For the 
 Solitary ' ( 1789 ); < Reinhart on Nature and Re- 
 ligion' (1793); < Elegies' (1794); < True Enjoy- 
 ment of Life' (1796); < My Childhood's Tears' 
 (1804), domestic tableaux; 'Frederick Weit 
 and his Children ' ; < On Society and Solitude ' 
 (1806); and <New Poems' (1807). 
 
 Porter, Anna Maria. An English novelist; 
 bom at Durham, 1780 ; died 1832. Sister of 
 Jane and Sir R. K. ; she wrote 'Artless Tales ' 
 (1793-95), which was succeeded by a long series 
 of novels, among them : < Walsh Colville ' (1797); 
 <The Lakes of Killarney' (1804); <The Hun- 
 garian Brothers' (1807); <The Recluse of Nor- 
 way' (1814); <The Knight of St. John' (1817); 
 <The Fast of St. Magdalen' (1818); < Roche 
 Blanche' (1822); < Honor O'Hara' (1826); 
 < Barony' (1830); also 'Ballads, Romances, and 
 Other Poems' (1811). 
 
 Porter, David. An American naval officer 
 and diplomat ; born in Boston, Feb. I, 1780 ; 
 died near Constantinople, March 3, 1843. He 
 commanded in several naval engagements of 
 the Tripoli war (1801-6) and the War of 1812. 
 From 1831 to 1843 he held important diplomatic 
 positions at Constantinople. His chief work is 
 'Constantinople and its Environs' (1835). 
 
 Porter, David Dixon. An American admi- 
 ral, son of David ; born at Chester, Pa., June 
 8, 1813; died at Washington, D. C, Feb. 13, 
 1891. He came into prominence in the Mexi- 
 can War, and during the Civil War held im- 
 portant naval commands at New Orleans, Vicks- 
 burg, and Fort Fisher. As an author he will 
 be best remembered for his nautical romance, 
 'The Adventures of Harry Marline' (1886). 
 Among his other works are : ' Life of Commo- 
 dore David Porter' (1875); 'Allan Dare and 
 
 Robert le Diable ' (1885), a romance; 'History 
 of the Navy in the War of the Rebellion > 
 (1887). 
 
 Porter, Horace. An American general and 
 military writer ; born at Huntingdon, Pa., April 
 15. 1837. He graduated from West Point, and 
 during the Civil War was a staff officer of 
 McClellan and Rosecrans, and subsequently 
 Grant's trusted aide and personal friend in Vir- 
 ginia during the last two years of the War. He 
 is the author of ' Campaigning with Grant,' 
 which first appeared serially in the Century 
 Magazine ' ; and ' West Point Life.' 
 
 Porter, Jane. An English novelist ; born at 
 Durham, 1776 ; died at Bristol, May 24, 1850. 
 Among her stories, some of which still enjoy 
 a wide popularity, are : ' Thaddeus of Warsaw ' 
 (1803), which has been translated into several 
 languages, and for which she was elected can- 
 oness of the Teutonic Order of St. Joachim ; 
 'The Scottish Chiefs' (1810); 'The Pastor's 
 Fireside' (1815); ' Duke Christian of Liineburg' 
 (1824); 'Coming Out' (1828); 'The Field of 
 Forty Footsteps' (1828). In collaboration with 
 her sister she wrote ' Tales round a Winter 
 Hearth' (1826). She was long credited with 
 the authorship of ' Sir Edward Seward's Diary' 
 (1831) ; but it was written by her elder brother. 
 Dr. Wm. Ogilvie Porter. 
 
 Porter, John Addison. An American jour- 
 nalist; born at New Haven, Conn., April 17, 
 1856. He is editor of the Hartford Post. His 
 works are : ' The Corporation of Yale College ' 
 (1885); 'Administration of the City of Wash- 
 ington' (1885); 'Sketches of Yale Life' (1886). 
 He is now (1897-98) private secretary to Presi- 
 dent McKinley. Died in 1900. 
 
 Porter, Linn Boyd. An American novelist 
 of Cambridge, Mass. ; born about 1840. He is 
 the author of numerous sensational novels, 
 published under the pseudonym of "Albert Ross " 
 which have had a large sale. Among the roost 
 popular are: 'Thou Shalt Not' (1889); 'Speak- 
 ing of Ellen' (1890); 'Out of Wedlock » (1894); 
 ' Love Gone Astray ' ; ' Stranger than Fiction.' 
 
 Porter, Noah. An eminent American clergy- 
 man, educator, and author; born at Farming- 
 ton, Conn., Dec. 14, 1811; died in New Haven, 
 Conn., March 4, 1892. In 1846 he was ap- 
 pointed professor of metaphysics at Yale Uni- 
 versity ; and was president of that institution 
 from 187 1 to 1885. The most valuable of his 
 numerous works are : ' Human Intellect ' (1868); 
 'Books and Reading' (1870); 'American Col- 
 leges and the American Public' (1870); 'Moral 
 Science' (1885). 
 
 Porter, Sir Robert Ker. An English trav- 
 eler, brother of Jane and Anna Maria ; bom 
 at Durham, 1777; died at St. Petersburg, May 
 4, 1842. He traveled extensively in Europe, 
 Asia, and South America ; and wrote : < Travel- 
 ing Sketches in Russia and Sweden' (1808); 
 'Letters from Portugal and Spain' (1809); 
 'Narrative of the Late Campaign in Russia' 
 (1813); 'Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia,
 
 438 
 
 POSIDONIUS — POWELL 
 
 Ancient Babylonia, etc., during the Years 1817- 
 20' (1821-22). 
 
 PosldoniUB (pos-i-do'ni-us). A Greek Stoic 
 philosopher ; born at Apamea in S>Tia, but styled 
 « the Rhodian » by reason of his long residence 
 in the island of Rhodes ; lived from 103 to 19 
 b.C tie was one of the most learned men 
 of antiquity, his knowledge and his writings 
 extending over every branch of science. Only 
 fragments of his works are extant. His great- 
 est work was a universal history in 52 books, 
 held in high esteem by the ancients: it was a 
 continuation of Polybius, and covered the pe- 
 riod 145-82 B. C. His lectures on < Tactics > 
 would seem to be the basis of the tractate of 
 his disciple Asclepiodotus on the same sub- 
 ject. 
 
 Posnett, Mrs. George. An English novel- 
 ist ; born 18 — . Her books are : < The Touch 
 of Fate> (1884); <0n the Square > (1884); < Her 
 Golden Forget- Me-Not> (1885); and < Who Am 
 I?> (1885). 
 
 Potler, Charles Joseph Edward (p5t-ya'). 
 A French actor and dramatic author; born at 
 Bordeaux in 1806; died at Paris in 1870. His 
 principal dramatic works are: < Factor* (1834), 
 a five-act drama with Charles Desnoyer and 
 Bould; < Because) (1835), < The Drunkard's Sis- 
 ter* (1839), one-act vaudevilles; < Everybody's 
 Master* (1840), a two-act comedy with Antony 
 B€raud ; <The Clothing Merchant* (1841), a 
 five-act drama with Desnoyer and B^raud ; 
 'Estelle and N^morin* (1844), a two-act pas- 
 toral bouffe ; and < The National Sickness * 
 (1846), a three-act vaudeville with Brissebarre. 
 
 Potter, Henry Codman. An American clergy- 
 man and author, bishop of New York ; born at 
 Schenectady, N. Y., May 25, 1835. Educated 
 in theology in Virginia, he became rector of 
 Grace Church, New York city, in 1868 ; and 
 was consecrated bishop of New York in 1887. 
 His works include : < Gates of the East : A 
 Winter in Egypt and Syria* (1876); < Sermons 
 oftheCity>(iSSi);< Waymarks*(i892). D. 1908. 
 
 Potts, William. An American writer on 
 nature, also on political and social reform ; born 
 in Philadelphia, May 5, 1838. For many years 
 he was secretary and he is now vice-president 
 of the National Civil Service League. He was 
 chief examiner of the Civil Service Commission 
 for New York State in 1887. He has published 
 a volume of nature studies, < From a New Eng- 
 land Hillside,* and a Sunday-school service 
 book, < Noblesse Oblige * ; < Evolution and Local 
 Reform* ; < The Monetary Problem.* 
 
 Potvln, Charles (po-vari'). A Belgian poet, 
 and historian of literature ; born at Mons, Dec. 
 2, 1818. He wrote several volumes of lyric 
 poetry: < Poems and Amours* (1838); < Poems, 
 Historical and Romantic* (2 vols., 1840); < Po- 
 litical and Elegiac Poems* (1849); < Satires* 
 (1852); <The Beggar-Woman * (1856). On the 
 drama he wrote : < The Theatre in Belgium * 
 (1862); < Essays on Dramatic Literature* (2 
 vols., 1880J ; and some comedies, as < Choice 
 
 of an Occupation * and < War.* He also wrote 
 many volumes of literary history and criticism, 
 among them < Our Early Literary Periods* (2 
 vols., 1870), and < French Literature in Belgium 
 before 1830.* Died at Ixelles, March i, 1902. 
 
 Pougin, Fran9ois-Auguste Arthur (po- 
 zhaii'). A French musician and author; bom 
 at Chateauroux, 1834. Besides pseudonymous 
 contributions to various journals, he published 
 among others the following volumes : < French 
 Musicians of the i8th Century* (1863); < Meyer- 
 beer: A Biographical Sketch* (1864); 'William 
 Vincent Wallace* (1865); <F. Hal^vy, Writer* 
 (1865); < Bellini, his Life and Works* (1867); 
 < Rossini * ( 1869) ; < Musical Literature in France * 
 (1869); and (Albert Grisar* (1870). 
 
 Poujol, Adolph (pb-zhol'). A French dra- 
 matic author; born at Paris, 1811 (?). He wrote 
 very many plays in collaboration. Among his 
 writings are: <A Service of Love* (1840); 
 The Pastry-Cook of Danaustadt* (1842); < Re- 
 sults of a Fault* (1842); < Jeanne de Naples* 
 (1842); <A Daughter of the Legion of Honor' 
 (1843); 'December 10* (1849); 'Marguerite* 
 (1851); <A Maiden's Heart* (1854); 'Doctor 
 Momus * (1857); and 'The Art of Managing 
 Women* (1859). 
 
 Poujoulat, Jean Joseph Frangois (p6-zho- 
 la'). A French historian ; born at La Fare, 
 Bouches-du-Rhone, Jan. 26, 1800 ; died at Paris, 
 Jan. s, 1880. His principal works are: 'His- 
 tory of Jerusalem* (2 vols., 1840-42); 'Cardinal 
 Maury* (1855); ' History of the French Revolu- 
 tion* (2 vols., 1855); 'History of France from 
 1814* (4 vols., 1865-67); 'Insanities of the Pres- 
 ent Time regarding Religion* (1877); 'The 
 Bedawin Woman* (2 vols., 1835), a novel, 
 crowned by the Academy. 
 
 Pouvillon, Emile (pb-ve-yon')- A French 
 novelist ; born at Montauban, 1840. His novel 
 'Cdsette* (1880), a tale of village life, won the 
 Academy's Lambert prize. It was followed 
 by 'Jennie's John* (1886); 'The Blue Horse* 
 (1888); 'Singing-Weeping*; and 'Bemadotte,* 
 a cabinet drama, — an antithesis of Zola's 
 ' Lourdes.* 
 
 Powell, John Wesley. An American soldier, 
 geologist, and author; born in Mount Morris, 
 N. Y., March 24, 1834. He was educated at 
 Oberlin College ; was a lieutenant-colonel of 
 artillery at the close of the Civil War; pro- 
 fessor of geology in the Illinois Wesleyan Uni- 
 versity, 1865 ; explored the caiion of the Colo- 
 rado River in 1867, and again in 1870-74. He 
 succeeded Clarence King as director of the 
 the United States Geological Survey (1879-96). 
 The special volumes of reports written by 
 Major Powell are : ' Exploration of the Colorado 
 River in 1869-72* (1S75); 'Geology of the 
 Uinta Mountains* (1876); 'The Arid Regions 
 of the United States* (1879); 'Introduction to 
 Study of Indian Languages.* Died in 1902. 
 
 Powell, Thomas. An American playwright 
 and author; born in London, Sept. 3, 1809; 
 died in Newark, N. J., Jan. 13, 1887. For
 
 POWERS — PRENTICE 
 
 439 
 
 many years he was connected with the Frank 
 Leslie publications. Besides two acted plays, 
 <True at Last> and < The Shepherd's \Vell,> he 
 published: < Florentine Tales> (1847); < Living 
 Authors of England > (1849); < Living Authors 
 of America* (1850). 
 
 Powers, Horatio Nelson. An American 
 clergyman, literary critic, and poet; born at 
 Amenia, N. Y., April 30, 1826; died in 1890. 
 Among his works are : < Through the Year > 
 (1875); < Poems, Early and Late> (1876); <Ten 
 Years of Song* (1887); < Lyrics of the Hudson.* 
 
 Pradon, Nicolas (pra-don'). A French tragic 
 poet; born at Rouen, 1632; died at Paris, 1698. 
 Besides many fugitive poems, he wrote : < Tam- 
 erlane * (1677); < Phaedra and Hippolytus* (1677); 
 <The Troad> (1679); <Statira> (1683); < Regu- 
 lus> (1688); <Scipio Africanus* (1697); and his 
 most famous work, < Pyramus and Thisbe.* 
 
 Pradt, Dominique Dufour de (prat). A 
 PVench statesman and historian ; born at Al- 
 lanches in Auvergne, April 23, 1759 ; died March 
 18, 1837. He wrote : < Historic Narrative of 
 the Restoration of Royalty in France* (1814); 
 
 < History of the Embassy to the Grand Duchy 
 of Warsaw in 1812* (1815); <The Congress of 
 Vienna* (2 vols., 1815-16); < Historical Memoirs 
 on the Spanish Revolution* (1816); <The Colo- 
 nies and the Present Revolution in [Spanish] 
 America * (2 vols., 1817) ; < The Congress of Carls- 
 bad * (2 vols., 1819-20) ; < The Four Concordats.* 
 
 Praed, Mrs. Campbell Mackworth (prad) 
 (Rosa Caroline Murray -Prior). An Aus- 
 tralian novelist, wife of the nephew of W. M. 
 Praed ; born in Bromelton, Queensland, March 
 27, 1851. In 1876 she came to London and 
 began to write her noted Australian stories. 
 Her most popular works are : < An Austra- 
 lian Heroine* (1880); < Moloch* (1883); <The 
 Head Station* (1885); < December Roses* 
 (1892); <Outlaw and Lawmaker* (1893); 
 <Nulma* (1897). In collaboration with Justin 
 McCarthy she has written <The Right Hon- 
 ourable* (1886),. and <The Ladies' Gallery* 
 (1889) ; ' Fugitive Anne * (1903); < Nyria > (1904). 
 
 Praed, Winthrop Mackworth. An English 
 poet (1802-39); born in London. He wrote 
 society verse and occasional poetry. Among 
 his best-known pieces are : < The Red Fisher- 
 man * ; < Every-Day Characters * ; < Private The- 
 atricals * ; < School and Schoolfellows * ; < A Let- 
 ter of Advice*; <Our Ball*; <My Partner*; 
 
 < My Little Cousins * ; etc. 
 
 Pram, Christen Henriksen (pram). A 
 Danish poet ; born at Gudbrandsdal in Nor- 
 way, 1756; died in the island of St. Thomas, 
 W. I., 1821. He was editor of the periodical 
 Minerva, at Copenhagen; wrote the romantic 
 epic < Staerkodder * (1785), and two tragedies, 
 
 < Damon and Pythias * and < Frode and Fingal.* 
 
 Prati, Giovanni (prii'te). An Italian lyric 
 poet; born at Dascindo near Trent, Jan. 27, 
 1815 ; died at Rome, May 9, 1884. He wrote < Ed- 
 menegarda* (1841), a powerful narrative poem 
 
 after the Byronic manner, which was received 
 with extraordinary favor. Then followed sev- 
 eral volumes of lyric poetry, which still further 
 enhanced the poet's reputation. His satire 
 < Satan and the Graces* (1855), and his epics 
 
 < Count Riga* (1856), < Rudolf > (1858), <Aribert> 
 (i860), were equally successful. 
 
 Pratt, Anne (Mrs. John Fearless). Bom at 
 Strood, Dec. 5, 1806; died in London, July 27, 
 1893. An English nature-writer, whose books 
 achieved great popularity. Among them are: 
 <Flowers and their Associations* (newed. 1840); 
 <Field, Garden, and Woodland* (for the young, 
 newed. 1843); 'Chapters on Common Things of 
 the Seaside* (1850); <Green Fields, their Grasses* 
 (1852); <Our Native Songsters* (1852); <Wild 
 Flowers > (1853); <Flowering Plants, Grasses, 
 and Ferns of Great Britain* (1854); etc. 
 
 Pratt, Mrs. Ella (Farman). An American 
 writer of juvenile literature. She has been 
 editor of Wide Awake, and at present has 
 charge of Our Little Men and Women. Among 
 her works are: < Anna Maylie* (1873); <A 
 White Hand* (1875); < Good-for-Nothing Polly* 
 (1877); < A Crirl's Money.* She died 1907. 
 
 Pratt, Orson. A Mormon apostle, educator, 
 and professor; born in Hartford, Conn., Sept. 
 19, 181 1 ; died in Salt Lake City, Oct. 3, 1881. 
 He was one of the twelve apostles of the Mor- 
 mon Church (1835), and was in charge of Euro- 
 pean missions from 1840, many successive years. 
 He was professor of mathematics in Deseret 
 University ; also church historian and recorder. 
 His writings include : < Divine Authenticity of 
 the Book of Mormon* (6 parts, 1851); 'Patri- 
 archal Order, or Plurality of Wives* (1853); 
 < Cubic and Biquadratic Equations* (1866); 
 
 < Key to the Universe* (1879); and <The Great 
 First Cause.* He left in manuscript a 'Trea- 
 tise on the Differential Calculus.* 
 
 Pratt, Samuel Jackson. An English poet 
 and novelist ; born at St. Ives, Cornwall, Dec. 
 25, 1749; died at Birmingham, Oct. 4, 1814. 
 Besides his translation of Goethe's 'Sorrows 
 of Werther* (1813), his books are : 'Sympathy,* 
 a poem; 'Tears of Genius* (1774), a poem on 
 Goldsmith ; ' Landscapes in Verse * ; < Liberal 
 Opinion* (1775), a novel; 'Emma Corbett* 
 (1776), a novel; 'Apology for David Hume* 
 (1777); 'Pupils of Pleasure* (1779), a novel; 
 ' Gleanings through Wales, Holland,* etc. (1795); 
 'Gleanings in England* (1796); 'The Fair Cir- 
 cassian,* a tragedy; 'Family Secrets* (1797), a 
 novel; 'Cabinet of Poetry* (1808). 
 
 Prentice, George Denison. An American 
 journalist, author, and poet; born at Preston, 
 Conn., Dec. 18, 1802; died at Louisville, Ky., 
 Jan. 22, 1870. He was on the staff of the Hart- 
 ford Weekly Review from 1828 to 1830, when 
 he became editor of the Louisville Journal, and 
 held that position until his death, making the 
 paper famous for satiric wit and exuberant fun. 
 His best-known work is a volume of witticisms 
 entitled ' Prenticeana* (1859). His other pub- 
 lications are 'Life of Henry Clay* (1831), and 
 'Poems* (1876).
 
 440 
 
 PRENTISS — PRIDEAUX 
 
 Prentiss, Mrs. Elizabeth (Payson). An 
 American writer of fiction ; born at Portland, 
 Me., Oct. 26, 1818; died at Dorset, Vt, Aug. 13, 
 1878. Her most popular work was < Stepping 
 Heavenward* (1S69), which was translated into 
 several languages. She also published : < Little 
 Susy's Six Birthdays > (1853); < Fred and Maria 
 and Me> (1867); <Aunt Jane's Hero> (1871); 
 <Pemaquid> (1877); 'Gentleman Jim> (1878). 
 
 Preradovl6, Peter (prer-a-do'vich). The 
 most eminent of modern Croatian lyric poets ; 
 born at Grabonitza, March 19, 1818; died Aug. 
 18, 1872. He wrote : < Firstlings,* a collection of 
 short poems (1846); < New Songs> (1851); <The 
 First Men ' and < The Slavic Dioscuri,* epics. 
 
 Prescott, William Hlckllng. An eminent 
 American historian ; born at Salem, Mass., 
 May 4, 1796; died at New York, Jan. 28, 1859. 
 His works are : < History of Ferdinand and Is- 
 abella* (3 vols., 1838); < History of the Conquest 
 of Mexico* (3 vols., 1843); < History of the 
 Conquest of Peru* (3 vols., 1847); 'History of 
 the Reign of Philip H. of Spain* (3 vols., 1855- 
 58); 'Biographical and Critical Miscellanies* 
 (1843); 'Critical Essays* (1852). 
 
 Pressens^, Edmond Dehoult de (pra-soii- 
 sa'). An eminent French theologian and his- 
 torian ; born at Paris, Jan. 7, 1824 ; died there, 
 April 8, 1891. Among his numerous writings 
 are : ' The Church and the French Revolution * 
 (1864); 'Jesus Christ, his Life and his Work* 
 (1866; 7th ed. 1884), written in opposition to 
 Renan's < Life of Jesus*; 'History of the First 
 Three Centuries of the Christian Church* (6 
 vols., 1858-77); 'The Council of the Vatican* 
 (1872); 'Origins: The Problem of Cognition, 
 the Cosmologic Problem,* etc. (1883); 'Moral 
 and Political Miscellanies* (1885); 'Alexander 
 Vinet and his Unpublished Correspondence 
 with H. Lutteroth* (1890). 
 
 Preston, Harriet Waters. An American 
 scholar, translator, and writer ; bom in Danvers, 
 Mass., in 1843 ; later resided at Leland Stan, 
 ford University, California. At an early age she 
 became noted as a linguist, and now has achieved 
 a brilliant reputation as a translator from the 
 Latin and Proven9al languages, and as an essay- 
 ist. Besides her translations of Mistral's ' Mi- 
 r^io* (1873), Virgil's 'Georgics* (1881), and sev- 
 eral others, she has published of her own ori- 
 ginal work: 'Aspendale* (1881); 'Troubadours 
 and Trouv^res* (1876); 'A Year in Eden,* 
 with Louise Dodge (1886); 'Private Life of the 
 Romans* (1893); and 'Love in the Nineteenth 
 Century.* 
 
 Preston, Mrs. Margaret (Junkln). An 
 American poet and miscellaneous writer ; born 
 in Philadelphia in 1825; died at Baltimore, March 
 28, 1897. She was a resident of Lexington, Va., 
 and later of Baltimore, Md. Her writings deal 
 chiefly with the period of the Civil War, the 
 best known being: 'Silverwood* ( 1856), a novel; 
 <Beechenbrook, a Rhyme of the War* (1866); 
 •Cartoons) (1875); 'Colonial Ballad*;* (18" 
 «Aunt Dorothy) (1890). 
 
 Provost, Eugdne Marcel (pra-v5'). A French 
 novelist ; born at Paris, May I, 1862. His first 
 story, 'The Scorpion* (1887), the tragic history 
 of a clerical tutor in a Jesuit school, made a 
 deep impression because of the fine psycho- 
 logical insight and intimate knowledge of the 
 priestly life it displayed. It was followed by 
 ' Our Helpmate : Provincials and Parisiennes * 
 (1885); 'Chonchette* (1888); 'Mile. Jaufre * 
 (1889), perhaps his best work ; ' Cousin Laura : 
 Stage Morality* (1890); < A Lover's Confession* 
 (1891); 'Women's Letters* (1892); 'A Woman's 
 Autumn* (1893); *The Mill at Nazareth* 
 (1894); 'The Demi-Virgins* (1894); 'More of 
 the Women's Letters* (1894); 'Abbot Pierre.* 
 
 Prevost d'Exiles, Antoine Fran90is (pra-vo- 
 deg-zel'), commonly called Abb^ Provost. A 
 notable French novelist ; born at Hesdin in 
 Artois, April i, 1697 ; died near Chantilly, Nov. 
 23, 1763. He gained great celebrity through his 
 remarkable novels : ' Memoirs of a Man of 
 Quality * ( 1728) ; ' Cleveland > ; ' Manon Lescaut,* 
 his greatest work (1731); 'Story of a Modern 
 Greek Woman* (1741). He also wrote some 
 historical works and moral essays, and trans- 
 lated Richardson's ' Pamela* and ' Clarissa.* 
 
 Pr^vost-Paradol, Luclen Anatole (pra-v5' 
 pa-ra-dol'). A distinguished French journalist; 
 born at Paris, Aug. 8, 1829; died by suicide at 
 Washington, D. C, July 20, 1870, while he was 
 French envoy to the United States. He wrote : 
 'Essay on Universal History* (2 vols., 1854); 
 'Role of the Family in Education* (1857); 
 ' Essays on Politics and Literature * (3 vols., 
 1859-63); 'Pages of Contemporary History* (4 
 vols., 1862-64) ; ' Studies on the French Moral- 
 ists* (1865); 'The New France* (1868). 
 
 Price, Eleanor C. An English novelist ; born 
 18—. Her books are: 'One Only* (1874); 
 'Constantia* (1875); 'A French Heiress in her 
 Own Chateau > ( 1878) ; ' Mrs. Lancaster's Rival * 
 (1879) ; ' Valentina : A Sketch > (1882) ; ' The For- 
 eigners * (1883); 'High Aims* (1884); 'Gerald* 
 (1885); 'Alexia* (1887); 'Red Towers* (1888). 
 
 Price, Richard. A notable English philoso- 
 pher and man of science ; born at Tynton in 
 Glamorganshire, Feb. 23, 1723; died April 19, 
 1791. He was a Dissenting minister, and was 
 pastor of a congregation at Hackney. He was 
 the friend of Benjamin Franklin, and sympa- 
 thized warmly with the American colonists. 
 His tables of vital statistics and calculations 
 of expectancy of life were the basis of modern 
 annuities and life insurance ; his economic and 
 financial writings were of a high order, and 
 the younger Pitt consulted him on finance. 
 His principal writings are : 'An Appeal to the 
 Public on the Subject of the National Debt * 
 (1771); 'Civil Liberty and the Justice and 
 Policy of the War with America* (1776); 'Re- 
 view of the Principal Questions in Morals* (3d 
 ed. 1787); 'The American Revolution and the 
 Means of Rendering It a Benefit to the World * 
 (1784). 
 
 Prideaux, Humphrey. An English theolo- 
 gian and historical writer; bom at Place in
 
 PRIEST — PROCOPIUS 
 
 441 
 
 Cornwall, May 3, 1648 ; died at Norwich, Nov. 
 I, 1724. He was a minister of the established 
 Church, and became dean of Norwich in 1702. 
 His chief writings are : < Validity of the Orders 
 of the Church of England > (1688); < The Case 
 of Clandestine Marriages Stated > (1691); < Life 
 of Mahomet > ( 1697 ) ; * The Old and New 
 Testament Connected in the History of the 
 Jews,' a work of great research and learning 
 (1716). 
 
 Priest, Josiah. An American writer ; born 
 in New York, about 1790; died about 1850- 
 He was an unschooled man, a harness-maker 
 by trade ; but published several books, some of 
 which became very popular. Among them 
 were: < Wonders of Nature > (1826); <View of 
 the Millennium > (1828); < Stories of the Revo- 
 lution > (1836); < American Antiquities' (1838); 
 and < Slavery in the Light of History and 
 Scripture' (1843). 
 
 Priestley, Joseph. A celebrated English 
 philosopher, theologian, physicist, and chemist ; 
 born at Birstall near Leeds, March 13, 1733; 
 died near Philadelphia, Feb. 6, 1804. He was 
 a Dissenting minister of Unitarian or Socinian 
 principles, and served as such in various towns, 
 the last being Hackney, a London suburb. 
 Among his writings are: < Institutes of Natural 
 and Revealed Religion' (1754); < History of 
 Electricity' {1767); < Disquisitions on Matter 
 and Spirit,' his most noteworthy philosophical 
 treatise (l777); 'History of the Corruptions of 
 Christianity' (1782); < Observations on Differ- 
 ent Kinds of Air' (3 vols., 1774-77); * The 
 Doctrine of Phlogiston Established' (1800). 
 
 Prime, Samuel Irenseus. An American 
 clerg3Tnan, editor, and author; born at Balls- 
 ton, N. Y., Nov. 4, 1812 ; died at Manchester, 
 Vt, July 18, 1885. He was first a minister in 
 the Presbyterian Church. About 1840 he be- 
 came editor of the New York Observer, and 
 remained in charge until his death. He is the 
 author of over forty volumes, the best known 
 being : < Travels in Europe and the East ' 
 (1855); < Letters from Switzerland ' (i860); <The 
 Alhambra and the Kremlin' (1873); * Life of 
 Samuel F. B. Morse' (1874). 
 
 Prime, William Cowper. An American man 
 of letters; born at Cambridge, N. Y.. Oct. 31, 
 1825. He wrote : <Owl Creek Letters' (1848); 
 <The Old House by the River' (1853); < Later 
 Years' (1854); <Boat Life in Egypt and Nubia' 
 (1857); < Tent Life in the Holy Land ' ; < Coins, 
 Medals, and Seals' (1861); a work on the 
 hymn <0 Mother Dear, Jerusalem' (1865); <I 
 Go a-Fishing' (1873); <The Holy Cross' (1877); 
 < Pottery and Porcelain of all Times and Na- 
 tions ' (1878). He edited < McClellan's Own 
 Story,' with biography (1886). Died in 1905. 
 
 Prince. Mrs. Helen Choate (Pratt). An 
 American novelist, granddaughter of Rufus 
 Choate ; born in Massachusetts in 1857. She is at 
 present residing in France. Her works are: < The 
 Story of Christine Rochefort ' (1895); * A Trans- 
 atlantic Chatelaine ' ; < The Strongest Master.' 
 
 Prince, John Critchley. An English poet- 
 workingman ; born in 1808 ; died in 1866 ; a 
 Lancashireman. He wrote : < Hours with the 
 Muses ' ( 1842) ; < Dreams and Realities ' ; < Poetic 
 Rosary' (1851) ; and < Autumn Leaves' (1856). 
 
 Prince, Le Baron Bradford. An American 
 historical writer, descendant of William Brad- 
 ford of the Mayflower ; born in Flushing, L. I., 
 July 3, 1840. He was a prominent jurist of 
 New Mexico. His works include : < E Pluribus 
 Unum; or, American Nationality' (1868); <A 
 Nation, or a League' (1880); < History of New 
 Mexico' (1883); and < The American Church 
 and its Name' (1887). 
 
 Principe, Miguel Agustin (pren'the-pa). 
 A Spanish writer; born at Caspa, 181 1. He 
 was at one time professor of literature and his- 
 tory at the University of Saragossa, and after- 
 wards connected with the Royal Library of 
 Madrid. He has written a < History of the War 
 of Independence ' ; < Verses, Serious and Gay' ; 
 the tliree dramas < Count Julian,' <Cerdan, 
 Judge of Aragon,' and < Mauregato,' as well as 
 several comedies, among them 'Periquito' and 
 <The House of Pero Hernandez.' 
 
 Prior, Matthew. A distinguished English 
 poet ; born at Wimborne in Dorsetshire, July 
 21, 1664 ; died at Wimpole in Cambridgeshire, 
 Sept. 18, 1721. With Charles Montagu, after- 
 ward Lord Halifax, he wrote < The City Mouse 
 and the Country Mouse' (1687), in ridicule of 
 Dryden's < Hind and Panther.' His other works 
 are : < Alma ; or. The Progress of the Mind > 
 (1718) ; < Solomon,' his most ambitious poetic 
 flight (1718); < Poems on Several Occasions* 
 (1718). 
 
 Privat d'Anglemont, Alexandre (pre-va'- 
 darigl-moii'). A French man of letters; bom 
 at St. Rose, W. I., about 1820 ; died at Paris, 
 1859. He first became known through a small 
 volume, <The Prado' (1846); but all his days 
 he led the life of a bohemian, and finally died 
 in a hospital. He published < Anecdotes of 
 Paris' (1854); and one of his friends has col- 
 lected and published Privat's fugitive efforts 
 under the title < Unknown Paris' (1861). 
 
 Proclus (prS'klus.) A Greek Neo- Platonic 
 philosopher; born at Constantinople, 412 ; died 
 there, 485. He wrote hymns and epigrams, 
 some of which have come down to us. He 
 wrote also works on astronomy and mathe- 
 matics, among them a < Commentary on Euclid,* 
 which is extant ; and a commentary on Plato's 
 < Dialogues,' of which the commentary on < The 
 Republic' has come down to our time. 
 
 Procopius (pro-ko'pe-us). An eminent Greek 
 historian of the sixth century, the leading au- 
 thority for Justinian's reign ; born at Caesarea 
 in Palestine. He was private secretary to 
 Belisarius, then chief of his commissariat and 
 his navy, and prefect of Constantinople under 
 Justinian. Of his writings we have the < His- 
 tories,' or as the author styles them, < Books 
 about the Wars' of his time, — Persian, Van- 
 dal, and Gothic; a treatise <On Buildings*;
 
 442 
 
 PROCTER — PRUDENTIUS 
 
 'Anecdotes' (posthumous), a supplement to the 
 < Histories,' consisting of political and personal 
 matter he dared not publish in his lifetime. 
 
 Procter, Adelaide Anne. An English poet, 
 daughter of Bryan W. ; born at London, Oct. 
 30, 1S25 ; died Feb. 2, 1864. She wrote < Legends 
 and Lyrics' (1858), which went through nine 
 editions in seven years; and a second series 
 (i860), which had a like succes.s. 
 
 Procter, Bryan Waller. [« Barry Cornwall.] 
 An English poet and man of letters; born at 
 Leeds, Nov. 21, 1787; died at London, Oct. 
 4, 1874. He wrote : < Dramatic Scenes and 
 Other Poems' (1819); <A Sicilian Story' (1820); 
 <Mirandola,' a tragedy (1821); < The Flood of 
 Thessaly' (1823); <English Songs' (1832). His 
 chief prose writings are : < Life of Edmund 
 Kean> (1835); < Essays and Tales' (1851); 
 < Charles Lamb: a Memoir' (1866). 
 
 Proctor, Edna Dean. An American poet ; 
 born at Henniker, N. H., Oct. 10, 1838. She 
 is a resident of South F"ramingham, Mass., but 
 was formerly of Brooklyn, N. Y. Her works 
 are: < Poems ' (1866); <A Russian Journey' 
 (1872); < The Song of the Ancient People' 
 (1892); < Songs of America > (1906). 
 
 Proctor, Ricliard Anthony. A distinguished 
 English astronomer and writer on scientific 
 subjects ; born at Chelsea, March 23, 1837; 
 died at New York, Sept. 12, 1888. He wrote 
 a great many popular expositions of science ; 
 his greatest work, 'Old and New Astronomy,) 
 not quite completed at his death, was com- 
 pleted by another hand and published in 
 parts. 
 
 Propertius, Sextus (pro-per'shius). The 
 great Roman elegiac poet ; born at Assisium, 
 about 50 B. C; died about 15 B. C. His poems 
 consist of four « books"; the subjects are either 
 amatory, or political and social, or historical 
 and antiquarian. 
 
 Prosper of Aquitaine. A Gallic poet of the 
 first half of the fifth century. He wrote a hex- 
 ameter poem of about a thousand lines against 
 the Pelagian heresy, <Against the Ungrateful.' 
 He was a correspondent of St. Augustine, and 
 after that Father's death wrote < Responsions 
 for Augustine.' 
 
 Proth, Mario (prot). A French writer; 
 born at Sin, 1832. After having finished his 
 studies at Metz, he went to Paris, where he 
 always showed himself a stanch Republican 
 and violent opponent of the Empire. After 
 the revolution of 1870, he was selected to put 
 in order and publish the curious < Papers and 
 Correspondence of the Imperial Family' found 
 in the Tuileries. Among his own works are : 
 <To Young People: How to do Battle' (1861); 
 <Love Letters of Mirabeau, Preceded by a 
 Study of Mirabeau' (1863); <A Silhouette of the 
 Revolution' (1864); < The Vagabonds' (1864). 
 
 Proudfit, David Law. [«Peleg Arkwright.»] An 
 American verse-writer; born in Newburg, N.Y., 
 Oct. 27, 1842; died in New York, Feb. 22, 1897. 
 
 His writings have received popular favor. In 
 book-form they are: <Love among the Gamins,' 
 poems (1877); and <Mask and Domino' (1888). 
 
 Proudlion, Pierre Joseph (pro-doh'). A 
 French social economist; born at Besan9on, 
 July 15, 1809; died at Passy, Jan. 19, 1865. In 
 his early years he was a compositor and after- 
 ward proof-reader in a printing-office ; and in 
 that situation acquired a knowledge of Latin, 
 Greek, and Hebrew, also of Catholic and patris- 
 tic theology. He wrote : < An Essay toward 
 a General Grammar' (1837); <What Is Prop- 
 erty?' (1840), answering the question in the 
 words already used by Brissot, « Property is 
 robbery"; < System of Economic Contradictions, 
 or Philosophy of Misery' (2 vols., 1846), to 
 which Karl Marx replied with < The Misery 
 of Philosophy'; < Justice in the Revolution and 
 in the Church,' a violent attack on all existing 
 institutions of Church and State (1858). 
 
 Prout, Father. See O'Mahony. Francis. 
 
 Provanclier, Leon (pro-van-sha'). A Cana- 
 dian priest and naturalist; born in Becancour, 
 P. Q., March 10, 1820. In 1869 he retired from 
 the ministry, and devoted himself to literary 
 work and the study of natural history. He 
 established Le Naturalist Canadien in 1868, 
 and received the degree of D. Sc. in 1880. His 
 publications include : < Elementary Treatise on 
 Botany' (1858); < Canadian Plant Life' (1865); 
 <From Quebec to Jerusalem' (1882); and < Short 
 History of Canada' (1887). 
 
 Proyart, Lievain Bonaventure ( A b b 6 ) 
 
 (prwa-yar'). A French religious writer and 
 historian ; born at Artois, 1748 ; died at Arras, 
 1808. He took orders, and emigrated at the 
 period of the Revolution, against which some 
 of his writings were directed. Among his 
 works are : < The Virtuous Pupil,' a small book 
 which has become a classic (1772); a <Life of 
 the Dauphin, Father of Louis XV.> (1778); < His- 
 tory of Stanislaus I., King of Poland' (1782); 
 <The Life and Crimes of Robespierre, Sur- 
 named the Tyrant' (1795); and various others 
 on historical themes. 
 
 Prudden, Theophile Mitchell. An Ameri- 
 can physician and bacteriologist ; born at Mid- 
 dlebury, Conn., July 7, 1849. He is professor 
 of pathology intheCollege ot Physicians and Sur- 
 geons, New York. His works include : < Hand- 
 book of Pathological Anatomy and Histology ' 
 (1885), withF.Delafield; < Story of the Bacteria' 
 (1889) ; <Dust and its Dangers ' (1891) ; 'Water 
 and Ice ' ; < On the Great American Plateau.' 
 
 Prudentius, Aurelius Publius Clemens 
 
 (pro-den'shi-us). A Christian poet; born in 
 Spain, about 350 A. D.; died about 410. He 
 wrote : < Hjmins for Days and Seasons ' ; 'Apo- 
 theosis,' 1085 hexameter verses on the divinity 
 of Jesus Christ ; < Hamartigenia,' the origin of 
 sin ; ' Psychomachia,' virtue and vice contend- 
 ing for man's soul ; ' Against Symmachus ' ; 
 < The Martyrs' Crowns ' ; ' Diptychs,' comprising 
 forty-nine hexameter tetrastichs on Scriptural 
 events and personages.
 
 PRUDHOMME — PUCKLER-MUSKATJ 
 
 443 
 
 Prudhomme, Rene Francois Armand Sully. 
 See Sully-Prudhomme. 
 
 Fruszakowa, Severine Zocliowska (pro-sa 
 ko'va). A Polish woman of letters ; born 
 about 1830. She received an excellent educa- 
 tion, and has acquired a style of almost classic 
 purity. She has published both historical and 
 poetical works, among them : < Tales of Our 
 Times> (1853); <Poetic Tales> (1855); <Eliza- 
 beth Druzbacka,> a poem (1855); a < History of 
 Hungary > (1863); < Sebastian Klouswieg,> one 
 of her finest poetical compositions ; and a 
 <View of the Literature of the Peoples of the 
 Middle Ages, Particularly the Slavs and Ger- 
 mans) (1856). 
 
 Prutz, Hans (prots). A German historical 
 writer, son of Robert Eduard ; born at Jena, 
 May 20, 1843. He became professor of history 
 in the University of Konigsberg in 1870. He 
 wrote: < Henry the Lion> (1865); < Kaiser Fred- 
 erick I.> (3 vols., 1871-74); < Phoenicia: Geo- 
 j -aphical Sketches and Historical Studies > 
 V.\876); <The Possessions of the German Order 
 :__ the Holy Land* (1877); < Secret Teaching 
 i.:_d Secret Laws of the Templars > (1879); 
 ' Culture-History of the Crusades > (1883); < De- 
 Volopment and Fall of the Order of Knights 
 lemplar) (1888). 
 
 Frutz, Robert Eduard. A German poet 
 and historian of literature ; born at Stettin, 
 May 30, 1816 ; died there, June 21, 1872. His 
 principal works are: <The Rhine* (1840); 
 
 < Poems,* a collection of his lyrics, in great 
 part erotic (1841); a comedy, <The Political 
 Lying-in Chamber* (1843); several historical 
 dramas, as 'Charles of Bourbon,* < Maurice of 
 Saxe,* < Eric, the Peasants' King * ; < Lectures 
 on the History of the German Theatre* (1847); 
 'Contemporary German Literature* (1847); 
 
 < Men and Books : Biographical Contributions 
 to the History of German Literature in the 
 l8th Century* (1862). 
 
 Przezdziecki, Alexander (pzhes-jets'ke). A 
 Polish miscellaneous writer and historian ; born 
 in Podolia, 1814; died in Cracow, 1871. He 
 studied in Berlin ; and possessing a large for 
 tune, traveled in all parts of Europe for mate- 
 rial relating to the history of his country. He 
 wrote French as easily as his mother tongue. 
 Among his works are : < Halzka d'Ostrog,* a 
 historical drama (1841); <The Capitalist,* a com- 
 edy (1841); < Hedwig,* a historical drama (1844); 
 < Sources for the History of Poland* (1843-44); 
 
 < Monuments of the Art of the Middle Ages at 
 the Time of the Renaissance of Poland* (1853- 
 62); < Dom Sebastian of Portugal,* a comedy. • 
 
 Fsalmanazar, George (sal-man-a-tsar). A 
 noted impostor; born probably in Languedoc, 
 about 1679 ; died at London, May 3, 1763. He 
 pretended to be a native of Formosa, and in 
 that character traveled through Germany and 
 the Low Countries. At Sluys he made the ac- 
 quaintance of a Scotch parson, who brought 
 him to England and introduced him to the 
 bishop of London. He published a fictitious 
 
 < Historical and Geographical Description of 
 Formosa* (1704), inventing an alphabet and 
 a lingo professing to represent the Formosan 
 tongue ; *■ Dialogue between a Japanese and a 
 Formosan* (1707); 'An Inquiry into the Objec- 
 tions against George Psalmanazar of Formosa, 
 with George Psalmanazar's Answer,* both in- 
 quiry and answer doubtless written by the im- 
 postor; < Essays on Scriptural Subjects* (1753). 
 
 Psellus, Micbael Constantine (sel'lus). A 
 Byzantine writer on miscellaneous subiects; 
 born at Constantinople, 1018; died about 1079. 
 He wore the title << prince of philosophers,** 
 conferred on him by the emperors. Among his 
 writings are : < Paraphrase of Aristotle on Inter- 
 pretation* (1503); <A Work Distributed to the 
 Four Mathematical Sciences, Arithmetic, Mu- 
 sic, Geometry, and Astronomy* (printed 1532); 
 
 < Synopsis of the Laws,* in iambic verse (1544); 
 
 < Dialogue about the Action of Demons*; <Of 
 the Virtues of [precious] Stones.* 
 
 Ptolemy, or Claudius Ptolemseus of Alex- 
 andria. The most celebrated of ancient as- 
 tronomers, believed to have been a native of 
 Ptolemais in the Thebaid; he lived in the first 
 half of the second century of our era. His 
 great astronomical treatise was entitled < Mathe- 
 matical Arrangement,* and by the Arabian phi- 
 losophers < Almagest* (al magiste, "the great- 
 est**); it gives an exposition of the system of 
 the universe, the interrelations and revolutions 
 of the heavenly bodies, as understood in 
 Ptolemy's time. He also wrote treatises on 
 ' Geography,* < Trigonometry,* < Chronology,* 
 
 < Optics,* and other subjects pertaining to mathe- 
 matical and physical science. The " Ptolemaic 
 System** was the accepted and ruling astro- 
 nomical authority down to Copemicus's time, 
 and his work on geography was the chief au- 
 thority up to the time of the great discoveries 
 of the 15th century. His system of map ori- 
 entation (north at the top and east at the right) 
 is still the universal one. 
 
 Publilius Syrus (pub-lil-yus si'rus). A Latin 
 writer of farces ; first century B. C. He was 
 a native of Syria ("Syrus,** the Syrian), and 
 was brought to Rome a slave. He made tours 
 of the provincial cities of Italy, acting in his 
 own farces, and everywhere received with great 
 popular favor. All that remains of his works 
 is a collection of < Sentences,* maxims in iam- 
 bic and trochaic verse : of these verses about 
 700 have come down to us. 
 
 Pucitelli, Virgile (po-che-tel'e). An Italian 
 poet, who died in Warsaw, 1669. He left his 
 country to attach himself to the court of 
 Wadislas IV., King of Poland, who made him 
 his secretary, and sent him on various diplo- 
 matic missions. . He received the title of Poet 
 for the King, and composed for him several 
 plays, among them: < Andromeda* (1634); <St. 
 Cecilia,* a musical drama; <The Rape of 
 Helen* (1648); etc. 
 
 FUckler-Muskau, Hermann Ludwlg Hein- 
 ricb, Furst von (piik"ler-mos'kou). A German
 
 444 
 
 PUDLOWSKI — PURCHAS 
 
 writer of books of travel ; bom at Muskau, 
 Silesia, Oct. 30, 1785 ; died near Kottbus, Feb. 
 ,4, 1871. He wrote: < Letters of a Dead Man> 
 (4 vols., 1830-31), containing outspoken judg- 
 ments on England and other countries visited 
 by him; < Hints on Landscape Gardening > 
 (1834); <Tutti Frutti : From the Papers of the 
 Deceased' (5 vols., 1834); <Semilasso's Penulti- 
 mate Tour of the World : Europe > (3 vols., 
 1835); <Semilasso in Africa' (5 vols., 1836); 
 <The Precursor' (1838); <From Mehemed All's 
 Realm' {3 vols., 1844); < The Return Journey' 
 (3 vols., 1846-48). 
 
 Pudlowski, Melchior (pod-Iov'ske). A Polish 
 poet, who died about 1588. He studied at the 
 University of Cracow, and afterwards became 
 secretary of King Sigismund Augustus, being 
 noted as a defender of the Catholic religion 
 against the Protestants. His most noted writ- 
 ings are : < Lamentation and Admonition of 
 the Polish Republic' (1561) ; < Dido to Eneas' ; 
 <An Oration for the Republic and for Religion 
 to the Magistrates of Poland' (1562); and <A 
 Book of Trifles; That Is, Comic Poems' (1586). 
 
 Puech, Jean Louis Scipio (puch). A Pro- 
 vencal poet ; bom at Aix, 1624 ; died there, 
 1688. He took orders, and occupied success- 
 ively various positions in the Church. He 
 cultivated poetry with much success, showing 
 great talent for versification, a jovial spirit, and 
 a leaning towards satire, many of his verses 
 being full of ingenious and sometimes stinging 
 allusions to events of the times. The most re- 
 markable of his Provenfal poems is one called 
 
 < The Bohemians ' ; and in French he published : 
 
 < The Burning Chamber ' ; < Madeline Dying 
 in the Desert ' ; < Christ on the Cross ' ; etc. 
 
 Pufendorf, Samuel von (pof'en-dorf). An il- 
 lustrious German publicist ; born near Chemnitz 
 in Saxony, Jan. 8, 1632 ; died at Berlin, Oct. 
 26, 1694. His tractate < Elements of Universal 
 Jurisprudence' (1660) won him the office of 
 professor of Roman law in Heidelberg Univer- 
 sity. Among his principal works are : < On the 
 State of the German Empire' (1667); 'On 
 the Law of Nature and the Law of Nations' 
 (1672); <The Duty of the Man and the Citizen' 
 {1673); < Relation of the Christian Religion to 
 Civil Life' (1687); < History of Charles Gusta- 
 vus' (1688); < Divine Fecial Law' (1695), — i-^-, 
 the divine basis of the laws of war and peace. 
 
 Pugh, Eliza Lofton. [«Arria."] An Amer- 
 ican novelist ; born in Bayou Lafourche, La., 
 1841. She is the author of < Not a Hero ' (1867), 
 and <In a Cracible' (1871). 
 
 PulBieux, Madeleine d'Arsant (pwe-sy6'). A 
 French woman of letters ; bom at Paris, 1720 ; 
 died in the same city, 1798. She had an easy 
 and agreeable style, but lacked warmth and 
 imagination. Her chief works are : 'Advice 
 to a Friend' (1749-S0); 'Characters' (1750-55); 
 <Zamor and Almanzine' (1755); 'Alzarac; or. 
 The Necessity of Being Inconstant > (1762) ; < The 
 History of Mademoiselle do Terville' (1768); 
 etc. 
 
 Pujoulx, Jean Baptlste (pii-zho')- A French 
 writer ; born at St. Macaire, 1762 ; died at Paris, 
 1821. He composed many plays for the theatre, 
 but devoted the last years of his life to the 
 study of natural history and other sciences. 
 Among his works are the comedies 'The Ca- 
 prices of Proserpine' (1784); 'The Family Sup- 
 per' (1788); 'Amelia; or, the Convent' (1791). 
 He wrote also 'The New-Rich' (1798); 'Paris 
 at the End of the Eighteenth Century' (1800); 
 and several works on mineralogy, botany, etc. 
 
 Pulci, Luca (pol'che). An Italian poet, 
 brother of Luigi ; born at Florence, 1431 ; died 
 1470. He wrote : ' The Dryad of Love ' ; < Ci- 
 riffo Calvaneo ' ; ' Stanzas for Lorenzo de' Med- 
 ici's Tourney'; and under the title 'Epistles,' 
 an imitation of Ovid's 'Heroides.' 
 
 Pulci, Luigi. An Italian poet, friend of 
 Lorenzo de' Medici ; born in Florence, Aug. 5, 
 1432; died 14S4. His greatest work is the 
 romantic epic ' Morgante Maggiore > (first 
 printed 14S1). He wrote also some stories. 
 
 Pulgar, Fernando de (pul'gar). A Spanish 
 prose-writer of the latter part of the 15th cen- 
 tury. He wrote a ' Chronicle ' of the reign of 
 Ferdinand and Isabella; 'Notable Men of Cas- 
 tile > ; a commentary on the ancient < Couplets 
 of Mingo Revulgo.' 
 
 Pulle, Count Giulio. See Castelvecchio. 
 
 Pull^, Count Leopoldo. See Castelnovo. 
 
 Pulszky, Franz Aurelius (puKske). A Hun- 
 garian writer; born at Eperies (Saros), Sept. 17, 
 1814; died at Buda Pesth, Sept. 9, 1897. After 
 completing his studies, he traveled in Germany, 
 Italy, France, and England. He wrote: 'Journal 
 of a Hungarian Traveler in Great Britain ' 
 (1837) ; with his wife, ' White, Red, and Black ' 
 (3 vols., 1852), an account of Kossuth's tour 
 in the United States ; also a historical novel, 
 'The Jacobins in Hungary' (2 vols., 1851) ; ' My 
 Time and my Life' (4 vols., 1879-82); 'The 
 Age of Copper in Hungary' (1884). 
 
 Pulszky, Therese. A Hungarian prose- 
 writer, wife of Franz Aurel ; born at Vienna, 
 1815. She accompanied her husband on Kos- 
 suth's American tour; see his name for their 
 joint work. She wrote independently : ' Me- 
 moirs of a Hungarian Lady' (2 vols., 1850); 
 'Tales and Traditions of Hungary' (2 vols., 
 1851). 
 
 Pumpelly, Raphael (pum-pel'li). An emi- 
 nent American geologist and author ; bora at 
 Oswego, N. Y., Sept. 8, 1837. In his early life 
 he conducted explorations for the governments 
 of Japan and China ; was professor at Harvard 
 for several years ; and from 1879 to 1892 geolo- 
 gist in charge of the Archsean division of the 
 United States Geological Survey. His chief 
 works are : ' Geological Researches in China, 
 Mongolia, and Japan' (1867) ; 'Across America 
 and Asia' (1870); 'Mining Industries of the 
 United States ; ' Explorations in Central Asia.^ 
 
 Purchas, Samuel (per-chasj. An English 
 compiler of books of travel and exploration,
 
 PUSEY — PUTNAM 
 
 445 
 
 bom at Thaxted, in Essex, 1577; died 1626 — in 
 poverty, and, it is believed, in a debtor's prison. 
 His works are : < Purchas his Pilgrimage, or Re- 
 lations of the World and the Religions Observed 
 in all Ages> (1613; much enlarged in the 4th 
 ed. 1626); < Purchas his Pilgrim or Microcosmus, 
 or the Historie of Man : Relating the Wonders 
 of his Generation, Varieties in his Degeneration, 
 and Necessity of his Regeneration > (1619); 
 
 < Purchas his Pilgrimes : or Relation of the 
 World in Sea Voyages and Land Travels, by 
 Englishmen and Others > (4 vols., 1625), — a 
 continuation of Hakluyt, and partly founded 
 on papers left by him. 
 
 Pusey, Caleb (pu-zy). An American Qua- 
 ker colonist ; born in Berkshire, England, about 
 1650 ; died in Chester County, Pa., Feb. 25, 1727. 
 He came with Penn's company to America in 
 1682, erected the first mills in the province, 
 held many high places in civil affairs, and was 
 a noted controversialist writer of his day. He 
 published a great number of pamphlets and 
 articles in defense of his creed, among them : 
 'A Serious and Seasonable Warning,' etc. (1675); 
 <A Modest Account from Pennsylvania of the 
 Principal Differences in Point of Doctrine be- 
 tween George Keith and those of the People 
 called Quakers > ( 1696 ) ; < Satan's Harbingers 
 Encountered,* etc. (1700). 
 
 Pusey, Edward Bouverie. An English theo- 
 logical writer, a leader of the Anglo-Catholic 
 (Tractarian) party in the Established Church; 
 born near Oxford, 1800 ; died Sept. 14, 1882. 
 He was associated with Newman and others 
 in the British Critic, < Tracts for the Times,* 
 etc. ; and his conspicuousness from his social 
 position (nephew of one earl and grandson of 
 another, professor and canon of Christ Church), 
 wealth, and munificent charities, caused the 
 Oxford Movement to be known as « Puseyism,'* 
 though he was not its initiator and did not at 
 first sympathize with it. He published: <An 
 Historical Enquiry into the Probable Causes 
 of the Rational Character Lately Predominant 
 in the Theology of Germany' (1825); <The 
 Holy Eucharist a Comfort to the Penitent' 
 (1843), a sermon which resulted in his suspen- 
 sion for three years ; two sermons on < The En- 
 tire Absolution of the Penitent' (1846), equally 
 revolutionary ; other sermons on < The Rule of 
 Faith as Maintained by the Fathers,' etc. (1861), 
 and on < The Presence of Christ in the Holy 
 Eucharist' (1853). Of his larger works the 
 most important are : < The Doctrine of the 
 Real Presence' (1855); <The Real Presence of 
 the Body and Blood of Christ the Doctrine of 
 the English Church' (1857); <An Eirenicon.' 
 
 Pusbkin, Alexander Serg6evicli(push'kin). 
 A great Russian poet and romancer; born at 
 Moscow, 1799 ; died 1837. Among his princi- 
 pal works are : < The Prisoner of the Cauca- 
 sus ' (1821); <The Fountain of Bakhchisaraj ' 
 (1822); <The Robber Brothers' (1822); <The 
 Gipsies' (1824); < Count Nulin,' a comic epos; 
 
 < Poltava' (1829), an epic poem; < Journey to 
 Erzerum during the Campaign of 1829' (1836); 
 
 < The Little House in Kolomna,' a poetical 
 narrative ; the dramas < The Avaricious Knight,' 
 < Mozart and Salieri,' and 'The Stony Guest'; 
 
 < The Banquet during the Plague ' ; his mas- 
 terpiece <Evgeny Onyegin' (1833), a romance 
 in verse after the manner of Byron's * Don 
 Juan ' ; and the historical novels < The Captain's 
 Daughter' (1831), < Dubrovsky,' < History of 
 Pugachev's Revolt ' {i834);< Pique Dame' (1834). 
 
 Putlitz, Gustav Heinrich Gans, Edler Herr 
 von und zu (pot'lits). A German poet and 
 novelist ; born at Retzien, Prussia, March 20, 
 1821 ; died there, Sept. 9, 1890. He began his 
 literary career by writing a number of little 
 comedies dealing with high social life, all in a 
 vein of lively humor ; among them are : < The 
 Heart Forgotten ' ; < Watering-Places ' ; < Fam- 
 ily Quarrels.' He wrote also some exquisite 
 short tales,— < What the Forest Tells,' < Forget- 
 me-not,' 'Arabesques' ; <Don John of Austria,' 
 a tragedy (1863), and numerous other plays; 
 also a series of novels, — 'The Alpine Bride' 
 (1870), 'Sparks 'Neath the Ashes' (1871), 'The 
 Nightingale' (1872); and 'My Home: Recol- 
 lections of Childhood and Youth' (1885). 
 
 Putnam, Eleanor. See Bates. 
 
 Putnam, George Haven. An American pub- 
 lisher and author, son of George P. ; bom in 
 London, April 2, 1844. He entered the pub- 
 lishing business in 1866, and is at the head 
 of the firm of G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. 
 His works include: 'International Copyright' 
 (1879); 'Authors and Publishers' (1883); 'Au- 
 thors and their Public in Ancient Times ' (1893); 
 'Books and their Makers during theMiddle Ages'; 
 
 < The Censorship of the Church of Rome and Its 
 Influence upon the Production and Distribution 
 of Literature.' 
 
 Putnam, George Palmer. An American pub- 
 lisher and author (1814-1872). In 1848 he estab- 
 lished the publishing house now conducted under 
 the name of G. P. Putnam's Sons; and also founded 
 Putnam's Magazine, which was subsequently mer- 
 ged with Scribner's Monthly. His works include: 
 'The Tourist in Europe' (1838); 'American 
 Facts' (1845); 'The World's Progress' (1850): 
 
 < Ten Years of the World's Progress > ; etc. 
 
 Putnam, Mrs. Mary (Lowell). An Ameri- 
 can historical and miscellaneous writer, sister of 
 J. R. Lowell; bora in Boston, Dec. 3, 1810. In 
 1832 she married Samuel R. Putnam, a mer- 
 chant of Boston. Besides a translation from 
 the Swedish, and numerous magazine articles, 
 she published : < History of the Constitution of 
 Hungary' (1850); ' Records of an Obscure Man' 
 (1861); and two dramatic poems on the subject 
 of slavery, entitled 'The Tragedy of Errors' and 
 'The Tragedy of Success. ' Died in 1898. 
 
 Putnam, Mrs. Sarah A. Brock. An Amer- 
 ican novelist and writer; born at Madison 
 Court-House, Va., about 1845. In 1883 she mar- 
 ried the Rev. Richard Putnam, of New York. 
 Her works include : ' Richmond during the 
 War' (1867); 'The Southern Amaranth' (1869); 
 'Kenneth, My King' (1872); 'Myra,' a novel.
 
 446 
 
 PUYMAIGRE — PYTHAGORAS 
 
 Puymalgre, Theodore Joseph Boudet (pwe- 
 magr). A French poet and miscellaneous 
 writer; bom at Metz, 1816. Among his works 
 are: < Jeanne Darc,> a dramatic poem (1843); 
 
 < Dante Alighieri > (1845); < Lost Hours,> a 
 collection of poems (1866); <The Prediction,) 
 in verse (1870); <The Literary Court of Don 
 Juan IL of Castile > (1894); etc. 
 
 Puys^gur, Armand, Marie Jaques (pwe-se- 
 giir'). A French soldier and writer; born at 
 Paris, 1751 ; died at Buzancy, 1825. He entered 
 the artillery service and distinguished himself, 
 aftervvards also espousing the cause of the 
 Revolution. His chief fame, however, rests 
 upon the fact of his having been a disciple of 
 the famous Mesmer. His chief writings are : 
 
 < Memoirs Touching the History and Establish- 
 ment of Animal Magnetism > (1784); < Animal 
 Magnetism, Considered in its Relations with 
 Various Branches of General Physics > (1804-7); 
 
 < Truths Travel ; Sooner or Later They Arrive > 
 (1814). He has also written some plays, among 
 them <The Day of Dupes > (1789) and <The 
 Benevolent Judge > (1799). 
 
 Puzynin, Gabrielle Gunther (pzhe'nin). A 
 Polish woman of letters ; born in Lithuania 
 about 1820. She has written poetry and novels 
 remarkable for moral tendencies and elegant 
 simplicity of style. Among them are : *■ In the 
 Name of God> (1843); < Further in the World > 
 {1845); < Lithuanian Children > (1847); < Collec- 
 tion of Poems Old and New' (1859); etc. 
 
 Pyat, Felix (pya). A French dramatist and 
 politician ; born at Vierzon, 1810 ; died 1889. 
 An extreme radical agitator, his activity and 
 personal hazard extending from the revolution 
 of 1848 to the Communard insurrection of 1871, 
 his part in the latter obliged him to fly the coun- 
 try, and in 1873 he was sentenced to death by 
 the Council of War. During his exile he wrote 
 many inflammatory political pamphlets. His 
 plays also are of political and social tendencies ; 
 they are vigorous, and while somewhat sensa- 
 tional, show real originality. Among them are : 
 •A Revolution of Other Times ; or. The Romans 
 at Home > ; < The Brigand and the Philosopher > ; 
 <Ango>; <Arabella,> a drama (1838); < Cedric 
 the Norwegian >; < Diogenes* (1846); <The Rag- 
 Picker of Paris,* a tragedy (1849); < Tiberius*; 
 etc. 
 
 Pyle, Howard. An American illustrator and 
 author; born at Wilmington, Del., March 5, 
 1853. For many years he has been an illus- 
 trator for Harper's periodicals, and recently 
 has become popular as a writer, chiefly of 
 juvenile literature. His works include : < "^Vithin 
 the Capes* (1885), a novel; < Pepper and Salt* 
 (1887); < Otto of the Silver Hand * (1888); < Buc- 
 caneers and Marooners of America* (1S91); 
 
 < Jack Ballister's Fortunes * ; < Stolen Treasure .' 
 
 Pynchon, William. A noted American col- 
 onist; born in Springfield, England, about 1590; 
 died iti Wraysbury, England, Oct. 29, 1662. He 
 emigrated to New England with Winthrop, and 
 founded the town of Springfield, Mass. In 
 
 1650 he published <The Meritorious Price of 
 Our Redemption,* opposing the Calvinistic view 
 of atonement. The boojc was denounced as 
 heretical, and the author was compelled to 
 return to England to avoid persecution. His 
 other works are : < The Tewes Synagogue * (1652); 
 <How the First Sabbath was Ordained* (1654). 
 
 Pypers, Peter (pe'pers). A Dutch poet and 
 dramatic writer ; born at Amersfoort, 1749 ; died 
 1805. To escape entering the Church as his 
 family wished, he fled to Amsterdam and en- 
 tered the employ of a merchant ; but devoted 
 his leisure to writing poetry and plays, most 
 of them translated or imitated from the French. 
 Among them are : < Lansus and Lydia,* a tra- 
 gedy (1777); < Beverly,* a drama (1781); <The 
 Widow of Malabar,^ a tragedy (1786); < Stephen, 
 the First Christian Martyr* (1790); <Jephtha,* a 
 tragedy (1794); < Iphigenia,* a tragedy (1801). 
 He also published various collections of poems. 
 
 Pypin, Alexander Nikolajevich (pip'in). 
 A Russian historian of literature ; born at Sar- 
 atov, 1833. He wrote : < Sketch of the Literary 
 History of the Ancient Russian Tales and 
 Wonder-Stories* {1859); ' History of the Slavic 
 Literatures * (1865); < Characteristics of Literary 
 Opinion,* 1820-50* (1874); < History of Russian 
 Ethnography* ; < History of Russian Literature.' 
 
 Pyra, Immanuel Jakob (pir'ra). A German 
 poet; born at Kottbus, July 25, 1715; died at 
 Berlin, July 14, 1744. He wrote: < Temple of 
 True Poesy* (1737); < Friendship Songs of 
 Thyrsis (Pyra) and Damon (Lange).' 
 
 Pyrrlio (pir'r5). A Greek philosopher; born 
 at Elis about 360 B.C., and supposed to have 
 lived to the age of 90. In his earlier years he 
 accompanied Alexander the Great on his expe- 
 dition to India. He is usually looked upon as 
 the founder of the older School of Skeptics, 
 doubting the existence of anything like posi- 
 tive knowledge. He passed much of his life 
 in solitude, showing a stoical firmness of mind 
 in all danger or pain. His countrymen made 
 him high priest. He left nothing in writing, 
 being known only through the works of others. 
 
 Pythagoras (pi-thag'6-'ras). A celebrated 
 Greek philosopher; born at Samos, about 582 
 B.C.; died about 500. His history is involved 
 in obscurity ; but he is believed to have visited 
 Egypt and been inducted into the mysteries 
 and sciences of the priests in the temples there. 
 He founded a society and school, or an exoteric 
 and esoteric community of disciples, at Cro- 
 tona in Magna Grsecia. The societaires took 
 control of the political State of Crotona, and 
 governed it more or less in accordance with the 
 principles of the master's philosophy; but the 
 democracy rose against them, and after an 
 existence of 100 years, or probably much less, 
 the organization was broken up and the Pyth- 
 agoreans dispersed. No authentic writing of 
 Pythagoras exists. He seems to have materially 
 developed mathematical science ; he certainly 
 did much to develop tjie science of government 
 and of conduct. 
 
 \
 
 QUANDT — QUESNE 
 
 441 
 
 Quandt, Johann Gottlob von (kw&nt). A 
 German writer on art ; born at Leipsic, April 9, 
 1787 ; died June 18, 1859. He wrote : < History 
 of Copperplate Engraving) (1826); < Letters 
 from Italy > (1830); < Observations and Fancies 
 Regarding Man, Nature, and Art, during a Tour 
 in Southern France* (1846); and a similar work 
 on Spain (1853). 
 
 Quarles, Francis. An English sacred poet ; 
 born in Rumford, Essex, in 1592 ; died Septem- 
 ber 1644. He was educated at Cambridge, and 
 studied for a lawyer. He received several ap- 
 pointments from the Crown, and finally held 
 the position of city chronologer. His leading 
 works were : < Emblems Divine and Moral > 
 (1635); <Argalus and Parthenia> (1621); and the 
 
 < Enchiridion > (1640) in prose Frequent fine 
 expressions redeem much commonplace. 
 
 Qnatrefages de Breare, Jean Louis Armand de 
 (katrfazh^). A French naturalist; bom at Berthe- 
 zenie (Gard), Feb. lo, 1810; died in Paris, Jan- 
 13, 1892. He became professor of anatomy and 
 ethnology in the Paris Museum of Natural His- 
 tory, 1855. Many of his works have been trans- 
 lated into English. Among them are: <The 
 Human Species* (1877); < Recollections of a 
 Naturalist* (1854); < The Prussian Race* (1879); 
 
 < Pygmies* (1887). 
 
 Quatremere, Etienne Marc (katr-mar'). A 
 French Orientalist ; born at Paris, July 12, 1782; 
 died Sept. 18, 1857. His father was a merchant, 
 while he was himself a lifelong student. He 
 was successively employed in the Imperial 
 Library, in the chair of Greek at Rouen, in 
 the Academy of Inscriptions, in the College de 
 France as professor of Hebrew and Aramaic, 
 and in the School of Living Oriental Languages 
 as professor of Persian. He produced many 
 learned works, among which are : < Investiga- 
 tions into the Language and Literature of 
 Egypt* (i8o8j; 'Memoir upon the Nabateans* 
 [the Nabathites of the Bible] (1835); together 
 with numerous valuable translations. He left 
 also much lexicographic material. 
 
 Quatremere de Quincy, Clirysostome (katr- 
 mar de kaii'se). A French archaeologist and 
 writer on art ; born at Paris, Oct. 28, 1755 ; died 
 there, Dec. 8, 1849. Among his writings are : 
 
 < Dictionary of Architecture * (3 vols., 1786-1828); 
 
 < Olympian Jupiter ; or, the Ancient Art of Sculp- 
 ture * (1814); < Life and Works of Raphael * (1824); 
 
 < Ancient Monuments and Works of Art Restored* 
 (2 vols.. 1826-28) ; < Lives of the Most Famous 
 Architects* (3 vols., 1830); < Canova and his 
 Works* (1834) ; ' Biography of Michael Angelo.* 
 
 Quelroz, Jos€ Maria E$a de (ka-e-ros'). A 
 Portuguese novelist ; born in Povoa de Varzim, 
 
 Nov. 25, 1845. He studied jurisprudence in 
 Coimbra, was editor of a paper, traveled to 
 the Orient, and became consul successively to 
 Havana, Bristol, and Paris, where he went in 
 1889. He is a naturalist of Zola's school, and 
 introduced this style into Portugal. He is the 
 author of < The Crime of Father Amaro * (1874); 
 
 < The Mandarin * ; < The Dragon's Teeth * ; etc. 
 
 Quenstedt, Friedrich August (kwen'stet). 
 A German mineralogist and geologist; bom at 
 Eisleben, July 9, 1809 ; died Dec. 21, 1889, at 
 Tubingen, where he was professor in the uni- 
 versity. Among his works are : < Epochs of 
 Nature* (1861J,* Then and Now* (1S56), popular 
 expositions of geology ; < Manual of Mineralogy.* 
 
 Quental, Anthero de (ken'tal). A distin- 
 guished Portuguese lyric poet ; born at Ponta- 
 Delgada in the island of San Miguel, one of 
 the Azores, April 18, 1842; died there, Sept. 
 II, 1891. While yet a student in the University 
 of Coimbra, he wrote a little volume of ' Son- 
 nets ' (1861), which showed a rare command 
 of poetical form ; it was followed by < Modern 
 Odes* (1865); < Romantic Springtides* (1871); 
 and another volume of 'Sonnets* (1881). He 
 wrote also 'Considerations on the Philosophy 
 of Portuguese Literary History* (1872), and 
 
 < General Tendencies of Philosophy in the Sec- 
 ond Half of the 19th Century* (1892). 
 
 Quesnay, Fran50is (ka-na'). A French phy- 
 sician and economist ; born near Paris, June 4, 
 1694 ; died Dec. 16, 1774. He was the founder 
 of the school of economists called Physiocrats, 
 ?nd very influential on Adam Smith and all 
 modern political economy. His theory was 
 that all value is derived from the products of 
 land, which should therefore bear all taxation, 
 but also receive all State encouragement. He 
 published several medical works, in addition 
 to his more famous ones (chiefly short articles) 
 on political economy. Among the latter the 
 leading one is the 'Tableau Economique.* 
 
 Quesnay de Beaurepaire, Jules (ka-na' de 
 bo-re-par'). ["Jules de Glouvet.**] A French 
 novelist and miscellaneous writer ; born at Sau- 
 mur, 1838. He is author of 'Stories of the 
 Olden Time* (1882); the novels 'The Bour- 
 geois Family* (1883), 'The Ideal* (1884), 
 'Marie Fougere* (1889); and some volumes of 
 poetry, as 'The Mariner* (1881), 'The Shep- 
 herd* (1882); 'The Forester* (1880). 
 
 Quesne, Jacques Salbigoton (ka-na'). A 
 French man of letters ; born at Pavilly, Jan. I, 
 1778 ; died June 13, 1859. He studied with a 
 notary, went to sea for a short time, then 
 served in the army, but after 1800 devoted him- 
 self to literary pursuits, although for some years
 
 448 
 
 QUESNEL — QUINET 
 
 he held an inspectorship. He produced many 
 works, the most important of which was < Con- 
 fessions of J. S. Que6nd> (1828), an intimate 
 autobiography. 
 
 Quesnel, Pierre (ka-nel'). A French abbd 
 and historian; born in Dieppe in 1699; died 
 about 1774. Little is definitely known of his 
 life, but he seems to have been in easy cir- 
 cumstances and of high birth. He traveled 
 much, and spent nearly forty years in preparing 
 for his great work, the < History of the Jesuits,> 
 in four volumes. 
 
 Quesnot de la Ctiesnee, Jean Jacques (ka- 
 no' de la sha-na'). A French writer of the 
 eighteenth century. Little is known concern- 
 ing him. He was a French Protestant, an exile 
 from his country after the revocation of the 
 Edict of Nantes ; and his productions are chiefly 
 attacks against his country. He wrote : < The 
 Battle of Ramillies,' a historic pastoral ; < The 
 Battle of Hoogstet,> an operatic tragedy ; etc. 
 
 Qu^telet, Lambert Adolphe Jacques (kat- 
 la'). A Belgian statistician and astronomer; 
 born at Ghent, Feb. 22, 1796; died Feb. 17, 
 1874. He was educated at the lyceum of 
 Ghent; became professor of mathematics in 
 the athenaeum of Brussels in 1819 ; was lecturer 
 at the Museum of Science and Literature from 
 1828 to 1834, and was at the same time di- 
 rector of the Royal Obser\'atory. In 1834 he 
 was made secretary of the Brussels Academy. 
 His principal works were < On Man and the 
 Development of his Faculties,' and <Anthro- 
 pometry'; but he wrote many others. 
 
 Quevedo, Vasco Mauzinho (ka-va'tho), 
 known also as Mauzinho Quevedo de Castello 
 Branco. A Portuguese poet, bom at Setubal 
 in the latter part of the i6th century; died 
 some time after 1627. He was educated at the 
 University of Coimbra. He wrote a history of 
 Santa Isabel, Queen of Portugal ; also <Affonso 
 Africano' (1611), a brilliant piece of work. 
 
 Quevedo y Villegas, don Francisco (ka- 
 va'tho e vel-ya'gas). A Spanish satirist; born 
 at Madrid, Sept. 26, 1580; died Sept. 8, 1645. 
 He was very witty, very brilliant, and ranks as 
 the greatest satiric writer of his country. His 
 leading works are the < Sueilos > (Dreams), and 
 < Don Pablo of Segovia,' a romantic satire. 
 
 Quicherat, ^tienne Joseph (kesh-ra). A 
 French historian ; born at Paris, Oct. 13, 1814 ; 
 died there, April 8, 1882. His principal work 
 is < The Trial and Condemnation and Rehabil- 
 itation of Joan of Arc> (5 vols., 1841-49). He 
 wrote also: < History of Costume in France' 
 (1874); < Archaeological and Historical Miscel- 
 lanies > (2 vols., 1885). 
 
 Quicherat, Louis. A French philologist ; bom 
 at Paris, Oct. 12, 1799; died there, Nov. 17, 
 1884. He wrote: < Treatise on Latin Versifica- 
 tion' (1826; 29th ed. 1882); < Elementary Treatise 
 on Music > ( 1833) ; < Poetic Thesaurus of the Latin 
 Language' (1836); < Latin Prosody' (1839; 32d 
 ed. 1893); < French-Latin Dictionary' (1858). 
 
 Quiller-Couch, A. T. An English writer of 
 fiction ; born in Cornwall, Nov. 21, 1863. He 
 was educated at Oxford. He belongs to the 
 staff of the weekly Speaker. Among his no- 
 table stories are : < Dead Man's Rock ' ; < The 
 Astonishing History of Troy Town'; <The 
 Splendid Spur '; < The Blue Pavilions '; < The De- 
 lectable Duchy ' ; < Hetty Wesley' ; < Fort Amity.' 
 
 Quillet, Claude t^ke-ya'), known also as 
 Calvidius Lastus. A French physician and poet; 
 born in Touraine in 1602; died in 1661. He 
 went to Rome, and lived there until after the 
 death of Richelieu. His chief work was <Calli- 
 psedia,' written in Latin and satirizing Mazarin ; 
 but on account of the latter's kindness, the sat- 
 ire was changed to eulogy in a second edition. 
 
 Quinault, Philippe (ke-no'). A French 
 dramatist ; born in Paris, June 3, 1635 ; died 
 Nov. 26, 1688. His first play was produced at 
 18, and was successful. He studied law and 
 continued writing at the same time. He ob- 
 tained a literary pension, and was made a 
 member of the Academy in 1670. He was a 
 prolific writer, producing comedies, tragedies, 
 and finally libretti for Lulli's operas. It was in 
 the latter work that he made his name. Among 
 his chief works are : < La M&re Coquette,' a 
 comedy ; ' Armide ' and < Hys,' operas. 
 
 Quincy, Edmund. An American writer, son 
 of Josiah ; born in Boston, Feb. i, 1808 ; died 
 May 17, 1877. He wrote a 'Biography' of his 
 father (1867), and edited his speeches (1875), 
 together with some works of his own. 
 
 Quincy, Josiah, sometimes called Josiah 
 Quincy, Jr. An American lawyer ; bom in Bos- 
 ton, Jan. 23, 1744; died April 26, 1775. He 
 graduated from Harvard in 1763. Though 
 noted as a patriot, he joined with John Adams 
 in defending the British soldiers in the <' Bos- 
 ton Massacre" case. But he took part in the 
 town-meeting ordering the « Boston tea-party"; 
 and in September 1774 went to England to 
 speak in behalf of the colonists. His best- 
 known works are : <An Address of the Mer- 
 chants, Traders, and Freeholders of Boston' 
 in favor of a non-importation act (1770), and 
 < Observations on the Boston Port Bill' (1774). 
 
 Quincy, Josiah. Son of Josiah ^'Jr."; born 
 
 in Boston, Feb. 4, 1772 ; died July i, 1864. He 
 was a historian and statesman ; Member of 
 Congress from Massachusetts, 1805-13; mayor 
 of Boston, 1823-28; president of Harvard, 
 1829-45. He wrote a < Memoir' of his father 
 {1825); < History of Harvard University' (1840); 
 < Municipal History of Boston' (1852); and 
 other works. 
 
 Quinet, Edgar (ke-na'j. A French historian 
 and philosopher; bom near Bourg, Feb. 17, 
 1803 ; died at Versailles, March 27, 1875. His 
 works fill nearly thirty volumes, of which only 
 a small part has any permanent value, as he 
 is vague and undetermined, in spite of his real 
 learning and ability. He went to Greece on a 
 government mission, and was made professor 
 of foreign literatures at Lyons, and afterwards
 
 QUINTANA — RADCLIFFE 
 
 449 
 
 at the College de France in Paris. He was 
 on the staff of the Revue des Deux Mondes, 
 and received the cross of the Legion of Honor 
 in 1838. His principles were strongly republi- 
 can, and brought him into trouble more than 
 once. His leading worivs are: 'Ahasuerus* 
 (1834); < Merlin the Enchanter > (1861); < The 
 Revolution* ( 1865); and <The Creation > (1869). 
 He also wrote several long poems, of which 
 perhaps < The Slaves* (1853) is the best. 
 
 Quintana, Manuel Jose (ken-ta'na). A Span- 
 ish poet; born in Madrid, April 11, 1772; died 
 March 11, 1857. He was lawyer, journalist, and 
 man of letters, as well as poet. He was gov- 
 ernor or preceptor to the young Queen Isabella, 
 was made senator and peer in 1835, and 
 crowned with laurel in 1855. He was a Liberal 
 in politics, and twice driven from office, being im- 
 prisoned from 1814 to 1820. His most famous 
 works are the < Lives of Celebrated Spaniards > 
 (1807-1S33), and < Odes to Free Spain.' 
 
 Quintilian (Marcus Fabius Quintilianus) 
 ikwin-til'yun). A Roman rhetorician ; born 
 in 35 A. D., at Calagurris (Calahorra), Spain; 
 died about 95 or 96 A. D. His father was a 
 teacher of rhetoric at Rome, where Quintilian 
 probably received his education. He spent 
 some years in Spain previous to 68 A. D., when 
 
 he came to I\.ome again with Galba. He 
 was a pleader in the courts and a professional 
 teacher of rhetoric, and also educated two 
 grand-nephews of Domitian. His own teaclier 
 in rhetoric was Domitius Afer, but he made 
 Cicero his model. One of his pupils was Pliny 
 the Younger. Quintilian's great work is the 
 < Institutio Oratoria,' one of the most famous 
 classical works on riietoric. His knowledge 
 and cultivation were extensive, and his style 
 delightful. 
 
 Quintus Curtius Rufus. A Roman historian, 
 probably of the first century A. D., of whose 
 life nothing is known with certainty. He is 
 the author of < De Rebus Gestis Alexandri 
 Magni' (Deeds of Alexander the Great), in 
 ten books, the first two of which are lost. It 
 is pleasing in style, but not very accurate. 
 
 Quita, Domingo dos Reis (ke'ta). A Portu 
 guese poet ; born in Lisbon, Jan. 8, 1728 ; died 
 1770. He was left at his father's death the 
 oldest of seven children, and was apprenticed 
 to a barber, but pursued by himself the study 
 of Portuguese literature and that of other coun- 
 tries. The money gained by his writings was 
 lost in the Lisbon earthquake. His most famous 
 work is < Inez de Castro,* besides which he 
 wrote four other dramas and many poems. 
 
 R 
 
 Raabe, Wllhelm (ra'be). A German novel- 
 ist ; born at Eschershausen, Brunswick, Sept. 8, 
 1831. He is distinguished as a humorist among 
 German novelists of the nineteenth century. 
 His principal works are: <The Chronicle of 
 the Sperlingsgasse * (1857); < Woodland Folk > 
 (1863); < The Hunger Pastor ' (1864) ; < Horacker > 
 (1876); < Wunnigel > (1879) ; < The Horn of Wan- 
 za > (1881); < The Lar > ; < Cloister of Lugan.> 
 
 Rabelais, Francois (riib-la'). The French 
 satirist; born at Cliinon, Touraine, about 1495. 
 died 1553. His fame rests upon the two works 
 called <Gargantua> (1535) and < Pantagruel > 
 (1533)- *Gargantua,> although a sequel to the 
 other book, was written before it. He was also 
 the author of scientific treatises, which are now 
 almost entirely forgotten. He is deemed not 
 only the greatest of French satirists, but one of 
 the great satirists of all times. 
 
 Racan, Honorat de Bueil (ra-kaiV). A 
 French poet ; born in Touraine in 1589 ; died 
 in 1670. He was a member of the French 
 Academy, and a friend of Malherbe. He pub- 
 lished < Pastorals* (1628), and a number of 
 other poems, during his lifetime. His works 
 were collected and published at Paris in 1724. 
 
 Racine, Jean Baptiste (ra-sen'). The illus- 
 trious French dramatist ; born at La Fert^- 
 Milon, Dec. 21, 1639; died at Paris, April 26, 
 1699. His works include : < Nymphs of the 
 29 
 
 Seine * (1660), an ode ; 'Amasie,' a comedy, ncA 
 lost ; < Ovid's Amours,* a comedy, now lost , 
 <The Thebaid * (1664), his first staged tragedy, 
 although he had previously written < Theagenes 
 and Chariclea,* a tragedy, which he suppressed ; 
 'Alexander* (1665), a tragedy; <The Chaplain's 
 Wig* (1665?), a parody of <The Cid,* and writ- 
 ten partly in collaboration; * Andromache' 
 (1667); < The Pleaders* (1668), a comedy mod- 
 eled upon Aristophanes; < Britannicus' (1669): 
 < Berenice* (1670); <Bajazet* (1672); < Mithri- 
 dates* (1673); *Iphigenia* (1674), pronounced 
 by Voltaire the masterpiece of the French the- 
 atre ; <Phaidra> (1677); <Esther> (1689); <Y\.tha- 
 lie* (1691), his last dramatic work; < Abridg- 
 ment of the History of Port Royal*; < Letters*; 
 and some historical memoranda concerning the 
 campaigns of Louis XIV. 
 
 Racine, Louis. A French poet and critic, 
 son of J. B. ; born at Paris in 1692 ; died in 
 1763. He is chiefiy noteworthy for his two 
 poems, < Grace * (1720), and < Religion* (1742), 
 which passed through sixty editions. He wrote 
 in prose : < Reflections upon Poetry * ; < Memoirs 
 of the Life of Racine * ; and < Remarks on Ra- 
 cine's Tragedies.* (< Complete Works,* 1808). 
 
 Radclifife, Ann. An English novelist; born 
 in London, July 9, 1764 ; died 1823. She was 
 once very popular, but is not now read. Her 
 best-known novel, still familiar by name as a 
 type of the pseudo-medieval, is < The Mysteries
 
 450 
 
 RAE — RAMSAY 
 
 of Udolpho* (1794). which ran through many 
 editions. She also wrote : < The Castles of Ath- 
 lin and Dunboyne > ( 17S9); < A Sicilian Romance ' 
 (1790); <The Romance of the Forest> (1791); 
 and <The Italian > (l797)- 
 
 Rae, Edward. An English traveler and de- 
 scriptive writer ; born at Birkenhead in 1847. 
 His publications include: <The Land of the 
 North Wind>; < The Country of the Moors >; 
 <The White Sea Peninsula >; and <A Limb of 
 the Law,> a novel : all most favorably received. 
 
 Rafa, Carl Christian (rafn). A Danish critic 
 and arclufologist ; born in Brahesborg, Fiinen, 
 Jan. 16, 1795 ; died in Copenhagen, Oct. 20, 1864. 
 He produced numerous works, the most im- 
 portant being a Danish translation of Norse 
 mythic and romantic sagas (1829-30); an edi- 
 tion of Ragnar Lodbrog's death-song, with phil- 
 ologico-critical remarks (1826); and 'American 
 Antiquities' (1837), his most widely read book, 
 in which he undertakes to prove that America 
 was discovered by Norsemen in the tenth cen- 
 tury. 
 
 Ragozin, Zenaide Alezeivna (rag'o-tsin). A 
 Russian-American Oriental writer ; born in 1835. 
 She came to the United States in 1874. Her 
 most important books are : < The Story of 
 Chaldea> (1886); < The Story of Assyria > (1887); 
 and < The Story of Media, Babylon, and Persia ' 
 (1888 1, — all in the < Stories of the Nations > series; 
 < Siegfried > ; < Boewulf > ; < Frithjof > ; < Roland.> 
 
 Rainsford, William Stephen. An American 
 Episcopal clergyman ; born in Dublin, Oct. 30, 
 1850. He was called to the rectorship of St. 
 George's, New York city, and since that time 
 has been associated with ,many philanthropic 
 and other reforms. Besides many contribu- 
 tions to current literature, he has published 
 < Sermons Preached in St. George's' (1887), 
 and <The Church's Opportunity in the City of 
 To-day ';< A Preacher's Story of His Work.' 
 
 Raleigh, Sir Walter. The famous English 
 admiral ; born at Hayes in Devonshire, 1552 ; 
 executed Oct. 29, 1618. Imprisoned by Queen 
 Elizabeth, he produced poetical and literary 
 fragments, and his < History of the World.' His 
 poems were not published until nearly two 
 hundred years after his death (1814); his 'Mis- 
 cellaneous Writings' in 1751 ; and his 'Com- 
 plete Works' in 1829. 
 
 Ralph, James. An English pamphleteer and 
 poetaster ; born in Philadelphia, about 1695 ; 
 died in Chiswick, Jan. 24, 1762. He went to 
 England in 1725 with Benjamin Franklin, and 
 was unsuccessful in his first efforts to win pub- 
 lic favor. His poem on 'Night' (1728) was 
 ridiculed by Pope in his < Dunciad ' ; but his 
 continuation of Guthrie's < History of England ' 
 (1744-46) won public praise. He also published 
 'The Other Side of the Question' (1742), a 
 reply to a criticism on the Duchess of Marl- 
 borough. 
 
 Ralph, Julian. An American journalist ; 
 born in New York in 1853, His publications 
 
 include: 'On Canada's Frontier'; < Dixie*; 
 'Our Great West'; 'Chicago and the World's 
 Fair ' ; ' People We Pass ' ; and < Alone in 
 China, and Other Stories.' Died in New York, 
 Jan. 20, 1903. 
 
 Ralston, William Ralston Shedden. An 
 
 English writer on Russian folk-lore ; bom 
 1828; died 1889. He devoted himself to Rus- 
 sian studies, and published : < Kriloff and his 
 Fables' (1869); 'Liza' (1869); 'Songs of the 
 Russian People' (1872); 'Russian Folk-Tales' 
 (1873); and 'Early History of Russia' (1874). 
 
 Rambaud, Alfred Nicolas. An eminent 
 French historian ; born at Besan9on, depart- 
 ment of Doubs, July 2, 1842. Of his works 
 the most important is the ' History of French 
 Civilization' (3 vols., 1885), which is used as a 
 text-book in nearly all universities. His other 
 publications include: 'French Domination in 
 Germany, 1792-1804' (1873); 'Germany under 
 Napoleon I.' (1874); 'The French and the 
 Russians,' etc. (1877); 'History of Russia' 
 (1878); 'History of Contemporary Civilization 
 in France' (1887);' Jules Ferry ' (1903). 
 
 Ramee, Louisa de la. See Ouida. 
 
 Ramirez, Ignacio (ra-me'reth). A Mexican 
 philosopher; born in San Miguel el Grande, 
 June 23, 1818 ; died in Mexico, June 15, 1879. 
 He was of pure Aztec blood. He published 
 under the pseudonym of "The Necromancer" 
 many satirical poems and philosophical arti- 
 cles ; and also founded the paper Don Simpli- 
 cio, in 1846. His many literary works were 
 never collected ; but his < Manual of Rudiment- 
 ary Knowledge,' written in 1873, was published 
 in 1884. 
 
 Rammohun Roy (ram-mo-hun' roi), A Hindu 
 rajah; born at Rddhdnagar, Bengal, May 1772; 
 died at Bristol, England, Sept. 27, 1833. Re- 
 jecting the Hindu religion at an early age, he 
 published ' A Gift to Monotheists,' a protest 
 against idolatry and priestcraft. He embraced 
 the moral principles of Christianity, and issued 
 ' The Precepts of Jesus, the Guide to Peace 
 and Happiness' (1820); an English abridgment 
 of the sacred books of the Vedanta (1826); 
 and numerous pamphlets concerning the con- 
 dition of India. 
 
 Ramsay, Allan. A Scottish poet; born in 
 Leadhills, Lanarkshire, Oct. 15, 1686; died in 
 Edinburgh, Jan. 7, 1758. His fame rests largely 
 upon his 'Gentle Shepherd' (1725), a pastoral 
 drama in the Lowland Scotch dialect, to which 
 songs were added (1728). It is regarded as 
 the best pastoral in any language. His prin- 
 cipal works are : ' Tartana ; or. The Plaid ' 
 (1721); ' Fables and Tales ' (1722); 'Fair Assem- 
 bly' (1723); 'Health' (1724); 'The Tea-Table 
 Miscellany' (1724); 'The Evergreen' (1725); 
 and 'Thirty Fables' (1730). 
 
 Ramsay, Andrew Michael. A Scotch 
 mathematician and theologian; bom at Ayr, 
 Jan. 9, 1686; died at St. Germain-en-Laye, 
 France, May 6, 1743. A visit to F^neloa at
 
 RAMSAY — RASPE 
 
 45 » 
 
 Cambray resulted in his conversion to Roman- 
 Catholicism and the production of his prin- 
 cipal work, < Travels of Cyrus * (1727), in avowed 
 imitation of <Tel^maque.> He also edited 
 < T^ldmaque,> with an introduction : and wrote, 
 in French, a < Political Essay > on the principles 
 of its author ; a < History of the Life and 
 Works of Fdnelon > ; besides a number of Eng- 
 lish poems. His French is remarkable for its 
 purity and perfection of style. 
 
 Ramsay, David. An American physician 
 and historian ; born in Lancaster County, Pa., 
 April 2, 1749; died at Charleston, May 8, 1815. 
 He devoted his leisure to the study of the Rev- 
 olutionary struggle, and published : < History of 
 the Revolution in South Carolina > (1785); 
 'History of the American Revolution > (1789); 
 •Life of Washington' (1801); and < History of 
 South Carolina' (1809J. His < History of the 
 United States' was published posthumously in 
 1816, and his < Universal History Americanized ' 
 in 1819. 
 
 Ramus, Pierre (ra'mus). A French logician ; 
 born at Cuth, Vemiandois, 1515; was assas- 
 sinated in the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 
 August 1572. He distinguished himself at 21, 
 upon the occasion of taking his degree, by 
 defending the thesis that « all that Aristotle 
 taught is false." He followed this with < Crit- 
 icism of Aristotelian Dialectic' {1543), written 
 in Latin ; and with his < Dialectic,' a French 
 version of Jhis system, the first work of the 
 kind published in the French language. His 
 literary activity produced in all fifty-nine works, 
 all but nine of which appeared before his 
 death. They include treatises on arithmetic, 
 geometry, and algebra. 
 
 Rand, Edward Augustus. An Episcopal 
 clergyman and writer of juvenile books ; born 
 at Portsmouth, N. H., in 1837. He has pub- 
 lished : < Christmas Jack' (1878); < Pushing 
 Ahead ' (1880); < The Tent in the Notch ' (1881); 
 < After the Freshet' (1882); 'Little Brown Top' 
 (1883); 'Fighting the Sea' (1887); < Sailor Boy 
 Bob » (1888); < When the War Broke Out ' (1888); 
 and others. Died Oct. 5, 1903. 
 
 Randall, James Ryder. An American song- 
 writer ; bom in Baltimore, Md., Jan. i, 1839. 
 His 'Maryland, My Maryland' (1861), called 
 " the < Marseillaise ' of the Confederate cause," 
 was set to music and became very popular. 
 He wrote much in support of the South. His 
 poems include : ' The Sole Entry > ; 'Arling- 
 ton'; 'The Cameo Bracelet'; 'There's Life 
 in the Old Land Yet ' ; and ' The Battle Cry 
 of the South.' 
 
 Randolph, John. An American statesman ; 
 born at Cawsons, Va., June 2, 1773 ; died at Phil- 
 adelphia, June 24, 1833. His response to Patrick 
 Henry is famous. His ' Letters to a Young 
 Relative ' were published in 1834. 
 
 Randolph, Sarah Nicholas. An American 
 biographical writer, great-granddaughter of 
 Thomas Jefferson; born at Edge Hill, Va., Oct. 
 12, 1839. She has published : ' The Domestic 
 
 Life of Thomas Jefferson > (1871); <The Lord 
 will Provide' (1872); 'A Paper on Martha 
 Jefferson Randolph' (1876); and 'Life of Stone- 
 wall Jackson' (1876). Died in 1900. 
 
 Ranke, Leopold (rank'e). A leading Ger- 
 man historian ; born at Wiehe, Saxony, Dec. 
 21, 1795 ; died May 23, 1886. From early youth 
 till his death at 90 he was engaged in fruitful 
 historical research and production ; his chief 
 labors being devoted to the Reformation period, 
 15th and i6th centuries, all through Europe, 
 though his last work was a great ' Universal 
 History' (the first volume published when he 
 was 85), embodying the ripest results of modern 
 scholarship, but of most value in the earliest 
 part dealing with prehistoric origins. His ' His- 
 tory of the Popes, their Church and State* 
 (1834-36), — which really means the mediaeval 
 popes, the earlier papacy being only outlined, 
 — is one of the most widely circulated histories 
 of modern times, and has been translated into 
 English, French, and Dutch. His ' History of 
 Germany during the Reformation' (1839-47) is 
 regarded in Germany as his best production. 
 Among his other important works are : ' Crit- 
 ique on Modem Historians' (1824); 'Princes 
 and Nations of South Europe during the l6th 
 and 17th Centuries' (1827); and 'Genesis of the 
 Prussian States' (1847). His expos^ of the 
 reign of Louis XIV. has been compared to that 
 of Voltaire. 
 
 Rankin, Jeremiah Eames. An American 
 clergyman and religious writer ; bom at Thorn- 
 ton, N. H., Jan. 2, 1828. He has written sev- 
 eral national hjTnns, including 'For God and 
 Home and Native Land ' and ' Keep your 
 Colors Flying.' He is also the author of 
 'Bridal Ring' (1866); 'Auld Scotch Mither > 
 (1873); 'Subduing Kingdoms' (1881); 'The 
 Hotel of God' (1883); 'Atheism of Heart' 
 (1884); 'Christ his Own Interpreter' (1884); 
 and 'Ingleside Rhaims' (1887). Died in 1904. 
 
 Rapin de Thoyras, Paul de (ra-pafi' di 
 twa-ra'). A French historian ; born at Castres, 
 Languedoc, March 25, 1661 ; died at Wesel, 
 Holland, May 16, 1725. He is remarkable for 
 the production of a ' History of England ' 
 (1724), to which he devoted seventeen years' 
 labor. It undoubtedly shortened his life, and 
 he survived its publication but a year. It is 
 considered one of the most complete and im- 
 partial expositions of English political events 
 ever published. He also wrote : 'A Disserta- 
 tion on the Whigs and Tories' (1717). 
 
 Raspe, Rudolph Eric (ras'p6). A German 
 archaeologist and mineralogist ; born at Han- 
 over in 1737 ; died in 1794. A refugee in Eng- 
 land, most of his books were published in 
 English. He is the author of the well-known 
 ' Baron Munchhausen's Narrative of his Marvel- 
 lous Travels and Campaigns in Russia' (1785); 
 a recital of many extraordinary adventures 
 taken from ancient German books, but believed 
 by many to have been stories actually related 
 by Baron von Miinchhausen (1720-97), who was 
 reputed to have entertained his friends with
 
 452 
 
 wonderful teles of his exploits in war, and be- 
 lieved to have been «the greatest liar in ail 
 Germany." Among his other writings, apart 
 from his works on mineralogy, may be named 
 <A Descriptive Catalogue of a General Collec- 
 tion of Engraved Stones > (1791). besides works 
 on philosophy, and historical memoirs. 
 
 Rattazzi, Marie Studolmine de Solms (ra- 
 tats'e). A French novelist; born in London 
 (or in Waterford. Ireland) in 1830. Among her 
 many novels, <The Marriages of the Creole > 
 and <If I Were Queen > are the most popular. 
 She edited several journals, and wrote poems 
 and dramas. She died in Paris, February — , 
 1902. 
 
 Eaupacli, Ernst Benjamin Salome (rou'- 
 pach). A German dramatist ; born at Strau- 
 pitz, Silesia, May 21, 1784; died at Berlin, 
 March 18, 1852. He was popular in his day, 
 but has latterly fallen into neglect, though he 
 has many admirers still. His leading plays in- 
 clude : 'The Princess Chawansky> (i8i8j; < The 
 Enchained' (1821); <The Magic Ring of Love > 
 (1824); < The Friends > (1825); < Isidor and Olga ' 
 (1826); < Raphael > (1828); and <Tlie Daughter 
 of the Air> (1829). His comedies were very 
 successful, — among others, < Critic and Anti- 
 Critic,> <The Smugglers,' and <The Spirit of 
 the Time.' 
 
 Ravenscroft, Edward. An English drama- 
 tist who flourished between 1671 and 1697. He 
 was exceedingly popular in his day. His first 
 play was < Mamamouchi ; or, The Citizen Turned 
 Gentleman' (1675), and was taken from Mo- 
 lifere's <Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme.' His nu- 
 merous comedies, farces, and tragedies, some 
 posthumous, include < The Wrangling Lovers ' 
 (1676); < Scaramouch, a Philosopher' (1677); 
 < King Edgar and Alfreda' (1677); < Ignoramus > 
 (1678); <The London Cuckolds > (first published 
 in 1783); < Dame Dobson' (1683); <The Canter- 
 bury Guests' (1695); and <Tlie Italian Hus- 
 band' (1698). 
 
 Rawlinson, George. A noted English scholar, 
 historian and theological writer ; bom at 
 Chadlington, 1812. He was canon of Can- 
 terbury Cathedral. His chief works are indis- 
 pensable classics in tlieir fields: notably the set 
 of 'Great Oriental Monarchies,' (<Five,> 1862- 
 67;<Sixth,) 1873; 'Seventh,' 1876), and (with 
 his brother Henry and Sir J. G. Wilkinson) 
 the 4-V0I. edition of Herodotus (1858-60). 
 He also wrote a 'History of Egypt' (1881), 
 'Phoenicia' (1889). He died in London, Oct. 
 5, 1902. 
 
 Rawlinson, Henry Creswicke, Sir. An 
 
 English diplomat and Oriental scholar of great 
 repute, brother of George ; born at Chadling- 
 ton, Oxfordshire, April 11, 1810; died March 5, 
 1895. He is chiefly remarkable for his re- 
 searches among the cuneiform inscriptions of 
 Persia, and for his translation of the Behistun 
 inscription, written in one of the old Persian 
 languages. He is the author of 'England and 
 Russia in the East ' ( 1875). and the ' Cuniform 
 Inscriptions of Western Asia' (1861-84). 
 
 RATTAZZI — READ 
 
 Raymond, Henry o. An American journal- 
 ist; born at Lima, N. Y., Jan. 24, 1820 ; died in 
 New York, June 18, 1869. He first attracted 
 attention by his editorials in the New York 
 Tribune ; and on Sept. 18, 1851, founded the 
 New York Times. He was active in organiz- 
 ing the Republican party ; and composed the 
 'Address to the People' delivered at the Na- 
 tional Convention in Pittsburg, February 1856. 
 He has published : < Political Lessons of the 
 Revolution' (1854); 'Letters to Mr. Yancey' 
 (i860); 'History of the Administration of Pres- 
 ident Lincoln' (1864); and 'Life and Services 
 of Abraham Lincoln' (1865). He did much 
 to make the newspaper "editorial" the power 
 it now is. 
 
 Raynouard.Fran^ois Juste-Marie (ra-nwar'). 
 A French poet and philologist ; born at Bri- 
 gnole'^, Provence, September 1761 ; died at Passy, 
 Oct. 27, 1836. His first tragedies, ' Eleonora oi 
 Bavaria ' and ' The Templars,' were produced 
 in 1805 with great success. He also wrote dur- 
 ing the regime of Napoleon : ' Scipio ' ; ' The 
 States of Blois ' ; < Don Carlos ' ; ' Charles I.' ; 
 'Deborah'; and 'Joan of Arc at Orleans.' 
 Later he produced a number of books con- 
 cerning the Provengal language and literature, 
 among them a ' Dictionary of the Language 
 of the Troubadours' (1838-44). 
 
 Reacb, Angus Bethune. An English jour- 
 nalist ; born at Inverness, Scotland, Jan. 23, 
 1821 ; died in London, Nov. 25, 1856. His first 
 production, 'Labor and the Poor' (1848), was 
 a very noted series of articles published in 
 the London Morning Chronicle. H^ wrote : 
 'The Comic Bradshaw; or, Bubbles from the 
 Boiler' (1848); ' Clement Lorimer; or. The Book 
 with the Iron Clasp,' a romance (1S49); 'Leon- 
 ard Lindsay ; or. The Story of a Buccaneer > 
 (1850); 'Claret and Olives' (1852); and many 
 amusing miscellanies and farces. 
 
 Read, Opie P. An American journalist ; born 
 in Tennessee in 1852. He edited the Arkansaw 
 Traveller for many years. His studies of Ar- 
 kansas life have been widely read, and include : 
 'Len Gansett' (1888); 'My Young Master'; 
 'An Arkansaw Planter' ; 'Up Terrapin River'; 
 'A Kentucky Colonel'; 'On the Suwanee 
 River'; 'Miss Polly Lop, and Other Stories'; 
 < I'iie Captain's Romance,' and 'The Jucklins'; 
 ' Son of the Swordmaker ' ; < The Mystery of 
 Margareth.' 
 
 Read, Thomas Buchanan. At American 
 portrait-painter and poet ; born in Pennsylvania, 
 March 12, 1822 ; died in 1S72. His most im- 
 portant works are : 'Poems' (1847); 'Lays and 
 Ballads' (1848); 'The House by the Sea'(i856); 
 'The Wagoner of the Alleghanies' (1862); 'A 
 Summer Story' (1865); and 'Poetical Works' 
 (1867). His best-known poems are 'Sheridan's 
 Ride ' and < Drifting.' He also published : ' Fe- 
 male Poets of America' (1848); 'The Pilgrims 
 of the Great St. Bernard,' a romance ; ' The New 
 Pastoral' (1854), his most ambitious poem; 
 'Sylvia; or. The Lost Shepherd' (1857); 'A 
 Voyage to Iceland' (1857); and 'The Good 
 Samaritans' (1867).
 
 READE— REEVES 
 
 453 
 
 Reade, Charles. The well-known English 
 novelist; born at Ipsden, June 8, 1814; died 
 April II, 1884. His first great success was <It's 
 Never Too Late to Mend> (1856); although he 
 had previously written < Peg Woffington> (1852), 
 and < Christie Johnstone* (1853). His numer- 
 ous productions include : < The Course of True 
 Love Never did Run Smooth > (1857); <Jack of 
 All Trades > (1858); <The Autobiography of a 
 Thief > (1858); < Love Me Little, Love Me Long' 
 (1859); <The Double Marriage; or, White Lies' 
 (i860); <The Cloister and the Hearth' (1861); 
 <Hard Cash' (1863); < Griffith Gaunt' (1866); 
 <Foul Play' (1869); <Put Yourself in his Place' 
 (1870); <A Terrible Temptation' (1871); <A 
 Simpleton' (1873); <The Wandering Heir' 
 (1875); < A Woman-Hater' (1877); and <A Peril- 
 ous Secret,' published posthumously. His plays 
 include: <Gold' (1850); < Masks and Faces' 
 (1854); <The Courier of Lyons'; <Two Loves 
 and a Life'; <The King's Rivals' (1854); 
 < Drink' (1879); besides the dramatization of 
 a number of his novels. 
 
 Reade, Jolm. An Irish-Canadian clergyman 
 and journalist ; born in Ballyshannon, Donegal, 
 Nov. 13, 1837. He came to Canada in 1856, 
 and has contributed to every magazine or re- 
 view established in Canada since i860. His 
 writings include : < The Prophecy and Other 
 Poems' (1870); < Language and Conquest' 
 (1883); <The Making of Canada' (1885); < Lit- 
 erary Faculty of the Native Races of America ' 
 (1885); <The Half-Breed' (1886); <Vita Sine 
 Liberis' (1886); and < Aboriginal American Po- 
 etry' (1887). 
 
 Reade, William Winwood. An English trav- 
 eler, novelist, and controversialist ; born in Ox- 
 fordshire, Jan. 30, 1838; died April 24, 1875. 
 On his return from African journeys, he wrote 
 < Savage Africa' (1863); <The African Sketch- 
 Book' (1873 J; < Story of the Ashantee Cam- 
 paign' (1875); and several novels. His mas- 
 terpiece is probably < The Martyrdom of Man,' 
 which presents the history of all the forms of 
 human slavery (1872; 13th ed. 1890). 
 
 Realf, Richard. An English- American poet ; 
 born at Framfield, Sussex, June 14, 1834; com- 
 mitted suicide in Oakland, Cal., Oct. 28, 1878. 
 At 18 he published, under the patronage of 
 several literary people, a collection of poems, 
 < Guesses at the Beautiful.' In 1854 he came 
 to the United States, enlisted in the army in 
 1862, and wrote some of his best lyrics in the 
 field. His most admired poems are < My Slain,' 
 <An Old Man's Idyl,' and < Indirection.' 
 
 Recke, Ernst von der (reck'e). A Danish 
 romantic poet; born at Copenhagen, Aug. 14, 
 1848. His earliest and most popular poem is 
 the three-act drama <Bertran de Born' (1872). 
 He has written much on the art of Danish 
 verse, including < Principles of Danish Versi- 
 fication as Manifested in its Historic and Sys- 
 tematic Development' (1881); and <The Rules 
 of Danish Versification Concisely Stated ' (1885). 
 Among his other publications include : < Lyric 
 
 Poems' (1876); < King Liuvigild and his Sons,' 
 a tragedy (1878); <Archilochus ' (1878); <Knud 
 and Magnus,' a tragedy (1881); < Short Poems' 
 (1883); < Miscellaneous Poems' (1890); <Fru 
 Jeanna,' a tragic opera (1891); and <The Duch- 
 ess of Burgundy' (1891). 
 
 Reclus, Jean Jacques tlis6e (ra-klU'). A 
 French geographer and scientist ; born in the 
 Gironde, May 15, 1830. After extensive travels 
 in England, Ireland, and North and South 
 America, he devoted himself to writing on the 
 social and political conditions of these countries, 
 many of his articles appearing in the Revue 
 des Deux Mondes and in the Tour du Monde. 
 Among his numerous writings, <The Earth' 
 (1867-68), <The Ocean Atmosphere and Life' 
 (1872), and < Universal Geography' (1875-88), 
 in thirteen volumes, are most elaborate. D. 1904. 
 
 Redpath, James, An American journalist; 
 born in Berwick, Scotland, Aug. 24, 1833 ; died 
 Feb. 10, 1891. He was known as a fiery aboli- 
 tionist, and an ardent supporter of the Irish 
 in the land-league troubles. He founded the 
 « Redpath Lyceum Bureau," an agency for 
 lecturers and musicians, in 1867, and conducted 
 it until 1875. He became assistant editor of 
 tiie North American Review in 1886. He pub- 
 lished : < Handbook to Kansas' (1859); <The 
 Roving Editor' (1859); < Echoes of Harper's 
 Ferry' (i860); < Southern Notes' (i860); < Guide 
 to Hayti' (i860); 'The John Brown Invasion' 
 (i860); < Life of John Brown' (i860); and 
 < Talks About Ireland' (1881). 
 
 Redwitz (-Schmblz), Oskar von (red'vitz- 
 shmelts). A German poet ; born at Lichtenau, 
 Bavaria, June 28, 1823; died July 7, 1891. He 
 gained wide reputation by his first work, <Am- 
 aranth' (1849), an epic poem written in praise 
 of Roman-Catholicism ; and his later works 
 did not fall short of his early promise. They 
 include : < Tales of the Forest Brook and the 
 Pine'; < Hermann Stark,' a novel (1868); the 
 remarkable < Lay of the New German Empire ' 
 (1871); <Odilo' (1878); <The Wartenberg 
 House' (1884); and < Hymen' (1887). 
 
 Reese, Lizette Woodworth. An American 
 verse-writer and educator ; bom in Maryland 
 in 1856. Her writings include : < A Branch of 
 May' (1887); <A Handful of Lavender'; and 
 <A Quiet Road.' 
 
 Reeve, Clara. An English novelist; bom 
 at Ipswich in 1729 ; died Dec. 3, 1807. Her 
 most famous work is <The Champion of Vir- 
 tue: A Gothic Story' (1777), afterwards pub- 
 lished under the title of <The Old English 
 Baron.' She had previously written < The 
 Phoenix' (1772), a translation from the Latin 
 of Barclay's romance < Argenis.' Among her 
 other and less important works are : < The 
 Two Mentors' (1783); <The Progress of Ro- 
 mance' (1785); and <The Exiles; or, Memoirs 
 of Count de Cronstadt' (1788). 
 
 Reeves, Helen Buckingham (n^e Mathers). 
 An English novelist; bom at Crewkerne, 
 Somersetshire, in 1852. Her novels treat of
 
 454 
 
 REEVES — RELLSTAB 
 
 domestic English life, and are exceedingly pop- 
 ular. They include : < Comin' through the Rye > 
 (1875); < The Token of the Silver Lily,> a poem 
 (1876); < Cherry Ripe' (1877); <As He Comes 
 up the Stair > (1878); <The Land of the LeaP 
 (1878); <My Lady Green Sleeves' (1879); <The 
 Story of a Sin> (1S81); < Sam's Sweetheart' 
 (1883); < Eyre's Acquittal' (1884); < Jock o' 
 Hazeidean' (1884); < Found Out' (1885); <Mur- 
 der or Manslaughter?' (1885); <The Fashion 
 of this World' (1886); < A Study of a Woman' 
 (1893); and <A Man of the Time' (1894). 
 
 Reeves, Marian Calboun Legate. An Amer- 
 ican novelist; born at Charleston, S. C, about 
 1854. She began to write in 1866 under the 
 pseudon>Tn of " Fadette." Her publications in- 
 clude : <Ingemisco' (1867); < Randolph Honor' 
 (1868); < Sea-Drift > (1869); < Wearithorne > 
 (1872); <A Little Maid of Arcadie' (1888); and 
 in conjunction with Emily Read, <01d Martin 
 Boscawen's Jest' (1878), and < Pilot Fortune' 
 (1883). 
 
 Begaldl, Giuseppe (ra-gal'de). An Italian 
 poet; born at Novara, November 1809; died at 
 Bologna, February 1883. He heard the im- 
 provisatore Giustiniani, and resolved to rival 
 him. He accordingly improvised in the prin- 
 cipal cities of Italy, in France, Switzerland, and 
 Germany, and with great success. His volumes 
 of verse include : < War > (1832); < Poems : Ex- 
 temporaneous and Elaborated' (1839); < Songs' 
 (1840); < National Songs' (1841); < Prose and 
 Poetry' (1861-65); < Selected Poems' {1874); 
 < Water' (1878). He also wrote <Dora' (1867), 
 and < History and Literature' (1879). 
 
 Regnard, Jean Francois (ren-yar'). A French 
 comic dramatist ; born at Paris in 1656 ; died 
 Sept. 4, 1709. By common consent his rank in 
 France is second to Molifere only. His finest 
 productions are: <The Gambler' (1696), and 
 <The Sole Legatee' (1708). He also wrote : 
 'The Absent-Minded' (1697); < The Unexpected 
 Return' {1700); <The Follies of Love' (1704); 
 •The Menaschmi' (1705), in imitation of Plau- 
 tus; and a number of satires and poems. 
 
 Regnler, Matliurln (ren-ya'). A French 
 satirist; born at Chartres, Dec. 21, 1573; died 
 at Rouen, Oct. 22, 1613. He is famed for 
 his < Satires' (1608), sixteen in number, in which 
 he imitated Horace, Juvenal, and Martial. He 
 also wrote a number of epistles and elegies. 
 Editions of his works have appeared in 1853, 
 1862, 1867, and 1875. 
 
 Reld, Christian. See Tiernan, Frances C. 
 
 Reld, Mayne. An Irish novelist of advent- 
 ure ; born in Ballyroney, County Down, April 
 4, 1818; died near London, Oct. 22, 1883. He 
 came to the United States in 1838, and traveled 
 extensively North, East, South, and Wes^ He 
 became a captain in the Mexican War Later 
 he went to London, where he published his 
 many novels of adventure, including : < The 
 Rifle-Rangers' (1850); <The Scalp-Hunters' 
 (1851); <The Quadroon' (1855); < Osceola' 
 U858); <Th< Maroon' (1862); < Cliff-ClJTibers ' 
 
 (1864); 'Afloat in the Forest> (1866); 'The 
 Castaways' (1870); and < Gwen-W^ynne ' (1877). 
 
 Reld, Thomas. A Scotch professor and phi- 
 losopher; born at Strachan, Kincardineshire, 
 April 26, 1710; died Oct. 7, 1796. He was pro- 
 fessor of moral philosophy at Glasgow Uni- 
 versity 1764-80, thenceforward devoting himself 
 to preparing for publication the substance of 
 his lectures. They appeared as < Intellectual 
 Powers' (1785), and 'Active Powers' (1785). 
 His other works include : 'An Essay on Quan- 
 tity' (1748); 'An Inquiry into the Human Mind 
 on the Principles of Common-Sense' (1764), 
 his most original work ; ' A Brief Account 
 of Aristotle's Logic' (1774); 'Essays on the 
 Intellectual Powers of Man' (1785); 'Essays 
 on the Active Powers of Man' (1788). He is 
 the leading representative of the school of 
 " common-sense." 
 
 Reld, Thomas Wemyss. An English jour- 
 nalist ; born at Newcastle on Tyne in 1842. 
 He contributed largely to English reviews and 
 magazines, and published : ' Cabinet Portraits : 
 Sketches of Leading Statesmen of Both Par- 
 ties' (1872); 'Charlotte Bronte: A Monograph' 
 {1877); 'Politicians of To-Day' (1879); 'The 
 Land of the Bey' (1882); 'Gabrielle Stuart' 
 (1883); 'A Memoir of John Deakin Heaton' 
 (1883); 'Gladvs Fane: A Story of Two Lives' 
 (18S3); ' Mauleverer's Millions' (1885); 'Life 
 of Willam Edward Forster'; 'Lifie of Wm. Black.' 
 
 Reld, Whltelaw. An American journalist; 
 born near Xenia, O., Oct. 27, 1837. During the 
 Civil War he represented the Cincinnati Ga- 
 zette in the field ; and his letters, under the sig- 
 nature of "Agate," attracted much attention. 
 Shortly afterward he published 'After the War' 
 (1866), and 'Ohio in the War' (1868), the most 
 important of all the State histories of the Civil 
 War. He became an editorial writer on the 
 New York Tribune ; and upon the death of 
 Horace Greeley he succeeded him as editor and 
 principal owner. Besides many contributions to 
 periodicals, he wrote: 'Schools of Journalism' 
 (1871); 'The Scholar in Politics' (1873); 'Some 
 Newspaper Tendencies' (1879); and 'Town 
 Hall Suggestion' (1881). He was candidate 
 for Vice-President of the United States in 1892. 
 
 Relnbold, Adelheld. See Berthold. 
 
 Relnlck, Robert (rin'ick). A German poet; 
 born at Dantzig, Prussia, Feb. 22, 1805 ; died at 
 Dresden, Feb. 7, 1852. He studied painting un- 
 der Schadow and Begas, and these studies in- 
 fluenced all of his lyric productions, which rank 
 among the best in German literature. His 
 works include: 'Song-Book for Artists' (1833); 
 ' Song-Book of a Painter' (1837-44); ' Songs and 
 Fables for the Young' (1844); 'Hebel's Alle- 
 manic Poems Translated into High German ' 
 (1851); 'Collected Songs' (1852); and 'Book 
 of Poetic Fables and Stories.' His poetry is 
 remarkable for its childlike humor, simplicity, 
 and artistic perfection. 
 
 Rellstab, Ludwig (ral'stab). A German 
 matJiematician and critic; bom at Berlin iq
 
 RfiMUSAT — RfeVILLON 
 
 455 
 
 1799 ; <^icd there in i860. He published romances, 
 dramas, and critical essays, among them being : 
 
 < Henrietta,t he Beautiful Singer * ; <Algiers and 
 Paris' (1830-46); <The Year i8i2> (1834); and 
 an < Autobiography ' (i860). 
 
 R^musat, Charles de (ra-mii-sa'). A French 
 philosopher and minister of State ; bom at 
 Paris in 1797 ; died June 6, 1875. He published : 
 
 < Essays on Philosophy* (1842), which was re- 
 ceived with favor ; < Treatise on German Philos- 
 ophy> (1845); <Abelard> (1845); <Bacon, his 
 Life and Time > (1858); < Religious Philosophy > 
 (1864); and 'History of English Philosophy 
 from Bacon to Locke > (1875). 
 
 R^musat, Claire Elisabeth Jeanne de. A 
 French essayist; born at Paris in 1780 ; died 
 in 1821. She was the mother of Charles de 
 Rdmusat, and companion to the Empress Jose- 
 phine. She wrote an < Essay on the Education 
 of Women* (1824). Her < Memoirs* are very 
 celebrated. They form the substance of her 
 diary, destroyed by fire and rewritten by her 
 from memory. They are very unfriendly to 
 Napoleon. 
 
 R^musat, Jean Pierre Abel. A French 
 Orientalist ; born at Paris, September 1788 ; died 
 June 3, 1832. He devoted himself to the study 
 of Asiatic languages, especially Chinese, and 
 published : < Researches among the Tartar Lan- 
 guages* (1820); < Elements of the Chinese 
 Grammar* (1822); 'Asiatic Miscellanies* (1825); 
 and 'New Miscellanies* (1828); besides trans- 
 lations and essays. 
 
 Renan, Joseph Ernest (re-non'). The re- 
 nowned French Semitic-Orientalist, philologist, 
 historian, and essayist ; born at Tr^guier, Brit- 
 tany, Feb. 27, 1823 ; died at Paris, Oct. 2, 1892. 
 His chief subjects of study were the Semitic 
 languages, and the antecedents and beginnings 
 of Christianity. His works include : ' General 
 History of the Semitic Languages* (1856); the 
 translations 'Job* (1859), 'The Song of Songs* 
 (i860), and 'Ecclesiastes* (1881); 'The Life of 
 Jesus* (1863); 'The Apostles* (1866); 'St. Paul* 
 (1867); 'Anti-Christ* (1873); 'The Gospels* 
 (1877); 'The Christian Church* (1879); 'Mar- 
 cus Aurelius* (1881); 'The History of the Peo- 
 ple of Israel* (1887-89). Also the collected 
 essays 'Studies in Religious History* (1857), 
 ' Essays in Criticism and Ethics * (1859), < Ques- 
 tions of the Day* (1868), ' Miscellanies of His- 
 tory and Travel* (1878), 'New Studies in Re- 
 ligious History* (1884), and 'Discourses and 
 Conferences* (1884); the philosophical dramas 
 
 < Caliban,* ' The Water of Youth,* ' The Priest 
 of Nemi,* 'Dialogue of the Dead,* 'The Ab- 
 bess of Jouarre,* and 'New-Year's Day* (1886); 
 and the autobiographical works ' Recollections 
 of Infancy and Youth* (1883) and 'Stray 
 Leaves* (1892). 
 
 Reppller, Agnes. An American essayist; 
 bom in Philadelphia in 1855. Her published 
 works include : ' Books and Men * ; ' Points of 
 View *; 'In the Dozy Hours *; 'Essays in Idleness*; 
 
 < Assays in Miniature * ; ' Varia * ; 'Compromises.* 
 
 Restlf, Nicolas Edme (called Restif or Rfltif 
 de la Bretonne) (re-tef). A French novelist; 
 born at Sacy near Auxerre, Nov. 22, 1734; died 
 at Paris, Feb. 3, 1806. He published in all more 
 than 200 volumes, full of wit and imagination, 
 but reflecting the licentious habits of their au- 
 thor and his circle. The most noteworthy are : 
 'The Foot of Fanchette * (1769); 'The Per- 
 verted Countryman* (i774); *The Life of my 
 Father* (1778), a monument of filial piety; 
 'The Pomograph* (1796), a plan for regulating 
 prostitution; and the remarkable 'Autobiogra- 
 phy of Monsieur Nicolas* (1794-97. 16 vols.). 
 
 Reuchlin, Johann (roich'lin). A German 
 classical and Hebrew scholar and humanist; 
 born at Pforzheim, Baden, Feb. 22, 1455 ; died 
 at Liebenzell, June 30, 1522. He did much to 
 restore Hebrew and Greek letters among his 
 countrymen. His Latin Dictionary, published 
 in 1475, ran through many editions. The re- 
 sults of his Hebrew studies were the works 
 entitled: 'On the Wondrous Word* (1494 j; 
 'Hebrew Grammar and Lexicon* (1506); and 
 'Concerning the Cabbalistic Art* (1517). His 
 famous satire, Epistoke Clarorum Virorum * 
 (1515), aimed at his enemies, had an influence in 
 developing the Reformation. 
 
 Reumont, Alfred von (roi'mont). A Ger- 
 man archaeologist; born at Aix-la-Chapelle in 
 1808 ; died April 27. 1887. He resided in many 
 cities of Europe, and collected material for 
 many books, among the most important being : 
 'Roman Literature* (1840-44); 'Contributions 
 to Italian History* (1853-55); <The Youth of 
 Catherine de Medici* ;' Italian Diplomacy.* 
 
 Reuss, Eduard Wilhelm Eugen (rois). A 
 noted German theologian ; bom at Strasburg 
 (then a part of France), July 18, 1804; died 
 there, April 15, 1891. He was made professor 
 in the college of his native city, and pub- 
 lished : ' A History of the Books of the New 
 Testament* (1842); 'History of the Christian 
 Religion in the Apostolic Age* (1872); 'A His- 
 tory of the Books of the Old Testament* (1881); 
 and others. Was co-editor of Calvin's Works. 
 
 Renter, Franz (roi'ter). A German novel- 
 ist and poet; bom at Stavenhagen, Mecklen- 
 burg-Schwerin, Nov. 7, 1810; died at Eisenach, 
 June 12, 1874. He published : ' My Apprentice- 
 ship on the Farm * ; ' Funny Tales and Non- 
 sense Rhymes * ; ' Nuptial Eve Stories * ; ' An 
 Account of a Journey to Belgium * ; ' Kein 
 Hiisung * ; < Hanne Niite und de Liidde Pudel * ; 
 < Schurr-Murr* ; 'Old Camomile Flowers*; 'In 
 the Year 13* ; 'Trips to Constantinople.' 
 
 Revere, Joseph Warren. An American of- 
 ficer, kinsman of Paul Revere; born in Boston, 
 in 1812; died in 1880. He was an officer in 
 the Federal army, and published : < Keel and 
 Saddle: Retrospect of Forty Years' Military 
 and Naval Service* (1872). 
 
 R^villon, Antoine (rev-e-yoiV). ["Tony.**] 
 A French novelist and journalist; bom at St. 
 Laurent-le» -Macon (Ain) in 1832. He has con- 
 tributed Xq many periodicals, and published;
 
 456 
 
 R^VOIL — RICARDO 
 
 •The Happy Youth of F. Lapalud> (1866); 
 <The Separated One> (1875); and others. 
 
 R^voil, Benedict Henri (rev-way"). A French 
 novelist and dramatist; born in Aix (Bouches- 
 du-Rhone), Dec. 16, 1816. He lived in the 
 United States for nine years, during which 
 time he collected the material for many of his 
 works. They include : < Hunting and Fishing 
 of the Other World > (1856); <The Daughter 
 of the Comanches>; and < Dramas from the 
 New World > (1864-65), a number of plays 
 which he put on the stage in the United States, 
 and afterwards published in France. 
 
 Rexford, Eben Eugene. An American poet ; 
 born at Johnsburg, Warren County, N. Y., July 
 1848 ; lives in Shiocton, Wis. He began to write 
 when a mere child, contributing to periodicals 
 and magazines. He published in book form 
 the poems < Brother and Lover > and < Grand- 
 mother's Garden > (1887); and a story, < John 
 Fielding and his Enemy > (1888). He wrote 
 the popular songs < Silver Threads among the 
 GokP and <Only a Pansy-Blossom.* 
 
 Reybaud, Marie Roch Louis (ra-bo'). A 
 French writer on social topics ; born at Mar- 
 seilles, Aug. 15, 1799 ; died at Paris, Oct. 28, 
 1879. After traveling extensivel)', he settled in 
 Paris and devoted himself wholly to literature, 
 producing: < Stories of the Modern Reform- 
 ers or Sociaii.'^ts,* published in the Revue des 
 Deux Mondes from 1836-40, and which have 
 since passed through several editions in book 
 form; 'Jerome Paturot in Search of a Social 
 Position' (1843); < Jerome Paturot in Search of 
 the Best Republic > (1848); besides many ro- 
 mances, essays, and criticisms. 
 
 Reynolds, Frederic. An English dramatist ; 
 born in Lime Street, London, Nov. i, 1764; 
 died April 16, 1841. His first piece, <Werter,> 
 founded on Goethe's novel, was produced in 
 1785; and later was reproduced many times, 
 and printed both in London and Dublin. His 
 second drama, < Eloisa,* was played in 1786, 
 when he abandoned tragedy for comedy. His 
 first attempt, < The Dramatist > (1786), was very 
 successful. He produced in all nearly one 
 hundred plays, a novel, and two autobiograph- 
 ical volumes. 
 
 Reynolds, Sir Joshua. The great English 
 painter; was born at Plympton Earl's, Devon- 
 shire, July 16, 1723; died in London, Feb. 23, 
 1792. Although it is as a portrait-painter that 
 he is famous, it was his custom to deliver each 
 year at the Royal Academy (of which he was 
 president) a carefully prepared address on some 
 topic immediatelj' connected with art; and 
 these addresses constitute the well-known < Dis- 
 courses of Sir Joshua Reynolds,' fifteen in 
 number. He contributed also three essays to 
 The Idler ; notes to Mason's translation of Du 
 Fresnoy's < Art of Painting > ; a few notes for 
 Dr. Johnson's edition of Shakespeare ; and notes 
 of his tour through Flanders in 1781. 
 
 Rhodes, Albert. An American descriptive 
 writer ; born at Pittsburg, Pa., Feb. i, 1840. He 
 
 has spent most of his time abroad in diplo- 
 matic emplo>Tnents and contributing to Amer- 
 ican, French, and English periodicals. His 
 published works include : < Jerusalem as It Is > 
 (1867); <The French at Home> (1875); and 
 
 < Monsieur at Home > (1886). 
 
 Rhodes, James Ford. An American histo- 
 rian ; born in Cleveland, O., in 1848. He was 
 educated at the Universities of New York and 
 Chicago ; spent some years in study abroad, 
 and engaged in business until 1891. He has 
 published two volumes of < History of the 
 United States from the Compromise of 1850 ' 
 (Vol. ii. 1892). The work is a political his- 
 tory of the events growing out of the slavery 
 question, the Civil War, and the reconstruction 
 era, and will summarize the great debates that 
 took place, and bring into relief the men who 
 took part. 
 
 Rhodes, William Barnes. An English dra- 
 matic writer; born Dec. 25, 1772; died Nov. i, 
 1826. He is famous as the author of a long 
 popular burlesque, < Bombastes Furioso,' pro- 
 duced anonymously at the Haymarket Theatre 
 in 1810, and published first at Dublin in 1813. 
 Since then it has passed through many edi- 
 tions. He also wrote <The Satires of Juvenal 
 Translated into English Verse > (1801), and 
 'Epigrams* (1803). 
 
 Rhys, John (ris). A Celtic philologist; born 
 at Abercaero, Cardiganshire, Wales, June 21, 1840. 
 He has been professor of Celtic in Oxford since 
 1877, and is the author of < Lectures on Welsh 
 Philology) (1877); < Celtic Britain' (1882); 
 
 < Studies in the Arthurian Legends ' (1891); ' The 
 Welch People' (1900); 'Celtic Folk-lore' (1901). 
 
 Ribeiro, Bernardim (re-ba-e'ro). A Portu- 
 guese poet ; born at Tarrao, province of Alemtejo, 
 in i486 (?); died about 1550. He is a note- 
 worthy figure in Portuguese literature, having 
 been one of the men who introduced the Ital- 
 ian pastoral style that has ever since prevailed 
 in Portugal. Of his works there are now 
 extant five idyls, a pastoral romance in prose, 
 <Menina e Moga' (first edition, 1554), and a 
 number of lyrics in the style of the older poets 
 of Portugal. Editions of his < Works ' have 
 appeared in 1645, 1785, and 1852. 
 
 Ribeiro, Thomaz Antonio Fereiro. A Por- 
 tuguese poet and politician ; born at Parada de 
 Gonta (Beira), July i, 1831. He has taken high 
 rank among the present-day poets of Spain bv 
 his patriotic and exquisite poem 'Jaime' (1861). 
 Among his other works may be mentioned two 
 collections of poems: 'Passing Tones' (1854 1, 
 and 'Even-Songs' (1858); a poetic recital, 
 'Delfino' (1868); two books of travel, 'From 
 Tejo to Mondovi' (1864), and 'Among the 
 Palms' (1864). Died Feb. 7, 190 1. 
 
 Ricardo, David. An English political econ- 
 omist ; born in London, April 19, 1772 ; died at 
 Gatcomb Park, Gloucestershire, Sept. 11, 1823. 
 He stands next to Adam Smith (whose ideas 
 he developed and systematized) in the British 
 free-trade school of political science, and his
 
 RICCOBINI — RICHARDSON 
 
 457 
 
 writings have exerted a vast influence upon all 
 theories of political economy. It has been said 
 that Adam Smith was like the first explorer of 
 a new country, who gives a good description of 
 its general appearance, but omits much and 
 mistakes much ; while Ricardo was the first to 
 draw an accurate map of it. After making his 
 fortune in the Stock Exchange in London, he 
 retired to devote himself to the study of math- 
 ematics, chemistry, etc. The first result of his 
 studies was a tract entitled <The High Price 
 of Bullion a Proof of the Depreciation of Bank- 
 Notes' (1809). In 1817 appeared his most im- 
 portant work, < The Principles of Political 
 Economy and Taxation.* Its leading feature 
 was the theory of rent, now universally accepted, 
 — that it represents the surplus earning power 
 of better or more favorably situated land over 
 that just eood enough to be worth utilizing. 
 Many of its other novel conceptions are now 
 commonplaces. He published in addition a 
 number of essays on economics. His < Works > 
 were edited by MacCulloch (1846). His 'Let- 
 ters to Malthus* were published in 1887. 
 
 Riccobini, Antoine Frangois (rik-o-be'ne). 
 An Italian dramatic writer and actor, son of 
 Luigi ; born at Mantua; died at Paris in 1772. 
 He wrote: 'The Slave Comedians* (1726); 
 'Amusements in Fashion' (1732); and an in- 
 genious work called 'Theatrical Art* (1750). 
 
 Riccobini, Luigl. An Italian dramatist and 
 descriptive writer ; born in Modena in 1675 ; 
 died in Paris in 1733. He published : ' His- 
 tory of the Italian Theatre* (1728-31); 'The 
 Comedies and Genius of Molifere* (1736); 'Re- 
 flections on the Theatres of Europe* (1738-50); 
 and several others. 
 
 Riccobini, Marie Jeanne Laboras de Me- 
 zieres. A French actress and novelist, wife 
 of Antoine Francois; born at Paris in 1713; 
 died there, 1792. She did not succeed upon 
 the stage, and turned to the production of the 
 sentimental novel with no little success. Her 
 first work was the remarkable 'Marquis de 
 Cressy* (1758). This was followed by 'The 
 Letters of Julia Catesby* (1759); 'Ernestine* 
 (1770-98), considered by many her master- 
 piece ; < The Letters of Sophie de Valli^re * 
 (1772); and a number of others. 
 
 Rice, George Edward. An American verse- 
 writer; born in Boston, July 10, 1822; died at 
 Roxbury, Mass., Aug. 10, 1861 or 1863. His pub- 
 lications include: 'An Old Play in a New 
 Garb* (1852), a fanciful adaptation of 'Ham- 
 let*; 'Ephemera* (1852), poems, wTitten in 
 conjunction with John Howard Wainwright ; 
 'Myrtilla: A Fairy Extravaganza* (1853); 
 'Blondel; A Historic Fancy* (1854); and 'Nu- 
 gamenta* (1859), a book of verse. 
 
 Rice, Harvey. An American poet; born at 
 Conway, Mass., June 11, 1800; died 1891. He 
 removed to Cleveland, opened a classical school, 
 and purchased a newspaper, which he issued 
 thereafter as the Plaindealer. He has been a 
 frequent contributor to many periodicals, and 
 
 in addition has published : < Mount Vernon 
 and Other Poems* (1864); 'Nature and Cult- 
 ure* (1875); 'Pioneers of the Western Re- 
 serve* (1882); 'Select Poems* (1885); 'Sketches 
 of Western Life* (1888); and 'The Founder of 
 the City of Cleveland.* 
 
 Rice, Ja.mes. An English novelist; born at 
 Northampton, Sept. 26, 1843 ; died in London, 
 April 26, 1882. His reputation was well assured 
 by the publication of 'Ready-Money Mortiboy' 
 (1872), the first of the series of clever novels 
 which he issued in conjunction with Walter 
 Besant. It was subsequently dramatized under 
 the title of 'Ready Money.* This remarkable 
 partnership continued with < The Golden But- 
 terfly* (1876), 'The Chaplain of the Fleet* 
 (1879), 'The Seamy Side* (1881), and several 
 others. Previous to the partnership he had 
 published 'History of the British Turf* (1879). 
 
 Richards, Alfred Bate. An English journal- 
 ist and dramatist; born at Baskerville House, 
 Worcestershire, Feb. 17, 1820 ; died at London, 
 June 12, 1876. He produced many tragedies, 
 among them being: 'Croesus, King of Lydia*; 
 several volumes of poems, including ' Death 
 and the Magdalen* (1846); 'The Dream of the 
 Soul ' (1848); and one novel, ' So Very Human * 
 (1871), the title being suggested by a chance 
 phrase of Charles Dickens. In his ' Britain 
 Redeemed and Canada Preserved* (1848), he 
 foreshadowed, thirty years before its construc- 
 tioni the inter-oceanic railway between the At- 
 lantic and the Pacific. 
 
 Ricbards, Laura Elizabeth. An American 
 writer of juvenile books, daughter of Julia Ward 
 Howe ; born in Massachusetts in 1S50. She 
 has published a great number of children's 
 books, among them being: 'Five Mice* (1880); 
 'Our Baby's Favorite* (1881); 'Tell-Tale from 
 Hill and Dale* (1886); and 'Toto's Merry Win- 
 ter * ; ' The Piccolo * ; ' The Greek Revolution.* 
 
 Richardson, Mrs. Abby Sage. An American 
 lecturer and writer ; born in Mass., October 14, 
 1837 ; died in Rome, Dec. 5, 1900. She wrote: 
 'Stories from Old English Poetry* (1871); <The 
 History of Our Country to 1876) (1876); 'Fa- 
 miliar Talks on English Literature* ( 1881); 'Old 
 Love Letters* ( 1883); 'Abelard and Heloise : A 
 Mediaeval Romance* (1884); etc. 
 
 Richardson, Albert Deane. An American 
 journalist ; born in Franklin, Mass., Oct. 6, 1833 '< 
 died in New York city, Dec. 2, 1869. He was 
 famous as the war correspondent of the New 
 York Tribune during the Civil War, and was 
 imprisoned with others for eighteen months as 
 a result of their undertaking to run the bat- 
 teries of Vicksburg on two barges. The result 
 of his experiences was the work : ' The Field, 
 the Dungeon, and the Escape* (1865). He 
 also wrote : ' Beyond the Mississippi * (1866), and 
 <A Personal History of Ulysses S. Grant * (1868). 
 A collection of his miscellaneous writings was 
 published by his wife, Abby Sage Richardson, 
 under the title of 'Garnered Sheaves* (1871).
 
 458 
 
 RICHARDSON — RIDPATH 
 
 Richardson, Satnnel. An English novelist ; 
 bom in Derbyshire in 1689; died July 4, 1761. 
 He is England's first « novelist." All of his 
 books are in the form of letters, long and sen- 
 timental. His best-known novels are : * Clarissa 
 Harlowe> (1748 J; < Pamela > {1740); and a con- 
 tinuation (1741). 'Sir Charles Grandison> fol- 
 lowed in 1754. His < Correspondence,' edited by 
 Anna Lsetitia Barbauld, appeared in 1804. 
 
 Elchardt, Christian Ernst (rish'art). A 
 Danish poet; bom in Copenhagen, May 25, 
 1831 ; died in 1893. His poems are noted for 
 religious depth, delicacy, and patriotic enthusi- 
 asm. He is considered first among the later 
 lyrical poets of Denmark. His first book was 
 
 < Deklarationen > (1851), a comedy, followed by 
 < Short Poems' (1861); 'Pictures and Songs' 
 (1874); 'Fifty Poems' (1878); 'Spring and Au- 
 tumn' (1884); and' Miscellaneous Poems ' (1891). 
 He also wrote a tragic musical drama, 'King 
 and Constable' (1878). 
 
 Richebourg, Jules Emile (resh-bbrg'). A 
 French novelist; bom at Meury, April 23, 1833; 
 died at Paris, Jan. 25, 1898. He produced light 
 verses and comedies before devoting his at- 
 tention seriously to romance. After 1858 he 
 produced a great number of novels of adven- 
 ture, intrigue, and passion, which found great 
 favor among the masses in France. Among 
 them may be named : <The Man with the Black 
 Spectacles) (1864); <The Veiled Lady) (1875); 
 <The Beautiful Organist) (1876); 'Father Ra- 
 clot's Million) (1889); 'Cinderella) (1892); and 
 'Winter Tales) (1892). 
 
 Richelieu, Armand-Jean du Plessis (resh- 
 ly6'). The French duke and cardinal, and 
 statesman ; born in Paris, Sept. 5, 1585 ; died 
 there, Dec. 4, 1642. As prime minister of 
 France he exercised a great influence upon its 
 history, externally and internally, and took 
 great interest in literature and art, enlarging 
 the Sorbonne and the royal library, and giving 
 encouragement to scholars, poets, and artists. 
 He dabbled in literature himself to some ex- 
 tent, writing < Miriam ' and ' The Great Pastoral.' 
 His < Letters, Diplomatic Instructions,' etc., were 
 edited by Avenel (1853-68). Other works 
 credited to him are of doubtful authenticity. 
 
 Richepin, Jean (resh-pan'). A French poet, 
 dramatist, and novelist ; born at Med^ah, Al- 
 giers, Feb. 4, 1849. He first attracted attention 
 by his volume of poems < The Song of the 
 Beggar' (1876), which sent him to prison, where 
 he wrote 'Curious Deaths' (1887). A most 
 prolific and audacious writer, he is faithful to 
 his principles, or the lack of them, in all his 
 works. They include : < Caresses ' (1877), ' Blas- 
 phemies > (1884), and' The Sea' (1886), in verse; 
 
 < Mme. Andr^ ' (1874); < Brave Men ' (1888); < The 
 Cadet) (1890); the dramas 'Monsieur Scapin' 
 (1886) ; 'The Filibuster' (1888); < By the Sword > 
 (1892) ;< The Martyress' and <The Watchdog' 
 (1898). 
 
 Richmond, Legh. An English religious 
 writer ; bom at Liverpool, Jan. 29, 1772 ; died 
 St Turvey, Bedfordshire, May 8, 1827. He was 
 
 the author of three famous tales of village life, 
 circulated as tracts in many languages. They 
 are entitled : ' The Dairyman's Daughter,' ' The 
 Negro Servant,' and ' The Young Cottager,' and 
 were printed under the title of 'Annals of the 
 Poor' (1814). He also edited 'The Fathers of 
 the English Church' (1807-11). 
 
 Richter, Jean Paul Friedrlch (rich'ter). 
 The celebrated German satirist, philosopher, 
 and humorist ; born at Wunsiedel, Bavaria, 
 March 21, 1763; died at Bayreuth, Nov. 14, 
 1825. He is one of the great humorists of 
 modern German literature, but disregards lit- 
 erary form. His first noteworthy production 
 was the novel ' The Invisible Lodge ' (1793), fol- 
 lowed by 'Hesperus' (1795); 'Biographical 
 Recreations under the Cranium of a Giantess ' 
 (1796); 'The Life of Quintus Fixlein' (1796); 
 'Flower, Fruit, and Thorn Pieces' (1797); 'The 
 Jubilating Senior' (1797); 'The Country Val- 
 ley' (1797); 'Titan' (1803); 'Wild Oats' (1804); 
 'Introduction to Esthetics' (1805), his first 
 philosophical attempt, and regarded by many 
 as the culmination of his genius ; and ' Levana, 
 or Pedagogics' (1807). 
 
 Riddell, Charlotte Eliza Lawson (Mrs. 
 J. H. ). A popular English novelist; born Sept. 
 30, 1832. She published her early novels 
 under the name of «F. G. Trafford." Her 
 many books include: 'George Geith ' (1864); 
 'The Race for Wealth' (1866); 'Far Above 
 Rubies' (1867); 'Austin Friars' (1870); 'The 
 Ruling Passion' (1876); 'The Senior Part- 
 ner' (1881I; 'The Struggle for Fame' (1883); 
 < Miss Gascoiagne' (1887); and < Idle Tales' 
 ( 1888 ) ; < Footfall of Fate > ( 1900); ' Poor Fellow ' 
 (1902). 
 
 Ridderstad, Karl Fredrik (rid'er-stad). A 
 Swedish novelist and poet ; bom in Sodermann- 
 land in 1807 ; died in 1886. He was a member 
 of the Riksdag, and famous for his eloquence 
 and patriotism. He is the author of several 
 historical romances, the best of which are 
 ' The Halberdier ' and ' The Prince ' ; a num- 
 ber of novels in imitation of Eugene Sue, 
 including < Mysteries of Stockholm ' and < The 
 Black Hand'; and many lyrics, in which line 
 he was most successful. 
 
 Rideing, William Henry. An English- 
 American miscellaneous writer; born in Liver- 
 pool, Feb. 17, 1853, now a resident of New 
 York. His books include: 'Pacific Railways 
 Illustrated' (1878); 'A-Saddle in the Wild 
 West' (1879); 'Stray Moments with Thack- 
 erav' (1880); 'Boys in the Mountains' (1882); 
 ' a' Little Upstart' (1885); 'The Boyhood of 
 Living Authors ' (1887); < In the Land of Loma 
 Doone' ; 'The Captured Cunarder'; ' How Tyson 
 came Home.' 
 
 Ridpath, John Clark. An American his- 
 torian and educator;born in Putnam County, Ind., 
 April 26, 1841; died in New York city, July 31, 
 1900. Among his writings are: 'Academic His- 
 tory of the United States) (1875); Grammar- 
 School History of the United States) (1876^ 
 'Popular History of the United States) (1877); 
 'Inductive Grammar of the English Language)
 
 RIEHL — RIPLEY 
 
 459 
 
 (1879); 'Life and Works of Garfield) (l88l)j 
 <History of the World) (1885); 'Christopher 
 Columbus: The Epoch, the Man, and the Work) 
 ( 1890); 'Great Races of Mankind) (1892); and 
 •The Epic of Life,) a poem (1894). 
 
 Riebl, Wilhelm Heinrich (rel). A German 
 historian, novelist, and publicist; bom at Bieb- 
 rich on the Rhine, May 6, 1823; died Nov. 16, 
 1897. He is the author of a number of excel- 
 lent historical and ethnological works, and of 
 a number of novels based upon his studies in 
 these directions. The most prominent of his 
 works are : < Natural History of the People as 
 the Foundation of the National Policy* (1851- 
 69); <Die Pfalzer> (1857); < Studies of the Civ- 
 ilization of Three Centuries* (1859); < Enigmas 
 of Life) (1888); and <From the Corner) (1890). 
 
 Riemer, Frledricli Wilhelm (re'mer). A 
 German litterateur; born at Glatz in Silesia, 
 April 19, 1774; died at Weimar, Dec. 19, 1845. 
 The most important of his publications is 
 a < Greek-German Dictionary-Manual > (1802-4). 
 His close association with Goethe in Weimar, 
 where he was for some time the instructor of 
 Goethe's son, gave him a poetic bent, and he 
 published 'Leaves and Flowers* (1816), under 
 the pseudonym of " Sylvio Romano '* ; and 
 under his own name, < Poems* (1826). He also 
 brought out ' Correspondence between Goethe 
 and Zelter) (1833). 
 
 Rlethmiiller, Chrlstoplier James (ret'miil- 
 ler). An English poet and novelist; born in 
 18 — . His published works include : ' Launce- 
 lot of the Lake* (1843), a tragedy ; < Teuton: A 
 Poem* (1861); 'Frederic Lucas: A Biography* 
 (1862); 'Alexander Hamilton and his Contem- 
 poraries* (1864); 'Three Legends of the Early 
 Church* (1867); 'Adventures of N. Brooke* 
 (1877); 'Julian the Apostate* (1883); and many 
 others. 
 
 Rlis, Jacob August (res). A New York 
 writer on social topics ; born in Denmark, 1849. 
 He has written: 'How the Other Half Lives*; 
 < The Children of the Poor * ; and ' Nibsy's 
 Christmas > ; < The Battle with the Slum > ; < Chil- 
 dren of the Tenements * ; ' Theodore Roosevelt, 
 the Citizen.* He is very active in charitable 
 movements in New York. 
 
 Riley, James Wbitcomb. An American 
 poet ; born at Greenfield, Ind., about 1853. In 
 1S75 he began to contribute to local papers 
 verses in the Hoosier dialect, and latterly he 
 has published numerous dialect and serious 
 poems in magazines. His collected works in- 
 clude : 'The Old Swimmin' Hole and 'Leven 
 More Poems* (1883); 'The Boss Girl and 
 Other Sketches* (1886); ' Afterwhiles* (1888): 
 ' tripes o' Fan at Zekesbury* (1880); *Green Fields 
 and Running Brooks* (1893); < Poems Here at 
 Home* ; and < Armarzindy : A Child World* ; 
 ' A Defective Santa Claus * ; ' Raggedy Man.* 
 
 Ring, Bernard Jacques Joseph Maximilien 
 
 de (rang). A French archteologist ; born at 
 Bonn, Rhenish Prussia, May 27, 1799; died at 
 Bischleim, Alsace, in 1875. He deveted him- 
 
 self from his sixteenth year to the study of 
 archaeology, and published ' Picturesque Views 
 of the Old Castles of Baden* (1829); 'Celtic 
 Settlement in Southern Germany* (1842); 'Ro- 
 man Settlement of the Rhine to the Danube' 
 (1852-53), crowned by the French Academy; 
 and ' History of the Opiques People : Their 
 Legislation, Customs, and Language* (1859). 
 
 Ring, Max (ring). A German novelist; born 
 at Sauditz, Silesia, Aug. 4, 1817. He has pro- 
 duced a great number of novels, notably ' The 
 Children of God* (1851); 'The Great Elector 
 and the Alderman* (1851); 'The Lost Race* 
 (1867); 'The Friends of the Soul* (1871); 
 'Chains of Gold* (1881); 'Victory of Love> 
 (1886); and 'Seekers and Strivers* (188S). D. 1901. 
 
 Rinuccini, Ottavio (re-nb-che'ne). An Ital- 
 ian poet and gentleman ; bom at Florence in 
 1565 ; died in 1621. His pastoral ' Daphne * was 
 put to music and rendered with great success ; 
 and his second pastoral, ' Eurydice,* was rep- 
 resented at the marriage of Marie de' Medici 
 and Henry IV., and published in 1600. A later 
 lyric drama, 'Ariadne at Naxos,* is superior 
 to his former productions. His poetry was col- 
 lected and published in 1622. 
 
 Rioja, Francisco de (re-o'Ha). A Spanish 
 poet ; bom at Seville about 1585 ; died at Madrid, 
 Aug. 8, 1659. He was a great scholar, librarian 
 of the royal library and Chronicler of Castile. 
 He was regarded as one of the best poets of 
 his time ; and although his poetry is not great, 
 it is distinguished by beauty of form, delicacy 
 of style, and deep feeling for nature. His best- 
 known work is 'Epistola Moral &. Fabio,* full 
 of sound advice regarding the superiority of a 
 quiet and unassuming life. He wrote many 
 sonnets under the titles of 'To Riches,* 'To 
 Poverty,* 'To the Spring,* 'To the Rose,* and 
 ' Silvas.* His ' Poems,* with extensive biography, 
 were published in 1867, and additions in 1872. 
 
 Riordan, Roger. An Irish-American jour- 
 nalist; bom in 1848. He now resides in New 
 York city, and has published : 'A Score of 
 Etchings* (1883); and 'Sunrise Stories: A 
 Glance at the Legislature of Japan.* Died 1904. 
 
 Ripley, George. An American scholar and 
 editor ; born at Greenfield, Mass., Oct. 3, 1802 ; 
 died in New York city, July 4, 1880. His vent- 
 ures along literary lines are almost too numer- 
 ous to mention. He was the founder and 
 editor of the Dial, and contributed to many 
 journals; was one of the projectors of Brook 
 Farm, and a transcendentalist, — writing articles 
 which covered the whole ground of philosoph- 
 ical speculation. He was long the literary 
 critic of the New York Tribune, and one of 
 the most noted reviewers of his time. He left 
 no extended work, and will be remembered 
 rather as a promoter of learning. In 1838 ap- 
 peared his first two volumes of < Foreign Stand- 
 ard Literature,) a series of fourteen in all, which 
 exerted great influence upon the educated mind 
 of New England. They Tveire ^qtitl^d ' Philo* 
 sophicjU Miscellanies*)
 
 460 
 
 RISHANGER — ROBERTHIN 
 
 Risbanger, William. An English monk of 
 St. Alban's, and chronicler ; born about 1250 ; 
 died about 1312. He rekindled the desire 
 among monks for composing chronicles, — a 
 desire which had almost died out in his day. 
 His most important writing is the < Narratio de 
 Bellis apud Lewes et Evesham > (Account of 
 the Fights at Lewes and Evesham), with an 
 autobiographical sketch forming part of the 
 manuscript. It extends from 1258 to 1267, and 
 gives with vigor, picturesque detail, and polit- 
 ical insight, an excellent account of the barons' 
 wars. Several other works are accredited to 
 him; but their authenticity is doubtful, with 
 the exception of the short chronicle < Quaedem 
 Recapitulatio Brevis de Gestis Domini Edwardi > 
 (Short Account of the Acts and Sayings of 
 King Edward). 
 
 RitcMe, Mrs. Anna Cora (Mowatt). An 
 American novelist and dramatist ; born (Og- 
 den) in Bordeaux, France, in 1822; died in 
 1870. She came in early life to New York. 
 A once popular actress, she retired from tlie 
 stage in 1854, and devoted herself to the pro- 
 duction of romances and dramas, with no little 
 success. Some of her books have been pub- 
 lished under the pseudonyms of " Isabel » 
 and " Helen Berkley.'' They include : < The 
 Fortune-Hunter> (1842); < The Mute Singer >; 
 'Fashion,' a comedy (1847), which was very 
 popular; < Evelyn' (1845); < The Autobiography 
 of an Actress* (1854), the best-known and 
 most popular of her productions ; < Mimic Life ' 
 (1855); < Fairy Fingers' (1865); <The Clergy- 
 man's Wife' (1867); and others. 
 
 Ritchie, Anne Isabelle (Tbackeray.) An 
 
 English miscellaneous writer, daughter of Will- 
 iam Makepeace Thackeray; born in London 
 in 1838. Among her writings are : < Old Ken- 
 sington' (1873); ^ Toilers and Spinsters ' (1873); 
 •Bluebeard's Keys' (1874); < Miss Angel' 
 (1875); <Mme. de S^vignd' (1881); < Records of 
 Tennyson, Ruskin, and Browning > (1892); < Lord 
 Tennyson and his Friends' (1893); ^"^d with R. 
 Evans, < Lord Amherst and the British Advance 
 Eastward to Burma'; < Chapters from some Me- 
 moirs.' 
 
 Ritson, Joseph. An English antiquary and 
 scholar; born at Stockton-on-Tees, Oct. 2, 1752; 
 died at Hoxton, Sept. 2, 1803. He devoted 
 many years to antiquarian researches, and ed- 
 ited a vast number of reprints of old and rare 
 books. His own works include: < Observa- 
 tions on Warton's History of English Poetry' 
 (1782); < Ancient Songs from the Time of King 
 Henry HI. to the Revolution' (1790); <A Col- 
 lection of Scottish Songs' (1794); < Robin Hood 
 Ballads' (1795); < Bibliographia Poetica' (1802); 
 'Ancient English Metrical Romances' (1802); 
 and many others. 
 
 Ritter, Frederic Louis. An American musi- 
 cian ; born in Strasburg, Alsace, 1834 ; died in 
 1891. He came to the United States in 1856, 
 and soon made a reputation both here and 
 abroad as a writer on musical topics. Besides 
 many article* in English, French, and German 
 
 periodicals, he published : <A History of Music 
 in the Form of Lectures' (1870-74); < Music in 
 England' (1883); < Music in America' (1883); 
 < Manual of Musical History' (1886); and 'Mu- 
 sical Dictation' (1888). 
 
 Kitter, Heinrich (rit'ter). A German phi- 
 losopher ; born at Zerbst in 1791 ; died in 1869. 
 He owes his literary fame to his profound 
 works on the history of philosophy. The most 
 important of them are : < On the Education of 
 the Philosopher through the History of Philos- 
 ophy' (1817); < Introductory Lectures to Logic' 
 (1823); < History of Philosophy' (1829-53); <On 
 tlie Relation between Philosophy and Scientific 
 Life in General' (1835); and < Encyclopaedia 
 of Philosophic Science' (1862-63). 
 
 Rivarol, Antoine (re-va-rol'). A French 
 satirist and publicist ; born at Bagnols, Langue- 
 doc, near 1754 ; died at Berlin, April 13, 1801. 
 He was one of the most brilliant wits of the 
 eighteenth century. His first work of import- 
 ance, the discourse <0n the Universality of 
 the French Language,' took the prize at the 
 Academy of Berlin in 1784. His < Little Alma- 
 nac of our Great Men' (1788), a volume of 
 satires against authors of his day, and a free 
 translation of Dante's < Inferno,' were both par- 
 ticularly successful. He also wrote a < Diction- 
 ary of the French Language,' and < Letters to 
 the Duke of Brunswick.' His < Works ' ap- 
 peared in 1808. 
 
 Rives, Amelie. See Troubetzkoi. 
 
 Rivet, Gustave (re-va'). A French littera- 
 teur; born at Dom^ne (Isfere), Jan. 25, 1848. 
 He has written a number of dramas, some of 
 vi'hich have appeared on the French stage. 
 His writings include: <Lost Voices'' (1874), 
 poems; < Victor Hugo at Home' (1878); <The 
 Punishment' (1879), a drama; < Marie Tou- 
 chet' (1881), a drama; and <The Quest of 
 Paternity' (1890). 
 
 Rividre, Henri-Laurent (riv-yar'). A 
 French marine officer and litterateur; born in 
 Paris, July 12, 1827 ; killed in Anam, May 20, 
 1883. He acquired a speedy popularity by two 
 simple tales, < Pierrot' (i860), and <Cain' (1870). 
 He afterward produced many stories, com- 
 edies, and works of a more serious character, 
 among them being : < The French Navy under 
 Louis XV.' (1859); < The Possessed One' (1863); 
 <The Journal of a Marine' (1866); <The Up- 
 start' (1869); < Adventures of Three Friars' 
 (1875); <M. Margerie' (1875); and <The New 
 Caledonia' (1880) 
 
 Robert of Gloucester. An English chron- 
 icler, living at the time of the battle of Eves- 
 ham (1265). He is remarkable for a metrical 
 chronicle of England, from the time of the 
 fabulous Brutus to his own, based chiefly upon 
 Geoffrey of Monmouth's book. It extends to 
 ten thousand lines, and is one of the earliest 
 epics of the English language. It was printed 
 by Thomas Hearne in 1724. 
 
 Roberthin, Robert (rob-ar'ten). A German 
 poet; born at Konigsberg in 1600 ; died there.
 
 ROBERTS — ROBINSON 
 
 461 
 
 April 7, 1648. He published his graceful songs, 
 copies of which have become very rare, under 
 the anagram of << Berintho.'^ His principal work 
 was < Songs and Airs, Religious and Secular' 
 (163S-50). His poems have also been incor- 
 porated in volumes on German poets, etc. 
 
 Roberts, Anna S. An American poet ; born 
 in Philadelphia in 1827; died in 1858. She 
 published a book of poems entitled < Forest 
 Flowers of the West> (1851), the most notable 
 of which are : < The Old Mansion, > < Two Por- 
 traits,' <The Unsealed Fountain,' and <A Vis- 
 ion.' 
 
 Roberts, Cbarles George Douglas. A Ca- 
 nadian poet ; born in Douglas, N. B., Jan. 10, 
 i860. He is an earnest advocate of Canadian 
 nationalism, and such of his poetical compo- 
 sitions as relate to this and other distinctly 
 Canadian subjects are particularly excellent. 
 He has published : < Orion, and Other Poems ' 
 (1880), and <In Divers Tones' (1887); and has 
 edited < Poems of Wild Life ' in the series of < Can- 
 terbury Poets ' (18S8). In 1897 appeared his < His- 
 tory of Canada,' and < The Kindred of the Wild.> 
 
 Roberts, Emma. An English descriptive and 
 verse writer; born in 1794; died In Poona, 
 India, Sept. 16, 1S40. She lived in India much 
 of her life, devoting herself closely to literature 
 and journalism. Among her many books may 
 be named : < Memoirs of the Rival Houses of 
 York and Lancaster' (1827); < Oriental Scenes, 
 Sketches, and Tales' (1832), a volume of po- 
 etry ; < Scenes and Characteristics of Hindostan > 
 (1835); <The East India Voyager' (1839); and 
 
 < Hindostan, its Landscapes, Palaces, etc' (1845- 
 47). 
 
 Roberts, Margaret. A Welsh novelist and 
 miscellaneous writer; born at Honyngs, North 
 Wales, in 1833. Si.- '^as lived much in Italy, 
 France, and Germany, and wrote her first book 
 in Italian, with the exception of the last chap- 
 ter. Most of her books have been published 
 anonymously. They include : < Mademoiselle 
 Mori' (i860); <Denise' (1863); < Madame Fon- 
 tenoy' (1864); <On the Edge of the Storm' 
 (1868); < Margaret Woodward' (1877); < Gram- 
 mar of the French Language' (1882); < In the 
 Olden Time' (1883); < Hester's Venture' (1886); 
 < Under a Cloud' (i888j; and many others. 
 
 Roberts, SamueL An English author and 
 pamphleteer; born at Sheffield, April 18, 1763; 
 died there, July 24, 1848. He was known as 
 the " Pauper's Advocate," and is the author of 
 an immense number of books, pamphlets, and 
 broadsheets, dealing with all that he considered 
 unjust or tyrannical. His principal works are : 
 < Tales of the Poor' (1813); <The Blind Man 
 and his Son' (1816); < Defence of the Poor 
 Laws' {1819); < Life of Queen Mary' (1822); 
 
 < The Gipsies : Their Origin, Continuance, and 
 Destination' (1836); and < Milton Unmasked' 
 (1844). His < Autobiography and Select Re- 
 mains' were published in 1849. 
 
 Robertson, Frederick William. An English 
 clergyman; born in London, Feb. 3, 1816; died 
 
 at Brighton, Aug. 15, 1853. His fame rests upon 
 the series of sermons which he delivered at 
 Trinity Chapel, Brighton. His writings and 
 biography have been reprinted in the United 
 States, and widely read, and have exerted great 
 influence in liberalizing religious thought. Hi.i 
 works were collected and published after hia 
 death under the titles < Sermons Preached at 
 Trinity Chapel, Brighton' (1855-64); < Lectures 
 and Addresses on Literary and Social Topics' 
 (1858); < Expository Lectures on St. Paul's Epis- 
 tles to the Corinthians' (1859); and < Notes on 
 Genesis' (1877). 
 
 Robertson, James Burton. An English his- 
 torian ; born in London, Nov. 15, 1800 ; died in 
 Dublin, Feb. 14, 1877. He studied literature, 
 philosophy, and the elements of dogmatic the- 
 ology, in France ; and after various preliminary - 
 essays, published a translation of Frederick 
 Schlegel's < Philosophy of History ' (1835), which 
 passed through many editions. His second trans- 
 lation, < Symbolism, or Exposition of Doctrinal 
 Differences between Catholics and Protestants' 
 (1843), was also widely read in both England 
 and America, and created a profound impres- 
 sion. His original writings include : < Public 
 Lectures on Some Subjects of Ancient and 
 Modern History' (1859); 'Lectures on Some 
 Subjects of Modem History and Biography' 
 (1S64); and many others. 
 
 Robertson, Thomas William. An English 
 actor and dramatist ; born at Newark-on-Trent, 
 Jan. 9, 1829; died in London, Feb. 3, 1871. His 
 first play was <A Night's Adventure' (1851); 
 and after its production he settled in London, 
 and devoted himself to play-writing. Several 
 of I his dramas were very successful : the best 
 known are < David Garrick' (1864) and < Caste' 
 (1868). Other successful ones are: < Society' 
 (1865) ; < Ours ) (1866); < School ' (1869); < Dreams> 
 (1869); and <M. P.' (1S70). 
 
 Robertson, William. A Scotch historian; 
 born at Borthwick, Midlothian, Sept. 19, 1721 ; 
 died at Grange House, near Edinburgh, June 
 II, 1793. Although ranked with Gibbon and 
 Hume while he lived, and enjoying great pop- 
 ularity, his writings are now but little read. He 
 is the author of many books, chief among which 
 are : < History of Scotland during the Reigns 
 of Mary and James VI.' (1758-59); 'History of 
 the Reign of the Emperor Charles V.' (1769); 
 'History of America' (1777); and 'Historical 
 Disquisition concerning the Knowledge which 
 the Ancients had of India' (1791). 
 
 Robinson, Agnes Mary Frances. See 
 Darmesteter. 
 
 Robinson, Charles Seymovir. An American 
 clergyman and hymnologist; born at Benning- 
 ton, Vt., March 31, 1829. He is famed as a 
 collector of hymns and tunes used in the Pres- 
 byterian Church. His publications include : 
 'Songs of the Church' (1862); 'Songs for the 
 Sanctuary' (1865); 'Church Work' (1873); 
 'Studies in the New Testament' (1880); 'Lau- 
 des Domini' (1884); 'The Pharaohs of the
 
 462 
 
 ROBINSON ^ROCHEFOUCAULD 
 
 Bondage and the Exodus > (1887); < Simon Peter, 
 his Life and Times> (1888); <From Samuel to 
 Solomon ' ( 1889) ; < New Laudes Domini > ( 1892) ; 
 
 < Annotations upon Popular Hymns > (1893); 
 < Simon Peter: Later Life and Labors* (1894J; 
 and others. He died in 1899. 
 
 Robinson, Frederick William. An English 
 novelist; born in Spitalfields, London, Dec. 23, 
 1830; died at Brixton, Dec. 6, 1901. He was a 
 prolific writer, and published, among many 
 others: <No Church> (1862) ; <Beyond the Church> 
 (i866);<True to Plerself) (1870); <Her Face 
 was her Fortune' (1873) ; <As long as She Lived> 
 (1876); <The Hands of Justice' (1881); <The 
 Man She Cared For' (1884); <Dark Street> 
 (1887); and <The Youngest Miss Green' (1888). 
 
 Robinson, Henry Crabb. An English lawyer 
 and diarist; born at Bury St. Edmunds, March 
 13. 1775; died in London, Feb. 5, 1867. He 
 acquired a thorough knowledge of modern Ger- 
 man literature, and enjoyed the intimate friend- 
 ship of Goethe, Schiller, the Schlegels, and 
 other prominent Germans. He published but 
 little, but left a copious diary and correspond- 
 ence (102 volumes in all), selections from which 
 were published under the title of < Diary, Rem- 
 iniscences, and Correspondence of H. Crabb 
 Robinson' (1869), very valuable for its descrip- 
 tion of the men and events of his time in 
 England. 
 
 Robinson, Jane. The following volumes, 
 signed «by the author of Whitefriars," are 
 ascribed to the above writer in Olphar Hamst's 
 [Ralph Thomas's] Handbook for Fictitious 
 Names : < Whitehall ; or. The Days of Charles I.' 
 (1845); <The Maid of Orleans' (1849); < The 
 Gold Worshipers' (1851); <The City Banker' 
 (185&); <Maulever's Divorce' (1858); (Which 
 Wins?' (1863); < Dorothy Firebrace' (1865); 
 and others. 
 
 Robinson, Mary. An English actress and 
 author; born at Bristol, Nov. 27, 1758; died at 
 •Surrey, Dec. 26, 1800. Her first collection of 
 poems was published in 1775, under the patron- 
 age of the Duchess of Devonshire. After this 
 she published several books, among them being : 
 
 < Celadon and Lydia' (1777), a tale ; < Captivity' 
 (1777), a poem; < Angelina' (1796); < Lyrical 
 Tales' (1800J; and < Effusions of Love,' purport- 
 ing to be her correspondence with the Prince 
 of Wales, afterwards George IV., of whom she 
 was the recognized mistress. 
 
 Robinson, Philip Stewart. An English de- 
 scriptive writer ; born at Chunar, India, in 1849. 
 His published works include: <In my Indian 
 Garden' (1878); < Under the Punkah' (1881); 
 'Noah's Ark; or. Mornings in the Zoo' (1882); 
 
 < Sinners and Saints : A Tour across the States 
 and Round them > (1883) ; < The Valley of Teeto- 
 tum Trees ' ; < In Garden, Orchard and Spinney.' 
 
 Robinson, Tberese Albertlne Luise (von 
 Jakob). [PseudonjTn "Talvj," — her initials.] 
 A German historical and miscellaneous writer ; 
 born at Halle, Jan. 26, 1797; died at Hamburg, 
 April 13, 1869. Her mest important work is 
 
 'A Historical View of the Languages and L'tcr- 
 ature of the Slavic Nations' (1850). Among her 
 other writings are : < Psyche : Original Tales ' 
 (1824); (Servian Songs' (1825-26); and 'Char- 
 acteristics of the Popular Songs of the German 
 Nations' (1840). 
 
 Roche, Antonin (rosh). A French littera- 
 teur; bom at Puy de Dome, Nov. 10, 1813; died 
 in London, July 9, 1899. He founded in Lon- 
 don, classes in literature, history, geography, 
 and astronomy, which proved very successful; 
 and published both in London and Paris, in 
 connection with this work, several educational 
 books, among them being: 'History of France' 
 (1866) ; <The English Writers of the Nine- 
 teenth Century* (1868); 'History of England* 
 (1875) ; and ^History of Principal French 
 Writers* (1878). 
 
 Roche, James Jeffrey. An American au- 
 thor; born in Queen's County, Ireland, May 
 31, 1847. He went to Boston in 1866 r nd has 
 lived there since ; is an editor of the Pilot, 
 and has published: 'Songs and Satires' (1886); 
 'Ballads of Blue Water'; 'Life of John Boyle 
 O'Reilly ' ; < His Majesty the King ' ; < By-Wavs 
 of War.' 
 
 Roche, Regina Maria. An Irish novelist-, 
 born about 1764 in the south of Ireland ; died 
 at Waterford, May 17, 1845. She sprang into 
 fame on the appearance of the novel ' The 
 Children of the Abbey' (1798), a story abound- 
 ing in sentimentality, abductions, secret re- 
 treats, etc., — a cross between the ' Mysteries of 
 Udolpho' and domestic novels like 'Clarissa 
 Harlowe.' From that time until her death she 
 produced many books of the same character, 
 including: 'The Nocturnal Visit ' (1800); 'The 
 Tradition of the Castle' (1824); 'The Castle 
 Chapel' (1825); ' The Nun's Picture > (1834); and 
 many others. 
 
 Rochefort, Victor Henri ( rosh-for' ). A 
 French journalist and republican agitator ; born 
 at Paris, Jan. 30, 1830. He was removed from 
 the editorship of Figaro because of his satires 
 on the imperial government ; and the papers 
 which he himself founded — La Lanteme, La 
 Marseillaise, and Le Mot d'Ordre — were filled 
 with the same violent attacks. He has more 
 than once been exiled from France for long 
 periods. His last venture, L'Intransigeant, is 
 noted for the virulence of its criticisms upon 
 leading politicians of the day. He has written 
 and published much, — farces, vaudevilles, comic 
 romances, and political works. Among them 
 may be mentioned : ' The Depraved Ones ' 
 (1875); 'Return from Nova Scotia' (1877); 
 'Mile. Bismarck' (1880); ' Bitter Farces' (1886); 
 ' The [political] Lanterns of the Empire' (1884); 
 < Fantasia ' (188S); ' The Adventures of My Life.' 
 
 Rochefoucauld, Fran9ois, Due de la (rosh- 
 fb-ko'), Prince de Marcillac. A great French 
 classic; born at Paris, Sept. 15, 1613; died 
 there, March 17, 1680. His celebrity is due 
 to his small volume of ' Reflections, or Moral 
 Sentences and Maxims,' commonly known as 
 the ' Maxims ' (first ed. 1665 ; final edition »f
 
 ROCHESTER — ROE 
 
 463 
 
 the author 1678, comprising 504 maxims). The 
 dominant note of the < Maxims > is egoism: 
 virtue and vice are in themselves indifferent. 
 This philosophy of life is set forth with con- 
 summate wit, and in a style of faultless ele- 
 gance. His < Memoirs > (1662) possess literary 
 merit in a degree hardly inferior to the < Max- 
 ims >; and in historical interest they are equal 
 to the most celebrated memoirs of the time. 
 
 Rochester, John Wilmot, Earl of. An 
 
 English satirist and verse-writer ; born at Ditch- 
 ley, Oxfordshire, April 10, 1648; died July 26, 
 1680. He became a favorite at the court of 
 Charles H., and wrote songs and satires in 
 accordance with prevailing taste. His < Poems 
 and Familiar Letters* were posthumously pub- 
 lished. 
 
 Rochon de Chabannes, Marc Antoine 
 Jacques (ro-shoii" de sha-ban'). A French 
 dramatist; born in Paris, Jan. 25, 1730 ; died 
 there, May 15, 1800. He wrote a great number 
 of successful comedies, published under the title 
 of < Theatre > (1786); besides < Slothful Nobil- 
 ity' (1756), and 'Philosophic and Moral Dis- 
 course > (1768). 
 
 Rod, ^douard (rod). A French-Swiss novel- 
 ist and critic ; born at Nyon in 1857. He has 
 published many works of criticism and erudi- 
 tion, among them being : < A propos de < L'As- 
 sommoir>> (1879); 'The Germans at Paris* 
 ( 1880) ; and < Wagner and the German Esthetic > 
 (1886). But he is better known as a novelist, 
 and has published : < The Fall of Miss Topsy > 
 (1882); <The Deathward Career* (1885); < The 
 Meaning of Life > (1889); < Stendhal > (1891); < The 
 Sacrificed One > (1892); < A Victor* (1904). 
 
 Rodhertus, Johann Karl (rod-bart'os) 
 (known as Rodbertus-Jagetzow). A German 
 political economist ; born at Greifswald, Pomer- 
 ania, Aug. 12, 1805; died Dec. 6, 1875. He is 
 regarded by many as the founder of scien- 
 tific socialism. He maintains that '< all com- 
 modities can only be considered economically 
 as the product of labor, and cost nothing but 
 labor.** His most important works are : < A 
 Contribution to the Knowledge of Municipal 
 Conditions* (1842); 'Social Letters to Von 
 Kirchmann* (1850-51), published later under 
 the title of 'Capital* (1888); Exposition and 
 Defense of the Existing Credit Note Based 
 upon Real Estate* (1868-69); *The Normal 
 Working-Day* (1871); 'Letters and Politico- 
 Social Theorems of Dr. Rodbertus-Jagetzow* 
 (1884). 
 
 Rodd, Sir James Rennell. An English diplo- 
 mat and verse writer ; born in London, Nov. 9, 
 1858. He has published : 'Poems in Many Lands* 
 (1883); 'Feda and Other Poems* (1886); 'The 
 Unknown Madonna and Other Poems' ; ' Freder- 
 ick, Crown Prince and Emperor* (1888); ' Cus- 
 toms and Lore of Modern Greece.* 
 
 Bodeubach, Georges (roMen-bach). A Belgian 
 poet and journalist; born at Toumay, July 16, 
 1855; died at Paris, Dec. 24, 1898. He is noted 
 fordttlicacy of sentiment and the grace of his lines. 
 
 His great piece is < Belgium > (1880), a histor- 
 ical poem ; and he has also written : ' The 
 Fireside and the Fields* (1877); 'Sorrows* 
 (1879); 'The Beautiful Sea* (1881); 'The Win- 
 ter of Fashion* (1884); 'White Youth* (1886); 
 'Silence* (1888); 'Art in Exile* (1889); 'The 
 Reign of Silence* (1891); and one romance, 
 'Bruges la Morte* (1892). 
 
 Rodenberg, Julius (ro'den-berc). A Ger- 
 man poet and descriptive writer; born at Ro- 
 denberg, Hesse-Nassau, June 26, 1831. He sub- 
 stituted for his own name. Levy, that of his 
 birthplace. He has published accounts of hia 
 extensive travels in France, England, Italy, and 
 Belgium, and has written poems of diverse 
 kinds,— epic, heroic-comic, lyrical, dramatic, 
 and opera librettos. His works include : 'Jour- 
 nalistic Life in London* (1859); < Paris by Day- 
 light and Gaslight* (1867); 'An Educational 
 Tour in England* (1873); 'Pictures of Berlin 
 Lite* (1885-88); and the romances 'The Singer 
 of London's Streets * (1863); * The New Deluge ' 
 (1865), translated into many languages ; ' By the 
 Grace of God * (1870) ; ' The Grandidiers > (1879). 
 
 Rodger, Alexander. A Scotch minor poet; 
 bom at Mid-Calder, Midlothian, July 16, 1784; 
 died at Glasgow, Sept. 26, 1846. He began as 
 a humble hand-loom weaver, and wrote some 
 of his best lyrics while inspector of cloths in 
 Glasgow. His style is somewhat rough, but 
 easy and vigorous. His books include : ' Scotch 
 Poetry, Songs, Odes, Authors, and Epigrams* 
 (1821); 'Poems and Songs, Humorous and Sa- 
 tirical* (1838); 'Stray Leaves from the Port- 
 folios of Alisander the Seer, Andrew Whaup, 
 and Humphrey Henkecke* (1842); and others. 
 His best-known poems are : ' Robin Tamson's 
 Smiddy * and < Behave Yoursell before Folk.* 
 
 Roe, Azel Stevens. An American novelist ; 
 born in New York city, Aug. 16, 1798 ; died at 
 East Windsor Hill, Conn., Jan. i, 1886. He 
 left the wine business for the production of 
 literature, attaining considerable success. He 
 wrote: 'James Mountjoy* (1850); 'To Love 
 and be Loved* (1852); 'Time and Tide; or. 
 Strive and Win * (1852); 'A Long Look Ahead* 
 (1855); 'The Star and the Cloud* (1856); 'True 
 to the Last* (1859); 'How Could He Help It?> 
 (i860); ' Looking Around * (1865); ' Woman Our 
 Angel * (1866); ' The Cloud in the Heart* (1869); 
 ' Resolution* (1871); and ' True Love Rewarded > 
 (1877). 
 
 Roe, Edward Payson. An American novel- 
 ist ; born in Orange County, N. Y., March 7, 
 1838; died at Cornwall, N. Y., July 19, 1888. 
 He has written a great number of very pop- 
 ular novels, which have been republished in 
 England and other countries. His first novel, 
 'Barriers Burned Away* (1872), met with im- 
 mediate success, and was followed by ' What 
 Can She Do?* (1873); *The Opening of a 
 Chestnut Burr* (1874); 'From Jest to Earnest * 
 (1875); 'Near to Nature's Heart* (1876); 'A 
 Knight of the Nineteenth Century* (1877); 
 <A Face Illumined* (1878); 'A Day of Fate»
 
 464 
 
 ROGER OF HOVEDON — ROLFE 
 
 {1880); 'Without a Home> (1880); < His Lon- 
 don Rivals > (1883); <A Young Girl's Wooing > 
 (1884); < Nature's Serial Story > {1884); < An Ori- 
 ginal Belle > (18S5); < Driven Back to Eden> 
 (1885); < lie Fell in Love with his Wife> (1S86); 
 •The Earth Trembled > (18S7); <A Hornet's 
 Nest> (1887); <Found, Yet Lost> (1888); < Miss 
 Lou> (1888J; and < Taken Alive, and Other 
 Stories.' 
 
 Roger of Hovedon. An English chronicler, 
 known to have been alive in 1174; probably a 
 native of Howden ; died in 1201 (?). His chron- 
 icle extends from 732 to 1201 ; and although 
 careless in chronology, is of the highest value 
 as giving much attention to legal and consti- 
 tutional details. 
 
 Rogers, Henry. An English essayist and 
 reviewer; born at St. Albans, Oct. 18, 1806; 
 died in North Wales, Aug. 20, 1877. Although 
 he was neither philosopher nor theologian, his 
 writings hovered between philosophy and the- 
 ology, and were widely read. They include : 
 <Life and Character of John Howe' (1836); 
 < General Introduction to a Course of Lectures 
 on English Grammar and Composition* (1838); 
 <The Eclipse of Faith* (1853), a piece of clever 
 dialectics which had great vogue with the reli- 
 gious public of his day; < Reason and Faith* 
 (1866); <The Superhuman Origin of the Bible* 
 (1873); and two series of < Essays* (1850-55). 
 
 Rogers, James Edwin Thorold. An Eng- 
 lish economist ; born in Hampshire in 1823 ; 
 died at Oxford, Oct. 12, 1890. He was profes- 
 sor of political economy at Oxford, and will 
 be remembered as a historian of economics. 
 His principal work is <The History of Agri- 
 culture and Prices in England* (1866-88), of 
 which < Six Centuries of Work and Wages * 
 (1885) is an abridgment. Among his other 
 writings are : < Cobden and Modern Political 
 Opinion* (1873); <The First Nine Years of the 
 Bank of England* (1887); < The Economic In- 
 terpretation of History* (1888); and <The In- 
 dustrial and Commercial History of England* 
 (1892). 
 
 Rogers, Robert. An American soldier and 
 author ; born at Dunbarton, N. H., 1727 ; died 
 in England in 1800. He commanded during 
 the French and Indian War (1755-63) the cel- 
 ebrated corps known as " Rogers's Rangers.** 
 Later he published in England : < A Concise 
 Account of North America* (1765); < Journal 
 of Major Robert Rogers* (1765); and < Pon- 
 teach [Pontiac]; or, The Savages of Amer- 
 ica,* a tragedy in blank verse, copies of which 
 are now very rare. He also left in MS. < A 
 Diary of the Siege of Detroit in the War with 
 Pontiac,* first published in i860. 
 
 Rogers, SamueL An English poet ; born 
 at Newington Green, London, July 30, 1763 ; 
 died in London, Dec. 18, 1855. His wealth, 
 liberality, and social qualities, gave his pro- 
 ductions a great vogue. His best poem is the 
 •Pleasures of Memory* (1792), which passed 
 through fifteen editions. He wrote also : < The 
 
 Voyage of Columbus* (1812); * Jacqueline * 
 (1813); 'Human Life' (1819); and < Italy* 
 (1822), — all highl)' prized for their exquisite 
 illustrations. He was the intimate friend of 
 nearly all the literary men of his time in Great 
 Britain. 
 
 Roban, Henri de (ro-oh'). A French gen- 
 eral and military writer; born in Brittany, 
 Aug. 25 (or 21), 1579; died April 13, 1638. 
 He is less remarkable for military achieve- 
 ments than for his four books of memoirs : 
 the first three published under the title < Me- 
 moirs on Events in France from the Death of 
 Henry the Great to June 1629* (1644), cover- 
 ing the civil wars ; and the fourth as * Memoirs 
 and Letters on the War of the Valtelline * 
 (1758), whither Richelieu had sent him to keep 
 off the Imperialists and the Spanish. They 
 rank among the finest of the memoirs written 
 by the aristocracy of the i6th and 17th cen- 
 turies. He also wrote < The Perfect Captain' 
 (1636), a political tract; and others. 
 
 RoMfs, Anna Katherine (Qreen). See 
 Green. 
 
 Roig, Jaume (ro'eg). A Spanish (Valencian) 
 poet of the 15th century. Although physician 
 to Queen Maria (wife of Alphonso V.), he 
 wrote a work full of invectives against the fair 
 sex, intermingled with many moral precepts, 
 under the title of * Book of very Salutary and 
 Profitable Counsels, as much for the Regulation 
 and Order of a Good Life, as for Augmenting 
 the Devotion to the Purity and -Conception of 
 the Virgin Mary* (1531). Copies of this work 
 are now very rare. He occupies one of the first 
 places among the Spanish poets who followed 
 and emulated the troubadours. 
 
 Rojas y Zorilla, Francisco (ro'has e tho- 
 rel'ya). A Spanish dramatist; born in Toledo, 
 Oct. 4, 1607 ; died probably after 1680. Twenty- 
 four of his plays are now extant, which were 
 published in two parts (1640 and 1645). The 
 finest is < None Below the King,* considered 
 one of the classics among Spanish plays. Other 
 notable ones are : < There is No Friend for a 
 Friend * ; < What Women Are * ; < Persiles and 
 Sigismunda,* taken from Cervantes's romance; 
 < The Simpleton's Sport * ; and < The Insult 
 Avenged.* 
 
 Roland, Madame — Manon Jeanne Phlipon. 
 A French author and republican politician ; 
 born in Paris, March 17, 1754 ; executed Nov. 
 8, 1793. She imbibed republican ideas from 
 Rousseau and her classical readings, and her 
 salon was the meeting-place of the Girondist 
 party. She is well known for her < Memoirs,' 
 written in prison, and edited by Dauban (1864); 
 as were her 'Letters* (1869). 
 
 Rolfe, William James. An American edi 
 tor ; born in Newburyport, Mass., Dec. 10, 1827. 
 He is a distinguished Shakespearean scholar, 
 and has published many editions of Shakes- 
 peare, annotated ; among them < The Friendly 
 Edition,* in 20 vols. (1870-83), and a 'School 
 Edition,* in 40 vols. He has also published;
 
 ROLLAND — RONDELET 
 
 46; 
 
 'Shakespeare, the Boy>; annotated editions 
 of selections from Tennyson, Scott, Browning, 
 Wordsworth, Gray, Gnidsinith, and other Eng- 
 lish poets; several classical text-books; and 
 < Tales from English History > ; Life of Shakes- 
 peare.' 
 
 RoUand, Amedee (rol-lan'). A French littera- 
 teur; born at Paris, February 1819; died juiy 
 26, 1868. Besides contributions to many jour- 
 nals he published two books of verse, <At the 
 Bottom of the Glass > (1854) and <The Poem 
 of Death > (1866); and several plays, includmg 
 <The Merchant in Spite of Himself* (1858); 
 <An Upstart > (1859); <Our Ancestors > (1859). 
 
 Rollenhagen, Georg (roren-ha"gen). A Ger- 
 man poet ; born at Bernau, April 22, 1542 ; died 
 at Magdeburg, May 20, 1609. His great work 
 is the remarkable heroic-comic and didactic 
 poem entitled < Froschmeuseler, the Grand 
 Court of the Frogs and Mice> (i595J; where, 
 under the guise of frogs, rats, mice, cats, and foxes, 
 the author describes the poor people of his day,— 
 their customs, domestic life, temporal and spirit- 
 ual government, and lastly their military state. 
 lie also wrote < The Limping Courier,' and the 
 dramas, < Abraham > ; < Tobit> ; < Lazarus.> 
 
 Rollett, Hermann (rol'let). An Austrian 
 poet; born near Vienna, Aug. 20. 1819. He 
 has published two collections of < Wreaths of 
 Son^) ( 18421: < Wanderings of a Vienna Poet' 
 (1846); <A Sister' (1847); <War Songs> (184S); 
 ♦Oratorical Poems' (1S71); < Narrative Poems' 
 (1872); and~" others. An American edition of 
 his writings has appeared as < Poems from the 
 German of 1 lermann Rollett' Died June 20, 1904. 
 
 Rollin, Ambrose Lucien (ro-lan')- A West- 
 Indian historian ; born at Trois Rivi&res, Guade- 
 loupe, m 1692 ; died at Pointe k Pitre, in 1749. 
 He devoted his leisure to researches upon the 
 Caribs and other Indian tribes, and published 
 several works which are still considered authori- 
 ties upon the subjects he covered. They in- 
 clude : 'History of the Indians' (1739); *The 
 Indians and the Spanish Conquest' (1840J; 
 < History and Description of the Caribs, their 
 Condition after the Conquest' (1843); < Civiliza- 
 tion of the Indians Compared to their Social 
 Condition' (1845); and <The Incas of Peru and 
 the Spanish Conquest' (1748). 
 
 Rollin, Charles. A French historian and 
 humanist ; born in Paris, Jan. 30, 1661 ; died 
 there, Sept. 14, 1741. His best-known work is 
 the 'Ancient History' (1730-38), often reprinted 
 in France, England, and America, and not 
 useless even yet as an entertaining popular 
 work to create an interest in history. He wrote 
 in an uncritical age, but he was a good story- 
 teller and a keen judge of a good story. His 
 other works include 'Roman History' (1738-48), 
 and a 'Treatise on Study' (1726-31). 
 
 Rollinat, Andre fro-le-na'). A French his- 
 torian ; born at Bordeaux in 1741 ; died at Nantes 
 in 1793. He devoted himself to researches on 
 the early navigators who have been credited 
 with the discovery of America, and published 
 'Researches on the Forerunners of Christopher 
 30 
 
 Columbus in America' (1785); 'The Norwegian 
 Sagas and the Scandinavian Navigators' (1788); 
 'Table of the Tithes Paid to the Treasury of 
 St. Peter during the I'liiileenth and Fourteenth 
 Centuries by Vinland' (1790); < History of the 
 Norse Navigators' (1791); and ' Researches on 
 the Discovery of Brazil by a Dieppe Naviga- 
 tor of the Fifteenth Century' (17QI). 
 
 Rollinat, Maurice. A French poet; born 
 at Chateauroux (Indre), in 1853. In his first 
 book of poems, 'In the Heaths' (1877), he re- 
 produced in verse the most remarkable pass- 
 ages of George Sand's ' La Petite Fadette ' and 
 <La Mare au Diable.' His other works in- 
 clude : ' Les Nevroses ' (1883), and ' The Abyss ' 
 (1886), besides his musical productions of 'Ten 
 Melodies' (1877) and 'Rondels and Rondeaux' 
 1 1883). All of his poems have been received 
 most favorably. Died Oct. 26, 1003. 
 
 Rollins, Alice Marland (Wellington). An 
 
 American verse-writer; born in Boston, June 
 12, 1847 ; died Dec. 5, 1897. She has written : 
 ' My Welcome Beyond, and Other Poems > 
 (1885); 'All Sorts of Children' (1886); 'The 
 Three Tetons' (1887); 'Uncle Tom's Tene- 
 ment' (1888); and 'From Palm to Glacier.' 
 
 Romey, Louis Charles Reparat Genevieve 
 Octave (ro-ma'l. A French historian and mis- 
 cellaneous writer ; born at Paris, Dec. 26, 1804 ; 
 died there, April 1874. After extensive travels, 
 and a long sojourn in Spain, where he studied 
 its history and literature* he returned to France 
 and began to work upon his ' History of Spain 
 from its Early Days to the Present Time' 
 (1838-51); a history of great merit, but one 
 which he never completed. His other writings 
 include: 'Chateaubriand as Prophet' (1849); 
 < Ancient and Modern Russia' (1855); 'A Voy- 
 age among my Books' (1861); 'Men and 
 Things of Various Times' (1864); many trans- 
 lations, notably that of 'Uncle Tom's Cabin' 
 (1853); and many valuable contributions to 
 periodicals. 
 
 Romieu, Auguste (rom-ye'). A French ad- 
 ministrator and litterateur; born at Paris, Oct. 
 17, 1800 ; died Nov. 20, 1855. He spent his 
 youth in dissipation, and in the production of 
 vaudevilles and brilliant witticisms ; but after 
 the Coup d'Etat, published two works of merit 
 which attracted attention, 'The Era of the 
 Csesars' (1850) and 'The Red Spectre' (1851). 
 
 Rondelet, Antonin Fran90is (roh-dla'). A 
 French professor and economist ; born at Lyons, 
 Feb. 28, 1823 ; died Jan. 24, 1893. His professor 
 in philosophy, the Abb^ Noirot, exerted upon 
 him a most important religious and philosophic 
 influence, — one so profound as to be felt in all 
 his writings. He has written : ' Critical Expo- 
 sition of the Ethics of Aristotle' (1847); 'Spirit- 
 ualism in Political Economy' (1859); 'Memoirs 
 of a Man of the World' (1861); 'The Science 
 of Faith' (1867); 'Reflections upon Literature 
 and Philosophy, Morals and Religion' (1881); 
 'The Book of' Old Age' (1888); <An Unfoitu- 
 nate Woman' (1890); and many others.
 
 466 
 
 Ronsard, Pierre de (rori-sar'). A French 
 poet ; born at Chateau de la Poissonnifere, Ven- 
 domois, Sept. ii, 1524; died Dec. 27, 1585. He 
 was the first representative of the new school 
 of literature, which completely disregarded the 
 traditions and ideals of the native literature, 
 and substituted the classic models of Rome and 
 Greece. He and his followers began the crea- 
 tion of 3. new French literature, one which has 
 reigned in France and other countries for cen- 
 turies. He published : < Odes > (1550) ; < Amours > 
 (1552); < Hymns > (i555); and four books of his 
 ambitious epic, <La Franciade> (1572), never 
 completed. His popularity waned after the 
 advent of Malherbe, but his influence was 
 never lost. 
 
 Ronstn, Charles PMlippe (roh-san'). A 
 French dramatist; born at Soissons in 1750 or 
 1752; guillotined at Paris, March 24, 1794. He 
 wrote six tragedies and two comedies: <The 
 League of Fanatics and Tyrants' (1791) and 
 <Ar^tophile ' (1793) were played in Paris with 
 most brilliant success. 
 
 Roosevelt, Robert Barnwell. An American 
 lawyer and miscellaneous writer ; born in New 
 York city, Aug. 7, 1829. He is an enthusiastic 
 sportsman, and has published : < The Game 
 Fish of North America' (i860); <The Game 
 Birds of the North' (1866); < Superior Fishing* 
 (1866); < Florida and the Game Water Birds' 
 (1868); <Five Acres Too Much' (1869), a satire 
 provoked by Edmund Morris's <Ten Acres 
 Enough ' ; and < Progressive Petticoats,' a humor- 
 ous satire on female physicians. Died 1907. 
 
 Roosevelt, Theodore. An American poli- 
 tician and author ; born in New York city, Oct. 
 27, 1858. He allied himself with the civil-service 
 reform movement. Became president of the 
 United States 1901 and 1904. He has written : 
 <The Naval war of 1812' (1882) ;< Hunting 
 Trips of a Ranchman ' (1885) ; < Life of Thomas 
 Hart Benton' (1887); < Gouvemeur Morris' 
 (1888); < Essays on Practical Polities' (1888); 
 < Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail' (1888); 
 'Winning of the West' (1889); < History of 
 New York City' (1891 ) ; and the 'Wilderness 
 Hunter' (1893); 'American Ideals and Other 
 Essays' (1897) ; < Life of Oliver Cromwell > and 
 'The Strenuous Life' (1902). In 1906 he re- 
 ceived the Nobel Prize for Promotion of In- 
 dustrial Peace. In 1909 he undertook a hunting 
 expedition to the heart of Africa in the interest 
 of the Smithsonian Institution ; contributing in 
 the meantime articles for the < Outlook ' of New 
 York, of which he is associate editor. 
 
 Root, George Frederick. An American mu- 
 sician and song-writer; 1820-1895. Among the 
 the most popular of his songs are : < Rosalie, the 
 Prairie Flower ' (18';';) ; ' Shouting the Battle Cry 
 of Freedom' (1S61); 'Just Before the Battle, Moth- 
 er ' ( 1861); < Tramp, Tramp, Tramp, the Boys are 
 Marching' (I»b4); and ttie well-known quartet, 
 < There's Music in the Air.' His cantatas in- 
 clude 'The Flower Queen' (1852) and 'The 
 Haymakers ' (1857). He has done much to ele- 
 vate the standard of music in this country, and 
 has also published methods for the piano and 
 organ, nandbooks on harmony and teaching, etc. 
 
 RONSARD — ROSA GONZALES 
 
 Ropes, John Codmail. A Russian-American 
 lawyer and military historian ; born at St. 
 Petersburg, April 28, 1836, died in Boston, Octo- 
 ber 27, 1899. Besides contributions to the Mil- 
 itary Historical Society of Massachusetts and to 
 periodicals, he wrote : ' The Army under Pope ' 
 (1881); <The First Napoleon' (1885); 'The 
 Campaign of Waterloo'; and < The Story of the 
 Civil War.) 
 
 Roqueplau, Louis Victor Nestor (rok-plafi')- 
 A French litterateur ; born at Mallemort (dept. 
 Bouches-du-Rhone), in 1804; died in Paris, 
 April 24, 1870. He gained a reputation at the 
 end of the Restoration by his contributions 
 to literary journals, principally Figaro. He has 
 published a number of clever books, among 
 them being: 'News as Hand'; 'Regain of 
 Parisian Liie' (1853); and 'The Green-Rooms 
 of the Opera' (1855). 
 
 Roquette, Adrien Emmanuel (ro-kef). An 
 American poet ; born at New Orleans, La., Feb. 
 13, 1813; died there, July 15, 1887. He was 
 chaplain to the Roman Catholic Seminary at 
 New Orleans, and known as the Abbd Ro- 
 quette. His principal works include : ' Les 
 Savannes : American Poems' (1841), in which 
 the 'Souvenir of Kentucky' is best known; 
 'Wild Flowers: Sacred Poetry' (1848); 'Deep 
 Solitude in America' (1852); < L'Antoniade ; 01, 
 Solitude with God' (i860); 'Patriotic Poems ^ 
 (i860); and 'Catherine Tehgahkwita' (1873). 
 He wrote with equal ease and grace in Eng- 
 lish and French. 
 
 Roquette, Otto. A German poet; born at 
 Krotoschin, Posen, April 19, 1824 ; died at Darm- 
 stadt, March 16, 1896. An instructor in Dresden 
 and Berlin, he renounced this career and turned 
 to the exclusive study of literature. He soon ac- 
 quired a great reputation in his native land by his 
 graceful poems, notably ' Waldermeister's Bridal 
 Tour' (1851). He has published: a 'Song 
 Book' (1852); 'History of German Literature' 
 (1862-63); 'Dramatic Poems' (1867-76); 'Wald- 
 ermeister's Silver Wedding' (1876); and others. 
 Also a number of dramatic poems, including: 
 'The Enemy at Home'; 'The Serpent*; and 
 'The Garden of Roses' (1876). 
 
 Rosa, Salvator (ro'sa). An Italian painter 
 and poet ; born at Renella, near Naples, about 
 1615; died March 15, 1673. He wrote many 
 lyric poems, which he set to music ; and a 
 number of satires, the best known of which 
 are : ' War,' ' Envy,' ' Babylon,' ' The Painter,' 
 ' Poetry,' and ' Music' His writings display 
 the same energy and life as are conspicuous in 
 his paintings. His 'Satires' were published in 
 1719, and were incorporated with his 'Odes 
 and Letters' (i860). 
 
 Rosa Gonzales, Juan de la (ro'sa g5n-tha'- 
 las). A Spanish dramatist; born at Valladolid 
 in 1820. His articles in criticism have placed 
 him among the first of Spanish contemporary 
 literary critics. He has also written lyric po- 
 etry, and a number of successful dramas, nota- 
 bly 'At the Cock's Mass'; <With and Without
 
 ROSCOE — ROSINI 
 
 467 
 
 Reason*; <The Counsels of Thomas'; <The 
 Son of the People > ; < The Spanish Adventurer * ; 
 and < Jealousy of a Noble Soul.> 
 
 ROBCOe, Thomas. An English translator and 
 author ; born at Toxteth Park, Liverpool, June 
 23, 1791 ; died at St. John's Wood, London, Sept. 
 24, 1871. He followed literature as a profession 
 until within a few years of his death, and pro- 
 duced and translated many books. His ori- 
 ginal works include : < Gonzola the Traitor : a 
 Tragedy' (1820); < The Tourist in Switzerland 
 and Italy* {1830), followed by six volumes of 
 a similar character ; < Legends of Venice > ( 1841 ) ; 
 • Life of William the Conqueror* (1846); <The 
 Last of the Abencerages, and Other Poems' 
 (1850); and others. His translations comprise: 
 < Memoirs of Benvenuto Cellini' (1822); < Ital- 
 ian Novelists' (1825); 'German Novelists' 
 (1826); < Spanish Novelists' (1832); and many 
 others. 
 
 Roscoe, William. An English historian ; 
 bom at Mt. Pleasant, Liverpool, March 8, 1753 ; 
 died at Toxteth Park, Liverpool, June 30, 1831. 
 His most important work, <The Life of Lo- 
 renzo de' Medici' (1795), did much toward 
 stimulating English interest in Italian literature. 
 His <The Butterfly's Ball and the Grasshop- 
 per's Feast' (1807), a nursery classic in verse, 
 attracted the attention of the king and queen, 
 and was set to music for the young princesses. 
 Among his many other works may be named : 
 <A General View of the African Slave Trade ' 
 (1788); <The Life and Pontificate of Leo the 
 Tenth' (1805); and <On the Origin and Vicis- 
 situdes of Literature, Science, and Art' (1817). 
 
 Roscommon, Wentwortli Dillon, Earl of. 
 
 An Irish poet ; born in 1633 ; died in London, 
 Jan. 17, 1684 or 1685. He devoted himself to 
 the production of literature, much of it in con- 
 junction with Dryden; and produced among 
 other works : < Essays on Translated Verse ' 
 <i684); a blank-verse paraphrase of Horace's 
 <Ars Poetica' (1680); and a translation of <Dies 
 Irae.' 
 
 Rose, George. See Sketchley. 
 
 Rosegger, Petri Kettenfeier (rS'seg-er). An 
 Austrian poet and novelist ; born at Alpl, a 
 small village in the Styrian Alps, July 31, 1843. 
 His youth was one of great poverty, and at 17 
 he was apprf-i^ticed to a tailor; but the excep- 
 tional merit of his poetry secured him patron- 
 age which enabled him to devote himself ex- 
 clusively to literature. His first book, < Zither 
 iiiid Cymbals' (1869), a collection of poems 
 in the Styrian dialect, met with immediate 
 success. The best known of his other works, 
 which include stories, sketches, and novels, con- 
 cerning the peasant life about him, are : < Tales 
 of the Alps' (1873); <Out of the Woods' (1874); 
 < The Seeker after God ' { 1883 j;< The Last Jacol) > 
 (i8.'S8);< Hoch vom Dachstein ' (1892); and <Peter 
 Mayr ' ; < The Eternal Light ' ;< Sunshine,' etc. 
 
 RoBell, Gayetano (ro-sel'). A Spanish lit- 
 terateur; born in Madrid near 1815. He fol- 
 lowed the career of a journalist, writing many 
 
 successful articles in criticism and history. He 
 has published : < The Mother of St. Frederick,* 
 a drama well received ; < Before You Marry,* 
 
 < The Hypocrite,' and < For a Watch and a 
 Hat,' all comedies ; < History of the Naval Com- 
 bat of Lepanto,' regarded as the best descrip- 
 tion of that battle ever written ; and many 
 translations. 
 
 Rosen, George, Baron de (ro'zen). A Rus- 
 sian poet ; born at St. Petersburg in 1805 ; died 
 in i860. A friend and imitator of Pushkin, 
 his < Three Poems' (1827) met with immediate 
 success ; as did the succeeding volumes, includ- 
 ing <The Mystery' (1828 J; <The Virgin among 
 the Angels' (1828); and <The Birth of Ivan 
 the Terrible.' He has also written tragedies, 
 operas, and translations. His poetry is har- 
 monious, elegant, and full of melancholy; but 
 lacks force and originality. 
 
 Rosenkranz, Johann Earl Friedrich (ro'zen* 
 krantsj. A German philosopher; born at 
 Magdeburg, April 23, 1805 ; died June 14, 1879. 
 He was the best representative of the <' cen- 
 tre " of Hegel's school, and spent much time in 
 rearranging and reclassifying the system. His 
 principal works, nearly all of which have re- 
 ceived English versions, are : < Psychology, or 
 the Science of Subjective Mind' (1837); < Crit- 
 ical Explanations of Hegel's System' (1840); 
 
 < Life of Hegel ' (1844); < Modifications of Logic* 
 (1846); < System of Science' (1850); 'Esthetics 
 of the Ugly* (1853); < Autobiography' (1873); 
 <The History of Literature' (1875). 
 
 Rosenthal-Bonin, Hugo (ro'zen-tal-bo'nen). 
 A German novelist; bom in Berlin, October 14, 
 1840; died at Stuttgart, April 7, 1897. Hewrotea 
 great number of novels, includinjr : (The Obstacle 
 to Marriage' (1876); (.Subterranean Fire* (1879); 
 <The Diamond Polisher' (1881); < Black Shad- 
 ows' (1884); <The House with Two Entrances' 
 (1885); and <The Captain's Daughter* (1887). 
 
 Rosetti or Roseti, Constantin (ro-zet'te). 
 A Roumanian poet and politician ; born at 
 Bucharest, June 14, 1816; died April 19, 1885. 
 He published a volume of poems under the 
 title of < Hours of Contentment' (1843); and 
 wrote many political treatises, poems, and trans- 
 lations, a new edition of which appeared in 
 Bucharest in 1885. 
 
 Rosier, Joseph Bernard (roz-ya'). A 
 Frencli dramatist ; born at B^ziers, Hdrault, 
 Oct. 18, 1804; died at Marseilles, Oct. 12, 1880. 
 His well-known comedies are bright and full 
 of wit. They include : < The Husband of my 
 Wife' (1830); <A Criminal Case' (1836); <At 
 Thirty Years' (1838); < The Prot^gi* (1839); 
 (Raymond* (1851); (Every One for Himself* 
 (1856); and many others. 
 
 Rosini, Giovanni (ro-se'ne). An Italian 
 litterateur; born at Lucignano, Tuscany, June 
 24, 1776 ; died May 16, 1855. His poem entitled 
 (The Marriage of Jupiter and Latona* (1810), 
 written upon the occasion of the marriage of 
 Napoleon with Marie Louise, was awarded an 
 imperial prize of 10,000 francs. His many
 
 468 
 
 ROSMINI — ROSSETTI 
 
 •works of prose and poetry include < Poems' 
 (1819); three historical romances, translated 
 into many languages, —< The Nun of Monza> 
 (1829), < Count Ugolin de la Gherardesca,> 
 and <Luisa Strozzi > (1833); and a historical 
 drama, < Torquato Tasso> (1835). He excels 
 as a literary and artistic critic, and his < History 
 of Italian Painting > (1834) is highly valued. 
 
 Rosmini-Serbati, Antonio (roz-me'ne). A 
 noted Italian philosopher; born at Roveredo, 
 Tyrol, March 25, 1797 ; died at Stresa, July i, 
 1855. He produced some thirty volumes on 
 ontology, theosophy, theodicy, pedagogy, super- 
 natural anthropology, ethics, methodology, and 
 other subjects ; and he has disciples who con- 
 sider his name the greatest in modern meta- 
 physics. English translations of his < Psychol- 
 ogy > and < Pedagogy' have appeared. But his 
 most important work is < New Treatises on the 
 Origins of Ideas' (1830). 
 
 Rosmini, Carlo de. An Italian historian 
 and biographer; born at Roveredo, Oct. 29, 
 1758; died at Milan, June 9, 1827. After some 
 attempts at poetry and poetic criticism, he 
 wrote his finest work, < Life of Victorin de 
 Feltre' (1801). Among his many other books 
 may be named: <Life of Ovid' (1789); < Me- 
 moirs on the Life and Writings of Clement 
 Baroni Cavalcabro' (1798); <The Exemplary 
 Life and Death of Marie Josephine Repetti, a 
 Young Milanese '(1815); and < History of Milan > 
 (1820). He was a most conscientious hagiogra- 
 pher, withdrawing from the world and living 
 almost the life of a hermit that he might de- 
 vote himself more closely to his work. 
 
 Rosny, Antoine Joseph Nicolas de (ro-ne')- 
 A French miscellaneous writer; born at Paris 
 in 1771 ; died a^ Valenciennes, Oct. 21, 1814. 
 Pie was one of the most prolific writers of his 
 century. His first book, < The Unfortunates of 
 La Galeti&re' (1796), a romance, was followed 
 with almost inconceivable rapidity by more 
 than eighty volumes, among them being : < Life 
 of Florian' (1797); <The Oracle of Apollo' 
 (1800); and * Literary View of France during 
 the Thirteenth Century' (1809), an attempt to 
 finish the work on the literary history of France, 
 material for which had been collected by the 
 Benedictines of St. Maur. Chagrin at the mis- 
 erable failure of his project hastened his death. 
 
 Ross, Albert, See Porter, Linn Boyd. 
 
 Ross, Alexander. A Scotch poet; born in 
 Aberdeenshire, April 13, 1699 ; died at Lochlee, 
 Angus, May 20, 1784. He wrote verses from 
 his childhood, but published nothing until 69, 
 when he brought out < Helenore, or the Unfor- 
 tunate Shepherdess' (1768), written in the Bu- 
 chan dialect, which became exceedingly popular 
 in the north of Scotland. He also left In MS. 
 eight volumes of miscellanies. 
 
 Ross, Clinton. An American novelist; bom 
 in New York in 1861. He has published : <The 
 Silent Workman' (1886); <The Gallery of a 
 Random Collector' (1888); < The Countess Bet- 
 tina » ; < The Speculators > ; < Adventures of Three | 
 
 Wortliies ' ; < Improbable Tales > ; < Two Soldiers 
 and a Politician'; <The Puppet'; <The Scar- 
 let Coat'; < Battle Tales'; (Bobbie McDuff'; 
 < The Meddling Hussy ' ; and < Zuleika.' 
 
 Ross-Churcli, Mrs. Florence. See Marryat 
 Florence. * 
 
 Rossettl, Christina Georgina (ro-set'e). An 
 English poet, sister of Dante Gabriel ; born in 
 London, Dec. 5, 1830 ; died Dec. 29, 1894. < Gob- 
 Im Market' (1862) is regarded as her finest 
 production. Her other writings consist chiefly 
 of lyric poems of great beauty, and sonnets 
 mostly of a grave and simple devotional order 
 They include: <The Prince's Progress' (i866)- 
 •Commonplace, and Other Short Stories' (in 
 prose: 1S70); 'Sing-Song: A Nursery Rhyme 
 Book' (1872); « Annus Domini: A Prayer for 
 Each Day in tie Year' (1873); < Speaking 
 Likenesses' (1874); *Seek and Find' (1879)- 
 <A Pageant, and Other Poems' (1881); < Letter 
 and Spirit' (1883); < Verses' (1893); and several 
 posthumous works. 
 
 Rossetti, Dante Gabriel. The celebrated 
 English painter and poet ; born in London, May 
 12, 1828; died at Birchiiigton, Kent, April 10, 
 1882. He was foremost among the founders of the 
 Pre-Raphaelite brotherhood. He began writ- 
 ing verse when but a few years old, and his 
 
 < Blessed Damozel' was published at 19; four 
 years later he wrote the remarkable poem 
 
 < Sister Helen.' His other works include the 
 translations of < Early Italian Poets' (1861), re- 
 issued as < Dante and his Circle ' ; the magnifi- 
 cent ballads < Rose Mary' (1871), 'The White 
 Ship' and < The King's Tragedy' (1880); the 
 sonnet-sequence < The House of Life ' ; and an 
 imaginative work in prose, < Hand and Soul.' 
 
 Rossetti, Gabriele.- An Italian poet, father 
 of Dante Gabriele ; born at Vasto, Naples, 
 March 1783 ; died in London, April 26, 1854. 
 In 1820 he composed the hymn < The Beautiful 
 One with Seven Stars in her Hair,' which be- 
 came rapidly popular and is still classed among 
 Italian patriotic songs. Compelled to flee Italy 
 for participation in the insurrections of 1820 
 and 1821, he established himself in England as 
 a teacher of Italian, and published several 
 works dealing with the esoteric anti-papal 
 significance of the < Divine Comedy.' They 
 include: < Divina Commedia' (1826); < Dante's 
 Beatrice' (1842); and <The Anti-Papal Spirit 
 which Led to the Reformation' (1832), trans- 
 lated into English by Miss C. Ward (1834). 
 
 Rossetti, William Michael. An Engli.sh 
 poet and art critic, brother of Dante Gabriel; 
 born in London, Sept. 25, 1829. He is the au- 
 thor of < Dante's Comedy — The Hell, Trans- 
 lated into Literal Blank Verse' (1865); < Poems 
 and Ballads: A Criticism' [of Swinburne] 
 (1866); <A Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley > 
 (1869); and <Life of John Keats' (1887). He 
 has edited the works of many poets. 
 
 Rossi, Ernesto (ros'e). An Italian actor 
 and dramatist ; born at Leghorn, 1829. Though
 
 ROST — ROUGET DE LISLE 
 
 469 
 
 known chiefly as an actor, he has written 
 several plays, including <Adela,' — a drama for 
 Mme. Ristori.'with whom he has appeared, — 
 
 < The Hyenas,' a social comedy, and * The Sol- 
 dier's Prayer > ; also a treatise on < Hamlet > ; 
 
 < Dramatic Studies* (1882); < Forty Years of 
 Artistic Life,* a collection of historical essays 
 and personal recollections ; and * Niccolai * 
 ( 1SS7-90). He died June 4, 1896. 
 
 Rost, John Christoplier (rost). A German 
 poet; born at Leipsic, April 7, 1717 ; died in 
 1765. He made a reputation by his lively satires 
 against the Saxon school ; particularly the one 
 entitled <The Prelude* (1742: assort of epic 
 satire in five songs), and <The Devil's Epistle* 
 (1754). He also wrote many pastorals, among 
 them being < Learned Love* (1742), the grace 
 of which equals its licentiousness ; a collec- 
 tion of < Letters* (1766); and < Various Poems* 
 (1769). 
 
 Rostan, Joseph Andre de fros-tah'). A 
 French dramatist ; born at Constantinople, Sept. 
 13, 1819. He has written, either in French or 
 in Spanish, <Egill the Demon* (1847), a lyric 
 drama ; • The Last Troubadour > ; < The Daugh- 
 ter of Voltaire* (1859); < In the Kneading 
 Trough* (1866); besides vaudevilles, librettos 
 of operas, verse, romances, and critical articles. 
 He himself undertook the publication of his 
 < Works: French and Spanish* (1863). 
 
 Rostand, Joseph Eugene Hubert (ros-taiV). 
 A French poet and litterateur ; born at Mar- 
 seilles, June 23, 1843. The following collections 
 of poems have made his reputation : < Sketches * 
 (1865); <The Second Page* (1866); < Simple 
 Poems* (1874); <The Paths of Righteousness* 
 (<Les Sentiers Unis*: 1886); and the poems of 
 Catullus translated into French verse (1880J. 
 He has also published : < Questions of Social 
 Economy in a Great City* (1889); <A Visit to 
 Some Bureaus of Pension and Insurance in Italy * 
 (iSoi). 
 
 Rota, Vincent (ro'ta). An Italian litterateur ; 
 born at Padua in 1703; died there in 1785. 
 He wrote a great number of theatrical pieces, 
 remarkable for their facility of expression and 
 their witty but not unkind satires ; including 
 <The Dead Alive,* <The Icy Shepherd,* and 
 <The Fantasm.* He also wrote <The Confla- 
 gration of the Time of St. Anthony of Padua : 
 A Tale* (1749), in imitation of Boccaccio; and 
 many dialogues and epistles in Latin. 
 
 Rotalier, Charles Edouard Joseph (ro-tal- 
 ya')- A French historian and publicist ; born 
 at Villerspoz near Colombier, in 1804; died 
 July 21, 1849. He began his literary career 
 with two romances, < The Captive of Barbe- 
 rousse* and <The Daughter of the Dey,* sug- 
 gested by his sojourn in Africa in command 
 of a regiment. But he soon abandoned fiction 
 for more serious work, and wrote the < History 
 of Algiers,* a strong and brilliant production, 
 still considered an authority upon the subject; 
 and < France and her Relations with Europe,* 
 a work which at once placed him in the high- 
 est rank of the publicists of his day. 
 
 Rotgans, Lucas (rot'gans). A Dutch poet; 
 born in Amsterdam, October 1645; died at 
 Kromwyck, Nov. 3, 1710. He wrote an epic 
 poem of great merit, in eight cantos, of which 
 the hero is William of Orange (William III. 
 of England); two tragedies, <^neas and Tur- 
 nus * and < Scylla,* played with great success for 
 a long time ; < The Parish Feast,* a descriptive 
 poem in two songs ; and < Miscellaneous Poems.' 
 
 Rotrou, Jean (ro-tro'). A French dramatist ; 
 born at Dreux, Aug. 21, i6og; died June 27 or 
 28, 1650. He was but 19 when his first piece 
 was played: it was <The Hypochondriac* 
 (1628 J, a tragicomedy in five acts. His chef 
 d'oeuvre is <Venceslas,* a tragedy founded on 
 the Spanish play of Francesco de Rojas, < One 
 Cannot be Both Father and King.* He pro- 
 duced a great number of other plays, the finest 
 of which are < St. Genest,* ' Don Bertrand de 
 Cabrere,* and <Cosroes.* 
 
 Rotteck, Karl Wenzeslaus Rodecker von 
 
 (rot'ek). A German historian; born at Frei- 
 burg, Baden, July 18, 1775; died there, Nov. 
 26. 1840. His < Universal History* (1813-27), 
 and its minor compendium, < Universal History 
 of the World* (1830), exercised a great and 
 beneficial influence upon the middle classes of 
 Germany. Both books have been often re- 
 printed and translated into several languages. 
 
 Roucher, Jean Antoine (rb-sha'). A French 
 poet; born Feb. 17 or 22, 1745, at Montpellier; 
 guillotined at Paris, July 25, 1794. He wrote 
 an epithalamium on the marriage of Louis 
 XVI. and Marie Antoinette, entitled < France 
 and Austria at Hymen's Temple.* But his 
 principal production is the didactic poem in 
 five songs, <The Months* (1779), which was 
 ridiculed on its first appearance, but later ac- 
 knowledged and admired by the literary world. 
 He also translated Adam Smith's < Wealth of 
 Nations* (1790). His letters to his family 
 wfhile in prison were published under the title 
 of <The Consolations of my Captivity* (1797). 
 
 Rougemont, Michel Nicolas Balisson de 
 
 (rozh-moii'). A French dramatist, novelist, and 
 journalist ; born at La Rochelle in 1781 ; died 
 in July 1840. His dramatic compositions are 
 almost innumerable. The most remarkable 
 are: < The Supposed Husband* (1806); < The 
 Supper of Henry IV.* (1810); <The Marriage 
 of Charlemagne* (1811); <The Fete of Henry 
 IV. > (1826). Among his many other poems, ro- 
 mances, and feuilletons are : < The Return of 
 the Hero* (1805), a poem; < Song-Book of the 
 Bourbons* (1814); 'Bonliomme; or. Observa- 
 tions upon Parisian Manners and Customs at 
 the Beginning of the Nineteenth Centurv * 
 (1818); <The French Rover* (1816-22); and 
 < Spain Delivered* (1823). 
 
 Rouget de Lisle, Claude Joseph (rd-zha' de 
 lei'). A French officer and song-writer; born 
 at Lons-le-Saulnier, May 10, 1760 ; died at Choisy- 
 Je-Roi, June 26 or 27, 1836. He composed both 
 words and music of * La Marseillaise,* when he 
 was an officer of engineers at Strasburg, on the
 
 47° 
 
 ROUM ANILLE — ROY 
 
 night of April 25, 1792. It first appeared under 
 the title of <Song of the Army of the Rhine.> 
 He wrote several other fragments of songs, 
 included in his < Fifty French Songs, Words of 
 Various Authors, Set to Music by Rouget de 
 Lisle* (1825); and other poems, stories, and 
 plays, of but little merit. 
 
 RoumanlUe, Joseph (ro-man-cr). A French 
 (Proven9alj poet; born at Saint Remy (Bouches- 
 du-Rhone), Aug. 8, 1818; died at Avignon, May 
 24, 1891. He was one of the most popular au- 
 thors of the Society of Fdlibres. Apart from 
 his improvisations, for which he was noted, he 
 produced: < Li Margarideto> (1847); < Le Cam- 
 pano Mountado> (1857); < Lis Oubreto> (1859); 
 . < l.iCnnti- IVoven^nueli Cascareleto ' (1884); and 
 others. 
 
 Roumieux, Louis (rom ye'). A French (Pro- 
 ven9al) poet; born at Nimes in 1829. Among 
 his productions may be named : < Li Bourga- 
 diero> (1852), a collection of satires in the 
 Nimois dialect ; < Li Griseto > (1853) ; and < Quan 
 vou Prendre dos L&bre a la Fes n'en Pren 
 Ges* (1863), a comedy. 
 
 Rousseau, Jean Baptiste (ro-so'). A French 
 poet; born at Paris, April 1670 ; died at Brus- 
 sels, March 17, 1741. He wrote a great number 
 of odes, epistles, plays, allegories, songs, and 
 epigrams ; and although esteemed by his con- 
 temporaries " the prince of our lyric poets,>> is 
 now looked upon as a mediocre writer. He 
 brought out an edition of his 'Works' (1712); 
 and many others have subsequently appeared. 
 
 Rousseau, Jean Jacques. The renowned 
 French writer; born in Geneva, June 28, 1712; 
 died at Krmenonville near Paris, July 2, 1778. 
 He published : < Memoir on the Shape of the 
 Earth > (1738); < Mme. de Warens> (1739); < Dis- 
 sertation on Modern Music' (1743); * Does the 
 Cultivation of the Arts and Sciences Tend 
 to Promote Morality?' (1750); < The Village 
 Soolhsayer' (1753I; <Narcissus> (1753); < Letter 
 on French Music' (1753); <On the Origins and 
 Foundations of Inequality among Mankind' 
 (1755); 'On Political Economy' (1758); < To 
 D'Alembert on the Article < Geneva' in the 
 Encyclopedia' (1758); < Letters to Voltaire,' va- 
 riously dated ; < A Project of Perpetual Peace ' 
 (1761); <The Social Contract' (1762); <Emile' 
 (1762); <To the Archbishop of Paris' (1763); 
 <The Departure of Silvie' (1763); < Letters 
 from the Mountain' (1764); < Theatre Mimicry' 
 (1764); < Dictionary of Music' (1767); < Letters 
 on his Exile' (1770J. Posthumously appeared 
 •Emile and Sophie' (1780); 'Consolations of 
 my Life' (1781); 'Government of Poland' 
 (1782); 'Confessions' (1782-90). 
 
 Rousseau, Pierre. A French dramatist; 
 born at Toulouse, Aug. 19, 1716 or 1725; died 
 at Bouillon, Nov. 10, 1785. He brought rid- 
 icule upon himself by assuming the title of 
 " Rousseau of Toulouse " to distinguish him- 
 self from "Rousseau of Geneva." In collab- 
 oration with Favart, he published <A Coquette 
 Without Knowing It' (1744), and 'Mistakes' 
 (1744). played with some success. He also 
 
 wrote 'The False Step' (1755), a novel; 'His- 
 tory of the Card-Sharpers' (1758); and others. 
 
 Rousseau, Pierre Joseph. A French littera- 
 teur ; born at Paris in 1797 ; died there in 1849. 
 He wrote a number of vaudevilles in collab- 
 oration with others, signed for the most part 
 with the pseudonyms "James Rousseau" and 
 " Maxime James." Among them are : ' The 
 Lady of the Lake' (1825); 'The Fairy of the 
 Neighborhood' (1826); and 'Love and F'ear' 
 (1827); also 'Memoirs of my Creditors' (1828), 
 and other miscellanies. 
 
 Rousset, Camille Felix Michel (ro-sa'). A 
 French historian ; born at Paris, Feb. 15, 1821 ; 
 died at Saint Gobain (Aisne), Oct. 20, 1892. 
 Among his published works are : < History of 
 Louvois' (1861-63); 'The Volunteers of 1791- 
 94 > (1870); 'History of the Crimean War' 
 (1877); and 'Beginnings of a Conquest: Al- 
 giers from 1830 to 1840' (1887). 
 
 Roux, Amedee (ro). A French litterateur; 
 born at Billom, May 9, 1828. Besides a number 
 of translations and the editing of the works of 
 Voiture and letters of Count d'Avaux, he has 
 published : 'A Misanthrope at the Court of 
 Louis XIV.: Montausier' (i860); 'History of 
 Italian Literature under the Regime of Unifica- 
 tion > (1869-83); and ' Bird's-Eye View of Three 
 Literatures' (1873). 
 
 Rowbotham, John Frederick. A Scotch 
 miscellaneous writer; born in 1859. He resided 
 in Germany several years, collecting material 
 for his elaborate < History of Music '(1885); after 
 which he turned his attention to the study media?- 
 val poetry, and published ' The Death of Roland : 
 An Epic Poem' (1887);' A Human Epic' (1902). 
 
 Rowe, Nicholas. An English dramatist and 
 poet-laureate ; born at Little Barford, Bedford- 
 shire, June 30 (?), 1674; died Dec. 6, 1718. He 
 was a successful courtier and politician, but is 
 best known as the translator of Lucan's ' Phar- 
 salia' (1718), and the author of many successful 
 plays, the most popular of which were the tra- 
 gedies : 'Tamerlane' (1702); 'The Fair Peni- 
 tent' (1703); 'Jane Shore' (1714); and 'Lady 
 Jane Grey' (1715). 
 
 Rowson, Susanna. An English-American 
 actress, playwright, and novelist ; born at Ports- 
 mouth, England, in 1762 ; died at Boston, Mass., 
 March 2, 1824. She appeared on the American 
 stage for about a year ; after which she settled 
 in Boston, opening a school and turning her 
 attention to literary pursuits. She is famed as 
 the author of ' Charlotte Temple : A Tale of 
 Truth' (1790), which had an immediate and 
 great success, and has long been a popular 
 classic in America ; and its sequel, ' Lucy Tem- 
 ple ; or. The Three Orphans' (1828). Among 
 her many other novels and farces may be 
 named: 'Victoria' (1786), the characters of 
 which were drawn from life ; and ' The In- 
 quisitor, or Invisible Rambler' (1788). 
 
 Roy, Just Jean ^tienne (rwa). A French 
 litterateur; born at Marnay (Haute-Sa6ne), Oct
 
 ROY — RUFFINI 
 
 47 » 
 
 13, 1794; died at Pontleroy, June 22, 1871. He 
 published, under his own name and the pseu- 
 donyms of « ^tienne Gervais,» « Just Girard,» 
 and « Theodore Menard,'^ a number of books, 
 including the series entitled < History of Fe- 
 nelon> (1838); < History of Louis XI.> (1842); 
 < Illustrations of the History of Germany, Eng- 
 land, Egypt, Spain, France, Italy, Russia, and 
 Sweden > (1843-45); < History of Louis XIV.> 
 (1844) ; < France of the Twelfth Century > (1850) ; 
 •Modern Algiers > (1855); <The Empire of Bra- 
 zil > (1858); < History of England > (1863); and 
 many others, the greater number of which ran 
 through many editions. 
 
 Roy, Pierre Charles. A French poet ; bom 
 at Paris in 1683 ; died Oct. 23, 1764. His repu- 
 tation rests largely upon his two plays, < Cal- 
 lirho^> (1712), generally conceded to be his 
 best work, and <Semiramis> (1718), regarded 
 by some as even superior. His ballet <The 
 Elements > (1725) added to his reputation. 
 His many odes, epilogues, plays, interludes, 
 and ballets, were collected after his death and 
 published as 'Various Works > (1727). His 
 epigrams have made him famous in his own 
 country; his last one involved him in a fatal 
 quarrel. 
 
 Royce, Josiah. An American educator and 
 author; bom at Grass Valley, Cal., Nov. 20, 
 1855. He became professor of the history of 
 philosophy in Harvard in 1892, and has pub- 
 lished : <A Primer of Logical Analysis > (1881); 
 'The Religious Aspect of Philosophy > (1885); 
 •California ' (1886); < The Feud of Oakfield Creek> 
 (18S7), a novel; < The Spirit of Modern Philoso- 
 phy' (1892); 'Outlines of Psychology* (1903); 
 •The Relation of the Principles of Logic to the 
 Foundations of Geometry * (1905). 
 
 Royer, Alpbonse (rwa-a'). A French dram- 
 atist and litterateur; born at Paris, Sept. 10, 
 1803; died there, April 11, 1875. After spend- 
 ing a number of years in the Orient, he turned 
 to the production of dramatic literature, meet- 
 ing with marked and lasting success. Many 
 of his plays were written in collaboration with 
 his friend Gustave Vaez. They include : < The 
 Poor Boys >(i830j;< Venice the Beautiful > (1834); 
 and < Adventures of Travel* (1837). He also 
 published a < Universal History of the Theatre * 
 (1869-71), and many literary miscellanies. 
 
 Riickert, Heinrich (riik'ert). A German 
 historian, son of Friedrich ; born at Coburg, 
 Feb. 14, 1825; died at Breslau, Sept. Ii, 1875. 
 His works include the monographs : * Life of 
 St. Louis, Landgrave of Thuringia* (1850), and 
 < Brother Philip, of the Order of the Chartreux > 
 (1855); also<Annals of German History* (1850); 
 'History of the Middle Ages' (1852); and 'History 
 of German Civilization at the Period of Transition 
 from Pagan to Christian Times' (1853-54) ; and 
 editions of < King Rother' and ' IIeiiand.> 
 
 Riickert, [Johann MicliaelJ Friedricli. A 
 distinguished German poet and Orientalist ; 
 born at Schweinfurt, Bavaria, May 16, 1788; 
 died at Neuses, near Coburg, Jan. 31, 1866. 
 He published his 'German Poems* (1814), 
 
 containing the famous 'Panoplied Sonnets,' — 
 directed against Napoleon,— under the pen- 
 name of "Freimund Raimar» ; that is, "the 
 poet of the free mouth." His poetry is much 
 admired for the ingenuity of its workmanship, 
 its strength and imaginative grace, and is ful\ 
 of inspiration drawn from his patriotism and 
 his studies of the legends of the Orient ; but is 
 philosophic rather than spontaneous. He pub- 
 lished many translations from the Arabic, and 
 wrote many original poems dealing with Ori- 
 ental subjects ; among them being : ' Oriental 
 Roses' (1822); 'Songs and Legends of the 
 Orient' (1837) ; ' Rostem and Suhrab : A Heroic 
 Tale> (1838); and 'Brahman Tales > (1839). 
 The most elaborate of all his works is 'The 
 Wisdom of the Brahmans' (1836-39). 
 
 Rudagi, Farid-Addin Muhammad (ro-da'je). 
 A Persian poet of the tenth century; born in 
 the village of Rudag (whence he derived his 
 name), in the region of Bokhara or Samar- 
 kand, toward the end of the ninth century; 
 died about 954. Tradition makes him a sort 
 of blind Homer, but regarding his blindness 
 there is doubt. His literary activity was great. 
 Of his very numerous verses only a very few 
 are now extant, but the fragments show great 
 literary merit. 
 
 Rudel, Gauffre or Godefroy, Prince of 
 Blaye (rii-del'). A French troubadour of the 
 twelfth century, who attached himself to the 
 suite of Geoffrey, Count of Bretagne, son of 
 Henry IT. of England. He went to Syria in 
 search of a fair countess of Tripoli, rumors of 
 whose beauty had reached him; and was so 
 overcome when he finally saw her and heard 
 her voice that he fell dead at her feet. She 
 buried him with great pomp, and retired to a 
 convent to mourn him all her days. Petrarch 
 makes mention of Rudel; and several bits of 
 verse by him are extant in the MSS. of Pro- 
 ven9al literature, now in the great libraries of 
 Paris, Venice, and Rome. One of them has 
 been published by Raynouard, as the 'Gem 
 of the Original Poems of the Troubadours.' 
 
 Rueda, Lope de (ro-a'da). A Spanish 
 dramatist of the sixteenth century; born at 
 Seville; died at Cordova. He was leader of 
 a troupe of actors ; and in the elementary state 
 of the stage in his day, himself undertook 
 four roles, — those of the negress, the brig- 
 and, the fool, and the Biscayan. He composed 
 for his company a number of short pieces. 
 His 'Works' (1567) comprise four comedies, 
 notably 'Deceptions' and 'Eufemia'; seven 
 "pasos" in prose; two colloquies; and <The 
 Wages of Love.' 
 
 Rufflnl, Giovanni Domenico (ro-fe'ne). An 
 
 Italian litterateur; born at Genoa, September 
 1807; died at Taggia, Nov. 2, 1881. Obliged 
 to flee his native land for political reasons, he 
 resided in France, Switzerland, and England, 
 and later returned to Italy. He published in 
 London his first romance, ' Lorenzo Benoni,' 
 a sort of autobiography, related in a very
 
 472 
 
 RUGE — RUMOHR 
 
 engaging style. He also published < Doctor 
 Antonio* (1858), his best-known book; <Les 
 Paragreens* (18601; <Lavinia>; <Vincenzo>; 
 < Carlino.> Many of his works have been trans- 
 lated into Frencii. 
 
 Ruge, Arnold (ro'ge). A German publicist ; 
 born at Bergen, Ls-land of Riigen, Sept. 13, 
 1S02 or 1803 ; died at Brighton, England, Dec. 
 31, 1880. lie embraced with ardor the doctrines 
 of Hegel, and attracted considerable attention 
 by his philosophical criticisms in the Halle 
 Year-Book. He joined Karl Marx in Paris, 
 and published with him the < German-French 
 Year-Books> (1843-45). After the suppression 
 of the paper which he started in Berlin, called 
 Reform, he went to London and formed, in 
 connection with Ledru-Kollin and Mazzini, the 
 European Democratic Committee. Among his 
 works are : < Two Years in Paris * (1845); < Poetic 
 Pictures* (1847); 'Political Pictures* (1848) <Our 
 System ' ( 1850) ; < In Former Times* ( iS'62-67 ) ; and 
 'Manifesto to thp ''iennan l*eople* (i886); also 
 the Dramas ; < Schill and His x'eople.' ami < The 
 New World.* 
 
 Euiz, Juan (ro-eth')- A Spanish poet of the 
 fourteenth century, known as Archpriest of Hita ; 
 born at Alcala or Guadalajara, in 1300 ; died 
 about 135 1. He is the most original of mediseval 
 Spanish poets, and has left a poem on love 
 and women, which, while purporting to treat of 
 morality and the follies of earthly love, is in 
 reality a text-l>ook for the man who wishes to 
 become a successful lover. He quotes from 
 Ovid's 'Art of Love,* gives translations from the 
 apologues of Latin and French fabulists, and 
 relates his own experience as well. It is mingled 
 rather incongruously with censures of the cap- 
 ital sins, and with philosophic maxims and 
 verses on the Passion, ending with high praise 
 of the Virgin Mary. It is interspersed with 
 songs, the best of which are the ' Song of Schol- 
 ars* and 'Song of the Blind.* 
 
 Eulhiere, Claude Carloman de la (riil-yar'). 
 A French historian and poet; born at Bendy 
 near Paris, in 1735 ; died at Paris, Jan. 30, 1791. 
 While aide-de-camp to Richelieu, he composed 
 his ' Discourse upon Disputes,* a witty poem 
 which Voltaire inserted in his < Philosophic 
 Dictionary.* In 1771 he was named political 
 writer to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and 
 visited London and Poland in that capacity. 
 His historical works are noted for their strict 
 honesty and justice, and his poetry for its ease 
 and freedom of expression. He excels in short 
 tales and epigrams. His historical works in- 
 clude : ' Explanations of the Causes of the Rev- 
 ocation of the Edict of Nantes* (1788); 'Anec- 
 dotes of the Russian Revolution in 1762' (1797); 
 and < History of the Anarchy of Poland* (4 
 vols., 1807; 4th ed. 18&2), his finest work. His 
 poetry includes 'Rough Play* (1808), and 
 many small fragments. 
 
 Rumford, Count (Benjamin Thompson). 
 
 An American scientist, statesman, and philos- 
 opher; born at Woburn, Mass., March 26, 1753 ; 
 died in Auteuil near Paris, Aug. 21, 1814. He 
 
 was one of the many conservatives at the 
 outbreak of the Revolution who were driven 
 into the British ranks outright by the patriotic 
 harrying of impatient neighbors. After serv- 
 ing England for a time, he entered the service 
 of the Elector of Bavaria, rose to the position 
 of Minister of War, and was finally created 
 a count of the Holy Roman Empire. He took 
 the title Rumford from the village of that 
 name (now Concord, N. H.), where he had 
 married. He spent the last years of his life at 
 Auteuil, busily engaged in scientific researches, 
 ■ — particularly on the nature and effects of 
 heat, studies with which his name is generally 
 associated. As an administrator, military or 
 civil, he showed immense practical capacity in 
 improving the conditions of life for the lower 
 ranks. His works include : ' Essays : Political, 
 Economical, and Philosophical* (1797-1806); 
 and studies in domestic economy, particularly 
 of cookery. 
 
 RumI, Maulana Jalal-ad-din (ro-me'). A 
 Persian Sufic poet and philosophic teacher ; 
 born at Balkh in Khordsin, Sept. 30, 1207; 
 died Sept. 17, 1273. His great work is the 
 'Masnawi* or ' Mathnawi,* — -a collection of 
 precepts and tales, interwoven with comments 
 on the Koran and sayings of the Prophet, 
 comprising between thirty and forty thousand 
 rhymed couplets ; composed in honor of the 
 Maulawi sect of dervishes, of which he was 
 the founder. A versified translation of the first 
 book was published by J. W. Redhouse (1881). 
 He wrote also many spiritual and mystic odes, 
 full of inspiration. His teachings and doctrines 
 are still faithfully adhered to b)' this order, 
 and studied and revered by the whole Eastern 
 world as the guide to eternal bliss. 
 
 Rumolir, Karl Friedricli Ludwig Felix von 
 
 (ro'mor). A German historian, antiquary, and 
 poet ; born on his family estate of Reinhards- 
 grimme, near Dresden, in 1785 ; died at Dres- 
 den, July 25, 1843. A most industrious worker, 
 he wrote books on almost every conceivable 
 subject. The most interesting of them are : 
 < Explanations of Some Assertions regarding 
 the Wealth of Greece in Objects of Plastic 
 Art* (1811); 'Magazine of Art and History* 
 (1S16); 'Italian Researches* (1826-31), a pro- 
 found history of art in Italy, and consulted 
 to this day by students of the subject ; ' The 
 Spirit of Culinary Art* (1832); 'School of 
 Good Breeding* (1834), where he lays down 
 rules of etiquette for all classes and conditions 
 of men, from the minister to the postilion 
 and waiter ; and ' Researches upon Maso di 
 Finiguerra, Inventor of the Art of Printing 
 upon Wet Paper,* etc. (1841). 
 
 Rumolir, Theodor Wilhelm. A Danish 
 
 novelist ; born at Copenhagen, Aug. 2, 1807. 
 His many romances deal with the national 
 heroes of Denmark, and include: 'Jacob Dan- 
 neford* (1840); 'Niels Juel* (1877); and ' Peter 
 Tordenskjold* (1877). His collected works 
 appeared as ' Historical Pictures of the Father- 
 land* (1863).
 
 RUNDELL — RYAN 
 
 473 
 
 Rundell, Elizabeth (now Mrs. Andrew 
 Charles). An English painter, musician, poet, 
 and author; born at Tavistock, Devonshire, 
 1826 or 1828. All her writings, whether poems 
 or romances, have a deep religious tone. Her first 
 and most widely read book is < The Chronicles 
 of the Schonberg-Cotta Family > (1863), pub- 
 lished anonymously ; and all that have followed 
 have appeared as the works of «The Author- 
 ess of the Chronicles of the Schonberg-CottSi 
 Family.» They include: < Diary of Mrs. Kitty 
 Trevylyan> (1864); <The Cripple of Antioch> 
 (1864); < Winifred Bertram > (1865); <The Dray- 
 tons and the Davenants> (1866); < Against the 
 Stream > (1873); *Joan the Maid: Deliverer of 
 England and France > (1879); < Three Martyrs 
 of the Nineteenth Century* (1885); and <By 
 Thy Glorious Resurrection and Ascension* 
 (1888). 
 
 Runeberg, Johan Ludvig (ro'ne-bero). A 
 Swedish poet ; born in Jakobsstad, Finland, Feb. 
 5, 1804 ; died at Borgi, May 6, 1877. Although 
 his whole life was spent in his native country, 
 he wrote in Swedish. The most celebrated of 
 his writings is < Ensign Stil's Tales* (1848-60), 
 a collection of ballads on the war between Swe- 
 den and Russia, and taking the Swedish side. 
 Among his many poems, lyrics, and dramas, 
 all of which are immensely popular in both 
 Sweden and Finland, are the idyls <Hanna> 
 (1836), and < Christmas Eve> (1841); <The Elk- 
 Hunter* (1832), and <Nadeschda* (1841), two 
 tales in verse ; and < The Kings at Salamis > 
 (1863), a tragedy in antique form. He was 
 happiest in the lyrical epic, and his style is 
 characterized by a delicate and harmonious 
 grace. 
 
 Rusden, George William. An English his- 
 torian (of Australia); born in Surrey in 1819. 
 He removed to New South Wales in 1834, and 
 made elaborate researches on the history and 
 languages of the Island Continent. He has 
 published : * Moyarra : An Australian Legend * 
 (1851); < Discovery, Survey, and Settlement of 
 Port Philip* (1872); < Translations and Frag- 
 ments* (1874); 'History of New Zealand* 
 (1883); and < History of Australia* (1883), a 
 most careful and detailed work. 
 
 Ruskln, John. The great English critic and 
 essayist; bom in Edinburgh, Feb. 8, 1819; died 
 at Brantwood, Jan. 20, 1900. His books on art 
 comprise : < Modern Painters* (1843) ; <The Seven 
 Lamps of Architecture* (1849); < The Stones 
 of Venice*( 1 85 1-53) ; <Pre-Raphaelitism)( 185 1); 
 
 < Giotto and his Works in Padua* (1853-60); 
 
 < Elements of Drawing ) ( 1857 ) ; < Political Econ- 
 omy of Art * (1857); <The Two Paths) (1859); 
 
 < Elements of Perspective >( 1859); < Lectures 
 on Art* (1870); <Aratra Pentelici > (1872); 
 * Relation between Michael Angelo and Tin- 
 toret* (1872); <The Laws of Fesole ' (1877- 
 78); (The Art of England* (1883;; Ver- 
 ona, and Other Lectures* (1S93), etc. His 
 many miscellaneous works on ethics, social 
 science, political economy, mythology, botany, 
 etc. published under fanciful titles, include 
 
 among others : < Munera Pulveris * ( 1862-63 ); 
 
 < Sesame and Lilies * (1865), one of his most 
 popular books ; < The Ethics of the Dust * 
 (1866); <The Crown of Wild Olive* (1866); 
 <The Queen of the Air* (1869); <The Eagle's 
 Nest* (1872) ; < Love's Meinie * ( 1873) ; < Proser- 
 pina * (1875-86); < Deucalion* (1875-83); and 
 <St. Mark's Rest* (1874-84). He also wrote a 
 popular fairy tale, < The King of the Golden 
 River* (1851); < Arrows of the Chace* (1880), 
 letters to newspapers ; < Prteterita,* autobio- 
 graphical (1885-89); < Fors Clavigera* (1871-84), 
 miscellaneous counsels, moral, religious, eco- 
 nomic, literary, etc. 
 
 Russell, Addison Peale. An American jour- 
 nalist and essayist ; born in Wilmington, O., in 
 1826. He has published : < Half-Tints* (1867); 
 
 < Library Notes* (1875); < Thomas Corwin: A 
 Sketch* (1881); < Characteristics* (1884); <A 
 Club of One* (1887); < In a Club Corner*; and 
 
 < Sub Coelum.* 
 
 Russell, Dora. An English novelist; born 
 in 18 — . Her romances include : < The Miner's 
 Oath* (1872); < Footprints in the Snow* (1877); 
 'Annabel's Rival* (1881); <The Broken Seal* 
 (1886); <The Track of the Storm* (1888); and 
 many others. 
 
 Russell, Irwin. An American verse-writer; 
 born at Port Gibson, Miss., June 3, 1853; died 
 at New Orleans, La., Dec. 23, 1879. He was 
 among the first to put the negro character to 
 literary account. His dialect and other verse 
 was collected after his death and published as 
 
 < Poems* (1888). 
 
 Russell, W. Clark. An English-American 
 novelist; born (of English parentage) in New 
 York city, Feb. 24, 1844. He spent much of his 
 early life at sea, and afterwards settled at Rams- 
 gate, England. He has published a great num- 
 ber of sea stories and novels, among which 
 are: < The Wreck of the Grosvenor* (1878); 
 <A Sailor's Sweetheart* (1880); < My Watch 
 Below* (1883); <A Sea Queen* (1S83); < Jack's 
 Courtship* (1884); <A Strange Voyage* (1885); 
 <The Frozen Pirate* (1887); <The Death Ship* 
 (1888); < Marooned* (1889); 'The Romance of 
 Jenny Harlowe* (i8Sq); and <The Good Ship Mo- 
 hock > (1895) ; ' Abandoned * ; * Wrong Side Out > 
 (IQ04I. 
 
 Russell, William Howard, Sir. An Eng- 
 lish journalist; bom at Lilyvale near Dubim, 
 March 28, 1821. He was special correspondent 
 of the London Times in the Crimea (1854-55); 
 in India during the Sepoy Mutiny (1857-59); 
 in the United States during the Civil War, 
 and known as « Bull Run Russell *> ; and its 
 war correspondent in the Franco-German War 
 of 1870. He published: < Extraordinary Men* 
 .(1853); <The Crimean War* (1855-56); <My 
 Diary in India * ; < My Diary during the Last 
 Great War> (1873); *The Prince of Wales's 
 Tour* {1877); <Hesperothen* (1882); and 
 others. He was knighted in 1895, in recog- 
 nition of his serviies t<) journalism. Died 1907. 
 
 Ryan, Abram Joseph. An American priest 
 and verse-writer; born at Norfolk, Va., Aug.
 
 474 
 
 RYAN — SACCHETTI 
 
 15, 1839 ; died at Louisville, Ky., April 22, 1886. 
 It was while chaplain in the Confederate army 
 that he wrote his well-known poem < The Con- 
 quered Banner,' composed shortly after Lee's 
 surrender. Later he went North for the pur- 
 poses of lecturing and publishing his works, 
 which have appeared as < The Conquered Ban- 
 ner, and Other Poems > (1880) ; < Poems, Patri- 
 otic, Religious, and Miscellaneous* (1880); and 
 <A Crown for Our Queen.> Other poems of 
 his which are popular are : < The Lost Cause,* 
 •The Sword of Lee,> <The Flag of Erin,> and 
 the epic < Their Story Runneth Thus.> At the 
 time of his death he was engaged upon a <Life 
 of Christ.) 
 
 Ryan, William Thomas Carroll. A Cana- 
 dian author; born in Toronto, Ont, Feb. 3, 
 1839. Upon leaving the army, where he served 
 during the Crimean War, he devoted himself 
 to journalism and literature. He has edited 
 and published a number of Canadian news- 
 papers, has contributed articles and poems to 
 magazines, and has lectured on the Liberal 
 side. His published works, which he signs 
 « Carroll Ryan,'> are : < Oscar, and Other Poems > 
 (1857); < Songs of a Wanderer > (1867); <The 
 Canadian Northwest and the Canadian Pacific 
 Railway) (1875); and 'Picture Poems > (1884). 
 
 Rydberg, Abraham Viktor (rid'berc). A 
 Swedish man of letters ; bom at Jonkoping, 
 
 Dec. 18, 1829; died at Stockholm, Sept. 21,1895. 
 He was regarded as one of the best litterateurs of 
 Sweden, and the translator seems to use his books 
 more than those of any other modern Swedish 
 writer. He produced several translations, among 
 them Goethe's < Faust >; a novel, <The Last of the 
 Athenians > (1859), a picture of the last conflict 
 between Paganism and Christianity — trans- 
 lated into English, German, and Danish ; many 
 poems; a number of sesthetic and historical 
 studies ; and a series of works on the philoso- 
 phy of religion, including <The Doctrines of 
 Christ according to the Bible > (1862), < Magic 
 of the Middle Ages> (1864), < Romish Legends 
 of the Apostles Peter and PauP {1871), and 
 < The Primitive Patriarchs' Genealogies in Gen- 
 esis > (1873). His < Teutonic Mythology > (1886) 
 is a brilliant piece of work, but useless from a 
 scientific standpoint. 
 
 Rymer or Rhymer, Thomas the (Thomas 
 Lermont of Erceldoune). A Scotch poet and 
 prophet of the thirteenth century, who occupies 
 an important place in the mythical and legend- 
 ary literature of Scotland. His name is asso- 
 ciated with many fragments of rhymed or 
 alliterative verse, many of which have been 
 collected and published as <The Prophecies' 
 (1691); and < Sir Tristem : A Metrical Romance 
 Edited by Sir Walter Scott from the Auchin- 
 leck MSS.> (1804). 
 
 Saar, Ferdinand von (sar). An Austrian 
 poet; born at Vienna, Sept. 30, 1833. Among 
 his works are the tragedies < Hildebrand > 
 (1865) and < The Death of Henry > (1867)— these 
 being united under the title <The Emperor 
 Henry IV.> (1872); < Tales from Austria > 
 (1877); <Vienna Elegies>; <Poems> (1882); 
 < Three New Novels' (1883); <The Two De 
 Witts>; <Thassilo> (1886); < The Castle of Kost- 
 enitz> (1893). He excels as a lyric poet and a 
 story-writer. His lyrics are in a tone of melan- 
 choly, but the feeling is genuine and the ex- 
 pression unaffected. 
 
 Saavedra, Angel de, Duque de Rivas (sa- 
 va'dra). A Spanish statesman and poet; born 
 in Cordova, March 10, 1791; died in Madrid, 
 June 22, 1865. He was the author of < Poetical 
 Essays' (2 vols., 1813); <Florinda> (1824-25), 
 an epic on the Moorish conquest of Spain ; 
 •The Moorish Foundling' (1834), a national 
 epic; many dramas; a life of Masaniello (i860); 
 and a history of the Neapolitan revolution (2 
 vols., 1848; new ed. 1881). 
 
 Saavedra Guzman, Antonio (sa-va'dra goth'- 
 man). A Mexican poet; born about 1550 ; died 
 in Spain about 1620. He gave seven years' 
 special study to the poetical and historical 
 literature of his own country ; utilizing the facts 
 in his historical poem <The Indian Pilgrim' 
 
 (159S), in 20 cantos, describing the glories of 
 the Aztec court and the conquest of Mexico. 
 Prescott has given him the name of •• the poet- 
 chronicler." 
 
 Saavedra y Faxardo, Diego de (sa-va'dra e 
 fa-har'do). A Spanish m_oralist; born at Al- 
 gezarez in Murcia, 1584; died at Madrid, Aug. 
 24, 1648. His most notable work is <The Type 
 of a Christian Prince' (1640), written for the 
 instruction of the son of Philip IV., who died 
 before attaining his majority. He wrote also 
 the poem <The Republic of Letters' (1670); a 
 dialogue between Mercury and Lucian on the 
 follies of European statesmen (first printed 
 1787) ; and < The Gothic, Castilian, and Aus- 
 trian Crown' (reprinted 1887). 
 
 Sabin, Joseph. An American publisher and 
 bibliophile ; born in Bramston, England, 1821 ; 
 died in Brooklyn, N. Y., 1881. His store on 
 Nassau Street, New York, was noted for rare 
 books. He was famous for his knowledge of 
 books, and his reprints of old and curious 
 works. He edited the American Bibliographist ; 
 and published a < Dictionary of Books relating 
 to America* and a < Bibliography of Biblio- 
 graphies.' 
 
 Sacchetti, Franco (sa-ket'e). An Italian 
 poet ; bom at Florence about 1330 ; died about
 
 SAGHER-MASOCH —SAINT-AM ANT 
 
 475 
 
 1400. His most important work is the < Three 
 Hundred Stories > — of which only 223 remain, 
 and some of these are mutilated : they give a 
 faithful picture of life in those days, with many 
 satiric allusions. Among his poems the best 
 are the ballads and the madrigals. 
 
 Sacher-Masocli (sach'er-mas'5ch), Leopold 
 Ritter von. An Austrian novelist; born at 
 Lemburg, Jan. 27, 1835; died at Lindlieim in 
 Hesse, May 6, 1894. His very numerous 
 stories show great powers of realistic descrip- 
 tion; among them are: <Love> (1870); < False 
 Hermelin,> stories of theatrical life ( 1873 ) ; 
 <Love Stories from Divers Centuries' (1874); 
 <The Ideals of our Time > (1876); < Property' 
 (1877); <The New Job> (1878); <The Serpent 
 in Paradise' (1890); <The Solitaries' (1891); 
 
 < Merry Tales from the East' (1893); < The 
 Filled and the Hungry' ( 1894). His wife, Au- 
 rora von Riimelin, born at Gratz, 1846, wrote : 
 < Romance of a Virtuous Woman' (1873); <The 
 True Hermelin' (1879); < Ladies in Furs' (1881). 
 
 Sachs, Hans (sachs). The German meister- 
 singer;bornatNurembreg,Nov. 5, 1494; died Jan. 
 l9or20, 1576. A complete collection of his works 
 was published at Nuremberg (1558-79). See 
 <Hans Sachs' (1765); I. L. Hoffman, < Hans 
 Sachs' (1847); Kawerau, < Hans Sachs und die 
 Reformation' (1889); and E. Gotze, <Hans 
 Sachs' (1891). 
 
 Sachs, Julius von. A celebrated German 
 botanist; born in Breslau, Oct. 2, 1832; died 
 at Wiirzburg, May 29, 1897. He paid special 
 attention to the effects of light and heat upon 
 plants. His great work < History of Botany> 
 (1875) covers the period 1500-1860. He also 
 published < Lectures on Plant Physiology > 
 (1882), and a series of < Treatises > (1892) on 
 the same subject ; also a < Manual of Botany > 
 ( English eds. 1875 and 1892). 
 
 Saco, Jose Antonio fsa'ko). A Cuban his- 
 torical writer and publicist ; born at Bayamo, 
 1797 ; died at Madrid, 1879. He wrote : < A 
 Parallel between Cuba and Certain English 
 Colonies' (1838); < Suppression of the Slave 
 Trade in Cuba' (1845); < Ideas on the Incorpo- 
 ration of Cuba into the United States' (1848); 
 
 < The Political Situation in Cuba and Its Rem- 
 edy' (1851); < History of Slavery from the Most 
 Remote Timet ' (several volumes published in 
 1876 and years following; but the work was 
 not completed). 
 
 Sacy, Antoine Isaac, Baron Silvestre de, a 
 French Orientalist ; born at Paris, Sept. 21, 1758 ; 
 died Fel). 21, 1838. In 1792 he became member 
 of the Academy of Inscriptions, and in 1808, pro- 
 fessor'of the Persian Language at the College de 
 France. His writings include 'Arabian Gram- 
 mar' (1810); 'Arabian Chrestomathy ' (1806); 
 
 < Arabian Grammatical Anthology' (1829) ; < Me- 
 moirs of various Persian Antiquities' (1793); a 
 Translation of Abdul-Latif's < Relation of Egypt > 
 (1810); an edition of the Arabian Work 
 'Calila and Dimna ' (1816); 'Memoirs and 
 Translation of Oriental History and Litera- 
 ture' (1818) ; an edition of < Pendnameh ' (1819) 
 and 'Makamen' (1822); and his last and most 
 important work < The Exposition of the Re- 
 ligion of the Druses ' (1828). 
 
 Sa'di (sa'de). One of the celebrated Persian 
 poets; born at Shiraz, 1184; died_ 1291 (?). 
 Besides his < Divan > he wrote < Bustan ' or The 
 Fruit Garden (1257), and 'Gulistan' or The 
 Rose Garden (1258), his two masterpieces. 
 The < Bustan ' is a didactic poem in ten cantos 
 of double rhymed verse, treating of the highest 
 questions of philosophy and religion : it abounds 
 in sound ethical maxims and noble passages 
 of philosophical speculation. The 'Gulistan' 
 is in prose, with verses interspersed. 
 
 Sadlier, Anna Teresa. An American writer 
 and translator ; born in Montreal, Canada, 1856. 
 She has written much for the Roman Catholic 
 press, has translated poems and tales from the 
 French and Italian, and ptfblished : < Ethel Ham- 
 ilton, and Other Tales' (1877); <The King's 
 Page' (1877); 'Seven Years and Mair' (1878); 
 'Women of Catholicity' (1885); 'The Silelit 
 Woman of Alood' (1887); and a compilation, 
 <Gems of Catholic Thought' (1882). 
 
 Ssemund the Learned (sa'mond). An Ice- 
 landic scholar of the 12th century. He trav- 
 eled widely in pursuit of learning, visiting Paris 
 and Rome, and afterward was a priest at Oddi. 
 He was unknown to scholars till about 1643, 
 when the then newly discovered Elder Edda 
 was ascribed to him by Brynjulf Sveinsson, 
 though the poems of that collection date in all 
 probability back to the 8th or to the 9th cen- 
 tury. Sremund had in his day a great reputa- 
 tion for learning, and was regarded, like Friar 
 Bacon, as a magician. He wrote a 'Book 
 of the Kings' from Harold Fauhair to Mag- 
 nus theGood. lie died in I133. 
 
 Sagard, Theodat Gabriel (sa-giir'). A French 
 missionary to the Hurons in the 17th century. 
 He wrote : ' Travels to the Huron Country, 
 situate in America, toward the J'reshwater 
 Sea and the Uttermost Limits of New France, 
 called Canada ; wherein is treated of all matters 
 touching the country, the manners and char- 
 acter of the savages, their government and their 
 ways, as well in their own country as when 
 roaming ; of their faith and belief ; with a dic- 
 tionary of the Huron language' (1632); also a 
 ' History of Canada and the journey made 
 by the Friars; Minor Recollets thither for the 
 conversion of the unbelievers' (1836). A new 
 edition of both works was published at Paris 
 in 4 vols., 1866. 
 
 Saint-Aldegonde (saii-tal-d6-goAd). See 
 Marnix. 
 
 Saint- Amand, Imbert de (saiit-a-man'). See 
 Imbert. 
 
 Salnt-Amant, Marc Antoine Gerard, Sieur 
 
 de (sant-a-man'). A noted French writer of 
 bacchanalian verses; born at Rouen, 1594; died 
 at Paris, 1660. He wrote ' Moses Saved' (1653), 
 an epic of the school of Tasso ; and a number 
 of short miscellaneous poems, among which 
 those on bacchanalian scenes are the best, — ■ 
 ' The Revel ' is one of the most remarkable of 
 convivial poems.
 
 476 
 
 SAINTE-BEU VE - SAINT-LAMBERT 
 
 Sainte-Beuve, Cbarles Augustin (sant-bev'). 
 A great French literar)- critic; born at Bou- 
 logne-sur-Mer, Dec. 23, 1804; died at Paris, 
 Oct. 13, 1869. His first work, < Picture of French 
 Poetry in the l6th Century > (1828), made him 
 famous. Then followed, anon3'mously, a volume 
 of < Poems' and two other volumes of verse, 
 'Consolations' (1829) and 'Meditations in 
 August' (1837): in these are seen the influence 
 of Goethe's <\Verther> and Chateaubriand's 
 :Ren<;.' His work in the field of the history 
 of literature was resumed in 1837; and in 1840 
 began to appear his great work, 'History of 
 Port-Royal > (6 vols., 1840-48; 4th ed. 7 vols. 
 1878). His celebrated 'Monday Talks' on 
 books and authors were commenced in 1849, and 
 were continued with brief intermissions till his 
 death : they were reprinted in two series, ' Mon- 
 days ' (15 vols., 1862) and 'New Mondays' 
 (13 vols.). He wrote also: 'Literary Critiques 
 and Portraits' (5 vols., 1832-39); 'Literary 
 Portraits' (2 vols., 1844; 3 vols., 1864); 'Con- 
 temporary Portraits' (2 vols., 1846; 5 vols., 1871). 
 His autobiography, < Recollections and Indis- 
 cretions,' was published in 1872, and 4 volumes 
 of his 'Correspondence' in 1877-80. 
 
 Saint-Evremond, Charles Marguetel de 
 Saint-Denis, Seigneur de ( sant-evr-moh'). A 
 FrcTich satirist and literary critic ; bom at St. 
 Denis near Coutances, in Normandy, April I, 
 1610; died at London, Sept. 29, 1703. His 
 chief fame is due to his ability as a literary critic ; 
 and his judgments were accepted as decisive on 
 both sides of the Channel. His best works in 
 this department are the satirical sketches ' Com- 
 edy of the Academicians ' (1650) and his 'Judg- 
 ment on Seneca, Plutarch and Petronius' ; ' Re- 
 flections on Ancient and Modern Drama' ; ' Dis- 
 course on French Historian.s.' 
 
 Saint Francis de Sales (sal or sales). A 
 French ecclesiastic and devotional writer ; born 
 1567 ; died 1622. He founded the Order of the 
 Visitation. lie wrote: 'Introduction to the 
 Devout Life ' ; < A Treatise on the Love of 
 God ' ; etc. 
 
 Salnt-Gelais, Melin or Merlin de (san-zhe- 
 la'). A French lyric poet; born at Angou- 
 leme, Nov. 3, 1487; died at Paris, 1558. He 
 affected the Italian forms of poetry, — the terza 
 rima and sonnet, — and was the first French 
 poet to write madrigals. 
 
 Saint-Hilaire, Bartlielemy. See Bartlie- 
 lemy-Saint-Hilaire. 
 
 Saint-Hilaire, Marco de, pseudonym of 
 Emile Marc Hilaire (saht-e-lar'j. A French 
 miscellaneous writer ; born about 1796 ; died 
 Nov. 5, 1887. A literary trifler of small suc- 
 cess, he later adopted the line of glorifying 
 Napoleon as the hero of democracy, and con- 
 tributed in no small degree to foster "Napole- 
 onic ideas" and to prepare the way for the 
 second empire. Among his works of this kind 
 are : ' Recollections of the Private Life of Na- 
 poleon > f 1838 ) ; ' The Emperor's Aides-de- 
 Camp' (1841); 'Popular History of Napoleon' 
 (1842); < History of the Russian Campaign' 
 U846-48). 
 
 Saintlne, originally Joseph Xavler Boniface 
 
 (sant-en'). A French litterateur and dramatist; 
 born in Paris, July 10, 1798 ; died there, Jan. 
 21, 1865. He wrote about 200 plays. His story 
 ' Picciola ' ran through forty editions. 
 
 St. Jolin, Bayle. An English miscellaneous 
 writer, son of James A. ; bom at London, Aug. 
 19, 1822; died Aug. I, 1859. Among his works 
 are: 'Eccentric Love: A Novel ' (1845); 'Ad- 
 ventures in the Libyan Desert' (1849); 'Views 
 of the Oasis of Siwah' (1850); 'Purple Tints 
 of Paris' (1854); 'Travels of an Arab Mer- 
 chant in Soudan' (1854); 'The Sub- Alpine 
 Kingdom' (1856); < Martineto : A Story of 
 Adventure' (1856); 'Legends of the Christian 
 East' (1856). 
 
 St. John, James Augustus. An English Ori- 
 entalist and miscellaneous author ; born in 
 Caermarthenshire, Wales, Sept. 24, 1801 ; died 
 Sept. 22, 1875. He was an extensive traveler. 
 Among his numerous works are : ' Egypt and 
 Mohammed Ali' (1834); 'Description of Egypt 
 and Nubia' (1844); <Isis: An Egyptian Pil- 
 grimage' (1853); 'The Nemesis of Power' 
 (1854); a treatise on 'The Education of the 
 People' (1858). 
 
 St. John, Percy Bollngbroke. An English 
 novelist and miscellaneous WTiter, son of James 
 A.; born at London, March 4, 1821; died 
 March, 1889. He published among others: < The 
 Young Naturalist's Book of Birds' (1844); 
 'Three Days of the French Revolution' (1848); 
 < An Arctic Crusoe ' ( 1854 ) ; ' Quadroona ' 
 (1861); 'The Creole Bride' (1864); 'The Snow 
 Ship' (1865); 'The North Pole' (1875); and 
 'A Daughter of the Sea' (1884). 
 
 St. John, Spenser, Sir. An English diplo- 
 matist, and writer of books embodying the 
 knowledge so gained ; son of James A.; born 
 in London, Dec. 22, 1825. He was private 
 secretary to Rajah Brooke (1848), consul- 
 general to Siam (1850), Borneo (1855), etc.; 
 and published ' Life in the Forests of the Far 
 East' (explorations of Borneo, Sarawak, Suluk 
 Islands, etc.: 2 vols., 1862), and 'Life of Sir 
 James Brooke' (2 vols., 1879). Later he was 
 consul-general to Hayti (1861-62), and many 
 years in the West Indies in different positions ; 
 and wrote 'Hayti; or. The Black Republic' 
 (1884), an awful picture of the retrogression of 
 the negro State toward savagery. He was also 
 minister to Peru in 1874 and 1881, and to Mex- 
 ico in 1884. 
 
 St. John-Brennon, Edward. An Irish poet ; 
 bom at Dublin, Feb. 21, 1847. He wrote : 
 'Bianca, the Flower Girl of Bologna' (1866); 
 'Ambrosia Amoris' (1869); 'Two Gallian La- 
 ments ' ; < The Witch of Nemi ' ; < The Tribune 
 Reflects.' 
 
 Saint-Lambert, Jean Frangois, Marquis de 
 (saii-lam-bar'). A French philosopher and 
 poet ; born at Nancy, Dec. 26, 1716 ; died at 
 Paris, Feb. 9, 1803. He won fame by his poem 
 'The Seasons' (1769), for which the encyclo- 
 pedists and Voltaire prophesied immortality;'
 
 SAINT-MARC — SAINT-VICTOR 
 
 477 
 
 but it has little merit either in style or in sub- 
 stance. Far better are his < Fugitive Poems > 
 (1759); ^^'^ his 'Stories,* republished 1883. 
 His < Universal Catechism,* despite its materi- 
 alistic principles, was approved by the Institute 
 in 1810, as a text-book on ethics. 
 
 Saint-Marc- Girardin, Frangois Auguste 
 (sah-mark' zhe-rar-dah')- A French literary 
 critic ; born at Paris, Feb. 12, 1801 ; died April 
 II, 1873. With Philarete Chasles he wrote 
 ' View of French Literature in the i6th Cen- 
 tury' (1828), which won the first prize of the 
 Academy. He wrote also : < Political and Lit- 
 erary Notes on Germany* (1835); < Intermediate 
 Education in Germany* (2 vols., 1835-38); 
 
 < Essay on Literature and Morals * (2 vols., 
 1845); < Course of Dramatic Literature; or, 
 The Use of the Passions in the Drama* (1843; 
 iith ed. 5 vols., 1875-77); < Recollections and 
 Political Reflections of a Journalist* (1859 1; 
 <Lafontaine and the Fabulists* (2 vols., 1867); 
 <J. J. Rousseau, his Life and Works* (2 vols., 
 1875). 
 
 Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de (san-piar'). The 
 celebrated author of < Paul and Virginia * ; 
 born in Havre, Jan. 19, 1737 ; died at Eragny- 
 sur-Oise, Jan. 21, 1814. His works include : < Voy- 
 age to the Isle of France* (1773); < Studies of 
 Nature* (1784); <Vows of a Solitary* (1789); 
 <The Indian Cottage* (1790); < Harmonies of 
 Nature * (179-) ; < On Nature and Morality * (1798); 
 
 < Voyage to Silesia* (1807); <The Death of Soc- 
 rates* (1808); < Essay on Newspapers* (1808); 
 
 < Essay on J. J. Rousseau* (1809?); < Stories of 
 Travel* (1809-12); etc. 
 
 Saint-Pierre, Charles Irenee Castel, Abb^ 
 
 de. A French philanthropist ; born at St. Pierre 
 (Normandy), Feb. 18, 1658; died April 29, 1743. 
 Among his writings are : < Project of Universal 
 Peace* (3 vols., 1713); < Polysynody,* a severe 
 stricture on Louis XIV.'s government, and a 
 plan for the administration of the affairs of the 
 kingdom by a system of councils for each de- 
 partment of the government; and a number 
 of projects for the betterment of society in 
 every way. 
 
 Saint-Real, Cesar Ricbard, Abbe de (san- 
 ra-al'). A PVeach historian, called << the French 
 Sallust**; born at Chamb^ry, 1639; died there, 
 1692. He was ofhcial historian of Savoy, and 
 wrote a < History of the Spanish Conspiracy of 
 1618 against the Republic of Venice* (1674), 
 his principal work. His historical novel, < Don 
 Carlos,* is the chief source of Schiller's drama 
 of that name. His works have been often re- 
 printed (8 vols., 1757). 
 
 Saintsbury, George Edward Bateman. An 
 
 eminent English critic and literary historian ; 
 born at Southampton, Oct. 23, 1845. He has 
 been a master in Elizabeth College, Guernsey, 
 head-master of the Elgin Educational Institute 
 (1874-76), and a constant contributor to British 
 reviews. He is noted for his profound learn- 
 ing, sound judgment, and lucid style. Among 
 his numerous works are : <A Primer of French 
 Literature* (1880), in universal use; 'Life of 
 
 Dryden* (1881) ; < Short History of French 
 Literature* (1882); <Life of Marlborough* 
 (1885); 'History of Elizabethan Literature' 
 (1887); 'Essays on French Novelists* (1891); 
 'The Earl of Derby* (1892); 'Corrected Im- 
 pressions* (1895), essays on Victorian writers; 
 
 < History of 19th-century Literature, 1780-1895 * 
 (1896). He has also edited the < Pocket Library 
 of English Literature* (6 vols.,); 'The EarJitr 
 Renaissance.* 
 
 Saint-Simon, Claude Henri, Count de fsan 
 se-moh')- A. French socialist reformer; born 
 at Paris, Oct. 17, 1760 ; died May 19, 1825. His 
 first work, < Letters of an Inhabitant of Geneva 
 to his Contemporaries* (1802), proposed a sci- 
 entific reconstruction of society ; to the same 
 end he wrote : ' Reorganization of European 
 Society* (1814); 'The Organizer* (1820); 'The 
 Industrial System* (3 vols., 1821-23); 'Literary, 
 Philosophical, and Industrial Opinions' (1825); 
 
 < Industrial Catechism > (1825); ' The New Chris- 
 tianity * ; ' Literary, Philosophical and Industrial 
 Opinions.* 
 
 Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroy, Due de. 
 A celebrated French annalist ; born Jan. 16, 
 1675 ; died March 2, 1755. His < Memoirs > are 
 among the principal sources of the personal 
 history of France during his lifetime. The 
 ' Memoirs* were first published in 20 vols. (1756- 
 58), and afterward in " complete and authen- 
 tic** form in 21 vols. (1829-30); to them suc- 
 ceeded ' Unpublished Writings * (8 vols., 1886- 
 92) and ' Unpublished Papers, Letters, and Dis- 
 patches on the Embassy to Spain' (1880). 
 
 Saint Victor, Adam de (san vek-tor'). A 
 French poet who flourished in the twelfth cen- 
 tury, and is especially revered for his beautiful 
 and elevated Latin hymns. 
 
 Saint- Victor, Jacques Benjamin Maximil- 
 ien. Count de. A West-Indian author; born 
 in Fort Dauphin, San Domingo, Jan. 14, 1770 ; 
 died in Paris, Aug. 8, 1858. He was connected 
 with the Journal des Ddbats under Napoleon, 
 and established several Roman Catholic and 
 Royalist magazines. His writings include : 
 ' Paris from the Time of the Gauls to our 
 Own Day' (3 vols., 1808-12); 'Poetic Works' 
 (1822); 'Letters on the United States, Written 
 in 1832-33' (2 vols., 1835); and 'Journal of 
 Travel' (2 vols., 1836). 
 
 Saint- Victor, Paul Binsse, Count de. A 
 
 French literary and art critic and journalist; 
 born at Paris, July 11, 1825; died there, July 
 9, 1881. He rose to distinction first through 
 his weekly critiques of the stage and of the 
 annual exhibitions of fine art. His two prin- 
 cipal works are: 'Men and Gods' (1867; 4th 
 ed. 1872), a volume of historico-sesthetic stud- 
 ies, among which the essay on 'The Venus of 
 Milo' merits special mention; and 'The Two 
 Masques: A Tragedy-Comedy' (3 vols., 1880- 
 83), an uncompleted work on the ancient and 
 the modern stage. He wrote also : ' The 
 Women of Goethe' (1869); 'Victor Hugo' 
 (1885); 'Ancients and Moderns' (1886); 'The 
 Theatre of To-day : E. Augier and A. Dumas 
 fils* (1889).
 
 478 
 
 Sala, George Augusttis Henry. A famous 
 English newspaper correspondent; bom in 
 London, Nov. 24, 1828 ; died at Brighton, Dec. 
 8, 1895. During the American Civil War he 
 was correspondent (1863-64) of the London 
 Telegraph, for the same paper in Algiers in 
 1864 and again in 1875, at the Paris Exposition 
 in 1867, and during the Franco-German War, 
 1870-71. He published the novels <Quite 
 Alone> and <Captain Dangerous); <America Re- 
 visited) (18S2); <Ix)ndon up to Date) (1894); 
 and his own <Life and Adventures) (1895). His 
 celebrated <Cook Book,) which sold enormously 
 in London, shows his versatility and knowledge 
 of human «intemal affairs. » 
 
 Sale, George. An English lawyer, and stu- 
 dent of Arabic and Mohammedan history ; 
 bom probably in Kent, about 1697; died in 
 London, Nov. 13, 1736. He is most celebrated 
 as the translator of the Koran, his version of 
 which is still a standard ; his introduction is 
 particularly comprehensive, and appreciative of 
 the Mohammedan religion. He contributed the 
 Oriental biographies to the translation of Bayle's 
 
 < General Dictionary,) which was published in 
 London in 10 vols, in 1734; and was one of 
 the learned men selected to make the English 
 
 < Universal History,) but his part in the work 
 was not published until 1739, after his death. 
 
 Sal lust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). A 
 Roman historian ; born in 87 B. C; died at 
 Rome, about 34 B. C. His known remaining 
 works are : < The Conspiracy of Catiline > and 
 *The History of the War against Jugurtha.) 
 A lost history of his covered only the period 
 from B. C. 78 to 67. 
 
 Salm-Dyck, Constance Marie de Theis, 
 Princess of (sam-dek'). A French poet and 
 miscellaneous writer; born at Nantes, Nov. 17, 
 1767 ; died at Paris, April 13, 1845. She wrote 
 a series of poetical * Epistles,) one < To Wo- 
 men,) another <On the Blindness of this Age.) 
 She also wrote : < My Threescore Years > (1833); 
 *The Twenty-Four Hours of a Sensible Wo- 
 man ) ; < Cantata on the Marriage of Napoleon.) 
 
 Salomon ben Judah. See Avicebron. 
 
 Saltus, Edgar Everston. An American nov- 
 elist ; born in New York, June 8, 1858. He was 
 educated in Europe, and graduated at the Co- 
 lumbia Law School. He is represented in fic- 
 tion and miscellany by < Balzac) (1884); <The 
 Philosophy of Disenchantment) (1885); < The 
 Anatomy of Negation) (1886); <After-Dinner 
 Stories) (t886), a translation from Balzac ; < Mr. 
 Incoul's Misadventure) (1887); <The Truth 
 about Tristrem Varick) (1888); <Eden) (1888); 
 <A Transaction in Hearts) (1888); <The Pace 
 that Kills) (1889); <A Transient Guest) (1889); 
 
 < Love and Lore) (1890); <Mary Magdalen) 
 (1891); < Imperial Purple > (1892); < Madam Sap- 
 phira) (1893); < Enthralled) (1894); <When 
 Dreams Come True > ; < The Pomps of Satan ) ; 
 
 < The Lords of the Ghostland.) 
 
 Saltus, Francis Saltus. An American poet, 
 brother of Edgar ; born 1S49 ; died 1889. He is 
 of the modern school of poets. He published 
 
 SALA— SAND 
 
 a book of poems, < Honey and Gall,) in 1873 5 
 and another collection, bearing the title <The 
 Bayadere and Other Sonnets,) appeared in 1894. 
 
 Saltykov, Michail YevgriifovicU (sal'te- 
 kof ) ; pseudonym, « N. Shtshedrin.)) A noted 
 Russian satirist ; born Jan. 27, 1826 ; died at St. 
 Petersburg, May 12, 1889. The first work to 
 give him celebrity throughout Russia was 
 < Sketches from the Provinces) (1856): it was 
 followed by < Satires in Prose) and < Innocent 
 Stories) (1863); < Signs of the Times) (1869); 
 <Male and Female Pompadours) (1876); < Across 
 the Frontier); <An Idyll of To-day) (1884-86); 
 < Life's Pettinesses) (1887). The Russian press 
 laws compel the author to use an allegorical 
 style, which makes his meaning unintelligible 
 to foreigners. 
 
 Sanborn, Katharine Abbott. An American 
 miscellaneous writer and lecturer; born in Han- 
 over, N. H., 1839. She was professor of English 
 literature in Smith College for several years, 
 and resigned in 1886. Her publications under 
 the name of « Kate Sanborn )) include : < Home 
 Pictures of English Poets ) ; the < Round Table 
 Series of Literature Lessons ) ; < The Vanity 
 and Insanity of Genius ) ; <A Year of Sunshine ) ; 
 < Adopting an Abandoned Farm ) ; < Abandoning 
 an Adopted Farm > ; < Old Time Wall Papers.) 
 
 Sand, George (Baronne Dudevant: bora 
 Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin). The cel- 
 ebrated French novelist ; born in Paris, July 
 2, 1804; died at Nohant, June 7, 1876. Her 
 works include : < A Tourist's Letters ) ( 1830-36) ; 
 < Indiana) (1831?); < Valentine) (1832); <Llie) 
 (1833); <Aldo the Poet) (1833); <The Private 
 Secretary) (1834); <Andrd) (1834); < Leone 
 Leoni> (1834); < Jacques) (1834); <Mauprat) 
 (1836); < Simon) (1836); <The Masters of Mo- 
 saic) (1837); <The Last Aldini) (1837); < Us- 
 coque> (1838); <A Winter at Majorca) (1838); 
 <Spiridion) (1838); < Gabriel ) (1839); <The 
 Seven Strings of the Lyre) (1840); <The Missis- 
 sippians) (1840); < Pauline) (1840); < Horace* 
 (1841); 'The Companion of a French Tour^ 
 (1841); <Consuelo) (1842); 'The Countess ot 
 Rudolstadt) (1843); 'Jeanne) (1844); <Isidora> 
 (1845); 'Teverino) (1845); 'The Miller of 
 Angibault) (1845); 'The Devil's PooP (1846); 
 ' M. Antoine's Sin) (1847); 'Lucrezia Floriani* 
 (1847); 'Fran9ois le Champi) (1847); 'The Lit- 
 tle Fadette) (1849); 'The Castle of Solitude) 
 (1849); 'The Master Ringers) (1853); 'Story of 
 My Life) (1854); 'Mont Reveche) (1855); ^The 
 Devil in the Fields) (1856); 'She and He* 
 (1858); 'The Green Ladies) (1859); 'Laura* 
 (1859); 'The Snow Man) (1859); 'Jean de la 
 Roche) (i860); 'Flavia) (i860); 'Valvedra* 
 (1861); < Tamaris ) (1861); 'Antonia ) (1861); ' The 
 Germandre Family) (1861); 'The Fine Gentle- 
 men of Bois-Dor^) (1862); < Mile, de la Quin- 
 tinie) (1864); <A Young Girl's Confession* 
 (1865); 'Monsieur Sylvestre) (1866); 'The Last 
 Love) (1867); 'Cadio) (1868); 'Mile. Merquem* 
 (1868); 'A Rolling Stone) (1869); 'Daniella* 
 (1869); 'The Little Daughter* (1869); 'Narcis- 
 sus) (1870); 'Village Walks) (1870); 'Loves of
 
 SJANDBACK — SARDOU 
 
 479 
 
 the Golden Age> (1870); <Cesarine Dietrecht» 
 (1871); < Journal of a Tourist during the War> 
 (1871); <Mlle. de C<<rignan> (1871); etc. Her 
 dramatic works include: <Cosima> (1840); 
 
 < The King Waits > (1848); < Fran9ois le Champi > 
 (1849); < Claudia > (1851); <Victorine's Marriage > 
 (1851); <The Demon of the Hearth > (1852); 
 <Moli&re>(i8S3); <The Crusher > (1853); < Mau- 
 prat> (1853); <Flaminio> (1854); < Master Fa- 
 villa> (1855); <Lucia> (1855?); <As You Like 
 It > (1856); <Fran9oise> (1856); <The Fine Gen- 
 tlemen of Bois-Dord> (1862); <The Pavement > 
 (1862); <The Marquis of Villemer> (1863-64); 
 <Drac> (1864); <The Village Don Juan> 
 (1866); <Cadio> (1868); etc. Many of these 
 were founded on her novels. 
 
 Sandback, Mrs. Henry Roscoe. An English 
 poet, granddaughter of William Roscoe the 
 historian. Her works are : < Amidei : A Tra- 
 gedy); < Poems> (1840); < Giuliano de' Medici,> a 
 drama (1842); <Aurora and Other Poems > (1850). 
 
 Sandeau, Leonard Sylvain Jules (saii-do'). 
 A celebrated French novelist and man of let- 
 ■»ers; born in Aubusson, Feb. 19, 181 1; died in 
 Paris, April 24, 1883. He wrote: < Madame 
 de Sommerville> {1834); <Marianna> (1840); 
 
 < Doctor Herbeau> (1841); <Fernand> (1844); 
 •Catherine) (1846); < Valcreuse> (1846); <Mlle. 
 de laSeiglifere> (1848); < Madeleine' (1848); <A 
 Legacy* (1849); < Bags and Parchments' (1851); 
 'The House of Penarvan> ( 1858); <A Beginning 
 in the Magistracy* (1862); <J. de Thommeray> 
 il873); etc. 
 
 Sanford, Edward. An American poet and 
 (ournalist ; born in Albany, N. Y., July 8, 1805 ; 
 died in Gowanda, N. Y., Aug. 28, 1876. In- 
 cluded in his best-known works are a poetical 
 address to Black Hawk, and < The Loves of 
 the Shell-Fishes.' Many of his verses, which 
 are graceful and humorous, have been published 
 in various collections. 
 
 Sanluentes, Salvador ( san-fwen'tas ). A 
 Chilian poet; born in Santiago, Feb. 2, 1817; 
 died there, July 17, i860. Among his works 
 are: < Caupolican,' a drama in verse (1835); 
 t £1 Canipanario ' (1838); <Teudo; or, Memo- 
 ries of a Solitary' (1858); and < Chile, from the 
 Battle of Chacabuco to that of Maipo > (1850). 
 
 Sangster, Charles. A Canadian poet and 
 edit' 1: born la Kingston, Ont, July 16, 1822. 
 lltr was editor of the Amherstburg Courier 
 ( I <4()), and published <The St. Lawrence and 
 Uie Saguenay, and Other Poems' (1856), and 
 
 < Hesperus: Poems and Lyrics' (i860). 
 
 Sangster, Margaret Elizabeth (Munson). 
 An American poet and prose-writer ; born in 
 New Rochelle, N. Y., Feb. 22, 1838. She was 
 editorially connected with Hearth and Home 
 (1871-73) and The Christian at Work (1873- 
 ig); since 1889 has been editor of Harper's 
 Bazar. Her most noted poems are : < Our 
 Own ' ; < The Sin of Omission ' ; and < Are the 
 Children at Home ? ' Among her books for 
 girls are: <May Stanhope and her Friend'; 
 
 < Maidie's Problem > ; < The Joyful Life.' 
 
 Santayana, George. A Spanish-American 
 poet and educator; born in Spain, 1863. He 
 is professor of philosophy at Harvard, and 
 has published: < Sonnets and Other Poems,' 
 and <The Sense of Beauty: An Outline of 
 ^Esthetic Theory ' ; < The Life of Reason.' 
 
 Santillana, Ifiigo Lopez de Mendoza, Mar- 
 ques de (san"tel-ya'na). A Spanish poet ; born 
 at Carrion de los Condes, Aug. 19, 1398; died 
 at Guadalajara, March 25, 1458. He was made 
 marquis for his services in the Moorish wars. 
 He had much to do with the reform of Cas- 
 tilian poetry by subjecting it to the laws of 
 the Italian classic school, and of the later 
 Catalan-Proven9al school of the court poets. 
 In the Italian-classic style are his < Proverbs' 
 or < Hundred Adages,' a collection of 100 prov- 
 erbs in 8-verse strophes; and the < Dialogue 
 of Bias against Fortune.' His allegorical poem 
 in dialogue form, the <Comediette of Ponza,' 
 after the manner of Dante, had an influence 
 on the development of the Spanish drama. 
 Besides poems, he vsTote for the Constable of 
 Portugal, Dom Pedro, a memoir which is of great 
 value for the history of ancient Spanish poetry. 
 
 Saphir, Moritz (safer). An Austrian hu- 
 morist ; born at Lovas-Ber^ny in Hungary, 
 Feb. 8, 1795; died near Vienna, Sept. 5, 1858. 
 Among his numerous writings are : < Album for 
 Play and Earnest, Fun and Humor' (2 vols., 
 1846; 5th ed. 1875); < Dictionary of Wit and 
 Humor' (2 ed., 5 vols., i860). 
 
 Sappho (saf'o). A renowned Greek poet; 
 born in the island of Lesbos about 612 B. C. 
 Of her life little is known. Besides some 
 small fragments of her poems, we have in com- 
 plete form a < Hymn to Aphrodite ' and an 
 <Ode to a Beautiful Girl.' In antiquity, as 
 Homer was ever «The Poet" par excellence, 
 so Sappho was «The Poetess." 
 
 Sarcey, Franclsque (sar-sa'). A French 
 author and critic; born at Dourdan (Seine-et- 
 Oise), Oct. 8, 1827 : died at Paris, May 16, 1899. 
 As a dramatic critic he was highly esteemed for 
 his independence of judgment, and his wide ac- 
 quaintance with dramatic literature and the his- 
 tory of the stage. He published : < History of the 
 Siege of Paris,' which .n its first year reached 
 the 30th edition ; < The Word and the Thing,' 
 philosophical conversations (1862); <Etienne 
 Moret,' a semi-autobiographical story (1875); 
 'Recollections of Youth > (1884) ;< Recollections 
 of Mature Age' ; < Forty Years of the Theatre > 
 (1900). 
 
 Sardou, Victorlen (sar-do'). A celebrated 
 French dramatist ; born in Paris, Sept. 7, 1831. 
 He began play-writing in early life, although 
 intended originally for the medical profession. 
 Among his plays are : < The Students' Inn > 
 (1854); < Monsieur Garat' (1857 ?); < Saint Ger- 
 vais' (l86c); < Blockheads' (1861); <Piccolino> 
 (1861?); <Our Intimates' (186-); <The Butter- 
 flv' (1862); <The Black Devils' (1863); <Don 
 Quixote' (1864); <The Benotton Family' (1865); 
 <The New House' (1866); <Seraphine> (1868); 
 <Femande' (1870); <Rabagas' (1872); < Uncle
 
 48o 
 
 SARGENT — SAVAGE 
 
 Sam> (1873); <Ferr^ol> (1875); <Dora> (1877); 
 'Daniel Rochat> (1880); <Divor9ons> (1881); 
 
 < Odette > (1882); < Fedora > (1883); < Theodora > 
 (1884); < Crocodile) (1886); < La Tosca> (1887); 
 <Thermidor> (1891); »Gisinonda> (1894); < Ma- 
 dame Sans-Gene > ; etc. He was elected to the 
 Academy in 1877 and died Nov. 8, 1908. 
 
 Sargent, Charles Sprague. An American 
 botanist and arboriculturist ; born in Boston, 
 1841. He has been director of the botanic 
 garden and arboretum, and professor of arbori- 
 culture, at Harvard. He has written many 
 authoritative reports and books, among them: 
 
 < Report on the Forests of North America > ; 
 
 < The Woods of the United States > ; < Notes on 
 the Forest Flora of Japan > ; < The Silva of North 
 .\inerica > ; complete and authoritative work on 
 tiie trees of North America ; * Report on the 
 Forests of North America' ; and < Manual of 
 the Trees of North America.' 
 
 Sargent, Epes. An American journalist, 
 dramatist, verse and prose writer ; born in 
 Gloucester, Mass., Sept. 27, 1813 ; died in Boston, 
 Hec. 31, 1880. His works include: < Change 
 Makes Change,' a comedy; <The Priestess,* a 
 tragedy; < Wealth and Worth* (1840), a novel; 
 * Peculiar : A Tale of the Great Transition > 
 (1863); <Life of Henry Clay.> < Songs of the 
 Sea> and <A Life on the Ocean Wave' are the 
 most popular of his verses. His < Cyclopaedia 
 of English and American Poetry > was published 
 in 1883. 
 
 Sargent, Nathan. [« Oliver 01dschool.»] An 
 American journalist and publicist ; born in 
 Poultney, Vt., May 5, 1794; died in Washing- 
 ton, D. C, Feb. 2, 1875. He held many public 
 positions, was connected with and established 
 several newspapers, and under his pen-name 
 wrote a series of famous letters from Wash- 
 ington to the United States Gazette. He pub- 
 lished a < Life of Henry Clay' (1844), and < Pub- 
 lic Men and Events' (2 vols., 1875). 
 
 Sargent, Winthrop. An American lawyer 
 and historical writer; born in Philadelphia, 
 Sept. 23, 1825; died in Paris, May 18, 1870. 
 He lived in New York city, and wrote largely 
 for the press on historical subjects. His < His- 
 tory of an Expedition against Fort Duquesne 
 in 1755 under Gen. Braddock' (1855) has been 
 highly esteemed. He wrote <The Loyalist 
 Poetry of the Revolution' (1857) and the < Life 
 and Career of Major John Andre' (1861). 
 
 Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino (sarm- 
 yen't5j. President of the Argentine Republic, 
 and educational writer ; born in San Juan, A. R., 
 Feb. 15,1811 ; died in Asuncion, Paraguay, Sept. 
 II, 1888. During 1845-47 he visited Europe 
 and the United States to study the system of 
 primary schools. During his travels he made 
 the acquaintance of Cobden, Guizot, Hum- 
 boldt, and Horace Mann; under the influence 
 of the latter he wrote < Popular Education,* 
 published (1848) by the Chilian government. 
 Other important works of his are : < Life of 
 Lincoln* (1866), and <The Schools the Found- 
 atioz?. of Well-Being in the United States > (1868). 
 
 Sartoris, Mrs. Adelaide. An English opera 
 singer and miscellaneous writer; born 1814; 
 died 1879. She wrote : <A W^eek in a French 
 Country House' (1867); 'Medusa, and Other 
 Tales' (1868); <Past Hours' (2 vols., 1880), a 
 collection of the author's fugitive pieces; and 
 an unfinished work, < Judith.' 
 
 Saulcy, Louis Felicien Joseph Caignart de 
 
 (so-se'). A French numismatist and antiqua- 
 rian ; born in Lille, March 19, 1807 ; died in 
 Paris, Nov. 3, 1880. He first obtained special 
 attention as a numismatist by his < Essa}' on 
 the Classification of Byzantine Coinage* (1836). 
 Among his works are : < Tour in the Holy 
 Land > (1865) ; < Last Days of Jerusalem * (1866); 
 
 < Story of Herod ' (1867) ; and < Seven Centuries 
 of Jewish History' (1874). 
 
 Saunders, Frederick. An American scholar 
 and miscellaneous writer; born at London, 
 Aug. 13, 1807. He was librarian of the Astor 
 Librar)', New York, 1859-96. He wrote : * Me- 
 moirs of the Great Metropolis ' (London, 1852) ; 
 <New York in a Nut-Shell' (1853); < Salad for 
 the Solitary, by an Epicure' (1S53); < Salad for 
 the Social' (1856); < Pearls (A Thought, Reli- 
 gious and Philosophical, Gathered from Old 
 Authors* (1858); < Mosaics* (1859); < Festival 
 of Song* (1866); 'About Women, Love, and 
 Marriage* (1868); 'Evenings with the Sacred 
 Poets* (1869; enlarged 1885); 'Pastime Papers' 
 ( 1885 ) ; 'Story of Some Famous Books' ( 18S7 ). 
 He died at Brooklyn, Dec. 12, 1902. 
 
 Sauniere, Paul (son-yar'). A French story- 
 writer; born at Paris, 1827. He wrote: 'Ihe 
 Fatal Prediction * ; ' The Bluebeard Nobleman * ; 
 'Father Grabpenny*; 'King Misery* (1868); 
 'Miss Aglae' (1874); * The True Adventures 
 of Jean Barchalou' (1876); 'A Son-in-Law at 
 Any Cost* (1879); 'The Nephew from Amer- 
 ica* (1881); 'The Little Marquise* (1883); 
 'Mother Michel* (1886); 'A Daughter of the 
 Pharaohs* (1888); 'Quicksilver* (1889); 'The 
 Recluse of Montfleury* (1889). 
 
 Saussure, Henri de (so-siir'). A Swiss 
 naturalist ; born at Geneva, 1829. He was a 
 member of the scientific expedition to Mexico, 
 and wrote several memoirs on the insects of 
 that country. He wrote also : ' Memoir to 
 Serve for the Natural History of Mexico, the 
 Antilles, and the United States* (1872); 'The 
 Genevan Explorers of the Alps* (1879J. 
 
 Sauvage, Thomas Marie Francois (so- 
 vazh'). A French dramatist; born at Paris, 
 1794; died there, 1877. Among his plays are: 
 
 < The Portfolio ; or, the Impromptu Lord > 
 (1820); 'Margaret of Anjou* (1826); 'The 
 Drunkard* (1830); 'A Provincial Conspiracy* 
 (1832); 'The Sea Wolf* (1840); 'The Amazon* 
 (1846); 'The Carnival of Venice* (i860); 'My 
 Lord's Coat* (1862). 
 
 Savage, John. An iVmerican journalist and 
 miscellaneous writer; born in Dublin, Ireland, 
 Dec. 13, 1828 ; died in 1888. He came to New 
 York in 1848, and subsequently in Washington 
 became proprietor of The States, the organ of
 
 SAVAGE — SAYCE 
 
 481 
 
 Stephen A. iDouglas. Included in his popular 
 war-songs are <The Starry Flag> and <The 
 Muster of the North.* Among his other works 
 are: <Our Living Representative Men> (i860); 
 < Poems : Lyrical, Dramatic, and Romantic > 
 (1870); < Picturesque Ireland> (1878-83); and 
 'Waiting for a \Vife,> a comedy (1859). 
 
 Savage, Minot Judson. A noted Unitarian 
 clergyman ; born in Norridgewock, Me., June 
 10, 1841. He graduated at the Theological Sem- 
 inary at Bangor, 1864; went to California as a 
 Congregational home missionary, and preached 
 at San Mateo and at Grass Valley. He re- 
 moved to Framingham, Mass.; thence was 
 called to Indianapolis, and afterwards to Han- 
 nibal, Mo. He accepted a call to the Third 
 Unitarian Church in Chicago in 1873, and after 
 a year there was installed pastor of the Church 
 of the Unity, Boston, where he remained for 
 twenty-two years. He is now in the Church of 
 the Messiah, New York, in association with 
 Dr. Robert Collyer. In his very active career 
 he has published over thirty books on religious, 
 social, and moral questions, among which may 
 be mentioned: <The Religion of Evolution* 
 \1876); < Social Problems* (1886); <My Creed* 
 (1887); < Jesus and Modern Life* (1893); <A 
 Man* (1895); < Religion for To-day* (1897). He 
 has also published < "Hluffton : A Story of To-day > 
 (1878) ; < Poems,* and < Life's Dark Problems.* 
 
 Savage, Richard Henry. An American nov- 
 elist ; born in Utica, N. Y., June 10, 1846. He 
 wrote many notable works of fiction, among 
 them: < My Official Wife*; <A Daughter of 
 Judas * ; < The Anarchist * ; < In the Old Chateau ' ; 
 
 < The Masked Venus* ; < Miss Devereaux of tlie 
 Mariquita* ; and < After Many Years, and Other 
 Poems.' Died in N. Y. city, Oct. 11, 1903. 
 
 Savage-Armstrong, George Francis. An 
 
 Irish poet; born at Dublin, 1845. Among his 
 poetical works are : * Poems, Lyrical and Dra- 
 matic* (1879); <Ugone: A Tragedy* (1870); 
 <The Tragedy of Israel,* a trilogy (1872-76); 
 
 < Stories of Wicklow * ( 1886); < One in the Infinite » 
 (1891); < Queen Empress and Empire * (1897). 
 
 Savary, Nicolas (sa-var-e'j. A French 
 traveler and Orientalist ; born at Vitre, Brittany, 
 France, in 1750 ; died Feb. 4, 1788. He published : 
 ' Letters on Egypt* (3 vols., 1781-85); the Koran 
 in French, with a < Life of Mohammed* (2 
 vols., 1783J. 
 
 Savigny, Friedrich Karl von (sa-ven-ye')- 
 A distinguished jurist and historian of juris- 
 prudence ; born in Frankfort on the Main, Feb. 
 21, 1779 ; died in Berlin, Oct. 25, 1861. He stood 
 long at the head of what is termed the his- 
 torical school of jurisprudence. His principal 
 works were : < The Legal Right of Property * 
 (1803); <Tli€ Present System of Roman Juris- 
 prudence* (1840-49); < Contract Law*; < History 
 of the System of Roman Law in the Middle 
 Ages* ; etc. 
 
 Savioll, Luigi V. (sav-yo'le). An Italian 
 poet and historian ; born 1729 ; died 1804. He 
 published in his youth a volume of poems, 
 3J 
 
 <Amours*; translated the works of Tacitus; 
 and at the time of his death was engaged on 
 the composition of a historical work, <The 
 Annals of Bologna.* 
 
 Savonarola, Girolamo (sa-von-a-ro'la). One 
 of the great figures of Italian history; born at 
 Ferrara, Sept. 21, 1452; hanged and his body 
 burned May 23, 1498, a victim of the struggles of 
 parties and factions during the pontificate of 
 Alexander VI. (Borgia). The following are the 
 titles of some of his works : < The Triumph of 
 the Cross*; < Meditations on the Thirty-First 
 Psalm * ; < Sermons * ; < Poems,* the latter being 
 few in number; < Essays*; etc. 
 
 Sawyer, Leicester Ambrose. An American 
 clergyman, Biblical scholar, and author ; bom in 
 Pinckney, N. Y., July 28, 1807 ; died at Whites- 
 boro, N. Y., Dec. 29, 1898. He was pastor of 
 churches (1842-59), and published: <Elements 
 of Biblical Interpretation* (1836); <Mental Phi- 
 losophy* ( 1839); <Moral Philosophy*(i845); <Or- 
 ganic Christianity) (1854); 'Reconstruction of 
 Bible Theories* ( 1862) ; and <Final Theology; or, 
 Introduction to the New Testament* (Vol. i., 
 1879). He published a translation of the New 
 Testament, without the division into verses. 
 
 Saxe, John Godfrey. An American humor- 
 ous poet, very popular in his day; born in 
 Highgate, Vt., June 2, 1816; died in Albany, 
 N. Y., March 31, 1887. In 1872 he became edi- 
 torially connected with the Albany Evening 
 Journal, and subsequently contributed to Har- 
 per's Magazine and the Atlantic Monthly. His 
 most popular verses include < Rhyme of the 
 Rail* and < The Proud Miss McBride*; and 
 his published works < The Flying Dutchman; 
 or. The Wrath of Herr von Stoppelnose* (1862), 
 and < Leisure-Day Rhymes* (1875). 
 
 Saxo Grammaticus. A Danish historian ; 
 date of birth not known ; died about 1208. His 
 
 < Gesta Danorum* or < Historia Danica* con- 
 sists of 16 books, and extends to the year 1185. 
 Much valuable historical material is to be 
 found in the last six books. His surname was 
 given him on account of the correctness and 
 elegance of his Latin, which excited the ad- 
 miration of Erasmus. 
 
 Say, Jean Baptiste (sa). A noted French 
 economist ; born 1767 ; died 1832. He popular- 
 ized the theories of Adam Smith in France. 
 His best-known work is < Treatise on Political 
 Economy* (1803); but widely read also were 
 
 < Catechism of Political Economy* (1815), 
 
 < Complete Course in Practical Political Econ- 
 omy* (1829), and < Views of Men and Society* 
 (1817). His << theory of markets** attracted 
 great attention. 
 
 Sayce, Archibald Henry. An eminent Eng- 
 lish Orientalist and philologist; born Sept. 25, 
 1846. His works extend over various fields, 
 and are of great importance for comparative 
 philology and history. They include : < As- 
 syrian Grammar for Comparative Purposes * 
 (1872); < Elementary Assyrian Grammar* (1875); 
 
 < Lectures on the Assyrian Language* (1877);
 
 482 
 
 SCALIGER — SCHANDORPH 
 
 'Babylonian Literature' (1877); < Fresh Light 
 from the Monuments* (1884); < Ancient Em- 
 pires of the East> (1884); < Assyria: Its Princes, 
 Priests, and People* (1885); < Introduction to 
 the Books of Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther* 
 (1885); <IIibbert Lectures on the Origin and 
 Growth of Religion, as Illustrated by the Re- 
 ligion of the Ancient Babylonians* (1887); 
 'The Hittites* (1888); < Records of the Past* 
 (new series, 18S9-92); <Life and Times of 
 Isaiah* (1889); <The Races of the Old Tes- 
 tament' (1891); < Social Life among the As- 
 syrians and Babylonians* (1891); <A Primer 
 of Assyriology* (1894); < The Higher Criticism 
 and the Verdict of the Monuments* (1894); 
 < The Egypt of the Hebrews, and Herodotus > 
 (1895). Special mention should be made of 
 his* Principles of Comparative Philology*;' Intro- 
 duction to the Science of Language,* and • Relig- 
 ions of Ancient Egypt and Babylonia ' (1902). 
 
 Scaliger, Joseph Justus (skal'-i-j er). A 
 French critic and classical scholar of great 
 celebrity, son of J. C; born in Agen, 1540 ; died 
 at Leyden, 1609. He became one of the most 
 learned men of his age, with a prodigious knowl- 
 edge of classical antiquities and literature. He 
 was involved in controversy on account of his 
 conversion to Protestantism. Besides notes, 
 criticisms, and essays, on Catullus, Propertius, 
 Virgil, Moschus, and other authors, he wrote : 
 'The Emendation of Time* (1583), a work on 
 chronology and the calendar; 'The Treasure 
 of Time* (1606), in which he rearranged the 
 whole chronology of classical antiquity; etc. 
 
 Scaliger, Julius Csesar, originally della 
 Scala. A celebrated classical scholar, Italian 
 by birth, French by adoption ; born at the castle 
 of La Rocca in 1484; died at Agen, 1558. Ac- 
 cording to some scholars, "no one of the an- 
 cients could be placed above him, and the age 
 in which he lived could not show his equal** 
 in learning and talent. He published an 'Ora- 
 tion against Erasmus* {1531), in reply to that 
 scholar's ' Ciceronianus * ; 'Poems* (1533-74), 
 in Latin and filling several volumes ; < Comic 
 Metres'; and a variety of dissertations and 
 essays on classical subjects. 
 
 Scarron, Paul (skar-ron'). A French poet, 
 dramatist, and novelist; born at Paris about 
 1610; died there, Oct. 14, 1660. At the age of 
 30, in consequence of a rheumatic attack, in 
 which he was treated by a quack doctor, he 
 became an invalid for life, — deformed and con- 
 torted, and suffering continual pain. His best 
 work is the 'Comic Romance* (2 vols., 1651- 
 57, but never completed), the story of a band 
 of strolling actors : it paints manners and 
 characters with great vividness. In this novel 
 Scarron draws on Spanish sources, as he does 
 also in the comedies ' The Ridiculous Heir * ; 
 'Jodelet*; 'Don Japhet of Armenia*; 'The 
 Scholar of Salamanca.* His travesty of the 
 .(Eneid (1648-53) was in its day regarded as a 
 masterpiece of genuine burlesque humor ; but 
 it is now rated as unworthy of the author's 
 great talent. He married in 1652 Fran9oise 
 
 d'Aubignd, who afterward, as Mme. de Mainte- 
 non, became the wife of Louis XIV. 
 Schack, Adolph Friedricli, Count von 
 
 (shiik). A distinguished German Oriental 
 scholar and historian of literatuie; born in 
 Schwerin, Aug. 2, 1815; died in Rome, April 
 14, 1894. His works embrace many subjects; 
 but his especial distinction is as a student and 
 critic of Arabic, Persian, and Sanskrit literature. 
 He published : ' History of Dramatic Art and 
 literature in Spain* (1845-46); 'Poetry and Art 
 of the Arabs in Spain and Sicily* (1865); 'His- 
 tory of the Normans in Sicily* (1889); etc. His 
 translations of Oriental classics are celebrated, 
 and include ' Hero Songs [or epics] of Firdusi ' 
 (1851), for which he was decorated by the Shah; 
 'Firdusi* (1853), additional translations; ' Stro- 
 phes of Omar Khayydm* (1878); 'Voices from 
 the Ganges,* a series of Hindu poems ; ' Mej- 
 nun and Leila,* the famous story by Jami ; etc. 
 He also wrote original poetry, but not until 
 he had attained his sixtieth year; among his 
 verse being 'Lotus Leaves* (1882), 'Memnon* 
 (1885), 'Epistles and Elegies* (1894), etc. He 
 is the author of an interesting work on 'Maz- 
 zini and Unified Italy.' 
 
 Scliafarik or Safarik, Pavel Josef (shiiTa- 
 rik). A celebrated Czech philologist, historian, 
 and philosopher; born at Kobelarova, in the 
 county of Gomor in Hungary, May 13, 1795: 
 died at Prague, June 26, 1861. He began ai 
 an early age to collect Slavic folk-songs (pub 
 lished 1823-27). He translated into his native 
 tongue the,' Clouds' of Aristophanes, and Schil- 
 ler's ' Mary Stuart* (1815). His principal work 
 is 'Slavic Antiquities* (1837). His 'Ground 
 Principles of Old-Czechish Grammar* (1845) 
 marked an epoch in the history of the Czech 
 language. He wrote also : ' Flistory of the 
 Slavic Language and Literature* (1826); 'The 
 Most Ancient Monuments of the Bohemian 
 Language' (1840). 
 
 Schaflf, Philip (shaf). A distinguished Amer- 
 ican Presbyterian theologian ; born at Coire, 
 Switzerland, Jan. I, 1819 ; died in New York, 
 Dec. 20, 1893. He came to the United States in 
 1844, and until 1863 held the professorship of 
 church history at Mercersburg, Pa. In 1873 he 
 was appointed professor of sacred literature 
 in Union Seminary, New York. He pub- 
 lished : 'Principles of Protestantism' ; < His- 
 tory of the Christian Church ' ; < Creeds of 
 Christendom ' ; ' Theological Propaedeutics > ; 
 'Christ and Christianity'; 'Critical Edition of 
 the Heidelberg Catechism ' ; ' Bible Revision * ; 
 ' Through Bible Lands * ; ' Progress of Religious 
 Freedom * ; ' Church and State in the United 
 States * ; ' The Person of Christ * ; ' Literature 
 and Poetry' ; < A Companion to the Greek Testa- 
 ment and the English Version'; etc. He edited 
 the Schaff-Herzog < Encyclopedia of Religious 
 Knowledge '; 'Lange's Commentary' ; etc. 
 
 Schandorph, Sophus (shan''dorf). A Danish 
 poet and story-writer ; bom at Ringsted, May 
 8, 1837 ; died at Fredericksberg, January i, 
 1901, His earl) poems were an echo of the
 
 SCHEFER— SCHILLER 
 
 483 
 
 old Romance poel.y; and his dramatic poem 
 'Out in the Forest* (1868) has a like inspi- 
 ration. But his native talent was awakened in 
 1872, chiefly by the lectures of Georg Brandes, 
 and thenceforth he was a pronounced realist. 
 The first fruits of the change to realism are 
 seen in <From the Provinces* (1876), a collec- 
 tion of short tales, which were followed by 
 'Youthful Days> (1879); 'Little Folk* (1880); 
 < Story of Thomas Fris > ( 1881 ) ; < Reminiscences > 
 (1889); 'William Yang's Student Years > (1894). 
 
 Scbefer, Leopold (sha'fer). A German poet 
 and story- writer ; born at Muskau, Silesia, 
 July 30, 1784; died there, Feb. 16, 1862. From 
 1816 to 1820 he traveled in Austria, Italy, 
 Greece, the Ionian Islands, Turkey, and Asia 
 Minor, and then began to publish his long series 
 of stories. Among them are : < The Countess 
 Ufeld> (1834); ' Many Men, Many Minds > (1840), 
 a story of witchcraft ; ' Divine Comedy at Rome > 
 (2d ed. 1842); 'The Sibyl of Mantua > (1852), 
 a pointed satire on the modern conventicle. 
 His chief poetical works are: 'Vigils* (1842); 
 'The Layman's Breviary* (1834; l8th ed. 1884); 
 'The Secular Priest* (1846); in these the tone is 
 moral and religious, leaning toward pantheism ; 
 'Hafiz in Hellas, by a Hadji* (1853). 
 
 Scheffel, Joseph Viktor von (shef'ei). A 
 prominent German poet and novelist ; born at 
 Karlsruhe, Feb. 16, 1826; died April 9, 1886. 
 In 1854 he published his famous epic poem, 
 ' The Trumpeter of Sackingen.* The historical 
 novel ' Ekkehard * came out in 1855. < Gaude- 
 amus* (1868) is a collection of lyrics, many of 
 which became favorite student songs. ' Mount- 
 ain Psalms* (1870) is a collection of poems. 
 
 Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von 
 
 (shel'ling). A celebrated German thinker, one 
 of the four chief metaphysical philosophers of 
 Germany ; born at Leonberg, Wiirtemberg, Jan. 
 27, 1775 ; died at the Ragaz baths, Switzerland, 
 Aug. 20, 1854. His system was at first one of 
 idealistic pantheism, akin to those of Fichte 
 and Hegel ; later his views were interpreted as 
 furnishing a philosophic basis for Christianity. 
 He had high poetic gifts. His works include : 
 'On the Possibility of a Form of Philosophy* 
 (1794); 'On the Ego as the Principle of Phi- 
 losophy' (1795); 'Ideas for a Philosophy of 
 Nature* (1797); 'On the Soul of the World* 
 (1798); 'First Sketch of a System of the Phi- 
 losophy of Nature* (1799); 'System of Tran- 
 scendental Idealism* (1800); 'Bruno; or. The 
 Divine and Natural Principle of Things* (1802); 
 'Philosophy and Religion* (1804); 'On the 
 Relation of Art to Nature* (1807); 'Philosophic 
 Researches on the Essence of Human Liberty* 
 (1809). Four posthumous volumes are of great 
 importance : ' Introduction to the Philosophy 
 of Mythology* (1856); 'Philosophy of Mythol- 
 ogy* (1857); 'Philosophy of Revelation,* in two 
 divisions, each separately published in 1858. 
 
 Schenkendorf, Max von (shenk'en-dorf). A 
 German poet; bom at Tilsit, Dec. 11, 1783; died 
 Dec. II, 1817. He was educated as a lawyer at 
 the University of Konigsberg ; he practiced his 
 
 profession until the breaking out of the war in 
 1813, when he joined the Prussian army, and 
 with his stirring war-songs inspired his comrades. 
 His 'Gedichte* (1815J is a collection of these 
 songs. 
 
 Scherenberg, Ernst (sha'ren-berc). A Ger- 
 man poet; born at Swinemiinde, July 21, 1839. 
 His first volume was a collection of poems, 
 'From the Heart's Depths* (i860), which was 
 followed by the cycle 'Banished* ( i86i ), 
 'Storms in Springtide* (1865), etc. He wrote 
 also the character sketches ' Prince Bismarck ' 
 (1885), and 'Emperor William* (1888); and 
 the dramatic poem 'Gennania* (1886). He 
 published in 1874 an anthology, ' Against Rome ; 
 Voices of German Poets.* 
 
 Scherer, Edmond (sha-rar'). A French es- 
 sayist and critic of celebrity ; born in Paris, 
 April 8, 1815 ; died at Versailles, March 16, 
 1889. He first attracted general attention in 
 i860 with a volume entitled ' Miscellanies of 
 Religious Criticism,* containing studies of Jo- 
 seph de Maistre, Lamennais, Le P. Gratry, 
 Veuillot, Taine, Proudhon, Renan, and others. 
 He has also written : ' Criticism and Belief * 
 (1850); 'Letters to my Pastor* (1853); 'Mis- 
 cellanies of Religious Criticism* (i860); 'Mis- 
 cellanies of Religious History* (1864); etc. 
 
 Scherer, Wilhelm (sha'rer). An Austrian 
 philologist ; born at Schonbrunn, Austria, April 
 26, 1841 ; died Aug. 6, 1866. Among his works 
 are: 'German Studies* (1870); 'History 01 
 Poetry in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries* 
 (1875); 'From Goethe's Youth* (1879). His 
 famous 'History of German Literature* (1883) 
 has been translated into English. 
 
 Scherr, Johannes (shar). A German his- 
 torian ; born at Hohenrechberg, Wiirtember^', 
 Oct. 3, 1817; died Nov. 21, 1886. He studied 
 philosophy and history at Tiibingen ; became 
 a prolific writer, and v/?,s an accepted critic in 
 German literature. Among his principal works 
 are: 'History of German Literature* (2d ed. 
 1854); 'History of English Literature* (1854; 
 3d ed. 1883); ' Bliicher, his Life and Times* (3 
 vols., 1862-63; 4th ed. 1887); < Germaria > (1885). 
 
 Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von 
 
 (shil'ler). A great German poet and dramatist; 
 born in Marbach on the Neckar, Nov. 10, I7S9; 
 died at Weimar, May 9, 1805. His works in- 
 clude : 'The Robbers* (1780-81); 'Inquiry into 
 the Connection between the Animal and Spir- 
 itual Nature of Man* (1780-81); 'Fiesco* (1783); 
 'Love and Intrigue* (1784); 'Don Carlos' 
 (1785); 'History of the Revolt of the Nether- 
 lands from Spanish Rule* (1788); 'The Ghost 
 Seer* (1789); 'History of the Thirty Years' 
 War* (1792); 'Xenien* (1796), with Goethe; 
 ' Votive Tablets * ( 1796) ; ' Wallenstein's Camp * 
 (1798); 'The Piccolomini* (1709); 'Wallen- 
 stein's Death* (1799); 'Maria Stuart* (i8cd); 
 'The Maid of Orleans* (1801); 'The Bride of 
 Messina* (1803); 'William Tell* (1804); 'De- 
 metrius,* a fragment ; and various short poems, 
 tales, and essays.
 
 484 
 
 SCHLEGEL — SCHNEIDER 
 
 Bchlegel, August Wilhelm von (slila'gel). 
 A celebrated German Orientalist, critic, and 
 poet, son of J. A.; born at Hanover, Sept. 8, 
 1707; died l^Iay 12, 1845, at Bonn, where he 
 was professor of literature in the university. 
 His most notable works in literary and art 
 criticism are : < Lectures on Dramatic Art and 
 Literature' (3 vols., 1809-II), translated into 
 nearly all the languages of Western Europe ; 
 <On the Theory and History of the Plastic 
 Arts> (1827). in the field of Orientalism he 
 wrote < Reflections on the Study of the Asiatic 
 Languages' (1832), and prepared eilitions of sev- 
 eral Inilian classics. He translated many of the 
 plays of Shakespeare, and made the English 
 dramatist a German classic ; his translations of 
 Dante, Calderon, Camoens, and other foreign 
 masters of literature are admirable ; his origi- 
 nal poems show consummate art and grace of 
 form. He is at his best in his sonnets, and in 
 the elegy <Rome> (1812). 
 
 Schlegel, Frledrich von. A distinguished 
 German critic and philologist, son of J. A.; 
 born at Hanover, March 10, 1772; died at Dres- 
 den, Jan. 12, 1829. He first devoted himself to 
 the study of Greek antiquity, and in 1794 pub- 
 lished his great essay < On the Schools of Gre- 
 cian Poetry'; following it with many others 
 of a like tenor, as < The Greeks and Romans > 
 (1797), and < History of Greek and Roman 
 Poetry* (1798). In his < Fragments* (1798-1800) 
 he essayed to establish the theory of a new 
 romanticism ; in the mean time writing the 
 uulinished romance < Lucinda,* and a volume 
 of < Poems.* To this period also belongs his 
 tragedy <Alarcos,* in which he unsuccessfully 
 sought to combine romantic and classic ele- 
 ments. His work < Language and Wisdom of 
 the Indians* (1808) was a valualile contribution 
 to the science of language. Among his other 
 writings are lectures on < Modern History* 
 (1811); < History of Ancient and Modern Lit- 
 erature* 11815); < Philosophy of Life.* 
 
 Schlegel, Joliann Adolf. A German poet; 
 liorn at Meissen, Sept. iS, 1721 ; died at Han- 
 over, Sept. 16, 1793. Of his poetr>- only a lew 
 religious poems remain. He translated and 
 published, with additions of his own, Batteux's 
 < Restriction of the Fine Arts to a Single Prin- 
 ciple* (1759). 
 
 Schlegel, Johann Ellas. A German poet; 
 born at Meissen, Jan. 17, 1719; died at Sorbe 
 in Denmark, Aug. 13, 1749. lie wrote several 
 tragedies, among them < Hermann* (the ancient 
 Teutonic hero Arminius) and * Canute*; ami 
 two spirited comedies, < The Triumph of Gmod 
 Women * and ♦ Mute Beauty.* 
 
 Schleiermacher, Frledrich Ernst Daniel 
 
 (shli'er-m;i(.'h"er). A noted German theolo- 
 gian and phiK)soi)her ; born at lireslau, Nov. 21, 
 1768; diet! at Berlin, Feb. 12, 1834. His prin- 
 ciples of theological criticism are laid down 
 in < Christian Belief according to the Funda- 
 mental Doctrines of the Evangelical Church* 
 (2 vols., 1821-22); a sequel to this is < Christian 
 Morals* (1843); to show the consistency of his 
 
 principles with the teachings of Christ, he 
 wrote an 'Introduction to the New Testament* 
 and a * Life of Jesus* (1850). Among his writ- 
 ings on philosophy are: 'Dialectics* (1830); 
 <A System of Ethics* (1835); 'Psychology* 
 (1835); '/Esthetics* (1S42). 
 
 Schllemann, Heinrich (shle'miin). A Ger- 
 man arcluvologist ; born at Neubuckow in Meck- 
 lenburg-Schwerin, Jan. 6, 1822 ; died at Naples, 
 Dec. 26, 1890. His celebratetl archaeological 
 explorations and excavations at the sites of 
 Troy, Mycena?, Orchomenos, Tiryns, and other 
 ancient Hellenic cities, are recorded in < M3- 
 ceuK* (1877); 'Ilios* (1S80); 'Orchomenos* 
 (1881); 'Troja* (1S83); 'Tiryns* (1886); 'Re- 
 port on the Excavations at Troy* (1890); 
 'Autobiography* (1891). 
 
 Schlosser, Frledrich Christoph (shlos'er). 
 A German historian ; born at Jever, Nov. 17, 
 1776; died at Heidelberg, Sept. 23, 1861. He 
 wrote: 'History of the Iconoclast Emperors 
 of the East* (1812); 'History of the World in 
 Connected Narrative* (9 vols., 1815-24); 'Gen- 
 eral Historic View of the Ancient World and 
 its Civilization* (9 vols., 1826-34); <A Judg- 
 ment of Napoleon and his Latest Traducers 
 and Panegyrists* (3 vols., 1832-35). 
 
 Schmid, Ferdinand von. See Dranmor. 
 
 Schmidt, Heinrich Julian (shmit). A 
 Prussian journalist and author; born at Marien- 
 werder, Prussia, March 7, 1818; died in Berlin, 
 March 27, 1886. He is the author of < History 
 of Romanticism in the Time of the Reforma- 
 tion and Revolution' (2 vols., 1850); 'History 
 of German Literature since Lessing's Death* 
 (185S); 'History of Intellectual Life in Ger- 
 many from Leibnitz till Lessing's Death* (1870); 
 and < History of Geniian Literature from Leib- 
 nitz to Our Thne * (1886). 
 
 Schmidt, Maximilian. A German storj'- 
 writer ; born at Eschlkam in Bavaria, Feb. 25, 
 1832. He is the author of a ser'es of tales of 
 Bavarian life, as: 'Popular Stiries from the 
 Bavarian Forest* (4 vols., 1863-68); 'The Tenth 
 Cc)mmandment* (1879); 'The Guardian Spirit 
 of Oberammergau * (1S81); 'The Good God's 
 Mantle*; 'The Golden Saturday* (1883); 'The 
 Emmet Witch* (1887); 'On the Golden Stair' 
 (1803). 
 
 Schneckenburger, Max (shnek'en-bor"ger). 
 A German verse-wiitcr, author of 'The Watch 
 on the Rhine*; born at Thalheim, Feb. 17, 
 1819; died at Burgdorf near Bern, May 3, 1849. 
 In the Franco-Prussian war 'The Watch on the 
 Rhine* attained the rank of a national song 
 and melody ; and when the war was over, an 
 annual pension of 3,000 marks ($750) was set- 
 tleil on his surviving family, and also on the 
 composer of the melody, Karl Wilhelm. 
 
 Schneider, Louis (shni'der), A German actor 
 and author; born at Berlin, April 29, 1S05 ; died 
 at Potsdam, Dec. 16, 1878. For almost 30 years 
 he was one of the foremost actors of comedy 
 on the German stage. Besides a number of
 
 SCHOMBURGK — SCHULZE - DELITZSCH 
 
 485 
 
 novels and tales of life on the stage, he wrote 
 many successful farces; among them <The 
 Student on his Travels,> <The Offer of Mar- 
 riage in Helgoland,) <The Orchestra Leader 
 of Venice.) He wrote also < King William : 
 an Account of his Military Life> (1869); and 
 two other works, entitled < Emperor William, 
 1867-71 > (1875), and < From the Life of Em- 
 peror William, 1849-73 > (t, vols., 1888). He 
 accompanied William during the campaign in 
 France. 
 
 Schomburgk, Sir Robert Hermann (sliom^- 
 berk ^rshom'bork). An English geographical 
 explorer, whose name has been made familiar 
 through the recent Venezuela boundary contro- 
 versy ; born at Freiburg on tlie Unstrut, June 5, 
 1804; died at Schoneberg near Berlin, March 
 II, 1865. lie was commissioned by the British 
 government to explore British Guiana in 1835, 
 and after four years spent in that labor re- 
 turned to England; he revisited the country in 
 1840, and remained there till 1845. His writings 
 are: < Description of British Guiana> (1840); 
 < Twelve Views of the Interior of Guiana* 
 (1841). His brother Richard (1811-91) accom- 
 panied him on liis second voyage, and wrote 
 •Travels in (Jruiana and on the Oriin^co* (1841). 
 
 Scboolcraft, Henry Rowe. An American 
 ethnologist and miscellaneous writer, noted as an 
 Indian authority ; bf)rn in Albany County, N. Y., 
 March 28, 1793; died in Washington, D. C, 
 Dec. 10, 1864. Tiiirty years of Ills life he spent 
 among the Indians, and througli him many 
 laws were enacted for their protection. Among 
 his numerous publications are : 'Travels in the 
 Central Borticms of the Mississippi Valley * 
 (1825); < Indian Melodies,* a poem (1830); < The 
 Man of Bronze* (1834); <Algic Researches,* a 
 book of Indian allegories and legends (1839); 
 and <The Indian and his Wigwam* (1848). 
 
 Schopenliauer, Arthur (.shr)'pen-hou"er). A 
 celebrated German philosopher; born at Dant- 
 zic, Feb. 22, 1788; died at Frankfort on the 
 Main, September i860. The first great work in 
 his system of jiiiilosophical doctrine, < The 
 World as Will and Representation* (1819; 8th 
 ed. 1891), was in great part written while he 
 was still a student at Jena. His other princi- 
 pal writings are : < The Fourfold Root of the 
 Principle of the Sufficient Cause* (1813; 5th 
 ed. 1891); <On Vision and Colors* (1816; 3d 
 ed. 1870); <The Two Fundamental Problems of 
 Ethics' (1841 ; 4th ed. 1894); * I'arerga and Para- 
 lipomena* (1851; 7th ed. 1891), a collection of 
 his minor writings; and (postlmmously) his 
 
 < MS. Remains* and his < Correspondence with 
 Johann August Becker* (1883). 
 
 Schouler, James (.sko'ler). An American 
 historian; born at Arlington, Mass., March 20, 
 1839. He graduated at Harvard; practiced 
 law, and served in the army during the Civil 
 War. He is author of legal text-books on 
 
 < Domestic Relations > ; < Personal Property * ; 
 ♦Bailments*; < Wills'; 'Executors and Admin- 
 istrators.* His best-known works are 'His- 
 tory of the United States under tjie Constitution ' 
 
 (5 vols., 1880-91), and 'Constitutional Studies* 
 (1896); 'Eighty Years of Union* (1904)- 
 
 ScLreiner, Olive (shri'ner). A South-African 
 novelist; born in Basutoland, 1863. She is the 
 daughter of a Lutheran minister, and was married 
 in 1894, to Rev. S. C. Cronwright, an Eng- 
 lishman of tiie colony. She published her first 
 and most noted l)ook, 'The Story of an African 
 Farm,' under the pseudonym " Ralph Iron'* atthe 
 age of twenty ; < I )reams > ( 1890); 'Uream Life and 
 Real Life' (1893) ; and ' Trooper Peter Halkct' 
 (iS()7); < An r'-nglish .South African's Views.' 
 
 Scliubart, Christian Friedrich Daniel 
 (sho'bart). A German poet; bom at Ober- 
 sontiieim, March 24, 1739; died at Stuttgart, 
 Oct. 10, 1791. Among his lyrics are : ' Witch- 
 eries ' (1766); 'Death Songs* (1767); ^The 
 Tomb of tiic Princes ' ; < Ode on Frederick the 
 Great.* 
 
 Schubert, Gotthilf Heinrlch von (sho'licrt). 
 A German pliilo.sopher ; born at llolienstcin. 
 Saxony, April 26, 1780; died at Municli, July 
 I, i860. Among his works are: 'Inklings of 
 a General History of Life* (1806); 'Views of 
 tile Night Side of Natural Science* (1808); 
 'Symbolism of Dreams' (1814); 'The Primor- 
 dial World and tiic Fixed Stars' (1822); 'Hi.s- 
 tory of the Soul' (1830); 'Old and New con- 
 cerning the Inner Life of the Soul* (5 vol.s., 
 1817-44); 'Ailings and Perturbations of the 
 Human Soul' (1845). 
 
 Schiicking, Christoph Bernhard Levin 
 (shiik'ing). A German novelist; born at Clem- 
 enswerth, Sept. 6, 1814 ; died at Pyrmont, Aug. 
 31, 1883. Among his numerous works are: 'A 
 Castle by the Sea' (1843); a volume of 'Po- 
 ems* (1846); <A Son of the People* (1849); 
 'The Peasants' Prince* (1851); 'Luther at 
 Rcnne* (1870); 'Saints and Knights* (1873); 
 'Life Recollections* (1886). 
 
 Schiicking, Luise. A German novelist and 
 dramatist, wife of Levin; born (Von Gall) 
 1815; died 1855. She wrote the comedy 'A 
 Bad Con.science* (1842); 'Stories for Ladies' 
 (1845); 'Against the Current* (1851); 'The New 
 Crusader Knight* (1853). 
 
 Schulz, Eduard. See Ferrand. 
 
 Schulz, Johann Abraham Peter (sholts). 
 A German musical composer and song-writer > 
 born at Liinebuig, March 30, 1747; died at 
 Schwedt, June 10, 1800. Among the most pop- 
 ular of his songs are: 'On the Rhine, On the 
 Rhine*; ' Lo, the Heavens, How Clear*; 'Last 
 Hour of the Year.' His oratorios and choruses, 
 his songs from Racine's 'Athalie,* and his operas 
 'Minona* and 'Aline,* rank among the best 
 productions of his time. 
 
 Schulze, Ernst (sholts'e). A German poet; 
 born at Celle, March 22, 1789 ; died there, June 
 29, 1817. He wrote an epic romance, 'Cecilia* 
 (1818); 'The Magic Rose* (1818), a romantic 
 narrative poem, his best work; 'Miscellaneous 
 I'ocnis* (1820). 
 
 Schulze-Delitzsch, Hermann ( sholts' 6- 
 d.il'icli). A Cierman social economist; born
 
 486 
 
 SCHUMANN — SCOTT 
 
 at Delitzsch, Aug. 29, 1808; died at Potsdam, 
 April 29, 1883. He wrote: < Chapters of a 
 German Working^nan's Catechism > (1863), an 
 anti-socialist tract; < The Laboring Classes 
 and Associationism in Germany > (2d ed. 1863); 
 
 < Monev-Advance and Credit Associations as 
 People's Banks > (5th ed. 1876). 
 
 Schwinanji. Eobert (shb'man). A noted 
 German songwright, composer, and musical 
 critic; born at Zwickau, Saxony, July 8, 1810; 
 died At Endenich near Bonn, July 29, 1856. He 
 was "Educated at Heidelberg; in 1843 became 
 professor of composition in the conser^-atory 
 of Leipsic; and in 1850 musical director at 
 Di'sseldorf. While engaged in that place he 
 became insane. His works include almost 
 every art form except oratorio. He wrote four 
 symphon'es, several cantatas, an opera, a mass, 
 sonatas, concertos, quartets for strings and also 
 for voices, pieces for the piano, the organ, and 
 a number of songs. His < Collected Writings 
 on Music and Musicians* appeared in 1854. 
 
 ScliiArman, Jacob Gould. President of Cor- 
 nell University; bom in Freetown, Prince Ed- 
 ward's Island, May 22, 1854. He won the Gil- 
 chist Dominion scholarship, 1875 ; graduated 
 at London University, 1S77 ; was professor of 
 philc-sophy in Acadia College, 1S80-82 ; in 
 Dalliousie College, Halifax, 18S2-86. He be- 
 came professor of philosophy at Cornell Uni- 
 versity, and has been president since 1892. He 
 has published: < Kantian Ethics> (1881), < The 
 Ethical Import of Darwinism' (18S7), and 
 
 < Agnosticism and Religion >; and contributed 
 to many reviews, essays on important subjects. 
 
 Schurz, Carl (shorts). A German-American 
 journalist and statesman of eminence ; born near 
 Cologne, Prussia, March 2, 1829. His most famous 
 speeches published 1865 contain: < The Irrepres- 
 sible Conflict) (1858); (The Doom of Slavery) 
 (i860); < The Abolition of Slavery as a War Meas- 
 ure' (1862); and < Eulogy on Charles Sumner > 
 (1874). He wrote a < Life of Henry Clay > (1887); 
 and an essay, < Abraham Lincoln.' His 'Auto- 
 biography' (published 1908) is very interesting. 
 L)ied May 14. 1906. 
 
 Schuyler, Eugene. An American writer of 
 note ; born in Ithaca, X. Y., Feb. 26, 1840 ; died 
 in Cairo, Egypt, July iS, 1890. He was United 
 States secretary of legation at St. Petersburg 
 (1870-76); secretarj' of legation and consul- 
 general at Constantinople (1876-78); and min- 
 ister to Greece (1882-84). His works include: 
 
 < Turkestan : Notes of a Journey in Russian 
 Turkestan, Khokand, Bokhara, and Kuldja' 
 (1876); < Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia' 
 (2 vols., 1884); and ^American Diplomacy and 
 the Furtherance of Commerce' (1886). 
 
 Schwab, Gustav (shvab). A German poet 
 and philosophical writer ; bom in Stuttgart, June 
 19, 1792; died Nov. 4, 1850. His poems exhibit 
 purity and feeling. Many of his ballads be- 
 came ver)- popular. His < Poems' appeared in 
 2 vols., 1828^29 ; a second revised edition, < New 
 Collection,' in 1838. The best of his prose 
 works is the Life of Schiller' (1840). 
 
 Schwartz, Marie Sophie (shvartz). A Swed- 
 ish novelist ; bom at Boras, July 4, 1819 ; died 
 at Stockholm, May 7, 1894. Her stories deal 
 for the most part with the problems of labor; 
 among them are: 'Labor Ennobles' (1859); 
 <The Nobleman's Daughter' (i860); < Birth and 
 Breeding' (1861); 'Changing Fortunes' (1871); 
 <A Child of the Time' (1873). 
 
 Schwatka, Frederick (shwat'ka). An Amen 
 ican geographical explorer; bom at Galena, 
 III, Sept. 29, 1849; died at Portland, Or., Nov. 
 2, 1892. He graduated from West Point in 
 187 1 ; commanded an expedition in search of 
 relics of Sir John Franklin's party, 1878-80 ; 
 made two tours of exploration in Alaska (1883 
 and 1886). Among his writings are: 'Along 
 Alaska's Great River' (1885); 'Nimrod in the 
 North' (1885); 'The Children of the Cold' 
 (1886). 
 
 Schwegler, Albert (shveg'ler). A German 
 philosopher and theologian ; bom at Michel- 
 bach, WUrtemberg, Feb. 10, 1819 ; died at 
 Tubingen, Jan. 5, 1857. His best-known work 
 is his 'History of Philosophy' (1848; nth ed. 
 18S2). It has been translated into most Euro- 
 pean languages ; into English by J. H. Seelye 
 in America (1856), and by J. H. Stirling in Eng- 
 land (1867). His 'History of Greek Philoso- 
 phy' was published in 1859. 
 
 Schweinfurth, Georg August (shvln'fort). 
 A Russian explorer; born at Riga, "^ec. 29, 
 1836. He studied at Heidelberg, jNIunich, and 
 Berlin. He investigated the flora and fauna 
 of the valley of the Nile (1864-66), and is the 
 author of 'Nile Vegetation' (1862); 'Contri- 
 bution to the Flora of Ethiopia ' (1867) ; ' Re- 
 liquiae Kotschyaras' (1868); 'In the Heart of 
 Africa' (2 vols., 1874). 
 
 Scollard, Clinton. An American poet ; bom 
 in Clinton, N. Y., Sept. 18, 1861. In 1888 he 
 was made assistant professor of rhetoric at 
 Hamilton College, and later professor of Eng- 
 lish literature. Among his publications are : 
 'Pictures in Song' (1884); 'With Reed and 
 Lyre' (1886); 'Old and New World Lyrics' 
 (1888); 'Giovio and Gilulia' (1891); 'Songs of 
 Sunrise Lands' (1892); 'The Lutes of Mom'; 
 ' The Cloistering of Ursula ' ; ' Easter Song.' 
 
 Scott, Alexander. A Scotch poet; bom 
 about 1525 ; died about 1584 ; " the Anacreon 
 of old Scotch poetr}-." Of his writings thirty- 
 six short poems remain ; the most important of 
 these are 'A New Yeir Gift to Quene Mary' 
 and ' The Justing at the Drum.' 
 
 Scott, Andrew. A Scottish poet; bom in 
 Bowden, Roxburghshire, 1757 ; died there, May 
 22, 1839. He served in the British army in 
 this countrj' during the Revolution, and was 
 with Comwallis at the surrender of Yorktown. 
 While he was encamped on Staten Island he 
 wrote his noted verses < Betsey Roscoe ' and 
 ' The Oak-Tree.' After the war he returned 
 to his native land, and published < Poems, 
 Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect' (l8ll), and 
 < Poems on Various Subjects' {i826).
 
 SCOTT — SCRIBE 
 
 487 
 
 Scott, Clement William. An English dram- 
 atist and critic; born at London, 1841. He 
 wrote: <Lays of a Londoner > (1882); <Lays 
 and Legends > (1888); the dramas <The Cape 
 
 ]Mail,> <()dette,> and < Sister Mary.> Died 1904. 
 
 Scott, Duncan Campbell. A Canadian poet ; 
 born at Ottawa, Ont., 1862. He is author of 
 <The Magic House' (1893). 
 
 Scott, Frederick George. A Canadian verse- 
 writer ; born 1861. He wrote : < The Soul's 
 Quest> (1888); <My Lattice, and Other Poems > 
 (1894)- 
 
 Scott, Lydia, Lady. An English miscella- 
 neous writer. Besides stories, as < Flirtation,* 
 < Marriage in High Life,> and < The Henpecked 
 Husband' (1848), she wrote: < Exposition of 
 the Types and Antitypes of the Old and New 
 Testament' (1856); incentives to Bible Study' 
 (i860); <The Dream of a Life' (1862). 
 
 Scott, Michael. A Scottish philosopher of 
 the 13th century. Of his life little is known. 
 His nationality even is in doubt : the Italians 
 and the Spaniards claimed him as their coun- 
 tryman as well as the Scots. His great learn- 
 ing won for him the reputation of being a 
 magician. His acquaintance with Arabic en- 
 abled him to translate into Latin the works of 
 Avicenna and Averroes, and the Arabic ver- 
 sions of Aristotle with the commentaries of 
 Averroes. His own writings treat of astrology, 
 alchemy, and the occult sciences in general ; 
 among them are treatises <On the Sun and 
 Moon,' <0n Palmistry,' <On Physiognomy and 
 Human Procreation.' 
 
 Scott, Patrick. A British poet, author of 
 'Oriental Musings, and Other Poems' (1840); 
 <Love in the Moon,' a poem (1852); < Thomas 
 i Becket, and Other Poems' (1853); < Foot- 
 paths between Two Worlds, and Other Poems ' 
 (1859). 
 
 Scott, Sir Walter. The celebrated Scotch 
 novelist and poet ; born in Edinburgh, Aug. 
 15, 1771 ; died at Abbotsford, Sept. 21, 1832. 
 He wrote : <Disputatio Juridica' (1792), a legal 
 thesis; <The Chase' (1796), comprising trans- 
 lations from the German ; < Goetz of Berlich- 
 ingen' (1799), ^ translation from Goethe; 
 <Apology for Tales of Terror' (1799); < The 
 Eve of St. John: A Border Ballad' (1800); 
 'Ballads' (1801); 'Minstrelsy of the Scottish 
 Border' (1802-3); *Lay of the Last Minstrel' 
 (1805); 'Ballads and Lyrical Pieces' (1806), 
 reprints of various poems; 'Marmion' (1808); 
 'Life of Dryden' (no date); 'The Lady of 
 the Lake' (1810); 'Vision of Don Roderick' 
 (1811); 'Rokeby' (1813); 'The Bridal of Trier- 
 main' (1813); 'Abstract of Eyrbiggia Saga' 
 (1814); 'Waverley' (1814); 'Life of Swift' 
 (1814), prefixed to Works; 'The Lord of the 
 Isles' (1815); 'Guy Mannering' (1815); 'The 
 Field of Waterloo' (1815); 'Paul's Letters to 
 his Kinsfolk' (1815); 'The Antiquary' (1816); 
 'Tales of my Landlord, Collected and Arranged 
 by Jedediah Cleishbotham : The Black Dwarf, 
 Old Mortality' (1817, really 1816); 'Harold the 
 
 Dauntless' (1817); 'The Search after Happi- 
 ness' (1817); 'Rob Roy' (1818); 'Tales of 
 my Landlord, 2d series: Heart of Midlothian' 
 (1818); 'Tales of my Landlord, 3d series: 
 The Bride of Lammermoor, A Legend of 
 Montrose' (1819); 'Description of the Regalia 
 of Scotland' (1819); 'Ivanhoe' (1820); 'The 
 Monastery' (1820J; 'The Abbot' (1820); 'Ken- 
 ilworth' (1821); 'Account of George III.'s 
 Coronation' (1821); 'The Pirate' (1822J; ' Hal- 
 idon Hill' (1822); 'The Fortunes of Nigel' 
 (1822); 'Peverilof the Peak' (1822); 'Quentin 
 Durward' (1823); 'St. Ronan's Well' (1824); 
 ' Redgauntlet ' (1824); 'Tales of the Crusa- 
 ders: The Betrothed, The Talisman' (1825); 
 'Thoughts on the Proposed Change of Cur- 
 rency' (1826J; 'Woodstock' (1826); 'Life of 
 Napoleon Buonaparte, Emperor of the French, 
 with a Preliminary View of the French Rev- 
 olution' (1827); 'Chronicles of the Canon- 
 gate : The Two Drovers, The Highland Widow, 
 The Surgeon's Daughter' (1827); 'Tales of 
 a Grandfather' (ist series, 1828; 2d series, 
 1829; 3d series, Scotland, 1830 ; 4th series, 
 France, 1830); 'Chronicles of the Canongate, 
 2d series : St. Valentine's Day ; or. The Fair 
 Maid of Perth' (1828 J; 'My Aunt Margaret's 
 Mirror,' 'The Tapestried Chamber,' and 'The 
 Laird's Jock,' in the Keepsake (1828); 'Reli- 
 gious Discourses, by a Layman' (1828); 'Anne 
 of Geierstein' (1829); 'History of Scotland' 
 (1830); 'Demonology and Witchcraft' (1830); 
 'House of Aspen,' in the Keepsake (1830); 
 < Doom of Devorgoil : Auchindrane, or the Ayr- 
 shire Tragedy' (1830); 'Essays on Ballad 
 Poetry' (1830); 'Tales of my Landlord, 4th 
 series : Count Robert of Paris, Castle Danger- 
 ous' (1832); and many articles for the Edin- 
 burgh and Quarterly reviews, historical essays, 
 etc. 
 
 Scott, William Bell. A Scottish poet ; bom 
 near Edinburgh, Sept. 12, 181 1 ; died Nov. 22, 
 1890. He was a distinguished painter and ar- 
 chaeologist. He published : < Hades, and Other 
 Poems' (1839); 'The Year of the World: A 
 Philosophical Poem' (1846); a 'Memoir' of his 
 brother David (1850); antiquarian 'Gleanings 
 in the North of England' (1849-51); 'Chorea 
 Sancti Viti ' (1851); 'Poems' (1854); another 
 volume of 'Poems' (1875). 
 
 Scotu3 Erigena, Joannes (sko'tus e-rij'en-a). 
 A renowned mediaeval philosopher of the 9th 
 century. He was an Irishman, as indicated by 
 the surnames Scotus (which in that age meant 
 Irish) and Erigena (of Irish extraction). His 
 life seems to have been passed mostly in 
 France. He was a Platonist rather than an 
 Aristotelian. His greatest work is 'Of the 
 Division of Nature,' in which he holds for 
 the identity of philosophy and religion, and 
 repels the claim of authority in matters of re- 
 ligious belief. 
 
 Scribe, Augustin Eugene (skreb). A French 
 dramatist ; born in Paris, Dec. 24, 1791 ; died Feb. 
 20, 1861. For nearly forty years he was the 
 most conspicuous playwright living. His works
 
 488 
 
 SCUDDER — SEELY 
 
 are seldom placed upon the stage now. His 
 collected <a£uvres> (76 vols., issued 1874-85) 
 contain all his works, which include novels as 
 well as plays. 
 
 Scudder, Horace Elisha. An American man 
 of letters and historian ; born in Boston, Oct. 16, 
 1S3S ; died at Cambridge, Jan. Ii, 1902. He was 
 lor some years editor of the Atlantic Monthly. 
 He published: < Seven Little People and their 
 Friends > ; < Dream Children >; < Stories from my 
 Attic >; < The Dwellers in Five Sisters' Court > ; 
 
 < Boston Town > ; < A History of the United 
 States > ; < The Book of Fables > ; < The Book of 
 Folk Stories > ; < Fables and Folk Stories > ; 
 
 < George Washington : An Historical Biogra- 
 phy ' ;^< Men and Letters > ; < Childhood in Lit- 
 erature and Art > ; < The Bodley Books > ; 
 
 < James Russell Lowell : A Biography > 
 (1 901); etc. 
 
 Scud6ry, Georges de Iskii-der-e')- A French 
 poet, brother of Madeleine ; born at Havre, 
 1601 ; died at Paris, May 14, 1667. He wrote 
 many dramas, all now forgotten with the pos- 
 sible exception of < Tyrannic Love.> His epic 
 of 'Alaric' (1654) was severely scored by Boi- 
 leau for its bombastic style. 
 
 Scudery, Madeleine. A French novelist; 
 burn at Havre, 1607 ; died at Paris, June 2, 1701. 
 I ler stories were greatly admired in their day ; 
 l)Ut they are now found monotonous and bom- 
 bastic. This << new Sappho's *> most celebrated 
 work is < Artamenes ; or. The Great Cyrus > 
 (10 vols., 1649-58), in which the author's con- 
 temporaries figure under ancient names. She 
 also wrote < Ibrahim > and < Cldlie,> romances. 
 Besides novels she wrote < Conversations > ; 
 * Fables*; < Light Verses.* 
 
 Sealsfield, Charles, alias of Karl Anton 
 Postl. An Austrian novelist and miscellaneous 
 writer; born at Poppitz in Moravia, March 3, 
 1793 ; died near Soleure, May 26, 1864. He 
 lived in the United States under the name of 
 Charles Sealsfield, 1822-26, and again 1827-30. 
 1 le wrote : < Sketches of Transatlantic Travel > 
 (1834); <Life Pictures from Both Hemispheres > 
 (1835). Among his novels are: <Tokeah; or. 
 The White Rose' (1828); <Virey and the Aris- 
 tocrats > (1834); < German-American Elective 
 Affinities) (1839). 
 
 Seawell, Molly Elliot. An An.erican nov- 
 elist and essayist; born in Virginia, i860. 
 She has published : < The Sprightly Romance 
 of Marsac>; <Hale Weston*; < Twelve Naval 
 Captains* (1897); and others. 
 
 Secundus, Johannes (sa-kon'dos). A Dutch 
 poet; born at The Hague, November 1511 ; died 
 Rt Utrecht, probably 1536. His best-known 
 '\'ork is < Kisses* (1539), consisting of amatory 
 poems. His < Poetical Works* were published 
 by his brother in 1541. 
 
 Secundus, Publius Pomponius. A Roman 
 
 poet, who lived in tin- fir.st century of our era. 
 Tacitus speaks of lijs tragedies in the highest 
 terms, as does also yuintilian. The elder Pliny 
 
 wrote his < Life * in two books. Only frag- 
 ments of Secundus's works remain. 
 
 Sedaine, Michel Jean (sed-an'). A French 
 playwriglit; born at Paris, July 4, 1719; died 
 there. May 17, 1797. He is regarded as the 
 originator of comic opera. Among his works 
 are the comic operas : < Playing the Deuce * ; 
 <The King and the Farmer*; < Richard Cceur 
 de Lion * ; <Aline, Queen of Golconda.* His 
 comedies < The Philosopher without Knowing 
 It> (1765) and <The Unexpected Wager* (1768) 
 won for him membership of the Academy; 
 they have still a place in the repertoire of 
 French theatres. 
 
 Sedgwick, Catbarine Maria. An Ameri- 
 can novelist ; born at Stockbridge, Mass., Dec. 
 28, 1789; died near Roxbury, Mass., July 3I, 
 1867. She wrote : <A New England Tale * 
 (1822); (Redwood* (1824); <The Traveler* 
 (1825); < Hope Leslie; or, Early Times in Mas- 
 sachusetts* (1827); < The Linwoods; or, Sixty 
 Years Since in America* (1835); <The Poor 
 Rich Man and the Rich Poor Man* (1836); 
 < Letters from Abroad* (1841); < Historical 
 Sketches of the Old Painters* (1841); < Morals 
 of Manners* (1846); < Married or Sin|le> (1857). 
 
 Sedley, Charles, Sir. An English dramatist ; 
 l)orn at Aylesford in I\ent, 1639; died Aug. 
 20, 1701. He is autlior of the favorite song 
 * Phyllis.* He wrote four comedies, among 
 them <The Mulberry Garden* (1668) and two 
 tragedies. 
 
 Sedley, Henry. An American author; born 
 in Boston, April 4, 1835 ; died in New York 
 city, Jan. 25, 1899. He was a journalist, at 
 one time one of the editors of the New York 
 Evening Post, Times and Commercial Adver- 
 tiser ; founder and for a time editor of the 
 Round Table. He published : < Dangerfield's 
 Rest: A Romance* (1864), and < Marion 
 Rooke ; or, the Quest for Fortune > (1865). 
 
 Seeley, Jolin Robert, Sir. An English his- 
 torical scholar ; bom in London, Sept. lo, 1834; 
 died at Cambridge (where he was professor of 
 Modern History), Jan. 13, 1895. He came into 
 notice through the book < Ecce Homo * (a 
 life of Christ), in 1865, which made a great 
 sensation and was reviewed by Mr. Gladstone ; 
 he published < Natural Religion* in 1882; and 
 in < Lectures and Essays* (1870) he wrote on 
 art, ethics, and education. But his really im- 
 portant work was historical : < Roman Imperi- 
 alism,* in the last-mentioned volume ; his mas- 
 terpiece, < Life and Times of Stein * (3 vols.^ 
 1878), a history of the regeneration of Prussia 
 in the Napoleonic period ; < The Expansion of 
 England* (1883: a series of lectures), and 
 cognate works; and <A Short History of Na- 
 poleon the First* (1886: reprinted from the 
 'Encyclopaedia Britannica*). 
 
 Seely, [Edward] Howard. An American 
 writer of fiction ; born in 1856 ; died in 1894. 
 I le published many volumes, among them : 'A 
 Lone Star, Bo-Peep, and Other Stories * ; < Texan 
 Ranch Life*; 'A Nymph of the West*; ^The
 
 SEELYE — SERRES 
 
 Jonah of Lucky Valley, and Other Stories'; 
 
 < A Border Leander.' 
 
 Seelye, Mrs. Elizabeth (Eggleston). An 
 American author, daughter of Edward Eggles- 
 ton ; born in Minnesota, 1858. She has written : 
 
 < The Story of Columbus > ; < Montezuma > ; 
 
 < Brant and Red Jacket > ; < Pocahontas > ; < Te- 
 £umseh>; and <The Story of Washington.' 
 
 Seelye, Julius Hawtry. An American edu- 
 cator; bom in Bethel, Conn., Sept. 14, 1824; 
 died at Amherst, Mass., May 12, 1895. He 
 was president of Amherst College (1876-90), 
 and inaugurated the « Amherst system » of self- 
 govefnment, which was productive of good re- 
 sults. His publications include : < The Way, 
 the Truth, and the l.ife ' (1873), translated into 
 Hindustani, Japanese, and German ; < Chris- 
 tian Missions") (1875) ; and his revised edition 
 of Hickok's < Moral Science > (1880). 
 
 Seemann, Berthold. A German traveler, nat- 
 iralist, and author; born in Hanover, Feb. 28, 
 J825; died in Nicaragua, Oct. 10, 1871. He was 
 naturalist to three exploring expeditions (1846- 
 51), and wrote: 'Voyage of the Herald,' and 
 
 < Three Cruises to Arctic Regions in Search of 
 Sir John Franklin' (1852); < Popular History of 
 Palms' (1855); 'Account of Mission to Fiji 
 Islands' (1862); 'Popular Nomenclature of the 
 American Flora ' ; and < Dottings on the Road- 
 side in Panama, Nicaragua, and Mosquito.' 
 
 SeemuUer, Mrs. Annie Moncure (Crane). 
 
 An American novelist ; born in Maryland, 1838 ; 
 died in 1872. Her works were at one time very 
 popular, and include the novels < Emily Ches- 
 ter'; 'Reginald Archer'; 'Opportunity.' 
 
 Segur, Louis Philippe, Comte de (sa-giir'j. 
 A French historian ; bom in Paris, Dec. 10, 
 1753; died there, Aug. 27, 1830. He received 
 a military education ; served in America under 
 Rochambeau ; later he was appointed ambas- 
 sador to Russia. During the Reign of Terror 
 he left public life and devoted himself to liter- 
 ary labor. Among his works are : ' Theatre de 
 I'Hermitage' (1798); 'Tales, Fables, Songs, 
 and Verses' (1801); 'Memoirs, or Souvenirs 
 and Anecdotes' (1825). 
 
 Segur, Philippe Paul, Comte de. A French 
 writer of history, son of L. P.; bom at Paris, 
 Nov. 4, 1780 ; died Feb. 25, 1873. He wrote: 
 ' History of Napoleon and the Grand Army 
 in 1812' (2 vols., 1824); 'History of Russia 
 and Peter the Great' (2 vols., 1829); 'History 
 and Memoirs, 1789-1848' (8 vols., 1873). 
 
 Sejour, Victor (se-zhor'). A French dram- 
 atist ; born at Paris, 1816 ; died Sept. 21, 1874. 
 He was a mulatto. His plays are in the high 
 romantic vein, and call for gorgeous scenery; 
 among them are : ' The Fall of Sejanus' (1849); 
 •Richard HI.' (1852); 'The Devil's Money'; 
 ^The Son of Night' (1856); 'Mysteries of the 
 Temple'; 'The Madonna of the Roses' (1869). 
 
 Selden, John. A celebrated English jurist; 
 Irorn at Salvington in Surrey, 1584 ; died at 
 |*.widon, Nov. 30, 1654. He wrote many very 
 
 learned treatises on law — municipal, interna- 
 tional, natural, etc. — and on the legislation of 
 the ancient Hebrews; but he is best remem- 
 bered for his 'Table Talk,' recorded by his 
 secretary, Richard Milward : of it Coleridge de- 
 clares that it contains " more weighty bullion 
 sense " than he could find in the same number 
 of pages of any uninspired writer. 
 
 Selous, Frederick Courteney. A well-known 
 English explorer and sportsman ; born in 
 London, Dec. 31, 185 1. He made a name 
 as a gold-prospector, explorer, and elephant- 
 hunter in South Africa, where he has spent 
 many [years ; and during the Matabele cam- 
 paign, fought with great gallantry on the side 
 of the colonists. His publications, <A Hunt- 
 er's Wanderings in Africa' (1881), and 'Travel 
 and Adventure in Southeast Africa' (1893), 
 have been widely read. 
 
 S^nancour, ^tienue Pivert de (sen-an-kor'). 
 A French writer of the school of Rousseau; 
 born at Paris, 1770; died at St. Cloud, 1846. 
 Under the direct influence of Rousseau he 
 wrote : ' Reveries on the Primitive State of 
 Man' (1799); his most notable work, ' Ober- 
 mann' (2 vols., 1804), is in the same vein; then 
 followed 'Love according to Primordial Laws, 
 and according to the Conventions of Society' 
 (2 vols., 1805); 'Free Meditations of an Un- 
 known Solitary on Detachment from the World ' 
 (1819); 'Sum of the Traditions of Morality and 
 Religion' (2 vols., 1827), which brought on 
 him legal prosecution for impiety; 'Isabella,' 
 a novel (1833). 
 
 Seneca, Lucius Annseus (sen'e-ka). A 
 celebrated Roman philosopher; born at Cor- 
 duba, in Spain, about the year 4 B. C. ; died 
 65 A. D. He was Nero's preceptor, and his 
 confidant and adviser in the beginning of his 
 reign. Many of his writings have come down 
 to us, among them 124 'Epistles to Lucilius,' 
 containing admirable counsels and exhorta- 
 tions to the practice of virtue : ' On Providence ' ; 
 'Anger ' ; ' Of Benefits ' ; ' Natural-History Ques- 
 tions ' ; several tragedies, among them ' Thyes- 
 tes,' < Phaedra,' and ' Medea.' 
 
 Senior, William. An English miscellaneous 
 writer; author of 'Notable Shipwrecks' (1873); 
 ' Waterside Sketches : A Book for Wanderers 
 and Anglers' (1875); 'By Stream and Sea' 
 (1877); 'Travel and Trout in the Antipodes' 
 (1879); < A Mixed Bag ' (1895). 
 
 Serao, Matilde (ser-a'o). An Italian novel- 
 ist ; born at Patras in Greece, March 7, 1856. 
 Her best stories are those descriptive of Nea- 
 politan life : as 'Faint Heart' (1881); 'Fantasy' 
 (1883); 'Neapolitan Legends' (1886); 'Opal'; 
 < Little Minds > ; 'Fool's Paradise > ; 'Ballet-Girl. » 
 
 Serres, Olivia (Wilmot). An English story- 
 writer; born 1772; died 1834. She claimed to 
 be a daughter of the Duke of Cumberland, 
 brother of George HI., but failed to make the 
 claim good before a Parliamentary committee. 
 She wrote : < St. Julian,' a novel (1805) ; ' Flights 
 of Fancy,' poems (1806) ; < Olivia's Advice to her
 
 490 
 
 SERVETUS — SEWRIN 
 
 Daughters > ; < The True Messiah ; or, St, Ath- 
 anasius's Creed Explained (1814). 
 
 Servetus. Micnael (Miguel Serveto y 
 Reves) (ser-ve'tiis). A Spanish physician and 
 theological writer ; born at Tudela in Navarre, 
 151 1 ; died at the stake in Geneva, Oct. 27, 
 1553. He accompanied Charles V. to Ger- 
 many, as physician to the emperor's confessor 
 Quintana. His work <0n the Errors about 
 the Trinity > was published at Hagenau, 1531, 
 and it was soon afterward ordered to be burnt 
 by the authorities at Basel : the reformer Bucer 
 denounced the writer as deserving of the ex- 
 tremest punishment. Servetus defended his 
 views in another work, < Dialogues on the Trin- 
 ity) (1532), and then went to France. At 
 Lyons he published < The Restoration of Christ- 
 ianism> (1553), and to escape punishment fled 
 to Geneva. There, at the instance of Calvin, 
 he was arrested on the charge of denying God 
 and Christ, and burned as a heretic. 
 
 Settle, Elkanah. An English playwright 
 and poet; born at Dunstable, 1648; died at 
 London, 1723. His chief plays are: <The Em- 
 press of Morocco > (1673); <Love and Revenge > 
 (1675); < Pastor Fido, or the Faithful Shepherd > 
 (1677), after Guarini; <The Female Prelate; 
 or. The Life and Death of Pope Joan> (1680); 
 
 < Distressed Innocence ; or, The Princess of 
 Persia) (1682). 
 
 Sevlgne, Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, Mar- 
 quise de (sav-en-ya'). A celebrated French 
 letter-writer; born at Paris, February 1626; died 
 at the Castle of Grignan, in Dauphiny, April 
 18, 1696. Her < Letters,) mainly to her daugh- 
 ter, are regarded as models of the familiar 
 epistolary style. The best edition is that in 10 
 vols., 1818-19. 
 
 Sewall, Frank. An American writer and 
 Swedenborgian minister; born in Maine, 1837. 
 He has written many denominational and re- 
 ligious works ; among them *■ Moody Mike ; or. 
 The Power of Love > ; < The Hem of his Gar- 
 ment); <The Pillow of Stones >; <The New 
 Ethics ) ; < The New Metaphysics ) ; <Angelo 
 and Ariel.' He has been remarkably success- 
 ful in the translation of Italian and French 
 poetry, and has published a translation of the 
 poems of Carducci, and works on him, notably 
 <Giosue Carducci and the Hellenic Reaction 
 in Italy >; < Carducci and the Classic Realism) 
 (1892). His translation of Carducci's sonnet 
 
 < The Ox ) has been noticed throughout Europe. 
 
 Bewail, Harriet (Wlnslow). An American 
 verse-writer ; born at Portland, Me., June 30, 
 iSig; died at Wellesley, Mass., February 1889. 
 She wrote the poem < Why Thus Longing ? ) 
 Her other poetical compositions were pub- 
 lished in a volume of < Poems, with a Memoir) 
 (1889). 
 
 Sewall, Jonatban Mitchell. An American 
 poet ; born at Salem, Mass., 1748 ; died at 
 Portsmouth, N. H., March 29, 1808. During 
 the Revolutionary war he wrote a ballad, < War 
 and Washington,) which was very popular; in 
 
 his epilogue (1780) to Addison's <Cato> occur 
 the lines «No pent-up Utica contracts your 
 powers )) ; his < Miscellaneous Poems ' were col- 
 lected and published in 1801. 
 
 Sewall, Samuel. An American jurist; bom 
 in Bishopstoke, England, March 28, 1652 ; died 
 in Boston, Jan. i, 1730. He came to America 
 very young, graduated at Harvard in 1675, and 
 became a member of the council ; and as judge 
 of the probate court (1692) took a prominent 
 part in the trials during the Salem Witchcraft 
 excitement. He is chiefly remarkable in literary 
 annals for his < Diary) and < Letters,) which 
 have been published by the Massachusetts His- 
 torical Society (1878-82). He wrote a tract on 
 the rights of slaves, < The Selling of Joseph) 
 (1711); and published: <The Accomplishment 
 of Prophecies) (1713); *A Memorial Relating 
 to the Kennebec Indians) (1721); and <A De- 
 scription of the New Heaven > (1727). 
 
 Sewall, Stephen. An American Hebrew 
 scholar ; born in York, Me., April 4, 1734 ; died 
 in Boston, July 23, 1804. He became librarian 
 and instructor at Harvard College (1762), and 
 professor of Hebrew (1764-85). He published 
 a < Hebrew Grammar) (1763); A Funeral Ora- 
 tion in Latin on Edward Holyoke (1769); 
 < The Scripture Account of the Shechinah ' 
 (1794); and left a manuscript < Chaldee and 
 English Dictionary,) now preserved in Harvard 
 College Library. 
 
 Seward, Anna. A English poet; born at 
 Eyam, Derbyshire, 1747 ; died at Lichfield, 
 March 25, 1809. Her celebrity as a poet was 
 obtained chiefly from her elegies upon her 
 friend Major Andr^ (1781), and upon Captain 
 Cook. She published : < Louisa,) a poetical 
 novel (1782), and < Soimets ) (1789). Sir Walter 
 Scott published her < Poetical Works and Cor- 
 respondence) (3 vols., 1810). She was called 
 "The Swan of Lichfield.)^ 
 
 Seward, William Henry. An American 
 statesman ; bom in Florida, N. Y., May 16, 
 1801 ; died in Auburn, N. Y., 1872. In 1838 he 
 was elected the first Whig governor of New 
 York ; in 1849 United States Senator, re-elected 
 1855. He was Secretary of State (1861-69) dur- 
 ing the Civil War and through Johnson's term. 
 He published many of his speeches and ad- 
 dresses ; a volume on the < Life and Services 
 of John Quincy Adams > (1849); and, with his 
 adopted daughter Olive Risley Seward, < Trav- 
 els Around the World > (1873). His < Works,) 
 edited by Geo. E. Baker, appeared in 3 vols., 
 1853; 5 vols., 1884. 
 
 Sewrin, Charles A. (sa-e-ran')- A French 
 dramatist and story-writer; born at Metz, 1771 ; 
 died at Paris, 1853. He wrote among oth- 
 ers : — Comic operas: <The Village School'; 
 
 < The Opera in a Village > ; < Of Old and Now- 
 a-days > ; < The Blacksmith of Bassora ' ; < The 
 Young Mother-in-Law.) Comedies : < My Un- 
 cle Antony > ; < The Country Cits ) ; < Gulliver ' ; 
 
 < The Swiss Milkmaid.) Novels : < The Story 
 of a Dog> (1801); < Story of a Cat) (1802); <A
 
 SEXTUS — SHALER 
 
 491 
 
 Family of Liars > (1802); <The Friends of Henri 
 IV.) (1805). 
 
 Sextus Empiricus. A Greek philosopher, 
 who flourished near the end of the second cen- 
 tury ; a physician of the << empirical >) school, 
 whence his surname. In his < Outlines of Pyr- 
 rhonism ) he revived the skepticism of Pyrrho ; 
 and he wrote a work on skepticism, under the 
 title <Adversus Mathematicos.* 
 
 Seymour, Mary Harrison. An American 
 juvenile-story writer; born in Oxford, Conn., 
 Sept. 7, 1835. She has published : < Mollie's 
 Christmas Stocking) (1865); < Sunshine and 
 Starlight) (1868); < Posy Vinton's Picnic) (1869); 
 
 < Ned, Nellie, and Amy) (1870); < Recompense) 
 (1877); < Every Day) (1877); and < Through the 
 Darkness) (1884). 
 
 Bhadwell, Thomas. An English dramatist; 
 born at Stanton Hall, Norfolk, about 1642; died 
 Nov. 19, 1692. His comedy <The Sullen Lov- 
 ers,) produced in 1668, brought him reputation. 
 Among many other plays, he was the author 
 of < The Virtuoso ) ( 1676) ; < Lancashire Witches > 
 (1682); <The Squire of Alsatia ) (1688); and 
 < Volunteers; or. The Stock-jobbers) (1693). 
 He became poet-laureate and historiographer 
 royal in 1688, succeeding Dryden in both posi- 
 tions. (< Works,) 4 vols., 1720.) 
 
 Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, first 
 Earl of. An English statesman ; born in Wim- 
 borne, St. Giles, Dorsetshire, July 22, 1621 ; died 
 in Amsterdam, Jan. 22, 1683. He was a con- 
 spicuous figure in the history of his times ; was 
 the Achitophel of Dryden's satire. Macaulay 
 gives a brilliant sketch of him in the essay on 
 Sir William Temple. Ashley and Cooper riv- 
 ers, in South Carolina, received their names 
 from him. His < Characteristics of Men, Man- 
 ners, Opinions, and Times) is a collection of 
 his various writings. 
 
 Shairp, John Campbell. [«Principal 
 Shairp.))] A Scotch poet, critic, and essayist ; 
 born at Houstoun, in West Lothian, July 30, 
 1819; died at Ormsary, in Argyll, Sept. 18, 1885. 
 He became principal of the United College, 
 St. Andrews. Among his works are : * Kil- 
 mahoe, a Highland Pastoral, and Other Poems) 
 (1864); < Studies in Poetry and Philosophy) 
 (1868); < Culture and Religion) (1870); < Poetic 
 Interpretation of Nature) (1877); < Aspects of 
 Poetry) (1881); and, published posthumously, 
 •Sketches in History and Poetry) (1887); <Glen 
 Desseray and Other Poems) (1888). 
 
 Shakespeare, William. The poet was born 
 at Stratford-on-Avon, April 22 or 23, 1564; 
 died there, April 23, 1616. His plays, in the 
 order of their production, are given as follows : 
 
 < Love's Labour's Lost) (written 1591 (?); revised 
 1597; published 1598); < Two Gentlemen of 
 Verona) (written 1591 (?); published posthu- 
 mously 1623); < Comedy of Errors) (written 
 159- ; published posthumously 1623); < Romeo 
 and Juliet) (written 159- ; pirated 1597; pub- 
 lished with author's sanction 1599); < Henry 
 VL* (Part i. written and acted 1592, Parts ii. 
 
 and iii. following quickly; Part ii. published 
 1594; Part iii. published 1595); <King Richard 
 III.) (written 1593 (?); published 1597); < Titus 
 Andronicus) (written in collaboration 1593 or 
 1594; acted 1594 (?); published 1600?); <A 
 Merchant of Venice ) (written and acted 1594 (?); 
 published 1600); < King John) (written 1594; 
 acted I59-);<A Midsummer Night's Dream,) writ- 
 ten and acted 1594-95; published 1600; <King 
 Richard II.) (produced 1595); <Airs Well that 
 Ends Well) (written 1595 (?); acted 159-); <The 
 Taming of the Shrew) (written 1596 (?); acted 
 159- ; published posthumously 1623); < Henry 
 IV.) (written or adapted 1597 ; published, Part i. 
 1598, Part ii. 1690 ; revised and republished 
 1600); <The Merry Wives of Windsor) (written 
 159- ; acted 159- ; published 1602); < Henry V.) 
 (written 1598; acted 1599; published, text im- 
 perfect, 1600); < Much Ado about Nothing) 
 (written 1599 (?); acted 1599; published 1600); 
 <As You Like It) (produced 1599); < Twelfth 
 Night) (written 1599; acted 1601 or 1602); < Julius 
 Caesar) (written 1601 ; acted 1601); < Hamlet) 
 (written 1602; acted 1602 (?); published by an- 
 other surreptitiously 1602 or 1603 ; authorized ed. 
 1604); <Troilus and Cressida) (written 1603 (?); 
 acted 1603; published 1608 or 1609); < Othello) 
 (written 1604 (?); acted 1604; published posthu- 
 mously 1622) ; < Measure for Measure ) (written 
 1604 (?); acted 1604; published posthumously); 
 'Macbeth) (written 1605-6; acted 1606 (?); re- 
 vived 161 1; published posthumously 1623); 
 
 < King Lear) (written 1606; acted 1606; pub- 
 lished 1608); <Timon of Athens) (written in col- 
 laboration 1607; acted 160-); < Pericles) (written 
 in collaboration 1607; published 1608 or 1609); 
 < Antony and Cleopatra) (written 1607-8; pub- 
 lished posthumously 1623); <Coriolanus) (writ- 
 ten 1608 (?); published posthumously 1623); 
 •Cynfbeline) (written 16 — ; acted 1610J; < A Win- 
 ter's Tale) (written 16 — ; acted 161 1); <The 
 Tempest) (written before the winter of 1612-13); 
 
 < The Two Noble Kinsmen ) (written in col- 
 laboration (?); published posthumously 1634); 
 
 < Henry VIII.) (portions by Shakespeare writ- 
 ten 1613 (?); acted 1613; published posthu- 
 mously 1623). His poems are: < Venus and 
 Adonis) (1593); < The Rape of Lucrece) (1594); 
 
 < Sonnets) (written 1591-94; published 1609); 
 <A Lover's Complaint (written 1594-98 (?); 
 published 1609); <The Passionate Pilgrim) 
 (ist ed. (?) 1594). The first collected edition of 
 the plays, under the title < Mr. William Shakes- 
 peare's comedies, histories, and tragedies. Pub- 
 lished according to the true original copies,) 
 appeared in 1623, and is referred to as «the 
 folio of 1623.)) One existing copy has two 
 canceled leaves from < As You Like It.) 
 
 Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate. An Ameri- 
 can geologist ; born near Newport, Ky., Feb. 
 20, 1841. He was professor of geology at Harvard, 
 and a versatile and interesting writer in many 
 important fields. Among his works are the 
 
 < Kentucky Geological Reports and Memoirs > 
 (7 vols., 1876-82); < On the Nature of Intellectual 
 Property and its Importance to the State ) (1878); 
 'Aspects of the Earth) (1889); <Tbe Story of
 
 49« 
 
 SHANKS— SHELLEY 
 
 our Continent* (1892); < Nature and Man in 
 North America > {1892); <The Interpretation of 
 Nature > (1893); <Sea and Land> (1894); 'The 
 United States of America > (2 vols., 1894); and 
 reports of United States Geological Survey on 
 Marine Marshes, Fresh-Water Swamps, Soils, 
 Harbors, etc. Died Apr. 10, 1906. 
 
 Sbanlcs, William Franklin-Gore. An Amer- 
 ican journalist and author ; born in Shelbyville, 
 Ky., April 20, 1S37. He was war correspondent 
 for the New York Herald (1861-65), subsequently 
 joined the New York Tribune, and was impris- 
 oned for refusing to divulge the name of a 
 writer of an article in the paper. Besides his 
 contributions to periodicals he has published : 
 
 < Recollections of Distinguished Generals > 
 (1865); < Bench and Bar> (iS68j; and a play, 
 
 < A Noble Treason > (1876). He died 1905. 
 
 Sharp, William. A British critic and man 
 of letters ; born 1856. He has traveled exten- 
 sively, and contributed to leading publications 
 throughout the world. His works include < Hu- 
 manity and Man,> a poem; <The Conqueror's 
 Dream, and Other Poems >; < Dante Gabriel 
 Rossetti,' a biography; < Shakespeare's Songs, 
 Poems, and Sonnets >; < Sonnets of this Cen- 
 tury ' ; < Shelley,' a biography ; < Romantic Bal- 
 lads >; etc. Died, 1905. 
 
 Shaw, Albert. An American editor and writer 
 on nninicipal government ; horn at Shandon, 
 O., July 23, 1857. Since 1891 he has been 
 the editor of the Review of Reviews in Amer- 
 ica. Included in his publications are : < Icaria : 
 a Chapter in the History of Communism > (1884); 
 ♦Co-operation in a Western City> (1886 1; and 
 <The National Revenue > (1888). < Municipal 
 Government in Great Britain > ; < Municipal Gov- 
 ernment in Continental Europe * ; * Political 
 Problems of American Development.' 
 
 Shaw, George Bernard, an English author, 
 born 1856. Besides numerous novels with 
 strongly socialistic tendencies like < An Unsocial 
 Socialist > ; < The Quintessence of Ibsenism * ; 
 
 < Fabianism and the Fiscal Question,* he 
 wrote * Three Plays for Puritans > ; < Man and 
 Super-man >; and (1909) < Press-Cuttings,> which 
 was suppressed by the censor. All of his works 
 are filled with epigrams and satirical hits at all 
 phases of society. 
 
 Shaw, Henry Wheeler. [« Josh Billings."] 
 An American humorist : (1818-1885). His publi- 
 cations include: 'Josh Billings on Ice' (1875) ; 
 'Josh Billings's Complete Works ' (1877); and 
 
 < Josh Billings's Spice Box > ( 1881). 
 
 Shea, John Dawson Gilmary. An Ameri- 
 can author and historical writer (1824-1892). He 
 edited the Historical Magazine (1859-65) ; also 
 Frank Leslie's Chimney Corner. He published: 
 
 < Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi 
 Valley > (1853) ; < History of Catholic Missions 
 among the Indians) (1854); < Account of the 
 New Netherlands in 1643-44) (1862); < The 
 Catholic Church in the United States) (1856) ; 
 and < Life of Pius IX. ) (1875). 
 
 Shedd, Mrs. Jnlia Ann (Clark). An Amer- 
 ican writer on art ; born in Newport Me., 
 
 Aug. 8, 1834. Besides contributions to art peri- 
 odicals she published: 'Famous Painters and 
 Paintings) (1874); <The Ghiberti Gates> (1876); 
 <Famous Sculptors and Sculpture) (1881); and 
 'Raphael, his Madonnas and Holy Families.) 
 Died in Providence, R. I., April 7, 1897. 
 
 Shedd, William Greenough Thayer. An emi- 
 nent educator, author, and Pres'oyterian clerg)-- 
 man; born in Acton, Mass., June 21, 1820 ; died 
 November 6, 1894. He was professor in the 
 University of Vermont (1845-52); in Auburn 
 Theological Seminary (1852-54); in Andover 
 Theological Seminary (1854-62); and professor 
 of Biblical literature in Union Seminary from 
 1863. He has published numerous historical 
 and polemic works. Among them are : < Lect- 
 ures on the Philosophy of History) (1856); 
 'History of Christian Doctrine) (2 vols., 1863); 
 'Sermons to the Natural Man) (1871); < Doc- 
 trine of Endless Punishment) (1885); and 
 'Dogmatic Theology) (3 vols., 1888-94). 
 
 Shelley, Mary (Godwin). An English 
 writer of works of psychological and historical 
 fiction, second wife of the poet Shelley ; born 
 at London, Aug. 30, 1797; died there, Feb. i, 
 1851. Her first storj-, 'Frankenstein' (1818), 
 won for her a place among the imaginative 
 writers of England ; it was followed by < Val- 
 perga,) a historical romance (1823); 'The Last 
 Man ' (1826); < Lodore) (1835); 'Falkner) (1837). 
 
 Shelley, Percy Bysshe. The celebrated Eng- 
 lish poet; born at Warnham, near Horsham, 
 Sussex, Aug. 4, 1792; drowned off the coast of 
 Italy, July 8, 1822. He wrote : < Zastrozzi ) (1810), 
 a romance ; ' St. Irvyne' (181 1), a romance ; ' The 
 Necessity of Atheism' (1811 ?), a treatise; 'A 
 Poetical Essay on the Existing State of Things ' 
 (1811); 'An Address to the Irish People' (1812); 
 ' Proposals for an Association of those Philan- 
 thropists who. Convinced of the Inadequacy 
 of the Moral and Political State of Ireland to 
 Produce Benefits which are, nevertheless. At- 
 tainable, are Willing to Unite to Accomplish 
 its Regeneration' (1812); ' Queen Mab : A Phil- 
 osophic Poem' (1813); 'A Vindication of Nat- 
 ural Diet' (1813); 'A Refutation of Deism' 
 (1814); 'Alastor, or the Spirit of Solitude, and 
 Other Poems' (1816); <A Proposal for Putting 
 Reform to the Vote throughout the Kingdom* 
 (1817); 'A Six-Weeks' Tour' (1817), in collabora- 
 tion with Mary Godwin; < Laon and Cynthia' 
 ( 1818), subsequently altered and reissued as < The 
 Revolt of Islam: A Poem' (1818, some few 
 copies being erroneously dated 1817); ' Rosalind 
 and Helen : A Modern Eclogue ; with Other 
 Poems' (1819); 'The Cenci: A Tragedy' (1819); 
 < Prometheus Unbound : A Lyrical Drama ' 
 (1820); 'CEdipus TjTannus, or Swellfoot the 
 Tyrant: A Tragedy in Two Acts; Translated 
 from the Original Doric' (1820); 'Epipsychid- 
 ion : Verses addressed to the Noble and Unfor- 
 tunate Lady Emilia V ' (1821); 'Adonais: 
 
 An Elegy on the Death of John Keats' (1821); 
 'Hellas: A Lyrical Drama) (1822),— the last 
 of .Shelley's works issued during his lifetime. 
 After his dearti there appeared : ' Posthumous
 
 SHELTON-SHINN 
 
 4$5 
 
 Poems > (1824); <The Maaque of Anarchy: A 
 Poem; Now First Published > (1832); <The 
 Shelley Papers > (1833); < Essays, Letters from 
 Abroad, Translations, and Fragments > (1840); 
 1 The Damon of the World : the First Part 
 as Published in 1816 with <Alastor>; the Sec- 
 ond Part Deciphered and now First Printed > 
 (1876). 
 
 Sbelton, Frederick William, An American 
 clergyman, and humorous and satirical writer; 
 born in Jamaica, N. Y., 1814; died at Carthage 
 Landing, N. Y., June 20, 1881. His publications 
 include : < The TroUopiad, or Traveling Gen- 
 tleman in America,* a satirical poem (1837); 
 <Salander and the Dragon,* a romance (1851); 
 * Up the River,> a series of rural sketches on 
 the Hudson (1853); < Peeps from a Belfry; or. 
 Parish Sketch-Book> (1855); < Use and Abuse 
 of Reason*; <The Gold Mania*; etc. 
 
 snenshin, Afanasy Afanasievicli. See Fet. 
 
 Shenstone, William. An English poet ; born 
 at the Leasowes, near Halesowen, Shropshire, 
 November 1714; died there, Feb. 11, 1763. His 
 best-remembered poems are : < The Schoolmis- 
 tress* (1742); <The Pastoral Ballad* (1743); 
 and < Written in an Inn at Henley.* His 
 < Works* and < Letters* were collected in three 
 volumes (1764-69); and his 'Essays on Men 
 and Manners* were republished in 1868. 
 
 Slieppard, Elizabeth Sara. An English nov- 
 elist ; born at Blackheath, 1830; died at Brixton, 
 March 13, 1862. She wrote the noted < Charles 
 Auchester* (1853), a mystical art novel ; < Coun- 
 terparts, or the Cross of Love * (1854); < My First 
 Season* (1855); <The Double Coronet* (1856); 
 'Rumor,* a musical and artistic novel (1858). 
 
 Sheridan, Philip Henry. A famous Amer- 
 ican soldier; born in Albany, N. Y., March 6, 
 1831 ; died in Nonquitt, Mass., Aug. 5, 1888. He 
 graduated at West Point, July i, 1853, and 
 rose through a distinguished career of army 
 service during which he became successively 
 major-general, lieutenant-general, and general. 
 He wrote < Personal Memoirs,* published in 2 
 vols., 1888. 
 
 Sheridan, Richard Brinsley. An eminent 
 British dramatist and parliamentary orator ; born 
 at Dublin, Oct. 30, 1751 ; died at London, July 
 7, 1816. His principal dramatic works are : < The 
 Rivals,* comedy (1774); <The Duenna,* comic 
 opera (1775); <The School for Scandal,* comedy 
 (1777); <The Critic,* farce (1779). His most 
 memorable speeches are the < Begum Speech,* 
 so-called, made in the trial of Warren Hastings, 
 and the < Perfumery Speech.* 
 
 Sherman, Frank Dempster. An American 
 poet; born at Peekskill, N. Y., May 6, i860. 
 Educated at Columbia College and Harvard 
 University, he became an instructor in the Co- 
 lumbia School of Architecture. He has pub- 
 lished : 'Madrigals and Catches*; < Lyrics for 
 a Lute * ; and, with John Kendrick Bangs, 
 <New Waggings of Old Tales*; < Little Folk 
 Lyrics* ; 'Lyrics of Jov.* His jioems are a fre- 
 
 q :f:it fe V;\^ (A {U: i;i;i;_;:izill(.'.'-. 
 
 Sherman, John. An eminent American states- 
 man ; born m Lancaster, Ohio., May 10, 1823 ; 
 died in Washington, Oct. 22, 1 900. He was 
 first elected to Congress in 1854; Senator, 1861- 
 73; and 1881-87; Secretary of the Treasury, 
 1877-81 ; and Secretary of State from 1 897. He 
 is the author of ' Selected Speeches and Re- 
 ports on Finance and Taxation, 1859—1878* 
 (New York 1879) ; and < Recollections of Forty 
 Years in the House, Senate, and Cabinet.* 
 
 Sherman, William Tecumseh. One of the 
 
 most distinguished of American generals ; born 
 in Lancaster, O., Feb. 8, 1820; died in New 
 York city, Feb. 14, 1891. He graduated at 
 West Point in 1840 ; resigned from the army 
 as captain in 1853; was commissioned colonel, 
 May 13, 1861, and after a long career of active 
 service, retired from command on Feb. 8, 1884, 
 as general of the army. He has published : 
 ' Memoirs of Gen. William T. Sherman by Him- 
 self * (2 vols., New York, 1875 and 1885). 
 
 Sherwood, John D. An American writer; 
 born in Fishkill, N. Y., Oct. 15, 1818. He 
 served as a Federal officer through the Civil 
 War. Besides contributing to periodicals, he 
 has published the volumes : < The Case of Cuba * 
 (1869); 'Comic History of the United States* 
 (1870). 
 
 Shevchenko, Taras Grigorievich (shev- 
 chen'kS). A Russian poet ; born Feb. 25, 1814 ; 
 died in St. Petersburg, Feb. 26, 1861. His 
 ' Kobzar,* a volume of lyrics in the Little Rus- 
 sian dialect, appeared in 1840 (new cd. i860), 
 and became at once popular. < Haidamaki,* 
 one of the greatest of Russian epics, followed 
 in 1841 ; after which came < Hamalia," < Maiax,* 
 and others. 
 
 Siillaber, 'Benjamin Penhallow. ["Mrs. 
 Partington.**] An American journalist and 
 humorist ; born in Portsmouth, N. H., July 12, 
 1814; died in Chelsea, Mass., Nov. 25, 1890. 
 From 1840 to 1866 he was editor of various jour- 
 nals in Boston. His < Life and Sayings of Mrs. 
 Partington* (1854) gained for him world-wide 
 popularity. This was followed by 'Knitting- 
 Work* (1857); 'Partington Patchwork* (1873); 
 and ' Wide Swath,* a volume of collected verse 
 (1882). 
 
 ShinQler, Mrs. Mary Stanley Bunce 
 (Palmer) (Dana). An American poet and 
 author; bom in Beaufort, S. C, Feb. 15, 1810; 
 died in 1883. Her poems, once very popular 
 through the South, include : ' The Southern 
 Harp* (1840); 'The Northern Harp* (1841); 
 'The Parted Family, and Other Poems* (1842); 
 'The Temperance Lyre* (1842). She has 
 also written < Charles Morton ; or. The Young 
 Patriot* (1843); 'Forecastle Tom* (1844); and 
 'Letters on the Trinity* (1845). 
 
 Shinn, Charles Howard. An American poet, 
 journalist, and historical writer; born in Aus- 
 tin, Tex., April 29, 1852. He was engaged in 
 periodical work until 1885, when he became 
 connected with the Overland Monthly. He 
 is the author of ' Mining Camps : A Study in
 
 494 
 
 SHINN — SIMMS 
 
 American Pioneer Government > (1885), and 
 •The Story of the .Mine.> 
 
 Shlim, Millicent Washburn. An Ameri- 
 can editor ; born in Washington Township, Cal., 
 April 15, 1858. In 1882 she was connected with 
 the Overland Monthly. Her writings include 
 poems, sketches, stories, and critiques, for vari- 
 ous magazines. 
 
 Shlpman, Louis Evan. An American 
 writer ; bom in Brooklyn, N. Y., Aug. 2, 1869. 
 He has published : < Urban Dialogues ' ; < A 
 Group of American Caricatures*; and an act- 
 ing play founded on the story of < Henry Es- 
 mond ; > < On Parole * ; < The Admiral.' 
 
 Shorey, Paul. An American scholar ; born 
 1857. He is now professor of Greek and Latin 
 literature at the University of Chicago. He 
 published < The Odes and Epodes of Horace ' ; 
 < The Unity of Plato's Thought. > 
 
 Shorter, Clement King. An English editor 
 and author. Upon the death of John Latey, 
 he was appointed editor of the Illustrated Lon- 
 don News by Sir William Ingram, proprietor 
 of that paper. He also has charge of the 
 Sketch, Album, and English Illustrated Maga- 
 zine, and is generally regarded as one of the 
 ablest and most acute editors in London. His 
 published works comprise : < Fifty Years of 
 Victorian Literature, 1837-87 > (1888); (Char- 
 lotte Bronte and her Circle > (1896); (Victo- 
 rian Literature: Sixty Years of Books and 
 Bookmen' (1897). 
 
 Shorthouse, John Henry. An English nov- 
 elist; born at Binningham, in 1834. His best- 
 known novel is (John Inglesant> (1881). His 
 other works include: (The Little Schoolmas- 
 ter, Mark> (1883-84); (Sir PercivaP (1886); (A 
 Teacher ofthe Violin) (1888); and (Blanche,Ladj 
 Falaise.> Died in London, Mar. 4, 1902. 
 
 Sldgwick. Henry. A distinguished English 
 philosopher and political economist; born at 
 Skipton, Yorkshire, May 31, 1838 ; died at Cam- 
 bridge, Aug. 28, 1900. He was professor of 
 moral philosophy at Cambridge, and did much 
 for the promotion of higher education of women, 
 having assisted in the foundation of Newnham 
 College. His works include : (The Methods of 
 Ethics) (1874); (The Principles of Political 
 Economy) {1883), one of the most important 
 works on the subject ;< Outlines of the History 
 of Ethics) (1886J; etc. 
 
 Sidney or Sydney, Algernon. An English 
 republican patriot; born at Penshurst, Kent (?), 
 1622 (?); died at London on the scaffold, Dec. 7! 
 1683. He wrote (Discourses Concerning Gov- 
 ernment,) his political confession of faith (1698). 
 Sidney, Philip, sir. An English courtier 
 and man of letters ; bora at Penshurst in Kent 
 Nov. 30, 1554; died at Arnheim, Oct. 17, 1586 
 He wrote some (Sonnets) after the manner 
 of Catullus and Petrarch; a celebrated essay, 
 Apology for Poetry) (1595); a pastoral tale, 
 'Arcadia) 1590); and a versified translation 
 of the ( Psalms.) 
 
 Sidonius Appollinaris, Caius Sollius (4,- 
 482 A. D). A conspicuous man of affairs 
 and of literary effort in the Roman Em- 
 pire of the fifth century; bishop of Clermont, 
 in Gaul. Of his work we have ( Pane- 
 gyrics) of several emperors, and some poems, 
 not valuable; and a collection of letters very 
 valuable as a picture of provincial society just 
 as the barbarians were overwhelming it. 
 
 Sienkiewicz, Henryk {se"en-ke"a-vich). A 
 very eminent Polish novelist; born at Vola 
 Okrzejska, 1846. His works comprise : (No Man 
 Is a Prophet in his Own Country) (1872); 
 (Hania); (Charcoal Sketches'; (Village' 
 Tales); (Yanko the Mu.sician); (With Fire 
 and Sword) (1884), (The Deluge) (1886), ( Pan 
 Michael ' (188S),— a grand trilogy of historical 
 novels : ( Without Dogma ) (1890J; ( Quo Vadis > 
 (1895), a historical novel of the time of Nero; 
 (The Crusaders) ; ( Hanna) ; (Comedy of Errors.) 
 
 Sigerson, Dora. An Irish verse-writer; bom 
 at Dublin; wrote a volume of (Verses) (1893). 
 
 Sigourney, Lydia (Huntley). An Ameri- 
 can writer of prose and verse; bora in Nor- 
 wich, Conn., Sept. i, 1791 ; died in Hartford, 
 Conn., June 10, 1865. In her ( Letters of Life,> 
 published (1866) posthumously, she enumer- 
 ates forty-six distinct works wholly or partially 
 from her pen, besides over 2,000 articles in 
 prose and verse, contributed by her to nearly 
 300 periodicals. Among her other publica- 
 tions are: (Pleasant Memories of Pleasant 
 Lands,) a record of her visit in Europe made 
 in 1840 (1842); (Scenes in my Native Land) 
 (1844); (Water Drops: A Plea for Temper- 
 ance) (1847); (Gleanings,) poems (i860); and 
 (The Man of Uz, and Other Poems) (1862). 
 
 Sites, Mrs. W. W. See Logan. 
 
 Silius Italicus (sil'i-us it-al'i-kus). A Ro- 
 man poet ; born in 25 A. D. ; died in loi. 
 His epic poem ( Punica,) in 17 books, is 
 still extant; its theme is the second Punic 
 war, as its story is told by Livy and Polybius, 
 and the author imitates the style of Virgil[ 
 but he lacks the true poetic inspiration. To' 
 him is attributed (Homer in Latin,) a Latin 
 translation of a part of the Iliad. 
 
 Sill, Edward Rowland. An American poet ; 
 born in Windsor, Conn., April 29, 1841 ; died in 
 Cleveland, O., Feb. 27, 1887. In 1874 he became 
 professor of English literature in the University 
 of California, where he remained until 1882, 
 subsequently removing to Cleveland. His po- 
 etical works are included in (The Hermitage, 
 and Other Poems) (1867); ( The Venus of Milo, 
 and Other Poems) (1883); and ( Poems,) posthu- 
 mously issued (1888). 
 
 Simcox. Edith. An English miscellaneous 
 writer ; author of ( Natural Law : An Essay in 
 Ethics) (1877); (Episodes in the Lives of Men, 
 Women, and Lovers,) stories (1882). 
 
 Simnis, William Gilmore. An American 
 novelist and poei; bom in Charleston, S. C, 
 April 17, 1806; died there, June li, 1870. Hii
 
 SIMON — SKETCHLEY 
 
 publications include: <Atalantis: A Tale of 
 the Sea> (1S32), the longest and most noted of 
 his poems; <The Yemassee> (1835; revised ed. 
 1853); <CastIe DismaP (1845); < The Wigwam 
 and the Cabin; or, Tales of the South* (1845- 
 46); <The Maroon, and Other Tales> (1855); 
 and <War Poetry of the South > (1867). 
 
 Simon, Jules Fran5ois Suisse (se-mon'). 
 A notable French statesman and writer on piiil- 
 osophical and political subjects ; born at Lo- 
 rient, Dec. 31, 1814; died at Paris, June 8, 1896. 
 He became a member of the Academy, 1875, 
 and the same year was appointed senator for 
 life. Among his works are : < Studies on the 
 Theodicy of Plato and Aristotle > (184G); < His- 
 tory of the School of Alexandria' (2 vols., 
 1844); <Duty> (1854; 15th ed. 1892),- < Natural 
 Religion) (1856); <The Workingwoman> (1861 ; 
 9th ed. 1891); <Labor> (1866; 4th ed. 1877), a 
 work which arrested public attention ; * Free 
 Trade* (1870); < Reform of Secordary Educa- 
 tion* (1874); * The Twentieth-Ce.otury Woman * 
 (1891); < Four Portraits* : Lamartine, Lavigerie, 
 Renan, and Emperor William II. (1896). 
 
 Slmonds, William. [ « Walter Aimwell. ** ] 
 An American juvenile writer; born in Massa- 
 £husetts, 1822 ; died 1859. Among his best- 
 known works are : < The Aimwell Stories * ; 
 '■The Boys' Own Guide*; and <The Boys' 
 Book of Morals and Manners.* 
 
 Simonides (se-mon'id-ez). A celebrated 
 Greek lyric poet ; born in the island of Ceos, 
 about 556 B. C.; died about 468. He was at 
 the height of his fame at th^, time of the Per- 
 sian war, and celebrated i,b,e heroes of that 
 struggle and their feats. Of his famous < Epi- 
 grams,* a good many have come down to us ; 
 but of his Elegies, Dirges, Epinikia, Dithy- 
 rambs, Hymns, and Paeans, we have but frag- 
 ments. 
 
 Simpson, John Palgrave. An English 
 story-writer and dramatist ; born at Norwich, 
 1807 ; died at London, Aug. 19, 1887. He wrote : 
 •Second Love* (1846); <Gisela* (1847); <Let- 
 ters from the Danube* (1847); < The Lily of 
 Paris; or, The King's Nurse* (1848); < Pictures 
 from Revolutionary Paris* (1848); < Life of Karl 
 Maria von Weber.* His dramatic compositions 
 were about forty in number; among them are 
 < The World and the Stage,* and < Sibylla ; or, 
 Step by Step.* 
 
 Sims, George Robert. An English dram- 
 atist and journalist ; born in London, Sept. 2, 
 1847. He is the author of <The Lights o' Lon- 
 don* (1882); <The Romany Rye* (1883). Some 
 of his contributions to the press are : *■ Dagonet 
 Ballads* (1879); < Three Brass Balls* (1880); 
 <The Theatre of Life* (1881); < How the Poor 
 Live* (1883); < Stories in Black and White* 
 (i8Ssi; ' Mary Jane's Memoir*; < Scarlet Sin.* 
 
 Sinclair, Catherine. A Scotch novelL<;t; 
 born in Edinburgh, April 17, 1800; died there,' 
 Aug. 6, 1864. Among her writings are : < Char- 
 lie Seymour* ; < Holiday House * ; < Modern Ac- 
 complishments,* a study of the education of 
 
 49S 
 
 grirls (1836); < Shetland and the Shetlanders> 
 (1840); < Modem Flirtations* (1841); < Scotch 
 Courtiers and the Court* (1842); <Jane Bou- 
 verie ; or. Prosperity and Adversity* (1846); 
 
 < Popish Legends; or, Bible Truths* (1852); 
 <Torchester Abbe;"' (1857); < Anecdotes of the 
 Caesars* (1858); <Sketc*-es and Short Stories 
 of Scotland* (1859). 
 
 Sinclair, Thomas. A British poet and story- 
 writer; born near Thurso, Scotland, 1843. He 
 wrote : < Poems* (1873); < The Messenger,* verses 
 (1875); < Love's Trilogy,* a poem (1876); <The 
 Goddess Fortune,* a novel (1884); < The Sinclairs 
 of England* ;< Rulers of Orkney* ; < Essays.* 
 
 Slnnett, Alfred Percy. An English jour- 
 nalist; born in London, 1840. He was on the 
 staff of the London Globe in 1859; afterwards 
 edited the Daily Press at Hong Kong. In 1871 
 he was editor of the Pioneer, at Allahabad, 
 Lidia. Returning to England in 1882, he pub- 
 lished < The Occult World* and < Esoteric 
 Buddhism * (1883), which immediately connected 
 his name with the Theosophical movement, 
 and with its originator Madame Blavatsky. 
 
 Sismondi, Jean Charles Leonard Simon de 
 
 (sis-mon'de). A celebrated Swiss historian; 
 born at Geneva, May 9, 1773; died there, June 
 25, 1842. His principal works are : < History of 
 the Italian Republics in the Middle Ages* (16 
 vols., 1807-18); 'History of the New Birth of 
 Liberty in Italy* (2 vols., 1832); < History of 
 the French* (31 vols., 1821-34); * History of the 
 Fall of the Roman Empire* (2 vols., 1835); 
 
 < Julia Severa; or. The Year 492* (3 vols., 1822); 
 < Literature of the South of Europe* (1813). 
 
 Slseat, Walter William. A distinguished 
 English Anglo-Saxon scholar, philologist, and 
 lexicographer; born in London, Nov. 21, 1835. 
 He is professor of Anglo-Saxon at Cambridge 
 (from 1883); one of the founders of the Eng- 
 lish Dialect Society ; and an authority on early 
 English literature. He has edited <The Vis- 
 ion of William concerning Piers Ploughman* 
 (1867-85); Barbour's <The Bruce* (1870-89); 
 
 < Specimens of English Literature, 1298-1579* 
 (187 1 and 1872); numerous poems, metrical 
 romances, etc.; and has compiled <An Etymo- 
 logical Dictionary of the English Language* 
 (4 vols., 1879-81 ; new ed. 1884), his chief work. 
 One of his recent publications is an edition of 
 Chaucer (6 vols., 1894);* Notes on English 
 ]';t>'niology.* 
 
 Skelton John. An early English satirical 
 poet; born about 1460 ; died in 1529. He was 
 academical laureate at Cambridge and Ox- 
 ford, and afterwards was appointed by Henry 
 VH. tutor to Prince Henry, afterward Henry 
 VIII. He wrote many poems of a jocular and 
 satirical nature, among which are < Philip Spar- 
 row,* the lament of a maiden over the loss 
 of her pet bird ; and < Colin Clout,* a satire on 
 the clergy. 
 
 Sketchley, Arthur, pseudonym of George 
 Rose. An English dramatist and writer of hu- 
 morous sketches ; born at London, May 19, 1817; 
 diad there, Nov. 1 1, 1882. He wrote i < Pauline,*
 
 496 
 
 SKINNER — SMITH 
 
 a drama (1851); 'The Dark Cloud,> drama 
 (1863); <Ho\v will iVy Get out of It,> com- 
 edy (1864); and about 35 volumes of humor- 
 ous pieces selected from his contributions to 
 the comic journals, among them < Mrs. Brown's 
 Visit to the Paris Exhibition) (1867), followed 
 by a series of observations of the same imagi- 
 nary personage: < In the Highlands' (1869); 
 <On the Grand Tour> (1870); <On the New 
 Liquor Law> (1872); <On the Alabama Claims' 
 (1872); <On Home Rule' (1881); etc. 
 
 Skinner, John. A Scotch song- writer; bom 
 at Balfour, in Aberdeenshire, Oct. 3, 1721 ; died 
 June 16, 1807. His songs were very popular: 
 among them were < Tullochgorum, ' reckoned 
 by Burns "the best Scotch song Scotland ever 
 saw " ; < Ewie wi' the Crookit Horn ' ; < John 
 o' Badenyon'; < The Old Man's Song.' He 
 wrote an < Ecclesiastical History of Scotland ' 
 (2 vols., 1788). 
 
 Skipsey, Joseph. An English verse-writer; 
 author of < Poems, Songs, and Ballads' (1862); 
 'Miscellaneous Lyrics' (1878). A complete 
 edition of his works, entitled < Carols from the 
 Coal Fields, and Other Songs and Ballads,' 
 was issued in 1886. 
 
 Sladen, Douglas Brooke Wheelton. An 
 English poet; born at London, 1856. He is 
 author of ' Frithjog and Ingebjorg, and Other 
 Poems' (1882); 'Australian Lyrics' (1883); <A 
 Summer Christmas : A Tale of Sport ' (1884); 'Ed- 
 ward the Black Prince,' an epic drama (1886) ; 
 ' Australian Ballads and Rhymes ' (1888) ; 'The 
 Spanish Armada ' ; ' Queer Things about Japan.' 
 
 Sleldan or Sleidanus, Johannes (sli'dan). 
 A celebrated German historian ; born at Schlei- 
 den near Cologne ; died at Strasburg, Oct. 31, 
 1556. His greatest work is 'Memoirs of the 
 State of Religion and the Civil Government 
 under the Emperor Charles V.' (3 vols., 1555), 
 a history written without partisanship, and in 
 graceful literary style ; he wrote also a history 
 of 'The Four Great Empires, Babylonian, 
 Persian, Greek, and Roman' (1556). 
 
 Sloane, William Milligan. An American 
 historian; born in Richmond, O., Nov. 12, 1850; 
 graduated at Columbia in 1868 ; studied in Ber- 
 lin and Leipsic (1872-76), and during part of 
 that time was private secretary of George Ban- 
 croft, then minister at Berlin. He was for sev- 
 eral years a professor at Princeton, and is now 
 professor of history at Columbia. He has pub- 
 lished : ' The French War and the Revolution ' ; 
 'Life of James McCosh'; in 1897 brought out 
 a very important ' Life of Napoleon,' in 2 vols. 
 
 Slosson, Mrs. Annie (Trumbull). An Amer- 
 ican story-writer, sister of J. Hammond and 
 Henry Clay Trumbull ; born in Hartford, Conn., 
 184-. She has devoted much time to the study 
 of entomology, and writtenmany excellent short 
 stories. Iler books include: 'Seven Dreamers,' 
 a collection of her magazine stories ;< The Heresy 
 of Mehetable Clark ' ; 'Anna Malann > ; 'The 
 China Hunter's Club ' ; < White Christopher.' 
 
 Slowacki, Julius (slo-vats'ke). A celebrated* 
 Polish poet, born at Kremenecz in Volhynia, ' 
 
 Aug. 23, 1809 ; died at Paris, April 3, 1849. In 
 his earlier poems he was under the influence 
 of Byron ; but escapes from it in the ' Ode to 
 Liberty,' ' Hymn to the Mother of God,' and 
 'Song of the Lithuanian Legion' (1831). The 
 sentiment of Polish nationality finds fullest 
 expression in the dramatic poem 'Kordyan' 
 (1834), and the tragedy 'Mazeppa.' Slowacki 
 reaches the height of his lyric power in the 
 poem ' In Switzerland.' His last great work, 
 left incomplete, was < King Spirit,' which he 
 designed to be a " Legend of the Ages " of 
 Polish history. 
 
 Smalley, George Washburn. An American 
 journalist ; bom in Franklin, Mass., June 2, 
 1833. During the American Civil War, the 
 war between Prussia and Russia, and the 
 P"ranco-German war, he distinguished himself 
 as war correspondent of the New York Trib- 
 une ; and as representative of the same in 
 London (1867-95) he gained an eminent rank 
 in journalism. His ' London Letters and Some 
 Others ' and ' Studies of Men ' were widely 
 popular. He has been American correspondent 
 of the London Times since 1895. 
 
 Smart, Christopher. An English poet, and 
 one of the interesting figures of literary his- 
 tory; born at Shipboume, Kent, April 11, 1722; 
 died May 21, 1771. His fame rests upon a 
 'Song to David' (1763), pronounced by Dante 
 Gabriel Rossetti "the only great accomplished 
 poem of the eighteenth century." It is said 
 to have been written in a madhouse, " partly 
 with charcoal on the walls, or indented with a 
 key on the panels of his cell," the poet hav- 
 ing been deprived of his liberty on account of 
 his debts. Noted also is a version of Horace, 
 which had a wide sale. Other works are : ' Po- 
 ems ' (1752); 'Power of the Supreme Being' 
 (1753); 'The Hilliad: An Epic Poem' (1753); 
 'Poems on Several Occasions' (1763); 'Trans- 
 lation of the Psalms of David' (1765); and 
 many miscellaneous essays, poems, and trans- 
 lations. 
 
 Smart, Mrs. Helen Hamilton (Gardener). 
 An American novelist ; born in Virginia, 1858. 
 She has published many works of fiction deal- 
 ing with social reforms. Among these are: 
 ' An Unofficial Patriot ' ; < Is This Your Son, 
 My Lord? ' ' Facts and Fictions of Life ' ; < Pray 
 You, Sir, Whose Daughter? ' ' The Fortunes of 
 Margaret Weld.' She has also written maga- 
 zine articles, part of them collected as < Men, 
 Women, and Gods.' 
 
 Smiles, Samuel. A British miscellaneous 
 writer; bom at Haddington, Scotland, 1812. 
 Many of his writings had a very wide circu- 
 lation. Among them are: 'Self-Help' (i860); 
 'Life of George Stephenson' (6th ed. 1864); 
 'Lives of Engineers' (1862; new ed. 1874, 5 
 vols.); 'The Huguenots in England and Ire- 
 land' (4th ed. 1876); 'Thrift' (1875); 'Men 
 of Invention and Industry.' Died Apr. 16, 1904. 
 
 Smith, Adam. A renowned Scotch political 
 economist ; born at Kirkcaldy, June 5, 1723 ; 
 died at Edinburgh, July 17, ijgo, H« wrote a
 
 SMITH: ALBERT — GOLDWIN 
 
 497 
 
 < Theory of Moral Sentiments > (i759), in which 
 he finds in human sympathy the cohesive force 
 of social life; < Origin of Languages > (about 
 1760); and (in 1776) his great work, < Inquiry 
 into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of 
 Nations,' unfairly said to make self-interest 
 the chief motor of society : it only makes that 
 passion the chief motor of making money. 
 
 Smith, Albert. An English humorist ; born 
 at Chertsey in Surrey, May 24, 1816; died at 
 Fulham in Middlesex, May 23, i860. He was 
 a leading contributor to Punch. He wrote : 
 <The Adventures of Mr. Ledbury >; < Christo- 
 pher Tadpole >; < Pottleton's Legacy >; a series 
 of "natural histories" of < The Gent,> <The 
 Ballet Girl,> <Tlie Idler upon Town,> <The 
 Flirt >; and <The Medical Student,> a small 
 volume of amusing skits. 
 
 Smith, Alexander. A Scottish poet; born 
 in Kilmarnock, Dec. 31, 1830 ; died at Wardie 
 near Edinburgh, Jan. 5, 1867. Among his works, 
 <A Life Drama > (1853) attracted great atten- 
 tion. He wrote: < Sonnets of the War,> with 
 Sydney Dobell (1855); <City Poems > (1857); 
 < Edwin of Deira> (1861); also the prose works 
 ' Dreamthorpe > (1863), *A Summer in Skye > 
 (1865), 'Alfred Hagart's Household > (1866), 
 and <Miss Oona McQuarrie> (1866). 
 
 Smith, Buckingham. An American historian 
 and philologist; born in Georgia, Oct. 31, 1810; 
 died in New York, Jan. 5, 1871. He was sec- 
 retary of legation at Mexico (1850-52), and at 
 Madrid (1855-58). He made an exhaustive 
 study of Mexican history and antiquities, and 
 published many monographs and historical pa- 
 pers. Among them are : < Narrative of Her- 
 nando de Soto> (1854); < Documents relating to 
 the History of Florida > (1857); <A Grammatical 
 Sketch of the Heve Language > (1861); < Gram- 
 mar of the Pina Language' (1862). 
 
 Smith, Charles Henry. [«Bill Arp.»] An 
 American humorist; born in Lawrenceville, 
 Ga., June 15, 1826. His literary career began 
 (1861) in a series of letters under the pseu- 
 donym above. His publications include: <Bill 
 Arp's Scrap-Book> (1886); <The Farm and the 
 Fireside ' ; and < Georgia as a Colony and State, 
 17^3-1893.* Died at Atlanta, Ga., Aug. 25, 1903. 
 
 Smith, Charlotte (Turner). An English nov- 
 (Clist ; born 1749 ; died 1806. She wrote : < Elegiac 
 .■Sonnets and Other Essays' (1784); <Emmeline; 
 .or. The Orphan of the Castle' (1788); < Ethe 
 linde; or, the Recluse of the Lake' (1789); 
 ■'Celestina: A Novel' (1791); < Desmond : A 
 Novel' (1792); <The Old Manor-House' (1793); 
 '< The Emigrants: A Poem' (1793); 'Natural 
 Jiistory of Birds' (1807). 
 
 Smith, Edmund. An English poet ; born 
 1672; died 1710. His works are: <Poem on the 
 Death of Mr. John Philips' (1708); 'Phaedrus 
 and Hippolitus: A Tragedy' (1719); 'Monody 
 on Dr. Pocock' (1750); 'Odes' (1719). 
 
 Smith, Elizabeth Oakes (Prince). An Amer- 
 ican writer of prose and verse, noted in her 
 time; wife of Seba; born in Cumberland, Me., 
 
 32 
 
 Aug. 12, 1806 ; died at Hollywood, N. C, Nov. 
 15. 1893. Among her numerous works are : 
 <Riches Without Wings' (1838); <The News- 
 boy>; 'The Sinless Child, and Other Poems> 
 (1841); 'Woman and her Needs' (1847); and 
 <Bald Eagle, the Last of the Rampaughs' (1867). 
 Her children changed their name to Oaksmith 
 to identify themselves with her. 
 
 Smith, Francis Hopkinson. An American 
 artist and author residing in New York; born 
 in Baltimore, Md., Oct. 23, 1838. His well-known 
 contributions to the current literature of the day 
 have been illustrated by his own hand. Among 
 his works are : ' Well-Worn Roads of Spain ' ; 
 
 < Holland and Italy ' ; ' Old Lines in New Black 
 and White'; <A White Umbrella in Mexico'; 
 'A Book of the Tile Club ' ; <A Day at Laguerre > ; 
 
 < Colonel Carter of Cartersville,' a novel ; 'Amer- 
 ican Illustrators'; 'A Gentleman Vagabond 
 and Some Others'; 'Tom Grogan,' a novel; 
 'Espero Gorgoni, Gondolier' ; 'The Veiled Lady.' 
 
 Smith, George. A celebrated English As- 
 syriologist; born in London, March 26, 1840; 
 died at Aleppo, Aug. 19, 1876. The importance 
 of his contributions to our knowledge of Assyr- 
 ian history and inscriptions is everywhere ac- 
 knowledged. Part of his published works are : 
 'The Chaldean Account of Genesis'; 'As- 
 syria from the Earliest Times till the Fall of 
 Nineveh' (1875); 'Assyrian Discoveries' (1875), 
 an account of his own travels and researches; 
 'The Assyrian Epon)'m Canon' (1876); 'His- 
 tory of Babylonia,' edited by A. H. Sayce (1877); 
 ' History of Sennacherib,' edited by A. H. Sayce 
 (1878). 
 
 Smith, Geo-^e Barnett. An English jour- 
 nalist, litterateur, and biographer ; born at Oven- 
 den, near Halifax, Yorkshire, May 17, 1841. 
 He was for a time on the staff of the London 
 Globe and Echo ; and subsequently contributed 
 literary, critical, and biographical articles to 
 British reviews. His chief publications are: 
 'Poets and Novelists' (1875); 'Lives' of Shel- 
 ley, Gladstone, Peel, Bright, Victor Hugo, and 
 Queen Victoria; 'Prime Ministers of Queen 
 Victoria' (1886); and the standard 'History of 
 the English Parliament' (2 vols., 1892). 
 
 Smith, Gerrit. An American reformer, anti- 
 slavery advocate, and philanthropist; born in 
 Utica, N. Y., in 1797 ; died in New York, Dec. 
 28, 1874. He was active in the cause of tem- 
 perance, an uncompromising enemy of slavery, 
 made large donations in aid of the poor, and 
 gave land in New York State to many escaped 
 slaves. He wrote numerous tracts and papers; 
 and published: 'Speeches in Congress' (1855); 
 'Sermons and Speeches' (1861); 'The Religion 
 of Reason' (1864); 'The Theologies' (1866); 
 'Nature the Basis of a Free Theology' (1867); 
 and 'Correspondence vnth Albert Barnes' 
 (1868). 
 
 Smith, Goldwin. An eminent English lib- 
 eral, essayist, and educator, now residing in 
 Canada; born in Reading, Aug. 13, 1823. In 
 1868 he was professor of English history at
 
 498 
 
 SMITH: HANNAH — WILLIAM 
 
 Cornell Universitv. In 1871 he removed to 
 Toronto. His works include (The Relations 
 between America and England> ; < The Political 
 Destiny of Canada > ; < Irish Historj' and the 
 Irish Question > ; < Labor and Capital. > 
 
 Smith. Hannali. [« Hesba Stretton.»] An 
 English novelist; born at Wellington, Shrop- 
 shire. She has written many novels and sto- 
 ries, including: < Jessica's First Prayer > (1866); 
 •The Clives of Burcot> (1867); < Paul's Court- 
 ship > (1867); < Hester Morely's Promise' (1868); 
 and <Bede's Charity > (1882). 
 
 Smltli, James and Horace. Authors of the 
 < Rejected Addresses,' and other excellent hu- 
 morous compositions; bom in London; James 
 born 1775, died 1839; Horace born 1779, died 
 '^. The managers of the new Drury Lane 
 1'neatre, completed in 1812 to replace the 
 burned one, offered a prize for the most suita- 
 ble opening address; the result was a deluge 
 of such ludicrous rubbish that all had to be 
 rejected, and Byron was commissioned to write 
 one. The brothers Smith conceived the idea 
 of burlesquing the style of leading poets and 
 other men of letters and public notorieties, 
 in a set of pieces purporting to be among the 
 real addresses sent in to the committee but 
 declined. Hence the volume of < Rejected Ad- 
 dresses,* which by 1819 had reached its six- 
 teenth edition, and is a livingly familiar classic 
 still. Its travesties are hardly caricatures so 
 much as genuine reproductions of the spirit 
 as well as manner of their subjects. Horace 
 subsequently published many novels and poems, 
 the best-known among them being the <Ode to 
 an Egyptian Mummy.> James was afterwards 
 a well-known diner-out, entertainer, and con- 
 tributor to periodical literature of his day ; his 
 best-known pieces are < The Taking of Sebas- 
 topoP and (Surnames Go by Contraries.' 
 
 Smith, (Captain) John. The famous Eng- 
 lish adventurer and colonist ; born in Wil- 
 loughby, Lincolnshire, January I579; died in 
 London, June 21, 1631. He was one of the 
 founders of Virginia, who in 1607 settled in 
 Jamestown. His writings are : < A Map of Vir- 
 ginia,' etc. (1612); (The Generall Historic of 
 Virginia,' etc. (1624); (Description of New 
 England'; (An Accidence, or Pathway to 
 Experience'; (A Sea Grammar'; (The True 
 Travels of Captain John Smith.' 
 
 Smith, Mary Louise (Riley). An American 
 verse-writer; bom in Brighton, N. Y., May 27, 
 1842. She is author of (A Gift of Gentians, 
 and Other Verses' (1882); (The Inn of Rest' 
 fi888); and several booklets, in which are 
 included her notably popular poems (Tired 
 Mothers,' ( If,' ( His Name,' and ( Sometime.' 
 
 Smith, Matthew Hale. A Unitarian minister, 
 joumalist, and author; born in Portland, Me., 
 in 1810 ; died in Brooklyn, N. Y., 1879. As a 
 newspaper correspondent under the name (( Bur- 
 leigh," he attained reputation for vivacity and 
 piquancy. He also made successful lecture 
 tours. His writings include : ( Universalism 
 
 Exposed' (1842); (Universalism Not of God" 
 (1847); (Sabbath Evenings' (1849); (Mount 
 Calvary' (1S66); and (Sunshine and Shadow 
 in New York' (1868-69). 
 
 Smith, Richard Penn. An American drama- 
 tist and novelist; bom in Philadelphia, March 
 13, 1799; died at Falls of Schuylkill, Pa., Aug. 
 12, 1854. Among his most distinguished plays 
 are : ( Caius Marius,' a tragedy, presented by 
 Edwin Forrest in 1831 ; ( The Disowned ' ; and 
 (The Venetians.' His other works include: 
 (The Forsaken,' a novel (2 vols., 1831); (Life 
 of David Crockett' (1836); and (Life of Martin 
 Van Buren' (1836). His (Complete Works, 
 Embodied in his Life and Correspondence ' 
 was published by his son, Horace Wemyss 
 Smith (4 vols., 1888). 
 
 Smith, Samuel Francis. An American cler- 
 gyman and religious verse-writer; born in Bos- 
 ton, Oct. 21, 1808; died there Dec. 23, 1895. He 
 was the author of numerous hymns, including 
 •America,' which was written in 1832 ; and pub- 
 lished for young readers and others : (Knights 
 and Sea Kings'; (Mythology and Early Greek 
 History'; and (Poor Boys who Became Great. ) I 
 
 Smith, Seba. [«Major Jack Downing."] An 
 American joumalist and political satirist ; born 
 in Buckfield, Me., Sept. 14, 1792; died in Patch- 
 ogue, L. I., July 29, 1868. His publications in- 
 clude : ( The Life and Writings of Major Jack 
 Downing,' a series of humorous and satirical let- 
 ters written during the administration of Presi- 
 dent Jackson (1833); (Powhatan,' a poetic ro- 
 mance (1841); (New Elements in Geometry' 
 (1850); and (Way Down East' (1855). 
 
 Smith, Sydney. A celebrated English wit, 
 clergyman, and essayist ; born at Woodford, 
 Essex, June 3, 1771 ; died in London, Feb. 22, 
 1845. He was one of the founders of the Edin- 
 burgh Review. His writings comprise articles 
 contributed to the Edinburgh Review and re- 
 published in book form in 1839; * Peter Plym- 
 ley's Letters' (1807-8), in favor of Catholic 
 emancipation ; ( Three Letters to Archdeacon 
 Singleton on the Ecclesiastical Commission' 
 (1837-39); (Letters'; (Papers'; etc. 
 
 Smith, Walter Chalmers. A Scotch poet 
 and story-vn-iter ; bom 1824. Among his writ- 
 ings are: (Olrig Grange: A Poem' (1872); 
 (Hilda among the Broken Gods' (1878); (Ra- 
 ban, or Life Splinters' (1880); (North-Country 
 Folk Poems' (1883); ( Kildrostan,' a dramatic ' 
 poem > (1884); < A Heretic > (1890). I 
 
 Smith, William. An English poet and nov- 
 elist. He wrote : ( Guidone : A Dramatic Poem > 
 (2d ed. 1836); (Athelwold,' a tragedy (1842); 
 ( Discourse on the Ethics of the School of Paley ' 
 (1839); (Thorndale; or, The Conflict of Opin- 
 ions' (1857); (Gravenhurst; or. Thoughts on J 
 Good and Evil' (1862). * 
 
 Smith, William. A distinguished English 
 classical scholar and compiler of classical dic- 
 tionaries ; bom at Enfield, 1813; died in London, 
 Oct. 7, 1893. He was of great learning, and his 
 works were very influential in the guidance and
 
 SMITH — SOMERVILLE 
 
 499 
 
 extension of scholarship. They include : < Dic- 
 tionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities' (1840- 
 42); < Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography 
 and Mythology' (1843-49); < Dictionary of Greek 
 and Roman Geography' (1853-57); * Dictionary 
 of the Bible' (1860-63): < Dictionary of Christian 
 Antiquities' (1875-80); < Dictionary of Christian 
 Biography, Literature, Sects, and Doctrines, dur- 
 ing the First Eight Centuries' (1877-87), with 
 Dr. Wace. He also published Greek and Latin 
 text-books, dictionaries, and manuals, besides 
 editing editions of Gibbon, Hume, Hallam, and 
 other historians. 
 
 Smitli, William Robertson. A Scotch theo- 
 logian and Orientalist ; born at Keig, Aber- 
 deenshire, Nov. 8, 1846; died at Cambridge, 
 March 31, 1894. Upon concluding his theo- 
 logical studies at Edinburgh, Gottingen, and 
 Bonn, he was elected to the chair of Hebrew 
 and Old Testament exegesis in the Free Church 
 College, Aberdeen, and almost immediately be- 
 gan to arouse opposition by the advanced tone 
 of his lectures, essays, and addresses. A crisis 
 in his career came upon the appearance of his 
 Biblical contributions to the ninth edition of 
 the < Encyclopsedia Britannica,' when he was 
 tried for heresy, but finally acquitted in 1880. 
 His article on < Hebrew Language and Liter- 
 ature' in the < Britannica' led to his removal 
 from the Free Church College professorship. 
 The views which occasioned the controversy 
 are set forth in <The Old Testament in the 
 Jewish Church ' (1881), «The Prophets of Israel' 
 (1882), and many important pamphlets. Mean- 
 while he had been very active in Oriental stud- 
 ies, and in 1883 became professor of Arabic at 
 Cambridge. To this period belong < Kinship 
 and Marriage in Early Arabia' (1885), and 
 ' Religion of the Semites : Fundamental Insti- 
 tutions ' (1889). He was for a time sole editor 
 of the < Encyclopaedia Britannica.' 
 
 Smollett, Tobias George. A celebrated Brit- 
 ish novelist; born at Dalquhum, Dumbarton- 
 shire, Scotland, March 1721 ; died at Monte 
 Nero, near Leghorn, Italy, Oct. 17, 1771. His 
 works include: <Advice' (1746?), a satire; 
 < Reproof (1746?), a satire; <The Adventures 
 of Roderick Random' (1748); < The Regicide' 
 (1749), a tragedy; <The Adventures of Pere- 
 grine Pickle' (1751); <The Adventures of Fer- 
 dinand, Count Fathom' (1753); <Don Quixote' 
 (1755). a translation from the Spanish of Cer- 
 vantes ; < Compendium of Voyages and Travels ' 
 (1757); 'History of England from the Land- 
 ing of Caesar to the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ' 
 (1757); <The Reprisals' (1757), a farce; <The 
 Adventures of Sir Lancelot Greaves' (1760-61); 
 a translation of < Gil Bias' (i76i);<The Present 
 State of all Nations : containing a Geographi- 
 cal, Natural, Commercial, and Political His- 
 tory of all the Countries of the Known World > 
 {1763); 'Travels' (1766); <The Adventures of 
 an Atom' (1769), a political satire; and <The 
 Expedition ot Humphrey Clinker' (1771). 
 
 Smyth, Charles Piazzi. A Scotch astronomer; 
 bom at Naples, Jan. 3, 1819 ; died at Ripon, 
 
 Feb, 21, 1900. His studies of the great Egyp- 
 tian pyramid led him to the conclusion that it 
 was raised under direct inspiration of God, and 
 that therein were deposited revelations of the 
 great truths of physical Nature. He wrote 'Our 
 Inheritance in the Great Pyramid' (3d ed. if" 
 
 Smyth, [Samuel] Newman [Phillips]. An 
 
 American clergyman and religious writer ; born 
 in Brunswick, Me., June 25, 1843. His publica- 
 tions include: 'Old Faiths in New Light'; 
 ' The Orthodox Theology of To-day ' ; ' The 
 Morality of the Old Testament ' ; < Personal 
 Creeds'; 'Christian Ethics'; 'The Religious 
 Feeling ' ; and < The Reality of Faith.' 
 
 Snider, Denton Jaques. Born in Mt. Gilead, 
 O., Jan. 9, 1841. His studies of the great poets. 
 Homer, Shakespeare, Dante, Goethe, and his 
 writings on kindred topics, are very numerous, 
 comprising some eighteen volumes. His book 
 <A Walk in Hellas ' is a remarkable study of 
 Greece as it is to-day, illuminated by what it 
 was in its prime. 
 
 Snieders, Jan Renier (sne'ders). A Dutch 
 novelist; born at Bladel in North Brabant, 
 Nov. 22, 1812 ; died at Turnhout, April 9, 1888. 
 His stories are mostly tales of village life. 
 Among them are ' Amanda ' ; ' Doctor Mar- 
 cus ' ; ' Narda.' 
 
 Snollsky, Carl Johan Gustaf, Count (snou'- 
 ske). A Swedish poet ; born in Stockholm, 
 Sept. 8, 1841. His 'Sonnets' (1871), and his 
 translation of Goethe's ballads (1876), are 
 among the best in Swedish literature. His later 
 poems, 'New Stanzas' (1881), show sympathy 
 for the unfortunate and oppressed. 
 
 Snorri or Snorre Sturluson (snor'e ster'- 
 la-son). An Icelandic historian and states- 
 man; born 1 179; slain 1241. He composed the 
 Prose or Younger Edda ; and wrote the ' Heims- 
 kringla,' a series of biographies of Norwegian 
 kings, and the poem ' Hattatal.' 
 
 Socrates (sok'ra-tes). The renowned Athen- 
 ian philosopher ; born in Athens in 470 B. C. ; 
 died 399 B.C. He left no writings, and his 
 philosophical method and his teaching are to 
 be learned from the works of his disciples and 
 contemporaries, especially Plato and Xenophon. 
 In the ' Dialogues ' of Plato, or rather in the 
 earlier dialogues, Socrates is believed to figure 
 in word and in action as he lived, a sincere 
 searcher for truth in all things. 
 
 Solomon ben Jehuda ibn Gabirol. See 
 Avicebron. 
 
 Solon (so'lon). The Athenian legislator; 
 lived about 638-559 B; C. The constitution 
 which he gave to Athens is very clearly ex- 
 plained in Grote's ' History of Greece.' Solon 
 himself defined its character and aims in six 
 hexameters which have come down to our 
 time. 
 
 Somerville, Mary tFairfex). A Scottish as- 
 tronomer and scientist ; born at Jedburgh, Dec. 
 26, 1780 ; died in Naples, Nov. 29, 1872. She 
 was elected a fellow of the Royal Astronomical
 
 500 
 
 SOPHOCLES - SOUTH WORTH 
 
 Society. She published: < Mechanism of the 
 Heavens > (1830), a translation of Laplace's 
 <M^canique Cdleste,> made at the request of 
 Lord Brougham ; < Connection of the Physical 
 Sciences> (1834); < Physical Geography > (1849); 
 •Microscopical and Molecular Science > (1869). 
 
 Sopnoclea (sof'o-klez). The great Greek 
 tragic poet was born at Colonus, near Athens, 
 about 495 B. C; died about 405. His seven 
 extant tragedies are conjectured to have been 
 given to the public in the follow^ing order: 
 < Antigone > (440 B. C.) ; < Electra > ; < Trachiniae > ; 
 •CEdipus Tyrannus'; <Ajax>; < Philoctetes > ; 
 and < CEdipus at Colonus.> 
 
 Sophocles, Evangelinus Apostolides. A 
 Grecian scholar and educational writer; born 
 in Tsangaranda, Thessaly, Greece, March 8, 
 1807 ; died in Cambridge, Mass., Dec. 17, 1883. 
 Coming to America in 1829, he became pro- 
 fessor of ancient, modern, and Byzantine Greek 
 in Harvard University in i860. Among his 
 publications are: < Romaic Grammar* (1842; 
 2d ed. Boston, 1857; London, 1866); < Glossary 
 of Later and Byzantine Greek' (i860, forming 
 Vol. vii., new series of < Memoirs of the Amer- 
 ican Academy*); and < Greek Lexicon of the 
 Roman and Byzantine Periods,* his most im- 
 portant work (1870). 
 
 Sophron (so'fron). A Greek mimetic poet of 
 the fifth century B.C., native of Syracuse. His 
 mimes were dialogues in Doric Greek, half in 
 play, half in earnest, in which the character- 
 istics of the lower orders were faithfully ren- 
 dered. Only inconsiderable fragments of these 
 compositions have come down to us. 
 
 Sordello (sor-del'lo). An Italian poet; born 
 at Goito, near Mantua, about 1180; died about 
 1255. He composed poems in the language of 
 Provence, of which 34 remain. One of the 
 most celebrated passages in Dante is on the 
 subject of this poet, and Browning's < Sordello ' 
 (1840) is founded upon the story of his life. 
 
 Sotbeby, William. An English poet; born 
 in London, 1757 ; died Dec. 30, 1833. He is 
 only remembered now as a translator of Homer 
 and Virgil, and a favorite among the << blue- 
 stockings '* of Byron's time, but he wrote among 
 many other things : < The Battle of the Nile * 
 (1799) and <Saul> (1807), poems, and < Italy 
 and Other Poems* (1828); < The Siege of Cuzco* 
 (1800); < Julian and Agnes* (1801), < Orestes* 
 (1802), <Ivan* (1816), tragedies. 
 
 Soulle, Melchior Frederic (sol-yff')- A 
 French novelist and poet; born at Foix (Ari- 
 hge), Dec. 24, 1800 ; died at Bi&vre near Paris, 
 Sept. 23, 1847. He commenced his literary ca- 
 reer by publishing a volume of poems, < French 
 Loves* (1824), followed by < Romeo and Juliet* 
 (1828). < Christine at Fontainebleau * and <Clo- 
 thilde* (1832) were popular dramas. Some of 
 his novels also achieved public favor, such as 
 <The Count of Toulouse* (1835); <A Summer 
 at Meudon* (1836). 
 
 Soumet, Alexandre (soma'). A French 
 iramatist ; bom at Castelnaudary, Feb. 8, 1788 ; 
 
 died at Compiegne, March 30, 1845. He won 
 fame with his first elegy, < The Poor Girl * 
 (1814). His principal tragedies are: <Clytem- 
 nestra* and <Saul* (1822); <Joan of Arc' (1825); 
 'Elizabeth of France* (1828). 
 
 South, Robert. An English preacher and 
 controversial writer; born at Hackney, Sept. 4, 
 1634; died in London, July 8, 17 16. His 
 sermons are very noted. The published edi- 
 tions of them are numerous (1692, 6 vols.; 
 4th ed. 1715; new ed., enlarged, 1744, 11 vols., 
 edited by W. G. T. Shedd ; 1867, 5 vols.). 
 
 Soutberne, Thomas. An English playwright ; 
 born in Dublin, 1660 ; died 1746. His more 
 notable plays are : < The Persian Prince ; or, 
 The Loyal Brother * ; < The Fatal Marriage ' 
 (1694); < Sir Anthony Love; or. The Rambling 
 Lady.* 
 
 Southesk, Sir James Carnegie, Earl of. A 
 
 Scotch poet ; born 1827. He wrote : < Her- 
 minius, a Romance* (1862); < Jonas Fisher: A 
 Poem in Brown and White* (1876); < Meda 
 Maiden* (1877); <The Burial of Isis, with Other 
 Poems* (1884); < Suomiria, a Fantasy* (1897). 
 
 Southey, Caroline Ann (Bowles) (south'y 
 or suTH'y). An English poet, wife of Robert 
 Southey ; born at Lymington, Hampshire, Dec. 
 6, 1786; died there, July 20, 1854. A collection 
 of her poems published in 1820 brought her to 
 the notice of the world of letters. <The Pau- 
 per's Death-Bed* is well known. She is the 
 author of < Ellen Fitz- Arthur,* a poem (1820); 
 'The Widow's Tale, and Other Poems* (1822); 
 <The Birthday* (1836); 'Tales of the Facto- 
 ries,* in verse (1847). 
 
 Southey, Robert. A celebrated English poet 
 and prose-writer ; born in Bristol, Aug. 12, 1774 ; 
 died March 21, 1843. His principal poems are : 
 'Joan of Arc* (1795); 'The Curse of Kehama,* 
 based upon Hindu mythology (1810); 'A Vision 
 of Judgment,* an apotheosis of George HI. 
 (1821). Among his prose works are : < History 
 of Brazil* (1810-19); 'Life of Nelson* (1813); 
 'Life of John Wesley* (1820); 'Book of the 
 Church* (1824); 'Life of John Bunyan* (1830); 
 and 'The Doctor* (1834-37). He was made 
 poet-laureate in 1813. 
 
 Southwell, Robert. An English poet and 
 Jesuit martyr; bom about 1562; executed at 
 Tyburn, Feb. 21, 1595. He wrote: 'Consolation 
 for Catholics* (1586?), a prose work; but his 
 literary fame rests upon his poems, the longest 
 of which is 'St. Peter's Complaint,* while the 
 best is generally considered to be < The Burn- 
 ing Babe.* 
 
 Southworth, Emma Dorothy Eliza (Ne- 
 vitte). One of the most prolific of Ameri- 
 can novelists ; born in Washington, D. C, Dec. 
 26, 1818 ; died there June 30, 1899. Among 
 her sixty-odd stories are : 'Retribution*; 'Un- 
 known'; <The Family Doom'; 'The Mother's 
 Secret'; and <An Exile's Bride.' Many of them 
 have been translated into French, German and 
 Spanish, and republished in London, Paris* 
 Leipsic, Madrid and Montreal
 
 -K 
 
 SOUVESTRE— SPENCER 
 
 501 
 
 Souvestre. J^mile (so-vestr'). A French 
 dramatist and novelist; born 1806; died 1854. 
 He is celebrated as the author of <An Attic 
 Philosopher' (1850). His other works include: 
 •The Last Bretons > (1836); < Travels in Finis- 
 terre > ; < The Confessions of a Workman > ; 
 
 < Pierre and Jean > ; < The Greased Pole > ; < Man 
 and Money'; etc. His plays include < Henri 
 Hamelin' and < Uncle Baptiste.' 
 
 Spalding, John Lancaster. An American 
 prelate of the Catholic Church, bishop of Peo- 
 ria, 111. ; born in Lebanon, Ky., June 2, 1840. 
 He has done much to establish educational 
 institutions in this country, and is widely known 
 as an author and poet. Besides < Essays and 
 Reviews' (1876), he has published a < Life of 
 Archbishop Spalding' (1872); (Religious Mis- 
 sion of the Irish People' (1880); < Lectures and 
 Discourses ' (1882); < America, and Other Poems'; 
 
 < The Poet's Praise ' ; < Education and the Higher 
 I .ife > ; < Songs, Chiefly from the German ' ; (So- 
 cialism and Labor' ; and < Religion and Art.' 
 
 >V_ Spalding, Martin John. A Catholic prelate, 
 archbishop of Baltimore ; born near Lebanon, 
 Ky., May 23, 1810; died in Baltimore, Feb. 7, 
 1872. He was distinguished as a controversial- 
 ist and polemical writer, and published many 
 works ; among them : < D'Aubigne's History of 
 the Reformation Reviewed' (1844); < Lectures 
 on the General Evidences of Christianity' 
 (1847 and 1866); (Miscellanies and Reviews' 
 (i8S5)£and (History of the Protestant Refor- 
 mation in Germany,' etc. (2 vols., i860). He 
 also edited''^ The General History of the 
 
 V Catholic Chiirch,' by Abbd Darras (4 vols., 
 i860). 
 
 Sparhawk, Frances Campbell. An Amer- 
 ican novelist and story writer; born at Amesburg, 
 Mass., July 28, 1847. She wrote a large num- 
 ber of serial stories for the Christian Union 
 and other papers, of which the most important 
 is ( Elizabeth : A Romance of Colonial Days.' 
 She is also the author of ( A Lazy Man's Work ' 
 (1881); (Little Polly Blatchley' (1887); (Miss 
 West's Class in Geography' (1S87); (Qnoqua,' 
 an Indian story ; and ( Senator Intrigue and 
 Inspector Nosely' ; ( Life of Lincoln for Boys.' 
 
 Sparks, Jared. An American historian ; born 
 in Willington, Conn., May 10, 1789; died in 
 Cambridge, Mass., March 14, 1S66. From 1849 
 to 1853 he was president of Harvard College. 
 He is best known as the editor of the library 
 of American Biography (10 vols., 1834-38), con- 
 taining twenty-six (Lives' to which a second 
 series of thirty-four was added later (15 vols., 
 1844-47) ; and as the author of several of 
 the biographies, — namely, Ethan Allen, Bene- 
 dict Arnold, Father Marquette, La Salle, Count 
 Pulaski, Jean Ribault, Charles Lee, and John 
 Ledyard. 
 
 Sparks, William Henry. An American verse 
 and prose writer ; born on St. Simon's Island, 
 Ga., Jan. 16, iSoo; died in Marietta, Ga., Jan. 
 13, 1882. He published: (The Memories of 
 Fifty Years' (1870; 4th ed. 1882); (Father 
 
 Anselmo's Ward ' ; < Chikcah ' ; and < The Wo- 
 man with the Iron-Gray Hair.' He was also 
 the author of the popular verses ( Somebody's 
 Darling' and (The Old Church Bell.' 
 
 Spaulding, Solomon. An American clergy- 
 man and writer; born in Ashford, Conn., in 
 1761; died in Amity, Pa., Oct. 20, 1816. He 
 was a Revolutionary soldier, a Congregational 
 minister, and afterwards a manufacturer of iron. 
 While living at Conneaut, Pa. (1811-12), he 
 wrote a romance, ( The Manuscript Found,' pub- 
 lished in 1812, purporting to have been dis- 
 covered in an ancient mound. This work was 
 said to have furnished the basis for the < Book 
 of Mormon ' ; in denial of which the original 
 manuscript of Spaulding's romance was repub- 
 lished by the Mormons in 1885. 
 
 .Spears, John Randolph. A New York jour- 
 nalist and story-writer ; born in Ohio in 1S50. He 
 has published : ( The Gold Diggings of Cape 
 Horn > ; ( The Port of Missing Ships, and Other 
 Stories'; (A Short History of the American Navy.' 
 
 Spedding, James. An English critic and lit- 
 erary historian; born near Bassenthwaite, in 
 Cumberland, 1808; died in London, March 9, 
 1881. The labors of his whole life were con- 
 cerned with the works of Lord Bacon ; and his 
 first work, ( Evenings with a Reviewer' (2 vols., 
 privately printed in 184S, published 1881), was 
 an elaborate review of Macaulay's essay on 
 the great philosopher. He published (The 
 Works of Francis Bacon' (7 vols., 1857-59); 
 (Life and Letters of Francis Bacon' (7 vols., 
 .1870-76); (Life and Times of Francis Bacon' 
 (2 vols., 1878); and a volume of miscellaneous 
 (Reviews and Discussions' (1869). 
 
 Speed, John Gilmer. An American jour- 
 nalist; bom in Kentucky, 1853. He has been 
 managing editor of the New York World, has 
 contributed to leading periodicals, and has pub- 
 lished a ( Life of Keats.' 
 
 Speke, John Banning. An English ex- 
 plorer ; born at Jordans, Somersetshire, May 4, 
 1827; died near Bath, of an accidental gun- 
 shot wound, Sept. 18, 1864. He entered the 
 army, and sei-ved in India and in the Crimean 
 war; was with Capt. Richard F. Burton in an 
 expedition which discovered the great lakes 
 of Central Africa; and was at the head of 
 another expedition which discovered the con- 
 nection of the Nile with those lakes. He pub- 
 lished : (A Journal of the Discovery of the 
 Source of the Nile' {1863); and (What Led to 
 the Discovery of the Source of the Nile' (1864). 
 
 Spencer, Herbert. A celebrated English 
 philosopher ; born at Derby, April 27, 1820. 
 He has published: (The Proper Sphere of 
 Government' (1842); (Social Statics; or, The 
 Conditions Essential to Human Happiness' 
 (1851), later suppressed by the author; (Pro- 
 spectus of a System of Synthetic Philosophy' 
 (i860); (Education' (1861); (Essays' (1858-63); 
 (First Principles' (1862); (Principles of Bi- 
 ology' (1864); (Classification of the Sciences' 
 (1864); (Principles of Psychology' (1872); (The
 
 502 
 
 SPENCER — SPRAGUE 
 
 Study of Sociology' (1873); < Principles of 
 Sociology' (1876); < Ceremonial Institutions' 
 (1879); <Data of Ethics' (1879); 'Political In- 
 stitutions' (1882); <The Man versus the State' 
 (1884); < Ecclesiastical Institutions' (1885); < Es- 
 says' (1891), being a former work revised; 
 < Social Statics' (1892), being a former work 
 revised; < Principles of Ethics' (1893). In 1896 
 appeared the final volume of < Principles of 
 Sociology,' completing the 'System of Syn- 
 thetic Philosophy.' Died Dec. 8, 1903. 
 
 Spencer, Jesse Ames. An American edu- 
 cator and author; born at Hyde Park, N. Y., 
 June 17, 1816 ; died in New York city, Sept. 2, 
 "1898. He was appointed professor of Greek in 
 the College of the City of New York in 1869, and 
 was the author of a volume of religious 'Dis- 
 courses' (1843): 'History of the English Ref- 
 ormation' (1846); 'History of the United States>. 
 (4 vols., 1856-69); 'Greek Praxis' (1870), and 
 a'Courseof English Reading' (1873); 'Memora- 
 bilia of Sixty-five Years' (1820-86); etc. 
 
 Spencer, William (Loring). An American 
 author, second wife of Gen. Geo. E. Spencer; 
 born in St. Augustine, P"la. She has written : 
 'Salt Lake Fruit' (1883); 'Story of Mary' 
 (1884), republished as 'Dennis Day' (1887); 
 <A Plucky One' (1887); and 'Calamity Jane' 
 (1887). Because of her masculine name she 
 has been called "The Major." 
 
 Spencer, William Robert. An English 
 poet ; born 1769; died 1834. Among his writ- 
 ings are: 'Urania; or, the Illuming,' a comedy 
 (1802); 'The Year of Sorrow' (1804); a poet- 
 ical necrology; a posthumous collection of 
 'Poems' (1835). He translated BUrger's ' Le- 
 nore ' in 1796. Some of his songs are still 
 popular favorites, as < Beth Gelert ; or. The 
 Grave of the Greyhound ' ; ' Wife, Children, and 
 Friends'; 'When Midnight o'er the Moonless 
 Skies ' ; ' Too Late I Stayed : Forgive the 
 Crim.e ' ; ' The Emigrant's Grave.' 
 
 Spender, Emily. An English story-writer; 
 born at Bath, 1841. She wrote : 'A Son and 
 Heir' (1864); 'Kingsford' (1S66); 'Restored' 
 {1871); 'A True Marriage' (1878); 'Until the 
 Day Breaks' (1886). 
 
 Spenser, Edmund. A celebrated English 
 poet, bom in London about 1552 ; died at 
 London, Jan. 16, 1598-9. His works, in their 
 order of publication, are : ' The Shepherd's Cal- 
 endar' (1579); 'The Faery Queen' (1590), first 
 three books; 'Daphnaida' (1591); 'Complaints' 
 (1591), a collection of poems; 'Colin Clout's 
 Come Home Again' (1595); 'Amoretti' (1595), 
 containing sonnets and ' Epithalamion ' ; ' Faery 
 Queen' (1596), second three books; 'Four 
 Hymns' (1596); ' Prothalamion ' (1596); 'As- 
 trophel' (1596). Posthumously appeared 'View 
 of the State of Ireland' (1633). 
 
 Splemagen, Friedrich (spel'ha-gen). A 
 prolific German novelist; bom in Magde- 
 burg, Feb. 24, 1820. He has published: 'Klara 
 Vere' (1857); 'On tlie Dunes' (1858); 'Enig- 
 matical Natures' (i860); 'Through Night to 
 
 Light' (1861); 'The Von Hohensteins' (1863); 
 'Little Rose of the Court' (1864); 'In Rank 
 and File' (1866); 'The Village Coquette' (1868); 
 
 < Hammer and Anvil' (1868 j;< German Pioneers ' 
 (1870); 'Ever Onward' (1872); 'What the 
 Swallow Sang' (1872); 'Ultimo' (1873); 'The 
 Freshet' (1876); 'Flatland' (1878); <Quisisana> 
 ( 1879-80) ; < Angela ' ( 1881 ) ; ' Uhlenhans > ( 1884) ; 
 'At the Health Springs' (1885); 'What Will 
 That Lead To?' (1886); 'Noblesse Oblige' 
 (1888); <A New Pharaoh' (1889); 'Sunday's 
 Child' (1893); 'Susi' (1895); and many dra- 
 matic works and much miscellany. 
 
 Spindler, Karl (spin'dler). A German nov- 
 elist; born at Breslau, Silesia, Oct. 16, 1796; 
 died at Freiersbach, Baden, July 12, 1855. The 
 best of his works are : ' The Bastard > (3 vols., 
 1826); 'The Jew' (4 vols., 1827); 'The Jesuit' 
 (3 vols., 1829); and 'The Pensioner' (1831). 
 The latter story is an excellent specimen of 
 the early historical novel in Germany. It delin- 
 eates the French Revolution and Napoleon's 
 subsequent career. 
 
 Spinoza, Benedict (spi-no'za). A celebrated 
 philosopher ; born at Amsterdam, of Portuguese- 
 Jewish parents, Nov. 23, 1632 ; died at The 
 Hague, Feb. 21, 1677. He is author of a ' Tract- 
 ate on God and Man and Man's Felicity' (1655); 
 ' Theologico-Political Tractate ' (1670); 'Ethics 
 Demonstrated Geometrically.' The latter is his 
 greatest work ; it was not published till after 
 his death. 
 
 Spoflford, Ainsworth Rand. An American 
 bibliographer and librarian ; born in Gilman- 
 ton, N. H., Sept. 12, 1825. He was a journalist 
 to 1861, when appointed chief assistant libra- 
 rian of the Congressional Library, and librarian 
 1864 to 1897, when he became again "chief 
 assistant." He is famed for a comprehensive 
 and accurate knowledge of books and their 
 contents, and besides many essays and articles 
 on historical, literary, and scientific subjects for 
 the current journals, has published : ' The Amer- 
 ican Almanac,' etc. (annually since 1878); and 
 has with others edited : < Library of Choice 
 Literature' (10 vols., Philadelphia, 1881-88); 
 
 < Library of Wit and Humor ' (5 vols., 1884) ; 
 and 'A Practical Manual of Parliamentary 
 Rules' (1884). He died Aug. 11, 1908. 
 
 Spofford, Harriet Elizabeth (Prescott). An 
 
 American novelist and poet; born in Calais, 
 Me., April 3, 1835. Her literary success was 
 assured with the publication of the story en- 
 titled ' In a Cellar,' in the Atlantic Monthly 
 (1859). Among her seventeen books are: 'Sir 
 Rohan's Ghost' (1859); ' The Amber Gods, and 
 Other Stories' (1863); 'Azarian: An Episode'' 
 (i863);'New England Legends'(i87i); 'The Thief 
 in the Night ' (1872); ' The Marquis of Carabas ' 
 (1882); < Poems ' (1882) ; < Ballads about Authors > 
 (1888); < A Master Spirit ' ; < In Titian's Garden'; 
 
 < Priscilla's Love Story ' ; ' Old Washington.' 
 
 Sprague, Charles. An American poet ; born 
 in Boston, Oct. 26, 1791 ; died there, Jan. 22, 
 1875. He was the author of 'The Winged
 
 SPRAGUE — STANLEY 
 
 503 
 
 Worshipers'; < Curiosity ' ; and <The Family- 
 Meeting.* A collection of his works entitled 
 < Poetical and Prose Writings ' was published 
 in 1841. 
 
 Sprague, Cbarles Ezra. An American writer 
 and editor ; born in Nassau, N. Y., Oct. 9, 1842. 
 He was an officer through the Civil War, and 
 since, the secretary and president of a New 
 York bank. He is the editor of Volaspodel, the 
 organ of the international language called Vola- 
 piik, and has written : < Logical Symbolism > 
 (1882), and < The Handbook of Volapiik) (1888). 
 Also a well-known poem, <The Story of the 
 Flag > (1886); < The Philosophy of Accounts.' 
 
 Sprague, Mary Aplin. An American nov- 
 elist; born in Ohio, 1849. She has published 
 the story <An Earnest Trifler.> 
 
 Springer, Mrs. Rebecca (Ruter). An Amer- 
 ican verse and story writer ; born in Indian- 
 apolis, Ind., Nov. 8, 1832. Besides a volume 
 of poems, < Songs of the Sea,' she has written 
 the novels <Beechwood> {1873) and <Self> 
 (1881). 
 
 Spurgeon, Charles Haddon. An English 
 Baptist preacher and author; born at Kelve- 
 don, Essex, June 19, 1834; died at Mentone, 
 France, Jan. 31, 1892. He was one of the most 
 successful preachers of modern times. From 
 his sermons, thirty-seven volumes have been 
 compiled. He published besides : < The Saint 
 and his Saviour > (1857); a < Commentary on 
 the Psalms' (7 vols., 1865-80); <John Plough- 
 man's Talk> (1868); < Readings for the Closet > 
 (1869); <Storm Signals' (1886); (Messages to 
 the Multitude' (1892). 
 
 Squier, Ephraim George. An American 
 archaeologist and author; born in Bethlehem, 
 Pa., June 17, 1821 ; died in Brooklyn, N. Y., 
 April 17, 1888. While a journalist at Chilli- 
 cothe, O., he prepared an account of discover- 
 ies in ancient mounds (he being the principal 
 authority on the subject) for the < Smithsonian 
 Contributions to Knowledge' (1848). He was 
 charge d'affaires to the Central American 
 States (1849), consul-general to Peru (1863), 
 and to Honduras (1868). Besides many reports 
 and contributions to periodicals and scientific 
 journals, he published : <Aboriginal Monuments 
 of the State of New York' (1851); < Serpent 
 Symbols' (1852); <Nicaragua' (1852); < Notes 
 on Central America' (1854); < States of Central 
 America' (1857); < Tropical Fibres' (1861); 
 ♦Peru: Incidents and Explorations' (1877). 
 
 Stabili, Francesco. See Cecco d'Ascoli. 
 
 Stael-Holstein, Anne Louise Germalne 
 (Neclier), Baroness de {sta'el-hol'stln or 
 sta'el-ol-stan'). A celebrated French writer; 
 born in Paris, April 22, 1766; died there, July 
 14, 1817. She was the only child of Necker the 
 financier, and of Suzanne Curchod whose name 
 is connected with that of the historian Gibbon. 
 She married, Jan. 14, 1786, the Baron de Stael- 
 Holstein, Swedish ambassador at Paris. Her 
 works include : < Letters on the Character and 
 
 Writings of J. J. Rousseau' (1788); <Delphine' 
 (1802), a novel; < Corinne ' (1807); <0n Ger- 
 many' (1810), her best-known work; < Liter- 
 ature in Relation to Social Institutions'; < In- 
 fluence of the Passions on the Welfare of 
 Individuals and Nations ' ; < The French Revo- 
 lution,' a posthumous work ; etc. 
 
 StaM, P. J. (stal). The pseudonym of P. J. 
 Hetzel, a French publisher and author; born 
 in Chartres, Jan. 15, 1814; died at Monte Carlo, 
 March 17, 1886. Of Alsatian origin, he studied 
 law in Germany when a youth, basing upon 
 his experiences during this period his first lit- 
 erary successes: <The Life of a Student'; 
 
 < The Story of a Snuffier ' ; and others. Among 
 his popular works, most of which were pub- 
 lished by himself, may be mentioned: ^The 
 Voyages and Discoveries of Mile. Lili, and of 
 her Cousin Lucien ' ; < The Devil at Paris ' ; 
 
 < The Wit of Woman and the Woman of Wit.' 
 
 Stanhope, Lady Hester Lucy, niece of Will- 
 iam Pitt the younger; born at Chevening, 
 Kent, England, March 12, 1776; died at Mar 
 Elias, Syria, June 23, 1839. She was confiden- 
 tial secretary to Pitt for ten years prior to his 
 death. In 1810 she visited Syria, Jerusalem, 
 Damascus, Baalbec, and Palmyra. In 1814 she 
 established herself in the deserted convent of 
 Mar Elias, near Sidon, on a crag of Lebanon, 
 became a benefactress to the poor, and stud- 
 ied astrology. Her < Memoirs' (3 vols., 1845) 
 and < Seven Years' Travels ' (3 vols., 1846) were 
 published by her physician. 
 
 Stanhope, Philip Dormer. See Chester- 
 field. 
 
 Stanhope, Philip Henry. Fifth Earl Stan- 
 hope, better known as Lord Mahon. An Eng- 
 lish statesman and author ; born at Walmer, 
 Kent, Jan. 30, 1805 ; died at Bournemouth, 
 Hampshire, Dec. 24, 1875. He is author of 
 
 < History of the War of Succession in Spain > 
 (1832); < History of England from the Peace 
 of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles, 1713-83' 
 (7 vols., 1836-53); <The Life of Louis, Prince 
 of Conde' (1845); <A History of England, 
 Comprising the Reign of Anne until the Peace 
 of Utrecht' (1870). 
 
 Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn. An English 
 clergyman and author, best known as << Dean 
 Stanley"; born at Alderley, Cheshire, Dec. 13, 
 1815; died in Westminster, July 18, 1881 His 
 principal works are : < The Life and Cor- 
 respondence of Thomas Arnold' (1844); < His- 
 torical Memorials of Canterbury Cathedral' 
 (1855); < Lectures on the History of the Jewish 
 Church' (Vol. i., 1862; Vol. ii., 1865; Vol. iii.. 
 1876); < Christian Institutions' (1878). 
 
 Stanley, Henry Morton. A celebrated ex- 
 plorer and author ; born in Denbigh, Wales, in 
 1841. Died at London, May 10, 1904. Originally 
 named John Rowlands, he was adopted at 15 
 by a New Orleans merchant, whose name he 
 took. He served in both the Confederate and 
 Union armies in the Civil War; was a news- 
 paper correspondent in Turkey and Abyssini*
 
 504 
 
 STANNARD — STEEL 
 
 in 1868; and started on the search for Dr. 
 Livingstone in October 1869, returning in July 
 1872. He made an exploration of Equatorial 
 Africa 1874-7S ; founded the Congo Free State 
 1879-S4; and headed a successful expedition 
 for the relief of Emin Pasha in 1887-90. He 
 has been a Member of Parliament since 1896. 
 His works include: <Coomassie and Magdala> 
 (1869); <How I Found Livingstone> (18/2); 
 'Through the Dark Continent> (1878); < The 
 Congo and the Founding of its Free State* 
 (1885); and <In Darkest Africa,> the title best 
 known to general readers in America. 
 
 Stannard, Mrs. (Henrietta Eliza Vaugnan 
 Palmer). An English novelist, writing under 
 tiie pseudonyms "John Strange Winter » and 
 M Violet Whyte » ; born at York, Jan. 13, 1856. 
 She has written among others : < Cavalry Life * 
 (1881); < Regimental Legends > (1883) -.'Bootle's 
 Baby > (1885), very popular ; < Houp-la> (1S85J ; 
 
 < A Siege Baby > 1 1SS7 ) ; < Heart and Sword.* 
 
 Stanton, Mrs. Elizabeth (Cady). An Amer- 
 ican reformer and advocate of woman's rights ; 
 born in Johnstown, N. Y., Nov. 12, 1815. She 
 called the first convention in behalf of woman 
 suffrage, July 18, 1848. Besides numerous ad- 
 dresses and pamphlets, she wrote — jointly with 
 Susan B. Anthony and F. Gage — a < History of 
 Woman's Suffrage* (4 vols., 1880-86); and ed- 
 ited, with others. The Revolution (established 
 1868). Died in New York city, Oct. 26, 1902. 
 
 Stanton, Henry Brewster. An American 
 journalist, reformer, and abolitionist ; born in 
 Griswold, Conn., June 29, 1805; died in New 
 York, Jan. 14, 1887. He married Elizabeth Cady 
 in 1840. He was active in the anti-slavery 
 movements (1837-41), was admitted to the bar, 
 and gained reputation in patent law (1847); 
 assisted in organizing the Republican party 
 (1858-60); and from 1868 was an editor of the 
 New York Sun. He contributed to the Liber- 
 ator, wrote much for periodicals, and published : 
 ' Sketches of Reform and Reformers in Great 
 Britain and Ireland > (1849); and < Random Rec- 
 ollections* (1886). 
 
 Stanton, Theodore. An American journal- 
 ist, son of H. B. and Elizabeth Cady ; born in 
 Seneca Falls, N. Y., Feb. 10, 185 1. He was a 
 correspondent for the Tribune at Berlin from 
 1880, and is now engaged as a journalist in 
 Paris. He translated Goff's <Life of Thiers* 
 (1879), and wrote 'The Woman Question in 
 Europe ' (1884); < Life of Rosa Bonheur.* 
 
 Statham, Francis Reginald. An English 
 poet and miscellaneous writer. He wrote : 
 
 < Alice Rushton and Other Poems* (1868); < Gla- 
 phyra and Other Poems* (1870); < Eucharis : 
 A Poem* (1871); <The Second Growth of the 
 Nineteenth Century* (1872); < The Zulu Inquiry* 
 (1880); 'Blacks, Boers, and British: A Three- 
 Cornered Problem * (1881); <Free Thought and 
 True Thought* (1884). 
 
 Statins. Publius Papinius (sta'shi-us). A 
 Roman poet; born at Naples about 45 A.D.; 
 died there about 96 A.D. His chief work is 
 
 < The Thebaid,* an epic poem in twelve books, 
 dealing with the struggle between the brothers 
 Eteocles and Polynices of Thebes. Of his epic 
 
 < Achilleis * only fragments remain. His < Silvas,* 
 a series of occasional stanzas, are 32 in num- 
 ber, extending to nearly 4,000 lines, and are 
 deemed his most pleasing work. 
 
 Stchedrin (tched'ren), pseudon\in of Mi- 
 khail Evgrafovich Saltj-kov. A Russian satir- 
 ical writer ; born in the government of Tver, 
 Jan. 15, 1826; died in St. Petersburg, May 10, 
 1889. He is classed among the best satirical 
 writers of his country. Among his best-known 
 works are : < Satires in Prose * and < Innocent 
 Tales,* both published in 1863; < Diary of a 
 Provincial * ; ' The People of Tashkend * ; etc. 
 Some of his works have been translated into 
 English, French, and German, 
 
 Stead, William Thomas. An English jour- 
 nalist ; born at Embleton, Northumberland, July 
 5, 1849. He is widely known as editor of the 
 Pall Mall Gazette and the Review of Reviews, 
 which last he founded in January 1890. He 
 published <The Maiden Tribute of Modern 
 Bab)don* (1885). In 1893 he established Bor- 
 derland, a periodical devoted to Spiritualism. 
 
 < If Christ Came to Chicago * is another of his 
 publications. 
 
 Stearns, Frank Preston. An American lit- 
 terateur and art critic, nephew of Lydia Maria 
 Child; born in ^Massachusetts, 1846, and living 
 in Boston. He has written : < The Real and 
 Ideal in Literature * ; < Life of Tintoretto * ; < The 
 Midsummer of Italian Art*; < Sketches from 
 Concord to Appledore * ; < Modern English 
 Prose * ; and < Summer Travel in Europe.* 
 
 Stebbins, Mrs. Mary Elizabeth (Moore) 
 
 (Hewett). An American poet; born in Mas- 
 sachusetts, 1818. She has published : < Memo- 
 rial of F. S. Osgood * ; < Songs of Our Lord > ; 
 
 < Heroines of History*; and < Poems Sacred, 
 Passionate, and Legendary.* 
 
 Stedman, Edmund Clarence. A distin- 
 guished American man of letters ; born in 
 Hartford, Conn., Oct. 8, 1833. Aside from his 
 original works, his services to literature, both 
 foreign and American, have been very great. 
 His < Library of American Literature,* eleven 
 volumes, edited with Miss Hutchinson, was 
 published in 1890-92 ; < Victorian Anthology * in 
 1895 ; < Victorian Poets,* 1875 ; < Poets of Amer- 
 ica,* 1886 ; * Nature and Elements of Poetry,* 
 1892 ; the Complete Edition of Poe, edited 
 with Professor Woodberry, 1895. His poems 
 and other works are very numerous, and have 
 been published in a volume called <A House- 
 hold Edition,* 1884 ; and in < Poems Now First 
 Collected,* 1897. He died Jan. 18, 1908. 
 
 Steel, Flora Annie, Mrs. An English nov- 
 elist ; born (Webster) at Harrow-on-the-Hill, 
 Middlesex, April 2, 1847. At 21 she married 
 an Indian civilian and went to Bengal, where 
 she became prominent in educational affairs, 
 and was appointed inspectress of female
 
 STEELE — STERN 
 
 50s 
 
 ^hools. On the expiration of her husband's 
 term of service, she returned with him to 
 England and devoted herself to literary work. 
 Her published works include : *■ From the Five 
 Rivers > (1893); < Miss Stuart's Legacy > (1893); 
 <The Potter's Thumb' (1894); ^ On the Face 
 of the Waters* (1897), " stirring tale of the 
 Indian Mutiny' ; ♦ The Hosts of the Lord>(i90o). 
 Steele, Sir Richard. A British author and 
 dramatist; born in Dublin, March 1672; died 
 at Carmathen, Wales, Sept. I, 1729. He pub- 
 lished in 1701, < The Christian Hero'; in the 
 latter part of the same year he brought out 
 his first comedy, < The Funeral,' which was 
 followed by <The Lying Lover' (1703), and 
 <The Tender Husband' (1705). His fame rests 
 upon his connection with the Tatler and the 
 Spectator. The Tatler (1709-11) contained 271 
 numbers : 188 were by Steele, 42 by Addison, 
 and 36 by both conjointly. Of 555 numbers of 
 the Spectator, 236 were by Steele and 274 by 
 Addison. 
 
 Steele, Thomas Sedgwick. An American 
 artist and writer on out-of-door sports and 
 travel ; born in Connecticut in 1845. He has pub- 
 lished : < Canoe and Camera : A Tour through 
 the Maine Forests > ; < Paddle and Portage from 
 Moosehead Lake to the Aroostook River'; <A 
 Vo}age to Vikingland.' Died in 1903. 
 
 Steendam, Jacob. The first poet of New 
 York ; born in Holland, 1616. The date and 
 place of his death are not known. He lived 
 in New Netherlands, 1632-62 ; and wrote a 
 small volume of verse, < Jacob Steendam noch 
 vaster,' which was reprinted with memoir of the 
 author (The Hague, 1861). The poems are de- 
 scriptive of life in the colony, and are entitled : 
 <Der Distelvink' (The Thistle Finch); <Klacht 
 van Nieuw Amsterdam' (The Complaint of 
 New Amsterdam); < Tlofran Nieuw Nederland' 
 (The Praise of New Netherlands); and <Prichel 
 Vaarsen' (Spurring Verses). 
 
 Stendhal. See Beyle. 
 
 Stephen, Leslie. A distinguished English 
 critic and man of letters; born in London, Nov. 
 28, 1832. He was educated at Cambridge, and 
 subsequently edited leading London periodicals. 
 His greatest undertaking was the < Dictionary 
 of National Biography,' in about 60 volumes, 
 of which he edited the first 26. The work is 
 still in course of publication. He has pub- 
 lished : < Flours in a Library ' (1871-79); < Essays 
 on Free Thinking and Plain Speaking' (1873); 
 ' History of English Thought in the Eighteenth 
 Century' (1876); < Science of Ethics' (1882); 
 < Life of Henry Fawcett' (1885); <An Agnostic's 
 Apology' (1893); <Life of Sir James Fitzjames 
 Stephen' (1896); < Social Rights and Duties' 
 (1896); etc. Died at London, Feb. 22, 1904. 
 
 Stephens, Alexander Hamilton. An Ameri- 
 can statesman, vice-president of the Southern 
 Confederacy ; born at Crawfordsville, Ga., Feb. 
 II, 1812; died March 4, 1883. He wrote a 
 'Constitutional View of the War between the 
 States' (1867-70). 
 
 Stephens, Ann SopJiia (Winterbotham). 
 
 An American novelist ; born in Derby, Conn., 
 1813; died in Newport, R. L, Aug. 20, 1886. 
 After 1837 she resided in New York, and was 
 at different times engaged in editorial work. 
 Most noted of her poems is < The Polish Boy,' 
 and of her novels < Fashion and Famine' (1854). 
 Among her other publications are : < The Old 
 Homestead' (1855; 2 vols., i860); < Sibyl Chase' 
 (1862); and <Ahmo's Plot' (1863). 
 
 Stephens, Charles Asbury. An American 
 story-writer ; born in Maine, 1847. He has pub- 
 lished : < Camping Out'; <Off the Geysers'; 
 
 < Left on Labrador ' ; < Fox-Hunting ' ; < On the 
 Amazon ' ; < The Young Moose-Hunters ' ; < The 
 Knock-About Club in the Woods,' and the 
 same < Alongshore' and <In the Tropics.' 
 
 Stephens, James Brunton. An Australian 
 poet and story -writer ; born at Borrowstounness 
 in Linlithgowshire, Scotland. He is author of 
 
 < Convict Once: A Poem' (1871); <The Black 
 Gin, and Other Poems' (1874); <A Hundred 
 Pounds: A Novelette' (1876); < Miscellaneous 
 Poems' (1880). 
 
 Stephens, John Lloyd. An American trav- 
 eler, the first modern explorer in Yucatan ; born 
 in Shrewsbury, N. J., Nov. 28, 1805 ; died in New 
 York city, Oct. 10, 1852. He wrote a series of 
 letters on travel in the East, entitled < Incidents 
 of Travel in Egypt, Arabia Petraea, and th& 
 Holy Land' (2 vols., 1837); followed by < Inci- 
 dents of Travel in Greece, Russia, Turkey, and 
 Poland' (1838); < Incidents of Travel in Cen- 
 tral America, Chiapas, and Yucatan' (1841); 
 and supplemental volumes of explorations and 
 
 < Travel in Yucatan' (2 vols., 1843). 
 
 Stepniak, Sergius Michael Dragomanov 
 
 (S. Karchevsky) (step'nyak). A noted Rus- 
 sian nihilist; born at Gadjatch, government of 
 Poltava, 1841 ; died at Chiswick, Dec. 23, 1895. 
 Having been exiled in 1876, on account of liis 
 criticisms on (the system followed by Count Tol- 
 stoy), one of the Ministers of Justice, he settled 
 in Geneva, 18S7 ; went from there to London 
 in 1885. Among his v/orks are <The Turks 
 Within and Without' (1876); <Underground 
 Russia' (1881 ); <Tyrannicide in Russia' (1881 ); 
 <The Career of a Nihilist,) a novel (1889). 
 
 Sterling, John. A Scottish editor, essayist, 
 and poet ; born at Kames Castle, Isle of Bute, 
 July 20, 1806; died at Ventnor, Isle of Wight, 
 Sept. 18, 1844. He was educated at Glasgow 
 and Cambridge. Among his works are : < Ar- 
 thur Coningsby,' a novel (1833); < Minor Poems' 
 (1839); <The Election,' a poem (1841); < Straf- 
 ford,' a drama (1843); and < The Onyx Ring' 
 (1856). Thomas Carlyle wrote <The Life of 
 John Sterling' (1851). 
 
 Stern, Daniel, pseudonym of Marie Cath- 
 erine Sophie de Flavigny, Comtesse d'Agoult 
 (da-go'). A famous French writer; born at 
 Frankfort on the Main, Dec. 31, 1805; died at 
 Paris, March 5, 1876. One of her three daugh- 
 ters, that by Franz Liszt, married Von BUlow, 
 and subsequently Richard Wagner. Her works
 
 5o6 
 
 STERNDALE — STEWART 
 
 include: 'Moral and Political Essays > (1849); 
 'History of the Revolution of 1848) (1851); 
 and <Ndida,> an autobio^aphical romance 
 wiiich attracted much attention. 
 
 Sterndale, Robert Armitage. An English 
 naturalist and story-writer. He is the author 
 of <Seonee; or, Camp-Life on the Satpura 
 Range > (1877); < The Afghan Knife > (1879); 
 <A Natural History of the Mammalia of India,> 
 etc. (1884); < Denizens of the Jungles.> 
 
 Sterne, Laurence. A celebrated English 
 novelist; born at Clonmel, Ireland, Nov. 24, 
 1713; died in London, March 18, 1768. Of 
 'Tristram Shandy,> Vols. i. and ii. were pub- 
 lished in 1760 ; iii. and iv. in December 1760; 
 T. and vi. in 1762 ; vii. and viii. in 1765 ; ix. in 
 1767. 'A Sentimental Journey through France 
 and Italy > was published in 1768; <The Ser- 
 mons of Mr. Yorick> in 1760, as a companion 
 to < Tristram Shandy.> Posthumously appeared 
 < Letters to his Most Intimate Friends> (1775). 
 
 Stesicliorus (ste-sik'o-rus). A Greek lyric 
 poet; born at Himera, Sicily, about 630 B.C.; 
 died in Catania, about 556 B. C. Only frag- 
 ments of his works remain; but he appears to 
 have dealt with epic subjects, among them the 
 sieges of Troy and Thebes, in lyrical measures. 
 He is looked upon as the greatest of the Dorian 
 lyrists, and is often styled « the lyric Homer. >) 
 The ancients fabled that he was stricken blind 
 for slandering Helen, but upon retracting his 
 calumnies regained his sight. 
 
 Stetson, Charlotte Perkins now Mrs. G. H. Gil- 
 man. An American poet; bornin Hartford, Conn., 
 in i860. She has published a volume of poems, 'In 
 This our World* (1893); ' Human Work > (1904). 
 
 Stevens, Abel. An American author, editor, 
 and Methodist clergyman ; born in Philadel- 
 phia, Jan. 19,1815 ; died at San Jose, Cal., Sept. 
 I3» 1897. He was editor of the Methodist 1865- 
 74 ; subsequently traveled extensively, and set- 
 tled in Geneva, Switzerland. He wrote many 
 denominational books, among them: 'Essay on 
 Church Polity) (1847); 'Memorials of the Intro- 
 duction of Methodism into the Eastern States> 
 (1847-52); 'History of the Religious Movement 
 of the Eighteenth Century called Methodism> (3 
 vols., 1858-61); 'History of the Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church in the United States> (4 vols., 
 1864—67 ), a standard authority on this subject. 
 He wrote also a German translation (1867); 
 'The Centenary of American Methodism' (1865); 
 'The Women of Methodism,) etc. (1866); 'Ma- 
 dame de StaeP (2 vols., 1881); 'Character 
 Sketches) ( 1882 ) ; 'Chrisdan Work); 'Tales from 
 the Parsonage); etc. 
 
 Stevens, Henry. An American bibliogra- 
 pher; born in Barnet, Vt, Aug. 24, 1819; died 
 in South Hampstead, England, Feb. 28, 1886. 
 He was a prominent collector and authority 
 on 'Americana,) and the agent for many 
 American libraries. He published : ' Catalogue 
 Raisonn^ of English Bibles) (1854); 'Histor- 
 ical Collections ) ; < Historical and Geographical 
 Notes ) ; ' Bibliotheca Americana > ( 1861 ) ; ' Bibles 
 
 in the Caxton Exhibition* (1878); 'Indexes to 
 State Papers in London Relating to Virginia, 
 Maryland, Rhode Island, and New Jersey); 
 edited 'The Dawn of British Trade to the 
 East Indies) (1886); etc. 
 
 Stevens. Jobn Austin. An American histor- 
 ical author ; born in New York city, Jan. 21, 1827. 
 He was secretary of the Chamber of Commerce, 
 librarian of the New York Historical Society, 
 and has made a special study of American his- 
 tory. He founded and for many years conducted 
 the Magazine of American History. His works 
 include : ' The Valley of the Rio Grande ) (1864); 
 ' Colonial Records of the New York Chamber 
 of Commerce) (1867); 'The Expedition of La- 
 fayette against Arnold ) (1878); 'Life of Albert 
 Gallatin) (1883); and others. 
 
 Stevenson, Edward Irenseus. An American 
 
 journalist and litterateur of New York city; 
 born in New Jersey, 1858. He is in editorial 
 connection with the New York Independent 
 since 1881, and also with Harper's Weekly and 
 several musical journals. He has published : 
 'White Cockades); 'Janus,) reprinted as 'A 
 Matter of Temperament,) a musical novel ; ' Left 
 to Themselves,) reprinted as < Philip and Ger- 
 ald ) ; ' Mrs. Dee's Encore ) ; 'A Square of Sevens.) 
 
 Stevenson, Robert Louis Balfour. A dis- 
 tinguished Scotch novelist, poet, and essayist ; 
 born in Edinburgh, Nov. 13, 1850 ; died at Apia, 
 Samoa, Dec. 4, 1894. He published : 'An In- 
 land Voyage) (1878); 'Edinburgh: Picturesque 
 Notes) (1878); 'Travels with a Donkey in the 
 Cdvennes) (1879); 'Virginibus Puerisque, and 
 Other Papers) (1881); 'Familiar Studies of Men 
 and Books) (1882); 'New Arabian Nights) 
 (1882); 'Treasure Island) (1883); 'The Silver- 
 ado Squatters) (1883); 'The Dynamiter: More 
 New Arabian Nights) (1885), with Mrs. Ste- 
 venson; <A Child's Garden of Verse) (1885); 
 'Prince Otto) (1885); 'The Strange Case of 
 Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde) (1886); 'Kidnapped* 
 (1886); 'Underwoods* (1887); 'The Merry Men 
 and Other Tales) (1887); 'Memoirs and Por- 
 traits) (1887); 'The Black Arrow) (1888); 'The 
 Master of Ballantrae) (1889); 'Ballads) (1891); 
 'The Wrecker) (1891-92); 'A Foot-Note to His- 
 tory: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa) (1892); 
 'David Balfour) (1893); ' Island Nights' Enter- 
 tainments) (1893); 'The Ebb Tide) (1894); 
 'Weir of Hermiston) and 'St. Ives) (1895-96), 
 the last two left not quite complete. 
 
 Stewart, Balfour, A Scotch physicist, one 
 of the founders of spectrum analysis ; born 
 in Edinburgh, Nov. i, 1828; died near Drogh- 
 eda, Ireland, Dec. 19, 1887. He established 
 his scientific reputation with a work on < Radi- 
 ant Heat) (1858), in which he formulated his 
 discovery of the equality of the emissive and 
 absorptive powers of bodies. Other works in- 
 clude : 'Treatise on Heat) (1866; 5th ed. 1888); 
 'Elements of Physics) (1870; 4th ed. 1891); 
 'Conservation of Energy) (1873; 7th ed. 1887). 
 With Professor Tait he published ' The Unseen 
 Universe ; or, Physical Speculations on a Future 
 State* (1875; 17th ed, 1890).
 
 STEWART — STODDARD 
 
 507 
 
 Stevart, Dugald. A distinguished Scotch 
 philosopher; born in Edinburgh, Nov. 22, 1753: 
 died June II, 1828. His philosophy was "a 
 following-up of the reaction commenced by 
 Reid against the skeptical results that Berke- 
 ley and Hume drew from the principles of 
 Locke.> He published : < Elements of the Phi- 
 losophy of the Human Mind> (Vol. i., 1792; 
 Vol. ii., 1814; Vol. iii., 1827); < Outlines of Moral 
 Philosophy* (1793); < Philosophical Essays* 
 (1810); < Dissertation on the History of Ethical 
 Philosophy* (1815-21); < Philosophy of the Act- 
 ive and Moral Powers* (1828). 
 
 Stifter, Adalbert (stif'ter). An Austrian 
 poet and story-writer; born at Oberplan, in 
 the German Bohmerwald, Oct. 23, 1806; died 
 at Linz, Jan. 28, 1868. His first volume of 
 idyls and tales, 'Studies* (1844), was received 
 with extraordinary public favor; it was suc- 
 ceeded by five other volumes under the same 
 title. Of his stories the more noteworthy are 
 <The Successor) (1857) and (Witiko,* (1864). 
 
 Still, Jolin. An English writer of comedy; 
 born at Grantham in Lincolnshire, about 1543 » 
 died bishop of Bath and Wells, Feb. 26, 1 607-8. 
 He is reputed to be the author of «A ryght 
 pithy, pleasant, and merrie comedy, rntytuled 
 Gammer Gurton's Needle'* (i575): it is believed 
 to be the third English comedy. In the first 
 act occurs the familiar old ballad << I cannot 
 eat but little meat,'* with chorus, « Backe and 
 side go bare, go bare,'* supposed to be the first 
 drinking-song in the language. 
 
 Still, William. An American philanthropist 
 and anti-slavery advocate, of African descent; 
 born in Shamony, in 182 1 ; died 1902. He was 
 chairman and secretary of the Philadelphia 
 branch of the famous " underground railroad ** 
 of 1851-61, and wrote out the narratives of 
 escaping slaves, which constitute the only 
 full account of this organization. His works 
 include: < The Underground Railroad' (1878); 
 < Voting and Laboring * ; and < Struggle for the 
 Rights of the Colored People of Philadelphia.* 
 
 Stillfi, Cliarles Janeway. An American edu- 
 cator and writer ; bom in Philadelphia, Sept. 23, 
 l8l9;diedat Atlantic City, N. J., Aug. 11, 1899. 
 He was long provost of the University of Penn- 
 sylvania. He wrote: < Historical Development 
 of American Civilization*; <Studies in Mediaeval 
 Civilization'; <Beaumarchais and the Lost Mil- 
 lion'; <History of the United States Sanitary 
 Commission'; <How a Free People Conduct a 
 Long War'; 'Northern Interest and Southern 
 Independence'; <John Dickinson'; 'Anthony 
 Wayne*; etc. 
 
 Stillman, ■William James. An American 
 essayist; bom at Schenectady, N. Y., June i, 
 1828 ; died at Trinity Green, Surrey, Eng., July 
 6, 1901. He was for many years a correspond- 
 ent of the London Times and the New York 
 Evening Post, and was especially conversant 
 with the affairs of Greece ; he was consul-general 
 to Crete, 1865-69. He wrote : 'The Acropolis 
 of Athens* (1870); 'The Cretan Insurrection* 
 
 (1874); 'Herzegovina and the Late Uprising' 
 (1877); 'On the Track of Ulysses* (1887). 
 
 Stimson, Frederic Jesup. [«J. S. of Dale.'*] 
 An American novelist and lawyer; born in 
 Dedham, Mass., July 20, 1855. His works of 
 fiction have been widely read, and his legal 
 text-books are authoritative. He has pub- 
 lished: 'Labor in its Relations to Law*; and 
 ' Handbook of the Labor Laws of the United 
 States.' His celebrity as a novelist is due to 
 his ' The Crime of Henry Vane * ; < The King's 
 Men ' ; < The Residuary Legatee ' ; < The Senti- 
 mental Calendar > ; < In the Three Zones ' ; < First 
 Harvests'; 'Pirate Gold'; 'King Noanett ' ; 
 ' Guerndale ' ; ' The Law of the Constitutions.' 
 
 Stinde, Julius (stind'e). A German novel- 
 ist and miscellaneous writer ; born at Kirch- 
 Niichel in Holstein, Aug. 28, 1841. Among 
 his writings are : ' Talks on Natural Science * 
 (1873); several comedies in Plattdeutsch, as 
 'Aunt Lotta ' ; ' The Karstens Family ' ; two 
 Christmas stories, 'Princess Thousandf air* and 
 ' Prince Naughty * ; ' Berlin Art Criticism, with 
 Marginal Notes by Quidam* (1883); and an 
 amusing series of stories of 'The Buchholz 
 Family.' 
 
 Stirling-Maxwell, William, Sir (ster'ling- 
 maks'wel). A Scottish biographer and art 
 critic; born near Glasgow, 1818; died at Ven- 
 ice, Jan. 15, 1878. He was Member of Par- 
 liament, 1852-78; rector of the University of 
 St. Andrews, 1863; of that of Glasgow, 1872; 
 chancellor of the latter, 1875. He wrote the 
 valuable works : ' Annals of the Artists of 
 Spain* (3 vols., 1848); 'Cloister Life of Charles 
 V.' (1852); 'Velasquez and his Works' (1855); 
 and others. 
 
 Stockton, Frank Richard. An American 
 journalist and novelist ; bora in Philadelphia, 
 April 5, 1834; died in Washington, April 20, 
 Ig02. Among his works are: 'Rudder Grange'; 
 'The Lady, or the Tiger?'; 'The Casting Away 
 of Mrs. Leeks and Mrs. Aleshine'; 'The Du- 
 santes'; 'The Bee-Man of Orn, and Other Fan- 
 ciful Tales'; 'Tales Out of School'; 'The Hun- 
 dredth Man'; 'The Late Mrs. Null'; 'Adven- 
 tures of Captain Horn'; 'The Great Stone of 
 Sardis'; etc. 
 
 Stoddard, Charles Warren. An American 
 poet and miscellaneous writer ; born in Roches- 
 ter, N. Y., Aug. 7, 1843. He is a lecturer on 
 English literature in the Catholic University of 
 America, Washington, D. C, and is the author 
 of < Poems * ; ' South-Sea Idyls * ; ' Mashallah * ; 
 ' The Lepers of Molokai * ; ' Summer Cruising 
 in the South Seas ' ; < The Dream Lady.* 
 
 Stoddard, Elizabeth Drew (Bar stow). An 
 American novelist and poet; bom in Matta- 
 poisett, Mass., May 6, 1823. She was the wife of 
 R. H., and the author of three distinguished 
 novels; 'The Morgesons' (1862), 'Two Men' 
 (1865), 'Temple House,* illustrative of English 
 character and scenery (1867); and 'Lolly Dink's 
 Doings.' She died in New York city, August 
 I, 1902.
 
 5o8 
 
 Stoddard, Elchard Henry. An American 
 lyric poet of distinction; born at Hingham, 
 Mass., July 2, 1825. His poems have been pub- 
 lished under the titles: < Songs of Summer > 
 (1856); < Abraham Lincoln: A Horatian Ode > 
 (1865); collectively, under < Poems > (1880), and 
 •The Lion's Cub > (1890). He made his home 
 in New York. For many }'ears he edited the 
 New York Mail and Express, also at times the 
 New York World. Died, N. Y., May 12, 1903. 
 
 Stoddard, William Osborn. An American 
 journalist and miscellaneous writer; born in 
 Homer, N. Y., Sept. 24, 1835. He has been con- 
 nected editorially with various journals, and was 
 private secretary of President Lincoln, 1861-64. 
 His publications include: < Verses of Many 
 Days> (1S75); <Dab Kinzer> (1881); <The Vol- 
 cano under the City' (1S87); and < Lives of the 
 Presidents > (1886-90). He has also written many 
 books popular among boys. 
 
 Stokes, Henry Sewell. An English verse- 
 writer ; born at Gibraltar, 1808. He wrote : < Lay 
 of the Desert: A Poem> (1830); < Song of Al- 
 bion,* etc.; < Vale of Lanberne,* etc. (new ed. 
 1852); < Echoes of the \Var,> etc. (1855); < Scat- 
 tered Leaves* (1862); < Rhymes from Cornwall* 
 (1871); < Memories: A Life's Epilogue* (1872); 
 < Poems of Later Years* (1873); < Restormel : 
 A Legend of Piers Gaveston, the Patriot Priest ; 
 and Other Verses* (1874); <Lantrydock: An 
 Elegy' (1883); <Voyage of Arundel, and Other 
 Rhymes from Cornwall.' He died April 5, 1895. 
 
 Stolberg, Christian, Graf von (stol'berG). 
 A German poet; born at Hamburg, Oct. 15, 
 1748; died at Windebye in Holstein, Jan. 18, 
 1S21. Most of his poems were published with 
 those of his brother Friedrich Leopold in 
 1779. He wrote two << choral plays,** < Baltlia- 
 sar* and <Otanes> (1787); < Poems of Father- 
 land* (1815); < Poems from the Greek* (1782); 
 and a translation of Sophocles (2 vols., 1787). 
 
 Stolberg, Friedricb Leopold, Graf von. A 
 
 German poet and general writer, brother of 
 Christian ; born at Bramstedt in Holstein, Nov. 
 7, 1750 ; died at Sondermiihlen near Osna- 
 briick, Dec. 5, 1819. Some of his poems were 
 published with those of his brother ; separately 
 he issued < Iambics* (1784), satires on the man- 
 ners of the time. He translated the Iliad and 
 some of Plato's < Dialogues,* four of ^schy- 
 lus's dramas, and <Ossian.* In prose he wrote : 
 <The Island* (1788). a romance; < Travels* in 
 Germany, Switzerland, etc. (1794); < Life of 
 Alfred the Great* (1815); < History of the Reli- 
 gion of Jesus Christ* (15 vols., 1806-18). 
 
 Stone, John Augustus. An American actor 
 and dramatist ; born in Concord, Mass., in 1801 ; 
 died in Philadelphia, June i, 1834. He appeared 
 on the stage in Boston, New York, and Phila- 
 delphia, and wrote many plays; among them 
 < Metamora,* < The Ancient Briton,* and < Faunt- 
 leroy* for Edwin Forrest. He also published 
 <The Demoniac,* <Tancred,* and < La Roque.* 
 
 Stone, Lucy (Blackwell). An American 
 reformer and prominent advocate of women's 
 
 STODDARD — STORY 
 
 rights ; born in West Brookfield, Mass., Aug. 
 13, 1818 ; died at Boston, Mass., Oct. 18, 1893. 
 She graduated at Oberlin College, 1847. In 
 1S55 she married Dr. Henry B. Blackwell, re- 
 taining her own name. She published a protest, 
 < Taxation without Representation.' In 1869 she 
 helped organize the American Woman's Suf- 
 frage Association ; became connected with the 
 Woman's Journal in 1872, and was editor after 
 1888. Her lectures on woman suffrage made j 
 her known throughout the country. Jj 
 
 Storm, Theodor (Woldsen) (storm). A nota- 
 ble German poet and novelist; born in Hu- 
 sum, Schleswig, Sept. 14, 1817; died at Hade- 
 marschen, July 4, 1888. He first attracted 
 attention in literature with < The Song-Book 
 of Three Friends* (1843), the work of Tycho 
 and Theodor Mommsen and himself. Later, 
 he became universally known as the author 
 of <Immensee* (43d ed. 1896), a short tale, and 
 a volume of < Poems* (nth ed. 1897). Among 
 his other works are: <Aquis Submersus* (1877); 
 <The Senator's Sons* (1881); < Knight of the 
 White Horse > (1888) ; < Renate * ; < Eekenhof.* 
 
 Storrs, Richard Salter. An American Con- 
 gregational minister, and writer on ecclesiasti- 
 cal history and theology ; born at Braintree, 
 Mass., Aug. 21, 1 82 1 ; died at Brooklyn, June 
 5, 1900. He is author of <The Graham Lec- 
 tures on the W^isdom, Power, and Goodness of 
 God* (1856); ^Conditions of Success in Preach- 
 ing without Notes' ( 1875 ); <The Divine Origin 
 of Christianity* (1884); <I3crnard of Clairvaux* 
 (1892); and 'Forty Years of Pastoral Life.* 
 
 Story, Joseph. A great American jurist; 
 born in Marblehead, Mass., Sept. 18, 1779 ; 
 died in Cambridge, Mass., Sept. 10, 1845. In 
 181 1 he accepted the appointment of associate 
 justice of the United States Supreme Court, and 
 held the office until his death. His works 
 include : < Commentaries on the Constitution 
 of the United States* (1833); < Commentaries 
 on the Conflict of Laws,* considered his ablest 
 effort (1834); and < Miscellaneous Writings* 
 (1835). In 1851 his <Life and Letters* was 
 edited by his son, W. W. Story. 
 
 Story, William Wetmore. An American 
 sculptor, poet, and essayist, son of Joseph; 
 born in Salem, Mass., Feb. 12, 1819; died at 
 Vallombrosa, near Florence, Italy, Oct. 8, 1895. 
 He published : < Report of Cases Argued and 
 Determined in the Circuit Court of the United 
 States for the First Circuit* (1842-47); <Ad- 
 dress Delivered before the Harvard Medical 
 Association* (1842); < Nature and Art : A Poem * 
 (1844); < Treatise on the Law of Contracts not 
 under Seal* (1844); < Treatise on the Law of 
 Sales of Personal Property* (1847); < Poems* 
 (1847); < Life and Letters of Joseph Story* 
 (1851); < Poems* (1856); <The American Ques- 
 tion* (1862); <Roba di Roma* (1862); < Propor. 
 tions of the Human Figure* (1866); < Graffiti 
 d'ltalia* (1868); <A Roman Lawyer in Jeru- 
 salem* (1870); <Nero: An Flistorical Play* 
 (1875); <Stephania: ATragedy* (1875); < Castle 
 St. Angelo and the Evil Eye* (1877); <Ode
 
 -4- 
 
 STOWE —STRANG 
 
 509 
 
 on the Anniversary of the Fifth Half-Century 
 of the Landing of John Endicott at Salem, 
 Mass.> (1878 J; < Vallombrosa > (1881); < He and 
 She> (1883J; < Poems > (1885-86); <Fiammetta> 
 (1886); < Conversations in a Studio > (1890J; 
 •Excursions in Art and Letters' (189IJ; <A 
 Poet's Portfolio > (1894). 
 
 Stowe, Calvin Ellis. A Congregational 
 clerg>Tnan and educator ; bom in Natick, Mass., 
 April 6, 1802 ; died in Hartford, Conn., Aug. 22, 
 1886. He graduated at Bowdoin College in 
 1824, at Andover Seminarj' in 1828; and edited 
 the Boston Recorder, 1829-30. He became pro- 
 fessor of Greek at Dartmouth College, 1830-32, 
 and of sacred literature in Lane Theological 
 Seminary, Cincinnati, O., 1833-35. He married 
 Harriet Elizabeth Beecher, January 1836, and 
 went to Europe to examine the public-school 
 systems. He was professor at Bowdoin, 1850; 
 ind at Andover, 1S52-64. His works include 
 a translation of Jahn's < Hebrew Common- 
 wealth* (1829J; 'Lectures on the Poetry of 
 the Hebrews* (1829J; < Report on Elementary 
 Education in Europe > ; < Introduction to the 
 Criticism and Interpretation of the Bible* 
 (1835); and 'Origin and History of the Books 
 of the Bible* (1867). Also addresses and pam- 
 phlets. 
 
 Stowe, Harriet Elizabeth (Beecher). An 
 American novelist ; bom at Litchfield, Conn. , 
 June 14, 181 1 ; died 'at Hartford, Conn., July i, 
 1896. She published : < The Mayflower ; or, 
 Sketches of Scenes and Characters among 
 the Descendants of the Pilgrims* (1843); < Uncle 
 Tom's Cabin; or. Life among the Lowly* 
 (1852); <The Two Altars* (1852); < Key to Un- 
 ule Tom's Cabin* (1853); < Uncle Tom's Eman- 
 cipation* (1853); 'Sunny Memories of Foreign 
 Lands* (1854); <The Mayflower, and Miscel- 
 laneous Writings* (1855); <The Colored Patri- 
 ots of the American Revolution* (1855); 'First 
 Geography for Children* (1855); <Dred: A 
 Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp* (1856); 
 'Earthly Care a Heavenly Discipline* (1856), 
 lo.merly published with ' Uncle Tom's Eman- 
 cipation * ; ' Our Charley and What to Do with 
 Him* (1858); 'The INIinister's Wooing* (1859); 
 (The Pearl of Orr's Island* (1862); 'Agnes of 
 Sorrento* (1862^; 'Reply to the Address of 
 Thousands of Women of Great Britain and 
 Ireland to their Sisters of the United States* 
 (1S63;; 'The Ravages of a Carpet* (1864); 
 'House and Home Papers* (1864); 'Stories 
 about our Boys* (1865); 'Little Foxes* (1866); 
 < Religious Poems* (1867); 'Queer Little People* 
 (1867); 'Daisy's First Winter, and Other Sto- 
 ries* (1867); 'The Chimney Corner* (1868); 
 'Men of our Times* (1868); 'Oldtown Folks* 
 (1869); ' The American Woman's Home ' (1869), 
 with Catherine E. Beecher; 'Lady BjTon Vin- 
 dicated* (1870); 'Little Pussy Willow* (1870); 
 'Pink and White Tjranny* (1871); 'Sam Law- 
 son's Fireside Stories* (1871); 'My Wife and I* 
 (1871); 'Six of One, by Half a Dozen of the 
 Other* (1872); 'Lives and Deeds of our Self- 
 Made Men* (1872); 'Palmetto Leaves* (1873); 
 
 'Woman in Sacred History* (1873); 'Betty's 
 Bright Idea, and Other Tales* (1875); 'W^e 
 and our Neighbors* (1875); 'Deacon Pitkin's 
 Fami, and Christ's Christmas Presents* (1875); 
 'Footsteps of the Master* (1876); 'Captain 
 Kidd's Money, and Other Stories * (1876); 'The 
 Ghost in the Mill, and Other Stories* (1876); 
 'Poganuc People* (1878); 'A Dog's Mission* 
 (1881); etc. 
 
 Strabo (stra'bo). A Greek geographer; bom 
 63 B.C. (?); died 22 A.D. (?). His 'Geograph- 
 ica,* in 17 books, contains first, criticisms of 
 former geographers, and a treatise on physical 
 geography ; then accounts of Spain, Gaul, Brit- 
 ain, and Ireland, Italy, north and east Europe 
 as far as the Danube, Greece, Asia, and Africa. 
 Of his historical work, in 47 books, only frag- 
 ments remain. 
 
 Strabo, Walafrid. A mediaeval poet; born 
 in Suabia about 809; died Aug. 18, 849. He 
 wrote a running exegetical commentary on the 
 Scripture, ' The Orderly Gloss * (< Glossa Ordi- 
 naria*), which for long was a work of high 
 authority in the schools ; a history of the devel- 
 opment and growth of ecclesiastical institutions 
 and ordinances — < Of the Beginnings and 
 Growths of Things Ecclesiastical * ; ' Life of St. 
 Gall * ; ' Life of St. Othmar* ; the poem ' Vision 
 of Saint Wettin,* in which is an episode of the 
 poet's journey to Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven ; 
 another poem, ' The Little Garden,* treating of 
 the plants in the garden of the poet's monas- 
 tery. 
 
 Stracliey, William. An English voyager. 
 He is said to have sailed with Sir Thomas 
 Gates in 1609, on the vessel Sea Venture ; was 
 shipwrecked on the Bermudas, but escaped to 
 Virginia (1610) on a boat that had been con- 
 structed from the wreck, and became secretary 
 of the colony during three years. He wrote : 
 'A True Repertor}' of the Wracke and Re- 
 demption of Sir Thomas Gates, upon and from 
 the Islands of the Bermudas,* which was pub- 
 lished in Purchas's 'Pilgrims* (Vol. iv.); < His- 
 torie of Travaile into Virginia Britannia,* a 
 quaint and valuable w^ork of historical reference 
 (about 1618), and first published by the Hak- 
 lu)! Society from original MS. (No. 6, 1849). 
 
 Strahan, Lisbeth Gooch Seguin. An Eng- 
 lish story-wTiter. She wrote : ' Children's Pas- 
 time : Pictures and Stories* (1874J; 'Walks in 
 Algiers* (1878); <A Little Nineteenth-Century 
 Child, and Other Stories* (1878); 'Life in a 
 French Village* (1879); 'The Black Forest: 
 Its People and Legends* (1879); <The Country 
 of the Passion-Play* (1880); 'Rural England* 
 (18S4); <A Round of Sunday Stories* (1886); 
 'The Algerine Slave: A Novel* (1888). 
 
 Strang, John. A Scotch miscellaneous 
 writer ; born at Glasgow, 1795 ; died there, Dec. 
 8, 1863. He wrote: ' Glasgow and its Clubs,* 
 containing notes of local history, anecdotes, etc.; 
 ' Life of Theodore Koerner,' the German poet, 
 with translations of some of his lyrics ; < Ger- 
 many in 1831 * ; and ' Traveling Notes of an
 
 5IO 
 
 STRAUS— STUB 
 
 Invalid in Search of Health.> He translated 
 also from the German, < Tales of Humor and 
 Romance.* 
 
 Straus, Oscar Solomon. A German-Amer- 
 ican merchant, reformer, and writer; born in 
 Otterberg, Bavaria, Dec. 23, 1850. He graduated 
 at Columbia College, New York, 1871 ; was minis- 
 ter to Turkey 1887-1S98 and 1909; Secretary of 
 Commerce and Labor 1906-09 ; and has been a 
 leader in movements for the reform of local poli- 
 tics, and the improvement of the conditions of the 
 poor. He has published : < Origin of the Republi- 
 can Form of Government in the United States > 
 (1886); <Roger Williams, the Pioneerof Religious 
 1 .iberty ' ; and < U. S. Doctrine of Citizenship.* 
 
 Strauss, David Friedricli. A German writer 
 and critic of great celebrity ; born at Ludwigs- 
 burg, Wurtemberg, Jan. 27, 1808; died there, 
 Feb. 8, 1874. His book < The Life of Jesus,* 
 published in 1834-35, rnade him famous. He 
 passed a life of great literary productivity, 
 and was engaged all his life in critical and 
 theological controversies. 
 
 Street, Alfred Billings. An American poet 
 of nature ; born in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., Dec. 
 18, 1811; died in Albany, N. Y., June 2, 1881. 
 From 1848 until his death he was State libra- 
 rian of New York at Albany. He published 
 among other works: 'Fugitive Poems* (1846); 
 
 < Woods and Waters* (i860); < Forest Pictures 
 in the Adirondacks,* poems (1865); <Fronte- 
 nac*; 'Drawings and Tintings.* 
 
 Strickland, Agnes. An English historical 
 writer; born in London, Aug. 19, 1796; died 
 at Southwold, July 13, 1874. Her first work, 
 aided by her sister Susannah, was a volume 
 of < Patriotic Songs,* followed by < Worcester 
 Field,* a historical poem. She wrote : < Queen 
 Victoria from her Birth to her Bridal* (1840); 
 
 < Historic Scenes and Poetic Fancies* (1850); 
 • Lives of the Bachelor Kings of England * 
 (1861); < Lives of the Seven Bishops* (1866); 
 < Lives of the Tudor Princesses* (1868). Her 
 best works are 'Lives of the Queens of Eng- 
 land* (12 vols., 1840-48), and 'Lives of the 
 Queens of Scotland* (8 vols., 1850-59). 
 
 Strindberg, August (strend'berc). A Swed- 
 ish novelist and dramatist; born in Stock- 
 holm, Jan. 22, 1849. Jle is the leading apostle 
 of naturalism in Sweden. Among his works 
 are : ' Miistar Olof,* a drama ; < The Red Room,* 
 a social satire ; < The Secret of the Club * ; < Mr. 
 Bengt's Wife*; 'Froken Julie* (1889); <The 
 Keys to the Kingdom of Heaven* (1892); and 
 the novels < Utopias in Real Life * (1885); < In the 
 Offing* (1891); and the 'Eight Kings,* dramas. 
 
 Strong, Latham Cornell. An American 
 journalist and verse-writer ; bom in Troy, N. Y., 
 June 12, 1845 ; died in Tarrytown, N. Y., Dec. 
 17, 1879. He was editorially connected with 
 the Troy Whig, and contributed verses to other 
 journals and periodicals, besides a series of 
 'Letters from Europe.* His published volumes 
 include: 'Castle Windows* (1876); 'Poke o' 
 
 Moonshine * ( 1878 ) ; ' Midsummer Dreams > 
 (1879); and 'Pots of Gold.* 
 
 Strong, Nathan. An American Congrega- 
 tional clergyman and author; born in Cov- 
 entry, Conn., Oct. 16, 1748; died in Hartford, 
 Conn., Dec. 25, 1816. He was a chaplain in 
 the Revolutionary army ; projected and sus- 
 tained the Connecticut Evangelical Magazine 
 (1800-15); founded and conducted the Con- 
 necticut Missionary Society (1798-1806); and 
 compiled the 'Hartford Collection of Hymns* 
 (1799). His published works include two vol- 
 umes of 'Sermons* (1798-1800), and a pam- 
 phlet, ' The Doctrine of Eternal Misery Con- 
 sistent with the Infinite Benevolence of God* 
 (1796). 
 
 Strother, David Hunter. [" Porte Crayon.**] 
 An American writer and illustrator; born in 
 Martinsburg, Va., Sept. 16, 1816 ; died in Charles- 
 ton, W. Va., March 8, 1888. He was a colonel 
 of the Union army in the Civil War. His 
 series of sketches contributed to Harper's Mag- 
 azine in the years before the War under the 
 pen-name " Porte Crayon,** illustrated by him- 
 self, were great popular favorites ; they were 
 republished in book form under the titles ' The 
 Blackwater Chronicle* (1853), and 'Virginia 
 Illustrated* (1857). 
 
 Stryker, Melanchthon Woolsey. An Amer- 
 ican Presbyterian clergjTnan and educator; 
 born in New York, 1851. He has been pres- 
 ident of Hamilton College since 1892. He has 
 published : ' Miriam and Other Verses * ; ' Ham- 
 ilton, Lincoln, and Other Addresses * ; ' The 
 Letter of James the Just * ; and many hymns. 
 
 Strype, John. An English ecclesiastical his- 
 torian ; born at London, Nov. i, 1643 ; died at 
 Hackney, Dec. Ii, 1737. His works include : 
 'Annals of the Reformation in England* (4 
 vols., 1709-31); 'Lives* of Thomas Cranmer, 
 Sir Thomas Smith, John Aylmer, Sir John 
 Cheke, Edmund Grindall, Matthew Parker, 
 and John Whitgift ; and ' Ecclesiastical Memo- 
 rials* (3 vols., 1721). 
 
 Stuart, Esm€. An English story-writer: 
 author of 'Tlie Good Old Days* (1875); 'The 
 Belfry of St. Jude : A Story* (1880); 'White- 
 chapel: A Story* (1881); < Isabeau's Hero: A 
 Story of the Revolt of the Cevennes* (1882); 
 ' Jessie Dearlove : A Story* (1885); 'Muriel's 
 Marriage* (1886); 'The Goldmakers* (1887); 
 'Daisy's King* (1888); 'Joan Vellacot* (1888). 
 
 Stuart, Mrs. Ruth (McEnery). An American 
 writer of fiction ; born in 1856. Her published 
 writings include : < A Golden Wedding, and 
 Other Tales * ; ' Carlotta's Intended, and Other 
 Stories*; 'The Story of Babette*; 'Solomon 
 Crow's Christmas Pockets ' ; < Pockets and Other 
 Tales * ; ' The Second Wooing of Salina Sue.* 
 
 Stub, Ambrosius (stob). A Danish lyric 
 poet ; born on the Island of Funen, Maj'^ 1705 ; 
 died at Ribe, about 1758. His poems were 
 all (except one) published after his death 
 (1771)-
 
 STUBBS — SUMNER 
 
 5" 
 
 He is the original of the hero of C. K. F. Mol- 
 beck's romantic drama <Ambrosius.> 
 
 Stubbs, "William. An English historical 
 writer ; bom at Knaresborough, June 21, 1825 ; 
 died in London, April 22, 1901. He became 
 bishop of Oxford in 1889. His great work is 
 
 < The Constitutional History of England ' (3 
 vols., 1S74, 1S75, and 1878). 
 
 Sturgis, jTilian Eussell. A British story- 
 writer ; born 1848. He wrote < John-a-Dreams > 
 (l878);<An Accomplished Gentleman > (1S79); 
 
 < Little Comedies' (1882); < Dick's Wanderings*; 
 
 < My Friends and I,> etc. Died April 13, IQ04. 
 
 Storm, Julius Karl Eeinholdt [« Julicfl 
 Stem"] (storm). A German lyric poet ; bom 
 at Kostritz in Reuss, July 21, }8i6 ; died there 
 May 2, 1896. He wrote : < Two Roses ; or, the 
 Canticle of Love) (1854); 'Devout Songs and 
 Poems) (1858); < Israelite Songs) (3d ed. 
 1881); < Poems of Battle and Victory ' ' 1870); 
 
 < -Mirror of the Time in Fables ) (1872) ; < To the 
 Lord my Song) (1884); < Palm and Crown > 
 ( 1887); < In Joy and in Sorrow ) (1896). 
 
 Suckling, Sir John. An English poet ; bom 
 at Whitton, Middlesex, in 1 608 ; died in Paris 
 about 1642. A complete edition of his works 
 was published in 1874. 
 
 Sudennann, Hermann (so'der-manj. One 
 of the most distinguished German dramatists and 
 novelists of the day; born at Matziken, East Prus- 
 sia, Sept. 30, 1857. He published: < In the Twi- 
 light' (1885!; < Dame Care > (1886); < Brothers and 
 Sisters > (1887); <Honor > ( 1888); *The Cat Bridge' 
 (1889); <The Destruction of Sodom' (iSqoj; 
 <Home'; <Battle of the ButterOies'; < lolanthe's 
 Wedding' (i892);<Once on a Time' (i893);<John 
 the Baptist'; < The Joy Living'; <St. John's Fire '; 
 'Margot'; <The Last Visit'; 'The Far-away Prin- 
 cess.' 
 
 Sue, Eugene (siil. A famous French ro- 
 mancer ; bom in Paris, Dec. 10, 1804 ; died at 
 Annecy, July 3, 1857. He published : < Ker- 
 nock the Pirate' (1830); • History of the French 
 Navy' (1835-371; 'History of the War Navies 
 of all Nations' (1841J; 'The Mysteries of Paris' 
 (1843); 'The Wandering Jew' (1845); 'Martin 
 the Foundling' (1847 J; 'The Seven Deadly 
 Sins' (1847-49); 'The Mysteries of the People' 
 (1849); 'The Jouffroy Family' (1854); 'The 
 Secrets of the Confessional' (1858); etc. 
 
 Suetonius — Caius Suetonius Tranquillus 
 (swe-to'ne-us). A Latin chronicler, gramma- 
 rian, and critic, who flourished in the early part 
 of the second century of our era. He is cele- 
 brated for his ' Lives of the Caesars.' His other 
 works include : ' Illustrious Grammarians ' ; 
 ' Distinguished Orators ' ; and ' Lives,' only 
 partly preserved, of Terence, Horace, Lucan, 
 Juvenal, and Pliny. 
 
 Suidas (swe'das). The reputed author of an 
 alphabetically arranged work in Greek, giving 
 an account of persons and places and expla- 
 nations of words, besides much miscellaneous 
 information. The book is referred to as a 
 'Lexicon,' and bears evidence of having gone 
 through many hands. It is accompanied by a 
 
 prefatory statement that "the present book is 
 by Suidas, but its arrangement is the work of 
 twelve learned men." Nothing is known of 
 Suidas, although he is usually placed in the 
 tenth or eleventh centurv-. The ' Lexicon ' is 
 valued for its extracts from ancient writers 
 whose works have in many cases perished. 
 
 Sullivan, James William. An American 
 writer on social questions ; born at Carlisle, Pa., 
 March 9, 1848. He is author of: 'Working- 
 People's Rights' (1885); 'A Concept of Politi- 
 cal Justice' (1890); ' Direct Legislation through 
 the Initiative and Referendum' (1892), — this 
 book started the Referendum movement in the 
 United States ; ' Tenement Tales of New York' 
 (1894); 'So the World Goes,' a series of short 
 stories (1898). 
 
 Sullivan, Thomas Russell. An American 
 novelist and dramatist ; born in Boston, Nov. 
 21, 1849. His novels include 'Tom Sylvester,* 
 'Roses of Shadow,' 'Day and Night Stories'; 
 and his plays, 'The Catspaw' (i88ij, 'Merely 
 Players' (i886j, and a dramatization of Steven- 
 son's < Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ' (produced 
 i886j. He was joint author with W. W. Cham- 
 berlin of ' Hearts Are Trumps,' produced 1878, 
 and < Midsummer Madness,' produced 1880. 
 
 Sully, Maximilien de Betliune, Duke of 
 
 (sii-le'j; born at Rosny (Seine-et-Oise), Dec. 
 13, 1560 ; died at Villebon, Dec. 22, 1641. He 
 was the close friend, supporter, and finance 
 minister of Henr\' of Navarre. His 'Memoirs' 
 (1634), followed by two posthumous volumes 
 (1662), are very celebrated. 
 
 Sully-Prudhomme, Rene Frangois Armand 
 
 (sii-le'priid-um'). A French poet; born at 
 Paris, May 16, 1839. He has written : ' Stanzas 
 and Poems' (1865); 'The Broken Vase'; 'The 
 Stables of Augeas ' ; ' The Wildernesses ' ; < Im- 
 pressions of War' (collected 1872); 'Revolt of 
 the Flowers' (1874); 'Reflections on the Art 
 of Versification ' ( 1892 j . He died Sept. 7, 1907 
 
 Sulzer, Johann Georg (sol'tser). A Swiss 
 art critic; bom at Winterthur, Oct. 6, 1720 ; 
 died at Berlin, Feb. 25, 1779. His principal 
 work is ' Universal Theory of the Fine Arts ' 
 (2 vols., 1771-74). His 'Autobiography' was 
 published 1809. 
 
 Sumarokov, Aleksander Petrovicli (sd-mar'- 
 o-kov). A Russian playwright; born in Mos- 
 cow, Nov. 23, 1718; died Oct. 12, 1777. His 
 tragedy 'Khorev' (1747) first attracted atten- 
 tion ; it was followed by < Sinav and Truvor ' 
 and ' Semira,' which added to his fame. He 
 also wrote comedies, odes, sonnets, madrigals, 
 epigrams, and fables. 
 
 Sumner, Charles. A distinguished Ameri- 
 can statesman; born in Boston, Jan. 6, 1811; 
 died in Washington, D. C, March 11, 1874. 
 His collected works, including speeches, ora- 
 tions, etc., have been published in a 15-vol. 
 edition (1870-83). 
 
 Sumner, William Graham. An American 
 educator and author ; bom in Paterson, N. J.,
 
 512 
 
 SWEDENBORG— SYLVA 
 
 Oct. 30, 1840. Since 1872 he has been pro- 
 fessor of political and social science at Yale. 
 Among his works are : < History of American 
 Currency* (1874J; < Andrew Jackson as a Pub- 
 lic Man> (lSS2j; < Economic Problems* (1884); 
 < Protectionism,* collected essays in political 
 and social science (1885); <The Financier and 
 P'inances of the American Revolution* (1891); 
 and ' Robert Morris > (1892); < Folkways ' (1Q07). 
 Swedenborg, Emanuel. The great Swedish 
 religious mystic, philosopher, and author ; born 
 in Stockholm, Jan. 29, 1688 ; died there, March 
 29, 1772. For an adequate account of his lit- 
 erary works, see article in this < Library.* 
 
 Sweet, Alexander Edwin. An American 
 journalist; born in St. John, N. B., March 28, 
 1841. He served in the Confederate army in 
 the Civil War; was editor of the San Antonio 
 (Texas) Herald, and of Texas Siftings from 
 1881. He has published < Three Dozen Good 
 Stories from Texas Siftings'; and with J. Amory 
 Knox, <On a Mexican Mustang through Texas.' 
 He died in New York city. May 20, I901. 
 
 Swetcbine, Anne Sophie (svech-en). A 
 Russian society dame and letter-writer; born 
 at Moscow, 1782; died at Paris, Sept. 10, 1857. 
 At St. Petersburg her drawing-room was fre- 
 quented by scholars and men of science ; after 
 1815 she resided in Paris. She was the friend 
 and correspondent of many of the Catholic 
 notables of France, — Joseph de Maistre, Lacor- 
 daire, De Falloux, etc. Her < Life and Works * 
 was published in 2 vols.; and her < Letters* in 
 several volumes. 
 
 Swett, Sophia Miriam. An American writer 
 of stories and juvenile tales ; born in Maine 
 in 186-, and now living at Arlington, Mass. 
 She has published : < The Lollipops' Vacation * ; 
 
 < Captain Polly*; < Flying Hill Farm*; < The 
 Mate of the Mary Ann*; < Cap'n Thistletop*; 
 and < The Ponkarty Branch Road ; < Sonny Boy.* 
 
 Swift, Jonathan. A great English prose 
 satirist ; born in Dublin, Nov. 30, 1667 ; died 
 there, Oct. 19, 1745. He wrote: < Tale of 
 a Tub* (1704); < Battle of the Books* (1704); 
 
 < Meditation upon a Broomstick* (1704); < Ar- 
 gument to Prove the Inconvenience of Abol- 
 ishing Christianity* (1708); < Project for the 
 Advancement of Religion* (1708); < Senti- 
 ments of a Church of England Man* (170S); 
 ^Conduct of the Allies* (1711) ; < Advice to 
 the October Club* (1712); < Remarks on the 
 Barrier Treaty* (1712); 'Public Spirit of the 
 Whigs* (1714); <Drapier's Letters* (1724); < Gul- 
 liver's Travels* (1726); <A Modest Proposal* 
 (1729), for utilizing Irish children as articles 
 of food ; etc. 
 
 Swinburne, Algernon Charles. A cele- 
 brated English poet ; born in London, April 5, 
 1837. He has published : < The Queen Mother 
 and Rosamund* (1861); <Atalanta in Calydon* 
 (1864); <Chastelard* (186-); < Poems and Bal- 
 lads* (1866); <A Song of Italy* (1867); <Ode 
 on the Proclamation of the French Republic' 
 (1871); < Songs before Sunrise* (1871); < Under 
 
 the Microscope' (1872); <Bothwell* (1874); 
 ♦Erechtheus* (1875); < Poems and Ballads* 
 (1878), second series; < Songs of the Spring- 
 tides * ; < Songs of Two Nations * ; < Studies in 
 Song * ; < A Century of Roundels * ; < Marino 
 Faliero * ; < Lochrine * ; < Tristram of Lyonesse * ; 
 
 < The Sisters * ; etc. He died April 9, 1909. 
 
 Swinton, John. An American journalist 
 and writer on social and labor questions ; born 
 in Salton, Scotland, Dec. 12, 1829 ; died in 
 Brooklyn, Dec. 15, I901. In 1857 he came to 
 New York, and later became chief managing 
 editor of the New York Times, and afterwards 
 of the Sun. From 1883 to 18S7 he published a 
 weekly journal, John Swinton' s Paper, devoted 
 to labor reform. He wrote : * The New Issue : 
 the Chinese-American Question > ; < A Eulogy 
 on Henry J. Raymond > ; <John Swinton's 
 Travels > ; < Oration on John Brown > ; etc. 
 
 Swinton, William. An American journalist 
 educator, and historical writer, brother of John; 
 born in Salton, Scotland, April 23, 1833; died in 
 New York, Oct. 25, 1892. During the Civil War 
 he was war correspondent of the New York 
 Times ; and after 1874 he devoted his time to 
 educational works. His writings include: <Ram- 
 bles among Words ) ; < Twelve Decisive Bat- 
 tles of the War > ; < Campaigns of the Army 
 of the Potomac*; <W^ord Analysis*; and 
 
 < Studies in English Literature.* 
 
 Swisshelm, Jane Grey. An American jour- 
 nalist, reformer, and writer; born near Pitts- 
 burg, Pa., Sept. 6, 1815; died in Swissvale, Pa., 
 July 22, 1S84. She was among the earliest 
 advocates of woman's rights ; an ardent oppo- 
 nent of slavery, and while editing the St. Cloud 
 (Minn.) Visitor, had her otnce and press de- 
 stroyed by a mob for advocating abolitionism. 
 She was among the first to become a nurse in 
 the Northern r.rmy. Besides voluminous contri- 
 butions to current periodicals, she published : 
 
 < Letters to Country Girls* (1853), and an au- 
 tobiograph)', * Half of a Century* (1881). 
 
 Sybel, Heinrich von (se'bel). An eminent 
 German historian ; bom in Diisseldorf, Dec. 2, 
 1817 ; died at Marburg, Aug. I, 1895. The tone 
 of many of his writings involved him in contro- 
 versy. Fie wrote: < History of the First Crusade > 
 (1841); < The Development of German Sover- 
 eignty * (1844); < History of the Revolutionary 
 Period from 1789 to 1795* (1853-58), which has 
 passed through many editions and was later 
 brouglit down to the year 1 800 ; < The German 
 Nation and the Empire * ( 1862) ; < The Founda- 
 tion of the German Empire through William l.> 
 (1889-94), already in its tifth edition. 
 
 Sylva, Carmen (kar'man sil'va), pseudonym 
 of Elizabeth, Queen of Roumania. A German 
 poet and story -writer ; born at Castle Monrepos 
 near Neuwied, Dec. 29, 1843. In 1869 she was 
 married to Charles, then Prince, now King, of 
 Roumania. Among her works (all in German) 
 are : < Roumanic Poems' (1881); < Tempests*; 
 
 < Songs from the Dimbovitza Valley* (1889;. 
 Her tragedy < Master Manole* (/S92) had a
 
 SYMMACHUS — TACITUS 
 
 513 
 
 brilliant success in the Burgh Teatre, Vienna, 
 In collaboration with Mite Kremnitz, she has 
 written some novels: 'Astra'; < From Two 
 Worlds ' ; etc. The gem of the fine tragedy 
 
 < Master Manole > is the scene in which are por- 
 trayed a wife's longings for motherhood. 
 
 Symmaclius, Quintus Aurelius (sim'a-kus). 
 A Roman author and orator; born about 350 
 A. D.; died about 405 A. D. Ten boolcs of his 
 
 < Letters > are extant, and are of much historical 
 interest. Fragments of his speeches were dis- 
 covered by Cardinal Mai, and published in 
 1815. Symmachus was one of the last cham- 
 pions of paganism, and seems to have been a 
 pure and noble character. 
 
 SymondB, Jotin Addlngton. A distinguished 
 English critic and historian of literaturg ; bom 
 at Bristol, Oct. 5, 1840; died at Rome, April 
 19, 1893. He wrote : < Introduction to the Study 
 of Dante > (1872); < Studies of the Greek Poets > 
 (1873); < Sketches in Italy and Greece' (1874); 
 <The Renaissance in Italy > (7 vols., 1875-86), 
 his greatest work ; < Sketches and Studies in 
 Italy' (1879); 'Shakespeare's Predecessors' 
 (1884); several volumes of verse both original 
 and translated; 'Lives' of Sir Philip Sidney, 
 Michelangelo, Ben Jonson, Shelley, etc. 
 
 Symons, Arthur. A British literary critic ; 
 bom in Wales, 1865; author of < Days and Nights' 
 (1889); < Silhouettes ' (1892) ; < London Nights.' 
 
 Synesius (si-ne'shus). A Greek bishop, 
 philosopher, and poet ; born in Cyrene, Africa, 
 about 375; died about 415. He studied phi- 
 losophy in Alexandria under Hypatia. Among 
 his works which have survived are several 
 essays, including one <On Dreams'; and a 
 number of orations, among them that delivered 
 before the Emperor Arcadius, < On Kingship.' 
 His hymns have often been translated into 
 modem languages. 
 
 Syrus, PubllliUB. See Publillus Syrus. 
 
 Szalay, Laszlo (sal'i). A Hungarian his- 
 torian; born at Buda, April 18, 1813; died at 
 Salzburg, July 17, 1864. He succeeded Kossuth 
 as editor-in-chief of the Pesti Hirlap, in 1844. 
 Among his works are 'History of Hungary' 
 (6 vols., 1850-63); < Michael Eszterhizy' (2 vols., 
 1862-66); and 'The Book of Statesmen,' a col- 
 lection of political biographies. 
 
 Sze-ma or Suma Kwang (sa'ma). One of 
 the most eminent statesmen and writers of 
 China, and as a historian second only to Sze-ma 
 Ts'ien; born in 1009; died 1086. He is re- 
 nowned as the author of 'The Comprehens- 
 ive Mirror of History,' in 294 books, the labor 
 of nineteen years. It covers a period from the 
 beginning of the fourth century B. C. to 960 
 A.D. 
 
 Sze-ma or Sii-ma Ts'ien. Author of the first 
 general history of China; born at Lung-Mun, 
 in what is now the province of Ho-nan, about 
 163 B.C. He died in disgrace, about 85 B.C. 
 In 1 10 B.C. he succeeded his father, Sze-ma 
 T'an, as grand recorder and astronomer, and 
 took up the historical work begun by him. It 
 was finished in 91 B. C, and was named ' Shih- 
 ki,' or Historical Records. It covers from 2697 
 to 104 B. C. He is also noted for reforming the 
 calendar. The chronology settled on by him 
 still prevails in China. 
 
 Szigligeti, Eduard (seg-le-get'e); true name 
 Joseph Szatmiry. A Hungarian dramatist; 
 bom at Nagy Varad [Grosswardein], March 18, 
 1814; died at Pesth, Jan. 19, 1878. He wrote 
 about 100 plays between 1834 and 1872. Sev- 
 eral of his comedies and tragedies were crowned 
 by the Academy. Among his best dramas 
 are : < The Deserter ' ; < A Brace of Pistols ' ; 
 'The Jew'; 'The Foundling.' He wrote also: 
 'The Drama and its Different Forms' (1874); 
 'Biographies of Hungarian Actors' (1878). 
 
 Tabarl, Abu Djasar Mohammed Ibn DJerir 
 
 (ta-ba're). A celebrated Mohammedan theo- 
 logian and historian ; born at Amul in Taberis- 
 tan, 839 ; died at Bagdad, 921. His two prin- 
 cipal writings are: 'Tefsir' (exegesis), by far 
 the most authoritative exposition of the doc- 
 trine of the Koran ; and his 'Annals,' in which 
 he gives, on a theological basis, the history of 
 the world from the creation to the year 914. 
 
 Tabb, John Banister. An American educator 
 and author born in Virginia, 1845. He is profes- 
 sor of English literature at St. Charles College, 
 Ellicott, City, Md., He has written : ' Poems ' ; 
 ' Lvrics ' ; ' An Octave to Mary * ; < Quibbs and 
 Quiddits.' 
 
 Tacitus, Publius Cornelius (tas'it-us). A 
 great Latin historian; born about 54 A. D. He 
 was an intimate friend of Pliny the Younger. 
 
 33 
 
 The dialogue <De Oratoribus* is his earliest 
 work ; the 'Agricola,' a biography of his father- 
 in-law, C. Julius Agricola, is interesting to Eng- 
 lish speaking readers on account of the fact 
 that Agricola spent so much of his time in Brit- 
 ain ; the ' Germania,' or < On the Manners of 
 the Germans,' is of great value for its descrip- 
 tion of early Germany. Of his < History > 
 only the first four and a half books are e"tant, 
 giving the history of the years 69-96 x" D., of 
 the < Annals,' beginning at the death o^ Au- 
 gustus and ending at the death of Nero (14-^8 
 A. D.), only the first four books, part of tie 
 fifth, the sixth, and from the middle of the elev- 
 enth to the middle of the sixteenth, are extant 
 Many editions of his works have been published. 
 The latest English translation is by Church and 
 Brodribb (London, 1876-77). He died about 117.
 
 5M 
 
 Taconnet, Toussaint Gaspard (ta-ko-na'). 
 \ French dramatist and actor; born at Pans, 
 1730; died there, I774- Among his works are: 
 •The Labyrinth of Love> (I749); 'All the 
 World's Friend > (1762); the farce-tragedy < 1 he 
 Death of the Fatted Ox> (1767); < Stanzas on 
 the Death of Marie, Queen of France* (1768). 
 
 Talllandler. Alphonse Honors (ti-an-dya'). 
 A French legist; born at Paris, 1797; died there, 
 1S67. His principal works are: < Collection 
 of Ancient French Laws from the Year 420 
 to the Revolution of 1789' {23 vols., 1821-30); 
 < Reflections on the Penal Laws of France 
 and England > (1824). 
 
 Talllandler, Ren^ Gaspard Ernest, usually 
 styled Saint-Ren^ Taillandier. A French his- 
 torian and biographer; born at Paris, Dec. 16, 
 1817; died there, F"eb. 24, 1879. He was ap- 
 pointed professor of FVench poetry in the Sor- 
 bonne, 1863. Among his works are : < Scotus 
 FIrigena and the Scholastic Philosophy > (1843); 
 « Studies on the Revolution in Germany > (1853); 
 <The Countess of Albany> (1862); < Maurice 
 de Saxe> (1865); <Ten Years of the History of 
 Germany > (1875); <King Leopold and Queen 
 \'iLtoria > (ICS7S); < Servia in the 19th Century.> 
 
 Taillepled, Noel (ti-pya'). A French his- 
 torical writer; born in Normandy, 1540; died 
 at Angers, 1589. His principal works are : 
 •.\bridgment of the Philosophy of Aristotle > 
 (1583); < History of the State and Common- 
 wealth of the Druids > (1585); < Collection of 
 the Antiquities and Curiosities of the City of 
 Rouen' (1587); < Treatise on the Apparition of 
 Ghosts' (1602). 
 
 Tailliar, Eugene Fran9ois Joseph (tl-ar'). 
 A French juristic writer ; born at Douai, 1803 ; 
 died there, July 8, 1878. Among his writings 
 are : < Essay on the History of the Institutions 
 of Northern France in the Celtic Era> (1852); 
 * Usages and Ancient Customs of the County 
 of Guysnes' (1856); < Essay on the History of 
 Institutions' (1859). 
 
 Taine, Hippolyte Adolphe (tan). A cele- 
 brated French historian and critic ; born at 
 Vouziers (Ardennes), April 21, 1828; died at 
 Paris, March 5, 1893. He published : < Essay 
 on La Fontaine's Fables' (1853); < Essay on 
 Livy' (1854); < Journey to the Pyrenees' (1855); 
 ' F'rench Pliilosophers in the Nineteenth Cen- 
 tury' (1856); 'Essays in Criticism and His- 
 tory' (1857); < Notes on England' (1861); 
 < Contemporary English Writers' (1863); < His- 
 tory of English Literature' (1864); < English 
 Idealism' (1864); 'English Positivism' (1864); 
 *New Essays in Criticism and History' (1865); 
 'Philosophy of Art' (1865); 'Philosophy of Art 
 in Italy' (1866); 'Tour in Italy, Naples, Rome, 
 Florence, and Venice' (186&); 'Notes on Paris' 
 (iS67);'The Ideal in Art' (1867); 'Philosophy 
 of Art in the Low Countries' (1868); <Phi- 
 lo.sophy of Art in Greece' (1870); 'On the 
 Understanding' (1870); 'Universal Suffrage 
 and the Method of Voting' (1871); < Beginnings 
 of Contemporarv Fr>vnce,' a series of works 
 
 TACONNET — TAL-'M A 
 
 comprising 'The Old Regime' (1875), 'An- 
 archy' (1878), 'The Revolutionary Govern- 
 ments' (1884), 'The Modern Regime' (1890). 
 The last-named was left not quite complete; 
 the sixth volume was posthumously published, 
 after revision by Sorel, in 1894. 'Last Essays 
 in Criticism and History' (1894) is a volume 
 of miscellany. 
 
 Tait, Archibald Campbell. An English 
 Churchman and theological writer; born in 
 Edinburgh, Dec. 21, 1811; died in London, 
 Dec. I, 1882. He was educated at Glasgow 
 and Oxford Universities ; was one of the lead- 
 ing opponents of the Tractarians or Puseyites ; 
 took orders in the Church of England; was 
 head-master of Rugby School, dean of Car- 
 lisle, bishop of London, and Archbishop of 
 Canterbury from 1868 to his death. He was 
 author of < The Dangers and Safeguards of 
 Modern Theology' (1861), and 'The Word of 
 God and the Ground of Faith* (1863), besides 
 addresses and sermons. His life was published 
 by Davidson and Benham (2 vols., 1891). 
 
 Talbot, Charles Remington. An American 
 Episcopal clergyman and juvenile-story writer ; 
 born 1851 ; died 1891. Ilis works include : 
 'Honor Bright'; 'Miltiades Peterkin Paul'; 
 ' Royal Louise ' ; ' Romulus and Remus > ; ' A 
 Midshipman at Large'; 'The Impostor'; <A 
 Romance of the Revolution.' 
 
 Talfourd, Sir Thomas Noon. An English 
 statesman and author; born at Reading, Berk- 
 shire, May 26, 1795; died at Stafford, March 
 13, 1854. He published many speeches and 
 essays, some of which have been collected 
 under the title ' Critical and Miscellaneous Es- 
 says' (1842). Among his other works are: 
 'Poems on Various Subjects' (1811); 'An 
 Attempt to Estimate the Poetical Talent of 
 the Present Age' (1815); 'History of Greek 
 Literature'; 'History of Greece' and 'History 
 of the Roman Republic ' ; ' Memoirs and Cor- 
 respondence of Charles Lamb' (1837); 'Final 
 Memorials of Charles Lamb' (1848); four tra- 
 gedies, the first two of which had a stage suc- 
 cess,— 'Ion' (1835), 'The Athenian Captive' 
 (1838), 'Glencoe' (1840), and 'The Castilian' 
 (1854); 'Recollections of a First Visit to the 
 Alps' (1842); 'Vacation Rambles' (1844); and 
 'Supplement to Vacation Rambles' (1846). 
 
 Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles Maurice de 
 (tal-a-rah'-per-e-gor'). Prince of Benevento. A 
 celebrated French diplomat ; bom at Paris, 
 Feb. 13, 1754; died at Valen9ay, May 17, 
 1838. His 'Memoirs' were first published in 
 1891-92 (5 vols.); his 'Correspondence with 
 Louis XVIIL, during the Congress of Vienna,' 
 was published in 1881 ; his ' Diplomatic Corre- 
 spondence' in 1889-91 (3 vols.); and 'Unpub- 
 lished Letters of Tallyrand to Napoleon, 1800- 
 1809,' in 1889. 
 
 Talma, Joseph Francois (tal-ma'). A great 
 French actor and writer; born in Paris, Jan. 
 15. 1763; died Oct. 19, 1826. He was educated 
 nt Mazarin College, and afterwards went to
 
 TALMAGE — TASSO 
 
 5^5 
 
 London with his father, a dentist ; studied in 
 the hospitals there, and on returning to Paris 
 was apprenticed to a dentist. He had been on 
 the stage, however, both in London and Paris, 
 and made his professional ddbut Nov. 21, 1787, 
 at the Com^die Fran9aise. He founded, with 
 a few others, the theatre after^vards known as 
 the Theatre de la R^publique. He won his 
 fame as a tragedian, but made many improve- 
 ments in the naturalness of stage productions. 
 He wrote : *■ Mdmoires de Le Kain, et Reflex- 
 ions sur cet Acteur et sur I'Art Th^atral * 
 (1825), which was republished in 1856 under a 
 slightly different title. His own <Mdmoires> 
 were edited by Alexandre Dumas (1856). 
 
 Talmage, Thomas De "Witt. An American Pres- 
 byterian clergyman, lecturer and educator; born 
 at Bound Brook, N. J., Jan. 7, 1832; died in 
 Washington, April 12, 1902. He became pas- 
 tor of Brooklyn Tabernacle, 1 869, and later of 
 Lincoln Memorial Church, Washington, D. C. 
 He was the author of many essays, addresses, 
 etc., upon moral and religious subjects, besides 
 volumes of sermons. He edited the Christian 
 at Work (New York, 1873-76); the Advance 
 (Chicago, 1877-78). He wrote : < The Almond 
 Tree in Blossom > ( 1870) ; <01d Wells Dug Out) 
 (1874); <Every-Day Religion) (1875); < The 
 Masque Torn Off > ( 1879 ) ; < The Marriage Ring) 
 ( 1886) ; < The Pathway of Life ); etc. 
 
 Tangermann, Wilhelm (tang'er-man), known 
 under the pseudonym <' Victor Granella.^ A 
 German theological writer ; born at Essen on 
 the Ruhr, July 6, 1815. He was a priest of the 
 Roman Catholic Church, but on the fulmination 
 of the Vatican decree of infallibility, he seceded 
 from that communion and became pastor of 
 a schismatical church in Cologne. He wrote : 
 
 < Truth, Beauty, and Love,> a series of philo- 
 sophico-aesthetic studies (1867); < From Two 
 Worlds: Truth and Fiction > (1871); < Philosophy 
 and Christianity' (1876); <New Springtime, 
 New Life> (1889); 'Flowers and Stars,* poems 
 (1896). 
 
 Tannahill, Robert. A Scottish poet; bom 
 at Paisley, June 3, 1774 ; drowned himself near 
 there. May 17, 1810. He was a weaver, work- 
 ing at the loom all his life, and writing occas- 
 ionally for periodicals. In 1807 he published 
 
 < The Soldier's Return, with Other Poems and 
 Songs, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect,* which 
 rendered him famous. Several of them became 
 popular favorites, and have remained so. A 
 statue of the poet was erected in Paisley in 
 1883. 
 
 Tansillo, Luigl (tan-sil'lo). An Italian poet; 
 born at Venosa, Italy, in 1510; died at Teano, 
 Dec. I, 1568. His early poems are: < The Two 
 Pilgrims,* a pastoral; <The Vintager* (1532), 
 and some amorous rhymes probably addressed 
 to Maria of Aragon. To his later years belong 
 the <Balia*; the <Podere* (1560), an idyl on 
 the charm of country life ; and < St. Peter's 
 Tears,* a religious work written by way of 
 "tonement for <The Vintager.* 
 
 Tappan, William Bingham. An American 
 poet; born at Beverly, Mass., 1794; died in 
 1849. He becanxC general agent of the Amer- 
 ican Sunday-School Union in 1826. He was 
 author of several volumes of religious poetry; 
 also of < New England, and Other Poems * 
 (1819); < Songs of Judah* (1820); < Lyrics' 
 (1822); < Poems* (1834); < Memoir of Capt 
 James Wilson* (1842); < Poetry of the Heart' 
 (1847); <Late and Early Poems* (1849). 
 
 Tappert, Wilhelm (tap'pert). A German 
 writer on music ; born at Ober-Thomaswaldau, 
 in Silesia, Feb. 19, 1830. He wrote : < Music 
 and Musical Education* (1867); 'Musical Stud- 
 ies' (1868); 'The Wagner Lexicon' (1877), a 
 collection of the words and phrases of con- 
 tempt, disgust, etc., employed by the critics of 
 Richard Wagner; 'Poems' (1878); 'Richard 
 Wagner, his Life and Work' (1883); 'Stray 
 Melodies' (2d ed. 1890). 
 
 Tarb^, Prosper (tar-ba'). A French archae- 
 ologist ; born at Paris, 1809. He has written : 
 < Rheims, its Streets and Monuments' (1844); 
 ' The Church of Notre-Dame at Rheims' (1845); 
 ' History of the Language and the Dialects of 
 Champagne ' (2 vols., 1852). 
 
 Tarbell, Ida M. An American writer; born 
 1857. She is the author of < Madam Roland'; 
 'Early Life of Abraham Lincoln > (1896); 'His- 
 tory of the Standard Oil Co. ' (1904); < He Knew 
 Lincoln * (1907). 
 
 Tardieu, Jules Romain (tar-dye'). A French 
 story-writer ; born at Rouen, 1805 ; died 1868. 
 Among his stories and sketches are : ' The Art 
 of Being Miserable* (1856); 'The Truce of 
 God : Recollections of a Sunday in Summer * 
 (1862); ' Book for Children who Cannot Read> 
 (1863). 
 
 Tarnovski, Stanislav, Count (tar-nov'ske). 
 A Polish historian of literature ; born at Dzikov 
 in Galicia, Nov. 7, 1837. Among his numerous 
 monographs on the history of literature are : 
 'History of the Pre-Christian World*; 'The 
 Polish Novel in the Beginning of the 19th 
 Century*; 'Decline of Polish Literature in 
 the i8th Century * ; ' Shakespeare in Poland ' ; 
 'Studies in the History of Polish Literature' 
 (1886-92), — his greatest work, and a Polish 
 classic. 
 
 Tasso, Bernardo (tas'so). A Venetian poet; 
 born in 1493 ; died at Ostiglia, Sept. 4, 1569. 
 In 1536 he married Porzia de' Rossi of Pistoja, 
 and in 1554 retired to Sorrento in order to 
 give himself entirely to literature. There he 
 worked on his epic, 'Amadis of Gaul' ; besides 
 this he wrote ' Floridante,' a narrative poem 
 finished by his son Torquato ; and also shorter 
 poems called 'Amours,' 'Fishing Eclogues,' 
 and ' Odes.' In prose are the ' Discourse on 
 Poetry,' and numerous interesting letters. 
 
 Tasso, Torquato. An Italian poet, son of 
 Bernardo Tasso ; born at Sorrento, Italy, March 
 II, 1544 ; died at Rome, April 25, 1595. In 1562. 
 he published a romantic epic, < Rinaldo,' in 12
 
 5,6 
 
 cantos; and in 1573 ^^ ^^rote for a court fes- 
 tivity his <Aminta,> a pastoral drama. In 1575 
 his 'Jerusalem Delivered > was completed. In 
 1579 he was confmed in a lunatic asylum, where 
 he remained seven vears, while his great work 
 was read all over Europe, making his name 
 one of the first of the age. On his release, he 
 roved restlesslv from place to place. In 1594 
 Pope Clement VIII. invited him to come to 
 Rome to be crowned on the Capitolme Hill; 
 but he died before the ceremony could take 
 place. Besides the poems mentioned, he wrote 
 < Torismondo,> a number of lyrical poems, 
 dialogues, and essays, and a second part of 
 •Jerusalem Delivered* called < Jerusalem Con- 
 quered.> (< Complete Works,* 33 vol?., Pisa, 
 1821-32.) English translations of the 'Jerusa- 
 lem Delivered > were made by Edward Fairfax 
 (London, 1600), and by J. K. James (2 vols., 
 1865). 
 
 Tassonl, Alessandro (tas-so'ne). An Ital- 
 ian poet and critic; born at Modena, Sept. 28, 
 1565; died there, April 25, 1635. His best- 
 known work is a fine mock-heroic poem, < The 
 Rape of the Bucket* (1615-22). 
 
 Taubert, Emil (tou'bert). A German poet; 
 born at Berlin, Jan. 23, 1844 ; died there, April 
 10, 1895. ^^^ wrote : • The Paradise of Youth : 
 Poems for Young and Old' (1869); <The Clash 
 of Arms* (1870); <Juventus: New Poems '(1875); 
 'The Goldsmith of Bagdad*; < The Cicadas* 
 (1880); <The Torso* (1881): also some stories, 
 as <The Antiquary* (1882); < Sphinx Atropos* 
 (1883); <The Magic Lantern* (1885); < Sam- 
 son* (1886); <\Vife and Bride* (1889). 
 
 Tauler, Johannes (tou'ler). A German mys- 
 tic and writer; bom at Strasburg about 1300 ; 
 died there, June 16, 1361. He entered the order 
 of the Dominicans about 1318; studied theology 
 at their college in Cologne, and afterward in 
 Paris. He was banished with them from Stras- 
 burg, and went to Basel in 1339. He was 
 reputed the greatest preacher of his time. His 
 sermons were collected in 1498. 
 
 Taunay, Alfredo D'Escragnolle (to-na'). An 
 author and statesman ; born of French parents 
 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Feb. 22, 1843. In 1865- 
 68 he was attached to the engineer corps of 
 the Brazilian army which invaded Paraguay, 
 and described the history of the campaigns in 
 •Scenes of Travel* (1868), and <The Retreat 
 from Laguna* (1871). Besides filling many im- 
 portant political positions, he has written es- 
 says, poems, comedies, criticisms, and a series 
 of novels considered the best ever produced 
 by a Brazilian novelist ; among which is • Inno- 
 cencia,' translated into French and English. 
 
 Tautphoeus, Baroness von (tout'fe-os). An 
 Irish novelist ; born (Jemima Montgomery) at 
 Seaview, Oct. 23, 1807; died at Munich, Nov. 
 12, 1893. She wrote the uopular novels 
 < Quits*; < At Odds; < The Initials.) 
 
 Tavemler, Jean Baptlste (ta-vem-ya'). A 
 celebrated French traveler ; born at Paris, 1605 ; 
 4ied at Copenhagen, 1689. He traveled in 
 
 TASSONI — TAYLOR 
 
 every country of Europe, in Persia, Mongolia, 
 India, Sumatra, Batavia, etc., and amassed an 
 enormous fortune. He wrote : < Travels in Tur- 
 key, Persia, and India* (1679). 
 
 Taylor, Bayard. An American poet, novel- 
 ist, and traveler ; born at Kennett Square, Pa,, 
 Jan. II, 1825; died at Berlin, Germany, Dec. 19, 
 1878. His works include : < Ximena, and Other 
 Poems* (1844); < Views Afoot* (1846); < Rhymes 
 of Travel, and Other Poems* (1849); <E1 Do- 
 rado ; or. Adventures in the Path of Empire * 
 (1850); 'The American Legend,' poem (1850); 
 
 < Handbook of Literature * (edited with George 
 Ripley : 1851); < Book of Romances, Lyrics, and 
 Songs* (1852); < Poems and Ballads* (1854); 
 
 < A Journey tj) Central Africa* (1854); <A Visit 
 to India, China, and Japan * (1855); < The Lands 
 of the Saracen* (1855); < Poems of the Orient' 
 (1855); < Poems of Home and Travel* (1855); 
 
 < Northern Travel : Sweden, Norway, and Lap- 
 land* (1858); < Travels in Greece and Russia* 
 (1859); <At Home and Abroad* (1859); <At 
 Home and Abroad* (2d series: 1862); <The Po- 
 et's Journal* (1863); < Hannah Thurston,* novel 
 (1863); <John Godfrey's Fortunes,* novel (1864); 
 •Poems* (1865); <The Story of Kennett,* novel 
 (1866); <The Picture of St. John* (1866); •Col- 
 orado* (1867); < Frithiof's Saga * (edited: 1867); 
 •By-Ways of Europe* (1869); < Joseph and his 
 Friend,* novel (1870); < Ballad of Abraham 
 Lincoln* (1870); translation of Goethe's < Faust* 
 (1870-71); <The Masque of the Gods* (1872); 
 •Beauty and the Beast* (1872); '-Illustrated 
 Library of Travel,* etc. (edited: 1872-74); 
 <Lars,* poem (1873); < School History of Ger- 
 many* (1874); < Egypt and Iceland* (1874); 
 
 < The Prophet : A Tragedy * ( 1874) ; < Home Pas- 
 torals, Ballads, and Lyrics* (1875); <The Echo 
 Club, and Other Literary Diversions* (1S76); 
 •Boys of Other Countries* (1876); < National 
 Ode* (July 4, 1876); Fitz-Greene Halleck Me- 
 morial Address (1877); < Prince Deukalion* 
 (1878). Posthumously: 'Picturesque Europe' 
 (edited: 1878-80); < Studies in German Liter- 
 ature* (1879); 'Critical Essays and Literary 
 Notes* (1880); 'Dramatic Works* (1880). 
 
 Taylor, Benjamin Franklin. An American 
 poet, author, and war correspondent ; born at 
 Lowville, N. Y., 1819; died at Cleveland, O., 
 1887. He wrote : < Pictures of Life in Camp 
 and Field* (1871); 'The World on Wheels* 
 (1874); 'Song of Yesterday* (1877); 'Between 
 the Gates* (1878); 'Summer Savory' (1879); 
 'Dulce Domum' (1884); <Theophilus Trent* 
 (1887). 
 
 Taylor, Sir Henry. An English poet of 
 celebrity ; born at Bishop-Middleham, Durham, 
 Oct. 18, 1800; died March 28, 1886. In 1824 
 he became editor of the London Magazine, 
 and obtained a position in the Colonial Office, 
 which he retained until 1872. His dramatic 
 works are: 'Isaac Comnenus* (1827); 'Philip 
 van Artevelde* (1834), his best; 'Edwin the 
 Fair* (1842); 'The Virgin Widow* (1850); and 
 •St. Clement's Eve* (1862). He published 
 several volumes of essays, — <The Statesman'
 
 TAYLOR 
 
 517 
 
 (1836), < Notes from Life> (1847), < Notes from 
 Books' (1849); also <The Eve of the Con- 
 quest, and Other Poems' (1847); and his < Au- 
 tobiography' (1885). In 1888 his < Letters' 
 appeared, edited by Dowden. 
 
 Taylor, Isaac (known as Taylor of Ongar). 
 An English minister and author; bom in Lon- 
 don, in 1759; died at Ongar, Dec. 12, 1829. 
 He was originally an engraver. Besides ser- 
 mons, he published many volumes, chiefly for 
 the young ; among which are : < Advice to the 
 Teens'; < Beginnings of British Biography'; 
 
 < Beginnings of European Biography'; < Bi- 
 ography of a Brown Loaf ' ; < Book of Martyrs 
 for the Young'; <Bunyan Explained to a 
 Child'; 'Child's Life of Christ'; <Mirabilia; 
 or. The Wonders of Nature and Art ' ; < Scenes 
 in America, in Asia, in Europe, in Foreign 
 Lands.' 
 
 Taylor, Isaac. An English author, son of 
 Isaac Taylor of Ongar; born at Lavenham, 
 Suffolk, Aug. 17, 1787 ; died at Ongar, June 28, 
 1865. Besides contributing to the Eclectic 
 Review, he published many books, including : 
 'Elements of Thought' (1823); < History of 
 the Transmission of Ancient Books to Mod- 
 em Times' (1827); <The Process of Historical 
 Proof Exemplified and Explained' (1828); 
 'Natural History of Enthusiasm' (1829); 
 'Physical Theory of Another Life' (1836); 
 'Loyola and Jesuitism in its Rudiments' (1849). 
 In 1862 a pension of ;[Cioo was bestowed upon 
 him from the civil-service fund " in public ac- 
 knowledgment of his eminent services to litera- 
 ture, especially in the departments of history 
 and philosophy, during more than forty years." 
 
 Taylor, Isaac. An English clergyman and 
 writer, grandson of Isaac Taylor of Ongar; 
 born at Stanford Rivers, May 2, 1829; died 
 at Settrington, May 18, 1901. Was a canon 
 of York. He wrote : < Words and Places,' 
 an explanation of the local names in Great 
 Britain (1864, 3 eds. since); 'The Family Pen: 
 Memorials Biographical and Literary of the 
 Taylor Family of Ongar' (1867); 'The Alpha- 
 bet : An account of the origin and Develop- 
 ment of letters ) (1883); 'The Manx Runes' 
 (1886); 'The origin of the Aryans' (1890), 
 summing up the evidence against the Central- 
 Asian theory. 
 
 Taylor, Isidore Justin S^verin, Baron 
 (ti'ler or ta'ler). A French dramatist and 
 writer of books of travel; born at Brussels, 
 1789; died at Paris, Sept. 8, 1879. Among his 
 dramatic compositions are: 'The Informer'; 
 
 < Ismail and Marie.' He wrote also : < Pict- 
 uresque Tour in Spain, Portugal, and the Coast 
 of Africa' (3 vols., 1826-32); 'Syria, Egypt, 
 Palestine, and Judea' (3 vols., 1835-39); 'Pil- 
 grimage to Jerusalem' (1841); 'The Pyrenees' 
 (1843); and 24 vols, of 'Picturesque and Ro- 
 mantic Travels in Ancient France' (1820-63). 
 
 Taylor, Jeremy. A celebrated English theo- 
 logical writer; bom August 1613, at Cam- 
 bridge ; died at Lisburn, Ireland, Aug. 13, 1667. 
 
 During the civil wars he was chaplain to 
 Charles I., who had the degree of D. D. con- 
 ferred on him for his treatise ' Episcopacy As- 
 serted against the Acephali and Arians New 
 and Old.* In 1658 he became bishop of Down 
 and Connor in Ireland, and labored earnestly 
 for the establishment of the Protestant Church 
 there. Besides his sermons, his principal works 
 are : ' Discourse on the Liberty of Prophesy- 
 ing' (1647); 'The Great Exemplar of Sanctity 
 and Holy Life' (1649); 'The Rule and Exer- 
 cise of Holy Living' (1650J; 'The Rule and 
 Exercise of Holy Dying' (1651); ' Ductor Du- 
 bitantium,' a work on casuistry. 
 
 Taylor, Jobn. An English poet; bom in 
 Gloucestershire, August 1580; died in London, 
 1654. He followed the occupation of water- 
 man during a part of his life, and hence was 
 termed " the water-poet." His productions, of 
 which about 140 are known to collectors, are 
 interesting, as they show the manners and cus- 
 toms of the times. They are remarkable for the 
 eccentricity of their titles, as, ' Taylor's Re- 
 venge ; or. The Rimer, William Fennor, Firkt, 
 Ferrited, and Finely Fetched over the Coals' 
 (1615); 'The Pennyles Pilgrimage; or. The 
 Moneylesse Perambulation of John Taylor, 
 alias the King's Majestie's Water-Poet, from 
 London to Edinborough on Foot' (1618). 
 
 Taylor, Philip Meadows. An English soldier 
 and author ; bom in Liverpool, Sept. 25, 1808 ; 
 died in Mentone, France, May 13, 1876. He 
 spent a great part of his life in India, in the 
 army and other government service, and mar- 
 ried an Indian princess. He was the author 
 of: 'Confessions of a Thug' (1839, new ed. 
 1858); 'Tippoo Sultaun : A Tale of the Mysore 
 War' (1840); 'Notices of Cromlechs, Caims, 
 and Other Ancient Scytho-Druidical Remains 
 in the Principality of Sorapur' (1853); 'Tara: 
 A Mahratta Tale' (1863); 'The Student's Man- 
 ual of the History of India, from the Earliest 
 Period to the Present' (1870); and other works. 
 
 Taylor, Thomas. An English author styled 
 "the Platonist"; bom in London, May 15, 
 1758 ; died there, Nov. i, 1835. His works com- 
 prise 63 vols., of which 23 are large quartos. 
 Among them are treatises on arithmetic and 
 geometry ; on the Eleusinian and Bacchic mys- 
 teries ; an essay on the ' Rights of Brutes,' in 
 ridicule of Thomas Paine's ' Rights of Man ' ; 
 a ' History of the Restoration of the Platonic 
 Theology'; and a volume of 'Miscellanies in 
 Prose and Verse.' His main labor was the 
 translating of great classical Greek and Latin 
 works. His translation of Plato was in 5 vols., 
 and was printed at the expense of the Duke 
 of Norfolk. Of his translation of Aristotle only 
 fifty complete copies were struck off; the ex- 
 pense being defrayed by W. Meredith, a retired 
 tradesman. 
 
 Taylor, Tom. A British dramatist; born at 
 Sunderland, Durham, in 1817; died at Wands- 
 worth, July 12, 1880. He edited Punch in 1874- 
 80; was art critic to the London Times and
 
 5^8 
 
 TAYLOR — TENNANT 
 
 Graphic, and wrote more than loo plays. Among 
 them are : < Still Waters Run Deep>; < The 
 Unequal Match >; < The Overland Route >; <The 
 Contested Election >; <Our American Cousin >; 
 <The Ticket-of- Leave Man.) He translated 
 Villemarqud's < The Ballads and Songs of 
 Brittanv>; and published < Life and Times of 
 Sir Joshua Reynolds > (1S65). 
 
 Taylor, William. A world-famous missionary 
 bishop of the American Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, and author; born in Rockbridge County, 
 Va., May 18, 1821 ; died at Palo Alto, Cal., 
 May 18, 1902. He wrote: <California Life Il- 
 lustrated'; < Seven Years Street Preaching in San 
 Krancisco> (1856); < Model Preacher »{ i860); 
 < Four Years Campaign in India > (1875). 
 
 TcheraytchevskiV, Nikolai Gavrilovich (cher- 
 ne-chev'skc). A Russian miscellaneous writer; 
 born at Saratov, July I, 1828; died there, Oct. 
 29, 1889. Me translated into Rus.sian J. S. 
 Mill's 'Principles of Political Economy,' mak- 
 ing considerable additions to the first volume. 
 While a suspect he wrote the novel < What's to 
 be Done ? ' ( 1 863 ) , which won for him deporta- 
 tion to Siberia. It has been translated into 
 English. In 1 883 he was allowed to live in 
 Astrakhan, and was pardoned in 1889. 
 
 Teellinck, Evald (ta'link). A notable Dutch 
 anti-papal polemist ; born at Zierickzee about 
 1570; died 1629. He wrote some 20 books, 
 most of them attacking the papal system. 
 Among them are : < The Paw of the Beast > ; 
 <The Plain Mark of Antichrist'; <Bileam; or. 
 The Blind Papist.' 
 
 Tegii6r, Esalas (teng-nar'). A Swedish poet ; 
 born at Kyrkerud, Wermland, Sweden, Nov. 
 13, 1782; died at Wexio, Nov. 2, 1846. His 
 most celebrated work is the epic < Frithiof's 
 Saga' (1825), a collection of ballads which has 
 been translated into every European language. 
 He also wrote a poem, <Svea' (1811), which 
 was crowned by the Swedish Academy ; < Natt- 
 vardsbarned > (translated by Longfellow, under 
 the title <The Children of the Lord's Supper'); 
 •Axel,' a poem of the time of Charles XII. 
 (< Collected Works,' Stockholm, 7 vols., 1847- 
 51; additional 3 vols., 1873-74). 
 
 Teleki, Joseph, Count (tel-ek'e). A Hun- 
 garian statesman and historian ; born Oct. 24, 
 1790 ; died at Pesth, Feb. 16, 1855. His principal 
 work is <The Period of the Hunyads in Hun- 
 gary (5 vols., with 3 supplementary vols, of 
 documentary matter, 1852-55). 
 
 T6llez, Gabriel, Maestro Fray (tel'yath), 
 ("Tirso de Molina."] A Spanish dramatist; 
 born in Madrid, some time between 1570 and 
 1585; died in Soria, about 1648. He is said to 
 have written about 300 plays, but only 59 are 
 extant. The most famous is < El Burlador de 
 Sevilla.' He wrote several autos or religious 
 pieces ; and two collections of stories after the 
 fashion of the < Decameron,'— the <Cigarrales 
 de Toledo' (1621 or 1624), and < Deleitar Apro- 
 vnchando' (unfinished, 1625). 
 
 Telmann, Konrad (tel'man). A German 
 poet and story-writer ; born at Stettin, Nov. 26, 
 1854; died at Rome, Jan. 23, 1897. His princi- 
 pal works are: < In Solitude' (1876); < Waves 
 of Ocean' (1884); <In Pomerania ' (2 vols., 
 1875), a collection of stories ; < Dissonances and 
 Accords' (1888), stories; < Sicilian Stories' 
 (1889); < Athwart Life' (1890); < Dark Depths' 
 ('895); the novels <In the Flush of Morning' 
 (1880), < Voe Victis' (1886), < On the Sirens' Isle, 
 Capri > (1889), < Of the Lineage of the Icaridae' 
 (1891), <Vox Populi' (1897); etc. 
 
 Temme, Jodocus Donatus Hubert (tem'e). 
 A German jurist and story-writer; born at 
 Lette in Westphalia, 1798 ; died at Ziirich, 
 Nov. 14, 1881. Among his stories are : < German 
 Tales of Crime' (in two series, comprising 14 
 vols.); < Darksome Ways' (3 vols., 1862-63); 
 <The Black Village' (3 vols., 1863); <The Na- 
 tive Land' (3 vols., 1868). 
 
 Tempeltey, Eduard (tem-pel'tl). A German 
 poet; bom at Berlin, Oct. 13, 1832. His two 
 dramas, < Clytemnestra > (1857), and <Here 
 Guelph, Here Ghibellin!' (1859) were received 
 with extraordinary favor. Among his other 
 dramas is < Cromwell' (1882), which was also 
 remarkably successful. He wrote also a chap- 
 let of songs, <Mariengarn' (1866), the theme 
 of which is love in all its phases. 
 
 Tencin, Claudine-Alexandrine Gu^rin de 
 
 (ten-sah'). A French writer; born at Grenoble 
 in 1681 ; died Dec. 4, 1749. She was the friend 
 of Fontenelle, Marmontel, Bolingbroke, and 
 other noted men, and the mother of D'Alem- 
 bert. Among her writings are : < The Siege of 
 Calais'; <The Misfortunes of Love'; <Anec- 
 dotes of the Court and Reign of Edward II.' ; 
 and < The Count of Comminges,' which is prob- 
 ably her best book. 
 
 Ten Kate, Jan Jacob Lodewtjk (ten ka'te). 
 A Dutch poet and theologian ; born at The 
 Hague, Dec. 23, 1819. In 1836 his first volume 
 of poems, entitled < Gedichten,' appeared. In 
 1837, with a friend, he published a translation 
 of the < Odes ' of Anacreon, the first of a long 
 series of translations that have distinguished 
 him among modern Dutch poets. Among these 
 may be mentioned that of BjTon's < Giaour'; 
 Tasso's <Gerusalemme Liberata' (1856); Teg- 
 n^r's < Frithiof's Saga' (1861); Schiller's < Marie 
 Stuart' (1866); La Fontaine's < Fables'; Dan- 
 te's < Inferno' (1876); Milton's < Paradise Lost' 
 (1880). Among his original works are various 
 collections of poems, and many treatises of a 
 religious or philosophical character, some in 
 prose; < Dead and Alive' (1856); < The Crea- 
 tion' (i860; English translation by Rev. D. Van 
 de Pelt, 1888); <The Planets' (1869); 'Eunoe' 
 (1874); < Palm Leaves and Flowers of Poesy' 
 (1884). He died 1889. 
 
 Tennant, ■William. A Scottish Oriental 
 scholar; born at Anstruther, F'ifeshire, May 
 15, 1784 ; died Oct. 14, 1848. He was 
 professor of Oriental languages at St. An- 
 drews University from 1834. He published :
 
 TENNEM ANN — TERTULLI AN 
 
 519 
 
 *The Anster Concert > (1811), and 'Anster 
 Fair,> both poems descriptive of rural Scottish 
 life ; several later poems and dramas ; a < Syr- 
 iac and Chaldee Grammar > (1840); a <Life of 
 Allan Ramsay > (1808); and numerous contribu- 
 tions to periodicals, including translations from 
 Oriental poets. 
 
 Tennemann, WiHielm Gottlieb (ten'fe-man). 
 A German philosopher ; born at Brembach near 
 Erfurt, 1761 ; died 1819. His most important 
 v?ork is a < History of Philosophy* (11 vols., 
 1798-1819); he wrote also : < Doctrines and Opin- 
 ions of the Disciples of Socrates on the Immor- 
 tality of the Soul> (1791); 'Plato's System of 
 Philosophy > (4 vols., 1792-94). 
 
 Tenney, Mrs. Sarah (Brownson). An 
 
 American novelist ; born in Massachusetts, 
 1839; died in New Jersey, 1876. She was 
 daughter of Orestes A. Brownson. Her books 
 are: < Marion Elwood> (1859); <At Anchor > 
 (1865); and <Life of Demetrius Gallitzin, 
 Prince and Priest > (1873). 
 
 Tennyson, Alfred, Baron Tennyson, The 
 
 great English poet ; born at Somersby, Lincoln- 
 shire, Aug. 6, 1809; died at Aldworth, Oct. 6, 
 1892. He published, with his brother Charles, 
 a volume entitled < Poems of Two Brothers > 
 (1827). In 1829 he won the chancellor's gold 
 medal for the prize poem < Timbuctoo ' ; in 
 1830 appeared his first book, < Poems, Chiefly 
 Lyrical > ; in 1832 the first volume containing 
 still recognized masterpieces; in 1850/In Me- 
 moriam * ; the same year he was appointed 
 poet-laureate to succeed Wordsworth ; in 1855 
 he received the honorary degree of D. C. L. 
 from Oxford. < The Princess > was published in 
 1847 ; < Maud and Other Poems > in 1855 ; < The 
 Idylls of the King> in 1859; < Enoch Arden> 
 and < The Holy Grail > in 1869 ; < Queen Mary > 
 in 1875; < Harold > in 1876; <The Cup> in 1884; 
 <Tiresias> in 1885; < Locksley Hall Sixty Years 
 After,' etc., in 1886; <The Foresters > and the 
 collection < Death of CEnone ' in 1892. 
 
 Tennyson, Charles. See Turner. 
 
 Tennyson, Frederick. An English poet, 
 brother of Alfred ; born at Louth, Lincolnshire, 
 June 5, 1807 ; died in London, Feb. 26, 1898. 
 He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 and in 1828 took the medal for a Greek poem. 
 He published various volumes of verse, including 
 <Days and Hours> (1854); <The Isles of Greece> 
 (1890); < Daphne, and Other Poems) (1891). 
 
 Tennyson, Hallam, Lord. An English bi- 
 ographer, son of Alfred; born 1852. He has 
 written <The Life of Alfred, Lord Tennyson > 
 (2 vols., 1897), containing a complete bibliogra- 
 phy of his father's works. 
 
 Teramo, Jacopo Palladino de (ta-ra'mo). 
 An Italian bishop and writer ; born at Teramo 
 'n the Abruzzi, 1349; died in Poland, 1417. 
 He is noted as author of < The Trial of Belial,> 
 a vision in which Belial appeals to God for 
 justice for the infringement of his rights by 
 Jesus Christ. 
 
 Tercy, Fanny Messageot (tar-se'), wife of 
 Franfois ; born 1781. She wrote several tales, 
 among them < Louise de Sdnancour> (1817); 
 <The Hermit of Mt. St. Valentin > {1821); <The 
 Wife of Holofernes * (1829); < Chronicles of 
 Franche-Comtd > (1831). 
 
 Tercy, Fran90is. A French poet; born at 
 Lons-le-Saulnier in Jura, about 1774 ; died at 
 Le Mans, Oct. i, 1841. He wrote : < Epithala- 
 mium of Napoleon and Marie Louise* (1810J; 
 
 < Birth of the King of Rome* (1811); < Death 
 of Louis XVI.,* an idyl in the ancient style 
 (1816); < Death and Apotheosis of Marie An- 
 toinette* (1817); < Death of Louis XVIIL* (1818). 
 
 Terence— Publius Terentlus Afer (ter'- 
 ens ). A Latin writer of comedy; born at 
 Carthage about 190 B. C. ; died about 159 B. C. 
 He was a slave, but on account of his talent 
 was carefully educated and was manumitted ; 
 after the performance of his first comedy, 
 
 < Andria,* in 166 B. C, he enjoyed the friend- 
 ship of such men as the younger Scipio and 
 Lselius. All his comedies are extant ; they are : 
 
 < Andria,* < Hecyra,* <Heauton-timorumenos,> 
 
 < Eunuchus,* < Phormio,* and < Adelphi.* There 
 are translations into English by Patrick (1745), 
 Colman (1765), and Riley (1853). 
 
 Terhune, Albert Payson. An American 
 journalist and author, son of Mary V.; born 
 1868. He wrote: < Syria from the Saddle*; 
 
 < Columbia Stories * ; < The Great Cedarhurst 
 Mystery ; < Caleb Conover, Railroader.* 
 
 Terhune, Mrs. Mary Virginia (Hawes). 
 
 [" Marion Harland.**] An American novelist, 
 editor, and writer on domestic topics ; born in 
 Virginia, 183 1. She has contributed largely to 
 magazines, edited departments in Wide Awake 
 St. Nicholas, etc., and conducted other maga 
 zines as chief editor. Among her novels are 
 <Alone* (1854); <The Hidden Path* (1855) 
 <Moss Side* (1857); 'Miriam* (i860); <Neme 
 sis* (i860); < Husks* (1863); < Sunnybank' (1S66); 
 etc. Her works on housekeeping include : < Com' 
 mon-Sense in the Household* (1871); 'Break 
 fast. Luncheon, and Tea* (1875^; 'The Dinner 
 Year-Book > (1878); ' The Housekeeper's Week.* 
 
 Terrasson, Jean (tar-as-on'). A French 
 miscellaneous writer; born at Lyons, 1670 ; 
 died at Paris, 1750. He wrote ' Sethos,* a 
 sort of philosophical novel, which contains 
 some curious details regarding the customs of 
 ancient Egypt, and the initiations into the re- 
 ligious mysteries (3 vols., 1731); 'Dissertation 
 on Homer's Iliad* (1715); 'Justification of the 
 India Company* (1720). 
 
 Tersteegen, Gerhard. A German lyric poet ; 
 born at Mors, Nov. 25, 1697; (I'ed at Miihlheim 
 on the Ruhr, April 3, 1769. Among his works 
 are: 'The Spiritual Garden* (1729); 'Crumbs* 
 (1773). Among his religious songs and hymns 
 the more notable are ' Shout, ye Heavens, for 
 Joy * ; and < The Day is Now Ended.* 
 
 Tertullian (Qulntus Septimius Florens 
 Tertullianus) (ter-tul'yan). A Latin Church
 
 520 
 
 Father and ecclesiastical writer; born at Car- 
 thage about i6o A. D. ; died about 220 He 
 wrote many works, among which are <Apolo- 
 geticum>; <0n the Pretexts of the Heretics >; 
 'Against Marcion,' in five books; and works 
 on Patience, on Chastity, on Monogamy, on 
 Idolatry, on Theatres, etc. 
 
 Testl. Fulvlo, Count (tes'te.) An Italian 
 statesman and puet; born at Ferrara, 1593; 
 died there, 1646. He was one of the most nota- 
 ble lyric poets of Italy in his time. Besides 
 songs and ballads, he wrote: <Arsinda; or, 
 the l.ine of the Princes d'Este,' a drama; < The 
 Isle of Alcina,> a tragedy; an uncompleted 
 epic, < Constantine > ; < Italy,* a poem in 43 stan- 
 zas, in which he portrays the situation of Italy 
 under the Spanish yoke. 
 
 T^tard, Jean (te-ta'). A French philosoph- 
 ical and polemical writer; born at Longvic in 
 Burgundy, 1770 ; died at Paris, 1841. Among 
 his writings are : < Moral Essay on Man in his 
 Relation to God> (1818); < Against Obscurant- 
 ism and Jesuitism* (1826); < Indelible and His- 
 toric Character of Jesuitism and Doctrinism* 
 (1832). 
 
 Teuffel, Blanche 'Willis (Howard), Mrs, Julius 
 Von. An American novelist ; born at Bangor, 
 Me., 1847 ; died at Munich, Oct. 7, 1898; lived 
 last at Stuttgart. H'^r books are : <One Summer) 
 ( i875);<One Year Abroad'' (1877); <Aunt Sere- 
 na* (1881); <Guenn) (1883); <Aulnay Tower* 
 (1885); <Tony the Maid* (1887); <Tlie Open 
 Door* ( 1889 ) ; <A Battle and a Boy* ( 1892) ; etc. 
 
 Teuffel, Wilhelm ftoi'fel). A German phi- 
 lologist; born at Ludwigsburg, Sept. 27, 1820; 
 died at Tubingen, where he was professor in the 
 university, March 8, 1878. His greatest work 
 is the < History of Roman Literature* (1870). 
 He wrote also : < Exercises in Latin Style * (1887); 
 < Studies in Greek and Roman, and also in 
 German Literary History* (1871); and edited 
 with notes several Greek and Roman classics. 
 
 TeutBch, Georg Daniel (toitsh). A Transyl- 
 vanian historical writer; born at Schassburg; 
 died at Hermannstadt, July 2, 1893. He was 
 bishop of the Saxons of Transylvania, and 
 wrote: 'History of the Transylvanian Saxons* 
 (2d ed. 1874); <Compend of the History of 
 Transylvania * ; < Documents for the History of 
 Transylvania* (1857); <The Reformation in the 
 Transylvanian Saxonland* (6th ed. 1886); 'Doc- 
 umentary History of the Evangelical Church 
 in Transylvania* (2 vols., 1862-63). 
 
 Texier, Charles F6llx Marie (tex-ya' or 
 tez-ya'). A French archaeologist; born at Ver- 
 sailles, 1802; died 1871. He wrote: 'Descrip- 
 tion of Asia Minor: Fine Arts, Historic Monu- 
 ments, Plans of Ancient Cities,* etc. (1839); 
 'Description of Armenia, Persia, Mesopotamia* 
 (1842); 'The Ancient Ports at the Mouth of 
 the Tiber* (1858); 'Byzantine Architecture* 
 (1865). 
 
 Thaarup, Thomas (tar'op). A Danish poet ; 
 born at Copenhagen, 1749; died 1821. Some 
 
 TESTI — THALES 
 
 of his dramatic compositions, among them 
 ' The Birthday > and ' Peter's Wedding,* are 
 regarded as equal to the best in Danish liter- 
 ature. His 'Song of Love and Fatherland* 
 ranks as a lyrical classic. 
 
 Thacher, John Boyd. An American critical 
 scholar and bibliographer ; born in 1847. He was 
 chairman of the Committee of Awards at the 
 World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, in 
 1893; mayor of Albany in 1897. He has pub- 
 lished: 'Charlecote: A Drama*; 'The Conti- 
 nent of America, its Discovery and its Baptism * ; 
 ' Little Speeches * ; ' Christopher Columbus.* 
 
 Thackeray, William Makepeace. A cele- 
 brated English novelist ; born in Calcutta, India, 
 July 18, 181 1; died Dec. 24, 1863. His works 
 include: 'The Paris Sketch-Book* (1840); 
 'Comic Tales and Sketches* (1841), which con- 
 tained ' Yellowplush Papers,* ' Major Gahagan,* 
 and 'The Bedford Row Conspiracy*; 'The 
 Great Hoggarty Diamond* (1841 : in book form 
 1848); 'A Shabby-Genteel Story* (1841); 'The 
 Chronicle of the Drum* (1841); 'Barry Lyn- 
 don* (1842); 'Men's Wives* (1842); 'Irish 
 Sketch-Book* (1843); 'Notes of a Journey from 
 Cornhill to Grand Cairo* (1846); 'Vanity Fair* 
 (Jan. 1847-July 1848); 'Our Street* (1847); 'The 
 Book of Snobs* (1848); 'Mrs. Perkins's Ball* 
 (1848); <Dr. Birch and his Young Friends* 
 (1848); 'The History of Samuel Titmarsh* 
 (1848), a reissue of various articles; 'The His- 
 tory of Pendennis* (Nov. 1848 -Oct. 1850); 
 ' English Humorists of the Eighteenth Century* 
 (1851-52), a series of lectures; 'The History 
 of Henry Esmond* (1852); 'The Newcomes* 
 (1853-55); 'The Rose and the Ring* (1854); 
 'The Four Georges* (1855-56), a series of 
 lectures; 'The Virginians* (1857-59); 'Lovel 
 the Widower* (1860-61); 'The Adventures of 
 Philip* (1861-62); 'Roundabout Papers* (1862), 
 being a volume of previously printed pieces; 
 'Denis Duval* (1867), left unfinished. His 
 drawings and caricatures were posthumously 
 published in book form under the title < Thack- 
 eray ana* (1876). 
 
 Thaer, Wilhelm Albrecht (ta'er). A Ger- 
 man agriculturist ; born at Liidersdorf, near 
 Wriezen on the Oder, Aug. 6, 1828. He was 
 appointed professor in the University of Gies- 
 sen, 1871. He is author of a 'System, of Agri- 
 culture * (1877); ' Ancient Egyptian Husbandry* 
 (1881); 'Weeds in Rural Economy* (1881); 
 'Researches in Tenant-Farming* (1890). 
 
 Thales (tha'les). The earliest of the Greek 
 philosophers, called the father of philosophy; 
 born at Miletus, 640 B. C; died about 550. 
 He was the founder of the Ionic school, one 
 of the chief sources of Grecian philosophy. 
 He visited Egypt for instruction in the sciences 
 professed by the priesthood. Besides abstract 
 philosophy, he studied geometry and astronomy, 
 and tradition credits him with predicting a so- 
 lar eclipse. His ancient biographers mention 
 among his services to astronomy a calculation 
 of the length of the year, and of the interval
 
 THANET — THEOPHR ASTUS 
 
 52' 
 
 between solstices and equinoxes. He left noth- 
 ing in writing. 
 
 Thanet, Octave, pseudonym of Alice French. 
 An American novelist ; born in Massachusetts, 
 1850. She has published: < Knitters in the 
 Sun > ; < Otto the Knight >; < Stories of a Western 
 Towl * ; < An Adventure in Photography > ; < Ex- 
 piation > ; < A Slave to Duty > ; < Man of the Hour.> 
 
 Thausing, Moritz (tou'sing). An Austrian 
 art critic ; born at Leitmeritz in Bohemia, 
 June 3, 1838; died there, Aug. 14, 1884. He 
 became professor of the science of aesthetics 
 in the University of Vienna, 1873. He wrote : 
 <Diirer: History of his Life and his Art> 
 (1876); <J. J. Callot's Sketch-Book> (1881); 
 <Art Letters from Vienna > (1884). 
 
 Thaxter, Mrs. Celia (Leighton). An Amer- 
 ican poet; bom at Portsmouth, N. H., June 
 29, 1836 ; died Aug. 26. 1894. She spent her 
 childhood and her later life at the Isles of Shoals. 
 Her works are; <Poems> (1872); (Among the 
 Isles of Shoals > (1873); < Poems > (1874); < Drift- 
 Weed) (1879); < Poems for Children > (1884); 
 'The Cruise of the Mystery,> etc. (1886); < Idyls 
 and Pastorals> (1886); <The Yule Log> (1889); 
 <An Island Garden > (1894); < Letters > (1895); 
 < Stories and Poems for Children > (1895). 
 
 Thayer, Alexander Wheelock. An Ameri- 
 can writer on music, whose life v\'as mostly spent 
 abroad; born at South Natick, Mass., Oct. 22, 
 1817; died at Trieste, July 19, 1897. Contributed 
 tothe'Dictionary of Music'; was musical critic of 
 the New York Tribune ; was consul at Trieste, 
 1859-82. He published: <Signor Masoni,> etc., 
 (1862); <The Hebrews and the Red Sea) (1883); 
 three volumes of 'Life of Beethoven' (1866-87 ). 
 
 Thayer, Mrs. Emma (Homan) (Graves). A 
 
 writer and artist of Colorado ; born 1842. Si.e 
 has written : < Wild Flowers of Colorado > ; <Wi]d 
 Flowers of the Pacific Coast > ; < An English 
 American * ; < A Legend of Glenwood Springs.* 
 
 Thayer, Joseph Henry. An American cler- 
 gyman. Biblical scholar, and translator ; born 
 in Boston, Nov. 7, 1828; died in Cambridge, 
 Nov. 26, 1901. He graduated from Harvard in 
 1850, from Andoverin 1857. He was a military 
 chaplain, 1859-64 ; secretary of the American 
 Board of Revision for the New Testament, 1877; 
 and professor in Harvard Divinity School after 
 1884. He wrote : 'Grammar of the Idiom of the 
 New Testament); <Books and Their Use); trans- 
 lations of 'Grammar of the New Testament 
 Greek); 'Greek-English Lexicon of the New 
 Testament); and published a volume of 'Critical 
 Essays.) 
 
 Thayer, William Makepeace. An Ameri- 
 can clergyman, retired from the Congregational 
 church and devoted to literature. He was 
 bom at Franklin, Mass., Feb. 23, 1820. His 
 books have attained great popularity, several 
 being reprinted abroad in German, French, 
 Italian, Greek, Swedish, etc. Among his works 
 are: 'The Bobbin Boy) (1859); 'The Pioneer 
 Boy) (1863); a Series of Biographies (10 vols., 
 
 1859-63); 'Youth's History of the Rebellion' 
 (1863-65); 'White House Stories* (1880-85); 
 'Marvels ofthe New West) (1887); 'Life of Gar- 
 field'; 'Men who Win.' Died April 7, 1 898. 
 
 Theiner, Augustin (ti'ner). A German can- 
 onist ; born at Breslau, April li, 1804; died 
 Aug. 10, 1874. He was appointed prefect of 
 the Vatican archives, 1855; but was deprived 
 of that office during the Vatican Council on the 
 charge of giving to certain oppositionist bishops 
 secret documents of the curia. His first nota- 
 ble work was a tractate in opposition to the 
 rule of clerical celibacy, 'The Introduction of 
 Obligatory Celibacy' (2 vols., 1828; new ed. 
 enlarged, 3 vols., 1856-57). His other principal 
 works are : ' History of the Return of the Reign- 
 ing Houses of Brunswick and Saxony to the 
 Bosom of the Catholic Church) (1843); an edi- 
 tion of Baronius's ' Church Annals,) with a con- 
 tinuation (3 vols., 1856-57); 'Diplomatic Code 
 of the Temporal Dominion of the Holy See' 
 (1863); 'Temporal Sovereignty of the Holy 
 See Judged by the General Councils of Lyons 
 and Constance) (1867). 
 
 Theocritus (the-ok're-tus). The greatest of 
 Greek bucolic poets; commonly reputed to 
 have been a native of Syracuse, but Cos also 
 claims him; he lived in the first half of the 
 third century B. C. He wrote in the Doric 
 dialect, pastorals and idyls of lowly life, which 
 have ever since been regarded as the con- 
 summate models of that kind of poetry. Vir- 
 gil imitated him in his < Bucolics.' We have 
 31 of his idyls and pastorals, and a number 
 of his epigrams : there are English translations 
 by Calverley (1869) in verse, by Andrew Lang 
 (i860) in prose, and by others. 
 
 Theodoret (the-od'o-ret). A celebrated 
 Greek church historian and theological writer; 
 born at Antioch about 390; died about 460. 
 He became bishop of Cyrrhus, a city in Syria, 
 423, and there passed the remainder of his 
 life. He wrote voluminous commentaries on 
 the Scriptural books, of which many are ex- 
 tant; we have also his 'Church History) in 
 five books, covering the period 324-429, and 
 several of his theological tractates, besides 
 about 200 of his < Letters.) 
 
 Theognis of Megara (the-og'nis). A Greek 
 elegiac poet who flourished in the latter half 
 of the sixth century B. C. There are 1389 
 verses preserved under his name, of import- 
 ance in enabling us to understand the state 
 of parties and the problems of society in the 
 Greece of that time. Translated by Frere 
 (1842). 
 
 Theophrastus of Eresus in Lesbos (the-o- 
 fras'tus). A Greek philosopher; became the 
 head of the Peripatetic school after the death 
 of its founder Aristotle, presiding over it for 
 35 years (322-287 B. C). His treatises on 
 ' Practical Botany,) in nine books, and < The- 
 oretical Botany,) in six books, are still extant; 
 besides fragments of works on mineralogy, on 
 the senses, and on metaphysics. The work by
 
 522 
 
 THEOPHYLAGTUS - THOLUCK 
 
 which he is best known is his treatise called 
 
 < Characters.' 
 
 Theophylactus, surnamed Simocatta (the- 
 6-fil-ak'tus). A Byzantine historian; born at 
 l.ocri about 570 A. D.; died about 640. Three 
 of his works are extant: < History of the Em- 
 peror Maurice'; 'Problems of Physics'; < Let- 
 ters, Moral, Rural, and Amorous,' — of these 
 there are 85, in which are imitated the letters 
 of Arista'nctus. 
 
 Theopompus of Chios (the"o-pom'pus). A 
 Greek historian and rhetorician; born about 
 ^78 B. C. His principal historical works were 
 •The Hellenics,' in 12 books, and <The Phi- 
 lippics,' in 58 books; the former being a con- 
 tinuation of Thucydides, and the latter a gen- 
 eral history of his own times, with the reign 
 of Philip of Macedon as central point: of both 
 only fragments remain. 
 
 Tbeurlet, Andr^ (ter-ya'). A French poet 
 and novelist ; born at Marly-le-Roi, Oct. 8, 1833. 
 He began his literary work with the verses 
 
 < In Memoriam' (1857). Subsequent poems 
 are: <The Road through the Woods' (1867); 
 <The Peasants of L'Argonne, 1792' (1871); 
 <The Blue and the Black' (1873); <Our Birds' 
 (18S6). His novels are numerous, comprising 
 among others: < Tales of Familiar Life' (1870); 
 •Mile. Guignon' (1874); * Dangerous Charm' 
 (1891). Among his dramatic productions are: 
 < Jean-Marie' (1871); <The House of the Two 
 Barbeaux' (1885); <Raymonde' (1887). As an 
 art critic he has also written <Juks Bastien- 
 Lepage,the Man and the Artist '(1885). D. igo?- 
 
 Thibaudeau, Antoine Claire, Count (te-bo- 
 do'). A French statesman and historian; born 
 at Poitiers, March 23, 1765; died March 8, 
 1854. Among his writings are : < Memoirs on 
 the Convention and the Directory' (1824); < Gen- 
 eral History of Napoleon Bonaparte' (5 vols., 
 1827-28); < Memoirs on the Consulate and the 
 Empire ' (10 vols., 1835); < History of the States- 
 General' (2 vols., 1843). After his death ap- 
 peared < My Biography: My Memoirs 1765-92' 
 (1875). 
 
 Thibaut, Anton Friedrich Justus (te-bo'). 
 A distinguished German legist ; born at Hameln, 
 Jan. 4, 1772; died March 28, 1840, at Heidel- 
 berg, where he was professor in the university. 
 His greatest work is 'System of the Laws in 
 the Pandects' (1803); some of his other writ- 
 ings are: 'Juristic Encyclopedy and Method- 
 ology' (1797); 'Essays on Questions of Civil 
 Law' (1814). 
 
 Thierry, Am^d^e (tyar-e'). A French his- 
 torian, brother of J. N. A. ; born at Blois, Aug. 
 2, 1797 ; died March 27, 1873. Among his works 
 are: 'History of the Gauls to the Roman 
 Domination' (3 vols., 1828); 'History of Gaul 
 under the Roman Domination ' (3 vols., 1840- 
 47); 'Later Times of the Western Empire' 
 (i860); 'History of Attila and his Successors' 
 (1864); 'St. Jerome : Christian Society at Rome' 
 (1867). 
 
 Thierry, Jacques Nicolas Augustin. A 
 
 French historian of the "picturesque" school, 
 a member of the Academy ; born at Blois, 
 May 10, 1795; died in Paris, May 22, 1856. In 
 1817 he became a contributor to Le Censeur 
 Europden, edited by Comte ; afterward to the 
 Courrier Fran9ais, in which he published his 
 'Letters on the History of France.' In 1825 
 appeared his ' History of the Conquest of Eng- 
 land by the Normans.' He also wrote : ' Ten 
 Years of Historic Studies' (1834); < Tales of 
 Merovingian Times' (1840); 'Formation and 
 Progress of the Third Estate' (1853). ('Com- 
 plete Works,' 1856-60.) 
 
 Thiers, Jean Baptiste (tyar). A French 
 theological writer ; born at Chartres, 1636 ; died 
 at Vibraye in Maine, 1703. His treatises on 
 theological and ecclesiastical subjects are very 
 numerous ; but he owes whatever celebrity 
 he has to his < History of Wigs, wherein is 
 Shown their Origin, their Use, their Form, the 
 Abuse and Irregularity of Ecclesiastics' Wigs' 
 (1690). 
 
 Thiers, Louis Adolphe. A French states- 
 man and author of the first rank ; born at 
 Marseilles, April 16, 1797 ; died at St.-Germain, 
 Sept. 3, 1877. In 1822 he moved to Paris, and 
 became contributor to the Constitutionnel ; in 
 1823 he began to publish his < History of the 
 French Revolution,' which was finished in 1827, 
 in 10 vols. ; in 1830 he founded the National, 
 in connection with Mignet and Armand Car- 
 rel ; in 1832 he became Minister of the Interior ; 
 in 1836 he was made prime minister, and again 
 in 1840; in 1852 he was banished by Louis 
 Napoleon, but returned and lived in retire- 
 ment until 1863, when he was elected member 
 of the Representative Assembly by Paris ; he 
 was elected a member of the National As- 
 sembly, Feb. 8, 187 1, after the collapse of the 
 monarchy; and on Aug. 31 received the title 
 of " President of the Republic." His great 
 literary work is that comprising the < History 
 of the French Revolution' (1823-27) and 'His- 
 tory of the Consulate and the Empire' (1845- 
 62). Among his other works are : < History of 
 John Law' (1826; English translation, 1859); 
 'On Property' (1848); 'Man and Matter' 
 (1875). 
 
 Thirlwall, Connop. An eminent English 
 historian; born at Stepney, London, Feb. 1 1, 
 1797; died July 27, 1875, at Bath. He was 
 Bishop of St. David's 1840-74. His principal 
 work is a 'History of Greece' (8 vols., 1835- 
 40; enlarged 1845-52). He made, with J. C. 
 Hare, the English translation of Niebuhr's 
 'History of Rome' (2 vols., 1828). 
 
 Tholuck, Friedrich August Gottreu (to- 
 16k'). A German theologian and author of 
 great repute ; born at Breslau, March 30, 1799; 
 died at Halle, June 10, 1877. His works, 
 most of which have been often reprinted in 
 Germany and translated into English, were 
 published at Gotha in an edition of il vols. 
 (1863-72), and treat of Oriental subjects:
 
 THOMAS — THOMPSON 
 
 523 
 
 < Sufism ; or, Pantheistic Theosophy of the Per- 
 sians* (1821); 'The Epistle to the Romans* 
 (1824); <The Gospel of John* (1827; trans- 
 lated into English by Kauffman, 1836); <The 
 Sermon on the Mount* (1833; translated into 
 English by R. L. Brown, Edinburgh, i860); 
 < Early History of Rationalism* (4 vols., 1853- 
 62); < Church Life of the 17th Century > (1861-62). 
 
 Thomas, Augustus, the foremost of living 
 American playwrights ; born at St. Louis, Jan. 8, 
 1859. He is the author of the dramas* Alabama,* 
 <Mizzoura* and < Arizona.* His plays include 
 
 < The Burglar * ; < After-Thoughts * ; < Oliver 
 Goldsmith > ; < On the Quiet > ; < The Capitol* ; 
 <The HoosierDoctor* ; < The Earl of Pavvtuket * ; 
 
 < The Other Girl » ; < Jim De Lancey * ; < The 
 Witching Hour*; < The Harvest Moon.* 
 
 Thomas, Cyrus. An American archaeologist 
 now in the government service ; born 1825. Of 
 special interest are his < Study of the Manuscript 
 Troano* (1882); < Notes on Certain Maya and 
 Mexican Manuscripts* (1884); < Mound Explora- 
 tion * (1888); 
 
 Thomas, Edith Matilda. An American poet ; 
 born in Chatham, O., Aug. 12, 1854 ; resides in 
 New York. She has contributed to many peri- 
 odicals, and published in book form : <A New- 
 Year's Masque,* etc. (1885); <The Round Year* 
 (1886); « Lyrics and Sonnets* (1887); < Children 
 of the Seasons* Series (1888); < Babes of the 
 Year* (1888); < Babes of the Nations* (1889); 
 'Heaven and Earth* (1889); <The Inverted 
 Torch* (1890); < Fair Shadow Land* (1893); 
 
 < In Sunshine Land* (1895); < In the Young 
 World * ( 1895) ;< Cassia and Other Verse *( 1905). 
 
 Thomas, Frederick William. An American 
 journalist and author ; born in Charleston, S. C, 
 iSii ; died in Washington, D. C, Sept. 30, 1866. 
 He was professor of English literature in the 
 University of Alabama. He contributed much 
 in prose and verse to periodicals, and pub- 
 lished : 'The Emigrant,* poem (1833); 'Clinton 
 Bradshaw* (1835), 'East and West* (1836), 
 'Howard Pinckney* (1840), novels; 'The 
 Beechen Tree, and Other Poems * ( 1844 ) ; 
 'Sketches of Character,* etc. (1849); and 'John 
 Randolph of Roanoke,* etc. (1853). 
 
 Thomas, Isaiah. An American editor, pub- 
 lisher, and litterateur; born in Boston, Jan. 17, 
 1719; died at Worcester, April 4, 1831. He 
 established and printed the Massachusetts Spy, 
 1770-1801 ; imported and used the first font of 
 music type ; established the Massachusetts 
 Magazine (1789-96); printed noted editions of 
 the Bible and Watts's ' Psalms and Hymns * ; 
 founded the Antiquarian Society, Worcester, 
 Mass., and endowed it with a library and funds 
 for its maintenance ; and was the author and 
 publisher of the < History of Printing.* 
 
 Thomas, John R. A Welsh- American song- 
 writer and musician ; born in Newport, Wales, 
 in 1830 ; died 18 — . He came to America at 
 an early age, taught music, and sang in opera 
 and oratorio. His songs were highly popular. 
 
 Among the best-known are : ' Cottage by the 
 Sea * ; ' Happy Be thy Dreams * ; ' Some One 
 to Love*; ''Tis but a Little Faded Flower*; 
 'Beautiful Isle of the Sea*; 'The Flag of the 
 Free * ; ' The Mother's Prayer* ; and < No Crown 
 without the Cross.* 
 
 Thomas, Lewis Foulke. An American poet 
 and dramatist; born in Baltimore, Md., 1815; 
 died in Washington, 1868. He was author of 
 'India and Other Poems* (St. Louis, 1842), 
 the first book of poetry published west of the 
 Mississippi; and the tragedies 'Osceola,* suc- 
 cessfully performed in Cincinnati (1838), and 
 'Cortez* (Washington, 1857). 
 
 Thomas a Kempls. See Kempis. 
 
 Thomas Aquinas or Thomas of Aquin, 
 Saint (a-kwi'nas). A great mediaeval theolo- 
 gian and philosopher; born at Aquino in the 
 kingdom of Naples, about 1225 ; died at Fossa 
 Nuova, in the diocese of Terracina, March 7, 
 1274. His writings are very voluminous, being 
 comprised in 28 vols, quarto. His greatest work 
 is the 'Sum of Theology.* Among his other 
 works are : ' Sum of Catholic Belief against 
 the Heathen * ; ' Exposition of all the Epistles 
 of St. Paul.* 
 
 Thomas of Celano. An Italian hymnist; 
 born at Celano in the Abruzzi ; died about 
 1255. He was one of the firct disciples of St. 
 Francis. He is probably the author of the 
 ' Dies Irse.* He is also believed to have writ- 
 ten the biography of St. Francis found in the 
 Bollandists' 'Acta Sanctorum.* 
 
 Thomasius, Christian (to-mas'yos). A Ger- 
 man legist ; bom at Leipsic, Jan. i, 1655 ; 
 died professor of jurisprudence at Halle, Sept. 
 23, 1728. Among his writings are : ' Serious 
 but Lively and Sensible Remarks on all Sorts 
 of Juristic Works* (1720); 'Reasonable and 
 Chnstianlike but not Pharisaical Considera- 
 tions on all Sorts of Philosophical and Juristic 
 Works* (3 vols., 1723); ' History of Wisdom and 
 Folly.* 
 
 Thomasius, Gottfried. A German theo- 
 logical writer ; bom at Egenhausen, in Fran- 
 conia, July 26, 1802 ; died professor of dogmatics 
 at Erlangen, Jan. 24, 1875. Among his writings 
 are: 'Origen* (1837); ' Contributions to Christ- 
 ology* (1845); 'The Person and the Work of 
 Christ* (1852); 'Resuscitation of Evangelical 
 Life in the Lutheran Church of Bavaria* (1867); 
 'History of Christian Dogma* (1874). 
 
 Thompson, Benjamin. See Rumford. 
 
 Thompson, Charles Miner. An American 
 journalist, writer on the staff of the Youth's 
 Companion ; bom 1864. He has written : ' The 
 Nimble Dollar*; 'Life of Ethan Allen.* 
 
 Thompson, Francis. An English poet ; son 
 of a Lancashire physician. He was educated 
 at Ushaw College, near Durham, and stud- 
 ied medicine at Owens College, Manchester. 
 He determined to take up literature, however, 
 and came to London. His first appearanje 
 in print was in the columns of Merry England.
 
 5*4 
 
 THOMPSON— THONI6SEN 
 
 Collected volumes have appeared as follows: 
 « Poems > (1893); < Sister-Songs > (1S96); < New- 
 Poems' (1897). 
 
 Thompson. [Jajnes] Maurice. An American 
 essa>-ut and novelist; bom in Fairfield, Ind., 
 Sept 9, 1S44; died at Crawfordsville, Ind., 
 Feb. 15, 1901. He was a Confederate soldier 
 in the Civil War ; afterwards State Geologist of 
 Indiana, 1S85-S9. He wrote: < Hoosier Mosaics) 
 ( 1S75) ; <The Witcher>- of Archer>-) (1S78) ; 
 <.-\ Tallahassee Girl > {18S2); < His Second 
 Campaign' (1S83); < Songs of Fair Weather) 
 (1SS3); <At Love's Extremes) (1SS5); < By- 
 ways and Bird Notes' (1SS5); < The Boy's 
 Boc.k of Sports) (1S86); <A Banker of Bank- 
 ersville) (1SS6) ; <Svlvan Secrets' (1887); <A 
 Fortnight of Folly) (188S1; < Poems ) (1892) ; 
 < King of Honev'island) (1892); < The Ocala 
 Boy) (1S95); <Aliceof Old Vincennes' (1900). 
 
 Thompson, Mortimer M. [« Q. K. Philan- 
 der Doesticks, P. B.»] An American humorous 
 writer and lecturer ; bom in 1S30 ; died in 1875. 
 He contributed at first to the daily and in 
 later years regularly to the weekly newspapers, 
 and published in book form in i8^5-=;7 : < Doe- 
 sticks : What He Says'; < Plu-Ri'-Bus-Tah,' a 
 travesty of < Hiawatha ' ; < The Witches of New- 
 York ' ; < Nothing to Sav > ; < The Elephant 
 Club.' 
 
 Thomsen, Villielm Ludvig Peder (tom'sen). 
 A Danish philologist; bom at Copenhagen, 
 Jan. 25, 1842. His principal works are : < The 
 Magv-ar Language' (1866); < Influence of the 
 Germanic Languages on the Finno-Lappish ' 
 f 1870J ; < Relations between Ancient Russia and 
 Scandinavia' (1879); < Relations between the 
 Finnish and the Baltic Languages' (1890). 
 
 Thomson, Charles. An American patriot 
 and publicist ; bom in Maghera, County Derrv-, 
 Ireland, Nov. 29, 1729 ; died in Lower Marion, 
 Pa., Aug. 16, 1S24. At first a teacher at New 
 London, Pa., he became the first secretar>- of 
 the Continental Congress (1774-79), and was 
 said in compliment to be the " soul of that polit- 
 ical body." He destroyed his notes of its pro- 
 ceedings for fear of giving pain to descendants 
 of some of the members. He published : <An 
 Enquiry- into the Causes of the Alienation of 
 the Delaware and Shawaneese Indians,' etc. 
 (1759); a translation of the Greek iSeptuagint) 
 Bible ('4 vols., 180S), which was the first Eng- 
 lish version of it ; a < S>Tiopsis of the Four 
 Evangelists' fi8i5)t etc. 
 
 Thomson, Edward William. An American 
 writer, editor, and civil engineer; bom in On- 
 tario, 1849. He has written : < Old Man Savarin, 
 and Other Stories'; < Walter Gibbs,' a book 
 for boys; also the metrical portions of M. S. 
 Henry's Version of <Aucassin and Nicolette.' 
 
 Thomson, James. A Scotch poet; bom at 
 Ednam, Sept. 11, 1700 ; died Aug. 27, 1748. He 
 was educated at Jedburgh School and Edin- 
 burgh University, and studied for the ministry. 
 In 1725 he went to London and became a tutor. 
 In 1733 he held a position in the Court of 
 
 Chancer?-, and on losing this position was given 
 a pension. In 1744 he was appointed surveyor- 
 general of the Leeward Islands. His most 
 famous poem is < The Seasons* 1 1726-1730), and 
 next to this < The Castle of Indolence' (1748,1. 
 He wrote some plays, among them being 
 <Sophonisba' (1730) and <Tancred and Sigis- 
 munda' (1745.'- 
 
 Thomson, James. A Scotch poet ; bom at 
 Port Glasgow, Nov. 23, 1834 ; died June 3, 1S82. 
 He was brought up in an orphan asylum, and 
 became an army tutor. Most of his life was 
 spent in journalism, though he came to America 
 at one time to investigate a silver mine ; thence 
 he was sent to Spain as the New York World's 
 special correspondent. He suffered much from 
 insomnia, which he made the subject of a most 
 powerful poem by that name ; and died a victim 
 to the drugs he used to relieve it. His best- 
 known work is 'The City of Dreadful Night' 
 ( 1870-74 j; others of high quality are 'The 
 Doom of a City' (18571, and <Our Ladies of 
 Death' (1861). 
 
 Thomson, Joseph. A Scotch traveler; bora 
 at Penpont in Dumfriesshire, Feb. 14, 1 85 8; 
 died at London, Aug. 2, 1895. He wrote : 
 < To the Central African Lakes and Back ' 
 (3d ed. 1881); 'Through Masai Land' (1885); 
 'Liu, an African Romance' (1888;; 'Mungo 
 Park and the Niger' (1890); 'Travels in the 
 Atlas and Southern Marocco' (1890 1. 
 
 Thomson, Sir William — Lord Kelvin. A 
 British physicist, mathematician, engineer, and 
 inventor of the highest rank ; bom in Belfast, 
 Ireland, June 1S24. He has been professor of 
 natural philosophy in the University of Glas- 
 gow since he was 22. As such he has not 
 only done enduring work of his own, but has 
 guided the careers of several other great sci- 
 entists. His scientific papers have been pub- 
 lished under the titles ' Reprints of Papers on 
 Electrostatics and Magnetism' (1872 j; 'Mathe- 
 matical and Physical Papers' (1882-90); 'Pop- 
 ular Lectures and Addresses ' ; ' On Heat ' ; 
 ' On Elasticit}-.' In 1867, in collaboration with 
 Professor Tait of Edinburgh, he issued his first 
 volume of 'A Treatise on Natural Philosophy' 
 (2d ed. in 2 parts, 1S791. From 1846 to 1853 
 he was editor of the Cambridge and Dublin 
 Mathematical Journal ; and also connected with 
 the Philosophical Magazine. He has been pres- 
 ident of the British Association for the Ad- 
 vancement of Science, and of the Royal Society 
 of London. He died Dec. 17, 1907. 
 
 Thomson, William McClure. An American 
 clergj-man of the Presbvterian Church ; bom in 
 Ohio, Dec. 3, 1806; died in 1S94. In 1833 he 
 went as missionarj- to S.vria and Palestine, re- 
 maining until 1S76. His chief work, ' The Land 
 and the Book' (2 vols., 1859-60 ; 3 vols., 18S0- 
 86), is an accepted authority on Palestine and 
 Sj-ria. He has also published : < The Land of 
 Promise'; 'Travels in Palestine' (1865). 
 
 Thonissen, Jean Joseph ( ton'is-sen). A 
 Belgian jurist and political economist ; bom at
 
 THORBECKE — TICKELL 
 
 525 
 
 Hasselt, Jan. 21, 1817; died Aug. 17, 1891, at 
 Louvain, where he was professor of jurispru- 
 dence. Among his writings are : < Socialism 
 and its Promises' (1850); < Socialism in the 
 Past> (1851); < Belgium in the Reign of Leo- 
 pold I.> (4 vols., 1855); <The Pretended Neces- 
 sity of the Death Penalty > (1864); <The Penal 
 Laws of the Athenian Republic > (1876). 
 
 Thorbecke, Heinrich (tor-bek'e). A Ger- 
 man Orientalist; born at Meiningen, March 14, 
 1837 ; died at Mannheim, Jan. 3, 1890. He was 
 appointed professor in the University of Halle, 
 1887. His studies were directed mainly to the 
 poetry of the Bedawin and the history of Ara- 
 bic. He is author of < Life of Antarah, the 
 Pre-Islamite Poet> (1868); <A1 Asha's Song of 
 Praise to Mohammed' (1875); < M. Sabbag's 
 Grammar of Conversational Arabic in Syria 
 and Egypt > (1886). 
 
 Thorburn, Grant. [«Lawrie Todd.»] A 
 Scottish-American craftsman, merchant, and 
 author. He was born at Dalkeith, 1773; emi- 
 grated to America, 1794 ; died at New Haven, 
 Conn., Jan. 21, 1863. As the hero of Gait's 
 novel, < Lawrie Todd,' he was a well-known 
 figure in New York. His publications in book 
 form include : < Forty Years' Residence in Amer- 
 ica' (1834); <Men and Manners in Great Brit- 
 ain' (1834); 'Fifty Years' Reminiscences of 
 New York' (1845); 'Hints to Merchants,' etc. 
 (1847); < Notes on Virginia' (1848); <Life and 
 Writings of Grant Thorburn' (1852-53). 
 
 Thoreau, Henry David. A distinguished 
 American writer ; born in Concord, Mass., July 
 12, 1817; died there. May 6, 1862. His works 
 include : < A Week on the Concord and Mer- 
 rimac Rivers' (1848); <Walden; or. Life in 
 the Woods' (1854); < Echoes of Harper's Ferry' 
 (i860); < Excursions' (1863); < The Maine 
 Woods' (1864); <Cape Cod' (1865); < Letters 
 to Various Persons' (1865); < A Yankee in Can- 
 ada' (1866); < Early Spring in Massachusetts' 
 (1881); < Summer' (1884); 'Winter' (1888); 
 < Autumn' (1892); < Works' (10 vols., 1894); 
 < Familiar Letters' (1894); * Poems of Nature' 
 (1895). The posthumous volumes are made up 
 mostly from his daily journal, begun in 1835, 
 which nxmibered 30 vols, when he died. 
 
 Tboresen, Anna Magdalena (Kragh) (to'- 
 re-sen). A Danish novelist; born at Fredericia, 
 June 3, 1819. Among the best of her works 
 are: < Tales' (1863); < Signa Historise' (Signs 
 of History: 1864); < Pictures from the West 
 Coast of Norway' (1872); < Herluf Nordal : A 
 Tale from the Last Century' (1879); 'Short 
 Tales' ( 1891 ). She is also the author of sev- 
 eral dramas. 
 
 Tliorild, Thomas (tor'ild). A Swedish poet; 
 bom at Kongelf in Bohuslan, 1759; died at 
 Greifswald, 1808. His poetry was of less influ- 
 ence on the thought of his day than his polem- 
 ics. One of these, <A Critique of the Critics, 
 with a Project of a Code for the Kingdom of 
 Genius' (1791), had much to do with the de- 
 velopment of Swedish poetry. He wrote also 
 
 'Maximum, or Archimetria' (1799), an attempt 
 at a system of philosophy. 
 
 Thornbury, George Walter. An English 
 author; born in London in 1828; died in Lon- 
 don, June II, 1876. Among his works are: 
 
 < Shakespeare's England ; or. Sketches of our 
 Social History during the Reign of Elizabeth' 
 (2 vols., 1856); < Songs of the Cavaliers and 
 Roundheads' (1857); < Life in Spain' (1859); 
 < Turkish Life and Character' (i860); < British 
 Artists from Hogarth to Turner' (i860); <Life 
 of J. M. W. Turner, R. A.' (1861); < Haunted 
 London ' (1865) ; < Two Centuries of Song ' (1866); 
 <01d and New London' (1873-74). 
 
 Thrale, Mrs. See Piozzi. 
 
 Thucydides (thb-sid'e-des). A Greek his- 
 torian. The year of his birth is uncertain ; not 
 much earlier than 460 nor later than 454 B. C. 
 The time and manner of his death are like- 
 wise uncertain. It is probable that he did not 
 long survive the end of the fifth century. 
 His < History,' which covers 21 years of the 
 Peloponnesian War, has come down to us in 
 eight books. 
 
 Thunmann, Johan (ton'man). A Swedish 
 historian and archaeologist ; born 1746 ; died 1778. 
 He wrote : < The Borderland of History and 
 Poetry' (1772); < Researches on the History of 
 the Nations of Eastern Europe' (1774); <The 
 Ancient Poetical Literature of the North' (1775); 
 
 < The Discovery of America ' ( 1776) ; < Researches 
 on the Ancient History of Some Northern Na- 
 tions' (1777). 
 
 Thwaites, Reuben Gold. An American an- 
 tiquarian writer, and secretary of the Wisconsin 
 State Historical Society. He was bom in Bos- 
 ton, May 15, 1853. His books comprise: 'His- 
 toric Waterways > ; < The Story of Wisconsin ' ; 
 
 < Our Cycling Tour in England ' ; < The Colonies, 
 1492-1750' ; < Stories of cUc badger tjtate* (1900^, 
 
 < Father Marquette' (1902); < Daniel Boone' 
 (1903); < Brief History of Rocky Mountain 
 Exploration' (1904); < France in America' 
 (1905). Editor of < Lahontan's New Voyages to 
 North America,' (1907). He is also editor of 
 
 < The Jesuit Relations, and Allied Documents.' 
 
 Thwing, Cbarles Burton. An American 
 physicist, born March 2, i860 ; professor of Phys- 
 ics at Syracuse University from 1901-05. He 
 wrote < Exercises in Physical Measurement' 
 (1896), and< Elementary Physics' (1900J. 
 
 Thwing, Charles Franklin. An American 
 author and educator ; born Nov. 9, 1853. He is 
 the author of < American Colleges ' (1878); < The 
 College Woman ' (1894) ; < The Choice of a Col- 
 lege' (1901) ; <A Liberal Education and a 
 Liberal Faith' (1903); College Training and 
 the Business Man'; <A History of Higher 
 Education in America' (1906). 
 
 Tickell, Thomas. An English poet, Addi- 
 son's intimate friend ; born at Bridekirk in
 
 526 
 
 TICKNOR — TILTON 
 
 Cumberland, 1686; died at Bath, April 23, 1740. 
 His principal works are: <The Prospect of 
 Peace,> a poem ; < The Royal rrogress,> verses 
 celebrating the arrival of George I.; translation 
 of the first book of the Iliad (1715); '^^^^ 
 sington Garden > (1722); < Elegy on Addison ; 
 and the popular ballad < Colin and Lucy>; 
 Ticknor, Caroline. An American novelist and 
 editor. Born in Boston. Author of < A Hypo- 
 critical Romance, and other stories > (1896); 
 <i\liss Belladonna' (1897), etc. One of the 
 as.sistant editors of < Masterpieces of the 
 World's Literature,) <The World's Great Ora- 
 tioiis,> etc. 
 
 Tlclinor, George. A distinguished American 
 scholar and historian ; born in Boston, Aug. I, 
 1791 ; died there, Jan. 26, 1871. He graduated 
 from Dartmouth College, 1807 ; was admitted to 
 the bar, 1813; afterwards spent five years in 
 foreign study and travel. He was professor of 
 modern languages at Harvard, 1819-35 ; one 
 of the founders of the Boston Public Library, 
 and president of its board of trustees 1864-66. 
 He published his chief work, < A History of 
 Spanish Literature' in 1849, revised editions 
 1S54-63. He wrote also : * Essays on Spanish 
 History,) etc.; and < Life of W. H. Prescott > 
 (1864). 
 
 Tleck, Johann Ludwig (tek). A celebrated 
 German poet and miscellaneous writer; born 
 in Berlin, May 31, 1773; died there, April 28, 
 1853. His works include : < Peter Lebrecht : A 
 Story without Adventures* (1795); < William 
 LovelP (1795-96); <Abdallah> (1796); < Ostrich 
 Plumes* (1795-98); <The Legend of Peter Leb- 
 recht* (1797); < Franz Sternbald's Wander- 
 ings* (i798);< Prince Zerbino *(i799);* Romantic 
 Fancies* (1799-1800); 'Life and Death of St. 
 Genevieve* (1800?); 'Love Songs of the Sua- 
 bian Past* (1803), an adaptation; 'Don Qui- 
 xote* (1804), and 'Old English Dramatists* 
 (1811), translations; < Phantasus * (1812); < For- 
 tunatus * ; < The Paintings > ( 1813 ?) ; ' The Tour- 
 ists* (1814); 'The Old Man of the Mountain* 
 (1815?) 'Society in the Country*; 'The Be- 
 trothal* (1816); 'Musical Joys and Sorrows*; 
 ' The Greek Emperor * ( 1818) ; ' Dramatic Pages * 
 (1825); 'Vittoria Accorombono* (1840), not 
 completed ; translations from Shakespeare ; es- 
 says ; editions of noted works ; etc. 
 
 Tiedemann, Diedrich (te'de-man). A Ger- 
 man philosopher; born at Bremerworde, 1748; 
 died 1786, at Marburg, where he was professor 
 of philosophy in the university. He wrote : 
 < Researches on the Origin of Languages * ( 1772) ; 
 'System of the Stoic Philosophy* (1777); 'The 
 First Philosophers of Greece* (1780); 'Origin of 
 the Magic Arts* (1787); 'Spirit of Speculative 
 Philosophy from Thales to Berkeley* (6 vols., 
 1790-97); <Thea2tetus; or. Human Knowledge* 
 (1794). 
 
 Tledge, Cbrlstoph August (ted'dhfe). A 
 German poet; born 1752; died 1841. He 
 enjoys distinction as the author of < Urania,* 
 and 'Mirror for Women.* He also wrote: 
 
 < Wanderings through Life's Market,* and < Ele- 
 gies.* His admirers are many, and his poetry 
 has been compared with that of Cowper. 
 
 Tiedge, Cornelis Petrus. A Dutch historical 
 writer ; born at Leyden, Dec. 16, 1830. Among 
 his writings are : ' The Divine Service of Zara- 
 thustra* (1864); 'Compendium of the History 
 of Religion* (2d ed. 1887); 'Western Asia in 
 the Light of Recent Discoveries* (1893); 
 < Babylonio- Assyrian History* (1887). 
 
 Tiernan, Frances C. ["Christian Reid.**] An 
 American novelist ; born at Salisbury, N. C. 
 Her many works include : < Valerie Aylmer * 
 (1870); 'Mabel Lee* (1871); 'Morton House* 
 (1871);' Ebb Tide* (1872); ' Nina's Atonement* 
 (1873); < Carmen's Inheritance* (1873); 'A 
 Daughter of Bohemia* (1873); 'A Gentle Belle* 
 (1875); 'Hearts and Hands* (1875); <A Ques- 
 tion of Honor* (1875); 'The Land of the Sky* 
 (1875); 'After Many Days* (1877); 'Bonny 
 Kate* (1878); 'A Summer Idyl* (1878); 'Hearts 
 of Steel* (1882); 'Armine* (1884); ' Roslyn's 
 Fortune* (1885); <Miss Churchill* (1887); <A 
 Child of Mary* (1887); and 'Philip's Restitu- 
 tion* (1888). 
 
 Tighe, Mary (ti). An Irish poetess; born 
 in Dublin in 1772; died at Woodstock, County 
 Kilkenny, March 24, 1810. She published in 
 1805, for private circulation, her poem < Psyche.* 
 Her works, which appeared in 181 1, passed 
 through several editions. She was the sub- 
 ject of a song by Moore, and a poem by Mrs. 
 Hemans. 
 
 Tillemont, Sebastian le Nain de (te-ye- 
 i.ioh'). A French historian; born at Paris, 
 1637 ; died 1698. He is author of < History of 
 the Emperors and Other Princes who Reigned 
 in the First Six Centuries of the Church* (6 
 vols., 1690-1738); and 'Materials for the His- 
 tory of the First Six Centuries* (16 vols., 1693- 
 1712). 
 
 Tillier, Antoine de (te-ya'). A Swiss his- 
 torian ; born at Bern, 1792 ; died 1854. His 
 works are : ' History of the Middle Ages * (4 
 vols., 1829); 'History of the Helvetic Republic, 
 1798-1848* (II vols.J; 'History of the Republic 
 of Bern* (5 vols.). 
 
 Tillieres, Le Veneur de, Count (te-yar'). 
 A French diplomat of the first half of the 17th 
 century. He was ambassador to the English 
 court to arrange the marriage of Prince Charles 
 (Charles I.) with Henrietta Maria. His 'Me- 
 moirs * are valuable for the history of the Eng- 
 lish court : they were first published in 1862. 
 
 Tillotson, John. An English archbishop 
 and ecclesiastical writer; born at Sowerby, 
 Yorkshire, October 1630 ; died in London, Nov. 
 22, 1694. He ranks among the foremost of Eng- 
 lish preachers, published in his lifetime sev- 
 eral volumes of sermons, and left many more 
 in manuscript. ('Complete Works,* 1820.) 
 
 Tilton, Theodore. An American journalist, 
 verse-writer, editor, and lecturer ; born in New 
 York city, Oct. 2, 1835. He was long known as
 
 TIMROD — TITTMANN 
 
 52* 
 
 editor on the New York Independent (1856-72). 
 He established the Golden Age (newspaper), 
 but retired from it after two years. In 1883 
 he went abroad, where he has remained. Be- 
 sides numerous essays and fugitive pieces, 
 he has published : < The Sexton's Tale, and 
 Other Poems > (1867); < Sanctum Sanctorum ; or, 
 An Editor's Proof Sheets* (1869); < Tempest- 
 Tossed,) a romance (1873); < Thou and I > (1880); 
 < Suabian Stories,* (1882). Died 1907. 
 
 Tlmrod, Henry. An American Southern 
 poet and journalist. He was born at Charles- 
 ton, S. C, Dec. 8, 1829 ; died at Columbia, S. C, 
 Oct. 6, 1867. His only volume of < Poems* was 
 published in i860 ; reprinted and edited with 
 memoir by Paul H. Hayne, 1873. 
 
 Tincker, Mary Agnes. An American nov- 
 elist; born in Ellsworth, Me., July 18, 1833. 
 Since 1873 she has resided in Italy, and has 
 published many novels. Among them are : 
 <The House of Yorke > (1872); <A Winged 
 Word* (1873); * Grapes and Thorns* (1874); 
 <Six Sunny Months* (1878): and the remark- 
 able romances < Signor Monaldini's Niece > 
 (1878); <By the Tiber* (1881); <The Jewel in 
 the Lotus* (1884); and < Aurora* (1885). 
 
 Tindal, Matthew. An English deist ; born 
 born at Beer Ferris, Devonshire, in 1657 ; died 
 at Oxford, Aug. 16, 1733. In 1706 he published 
 <The Rights of the Church Asserted,* and 
 later two 'Defenses*; in 1710, <The New High 
 Church Turned Old Presbyterian,* which was 
 ordered publicly burned by the House of Com- 
 mons. In 1730 his most noted work, 'Christ- 
 ianity as Old as the Creation,* was published. 
 
 Tirabosclil, Girolamo ( te-ra-bos'ke ). An 
 Italian historian of literature ; born at Bergamo, 
 Dec. 28, 1731 ; died at Modena, June 3, 1794. 
 He wrote a celebrated < History of Italian Lit- 
 erature* (14 vols., 1772-82); a work of wonder- 
 ful erudition, accuracy, and completeness, ex- 
 tending from the first beginnings of modem 
 culture in Italy down to the i8th century, and 
 dealing with every branch of literature. Among 
 his other writings are : ' Historical Memoirs of 
 Modena* (4 vols., 1793-94). 
 
 Tirebuck, William Edwards. An English 
 journalist, novelist, and miscellaneous writer; 
 bom in Liverpool, in 1854 ; died there, Jan. 22, 
 1900. At first connected with the Liverpool 
 Mail and Yorkshire Post, he later devoted him- 
 self to writing novels ; the most popular are : 
 
 < Saint Margaret* (18S8); < Dorrie * (1891); 
 
 < Sweetheart Gwen * ( 1893) ; < Miss Grace of All 
 Souls* (1895). Hisother writings include 'Dante 
 Gabriel Rosetti > (1882), and 'Great Minds in 
 Art* (1888). He belongs to the "Liverpool 
 Group '* of English Authors, including Hall 
 Caine, Wm. Watson, and Richard Le Gallienne. 
 
 Tiro (ti'ro). Cicero's servant and amanuen- 
 sis ; he lived about B. C. 95- A. D. 5. He was 
 emancipated by Cicero, and even treated by 
 him as a friend and co-worker: some of Cice- 
 ro's letters to him are extant. He invented 
 
 a system of short-hand, called from him « Nota; 
 Tironianae.** 
 
 Tirso de Molina. See Tellez. 
 
 Tischendorf, Lobegott Friedrich Konstan- 
 tin von (tish'en-dorf). A celebrated German 
 Biblical antiquarian; born at Lengenfeld in 
 Voigtland, Jan. 18, 1815; died Dec. 7, 1874, at 
 Leipsic, where he was professor of theology. 
 In search of ancient MSS. of the Bible, he 
 visited the East repeatedly, and wrote < Travels 
 in the East* (1845); 'From the Holy Land* 
 ( 1862). He edited and published several ancient 
 texts of the Scripture, as ' The Codex of Ephrem 
 Syras* (1843); *The Unpublished Palatine Gos- 
 pel* (1847); 'The Amiatine Codex* (1850); 
 'The Codex of Claremont* (1852); 'Sacred 
 Palimpsest Fragments* (1854); 'The Sinaitic 
 Codex* (1862); 'The Vatican New Testament* 
 (1867); a critical edition of the 'Septuagint' 
 (7th ed. 1887); 'Apocryphal Acts of the Apos- 
 tles* (1851); 'Apocryphal Gospels* (1853); 
 'Apocryphal Apocalypses* (1866). .He at- 
 tempted to solve the question ' When were our 
 Gospels Compiled?* (1865, 4th ed. 1866), but 
 the work found little favor with critics. 
 
 Tissandier, Gaston (te-sah-dya'). A French 
 aeronaut and chemist ; born at Paris, Nov. 21, 
 1843 ; died there, August 30, 1899. Besides text- 
 books of chemistry he wrote for the 'Library 
 ofWonders,* <Water,)<CoaI,> 'Fossils,* 'Photog- 
 raphy *; in collaboration with Glaisher, Flamnia- 
 rion, and Fonvielle, he wrote 'Aerial Voyages.' 
 
 Tissot, Claude Joseph (te-so'). A French 
 philosopher; born at Fourgs (Doubs), Nov. 26, 
 1801 ; died at Dijon, Oct. 7, 1876. He translated 
 most of Kant's writings into French. Among 
 his original works are : ' Of the Beautiful, 
 Especially in Literature * ( 1830 ) ; ' Short His- 
 tory of Philosophy* (1840); 'The Mania of 
 Suicide and of Revolt* (1840); 'Parceling of 
 the Land and Division of Property* (1842); 
 'Principles of Morality* (1866); 'Catholicism 
 and Public Instruction* (1874); 'Insanity Con- 
 sidered Especially in its Relations to Normal 
 Psychology* (1876). 
 
 Tissot, Pierre Fran90i8. A French histor- 
 ical and miscellaneous writer; bom at Ver- 
 sailles, 1768 ; died 1854. Among his works are : 
 'Reminiscences of Prairial ist to 3d* (1799), 
 an interesting page of French history ; < Virgil's 
 Bucolics,* in French verse (1800); 'The Three 
 Irish Conspirators; or, Emmet's Shade * (1804); 
 'The Wars of the Revolution to 1815* (1820); 
 'Virgil Compared with Ancient and Modern 
 Poets* (4 vols., 1825-30); 'Complete History 
 of the French Revolution* (6 vols., 1833-36). 
 
 Titcomb, Timothy. See Holland. 
 
 Tittmann, Eriedrich Wllhelm (tit'man). 
 A German historian ; born at Wittenberg, 1784 ; 
 died 1864. His < Study on the Amphictyonic 
 League * (1812) was crowned by the Berlin Acad- 
 emy. His principal work is a 'History of 
 Henry the Illustrious * (2 vols., 1845-46). Among 
 his other writings are : ' A View of the Civ- 
 ilization of our Times* (1835); 'On Life and
 
 52S 
 
 TOBLER — TOMMASEO 
 
 Matter> (1855); < Aphorisms of Philosophy* 
 (1859); < Nationality and the State> (1861J. 
 
 Tobler, Adolf Uo'bler). A Swiss philologist 
 of Romance languages; born at Ilirzel, Ziirich, 
 May 24, 1835. He became professor in the 
 University of Berlin, 1867. He wrote : < French 
 X'ersificalion in Ancient and Modern Times > 
 (1S80); < Miscellaneous Contributions to French 
 (Jrainmar' (1S86). 
 
 Tobler. Titus. A Swiss philologist and trav- 
 eler, born at Stein, Appenzell, June 25, 1806; 
 died at Munich, Jan. 21, 1877. He wrote: <A 
 Pleasure Trip to the Land of the Morning* 
 (1839J; < Bethlehem in Palestine* (1849); < Third 
 Journey to Palestine* (1859) ; < Nazareth in Pal- 
 estine* (186S). 
 
 Tocqueville, Alexis Charles Henri Clerel 
 de ( tok-vel'). A distinguished French publicist 
 and writer; born at Vermeuil (Seine-et-Oise), 
 July 29, 1805; died at Cannes, April 16, 1859. 
 He visited the United States in 1831. In 1835 
 he published < Democracy in America.* In 1838 
 he was made a member of the Academy of 
 Moral and Political Sciences, and in 1839 was 
 elected to the Chamber of Deputies ; became a 
 member of the French Academy in i84i_; was 
 Minister of Foreign Affairs from June 2 to Oct. 
 31, 1849. He published <The Old Regime and 
 the Revolution* in 1856. (< Works,* 9 vols., 
 Paris, 1860-65.) 
 
 Todd, John. An American Congregational 
 clerg) man ; born at Rutland, Vt., Oct. 9, 1800 ; 
 died at Pittsfield, Mass., where he had long 
 resided, Aug. 24, 1873. His lesson-books and 
 other works for Sunday schools were used all 
 over America for many years. Among his 
 other publications were : < Hints to Young 
 Men * ; < Summer Gleanings* ; etc. He invented 
 the ' Index Rerum * for the use of students. 
 
 Todd, Lawrie. See Thorbum, Grant. 
 
 Toland, John. A British free-thinking phi- 
 losopher; born at Redcastle near Londonderry, 
 Ireland, Nov. 30, 1670; died near London, 172I- 
 22. He studied theology at Glasgow, Edinburgh, 
 and Leyden. Among many argumentative 
 theological works are : < Christianity Not Mys- 
 terious* (1696); < Letters to Serena* (1704), 
 Serena being Sophia, Queen of Prussia — in 
 these letters he repudiates the doctrines of 
 a God outside this universe, and of personal 
 immortality; <Adeisidoemon* (1709), a tractate 
 on belief in daemons; <Nazarenus; or, Jewish, 
 Gentile, and Mohametan Christianity* (1718); 
 < Pantheisticon* (1720). 
 
 Toldy, Franz (tol'de). A Hungarian histo- 
 rian of literature ; born at Buda-Pesth, Aug. 
 10, 1805; died there, Dec. 10, 1875, professor 
 of Hungarian literature. He wrote: < Manual 
 of Hungarian Poetry* (1828); < History of the 
 Hungarian National Literature* (1851); < His- 
 tor>- of Hungarian Poetry* (1857). 
 
 ToUens. Hendrik Caroluszoon (tol'lens). A 
 Dutch poet; born at Rotterdam, Sept. 24, 1780 ; 
 died at Ryswick, Oct. 21, 1856. Among his best 
 
 works are: < Idylls and Love Songs* (T801-5); 
 < Poems* (1808-15); 'Account of the Winter 
 Spent by the Dutch at Nova Zembla* (1816); 
 
 < Romances, Ballads, and Legends* (1818); 
 
 < New Poems* (,1821); < Various Poems> (1840); 
 <Last Poems* (1848-53). 
 
 Tolman, Herbert Gushing, an American lin- 
 guist, born Nov. 4, 1865 ; professor of Greek 
 at Vanderbilt University since 1894. ^^ Pub- 
 lished : < Tolman's Persian Incriptions* (1892) ; 
 
 < Art of Translating > ( 1900 ) ; < Mycenaean Tory > 
 (1904); < Via Crucis * (1907); < Index of Rites to 
 the Grihya Sutras.* He is editor of the Vander- 
 bilt Oriental Series. 
 
 Tolstoy, Aleksii Konstantinovich, Count 
 (tol'stoi). A Russian author ; born in St. Peters- 
 burg, Aug. 24, 1817; died near there, Sept. 28, 
 1875. He wrote a number of ballads and lyric 
 poems; one novel, < Kniaz (Prince) Serbrianyi* 
 (translated by Jeremiah Curtin, 1893) "> a short 
 drama, < Don Juan * ; and a trilogy, < The Death 
 of Ivan the Terrible* (1865), <Tsar Feodor 
 Ivanovich* (1868), and < Tsar Boris* (1870). 
 
 Tolstoy, Count Lyof (or Lev, English Leo) 
 Alekseevich. The great Russian novelist; 
 born on the family estate of Yasnaya Polyana 
 in the government of Tula, Russia, Sept. 9, 
 1828. He served in the Crimean War, and 
 afterward traveled extensively. In 1861 he took 
 up permanent residence on his country estate. 
 Among his earliest works are : < Detsvo* (Child- 
 hood), <Otrchestvo* (Boyhood), and <Iunost* 
 (Youth); also < Cossacks,* < Sevastopol,* and a 
 number of military sketches. < War and Peace * 
 was published in 1865-68 ; < Anna Kardnina * 
 in 1875-78. His peculiar doctrines are promul- 
 gated in < My Confession,* < In What my Faith 
 Consists,* etc.; many of them are forbidden in 
 Russia. His later works are: <The Kreutzer 
 Sonata* (1888); < Death of Ivan Ilyitch* (1884- 
 86); < Master and Man* (1895); < On Art > ; 
 
 < Resurrection.* Nearly all have been translated 
 into English and most other modern languages. 
 
 Tomasini, Jacopo Filippo (t5-ma-se'ne). An 
 Italian miscellaneous writer ; born at Padua, 
 1597 ; died 1654, at Citta Nuova in Istria, of 
 which see he was bishop. He wrote : < Lives 
 of Illustrious Men, with Portraits* (1630); < Pe- 
 trarch Come to Life Again* (1635), a work of 
 curious interest; <0n Votive Offerings* (1629). 
 
 Tomes, Robert. An American physician 
 and author ; born in New York city, March 27, 
 1817 ; died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Aug. 28, 1882. 
 Besides many contributions to journals and 
 periodicals, he published : < The Bourbon Prince ' 
 (1853); (Richard the Lion-Hearted* (1853); 
 < Oliver Cromwell* (1855); 'Panama in 1855* 
 (1855); <The Americans in Japan* (1857); <The 
 Battles of America by Sea and Land * (3 vols., 
 1861); <The Champagne Country* (1867); and 
 <The War with the South* (3 vols., 1864-67). 
 
 Tommaseo, Niccolb (to-ma'se-o). An Italian 
 miscellaneous writer ; born at Sevenico in Dal- 
 matia, Oct. 9, 1802; died at Florence, May I, 
 1874. He wrote the novel < The Duke of Ath- 
 ens* (1837); 'Commentary on Dante* (1837),
 
 TOMPA-TOSTI 
 
 529 
 
 a work of great merit; the half mystical, half 
 erotic novel < Faith and Beauty > (1840); < Crit- 
 ical Studies) (1843); < The Death Penalty > (1865). 
 He also compiled a valuable collection of 
 < Popular Songs : Tuscan, Corsican, lUyrian, 
 Greek > (4 vols., 1844), and a < Dictionary of 
 Italian Synonyms > (7 vols., 1856). 
 
 Tompa, Michael (tdm'pa). A Hungarian 
 poet; born at Rimaszombat, in the county of 
 Gomor, Sept. 29, 1819 ; died July 30, 1868. He 
 wrote: <Folk Tales and Popular Sayings > 
 (1846); several allegorical poems, among them 
 <The Stork > (1847), expressing the popular 
 sympathy with the crming revolution ; 'Stories 
 of the Flowers* (1854); < Mathias Szuhay.> 
 
 Tomson, Graham R. See Watson, Rosa- 
 mund. 
 
 Tonna, Charlotte Elizabeth Browne. 
 [« Charlotte Elizabeth."] An English religious 
 writer; born in Norwich, Oct. i, 1790 (or 1792); 
 died July 12, 1846. In her childhood she lost 
 her sight, and regained it. She wrote : < Ju- 
 dah's Lion>; < Judaea Capta>; < Principalities 
 and Powers'; < Personal Recollections > (1841). 
 
 Tooke, John Home. An English political 
 writer and grammarian ; born at Westminster, 
 June 25, 1736; died at Wimbledon, March 18, 
 1812. The chief of his early works was a 
 pamphlet entitled <The Petition of an Eng- 
 lishman.> He studied law; took orders in the 
 Church of England; was a friend and adher- 
 ent of Wilkes, but afterward quarreled with 
 him, and was denounced in the famous < Junius 
 Letters.' He was sentenced to a year's im- 
 prisonment for libel, and while in prison wrote 
 <A Letter to John Dunning, Esq.,> in which he 
 reviewed the legal aspects of his case. His 
 chief work, < Epea Pteroenta [Winged Words]; 
 or, The Diversions of Purley,' was published 
 in 1805. He was an active member of the 
 Society of Correspondence formed by the ad- 
 mirers of the French Revolution, and was 
 committed to the Tower, but acquitted. 
 
 TopeUus, Zacharie (top-ePe-us). A Finnish 
 poet and novelist; born at KuddrSs, E. Bothnia, 
 Jan. 14, 1818 ; died at Helsingfors, Finland, 
 March 13, 1898. He was editor of the Hel- 
 singfors Tidiiingar 1842-60. His earliest pro- 
 ductions appeared in his journal; some of them 
 were issued later in book form under the title 
 < Ljungblommer > (Heather Flowers: 1845-54). 
 He also wrote a number of dramas, * Efter 
 Femtio Ar> (Fifty Years Later: 1851); < Regina 
 af Emmertz> (1854). Many of his juvenile 
 stories have been translated into English. His 
 best-known work is < Faltskarens Berattelser* 
 (The Surgeon's Stories: 6 vols., 1872-74), a 
 collection of tales dealing with the history of 
 Sweden and Finland during the 17th and i8th 
 centuries. 
 
 Tbpfer, Karl (tep'fer). A German writer of 
 comedies ; bom at Berlin, Dec. 26, 1792 ; died at 
 Hamburg, Aug. 22, 1871. Among his comedies 
 are : < The Best Tone * ; < Courting according to 
 Prescription'; < Rosenmiiller and Finke.' He 
 
 34 
 
 wrote also < Narratives and Stories > (2 vols., 
 1842-44). 
 
 Topin, Marius (to-pan')- A French histor- 
 ical writer; born at Aix, Dec. 25, 1838. He 
 wrote: 'The Cardinal de Retz, his Genius 
 and his Writings' (1864); < History of Aigues- 
 Mortes' (1865); < Europe and the Bourbons un- 
 der Louis XIV.' (1867); <The Man in the Iron 
 Mask > (1869); < Contemporary Novelists ' (1876). 
 
 Toplady, Augustus Montague. An English 
 clergyman and hymn-writer ; born at Farnham, 
 Surrey, Nov. 4, 1740 ; died at Leicester Fields, 
 London, Aug. 14, 1778. He was editor of the 
 Gospel Magazine, and author of many hymns, 
 chief of which is < Rock of Ages.' 
 
 Toppfer (or Tbpfifer), Rudolphe (top'far). 
 A Swiss litterateur; born at Geneva, Feb. 17, 
 1799 ; died June 8, 1846. His father was a 
 painter, and he wished to be one also, but an 
 affection of the eyes prevented. He wrote : 
 
 < Zigzag Tours ' (1843); * The Heritage' (1834); 
 
 < Rosa and Gertrude' (1846); < Travels and 
 Adventures of Dr. Festus' (1840); etc. 
 
 Torelli, Achille (to-rel'e). An Italian writer 
 of comedy; born at Naples, May 5, 1844. He 
 wrote at 16 his first comedy, < Who Dieth Lieth.' 
 Of his others, the most successful were : < A 
 Court in the 17th Century'; <The Mission of 
 Woman'; < Husbands' (1867); < Sad Reality' 
 (1871); <Truth> (1875); <The Color of the 
 Times' (1875). 
 
 Torfeson, Thormodur, also known as Tor- 
 faeus (tor'f^-son). A Danish historian; born 
 on the isle of Engoe, off the south coast of 
 Iceland, 1640 ; died 1719. His principal works, 
 all written in Latin, are : < History of the Faroe 
 Islands' (1695); * History of the Orkneys' 
 (1697); <Line of the Dynasties and Kings of 
 Denmark' (1702); < History of Old Vinland' 
 (1705); <An&ient Greenland' (1706); <The His- 
 toric Trefoil' (1707); < History of Norway' 
 (4 vols., 17 II), his greatest work. 
 
 Torrey, Charles Cutler, an American orien- 
 talist ; born Dec. 20, 1863 ; since 1900 professor 
 of Semitic Languages at Yale University. He 
 wrote < The Commercial-Theological Terms in 
 the Koran,' and translated from the Arabic < The 
 Mohammedan Conquest of Egypt and North 
 Africa.' 
 
 Torrey, Bradford. An American nature 
 essayist ; born in Weymouth, Mass., Oct. 9, 1843. 
 He was educated in the public schools, taught 
 two years, then entered business in Boston. In 
 1886 he became assistant editor of the Youth's 
 Companion. He is a close student of birds, 
 and writes largely on this subject for the mag- 
 azines. His essays have been collected into the 
 following volumes : <Birdsin the Bush' (1*885); 
 
 < The Foot-Path Way ' ; < A Rambler's Lease' ; < A 
 Florida Sketch-Book > < Spring Notes from Ten- 
 nessee ' ; * Nature's Invitation > ; < Friends on the 
 Shelf.' 
 
 Tosti, Ludovico (t5s'te). A distinguished 
 Italian church historian ; born about 1800 ; 
 died 1866. He was a Benedictine monk, ancl 
 wrote: < History of Monte Cassino ' ; < History
 
 520 
 
 TOTTEN — TRAILL 
 
 of Boniface VIII.,> in which that pope is 
 defended against the accusations of Dante; 
 •Abelard and his Tinie>; <The Countess Ma- 
 tilda and the Roman Pontiffs'; <The Lombard 
 League,* a spirited account of the struggle of 
 the Italian communes with the German em- 
 perors ; < History of the Council of Constance' ; 
 'History of the Greek Schism'; < Prolegomena 
 to a Universal History of the Church ' (2 vols.)- 
 
 Totten, Charles Adelle Lewis. An Ameri- 
 can army officer, inventor, lecturer, and writer 
 on military subjects ; born at New London, 
 Conn., Feb. 3, 1851. He has written ; < Strategos, 
 the American War Game' (1880); < Important 
 Question in Metrology' (1883); <Yale Military 
 Lectures ' ; < Nativity, its Facts and Fancies ' 
 (1S87). His writings are now devoted to ques- 
 tions of prophecy. Died April 12, 1908. 
 
 Touchard-Lafosse, G. (to-char'la-fos'). A 
 French novelist and miscellaneous writer ; born 
 at La Chatre, 1780; died at Paris, 1847. Among 
 his very numerous writings are : < Political 
 Puppets' (5 vols., 1829); 'Chronicles of the 
 Q£il-de-Bceuf ' (8 vols., 1829-33), a collection of 
 scandalous anecdotes ; < Jean Angot : A Story of 
 the i6th Century' (2 vols., 1835); 'Chronicles 
 of the Opera' (2 vols., 1854); 'Recollections of 
 Half a Century' (6 vols). 
 
 Tourgee, Albion Winegar. An American 
 Jawyer, author, and editor ; born at Williams- 
 field, O., May 2, 1838. He served in the North- 
 ern army (1861-65), settled in the South, was 
 a judge, and afterwards editor. He has pub- 
 lished : < The North Carolina Form Book ' 
 (1874); 'The North Carolina Code' (1878); 
 'Legal Digest' (1879); 'North Carolina Re- 
 ports' (1879). His most popular novels are: 
 'Figs and Thistles' (1879); 'A Fool's Errand, 
 by One of the Fools' (1879); 'Bricks Without 
 Straw' (1880); 'Hot Plowshares' (1883); 'An 
 Appeal to Cffisar' (1884); 'Black Ice' (1887); 
 and < liutton's Inn' (1887). Died, 1905. 
 
 Tourneur, Cyril. An Elizabethan dramatist, 
 the dates of whose birth and death are uncer- 
 tain. He was author of two plays, 'The Re- 
 venger's Tragedy' (1607), and 'The Atheist's 
 Tragedy' (1611); and of a poem entitled 'The 
 Transformed Metamorphosis' (1600). 
 
 Towle, George Makepeace. An American 
 journalist, author, and litterateur. He was born 
 in W'ashington, D. C, Aug. 27, 1841 ; died in 
 Brookline, Mass., Aug. 10, 1893. He was United 
 States consul at Nantes, France, 1866-68; and 
 at Bradford, England, 1868-70. His works in- 
 clude : 'Glimpses of History' (1865); 'Henry 
 the Fifth' (1866); 'American Society' (1870); 
 'The Eastern Question' (1877); ' Servia and 
 Roumania' (1877); < Beaconsfield > (1878); 
 •Young Folks' Heroes of History' (1878-80); 
 < Modem France' (1879); < Men of Mark ' (1880); 
 'England and Russia in Asia' (1885); 'England 
 in Egypt' (1885); 'Literature of the English 
 Language.' 
 
 Towles, Mrs. Catharine "Webb. An Amer- 
 ican author ; born in Charlemont, Mass., Oct. 25, 
 
 1823. She was editor of several Southern mag. 
 azines, and has published : ' Three Golden 
 Links' (1857); 'Tales for the Freemason's Fire- 
 side' (1859); 'Poor Claire; or. Life Among 
 the Queer' (1883). 
 
 Townsend, Edward Waterman. An Amer- 
 ican journalist and writer of dialect stories ; born 
 in Ohio, 1855. His stories and sketches, first 
 printed in the daily journals, are collected un- 
 der the titles : ' Chimmie Fadden, Major Max, 
 and Other Stories ' ; ' Chimmie Fadden Explains, 
 Major Max Expounds'; 'A Daughter of the 
 Tenements'; 'Near a Whole City Full.' He 
 also wrote : < A Summer in New York ' ; ' Reu- 
 ben Larkmead ' ; < Our Constitution ' ; ' Beaver 
 Creek P'arm.' 
 
 Townsend, George Alfred. ["Gath."] An 
 American journalist and war correspondent; 
 born in Georgetown, Del., Jan. 30, 1841. He 
 became a journalist in i860. He was special 
 correspondent for the New York Herald and 
 World (1860-64), afterwards public lecturer, and 
 war correspondent in the Austro-Prussian War 
 (1866). His publications in book form are: 
 'Campaigns of a Non-Combatant' (1865); 'Life 
 of Garibaldi' (1867); 'Life of Abraham Lin- 
 coln' (1867); 'The New World and the Old'; 
 'Poems' (1870); 'Washington Outside and 
 Inside' (1871); 'Bohem.ian Days' (1881); 'The 
 Entailed Hat' (iSSj). and < Katy of Catoctin ; or 
 The Chain-Breake-s> (i8!^fa), novels ; 'Life of Levi 
 P. Morton ' (18S8); ' Coiumbus in Love ' (1892). 
 
 Townsend, Mrs. Mary Ashley. ["Xariffa."] 
 An American poet and author ; born in Lyons, 
 N. Y., about 1836; died June 14, 1901. She 
 contributed sketches to the N. O. Delta that 
 attracted attention, and afterwards published, 
 'Xarifta's I'oenis'; 'The Brother Clerks' (1859); 
 'Poems' (1870); 'The Captain's Story' (1874); 
 'Down the Bayou,' etc. (1884). 
 
 Townsend, Virginia Frances. An Ameri- 
 can author and novelist ; born in New Haven, 
 Conn., in 1836. She has edited Arthur's Home 
 Magazine, has contributed to many journals and 
 magazines, and written many popular novels. 
 Among these are : ' While It Was Morning ' 
 (1859); 'Amy Deane, and Other Tales' (1862); 
 'The Well in the Rock,' etc. (1863); < The Battle- 
 Fields of our Fathers' (1864); 'Janet Strong' 
 (1865); 'Darryl Gap' (1866); 'The Hollands' 
 (1869); 'One Woman's Two Lovers' (1872); 
 'Elizabeth Tudor' (1874); 'Only Girls' (1876); 
 'Six in All' (1878); and 'Our Presidents '(1888). 
 
 Toy, Crawford Howell. An American Uni- 
 tarian clergyman and scholar ; born in Norfolk, 
 Va., March 23, 1836. He has been professor of 
 Hebrew at Harvard University since 1880. He 
 has written : ' History of the Religion of Israel' 
 (1882); 'Quotations in the New Testament' 
 (1884); 'Judaism and Christianity: Progress of 
 Thought from the Old Testament to the New ' 
 (1890); 'Commentary on Proverbs' (1889). 
 
 Traill, Catherine Parr (Strickland). An 
 
 English writer, sister of Agnes; born in London, 
 Jan. 9, 1802; died at Lakeville, Can., Aug. 29,
 
 TRAILL — TRESCOT 
 
 531- 
 
 1S99. She removed to Canada in 1833, and made 
 her home for many years at Lakeville, Ont. 
 Among her works are: <The Backwoodsof Canada) 
 (London, 1835); 'Canadian Crusoes* (1852); 
 
 < J amblings in the Canadian Forests> ( 1854); 
 Lffar in the Forest> (1869); 'Studies of Plant 
 Lfe) (1884); <Pearls and Pebbles) (1895). 
 
 Traill, Henry Duff. An English journalist and 
 man of letters; born at Blackheath, Aug. I4, 1842; 
 died in London, Feb. 21, 1900. Graduated from 
 St. John's, O.xford, 1864. He was called to the 
 bar in 1868, but soon took to literature. He 
 wrote 'Lives) of Strafford (a very original work 
 with a new view), William IH., Sterne, Cole- 
 ridge, and others ; also 'Central Government) 
 (l88t); 'Recaptured Rhymes) (1882); 'The 
 New Lucian> ( 1884); 'Two Proper Prides; ) etc. 
 He lately edited 'Social England: A Record of 
 the Progress of the People,) in six large volumes; 
 and became (1897) editor of the weekly review 
 Literature. 
 
 Train, Elizabeth Phipps. An American 
 novelist; born in 1856. Among her works are: 
 
 < Dr. Lamar* ; 'Autobiography of a Professional 
 Beauty); 'A Social Highwayman); 'A Marital 
 Liability* ; and translations from the French, 'The 
 Shadow of Dr. Laroque ' ; .< Recollections of the 
 Court of the Tuileries > ; * A Queen of Hearts.* 
 
 Train, George Francis. An American lect- 
 urer and writer, noted for his eccentricities ; 
 born in Boston, March 24, 1829 ; traveled ex- 
 tensively in early life ; lectured in Great Britain 
 and Ireland, returning to this country in 1862. 
 He has written : 'An American Merchant in 
 Europe, Asia, and Australia* (1857); 'Young 
 America Abroad* (1857); 'Young America in 
 Wall Street* (1858); 'Spread-Eagleism* (1859); 
 ' Every Man his own Autocrat * ( 1859) ; < Observ- 
 ations on Street Railways * ; ' Union Speeches * 
 (i8b2); 'Downfall of England* (1865); and 
 
 < Ciuunpionship of Woman.* iJied, N. Y., 1904. 
 
 Treat, Mrs. Mary Lea Adelia (Davis) 
 (Allen), An American naturalist; bom 1835. 
 She has written: 'Chapters on Ants*; 'Home 
 Studies in Nature * ; ' Injurious Insects of the 
 Farm and Garden * ; < My Garden Pets.) 
 
 Treitschke, Heinrich Gotthard von (trltsh'- 
 ke). A German historian; born at Dresden, 
 Sept. 15, 1834; died at Berlin, April 28, 1896. 
 He wrote: 'The Science of Society) (1859). 
 His chief work is ' German History in the 19th 
 Century) (5 vols., 1879-94). He wrote also: 
 'Historical and Political Disquisitions) (1S65); 
 'Socialism and its Supporters* (1878); 'A Word 
 on our Jewry* (1890); 'Biographical and His- 
 torical Discussions* (1897). 
 
 Trelawny, Edward John. An English au- 
 thor of celebrity; born in London, Nov. 13, 
 1792; died at Sompting, Sussex, Aug. 13, 1881. 
 He is remembered as a picturesque and some- 
 what theatrical adventurer (supposed to be 
 drawn by Byron In 'The Corsair), the friend 
 of Byron, Shelley, etc., and Byron's companion 
 (1823) in the Greek war of liberation. He 
 
 wrote a novel called 'Adventures of a Younger 
 Son* ( 1830); but his best-known work is ' Recol- 
 lections of the Last Days of Shelley and Byron* 
 (1858), reissued in 1878 as 'Records of Byron, 
 Shelley, and the Author.* His body was cre- 
 mated, and the ashes interred near Shelley's 
 at Rome. His portrait is preserved in Millais's 
 painting 'The Northwest Passage.) 
 
 TrembecM, Stanislav (trem-bets'ke). A 
 Polish poet ; born near Cracow, about 1723 ; 
 died at Tulczyn in Podolia, Dec. 12, 1812. His 
 most considerable poem, ' Zofijovka,* is a de- 
 scription of a park laid out by the poet's patron, 
 Count Potocki, for his wife Sophia. 
 
 Trench, Richard Chenevix. An eminent 
 British philologist and essayist; bom in Dub- 
 lin, Sept. 5, 1807 ; died in London, March 28, 
 1886. He was dean of Westminster 1856-63; 
 archbishop of Dublin from 1864. He was noted 
 in philology, on which he wrote ' Deficiencies 
 in our English Dictionaries.) Among many 
 other works may be mentioned : ' Poems from 
 Eastern Sources* (1842); 'Elegiac Poems* 
 (1846); 'Poems Collected and Arranged Anew) 
 (1865); 'Notes on the Parables of our Lord* 
 (1841; 15th ed. 1884); 'Notes on the Mir- 
 acles of our Lord* (1846, 13th ed. 1886); 'On 
 the Study of Words* ( 1851, 15th ed. 1874); 
 'English Past and Present* (1855-81); 'The 
 Authorized Version of the New Testament, in 
 Connection with some Recent Proposals for Its 
 Revision* (1858); 'Select Glossary of English 
 Words Used Formerly in Senses Different from 
 their Present* (1859); 'Studies on the Gospels* 
 (1867); 'Lectures on Mediaeval Church His- 
 tory* (1877). He edited several volumes of 
 poetry, and ' Remains of the Late Mrs. Richard 
 Trench,* his mother (1862). 
 
 Trendelenburg, Friedrich Adolf (tren'de- 
 len-borG"). A German philosopher; bom at 
 Eutin, Nov. 30, 1802; died at Berlin, Jan. 24, 
 1872. He set forth the ethical aspect of his 
 philosophy in the treatise ' The Ethical Idea 
 of Right and Law,* and the aesthetic aspect in 
 ' Niobe * ( 1846 ) and ' The Cathedral of Cologne * 
 (1853). He wrote also 'Natural Justice on the 
 Ground of Ethics* (2d ed. i860). 
 
 Trent, William Peterfield. An American 
 man of letters, dean of the department of arts 
 and sciences and professor of English and of 
 history in the University of the South ; born 
 1862. He has made a special study of Southern 
 men and times, and has published : ' 1 ife of Wil- 
 liam Gilmore Simms * ; < English Culture in Vir- 
 ginia * ; ' Southern Statesmen of the Old Regime * 
 (1897); ' History of American I iterature.* 
 
 Trescot, William Henry. An American 
 diplomatist ; born in Charleston, S. C, Nov. 10, 
 1822. He was thiited States counsel at the 
 Halifax Fishery Commission in 1877; special 
 envoy to South America in 1881 ; and pleni- 
 potentiary with General Grant to negotiate a 
 treaty with Mexico in 1882. He is the author 
 of 'Foreign Policy of the United States* (1849); 
 'Diplomacy of the Revolution* (1852); <Aa
 
 532 
 
 TREVELYAN— TROUBETZKOI 
 
 American View of the Eastern Question > (1854); 
 < Diplomatic History of the Administrations of 
 Washington and Adams> (1S57); besides various 
 memoirs, addresses, and pamphlets. Died 1898. 
 
 Trevelyan. Charles Edward, Sir. An Eng- 
 lish statesman and writer ; born April 2, 1S07 ; 
 died in London, June 19, 18S6. He was Assist- 
 ant Secretary to the Treasury, 1840; finance 
 minister in India, 1862-65. He married Lord 
 Macaulay's sister. He wrote: 'Education of 
 the People of Ireland > (1838); <The Irish 
 Crisis > (1848); <The Purchase System in the 
 British Army> (1867); <The British Army in 
 iS68> (1869); < Christianity and Hinduism > 
 (1881); etc. 
 
 Trevelyan, George Otto, Sir. An English 
 statesman and author, son of Sir Charles Tre- 
 velyan and Hannah Macaulay ; born at Rothley 
 Temple, Leicestershire, July 20, 1838. He was 
 secretary for Scotland, 1885-86, and again 1892- 
 95. Among his writings are : < Letters of a Com- 
 petition Wallah > (1864); <Cawnpore> (1865); 
 *^he Ladies in Parliament, and Other Pieces > 
 (1869); <Life of Lord Macaulay > (1876); < Early 
 History of Charles James Fox ' ; < The American 
 Revolution. > 
 
 Trochu, Louis Jules (trS-shii'). A distin- 
 guished French soldier ; born at Falais in 
 Morbihan, May 12, 1815; died at Tours, Oct. 
 7, 1896. He wrote : < The Empire and the De- 
 fense of Paris > (1872); < For Truth and Justice > 
 (1873); < Politics and the Siege of Paris > (1874); 
 •Society, the State, and the Army> (1896). 
 
 Trogus Pompeius, or Pompeius Trogus 
 
 (tro'gus pom-pe'us). A Roman historian of 
 the Augustan age. Drawing principally on 
 Greek sources, he wrote a universal history 
 from Ninus to his own time, which he called 
 
 < Philippian Histories,* because the fortunes of 
 Philip of Macedon and his line formed the 
 central point of the narrative : all that remains 
 of its 44 books is the table of contents and 
 some few fragments. 
 
 Trollope, Anthony. A distinguished Eng- 
 lish novelist; bom in London, April 24, 1815; 
 died there, Dec. 6, 1882. He published : < The 
 Macdermotsof Ballydoran> (1847); <The Kellys 
 and the 0'Kellys> (1848); <La Vendue > (1850); 
 <The Warden > (1855); 'Barchester Towers' 
 (1857); <The Three Clerks > (1857); < Doctor 
 Thome > (1858); <The Bertrams > (1859); <The 
 West Indies and the Spanish Main> (1859); 
 
 < Castle Richmond > (i860); < Framley Parsonage > 
 (i86i); < Tales of All Countries' (1861); <Orley 
 Farm> (1862); <The Stmggles of Brown, Jones, 
 and Robinson > (1862); <North America' (1862); 
 'Rachel Ray> (1863); <The Small House at 
 Allington> (1864); <The Belton Estate' (1864); 
 ♦Hunting Sketches' (1864); < Can You Forgive 
 Her?' (1865); <Miss Mackenzie' (1865); 'Cler- 
 gymen of the Church of England' (1866); 
 'Traveling Sketches' (1866); <Lotta Schmidt, 
 and Other Stories' (1867); 'The Claverings' 
 (1867); <The Last Chronicle of Barset' (1867); 
 'Nina Balatka' (anonymous: 1867); 'Linda 
 Tressel' (do.: 1868); < British Sports and Pas- 
 
 times' (edited: 1868); 'Phineas Finn, the Irish 
 Member' (1869); 'He Knew He Was Right' 
 (1869); 'Sir Harry Hotspur of Humblethwaite' 
 (1870); 'An Editor's Tales ' (1870); 'The Vicar 
 of Bullhampton ' (1870); 'Caesar's Comment- 
 aries' (edited: 1870); 'Mary Gresley' (1871); 
 'Ralph the Heir' (1871); 'The Eustace Dia- 
 monds' (1872); 'The Golden Lion of Gran- 
 pere' (1872); 'Australia and New Zealand' 
 (1873); 'Phineas Redux' (1873); 'Harry Heath- 
 cote of GangoiP (1874); 'South Australia and 
 Western Australia,' ' Victoria and Tasmania,' 
 and 'New South Wales and Queensland' (all 
 1874); 'Lady Anna' (1874); 'The W'ay we 
 Live Now' (1875); 'The Prime Minister' (1876); 
 'The American Senator' (1877); 'South Africa' 
 (1877); 'Is he Popenjoy?) (1878); 'John Cal- 
 digate' (1879); 'An Eye for an Eye' (1879); 
 'Cousin Henry' (1879); 'Thackeray' in 'Eng- 
 lish Men of Letters' (1879); 'The Duke's 
 Children' (1880); 'Life of Cicero' (1880); 
 'Ayala's Angel' (1881); 'Dr. Wortle's School' 
 (1881); 'Why Frau Frohmann Raised her 
 Prices, and Other Stories' (1881); 'The Fixed 
 Period' (1882); 'Kept in the Dark' (1882); 
 'Lord Palmerston' in 'English Political Lead- 
 ers' (1882); 'Marion Fay' (1882); 'Mr. Scar- 
 borough's Family' (1883). Posthumously ap- 
 peared: his 'Autobiography' (1883); 'The 
 Land Leaguers' (1883, unfinished); and 'An 
 Old Man's Love' (1884). 
 
 Trollope, Frances M. An English author, 
 mother of Anthony; born in Hampshire, about 
 1780; died in Florence, Italy, Oct. 6, 1863. In 
 1829 she visited America, and afterwards pub- 
 lished a volume entitled ' Domestic Manners of 
 the Americans' (1831). She followed this with 
 the novel 'The Refugee in America' (1832). 
 Among har other works are : < The Abbess ' 
 (1833); 'Tremordyn Cliff' (1835); ' The Barna- 
 bys in America' (1843); 'Life and Adventures 
 of a Clever Woman' (1854); and ' Fashionable 
 Life; or, Paris and London' (1856). 
 
 Trollope, Thomas Adolphus, elder brother 
 of Anthony; born April 29, 1810 ; died at Clif- 
 ton, Nov. II, 1892. He was a constant con- 
 tributor to English periodicals, and was Italian 
 correspondent of the New York Tribune. 
 Among his many books are : ' A Summer 
 in Brittany' (1840); 'A Summer in Western 
 France' (1841); 'La Beata' (1861); 'Marietta' 
 (1862); 'Beppothe Conscript' (1864); ' Lindis- 
 farn Chase' (1864); 'History of the Common- 
 wealth of Florence' (4 vols., 1865); 'Dream 
 Numbers' (1868); <A Siren' (1870); 'Life of 
 Pius IX.' (1877); 'Sketches from French His- 
 tory) (1878); 'What I Remember' (1887-89). 
 
 Trou'betzkoy, Mrs. Amelie (Rives) (Chanlen 
 (tro-bets^koi). An American novelist; born 
 in Virginia, Aug. 23, 1863. She has lived abroad 
 since her second marriage. She has written : 
 'A Brother to Dragons, and Other Tales' (1888); 
 'The Quick or the Dead?' (1888); 'Barbara 
 Dering'; 'The Witness of the Sun'; 'Herod 
 and Mariamne : Drama'; 'Virginia of Vir- 
 ginia'; ' Athelwold ' ; ' Augustine the Mah.'
 
 TROWBRIDGE — TUCKER 
 
 533 
 
 Trowbridge, John Townsend. An Amer- 
 ican poet, novelist, and general writer ; born in 
 Ogden, N. Y., Sept. i8, 1827. His first poems, 
 <The Vagabonds,) <At Sea,> <The Pewee,> 
 etc., appeared in the Atlantic Monthly, also the 
 story < Coupon Bonds. > Among his numerous 
 novels, tales of adventure, etc., are : < Father 
 Brighthopes> (1853); < Hearts and Faces > (1853); 
 
 < Martin Merrivale> (1855); < Neighbor Jack- 
 wood> (1857); <The Old Battle-Ground > (1859); 
 <The Drummer Boy> (1863); * Cudjo's Cave> 
 (1864); < The Three Scouts > (1865); < Lucy Arlyn > 
 (1866); 'Coupon Bonds > (1866); < Neighbors' 
 Wives > (1867); < The Story of Columbus > (1867); 
 <The Jack Hazard Series > {1871-75); <The 
 Emigrant's Story, and Other Poems > (1875); 
 
 < The Silver Medal Series > (1877-82); < The Book 
 of Gold, and Other Poems> (1878); < A Home Idy],> 
 etc. (1881); <The Tide-Mill Series > (1882-8,7); 
 
 < The Lost Earl ) ( 1888) ; < My Own Story > ( 1903). 
 
 True, Charles Kittridge. An American edu- 
 cator and historical writer ; born in Portland, 
 Me., Aug. 14, 1809 ; died in Brooklyn, N. Y., 
 Jan. 20, 1878. He was pastor of various Metho- 
 dist churches, and subsequently professor of 
 intellectual philosophy at Wesleyan University 
 (1849-60). He was the author of < Elements of 
 Logic > (1840); <Shawmut; or. The Settlement 
 of Boston* (1845); <John Winthrop> (1875); 
 
 < Sir Walter Raleigh > (1878); <Life and Times 
 of John Knox> (1878); < Memoirs of John How- 
 ard > (1878); <The Thirty Years' War> (1879); 
 
 < Heroes of Holland > (1882). 
 
 Trueba y Coslo, Telesforo de (trwa'ba e 
 kos'yo). A Spanish poet; born at Santander, 
 1798; died at Paris, Oct. 4, 1835. He wrote 
 several comedies, as < The Fickle One > and 
 
 < Marrying on 60,000 Duros.> He wrote in Eng- 
 lish several historical novels, among them 
 
 < Gomez Arias* (1828), and <The Castilian> 
 (1829); and also in English, < Lives of Cortes 
 and Pizarro> (1830) and the historical drama 
 
 < The Royal Delinquent.* The most successful 
 of his works was < Paris and London* (1833), 
 a portraiture of manners and morals. 
 
 Trumbull, Gurdon. An American ornitholo- 
 gist, brother of H. C. and J. H. ; born in 
 Stonington, Conn., May 5, 1841. He has pub- 
 lished < American Game Birds; or, Names and 
 Portraits of Birds, with Descriptions. Died 1903. 
 
 Trumbull, Henry Clay. An American edi- 
 tor, author, and lecturer; bom in Stonington, 
 Conn., June 8, 1830. He was army chaplain 
 1862-65 ; afterwards secretary of the American 
 Sunday School Union, 1865-72 ; and after 1875 
 editor of the Sunday School Times. He pub- 
 lished many books, including: < Army Ser- 
 mons* (1864); <The Knightly Soldier* (1865); 
 <A Useful Life,* etc. (1866); <The Captured 
 Scout * ( 1869) ; < Children in the Temple * ( 1869) ; 
 <A Model Superintendent* (1880); < Kadesh- 
 Bamea* (1884); < Teaching and Teachers* 
 (1884); <The Blood Covenant* (1885); 'Yale 
 Lectures on the Sunday School * (1888); < Studies 
 ia Oriental Social Life.* Died Dec. 8, 1903. 
 
 Trumbull, James Hammond. An American 
 philologist and librarian, brother of H. C. ; born 
 in Stonington, Conn., Dec. 20, 1821 ; died in 
 Hartford, Aug. 5, 1897. He v.'as Secretary of 
 State of Connecticut during the War, 1861-64, 
 and held many honorable posts connected v/ith 
 historical and educational associations. He 
 was president of the American Philological 
 Association 1874-75. He made the Indian 
 languages of North America a special study ; 
 is the acknowledged authority on the Algonkin 
 tongues ; and published many essays on Indian 
 philology. He was a frequent contributor to 
 proceedings of historical societies. Among his 
 works are : < The Colonial Records of Con- 
 necticut* (1850-59); < Historical Notes on some 
 Provisions of the Connecticut Statutes* (1860- 
 61); <The Composition of Indian Geographical 
 Names* (1870); < Historical Notes on the Con- 
 stitution of Connecticut* (1872); <The True 
 Blue-Laws of Connecticut,* etc. (1876). He 
 edited <The Memorial History of Hartford 
 County* (1886). His knowledge of books was 
 vast; as a shrewd collector and book-buyer 
 he had few superiors ; and his name is asso- 
 ciated with the sale of the << Brinley Library,** 
 and with the Watkinson Library at Hartford. 
 
 Trumbull, John. An American poet and 
 lawyer, famous in his day as a satirist ; born 
 in Westbury, Conn., April 24, 1750; died at 
 Detroit, Mich., May 10, 1831. He wrote with 
 Timothy Dwight a series of essays in the Spec- 
 tator style, which first drew attention to his abil- 
 ity. In <The Progress of Dulness* (1772-73) he 
 satirized contemporary methods of education ; 
 but he won his greatest fame with < McFingal * 
 (1775-82), a satire on the loyalists of the 
 Revolution time, written in Hudibrastic verse. 
 Thirty pirated editions are said to have been 
 sold ; and some of its lines are still << familiar 
 quotations ** popularly credited to < Hudibras.* 
 Later he was associated with Joel Barlow and 
 others in the production of < The Anarchiad * 
 (1786-87). His < Poetical Works* were pub- 
 lished at Hartford, Conn., in 1820. 
 
 Trumpp, Ernst (tromp). A German Ori- 
 entalist ; born at Ilsfeld, Wiirtemberg, March 
 13, 1828; died at Munich, April 5, 1885. His 
 principal work is < The Adi Granth ; or, The 
 Holy Scriptures of the Sikhs, Translated from 
 the Original Gurmukhi* (1877). He wrote 
 also : *■ The Language of the so-called Caffres 
 in the Hindu Caucasus*; <Sindi Literature: 
 The Divan of Abd-ul-Latif ' (1866); <The Bap- 
 tism Book of the Ethiopian Church* (1876). 
 
 Tschudi, Johann Jakob von (tshb'de). A 
 Swiss naturalist and traveler; born at Glarus, 
 July 25, 1818; died at Jakobshof in Lower 
 Austria, Oct. 8, 1889. He traveled extensively 
 in South America in 1838-43, and again in 
 1857-61. He wrote : < The Kechua Language * 
 (1853); < Peru : Sketches of Travel * (1846); < Pe- 
 ruvian Antiquities* (1851); < Travels in South 
 America* (5 vols., 1866-69). 
 
 Tucker, George. An American lawyer, ed- 
 ucator, and author; born in Bermuda in 1775;
 
 534 
 
 TUCKER — TURNBULL 
 
 died in Albemarle County, Va., April lO, l86i. 
 He was a M^moer of Congress, 1819-25. For 
 twenty years he was professor of moral phi- 
 losophy in the University of Virginia (1825-45). 
 He wrote for many journals and periodicals: 
 was the author of < Letters on the Conspiracy 
 of Slaves in Virginia > (1800); < Essays on Sub- 
 jects of Taste,> etc. (1822); <The Valley of the 
 Shenandoah > (1824), a novel; < Principles of 
 Rent, Wages, and Profits > (1837); <Life of 
 Thomas Jefferson> (1837); 'History of the 
 United States from their Colonization to 1841 > 
 (4 vols., 1856-58): < Banks or No Banks > (1857); 
 and < Essays, Moral and Philosophical > (i860). 
 
 Tucker. William Jewett. An American 
 educator and clergyman; born at Griswold, 
 Conn., July 13, 1839. He was professor at Ando- 
 ver Seminary until 1893, and since then presi- 
 dent of Dartmouth College. He has written 
 
 < The New Movement in Humanity* ; < From Lib- 
 erty to Unity.' 
 
 Tuckerman, Bayard. An American writer; 
 born in New Vork in 1855. His works include 
 <A History of English Prose Fiction* (1882); 
 
 < Life of Lafayette* ; < William Jay and the Abo- 
 lition of Slavery * ; < Life of Peter Stuyvesant* 
 
 Tuckerman, Henry Theodore. An Amer- 
 ican author and critic, of much note in his 
 day ; born in Boston, April 20, 1813 ; died in 
 New York, Dec. 17, 1871. His works include : 
 <The Italian Sketch Book* (1835); < Isabel; 
 or, Sicily* (1839); 'Rambles and Reveries* 
 (1841); < Thoughts on the Poets* (1846); <Artist 
 Life* (1847); 'Characteristics of Literature* 
 (1849-51); <The Optimist* (1850); 'Poems* 
 (1851);' Memorial of Horatio Greenough > (1853); 
 'Bibliographical Essays* (1857); 'Art in Amer- 
 ica* (1858); 'The Book of the Artists* (1867); 
 'The Collector: Essays* (1868). He edited 
 with William Smith <A Smaller History of 
 English and American Literature* (1870). 
 
 Tulloch, Jobn. A Scottish educator and 
 ecclesiastical writer ; born near Tibbermuir, 
 Perthshire, June i, 1823 ; died at Torquay, Eng- 
 land, Feb. 13, 1886. He published: 'Leaders 
 of the Reformation* (1859); 'English Puri- 
 tanism and its Leaders* (1861); 'Beginning 
 Life* (1862); 'The Christ of the Gospels and 
 the Christ of Modern Criticism * ; < Lectures 
 on Renan's Life of Jesus' (1864); 'Theology 
 and Greek Philosophy in England in the 17th 
 Century* (1872); < Pascal* (1878); 'Movements 
 in Religious Thought in Britain during the 
 19th Century* (1885); and several volumes of 
 sermons. He gained the second Burnett prize 
 of ;^6oo for an essay ' On the Being and Attri- 
 butes of God,* which was published under the 
 title < Theism : The Witness of Reason and 
 Nature to an All-Wise and Beneficent Creator* 
 (1855). He also did much review work, and 
 wrote 'The Wigtown Martyrs Proved to be 
 Myths.* 
 
 Tupper, Martin Farquhar. An English 
 poet; born in London, July 17, 1810; died at 
 Albury, Surrey, Nov. 29, 1889. In 1838 he 
 issued the work by which he is best known, 
 
 < Proverbial Philosophy,* which had an im- 
 mense circulation. He wrote other volumes 
 of prose and verse : ' Hactenus : A Budget of 
 Lyrics*; 'Ballads for the Time*; 'Stephen 
 Langton ; or, The Days of King John > ; ' Prob- 
 abilities * ; 'An Aid to Faith > ; ' My Life as an 
 Author.' He twice visited the United States, 
 and in 1875 wrote a drama in honor of the 
 centenary of American independence. 
 
 Tupy, Eugen(to'pe). [" Voleslavjablonsky."] 
 A Czech poet; born at Kardasch-Rzetschitz, 
 Jan. 14, 1813; died at Cracow, March 1881. He 
 is one of the foremost of Bohemian lyrists, and 
 his < Love Songs ' in particular are held in great 
 popular favor. He also wrote the didactic poem 
 'The Father's Wisdom.^ 
 
 Turgeneff, Ivan (tor-gan^^f)- A celebrated 
 Russian novelist; born in Orel, Nov. 9, 1818; 
 died in Bougival, near Paris, Sept. 3, 1883. 
 His works include: 'Poems' (1841); ' Para- 
 scha' (1843); 'Improvidence' (1843); 'Andrei 
 Kolosov' (1844); 'Andrei' (1845), a volume 
 of poems; 'The Conversation' (1845); 'The 
 Landlord '(1846); 'Three Portraits' (1846); 
 
 < Khor and Kalinych ' ( 1847.) ; < The Bully * ( 1847); 
 'Dimitri Rudin' (1852); 'Two Friends' (1853); 
 'Quiet Life' (1854); 'Rudin' (1856); 'Faust* 
 (1856); 'Asja' (1858); <A Nest of Noblemen* 
 (1859), also translated as 'Lisa'; 'First Love' 
 (i860); ' Hamlet and Don Quixote' (i860); 'On 
 the Eve' (1862); 'Fathers and Sons* (1862); 
 'Visions' (1863); 'The Dog' (1863?); 'Story 
 of Lieutenant Jergunov ' (1864); 'The Brig- 
 adier' (1866); 'Smoke' (1867); 'An Unfortu- 
 nate' (1868); <A Strange Tale* (1869); 'A King 
 Lear of the Steppe* (1870); 'Knock! Knock! 
 Knock!' (1870); 'Pegasus* (1871); 'Chertopcha- 
 nov's End* (1872); ' Punin and Baburin* (1874); 
 'The Living Skeleton* (1875); * The Watch' 
 (1875); 'Some One Knocks' (1875); 'The 
 Dream' (1876); 'New' (1877), also translated 
 as < Virgin Soil ' ; ' Father Alexei's Story > ( 1877) ; 
 'Song of Triumphant Love' (18S1); 'The Old 
 Portraits* (18S2); 'The Despairing One' (1882); 
 'Poems in Prose* (1882); < Klara Milich* (1883); 
 <The Conaagration at Sea* (1883). 
 
 Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, Baron de 
 I'Aulne I tor-go'). An eminent French polit- 
 ical economist and statesman ; born at Paris, 
 May 10, 1727; died there, March 8, 1781. He 
 was minister of finance under Louis XVI. In 
 political economy he was one of the chief rep- 
 resentatives of the Physiocrat school (see Ques- 
 nay). It was he who said of Franklin (in a 
 Latin hexameter), " he wrested the lightning 
 from the sky and the sceptre from tyrants." 
 
 Turnbull, Robert. A Scottish-American Bap- 
 tist pastor, editor, and author; bom in Scot- 
 land, Sept. 10, 1809 ; came to the United States 
 in 1833 ; died Nov. 20, 1877, in Hartford, Conn., 
 where he was many years a pastor. He was 
 editor of the Christian Review for two years. 
 Among his many books are : ' The Theatre ' 
 (1840); 'Olympia Morata' (1842); 'The Genius 
 of Scotland' (1847); 'The Genius of Italy' 
 (1849); 'Theophany' (1851); 'Pulpit Orators
 
 TURNER — TYNDALL 
 
 535 
 
 of France and Switzerland > (1853); <The Stu- 
 dent Preacher > (1854); <The World We Live 
 In> (1855); < Christ in History > (1856); <Life 
 Pictures; or, Sketches from a Pastor's Note- 
 Book) (1857). 
 
 Turner, Charles Tennyson. An English 
 poet, brother of Alfred Tennyson ; born at Soni- 
 ersby, Lincolnshire, July 4, 1808 ; died at Chel- 
 tenham, April 25, 1879. He assumed the name 
 of Turner (1835) by royal license, having in- 
 herited some property from his great-uncle, 
 Rev. Samuel Turner. Besides < Poems of Two 
 Brothers,* written in collaboration with Alfred, 
 he wrote : < Sonnets and Fugitive Pieces' (1830); 
 < Sonnets* (1864); < Small Tableaux* (1868); 
 < Sonnets, Lyrics, and Translations* (1873); 
 < Collected Sonnets, Old and New* (1880). 
 
 Turner, Sharon. An English historian ; born 
 at London, Sept. 24, 1768; died there, Feb. 13, 
 1847. He wrote : < History of the Anglo-Saxons* 
 (4 vols., 1799-1805; 7th ed., 3 vols., 1852); < His- 
 tory of England during the Middle Ages* (3 
 vols., 1814-23; 7th ed., 4 vols., 1853); < Modern 
 History of England,* comprising < The Reign 
 of Henry VIIL* (1826) and <The Reigns of 
 Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth > (1829); < Sa- 
 cred History of the World* {3 vols., 1832); and 
 a volume of miscellaneous essays, poems, etc. 
 
 Tusser, Thomas. An English poet ; born at 
 Rivenhall, Essex, about 1515 ; died in London, 
 about April 1580. He was the author of < Five 
 Hundred Points of Good Husbandry, United 
 to as many of Good Housewifery,* etc. (i573), 
 in verse, with metrical autobiography ; chiefly 
 valuable for its picture of the manners and 
 domestic life of the English farmer. 
 
 Tuttiett, Mary G. (tut'i-et). [« Maxwell 
 Gra.**] An English novelist; born m the Isle 
 of Wight, 18 — , and resides there. She has 
 written:* The Broken Tryst* (1879); <The Silence 
 of Dean Maitland > (1886); < The Reproach of 
 Annesley * (1889) ; < Richard Rosny ' (1903). 
 
 Twain, Mark. See Clemens. 
 
 Twesten, Karl (tves'ten). A German mis- 
 cellaneous writer ; bom at Kiel ; died at Ber- 
 lin, Oct. 14, 1870. He wrote : < Schiller in his 
 Relation to Science* (1863); < Machiavelli * 
 (1868); <The Religious, Political, and Social 
 Ideas of the Civilized Peoples of Asia and 
 Eg)Tt' (2 vols., 1872). 
 
 Twichell, Joseph Hopkins. An American 
 Congregational clergyman, and writer of bio- 
 graphy; born in Connecticut, 183-. He has 
 published <Life of John Winthrop*; and ed- 
 ited < Some Old Puritan Love Letters.* 
 
 Twiss, Sir Travers. A celebrated English writer 
 and authority on international law; born in Lon- 
 don, March 19, 1809; died there, Jan 14, 189-. 
 He resigned all his important offices in 1872. He 
 published: <View of the Progress of Political 
 Economy since the i6th Century* (1847); <Lec- 
 tures on International Law* ( 1856); <The Law of 
 Nations' (1861); < Law of Nations in Times of 
 War* (1863); <Monumenta Juridica* (1871-76); 
 ^Belligerent Right on the High Seas* (1884). 
 
 Tycho Brahe (ti'ko bra'e). An illustrious 
 Danish astronomer; born at Knudstrup, Dec. 
 24, 1546; died at Prague, Oct. 24, 1601. In 
 <On the New Star* (1573) he treats of the 
 star discovered by him in Cassiopeia. His other 
 writings, most of which were published post- 
 humously, include : < Astronomical Works * ; < Me- 
 chanical Astronomy * ; < Astronomical Letters.* 
 
 Tychsen, Olaus Gerhard (tich'sen). A Ger- 
 man Orientalist ; born at Tondern, Dec. 14, 
 1734; died at Rostock, Dec. 30, 1815. His 
 greatest work is < Leisure Hours at Biitzow > 
 (6 vols., 1766-69), a valuable repertory of Jew- 
 ish history and erudition. He also wrote : 
 
 < Elements of Arabic* (1792); < Elements of 
 Syriac* (1793); <Syriac Natural Science* (1795). 
 
 Tychsen, Thomas Christian. A German 
 Orientalist ; born at Horsbyll, Silesia, May 8, 
 1758; died Oct. 23, 1834, at Gottingen, where 
 he was professor of theology. He wrote: 
 
 < Principles of Hebrew Archreology* (1789); 
 'Grammar of Literary Arabic* (1823); and 
 several essays on < Numismatics,* < Palaeogra- 
 phy,* < The Poetry of the Arabs,* etc. 
 
 Tyler, Moses Coit. An American educator 
 and author; born in Griswold, Conn., Aug. 2, 
 1835; died at Ithaca, N.Y., Dec. 25, 1900. He 
 graduated at Yale in 1857; and was pastor of a 
 Congregational church 1860-62. From 1867 to 
 1 88 1 he was professor in the University of 
 Michigan; and after that was professor of Ameri- 
 can history in Cornell University. He published: 
 <Brawnville Papers* (1868); 'History of Amc i- 
 can Literature* (1878) ; 'Manual of English 
 Literature* (1879); 'Life of Patrick Henry* 
 (1887); 'Literary History of the American Revo- 
 lution, 1763-83* (2 vols., 1887); 'Three Men 
 of Letters* (1895). 
 
 Tyler, Royall. An American jurist and au- 
 thor; born in Boston, 1757; died in Brattle- 
 boro, Vt., Aug. 16, 1826. In 1794 he was judge 
 of the Supreme Court of Vermont, and in 1800 
 Chief Justice. He wrote the first American 
 play to be acted by regular comedians : ' The 
 Contrast,* produced in 1786 at New York, 
 He also wrote : ' May-Day : A Comedy* (1787); 
 ' The Georgia Spec. ; or. Land in the Moon * 
 (1797); 'The Algerine Captive* (1799); 'Moral 
 Tales for American Youths * ; ' The Yankee 
 in London*; and contributed many sketches, 
 verses, and essays to various journals and mag- 
 azines. 
 
 Tylor, Edward Burnett. An English writer 
 on the early history of civilization ; bom at 
 Camberweil, Oct. 2, 1832. He wrote : ' Ana- 
 huac; or, Mexico and the Mexicans* ( 1861 ); 
 ' Early History of Mankind and of Civilization* 
 (1865; 3d ed. 1878); 'Primitive Culture: Re- 
 searches into the Development of Mythology, 
 Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Custom* (1871; 
 3d ed. 1891); 'Anthropology* (1881). 
 
 Tyndall, John. A British physicist and 
 writer on science ; bom at Leighlin Bridge, near 
 Carlow, Ireland, Aug. 2, 1820; died at Hasle- 
 mere, Surrey, England, Dec. 4, 1893. He studied
 
 536 
 
 in Germany; in 1850 he published in the Philo- 
 sophical Magazine < Discoveries in Magnetism.^ 
 He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society 
 in 1852 ; professor of natural philosophy at the 
 Royal Institution in 1853, and in 1867 its super- 
 intendent He was the first to climb the Weiss- 
 horn, and subsequently reached the summit of 
 the Matterhorn ; and published : < Philosophical 
 Transactions in Glaciers of the Alps> (i860); 
 •Mountaineering in 1861 > (1862); and < Hours 
 of Exercise in the Alps> (1871). <Heat Con- 
 sidered as a Mode of Motion > appeared in 
 1S63; <Dust and Disease,* 1870. In 1872 
 he lectured in the United States : the profits 
 he devoted as a fund « in aid of students 
 who devote themselves to original research." 
 Besides the works mentioned, he published : 
 < Sound : A Course of Eight Lectures > (2d ed. 
 1875); < Faraday as a Discoverer' (1868); <Nine 
 Lectures on Light* (1870); < Essays on the 
 Use and Limit of the Imagination in Science* 
 (1871); <The Forms of Water in Clouds and 
 Rivers, Ice and Glaciers* (1872); < Essays on 
 the Floating Matter of the Air* (1881); and 
 'New Fragments* (1892); besides many others. 
 He received honorary degrees from the Univer- 
 sities of Cambridge and Edinburgh, and was 
 made D. C. L. by Oxford. 
 
 Tyng, Stephen Higginson. A prominent 
 American clergyman, long rector of St. George's 
 Church, New York; born in Newburyport, 
 Mass., March I, 1800 ; died in Irvington, N. Y., 
 Sept. 4, 1885. For several years he edited the 
 Episcopal Recorder, the Protestant Church- 
 man, etc., and he published in book form many 
 volumes; among them: 'Lectures on the Law 
 and Gospel* (1832); 'Sermons* (1839-52); 
 'Recollections of England* (1847); 'The Israel 
 of God* (1854); 'Christ Is All* (1852); 'The 
 Rich Kinsman* (1856); 'Forty Years' Experi- 
 ence in Sunday Schools* (i860); 'The Prayer 
 Book* (1863-67). 
 
 Tyrtaeus (tir-te'us). A Greek lyric poet; 
 he fiourished at the time of the second Messe- 
 nian war in the latter half of the seventh cen- 
 tury B.C. Fragments only of his poems have 
 been preserved. 
 
 Tyrwhitt, Thomas (ter'it). An English 
 classical scholar and writer; born in London, 
 
 TYNG — UBICINI 
 
 March 27, 1730 ; died there, Aug. 15, 1786. 
 Among his works are : ' Observations on Some 
 Passages of Shakespeare* (1766); a celebrated 
 edition of Chaucer (1773); editions of Isaeus's 
 ' Orphica * and Aristotle's ' Poetics * ; critical 
 dissertations on Babrius, Euripides, Aristoph- 
 anes, and Strabo. He was the original editor 
 of < Rowley's Poems,* for which he furnished 
 a preface and glossary, and subsequently added 
 an appendix to prove that they were written 
 by Chatterton. 
 
 Tytler, Alexander Fraser, Lord Wood- 
 houselee. A Scottish historical writer; born 
 in Edinburgh, Oct. 15, 1747 ; died there Jan. 5, 
 1813. He wrote, besides many other works, 
 ' Essay on the Principles of Translation* (1791- 
 1813); 'The Elements of General History, 
 Ancient and Modem* (1801), which was long 
 an authoritative text-book ; ' Life of Lord 
 Kames* (1807); and 'Life of Petrarch* (1810). 
 
 Tytler, Patrick Fraser. A Scottish histo- 
 rian and biographer, son of Alexander F.; born 
 in Edinburgh, Aug. 30, 1791 ; died at Great 
 Malvern, England, Dec. 24, 1849. His prin- 
 cipal works were : Lives of James Crichton 
 of Cluny, commonly called "The Admirable 
 Crichton** (1819), Sir Thomas Craig of Ric- 
 carton (1823), and John Wicklyff (1826); 'Scot- 
 tish Worthies* (1832-33); 'Sir Walter Raleigh* 
 (1833); 'An Historical View of the Progress of 
 Discovery on the Northern Coasts of America,* 
 etc. (1832); 'History of Scotland from 1149 to 
 the Union of the Crowns in 1613* (9 vols., 
 1828-43; 5th ed. 1866). 
 
 Tzetzes, Joannes (tzet'zes). A Greek gram- 
 marian and poet; bom about 1 1 10; died about 
 1 180. Among his works are: 'The Book of 
 Histories,* a philosophico-historical didactic 
 poem ; < Iliacs,* a poem in continuation of 
 Homer's Iliad ; and several other poetical com- 
 positions, 
 
 Tzschirner, Heinrlch Gottlieb (cher'ner). 
 A German theological writer; born at Witt- 
 weida in Saxony, Nov. 14, 1778 ; died February 
 1828, at Leipsic, where he was professor of the- 
 ology. He wrote: 'Protestantism and Cathol- 
 icism from the Standpoint of Politics * (4th ed. 
 1824); 'The Fall of Gentilism* (1829); and a 
 continuation of Schrockh's 'Church History.* 
 
 u 
 
 Ubaldlni, Petruccio (6-bal-de'ne). An Ital- 
 ian historian; born at Florence, about 1524; 
 died at London, about 1600. He wrote : < Life 
 of Charlemagne* (1581); 'Description of Scot- 
 and and its Isles* (1588); 'Lives of Illustrious 
 Ladies of England and Scotland* (1591)- 'Pre- 
 -epts, Moral, Political, and Economic* (1592). 
 
 Uberti. Fazio (or Bonifacio) degll (6-bar'te). 
 An Italian poet; born in Florence; died about 
 1367. He was a grandson of Uberti, one of 
 
 the Florentine leaders of the Ghibelline faction, 
 and was driven into exile by the Guelphs. He 
 wrote an unfinished descriptive poem called 
 'The News of the Worid,* which was quite 
 celebrated. 
 
 Ubicini, Jean Henri Abdolonyme (ii-be- 
 se-ne'). A French publicist; born at Issou- 
 dun, 1818 ; died at Vernon-sur-Brenne, Oct. 27, 
 1884. He wrote : < Memoirs Justifying the Rou- 
 manian Revolution* (1849); 'The Eastern
 
 UCHARD — UJESKI 
 
 537 
 
 Question Confronting Europe' (1854); <The 
 Serbs in Turkey > (1865); < Eastern Rumelia since 
 the Treaty of Berlin' (1880); < Sources of Roman 
 History > (1886). 
 
 Uchard, Bernardin, Seigneur de Monspey 
 
 (U-shar'). A French poet of the first half of 
 the 17th century. He is noted for two poems 
 written in Southern French patois : < The Groans 
 of the Poor Farm Laborer over the Dread He 
 Has of War> (1615), and <The Woman of Pied- 
 mont' (1619). 
 
 Uchard, Mario. A French playwright and 
 story-writer; born at Paris, Dec. 28, 1824; died 
 there, July 31, 1893. Among his dramatic com- 
 positions are : *The Husband's Return' (1858); 
 'Second Youth' (1859); <A Burgomaster's Pros- 
 perity' (1864); <The Charmers' (1864). His 
 novels include: <Raymon' (1862); < Gertrude's 
 Marriage' (1862); < Countess Diana' (1864); 
 <A Last Passicn' (1866); < My Uncle Barbas- 
 sou' (1876); <My Cousin Antoinette' (1891). 
 
 Uda, Felice (o'da). An Italian poet and 
 publicist, brother of Michele ; born at Cagli- 
 ari in Sardinia, Feb. 25, 1832. He wrote : 
 'Wishes and Hopes' (1852), a volume of verses, 
 and 'Memories and Affections' (1862), both of 
 which were received with great favor ; also 
 'Literary Sketches' (1863); a series of essays 
 on ' Leopardi and Poerio ' ; ' Dante and Mod- 
 em Poetry ' ; the comedies ' The Heart and 
 the Age ' and ' Every-Day Saints ' ; and ' Miguel 
 Cervantes,' a literary study (1873). 
 
 Uda, Michele. An Italian dramatist and 
 novelist ; bom at Cagliari, 1830. At 20 he joined 
 a band of strolling players, and wrote or 
 adapted comedies for them. Among his origi- 
 nal compositions are the comedies ' The Wid- 
 ow's Suitors,' played by Ristori with great 
 success, and 'Mask and Face'; and the dra- 
 mas 'In the Coffin' and 'The Workingman 
 and his Family.' His finest work is the brill- 
 iant comedy 'The Renegados' (1858). Among 
 his novels are 'A Poor Devil,' and ' From Herod 
 to Pilate.' 
 
 Udall, Nicholas (u'dal). An English dra- 
 matist ; bom in Hampshire, in 1505; died in 
 1556. He was a Fellow of Corpus Christi Col- 
 lege, Oxford, and master of Eton. His school- 
 books were very popular; but he is chiefly re- 
 membered as the author of < Ralph Royster 
 Doyster,' the first regular comedy in the Eng- 
 lish language, which was certainly in existence 
 as early as 1551. The best edition is one pre- 
 pared for the Shakspere Society, by William 
 Durrant Cooper (1847). 
 
 Ueberweg, Friedrich von (ii'ber-vec). A 
 Cemian philosopher ; born in Leichlingen, Jan. 
 22, 1626; died at Konigsberg, June 9, 1871. His 
 chief works are: 'Outline of the History of 
 Philosophy,' published in many editions, the 
 first 1863-66; and 'System of Logic and His- 
 tory of Logical Science.' 
 
 Uechtritz, Friedrich (iich'trets). A German 
 dramatist and novelist ; born at Gorlitz, Sept. 12, 
 
 1800 ; died there, Feb. 15, 1875. Among his 
 tragedies are : < Rome and Spartacus,' and 
 'Rome and Otto III.' (1823); 'Alexander and 
 Darius' (1827); ' The Sword of Honor' ; ' Rosa 
 mund' (1833). His dramatic poem 'The Bab- 
 ylonians in Jerusalem' (1836J is notable for 
 elevation of thought and lyric grandeur. Among 
 his novels are : ' Albrecht Holm' (5 vols., 1851- 
 53); 'The Bride's Brothers' (3 vols., i860); and 
 'Eleazar' (3 vols., 1867), a story of the great 
 Jewish war. 
 
 Ughelli, Ferdinando (o-gel'le). An Italian 
 historian ; born at Florence, 1595 ; died 1670. 
 He was a Cistercian monk and abbot. His 
 principal work is < Italia Sacra ' (9 vols., 
 1642-48), an account of all the episcopal sees 
 of Italy, with lists of the bishops and a great 
 deal of general information regarding the his- 
 tory of Italy. He wrote also 'Christian Gaul' 
 (1656). 
 
 Ugoni, Camillo (o-g5'ne). An Italian his- 
 torian of literature ; born at Brescia, 1784 ; 
 died there, 1855. He wrote 'Italian Literature 
 in the Second Half of the l8th Century' (1856). 
 
 Uhland, Ludwig. A celebrated German 
 lyric poet ; born at Tubingen, April 26, 1787 ; 
 died Nov. 13, 1862. His ballads and songs 
 are classic ; first collected in 1815, the 60th 
 edition (1875), posthumous, gathered the pieces 
 found among his papers. Besides these he 
 wrote two dramas: 'Ernest, Duke of Suabia' 
 (1817), and ' Ludwig the Bavarian ' (1819). In 
 prose he wrote : 'The Old French Epos' (1812); 
 ' Walther von der Vogelweide' (1822); 'The 
 Myth of Thor, according to Norse Tradition ' 
 (1836). He made a valuable collection of 
 ' Ancient High and Low German Folk Songs ' 
 (1844-45). 
 
 Uhlhorn, Gerhard (ol'horn). A German 
 theological writer ; born at Osnabriick, Feb. 17, 
 1826. Among his works are : ' The Grounds 
 of Tertullian's Chronology' (1852); 'The Basi- 
 lidian System' (1855); 'Christmas Customs and 
 Usages' (1869); 'The Struggle of Christianity 
 with Heathenism' (1874); 'Catholicism and 
 Protestantism in Face of the Social Problem ' 
 (1887); 'The Church's Care of the Poor as 
 related to the Present Time ' (1892). Died 1901. 
 
 Uhlich, Leberecht (6'lich). A German church 
 reformer; bom at Cothen, Feb. 27, 1799; died 
 at Magdeburg, March 23, 1872. He founded 
 the independent ecclesiastical organization 
 styled " Free Parishes." Among his writings are : 
 'Christianity and Church' (2d ed. 1846); 'The 
 Little Book of the Kingdom of God' (1845); 
 'Thrones in Heaven and on Earth' (1845). 
 
 UJeski, Cornell (o-yes'ke). A Polish poet; 
 born in Galicia, 1823. After terminating his 
 studies in his native country, he went to Paris, 
 there devoting himself to the study of ancient 
 and modern literature. Most of his own poetry 
 is inspired by love of his country, whose mis- 
 fortunes he deplores. Among his works are : 
 'Lamentations of Jeremiah' (1847), considered 
 one of the masterpieces of Polish literature;
 
 538 
 
 UJFALVY — ULRICI 
 
 •The Sons of Solomon > (1840;; < Odorless 
 Flowers > (184S); <Marathon,> a poem; «A Fear- 
 ful Night > ; etc. ; as well as collections of shorter 
 poems. 
 
 UJfalvy, Karl Eugen von (o-i-fal've), Mezb- 
 Kbvesd. An Austrian philologist and anthro- 
 pologist; born at Vienna, xMay 16, 1842. He is 
 author of :< French Scientific Expedition to Rus- 
 sia, Siberia, and Turkestan > (6 vois., 1878^80 K 
 
 < Researches in Biblical Ethnography > (1872); 
 'Anthropological Results of a Visit to Central 
 Asia> (iSSoj; < Parsees and Brahmins > (1887). 
 
 UJfalvy, Maria, wife of Karl Eugen. She 
 wrote <From Paris to Samarcand> (1881), and 
 
 < Travels of a Parisian in the Western Hima- 
 layas.> 
 
 Ukert, Frledrich August (o'kart). A Ger- 
 man classical scholar ; born at Eutin in Lubeck, 
 1780; died 1851. Among his writings are: 
 'How the Ancients Determined Distances) 
 (1813); 'Homer's Geography) (1815); 'Geogra- 
 phy of the Greeks and Romans > (3 vols., 1816- 
 46); 'Demons, Heroes, and Genii > (1850). 
 
 Ulbach, Louis (iil-bak'). A French poet and 
 political writer; born in Troyes (Aube) in 1822. 
 He became editor of the Revue de Paris in 
 1853. He published a volume of poems en- 
 titled 'Gloriana> (1844); several tales; and po- 
 litical letters distinguished for their verve and 
 causticity. 
 
 Ule, Otto (b'le). A German writer on natural 
 science ; born at Frankfort on the Oder, Jan. 22, 
 1820; died at Halle, Aug. 6, 1876. His principal 
 works are: 'The Universe* (3 vols., 3d ed. 
 1859); 'Wonders of the Starry World > (1861); 
 'Popular Natural Science > (1865-67); 'The 
 Earth according to its Superficial Phenomena > 
 (1873-76). 
 
 Ulfllas, or Wulfila (ul'fi-las). The Gothic 
 translator of the Bible; born about 310, in the 
 country of the Goths north of the Danube ; 
 died about 381, at Constantinople. He was the 
 first bishop of the Arian Visigoths. He trans- 
 lated the whole of the Bible, except the books 
 of Kings, into Gothic. Of this translation there 
 are extant a considerable part of the Gospels, 
 Corinthians complete, fragments of the other 
 epistles and of Ezra and Nehemiah, and a few 
 passages of Genesis, Ezekiel, and Maccabees. 
 The most considerable MS. copy, called Codex 
 Argenteus, is in the library of the University of 
 Upsala. 
 
 UlUac-Tr^mandeure, Sophie (ii-yak'-tra- 
 moii-dfer'). A French story-writer; bom at 
 Lorient, 1794; died at Paris, 1862. Among her 
 stories, all intended for youthful readers, are : 
 'The Fowler > (1825); 'Old Daniel's Sundays > 
 ( 1833) ; ' The Little Hunchback > ( 1833) ; ' Mother 
 Goose's Stories' (1842): some of her stories were 
 crowned by the Academy. She wrote also ' An 
 Old Woman's Reminiscences' (2 vols., 1861). 
 
 Ullmann, Karl (ol'man). A German theo- 
 logical writer; bom at Epfenbach in the Palati- 
 nate, March 15, 1796 ; died at Karlsruhe, Jan. 12, 
 
 1865. He was appointed professor in the Uni- 
 versity of Heidelberg in 1826. Among his works 
 are: 'Gregory of Nazianzus> (1825); 'Reform- 
 ers before the Reformation' (2 vols., 1841); 
 'Historical or Mythical?' (1838), a critique of 
 Strauss's ' Life of Jesus.' 
 
 Ulloa, Alfonso de (bl-y5'a). A Spanish 
 writer of history who lived in the i6th century; 
 died about 1580. His principal works are : 
 ' Life of the Emperor Charles V.' (1560); 'Life 
 of the Emperor Ferdinand' (1565); 'History 
 of the Capture of Tripoli in Barbary' (1566); 
 'History of Europe, 1564-66' (1570). 
 
 Ulloa, Antonio de. A Spanish statesman 
 and writer of history ; born at Seville, Jan. 12, 
 1716; died near Cadiz, July 5, 1795. He spent 
 many years in North and South America, and 
 was governor of Louisiana in 1766. Among his 
 writings are : ' Account of a Voyage to South 
 America' (1748); 'American Notes: Physico- 
 Historical Talks on South America and Eastern 
 North America' (1772); 'Secret Information 
 concerning America' (1826), confidential reports 
 made to the Spanish ministry. 
 
 Ulloa, Martin de. A Spanish philologist and 
 historical writer; born at Seville, 1730; died 
 at Cordova, 1800. He wrote : ' Memoir on 
 the Origin and Genius of the Castilian Lan- 
 guage' (1760); 'Dissertation on the Origin of 
 the Goths ' (1781); ' Researches on the First In- 
 habitants of Spain' (1789); 'Dissertation on 
 Duels' (1789). 
 
 Ulloa y Pereira, Luis de (61-yoa' e pa-ra'e- 
 ra). A Spanish poet; bom at Toro in Leon, 
 about 1590; died 1660. His most notable work 
 is 'Rachel' (1569), a poem on the amours of 
 Alfonso VIII. and a fair Jewess of Toledo. 
 
 Ulpian (ul'pi-an) — Lat. Ulpianus (ul-pi- 
 a'nus), Domitius. An eminent Roman jurist; 
 born about 170 A. D. (?) in Tyre ; killed 228 A. D. 
 Alexander Severus made him his secretary and 
 prostorian prefect ; the prgetorian soldiers mu- 
 tinied and murdered him. He was the author 
 of a work entitled ' Ad Edictum,' and other 
 legal treatises greatly valued, all now lost but 
 a few fragments. 
 
 Ulrich von Lichtenstein (ol'rich fon lidh'- 
 ten-stln). A Middle High German lyric poet; 
 born about 1200; died about 1275. He belonged 
 to a noble family of Styria, and was long in- 
 carcerated as the leader of an unmly faction 
 there. His principal works are : ' Court to the 
 Ladies,' describing his amours and adventures 
 from 1222 to 1255 ; and < The Ladies' Book,' 
 from 1257 : both valuable monuments of the 
 manners and morals of the age. 
 
 Ulrici, Hermann (bl-re'tse). A German 
 scholar, critic, and philosopher ; born at Pfbrte, 
 Saxony, March 23, 1806; died at Halle, where 
 he was professor, Jan. il, 1884. He published 
 in 1833 his 'Characteristics of Ancient His- 
 toriography.' This was followed by his ' His- 
 tory of Poetic Art in Greece ' (2 vols., 1835), 
 and a 'Treatise on Shakespeare's Dramatic
 
 ULSTEDT — URLICHS 
 
 539 
 
 Art' (1839), which was received with great 
 favor. His philosophical works include <On 
 the Principle and Method of Hegel's Philoso- 
 phy' (1841), and <God and Nature' (1862). 
 
 Ulstedt, Pbillpp (ol'stet). A celebrated Ger- 
 man alchemist of the first half of the i6th cen- 
 tury. He wrote : < The Philosopher's Heaven ; 
 or, The Secrets of Nature, by Philippus Ul- 
 stedt, Patrician of Nuremberg' (1528). 
 
 Umbrelt, Friedrich Wilhelm Karl (om'brit 
 A German theological writer ; born in Saxom 
 April II, 1795 ; died June 11, i860. He was pro- 
 fessor of theology in the University of Heidel- 
 berg. Among his writings are : < Philological, 
 Critical, and Philosophical Commentary on the 
 Proverbs of Solomon' (1826); < Fundamental 
 Points of the Old Testament' (1843). 
 
 Umpfenbach, Karl Friedrich (omp'fen-bach). 
 A German political economist ; born at Giessen, 
 June 5, 1832 ; professor of political economy in 
 the University of Konigsberg. His principal 
 works are: < Text-Book of the Science of Fi- 
 nance' (2 vols., 1859-60); < Doctrine of National 
 Economy' (1867); 'Capital as related to Civ- 
 ilization' (1879); < Old-Age Insurance and State 
 Socialism' (1883). 
 
 Underwood, Benjamin Franklin. An Amer- 
 ican editor and author ; born in 1839. He was 
 editor of the Index in Boston ; and wrote < In- 
 fluence of Christianity upon Civilization,' and 
 < Essays and Lectures.' 
 
 Underwood, Francis Henry. An American man 
 of letters; born in Enfield, Mass., Jan 12, 1825; 
 died at Leith, Scotland, Aug. 7, 1894. He was 
 an active abolitionist; clerk of the Massachusetts 
 Senate in 1852; afterward literary adviser of 
 Phillips, Sampson & Co. He originated, and 
 assisted in the early management of the Atlantic 
 Monthly; was elected clerk of the superior court 
 in Boston, which position he held for eleven years. 
 In 1885 he was appointed United States Consul 
 at Glasgow ; in 1888 the University of Glasgow 
 conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. His 
 works include a < Hand-Book of American Lit- 
 erature' (1872); < Cloud Pictures,' a series of 
 imaginative stories musical in theme (1877); 
 'Lord of Himself,' a novel of old times in 
 Kentucky (1874); < Man Proposes' (1880); <The 
 True Story of Exodus,' an abridgment of 
 Brugsch Bey's work (1880); and biographical 
 sketches of Longfellow (1882), Lowell (1882), 
 andWhittier (1883). 
 
 Underwood, Lucien Marcus. An American 
 educator and botanist ; born in New York, 1853. 
 He is professor of botany at Syracuse University 
 since 1883, and has published : < Systematic 
 Plant Record' (1881); <Our Native Ferns, and 
 How to Study Them' (1881); < North American 
 Hepaticae' (1884); <Our Native Ferns and 
 their Allies ' (1888). He died in 1907. 
 
 Unger, Franz fong'er). An Austrian bota- 
 nist and pakeontologist ; bom at Leutschach in 
 Styria, Nov. 30, 1800; died at Gratz, Feb. 13, 
 1870. Among his works are : < On the Influence 
 
 of Soil on the Distribution of Plants' (1836); 
 <The Primordial World ' (1851); < Anatomy and 
 Physiology of Plants' (1855); < Scientific Mem- 
 orabilia of a Tour in Greece and the Ionian 
 Islands' (1862); <The Island of Cyprus' (1865). 
 
 Upham, Charles W. A Unitarian minister 
 and writer ; born in St. John, N. B., in 1802. 
 He published < Lectures on Witchcraft,' etc. 
 (1831); < Life of Sir Henry Vane' in Sparks's 
 
 < American Biography ' ; and made numerous 
 contributions to the North American Review, 
 Christian Examiner, etc. He died , 1875. 
 
 Upham, ■ Thomas Cogswell. An American 
 Unitarian clergyman of Salem, Mass.; born in 
 Deerfield, N. H., Jan. 30, 1799; died in New 
 York city, April 2, 1872. Among his works are : 
 
 < Outlines of Imperfect and Disordered Mental 
 Action' (1840); <Life of Madame Guyon,' etc. 
 (1847); <Life of Faith' (1848); 'American Cot- 
 tage Life,' a series of poems (1850); 'Letters 
 from Europe, Egypt, and Palestine' (1855); 
 <Life of Catherine Adorna' (1856); and 'Christ 
 in the Soul' (1872). 
 
 Upton, George Putnam. An American jour- 
 nalist and musical critic; bom in Roxbury, 
 Mass., Oct. 25, 1834 ; removed to Chicago, 1855, 
 and has since been identified with musical 
 journalism. He has published : ' Letters of 
 Peregrine Pickle' (1869); 'The Great Fire' 
 (1872); 'Memories' (translated from Max 
 Miiller, 1879); 'Woman in Music,' an essay 
 (1880); 'Lives' of Hayden, Liszt, and Wagner 
 (1883-84); 'The Standard Operas' (1885); 'The 
 Standard Oratorios' (1886); 'The Standard 
 Cantatas' (1887); 'The Standard Symphonies' 
 (1888) ; < Life of Theodore Thomas > (1905)- 
 
 Urbanski, Ladislas (or-ban'ski). A Polish 
 dramatist and miscellaneous writer; born in 
 Lithuania, 1796 ; died at Warsaw, 1857. Among 
 his more noteworthy writings are : ' The Sor- 
 cerers,' a poem (1831); ' Paradoxes against Lib- 
 erty' (1833); 'Venice Saved,' a tragedy (1834); 
 'Poland, Historical, Poetical, and Literary' 
 (1836); 'Sketch of the Manners of Country Peo- 
 ple' (1841); 'Russia from the Point of View of 
 European Civilization' (1841). 
 
 Urfe, Honore d'. A noted French romance- 
 writer; bom in Marseilles, Feb. il, 1568; died 
 in Villefranche, June I, 1625. He is celebrated 
 for his immensely popular bucolic and allegori- 
 cal romance 'Astrde' (first part, 1610). It in- 
 troduces us to a sort of ideal world, in which 
 elegant ladies and gentlemen appear clad as 
 shepherds and shepherdesses, and make pretty 
 observations on topics of the period. He left 
 it unfinished, and the conclusion was supplied 
 by his secretary. 
 
 Urlichs, Ludwig von (or 
 
 archaeologist and philologist ; 
 Nov. 9, 1813; died Nov. 3, 
 where he was professor of 
 and of aesthetics. His chief 
 lotte von Schiller and her 
 1860-65); * Contributions to 
 
 Tiks). A German 
 born at Osnabriick, 
 1889, at Wiirzburg, 
 classical philology 
 works are : ' Char- 
 Friends ' (3 vols., 
 a History of Art'
 
 54© 
 
 URMY — VACQUERIE 
 
 (1885); 'Elements and History of Classical 
 Archaeology* (18S6). 
 
 Urmy, Clarence [Thomas]. An American 
 musician and versifier; born in California, 1858. 
 He has written < The Rosary of Rhyme,> and 
 •A Vintage of Verses.> 
 
 Urslns. Jean Jouvenel des (Ur-san'). A 
 French historian ; born 1388, at Paris ; died 
 1473, at Rheinis, of which he was archbishop. 
 His great work is < History of Charles VI. and 
 of the Memorable Things which Happened dur- 
 ing 42 Years of his I\eign, from 1380 to 142? > 
 
 Usener, Hermann Karl (o'ze-ner). A Ger- 
 man classical philologist ; born at Weilburg on 
 the Lahn, Oct. 13, 1834; professor in the Uni- 
 versity of Bonn. Among his works are : < Phi- 
 lology and the Science of History* (1882); 'An- 
 cient Greek Versification* (1887); 'Researches 
 in the History of Religion* (1889); 'Names of 
 Gods: An Attempt to Account for Religious 
 Concepts* (1895). 
 
 Ussher, James. An Irish divine and church 
 historian, archbishop of Armagh, nephew of the 
 preceding archbishop; born in Dublin, Jan. 4, 
 1580-1; died March 21, 1O56. He was the first 
 student of Trinity College, Dublin ; ordained 
 1601. In 1612 he published 'The Unbroken 
 Succession of Christian Churches, Especially 
 in the West.* In 1615 he was employed to 
 draw up the articles for the Irish Established 
 Church. He corresponded extensively with 
 European scholars, and employed persons to 
 visit the East for the purchase of manuscripts ; 
 two of the most valuable obtained were the 
 Samaritan Pentateuch and the Old Testament 
 in Syriac. In 1639 he printed his 'Antiquities 
 of the British Churches.* His principal other 
 works are : ' Tracts on Episcopacy * ; ' The 
 Power of the Prince and the Obedience of the 
 Subject * ; 'Annals of the Old and New Testa- 
 ment,* containing his famous scheme of Biblical 
 chronology, — followed without authority, by the 
 printers of the Authorized Version of the Bible. 
 The volume entitled 'A Body of Divinity * 
 (1654, folio) was compiled without his consent 
 from his sermons and notes. He was buried 
 
 in Westminster Abbey. His library was given 
 to Trinity College, Dublin. 
 
 Ussieuz, Louis d' (U-sye'). A French dram- 
 atist and historian; born at Angouleme, 1747; 
 died at Chartres, 1805. Among his works are : 
 ' History of the Discovery and Conquest of the 
 Indies by the Portuguese* (1770); 'The French 
 Heroes ; or, The Siege of St.-Jean-de-Losne,* a 
 
 )rose drama (1770); 'The French Decameron* 
 
 2 vols., 1774). 
 
 Ussing, Ludvig. A Danish archaeologist ; born 
 at Copenhagen, April 10, 1820. He wrote : 
 'Greek Travels and Studies* (1857); 'Educa- 
 tion among the Greeks and Romans* (1863); 
 'Greek and Roman Metre* (1893); 'Remarks 
 on Vitruvius's Work on Architecture* (1896). 
 
 Usteri, Johann Martin (os'ter-e). A Swiss 
 poet ; born at Ziirich, 1763 ; died there, July 29, 
 1827. He excels in narratives and idyls, writ- 
 ten in the dialect of Ziirich; among these his 
 'Vicar* holds the foremost place. In High 
 German he wrote: 'Enjoy Life* (1793), which 
 became a popular song; and a novel, 'Ad- 
 ventures of a Zuricher* (1877). 
 
 Uz, Johann Peter (ots). A German poet; 
 born at Ansbach, Oct. 3, 1720 ; died there. May 
 12, 1796. He wrote several spirited popular 
 songs and ballads; 'Lyric Poems* (1749); a 
 comic poem in Alexandrine verse, ' The Victory 
 of the God of Love*; a didactic poem, 'The 
 Art of being Always Cheerful* (1760); and a 
 number of 'Epistles,* some of them entirely 
 in verse. 
 
 Uzanne, Louis Octave (ii-zan'). A French 
 writer on bibliography and miscellaneous sub- 
 jects ; born at Auxerre, Sept. 14, 1852. He was 
 editor successively of three periodicals devoted 
 to bibliography, the last being Le Livre Mo- 
 derne. Among his works are monographs on 
 'The Fan,* 'The Umbrella,* etc.; also 'The 
 Caprices of a Book-Lover* (1877); < Her High- 
 ness, Woman* (1884); 'Our Friends, Books; 
 Talks on Curious Literature* (1886); 'Modern 
 Bindings * ; ' Physiology of the Quays of Paris * 
 (1890); 'The Bachelor's Prayer-Book* (1890). 
 
 Vachell, Horace Annesley. A novelist now 
 residing in California; born in England, 1861. 
 He was formerly an officer in the English serv- 
 ice. He has written : ' The Romance of Judge 
 Ketchum*; 'The Model of Christian Gay*; 
 ' The Quicksands of Pactolus * ; ' An Impending 
 Sword > ; 'The Pinch of Prosperity* ; ' Brothers.* 
 
 Vacherot, ftienne (vash-ro'). A French 
 philosopher ; bom at Langres, July 29, 1809. 
 He wrote a 'Critical History of the School of 
 Alexandria* (3 vols., 1846-51); 'Democracy* 
 (1859); ' Metaphysic and Science* (2 vols., 1858); 
 
 'Essays in Critical Philosophy* (1864); 'Re- 
 ligion* (1868); 'Science and Conscience* (1870); 
 'The External Policy of the Republic*(i88i);<The 
 New Spiritualism * (1884). D. July 28, 1897. 
 
 Vacquerie, Auguste (vak-re'). A French 
 dramatist and journalist ; bom at Villequier in 
 Seine-Inf^rieure, Nov. 19, 1819; died at Paris, 
 Feb. 19, 1895. Besides two volumes of miscel- 
 laneous poems, he wrote the comedies 'Tra- 
 galdabas' (1848), 'Man Changes Oft* (1859), 
 and 'Jean Baudry* (1863); 'Jealousy* (1888), 
 a drama in verse ; 'Crumbs of History* (1863);
 
 VAILLANT— VAMBfiRY 
 
 541 
 
 <My Early Years in Paris > (1872); < To-day and 
 To-morrow > (1875); < The Future> (1890J. 
 
 ValUant, Fran9oi8 (vi-yah'). A celebrated 
 French traveler and ornithologist; born in 
 Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana, in 1753; died near 
 Suzanne, November 1824. He passed many 
 years in France and Germany, from 1764 on, 
 studying the habits of birds. He spent 1780-84 
 in South Africa, exploring among the Kaffirs, 
 etc.; and returning to France, published the 
 interesting < Journey in the Interior of Africa > 
 (2 vols., 1790-96). He barely escaped death in 
 the Terror, 1793. He published a < Natural His- 
 tory of the Birds of Africa > (6 vols., 1796-1812), 
 and several minor works on birds. 
 
 Vald^s. Armando Palacio (val-das'). A con- 
 temporary Spanish novelist and critic, residing 
 at Oviedo, Spain. A representative of the new 
 realistic school of Spanish fiction, he is best 
 known to English readers by the powerful 
 novels <Maximina> (1888) and < Sister St. Sul- 
 pice> (1890), translated by N. H. Dole. Next 
 in importance are: <The Marquis of Pefialta* 
 (English translation 1886); < Idyl of an Invalid ' ; 
 <Jos^>; <Riverita> (of which <Maximina> is a 
 sequel); <Froth.> His critical works include: 
 
 < The Athenian Orators > ; *■ Spanish Novelists * ; 
 
 < New Journey to Parnassus.* 
 
 Valdes, Gabriel de la Concepcioii (val'des) 
 (known as Placido). A Cuban poet (colored); 
 born in Havana, 1809; died there, June 28, 1844. 
 He spent his early years in poverty, ^n 1836 
 he resided in Matanzas, and publishea many 
 poems in newspapers and reviews; some of 
 them cost him several months' imprisonment. 
 In 1844 he was falsely accused of implication 
 in a conspiracy of blacks against whites, and 
 was shot as a traitor with nineteen others. He 
 is one of the most popular of Spanish-Ameri- 
 can poets : his poems have passed through 
 numerous editions at home and abroad ; the 
 best is his prayer composed on the eve of death 
 and recited on the way to execution, translated 
 into English by Mary Webster Chapman. 
 
 Valentini, Philipp Joliann Joseph. An 
 
 American archaeologist ; born in Pennsylvania, 
 1828. His studies were confined to Mexican 
 archasology, among his works being: <The Landa 
 Alphabet : A Spanish Fabrication); <Mexican 
 Copper Tools*; <The Olmecas and the Tultecas.> 
 He died in 1899. 
 
 Valentinus (val-en-ti'nus). An Alexandrian 
 gnostic philosopher; died about 160 A. D. Of 
 the systems of gnosis his is the most profound, 
 as judged by the fragments of his works con- 
 tained in the writings of his orthodox Christian 
 adversaries, and especially in the supposititious 
 work of Origen, < The Teachings of the Philos- 
 ophers.* 
 
 Valera, Juan. A Spanish poet and novelist ; 
 bom at Cabra in the province of Cordova, Oct. 
 18, 1824. He wrote: < Poems > (1858); < Critical 
 Studies* (1864-84); <Pepita Jimenez,* a novel 
 (1874); 'The Illusions of Doctor Faustino* 
 (1876); <The Commendador Mendoza* (1877); 
 
 <Dona Luz* (1878); <New Studies* (18S4); 
 
 < Songs, Romances, and Poems * ( 1885) ; *■ Stories, 
 Dialogues, and Fantasies* (1887); <A Good 
 Reputation.* Died at Madrid, April 19, 1905. 
 
 Valerius Antias (va-le'ri-us an'ti-as). A 
 Roman annalist who lived in the first century 
 B.C. He wrote 75 books, sometimes called 
 
 < Annals,* sometimes < Histories,* beginning witL 
 the founding of the city of Rome ; they survive 
 only in fragments. 
 
 Valerius Cato, Publius. A Latin poet and 
 grammarian of the first century B. C. He 
 wrote a short epic, < Diana* or < Dictynna,* and 
 
 < Lydia,* an erotic poem. To him is ascribed 
 the authorship of two poems in hexameters, 
 both styled < Portents.* 
 
 Valerius Maximus. A Roman anecdotist 
 and rhetorician of the first century A. D. He 
 wrote nine books of < Memorable Doings and 
 Sayings* of historical characters, Roman, Gre- 
 cian, and barbarian, all still extant. 
 
 Valla, Lorenzo or Laurentius (val'la). An 
 Italian classical scholar and critic ; born about 
 1407 ; died Aug. I, 1457. Among his writings 
 are : < Elegancies of the Latin Language * 
 (1471); <0f Pleasure*; a tractate <Against the 
 Donation of Constantine,* alluding to the fabled 
 concession of the district of Rome to the popes. 
 
 Valle y Caviedes, Juan del (val'ya e ka-ve- 
 a'THas). A Peruvian satirical poet; bom at 
 Lima, 1652 ; died there, 1692. He wrote < Par- 
 nassus's Tooth,* a model of biting satire. 
 
 Vallentine, Benjamin Bennaton. A New 
 
 York journalist, dramatist, and critic ; born in 
 England in 1843. He has written the play <A 
 Southern Romance,* and published : < The Fitz- 
 noodle Papers* ; < Fitznoodle in America* ; < The 
 Lost Train.* 
 
 Valmiki (val-me'ke). Believed to be the 
 author of the < Ramayana* (ForUmes of Rama), 
 a celebrated Indian epic. 
 
 Valvasoni, Erasmo di (val-va-so'ne). An Ital 
 ian poet; born in Friuli, 15 — ; died in 1593. 
 He wrote < Angeleida,* a poem on the war 
 among the angels (1590); and <The Chase,* 
 an admired didactic poem on hunting (1591). 
 
 Vambery, Arminius or Armin or Hermann 
 
 (vam-ba're). A noted Hungarian traveler. Ori- 
 entalist, and historian, now professor at Buda- 
 Pesth ; bom at Szerdahely, March 19, 1832. He 
 lived many years in Constantinople, and trav- 
 eled largely in Asia. Among his works are : 
 <Travelsin Central Asia* (1865); 'Wanderings 
 and Adventures in Persia* (1867); < Sketches 
 of Central Asia* (1868); < History of Bokhara* 
 (1873); * Central Asia and the Russian Boundary 
 Question * ; < Islam in the Nineteenth Century * 
 (1875); < Manners in Oriental Countries* (1876); 
 
 < Primitive Civilization of the Turko-Tartar 
 People* (1879); < Origin of the Magyars* (1882); 
 <The Future Contest for India* (1886); and 
 various linguistic works, including a 'German' 
 Turkish Dictionary,* and < Etymological Dic- 
 tionary of the Turko-Tartar Languages* (1878).
 
 542 
 
 van Anderson, Mrs. Helen. [« Van Metre.»] 
 An American lecturer, and minister of Boston ; 
 born in Iowa, iSS9- She has written: <The 
 Right Knock >; < It Is Possible >; < The Story 
 of Teddy >; < Journal of a Live \\oman.> 
 
 Vanbrugh, Sir John (van-bro'). An English 
 dramatist; born about 1663-4; died at London, 
 March 26, 1726. Among his dramatic compo- 
 sitions are: <The Relapse > (1697); <^sop> 
 (i6Q7J-<The Provoked Wife> (1697); <TheFalse 
 Friend> (1702); <The Confederacy) (1705); <A 
 Journey to London,> left unfinished at his death, 
 but completed by CoUey Gibber (1728). 
 
 Van Buren, Martin. An American states- 
 man ; eighth President of the United States; 
 born'at Kinderhook, N. Y., Dec. 5. 1782; died 
 there, July 24, 1862. He wrote <An Inquiry 
 into the Origin and Course of Political Parties 
 in the United States' (1867), and many State 
 papers. 
 
 Vancouver, George. A British navigator; 
 born about 1758 ; died at London, May 10, 1798. 
 He wrote : <A Voyage of Discovery to the North 
 Pacific Ocean and Round the World > (1798)- 
 
 Vandegrift, Margaret. See Janvier. 
 
 Vandenboff, George. An actor, elocutionist, 
 and writer ; born in England, Feb. 18, 1820. He 
 came to America in 1842 ; and after success on 
 the stage became famous as a teacher of elo- 
 cution. He was the author of : < The Art of 
 Elocution' (1846); < Dramatic Reminiscences' 
 (1S59); 'Leaves from an Actor's Note-Book' 
 (1862); < Clerical Assistant' (1862); < Rules for 
 Reading Aloud' {1862). 
 
 Van Deusen, Mrs. Mary (Westbrook). An 
 American novelist and verse-writer, living at 
 Rondout, N. Y. ; born in New York, 1829. She 
 has published: < Rachel Dumont'; < Gertrude 
 Willoughby ' ; < Colonial Dames of America'; 
 and a volume of verse, < Voices of my Heart' 
 
 Van Dyke, Henry. An American Presby- 
 terian clergyman, pastor of Brick Church, New 
 York city; born in Pennsylvania, 1852. Among 
 his numerous works are : < The Story of the 
 Psalms ' ; < The Poetry of Tennyson ' ; < The 
 Christ Child in Art'; < Little Rivers'; < The 
 Builders, and Other Poems.' 
 
 Van Dyke, John Charles. An American 
 art critic, scholar, and author; born in New 
 Brunswick, N. J., April 21, 1856. He studied 
 art abroad (1883-88), and has written : < Books, 
 and How to Use Them' (1883); < Principles of 
 Art' (1887); <Howto Judge a Picture' (1888); 
 
 < Art for Art's Sake ' ; < History of Painting ' ; < Old 
 Dutch and Flemish Masters ' ; < The Open Door.' 
 
 Van Dyke, Theodore Strong. An American 
 lawyer and writer on out-door sports; born in 
 New Jersey, 1842. He resides in Southern Cali- 
 fornia, and has written : < Rifle, Rod, and Gun, 
 in California' (i88i);<The Still Hunter' (1883); 
 
 < Game Birds at Home ' ; < Southern California, 
 t'K- Itnlv of America > (1887); 'Studies in Pictures.' 
 
 VAN ANDERSON — VARIN 
 
 Van Lennep, Henry John. An 
 
 missionary in Asia Minor; born i 
 
 American 
 Smyrna, 
 March 8, 1815 ; died in Great Barrington, Mass., 
 Jan. II, 1889. He traveled extensively through 
 the East, was familiar with many Oriental dia- 
 lects, and published : < Ten Days among Greek 
 Brigands'; 'Travels in Asia Minor' (1870); 
 'Bible Lands' (1879); 'The Oriental Album.' 
 
 Van Loon, Gerard (van Ion). A Dutch his- 
 torian and antiquary ; born in Leyden in 1683. 
 He published among other works a ' History of 
 the Netherlands from 1555 to 1716' (4 vols., 
 1723), which is considered an authoritative work. 
 
 Van Ness, Thomas. An American Unitarian 
 clergyman and author ; born in Maryland, 1859. 
 He has published : < The Coming Religion ' ; 
 'The Ideal Commonwealth'; 'My Visit to 
 Count Tolstoy'; < The Coming Age.' 
 
 Van Ness, William Peter. An American 
 jurist and author; born in Ghent, N. Y., in 1778; 
 died in New York city, Sept. 6, 1826. He 
 was the friend of Burr, took his challenge to 
 Hamilton, and was one of Burr's seconds. Un- 
 der the pen-name of " Aristides " he published : 
 'Examination of Charges against Aaron Burr' 
 (1803); with John Woodworth edited ' Laws of 
 New York' (2 vols., 1813); also wrote 'Concise 
 Narrative of Gen. Jackson's First Invasion of 
 Florida' (1826). 
 
 Van Rensselaer, Mrs. Mariana (Griswold). 
 An American author and art critic ; born in New 
 York city, Feb. 23, 1851. She has contributed 
 largely to current periodicals on art and archi- 
 tecture, and published the valuable books : ' Art 
 Out of Doors ' ; ' English Cathedrals ' ; ' Ameri- 
 can Etchers' (1886); ' Henry Hobson Richard- 
 son and his Works' (1888); and 'One Man 
 who was Content, and Other Stories';' Niagara.' 
 
 Van Zile, Edward Sims. An American 
 
 journalist and novelist ; born in New York, 
 1863. He has written : ' Wanted — A Sensation ' ; 
 'The Last of the Van Slacks'; 'A Magnetic 
 Man'; 'Don Miguel, and Other Stories'; 
 ' The Manhattaners ' ; and ' A Crown Prince.' 
 
 Vapereau, Louis Gustave (vap-r5'). A noted 
 French scholar and compiler ; born at Orleans, 
 April 4, 1819. He was professor of philosophy 
 at the College of Tours for ten years ; ad- 
 mitted to the bar in 1854, and about the same 
 time made editor of the famous ' Universal 
 Dictionary of Contemporaries' (1858; 6th ed. 
 1891-93). Among his other important works 
 are: 'Literary and Dramatic Year' (11 vols., 
 1859-69); 'Universal Dictionary of Literatures' 
 (1876); 'Historical Elements of French Litera- 
 ture' (2 vols., 1883-85). He was Inspector- 
 General of Public Instruction in 1877, and re- 
 ceived the Cross of the Legion of Honor in 
 1878. 
 
 Varin, Charles (var-an'). A French vaude- 
 ville writer; born at Nancy, 1793; died at Paris, 
 1869. Among his productions are : ' Borrowed 
 Wives' (1832); 'A Ball in High Life' (1836); 
 'My Sister Mirette' (1861); 'The Ill-Guarded 
 Girls' (1865); 'Madame Ajax> (1866); etc
 
 VARNHAGEN — VATTEL 
 
 543 
 
 Varnliagen, Francisco Adolpho de, Viscount 
 of Porto Seguro (varn-a'gen). A celebrated 
 Brazilian diplomatist and historian ; born at Sao 
 Joao de Ypanema (Sao Paulo), Feb. 17, 1816; 
 died at Vienna, Austria, June 29, 1878. His 
 youth was passed in Portugal; on his return 
 to Brazil in 1841, he was appointed to diplo- 
 matic positions in Lisbon, Paraguay, Peru, 
 Vienna, and other places. He is indisputably 
 the first of Brazilian historians, his works being 
 distinguished by profound research and lucid 
 style. Chief among them are : < General His- 
 tory of Brazil > (2 vols., 1854-57); < History of the 
 Struggles with the Dutch in Brazil > (2d ed. 1874); 
 < Anthology of Brazilian Poetry > (1850^53); 
 biographical studies ; monographs on Amerigo 
 Vespucci ; etc. 
 
 Varnhagen von Ense, Karl A. (varn-a'gen 
 fon en'se). A distinguished Prussian diplo- 
 matist and author, regarded as one of the best 
 of German prose- writers ; born in Diisseldorf, 
 Feb. 21, 1785 ; died in Berlin, Oct. 10, 1858. In 
 1814 he married Rahel Levin, an accomplished 
 Jewess, and became conspicuous in Berlin so- 
 ciety. His numerous works consist mainly of 
 biographical studies, — including two memorials 
 of his wife, who died in 1833),— tales, criticisms, 
 ^nd poems. Of his < Diaries' several volumes 
 have appeared. 
 
 Varro, Marcus Terentius ( var'ro). The most 
 universally learned of ancient Roman scholars ; 
 born in 116 B. C. at Reate in the Sabine 
 Territory, and hence surnamed Reatinus ; died 
 about 27 B. C. His special object of research 
 was Roman antiquity, — language, usages, laws, 
 public institutions, etc. Among his poetical 
 writings were 150 books of joco-serious < Menip- 
 pean Satires,' in prose and verse, after the style 
 of Menippus the Cynic. He wrote among 
 others, 76 books of < Logistorics,' or notes on 
 the education of children ; 41 books on < Roman 
 Antiquities'; 15 books of 'Portraits' of 700 
 notabilities, with a prose biography and a met- 
 rical eulogium of each ; 9 books of < Sciences,' 
 an encyclopaedic work ; treatises < On the Latin 
 Language,' and <On Farming.' Of all his writ- 
 ings there now remain only the treatise < On 
 Farming'; six books of the < Latin Language,' 
 in an imperfect state ; and numerous other frag- 
 ments. 
 
 Varro, Publius Terentius, surnamed Ata- 
 cinus from Atax in Narbonese Gaul, his birth- 
 place. A Roman poet ; born about 82 B. C; 
 died about 37 B. C. His works, of which but 
 small fragments remain, are : < The Sequanian 
 War,' an epic celebrating the exploits of Caesar 
 in Gaul; some < Satires,' of which Horace 
 speaks slightingly ; < The Argonauts,' an epic in 
 imitation of Apollonius Rhodius, highly praised 
 by Ovid ; a number of other imitations of Greek 
 poets, among them < Chorography,' a didactic 
 Doem on geography, and < Ephemeris,' a poem 
 on weather prognostics. 
 
 Vasari, Giorgio Cavaliere (va-sa're). An 
 Italian painter and writer ; born in Arezzo, 
 
 1512; died in 1574. He studied under Michael 
 Angelo and other masters ; he was then patron- 
 ized by the Medici family at Florence, where 
 Cardinal Farnese employed him to write the 
 lives of artists. He published these in 1550 with 
 the title of < Lives of the most Eminent Painters, 
 Sculptors, and Architects ' in two volumes, fre- 
 quently reprinted. An English translation by 
 Mrs. Jonathan Foster was published in London, 
 1850-53. 
 
 Vasconcellos, Carolina Wilhelmina Mich- 
 aelis de. A German-Portuguese litterateur, 
 wife of J. A.; born at Berlin, March 15, 1851. 
 She is a contributor to the leading literary 
 magazines and reviews of Germany and Portu- 
 gal, and has written : < Studies on the Meanings 
 of Spanish Words ' (1886); < Romance Studies' 
 (1891); 'History of Portuguese Literature' 
 (1893); 'Etymological Fragments' (1894). 
 
 Vasconcellos, Fonseca e, Joaquim Antonio 
 da (vas"k5n-serios). A Portuguese biographer 
 and historian ; born at Oporto, Feb. 10, 1849 ; 
 professor of German language and literature 
 in the Lyceum there. His principal works are : 
 <The Musicians of Portugal' (1870); 'Reform 
 in the Teaching of the Fine Arts' (3 vols., 
 1877-79); 'Albert Durer and his Influence in 
 the Peninsula' (1877); 'Francis the Hollander' 
 (1879); < Go'^siana,' 4 vols. 1877-81. 
 
 Vasey, George. An English botanist and 
 physician ; born near Scarborough, Feb. 28, 1822. 
 He is now connected with the Department of 
 Agriculture at Washington. His published 
 works include: 'The Philosophy of Laughing 
 and Smiling'; 'Descriptive Catalogue of the 
 Native Forest Trees of the United States' 
 (1876); 'The Grasses of the United States' 
 (1883); 'Descriptive Catalogue of the Grasses 
 of the United States' (1885); aftd 'Grasses 
 of the South' (1887). 
 
 Vasfi, Kefevi, Sheik (vas'fe). A contempo- 
 rary Turkish poet, critic, and litterateur of con- 
 siderable repute in his own country. Besides 
 numerous translations of philosophical maxims, 
 moral anecdotes, etc., from the Arabic and Per- 
 sian, he has written two volumes of original 
 poems, ' Djdzebaad ' and ' Feizabad,' which are 
 imbued with the Oriental mysticism. 
 
 Vasili, Compte Paul. A pseudonym of Ma- 
 dame Edmond Adam. See Lamber. 
 
 Vassar, Jobn Guy. An American philan- 
 thropist, nephew of Matthew Vassar the founder 
 of Vassar College ; born in Poughkeepsie, 
 N. Y., June 15, 1811; died there, Oct. 27, 1888. 
 He was one of the trustees of Vassar College ; 
 traveled extensively, and wrote : 'Twenty Years 
 around the World' (1861). 
 
 Vattel, Emerich (va-tel'). A celebrated 
 Swiss publicist and jurist; born at Couvet, 
 Neuchatel, April 25, 1714; died Dec. 28, 1767. 
 His great work is 'The Law of Nations; or. 
 Principles of the Law of Nature applied to the 
 Affairs of Nations and Sovereigns' (2 vols., 
 1758). He wrote also: 'Philosophical Leisure
 
 544 
 
 VAUBAN — VEITCH 
 
 Hours > (1747); < Literary, Moral, and Political 
 Miscellanies > (I757) ; < Questions of Natural 
 Right; or. Observations on Wolf's Treatise on 
 the Law of Nature> (1762). 
 
 Vauban, S^bastlen Le Prestre de (vO-bon'). 
 A great hrench military engineer; born at St. 
 Leger de Foucher Burgundy, May 15, 1633; 
 died at Paris, Marv:h 30, 1707. He published 
 nothing during his life, but since his death 
 some of his MSS. have been printed at various 
 times; among them: < Notes for Instruction in 
 the Conduct of Sieges and the Defense of 
 Places* (1740); < Marshal de Vauban's Hours of 
 Idleness* (3 vols., 1842); < Military Works* (3 
 vols., 1793); 'Attack and Siege of Strong Places.* 
 
 Vaudoncourt, Frangois Guillaume de. 
 Baron (,vo-d6n-kor'j. A French general and 
 military writer ; born at Vienna, Sept. 24, 1772 ; 
 died at Passy near Paris, May 2, 1845. His 
 works comprise : < History of the Campaigns 
 of Hannibal in Italy* (1812); histories of Na- 
 poleon's campaigns in Russia, Germany, and 
 Italy; and < Fifteen Years of Exile* (4 vols., 
 1835)- 
 
 Vaughan, Charles JohJi. An English Broad 
 Church clergyman, religious writer, and commen- 
 tator; bom at Leicester in 1816; died at Llandafi, 
 Wales, Oct. 15, 1897. He was head-master of 
 Harrow, 1844-59; Master of the Temple, 1869- 
 94; chaplain in ordinary to the Queen. Among 
 his works are: 'Memorials of Ilan-ow Sundays) 
 (1859); < Sundays in the Temple) (1S71); 
 'Heroes of Faith* (1876), lectures; 'Temple 
 Sermons* (18S1); 'University Sermons* (1888); 
 single sermons, addresses, pamphlets, etc. 
 
 Vaughan, Henry. A British poet, known as 
 " The Silurist,'* from the ancient Silures of his 
 birthplace ; born in Newton, Brecknockshire, 
 Wales, in 1622; died in April, 1695. His works 
 are : ' Olor Iscanus : Select Poems * ; ' The 
 Bleeding Heart,* sacred poems ; ' Ejaculations * ; 
 
 < The Mount of Olives ; or, Solitary Devotions * ; 
 and < Thalia Rediviva.* 
 
 Vaugban, Robert. An English clergyman, 
 editor, and historian ; born in 1795 ; died at Tor- 
 quay, June, 1868. He was a professor of his- 
 tory in London University ; president of the Lan- 
 cashire Independent College, Manchester, 1842- 
 57 ; and originator and for twenty years editor 
 of the British Quarterly Review. He published 
 several important historical works, among which 
 are: 'Life of John de Wycliffe* (2 vols., 1828); 
 'The Protectorate of Cromwell* (1838); 'His- 
 tory of England under the House of Stuart* 
 (2 vols., 1840); < The Age of Great Cities * (1842); 
 •Revolutions in English History* (1859-60). 
 
 Vauvenargues, Luc de Clapier, Marquis de 
 (vovnarg'). A French moralist; born at Aix, 
 Aug. 6, 1715; died March 9, 1747. He wrote a 
 valuable ' Introduction to a Knowledge of the 
 Human Mind* (1746); to which are appended 
 
 < Reflections > and < Maxims.* His moral philos- 
 ophy inclines toward the Stoic school. 
 
 Vazoff, Ivan fva'zof). A notable Bulgarian 
 author ; born in Sopot, 1850. Besides numerous 
 
 poems, he has written ' Under the Yoke * and 
 other widely read novels. 
 
 Veeder, Mrs. Emily Ellzabetli (Ferris). A 
 
 novelist and verse-writer of St. Louis, Mo.; 
 born in New York, 1841. She has written: 
 ' Her Brother Donnard * ; ' Entranced * ; < The 
 Unexpected * ; 'In the Garden, and Other 
 Poems.* 
 
 Vega, Lope de (Lope Felix de Vega Carpio). 
 
 A celebrated Spanish dramatist; born in Mad- 
 rid, Nov. 25, 1562; died Aug. 21, 1635. He is 
 credited with 1,500 comedies, of which over 
 500 are extant and 340 well known ; ' King 
 and Peasant* is most frequently acted. He 
 also wrote two narrative poems, 'Angelica * 
 and ' Jerusalem Conquered * ; five mythological 
 poems, < Circe,* 'Andromeda,* ' Philomela,' 
 < Orpheus,* and ' Proserpine * ; three historical 
 poems, ' San Isidro,* ' The Dragon,* and ' The 
 Maid of Almudena*; and a comic-heroic poem, 
 *Gatomachy* (War of Cats); besides sonnets, 
 and several novels, including 'Journey through 
 my Country.* 
 
 Vega de la Ventura (va'ga da la van-to'ra). 
 An Argentine poet ; born in Buenos Ayres, 
 July 14, 1807 ; died in Madrid, Spain, in 1865. 
 After political imprisonment he held places 
 in the Spanish government; was secretary tc^ 
 Queen Maria Christina, and in 1856 was ap- 
 pointed director of the Royal Conservatory. 
 He wrote: 'The Song of Songs* (Madrid, 
 1826); 'An Epithalamic Cantata * (1827); 'Agi- 
 tation,* an ode (1834); 'The l8th of June* 
 (1837); 'The Defense of Seville,* an ode (1838); 
 'The Man of the World,* a comedy (1840); 
 and the tragedies 'The Death of Caesar* 
 (1842); 'Don Fernando de Antequera* (1845). 
 He is considered one of the best modern 
 Spanish poets. 
 
 Vegetius Renatus, Flavius (ve-je'te-us re- 
 na'tus). A Latin writer on the art of war, 
 fourth and fifth centuries. He compiled in 
 four books an < Epitome of the Military Art.* 
 There is an ancient treatise, < On the Veteri- 
 nary Art,* credited to him. 
 
 Vehse, Karl Eduard (va'ze). A German 
 historian ; born at Freiburg, Saxony, Dec. 18, 
 1802 ; died at Striesen near Dresden, June 18, 
 1870. He was archivist in Dresden, 1825; 
 later settled in Berlin ; but was imprisoned 
 and banished for his < History of the German 
 Courts since the Reformation* (48 vols., 185 1- 
 58). Besides this monumental work, he wrote : 
 'History of the Emperor Otho the Great* 
 (1828); 'Tables of Universal History* (1834); 
 'Course of Universal History* (1842); and 
 ' Shakespeare as Protestant, Politician, Psy- 
 chologist, and Poet* (2 vols., 1851). 
 
 Veitch, Jolin. A Scottish poet, litterateur, 
 and philosophical writer ; born in Peebles, 1829 ; 
 died there, Sept. 3, 1894. A memoir of his 
 friend Sir William Hamilton first brought Lim 
 into notice ; but he will be best remembered 
 for his poetical and literary works : < Hillside 
 Rhymes * ( 1872) ; ' The Tweed and Other Poems >
 
 VELEZ-HERRERA — VERNE 
 
 545 
 
 (1875); 'The History and Poetry of the Scottish 
 Border* (1878; new ed. 1893J, a monumental 
 work ; < Merlin, and Other Poems > ; < The The- 
 ism of Wordsworth > ; < The Feeling for Nature 
 in Scottish Poetry,' a delightful book. 
 
 Velez-Herrera, Bam6n (va'leth-a-ra'ra). A 
 Cuban author; born in Havana in 1808; died 
 there in 1887. He abandoned law for literature. 
 The first collection of his poems was published 
 at Havana in 1833, a second in 1837, and a 
 third in 1838. He also published: < Elvira de 
 Oquendo > ; < The Two Bridegrooms,' a comedy 
 (1848); <Autumn Flowers,' a collection of poems 
 (1849); < Cuban Romances' (1856); < Napoleon 
 in Berlin,' a tragedy (i860); and < Flowers of 
 Winter,' poems (1882). 
 
 Velleius Paterculus (vel-e'yus pa-ter'kii- 
 lus). A Latin historian of the first century. 
 He wrote a < History of R'ome,' a synopsis of 
 Roman history from the fabled migration of 
 ^neas to 30 A. D. The latter half of the 
 work is not without value for the early empire. 
 
 Venable, William Henry. An American 
 author ; born in Warren County, Ohio, April 29, 
 1836. He began to teach at 17, and taught 
 until 1886, afterward devoting himself to liter- 
 ature and lecturing. He has published: <June 
 on the Miami, and Other Poems' (1871); <A 
 History of the United States' (1872); <The 
 School Stage,' a collection of juvenile acting 
 plays (1873); < Melodies of the Heart, and Other 
 Poems' (1884); < Footprints of the Pioneers in 
 the Ohio Valley' (1888); < Biography of William 
 D. Gallagher' (1888); several pamphlets, ad- 
 dresses, etc. He edited < The Dramatic Actor,' 
 a collection of plays (1874); and < Dramatic 
 .Scenes from the Best Authors' ; 'Sago of the Oak.' 
 
 Venables. Edmund. An English clergyman 
 and archaeologist ; born in London, July 5, 1819 ; 
 died in Lincoln, March 5, 1S95. He was canon 
 1)1 Lincoln Cathedral from 1S67, and wrote much 
 on architecture and archeology, among his works 
 being : < Walks through the Streets of Lincoln,' 
 widely popular; < History of the Isle of Wight' 
 liSfao); <The Church of England: Its Plant- 
 ing, Settlement, Reformation, Renewed Life ' 
 (1886); <Bunyan' (1888). 
 
 Venedey, Jakob (ven'e-di). A German mis- 
 cellaneous writer; bom at Cologne, May 24, 
 1805; died at Badenweiler, Feb. 8, 1871. He 
 wrote : < Days of Travel and Rest in Normandy ' 
 (1838); < France, Germany, and the Holy Al- 
 liance' (1842); < Germans and Frenchmen ac- 
 cording to their Languages and their Proverbs ' 
 (1842); <John Hampden' (1843); < Ireland' 
 (1844); 'History of the German People' (4 
 vols., 1854-62); < Machiavelli, Montesquieu, and 
 Rousseau' (2 vols., 1850); 'Frederick the Great 
 and Voltaire' (1859); 'Biographies' of Wash- 
 ington (1862), Franklin (1863), Stein (1868); 
 'The German Republicans under the French 
 Republic' (1870). 
 
 Vennor, Henry George. A Canadian mete- 
 orologist and writer; born in Montreal, Dec. 
 30, 1840; died there, July 8, 1884. He was 
 
 35 
 
 attached to the Geological Survey office till 
 1881. He published ' Vennor's Almanac' from 
 1876, which attained a large circulation; and 
 wrote 'Our Birds of Prey' (1875) and many 
 reports for the Geological Survey and the Ca- 
 nadian Naturalist. 
 
 Ventlgnano, Cesare Delia Valle, Duke of 
 
 (ven-ten-ya' no). An Italian poet and miscel- 
 laneous writer ; born in Naples, 1777 ; died 
 about i860. Among his works are the trage- 
 dies 'The Siege of Corinth' and 'Medea'; an 
 < Essay on the Education of the Aristocracy 
 and the Laboring Classes ' ; and a ' Philo- 
 sophic View of the History of the Human 
 Race' (1853). 
 
 Verdy du Vernois, Julius von (var-de'da 
 var-nwa'). A Prussian soldier; born at Frei* 
 stadt in Silesia, July 19, 1832. He was made 
 general of infantry in 1888, and in 1889 Prus- 
 sian minister of war. He wrote : ' The Second 
 Army in the Campaign of 1866'; 'Studies in 
 the History of War' (1876); 'Contribution to 
 the Game of War' (1876); 'Studies on War' 
 (1891-92); 'Personal Reminiscences of the War 
 of 1870-71' (1895). His tragedy 'Alaric' was 
 played at Strasburg in 1894. 
 
 Vere, Aubrey Thomas de. See De Vere. 
 
 Verena, Sophie (ve-ra'na). Pseudonym of 
 Sophie Alberti, a German miscellaneous writer ; 
 born in Potsdam, Aug. 5, 1826; died there, 
 Aug. 15, 1892. She wrote the popular novel 
 'A Son of the South' (1859), and a collection 
 of tales entitled 'Old and New' (1879). 
 
 Verga, Giovanni (var'ga). A celebrated 
 Italian poet and novelist; bom in Sicily, 1840. 
 His works include: 'Story of a Cricket' 
 (1872); 'Eva' (1873); 'Stories' (1874); 'Nedda> 
 (1874); 'Eros' (1875); 'Royal Tiger' (1876); 
 ' Helen's Husband' (1877); 'Life in the Fields* 
 (1880); 'I Malavoglia' (1881), translated as 
 'The House under the Medlar Tree'; 'Rustic 
 Tales' (1883); 'Rustic Chivalry' (1884), from 
 which the libretto of Mascagni's famous opera 
 'Cavalleria Rusticana' was derived; 'The 
 How, the When, and the Wherefore ' ; etc 
 
 Verlaine, Paul (var-lan'). A French poet 
 and story-writer ; bom at Metz, March 30, 
 1844; died at Paris, Jan. 8, 1896. He led a 
 life of vagabondage, vibrating between prison 
 and hospital. He wrote: 'Saturnine Poems' 
 ( 1866) ; < Gay Festivals ' ( 1869) ; 'Accursed Poets > 
 (1884); 'Of Old and of Late' (1885). Among 
 his stories are: 'Louise Leclercq ' (1886); 
 ' Memoirs of a Widower' (1887); 'Stories With- 
 out Words' (1887); 'Love' (1888); 'Dedica- 
 tions' (1890); 'Good Luck' (1891); 'My Hos- 
 pitals' (1891). 
 
 Verne, Jules (varn). A French writer; bom 
 in Nantes, Feb. 8, 1828. He has written a 
 comedy in verse entitled 'The Falling-Out' 
 followed by ' Eleven Days at Li&ge,' and ' The 
 Uncle from America,' and several comic operas ; 
 but his fame rests chiefly on his more than 
 sixty romances of science and adventure, many of
 
 VERPL ANCK - VICTOR 
 
 them translated into many other languages even 
 Japanese and Arabic. The first was « Five \\ eeks 
 in a Balloon' (1863). Among the others are: 
 
 < A Journev to the Centre of the Earth > (iS/2), 
 •Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea 
 (,871); <Meridiana>; < Around the \\ord in 
 Eightv Days> (1874); < The Mysterious Island > 
 (,S7S): 'Michael Strogo{f> (1S76) ; < The Pur- 
 chase of the North role.> Died, March, 1905. 
 
 Verplanck, Gullan C. An American scholar 
 and writer; boni in New York in 1786; died 
 March 1S70. He published anonymously in 
 isig a brilliant satirical work, entitled <The 
 State Triumvirate.> In 1825 he was elected to 
 Congress, and published, 1827-30, conjointly 
 with William Cullen Bryant and Robert C. 
 Sands, a miscellany entitled The Talisman. 
 Among his other works are his address before 
 the New York Historical Society entitled <The 
 Early European Friends of America > (1818); 
 'Essays on the Nature and Uses of the Evi- 
 dences of Revealed Religion> (1824); and 'Dis- 
 courses and Addresses on Subjects of American 
 History, Art, and Literature > (1833). In 1846 
 he brought out his edition of Shakespeare, 
 with notes, esteemed one of the best that had 
 ever appeared. 
 
 Vertot d'Auboeuf, Rene Aubert de (var-tS' 
 do-bef). A French priest and historian; born 
 at Chateau Benetot (Eure), Nov. 25, 1655; died 
 in Paris, June 15, 1735. He was historiographer 
 of the Order of Malta. He published a < His- 
 tory of the Revolutions of PortugaP (1689); 
 'History of the Revolutions of Sweden' (1696); 
 
 < History of the Revolutions of the Roman Re- 
 public' (1719); ' History of the Order of Malta > 
 (1726); all more dramatic and fluent than re- 
 liable. 
 
 Very, Jones. An American poet; bom in 
 Salem, Mass., in 1813 ; died May 8, 1880. He 
 published some essays and poems in 1839, and 
 was a contributor to the Christian Register, a 
 monthly religious magazine, and other jour- 
 nals. A complete edition of his essays and 
 poems, with a biographical note of the author, 
 was published by James Freeman Clarke, Bos- 
 ton, 1886. 
 
 Very, Lydia Louisa Anna. An American 
 poet, sisterof Jones Very ; born at Salem, Mass., 
 Nov. 2, 1823; died there, Sept. 10, 1901. She 
 wrote many poems, and her writings appeared 
 in book form under the title ' Prose and 
 Verse.' 
 
 VesaliUB, Andreas (ve-sa'le-us). A cele- 
 brated physician, founder of the modern sci- 
 ence of anatomy ; born at Brussels, Dec. 31, 
 1514; lost at sea in shipwreck off the isle of 
 Zante, on the return from a pilgrimage im- 
 posed by the Inquisition in lieu of death, Oct. 
 15, 1564. His great work 'Of the Structure of 
 the Human Body,' in seven books, illustrated 
 with magnificent plates by Calcar, a pupil of 
 Titian, was published at Basle (3d ed. 1568). 
 (Complete works, edited by Boerhaave and 
 Albinus, 2 vols., 1727.) 
 
 Vespucci, Amerigo, Latinized AmerlcuB 
 Vespucius (ves-po'che). The celebrated Ital- 
 ian navigator, epon)Tnus of the New World; 
 born at Florence, March 9, 1451 ; died at Se- 
 ville, Feb. 22, 1512. His < Letters > (1502), giving 
 an account of his voyages, especially of the voy- 
 age of 1501, were translated into Latin, Italian, 
 French, and German, and were widely circu- 
 lated. He wrote a diary called 'The Four 
 Journals,' after his fourth voyage. The sugges- 
 tion to name the newly discovered continent 
 "America" was first offered by Martin Wald- 
 seemiiller of St. D\6 in Lorraine, in his work 
 'Introduction to Cosmography' (1507). 
 
 Veuillot, Louis (ve-yo'). An eminent 
 French journalist; born in Boynes (Loiret), 
 1813; died in Paris, April 7, 1883. His works 
 include: 'Pilgrimages in Switzerland' (1839); 
 'Rome and Loretto' (1841); 'The Virtuous 
 Woman' (1844); 'The French in Algeria' 
 (1845); < Free-Thinkers > (1848); 'Vindex the 
 Slave' (1849); 'The Day after the Victory' 
 (1850); 'The Droit du Seigneur in the Middle 
 Ages' (1854); 'The Perfume of Rome' (1861); 
 'The Odors of Paris' (1866); 'Paris during the 
 Two Sieges' (1871); < Moli&re and Bourdaloue» 
 (1877); 'Poetic Works' (1878); etc. 
 
 Viardot, Louis (vyar-do'). A French his, 
 torian and art critic; born at Dijon, July 31, 
 1800; died at Paris, May 5, 1883. He wrote; 
 ' History of the Arabs and Moors of Spain ' 
 (2 vols., 1851); 'The Traditional Rise of Mod- 
 ern Painting in Italy' (1840); 'The Museums 
 of France' (1855); 'Spain and the Fine Arts' 
 (1866); 'Wonders of Painting' (2 vols., 1868- 
 69). 
 
 Viaud, Louis Marie Julien. See Loti. 
 
 Viaud, Tbeopliile de (ve-5'). A French sa- 
 tirical poet; born in 1590; died in 1626. He 
 wrote elegies, tragedies, etc. In 1623 he was 
 accused of atheism and condemned to death, 
 but escaped, and the sentence was afterward 
 annulled. 
 
 Vicente, GiL See Gil Vicente. 
 
 Victor, Mrs. Frances Auretta (Fuller) 
 (Barrett). An American poet and author, 
 sister of Metta V., with whom she published 
 an early volume of poems. She wrote ' The 
 River of the West' (1865); 'Life and Ad- 
 ventures in the Rocky Mountains and Oregon > 
 (1870); 'The New Penelope and Other Stories.' 
 She has also contributed chapters on the his- 
 tory of Oregon for H. H. Bancroft's 'Pacific 
 Coast Histories.' 
 
 Victor, Mrs. Metta Victoria (Fuller). An 
 
 American poet, novelist, and sketch-writer, wife 
 of O. J. ; born near Erie, Pa., March 2, 1831 ; 
 died in Hoboken, N. J., June 26, 1886. She 
 published a story, ' The Silver Lute,' at 13; with 
 her sister Frances, ' Poems of Sentiment and 
 Imagination' (1851); alone but anonymously, 
 'Fresh Leaves from W^estern Woods' (1853); 
 < The Senator's Son : A Plea for the Maine Law^ 
 ( 1853), which had a great circulation in England
 
 VICTOR — VILLA VERDE 
 
 547 
 
 and America ; and < Two Mormon Wives : A Life 
 Story > (1856). She edited the Home Monthly 
 Magazine in 1856. She wrote many dime novels. 
 The comic sketches < Miss Slimmens's Window* 
 and < Miss Slimmens's Boarding House > (1859), 
 and the story <Too True,' were reprinted from 
 periodicals. She wrote also the novels < Figure 
 Eight > and <The Dead Letter >; < Passing the 
 PortaP (1877); <The Bad Boy's Diary> (1880); 
 <The Rasher Family > (1884); <The Naughty 
 Girl's Diary > (1884); < Blunders of a Bashful 
 Man> (1885). 
 
 Victor, Orville James. An American jour- 
 nalist, editor, and author; born in Sandusky, 
 O., Oct. 23, 1827. He edited the Art Journal ; 
 the United States Journal ; the < Dime Bio- 
 graphical Library,' for which he wrote many 
 books; Beadle's Magazine (1866-67): and pub- 
 lished < History of the Southern Rebellion' (4 
 vols., 1862-65); * Incidents and Anecdotes of 
 the War' (1863); and < History of American 
 Conspiracies' (1864); < Biographies.' 
 
 Victoria, full name Alexandrina Victoria. 
 Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, and Em- 
 press of India; born in London, May 24, 1819, 
 the only child of the Duke of Kent, fourth son 
 of George III. She succeeded to the throne 
 June 20, 1837, on the death of her uncle, William 
 IV., third son of George III., and was crowned 
 June 28, 1838; married Albert, prince of Saxe- 
 Coburg-Gotha (who died Dec. 14, 1861), Feb. 
 10, 1840. She is author in part of < Leaves 
 from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands ' 
 (1868), and < More Leaves from the Journal of 
 a Life in the Highlands' (1884). She super- 
 vised the preparation of lives of the Prince Con- 
 sort. She died at Osborne House, Jan. 22, 1901. 
 
 Vicufla-Mackenna, Benjamin (ve-kon'ya). 
 \ Chilian historian ; born in Santiago in 1831 ; 
 \lied in Santa Rosa del Colmo, Jan. 25, 1886. 
 He was concerned in many revolutions, trav- 
 eled extensively, and held many political posi- 
 tions. In 1870 he acted as war correspondent 
 during the Franco-German war ; later as corre- 
 spondent of the Mercurio in Berlin and Paris. At 
 the opening of the war with Peru he became 
 editor of El Nuevo Ferrocarril ; and after the 
 conclusion of the war, his description of it be- 
 came well known for its impartiality. He wrote : 
 <The Siege of Chilian in 1813' (1849); < History 
 of Santiago' (2 vols., 1868); < Francisco Moydn ; 
 or. What the Inquisition in America Meant' 
 (1868); several books on the mineral riches of 
 Chili (1883); < Album of the Glory of Chili' 
 (1883); < Dolores' (1883); < The Isles of Juan 
 Fernandez' (1884); <At a Gallop' (1885); <The 
 War in Spain' (1887); and many others. 
 
 Vida, Marco Girolamo (ve'da). A modern 
 Latin poet ; born at Cremona, about 1489 ; 
 died at Alba, Sept. 27, 1566. In his early 
 manhood he won a European reputation with 
 his two didactic poems in Latin, <The Game 
 of Chess ' and < The Silkworm.' Among his 
 other poems are : < On the Art of Poetry '(1527); 
 'The Christiad' an epic (1535). He also 
 
 wrote a dialogue ^ On the Republic,' in which 
 the interlocutors are Vida and several cardi- 
 nals whose society he enjoyed at the Council 
 of Trent. 
 
 Viehoff, Heinrich (ve'hof). A German his- 
 torian of literature ; born at Biittgen near 
 Neuss, April 28, 1804; died at Treves, 1886. 
 He wrote : < Introduction to the Art of Poetry ' 
 (i860); < Goethe's Poems: with Notes' (2 vols., 
 3d ed. 1874); < Manual of German National 
 Literature' (3 vols., i6th ed. 1881); <Life and 
 Works of Goethe' (2 vols., 5th ed. 1887); 
 < Schiller's Poems: with Notes' (3 vols., 6th ed. 
 1887); <Life of Schiller' (3 vols., 2d ed. 1888); 
 
 < Odysseus and Nausicaa,' a tragedy in five acts, 
 an amplification of Goethe's play. He made 
 many metrical translations of all of Racine's 
 plays, three of MoliSre's, eleven of Shakes- 
 peare's, all the plays of Sophocles, Scott's 
 
 < Lady of the Lake,' Longfellow's < Evangeline,' 
 and Ausonius's <The Moselle.' 
 
 Vigny, Alfred Victor, Comoe de (ven-ye'). 
 A French writer, member of the Academy ; 
 born in Loches, March 27, 1799; died in Paris, 
 Sept. 18, 1863. He left military service for 
 literature ; and his romance < Cinq-Mars' (1826) 
 went through several editions. He also wrote 
 several plays; his translation of < Othello' was 
 acted in 1829, and his < Chatterton ' was a com- 
 plete triumph. In 1843 he published several 
 poems in the Revue des Deux Mondes. His 
 
 < Consultations of Dr. Noir ' appeared in 1856. 
 
 Villani, Giovanni (ve-la'ne). An Italian his- 
 torian ; born at Florence about 1275 ; died there 
 of the plague, 1348. He began a history of 
 his native city, but had only brought it down 
 to 1346 at his death. It was continued, first 
 by his brother Matteo (died 1363, also of the 
 plague), and by Matteo's son Filippo, who 
 lived into the early 15th century. 
 
 Villari, Pasquale (ve-la're). An Italian his- 
 torian; bom at Naples, 1827. His principal 
 works are : < History of Girolamo Savonarola 
 and his Times' (2 vols., 1859-61; new and 
 much improved ed. 1887-88); < Niccolo Machi- 
 avelli and his Times' (3 vols., 1877-82; new 
 ed. 3 vols., 1895); < Ancient Legends and Tradi- 
 tions Illustrating the Divine Comedy' (1865); 
 
 < Essays Critical, Historical, and Literary' 
 (1868); < Teaching History' (1869); < The School 
 and the Social Question in Italy' (1872); 'A 
 Treatise on the Social Question in Italy ' ( 1902). 
 
 Villaverde, Cirilo (vel-ya-var'da). A Cuban 
 author; born in San Diego de NuKez in 1812. 
 He graduated in law at Havana, but devoted 
 himself to literature and teaching. He was 
 condemned to death for political action in 
 1849, but escaped to the United States, and 
 contributed to literary periodicals. He pub- 
 lished : < El Espetori de Oro ' ; < Los Dos Amo- 
 res' (1837); (El Guajiro' (1840); <La Pimeta 
 Calada'; <La Tejedora de Sombreros' (1840- 
 45); and <Cecilia Vald^s' (1881), his master- 
 piece, a genuine Cuban novel, highly praised 
 Ijy the most competent critics of Spain and 
 Spanish- America.
 
 548 
 
 VILLEGAS — VINCENT OF LERINS 
 
 Vlllegaa. Estevan Manuel de (vel-ya'gas). A 
 celebrated Spanish lyric poet; bom in Old Cas- 
 tile in 1596; died in 1069. He published a col- 
 lection of poems entitled <Amatorias> (1620); 
 he also translated Horace and Anacreon into 
 Spanish verse, and made a prose translation of 
 bocthius. 
 
 VUlehardouln, Geoffrey de (vel-ar-dwari')- 
 A Trench diplomatist and historian; born at 
 Arcis-sur-Aube about 1165; died about 1213. 
 He participated in the Fourth Crusade and 
 the sack of Constantinople, and wrote a most 
 valuable account of it, entitled < The History of 
 the Capture of Constantinople by the French 
 and Venetians.' It is supposed to be the oldest 
 prose history in the French language. 
 
 Vlllemaln, Abel Fran50i8 (vel-mari'). A 
 Frcuh V, Titer; born in Paris, June II, I790;died 
 th.re. May 8. 1870. He filled the chair of 
 rhetoric at the Lyc^e Charlemagne, 1810-16, and 
 of French eloquence at the Sorbonne, 1816-26. 
 With Cousin and Guizot he formed the famous 
 trio known as " the three professors." He won 
 the prize offered by the Academy in 1812 with 
 his essay < Eulogy of Montaigne > ; again in 
 1814 with 'Advantages and Drawbacks of Criti- 
 cism'; and in 1816 with 'Eulogy of Montes- 
 quieu.' The French Academy elected him a 
 member in 1821. His three greatest works are : 
 < Course of French Literature : A View ' f the 
 i8th Century'; <A View of Christian Eloquence 
 in the 4th Century'; < History of Gregory VII.,' 
 a posthumous publication (1873). 
 
 Villemarqu6, Theodore Hersart, Vicomte 
 de la (vel-mar-ka'). A French philologist and 
 antiquarian ; born at Quimpert6, June 17, 1819. 
 He is author of < Barzaz-Breiz : Popular Songs 
 of Brittany' (1840); < Popular Tales of the 
 Ancient Bretons' ( 1856) ;< Celtic Legends of 
 Ireland. Wales, and Brittany' (1859) < Stories 
 of the Round Table ' ; < Breton Poems of the 
 Middle Ages' (1879). 
 
 Villena, Enrique de Aragon, commonly 
 styled Marques de (vel-ya'na). A Spanish 
 scholar and poet; born 1384; died at Madrid, 
 Dec. 15, 1434. He wrote: <The Troubadour's 
 Art'; <The Art of Carving'; <The Labors of 
 Hercules' (1483); < Treatise on Consolation'; 
 <Fascinology> (on the evil eye); <0n Leprosy.' 
 He also translated the ^neid and the < Divine 
 Comedy.' 
 
 Villers, Charles Fran90is Dominique de 
 (ve-la'). A French writer of history ; born at 
 Boulay in Lorraine, Nov. 4, 1765; left France 
 at the Revolution, settled in Germany and 
 died at Gottingen, Feb. 26, 1815. He wrote: 
 'Kant's Philosophy; or. Fundamental Princi- 
 ples of Transcendental Philosophy' (2 vols., 
 1802); <An Essay on the Spirit and Influence 
 of Luther's Reformation' (1804); < General 
 View of the Universities' (x8o8). 
 
 Villon, Fran90l8 (vel-lon'), true name prob- 
 ably Fran90l8 Montcorbier. A noted French 
 poet; born 1431 ; died about 146- (?). He 
 wrote: <The Greater Testament' (1456), and 
 
 the 'Smaller Testament: Its Codicil' (1461) 
 both in eight-line stanzas, with ballads and 
 rondeaus interposed ; a volume of < Ballades ' ; 
 and a collection of poems in a jargon to-day 
 unintelligible, 'Jargon.' 
 
 Vilmar, August Friedrich Christian (vel- 
 mar'). A German theological writer and his- 
 torian of literature ; born at Solz in Lower 
 Hesse ; died at Marburg, July 30, 1868. He 
 was professor of Lutheran theology at Marburg, 
 and a resolute opponent of rationalism in 
 theology. He wrote : < The Theology of Facts 
 versus the Theology of Rhetoric' (1856); 'His- 
 tory of German Civilization in Most Recent 
 Times' (3 vols., 1858-67); <A Little Handbook 
 for the Friends of the German Folk-Song' 
 (1867); 'Exposition of the Augsburg Confes- 
 sion' (1870); 'Moral Theology' (1871); 'Dog- 
 matic Theology' (1874); 'History of German 
 National Literature' (1845; 24th ed. 1894). 
 
 Vincent, Arvede (van-san') [Varine]. A 
 French miscellaneous writer ; born at Paris, 
 Nov. 17, 1840. She wrote : ' Essays and Fan- 
 tasies ' (1887); 'Princesses and Great Ladies: 
 Maria Mancini, Christina of Sweden, the 
 Duchess of Maine,' etc. (1890); 'Bernardin de 
 St. Pierre' (1891); <A. de Musset' (1893). 
 
 Vincent of Beauvais, Latinized Vincentius 
 Bellovacensis. A great mediaeval encyclo- 
 pedist; bom about 1190; died about 1264. He 
 was a Dominican friar. His voluminous works 
 cover the whole field of mediseval science. 
 The chief is 'The Greater Mirror' (Speculum 
 Majus), a vast encyclopaedia of fables, science, 
 literature, etc., in three huge volumes of 80 
 books and 9,885 chapters ; it comprises Natural, 
 Doctrinal, Historical ; another part. Moral, is 
 by another hand. Part i. (ed. 1473-76) con- 
 tains 848 folio pages, and treats of the whole 
 visible world, and even of the Creator, angels, 
 etc.; part ii.. Doctrinal, is a summary of the 
 scholastic philosophy, liberal and useful arts, 
 government, grammar, arithmetic, theology, etc. 
 The third part gives the Bible account of crea- 
 tion, the world's secular history down to Con- 
 stantine, and histories of the German, Frank, 
 English, and other nations. 
 
 Vincent of Lerins, or Vincentius Lerinensls. 
 
 An ecclesiastical writer of the first half of the 
 fifth century ; he was a native of Gaul and a 
 monk of the monastery of Lerinum, an island 
 (now St. Honorat) opposite Cannes. He is au- 
 thor of a ' Warning against the Profane Novel- 
 ties of all Heretics.' In that work is for the first 
 time laid down formally the test of Catholicity 
 of doctrine, which is that the Catholic doctrine 
 is "what every^vhere, what always, what by 
 all hath been believed" (quod ubique, quod 
 semper, and quod ab omnibus creditum est). 
 He is by some critics believed to be also the 
 author of a treatise favoring the heretical opin- 
 ions of the Semipelagians, which is the subject 
 of Prosper the Aquitanian's ' Replies, on behalf 
 of Augustine's Teaching, to the Heads of the 
 Vincentian Objections.'
 
 VI iVCENT — VIRGIL 
 
 549 
 
 Vincent, Frank. An American traveler and 
 writer; born in Brooklyn, N. Y., April 2, 1848. 
 Yale, his alma mater, gave him an A. M. in 
 1875. He is a member of many geographical, 
 ethnological, and archaeological societies, and 
 has received decorations from the kings of 
 Burmah, Cambodia, and Siam. He has pub- 
 lished <The Land of the White Elephant* 
 (1874); < Through and Through the Tropics > 
 (1876); <Two Months in Burmah > (1877); < The 
 Wonderful Ruins of Cambodia > (1878); < Norsk, 
 Lapp, Finn> (1881); <Around and About South 
 America > (1888); and < The Republics of South 
 America > (1889); < Actual Africa* (1895). 
 
 Vincent, Jobn Heyl. An American cler- 
 gyman, bishop of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church ; and founder of the Chautauqua Assem- 
 bly. He was born Feb. 23, 1832, at Tuscaloosa, 
 Ala. ; educated at the Wesleyan Institute, and 
 began to preach at 18. He was pastor at Ga- 
 lena, 111., and Chicago, and in 1865 established 
 the Sunday School Quarterly, and in 1866 the 
 Sunday School Teacher, which contained the 
 lesson system since become international. He 
 was general secretary of the Methodist Sunday 
 School Union, and also of the Tract Society. 
 In 1874, with the Hon. Lewis Miller of Akron, 
 O., he established the Chautauqua Assembly, 
 and has been superintendent of instruction and 
 chancellor up to the present time. In 1888 he 
 became bishop, with residence at Topeka, Kan. 
 Among his published works are : < Little Foot- 
 prints in Bible Lands > (1861); <The Chautau- 
 qua Movement* (1886); <The Home Book* 
 (1886); <The Modem Sunday School* (1887); 
 < Better Not*; a series of Chautauqua text- 
 books (1887); <The Church at-Home.* 
 
 Vincent, Marvin Richardson. An American 
 clergyman ; born in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., Sep- 
 tember, 1834. With Charlton T. Lewis, he trans- 
 lated Johann Albrecht Bengel's < Gnomon of 
 the New Testament* (2 vols., 1860-62). He 
 has since published, besides tracts, sermons, 
 and review articles, <Amusement a Force in 
 Christian Training* (1867); <The Two Prodi- 
 gals* (1876); < Gates into the Psalm Country,* 
 a series of descriptions (1878); < Stranger and 
 Guest*; (1879); < Faith and Character* (i88oj; 
 <The Minister's Handbook* (1882); < Christ as 
 a Teacher * (1886) ; and < Word Studies in the New 
 Testament* (3 vols.,); < The Inferno of Dante.* 
 
 Vinci, Leonardo da (vinche'). A great Ital- 
 ian painter, one of the greatest artists of the 
 world ; born at the castle of Vinci in Tuscany, 
 1452 ; died in France, May 2, 1519, at the court 
 of Francis I. He lived at Florence ; but, 
 brought by an invitation from Ludovico il 
 Moro about 1489 to settle in Milan, he there 
 painted his famous < Last Supper.* His por- 
 trait, painted by himself, is in the Royal 
 Library, Turin. A < Treatise on Painting* ; and 
 his various works on the art of perspective 
 and on the laws of architecture and mathe- 
 matics are well known. A series of over two 
 hundred drawings of his now belonging to the 
 
 Royal Academy in London, illustrates in detail 
 the anatomy of the human body. 
 
 Vincke, Karl Frledrlch Gisbert, Freiherr 
 von (vink'e). A German story- writer and poet ; 
 born at Hagen, Sept. 6, 1813; died at Freiburg, 
 Baden, Feb. 6, 1892. He wrote < Legends and 
 Pictures of Westphalia* (1856); < Poems* (i860); 
 < Comedies* (2 vols., 1869 and 1881); <A Little 
 List of Sins* (4th ed. 1889); and adapted some 
 of Shakespeare's plays. 
 
 Vinet, Alexandre Rodolphe (vena). A 
 Swiss Protestant theologian and historian of 
 literature ; born at Ouchy, Vaud, June 17, 1797 ; 
 died at Clarens, May 4, 1847. He wrote : <A 
 Memoir in Favor of Freedom of Worship* 
 (1826); < History of Preaching in the Reformed 
 Churches of France in the 17th Century* (i860); 
 'Studies on Blaise Pascal* (1848); < Studies on 
 the Literature of France in the l8th Century* 
 (2 vols., 1853); < Moralists of the i6th and 17th 
 Centuries* (1859); < Poets of the Age of Louis 
 XIV.* (1861). 
 
 Vlollet-le-Duc, Eugene Emanuel (ve-6-la'- 
 le-diic). A French architect and historian of 
 art; born at Paris, Jan. 27, 1814 ; died Sept. 
 17, 1879. He made special and profound study 
 of medi3eval architecture in Italy and South- 
 ern France ; and became professor in the Ecole 
 des Beaux Arts, 1863. His great work is < Dic- 
 tionary of French Architecture from the nth 
 to the i6th Century* (10 vols., 1854-69). His 
 other chief works are : < Essay on the Military 
 Architecture of the Middle Ages* (1854); 
 < Dictionary of French House Furniture from 
 the Carlovingian Epoch to the Renaissance ' 
 (6 vols., 1854-75); < Discourses on Architecture* 
 (2 vols., 1858-72); < Chapels of Notre Dame de 
 Paris* (1867-69); 'Memoir on the Defense of 
 Paris* (1872); 'History of a House,* 'History 
 of a Fortress,* ' History of Human Dwelling- 
 Places,* < History of a City Mansion and of a 
 Cathedral* (4 vols., 1873-78). 
 
 Virchow, Rudolf (fer'cho). A distinguished 
 German pathologist; born at Schievelbein, in 
 Prussia, Oct. 13, 1821. Among his numerous 
 writings are : 'Collected Essays on Scientific 
 Medicine* (1856) ; 'Four Discourses on Life 
 and Disease* (1862); 'On the Education of 
 Woman for her Calling* (1865); <0n Certain 
 Tokens of Lower Human Races in the Cranium* 
 (1875); 'Freedom of Science in the Modern 
 SUte.* Died Sept. 5, 1902. 
 
 Virgil, Polydore. A celebrated writer and 
 ecclesiastic; born in Urbino, Italy, about 1470; 
 died about 1550. He was sent about 1502 to 
 England by Pope Alexander VI. to collect the 
 tax called " Peter's Pence,** and continued to 
 reside there for the greater part of his life. 
 He was successively created archdeacon of 
 Wells ; prebendary in the Cathedral of Here- 
 ford, Lincoln, and St. Paul's. His principal 
 works are his 'History of Inventions*; 'His- 
 toria Anglica,* a history of England brought 
 down to the end of the reign of Henry VIL;
 
 55° 
 
 and a treatise against divination, entitled < De 
 
 Prodigiis.* 
 
 Virgil, or more properly Vergil — Publius 
 VtrgllluB Maro. The greatest of Roman 
 epic poets; born at Andes, a little village near 
 Mantua. Oct. 5. 70 B. C. ; died at Brundismm, 
 Sept. 21, 19 B.C. He wrote the epic ^neid, 
 in 12 books; several <Kclogues> or <Bucolics,> 
 pastoral poems in imitation of the idylls of 
 Theocritus ; and the < Georgics,> a didactic poem 
 on husbandry, in four liooks, and < Moretum.' 
 
 Vlscontl, Ennlo Qulrino (vis-kon'te). An 
 Italian arclia-ologist ; born at Rome, Nov. i, 
 1751 ; died Feb. 7, 1818. In his 14th year he 
 translated into Italian verse the < Hecuba > of 
 Euripides. His greatest work is < Grecian Ico- 
 nography* (3 vols., 1808). He visited London 
 at the invitation of Lord Elgin to inspect the 
 Elgin Marbles, 1817, and wrote < Memoirs on the 
 Works of Sculiiture from the Parthenon > (1818). 
 
 Vltet, Ludovic (ve-ta'). A P"rench states- 
 man, poet, and author, member of the Acad- 
 emy; born in Paris, Oct. 18, 1802; died there, 
 June 5, 1873. While a journalist on L'Univers, 
 he wrote three dramatic poems, < The Day of 
 the Barricades' (1826), <The States of Blois> 
 (1827), and the < Death of Henri III.> (1829), 
 which gave him reputation. Subsequently he 
 held official posts until the revolution of 1848. 
 Of his later works the best known are : < Frag- 
 ments and Melanges > (1846), artistic, literary, 
 and archccological criticisms ; < Studies of the 
 History of Art> (1864); 'Letters on the Siege 
 of Paris' (1870-71). 
 
 Vltruvlus Pollio (ve-tro've-us pol'le-o). A 
 celebrated Roman military engineer and writer 
 on architecture. He lived in the Augustan age, 
 and wrote ten books <Of Architecture,' treat- 
 ing of the construction of temples and public 
 and private buildings, as also of waterworks, 
 sun-dials, various machines, etc. The work is 
 still extant. 
 
 Vivien de St. Martin, Louis (viv-yeh' de 
 sah mar-tan'). A French geographer; born at 
 Caen, May 22, 1802. He was one of the found- 
 ers of the Paris Geographical Society, and from 
 1863 to 1876 edited the Geographical Year, 
 an annual review of geographical exploration. 
 He wrote: < Description of Asia Minor' (2 
 vols., 1845); < Study on the Grecian and Roman 
 Geography of India ' (3 vols., 1858-60); < Study 
 on the Geography of the Primitive Peoples of 
 Northwestern India according to the Vedic 
 Hymns' (i860); <The North of Africa in Gre- 
 cian and Roman Antiquity' (1863); <New Dic- 
 tionary of Universal Geography' (1876-93); 
 ' Universal Atla^ of Geography, Modern, An- 
 ient, and Mediaeval' (1877). Died Jan. 3, 1897. 
 
 VizeteUy, Henry. An English publisher, 
 journalist, and author; born in London, July 
 30, 1 820; died at Tilford near Farnham, Jan. 
 X, 1894. He was the first publisher to intro- 
 duce to English readers < Uncle Tom's Cabin' 
 and the works of Poe, Zola, and Tolstoy; and 
 in 1843 founded the Pictorial Times, one of the 
 
 VIRGIL— VOGT 
 
 pioneer journals of the British pictorial press. 
 He acted as Paris correspondent of the Illustrated 
 London News (1866-76), and represented the 
 government at foreign expositions. His earliest 
 work, < The Story of the Diamond Necklace ' 
 (1867), a sketch of the Countess de la Motte, 
 was followed by a translation of Topin's < Man 
 with the Iron Mask' (1879); < Berlin under the 
 New Empire' (1879); < Paris in Peril' (1882), 
 a vivid account of the siege of 1870-71 ; <A 
 History of Champagne,' a monograph on wines ; 
 < Glances Back through Seventy Years ' (1893). 
 
 Vlacbos, Angelos (vlak'os). A Greek states- 
 man ; born at Athens, 1838. Among his writings 
 are: <The Homeric Question' (1866); 'New- 
 Greek Chrestomathy ' (1870); < Comedies ' (1870); 
 ♦Modern Greek-French Dictionary' (187 1); < Lyric 
 Poems ' (1875) ; < Critics on New-Greek Poets.' 
 
 Vogel, Hermann Wilhelm (fo'gel) A Ger- 
 man photographer and spectrum-analyst; bom 
 at Dobrilugk, Prussia, March 26, 1834. He 
 wrote : < From the New Witches' Caldron : 
 Sketches of Spiritism' (1880); 'Photographs 
 after Nature' (1882); 'Progress of Photography 
 since 1879' (1883); 'Chemical Action of Light 
 and Photography' (2d ed. 1883); 'Photography 
 of Colored Objects' (1885); ' Practical Spectrum 
 Analysis of Terrestrial Objects' (1889); 'Artistic 
 Photography ' (1890). He died Dec. 17, 1898. 
 
 Vogel, Jakob, styled Vogel von Glarus. A 
 Swiss poet; born at Glarus, Dec. 11, 1816. He 
 is a noted connoisseur and collector of the 
 poetry of Switzerland. His works are: 'Beau- 
 ties and Terrors of the Swiss Alpine World,' 
 prose (1868); 'Pictures from the Alps,' poems 
 (1874); ' Reminiscences of the Klonthal ' (1878); 
 'Poems' (14th ed. 1890); 'My Home: Selected 
 Poems of Nature ' (1893). Died Dec. 7, 1896. 
 
 Vogel, Otto. A Plattdeutsch dialect poet; 
 born at Greifswald, Jan. 3, 1838. Among his 
 Plattdeutsch lays are : ' Mirror of Pomerania : 
 From Every Age' (1869) and ' Rose-Leaves, en 
 Strammel Plattdeutsch.' In High German he 
 wrote ' Reproaches : A Garland of Lays' (1887). 
 
 Vogelweide, Walther von der. See Walther 
 von der Vogelweide. 
 
 Vogl, Johann Nepomuk (fo'gel). An Aus- 
 trian lyric poet ; born in Vienna in 1802. He 
 published: 'Ballads and Romances'; 'Soldier 
 Songs' ; 'Lyric Poems'; and other works. D. 1866. 
 
 Vogt, Karl (fokt). A German naturalist; 
 born at Giessen, July 5, 1817; died May 5, 1895. 
 He was associated with Agassiz in the writing 
 of the works on ' Fossil Fishes,' ' Studies on 
 Glaciers.' and 'Natural History of Freshwater 
 Fishes.' Among his independent writings are : 
 ' Text-Book of Geology and Petrifactions > 
 (1846); 'Physiological Letters' (3 parts, 1846); 
 'The Ocean and the Mediterranean' (1848); 
 ' Researches on Beast-States,' a political satire 
 (1851 ); ' Old and New from the Life of Animals 
 and Men ' ( 1859) ; ' Implicit Faith and Science : A 
 Polemic against Rudolf Wagner' (4th ed. 1856); 
 ' Text-Book of Practical Comparative Anatomy^ 
 (1888).
 
 VOGUE — VOLLMAR 
 
 551 
 
 VogU6, Charles Jean Melcliior, Marquis 
 
 de (v6-gii-a'). A French archaeologist; born at 
 Paris, Oct. 18, 1829. His studies are mainly in 
 the departments of the history of religion and 
 Oriental art. He is author of : < The Churches 
 of the Holy Land> (1859); <The Temple of 
 Jerusalem ' (1864); < Civil and Religious Architec- 
 ture in Central Syria, from the First to the Sixth 
 Century* (2 vols., 1865-77); < Semitic Inscriptions > 
 (1869-77); < Memoirs of Villars > (1884-93). 
 
 Vogue, Eugdne Melctiior, Vicomte de. A 
 
 French diplomatist and writer, cousin of Charles ; 
 born Feb. 25. 1849. He was in the diplomatic 
 service, but left it in 1881 to devote his time 
 to literature. He has published : < Syria, Pal- 
 estine, Mount Athos> (1876); < Oriental Histo- 
 ries > (1879); < The Son of Peter the Great > ( 1884) ; 
 <The Russian Romance' (1886); < Souvenirs and 
 Visions > (1887); * Remarks on the Centennial Ex- 
 position > (1889); * Pages of History > (1902). He 
 is a member of the French Academy. 
 
 Voigt, Georg (voit). A German historian; 
 born at Konigsberg, April 5, 1827; died at 
 Leipsic, where he was professor of history, 
 Aug. 18, 1891. His chief works are : < The 
 Renaissance of Classic Antiquity ; or. The First 
 Century of Humanism > (1859); <Enea Silvio 
 de' Piccolomini as Pope Pius II., and his 
 Times' (3 vols., 1856-63); < Memorabilia of Gior- 
 dano de Giano the Minorite > (1870); < Histori- 
 ography of the Expedition of Charles V. against 
 Tunis, 1535' (1872); < Maurice of Saxony, 1541- 
 47 > (1876). 
 
 Voigt, Johannes. A German historian, 
 father of Georg; born at Bettenhausen, in 
 Saxe-Meiningen, Aug. 27, 1786; died at Konigs- 
 berg, Sept. 23, 1863. He is author of < Hilde- 
 brand as Pope Gregory VII., and his Times > 
 (1815), in which he regards the reign of Greg- 
 ory VII. as one of the most noteworthy phe- 
 nomena of the Middle Ages, and Gregory 
 himself as a great reformer ; < History of the 
 Lombard League and its Struggle with the 
 Emperor Frederick I.> (1818); < History of Prus- 
 sia from the Earliest Times to the Downfall 
 of the Domination of the Teutonic Order > (9 
 vols., 1827-39); < The Westphalian Vehmgerichte 
 as related to Prussia* (1836); < Margrave Al- 
 brecht Alciblades of Brandenburg-Kulmbach> 
 (1852); < History of the Teutonic Order in its 
 Twelve Circles in Germany* (2 vols., 1857-59). 
 
 Voit, Karl von (foit). A German physiolo- 
 gist; bom at Amberg, Bavaria, Oct. 31, 1831. 
 He was appointed professor of physiology in the 
 University of Munich in 1863. His first mem- 
 orable scientific researches (1854) demonstrated 
 the presence of urea in the muscular tissues 
 of cholera patients; since then he has studied, 
 almost exclusively the questions of digestion and 
 assimilation. His principal works are : < Physio- 
 logico-Chemical Researches > (Part i., 1857); < Re- 
 searches on the Effects of Common Salt, Coffee, 
 and Muscular Action, on Digestion* (i860); <Laws 
 of Nutrition in Carnivora > ( i860); < Manual of the 
 Physiology of Assimilation and Nutrition * (1884). 
 
 Voiture, Vincent (vwa-tur'). A French poet ; 
 born in Amiens, 1598 ; died May 26, 1648. His 
 letters are the chief basis of his literary repu- 
 tation. He enjoyed the friendship of Cardinal 
 Mazarin, and through his patronage attained 
 the zenith of his reputation, and enjoyed large 
 pensions. 
 
 Volkelt, Johannes Immanuel (folk'elt). A 
 German philosopher ; born at Lipnik in Galicia, 
 July 21, 1848. He was made professor of phi- 
 losophy in the University of Basle, 1883, and 
 in that of Leipsic, 1894. In his studies he has 
 sought to reconcile the contradiction between 
 the ancient and the modern schools of philos- 
 ophy in their respective theories of the universe. 
 His chief writmgs are : < The Unknown and 
 Pessimism* (1873); < Immanuel Kant's Theory 
 of Cognition Analyzed in its Fundamental 
 Principles* (1879); < Experience and Thought* 
 (1886); < Esthetic Questions of the Times* 
 (18951; < x\rthnr Schopenhauer* (1900). 
 
 Volkmann, Axfred Wilhelm (folk'man). A 
 German physiologist ; born at Leipsic, June i, 
 1801 ; died April 21, 1877, at Halle, where he 
 was professor of physiology. He made special 
 studies of the nervous system and the sense of 
 sight. Among his works are : < Anatomy of 
 Animals, Illustrated with Plates* (1831-33); 
 
 < Contributions to the Physiology of the Sense 
 of Sight* (1836); <The Independence of the 
 Sympathetic System of Nerves* (1842); < Dy- 
 namics of the Blood* (1850); < Physiological 
 Researches in the Department of Optics* 
 (1863-64); < Elasticity of Muscles* (1856). 
 
 Volkmann, Richard von. [« Richard Lean- 
 der.**] A German surgeon, story-writer, and 
 poet; born at Leipsic, Aug. 17, 1830; died Nov. 
 28, 1889, at Jena, where he was professor of 
 surgery. Among his professional writings are : 
 
 < Diseases of the Motor Organs* (1865); <Man- 
 ual of Surgery* (1865); < Contributions to Sur- 
 gery* (1875). He wrote also: < Reveries at 
 French Firesides,* a series of tales (1871; 22d 
 ed. 1894); <From Student Times* (1876); 
 
 < Poems* (3d ed. 1885); < Short Poems* (2d ed. 
 1889); <01d and New Troubadour Songs* (2d 
 ed. 1890). 
 
 Volkmar, Gustav (folk'mar). A German 
 theological writer ; born at Hersfeld, Hesse, Jan. 
 II, 1809; died Jan. 10, 1893. He was professor 
 of theology in the University of Zurich. His 
 principal works are : an edition of < The Gospel 
 of Marcion* (1852); < Justin Martyr and his 
 Relation to our Gospels* (1853); < Sources of the 
 History of Heresies down to the Nicene Council,* 
 vol. i., • Hippolytus and the Philosophumena > 
 (1853); < Religion of Jesus and its First Develop- 
 ment* (1857); < Origin of our Gospels* (1866); 
 
 < Life and Works of Zwingli * (1870); < Myths of 
 the Popes* (1873); <The Synoptics and the His- 
 torical Facts of the Life of Jesus* (1877); < Jesus 
 of Nazareth and the Early Christian Times* 
 (1882); < Paul from Damascus to the Epistle to 
 the Galatians* (1887). 
 
 Vollmar, Georg von (fol'mar). A German 
 socialist, agitator, and author ; born at Munich,
 
 55* 
 
 VOLLMOLLER - VOSMAER 
 
 March 7. 1850. He wrote: <The Isolated So- 
 cialist State' (1S80); «The Next Task of the 
 Social Democracy' (1891); < On State Social- 
 ism* (lSc,2\. 
 
 Vollmoller. Karl Gustav (foi'mel-er). A 
 German philologist; born at Ilsfeld in Wur- 
 teml.erg. Oct. ib. 1848. He was appointed pro- 
 fessor of Romanic and English philology in 
 the University ot Gottingen, 1S81. He has 
 written < Kurenberg and the Nibelungen > (i»74); 
 'Munich's Brutus' (1877); < Poem of the Cid> 
 1 1870); «Octavianus> (1883); < Monuments of 
 tlie Knglish Language and Literature from the 
 lOth to the iSth Century' (1883). He edits the 
 Critical Annual of the Progress of Romanic 
 Philology (commenced 1892). 
 
 Volney, Constantln de, Count (vol-ne'); 
 family name Chasseboeuf (shas-bef) A dis- 
 tinguished French philosopher, author, and 
 traveler; bom in Craon (Mayenne), February 
 1757 ; died in April 1820. He published in 
 17S9 his 'Travels in Egypt and Syria' (2 vols.), 
 the best description of them to that date. In 
 1789 he was elected a deputy to the States- 
 General. In 1791 he produced a work still re- 
 membered, and on which his fame rests,— 
 < Ruins ; or. Meditations on the Revolutions of 
 P^mpires.' Imprisoned in 1793, on his release 
 he passed two years in the United States, pub- 
 lishing in 1803 his < Description of the Climate 
 and Soil' of the country. Among his other 
 works are: < The Natural Law; or. Physical 
 Principles of Morality' (i793); and < Researches 
 in Ancient History' (3 vols., 1S14). 
 
 Voltaire, Frangois Marie Arouet de (vol- 
 tar'). The renowned French writer, whose name 
 of Voltaire was assumed ; born in Paris, Nov. 
 21, 1694; died there, May 30, 1778. His works 
 include: <CEdipus> (1718); 'Artemire' (1721); 
 <Mariamne> (1722); <La Henriade' (1723), ori- 
 ginally published as <The League; or, Henry 
 the Great'; <Historyof Charles XII.> (1730?); 
 ' Letters on the English' (1731); <Brutus>(i73i); 
 ' Philosophical Letters' (1732 ?); < Zaire > (1732); 
 ' Eriphyle > (1732); 'Adelaide Duguesclin ' (1734); 
 iThe Temple of Taste' (1734 ?); 'The Death 
 Df Caesar' (1735?); 'Elements of Newton's 
 Philosophy > (1735); 'The Maid of Orleans' 
 (1736); <Alzire> (1736); 'Zulime' (1740); <Ma- 
 homet> (1741); 'The Prodigal Son' (1742?); 
 'Mdrope' (1743); 'Discourse on Man'; 'The 
 Princess of Navarre' (1746); 'Semiramis'; 
 'Rome Saved' (174-); 'Orestes' (1750); <Na- 
 nine>; 'Century of Louis XIV.' (1751); 'Dia- 
 tribe of Doctor Akakia' (1752); <Am^lie> 
 (1752); 'Poem on Natural Law' (1756); 'Can- 
 dide' (1758); 'History of Russia under Peter I.' 
 (1759); 'Republican Ideas' (1762); 'On Toler- 
 ation' (1763); 'Catechism of the Honest Man' 
 ''763); 'Tales' (1763); 'Commentary on Cor- 
 neille' (1764?); 'Agathocles' (1764?); 'Julius 
 Cxsar' (1764), "a translation from the English 
 of \V. Shakespeare" (1764); 'Irene'; 'Tan- 
 crSde' (1765); 'Socrates' (1765 ?); 'The Bible at 
 Last Explained' ('1766); < PjTrhonism of His- 
 tory ' ; < Century of Louis XV.' (1766 ?). The au- 
 
 thor's habit of secret and anonymous publication 
 makes his bibliography difficult of compilation. 
 The dates of 'Zadig'; < Micromegas > ; 'Jean- 
 not and Colin > ; ' The Ingenuous One > ; and 
 'The Princess of Babylon,' are in doubt. 
 
 Vondel, Joost van den (von'del). A Dutch 
 dramatic poet ; born in Cologne, Nov. 17, 1587 ; 
 died in Amsterdam, 1679. His is the greatest 
 name in Dutch literature, and he has often 
 been called " The Dutch Shakespeare." He 
 began his literary career with the drama ' Het 
 Pascha,' produced in 1612 before the Rhetori- 
 cal Chamber, of which he was a member. He 
 wrote the tragedy ' Palamedes,' and ' The Am- 
 sterdam Hecuba,' a free version of Seneca 
 (1625); many translations from the classics and 
 versions of classical originals. The dramatic 
 poem ' Lucifer,' the greatest of his works, is 
 considered by many Dutch critics to be an 
 allegorical account of the revolt of the Nether- 
 lands against Philip of Spain. His collected 
 works, together with a life of the poet, were 
 published at Amsterdam (1850-69) in twelve 
 volumes. 
 
 Von-Visin, Denis Ivanovich (fon-fes'in). 
 A Russian poet ; born at Moscow, April 14, 
 1744 ; died at St. Petersburg, 1792. He wrote : 
 'The Brigadier,' a comedy (1766), which won 
 for him instant -celebrity ; it was followed by 
 his masterpiece, the comedy < Mother's Darling 
 Son' (1782); and the same year appeared his 
 'Questions to Catherine 11.' He left an un- 
 finished autobiography, < Frank Confession of 
 my Thoughts and Doings.' 
 
 Vorosmarty or Voeroesmarty, Mihily (vo- 
 rosh-mar'ty). A celebrated Hungarian writer 
 and patriot ; born in the county of Fejervar in 
 1800 ; died in 1855 while engaged on a trans- 
 lation of Shakespeare. He published < King 
 Solomon,' a drama in 1821, which was followed 
 by a poem, 'The Triumph of Fidelity' (1827); 
 'King Sigismund,' a drama (1824); 'The 
 Flight of Zalan,' an epic poem ; the tragedy 
 'Kont' (1825). His narrative poems entitled 
 'Cserhalom,' and 'The Enchanted Valley ,> es- 
 tablished his reputation as the first Hungarian 
 poet of his time. He was a contributor to 
 Kisfaludy's Aurora, and was for several years- 
 editor of a journal called The Repository of 
 Science. In 1830 he published a patriotic 
 l>Tic entitled 'The Appeal,' for which he re- 
 ceived from the Hungarian Academy a ducat 
 a line. 
 
 Vosmaer, Carl (vos'mar). A Dutch jour- 
 nalist, novelist, artist, and writer on art; born at 
 The Hague, March 20, 1826; died at Montreux. 
 Switzerland, June 12, 1888. He is best known 
 outside of his own country as the author ol 
 ■'The Amazon' (1881), a novel, which was 
 translated into English, French, and other lan- 
 guages. Other works are : ' Studies on War 
 and Art' (1856); 'Sketches' (i860), verse; 'Life 
 of Rembrandt' (1869); 'Franz Hals' (1874); 
 'Our Contemporary Artists' (l88i)-, a transla- 
 tion of the Iliad and Odyssey,
 
 VOSS— WAGE 
 
 553 
 
 Voss, Gerhard Johann (fos), usually styled 
 Vossius. A celebrated Dutch philologist; 
 horn near Heidelberg 1577 ; died at Amster- 
 dam, March 17, 1649. In certain departments 
 of archseophilology he made valuable original 
 researches ; and he was the first to indicate the 
 historical evolution of the Latin language. 
 Among his writings are : < Essays on Rhetoric ; 
 or, The Institutes of Oratory,* his greatest work 
 (1606); <The Greek Historians > (1624); <The 
 Latin Historians > (1627); <Aristarchus ; or. On 
 the Art of Grammar > (1635); <0f Errors of 
 Speech and Latino-Barbarous Terms > (1640); 
 •Heathen Theology > (1642); <The Times of 
 the Ancient Poets > (1654); < Etymology of the 
 Latin Language > (1662). The < Correspondence 
 of Vossius with Eminent Men> was published 
 in 1691. 
 
 Vos, Heinrich. A German philologist, son 
 of Johann H.; born at Otterndorf, Oct. 29, 
 1779; died Oct. 20, 1822, at Heidelberg, where 
 he was professor of philology, in succession 
 to his father. He was a warm friend of Jean 
 Paul Richter, and his literary executor. He 
 completed his father's translation of yfilschy- 
 lus (1826); this work, as also the < Corre- 
 spondence between Heinrich Voss and Jean 
 Paul > and < Communications regarding Goethe 
 and Schiller, in Letters by Heinrich Voss,> 
 appeared after his death. 
 
 Vos, Isaak V., son of Gerhard J. ; born at 
 Leyden, 1618; died at Windsor, England, where 
 he held a canonry, Feb. 21, 1689. Among his 
 writings are : < The Seventy Interpreters : Their 
 Translation and Their Chronology' (1661); < Of 
 the Singing of Poems and the Power of Rhythm > 
 (1653); <A Book of Various Observations' 
 (1685). 
 
 Voss, Johann Heinrich. A German poet; 
 born in Sommersdorf, Mecklenburg, Feb. 20, 
 1751 ; died at Heidelberg, March 29, 1826. His 
 principal original work is the idyl < Luise,' 
 published in complete form in 1795. His fame 
 is based principally, however, upon his trans- 
 lations of the classical writers, particularly of 
 Homer. He translated the Odyssey (1781); 
 the Iliad, together with a revised version of 
 the Odyssey (1793) ; Virgil (1799) ; Horace and 
 
 Hesiod (1806); Theocritus, BioH, and Mos- 
 chus (1808); Tibullus (1810); Aristophanes 
 ( 1821 ). He is also the author of a number of 
 lyrical poems. His complete poetical works 
 were published in Leipsic, 1835. 
 
 Voss, Julius von. A German story-writer; 
 bom at Brandenburg, Aug. 24, 1768; died at 
 Berlin, Nov. i, 1832. His rapidity of literary 
 production was almost without a parallel. His 
 best story is < The Schildburger > (The Fool- 
 townite : 1823). He wrote a great many com- 
 edies, farces, and satirical parodies. In <The 
 Strahlow Haul of Fish> (1822), a popular 
 piece with songs, in the Berlin patois, he gives 
 the first example of the Berlinese farce. 
 
 Voss, Richard. A German poet ; born at 
 Neugrape in Pomerania, Sept. 2, 1851. Among 
 his dramatic compositions are: < Savonarola* 
 (1878); <Magda' (1879); <The Patrician Dame> 
 (i88i);<Luigia Sanfelice > (1882); <Father Mo- 
 destus> (1883); <The Czar's Moor> (1883), after 
 a fragment by Pushkin ; < Woe to the Besieged > 
 (1889); <Eve> (1889); < Betwixt Two Hearts* 
 (1893); <At Sedan* (1895). In narrative verse 
 he wrote: <A Hill Asylum* (1882); < Roman 
 Village Tales* (1884); <Messalina> (1881). 
 Among his novels are : < Life Tragedy of an Ac- 
 tress * (1883) ; < The New Romans > (i88s); ' Child- 
 ren of the South * (1888); < Villa Falconieri * (1S95); 
 
 < Roman Fever* (1902) ; < The People of Valdare.* 
 He excels in description of Italian lowly life. 
 
 Vraz, Stanko (frach). A Croatian poet ; born 
 at Zerovec in Lower Styria, June 30, 1810 ; died 
 at Agram, May 24, 1851. Among his works 
 are : a collection of Slovenian folk-songs from 
 Styria, Ukraine, Carinthia, and Western Hun- 
 gary (1839); and < Rose-Apples* (1840), a collec- 
 tion of love-songs. 
 
 Vulpius, Christian August (vol'pe-us). A 
 German writer ; born in Weimar, 1762 ; died in 
 1827. He was a brother-in-law of Goethe, under 
 whose direction he became secretary of the 
 court theatre at Weimar. He published : < Ri- 
 naldo Rinaldini* (1799), a robber romance; 
 
 < Dramatic Histories of Former Times*; and 
 a number of dramatic works. He was sub- 
 sequently first librarian and overseer of the 
 cabinet of coins at Weimar. 
 
 w 
 
 Waagen, Gustav Friedrich (va'gen). A 
 German historian of art; born at Hamburg, 
 Feb. II, 1794; died at Copenhagen, July 15, 
 1868. He wrote : <Art Works and Artists of 
 England and Paris* (3 vols., 1837-39); 'Art 
 Works and Artists of Germany * (2 vols., 1843- 
 45); <The Treasures of Art in Great Britain* 
 (3 vols., 1854); <The Most Notable Art Monu- 
 ments in Vienna* (2 vols., 1866-67); 'The Col- 
 lection of Paintings in the Imperial Hermitage 
 at St. Petersburg* (1867). 
 
 Wace, Robert. A Norman-French trouvSre, 
 calling himself simply Master Wace; bom in 
 the island of Jersey about lioo; died about 
 1180. His celebrated works are two long ro- 
 mances, the 'Roman de Brut* (Brutus), and 
 the < Roman de Rou* (Rollo), both in Norman 
 French. The < Roman de Brut > is in octosyl- 
 labic couplets, is presumably founded on Geof- 
 frey of Monmouth's chronicle, and is of com- 
 manding literary importance as the source, or 
 supposed source, from which many subsequent
 
 554 
 
 WACHENHUFEN — WAGNER 
 
 p<.cts drew their Merlin and King: Arthur tales. 
 1 he < Roman de Rou,> mostly octosyllabic also, is 
 a chronicle of the Norman dukes up to 1106. 
 
 Waclienliuseii, Hans (vach'en-ho-sen). A 
 German iniscfllane(nis writer ; born at Treves, 
 lanuarv, 1, 182?; died at Marburfr, March 23, 
 i8q8. He wrote : < The New Paris) (1855); 
 (pictures of Travel in Spain > (1857); < Journal 
 of the Austro-halian War) (uSsg); < Crescent 
 and Double Eagle ) ( i860); < Rome and Sahara, 
 a novel {3d ed. 1867) ; < P^^ris Photographs) 
 (1 868); <The Poor Egyptian Man > (l»7l)- 
 Among liis stories are : < The Heart's Golgotha ) ; 
 « ( )nly a Woman ) ; < A Woman's Guilt.) 
 
 Wachler, Johann Friedrich Ludwig (vach'- 
 ler). A German historian of literature ; born at 
 Gotha. April 15, 1767; died at Breslau, April 4, 
 iS^. His principal writings are : < Manual of the 
 History of Literary Culture > (2 vols., 1804-5); 
 < Lectures on the History of German Literature) 
 (2 vols., 1818-19); < History of Historical Re- 
 search and Art from the Renaissance) (2 vols., 
 1812-20). 
 
 Waclismutli, Ernst Wimelm Gottlieb 
 fvachs'mot). A German historian ; born at 
 Hildesheim, Dec. 28, 1784; died at Leipsic, Jan. 
 23, 1866. Among his works are : < Outline of a 
 Theory of History) (1S20); < Hellenic Antiquity ) 
 (4 vols., 1826-30); < History of European Morals) 
 (5 vols., 1831-39); < History of the Age of the 
 Revolution) (4 vols., 1846-48); < History of Ger- 
 man Nationality ) (3 vols., 1860-62). 
 
 Wacbsmutli, Kurt. A German antiquarian; 
 born at Naumburg on the Saale, April 27, 1837. 
 He became professor at Marburg in 1864, and 
 at Leipsic in 1886. His principal works are : 
 <Timon the Phliasian, and Other Greek Satir- 
 ists) (1859); <The Doctrine of the Stoics on 
 Divination and Daemons) (i860); <01d Greece 
 in the New) (1864); <The City of Athens in 
 Antiquity) (2 vols., 1874-90); < Introduction to 
 the Study of .\ncient History > (1895). 
 
 Wackenroder, Willielin Heinrich (viik'en- 
 roderl. A German miscellaneous writer; born 
 at Berlin, 1773; died there, Feb. 13, 1798. His 
 works are : < Heart Outpourings of an Art- 
 Loving Friar) (1797), written in collaboration 
 with Ludwig Tieck, and received with great 
 favor by the German artists at Rome ; < Franz 
 Sternbald's Wanderings ) (1798); 'Fantasias on 
 Art* (1799). 
 
 Wackernagel. Jakob ( vak'er-na-gel). A 
 Swiss philologist; born at Basle, Dec. 11, 1853. 
 He became professor of Greek language and 
 literature in the University of Gottingen, 1902. 
 I le wrote : < Origin of Brahmanism ) ( 1877); 'The 
 Study of Classical Antiquity in Switzerland ) 
 (1891); < PalDE-lndian Grammar) (1896). 
 
 Wackernagel, Wilhelm. A Swiss linguist 
 and antiquarian ; born at Berlin, April 23, 
 1806; died Dec. 21. 1869, at Basle, where he 
 was professor of German language and lit- 
 erature. His principal writings are: 'German 
 Dictionary) (5th ed. 1878); 'History of Ger- 
 
 man Literature) (1848-55); < Land Laws of the 
 SchwabenspiegeP (1840); <01d German Ser- 
 mons and Prayers) (1876)- 'The Little Book 
 of Wine) (1845); and other volumes of poems. 
 
 Waddington. William Henry (wod'ing-ton; 
 Ft. pron. va-dafi-ton'). A French diplomat, 
 statesman, and archseologist ; born of English 
 parentage at St. Remi in Eure-et-Loir, Dec. 
 II, 1826; died at Paris, Jan. 13, 1894. He was 
 ambassador to England, 1883-93. Among his 
 writings are : < Travels in Asia Minor in the In- 
 terest of Numismatics) (1852); 'Archaeological 
 Travels in Greece and Asia Minor) (6 vols., 
 1847-77); 'Greek and Latin Inscriptions from 
 Syria) (1870). 
 
 Wade, Tbomas. An English poet; born in 
 1805 ; died Sept. 19, 1875. He was an advanced 
 Liberal. His chief works are : ' Tasso and the 
 Sisters) (1825); 'Woman's Love) (played at 
 Covent Garden in 1828, and published in 1829); 
 'The Jew of Arragon) (1830), a tragedy; 
 'Mundi et Cordis Carmina) (1835), afterwards 
 reprinted under the English title, 'Songs of 
 the Universe and Heart.) The last-named con- 
 tained his best work. 
 
 Waechter, Karl Georg von (vech'ter). A 
 German jurist ; born at Marbach on the Neckar, 
 Dec. 24, 1797 ; died at Connewitz near Leipsic, 
 Jan. 15, 1880. He is author of : ' Disquisitions 
 on Criminal Law) (1835); 'The German Com- 
 mon Law, Especially Criminal Law) (1844); 
 a commentary on the 'Pandects) of the Jus- 
 tinian Code (2 parts, 1880-81). 
 
 Waechter, Oskar von. A German jurist and 
 publicist; son of Karl G.; born at TUbingen, 
 April 29, 1825. He wrote : < Copyright Syste- 
 matically Laid Down according to the German 
 Common Law) (1875); 'Copyright in Works of 
 Plastic Art, Photographs, etc.) (1877); 'Ency- 
 clopaedia of the Laws of Exchange) (1879-80); 
 'Vehmgericht and W'itchcraft Trials) (1882); 
 ' Old Gold in German Proverbs) ( 1883) ; < Johann 
 Jakob Moser) (1885). 
 
 Wagenaar, Jan (va'gen-ar). A Dutch his- 
 torian ; born at Amsterdam, Oct. 3, 1709 ; died 
 there, March 1773. His best-known work is 
 'History of the Fatherland) (21 vols., 1749-^): 
 the work reaches down to the year 1751. He 
 wrote also : ' Description of the United Prov- 
 inces of the Netherlands) (12 vols., 1739); 
 'Description of Amsterdam) (3 vols., 1760-67). 
 
 Wagener, Hermann (va'gen-er). A German 
 writer on political subjects ; born at Segelitz 
 near Neu-Ruppin, March 8, 1815; died at Berlin, 
 April 22, 1889. He edited a ' Lexicon of the 
 State and Society) (23 vols., 1858-67); and wrote 
 'The Policy of Frederick William IV.) (1883); 
 •My Memoirs of the Periods between 1848 and 
 1866, and from 1873 till Now> (1884). 
 
 Wagner, Adolf (vag'ner). A German polit- 
 ical economist, son of Rudolf; born at Er- 
 langen, March 25, 1835. The more important 
 of his writings are : ' Contributions to the Study 
 of Banking) (1857); 'Abolition of Private Land- 
 ownership) (1870); 'Law in the Apparently
 
 WAGNER -^ WALCH 
 
 5S5 
 
 Arbitrary Doings of Man' (1864); < Text-Book 
 of Political Economy,' written in collaboration 
 with other economists (Vol. i., 1876; Vol. vii., 
 'Finance,' 1880), in which he upholds socialistic 
 views, favoring State ownership of railways; 
 
 < The Science of Finance and State Socialism ' 
 (18S7) ; < My Conflict with the Baron von Stumm- 
 Halberg' (1895), the last two in defense of social- 
 ism ; < Agrarian and Industrial State ' (1902). 
 
 Wagner, Ernst. A German novelist ; born 
 at Rossdorf, Feb. 2, 1769; died at Meiningen, 
 Feb. 25, 1812. Among his more successful novels 
 are: < Willibald's Views of Life' (1804); < The 
 Traveling Painters' (1806); Usidora' (1814). 
 He wrote also < Journeys from Abroad Home- 
 ward' (1808). 
 
 Wagner, Heinricli Leopold. A German 
 poet ; born at Strasburg, Feb. 19, 1747 ; died 
 at Frankfort on the Main, March 4, 1779. He 
 wrote: < Prometheus and Deucalion' (1775), a 
 farce ridiculing the critics who carped at Goe- 
 the's <Werther'; < Voltaire on the Eve of his 
 Apotheosis,' a dramatic satire (1778); 'Re- 
 pentance After the Act,' a drama (1775); *The 
 Child-Murderess,' a tragedy (1779). 
 
 Wagner, Hermann. A German geographer 
 and statistician, son of Rudolf; born at Er- 
 langen, June 23, 1840, Among his works are : 
 
 < The Earth's Population ' ; <■ Wall Map of Ger- 
 many' (1879 J; < Text-Book of Geography' (2 
 vols., 1894-95); < Methodical School Atlas' (lOth 
 ed. 1902). 
 
 Wagner, Moritz. A German traveler and 
 naturalist, brother of Rudolf ; born at Ba>Teuth, 
 Oct. 3, 1813; died by his own hand at Munich, 
 May 30, 1887. He traveled in Algeria, the coast- 
 lands of the Black Sea, the Caucasus, Armenia, 
 Kurdistan, Persia, North and Central America, 
 and the West Indies. Among his writings are : 
 
 < Travels in the Regency of Algiers ' (3 vols., 
 1841); <The Caucasus and the Land of the Cos- 
 sacks ' (2 vols., 1847); < Journey to Colchis' 
 (1850); 'Journey to Ararat and the Armenian 
 Highlands' (1848); 'Travels in Persia and in 
 the Land of the Kurds' (2 vols., 1851); 'Scien- 
 tific Travels in Tropical America' (1870); 'The 
 Darwinian Theory, and the Law of Migration 
 of Organisms' (1868). 
 
 Wagner, Paul. A German agricultural chem- 
 ist; born at Liebenau in Hanover, March 7, 
 1843. He was named professor of agricultural 
 chemistry in the University of Darmstadt, 1881. 
 He is author of : < Text-Book of the Manufac- 
 ture of Manures' (1877); 'Introduction to Ra- 
 tional Manuring with Phosphoric Acid' (1889); 
 'Nitrate Manuring' (1892). 
 
 Wagner, Richard. The German musical 
 composer and poet ; born in Leipsic, May 22, 
 1813; died in Venice, Italy, Feb. 13, 1883. In 
 addition to the musical compositions upon 
 which his fame is founded, he has written : 
 'The Judaic in Music' (1852); 'Music of the 
 Future' (i860); 'State and Religion' (1864); 
 ' Letters' ; ' Reminiscences from My Life.' 
 
 Wagner, Rudolf. A distinguished German 
 physiologist and anthropologist ; born at Bay- 
 reuth, June 30, 1805 ; died May 13, 1864, at Got- 
 tingen, where he had been professor since 1840. 
 Among his writings are : ' Text-Book of Com- 
 parative Anatomy' (1834); 'Text-Book of 
 Physiology' (1839); ' Hand-Dictionary of Physi- 
 ology' (4 vols., 1842-53); 'Creation of Man 
 and Soul Substance' (1854); 'Of Knowledge 
 and Belief, with Special Reference to the P'u- 
 ture of the Soul' (1854); 'The Struggle Over 
 the Soul' (1857); ' Zoologico-Anthropological 
 Researches' (1861); 'Preliminary Studies to- 
 ward a Scientific Morphology and Physiology 
 of the Human Brain as an Organ of Soul ' 
 (two parts, 1860-62). 
 
 Wahrmund, Adolf (var'mont). A German 
 Orientalist; born at Wiesbaden, June 10, 1827. 
 His principal works are : ' Hand-Dictionary of 
 the Arabic and German Languages' (3 vols., 
 1874-77) ; < Poems ' ( 1880) ; < Babylonianism, Juda- 
 ism, and Christianism > (1882); ' Practical Manual 
 of the Osmanli-Turkish Language ' (2ded. 1885); 
 'The Christian School and Judaism' (1885); 
 'Practical Manual of Modern Arabic' (3d ed. 
 1886); 'The Law of Nomadism' (1887); 'The 
 War of Civilization between Asia and Europe ' 
 (1887); 'Monsieur Jourdan, the Paris Botanist, 
 in the Kara-Bagh : A Comedy in Modern Per- 
 sian' (1889); 'Abhasa: A Tragedy' (1890). 
 
 Waiblinger, Wilhelm Friedrich (vib'liiig-er). 
 A German miscellaneous writer ; born at Heil- 
 bronn, Nov. 21, 1804; died at Rome, Jan. 17, 
 1830. His tales, 'Four Stories from Greece' 
 (1821), and 'Three Days in the Nether World' 
 (1826); and his 'Poems,' were received with 
 extraordinary favor. He wrote also : ' Pocket 
 Book of Italy and Greece' (1829); 'The Britons 
 in Rome,' a humorous story (1844); * Poems 
 from Italy.' 
 
 Waitz, Georg (vltz). A great German his- 
 torian ; born at Flensburg, Oct. 9, 1813 ; died 
 at Berlin, May 24, 1886. He became professor 
 at Gottingen, 1849. Among his very numer- 
 ous writings are : ' History of the Formation of 
 Germany' (8 vols., 1843-78; revised ed. 1893), 
 his greatest work. ' The Life and Teaching 
 of Ulfilas' (1840); 'Researches in German 
 History' (1862); 'German Emperors from 
 Charlemagne to Maximilian' (1872). 
 
 Waitz, Theodor. A distinguished German 
 psychologist and anthropologist ; bom at Gotha, 
 March 17, 1821 ; died May 21, 1864, at Marburg. 
 His more notable works are : an edition of 
 Aristotle's 'Organon' (2 vols., 1844-46) ; 'Prin- 
 ciples of Psychology' (1846); 'Text-Book of 
 Psychology' (1849); 'Anthropology of Savage 
 Peoples' (6 vols., 1859-72), his greatest work; 
 'The Noith-Aincrican Indians' (1865). 
 
 Walcb, Johann Georg (valch). A German 
 theological writer; born at Meiningen, June 
 17. 1693 ; 'iied Jan. 13, 1775. Among his works 
 are: 'Patristic Library' (1770); 'Philosophical 
 Lexicon' (2 vols., 1726); 'Introduction to the
 
 5S6 
 
 Theological Sciences' ( 1747 ) ; an edition of 
 the < Works of Luther > (24 vols., 1740-51)- 
 
 Walcott, Cliarles Melton. An English actor 
 and dramatic writer; born in London, in 1815; 
 died in Philadelphia, in May 1868. Besides 
 f)€ing an excellent comedian, he has written 
 many plays, among which are : < The Course of 
 True Love> (1S39); < Washington; or. Valley 
 Forgc> ( 1842) ;< Edith > {1846); <The Custom of 
 the Country' (184S); <The Haunted Man> 
 (1848); < David Copperrield' (1848); < Hoboken> 
 (1S49); <One Cast for Two Suits' (1854); < Hia- 
 watha' (1855); <A Good Fellow' (1857). He 
 wrote the songs, < My Love is a Sailor Boy' 
 and < My Own Little Rose.' 
 
 Waldau, Max (viil'dou), pseudonj-m of Rich- 
 ard Georg Spiller von Hauenschild. A German 
 poet ; bom in Breslau, March 24, 1822 ; died at 
 Tscheidt, Upper Silesia, Jan. 20, 1855. He early 
 rose to prominence through his scholarly at- 
 tainments, but as a poet he has made his 
 name known -wherever German poetry is read. 
 <.\ Fair)' Fable,' < Leaves in the Wind,' and 
 < Rahab : Pictures of Bible Women,' are con- 
 spicuous among his volumes of verse. < Cor- 
 dula' is a poem admired for its rich metrical 
 effects. He also wrote < After Nature,' a novel 
 that enjoyed quite a run. 
 
 Waldls, Burkard (val'dis). A German rhjTii- 
 ing fabulist; born about 1490; died about 1557. 
 He was a Franciscan friar, but on returning 
 from a pilgrimage to Rome, embraced the 
 doctrines of Luther. He wrote a charming 
 drama in Low German, <The Parable of the 
 Prodigal Son ' ; translated the Psalter into Ger- 
 man verse ; and wrote <^sopus,' a collection of 
 about 400 rhymed fables and drolleries. 
 
 WaldmuUer, Robert (vald'mel-ler), pseu- 
 don)-m of Charles Edouard Duboc. A Ger- 
 man poet and miscellaneous writer; born in 
 Hamburg, Sept. 17, 1822. His best work is < Vil- 
 lage Idylls' (i860). Other works are: < Travel 
 Studies' (i860); 'Sorrow and Joy,' a romance 
 (1874); 'Brunhild,' a drama (1874). 
 
 Waldo, Samuel Putnam. An American 
 writer and biographer ; born in Connecticut in 
 1780 ; died in Hartford, Conn., March 1826. 
 He wrote : < Narrative of a Tour of Observa- 
 tion by President Monroe ' (1818); 'Memoirs of 
 Andrew Jackson ' (1820); 'Life of Stephen De- 
 catur' (1821); 'Biographical Sketches of Nich- 
 olas Biddle, Paul Jones, Edward Preble, and 
 Alexander Murray' (1823). He edited 'Jour- 
 nal of the Brig Commerce upon the W'estem 
 Coast of Africa.' 
 
 Waldsteln, Charles. An eminent American 
 arclixologist and writer; bom in New York 
 in 1856, and graduated at Columbia College. 
 He was for a time director of the Fitzwilliam 
 Museum at Cambridge, England, which position 
 he resigned in order to take the directorship of 
 the American School of Archaeology at Athens. 
 While in this office he was a lecturer on Greek 
 anthology at Cambridge. He is now a fellow of 
 King's College, and a doctor and professor a^ 
 
 WALCOTT - WALKER 
 
 Cambridge University. He has written : ' Exca. 
 vations at the Heraion of Argos > ; ' The Balance 
 of Emotion and Intellect > ; ' Essays on the Art 
 of Phidias > ; ' The Work of John Ruskin' ; 'Study 
 of Art in Universities' ; ' The Argive Haraeum.' 
 
 Waldstein, Louis. An American author, 
 elder brother of Charles; born in New York, 
 1853. He has written a notable book, 'The 
 Subconscious Self (1897). 
 
 Walewskl, Alexandre Florian Joseph Co- 
 lonna, Duke de (va-lev'ske). A French states- 
 man ; born at Walewice in Poland, May 4, 1810; 
 died at Strasburg, Sept. 27, 1868. He wrote : < A 
 Word on the Question of Algiers' (1837); 'The 
 English Alliance' (1838); a comedy, 'The 
 School of the World ; or. The Coquette Without 
 Knowing it' (1849). 
 
 Walford, Mrs. Lucy Bethia. A British nov- 
 elist, essayist, and biographer; bom in Scotland, 
 1845. She has contributed to Blackwood's Mag- 
 azine and other periodicals. She has written : 
 'Mr. Smith' (new ed. 1875); ' Pauline' (last ed. 
 1885); 'Cousins' (new ed. 1885); 'Troublesome 
 Daughters' (new ed. 1885); 'Dick Netherby' 
 (new ed. 18S5); 'Four Biographies' (Jane Tay- 
 lor, Elizabeth Fry, Hannah More, and Mary 
 Somerville : 1888); ' Her Great Idea, and Other 
 Stories' (1888); 'Baby's Grandmother'; etc. 
 
 Walker, Alexander Joseph. An Amer- 
 ican journalist and editor; born in Virginia in 
 1819; died in 1893. He successively edited 
 the New Orleans Delta, Times, Jeffersonian, 
 Herald, and Picayune, and subsequently the 
 Cincinnati Enquirer. He published 'Jackson 
 and New Orleans' (1856); 'Life of Andrew 
 Jackson'; 'History of the Battle of Shiloh'; 
 < Butler at New Orleans ' ; and ' Duelling in 
 Louisiana.' 
 
 Walker, Amasa. An American reformer, 
 merchant, statesman, and political economist; 
 born at Woodstock, Conn., May 4, 1799; died 
 at North Brookfield, Mass., Oct. 29, 1875. He 
 was one of the editors of the Transactions 
 of the Agricultural Society of Massachusetts (7 
 vols., 1848-54); and published his great work 
 on political economy, ' The Science of Wealth,' 
 in 1866. 
 
 Walker, Francis Amasa. An American sol- 
 dier, educator, and political economist ; born 
 in Boston, July 2, 1840; died there Jan. 5, 1897. 
 He edited 'Census Reports' (3 quarto vols.); 
 compiled a 'Statistical Atlas of the United 
 States' (1874); and published 'The Indian 
 Question ' (1874); < The Wages Question ' (1876); 
 ' Money' (1878); 'Money, Trade, and Industry' 
 (1879); 'Political Economy' (1883); 'Land and 
 its Rent ' (1883 1; ' History of the Second Army 
 Corps' (1886); 'Life of'Ceneral Winfield S. 
 Hancock' (1894); and 'The Making of the 
 Nation' (1895). He was president of the In- 
 stitute of Technology at Boston at the time of 
 his death. 
 
 Walker, George Leon. An American writer 
 and Congregational clergyman ; born • at Rut- 
 land, Vt., April, 30, 1850; died at Hartford,
 
 Walker — Wallace 
 
 55'/ 
 
 Conn., Martii 14, 1900. He wrote : 'History 
 of the First Church in Hartford* (1633-1883); 
 
 < Thomas Hooker, Preacher, Founder [of Con- 
 necticut], Democrat' ; < Aspects of the Religious 
 Life of New England.* 
 
 Walker, James. A distinguished American 
 Unitarian divine and educator; born at Bur- 
 lington, Mass., Aug. 16, 1794; died at Cam- 
 bridge, Mass., Dec. 23, 1874. He was president 
 of Harvard University, 1853-60; and editor of 
 the Christian Examiner 1831-39. Besides ser- 
 mons and addresses, editing the works of Dugald 
 Stewart, Dr. Thomas Reid, etc., he published 
 a < Memoir of Josiah Quincy> (1867), and de- 
 livered lectures on < Natural Religion > and 
 
 < The Philosophy of Religion.* He was famous 
 as a pulpit orator. 
 
 Walker, James Barr. An American clergy- 
 man, journalist, and author ; born in Philadel- 
 phia, July 29, 1805 ; died at Wheaton, 111., March 
 6, 1887. Besides editorial work, he has written 
 the following: < The Philosophy of the Plan 
 of Salvation* (1855), a book which commanded 
 wide acceptance ; < God Revealed in Nature 
 and in Christ* (1855); < Philosophy of Scepti- 
 cism and Ultraism* (1857); <The Philosophy 
 of the Divine Operation in the Redemption of 
 Man* (1862); and <The Living Questions of 
 the Age* (1869). 
 
 Walker, Jobn. An English actor, teacher, 
 lecturer, and dictionary-maker ; bom at Colney 
 Hatch near London, March 18, 1732; died in 
 London, Aug. i, 1807. His books are a < Rhym- 
 ing Dictionary * (1775); < Elements of Elocution * 
 (1781); < Rhetorical Grammar* (1785); and a 
 
 < Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor 
 of the English Language* (1791), which was 
 long the standard work of its class, running 
 through forty editions. 
 
 Walker, Mrs. Katharine Kent (Child). An 
 American story- writer and translator; bom in 
 Pittsfield, Vt, about 1840. She wrote a famous 
 article for the Atlantic Monthly on < The Total 
 Depravity of Inanimate Things* (Sept., 1864); 
 and has published a version of Bunyan en- 
 titled < Pilgrim's Progress for Children* (1869); 
 <From the Crib to the Cross* (1869); and a 
 <Life of Christ* (1869). 
 
 Walker, William. An American adventurer ; 
 born in Nashville, Tenn., May 8, 1824; shot at 
 Trujillo, Honduras, Sept. 12, i860. He studied 
 law in Nashville, and medicine in Germany. In 
 1850 he was an editor in California, and in 1853 
 organized an expedition against Sonora, Mexico, 
 but was defeated. He landed in Nicaragua in 
 1855 with 62 followers, captured the city of 
 Granada, and established a government ; but 
 was driven from power and surrendered to the 
 U. S. government in May, 1857. In June i860 
 he invaded Honduras, was captured, tried by 
 court-martial, and shot. He published <The 
 War in Nicaragua* (i860). 
 
 Walker, William Sidney. A British poet ; 
 bora at Pembroke, Wales, Dec. 4, 1795 ; died in 
 London, Oct. 15, 1846. He was a fellow of 
 
 Trinity College, Cambridge (1822-29), becom 
 ing blind during that time. Besides translating 
 a < Corpus Poetarum Latinorum * (Collection of 
 Latin Poets : new ed. 1854), he wrote < Gustavus 
 Vasa* (1813), an epic poem; < Shakspeare's 
 Versification* (3d ed. 1859); < Critical Examina- 
 tion of the Text of Shakspeare* (3 vols., 1859). 
 < Poetical Remains,* with a memoir, appeared 
 in 1852. 
 
 Walker, Williston. An American clergy- 
 man and historical writer, son of George L. ; 
 bom in Maine, i860. He has been professor 
 of history in Hartford Theological Seminary 
 since 1880. His works include: <The Creeds 
 and Platforms of Congregationalism * ; < On 
 the Increase of Royal Power under Philip 
 Augustus*; 'History of the Congregational 
 Church in the United States * ; < John Calvin.* 
 
 Wallace, Alfred Russel. A celebrated Eng- 
 lish naturalist ; born at Usk in Monmouthshire, 
 Jan. 8, 1823, He traveled in Brazil, exploring 
 the Amazon and its tributaries ( 1848-52 ), and 
 on his return to England published 'Travels 
 on the Amazon and Rio Negro* (1853). He 
 then visited the Malay archipelago, where he 
 spent nearly eight years. One of the fruits of 
 his researches there was the paper <0n the 
 Tendencies of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely 
 from the Original Type,* which was published 
 almost simultaneously with Darwin's first an- 
 nouncement of his theory of natural selection. 
 'The Malay Archipelago,* 2 vols., was pub- 
 lished 1869. He wrote also ' On the Geograph- 
 ical Distribution of Animals * ( 2 vols., 1876 ) ; 
 ' Tropical Nature * ( 1878 ) ; < Darwinism : An 
 Exposition of the Theory of Natural Selection* 
 (1889). He is author also of ' Miracles and Mod- 
 ern Spiritualism * (1875); ' Land Nationalization : 
 Its necessity and Aims * (1882) ; < Darwinism.* 
 
 Wallace, Horace Binney. An American 
 author and law editor; born in Philadelphia, 
 Feb. 26, 1817 ; died in Paris, Dec. 16, 1852. In 
 addition to contributing to literary periodicals, 
 he published anon>-mously a novel, < Stanley ; 
 or. The Recollections of a Man of the Worid* 
 (1838); and edited, in conjunction with Judge 
 Hare, 'American Leading Cases in Law* (2 
 vols., 1847; 3d ed. 1852); Smith's 'Leading 
 Cases* (4th American ed. 2 vols., 1852); and 
 White and Tudor's 'Leading Cases in Equity* 
 (2d American ed. 3 vols., 1852), all copiously 
 annotated. He helped Rufus W. Griswold in 
 his 'Napoleon and the Marshals of the Em- 
 pire* (2 vols., 1847). 'Art and Scenery in 
 Europe, with Other Papers* (1855), and 'Lit- 
 erary Criticisms, and Other Papers* (1856), are 
 posthumous publications. 
 
 Wallace, Lewis. An American general, law- 
 yer, and novelist; bom at Brookville, Ind., 
 April 10, 1827. He served in the Mexican War 
 as lieutenant, and in the Civil War attained 
 the rank of major-general. He was Minister 
 to Turkey 1881-85. His works include: 'The 
 Fair God> (1873); 'Ben-Hur* (1880); 'The 
 Life of Gen. Benjamin Harrison* (1888); 
 'Commodus: A Tragedy* (1889); 'The Bqv-
 
 558 
 
 hood of Christ > riSSo); 'The Prince of India > 
 ( 1893). Died, Crawfordsville, Feb. 15, 1905. * 
 
 Wallace, Mrs. (Susan Arnold Elston). An 
 American descriptive and story writer, wife of 
 General Lewis Wallace; born at Crawfords- 
 ville, Ind., 1S30. Besides contributing to peri- 
 odicals and reviews, she has published : < The 
 Storied Sea> (1883); <Ginevra> (1886); <The 
 Land of the Pueblos' (i888j; <The Repose in 
 Lt:vpt > ( iSSS): etc. She died in 1907. 
 
 Wallace, William Ross. An American law- 
 yer and poet; born in Kentucky, 1819; died in 
 1881. He has written: <Perdita*; <Alban>; 
 'Meditations in America, and Other Poenis.> 
 'The Liberty BelP is his best-known poem. 
 
 Wallack, Lester [John]. An American ac- 
 tor and manager, son of James William Wal- 
 lack, the actor and manager; born in New 
 York, Jan. i, 1820 ; died in Stamford, Conn., 
 Sept. 6, 1888. He conducted Wallack's Theafte, 
 New York city, for twenty-four years. He was 
 identified with the American stage for more 
 than forty years; and on his retirement in May 
 1S88, was the recipient of an unequaled dra- 
 matic testimonial. He wrote the plays <The 
 Veteran > and ' Rosedale.* His autobiography, 
 'Memoirs of Fifty Years,' was published the 
 year after his death. 
 
 Walloth, Wimelm ( val'Iot), A German 
 stor)'-writer ; born at Darmstadt, Oct. 6, 1856. 
 He wrote : * The King's Treasure House ' (3 
 vols., 1883); 'Paris the Mime> (1886); 'The 
 Gladiator > (1888); 'Tiberius' (2 vols., 1889); 
 'The Demon of Envy> (1889), 'There Came 
 a Hoar Frost' (1893), 'Love's Fools' (1894), 
 three stories of modern life ; and some dramas, 
 as 'Countess Pusterla,' 'John of Suabia,' 
 ' Marino Falieri ' ; < The Sacrifice ' ; ' Alboin.' 
 
 Waller, Edmund. An English poet and par- 
 liamentarian ; born at Coleshill, March 3, 1606; 
 died at Beaconsfield, Oct. 21, 1687. He pub- 
 lished a volume of poems in 1645, and again 
 in 1664, which ran through many editions. 
 Of the 25 or more editions of his poems, those 
 of the greatest value are the one of 171 1, ed- 
 ited by Bishop Atterbury, with two portraits 
 of the poet; and the one of 1729, with a life 
 by Fenton and a portrait by Vertue. The 
 eighteentli century considered him the first cor- 
 rect versifier, using the heroic couplet with 
 masterful smoothness. 
 
 Waller, John Francis. An Irish poet and 
 man of letters, descendant of Edmund Waller ; 
 born at Limerick in 1810; died Jan. 9, 1894. 
 He graduated from Trinity College. He wrote 
 for the Dublin University Magazine 'The 
 Slingsby Papers,' over the signature of "Jon- 
 athan Freke Slingsby." These were collected 
 in a volume in 1852 ; his ' Poems ' were pub- 
 lished in 1854; he was at his best as a lyric 
 poet. He edited the works of Goldsmith, 
 Moore, etc., together with the 'Imperial Dlc- 
 tionar>' of I'niversal Biography.' 
 
 WalUch, Nathanael (val'lik). A Danish 
 botanist ; born at Copenhagen, Jan. 28, 1787 ; 
 
 WALLACE — WALSH 
 
 died at London, April 28, 1854. From 1815 
 till 1S47 he was director of the botanic garden 
 at Calcutta. He wrote : 'An Essay on the 
 Flora of Nepal' (1824-26); 'Rare Asiatic 
 Plants' (3 vols., 1830-32). 
 
 Wallin, Johan Olof (viil-len'). A Swedish 
 poet; born in Dalarna, Oct. 15, 1779; died at 
 Upsala, archbishop of that see, June 30, 1839. 
 His hymns and religious songs are in high re- 
 pute in Sweden, and he was called "Sweden's 
 Harp of David." His finest production is < The 
 Angel of Death.' He was a notable pulpit 
 orator. 
 
 Wallon, Alexandre Henri (va-loii'). A 
 French historical writer ; born at Valenciennes, 
 Dec. 23, 1812. His principal writings are con- 
 cerned with the life of Christ, and the writings 
 of the apostles and evangelists. He wrote 
 'The Life of Jesus and its New Historian' 
 (1864); 'Memoirs on the Years of Jesus Christ'; 
 and other works designed to counteract the 
 effects of Kenan's writings. He is author also 
 of < Political Geography of Modern Times ' 
 (1839); 'Slavery in Ancient Times' (3 vols., 
 1847); 'Joan of Arc' (2 vols., i860); 'Richard 
 II.' (2 vols., 1864); 'The Reign of Terror' (2 
 vols., 1873); 'St. Louis and his Times' (2 vols., 
 1875); 'History of the Paris Revolutionary 
 Tribunal, with the Journal of the Actors ' (6 vols., 
 1880-82) ;< The Ixevolution of May 30th.' 
 
 Wain, Robert (wal). An American and satir- 
 ical writer; born in 1794; died in 1825. He 
 wrote 'The Hermit in America' (1819 ) ; 'Amer- 
 ican Bards : A Satire ' ; ' Sisyphi Opus,' etc. ; 
 'Life of Lafayette' (1824). 
 
 Walpole, Horace, later Earl of Orford. An 
 
 English author, letter-writer, and dilettante ; 
 born in London, Sept. 24, 1717; died there, 
 March 2, 1797. On an estate he bought near 
 Twickenham, in a mansion he built, he es- 
 tablished a library and museum, and set up 
 a private press ( 1757 ), on which, with others, 
 he printed his own works. He compiled <A 
 Catalogue of the Royal and Noble Authors of 
 England' (1758) ; 'Anecdotes of Painters in 
 England' (1761-71); 'Historic Doubts on the 
 Life and Reign of Richard III.' (1768); and 
 other works. He wrote : ' The Castle of Otranto, ' 
 a romance ( 1764) ; ' The Mysterious Mother,' a 
 tragedy (1768); 'Memoirs of the Last Ten 
 Years of the Reign of George II.' (1822); and 
 other works. His many interesting letters are 
 his 'chief title to literary fame. They were 
 published in 9 vols., 1857-59. 
 
 Walpole, Spencer. An English historian; 
 born Feb. 6, 1839. He has held several gov- 
 ernment positions, and has also devoted him- 
 self to history. Among his books are : his great- 
 est work, <A History of England from the 
 Conclusion of the Great W^ar in 1815' {1878- 
 86 ) ; ' The Electorate and the Legislature ' 
 (1881); 'Life of Lord John Russell' (1889). 
 and < The Land of Home Rule ' (1893.) D. 1907. 
 
 Walsh, Robert. An American lawyer, jour- 
 nalist, and author; born at BaltiiHore, Md., in
 
 WALSH — WANG-CHI-FOU 
 
 559 
 
 1784; died Feb. 7, 1859, at Paris, where he had 
 been consul, 1845-51. He wrote for Dannie's 
 Portfolio, and edited the American Review of 
 History and Politics, the first American quar- 
 terly (22 vols., 1827-37); most of the articles 
 were from his pen. Others of his publications 
 are : < Correspondence respecting Russia be- 
 tween R. G. Harper and Robert Walsh, Jr.> 
 (1813); <An Essay on the Future State of Eu- 
 rope* (1813); biographical prefaces to an edi- 
 tion of the English Poets in fifty small volumes ; 
 <An Appeal from the Judgments of Great 
 Britain respecting the United States of Amer- 
 ica > (181Q). He conducted the American 
 Register (1817-18), the National Gazette (1821- 
 37), and the Museum of Foreign Literature and 
 Science (Vol. i., 1822); and edited < Didactics: 
 Social, Literary, and Polidcal,* a collection of 
 aphorisms (2 vols., 1836). 
 
 Walsh, William Shepard. An American 
 journalist and editor; born in Paris, Feb. i, 
 1854. He was connected with J. B. Lippin- 
 cott & Co. from 1876, and in 1886 became edi- 
 tor of Lippincott's Magazine. He has written 
 many essays, also juveniles, and historical and 
 scientific books for the young; and has pub- 
 lished a critical commentary, < Faust : The 
 Legend and the Poem> (1887), and 'Paradoxes 
 of a Philistine) (i888j. 
 
 Walter, Ferdinand (val'ter). A German 
 jurist; born at Wetzlar, Nov. 30, 1794; died at 
 Bonn, Dec. 13, 1879. His principal works are : 
 < Text-Book of Canon Law' (1822); < Ancient 
 German Law' (3 vols., 1824); < History of 
 Roman Law down to Justinian' (1840); < His- 
 tory of German Law' (1853); < Sources of An- 
 cient and Modern Ecclesiastical Law' (1862); 
 < Natural Law and Politics in the Light of the 
 Present' (1863). 
 
 Walters, William Thompson. An American 
 merchant and art virtuoso ; born in Pennsyl- 
 vania, 1820 ; died 1891. He was educated as an 
 engineer; became identified with the coal and 
 iron industry ; was art commissioner from the 
 United States at the Paris Expositions (1867- 
 78), at Vienna (1873), and trustee of the Cor- 
 coran Gallery at Washington, D. C. His private 
 art gallery is tlie most extensive and valuable 
 (especially in Oriental ceramics) in this country. 
 He has published: <Barye> (1885); <The Per- 
 cheron Horse' (1886); and < Notes upon Certain 
 Masters of the XlXth Century' (1886). 
 
 Walther von der Vogelweide (val'ter fon 
 der fo'gel-vi-de). "The greatest lyric poet of 
 Germany before Goethe, and the first supremely 
 great lyric poet that the nations of modern 
 Europe produced," flourished in the early part 
 of the thirteenth century. The best critical edi- 
 tion of his poems is K. Lachmann's (1827). 
 
 Walton, Brian. An English bishop and 
 biblical scholar; born at Seymour, Yorkshire, 
 1600 ; died in London, Nov. 29, 1661. He was 
 made chaplain to Charles II. and bishop of 
 Chester at the Restoration. His greatest work 
 is 'Biblia Sacra Polyglotta' (6 vols., folio 1657), 
 
 including the Hebrew original of the Old 
 Testament, the Samaritan Pentateuch, the 
 Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic, Persian, and L,atin 
 Vulgate, with various readings, notes, etc. ; still 
 thought to be «the most complete Biblical 
 apparatus in any language." He wrote in 1658 
 his < Dissertation on the Antiquity and Author- 
 ity of his Texts,' in later editions called the 
 
 < Prolegomena,' under which name it was pub- 
 lished in the original Latin (2 vols., 1827-28). 
 <The Considerator Considered,' etc. (1659), was 
 written in answer to Dr. John Owen's < Vindi- 
 cation of the Purity and Integrity of the Hebrew 
 and Greek Texts,' etc. which was a criticism 
 upon his great Biblical work. 
 
 Walton, Izaak. The celebrated author of 
 
 < The Compleat Angler ' ; born at Stafford, Eng- 
 land, Aug. 9, 1593; died at Winchester, Dec. 
 15, 1683. He wrote the following biographies, 
 known as 'Walton's Lives' : of Dr. John Donne 
 (1640), Sir Henry Wotton (1640), Richard 
 Hooker (1662), George Herbert (1670), and 
 Dr. Robert Sanderson (1678). < The Compleat 
 Angler; or, The Contemplative Man's Recre- 
 ation' (1653) is one of the great English clas- 
 sics. 
 
 Walworth, Clarence Alphonsus. An Amer- 
 ican clergyman ; born in Plattsburg, N. Y., May 
 30, 1820. At first a lawyer, afterwards an Epis- 
 copalian clergyman, he united with the Roman 
 Catholic Church, and was one of the founders 
 of the Congregation of St. Paul ; since 1864 
 rector of St. Mary's Church, Albany, N. Y. 
 He has written: < The Gentle Sceptic' (i860); 
 <The Doctrine of Hell> (1874); <Andiatoroct6, and 
 Other Poems.' Died at Albany, Sept. 19, 1900. 
 
 Walworth, Jeannette Ritchie (Hadermann). 
 An American novelist ; born in Philadelphia, 
 Feb. 22, 1837. She has written for periodicals, 
 and published a number of works, among them: 
 <The Silent Witness' (1871); 'Nobody's Busi- 
 ness' (1878); <The Bar Sinister' (1885); 'South- 
 ern Silhouettes' (1888). 
 
 Walworth. Mansfield Tracy. An American 
 novelist, son of Chancellor Walworth ; born in 
 Albany, N. Y., Dec. 3, 1837 ; died in New York 
 city, June 3, 1873. Abandoning the law for lit- 
 erature, he became connected with The Home 
 Journal, and subsequently wrote many novels 
 and romances. He was shot by his son, who 
 was acquitted on the ground of insanity. He 
 wrote: 'Mission of Death'; <Lulu> (i860); 
 'Hotspur' (1861); 'Warwick' (1868); 'Beverly' 
 (1873); and two posthumous works, 'Married 
 in Mask' (1888) and 'Tahara' (1888). He 
 had completed a 'Life of Chancellor Living- 
 ston > ; and was writing ' Lives of the Chancel- 
 •lors of New York State.' 
 
 Wang-Chi-Fou (wang-che-fo'). One of the 
 greatest Chinese dramatic poets; lived in the 
 13th century. He was the creator of the Chi- 
 nese opera (called Thsa-Khi, lyrical dramas), 
 and is placed by his countrymen among the 
 ten Thsdi-tseu, or writers of genius. He com- 
 posed thirteen plays, of which only two sur- 
 vive : ' Si-siang-ki > (Western Pavilion) like all
 
 560 
 
 Chinese plays a sort of novel in dialogue— his 
 best work,— which obtained and still holds 
 great popularity with the Chinese; and the 
 comedy <The State Minister's Feast.> The 
 former was partly translated into French by 
 Stanislas Julien in * Europe Littdraire > (Literary 
 Europe). 
 
 Wangemaim, Hermann Theodor (vang'e- 
 man). A German traveler; born at Wilsnack 
 in Brandenburg, March 27, 1818; died there, 
 June 18, 1S94. He was for several years a 
 director of Lutheran missions. He wrote: 
 
 < Short History of Evangelical Hymnology> 
 (iS55);<A Year's Travel in South Africa > (1869); 
 
 < Pictures of Life in South A.frica > (1871); < South 
 Africa and its Inhabitants) (1881J; <Historyof 
 the Berlin Missionary Society in South Africa > 
 (1S86); <W. Posselt, the KafHr Missionary* 
 (1S8S); <The Present Lutheran Church in its 
 Relation to the Una Sancta' (7 vols., 1883-84) 
 <The Church Politics of William nL> (1884J 
 
 Wangemann, Otto. A German musician 
 born at Loitz on the Peene, Jan. 9, 1848. Author 
 of < Sketch of the History of Music > (i 
 
 < History of the Organ > (3d ed. 1891); < History 
 of the Oratorio > (1882); < The Organ and its 
 Construction) (3d ed. 1895); < Choral Songs for 
 Gymnasiums* (3d ed. 1892). 
 
 Wappseus, Joliann Eduard (vap-pa-os'). A 
 German geographer and statistician ; born at 
 Hamburg, May 17, 1812; died at Gottingen, 
 professor in the university there, Dec. 16, 1879. 
 He edited and largely wrote the Stein-Horschel- 
 niann < Manual of Geography and Statistics* 
 (10 vols., 1871). He also wrote: < Researches 
 on the Geographical Discoveries of the Portu- 
 guese under Henry the Navigator* (1842); <The 
 Republics of South America* (1843); < German 
 Emigration and Colonization* (1846). 
 
 Warburton, Eliot Bartbolomew George. 
 
 An Irish barrister and author ; born at Aughrim, 
 County Galway, 1810; lost in the burning of 
 the steamer Amazon, off Land's End, Jan. 4, 
 1852. His works are: <The Crescent and the 
 Cross ; or, Romance and Reality of Eastern 
 Travel* (2 vols., 1844); < Memoirs of Prince 
 Rupert and the Cavaliers * (3 vols., 1849) ; < Regi- 
 nald Hastings* (3 vols., 1850), a novel of the 
 great rebellion; < Memoirs of Horace Walpole 
 and his Contemporaries* (2 vols., 1851); < Da- 
 rien ; or. The Merchant Prince : An Historical 
 Romance* (3 vols., 1851); and <A Memoir of 
 Charles Mordaunt, Earl of Peterborough* (3 
 vols., 1853). 
 
 Warburton, Peter Egerton. An Australian 
 explorer; born at Nortliwich, England, Aug. 15, 
 1813; died near Adelaide, Nov. 16, 1889. He 
 wrote: < Major Warburton's Diary* (1866); 
 'Journey Across the Western Interior of Aus- 
 tralia* (1875). 
 
 Warburton. William. An English author; 
 bom at Newark-upon-Trent, Dec. 24, 1698 ; died 
 June 7, 1779. He became bishop of Gloucester. 
 His defense of Pope's < Essay on Man* against 
 the charge of atheism won the gratitude of the 
 
 WANGEMANN — WARD 
 
 poet, who made the bishop his literary executor. 
 Warburton thereupon brought out an edition o! 
 Pope (1751). He published: < Miscellaneous 
 Translations in Prose and Verse* (1723); <An 
 Inquiry into the Causes of Prodigies and Mira- 
 cles* (1727); < Alliance between Church and 
 State* (1736J; < Divine Legation of Moses Dem- 
 onstrated, on the Principles of a Religious Deist, 
 from the Omission of the Doctrine of the Future 
 State of Reward and Punishment in the Jewish 
 Dispensation* (1738-41; loth ed. 3 vols., 1846); 
 an edition of Shakespeare (very poor, 1747); 
 
 < Julian ; or, A Discourse Concerning the Earth- 
 quake and Fierj' Eruption which Defeated the 
 Emperor's Attempt to Rebuild the Temple at 
 Jerusalem * (1750); < View of Bolingbroke's Post- 
 humous Writings* (1754); and * The Doctrine 
 of Grace * (1762). 
 
 Ward, Adolphus William. An English edu- 
 cator, literary historian, and biographer ; born 
 at Hampstead, London, Dec. 2, 1837. In addi- 
 tion to being professor of history and princi- 
 pal of Owens College, Manchester, and coit 
 tributing to the 'Encyclopaedia Britannica* 
 and leading English reviews, he is the author 
 of < The House of Austria in the Thirty Years' 
 War* (1869); < Dramatic Literature of the 
 Age of Elizabeth* (2 vols., 1875); < Lives* of 
 Chaucer (1879) and Dickens (1882) in the 
 
 < English Men of Letters * series ; translator of 
 Curtius's < History of Greece * (5 vols., 1868-74); 
 and editor of < Pope's Poems* (Globe edition, 
 1869), andof 'Byron's Poems * (Chetham Society's 
 edition); < Great Britain and Hanover * (1899). 
 
 Ward, Artemus. See Browne, Charles Far- 
 rar. 
 
 Ward, Elizabeth Stuart (Phelps). An Amer- 
 ican novelist and poet ; bom at Andover, 
 Mass., August 1844. In 1888 she married 
 Herbert D. Ward, with whom she sometimes 
 collaborates. Among her books are : < The 
 Gates Ajar* ( 1868), one of the most successful 
 of American stories; <Men, Women, and 
 Ghosts* (1869); <The Silent Partner* (1870); 
 <The Trotty Book* (1870); <The Story of 
 Avis* (1877); <01d Maid's Paradise* (1879); 
 <Beyond the Gates* (1883); < Dr. Zay* (1884); 
 
 < The Gates Between* ( 1887 ) ; < The Master of 
 the Magicians* (1890); and <Come Forth* 
 ( 1890"). Jointly with her husband she wrote : 
 
 < Poetic Studies,* verse ( 1885 ) ; < Songs of the 
 Silent World > (1885) ; and < The Struggle for Im- 
 mortality * (1889), a volume of essays. Her most 
 recent work is < The Story of Jesus Christ * (1897); 
 <Trixy * (1904) ;<The Man in the Case *(i906). 
 
 Ward, Herbert Dickinson. An American 
 
 writer of juvenile books ; bom in Massachu- 
 setts in 1861. He has published : <The Captain 
 of the Kittie Wink * ; < A Dash to the Pole * ; 
 
 < The New Senior at Andover * ; < The V/hite 
 Crown,* etc. ; < The Burglar who Moved Para- 
 dise * ; < The Last Hero * ; < A Dash to the Pole.* 
 
 Ward, Mrs. Humphry (Mary Augusta Ar- 
 nold). An English novelist of great celebrity; 
 born at Hobart Town, Tasmania, in 1851. She 
 is a granddaughter of Dr. Arnold of Rugby, and
 
 WARD — WARING 
 
 561 
 
 was married in 1872 to Thomas Humphry Ward. 
 Her books are : < Milly and Ollie > ( 1881 j ; < Miss 
 Bretherton' (1884); a translation of <Amiel's 
 Journal > (1885); < Robert Elsmere> (1888), a 
 story of religious doubt, stirring up a great in- 
 terest and having an enormous circulation ; 
 <The History of David Grieve > (1892); < Mar- 
 cclla> (1894); and <The Story of Bessie Cos- 
 trelP (1895). She helped to establish, and 
 still takes an active interest in, University Hall, 
 a social settlement among the London poor. 
 
 Ward, Nathaniel. An English-American 
 lawyer, clergyman, and author; born at Haver- 
 hill, England, about 1578; died at Shenfield, 
 Essex, about October, 1652, While a pastor 
 in Massachusetts he wrote the < Body of Lib- 
 erties,' adopted December 1641, the first code 
 of laws established in New England. His other 
 writings are : < The Simple Cobler of Aga- 
 wam> (1647); <A Religious Retreat Sounded to 
 a Religious Army> (1647); <A Sermon Before 
 Parliament* (1647); and < Mercurius Anti-Me- 
 chanicus ; or. The Simple Cobler's Boy, with 
 his Lap-full of Caveats' (1648). 
 
 Ward, Robert Plumer. An English writer 
 of fiction and miscellaneous works; born in 
 London, 1765 ; died 1846. His novels, < Tre- 
 maine * (1825), and < De Vere > (1827), published 
 anonymously, were exceedingly popular. His 
 other works include treatises on the law of 
 nations and essays on juristic topics. 
 
 Ward, Thomas. An American writer and 
 litterateur of New York city ; born 1807 ; died 
 1873. He was the author of : <A Month of 
 Freedom ' ; < Passaic > ; < A Group of Poems > ; 
 
 < Flora : A Pastoral Opera > ; < War Lyrics.' 
 
 Ward, William Hayes. An American editor, 
 clergyman, and eminent AssjTiologist ; born in 
 Abington, Mass., Jan. 25, 1835. He was a pastor 
 of the Congregational church and professor at 
 Ripon College, 1860-68, when he became editor 
 of the Independent. In 1884 he went to Bab- 
 ylon in charge of an expedition. He has written 
 much on Oriental archaeology for the Bibli- 
 otheca Sacra, and other journals, and prepared 
 the report of the exploring expedition of 1884, 
 and published * Notes on Oriental Antiquities.' 
 
 Warden, David Baillie. An Irish-American 
 scholar; born in 1788; died in Paris, Oct. 
 •9, 1845. He graduated at the New York Med- 
 ical College, was United States secretary 
 'of legation at Paris, and subsequently consul 
 from 1804 to his death. He was a member of 
 the French Institute, and, published : < Inquiry 
 concerning the Intellectual and Moral Facul- 
 ties and Literature of the Negroes' (1810); 
 '' Origin and Nature of Consular Establish- 
 ments ' (1816); 'Description of the District of 
 Columbia' (1816); < Statistical, Political, and 
 Historical Account of the United States ' ( 1819) ; 
 
 < L'Art de verifier les dates: Chronologie His- 
 
 torique de I'Amdrique ' (lo vols., Paris, 1826-44); 
 
 * Bibliotheca Americana Septentrionalis,' etc. 
 
 (1820); < Recherches sur les Antiquiles de 
 I'Am^rique Septentrionale ' (1827); and < Bibli- 
 otheca Americana • (1831}. 
 
 36 
 
 Warden, Florence. Pseudonym of Mrs. 
 George E. James. An English novelist ; born 
 Florence Alice Price, 1857. She won note with 
 'The House on the Marsh' (1882), which had 
 a wide sale. She has since published : ' At the 
 World's Mercy ' ; < A Vagrant Wife ' ; < A Prince 
 of Darkness ' ; < A Dog With a Bad Name ' ; 
 < Doris's Fortune ' ; ' Scheherazade : A London 
 Night's Entertainment ' ; < Morals and Tvlillions.' 
 
 Ware, Henry, Jr. An American clergyman 
 and religious writer ; born at Hingham, Mass., 
 April 21, 1794 ; died at Framingham, Mass., Sept. 
 22, 1843. He took an active part in the organ- 
 ization of the Unitarian movement. Among 
 his writings are : < Hints on Extemporaneous 
 Preaching' (1824); 'Recollections of Jotham 
 Anderson' (about 1824); 'On the Forma- 
 tion of the Christian Character' (1831); 'Life 
 of the Saviour' (1832; new ed. 1868); 'The 
 Feast of the Tabernacle,' an oratorio poem 
 (1837); 'Memoirs' of Rev. Dr. Parker (1834), 
 Dr. Noah Webster, Dr. John Priestley, and 
 Oberlin ; and ' Scenes and Characters Illustrat- 
 ing Christian Truth' (2 vols., 1837). Selections 
 from his writings were published in 4 vols., 
 1846-47. 
 
 Ware, Mrs. Katharine Augusta (Rhodes). 
 An American poet ; born in Quincy, Mass., 
 in 1797 ; died in Paris, in 1843. She edited 
 The Bower of Taste, and published a volume 
 of poems, < Power of the Passions,' etc. (1842). 
 
 Ware, William. An American clergyman, 
 editor, and author; bom at Hingham, Mass., 
 Aug. 3, 1797 ; died at Cambridge, Mass., Feb. 
 19, 1852. In addition to his pastorates, and his 
 editorship of the Christian Examiner, he wrote 
 the following: 'Letters from Palmyra' (1837), 
 first published in the Knickerbocker Magazine, 
 subsequently republished as'Zenobia; or. The 
 Fall of Palmyra' (new ed. 1868); 'Probus; or, 
 Rome in the Third Century' (1838), republished 
 as 'Aurelian' (new ed. 1868); 'Julian; or. Scenes 
 in Judea' (1841); 'Sketches of European Cap- 
 itals' (1851); 'Lectures on the Works and 
 Genius of Washington Allston' (1852); and a 
 ' Life of Nathaniel Bacon,' in Sparks's series. 
 He edited 'American Unitarian Biography' 
 (1850). 
 
 Warfield, Catharine Ann (Ware). An 
 American poet and novelist ; bom near Natchez, 
 Miss., June 6, 1816 ; died in Kentucky, May 21, 
 1877. She published, with her sister Eleanor, 
 'The Wife of Leon, and Other Poems' (1844); 
 'The Indian Chamber,' etc. (1846): and wrote 
 'The Household of Bouverie ' (i860); 'The Ro- 
 mance of the Green Seal' (1867); 'Miriam Mon- 
 fort' (1873); 'Hester Howard's Temptation' 
 (1875); <A Double Wedding' (1875); 'Sea and 
 Shore' (1876); 'The Romance of Beausein- 
 court' (1876); 'Feme Fleming' (1877); 'The 
 Cardinal's Daughter' (1877). 
 
 Waring, George Edwin. An American sani- 
 tary engineer, author and lecturer. Bom in 
 Poundridge, N. Y., July 4, 1833 ; died in New 
 York city, Oct. 28, 1898. He was colonel of the 
 6th Missouri Cavalry in the Civil War. He wa*
 
 ^62 
 
 -^ARTTECK — WARREN 
 
 superintendent of the street-cleaning depart- 
 ment of New Yorlc city, 1895-9S. Soon after 
 the War he published very spirited stories 
 of armv experience, and has since published 
 many works on drainage and sanitary science ; 
 also '< A Fanner's Vacation,> <The Bride of the 
 Rhine,* < Village Improvement,* etc. 
 
 Warneck, Gustav Adolf (var'nek). A Ger- 
 man theological writer; born at Naumburg, 
 March 6, 1S34. He wrote: < Missions in the 
 Light of the Bible* (1878); <The Relations 
 between Missions and Modem Civilization* 
 (1879); <The Mission in Pictures from its His- 
 tory* (1884); < Sketch of the History of Mis- 
 sions from the Reformation to the Present 
 Time'; 'The Ultramontane Art of Fence* 
 (1889); 'The Romanism of To-day in the Light 
 of its Missions to the Heathen* (1889); <The 
 Evangelical Alliance and its Opponents * (1889); 
 •Position of the Evangelical Mission Toward 
 tlie (Juotion of Slavery ' ; < Doctrine of Evan- 
 gelical Misb'nns.* 
 
 Warner, Anna Bartlett. f«Amy Lothrop**] 
 An American autiior ; born in New York in 
 1820. In conjunction with her sister, Susan 
 Warner, she published the novels < Say and 
 Seal* (i860); <Wych Hazel* (1876); and <The 
 Gold of Chickaree* (1876). Among her sepa- 
 rate works, published under her pen-name 
 « Amy Lothrop,** are : < Dollars and Cents * 
 (1853); <My Brother's Keeper* (1855); 'Sto- 
 ries of Vinegar Hill * (1871); 'The Fourth Watch *; 
 ' The Blue Flag,* etc. (1879) ; < The Other Shore*; 
 
 < Three Little Spades,* a child's book ; and 
 • Gardening by Myself* ; < Wayfaring Hymns.* 
 
 Warner, Charles Dudley. An American 
 man of letters and novelist ; born in Plaintield, 
 Mass., Sept. 12, 1829 ; died at Hartford, Conn., 
 Oct. 20, 1900. He graduated at Hamilton Col- 
 lege in 1851, was admitted to the bar in 1856, 
 and practiced in Chicago till i860, when he re- 
 moved to Hartford, Conn., became editor of the 
 Press in 1861, and of the Courant in 1867. He 
 was connected with Harper's Monthly Maga- 
 zine, as the contributor of an editorial depart- 
 ment, from 1884. His literary work began 
 while in college, in contributions of stories to 
 the Knickerbocker and Putnam's Magazine. 
 His first book was a compilation for the use of 
 students in schools, called ' A Book of Elo- 
 quence * (1853). In 1870 he published ' My Sum- 
 mer in a Garden,* which was followed by 
 
 < Saunterings* (1872); ' Backlog Studies * (1872); 
 'The Gilded Age* (with S. L.Clemens, 1873); 
 'Baddeck, and That Sort of Thing* (1874); 
 ' Mummies and Moslems * (1876 — re-issued under 
 the title 'My Winter on the Nile*); < In the 
 Levant* (1877); < Being a Boy* (1877); < In the 
 Wilderness* (1878); 'The American News- 
 paper* (1879); 'Studies of Irving* (with W. C. 
 Bryant and George P. Putnam, 1880); 'Life of 
 Washington Ir^-ing* (1881); edited 'American 
 Men of Letters* (of this series 'Washington 
 Ir\'ing,> 1881, was the initial volume; the thir- 
 teenth volume, < George William Curtis,* by Ed- 
 ward Gary, appeared in 1894); 'Captain John 
 Smith, Sometime Governor of Virginia, and 
 
 Admiral of New England : A Study of his Life 
 and Writings* (1881); < A Roundabout Journey* 
 (1883); 'Papers on Penology* (with others; 
 Reformatory Press, Elmira, N. Y., 1886); 'Their 
 Pilgrimage* (i886); 'On Horseback: A Tour 
 in Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee, 
 Published with Notes of Travel in Mexico and 
 California* (1888); 'Studies in the South and 
 West, with Comments on Canada* (1889); <A 
 Little Journey in the World : A Novel* (1889); 
 < Looking Forward : The Dual GoYemment 
 Realized* (1890); 'Our Italy, Southern Cali- 
 fornia* (1890); 'As We Were Saying* (1891); 
 'Washington Irving* (1892); 'The Work of 
 Washington Irving* (1893); < As We Go * (1893); 
 'The Golden House: A Novel* (1894); 'The 
 Relation of Literature to Life* (1896); 'The 
 People for Whom Shakespeare Wrote* (1897); 
 edited ' A Library of the World's Best Litera- 
 ture* (1896-98). 
 
 Warner, Susan. An American novelist; 
 born in New York, July 11, 1819; died at 
 Highland Falls, N. Y., March 17, 1885. Her 
 books are: 'The Wide, Wide World* (1850); 
 'Queechy* (2 vols., 1852); a theological treatise, 
 'The Law and the Testimony* (1853); 'The 
 Hills of the Shatemuc* (1856); 'Lyrics from 
 the Wide, Wide World * ; < The Golden Ladder* 
 (1862); 'The Old Helmet* (1863); <Wych 
 Hazel* (1876); and an essay, ' American Fe- 
 male .Patriotism.* Her pen-name was " Eliza- 
 beth Wetherell.** 
 
 Warner, William. An English lawyer and 
 poet; born in London, about 1558; died at 
 Amwell, March 9, 1609. He wrote : 'Pan his 
 Syrinx* (1584), a pastoral novel; and 'Albion's 
 England, a Continued History of the Same 
 Kingdom from the Originals of the First Inhab- 
 itants Thereof,* etc. (1586), a poem, in rhjTned 
 fourteen-syllable lines, of history, legend, and 
 anecdote, very popular in his day, running 
 through nine editions, the last being that of 
 1810. 
 
 Warren, Gouverneur Kemble. An Ameri- 
 can general ; born in Cold Spring, N. Y., Jan. 
 8, 1830; died in Newport, R. I., Aug. 8, 1882. 
 He graduated at West Point in 1850. He was 
 a member of many scientific associations, and 
 contributed to their journals. His published 
 works include : ' Explorations in the Dacota 
 Country* (1855-56); 'Explorations in Nebraska 
 and Dakota* (1858); and a pamphlet, 'The 
 Battle of Five Forks* (1866), in which he had 
 a notable part. 
 
 Warren, John Bjirne Leicester. See De 
 Tabley. 
 
 Warren, Mercy Otis. An American poet, 
 historian, and patriot ; born at Barnstable, Mass., 
 Sept. 25, 1728; died at Plymouth, Mass., Oct. 
 19, 1814. An ardent patriot, she corresponded 
 with the leaders of the Revolution, among them 
 Samuel and John Adams, and Thomas Jeffer- 
 son. The ' Correspondence of John Adams 
 and Mercy Vk^arren* was published by the 
 Massachusetts Historical Society in 1878. She 
 wrote dramatic and satirical poems against the
 
 WARREN -WATSON 
 
 563 
 
 royalists (1773-75), which were included in her 
 volume of < Poems, Dramatic and Miscellane- 
 ous* (1790). She published <A History of the 
 Rise, Progress, and Termination of the Amer- 
 ican Revolution, Interspersed with Biographical, 
 Political, and Moral Observations' (3 vols., 
 1805). 
 
 Warren, Samuel. A celebrated English nov- 
 elist; born in Wales, 1807; died in London, 
 1877. He was by profession a lawyer. He 
 contributed to Blackwood's the story < Blucher > 
 when he was in his seventeenth year. His 
 later works include : < Passages from the Diary 
 of a Late Physician' (1830-31); <Ten Thou- 
 sand a Year' (1839); <Now and Then' (1847); 
 < Miscellanies' (1854). He wrote several legal 
 works, and also an attack on the Catholic 
 Church, entitled < The Queen and the Pope' 
 (1850). 
 
 Warren, William Fairfield. An American 
 clergyman and educator; born at Williams- 
 burg, Mass., March 13, 1833. He wrote : < True 
 Key to Ancient Cosmology and Mythological 
 Geography' (1882); < Paradise Found: The 
 Cradle of the Human Race at the North Pole' 
 (1885), a very curious speculation; <The Quest 
 of the Perfect Religion' (1887); <In the Foot- 
 steps of Arminius > (1888); 'The Story of Gottlieb,' 
 a studyofideals(i89i); 'Constitutional Law Ques- 
 tions in the Methodist Episcopal Church > ; ' The 
 Religion of the World and the World-Religion.' 
 
 Warriner, Edward Augustus. An Ameri- 
 can clergyman and writer; bom in Massa- 
 chusetts in 1829. He has written: < Victor La 
 Tourette' ; < Kear : A Poem > ; < I Am That I Am : 
 A Metrical Essay' ; < The Gate Called Beautiful.' 
 
 Warton, Joseph. An English clergyman, 
 critic, and editor; born at Dunsford in 1722; 
 died at Wickham, Feb. 23, 1800. He wrote : 
 <Odes on Various Subjects' (1746); a poeti- 
 cal translation of the < Eclogues and Georgics 
 of Virgil' (1753); twenty-four critical papers 
 to the Adventurer (1753-56); an 'Essay on 
 the Genius and Writings of Pope' (2 vols., 
 1856-82). He edited the works of Pope (9 
 vols., 1797) ; and the works of Dryden (4 vols., 
 1811; completed after his death). 
 
 Warton, Thomas. An English clergyman, 
 who was poet-laureate (1785); born at Basing- 
 stoke in 1728; died at Oxford, May 21, 1790. 
 He wrote : < Observations on the Faerie Queene 
 of Spenser' (1754); 'The Life of Sir Thomas 
 Pope' (1772); 'History of English Poetry' 
 (3 vols., 1774-81) ; and several occasional 
 poems, collected in 1777. He edited the ' Greek 
 Anthology' (1766); the works of Theocritus 
 (2 vols., 1770) ; and the ' Minor Poems of Mil- 
 ton' (1785). 
 
 Washburn, Charles Ames. An American 
 editor, historian, and novelist; born at Liver- 
 more, Me., March 16, 1822 ; died in New York, 
 Jan. 26, 1889. He was editor and proprietor of 
 the Alta California, and the San Francisco 
 Daily Times (1858-61) ; minister to Paraguay 
 (1861-65), residing in that country also from 
 
 1866 to 1868. Pie wrote < History of Paraguay ' 
 (2 vols., 1871); the novels 'Philip Thaxter' 
 (1861), 'Gomery of Montgomery' (1865); etc. 
 
 Washburne, Elihu Benjamin. An Ameri- 
 can statesman ; born in Maine, 1816 ; died 1887. 
 He was made minister to France by President 
 Grant, and remained at his post in Paris dur- 
 ing the Commune, a fact which imparts special 
 interest to his ' Recollections of a Minister to 
 France — 1869-77 ' (1887). 
 
 Washburn, William Tucker. An American 
 novelist and versifier ; born in Boston, Aug. 15, 
 184I. He has written : 'Fair Harvard,' a 
 typical college novel of Plarvard University ; 
 <The Unknown City: A Story of New 
 York ; and 'Spring and Summer,' a volume of 
 verse ; and < Poems ' (1905). 
 
 Washington, George. The first President of 
 the United States ; born at Pope's Creek, West- 
 moreland County, Va., Feb. 22, 1732; died at 
 Mt. Vernon, Va., Dec. 14, 1799. 
 
 Wasielevski, Wilhelm Joseph von (va-se-a- 
 lev'ske). A German violinist; born at Gross- 
 Leesen near Dantzic, June 17, 1822 ; died Dec, 
 13, 1896. He wrote : ' The Violin and its 
 Masters' (1869); < R. Schumann: A Biography' 
 (1858); 'The Violin in the 17th Century and 
 the Beginnings of Instrumental Composition ' 
 (1874); * History of Instrumental Music in the 
 i6th Century' (1878); < Schumanniana ' (1883); 
 'Beethoven' (2 vols., 1888); 'The Violoncello 
 and its History' (1889). 
 
 Wasilewski, Edmund (va-se-lev'ske). A Pol- 
 ish poet ; bom at Rogozna, 1814 ; died 1846. 
 The hardships, misfortunes, and sorrows of his 
 life are reflected in the irony, doubt, despair, 
 resignation, and spiritual revolt of his verse. 
 Among his best productions were : ' The Cra- 
 covians' (1840); 'Child of Folly' (1845); 'The 
 Cathedral on the Wesel > (1846) ; etc. (' Various 
 Poems,' Cracow, 1839.) 
 
 Wasson, David At •wood. An American 
 clergyman, peet, and essayist ; bom at Brooks- 
 ville, Me., May 14, 1823; died Jan. 21, 1887. 
 He wrote chiefly for periodicals, but his works 
 were collected as 'Bugle Notes,' 'Seen and 
 Unseen,' ' Ideals,' etc. 
 
 Waters, Mrs. Clara Erskine (Clement). 
 An American miscellaneous writer ; born in St 
 Louis, Mo., Aug. 28, 1834. In 1883-84 she made 
 a tour round the world. The first of her many 
 publications was the < Simple Story of the 
 Orient' (1869). 'Legendary and Mythological 
 Art' (1871); 'Artists of the Nineteenth Century 
 and their Works,' with Laurence Hutton (1879); 
 'Eleanor Maitland,' a novel (1S81); 'Stories of 
 Art and Artists > (1886); 'Woman in tlie Fine Arts' 
 (1904); and a translation of < Dusia's Daughter,' a 
 novel by Henri Grdville.are included in Jier works. 
 
 Watson, Henry Clay. An American jour- 
 nalist and writer of historical stories; born in 
 Baltimore, 1831 ; died in Sacramento, Cal., July 
 10, 1869. He was the author of : ' Camp-Fires 
 of the Revolution' (1851); 'Nights in a Block- 
 House' (1852); <01d Bell of Independence'
 
 5^4 
 
 0852) • < The Yankee Teapot > (1853); 'Heroic 
 Women > (1853) ; < The Masonic Musical Manual> 
 (1855); <Camp Fires of Napoleon > (1856); and 
 • Lives' of the Presidents > (1858). 
 
 Watson, John. [« Ian Maclaren."] A noted 
 Scottish Presbyterian preacher, and novelist; 
 bom in Essex, 1850. Since 1880 he has been 
 settled over the Sefton Park Church, Liver- 
 pool He has published : < The Days of Auld 
 Lang Syne> (1893), < Beside the Bonnie Briar 
 Bush > (illustrated ed., 1896), both very popular ; 
 <The Upper Room> (1895); 'Kate Carnegie > 
 (1896); 'The Cure of Souls > (1896); < Home 
 Making >; 'The Mind of the Master > (1896); 
 < Ideals of Strength > (1897); 'The Potter's 
 M lieel > f 1897) ; etc. Died May 6, 1907. 
 
 Watson, John Whittaker. An American 
 journalist and poet ; born in New York city, 
 Oct 14, 1824; died there, July 18, 1890. He 
 wrote many stories for periodicals, and is one 
 of the many authors of the poem, < Beautiful 
 Snow,> contained in < Beautiful Snow and 
 Other Poems' (1869). 
 
 Watson, Paul Barron. An American lawyer 
 and historical writer. Pie was born in Morris- 
 town, N. J., March 25, 1861. He has published : 
 'Bibliography of the Pre-Columbian Discover- 
 ies of America' (1881); 'Life of Marcus Aure- 
 lius> (1884); and 'The Swedish Revolution 
 under Gustavus Vasa.> 
 
 Watson, Richard. An English theologian; 
 born at Barton-upon-PIumber, Feb. 22, 1781 ; 
 died in London, Jan 8, 1833. His principal 
 works are: 'Theological Institutes* (6 parts, 
 1823-28); < The Life of Rev. John Wesley > (1831); 
 ' A Biblical and Theological Dictionary' (1831); 
 'An Exposition of the Gospels of Matthew 
 and Mark> (1833). 
 
 Watson, Rosamund Marriott. An English 
 poet, writing sometimes under the pseudonyms 
 " Graham R. Tomson " and " R. Armytage » ; 
 born in London, 1863. She has contributed to 
 English and American periodicals, and has 
 edited several anthologies. Her works include : 
 'The Bird Bride' (1889); <A Summer Night, 
 and Other Poems' (1891); 'After Sunset' 
 (1903);' The Heart of a Garden ' (1904). 
 
 Watson, Thomas. An English poet; born 
 in London about 1557 ; died in 1592. His 
 poems, pastoral and amatory, equaled in pop- 
 ularity those of his friends Spenser and Sid- 
 ney. He translated Sophocles's 'Antigone' 
 into Latin (1581); and wrote: ' Ekatompathia ; 
 or. Passionate Century of Love' (15S2); < Meli- 
 boeus, Thomae Watsoni ; sive, Ecloga in Obitum 
 Domini Francisci Walsinghami Equitis Aurati ' 
 (1590); 'The Tears of Fancie ; or. Love Dis- 
 dained' (1593). 
 
 Watson, William. An English poet; born 
 at Wharfedale, Aug. 2, 1858. His works include: 
 •The Prince's Quest' (1880); 'Epigrams of 
 Art' (1884); in the National Review, a series of 
 political sonnets, ' Ver Tenebrosum' (1885); 
 'Wordsworth's Grave, and Other Poems' (1891J; 
 
 WATSON — WAUGM 
 
 'Lachrymae Musarum> (1892), an elegy on 
 Tennyson; 'Poems' (1893); 'Excursions in 
 Criticism' (1893); 'The Eloping Angels' (1893); 
 'Odes, and Other Poems' (1894); and 'The 
 Purple East ' ( 1896), an attack on the British gov - 
 ernment for its failure to act against Turkey for 
 the Armenian massacres ; 'For England' (IQ03). 
 
 Wattenbach, Wilhelm (vat'ten-bach). A 
 German historian and palteographist ; born at 
 Ranzau, Sept. 22, 1819 ; died at Frankfort, Sept. 
 20, 1897 ; became professor of history at Heidel- 
 berg, 1862, and 1873 in Berlin University. He 
 was author of 'Contributions to the History of 
 the Christian Church in Bohemia and Moravia' 
 (1849); 'Introduction to Greek Palaeography' 
 (1867); 'Introduction to Latin Palaeography' 
 (1869); 'Writing in the Middle Ages> (1871); 
 < Vacation Travels in Spain and Portugal) ( 1869); 
 'The Transylvanian Saxons' (1870); 'The In- 
 quisition against the Waldenses in Pomerania 
 and in the Mark of Brandenburg' (1886); < The 
 Sect of the Brethren of the Free Spirit' (1887); 
 'History of the Roman Papacy' (1876), 
 
 Watterson, Henry. An American journalist ;. 
 born in Washington, D. C, Feb. 16, 1840. His 
 first work as journalist was with the Democratic 
 Review, and The States, in Washington, D. C. 
 He edited the Republican Banner, Nashville,, 
 Tenn., before and after the War, in the interim 
 serving with distinction in the Confederate 
 army. He edited, in Louisville, Ky., the Louis- 
 ville Journal (1867-68); and has edited the 
 Louisville Courier-Journal since 1868. He has 
 published, 'Odditiesof Southern Life and Charac- 
 ter,' and 'History of the Spanish-American War.' 
 
 Watts, Alaxic Alexander. An English edu- 
 cator, poet, and journalist ; born in London,, 
 March 16, 1799; died at Kensington, April 5, 
 1864. His journalistic work was done with the 
 Manchester Courier, the London Standard, and 
 the United Service Gazette. He edited a series 
 of annual volumes, 'Literary Souvenir' (1825- 
 35 ). He published : ' Poetical Sketches ' (1822) ; 
 and 'Lyrics of the Heart' (1851). 
 
 Watts, Isaac. An English clergyman and 
 hymn-writer ; born at Southampton, July 17, 
 1674; died at Theobalds, Newington, Nov. 25, 
 1748. He wrote many religious and educa- 
 tional treatises, among which are : ' Logic ; or, 
 The Right Use of Reason in the Inquiry after 
 Truth' (1725); and 'The Improvement of the 
 Mind > ( 1741). His < Psalms and Hymns ' have 
 given him a place in the hymnals of all Eng-. 
 lish - speaking denominations. 
 
 Waugh, Edwin. An English dialect-writer v: 
 born at Rochdale, Lancashire, Jan. 29, 1817 ;, 
 died at New Brighton, April 30, 1890. He: 
 wrote ' Sketches of Lancashire Life and Local- 
 ities ' ( 1855 ; 4th ed. 1869 ) ; ' Poems and Lan- 
 cashire Songs' (1859); 'Rambles in the Lake' 
 Country and its Borders' (1862); 'Tufts ot 
 Heather from the Lancashire Moors' (1864);-, 
 ' Irish Sketches ' ; ' Home Life of the Lancashire: 
 Factory-Folk' (1866); ' Sancno's Wallet'; 'The: 
 Chimney Corner' (1879); etc. 'Posies fronu
 
 WAYLAND — WECKHERLIN 
 
 56S 
 
 a Country Garden > (2 vols., 1865) is a selec- 
 tion from his poems. 
 
 Wayland, Francis. An American clergy- 
 man, educator, and author ; born in New York 
 city, March 11, 1796; died in Providence, R. I., 
 Sept. 30, 1865. He graduated at Union College, 
 1813, was pastor in a Baptist church in Boston 
 1821-26, and president of Brown University 
 1827-55. His works include : < Elements of 
 Moral Science' (1835); < Elements of Politi- 
 cal Economy' (1837); <The Limitations of 
 Human Responsibility* (1838); < Thoughts on 
 the Present Collegiate System' (1845); 'Do- 
 mestic Slavery considered as a Scriptural Insti- 
 tution' (1845); < Memoirs' of Harriet Ware 
 (1850) and Adoniram Judson (1853); * Elements 
 of Intellectual Philosophy' (1854); < Sermons 
 to Churches' (1858); < Memoir of Thomas 
 Chalmers' (1864). 
 
 . Webb. Charles JBenry. r«John Paul."] Ati 
 Aitiericati barik^i", jopriialist, and humorist; 
 l50fil at Rouse's t^diiit, N. ¥., Jail. 24, 1834. His 
 journalistic work was done on the ISlew /ork 
 Times (1860-63); the Caljfornian, San Fran- 
 tisco .{1863-66); , and the New York Tribune, 
 for which, mainly, his humorous articles were 
 written. He invented an adding machine, li^ 
 ■y^ote several burjesque dramas; <John Paul's 
 Book' (i85;4); <ParodieSi Prose and Verse' 
 (iS?6)! and * Vagrom Verse.' Died, TO05. 
 
 We'bb, James Watson. An American soldier, 
 journalist, and diplomat ; bom at Claverack, 
 N. Y.. Feb. 8, l802; died in New York city, 
 June 7, 1884. In journalism he was connected 
 with the Mortiihg CoUriet, New York (1827-29); 
 The Morning Courier and New York Etiquiter 
 (1829-59). He is the author of: <Altowan; or. 
 Incidents of Life and Advehture in the Rocky 
 Mountains' (2 vols., 1846); 'Slavery atid its 
 Tendeiicies' (1856); and a pamphlet on 'Na- 
 tional Currency' (1875)* 
 
 Webb, Sidney. An English socialist, one of 
 the founders of the Fabian Society; bom in 
 London, July 13, 1859. He has written: 
 < Socialism in England' (1889); < The Eight 
 Hours' Day' (1891), in collaboration with Har- 
 old Cox; and 'The London Program' (1892). 
 His Wite, Beatrice (Potter), has written 'The 
 Co-operative Movement in Great Britain,' and 
 together they have written the noted < History 
 of Trades-Unionism in England' and 'Indus- 
 trial Democracy.' < History of Liquor Licensmg.' 
 Weber, Georg (va'ber). A German educator 
 .•and historian ; born in Bavaria, Feb. 10, 1808 ; 
 .died at Heidelberg, Aug. 10, 1888. His works 
 are: 'Text-Book of General History' {2 vols.); 
 'History of German Literature'; 'General 
 History of the World for the Educated Classes' 
 (15 vols., 1857-80); and with M. H. Holtz- 
 mann, a history of the Hebrew people and the 
 origin of Christianity. 
 
 Weber, Karl Julius, A German miscellane- 
 ous writer; bom at Lasgenburg, April 16, 1767; 
 died at Kupferzell, July 20, 1832. He wrote: 
 tMonasticism' (3 vols., t|T 8-20); 'Knighthood' 
 
 (3 vols., 1822-24); < Germany; or. Letters of a 
 German Traveling in Germany' (4 vols., 1826- 
 28); ' Democritus; or. The Literary Remains of 
 a Laughing Philosopher' (5 vols., 1832-35):. the 
 last two works being satires on German society. 
 
 Weber, Max Maria von. A German rail- 
 way engineer, son of the celebrated music com- 
 poser, Karl Maria von W. ; born at Dresden, 
 April 25, 1822; died at Berlin, April 18, 1881. 
 Besides numerous technological works, he wrote : 
 'Karl Maria von Weber: A Life Picture' (3 
 vols., 1864-66); 'From the World of Work' 
 (1868); 'Works and Days' (1869); 'Looking 
 and Doing' (1878). 
 
 Webster, Albert Falvey. An American short- 
 story writer ; born in Boston, 1848 ; died at sea, 
 Dec. 27, 1876. His best stories were printed 
 in Scribner's, Appleton's, and the Atlantic 
 Monthly, and include: 'Our Friend Sullivan'; 
 'Little Majesty'; 'An Operation in Money'; 
 
 < My Daughter's Watch > ; < Miss Eunice's Glove.' 
 
 Webster, Julia Axigasta ( Davies) . An English 
 poet and dramatist; born at Poole, Dorsetshire, 
 Jan. 30, 13J7; died at Kew, Sept. 5, 1894. She 
 was daughter of Vlte-Adtoiral George Davies. 
 She wrote : 'Blanche Lisle and other Poems, by 
 Cicci! Hoine' (i860); <A Woman Sold,' etc. 
 (I867); <ln a Day) (1882); dramas and trans- 
 lations of Greek tragedies, etc. 
 
 Webstei-, Daiiiel. The celebrated American 
 statesman and orator ; borh in Salisbury, N. H,, 
 Jan. 18, 1782; died in Marshfield, Mass., Oct 
 24, 1852. 
 
 Webster, Jobn. An English dramatist ; bom 
 near the end of the sixteenth century. He 
 helped Dekker, Chettle, Drayton, Marston, Row- 
 ley, Middleton. Munday, Heywood, and Went- 
 worth Smith, in writing some of their plays. 
 Some of his own dramas are: 'The White 
 Devil; or, Vittoria Corombona' (1612); 'The 
 Duchess of Malti' (1623); 'Appius and Vir- 
 ginia' (1624); and 'The Devil's Law Case.' 
 
 Webster Noah. A celebrated American lexi- 
 cographer; bom at Hartford, Conn., Oct. 16, 
 1758- died in New Haven, Conn., May 28, 
 1843' He published : < A Grammatical Institute 
 of the English Language, etc., in Three Parts' 
 (lygo-gc) which was spelling-book, grammar, 
 and reader combined; 'A Compendious Dic- 
 tionary of the English Language' (1807); a 
 
 < Philosophical and Practical Grammar of the 
 English Language' (1807); and then his great 
 work 'American Dictionary of the English 
 Language' (2 vols., 4to, 1828). He superin- 
 tended the publication of the second edition of 
 his dictionary (1840-41). 
 
 Weckherlln, Georg Rudolf (vek'har-len). A 
 German poet; born at Stuttgart, about 1584; 
 died at London, in i653- He was essen- 
 tially a court poet, and wrote only for the nobil- 
 ity. He was the first to introduce into German 
 literature the ode, sonnet, eclogue, and epigram ; 
 his finest pieces are the ' Love Songs to Myrta ' 
 He had his complete poetical works publishea 
 twice at Amsterdam (2 vols., 1641, 1648V.
 
 566 
 
 Wedderburn, James. A Scotch psalraodist; 
 ho. 11 ;u Dundee, about 1495: died m France, 
 about 1563. With his brother Robert, he edited: 
 «Ane Compendious Buike of Godly and Spirit- 
 ual! Sangs, Collcctit Out of Sundrie Partes of 
 the Scripture, wyth Sundrie of Uther Ballates 
 Changed Out of Prophane Sangs, for Avoyd- 
 ing of Sinne and Harlotrie> (about 1548). This 
 was the principal psalmbook used in Scotland. 
 He is the reputed author of < The Complaynt 
 of Scotland > (1548), "the only classic work in 
 old Scottish prose." 
 
 Wedmore, Frederick. An English journalist, 
 novelist, and art critic ; born at Clifton, July 
 9, 1844. He has written considerably for tliC 
 magazines. Among his works are : <A Snapt 
 Gold Ring> (1871), a novel ; < Two Girls > (1874); 
 •Studies in English Art> (1876); < Pastorals of 
 France '( 1877 );< Four Masters of Etching> ( 1883 ) ; 
 the novel < The Collapse of the Penitent.> 
 
 Weech, Frledrich von (vadh). A German 
 historian; born at Munich, Oct. 16, 1837. He 
 has written : < The Emperor Ludwig of Bava- 
 ria and King John of Bohemia > (i860); *■ Baden 
 under the Grand-Dukes Karl Friedrich, Karl, 
 and Ludwig > (1864); 'History of the Baden 
 Constitution > (1868); < The Germans since the 
 Reformation > (1878); < History of Baden > 
 (1890); < Karlsruhe: History of the City > 
 (1893); 'Journeys to Rome > (1896). 
 
 Weed, Thurlow. An American journalist 
 and politician; born at Cairo, N. Y., Nov. 15, 
 1797; died in New York city, Nov. 22, 1882. 
 He founded the Agriculturist at Norwich, N. Y.; 
 the Evening Journal, Albany, N. Y. (1830); 
 and edited the Commercial Advertiser, New 
 York city (1867-68). His books are: 'Letters 
 from Europe and the West Indies > (1866); and 
 an autobiography, edited by his daughter, and 
 published in 1882. He wrote < Reminiscences > 
 for the Atlantic Monthly. 
 
 Weeden, William Babcocli:. An American 
 soldier and ethical and historical writer ; born 
 at Bristol, R. L, Sept. i, 1834. He served with 
 distinction in the Union army during the Civil 
 War. He has written : ' Morality of Prohibitory 
 Liquor Laws> (1875); 'Social Law of Labor* 
 (1882); 'Economic and Social History of New 
 England' (2 vols., 1890), his chief work. 
 
 Weeks, Edwin Lord. An American artist; 
 born in Massachusetts in 1849. He has written 
 a work of travel, < From the Black Sea through 
 Persia and India.' Died Nov. 17, 1903. 
 
 Weeks, Robert Kelley. An American poet ; 
 born in New York city, Sept. 21, 1840; died 
 April 13, 1876. He graduated from Yale in 
 1862, from the Columbia Law School in 1864, 
 and entered the New York bar the same year, 
 hut afterwards left it to devote himself to 
 literarv pursuits. He published' Poems > (1866); 
 and 'Episodes and Lyric Pieces' (1870). 
 
 Weems, Mason Locke. An American 
 biographical writer and Episcopal clerg>-man; 
 born in 1759 ; died in 1825. His chief work is 
 
 WEDDERBURN — WEILL 
 
 'A History of the Life and Death, Virtues and 
 Exploits, of General George Washington' (1800), 
 an entertaining but unreliable and inaccurate 
 book. He also wrote: 'Biographies' of Gen- 
 eral Francis Marion (1816); Franklin (1817); and 
 William Penn (1829). 
 
 Wegele, Franz Xaver (va'ge-16). A Geiman 
 historian; bom at Munich, Oct. 28, 1 823; died 
 at Wilrzburg, Oct. 16, 1 89 7. He was appointed 
 professor of history in the University of Wiirz- 
 burg, 1851. He wrote: 'Karl August of Weimar> 
 
 S1850); <Life and Works of Dante Alighieri' 
 3d ed. 1879); 'Sources of Thuringian History) 
 (1854); 'Frederick the Peaceful, Margrave of 
 Meissen' (1870); 'Goethe as a Historian'( 1875 ); 
 'History of German Historiography since the 
 Rise of Humanism' (1885). 
 
 Wegscheider, Julius August Ludwig (vag- 
 shi-der). A German theological writer; born 
 at Kiibbelingen in Brunswick, Sept. 17, 1771 ; 
 died at Halle, Jan. 27, 1849. His principal work 
 is < Institutes of Christian Dogmatic Theology' 
 (1815): this work may be regarded as the clas- 
 sical dogmatic treatise of rationalism. 
 
 Wehl, Feodor von (val). A German novelist 
 and poet ; born at Kunzendorf, Silesia, Feb. 
 19, 1821 ; died at Hamburg, Jan. 22, 1890. He 
 wrote the lyrico-dramatic poem ' Holderlin's 
 Love' (1852); a volume of verses, 'From 
 Heart to Heart' (1867); 'Fifteen Years in the 
 Directorship of the Stuttgart Court Theatre' 
 (1886). His plays were published in 6 volumes, 
 1882. He wrote also : ' Hamburg's Literary Life 
 in the i8th Century' (1856); 'In Leisure Hours' 
 (1867); 'At the Roaring Loom of Time' (1869); 
 'Time and Men' (1889). 
 
 Weil, Guatav (vil). A German Orientalist 
 and historian; born at Sulzburg, Baden, April 
 25, 1808; died at Freiburg in Breisgau, Aug. 
 30, 1889. He was appointed professor of Ori- 
 ental languages in the University of Heidelberg, 
 1861. He wrote : ' The Poetry of the Arabs ' 
 (1837); a learned 'History of Mohammed the 
 Prophet' (1843); ' Historico-critical Introduc- 
 tion to the Koran' (1844); 'Biblical Legends 
 of the Mussulmans' (1845); 'History of the 
 Khalifs' (5 vols., 1846-62); 'History of the Is- 
 lamitic People from Mohammed to the time of 
 the Sultan Selim' (1866). He made the first 
 German translation of the 'Thousand Nights 
 and a Night' (4 vols., 1837-41). 
 
 Weilen, Joseph von (vi'len). A German 
 educator and dramatist; born at Tetin, Bohe- 
 mia, Dec. 28, 1828; died in Vienna, July 3, 1889. 
 His works are: 'Fantasies and Songs' (1853); 
 'Men of the Sword' (1855); 'Tristan' (i860); 
 'Edda' (1865); 'Drahomira' (1867); 'Count 
 Horn' (1871); and 'The New Achilles' (1872). 
 
 Weill, Alexandre (vil or val). A French 
 journalist and miscellaneous writer; bom at 
 Schiroff in Alsace, 181 1. He spent his youth in 
 Germany as teacher, editor, and author. He 
 wrote a series of 'Alsatian Tales' that were 
 very popular; 'The Peasants' War' (1847), a 
 historical study ; ' Republic and Monarchy >
 
 WEINGARTEN — WELBY 
 
 567 
 
 (1849); < Village Tales > (1853); < Mismorismes : 
 Hymns of the SouP (i860); < My Youth, My 
 Adolescence, etc.> (1870), an autobiography; 
 •Parisian Romances> (1874); < Genius of Uni- 
 versal History > {1876); etc. 
 
 Weingarten, Hermann (vin'gar-ten). A 
 German church historian ; born at Berlin, March 
 12, 1834; died April 25, 1892, near Breslau, 
 where he was professor of church history. 
 Among his works are : < Pascal as an Apolo- 
 gist of Christianism > (1863); <The Revolution 
 Churches of England > (1868); < Chronological 
 Tables and General Views of Church His- 
 tory' (1870); <Rise of Monachism in the Post- 
 Constantine Age* (1887). 
 
 Weinhold, Karl (vin'holt). A German anti- 
 quarian; born at Reichenbach, Silesia, Oct. 26, 
 1823; died at Bad, Manheim, Germany, Aug. 15, 
 1901. He held the chair of German philology in 
 various universities, — Breslau, Cracow, Gratz, 
 Kiel, and Berlin. He wrote: <Christmas Plays 
 and Carols of Southern Germany and Silesia> 
 ( 1853); < Researches in German Dialects' (1853) ; 
 <Ancient Norse Life> (1856); <The Giants of 
 German Myth> (1858); <Heatlien Burial in Ger- 
 many' (1859); 'German Womankind in the 
 Middle Ages' (2 vols., 2d ed. 18S2). 
 
 Weir, Arthur. A Canadian poet; born at 
 Montreal, 1864. He was for several years a 
 journalist, then an analytical chemist, and is 
 now a banker. He has written < Fleurs de Lys ' 
 (1887); <The Romance of Sir Richard,' etc. 
 (1890); etc. 
 
 Weir, Harrison William. An English illus- 
 trator and writer for young people ; born at 
 Lewes, May 5, 1824. He is noted for his en- 
 gravings of animals, and was one of the origi- 
 nal members of the Society of Painters in 
 Water-Colors. He has written : < The Poetry 
 of Nature' (1865); < Funny Dogs with Funny 
 Tales'; < The Adventures of a Bear'; < Bird 
 Stories'; <Our Cats'; etc.: some of which he 
 illustrated himself. Died Jan. 4, 1906. 
 
 Weir, James. An American romance-writer ; 
 bom in Kentucky, 1821. He has published 
 < Lonz Powers ; or, The Regulators ' ; < Simon 
 Kenton ' ; *■ Winter Lodge.' Died in 1906. 
 
 Weise, Christian fvi'ze). A German educa- 
 tionist and poet ; born at Zittau, April 30, 1642 ; 
 died there, 1708. He wrote admirable text-books 
 for school instruction ; < Curious Thoughts on 
 German Verse' (2 vols., 1691-95); several 
 dramas and romances ; a volume of poems ; 
 •Overflowing Thoughts of Early Youth' (1668). 
 His best works are his satirical tales, as < The 
 Three Chief Arch-Fools > ; < The Bavarian Ma- 
 chiavel ' ; < Kathrine the Shrew.' 
 
 Weismann, August (vis'man). A celebrated 
 German zoologist; bom at Frankfort on the 
 Main, Jan. 17, 1834. He became professor at 
 Freiburg (1871). He denies the possibility of 
 the inheritance of acquired characters. He is 
 one of the leading minds engaged in tlie study 
 of evolution ; his writings have provoked much 
 
 discussion, and been a great stimulation to re- 
 search. Among his principal works are : < Stud- 
 ies in the Theory of Descent' (1880); < Essays 
 on Heredity' (London, 1888-92); <Genn Plasm' 
 (London, 1893); etc. 
 
 Weiss, Bernhard (vis). A German theologi- 
 cal writer; born at Konigsberg, June 20, 1827. 
 He was made professor of theology at Kiel, 
 1863, and at Berlin, 1877. His principal writings 
 are: <Text-Book of Biblical Theology' (1868); 
 <Life of Jesus' (2 vols., 1882); < Introduction to 
 the New Testament ' ; < Religion of tlie New 
 Testament.' 
 
 Weiss, John. An American clergyman, re- 
 former, and author ; born in Boston, June 28, 
 1818; died there, March 9, 1879. He has pub- 
 lished : <^sthetic Prose' (1845), a translation of 
 Schiller's philosophical and aesthetic essays; 
 
 < Life and Correspondence of Theodore Parker' 
 (2 vols., 1864); < American Religion' (1871); 
 <Wit, Humor, and Shakespeare' (1880). He 
 was a disciple of the Transcendental philosophy, 
 an earnest abolitionist, an advocate of woman's 
 political enfranchisement, and a defender of 
 reason in religion. 
 
 Weisse, Christian Felix (vl'se). A Ger- 
 man poet and writer for the young; bom at 
 Annaberg, Jan. 28, 1726; died at Leipsic, Dec. 
 16, 1804. He wrote: < Sportive Lays' (1758), in 
 the Anacreontic vein ; < Lays of the Amazons ' 
 (1760) ; and several tragedies and comedies; he 
 was less successful with these than with his 
 comic operas, which for a long time held the 
 boards of the Leipsic theatre. He wrote also 
 < Songs for Children' (1776). 
 
 Weisse, Christian Hermann. A German 
 philosopher, grandson of Christian F. ; born 
 at Leipsic, Aug. 10, 1801 ; died there, Sept. 
 19, 1866; he was professor of philosophy at 
 Leipsic from 1845. He vsTote : *■ The Idea, 
 the Treatment, and the Sources of Mythology > 
 (1828); < System of Esthetics as a Science' 
 (2 vols., 1830); 'The Idea of Godhead' (1833); 
 •Theodicy in German Rhymes' (1834); •Prin- 
 ciples of Metaphysic' (1835); 'The Gospel His- 
 tory Treated Critically and Philosophically' (2 
 vols., 1838); < Luther's Christology' (1852). 
 
 Weizsacker, Karl Heinrich (vlts'sak-er). A 
 German Protestant theologian; bom at Oehrin- 
 gen.'^Viirtemberg, Dec. II, 1822; died at Tubin- 
 gen, Aug. 13, 1897. He was court chaplain at Stutt- 
 gart, 1851; member of the superior consistory 
 there, 1859; professor of theology at Tubingen, 
 1861; chancellor of the university, 1S90; privy 
 councilor, 1894. Among his chief works are: •Re- 
 searches in Evangelical History' (2d ed. 1891); 
 
 < The Apostolic Age of the Christian Church ' 
 (2d ed. 1892; English translation 1894); etc. 
 His translation into German of the New Tes- 
 tament (7th ed. 1894) has been greatly liked. 
 
 Welby, Amelia (Coppuck). [••Amelia."] 
 An American poet ; born at St. Michael's, Md., 
 Feb. 3, 1819; died May 3, 1852. Her collected 
 poems were published in Boston (1844), in New 
 York (1850), and a final collection after her 
 death, in i860.
 
 568 
 
 WELCH —WERGEL AND 
 
 Welch, Philip Henry. An American humor- 
 ist; born at Angelica, N. Y., March i, 1849; 
 died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Feb. 24, 1889. He 
 has the distinction of being the maker of in- 
 numerable newspaper jokes, and short dia- 
 logues, the writing of which he made a pro- 
 fession. His books are : < The Taylor-Made 
 Girl> (1888); and <Said in Fun> (1889). 
 
 Welch, Sarah. An Australian poet. Her 
 home is at Adelaide, South Australia. She is 
 a nurse by profession. She has written < The 
 Dying Chorister, and the Chorister's Funeral ' 
 (1879). 
 
 Welcker, Friedrlch Gottlieb (vel'ker). A 
 celebrated German classical scholar and ar- 
 chaeologist ; born at Griinberg, Hesse, Nov. 4, 
 1784; died at Bonn, Dec. 17, 1868. He was pro- 
 fessor of archaeology at Giessen, 1809; Got- 
 tingen, 1816 ; at Bonn, 1819. Besides editing 
 editions of a number of Greek authors, he 
 wrote: < The yEschylean Trilogy' (1824; sup- 
 plement, 1826); < Greek Tragedy Arranged with 
 Regard to the Epical Cyclus> (3 vols., 1841), 
 an epoch-making work ; < Ancient Monuments' 
 (5 vols., 1849-64); <Greek Mythology' (3 vols., 
 1862); <The Epical Cyclus> (1865-82); etc. 
 
 Welhaven, Johan Sebastian Cammer- 
 meyer (vd'ha-ven). A Norwegian journalist, 
 patriot, and poet ; born at Bergen, Dec. 22, 
 1807 ; died in Christiania, Oct. 21, 1873. He 
 founded a weekly paper, Vidar (1833), which 
 was changed into the daily Constitutionelle 
 (1836). He wrote < Poetic Art and Character 
 of Henrik Wergeland > (1832), which awakened 
 a great controversy ; and < Norges Daemring > 
 (Norway's Twilight: 1834), political sonnets 
 stirring up great strife of thought. Collections 
 of his unpolemical poems appeared in 1851 
 and in 1863. 
 
 Welldon, James Edward Cowell. An Eng- 
 lish educator; born at Tunbridge, April 25, 
 1854. He was head-master of Dulwich College, 
 1883, and Harrow School, 1SS5. Besides stand- 
 ard translations of Aristotle's < Politics,* < Rhet- 
 oric,' and 'Nicomachean Ethics,' he has pub- 
 lished 'Sermons Preached to Harrow Boys' 
 (1887), and <The Spiritual Life and Other Ser- 
 mons' (1888); <The Revelation of the Holy Spirit.' 
 
 Wells, Charles Jeremiah. An English poet ; 
 born in 1800 ; died in France, Feb. 17, 1879. 
 He left England in 1840, afterwards living 
 chiefly in Marseilles, where he practiced law. 
 He was a friend of Keats, Home, and Hazlitt. 
 His best work is the dramatic poem, < Joseph 
 and his Brethren,' published in 1824 under the 
 pseudonym of *' H. L. Howard," and reprinted 
 in 1876 with an introduction by Swinburne. 
 He also wrote a little volume called < Stories 
 After Nature' ( 1822), now out of print. Some 
 of these tales were after\vards reprinted in the 
 Illustrated Family Journal, and in Linton's 
 Illuminated Magazine. 
 
 Wells, David Ames. An American political 
 economist; bom at Springfield, Mass., 
 June 17, 1828; died at Norwich, Conn., 
 Nov. 5, 1898. He edited the <An- 
 
 nual of Scientific Discovery ' ( 16 vols., 1850- 
 65). Some of his earlier works are < Familiar 
 Science' (1856); 'Elements of Natural Philoso- 
 phy '(1857); and a widely circulated political 
 pamphlet, <Our Burden and Our Strength' 
 ( 1864). Among his financial and economic books 
 are: < The Creed of the Free-Trader' {1875); 
 
 < Production and Distribution of Wealth' (1875); 
 'Robinson Crusoe's Money' (1876); 'The Sil- 
 ver Question' (1878); 'Our Merchant Marine,' 
 etc. (1882); « A Primer of Tariff Reform' (1884); 
 'Practical Economics' (1886); <A Study of 
 Mexico' (1887); <A Short and Simple Cate- 
 chism' (1888); and 'Relation of the Tariff to 
 Wages.' 
 
 Wells, H. G. An English novelist; bom at 
 Bromley, Kent, 1868. Starting as a teacher in 
 London, he is now a journalist there. He has 
 written: 'The Time Machine' (1895); 'Select 
 Conversations with an Uncle' (1895); 'The 
 Wonderful Visit' (1895), a humorous satire; 
 'The Island of Dr. Moreau' (1896); 'The 
 Wheels of Chance' (1896); 'Thirty Strange 
 Stories' (1897); 'The Invisible Man' (1897); 
 
 < The Food of the Gods > ; < A Modern Utopia.' 
 
 Wells, Mrs. Kate Gannett. An American 
 essayist and novelist; born (Catherine Boott 
 Gannett) in 1838. She is the daughter of a 
 Unitarian clergyman of Boston. She has writ- 
 ten chiefly for periodicals. Her works have 
 been collected in volumes : < In the Clearings ' ; 
 
 < Miss Curtis ' ; < Two Modern Women ' ; 'About 
 People ' ; etc. ; also some Sunday-school manuals. 
 
 Welsh, Herbert. An American philanthro- 
 pist; born in Philadelphia, Dec. 4, 1851. He 
 is the Indians' friend and founder of the In- 
 dian Rights Association. Among his writings are : 
 ' Four Weeks among Some of the Sioux Tribes of 
 Dakotah ' ; and < Report of a Visit to the Navajo. 
 Pueblo, and Hualapai Indians of New Mexico 
 and Arizona ' ; < The Other Man's Country.' 
 
 Wemyss, Francis Courtney (weems). An 
 actor, manager, and theatrical writer; born in 
 London, May 13, 1797 ; died in New York, Jan. 
 5, 1859. He acted in London, 1821 ; at Phila- 
 delphia, 1822 ; was manager of theatres in sev- 
 eral American cities, and secretary of the 
 Dramatic Fund Association from 1852. Among 
 his works are : ' Twenty-Six Years as Actor and 
 Manager ' ( 1847 ) ; < Chronology of the Amer- 
 ican Stage ' ( 1852 ) ; and < Theatrical Biogra- 
 phy.' He edited 'The Minor Drama' (7 vols., 
 1848-52). 
 
 Wendell, Barrett. An American author and 
 educator; born in Boston, Aug. 23, 1855. He 
 has published: 'English Composition' (1891); 
 'Cotton Mather' (1891), in ' Makers of America' 
 series; and the novels 'The Duchess Emilia' 
 (1885). and 'Rankell's Remains' (1886). His 
 
 < Stelligeri, and Other Essays concerning Amer- 
 ica' (1893), ^iid < William Shakspere : A Study* 
 (1894); 'The France of To-day' (1907), are widely 
 known. He is American editor of Literature. 
 
 Wergeland, Henrik Arnold (ver'g6-land). 
 A Norwegian poet ; bom at Christiansand, June 
 17, 1808; died Aug. 12, 1845. His works are;
 
 WERNER — WHARTON 
 
 569 
 
 < The Creation, Man, and the Messiah,> a lyric 
 poem (1830); 'The Jew>; <Jan van Huysum's 
 Flower-Piece > ; <The English Pilot> (1845); 
 and many tragedies, vaudevilles, farces, etc. 
 He has had a great influence on Norwegian 
 literature and civilization. 
 
 Werner, Franz von (var'ner). [«Murad 
 Effendi.')] An Austrian poet and diplomatist; 
 bom in Vienna, May 30, 1836 ; died Sept. 12, 
 1881. In 1877 he became resident minister at 
 The Hague and Stockholm, and in 1880 was 
 named minister plenipotentiary and envoy ex- 
 traordinary. He wrote: < Through Thuringia* 
 (1870); < Marino Falieri> (1871); < Inez de Cas- 
 tro) (1872); <Mirabeau> (1875); <East and 
 West,* poems (1877); * Ballads and Pictures > 
 (1879). His dramatic works were collected in 
 1881. 
 
 Werner, Friedrich Ludwig Zacharias. A 
 
 German dramatist and clergyman ; bom at 
 Konigsberg, Nov. 18, 1768 ; died in Vienna, Jan. 
 17, 1823. His works are : < Sons of the Valley > 
 (1800), inspired by Masonic enthusiasm ; < Cruise 
 in the German Ocean* (1804), set to music by 
 Hoffmann; < Martin Luther*; and <The 24th 
 of Febmary,* which made a great sensation. 
 Besides the dramas named, he wrote the trage- 
 dies < Attila,* < Wanda,* < Kunegunde,* < The 
 Mother of the Maccabees*; and lyrical poems, 
 hymns, sermons, etc. 
 
 Wesley, Charles. An English clergyman 
 and poet; born at Epworth, Lincolnshire, De- 
 cember 1701 ; died in London, March 29, 1788. 
 He was « the poet of Methodism,** and many of 
 his hymns are to be found in the hymn-books 
 of all Protestant denominations. 
 
 Wesley, John. The founder of Methodism ; 
 an English preacher and WTiter; born at Ep- 
 worth, June 1703; died March 2, 1791. He 
 was educated at Oxford. His works were as 
 follows: < Primitive Physic* (1747); 'Explana- 
 tory Notes on the New Testament* (1755); 
 ♦Doctrine of Original Sin* (1757); 'Survey of 
 the Wisdom of God in Creation * (1763); 'Notes 
 on the Old and New Testaments* (1764); 
 
 < Preservative against Unsettled Notions in Re- 
 ligion * (1770); 'A Calm Address to Our Ameri- 
 can Colonies* (1775). His journals are among 
 his best works. He also edited, with his 
 brother Charles, several collections of hymns. 
 
 Wesley, Samuel, Sr. An English clergy- 
 man and sacred poet; bom at Winterborn- 
 Whitchurch, Dorset, 1662; died at Epworth, 
 April 22, 1735. He was the father of Charles 
 and John, and of Samuel, Jr. He wrote ' Life 
 of Christ: An Heroic Poem,* 'Eupolis's Hymn 
 to the Creator,* etc. He is best known by the 
 two hymns to be found in Methodist hymn- 
 books, 'Behold the Saviour of Mankind,* and 
 
 < O Thou who when I did Complain.* 
 
 Wesley, Samuel, Jr. An English educator 
 and sacred poet, son of Samuel; born in London, 
 Feb. 10, 1690-1; died at Tiverton, Nov. 6, 1739. 
 He was head-master of BiundcH's free gram- 
 mar-school at Tiverton. 1732-39. He remained 
 
 with the old High Church party, and did not 
 embrace Methodism with his brothers. Edi- 
 tions of his poems have been published in 
 1736, 1743, and 1862 (with a Life, by William 
 Nichols). He is best known by his h>'mns m 
 the Methodist h>'mn-book, and a poem begin- 
 ning " The moming flowers display their 
 sweets,'* written on the death of a young 
 lady. 
 
 Wesselhoeft, Mrs. Lily F. (Pope) (wes'sel- 
 
 hooft). An American writer of juvenile stories; 
 bom in Massachusetts, 1840. Among her works 
 are : < Jerry the Blunderer * ; ' Sparrow the 
 Trump * ; < Flipwing the Spy * ; ' Old Rough 
 the Miser*; 'The Winds, the Woods, and the 
 Wanderer * ; ' Frowzle the Runaway.* 
 
 Westcott, Brooke Foss. A distinguished 
 English clergyman and Biblical scholar; born 
 near Birmingham, Jan. 12, 1825; died July 28, 
 1901. He was professor of divinity at Cam- 
 bridge University, 1 870; honorary chaplain to 
 the queen, 1875; bishop of Durham, 1 890. 
 Among his works are: 'tleneral View of the 
 History of the English Bible* (2ded. 1879); 
 'History of the Canon of the New Testa- 
 ment' (5th ed. 1881); 'Introduction to the 
 Study of the Gospels* (6th ed. 18S2); 'The 
 Gospel of the Resurrection* (5th ed. 1884); 
 'The Bible in the Church* (9th ed. 1885); etc. 
 With Dr. Hart he edited the Greek New Testa- 
 ment (2 vols., 1881). 
 
 Westenrieder, Lorenz von (vest'en-re-der). 
 A German historian ; bom at Munich, Aug. 
 I, 1748; died there, March 15, 1829. He was 
 professor of poetry at Landshut, 1774; and of 
 rhetoric at Munich, 1776; literary censor, 1776; 
 clerical senator, 1786; raised to the nobility, 
 1813. He did much for the elevation of the 
 German language. His statue was erected at 
 Munich in 1854. He wrote 'History of Ba- 
 varia* (2 vols., 1785); 'Contribution to the Na- 
 tional History, Geography, Statistics, and Agri- 
 culture* (10 vols., 1785-1817); etc. 
 
 Wetherell, Elizabeth. See Warner, Susan. 
 
 Weyman, Stanley John (wi'm.in). An Eng- 
 lish novelist ; bom at Ludlow, Shropshire, Aug. 
 7, 1855. He was educated at Christ Church, 
 Oxford; was classical instmctor in the King's 
 School, Chester, 1878 ; was called to the bar in 
 1881, and practiced until 1890. He contributed 
 to periodicals in 1883, and published in book 
 form the historical romances: 'The House of 
 the Wolf* (li^go); 'Francis Cludde* (1801); 
 'The New Rector* (1891); 'A Gentleman of 
 France* (1893); ' Under the Red Robe* (1804); 
 'My Lady Rotha ' (1894); ' Count Hannibal'; 
 ' The Long Night.' Several of his stories have 
 been dramatized. His books deal with charac- 
 ter and incident not previously written upon 
 and are fresh, original, and popular. 
 
 Wharton, Anne HolUngsworth. An Amer- 
 ican story-writer; born in renns\lvaiiia about 
 1S45. Among her books are: < The Wharton 
 Family' (18S0I; < Virgilia*; 'St. Bartholomew's 
 Eve ' ; ' Colonial Days and Dames ' ; < Through
 
 570 
 
 WHARTON - WHICHCOTE 
 
 CTolonial Doorways > ; • Martha Washington : 
 A Biography* ; 'Italian Days and Ways.> 
 
 Wharton, Thomas. An English statesman ; 
 born about 1040; died in London, April 12, 
 1715. His name is associated with literature 
 liy his being the reputed author of tlie famous 
 Irish ballad, < Lilliburlero.> 
 
 Wharton, Thomas. An American journal- 
 ist, dramatist, and critic ; born in Philadelphia, 
 Aug. I, 1S50; died April 6, 1S96. He was an 
 editorial writer on Philadelphia journals, and 
 contributed largely to various periodicals. He 
 published the novels <A Latter-Day Saint > 
 and < Hannibal of New York > ; .ind wrote the 
 famous and popular short story, < Bobbo.* 
 
 Whately, Richard. An eminent English 
 clergyman and educator, archbisliop of Dublin ; 
 born in London, Feb. I, 1787; died in Dublin, 
 Oct. I, 1S63. He was regarded as one of 
 the <' Broad Church >> party in the Church of 
 England. He was a voluminous writer; among 
 his works are : < The Use and Abuse of Party 
 Feeling in Matters of Religion> (1S22); < Ele- 
 ments of Logic > (1S26); <View of the Script- 
 ure Revelations concerning a Future State * 
 (1S20); < Bacon's Essays, with Annotations' 
 (1856); "A General View of the Rise, Progress, 
 and Corruptions of Christianity > (1S60); and 
 •Miscellaneous Lectures and Reviews* (1864). 
 
 Wheatley, Henry Benjamin. An English 
 jiliilologist and bibliographer; born at Chelsea, 
 May 2, iS.^S. He has been an official of vari- 
 ous London literary and other societies. Be- 
 sides editing a number of works, he has wTitten : 
 <.\nagrams> (1S62); < Round About Piccadilly 
 and Pall MalP (1870): < Samuel Pepys and 
 the World he Lived In* (iSSo); < Decorative 
 Art> (1S84V, <IIow to Form a Library* (1SS6); 
 * How to Catalogue a Library' (1SS7); 'Liter- 
 ary Blunders' (1803);* Historical Portraits.' 
 
 Wheaton, Henry. An eminent American 
 jurist, born in Providence, R. I., Nov. 27, 17S5 ; 
 died in Dorciioster, Mass., March 11, 1848. He 
 graduated at Brown University, 1802 ; practiced 
 law at New York, 1812, and edited die Na- 
 tional Advocate. He was a reporter of the 
 I'nited States Supreme Court, 1816 to 1827, 
 and then became chargd-il'affaires to Denmark 
 (1827-35), ^"*^1 i" 1835-46 minister to Berlin. His 
 chief writings are: 'Digest of Maritime Law' 
 (1815); 'Life of William Pinckney' (1S26); 
 'Reports of Cases in the Supreme Court' (12 
 vols., 1827); 'History of the Northmen' (1831); 
 'Elements of International Law' (1836); 'His- 
 tory of the Law of Nations' (1841). 
 
 Wheeler, Andrew Carpenter. [«Nym 
 Crinkle."] An American journalist, critic, 
 nnd dramatic writer ; born in New York, June 
 4, 1835. Uc wrote for the New York Times 
 and World, Milwaukee Sentinel, and other 
 journals — and was also a war correspondent. 
 He wrote: 'The Chronicles of Milwaukee' 
 (1860; 'The Twins: .\ Comedv' (1862); and 
 'The Primrose Path of D.-illiance'.' He died at 
 Mousey, N. V., March 10, 1903. 
 
 Wheeler, Crosby Howard. An Americrt 
 writer, who was a missionary to Turkey; bo;n 
 in Maine in 1823. His writings comprise: < Little 
 Children in Eden ' ; ' Letters from Eden ' ; 
 ' Ten Years on tlie Euphrates ' ; < Odds and 
 Ends.' He died in 1896. 
 
 Wheeler, William Adolphus. An Ameri- 
 can lexicographer; born at Leicester, Mass., 
 Nov. 14, 1833 ; died at Roxbur)-, Mass., Oct. 28, 
 1S74. He was assistant superintendent of the 
 Boston Public Library in 1867. Besides assist- 
 ing in the composition of 'Worcester's Dic- 
 tionary' and of the new illustrated edition of 
 'Webster's Dictionary' (1864), and editing 
 Hole's 'Brief Biographical Dictionary' (1866) 
 and a 'Dickens Dictionary' (1S73), he wrote 
 'Dictionary of the Noted Names of Fiction' 
 (1865); 'Who Wrote It?' an index to anony- 
 mous literature, left unfinished by him, but 
 completed by Charles G. Wheeler (1881); and 
 'Familiar Allusions' (18S2), left unfinished. 
 
 Wheelwright, John. An English-American 
 clerg)Tnan, who was a classmate of Oliver 
 Cromwell at Cambridge University ; born in 
 Lincolnshire, about 1592; died at Salisbury, 
 N. IL, Nov. 15, 1679. A brother-in-law of Anne 
 Hutchinson, and defender of her religious 
 opinions, he was banished from Massachusetts 
 for seditious preaching, and founded Exeter 
 on the Squamscott. He published, answering 
 Thomas Welde, ' Mercurius Americanus ; or. Ob- 
 servations on a Paper entitled 'Of the Rise, 
 Reign, and Ruin of the Familists, Libertines, 
 etc., in New England' (1654); and a 'Vindi- 
 cation' (1654). 
 
 Wheelwright, John Tyler. An American 
 novelist and story-writer; born at Boston, 1856. 
 He has written : * New Chance Acquaintance > 
 (iSSo); < RoUo's Journey to Cambridge' (1880, 
 with F. J. Stimson); 'The King's Men' (1882, 
 with F. J. Stimson, John Boyle O'Reilly, and 
 Robert Grant); < .\ Child of the Century' 
 (1887);' A Bad Penny' (1895). 
 
 Whewell, William. A celebrated English 
 scientist and philosopher; bom at Lancaster, 
 May 24, 1794 ; died at Cambridge, March 6, 
 1S66. He was professor of mineralogy at Cam- 
 bridge University, 1828-32, and of moral the- 
 ology and casuistical divinity, 1838-55 ; master 
 of Trinity College in 1S41. He wrote : 'Astron- 
 omy and Physics with Reference to Natural 
 Theology' (1S33); 'History of the Inductive 
 Sciences' (1837); ' Philosophy of the Inductive 
 Sciences' (1840); ' Elements of Morality ' (1845); 
 'Lectures on Political Economy' (iS6i);etc. 
 
 Whichcote, Benjamin. A distinguished Eng- 
 lish clergyman and religious and ethical writer; 
 born in Shropshire, May 4, 1009; died at Cam- 
 bridge, May 1683. He was provost of King's 
 College (1644); a leader in, if not the founder of, 
 the latitudinarian school of English divines; a 
 famous preacher, and one of the Cambridge 
 Platonists. His works were all published post- 
 humously : 'Observations and Apophthegms' 
 (it)88); 'Moral and Religious Aphorisms ' (1703; 
 new ed. 1753); ' Sermons,' etc. (1751).
 
 WHIPPLE — WHITE 
 
 571 
 
 Whipple, Edwin Percy. An American liter- 
 ary critic; born at Gloucester, Mass., March 8, 
 1819; died in Boston, June 16, 1886. He pub- 
 lished: < Essays and Reviews > (2 vols., 1848-49); 
 
 < Lectures on Subjects connected with Literature 
 and Life> (1849); < Character and Character- 
 istic Men> (1867); <The Literature of the Age 
 of Elizabeth* (1868); < Success and its Con- 
 ditions' (1871); and posthumously published 
 
 < Recollections of Eminent Men> (1887); < Amer- 
 ican Literature and Other Papers' (1887); and 
 'Outlooks on Society, Literature, and Politics > 
 (1888). 
 
 Whistler, James Abbott McNeill. An 
 
 American-English artist; born in Lowell, Mass., 
 1834. He was eminent in figure, landscape, and 
 portrait painting, and in etcliing. He has been 
 much written about. He wrote ' The Gentle 
 Art of Making Enemies.' Died, London, 1903. 
 
 Whitaker, Alexander. An Episcopal clergy- 
 man and author; born in England, 1588; died 
 in Virginia after 1613. He baptized Pocahon- 
 tas, and officiated at her wedding. He wrote 
 
 < Good Newes from Virginia,' one of the first 
 books written in the colonies. 
 
 Whitaker, Mrs. Mary Scrimgeour (Furman) 
 (Miller). An American verse-writer and author; 
 born in South Carolina in 1820. She has written : 
 < Poems'; and < Albert Hastings: A Novel.' 
 
 White, Andrew Dickson. An American 
 scholar and di])l()mat, former minister to Berlin ; 
 born at Homer, N. Y., Nov. 7, 1832. He was 
 the first president of Cornell, to which he has 
 given his historical library of about 20,000 
 volumes and 10,000 pamphlets, and many rare 
 manuscripts. He has written : < Outlines of 
 Lectures on Mediasval and Modern History' 
 (1861-72); <The Plan of Organization for Cor- 
 nell University' (1868); <The New Education' 
 (i868); < Report on Co-education of the Sexes' 
 (1871); and his great work, <The Warfare of 
 Science' (new ed., much enlarged, 2 vols., 
 1895); and an < Autobiography ' (1905). 
 
 White, Eliza Orne. An American writer of 
 juvenile tales; bom in New Hampshire, 1856. 
 She has written : < Miss Brooks' ; < When Molly 
 was Six'; < Winterborough'; <A Little Girl of 
 Long Ago ' ; < A Borrowed Sister.' 
 
 White, Gilbert. An English clergyman and 
 naturalist; born at Selborne, July 18, 1720 ; 
 died there, June 26, 1793. He wrote: <The 
 Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne 
 in the County of Southampton' (1789); and a 
 posthumous work edited from his papers, < The 
 Naturalist's Calendar, with Observations in 
 Various Branches of Natural History' (1795). 
 Many naturalists have published editions of his 
 works with annotations. John Burroughs writes 
 an introductory to the latest edition (1895, 2 
 vols.). His < Letters ' were published in 1876. * 
 
 White. Greenough. An American educator 
 and Episcopal clergyman; born in Massachu- 
 setts, 1863. He was professor of literature and 
 of ecclesiastical history at the University of 
 
 the South, Sewanee, Tenn., 1885-94. He wrote: 
 Sketch of the Philosophy of American Litera- 
 ture'; <The Rise of Papal Supremacy'; 'Outline 
 of the Rise of the Philosophy of English Litera- 
 ture.' He died July 2, 1901. 
 
 White, Henry Alexander, an American his- 
 torian ; born April 15, 1861 ; since 1902, professor 
 at Columbia, S. C. Theological Seminary. His 
 numerous publications include < The Pentateuch 
 in the Light of the Ancient Monuments ' (1894); 
 
 < History of the United States ' (1904); < Begin- 
 ners of the History of the United States ' (1906) ; 
 
 < Life of Stonewall Jackson ' (1907). 
 
 White, Horace. An American journalist and 
 editor; born in Colebrook, N. IL, Aug. 10, 1834. 
 Pie settled in Chicago, was editor of the Chi- 
 cago Tribune (1864-74), ^^^'^ subsequently be- 
 came connected with the New York Evening 
 Post. He has written many pamphlets and 
 essays upon political, social, and financial topics, 
 the best known being: <The Silver Question'; 
 
 < The Tariff Question ' ; < Coin's Financial Fool ' ; 
 
 < Money and ]>anking Illustrated by American 
 History'; <The Gold Standard'; and has ed- 
 ited Luigi Cossa's < Scienza delle Finanze ' 
 (1888), and Frdd^ric Bastiat's < Sophismes Eco- 
 nomiques' (1889). 
 
 White, John Blake. An American artist, 
 lawyer, and dramatist; born Sept. 2, 1781, near 
 Eutaw Springs, S. C. ; died in Charleston, S. C, 
 Aug. 24, 1859. His dramatic writings include : 
 
 < Foscan ; or. The Venetian Exile ' (1805); < Mys- 
 teries of the Castle' (1806); 'Modern Honor' 
 (1812); 'Triumph of Liberty' (1819); 'Intem- 
 perance' (1839). 
 
 White, Joseph Blanco. An English clergy- 
 man and controversialist ; born at Seville, Spain, 
 July II, 1775; died at Liverpool, May 20, 1841. 
 He edited in England, in the interests of Span- 
 ish independence, a monthly journal. El Es- 
 paiiol (1810-14); also Las Variedades (1822-25); 
 and the London Review (1829). He evolved 
 from a Catholic priest through the Church of 
 England into a Unitarian minister. Some of 
 his publications are : ' Letters from Spain, by 
 Leucadio Doblado' (1822); 'Practical and 
 Internal Evidence against Catholicism' (1825); 
 
 < The Poor Man's Preservative against Popery > 
 (1825); 'Second Travels of an Irish Gentle- 
 man in Search of a Religion ' (2 vols., 1833). 
 Coleridge pronounced his 'Night and Death' 
 the finest sonnet in the English language. 
 
 White, Richard Grant. An American jour- 
 nalist, critic and Shakespearean scholar; born 
 in New York city. May 22, 1822 ; died there, 
 April 8, 1885. His journalistic work was in 
 connection with the New York Courier and 
 Enquirer (1851-58), and World (1860-61); and 
 the London Spectator (1863-67), for which he 
 wrote < Yankee Letters.' Among his published 
 books are: 'Biographical and Critical Hand- 
 Book of Christian Art' (1853); 'Shakespeare's 
 Scholar' (1854); 'National Hymns: A Lyrical
 
 WHITEFIELD - WHITNEY 
 
 57» 
 
 and National Study for the Times > (1861); 
 • Memoirs of the Life of William Shakespeare, 
 with an Essay towards the Exprtss.on of his 
 Geniu.s> etc. (1865); < Poetry Ot the Cv.l \\ar 
 (i86t))- 'Words and their Uses> (1870); <Lng' 
 land Without and Within) (1881); <Thc River- 
 side Shakespeare,) with biography, mtroductions, 
 and notes (1883, 3 vols.); an annotated edition 
 of Shakespeare (1857-65, 12 vols.). He published 
 one novel, < The Fate of Mansfield Humphreys) 
 <iS84). 
 
 WWtefleld. George. A famous English 
 Methodist preacher; bom at Gloucester, Dec. 
 27, 1714; died at Newburyport, Mass., Sept. 30, 
 1770 One of the founders of Methodism, he 
 was one of the greatest sacred orators the 
 Anglo-Saxon race has produced, speaking often 
 three and once seven times a day lo itortiense 
 multitudes, and causing many conversions. He 
 visited America seven times. 
 
 "Wliltehead, Charles. An English poet and 
 'novelist, a close friend of Dickens; bom in 
 Xondon ia 1804 ; died in Melbourne, Australia, 
 July 5, 1862. He became a journalist in Aus- 
 ftralia, but fell into poverty and died in a 
 'hospital. He wrote many poems, pla>-s, and 
 sk*itches. His first published work was <The 
 ^Solitary) {1831). Other well-known ones were : 
 <The Autobiography of Jack Ketch > ; < Richard 
 Savage) (1842), which D. G. Rossetti called 
 «a remarkable book>) ; and <The Cavalitr,' 
 a drama produced at the Haymarket Theatre, 
 London. 
 
 Whitehead, Charles Edward. An Ameri- 
 can Nvriter of hunting stories; born in r^ew 
 York in 1829. He has published <The Camp- 
 ifires of the Everglades ; or. Wild Sports in the 
 South.* 
 
 Vllitetead, William. An English poet and 
 tlramatist ; bom in Cambridge, 1715; died April 
 !i4, 1785. tie was educated at Winchester and 
 Ce mbif<lge, w-as secretary and registrar of the 
 •Ordej' of the Bath, and became poet-laureate 
 in I757> succeeding Colley Gibber. He wrote 
 ••The Roman Father,) a tragedy; <The School 
 for Lovers,) a comedy; and other dramas and 
 poems. 
 
 Whitelock, L. Clarkson. An American 
 story-writer. She has written <A Mad Ma- 
 donna, and Other Stories > ; < Indian Summer.) 
 
 Whiting, Charles Goodrich. An American 
 journalist; born in 1842. His published works 
 include : < The Saunterer ) ; < Essays on Nature.) 
 
 Whiting, Henry. A U. S. army officer, 
 poet, and author ; bom in Lancaster, Mass., 
 in 1790 ; died in St. Louis, Mo., Sept 16, 1851. 
 He served with credit in many grades, and 
 retired with the rank of brigadier-general by 
 brevet. His published works include : < Otway : 
 A Poem) (1822); <Sannillac: A Poem) (1S31); 
 < The Age of Steam > ; < Life of Zebulon Mont- 
 S:omery Pike.> He was co-author of < Histor- 
 ical and Scientific Sketches of Michigan) 
 (1834), and edited < Washington's Revolutionary 
 
 Orders,) selected from the MSS. of John Whit- 
 ing, his father (1844). 
 
 Whiting, Lilian. A Boston journalist ; bora 
 in New York about 1855. She has written : < The 
 World Beautiful,) two series; < From Dream- 
 land Sent,) poems; and < After her Death: The 
 Story ui a Summer > ; * Italy, the Magic Land.' 
 
 Whitman, Safah Helen Power. Aii Atti^f- 
 ican poet ; born in Providence, R. I, in iSo^ ; 
 died June 27, 1878. She married John W. Whit- 
 man, a Boston lawyer. She was once engaged 
 to Edcrar Allan Poe. afterwards vwiting a de- 
 fense of him entitled < Edgdr A. Poe and his 
 Critics) (i860). She was noted for her con- 
 versational Ipowers. She published several 
 volumes of poems, among them being the 
 volume < Hours of Life, and Other Poems > 
 (1853); also < Fairy Ballads,) written with her 
 sister, Anna M. Power. 
 
 Whitmaa, Walfc> A celebrated Americafi 
 poet; born ht West Hills, L. X:, May ,31, iSi^? 
 died fet Camden, N. J., March 26, J892. He 
 published: < Franklin EvdftS', or. The Inebri- 
 ate: A Tale bt the Times) (18-12); < Voices 
 from tli'e Press: A Collection of Sketches, ^Ef; 
 saj's, and Poems, by Practical PrinVei-s* (vVait 
 Whitman, Woodworthj Willis, Bayard Taylor 
 and others) (iS^O); < Leaves of Grass,) 12 poems 
 (1855); do., 32 poems (1856)', do., 154 poenli 
 (1860-61); do., 178 poems (186?)-; iic., 249 
 poems (1871); 4o-. 288 i^oems (1876); do., 283 
 poems (188! )• '^Drum Taps) (1865); < Passage 
 to ttidia') (1871); < Democratic Vistas) (1871); 
 After All Not to Create Only) (1871); <As a 
 Strong Bird on Pinions Free, and Other Poems * 
 (1872); < Memoranda during the War* (i87S)l 
 <Two Rivulets) (1876), includihg poems pre^ 
 viously printed; 'Specimen Days and Collect* 
 (1882-83); < November Boughs) (1888); 'Leaves 
 of Grass, with Sands at Seventy and a Back- 
 ward Glance o'er Traveled Roads' (1889); 
 < Good-Bye, My Fancy > (1891). The < Complete 
 Works) (1897-98) are published under the su- 
 pervision of Whitman's literary executors. 
 
 Whitney, Adeline Dutton (Train). An 
 American poet and novelist; bom at Boston, 
 Sept. 15, 1824. Besides writing a great dea^ 
 for magazines, she has published : < Footsteps 
 on the Seas: A Poem* (1857); 'Mother Goose 
 for Grown Folks' (i860; revised ed. 1882); 'The 
 Boys at Chequasset' (1862); 'Faith Gartney's 
 Girlhood) (1863); 'The Gay-worthies: A Story 
 of Threads and Thrums ) ( 1865) ; ' A Summer 
 in Leslie Goldthwaite's Life) (1866); 'Patience 
 Strong's Outings) (1868); ' Hitherto : A Story of 
 Yesterday) (1869); 'Real Folks* (1872); 'Pan- 
 sies) (1872), verse; 'The Other Girls) (1873); 
 'Sights and Insights' (1876); < Bonnyborough ) 
 (1885); 'Homespun Yams) (1887); and two 
 volumes of poems, 'Bird Talk) (1887) and 
 'Daffodils) (18S7). Died March 21, 1906. 
 
 Whitney, William Dwight. An American 
 professor, eminent as a philologist and editor; 
 born in Northampton, Mass., Feb. g, 1827 ; died 
 at New Haven, Conn., June 7» 1894, He graduated
 
 WHITTAKER — WICKEDE 
 
 573 
 
 at Williams College, 1845 ; spent some years 
 abroad in study ; in 1854 was made professor 
 of Sanskrit at Yale, in 1870 of comparative 
 philology, holding both positions till death. 
 His writings are authority on all philological 
 questions, and his rank as a Sanskrit scholar 
 is of the first order. From 1849 he was a mem- 
 ber of the American Oriental Society, and its 
 president from 1884. His contributions to the 
 North American Review, the New Englander, 
 and other periodicals, were numerous and 
 varied. His earliest work was the preparation, 
 in company with Rudolf Roth of Tubingen, of 
 an edition of the Atharva Veda Sanhita (Ber- 
 lin, 1856). Among his other works are : < Lan- 
 guage and the Study of Language > (1867); <On 
 Material and Form in Language > (1872); < Dar- 
 winism and Language > (1874); < Logical Consist- 
 ency in Views of Language > (1880); < Mixture in 
 Language > (1881); <The Study of Hindoo Gram- 
 mar and the Study of Sanskrit* (1884); <The 
 Upanishads and their Latest Translation > 
 (1886). He has also written: 'Compendious 
 German Grammar* (1869); < German Reader 
 in Prose and Verse* (1870); < Essentials of Eng- 
 lish Grammar* (1877); < Sanskrit Grammar* 
 {1877); and < Practical French Grammar* (1886). 
 Professor Whitney was the superintending 
 editor of the < Century Dictionary* (1889-91), 
 and assisted in the preparation of < Webster's 
 Dictionary* (1864). 
 
 Whittaker, Frederick. An American story- 
 writer and journalist, formerly an ofificer in the 
 United States service ; born in 1838. He has 
 written : < A Defense of Dime Novels, by a 
 Writer of Them*; < Life of General Custer*; 
 < Cadet Button : A Tale of American Army 
 Life*; <BeI Rubio : A Novel.* 
 
 Whittemore, Thomas. A distinguished Uni- 
 versalist clergyman and religious writer ; born 
 at Boston, Jan. i, 1800 ; died at Cambridge, 
 March 21, 1861. He was joint editor of the 
 Universalist Magazine, sole editor and pro- 
 prietor of the Trumpet (1828-57); member re- 
 peatedly of the Massachusetts Legislature ; 
 president of the Vermont and Massachusetts 
 railroad. He wrote : < Modern History of Uni- 
 versalism * (enlarged ed. i860); < Autobiography > 
 (1859). besides commentaries, hymns, biogra- 
 phies, etc. 
 
 Wliittier, Elizabetli H. An American poet, 
 sister of John Greenleaf Whittier ; died at Ames- 
 bury, Mass., Sept. 3, 1864. Several of her poems 
 can be seen in her brother's < Hazel Blossoms * 
 (1875), or under that title in any collection of 
 his works. 
 
 Whittier, John Greenleaf. A famous Amer- 
 ican poet; born at Haverhill, Mass., Dec. 17, 
 1807 ; died at Hampton Falls, N. H., Sept. 7, 
 1892. A Quaker in religion, he was remarka- 
 ble for his consistency and the purity of his 
 life ; he was one of the earliest and most in- 
 fluential abolitionists, several times mobbed for 
 his opinions. He was at different periods edi- 
 tor of several journals, among them (1838-40) 
 
 the Pennsylvania Freeman, an abolition publi- 
 cation, and the leading contributor to the 
 Washington National Era, 1847-59; was mem- 
 ber of the Massachusetts Legislature, 1835-36; 
 one of the secretaries of the American Anti- 
 Slavery Society, 1836. He took great inter- 
 est in politics. His home, after 1840, was at 
 Amesbury, Mass. Among his best-known poems 
 are: 'Skipper Ireson's Ride* (i860); < My 
 Playmate* (i860); 'Barbara Frietchie* (1863); 
 <Laus Deo* (1865); <My Birthday*; 'Snow- 
 Bound* (1866); 'Maud Muller* (1866); 'The 
 Tent on the Beach* (1867). Perhaps no other 
 of our poets, not even Longfellow, has so 
 reached the popular heart. 
 
 Whymper, Edward. An English artist, trav- 
 eler, and descriptive writer; born in London, 
 April 27, 1840, He is famous as a mountain 
 climber, — was the first to ascend the Matter- 
 horn and other great Alpine peaks, and has 
 ascended several of the greatest of the Andes; 
 traveled in Greenland. He has published, and 
 himself illustrated, 'Swiss Pictures* (1866); 
 'Scrambles among the Alps* (1869); 'Travels 
 amongst the Great Andes of the Equator * (1892). 
 
 Whymper, Frederick. An English writer 
 of travels, brother of Edward ; bom in London, 
 July 20, 1838. He has written ' Travels and 
 Adventures in Alaska* (1869), and 'Heroes of 
 the Arctic and their Adventures* (1875); and 
 compiled ' The Sea : Its Stirring Story of Ad- 
 venture, Peril, and Heroism' (4 vols., 1878-81). 
 
 Whyte, Violet. See Stannard. 
 
 Whyte-Melville, George John. An English 
 novelist ; bom near St. Andrews, Scotland, 1821; 
 died Dec. 5, 1878. A captain in the Coldstream 
 Guards, he retired from the army (1849), but 
 served in the Turkish cavalry during the 
 Crimean war. Among his works were : < Cap- 
 tain Digby Grand* (1853); 'The Gladiators* 
 (1863); ' Sarchedon* (1871);' Katerfelto* (1875); 
 etc. He wrote also a volume of 'Songs and 
 Verses * and translated Horace's < Odes.* 
 
 Wichert, Ernst Alexander August Georg 
 
 (vich-ert). A German dramatist and novelist; 
 bom in Insterburg, March 11, 1831. He wrote : 
 ' Our General York * (1858); < Light and Shade ' 
 (1861); 'The Fool of Luck* (1869), which took 
 the prize at the Vienna Burg Theatre, and 
 turned the public attention to him ; several 
 novels, among them being ' Behind the Scenes' 
 (1872), 'The Green Gate* (1875), 'A Strong 
 Heart* (1878); some historical works, as 'Hein 
 rich von Plauen* (1883); and 'The Great Elector 
 in Prussia* ( 1 886). He died Jan. 21, 1902. 
 
 Wickede, Julius von (vik'e-d6). A German 
 military v/riter and litterateur; born in Meek 
 lenburg, July il, 1819. He has written: <A 
 History of the War between Germany and 
 France in the Years 1870 and 1871* (1873)1 
 < A History of the Wars of France against Ger- 
 many in the Last Two Centuries* (1874); 'A 
 Prussian Officer* (1873); < A German Trooper's 
 Life* (1861); etc. He died March 22. 1896.
 
 574 
 
 Wlcksteed. Philip Henry. An English cler- 
 pvr.an, economic writer, and critic; bom at 
 J t-eds, Oct. 25, 1844. He was lecturer on so- 
 ciology at Oxford University. He has pub- 
 lished • < Dante: Six Sermons > (18S0); < Alpha- 
 bet of Economic Science > (1888); < Henrik 
 Ibsen: Four Lectures> (1892); besides transla- 
 tions from the Dutch and French. 
 
 Wldmann, Joseph Viktor (vid'man). A Swiss 
 poet; born in Moravia, Feb. 20, 1842. He 
 studied theology in Heidelberg and Jena, and 
 in 1866 became organist and musical drector 
 in Liestal ; in 1807 he was made assistant pastor 
 at Thurgau; in 1868 became director of the 
 Girls' School in Bern, but resigned this posi- 
 tion in 1880, becoming associate editor of the 
 Bern Bund. He wrote: < Iphigenia in Delphi > 
 (1865), a drama;' Buddlia: AnEpic I'oeni' (iS(a)); 
 < CEno'ne > (1880), a play ; < The iMuse of Aretin.> 
 
 Wied, Prince Alexander Philipp Maximil- 
 ian von (ved). A German naturalist and trav- 
 eler; born at Neuwied, Sept. 23, 1782; died 
 Feb. 3, 1867. He became major-general in the 
 Prussian Army, but left it for scientific pursuits. 
 He traveled in Brazil, 1815-17, and in 1833 went 
 on a tour through the United States. As a 
 result of these trips he wrote : < Travels in 
 Brazil > (1820); 'Descriptions of the Natural 
 History of Brazil > (1824-33); and <A Journey 
 through North America > (1833-43). 
 
 Wieland, Christopher Martin (ve'lant). A 
 German poet and prose-writer ; born in Ober- 
 holzheim, Suabia, Sept. 5, 1733; died Jan. 20, 
 1813. He established two periodicals, the Ger- 
 man Mercury, and the Attic Museum. His 
 most famous work is the poem ' Oberon> (1780). 
 Other principal works are: <Agathon> (1766- 
 67); <The New Amadis> (1771); 'The Golden 
 Mirror > (1772). He also translated the greater 
 part of Shakespeare into German. 
 
 Wlflfen, Jeremiah Holmes. An English edu- 
 cator, poet, and translator; born at Woburn 
 in 1792; died at Woburn Abbey, May 2, 1836. 
 He made poetical translations of Garcilaso de 
 la Vega (1823), Tasso's 'Jerusalem Delivered' 
 (2 vols., 1824-25), and from the Welsh ' Triads.> 
 Besides contributing poems to the annuals, he 
 published several volumes of original verse. 
 
 Wiggin, Kate Douglas. An American story- 
 writer; born (Smith) in Philadelphia, Sept. 28, 
 1857. Her youth was spent in Hollis, Me., 
 and she attended Abbott Academy in Andover, 
 Mass. She went to California in 1876, where 
 she studied the kindergarten system in Los 
 Angeles; later, she taught a year in Santa 
 Barbara College ; then went to San Francisco, 
 where she organized the first free kindergar- 
 ten in the West. In 1880 she organized the 
 California Kindergarten Training School, with 
 her sister Nora A. Smith, and Mrs. S. B. 
 Cooper. In 1880 she married S. B. Wiggin, a 
 lawyer, and they moved to New York, where 
 Mr. Wiggin died in 1889. In 1895 Mrs. Wiggin 
 married Geo. C. Riggs. She has written many 
 stories and books on and for the kindergarten 
 
 WICKSTEED — WILBOUR 
 
 among them being < The Story of Patsy,' < The 
 Birds' Christmas Carol, > ' Polly Oliver's Prob- 
 lem,' 'The Story Hour,' and 'Kindergarten 
 Principles and Practice » ; ' Finding a Home.> 
 
 Wigglesworth, Michael. An American Con- 
 gregational clergyman and poet ; born in Eng- 
 land, 1631 ; died at Maiden, Mass., June 10, 
 1705. His best-known work, < The Day of 
 Doom' (1662), was a popular poem in New 
 England for a long period. He published : 
 < God's Controversy with New England ' and 
 ' Meat Out of the Eater,' in verse ; and also 
 ' A Discourse on Eternity.' 
 
 Wight, Orlando Williams. An American 
 biographer, editor, and translator ; born at Cen- 
 treville, N. Y., Feb. 19, 1824; died at Detroit, 
 Mich., Oct. 19, 1888. A Universalist minister ori- 
 ginally, he practiced medicine in Wisconsin, 
 where he was appointed State geologist and 
 surgeon-general in 1874 ; health commissioner 
 of Milwaukee, 1878-80 ; later he was health offi- 
 cer of Detroit. He wrote ' Lives and Letters 
 of Abdlard and H^loise > (new ed. 1861); < Max- 
 ims of Public Health' (1884); 'People and 
 Countries Visited' (1888), travels ; edited 'Phi- 
 losophy of Sir William Hamilton' (1853); 
 'Standard French Classics' (12 vols., 1859); 
 'The Household Library' (18 vols., 1859); and 
 translated Cousin's ' History of Modern Phi- 
 losophy' (1852, with F. W. Ricord); 'Lectures 
 on the True, the Beautiful, and the Good ' 
 (1854); Martin's 'History of France' (1863, 
 with Mary L. Booth). 
 
 Wilberforce, Samuel. An English bishop; 
 born at Clapham, Sept. 7, 1805; killed by a 
 fall from his horse, near Dorking, July 19, 1873. 
 He wrote : ' Note-Book of a Country Clergy- 
 man' (1833); ' Eucharistica' (1839); 'Sermons 
 Preached Before the University of Oxford' (2 
 series, 1839-62), and other volumes of sermons; 
 'The Rocky Island and Other Parables' (1840); 
 ' A History of the Protestant Episcopal Church 
 of America' (1844); 'Heroes of Hebrew His- 
 tory' (1870); 'Speeches on Missions' (1874); 
 and many miscellaneous publications. 
 
 Wilberforce, William. An English states- 
 man and reformer ; born at Hull, Aug. 24, 1759 ; 
 died in London, July 29, 1833, and was buried 
 in Westminster Abbey, as he had wished, " side 
 by side with Canning, at the feet of Pitt, and 
 within two steps of Fox and Grattan." His 
 great work, achieved by almost twenty years 
 of effort, was abolishing the slave trade through- 
 out the British Empire. He published a volume, 
 ' A Practical View of the Prevailing Religious 
 System of Professed Christians in the Higher 
 and Middle Classes of this Country, Contrasted 
 with Real Christianity' (1797). His sons wrote 
 the ' Life of William Wilberforce ' (5 vols., 1838); 
 and edited his 'Correspondence' (2 vols., 1840). 
 
 Wilbour, Charles Edwin. An American 
 Egyptologist, journalist, and author; born in 
 Rhode Island, March 17, 1833; died in 1896. He 
 was associated with the New York journals up 
 to 1872, when he began the study of Egyptian
 
 WILBRANDT — WILKINS 
 
 575 
 
 antiquities ; and was afterwards the companion 
 of Brugsch Bey and Maspero in many explor- 
 ing expeditions in Upper Egypt. He has pub- 
 lished translations from the French : < Rachel in 
 the New World,' from L^on Beauvallet (1856); 
 Victor Hugo's < Les Mis^rables> (1862-63); and 
 Renan's <Life of Jesus> (1863). 
 
 Wilbrandt, Adolf (vel'brant). A German 
 poet and dramatist ; born at Rostock, Aug. 24, 
 1837. Among his dramas, which have been 
 successfully presented in all the principal the- 
 atres of Germany, are : < Graf Hammerstein > 
 (1870), < Gracchus* (1872), <Arria and Messa- 
 lina> (1874), 'Giordano Bruno> (1874), <Nero> 
 (1876), <Kriemhild> (1877), tragedies ;< Youthful 
 Love> (1872), and < Natalie > (1878), comedies. 
 He has treated the great social and literary 
 questions of his day in the three novels < Adam's 
 Sons' (1890), < Hermann Ifinger> (1892), and<The 
 Thorny Path > (1894); < Villa Maria > (1902). 
 
 Wilcox, Ella Wheeler. An American poet ; 
 born at Johnstown Centre, Wis., about iSSS- 
 She has contributed much to current period- 
 icals, and her poems are widely copied. Some 
 of her volumes are: <Maurine* (1882); < Poems 
 of Passion* (1883); and < Poems of Pleas- 
 ure* (1888). She has published a novel, <Mal 
 Moulee > (1885); and < A Woman of the World.* 
 
 Wilde, Jane Francesca Elgee, Lady. 
 
 f<< Speranza.**] An Irish poet and author, 
 mother of Oscar; born in Wexford, 1826; died 
 in Chelsea, England, Feb. 3, 1896. She wrote : 
 <Ugo Bassi* (1857); < Poems* (1S64); < Drift- 
 Wood from Scandinavia* (1884); 'Ancient 
 Legends, etc., of Ireland* (2 vols., 1886); 'The 
 Glacier Land.' 
 
 Wilde, Oscar Fingal OTlahertie Wills. An 
 Irish poet and author; bom in Dublin, Oct. 15, 
 1856 ; died in Paris, Nov. 30, 1900. He wrote: 
 'Poems* (i88o); 'The Picture of Dorian Gray,> 
 a novel ; 'The Happy Prince, and Other Tales> 
 (1888); 'Guido Ferranti) (1890), and 'The 
 Duchess of Padua,> tragedies ; 'Intentions,) 
 essays (1891); 'Lord Arthur Savile's Crimes, 
 and Other Stories* ( 1891 ) ; 'Lady Windermere's 
 Fan,* 'A Woman of No Importance,* and 'The 
 Importance of Being Earnest,* etc. 
 
 Wilde, Richard Henry. An American 
 lawyer and author; born in Dublin, 1789; 
 died in New Orleans, 1847. He published : 
 ' Conjectures and Researches concerning the 
 Love, Madness, and Imprisonment of Torquato 
 Tasso* (1842); and wrote many popular lyrics, 
 the best-known one being < My Life Is Like 
 the Summer Rose.* 
 
 Wlldenbruch, Ernst von (veld'en-broch). A 
 German soldier, lawyer, and dramatist ; born at 
 Beyrlit, Syria, Feb. 3, 1845. His dramas have 
 been played with great success in most German 
 cities. Some of them are : ' Fathers and Sons * 
 (1882); 'Harold* (4th ed. 1884; English trans- 
 lation 1891); 'Christopher Marlowe* (1884); 
 'The Mennonite* (3d ed. 1886); 'The Carlo- 
 vingians* (4th ed. 1887); ' The Quitzows > (1888); 
 
 'The New Master* (1891'). He has also pub- 
 lished a number of short stories ana novels, 
 the best of which is 'The Master of Tai agra* 
 (1880). In his 'Lays and Songs* (1877) and 
 'Poems and Ballads* (1884), are some great 
 ballads and hymns, the most popular of which 
 is ' The Witches' Song.* He died in 1909. 
 
 Wilder, Alexander. An American physi- 
 cian, and medical and archaeological writer ; 
 born at Verona, N. Y., May 13, 1823. He was 
 president of the Eclectic Medical College, 
 New York (1867); lecturer on physiology and 
 physiological medicine (1873-77); professor of 
 physiology and of psychological science in the 
 United States Medical College. Besides tech- 
 nical works, he has written < The Worship of 
 the Serpent * (1877); < Plato and his Doctrines *; 
 < Evil * ; < History of Medicine.* 
 
 Wildermuth, Madame Ottilie (vel'der-mbt). 
 A German novelist; born (Ronschiitz) at Rot- 
 tenburg, Wiirtemberg, Feb. 22, 1817 ; died July 
 12, 1877. She wrote many novels of home life 
 and stories for the young, among which are : 
 'In Daylight* (1S61); 'Augusta* (1865); 'From 
 Mountain and Valley* (1867); etc. 'In the 
 Child World* was published after her death. 
 
 Wilhelmine, [Friederike Sophie] (vil-hel- 
 me'ne). Margravine of Bayreuth. A distin- 
 guished German writer of memoirs ; born at 
 Berlin, July 3, 1709; died October 1758. She 
 was the favorite sister of Frederick the Great. 
 She wrote 'Memoirs* (new ed. 1845). 
 
 Wilkes, Charles. An American admiral, ex- 
 plorer, and scientist ; born in New York, 1801 ; 
 died at Washington, D. C, Feb. 8, 1877. In 
 command of an exploring expedition, he vis- 
 ited South America, the Fiji, Samoan, Ha- 
 waiian, and other islands in the Pacific, the 
 Antarctic regions, the western coast of North 
 America, etc.; captured the Confederate com- 
 missioners Mason and Slidell, on the British 
 steamer Trent (1861); became commodore in 
 1862, and admiral in 1866. He wrote a 'Nar- 
 rative* of his expedition (6 vols., 1845); 'West- 
 ern America* (1849); etc. 
 
 Wilkes, George. An American journalist, 
 born in New York city in 1820; died there, 
 Sept. 23, 1885. He was editor of the Spirit of 
 the Times from 1850, and well known as a 
 politician and a traveler. He wrote a 'Plistory 
 of California* (1845); and a book of travel, 
 'Europe in a Hurry* (1852). 
 
 Wilkie, William. A Scottish poet ; born at 
 Dalmeny, West Lothian, Oct. 5, 1721 ; died Oct. 
 10, 1772. He was professor of natural philos- 
 ophy at the university of St. Andrews, 1759. 
 He wrote: 'The Epigoniad* (2d ed. 1759), an 
 epic on the taking of Thebes, which won for 
 him the title of the Scottish Homer; and 'Fa- 
 bles* (1768). 
 
 Wilkins, John. An English clergyman and 
 scientist; born at Fawsley, Northamptonshire, 
 1614 ; died in London, Nov. 19, 1672. He was 
 bishop of Chester (1668), and one of the found- 
 ers of the Royal Society (1645). His works
 
 576 
 
 were one of the most effective agents in the 
 spread of the Copemican system mErigland 
 He wrote : < Discovery of a New World > ( 1638) , 
 
 • Discourse concerning a New Planet > (1640); 
 
 < Mercury; or, The Secret and Swift Messenger, 
 Showing How a Man May Communicate his 
 Thoughts to a Friend at Any Distance > (1641); 
 •Mathematical Magic > (1648); < Essay toward 
 a Real Character and a Philosophical Lan- 
 guage > (1668); 'Principles and Duties of Nat- 
 ural Religion > (1675); etc. 
 
 Wllklns. Mary Eleanor. An American au- 
 thor; borii at Randolph, Mass. Her works, 
 studies of New England country life, are : 
 <The Adventures of Ann> (1886), <A Humble 
 Romance > (1887), <A New England Nun > 
 (1891), and < Young Lucretia> (1892), collec- 
 tions of short stories; < Giles Corey, Yeoman > 
 (1893), a play; <Jane Field' (1893), •Pem- 
 broke > (1894), novels ; < The Long Arm > (1895); 
 
 * The Clivers ' ( 1904 1; < Doc Gordon > {1906). 
 Wilkinson, Sir John Gardner. An English 
 
 Egyptologist ; born at Haxendale, Oct. 5, 1797 ; 
 died at Llandover, Wales, Oct. 29, 1875. His 
 principal work is • Manners and Customs of 
 the Ancient Egyptians' (two series, 6 vols., 
 1837-41), still valuable, and reissued in 1879. 
 Others are; 'Materia Hieroglyphica> (1828); 
 
 < The Topography of Thebes, and General 
 View of Egypt' (1835); < Modern Egypt and 
 Thebes' (2 vols., 1843), republished as 'Mur- 
 ray's Handbook for Travelers in Egypt' (1847) 
 •Dalmatia and Montenegro' (2 vols., 1848) 
 •The Architecture of Ancient Egypt' (1850) 
 •The Fragments of the Hieratic Papyrus at 
 Turin' (1851); and <The Egyptians in the Time 
 of the Pharaohs' (1857), 
 
 Wilkinson, William Cleaver. An Ameri- 
 can educator and Baptist clerg>Tnan ; born in 
 Westford, Vt., Oct. 19, 1833. He is dean of 
 the department of literature and art in the 
 Chautauqua University, for which he has pre- 
 pared many text-books. Among his works 
 are: <The Dance of Modern Society' (1869); 
 •A Free Lance,' etc., (1874); •The Baptist 
 Principle' (1881); < Webster: An Ode> {1882); 
 •Poems' (1883); essay on < Edwin Arnold' 
 (1884); and < College Greek Course in English.' 
 
 Willard, Emma (Hart). An American edu- 
 cator and author; born in Berlin, Conn., Feb. 
 23, 1787; died at Troy, N. Y., April 15, 1870. 
 She did much for bettering the education of 
 women. Her books, educational and general, 
 include : • A Plan for Improving Female Edu- 
 cation' (1819); *A History of the United 
 States' (1828); < Poems' (1830), containing the 
 popular song < Rocked in the Cradle of the 
 Deep ' ; < Journal and Letters from France 
 and Great Britain' (1833); < Universal His- 
 tory* (1835); < Respiration and its Effects'; 
 and < Morals for the Young' (1857). 
 
 Willard. Frances Elizabeth. An Ameri- 
 can educator, editor and reformer ; bom at 
 Churchville, N. Y., Sept. 28, 1839; died in 
 New York city, Feb. 18, 1898. She was presi- 
 
 WILKINS- WILLIAMS 
 
 dent of the Woman's Christian Temperance 
 Union from 1879, and founded the World's 
 Woman's Christian Temperance Union in 1883. 
 She was editor-in-chief of the Union Signal, the 
 official organ of the woman's temperance move- 
 ment. Besides contributing to leading periodi- 
 cals, she published : 'Nineteen Beautiful Years' 
 (1S64), a life of her deceased sister; 'Glimpses of 
 Fifty Years> (1889); <A Great Mother) (1894). 
 
 William of Malmesbury. A celebrated Eng- 
 lish monk and historian; born about 1095; died 
 at Malmesbury, about 1142. He was librarian 
 of the monastery at Malmesbury. He wrote : 
 • History of the English Kings,' and its con- 
 tinuation ' Modern History,' the two being the 
 source from which all subsequent histories of 
 England have drawn ; < History of the Prelates 
 of England ' ; < Lives ' of St. Patrick, St. Dun- 
 stan, St. Wulfstan ; several books of miracles ; 
 etc. 
 
 William of Tyre. A Syrian historian ; born 
 about 1 137. He was archbishop of Tyre (n7SX 
 He wrote 'History of the Sovereigns of the 
 East,' and 'History of Events in the Lands 
 across the Sea,' a fine record of the Crusades 
 from 1 127 to 1 184, first printed in 1549. There 
 are German and French translations of the 
 latter. 
 
 Williams, Alfred Mason. An American jour- 
 nalist, editor, and poet ; bom at Taunton, Mass., 
 Oct. 23, 1S40; died at St. Kitis, W. I., Mar. 9, 
 1896. ^Vas editor of the Providence Journal. 
 Published: 'The Poets and Poetry of Ireland'; 
 'Studies in Folk-Song and Popular Poeti-y'; 'Sam 
 Houston and theWar of Independence in Texas'. 
 
 Williams, Mrs. Annie (Bowles). An Ameri- 
 can juvenile-story writer ; born in Connecticut, 
 1840. She has published : ' Birchwood ' ; • The 
 Fitch Club ' ; ' Professor Johnny > ; < Rolf and 
 his Friends'; 'Who Saved the Ship?'; 'The 
 Giant Dwarf'; 'The Riverside Museum.' 
 
 Williams, Mrs. Catharine R. (Arnold). 
 
 An American author; born in Providence, 
 R. L, about 1790 ; died there, Oct. 11, 1872. She 
 was the author of 'Original Poems' (1828); 
 •Religion at Home' (1829); 'Tales, National 
 and Revolutionary' (1830-35); 'Aristocracy,' a 
 novel (1832); •Fall River' (1833); •Biography 
 of Revolutionary Heroes' (1839); and •Annals 
 of the Aristocracy of Rhode Island' (2 vols., 
 1843-45)- 
 
 Williams, Francis Howard. An American 
 dramatic writer and poet, residing in Phila- 
 delphia; bom in Pennsylvania, 1844. Among 
 his plays are : < The Princess Elizabeth : A 
 Lyi:ic Drama ' ; ' The Higher Education ' ; < A 
 Reformer in Ruffles'; 'Master and Man.' 
 He also wrote 'Theodora: A Pastoral'; 'At- 
 man : A Story ' ; < The Flute Player, and Other 
 Po'ems ' ; < Pennsylvania Poets of the Provincial 
 Period ' ; < At the Rise of the Curtain.' 
 
 Williams, George Washington. An Amer- 
 ican negro writer and soldier ; born in Pennsyl- 
 vania, 1849. He served in the Northern army
 
 WILLIAMS— WILMER 
 
 577 
 
 in the Civil War, and subsequently as an offi- 
 cer in the army of Mexico (1865-67). He was 
 minister to Hayti, 1885-86. He wrote: 'His- 
 tory of the Negro Race in America >; < The 
 Negro Troops in the War of the Rebellion > ; 
 •History of Reconstruction.' 
 
 Williams, Isaac. A British clergyman and 
 religious poet ; born at Cwmcynfelin, near 
 Aberystwith, Wales, Dec. 12, 1802; died at 
 Stinchcombe, England, May i, 1865. With 
 Keble, Newman, and Pusey, he was active in 
 the Tractarian movement. He wrote : < The 
 CathedraP (1838), in verse; < Hymns' (1S39J; 
 •Thoughts in Past Years* (1842); < The Christ- 
 ian Scholar* (1849); < Autobiography* (1892); 
 besides other purely religious works. 
 
 Williams, Jesse Lynch. An American writer 
 of stories for the young; born in Illinois, 1S71. 
 He has published : < Princeton Stories > ; < The 
 I'reshman > ; < The Day-Dreamer * ; < The Stolen 
 Story.* 
 
 Williams, John. ["Anthony Pasquin.»l An 
 English writer, journalist, and dramatist; born 
 in London about 1765 ; died in Brooklyn, N. Y., 
 Nov. 23,1818. Because of his scurrilous political 
 writings he was declared in 1797 to be "a 
 common libeler,*' and soon after came to the 
 United States. He was connected with the 
 press, wrote several plays, also a volume of 
 poems (1789); < Legislative Biography' (1795); 
 •Life of Alexander Hamilton' (1804); and the 
 •Dramatic Censor' (iSil). 
 
 Williams, John. An English missionary ; 
 born at Tottenham, June 29, 1796 ; killed and 
 eaten by cannibals, at Erromanga, New Heb- 
 rides, Nov. 20, 1839. His adventurous and gen- 
 erally successful life as a missionary extended 
 over a period of more than twenty years (1816- 
 39). He wrote that famous classic of mis- 
 sionary literature, • A Narrative of Missionary 
 Enterprises in the South Sea Islands' (Lon- 
 don and New York, 1837; 56th thousand, 
 1865). 
 
 Williams, Martha McCulloch. An Ameri- 
 can miscellaneous writer. Besides several sto- 
 ries and poems in Harper's Bazar and Monthly, 
 and a book on botany, she has published < Field- 
 Farings ' (1892), a collection of essays ; < Two of a 
 Trade > ; • A Black Settlement ' ; ' Sarsaparilla.* 
 
 Williams, Roger. An English-American 
 clergjTnan, and founder of the State of Rhode 
 Island ; born about 1604 ; died about 1683. 
 His chief distinction is in his founding the 
 first State in which there is an absolute 
 guarantee of liberty of conscience to every 
 man, — the government having no authority in 
 ni:itters of religion. He published : < Key into 
 the Language of America ; or. An Help to tlie 
 Language of the Natives in that Part of Amer- 
 ica Called New England,' etc. (1643; new 
 ed. 1820); <Mr. Cotton's Letter,' etc. (1644); 
 and <The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for 
 Cause of Conscience, Discussed in a Conference 
 between Truth and Peace,' etc. (1644); <The 
 Bloody Tenent yet More Bloody,' etc. (1652); 
 •The Hireling Ministry None of Christ's,' etc. 
 37 
 
 (1652); < Experiments of Spiritual Life and 
 Health,* etc. (1652); < George Fox Digg'd Out 
 of his Burrowes,* etc. (1676); and 'A New 
 England F'ire-Brand Quenched,' etc. (1679). 
 
 Williams, Samuel Wells. An American 
 philologist and distinguished Chinese scholar; 
 born in Utica, N. Y., 1812 ; died in New Haven, 
 Feb. 17, 1884. He assisted in preparing a 
 Chinese, and afterwards a Japanese, diction- 
 ary; was interpreter for Commodore Perry in 
 Japan, 1853-54; was secretary of legation in 
 China, 1855-57, and again 1862-76. He was 
 professor of Chinese at Yale, 1876-84, and was 
 president of the American Oriental Society. 
 He published: <Easy Lessons in Chinese' 
 (1842), followed by 'Chinese and English Vo- 
 cabulary* (1843), and < Tonic Dictionary of 
 the Chinese' (1874). His greatest work is 
 •The Middle Kingdom' (2 vols., 1883), which 
 has done excellent service in making Chinese 
 history and conditions known to the public. 
 
 Williamson, Julia May, An American writer, 
 living at Augusta, Me. ; born 1859. She has 
 written the volumes of poetry •Echoes of 
 Time and Tide,' and <The Choir of the 
 Year ' ; < Star of Hope and Other Songs.' 
 
 Willis, Nathaniel Parker. An Americau 
 poet and journalist ; born at Portland, Me., 
 Jan. 20, 1806; died at Idlewild on the Hud- 
 son, N. Y., Jan. 20, 1867. His chief journal- 
 istic work was with the New York Mirror 
 (1823-42). Among his numerous writings are: 
 •Inklings of Adventure' (3 vols., 1836); <Loi- 
 terings of Travel' (3 vols., 1840) ; • Letters from 
 Under a Bridge' (1840); • Poems' (1846); •Peo- 
 ple I Have Met' (1850); • Hurrygraphs' (1851); 
 •A Health Trip to the Tropics' (1854); •Fa- 
 mous Persons and Places' (1854); and <The 
 Convalescent, his Rambles and Adventures' 
 (1859). 
 
 Willoughby, Eliza Maria, Baro^^ss Mla- 
 dleton. An English poet. She is daughter of 
 Sir A. P. Gordon-Cumming ; married D. W. B. 
 Willoughby (1869), who became Baron Middle- 
 ton in 1877. She has published : < On the North 
 Wind, Thistledown' (1874), and < Ballads' 
 (1878). 
 
 Wills, W. R. An Australian poet ; bom 1837. 
 He has published : •A Bunch of Wild Pansies' 
 (1885); 'Blossoms of Early Life'; •Songs for 
 the Weary.' 
 
 Wills, William Gorman. An Irish painter 
 and dramatist; born in County Kilkenny, 1830; 
 died in London. Dec. 14, 1891. He is the author 
 of •Notice to Quit' (3 vols., 1861); •The Life's 
 Evidence' (3 vols., 1863); and the dramas 
 •Charles the First' (1872), •Eugene Aram' 
 (I87':;), •Marie Stuart' (1874), *Jane Shore > 
 (1S76 1, •Olivia Sedgemoore' (1881), • Claudian' 
 (1885), •A Royal Divorce' (1891), and, in con- 
 junction with Sidney Grundy, • Madam Pompa- 
 dour.* 
 
 Wilmer, Lambert A. An American editor 
 and author; born about 1805 ; died in Brooklyn, 
 N. v., Dec. 21, 1863. He was editor of several
 
 57S 
 
 newspapers, and author of : <A New System of 
 Grammar > (1S51); <The Quacks of Helicon' 
 (1851); <The Life of De Soto> (1858); < Our 
 Press Gang; or, An Exposition of the Corrup- 
 tions of American Newspapers' (1859). 
 
 Wllmshurst, Zavarr. A journalist and 
 autlior ; born in England, Nov. 25, 1824 ; died 
 in Brooklyn, Jan. 27, 1887. He came to the 
 United States and was editorially connected 
 with several journals in New York city. His 
 plays include a drama on Hawthorne's < Scarlet 
 Letter'; and <Nitocria,' a tragedy. His other 
 writings are: <The V'iking,' an epic (1849); 
 <The Winter of the Heart,' etc. (1874); < The 
 Siren' (1876); and < Ralph and Rose' (1879). 
 
 Wilson, Alexander. A Scotch-American 
 ornithologist; bom at Paisley, Scotland, July 6, 
 1766; died in Philadelphia, Aug. 23, 1813. 
 In early life he was a weaver and teacher. He 
 published a volume of poems in 1790, but be- 
 ing sentenced for a lampoon in 1793, emigrated 
 to America. He was employed as editor of 
 tlie American edition of Rees's < Cjxlopredia ' ; 
 but in his wanderings as peddler, he learned 
 to love birds, and set about writing an orni- 
 tholog}'. At his death seven volumes of this work 
 had been published ; the eighth and ninth vol- 
 umes were edited by George Ord, and a con- 
 tinuation by Charles Lucien Bonaparte (4 vols., 
 1825-33). Volumes of his poems were published 
 at Paisley in 1816, and at Belfast in 1857. 
 
 Wilson, Mrs. Augusta Jane (Evans). An 
 American novelist ; born at Columbus, Ga. , 
 May 8, 1835. She lived some years in Texas; 
 afterwards at Mobile, Ala. Her works at one 
 time had great popularit)-. They include : 
 •Inez' (1856); <Beulah> (1859); <Macaria' 
 (1864); <SL Elmo' (1866); <Vashti' (1869); 
 < Infelice > ; < At the Mercy of Tiberius ' ; < Devota.' 
 
 Wilson. Sir Daniel. A Canadian educator 
 and arcnaro.-^ist; born at Edinburgh, 1816; 
 died at Toronto, Aug. 6, 1892. He was presi- 
 dent of Toronto University from 1881. He 
 wrote : < Memorials of Edinburgh in the Olden 
 Time' (1846-49); < Oliver Cromwell and the 
 Protectorate' (1848); < Prehistoric Man' (1862); 
 'Archaeology and Prehistoric Annals of Scot- 
 land' (revised ed. 1863); <Chatterton' (1869); 
 ' Reminiscences of Old Edinburgh ' ( 1878) ; < The 
 Lost Atlantis' (1892), poems; etc. 
 
 Wilson, Henry. ^Original name Jeremiah 
 Jones Colbath.] A distinguished American 
 statesman ; born at Farmington, N. H., Feb. 
 16, i8i2; died at Washington, Nov. 22, 1875. 
 He was elected to the Vice-Presidency of the 
 United States in 1872, and died while holding 
 this office. His works are: < History of the 
 Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America' 
 (3 vols., 1872-75); < History of the Anti-Slavery 
 Measures of the 37th and 38th Congresses' 
 (1864); and 'History of the Reconstruction 
 Measures of the 39th and 40th Congresses' 
 (1868); besides many addresses and speeches. 
 
 Wilson, Henry Bristow. An English clergy. 
 man and educator ; bom in London, 1803 ; died 
 
 WILMSHURST — WILSON 
 
 at Lee, Kent, Aug. 10, 1888. He was professor 
 of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford. He was one of 
 the seven authors of the famous volume of 
 < Essays and Reviews' (i860); his contribution 
 being < The National Church.' He wrote : < The 
 Communion of Saints : An Attempt to Illustrate 
 the Principles of Church Union' (1851), the 
 Bampton lecture contributed to < Oxford Es- 
 says ' ; etc. 
 
 Wilson, Horace Hayman. An English Ori- 
 entalist; born in London, Sept. 26, 1786; died 
 there. May 8, i860. Going to India in the 
 service of the East India Company (1808), he 
 was employed in the Calcutta mint; was sec- 
 retary of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 181 1; 
 professor of Sanskrit at Oxford, 1832 ; libra- 
 rian at the East India House, 1836; and 
 director of the Royal Asiatic Society. Besides 
 a Sanskrit dictionary and grammar, transla- 
 tions of the < Meghaduta,' the < Vishnu Purana,' 
 part of the < Rig Veda,' etc., he published : 
 < Select Specimens of the Theatre of the Hin- 
 dus' (2d ed. 1835); 'Religious Sects of the 
 Hindus' (1828-32); 'History of British India' 
 (1844-48); etc. 
 
 Wilson, James Grant. An American author, 
 editor, and soldier, who served with distinction 
 in the Civil War ; born in New York, April 
 28, 1832. Besides numerous addresses, essays, 
 and articles in periodicals, he has pub- 
 lished : < Biographical Sketches of Illinois Offi- 
 cers ' (1862-63); <Love in Letters, Illustrated 
 in the Correspondence of Eminent Persons' 
 (1867); < Life of General Grant' (1868-85); 'Life 
 of Fitz-Greene Halleck' (1869); 'Sketches of 
 Illustrious Soldiers' (1874); < Poets and Poetry 
 of Scotland' (1876); 'Centennial History of 
 the Diocese of New York, 1775-1885' (1886); 
 < Bryant and his Friends' (1886); 'Commodore 
 Isaac Hull and the Frigate Constitution' (1889). 
 He is the editor— with John Fiske — of 'Apple- 
 ton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography' (6 
 vols., 1886-89). 
 
 Wilson, James Harrison. An American au- 
 thor, and soldier of distinction; bom near 
 Shawneetown, 111., Sept. 2, 1837. He is the 
 author of ' China : Travels and Investigations in 
 the Middle Kingdom' (1887). ' Life of Andrew 
 J. Alexander' (1887) ; and, in conjunction with 
 C. A. Dana, 'Life of General U. S. Grant' 
 (1868). 
 
 Wilson, John. [" Christopher North."] A 
 Scotch essayist, poet, novelist, and editor ; born 
 at Paisley, May 18, 1785; died in Edinburgh, 
 April 3, 1854. The son of a rich manufacturer, 
 he was educated at Glasgow University and 
 at Magdalen College, Oxford ; noted as a scholar 
 and athlete ; settled in Cumberland, and became 
 one of the "Lake Group" with Wordsworth, 
 De Quincey, Southey, and Coleridge. Losing 
 most of his inherited fortune, he removed to 
 Edinburgh and studied law. From the starting 
 of Blackwood's Magazine in 1817 he was a 
 chief contributor, and was for many years its 
 generally accredited head. For it he wrote 
 (with Maginn and others, but largely alone)
 
 WILSON — WINSLOW 
 
 579 
 
 the < Noctes Ambrosianat,' b)' which he is best 
 remembered, — imaginary dialogues at Am- 
 brose's tavern in Edinburgh, between the lead- 
 ing contributors to the magazine ; a selection 
 from these was published in 1S76. He also 
 wrote, among other things : < The Isle of Palms * 
 (1812), and <The City of the Plague > (1816), 
 poems; < Lights and Shadows of Scottish Life' 
 (1822); <The Trials of Margaret Lindsay > 
 (1823); <The Foresters' (1825); and 'Essay on 
 the Genius and Character of Burns' (1S41). 
 He was professor of moral philosophy at Edin- 
 burgh University from 1820 to near the end of 
 his life. 
 
 Wilson, John Mackay. A Scottish story- 
 writer; bom at Tweedmouth, 1804; died at 
 Berwick-on-Tweed, Oct. 2, 1835. He edited 
 for several years the Bersvick Advertiser. He 
 was the editor and principal author of ' Tales 
 of the Borders' (1835-40; last ed., enlarged 
 and revised, 24 vols., 1869), of which 150,000 
 copies have been sold. 
 
 Wilson, Robert Burns. An American poet 
 and artist ; born in Pennsylvania, Oct. 30, 1850. 
 He resides in Frankfort, K)-. He has pub- 
 lished a volume called < Life and Love.' 
 
 Wilson, Sir Robert Thomas. An English 
 soldier and military writer; bom in London, 
 1777; died there, ^Iay 9, 1849. He served in 
 the Peninsular war ; was British military com- 
 missioner at the Russian and allied headquar- 
 ters, 1812-14 ; Member of Parliament and 
 governor of Gibraltar, 1842-49. He wrote : 
 * History of the British Expedition to Egypt ' 
 (i8o2j; < Sketch of the Campaigns in Poland' 
 (1810); 'Military and Political Power of Rus- 
 sia' (1817); 'Narrative of Events During the 
 Invasion of Russia, l8i2> (i860); < Diary' 
 (1861); etc. 
 
 Wilson, William. A Scotch-American jour- 
 nalist, publisher, and poet ; born in Perthshire, 
 Dec. 25, 1801 ; died in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 
 Aug. 25, i860. He edited the ' Scottish Songs, 
 Ballads, and Poems ' of Hew Ainslie (1855), 
 and several other volumes. His < Poems,' edited 
 by Benson J. Lossing, appeared in 1870, revised 
 and enlarged editions in 1875 and 1884. 
 
 Wilson, Woodrow. An American educator 
 and author ; bom at Staunton, Va., 1856. He 
 has written much on political and literarj- top- 
 ics for the magazines and reviews. His books 
 are : < Congressional Government : A Study of 
 American Politics' (1885), a work popular at 
 home and much used by foreign publicists ; 
 < The State : Elements of Historical and Prac- 
 tical Polities' (18S91; 'Division and Reunion,' 
 in 'Epochs of American History' (1893); and 
 <A History of the American People' (1902). 
 He is now president of Princeton University. 
 
 Wilton, Richard. An English clergvTuan ; 
 born at Doncaster, Dec. 25, 1827. He was 
 educated at Cambridge, and took orders in 1852. 
 He published : ' Wood-Notes and Church-Bells > 
 (1873); 'LjTics, Sj'lvan and Sacred' (1878); 
 
 < Lyra Pastoralis.' Many of his verses have been 
 set to Music. 
 
 Winchell, Alexander. An American geolo- 
 gist, author, and educator; born in Dutchess 
 Count}-, N. Y., Dec. 31, 1824; died in Ann 
 Arbor, Mich., Feb. 19, 1891. He lectured ex- 
 tensively and contributed to many journals. 
 His writings include: < Sketches of Creation* 
 (1870); 'Geological Chart' (1870) ; 'The Doc- 
 trine of Evolution' (1S74); * Science and Re- 
 ligion' (1877); < Preadamites ' (1880); 'Sparks 
 from a Geologist's Hammer' (1S81); 'World 
 Life' (1883); 'Geological Studies' (1886); and 
 'Walks and Talks in the Geological Field' 
 (1886). 
 
 Winckelmann, Johann Joachim (vink'el- 
 manj. A German critic and archaeologist, the 
 founder of scientific archaeology and of classic 
 art historj' as a critical science ; born in Sten- 
 dal, Dec. 9, 1717; died at Trieste, June 8, 1768, 
 He was the first to consider the masterpieces 
 of classical antiquity as representative of a 
 stage in the development of taste, and to form- 
 ulate the theory of evolution in art. He seems 
 to have obtained his first clue from some ob- 
 ser\'ations of Velleius Paterculus and Quin- 
 tilian. His greatest work is a ' Histor}- of the 
 Art of Antiquity' (1764), afterwards supple- 
 mented by ' Observations on the History of 
 Art' (1767). He also published: 'Thoughts 
 on the Imitation of Greek Works in Painting 
 and Sculpture' (1755); 'Architecture of the 
 Ancients' (1762); 'Unknown Memorials [or 
 Monuments] of Antiquity' (1767); and many 
 essays and pamphlets. 
 
 Wines, Enoch Cobb. An American clergy- 
 man and philanthropist ; born in Hanover, 
 N. J., Feb. 17, 1806; died in Cambridge, Mass., 
 Dec. 10, 1879. He was noted as secretarj- of 
 the N. Y. State Prison Association in 1862, and 
 after^vards devoted his life to the promotion of 
 reform in the administration of criminal law 
 and treatment of criminals. His wTitings in- 
 clude : ' Two Years and a Half in the Navy ' 
 (1832); <A Trip to China' (1832); < Hints on 
 Popular Education' (1838) ; 'Commentaries on 
 Laws of Ancient Hebrews' (1S52) ; 'Adam 
 and Christ' (1855); 'Prisons and Reforma- 
 tories in the United States and Canada' (1867) ; 
 ' State of Prisons and Child-Saving Institu- 
 tions ' (iSSo.) 
 
 Winslow, Mrs. Catherine Mary (Reignolds). 
 
 An American actress and public reader ; born 
 in 183-. She has written ' Yesterdays with 
 Actors > ; ' Readings [with notes] from the Old 
 English Dramatists.' 
 
 Winslow, Edward. A Mayflower emigrant 
 and governor of Ph-mouth Colony ; born at 
 Droitwich, England, Oct. 18, 1595 ; died at sea, 
 between San Domingo and Jamaica, May 8, 
 1655. He was a hostage to Massasoit, his ac- 
 count of which was in George Morton's ' Re- 
 lation' (1622 J. He was the author of 'Good 
 Newes from New England,' etc. (1624), printed 
 in full in Young's ' Chronicles of the Pilgrim
 
 58o 
 
 Fathers> (1841); 'Brief Narration; or, Hypoc- 
 risie Unmasked,* etc. (1646), reissued as < The 
 Danger of Tolerating Levellers in a Civill 
 State,* etc. (1649, printed in part in Young's 
 •Chronicles'); <Ne\v England's Salamander,* 
 etc. (1647); <The Glorious Progress of the 
 Gospel amongst the Indians of New England > 
 (1649); and <A Platform of Church Discipline 
 in New England* (165.^). 
 
 Wlnslow, Miron. An American missionary ; 
 born at Williston, Vt., Dec. 11, 1789; died at the 
 Cape of Good Hope, Oct. 22, 1864. He went 
 as a missionary to Ceylon, 1819; founded the 
 Madras mission, 1836; was president of the 
 native college at Madras, 1840; translated the 
 Bible into Tamil, 1835. He wrote: < Memoir 
 of Mrs. Harriet Winslow* (1835), his wife, re- 
 published in England, and translated into French 
 and Turkish ; and <A Tamil and English Dic- 
 tionary* (1862), his great work, containing over 
 67,000 Tamil words. 
 
 Wlnslow, William Copley. An American 
 archieologist and journalist ; born at Boston, 
 Jan. 13, 1840. He is an Episcopal clergyman ; 
 assisted in founding the University Quarterly, 
 1861 ; edited the Hamiltonian, 1862 ; was as- 
 sistant editor of the New York World 1862-63, 
 and editor of the Christian Times 1863-65 ; 
 vice-president, secretary, and treasurer for 
 many years of the Egypt exploration fund for 
 the U. S.; lecturer on archaeological subjects 
 and colonial history. He has written : < Israel 
 in Egypt * ; < The Store City of Pithom * ( 1885); < A 
 Greek City in Egypt > (1887); < The Egyptain Col- 
 lection in Boston * (1890); < The Pilgrim Fathers 
 in Holland * (iSgi) ;<Papyri in the United States.* 
 
 Winsor, Justin. An American historian and 
 librarian ; born at Boston, Jan 2, 1831 ; died at 
 Cambridge, Oct. 22, 1897. He was librarian 
 of the Boston Public Libraiy, 1868-77, and of 
 Harvard University, 1877-97. He published : 
 < Bibliography of Original Quartos and Folios of 
 Shakespeare* (1875); 'Reader's Handbook of 
 the American Revolution* (1880); 'Memorial 
 History of Boston* (edited: 4 vols., 1880-82); 
 'Narrative and Critical History of America* 
 (edited: 8 vols., 1884-89); < Christopher Columbus* 
 (1891); 'From Cartier to Frontenac* (1894); 
 • The Mississippi Basin > ; and ' The Struggle in 
 America between England and France* (1895). 
 He was the highest authority on the early 
 history of North America. 
 
 Winter, John Strange. See Stannard. 
 
 Winter, William. An American journalist 
 and dramatic critic; born at Gloucester, Mass., 
 July 15, 1836. He has done journalistic work 
 on the Saturday Press, Vanity Fair, the Albion, 
 Weekly Review ; and has been dramatic critic 
 for the New York Tribune since 1865. He has 
 written 'The Convent, and Other Poems* (1854); 
 'The Queen's Domain* (1858), and 'My Wit- 
 ness* (1871), poems; 'Life of Edwin Booth* 
 (1872); 'Thistledown * (1878), poems; ' Poems.* 
 complete edition ( 1881 ) ; < The Jeffersons > ( 1881 ) ; 
 » English Rambles* {1883); 'Life of Henry Ir- 
 
 WINSLOW— WISE 
 
 ving* (1885); 'Shakspere's England* (1886); 
 < Stage Life of Mary Anderson * (1886), and ' The 
 Wanderers > (1888); ' The Lives of Actors.* 
 
 Wintber, Rasmus Villads Christian Ferdi- 
 nand (vin'ter). A Danish poet; born in Fens- 
 mark, July 29, 1796; died in Paris, Dec. 30, 
 1876. While not the greatest Danish poet, he 
 is one of the truest interpreters of the Danish 
 national character. Some of his numerous pub- 
 lications are : 'Song and Legend* (1841); 'Lyr- 
 ical Poems* (1849); 'New Poems* (1850); 'The 
 Flight of the Hart* (1856), a lyric romance of 
 the Danish Middle Ages, his greatest work. 
 
 Winthrop, John, Governor. Born near 
 Groton, Suffolk, England, Jan. 12, 1587-8; died 
 at Boston, March 26, 1649. He was the first 
 colonial governor of Massachusetts, after the 
 government was transferred to America, hold- 
 ing the office, with but slight interruption, from 
 1629 to 1649. He wrote a ' History of New 
 England from 1630 to 1649* (2d ed. Boston, 
 1853), the MS. of which was left by him in 
 the form of a journal correspondence to be 
 found in his ' Life and Letters * (2 vols., 1864- 
 67), by Robert C. Winthrop; <A Modell of 
 Christian Charity ' ; ' Arbitrary Government De- 
 scribed.* 
 
 Winthrop, Theodore. An American soldier, 
 poet, and novelist ; born at New Haven, Conn. 
 Sept. 22, 1828 ; killed at the head of an assault 
 ing column of Northern troops at Big Bethel, 
 Va., June 10, 1861. The 1861 Atlantic Monthly 
 contained sketches from him of early War 
 scenes. He left completed material for five 
 volumes of novels and essays: 'Cecil Dreeme^ 
 (1861); 'John Brent* (1862); 'Edwin Brother- 
 croft* (1862); 'The Canoe and the Saddle > 
 (1862) ; and ' Life in the Open Air, and Other 
 Papers* (1863). His sister published < Life and 
 Poems of Theodore Winthrop* (1884). 
 
 Wirt, William. An American lawyer and 
 author; born at Bladensburg, Md., Nov. 8, 
 1772 ; died at Washington, D. C, Feb. 18, 1834. 
 His w^ritings are : ' Letters of a British Spy,* 
 which first appeared in the Virginia Argus 
 (1803); 'The Rainbow* (1804), which was writ- 
 ten for the Richmond Enquirer; and his chief 
 work, < Sketches of the Life and Character of 
 Patrick Henry* (1817). 
 
 Wise, Daniel. An editor, Methodist clergy- 
 man, and author; born in Portsmouth, Eng- 
 land, Jan. 10, 1813 ; died at Englewood, N. J., 
 Dec. 19, 1898. He was editor of Zion's Herald 
 at Boston, Mass., and various Sunday-school 
 publications, and published many works on 
 varied subjects, mostly under the pen-names of 
 " Francis Forrester » and " Laurence Lance- 
 wood.** Among these are : ' Personal Effort * 
 (1841); 'Life of Ulric Zwingli* (1850); 'My 
 Uncle Toby's Library* (12 vols., 1853); 'Van- 
 quished Victors* (1876); 'Heroic Methodists* 
 (1882); 'Boy Travelers in Arabia' (1885); 
 < Men of Renown * (i886j ; etc. 
 
 Wise, Henry Augustus. An American naval 
 officer and author; bom at Brooklyn, N. Y.,
 
 T 
 
 WISE — WITWICKIE 
 
 May 12, 1819; died at Naples, Italy, April 2, 
 1869. Under the pseudonym of " Harry Gringo, >> 
 he wrote < Los Gringos ; or. An Interior View 
 of Mexico and California, with Wanderings in 
 Peru, Chili, and Polynesia' (1849); < Tales for 
 the Marines > (1855) ; <Scampavias, from Gibel- 
 Tasek to StambouP (1857) ; <The Story of the 
 Gray African Parrot > (1856), a book for child- 
 ren; and 'Captain Brand of the Centipede' 
 (i860). 
 
 Wise, Isaac Mayer. A Jewish rabbi and 
 author; bom at Steingrab, April 3, 1819 ; died 
 at Cincinnati, March 26, 1900. He settled in 
 New York city in 1846. Resided in Cincin- 
 nati, O., after 1854, and was president of the 
 Hebrew Union College. He was a leader of 
 the reform movement in American Judaism ; 
 and besides editing the Israelite, he wrote 
 extensively. Among his works are : * His- 
 tory of the Israelidsh Nation > (1854) ; <Es- 
 sence of Judaism > (i860); < Judaism : its 
 Doctrines and Duties > (1862) ; < The Martyr- 
 dom of Jesus of Nazareth > (1874) ; < The Cos- 
 mic God> (1876) ; etc. 
 
 "^"Wiseman, Nicholas Patrick Stephen. An^ 
 English cardinal and archbishop ; born at Se- ) 
 ville, Spain, Aug. 21, 1802; died in London, 
 Feb. 15, 1865. Among his books are : < Horse 
 Syriacae' (1828); < Lectures on the Connection 
 between Science and Revealed Religion* (2 
 vols., 1836); < The Real Presence' (1836); < Lect- 
 ures on the Doctrines and Practices of the 
 Catholic Church' (2 vols., 1836); < Three Lect- 
 ures on the Catholic Hierarchy' (1850); < Essays 
 on Various Subjects' (3 vols., 1853); <Fabiola; 
 or. The Church of the Catacombs » (1855); < Rec- 
 ollections of the Last Four Popes' (1858); 
 t Sermons' (2 vols., 1864); <The Witch of Rosen- 
 burg: A Drama in Three Acts' (1866); and 
 •Daily Meditations' (1868). 
 
 Wissmann, Hermann von (ves'man). A Ger- 
 man African explorer; bom at Frankfort on 
 the Oder, Sept. 4, 1853. He crossed the African 
 continent, 1880-82 ; commanded an expedition 
 sent out by Leopold II., 1884-85 ; as imperial 
 German commissioner, suppressed the Arab 
 revolt under Bushiri ; failed in an attempt to 
 take two steamers to Lake Victoria via Nyassa 
 and Tanganyika, 1892; was governor of Ger- 
 man East Africa, 1895 ; president of the Berlin 
 Geographical Society, 1897. He has written : 
 'In the Interior of Africa' (3d ed. 1891); < Under 
 the German Flag across Africa' (latest ed. 1891); 
 *My Second Crossing of Equatorial Africa* (1891); 
 ' Africa : Descriptions and Advice ' (1895); * ^^ 
 the Wilds of Africa and Asia.' 
 
 Wister, Annis Lee (Furness). An American 
 translator ; born in Pennsylvania in 1830. She has 
 made many translations of note, among them ; 
 E. Marlitt's <The Old Mamselle's Secret' 
 (1868), <Gold Else' (1868), <The Countess 
 Gisela' (1869), <The Little Moorland Princess' 
 (1873), and <The Second Wife' (1874); Wil- 
 helmine von Hillern's < Only a Girl' (1870); 
 Hacklander's ' Enchanting and Enchanted > 
 (1871); Volkhausen's < Why Did He Not Die?' 
 
 (1871); Von Auer's<It Is the Fashion' (i872> 
 and Fanny Lewald's < Hulda ; or, The Deliv^ 
 erer' (1874). 
 
 Wister, Owen. An American short-story 
 writer and lawyer of Philadelphia, son of Sa- 
 rah B.; born in i860. Besides stories for the 
 periodicals and magazines, he has written : 
 < The New Swiss Family Robinson ' ; < The 
 Dragon of Wantley,' a romance ; < Red Men and 
 White'; < The Virginian'; < Mother'; <The 
 Seven Ages of Washington.' 
 
 Wister, Mrs. Sarah (Butler). An Ameri- 
 can writer and translator, daughter of Fanny 
 Kemble ; born in Pennsylvania, 1835. She has 
 published a poem, < The Boat of Glass ' ; and 
 translations from the French of Alfred de 
 Musset. 
 
 Wither, George. An English soldier and 
 poet; born at Brentworth, June li, 1588; died 
 in London, May 2, 1667. For a volume of 
 metrical satires on the manners of the time, 
 'Abuses Stript and Whipt' (1613), he was cast 
 into prison, where he wrote ' The Shepherd's 
 Hunting' (1615), and, perhaps, 'Fidelia.' 
 Some of his volumes are : 'The Motto' (1618); 
 'Philar^te' (1622); 'Hymns and Songs of the 
 Church' (1623); and 'Hallelujah' (1641). His 
 best-known song is ' Shall I, Wasting in De- 
 spair.' 
 
 Witherspoon, John. An American Presby- 
 terian divine and educator; born at Yester, 
 Haddingtonshire, Scotland, Feb. 5, 1722; died 
 near Princeton, N. J., Sept. 15, 1794. He was 
 president of Princeton College, 1768 ; delegate 
 for six years from New Jersey to the Continental 
 Congress ; a signer of the Declaration of In- 
 dependence. He wrote : ' Ecclesiastical Char- 
 acteristics ' (1753); 'Nature and Effects of the 
 Stage' (1757) ; 'Essays on Important Subjects* 
 (1764); 'Considerations on the Nature and Ex- 
 tent of the Legislative Authority of the British 
 Parliament' (1774); etc. ('Works,' 9 vols., 
 Edinburgh, 1804.) 
 
 Withrow, William Henry. A Canadian 
 iVlethodist divine and miscellaneous writer ; 
 born at Toronto, Aug. 6, 1839. Since 1874 he 
 has been editor of the Methodist Magazine, 
 Toronto. He has written : ' Catacombs of 
 Rome' (1874); 'History of Canada' (1878); 
 'Lawrence Temple' (1881), a novel; 'Valeria, 
 the Martyr of the Catacombs' (1884); 'Life 
 in a Parsonage' (1885); 'Men Worth Know- 
 ing' (1886); 'Canada: Scenic and Descriptive' 
 (1889); 'China and its People' (1893); etc. 
 
 Witwickie, ftienne (vit'vits-ki). A Polish 
 poet, novelist, and dramatist; born at Krzemie- 
 nietz; died at Rome, 1847. After the revolution 
 of 1831 he resided in France. He was a roman- 
 ticist. Among his works were: 'Polish Altar* 
 (with Mickiewicz and B. Zalecoski) ; 'Towian- 
 skism,' a famous book in defense of Catholicism ; 
 'Ballads and Romances' (1824); 'Edmund' 
 (1S29); 'Idyllic Poems' (1830); ' Soirdes of a 
 Pilgrim' (1S37-42); the drama 'A Spoilt Re- 
 venge' (1835); etc.
 
 5»« 
 
 Wolcot or Wolcott, John, f « Peter Pindar."] 
 An English dert'yniau, physician, and satirical 
 poet; bom at Dodbrooke, in May 1738; died 
 in London, Jan. 14, 1819. His satires involved 
 him in many quarrels. So effective were his 
 attacks upon the king-, that the ministry silenced 
 him with a pension of £2P0 per annum. He 
 was an art critic of taste and penetration far 
 beyond his time; his yearly reviews in verse 
 of the Academy Exhibitions are much the best 
 of his work, and still instructive. Some of 
 his satires are: < Lyric Odes'; < An Epistle to 
 the Reviewers > ; < Peeps at St. James > ; < Royal 
 V.sits'; and <The Lousiad.> 
 
 Wolf, Emma. An American novelist. She 
 has written : < Other Things Being Equal > (1892); 
 <A Prodigal in Love> (1894); <The Joy of Life> 
 (i8q6|; < Heirs of Yesterday ' (1900). , 
 
 Wolf, Friedrlcli August (volf). A German 
 educator and classical scholar; bom at Hayn- 
 rode, Prussia, Vch. 15, 1759 ; died at Marseilles, 
 France, Aug. 8, 1824. Among his very many 
 books are his edition of Demosthenes's <Lep- 
 tinea' (1790); Plato's < Sj'Tnposium,' < Apology,' 
 < Pha^do,* < Crito > ; Hesiod's < Theogony > ; 
 Cicero's < Tusculan Disputations,* and other 
 works ; and Aristophanes's < Clouds.* What 
 gave him his greatest notoriety is his < Prole- 
 gomena in Homerum* (i795)> ^.n attempt to 
 prove that the Iliad and Odyssey are not the 
 work of one Homer, but a compilation from 
 several sources. 
 
 Wolf, Theodore Frelinghuysen. An Amer- 
 ican physician and litterateur ; bom in New 
 Jersey, 1847. His books: <A Literary Pilgrim- 
 age among the Haunts of Famous British 
 Authors*; and < Literary Shrines : The Haunts 
 of Famous American Authors,* are among the 
 popular works of the day. His professional 
 writings include works on tetanus and anaes- 
 thesia. 
 
 Wolfe, Charles. An Irish cIerg>Tnan and 
 poet ; born at Dublin, Dec. 14, 1791 ; died at 
 Cove of Cork (now Queenstown), Feb. 21, 1823. 
 His title to literary immortality is his < Burial 
 of Sir John Moore.* ("Not a drum was heard, 
 not a funeral note.**) His < Poetical Remains, 
 with a Brief Memoir of his Life* was pub- 
 lished by Archdeacon John A. Russell in 1825 
 (8th ed. 1846). 
 
 Wolff, Albert V. (volf). A German-French 
 journalist and miscellaneous writer; born at 
 Cologne, Dec. 31, 1835. He settled in Paris in 
 1857, becoming secretary to Alexandre Dumas, 
 p&re ; wrote for the Gaulois, Figaro, Charivari, 
 etc. Some of these articles, collected in book 
 form, were after\vards published as < Memoirs of 
 the Boulevard* (1866); <The Two Emperors* 
 (1871); <Victorien Sardou and Uncle Sam* 
 (1873); etc. He wrote also several novels and 
 farces. 
 
 Wolff, Julius. A German poet; born in 
 Qut-dlinburg in the Ilarz Mountains, Sept. 16, 
 1834. In 1869 lie founded the Harz News. He 
 joined the army at the time of the Franco- 
 
 WOLCOT — WOLSELEY 
 
 German war, and won the Iron Cross. After 
 this he returned to Berlin, later removing to 
 Charlottenburg. His chief works are : < War 
 Songs* (1871); < Tyll Eulenspiegel Redivivus * ; 
 
 < The Ratcatcher of Hameln,* < Lingul the Rat- 
 catcher's Songs* ; < The Wild Huntsman * (1877); 
 
 < Tannhauser * ; < Lurlei * ; < The Robber Count * ; 
 (The Bachi-lor's Law* (1887); < The Flying 
 Dutchman.' 
 
 Wolff, Oskar Ludwig Bernhard. A German 
 novelist and satirist ; born at Altona, July 26, 
 1799 ; died at Jena, Sept. 16, 1851. He was 
 professor of modern languages at Weimar, 1826, 
 and of modern languages and literature at 
 Jena, 1832. He wrote < Pictures and Songs* 
 (1840), (Natural History of the German Stu- 
 dent* (2d ed. 1842), (Bubbles and Dreams* 
 (1844), (The Minor Ills of Human Life* (1846), 
 (History of the Novel* (2d ed. 1850), etc.; 
 and edited ( Treasury of National Poetry * (4th 
 ed. 1853), (Treasury of German Prose* (nth 
 ed. 1875), (The German People's Treasury of 
 Poetry* (28th ed. 1884), etc. 
 
 Wolfram von Eschenbach (volf'ram fon 
 esh'en-bach). Next to Walther von der Vogel- 
 weide the greatest of Middle High German 
 poets; died about 1220. He was poor and with 
 a family, and could neither read nor write ; 
 but knew French and was of noble birth, 
 which enabled him to frequent the court of 
 Hermann of Thuringia. His chief works were 
 three epic poems: (Parzival* (about 1210), the 
 greatest of German court epics ; ( Titurel * (about 
 1210?), left unfinished; (Willehalm* (begun 
 betore 1216), left unfinished; both afterward 
 completed by other hands. He wrote also 
 lyrics, among which were four ( Day Songs.* 
 
 Wollstonecraft, Mary (Mrs. William God- 
 win). The noted author of the (Vindication 
 of the Rights of Women*; born in 1759; 
 died 1797. She was the mother of Mary Godwin, 
 the poet Shelley's second wife. She published : 
 (Thoughts on the Education of Daughters* 
 (1787); (Original Stories* (1788); (Vindication 
 of the Rights of Men* (1790); (Vindication of 
 the Rights of Women* (1792); (Historical and 
 Moral Views of the French Revolution* (1794); 
 (Letters Written in Norway* (1796). Her 
 (Posthumous Works* appeared in 1798. 
 
 Wolseley, Garnet Joseph, First Viscount 
 Wolseley. A distinguished British soldier ; born 
 at Golden Bridge House, County Dublin, Ire- 
 land, June 4, 1833. He entered the army as 
 ensign in 1852 ; served in the Crimean War, in 
 India at the relief of Lucknow, and elsewhere ; 
 held chief command in the Red River expe- 
 dition of 1870, and the Ashanti war of 1873- 
 74; was administrator of Natal in 1870 ; com- 
 missioner and commander in Cyprus, 1878 
 governor of Natal and the Transvaal, 1879-80 , 
 gained the victory of Tel-el-Kebir, 1882; com- 
 manded the expedition for the relief of Gor- 
 don, 1884-85; became commander-in-Chief of the 
 British Army, 1895. Besides technical military 
 works, he has written : ( Narrative of the War ; 
 with China in i860 * (i860); (Marley Castle ' (1877), | 
 a novel ; ( The System of Field Manoeuvres,*
 
 WOLZOG-EN — WOODS 
 
 583 
 
 Wolzogen, Ernst von, Baron (vol-tso'gen). 
 A German novelist, dramatist, and critic, some- 
 what of a realist ; born at Breslau, April 23, 
 1855. He has written the novels < One o'Clock 
 Christmas Eve > (6th ed. 1896); < Mr. Thad- 
 deus's Tenant > (1885), <Basilla> (1887), < Red 
 Francis > (1888), <The Photographs > (1890), 
 humorous sketches ; <The Mad Countess > {1890), 
 etc.; the dramas <The Last Pigtail > (1884), 
 <An Unwritten Lea{> (1896), etc.; the critical 
 studies, < George Eliot > (1885), < Wilkie Collins > 
 (1885); the pamphlet <An Earnest Warning to 
 the Ruling Classes > (4th ed. 1895); * Biography 
 of Hans von Schweinichen* (1885). 
 
 Wolzogen, Earoline von. A German novel- 
 ist ; born at Rudolstadt, Feb. 3, 1763 ; died at 
 Jena, Jan. 11, 1847. She was a sister of Schil- 
 ler's wife, and his intimate friend ; and her 
 <Life of Schiller > is a charming and trustworthy 
 biography. She published two romances, <Agnes 
 von Lilien* (2 vols., 1798), for a time thought 
 to be Goethe's work by the most eminent 
 critics; and < Cordelia' (2 vols., 1840). 
 
 Wood, Anthony, called Anthony a Wood. 
 
 An English antiquary ; born at Oxford, Dec. 
 17, 1632 ; died there, Nov. 28, 1695. He spent 
 most of his life in collecting data relating to 
 the history of Oxford University. He wrote : 
 < History and Antiquities of the University of 
 Oxford* (translated into Latin, 1674; published 
 afterwards, rewritten in 2 vols., 1786-90 and 
 1792-96); < An Exact History of all the Writers 
 and Bishops who have had their Education in 
 the University of Oxford, from 1500 to 1690 > 
 (last ed. 1813-20) ;< Modus Salium : A Collection 
 of Pieces of Humor > (1751); and < The Ancient 
 and Present State of the City of Oxford' (1773). 
 
 Wood, Charlotte Dunning. ["Charlotte 
 Dunning.*'] An American novelist; born at 
 Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 1858. Her works include : 
 <Upon a Cast' (1885); 'Cabin and Gondola' 
 (1886); <A Step Aside' (1886). 
 
 Wood, Ellen (Price) or Mrs, Henry Wood. 
 
 An English novelist ; born at Worcester, Jan. 
 17, 1814; died Feb. 10. 1887. She edited the 
 Argosy in 1867; and published many novels, 
 among which are: < East Lynne' (1861); <The 
 Channings' (1862); < The Shadow of Ashlydyat' 
 and < Verner's Pride' (1863); the 'Johnny Lud- 
 low' stories (1874-80); 'Count Netherleigh' 
 (1881); and 'About Ourselves' (1883). 
 
 Wood, George. An American writer and 
 chief of a division in the U. S. Treasury De- 
 partment; born in Newburyport, Mass., in 
 1799; died at Saratoga, N. Y., Aug. 24, 1870. 
 He published: 'Peter Schlemihl in America' 
 ( 1848) ; ' The Modern Pilgrim ' (1855); ' Marrying 
 Too Late' (1856); 'Future Life' (1858), re- 
 issued as 'The Gates Wide Open' (1869). 
 
 Wood, John George. An English writer on 
 natural history ; bom in London, 1827 ; died 
 at Coventry, March 3, 1889. He was a clergy- 
 man of the Church of England; edited The 
 Boy's Own Magazine, and Every Boy's Maga- 
 zine. He wrote the 'Illustrated Natural His- 
 
 tory' (new ed. 1865-66), with 1,500 origina' 
 illustrations ; ' Homes Without Hands > (1864-65); 
 'A Popular Natural History' (1866); 'Natural 
 History of Man' (2 vols., 1868-70); < Bible Ani- 
 mals' (1869); 'The Modern Playmate' (1870), 
 a book of games ; ' Man and Beasts, Here and 
 Hereafter' (1874); < Horse and Man ' (1886); etc. 
 
 Wood, John Seymour. An American lawyer 
 and litterateur of New York city ; born in 
 New York, 1853. He is editor of the Bachelor 
 of Arts, and has published : ' Gramercy Park : 
 A Story of New York ' ; < College Days : Yale 
 Yarns ' ; < A Coign of Vantage ' ; ' A Daughter 
 of Venice'; 'An Old Beau, and Other Stories.' 
 
 Wood, Mrs. Julia Amanda (Sargent). An 
 
 American writer of religious stories ; born 
 in New Hampshire, 1826. She has written : 
 ' Myrrha Lake ' ; < Hubert's Wife ' ; < Annette ' ; 
 ' Strayed from the Fold ' ; ' From Error to 
 Truth'; 'The Brown House at Duffield.' 
 
 Wood, Mrs. Sarah Say ward (Barrel!) 
 (Keating). An American writer of fiction; 
 born in Maine, 1759 ; died in 1855. Her works 
 include : ' Duval ' ; ' Ferdinand and Almira ; or, 
 The Influence of Virtue ' ; ' Tales of the Night' ; 
 and < The Illuminated Baron.' 
 
 Woodberry, George Edward. An American 
 poet and miscellaneous writer ; born at Bev- 
 erl)', Mass., May 12, 1855. He was professor of 
 English literature in Nebraska State Univer- 
 sity 1877-78 and 1880-82 ; in Columbia College, 
 1892. Besides numerous articles in magazines 
 and reviews, he has written a < History of 
 Wood Engraving' (1883); ' Life of Edgar Allan 
 Poe' (1885); and 'The North Shore Watch, 
 and Other Poems' (1890). He has published 
 also an edition of Shelley (1894), and one of Poe 
 (1895), with E. C. Stedman, and ' Great Writers.' 
 
 Woodrow, James. A distinguished Ameri- 
 can Presbyterian clergyman and educator; born 
 at Carlisle, England, May 30, 1828. He edited 
 the Southern Presbyterian Review, 1861-65, 
 and since 1865 has been editor of the Southern 
 Presbyterian. After filling several professor- 
 ships in various Southern colleges, he became 
 president of South Carolina College in 1891. 
 He has published many review articles, in- 
 cluding: 'Geology and its Assailants' (1862); 
 ' An Examination of Certain Recent Assaults 
 on Physical Science' (1873); <A Further Ex- 
 amination > (1874); etc. He died in 1907. 
 
 Woods, Mrs. Kate (Tannatt). An American 
 writer of juvenile tales; born in New York, 
 1838. Among her books are : ' Six Little Reb- 
 els '; 'Out and About'; < Dr. Dick'; 'The 
 Wooing of Grandmother Grey > ; ' Grandfather 
 Grey ' ; ' Children's Stories ' ; < Toots and his 
 Friends' ; 'The Duncans on Land and Sea.' 
 
 Woods, Katharine Pearson. An American 
 
 writer of fiction ; born in West Virginia, 1853, 
 Her published works include: 'The Crowning 
 of Candace ' ; ' A Tale of King Messiah > ; < From 
 Dusk to Dawn'; ' A Web of Gold '; ' Metzerott 
 Shoemaker: A Protest against Social Injustice ' 
 ' The True Story of Captain John Smith.'
 
 584 
 
 WOODS— WORDSWORTH 
 
 Woods, Margaret L. A noted English novel- 
 ist; born at Rugby. 1859. She is daughter of 
 Dean Bradley of Westminster, and wife ot 
 President Woods of Trinity College, Oxford. She 
 has written : <A Village Tragedy) (1888); <Esther 
 Vanhomrigh> (1891); <Vagabonds> (l894);<Lyncs 
 and Ballads > ; < The Princess of Hanover.* 
 
 Woodworth, Samuel. An American jour- 
 nalist and poet ; born at Scituate, Mass., Jan. 
 13, 1785 ; died in New York city, Dec. 9, 1842. 
 During the war of 1812-15 he edited, in New 
 York city, The War, a weekly journal, and 
 The Halcyon Luminary, a Swedenborgian 
 monthly. He was one of the founders of the 
 New York Mirror (1823-24); edited the Parthe- 
 non (1827); wrote a romantic history of the 
 tt-ar, called <The Champions of Freedom) (2 
 vols., 1816), and several dramatic pieces. His 
 poetical works were published in 2 vols, in 
 1861. His famous poem is <The Old Oaken 
 Bucket.) 
 
 WooUey, Mrs. Cella (Parker). An American 
 author and Unitarian minister at Geneva, TIL; 
 born in Ohio, 1848. She has written: < Roger 
 Hunt) ; <A Girl Graduate ) ; < Rachel Armstrong ; 
 or. Love and Theology); <The Western Slope.) 
 Woolman, John. A Quaker preacher and 
 anti-slavery writer; born in Northampton, N. J., 
 August, 1720; died in York, England, Oct. 
 5, 1772. His writings contain the earliest pro- 
 test published in America against the slave 
 trade. His works include : < Some Considera- 
 tions on the Keeping of Negroes) (Philadel- 
 pnia, 1753 and 1762); < Considerations on Pure 
 Wisdom,) etc. (1768); 'Considerations on the 
 True Harmony of Mankind,) etc. (177°); 
 < Epistles to Quarterly Meetings of Friends,) 
 etc. (1772). His 'Journal of Life and Travels) 
 was published in Philadelphia in 1775, and 
 edited by Whittier, 1871. 
 
 Woolner, Thomas. An English sculptor and 
 poet ; born at Hadleigh, Dec. 17, 1825 ; died in 
 l>ondon, Oct. 7, 1892. He made busts of Car- 
 lyle and Tennyson, and a medallion portrait 
 of Tennyson, engraved for a frontispiece to the 
 Moxon edition of Tennyson. He was a Pre- 
 Raphaelite ; and his popular poem < My Beauti- 
 ful Lady) (1863) first appeared in the Pre- 
 Raphaelite journal The Germ. His other 
 volumes are: < Pygmalion) (1881); <Silenus> 
 (1884); and <Tiresias) (1886). 
 
 Woolsey, Sarah Chauncey. An American 
 author; born at Cleveland, O., about 1845. 
 Under the pen-name "Susan Coolidge)) she 
 is a popular writer, especially for children. 
 Some of her writings ar-e : < The New Year's 
 Bargain) (1871); <What Katy Did) (1872); 
 <Verses) (1880); <A Guernsey Lily) (i88i);<A 
 I^ittle Country GirP (1885); and <A Short His- 
 tory of the City of Philadelphia) (1887). She 
 edited : < The Diary and Letters of Mrs. De- 
 laney' (1878); and < The Diary and Letters of 
 Madame D'Arblay.> Died April 9, 1905. 
 
 Woolsey, Theodore Dwight. An American 
 educator; born in New York city, Oct. 31, 1801 ; 
 
 died in New Haven, Conn., July i, 1889. He 
 edited the <Alcestis) of Euripides (1833); the 
 ♦Antigone) (1835), and the <Electra) of Soph- 
 ocles (1837); the < Prometheus) of ^schy- 
 lus (1837); and the <Gorgias) of Plato (1842). 
 He published his inaugural address, 'College 
 Education) (1846); 'Historical Discourse upon 
 Yale College) (1850); 'Introduction to the 
 Study of International Law) (i860); 'An Essay 
 on Divorce and Divorce Legislation) (1869); 
 a book of sei-mons, < The Religion of the Present 
 and the Future) (1871). He re-edited Prof. 
 Francis Lieber's 'Civil Liberty and Self-Gov- 
 ernment) (1874), and his 'Manual of Political 
 Ethics) (1874). He also published a work on 
 'Political Science) (1877), and one on 'Com- 
 munism and Socialism) (1879). 
 
 Woolson, Mrs. Abba Louisa (Goold). An 
 American lecturer and author; born in W'ind- 
 ham, Me., April 30, 1838 ; died at Venice, Jan. 
 23, 1894. She gave many lectures on literary, 
 social, historical, and dramatic subjects ; and be- 
 sides contributing to periodicals published : <W\)- 
 men in American Society > (1873); ^Browsing 
 among Books' (1881); 'George Eliot and her 
 Heroines > (1886); and < Dress as it Affects the 
 Health of Women > (1874), a series of lectures. 
 Woolson, Constance Fenimore. An Amer- 
 ican novelist and poet ; born at Claremont, 
 N. IL, March 5, 1848; died at Venice, January 
 1894. Her principal books are : ' Castle No- 
 where ) (1875); 'Rodman the Keeper) (1880); 
 'Anne) (1882); 'For the Major) (1883); 'East 
 Angels) (1886); 'Jupiter Lights) (1889); and 
 'Horace Chase) (1894). 
 
 Worcester, Joseph Emerson. A famous 
 American lexicographer, author of 'Worces- 
 ter's Dictionary ) ; born in Bedford, N. H., Aug. 
 24, 1784 ; settled in Cambridge, Mass., 1820, 
 and died there, Oct. 27, 1865. He graduated 
 at Yale in 181 1, and very shortly began his life 
 work as a dictionary-maker. His first publi- 
 cation was: 'A Geographical Dictionary, or 
 Universal Gazetteer) (1817, revised 1823); fol- 
 lowed by ' Gazetteer of the United States ) (1818); 
 'Elements of Geography) (1819); 'Sketches of 
 the Earth and its Inhabitants) (1823); < Elements 
 of History) (1826). In 1830 he published the 
 < Comprehensive Pronouncing and Explanatory 
 English Dictionary ) (enlarged editions appeared 
 1847-49-55). In i860 he published the great 
 quarto, 'Dictionary of the English Language) 
 (Illustrated), a standard authority wherever the 
 English tongue is spoken. 
 
 Wordsworth, William. A great English poet; 
 born at Cockermouth, Cumberland, April 7, 
 1770; died at Rydal Mount, April 23, 1850. 
 He was poet-laureate, 1843. A resident of 
 the lake district in W'estmoreland and Cum- 
 berland, he was one of the celebrated " Lake 
 School)) or "Lake Poets,)) which included 
 also Coleridge and Southey. Among his best- 
 known works were: 'An Evening Walk) 
 (1793); 'Lyrical Ballads) (1798); two volumesof 
 'Poems) (1807); 'The Excursion) (1814); new 
 edition of 'Poems) (1815); 'The White Doe of
 
 WORK — WRIGHT 
 
 585 
 
 Kylstone> {1815); < Thanksgiving Ode> (1816); 
 
 < Peter BelP and <The Waggoner> (1819); 
 
 < Yarrow Revisited, and Otlier Poems > (1835); 
 < Sonnets) (1838); < The Prelude > (1850); etc. 
 
 Work, Henry Clay. A leading American 
 song-writer; born in Middletown, Conn., Oct. 
 I, 1832; died in Hartford, Conn., June 8, 1884. 
 He was highly popular in three different classes 
 of songs : of the War, as < Kingdom CominV 
 
 < Wake Nicodemus, ' < Babylon is Fallen, ' 
 'Marching Through Georgia*; of temperance, 
 as < Father, Dear Father, Come Home with 
 Me Now*; sentimental, as < My Grandfather's 
 Clock) and < Lily Dale.> 
 
 Workman, Mrs. Fanny (Bullock). An 
 American writer of travels ; born in Massachu- 
 setts, 1859. She has written : 'Algerian Memo- 
 ries * ; < A Bicycle Tour over the Atlas to the 
 Sahara* ; < Ice-bound Heights of the Mustagh.> 
 
 Wormeley, Katharine Prescott. An Amer- 
 ican author, and prominent translator from the 
 FVench; born in Suffolk, England, July 14, 
 1832. She is most widely known as a trans- 
 lator of Honore de Balzac's novels ; and has 
 written: «The Cruel Side of War* (1881) ; 
 'Life of Balzac*; <The U. S. Sanitary Com- 
 mission* (1863). 
 
 Wornum, Ralph Nicholson. An English 
 writer on the fine arts ; born at Thornton, 
 North Durham, Dec. 29, 18 12; died at I lamp- 
 stead, Dec. 15, 1877. lie was keeper and sec- 
 retary of the National Gallery (1855). He 
 wrote: 'Analysis of Ornament* (1856); 'Sketch 
 of the History of Painting* (4th ed. 1861); 
 'Epochs of Painting* (1864); 'Life of Hol- 
 bein' (1867). 
 
 Worsaae, Jens Jakob Asmussen (vor'sa-e). 
 A Danish historian ; born at Veile, Jutland, 
 March 14, 1821 ; died near llolbak, Aug. 15, 
 1885. He was director of the Museum of 
 Northern Antiquities, Copenhagen, from 1866; 
 minister of public worship 1874-75. He wrote : 
 'Primeval Antiquities of Denmark* (1843); 
 ' Account of the Danes in England, Scotland, 
 and Ireland* (1851); 'The Danish Conquest of 
 England and Normandy* (1863); etc. 
 
 Wotton, Henry, Sir. An English diploma- 
 tist, poet, and miscellaneous writer; born at 
 Boughton, Malherbe, Kent, March 30, 1568; 
 died at Eton, December 1639. After spending 
 twenty years almost continuously in the diplo- 
 matic service, he became provost of Eton in 
 1625. He wrote : ' Poems,* which have been 
 piany times reprinted, generally with those of 
 Raleigh; ' Reliquia Wottonianre* (Wotton's 
 Remains: 1651), his best-known work, edited 
 with a life by his friend Izaak Walton; 'Ele- 
 ments of Architectuie*; 'State of Christen- 
 dom * ; etc. 
 
 Wotton, William. An English clergyman and 
 scholar; bom at Wrentham, Suffolk, Aug. 13, 
 ;666; died at Buxted, Essex, Feb. 13,1726. He 
 was prebendary at Salisbury 1705. lie wrote 
 ' Reflections upon Ancient and Modern Learn- 
 ing ' (3'i ed. 1795), 'History of Rome * (1701), 
 
 etc.; and edited the < Laws of Howe! the Good* 
 (1730), in Welsh and Latin, with glossary. 
 
 Wraxall, Sir Nathaniel William. An Eng- 
 lish statesman and historian ; born at Bristol, 
 April 8, 1751 ; died at Dover, Nov. 7, 1831. 
 Going to India in the service of the East India 
 Company in 1769, he remained there till 1772; 
 then spent several years traveling; was Mem- 
 ber of Parliament in 1780. He wrote : ' Kings 
 of France of the House of Valois* (1777); 
 'History of France* (1795); 'Memoirs of the 
 Courts of Berlin, Dresden, Warsaw, and Vienna * 
 (1799J; ' Historical Memoirs of my Own Time * 
 (new ed. 5 vols., 1884); etc. 
 
 Wright, Carroll Davidson. An American 
 statistician, lecturer, and writer on political econ- 
 omy ; born in Dunbarton, N. II., July 25, 1840. 
 After distinguished service in the Civil War, 
 he was a member of the Massachusetts Legis- 
 lature, 1871-72; afterwards chief of the State 
 Bureau of Statistics, lecturer at Harvard Uni- 
 versity, and United States Commissioner of 
 Labor from 1885. He is professor of political 
 science in the Catholic I'niversity at Washing- 
 ton, D. C. Besides numerous addresses, pam- 
 plilets, and articles in reviews, he has published : 
 < Reports of Massachusetts Bureau of Labor > 
 (15 vols., 1873-88); 'Census of Massachusetts* 
 (1876-77); 'The Factory System of the United 
 States* (1882); Reports of the U. S. Commis- 
 sioner of Labor, including ' Industrial Depres- 
 sions* (1886), 'Convict Labor* (1886), ' Strikes 
 and Lockouts' (1887), 'Railroad Labor*; and 
 ' Battles of Labor.' He has writen much on 
 social economy and is authority on statistics. 
 
 Wright, Elizur. An American reformer, jour- 
 nalist, and author; born in South Canaan, 
 Conn., Feb. 12, 1804 ; died in Medford, Mass., 
 Nov. 21, 1885. He graduated at Yale, 1826; 
 taught school, and was professor of mathe- 
 matics in Western Reserve College, 1829-33. 
 He was identified with the Anti-Slavery move- 
 ment in 1833; was editor of the newspapers 
 The Emancipator, and Human Rights, and 
 the quarterly Anti-Slavery Magazine. He pub- 
 lished several works on life insurance, ' Savings 
 Banks Life Insurance* (1872), 'The Politics 
 and Mysteries of Life Insurance' (1873), etc.; 
 and was Insurance Commissioner of Massa- 
 chusetts. He wrote an introduction to Whit- 
 tier's poems (1844); and published a translation 
 in verse of <La Fontaine's Fables* (1859.) 
 
 Wright, Fanny. See D'Arusmont. 
 
 Wright, George Frederick. An American 
 geologist and author; born in Whitehall, N. Y., 
 Jan. 22, 1838. He was a Congregational cler- 
 gyman (1862-72), and professor of Harmony 
 of Science and Revelation in Oberlin Col- 
 lege. Since 1884 he has been connected with 
 the U. S. Geological Survey. His works in- 
 clude :< The Logic of Christian Evidence* (1880); 
 'Studies in Science and Religion* (1882);* The 
 Relation of Death to Probation* (1882); 'The 
 Glacial Boundary in Ohio, Indiana, and Ken- 
 tucky* (1884); 'The Divine Authority of the
 
 586 
 
 Bible > (1884) ; <The Tee Age in North America'; 
 
 < Man and Glacial Period > ; < Asiatic Russia.> 
 
 Wright, Henrietta Christian. An American 
 writer for the young. Her works include the 
 
 < Golden Fairy Series > (5 vols., 1883 ; published 
 also as < The Little Folk in Green,> illustrated, 
 1883) ; < Children's Stories of American Progress > 
 (1886); < Children's Stories of the Great Scien- 
 tists' (1888). 
 
 Wright, Mrs. Julia (McNair). An Ameri- 
 can author and writer of temperance tales; 
 born in Oswego, N. Y., May i, 1840. Her 
 books are anti-Catholic in tone, and include : 
 
 < Priest and Nun> (1869); <Jug-or-Not> (1870); 
 
 < Saints and Sinners' (1873); < The Early Church 
 in Britain' (1874); < Bricks from Babel' (1876); 
 <The Complete Home' (1879); <A Wife Hard 
 Won' (1882), etc. Died Sept. 2, 1903. 
 
 Wright, Mrs. Mahel (Osgood). An Ameri- 
 can writer on nature ; born in New York, 1859. 
 She has written: <The Friendship of Nature,' 
 a series of outdoor studies ; < Birdcraft,' a book 
 on New England birds: 'Tommy- Anne: A Natu- 
 ral History Story' ; <Citizen Bird,' a book for be- 
 ginners ; < Gray Lady and the Birds.' 
 
 Wright, Thomas. An English antiquary 
 and historian; born near Ludlow, April 23, 1810; 
 died at Chelsea, Dec. 23, 1877. He was 
 one of the founders of the British Archaeological 
 Association, and directed the excavation of Uri- 
 conium. A prolific worker, he wrote : < Queen 
 Elizabeth and her Times' (1838); < Essays on 
 the Literature, Popular Superstitions, and His- 
 tory of England in the Middle Ages' (1846); 
 •Narrative of Sorcery and Magic' (1851); 
 
 < Wanderings of an Antiquary' (1854); < Essays 
 on Archaeological Subjects' (1861); < Manners 
 and Sentiments in England during the Middle 
 Ages' (1862); < Caricature History of the 
 Georges' (new ed. 1868); * Womankind in West- 
 ern Europe' (1869); < History of Caricature 
 and the Grotesque' (2d ed. 1875); <The Celt, 
 the Roman, and the Saxon' (5th ed. 1890); etc. 
 He edited < Early English Poetry > (1836); < Piers 
 Plowman' (1842); < The Chester Plays' (1843- 
 47); <The Canterbury Tales' (1847-51); 'Works 
 of James Gillray' (1873); etc. 
 
 Wright, William Aldis. An English editor, 
 noted as a Shakespearean scholar; born about 
 1836. He was the principal contributor in Bib- 
 lical geography and biography to Dr. Smith's 
 'Dictionary of the Bible' (3 vols., 1860-63), 
 and made an abridged edition. He edited 
 Bacon's essays (1862), and his 'Advancement 
 of Learning' (i86g); was co-editor with W. 
 Clark, of the ' Cambridge Shakspeare > (9 vols., 
 1863-66), and the 'Globe Shakspeare' (i vol., 
 1864); and edited the 'Bible Word-Book' (1866), 
 Chaucer's ' Clerk's Tale,' the ' Metrical Chroni- 
 cle' of Robert of Gloucester, and other works. 
 
 Wright, William Burnet. An American 
 Congregational clergyman ; born in Ohio, 1836. 
 Among his books are : ' Ancient Cities from 
 the Dawn to the Daylight ' ; < The World to 
 
 WRIGHT— WYCLIF 
 
 Come ' ; 'Master and Men' ; < The Sermon on the 
 Mountain Practiced on the Plain'; 'Cities of Paul.' 
 Wulflla. See Ulfilas. 
 
 Wundt, Wilhelm Max (vont). A distin- 
 guished German physiologist and philosopher; 
 born at Neckarau, Baden, Aug. 16, 1832. He 
 has been professor of philosophy at Leipsic 
 since 1875. His works include : ' Science of 
 Muscular Motion' (1858); 'Manual of Human 
 Physiology' (4th ed. 1878); 'Ethics' (2d ed. 
 1892); 'The Human and the Animal Soul' (2d 
 ed. 1892; in English, 1894); 'Logic' (2d ed. 
 1892-95); 'Elements of Physiological Psychol- 
 ogy ' (4th ed. 1893) ; ' System of Philosophy ' 
 (2d ed. 1897); 'Outline of Psychology' (2d ed. 
 1897 ; in English, 1894) ; etc. As a physiolo- 
 gist he has advanced psychology by his work. 
 As a philosopher he has introduced the in- 
 ductive method into sciences previously purely 
 speculative {e. g., logic and ethics), and sought 
 to advance psychology by exact measurements 
 (as of the time needed by a nerve stimulation 
 to reach consciousness and become a percept). 
 
 Wuttke, Emma (vot'ke). A German novelist, 
 wife of Heinrich Wuttke ; born at Breslau, 
 March 7, 1833. Her home is at Dresden. She 
 became known under her maiden name, E. 
 Biller, as a writer for the young. Since marry- 
 ing, she has written the successful historical 
 romances : ' Barbara Ittenhausen ' (6th ed. 1896); 
 'Barbara of Brandenburg' (2d ed. 1896); 
 < Under the Governess's Sceptre ' (1888); ' Duty' 
 (1896); etc. 
 
 Wuttke, Heinrich. A German historian and 
 politician; born at Brieg, Silesia, Feb. 12, 1818; 
 died at Leipsic, June 14, 1876. He was pro- 
 fessor at Leipsic (1848), and member of the 
 national assembly ; in the latter capacity he 
 was a founder and prominent representative 
 of the " Great German " party. He wrote : 
 'King Frederick the Great' (1S42-43); 'Poles 
 and Germans' (1847); 'The Battle of Leipsic' 
 (1863); 'German Periodicals and the Forma- 
 tion of Public Opinion' (3d ed. 1876); etc. 
 
 Wyatt, Sir Thomas. An English poet and 
 diplomatist ; born at Arlington Castle, Kent, 
 1503; died at Sherborne, Oct. II, 1542. He 
 wrote many poems, chiefly love sonnets, in the 
 Italian manner. These were published in 1557, 
 and have been often reprinted. The best 
 edition of his complete works is that by Rev. 
 George F. Nott, along with those of his friend, 
 the Earl of Surrey (2 vols., 1815-16). 
 
 Wycherley, William. An English dramatist ; 
 born at Clive, about 1640 ; died in London, 
 Jan. I, 1716. Some of his plays were : ' Love 
 in a Wood' (1672); 'The Gentleman Dancing- 
 Master' (1673); 'The Country Wife' (1675); 
 and 'The Plain-Dealer' (1677). A volume of 
 'Poems 'was published in 1704. His comedies 
 were in prose, and very coarse. His ' Post- 
 humous Works' were published in 1728; and 
 his collected 'Plays' in 1712. 
 
 Wyclif, Wicklifife or Wiclif, John. Bom 
 near Richmond, England, probably some years
 
 WYNNE — XENOPHON OF EPHESUS 
 
 587 
 
 before 1324; died Dec. 31, 1384. His great 
 work was the translation, with the help of his 
 pupils, of the entire Bible into English (1382). 
 Some of his writings, edited by different hands, 
 have been issued from 1840 to 1880; as: < Last 
 Age of the Church >; < Apology for Lollard 
 Doctrines > ; < Three Treatises ( I ) of the Church 
 and her members; (2) of the Apostacy of the 
 Church; (3) of Antichrist and his Maynee'; 
 • English Tracts and Treatises,' with < Selections 
 and Translations from his Latin Works > ; < Se- 
 lect English Works,* including many sermons 
 (3 vols.); < English Works Hitherto Unpub- 
 lished,' issued in 1880. Many of his Latin writ- 
 ings remain unpublished. 
 
 Wynne, Mrs. Madelene (Yale). An Amer- 
 ican artist and story-writer, daughter of Mrs. 
 Catharine Brooks Yale ; born in New York 
 State, 1847. She has written < The Little Room, 
 and Other Stories.' 
 
 Wyss, Johann Rudolf (vis). A Swiss author ; 
 born at Berne, March 13, 1781 ; died there, 
 March 31, 1830. His writings are : < Lectures 
 on the Supreme Good' (2 vols., 1811); < Idylls, 
 Folk-Songs, Legends, and Narratives from 
 Switzerland' (3 vols., 1815-22); and * Travels 
 in the Bernese Alps' (1808). He edited a series 
 called <Alpenrose' (20 vols., 181 1-30). His 
 < Swiss Family Robinson ' has been translated 
 into many languages. 
 
 Xacca, Erasmus (Ha'ka). A Sicilian writer; 
 born about 1643 ; died about 1708. He was 
 doctor of theology, medicine, and laws, and 
 took orders, but devoted much time to litera- 
 ture. He left <An Exposition of the Psalms 
 of David,' and an original poem, <A Brief 
 Narrative of the Eruption of Mt. Etna in the 
 Year 1669,' published 1671. 
 
 Xanthos (zan'thos). A Greek lyric poet, 
 who lived probably about 650 B. C. Nothing 
 of his poetry has been preserved, but he is 
 Jiighly spoken of by other writers. 
 
 Xanthos of Lydia. A Greek historian ; liv- 
 ing about the sixth century B. C, contempo- 
 rary with Herodotus. He wrote a work called 
 < Lydiaca,' being a history of Lydia from heroic 
 times down, and giving also a geographical 
 description of the country; only fragments of 
 it have been preserved. 
 
 Xarlffa. See Mrs. Mary Ashley Townsend. 
 
 Xavier, Francisco (zav'e-er). The Apostle 
 of the Indies ; born at Xaviero, his mother's 
 castle in the Basque country, April 7 (?), 1506; 
 died in the island of Sancian near China, Dec. 
 2 or 22, 1552. His works comprise : < Letters,' 
 in five volumes, published at Paris in 1631 ; a 
 < Catechism'; and some short treatises. He 
 played a prominent part in the foundation of 
 the Jesuit order, and was canonized in 1622. 
 
 Xavier, Jerome (zav'e-er; Span, pron., Ha- 
 ve-ar'). A Spanish Jesuit missionary and writer; 
 born in Navarre; died in Goa, 16 — . He wrote 
 both in Latin and in Persian. Among his 
 chief works are : < A Treatise on the Mysteries 
 of Christianity ' ( 1600) ; a < Life of the Apostles '; 
 a < History of Jesus Christ'; and a < Directory 
 of Kings for the Government of their Sub- 
 jects.' 
 
 Xenarchus (ze-nar'kus). An Athenian comic 
 poet of the Middle Comedy; flourished about 
 350 to 330 B. C. Fragments of his works are 
 extant. 
 
 Xebocles (zen'o-klez). A Greek tragic poet ; 
 born at Athens, about the fourth century B. C, 
 in the time of Philip of Macedon. Little is 
 known of his life, but he obtained a prize for 
 four plays, < CEdipus,' < Lycaon,' the < Bacchan- 
 tes,' and <Athamas.' 
 
 Xenocrates (ze-nok'ra-tez). A Greek writer 
 and philosopher ; born in Chalcedon, in 396 
 B. C; died 314 in Athens, where he had 
 removed in early youth, and where he joined 
 Plato. He was for some years scholarch, or 
 rector, of the Academy. His writings were 
 numerous, chiefly on metaphysics and ethics, 
 laying special stress upon the latter, and work- 
 ing on Platonic lines. He is said to have first 
 divided philosophy into physic, didactic, and 
 ethic. 
 
 Xenophanes (ze-nof'a-nez). A Greek writer 
 and philosopher; born in Colophon about the 
 third or fourth decade of the sixth century 
 B. C, and died at the age of 92, at Elea, in 
 Southern Italy, where, exiled from his Ionian 
 home, he had established himself. He is the 
 reputed founder of the Eleatic philosophy, and 
 his teachings found expression in both elegiac 
 and epic poems, the most important being < On 
 Nature > and < Satires.' 
 
 Xenophon (zen'o-fon). The famous author 
 of the < Anabasis'; born at Athens, about 430 
 B. C; died in Corinth, about 355 B. C. He is 
 the author of the 'Hellenics'; 'Anabasis'; 
 ' Encomium of Agesilaus ' ; < Horsemanship ' ; 
 < Hipparchicus'; < Cynegeticus ' ; < Lacedaemo- 
 nian Polity'; < Cyropsedeia ' ; 'Athenian Fi- 
 nance ' ; < Memorabilia of Socrates ' ; < Sympo- 
 sium ' ; < Qiconomicus ' ; < Hieron ' ; 'Apology of 
 Socrates.* <The Polity of Athens' is now re- 
 garded as an anonymous work incorporated 
 into the text of Xenophon, but probably not 
 his. 
 
 Xenophon of Ephesus, called Xenophon 
 the Younger. A Greek writer, who lived in 
 the second century of the Christian era. Only
 
 588 
 
 one work of his has been preserved, a story iu 
 five books, called < Ephesiaca ; or. The Loves of 
 Abrocomas and Anthia,> the style of which 
 is pure, elegant, and yet simple, and the action 
 rapid. 
 
 Xenos, Stefanos Theodores (zen'os). A 
 modern Greek historical writer. He resided 
 for many years in London. He wrote: <The 
 Devil in Turkey ; or, Scenes in Constantinople > 
 (London, 1850); <The Heroine of the Greek 
 Revolution > (1861), republished in America as 
 <Andronike>; < East and West' (1865). 
 
 Xeres, Francisco (Har'as). A Spanish his- 
 torian, who lived in the sixteenth century, ac- 
 companying Pizarro, as his secretary, to Peru, 
 about 1530. Of that expedition he wTote a 
 detailed history, entitled <A True Account of 
 the Conquest of Peru> (1549), still considered 
 of great value as a source of information. 
 
 Xlmenes, August Louis (ze-ma-nes'). A 
 French poet of Spanish descent ; born at Paris, 
 1726 ; died 1815. Among his writings are sev- 
 eral tragedies, notably one called < Don Car- 
 los '; also a poem, <C?esar in the Senate,' and 
 critical essays of value. 
 
 Ximenes, Enrico Emilio (ne-ma'nes). An 
 Italian miscellaneous writer; born at Palermo, 
 May 14, 1857. He founded, in 1882, the daily 
 journals Vespers and Democracy at Palenno. 
 He has written <The Sicilian Vespers' (1882), 
 <Ninna-Nanna> (18S4), in verse; < Critical Study 
 of Garibaldian Literature > (1885); < Correspond- 
 ence of Giuseppe Garibaldi' (2 vols., 1886); 
 < Syracuse in the Past and Present' (1887); 
 <Anna Bonanno,' a historical romance; <Two 
 Years of History'; etc. 
 
 Ximenes, Jacques (iie-ma'nes). A Spanish 
 poet, living in the sixteenth century. Little is 
 known of his life, save that he took part in 
 the war in the Netherlands. He wrote a 
 poem, <The Invincible Knight, the Cid Ruy 
 Diaz of Bivar' (1579); and left a collection of 
 sonnets (1669). 
 
 XENOS — YALE 
 
 Ximenes, Peter (she-ma'nes). A Portuguese- 
 Dutch theologian ; bom at Middelburg, Hol- 
 land, 1514; died 1595. He wrote in Latin 
 < Demonstration of the Catholic Truth.' 
 
 Ximenes, Rodrigo. A Spanish prelate and 
 historian, who died 1249. He took part in the 
 war against the Moors, and wrote a < History 
 of Spain ' ; < History of the Huns and Vandals' ; 
 a 'History of the Arabs'; and a < History of 
 Rome.' 
 
 Ximenes or Jimenes, de Cisneros, Francisco 
 (da thes-na'ros). A Spanish churchman and 
 statesman ; born at Torrelaguna in Castile, 
 1436 (?); died at Roa about 1517. He became 
 archbishop of Toledo 1495, and at the same 
 time was appointed grand chancellor of Cas- 
 tile ; he was raised to the Cardinalate 1507. He 
 founded the University of Alcald de Henares 
 1500, and at his own expense procured the 
 printing of the Complutensian Polyglot Bible, 
 containing the original Hebrew and Greek 
 texts, the Septuagint Greek and the Vulgate 
 Latin translations, and the Targum of Onkelos 
 (6 vols., 1514-17)- 
 
 Ximeno or Jimeno, Vicente (ne-ma'no). A 
 Spanish biographer; born at Valencia, about 
 1700. He was the author of a < Literary History 
 of the Kingdom of Valencia' (2 vols., 1747-49). 
 
 Xuares, Gaspar (nwa'ras). A South- Amer- 
 ican botanist, historian, and biographer; born 
 at Santiago del Estero, Paraguay ; died at 
 Rome, 1804. Belonging to the order of Jesuits, 
 he devoted himself to teaching philosophy and 
 theology ; after the suppression of his order 
 he removed to Italy, where he occupied him- 
 self with botany. He wrote : < History of Buenos 
 Ayres,' and < Dissertations,' both remaining in 
 MS.; <Life of St. Francis Xavier'; etc. 
 
 Xylander, Joseph Carl August (ksi-lan'der). 
 A German officer and military writer; born at 
 Munich, 1794 ; died 1854. He wrote : <A Manual 
 of Tactics ' ; < Strategy and its Application > 
 (1818); and many other works, among them a 
 < History of the War in Sweden in 1808-9* 
 (1825). 
 
 Yakhontov, Alexander Nikolaiewich (ya- 
 kon-tof). A Russian politician and poet; born 
 in the district of Pskov, June 28, 1820. He 
 has held a number of important positions in 
 his native district. He has written for Rus- 
 sian journals (1843-89) a mass of lyrical and 
 satirical poems, from which appeared a < Col- 
 lection ' in 1884. He has published also sev- 
 eral popular historical and scientific works and 
 translations, and translations from Goethe and 
 Leasing. 
 
 Talden, Thomas. An English poet; born at 
 Oxford, 1669-70; died, 1736. He wrote an <Ode 
 
 for St. Cecilia's Day' (1693); 'The Temple of 
 Fame,' on the death of the Duke of Glouces- 
 ter (1700); <yEsop at Court,' a collection of 
 fables (1702). His < Hymn to Light' is the 
 most notable of his poetical compositions. He 
 is best remembered as Swift's friend. 
 
 Yale, Mrs. Catharine (Brooks). An Ameri- 
 can writer, living at Deerfield, Mass. She was 
 born in Vermont in 1818, and is the wife ot 
 Linus Yale, inventor of the Yale lock. She 
 has written : < Story of the Old Willard House 
 of Deerfield, Mass.'; <Nim and Cum, and the 
 Wonderhead Stories,'
 
 YANGUAS-YONGE 
 
 589 
 
 Yanguas y Miranda Joa^ (yan'gwas e me- 
 ran'da). A Spanish archaeologist ; died about 
 i860. His principal works are :< Short History 
 of the Kingdom of Navarre > (1833); < History 
 of the Conquest of the Kingdom of Navarre, 
 by the Duke of Alva > (1843); * Dictionary of 
 the Antiquities of the Kingdom of Navarre ' (4 
 vols., 1840-43). 
 
 Yanoskl, Jean (ya-nos-ke'). A French writer 
 on history; born at Lons-le-Saulnier, 1813; died 
 1851. He wrote: 'Christian Africa, and the 
 Domination of the Vandals in Africa > (1844); 
 
 < Abolition of Ancient Slavery >; < National Mil- 
 itary Forces from the Thirteenth Century to 
 the Reign of Charles VII.> 
 
 Yardley, Edward, Jr. An English story and 
 verse writer. He has published : < Fantastic 
 Stories > (1864); < Melusine, and Other Poems > 
 (1867); < Supplementary Stories and Poems > 
 (1870); <The Supernatural in Romantic Fic- 
 tion > (1880); besides an English translation of 
 tour books of Horace's Odes (1669). 
 
 Yardley, Mrs. Jane. An American novel- 
 ist, who has written in the < No Name ' series : 
 < Little Sister' (1882); <A Superior Woman' 
 (1885). 
 
 Yarrell, William. An English naturalist; 
 born at Westminster, 1784; died at Yarmouth, 
 September 1856. He is author of < The History 
 of British Fishes > (2 vols., 1836), and < The His- 
 tory of British Birds' (2 vols., 1843); both 
 written in an elegant and popular style, and 
 illustrated artistically, yet without impairing the 
 scientific accuracy of the exposition. 
 
 Yates, Edmund. An English journalist and 
 novelist ; born at Edinburgh. 1831 ; died 
 London, May 20, 1894. He was a con- 
 tributor to All the Year Round for several years, 
 and from 1874 till his death conducted the Lon- 
 don society journal. The World. He wrote : 
 <My Haunts and their Frequenters' (1854); 
 
 < Black Sheep' (1867); < Wrecked in Port' 
 (1869); <Dr. Wainwright's Patient' (1871); 
 <The Yellow Flag' (1873); < Personal Remi- 
 niscences and Experiences' (2 vols., 1884). 
 
 Yazikov (yii-ze-kof'). A Russian lyric poet; 
 born at Simbirsk, 1805 ; died 1846. He was 
 called <<the Russian Anacreon." His earlier 
 verse was notable for sweetness and melody ; 
 his later work was more serious in character. 
 
 Yearsley, Mrs. Ann. An English poetical and 
 dramatic writer, originally a milk-woman ; born 
 in Bristol, about 1756; died 1806. She was be- 
 friended by Hannah More, and under her aus- 
 pices published a romance, • The Royal Cap- 
 tives,' and a collection of poems. 
 
 Yeats, S. Levett. An English novelist. He 
 resides in India, where he is a lieutenant in 
 the Punjaub Light Horse. He has written : 
 ^I'he Honour of Savelli' (1895); *A Galahad 
 of the Creeks' (1897); <The Chevalier D'Au- 
 riac' (1897). 
 
 Yeats, William Butler. An Irish poet and 
 writer of romance ; born in Dublin, June 
 
 13, 1865. His first book of poems, containmg 
 the < Island of Statues,' and other brief plays 
 and poems, is included in his later volume, 
 <The Wanderings of Oisin' (1887). Three vol- 
 umes of < Irish Folk Lore,' < Fairy Tales,' and 
 
 < Irish Stories,' were published in the Camelot 
 series. He has also written: < Celtic Twilight ' 
 (1893); * Poems' (1893); and <John Sherman 
 and Dhoya' (1893); <The Secret Rose' and 
 
 < The Wind among the Reeds' ; < The Shadowy 
 Waters > ; < In the Seven Woods ' ; < The King's 
 Threshold ' ; < Deirdre ' ; < The Hour Glass ' ; 
 <The Unicorn from the Stars' ; < Catherine Ni 
 Houlihan'; < Rosa Alchemica'; <Mosada>; 
 
 < Countess Cathleen ' ; < Golden Helmet.' A 
 complete edition of his works in eight volumes 
 appeared in 1909. 
 
 Yelverton, Maria Theresa (Longworth). 
 
 An English writer of autobiography and trav- 
 els, and novelist. Besides < Martyrs to Circum- 
 stance' (1861), and <The Yelverton Corre- 
 spondence' (1863), both relating to her noto- 
 rious marriage with Major Yelverton, she has 
 written: < Zanita : A Tale of the Yosemite' 
 (1871); < Fifty Thousand Miles of Travel Round 
 the World' (1874); <Teresina in America' 
 (1875). 
 Yendis or Yendys. See Dotoell, 
 Yepez, Antonio de (ya'peth). A Spanish 
 historian ; born at Yenez ; died 1621. He was 
 a Benedictine monk, and wrote a valuable 
 * General Chronicle of the Order of St. Benedict ' 
 (7 vols., 1609-21). 
 
 Yepez, Diego de. A Spanish historian ; born 
 at Yepez, near Toledo, 1559; died at Tarragona, 
 1613, of which see he was bishop. His princi 
 pal works are : < History of the Persecution in 
 England Since 1570' (1599); < Memoir on the 
 Death of Philip 11.' (1607). 
 
 Ymbert, Jean Albert (ah-bar'). A French 
 writer of comedy ; born about 1786 ; died 1846. 
 He wrote : <A Husband Unknown to Him- 
 self; <The Art of Getting Office' (1817); <A 
 Bachelor's Dinner' (1820); <The Automaton 
 Man' (1820); <The Obliging Man' (1820); 
 <The Propertyless Proprietor' (1820); <The 
 Neutral City ; or. The Burgomaster of Neustadt ' 
 (1825). 
 
 Yonge, Charles Duke (j'ung). An English 
 historical writer and classical scholar ; bom 
 1812; died 1891. Pie has published :< An Eng- 
 lish-Greek Lexicon' (1849); <A New Gradus ad 
 Parnassum of the Latin Language' (1850); 
 < Three Centuries of English History' (1872); 
 < Three Centuries of English Literature' (1872); 
 
 < A Life of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France ' 
 (1876); etc. 
 
 Yonge, Charlotte Mary. An English novelist ; 
 bom at Otterbourne, Hampshire, Aug II, 1823; 
 died there March 24, 1901. She published 
 more tlian 30 novels, usually of <' High Church" 
 tendencies, the most popular of which are : 
 <The Heir of Redclyffe' (1853) and < Daisy 
 Chain ; or. Aspirations' (1856). Among herhis 
 torical and bioffraphicai works are : < The Kings
 
 590 
 
 of England) (1848); 'Landmarks of History, 
 Ancient, Middle Age, and xModern > (1852-57); 
 •The Victorian Half-Century > (1887); etc. 
 
 Youatt, William. An English writer on 
 veterinary subjects ; born in 1777 ; died in Lon- 
 don, 1847. He was for many years professor 
 at the Royal Veterinary College, and co-editor 
 of the Veterinarian, established 1828. He pub- 
 lished a standard work on <The Horse > (1831), 
 also a book on <The Dog> (1842), and others; 
 all considered of high value in their line. 
 
 Youmans, Edward Livingston. An Ameri- 
 can scientist and writer, long the editor of the 
 Popular Science Monthly ; born at Coeymans, 
 N. v., 1821 ; died in New York city, 1887. His 
 chief works are : 'Alcohol and the Constitution 
 of Man> (1854); < Hand-Book of Household 
 Science* (1857); 'Correlation and Conservation 
 of Forces* (1864); < The Culture Demanded by 
 Modern Life > (1S67); etc. 
 
 Youmans, William Jay. An American 
 writer and chemist ; born at Milton, Saratoga 
 County, N. Y., in 1838 ; died at Mt. Vernon, 
 N. v., April 10, 1901. He published a book, 
 
 < Pioneers of Science in America > ( 1895) ; edited 
 Huxley's < Lessons in Elementary Physiology,' 
 adding a second part, < Elementary Hygiene > 
 (1867 ) ; many years editor of the Popular Science 
 Monthly, succeeding his brother, Edward L. 
 
 Young, Andrew White. An American writer 
 on government; bom at Carlisle, N. Y., March 
 2, 1802; died at Warsaw, N. Y., Feb. 17, 1877. 
 He wrote : ' Introduction to the Science of 
 Government* (1835); 'First Lessons in Civil 
 Government* (1843); 'Citizen's Manual of Gov- 
 ernment and Law* (1851); 'The American 
 Statesman : A Political History of the United 
 States* (1855); 'National Economy: A History 
 of the American Protective System* (i860). 
 
 Young, Arthur. A distinguished English 
 writer on agriculture and social economy ; born 
 1741 ; died 1820. He made a practical study of 
 agricultural economy, and wrote : ' A Course 
 of Experimental Agriculture* (1770); accounts 
 of tours of observation through different quar- 
 ters of England, among these, ' A Farmer's 
 Letters to the People of England* (1768), 'A 
 Farmer's Tour through the East of England* 
 (1770); 'Travels in France* (2 vols., 1792), a 
 celebrated book which reveals the true state of 
 the peasant population of France on the eve 
 of the Revolution. 
 
 Young, Charles Augustus. An American 
 astronomer ; born in Hanover, Dec. 15, 1834. 
 He was professor at Western Reserve College, 
 Ohio, 1856; professor of natural philosophy at 
 Dartmouth College, 1865-77, and of astronomy 
 at Princeton College from 1878. Besides many 
 contributions to scientific journals and maga- 
 zines, he is the author of 'The Sun* in the 
 'International Scientific Series* (1882), and a 
 
 < Text-Book of General Astronomy.* Died 1908. 
 
 Young, Edward. An English poet ; born at 
 Upham, Hampshire, 1683; died at Welwyn, 
 
 YOUATT— YOUNG 
 
 April 5, 1765. After graduating at Oxford, he 
 entered the Church. His masterpiece is ' Night 
 Thoughts* (1742-46), a gloomy but fine poem 
 in blank verse. He also wrote tragedies, among 
 them 'Busiris* (17 19), and 'The Revenge* 
 (1721); as well as a collection of satires called 
 'The Love of Fame* (1725-28). 
 
 Young, Edward Daniel. An English traveler ; 
 born 1831. He explored the Lake Nyassa country 
 in 1875, and wrote ' Nyassa * (1877). Died 1896. 
 
 Young, Frederick, Sir. An English philan- 
 thropist, publicist, and writer of travels ; bom 
 1817. He aided in securing Victoria Park, Lon- 
 don, and Epping Forest to the public, and in 
 establishing the People's Palace ; has taken 
 great interest in the emigration question ; was 
 one of the earliest advocates of imperial fed- 
 eration ; etc. He has written : ' Long Ago and 
 Now * ; < New Zealand : Past, Present, and Fu- 
 ture*; 'A Winter. Tour in South Africa*; etc.; 
 and edited 'Imperial Federation* (1876). 
 
 Young, Jesse Bowman. An American Meth- 
 odist clerg>'man, author, and editor; bom in 
 Pennsylvania, 1844. He has been editor of 
 the Central Christan Advocate from 1892, and has 
 written < What a Boy Saw in the Army * ; ' Days 
 and Nights on the Sea * ; ' The Hungry Christ.* 
 
 Young, John. A British clergyman, and re- 
 ligious and philosophical writer. He has pub- 
 lished : ' The Province of Reason > (i860); < Evil 
 and Good* (2d ed. London, 1861); 'The Life 
 and Light of Men* (1866); 'The Christ of 
 History* (6th ed. 1870); 'The Creator and the 
 Creation > (1870). 
 
 Tonng, John Russell. An American writer 
 and journalist; born in Downingtown, Pa., Nov. 
 20, 1841; died in Washington, Jan. 17, 1899. 
 His journalistic career was notable, including 
 service on the staffs of the New York Herald and 
 Tribune. His most famous work is < Around the 
 World with General Grant > (2 vols. 1879); and 
 he also wrote numerous pamphlets on important 
 subjects. In 1897 he was appointed by President 
 Mc Kin ley Librarian of Congress, which office he 
 held at his death. 
 
 Young, Mrs. Julia Evelyn (Ditto). An 
 American verse-writer and novelist, of Buffalo ; 
 born in New York, in 1857. She has written : 
 ' Adrift : A Story of Niagara ' ; ' Glynne's Wife ■. 
 A Story in Verse * ; and ' Thistle-Down,* poems. 
 
 Young, Mrs. M., formerly Mrs. Thomas Pos- 
 tans. She wrote as Mrs. Thomas Postans : 
 'Cutch* (1838), sketches of Western India; 
 'Western India in 1838* (2 vols., 1839); 'Facts 
 and Fictions Illustrative of Oriental Character* 
 (3 vols., 1844). As Mrs. Young: 'Our Camp 
 in Turkey* (2d ed. 1855); 'Aldershot, and All 
 About It* (2d ed. 1858); 'The Moslem Noble* 
 (1857). 
 
 Young, William, Sir. An English states- 
 man and historical writer; bom in the middle 
 of the eighteenth century; died about 1815. 
 Among his writings are: 'Travels in Italy* 
 (1772); 'The Spirit of Athens: Political and
 
 7PEY — WON 
 
 591 
 
 Philosophical Investigations on the History of 
 that Republic* ( 1777) ;.< Rights of Englishmen* 
 (1793); 'The Black Caribs of the Island of 
 St. Vincent* (1795); <The West Indian Com- 
 mon-Place Book.* 
 
 Ypey, Amadeus (e'pi). A Dutch theological 
 writer; born 1760; died in 1831 at Groningen, 
 where he was professor of church history. He 
 wrote a < Literary History of Dogmatics* (5 
 vols., 1793-98); 'History of the Dutch Lan- 
 guage* (1812); < History of the Dutch Church* 
 (4 vols., 1820-27). 
 
 Yriarte, Charles ^mile (i-ri-art'). A jour- 
 nalist and writer of Spanish descent; born at 
 Paris,Dec. 5,1832; died at Philadelphia, April 8, 
 1898. Among his works are: < Spanish Society* 
 (1864); <Parisian Portraits* (1865); <The Life of 
 a Venetian Patrician in the Sixteenth Century* 
 (1874); <Venice: Its History, Art, Industry, the 
 City and its Life* (1879); ^Italian Sculpture in 
 the Fifteenth Centurv* (1885); <Francesca da 
 Rimini) (1882); <Cesar Borgia* (1888). 
 
 Yriarte or Iriarte, Juan de (e-re-ar'ta). A 
 Spanish scholar and writer ; born at Orotava 
 on the island of Teneriffe, in 1702; died at 
 Madrid, 1771. He was chief librarian of the 
 Royal Library ; and his most important work 
 was < Codices of the Greek MSS.* (1769). He 
 also wrote epigrams and proverbs in Latin 
 and Spanish, and narrative poems in Latin, 
 published in four volumes (1774). 
 
 Yriarte or Iriarte, Tomas de. A Spanish 
 poet and dramatist ; born at Orotava, island 
 of Teneriffe, 1750; died in Madrid, 1791. His 
 chief works are an excellent didactic poem, 
 < Music* (1780); and < Literary Fables* (1782), 
 considered the best fables in the Spanish lan- 
 guage. He also wrote the first regular come- 
 dies in Spanish, the best being <The Spoiled 
 Child* and <The Ill-Bred Young I>ady*; be- 
 sides publishing Spanish translations of French 
 plays and some of the Latin poets. 
 
 Ysabeau, Victor Frederic Alexandre (i-za- 
 bo'). A French physician and writer on agri- 
 culture ; born at Rouen, 1793 ; died at Paris, 
 1873. Among his works are: < Gardening; or. 
 The Art of Forming and Managing a Garden * 
 (1854); < Elementary Lessons in Agriculture* 
 (1857); <The Vine and Fruit Tree* (1858) ; 
 'Popular Natural History of France* (1864); 
 •Hygiene and Domestic Economy* (1870). 
 
 Yule, Henry, Sir. An Anglo-Indian writer 
 and scholar; born at Inveresk, Midlothian, 
 Scotland, 1820 ; died 1889. He entered the 
 East India Company's military school, and later 
 was employed in India on public works; but 
 finally retired and went to Italy. His chief 
 
 books are: < Mission to the Court of Ava' 
 (1856); < Cathay and the Way Thither* (1866); 
 <The Book of Ser Marco Polo* (edited: 1891); 
 <The Diary of William Hedges* (1886); etc. 
 
 Yusuf or Yussuf, Abu Amru (yos'of). An 
 Arabic historian and commentator; bom at 
 Cordova, 976; died at Xativa, 1070. He was 
 profoundly versed in the traditions of the 
 Oriental Mussulman countries. He wrote: 
 
 < Behedjet-Almodjalisyn,* a collection of tales 
 about Mahomet, etc.; <Tamhyd,* a commentary 
 on one of the chief Mussulman works of reli- 
 gious and civil law ; < History of the Opinions 
 and Doctrines of the Principal Mussulman 
 Sects*; < History of the Wars against the 
 Christians * ; etc. 
 
 Yvan, Melchior (e-voh'). A French physi- 
 cian and publicist ; born at Digne (Basses- 
 Alpes), 1803; died at Nice, 1873. He wrote: 
 
 < China and the Malay Peninsula* (1850); < Trav- 
 els and Stories* (1852); <The Insurrection in 
 China* (1853); < From France to China* (1855). 
 
 Yver, Jacques (e-var'). A French story and 
 verse writer; born at Niort, 1520 ; died there, 
 1572. He wrote : < The Springtime of Yver > 
 (1572), in the style of Boccaccio. It has been 
 a number of times republished. 
 
 Yvert, Eugene (e-var'). A French journal- 
 ist, poet, and miscellaneous writer; bom at 
 Marly-le-Roi, 1794; died at Amiens, Feb. 23, 
 1878. He was editor of the Picardy Gazette, 
 1831. He wrote: < Parliamentary Sketches* 
 (1832), in verse; < Political Custonis* (1845); 
 <A Ghost* (1852), a two-act comedy in verse; 
 
 < Poetic Fancies* (1857); < Poetical Miscellanies* 
 (i860); etc. 
 
 Yves d'Evreux, Pierre (ev da-vr6'). A 
 French-Brazilian historian ; bom at Evreux, Nor- 
 mandy, about 1577; died after 1620. He was a 
 Capuchin missionary at Maranhao, Brazil, 1612- 
 14. He wrote : < History of the Most Memor- 
 able Things that Happened at Maranhao in 
 the Years 1613 and 1614* (Paris, 1615; 2d ed. 
 1864), a continuation of the history of Claude 
 d'Abbeville ; it is a work of great historical 
 value. 
 
 Yvon, Claude (e-v6n'). A French theolo- 
 gian; bom at Mamers, 1714; died at Paris, 1791. 
 He wrote < Letters to Rousseau* (1763), in 
 answer to Rousseau's letters to the archbishop 
 of Paris; earlier in life he had been associated 
 with Diderot and the encyclopedists, and wrote 
 
 < Liberty of Conscience* (1754), in which he 
 held that the State should be indifferent in 
 matters of religion. Other works are < Agree- 
 ment of Philosophy and Religion* (1776), and 
 
 < Philosophical History of Religion* (1779).
 
 592 
 
 ZABEL — ZACHER 
 
 Zabel, Eugen (tsa'bel). A German miscel- 
 laneous writer ; born at Konigsberg in Prussia, 
 Dec. 23, 1851. During liis extensive travels he 
 formed the acquaintance of nearly all the liter- 
 ary celebrities of Europe. Among his works 
 are: < Berthold Auerbach > (1882); < Ivan Tur- 
 genef > ( 1883) ; < Italian Dramatic Art in Ger- 
 many > (1892); < Anton Rubinstein: An Artist's 
 Life> (1892); translations of several of Tur- 
 genef's novels, and of French and Spanish 
 dramas ; some novels, among them < Parted 
 Hearts' (1888); and several comedies, as < The 
 Midnight Sun,' <A Missed Vocation.* 
 
 Zabensing, Johann Christoph (tsa'ben-zing). 
 A German dramatic and miscellaneous writer ; 
 bom at Augsburg, 1747; died near the end of 
 the century. He was by profession a mer- 
 chant, but published various original writings, 
 among them a book on the life and writings 
 of Voltaire, and <The Philosophers a la Mode,> 
 a comedy (1779); < The Death of Abel,' a drama 
 (1779); and < Elizabeth; or. The Abduction,' a 
 tragedy (1781). 
 
 Zablocki, Frantizek (za-blots'ke). A Polish 
 dramatist; born 1754; died 1821. He is looked 
 upon as the creator of Polish comedy, his 
 plays holding the stage to the present day. 
 His masterpiece is < Sarmatyzin,' and others 
 are : • The Fop who Acts the Gallant with the 
 Ladies ' ; < An Irreparable Loss.' 
 
 Zaborowski (za-bo-rov-ski') or Zaborowski- 
 Moindron (mwan-droiV). A French publicist ; 
 born at La Creche, 1851. He is secretary of 
 the Paris Anthropological Society, and scientific 
 editor of several Paris journals. He has writ- 
 ten : < On the Antiquity of Man ' (2 vols., 
 1874); < Prehistoric Man' (1878); < Origin of 
 Language' (1879); < Scientific News and Curi- 
 osities' (1883); etc. 
 
 Zaccaria, Francesco Antonio (dza-ka-re'a). 
 An Italian Jesuit, scholar, and historian; born 
 at Venice, 1714 ; died 1795. He was professor 
 of ecclesiastical history at the college La Sapi- 
 enza, Rome. He wrote : < Literary History of 
 England' (14 vols., 1751); 'Literary Annals of 
 Italy' (3 vols., 1762); < Numismatic Institutes'; 
 etc. 
 
 Zaccone, Pierre (za-koh'). A French dra- 
 matic and miscellaneous writer ; born at Douai, 
 1817 (?). Early in life he entered the Post-Office 
 service at Brest, but devoted all his leisure to 
 literature, and was befriended by Emile Sou- 
 vestre. He published : < Tableaux of Universal 
 Literary History' (1844); < Memoirs of a King' 
 (1851); etc. Among his efforts for the theatre, 
 mostly written in collaboration with others, 
 are: <The Twenty-Fourth of February' (1848); 
 < Cousin Verdure' (1855); and <The Sundays 
 of Pampette.' 
 
 Zacbaria, Heinrich Albert (tsa-ch'a-re'a). 
 A German publicist ; born at Herbsleben, Saxe- 
 Gotha, Nov. 20, 1806 ; died at Kannstadt, April 
 29, 1875, being then professor in the University 
 of Gottingen. Among his works are : < Ger- 
 man States' Rights and Federal Rights' (1841); 
 
 < Manual of German Criminal Procedure ' (i860); 
 
 < German Constitutional Laws of the Present 
 Time' (1855); <The Question of the Compe- 
 tence of the Empire in View of the Dogma 
 of Infallibility' (1871). 
 
 Zacharia, Just Friedrich Wilhelm. A Ger- 
 man poet and satirist ; born at Frankenhausen, 
 May I, 1726 ; died at Brunswick, Jan. 30, 1777. 
 He was professor of belles-lettres in the Caro- 
 linum, Brunswick (1761). He wrote: < The 
 Brawler' (1744), the first burlesque heroic 
 poem that had appeared in German ; < Phae- 
 ton'; <The Handkerchief; < Murner in Hell' 
 (1757); < Fables and Tales' (1771); etc.; and 
 translated into German hexameters Milton's 
 
 < Paradise Lost' (1760). (< Poetical Works,' 
 9 vols., 1763-65 ; posthumous writings, with 
 biography, 1781.) 
 
 Zacharia von Lingenthal, Karl Eduard 
 
 (tsa-cha-re'a fon ling'en-tiil). A German writer 
 on jurisprudence ; born at Heidelberg, Dec. 21, 
 1812; died at Grosskmehlen, near Merseburg, 
 June 3, 1894. H^ is regarded as the founder of 
 tiie science of Gr^eco-Roman jurisprudence. 
 He wrote 'Outline of a History of Graeco- 
 Roman Jurisprudence' (1839), 'History of 
 Gra;co-Roman Private Right' (1864); made a 
 collection of < Grajco- Roman Laws' (1856-84); 
 and edited Justinian's 'Novellae' (1881). 
 
 Zacharia von Lingenthal, Karl Salomo. 
 
 A German jurist; born at Meissen, Saxony, 
 Sept. 14, 1769; died March 27, 1843. He was 
 professor of law at Wittenberg, 1797-1807, and 
 Heidelberg, 1807-43. He wrote : ' The Unity of 
 State and Church' (1797); 'Forty Books on the 
 State ' (2d ed. 7 vols., 1839-43) ; ' Hand-Book 
 of French Civil Law' (8th ed. 1894-95); etc. 
 
 Zachariasiewicz, Jan (tsa-cha-ri-as'ya-vich). 
 A Polish novelist and miscellaneous writer; 
 born in East Galicia, about 1825. At vari- 
 ous times in his life he became involved in 
 political difficulties, and passed several years in 
 prison; and these experiences have colored 
 all his books. His first publication was < A 
 Passage from the Life of Unknown People* 
 (1853). In 'The Red Cap' and 'The Secret 
 P'und,' he describes the spy system of the 
 police force; and of like nature are 'Covered 
 Cards' (1875), 'A Bad Business' (1876), etc. 
 He has also written a few art novels. 
 
 Zacher, Ernst Julius August (tsa'cher;. A 
 German antiquary ; born at Obernigk, Feb, 
 15, 1816; died March 23, 1887, at Halle where
 
 Z AHIR — Z ANGWILL 
 
 593 
 
 ]ie was professor of German philology. His 
 principal works are : *■ Ulfilas's Gothic Alpha- 
 bet and the Runic Alphabet > (1S55); < German 
 Proverbs' (1852); 'History of the Palgravine 
 Genoveva> (i860); < Pseudo-Callisthenes > (1867), 
 dealing with the Alexander ni3'th. 
 
 Zahir (za'her). An Arabian poet, father of 
 the poef Ka'b ; contemporary with Mahomet. 
 He was the author of one of the seven poems 
 of the < Mu'allak^t,* published by Sir William 
 Jones, with an English version, in 1782. 
 
 Zahn, Johanu Karl Willielm (tsan). A Ger- 
 man painter, architect, and writer on art ; born at 
 Rodenberg, Schaumburg, Aug. 21, 1800 ; died 
 at Berlin, Aug. 22, 1871. He was professor in 
 the Academy of Arts, Berlin, 1829. Among 
 his works were : < The Most Beautiful Orna- 
 ments and the Most Notable Pictures from 
 Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Stabiee' (1828-30); 
 
 < Ornaments of all Classical Periods of Art* 
 (1S32-39); etc. 
 
 ZaLn, Theodor. A German theological 
 writer; born at Mors, Oct. 10, 183S. He was 
 appointed professor of theology in the Univer- 
 sity of Erlangen 1878, and is author of < Mar- 
 cellus of Ancyra > (1867); <The Shepherd of 
 Hernias > (1868); < Ignatius of Antioch > (1873); 
 <The Acts of St. John> (1880); < Cyprian of 
 Antioch and the German Story of Faust ' (1882J; 
 
 < Researches into the History of the New Tes- 
 tament Canon* (5 vols., 1881-93); 'The Gospel 
 of Peter > (1893); < Introduction to the New 
 Testament* (1897). 
 
 Zaleski, Bolidan (za-les'ski), A noted Po- 
 lish poet ; born at Bohaterka in the Ukraine, 
 1802; died near Paris, 1886. He passed his 
 childhood in immediate intercourse with the 
 Cossacks, but afterwards studied at Warsaw. 
 After the revolution of 1830, he was obliged 
 to leave Poland, and went to France. Many 
 of his poems depict in vivid colors the scenery 
 of his native country. His chief works are : 
 <The Spirit of the Steppes* (1842); <The Most 
 Holy Family*; and collections of shorter poems. 
 
 Zalewski, Casimir (za-lev'ski). A Polish 
 dramatist and journalist; born at Plock, 1848. 
 He abandoned law for literature; founded the 
 journal Wiek (1865). Among his successful 
 dramas are : <Dowerless* (1868), <As the World 
 Moves* (1873), < Before the Wedding* (1876), 
 <Poor Seed* (1877); the tragedies < Marco 
 Foscarini* (1878), < Article 264,* etc. 
 
 Zalokostas, Georgios (zal-6-k6s'tas). A dis- 
 tinguished Greek poet ; born at Syrrhako, Epi- 
 rus, April 17, 1805; died at Athens, Sept. 3, 
 1858. At the age of sixteen he fought in the 
 insurrection at Missolonghi. The Greek child- 
 ren learn his songs. Among his best-known 
 poems were : < Missolonghi * ; < Armatoles and 
 Klephts* ; < The Entrance ot Frevesa' ; ' Hours 
 of Leisure * ; < Marco Bozzaris * ; etc. Several 
 o\ his pieces have been translated into Italian, 
 Spanish, English, German, French, and Rus* 
 iian. (< Poetical Works,* Athens, i860.) 
 38 
 
 Zaluski, Andrew Chrysostom (za-los'ke). 
 A Polish statesman and pulpit orator ; bom about 
 1650 ; died 1711. He was bishop of Ermeland 
 and grand chancellor of Poland. He wrote : 
 
 < Historico-Familiar Epistles,* an interesting and 
 valuable work. 
 
 Zambelios, John (zam-be'li-os). A Greek 
 poet ; born on one of the Ionian isles, 1787 ; 
 died at Corfu, 1856. He was a judge at Corfu. 
 He wrote lyric poems, and several successful 
 tragedies. (< Works,* Athens, 1856-57.) 
 
 Zambelli, Andrea (dzam-bel'le). An Italian 
 historian ; born in Lombardy, 1794 ; died at 
 Paris, 1862. His chief works are books on 
 
 < War * and on < Religion,* in which he attempts 
 to show the profound difference between ancient 
 and modern nations. 
 
 Zamora, Antonio de (tha-mo'rii). A Span- 
 ish dramatist; born at Madrid, between 1660 
 and 1664 ; died about 1722. He was highly 
 esteemed by his contemporaries as a lyric and 
 drarnatic poet. Among his best works are : 
 'Everybody is his Own Pedigree*; and < The 
 Wag of Seville,* on wliich is based the libretto 
 of the opera of < Don Juan.* 
 
 Zanella, Giacomo (dza-nel'la). An Italian 
 lyrical poet ; born at Chiampo, 1820 ; died at 
 Vicenza, 1S88. After studying for the priest- 
 hood, he became professor of philosophy and 
 Italian literature at the seminary in Vicenza. 
 His work is noted for beauty of style and mas- 
 tery of form ; his most popular poem being 
 
 < The Fossil Shell.* His first volume of poems, 
 'Verses,* appeared in 1868, and was followed 
 by several others. Among his poetic tales are : 
 <The Little Calabrese* (1870); 'Robin Red- 
 breast' (1881); etc. 
 
 Zanetti, Bernardino (dza-net'te). An Italian 
 historian ; born near Treviso, 1690 ; died 1762. 
 He wrote a ' History of the Lombards* (2 vols., 
 1753)- 
 
 Zangemeister, Karl (tsang'e-mls-ter). A Ger- 
 man classical philologist; born at Hallungen, 
 in the Duchy of Gotha, Nov. 28, 1837. He ed- 
 ited the fourth volume of the ' Corpus Inscrip- 
 tionum Latinarum,* comprising the parietal 
 inscriptions at Pompeii, Herculaneum, and 
 Stabise (1871); compiled 'Specimens of Latin 
 MSS. Written in Majuscule Letters* (1882), and 
 ' Fragments of the Old Saxon Bible Poem of 
 the Palatine Library* (1894). 
 
 Zangwill, Israel. An English-Jewish nov- 
 elist ; born in London, 1864. He began life as 
 a London teacher, and while teaching, gradu- 
 ated at the London University. He has pub- 
 lished : 'The Premier and the Painter* (1888, 
 in collaboration), a romance; 'The Bachelors' 
 Club* (1891); 'The Big Bow Mystery* (1891); 
 'The Old Maids' Club* (1892); 'Children of 
 the Ghetto* (1892), a collection of stories, hia 
 best work ; ' Merely Mary Ann > (1893); * Ghetto 
 Tragedies* (1893); 'The King of Schnorrers' 
 (1894); 'The Master* (1895), a novel; <SiJ 
 Persons,* a comedietta; 'Without Prejudice' 
 (1896), published originally, under the same
 
 594 
 
 ZANNOWICH — ZEISING 
 
 title as <Causerie> in the Pall Mall Magazine; 
 and the drama < The Melting Pot> (1909). 
 
 Zannowicn. Stefano (zan'no-vich). An Al- 
 banian writer; born 1751 ; died 17S5. He had 
 a wandering and very adventurous life, but 
 wrote several curious books, among them: 
 • Turkish Letters) (1877); < Epistles and Love 
 Songs of an Oriental > (1779); and (Fragment 
 of a Chapter of < The Lame Devil,> Sent from 
 the Other World by Le Sage> (1782). 
 
 Zanotti, Jean Pierre (za-not'te). A painter 
 and poet; born of a Polish family at Pans, 
 1674 ; died at Bologna, 1767. He left a num- 
 ber of noted pictures; and published < Dido,> 
 a tragedy (1718); < Poems > (1741); and various 
 works on the art of painting. 
 
 Zapf, Georg Wiinelm (tsapf). A Gernian 
 antiquary ; born at Nordlingen, 1747 ; died 1810. 
 A prolific writer, among his works were : < Bib- 
 liography of Ancient and Modern History > 
 (1781); <The Lives of Celebrated Savants and 
 Artists of All Time> (1806); etc. 
 
 Zappi, Giovanni Battista (dzap'pe). An 
 Italian miscellaneous writer; born at Imola, 
 1540; died at the end of the century. He pub- 
 lished a remarkable book, prose mixed with 
 verse, entitled < Field of Spiritual Philosophy, 
 in which is Contained the Sum of Christian 
 Living) (1577), treating of the life and character 
 of Christ, the virtues and vices, etc. 
 
 Zappi, Giovanni Battista Felice. An Ital- 
 ian lyrical poet ; born at Imola, about 1667 ; 
 died at Rome, 1719. He studied law in Rome, 
 but soon became noted for his poetry, which 
 was distinguished by elegance and grace of 
 style. A collection of his poems was first pub- 
 lished in 1770, and consists of sonnets, songs, 
 cantatas, and other verse. 
 
 Zarate, Agustin de (tha-ra'ta). A Span- 
 ish historian ; born about 1492 ; died at Madrid 
 (?) about 1560. He was comptroller of Cas- 
 tile ; accompanied Nunez Vela, viceroy of Peru, 
 to South America in 1543; was afterward treas- 
 urer of the Spanish Netherlands. He wrote : 
 •History of the Discovery and Conquest of 
 the Province of Peru> (i555)- There have been 
 many later editions; and it has been trans- 
 lated into French and Italian. 
 
 Zarate, Antonio Gil y. A Spanish dramatic 
 poet ; born at San Loren7o de I'Escurial, Spain, 
 1795 ; died i860. His father, an excellent 
 actor, sent him to study in Paris; and on his 
 return to Spain he became professor of phys- 
 ics in Granada. He afterwards wrote dramas 
 noted for striking situations, lively dialogue, 
 and elegant versification. Among them are : 
 < Blanche of Bourbon> (1835); < Guzman the 
 Brave > ; < The Czar Demetrius ' ; etc. He also 
 l)ublished a much-esteemed history of Spanish 
 literature. 
 
 Zarncke, Friedrich (tsarn'ke). A German 
 antiquary ; born near Briiel in Mecklenburg- 
 Schwerin, July 7, 1825; died Oct. 15, 1891 ; hav- 
 ing been since 1852 professor in the University 
 
 of Leipsic. Among his works are : < The Ger- 
 man Cato) (1852^ •. <The Nibelungen Question* 
 (1854); (Contributions to the Explanation of the 
 Nibelungenlied ) (1857); <The Trojan Legend 
 of the Franks); < German Universities in the 
 Middle Ages) (1857); < Mediaeval Proverbial 
 Poetry) (1863.) 
 
 Zbylitowski, Andre (zbe-le-tov'ske). A Po- 
 lish writer, philosopher, and poet; born in 
 Galicia, 1732; died 1813. He was doctor of 
 literature and philosophy in Cracow, and after- 
 wards traveled extensively in Europe and South 
 America. He wrote poetry with much success ; 
 some of his idyls being noted for beauty of 
 coloring, elegance, and grace. Among his 
 works are: < Rhythms in Polish Verse) (1763); 
 <The Marshal) (historical); <A Beard,) a novel ; 
 and various books on philosophical, political, 
 and grammatical themes. 
 
 Zbylitowski, Pierre. A Polish poet and 
 miscellaneous writer; born in the palatinate of 
 Lublin, 1684 ; died in Warsaw, 1757. He studied 
 at the University of Warsaw, and later trav- 
 eled extensively in Europe and North America, 
 being a keen observer and profound critic. As 
 a poet he was a disciple of the French school, 
 using sarcasm and irony with brilliant effect. 
 Among his writings are a < Collection of Satires* 
 (1723); <Porydia: A Poem) (1734); < Epigrams) 
 (1735); < Studies on Voltaire's Works) (i737); 
 < Lucie: An Erotic Poem) (l739); etc. 
 
 Zedlitz, Baron Joseph Christian von (tsed'- 
 lits). An Austrian lyrical poet and dramatic 
 writer ; born at Johannisburg in Austrian Silesia, 
 1790; died in Vienna, 1862. He was educated 
 at Breslau, and afterwards took part in the 
 campaign of 1809. Among his best dramatic 
 writings are: the tragedies <Two Nights in 
 Valladolid) (1825), < The Star of Seville) (1830); 
 and the drama < Prison and Crown) (1834), 
 treating of the last days of Tasso's life. Of 
 poems, he has published a collection, < Wreaths 
 for the Dead); a celebrated ballad, <The 
 Nightly Review ) ; and poetical tales. 
 
 Zeise, Heinrich (tsi'ze). A German poet 
 and translator; born at Altona, 1822. He be- 
 gan life as an apothecary, but graduated at 
 the university. He translated a number of 
 scientific and poetical works from the Danish 
 into German, and also published original ef- 
 forts, noted for poetical coloring and beauty of 
 form, among them a collection of < Poems ) 
 (1847); < Battle Songs of Schleswig-Holstein) 
 (1848); < Songs of Battle and Sword); etc. 
 also, in prose, < From the Life and Recollec- 
 tions of a North German Poet) (1888). 
 
 Zeising, Adolf (tsi'zing). A German writer 
 on art; born at Ballenstedt, Sept. 24, 1810; 
 died at Munich, April 27, 1876. Ho wrote: 
 <New Doctrine of the Proportions of the Hu- 
 man Body ) (1854); <iF:sthetic Researches) (1855); 
 < The Metamorphoses in the Ratios of the Hu- 
 man Figure) (1859); 'Religion and Science, 
 State and Church) (1873); and several novels.
 
 ZEISSBERG — ZEVECOT 
 
 595 
 
 Zeissberg, Heinrlch, Baron von (zls'barc). 
 An Austrian writer of history ; born at Vienna, 
 July 8, 1839. He was appointed professor of 
 fiistory in the University of Vienna, 1873. His 
 principal writings are : < Arno, First Archbishop 
 of Salzburg* (1863); < Polish Historiography in 
 the Middle Ages> (1873); < Minor Sources of 
 Polish History in the Middle Ages> (1877); 
 
 < Belgium under the General Statthaltership of 
 the Archduke Karl > ( 1893). Died May 27, 1899. 
 
 Zeleguy, Zdenko (tsel'eg-we). A Moravian 
 poet, writing under the pseudonym of " Franz 
 Voneisen'*; bom in Usetin, Jan. 22, 1853. His 
 best-known works are : < World-Pain Voices > 
 (1887); < Nirvana > (1893); and < Words of Love> 
 (1894). 
 
 Zeller, Berthold. Son of Jules S. ; born at 
 Rennes, 1848. He is author of < Henri IV. and 
 Marie de' Medici > (1877); < Critical Studies on 
 the Reign of Louis XIII.> (2 vols., 1879-80); 
 
 < Marie de' Medici and Villeroy> (1897). 
 
 Zeller, Christian Heinrich (tsel'er). A 
 German educator ; born near Tiibingen, March 
 29, 1779; died at Beuggen, May 18, i860. His 
 writings are : < Teachings of Experience for 
 Christian Teachers of Rural and Poor Schools > 
 (3 vols., 1827); < Soul-Doctrine, Founded on 
 Scripture and Experience > (1846). 
 
 Zeller, Eduard. A noted German theologian, 
 philosopher, and historian ; born at Kleinbott- 
 mar in Wiirtemberg, 1814. He studied at Tiib- 
 ingen and Berlin ; and despite the very free 
 tendencies of his thought, strongly influenced 
 by that of Strauss, he was professor of theology 
 at Bern, and later professor of philosophy at 
 Heidelberg and at Berlin. Among his chief 
 works are: 'Platonic Studies' (1839); <The 
 Philosophy of the Greeks* (1844-52); <The 
 Story of the vVpostles, Critically Investigated > 
 (1854); < David Friedrich Strauss Depicted in 
 his Life and Writings > (1874); < Frederick the 
 Great as a Philosopher' (1886); etc. 
 
 Zeller, Jules Sylvain (zel-lar'). A French 
 historian ; born at Paris, April 23, 1820 ; died 
 there July 25, 1900. He became professor of his- 
 tory in the Polytechnic School in 1863, and in- 
 spector of higher education in 1876. Among 
 his works are : <The Roman Emperors : Char- 
 acters and Portraits) (1863); < History of Ger- 
 many) (1872-91 ) ; <The Tribunes and the Revo- 
 lutions in Italy) (1873); <Pius IX. and Victor 
 Emmanuel : Contemporary History of Italy) 
 (1879); 'Short History of Italy, from the Fall of 
 the Roman Empire to our Time) (4th ed. li 
 
 Zeno, Apostolo (dza'no). An Italian drama- 
 tist and historian; born at Venice, 1668; died 
 in the same city, 1750. He has been called 
 the father of Italian opera, and acquired great 
 fame by his dramatic works, published in 1744, 
 in many volumes. Among his other works are : 
 'Historical Dissertations) (1752-53); and < Epis- 
 tles) (1785). 
 
 Zeno of Elea. A Greek philosopher ; bom 
 ftbout the fifth century B.C.; the date of his 
 
 death unknown. He spent his later years in 
 Athens. Aristotle calls him the father of dia- 
 lectics ; and Pericles was among his pupils. Of 
 his writings in prose and in dialogue, only 
 fragments have been preserved, but many of 
 them are known to have been on the philosophy 
 of motion. 
 
 Zeno the Stoic (ze'no). A Greek philoso- 
 pher; born at Citium, a Greek colony on the 
 island of Cyprus, about 350 B. C; died, as is 
 reported, by his own hand, about 264 B. C. He 
 was the son of a merchant, and followed his 
 father's profession, not visiting Athens till his 
 thirtieth year. He then read Xenophon and 
 Plato, and later founded a school of his own. 
 None of his writings have been preserved, but 
 he is known to have combined the ethics of 
 the Cynic school with the physics of Pythag- 
 oras and Heraclitus. 
 
 Zerbi, Rocco de (dzar'be). An Italian pol- 
 itician, journalist, and miscellaneous writer; 
 born at Reggio, Calabria, 1843. He served in 
 the army, 1860-66 ; founded the influential 
 Giornaletto of Naples, 1868 ; became member 
 of the chamber of deputies, 1872. He has 
 written : < Aspirations) (1865), in verse ; ' Poetry 
 and Prose) (1868), 'Without Title) (1870), both 
 romances; 'Political Writings) (1876); 'Vis- 
 tilia) (1877), a romance; 'Modern Arf) (1878); 
 'Church and State) (1878); ' Faust > (1878), a 
 notable critical work; etc. 
 
 Zernitz, Christian Friedrich (tsar'nets). 
 A German didactic poet ; born at Tanger- 
 miinde. 1717; died 1744. All his works were 
 posthumous. His 'Didactic Essays) are highly 
 esteemed. 
 
 Zesen, Philipp von (tsa'zen). A German 
 poet, and critical and satirical writer; born at 
 Priorau near Dessau, 1619; died at Hamburg, 
 1689. He devoted himself to the study of phil- 
 ology and poetry; giving special attention to 
 perfecting and purifying his mother tongue. 
 Among his numerous writings in prose and 
 verse are the novels ' Adriatic Rosemund ) 
 (1645) and 'Samson); and the poem < Priorau ; 
 or. The Praise of the Fatherland,) as well as 
 some excellent short verse. 
 
 Zeuss, Johann Kaspar (tsois). A German 
 philologist and writer of history; born at 
 Vogtendorf in Upper Franconia, July 22, 1806 ; 
 died there, Nov. 10, 1856. Among his works 
 are : ' The Germans and the Neighbor Stocks > 
 (1837); 'The Descent of the Bavarians from 
 the Marcomanni) (1839); 'Witzenburg Tradi- 
 tions and Possessions) (1842); 'The Free Im- 
 perial City of Spires from its Destruction) 
 (1843); 'Celtic Grammar) (two vols., 1853), 
 his greatest work. 
 
 Zevecot, Jacob (za've-kof). A Dutch poet 
 and dramatist, considered by his contemporaries 
 the greatest Latin poet of his time ; bom at 
 Gand, 1604 ; died 1646. Among his works are : 
 'Elegies); 'Greek Maria) and 'Rosimunda,) 
 tragedies ; < Esther,) a tragi-comedy ; ' The Siege
 
 596 
 
 ZEYER— ZIMMERMANN 
 
 of Leyden> (1626), a tragedy written in Flem- 
 ish ; and various collections of shorter poems. 
 
 Zeyer, Julius (za'yer). A Gzech novelist 
 and poet; born at Prague, 1842. After travel- 
 ing extensively on the Continent, he spent sev- 
 eral years teaching in Russia. He has written 
 in prose <Andrew Cernysev,> a notable ro- 
 mance ; < Miss Ol.vmpia > ; < Count Xavier ' ; < Ma- 
 drana's Adventure > ; < Tales of Sosana > ; < The 
 True Friendship of Amis and AmiP; etc.: and 
 in verse, <Vysehrad,> a series of epic poems, 
 based on Bohemian ancient history. 
 
 Zezschwitz, Gerhard von (tsach'vits). A 
 German theological writer; born at Bautzen, 
 July 2, 1825 ; died July 20, 1886, at Erlangen, 
 where he was a professor in the university. 
 Among his numerous writings are : < The Cate- 
 chisms of the Waldensians and the Bohemian 
 Brethren) (1863); <The Mediaeval Drama, from 
 the End of the Roman Empire* (1878); < Sys- 
 tem of Practical Theology* (3 vols., 1876-78); 
 < Manual of the Theological Sciences* (1883); 
 <Catechetics> (1883). 
 
 Zhukovski, or Joukovski, sometimes written 
 Shukows • (zho-kof'ske), Vasilii Andreevicli. 
 A famous Russian poet ; born near Bielev 
 in the government of Penza, 1783; died 1852. 
 He succeeded Karamzin as editor of the Viest- 
 nik Evropui, 1808 ; was preceptor of the Empe- 
 ror Alexande II. in his youth, as well as of 
 Alexander's mother. A monument was erected 
 to his memory, 1852. He wrote : < The Minstrel 
 in the Russian Camp,' a collection of spirited 
 war ballads; < Ziudmina*; <Svietlana,> his best 
 work; etc.; and a number of prose essays and 
 tales, the best-known of which was < Mary's 
 Grove.* He made also numerous translations 
 from the German, English, etc.; his translation 
 of Gray's < Elegy * being one of the finest ever 
 ma'le. 
 
 Ziegler, Carl (tsec'lar). An Austrian poet; 
 born at St. Martin in Upper Austria, 1812; 
 died at Vienna, 1877. He studied philosophy 
 at the Vienna University, but takes high rank 
 among modem Austrian lyrical poets, both as 
 to substance and form. His language is sim- 
 ple, but the treatment of his subjects original, 
 and full of thought and depth of emotion. He 
 published : < Poems * ( 1843 ) ; < Heaven and Earth,* 
 poems (1856); <Odes* (1866); and a collection 
 of hymns, rhapsodies, etc., many of them full 
 of beauty and power. 
 
 Ziegler, Frledrlch Wilhelm. A German 
 actor and dramatist ; born at Brunswick, 1760 ; 
 died at Vienna, 1827. He played at the Vienna 
 Court Theatre with steady success for nearly 
 forty years. Several of his dramas hold the 
 stage to-day : as < Party Rage,* and < The Four 
 TemperamentsV* He wrote : < Dramatic Works > 
 (5 vols., 1791-94); <The Dramatic Art* (1821); 
 <Man with Relation to the Fine Arts, Partic- 
 ularly the Art Dramatic* (1825); etc. 
 
 Ziegler, Theobald. A German philosophical 
 writer ; born at Goppingen in Wiirtemberg, Feb. 
 9^ 1846. He became professor of philosophy 
 
 in the University of Strasburg, 1886. He is 
 author of : < With Regard to Strauss's Book, 
 <The Old Faith and the New** (1874); < Text- 
 Book of Logic * (1876) ; < Republic or Monarchy : 
 Switzerland or Germany* (1877); < History of 
 Ethics* (1881); <The Social Question a Moral 
 Question* (1891); <The German Student at 
 the End of the Nineteenth Century* (6th ed. 
 1896). 
 
 Ziegler und Kliphausen, Heinrich Anselm 
 von (tsec'lar but klip'hou-zen). A German 
 romance-writer; born at Radmeritz, Jan. 6, 
 1653; died near Leipsic, Sept. 8, 1697. His 
 prkicipal work < The Asiatic Banise * (new ed, 
 1766), in the heroic-gallant style, has exerted 
 great influence on the formation of the taste 
 of several generations of Germans. 
 
 Ziel, Ernst (tsel). A German poet and 
 miscellaneous writer ; born at Rostock, May 5, 
 1841. He is author of < Literary Rilievos : 
 Poet Portraits* (4th series, 1885-95). 
 
 Zielinski, Felix (ze-lin'ski). A Polish lawyer 
 and miscellaneous writer ; born in Volhynia, 
 1732; died at Warsaw, 1805. He was marshal 
 of the nobility for his district. He wrote : < The 
 Old and the New Style* (1763); < Criticism of 
 Karamsin * 1764); <A Critical Glance at Pres- 
 ent Society * (1772); < Happy-go-Lucky Louise* 
 (1771), humorous; <A Rustic's Mind* (1775); 
 < Critical History of Polish Literature* (1776); 
 'Critical Glance at the Works of Voltaire* 
 (1782); etc. 
 
 Zimmermann, Johann Georg (tsim'mer- 
 man). A German miscellaneous writer; born 
 in the Swiss canton of Bern, 1728 ; died 1795. 
 He studied and practiced medicine, but de- 
 voted himself to literature as well ; publishing 
 a book <0n Solitude* (1784-85), and <0n Na- 
 tional Pride* (1789). His style is rich and 
 vigorous ; and his books, full of deep sentiment 
 as well as eloquence, have been translated into 
 many other languages. 
 
 Zimmermann, Karl. A German theological 
 writer ; born at Darmstadt, Aug. 23, 1803 ; died 
 there June 12, 1877. He wrote : < Life of Luther' 
 (2d ed. 1855) ; < Contributions to Comparative 
 Homiletics* (1866); <The Evangelical Dia- 
 spora * ( 1868) ; < The Gustavus Adolphus Society : 
 Its History, its Constitution, and its Works' 
 (1878). 
 
 Zimmermann, Willielm. A German poet 
 and historian ; born at Stuttgart, 1807 ; died at 
 Mergentheim, 1878. He studied theology at 
 Tubingen, and occupied various positions, both 
 as a professor and as a clergyman, but de- 
 voted himself largely to general literature. He 
 published: <Poems' (1832); a tragedy, < Masa- 
 niello* (1832); < History of Wiirtemberg* (1835); 
 
 < German Wars of Liberation against Napoleon * 
 (1836); < History of the Great Peasant War* 
 (1840-44), considered Zimmermann's best work ; 
 ♦History of the Poetry of All Nations' (1856); 
 
 < Germany's Heroic Struggle * (1870-71)) ;< Illus- 
 trated History of the German Nation* (1873-77).
 
 ZIMMERN — ZOCKLER 
 
 597 
 
 Zimmern, Helen (tsim'marn). A German- 
 English story-writer; born at Hamburg, March 
 25, 1846. From childhood she lived in Eng- 
 land. She is author of < Stories in Precious 
 Stones > (1873); <Told by the Way> (1874); 
 
 < Half-Hours with French Novelists> (1881); 
 'Stories from Foreign Novelists* (2d ed. 1885). 
 She wrote also < Schopenhauer, his Life and 
 Philosophy > (1876); <G. E. Lessing, his Life 
 and Works > (1878); < The Hansa Towns > (1889). 
 
 Zimorowicz, Simon (ze-mo'ro-vich). A Pol- 
 ish poet ; born at Lemberg, 1604 ; died 1629. 
 His work shows much originality, as well as 
 variety. Among his writings are : < Russian 
 Ladies' (1654); a < Collection of Idyls > (1654); 
 
 < Fortune) (1655); < The Polish Venus > (1665); 
 
 < Grief > (1777); etc. 
 
 ZinclEe, Foster Barham. An English re- 
 ligious and miscellaneous writer. He became 
 vicar of Wherstead, near Ipswich, and chaplain- 
 in -ordinary to the Queen. He wrote : <Last 
 Winter in the United States> (1868) ; <The 
 Egypt of the Pharaohs and of the Khedive* 
 (new ed. 1873); <A Month in Switzerland* 
 ( 1873); <The Swiss Germans' (1874); <A Walk 
 in the Grisons* (1875); <The Flow and the 
 Dollar.' Died Aug. 23, 1 893. 
 
 Zingerle, Ignaz Vincenz (tsing'arl-e). An 
 Austrian poet and story-writer, nephew of Pius ; 
 born at Meran, June 6, 1825 ; died at Inns- 
 bruck, Sept. 17, 1892. He was made professor 
 of the German language and literature in the 
 University of Innsbruck, 1859. Among his 
 poetical works are: 'Primroses' (1848); 'From 
 the Alps'; 'The Miller's Wife' (1853). He 
 wrote also 'Tyrolese Legends' (1850); 'The 
 Tyrol's Place in German Mediaeval Literature ' 
 (1851); 'Children's Stories from the Tyrol' 
 (1852); 'Alliteration in the Middle-High-German 
 Poets' (1864); 'Oswald von Walkenstein' 
 (1870). 
 
 Zingerle, Pius. An Austrian theological 
 writer and Orientalist; born at Meran, March 
 17, 1801 ; died Jan. 10, 1881. He became pro- 
 fessor of the Arabic and Syriac languages in 
 the Roman University, 1862. Among works, 
 whether written or edited by him, are : ' Select 
 Work of Ephrem Syrus, Translated from the 
 Greek and Syriac' (6 vols., 1830-37); 'Genuine 
 Acts of the Eastern Martyrs,' from the Syriac 
 (1836); 'Roses of Mary from Damascus' (2d. 
 ed. 1865); 'Life and Deeds of St. Simeon Sty- 
 lites' (1855); 'Syriac Chrestomathy' (1871); 
 ' Syriac Lexicon,' for use with his ' Chresto- 
 mathy' (1873); 'Oriental Elements in German 
 Poetry' (1862). 
 
 Zinkeisen, Johann Wilhelm (tsink'I-zen). 
 A German historian ; born at Altenburg, April 
 II, 1803 ; died at Berlin, Jan. 5, 1863. He edited 
 at Berlin the Official Gazette (Staats-Zeitung : 
 1840-51). He wrote: 'History of the Ottoman 
 Empire in Europe' (7 vols., 1840-63); 'History 
 of Greece' (1832-40); etc. 
 
 , Zinkgref or Zincgref, Julius Willielm 
 
 (tsink'gref). A German hric poet; born at 
 
 Heidelberg, June > 1591 ; died at St. Gear, 
 Nov. 12, 1635. His principal work was 'Ger- 
 man Apothegms' (later ed. 1644), a collection 
 of epigrams, anecdotes, etc.; 'The Soldier's 
 Praise' (1632), his best poem, an imitation of 
 Tyrtaeus. 
 
 Zintgraff, Eugen (tsint'graf). A German 
 African traveler ; bom at Dusseldorf, Jan. 16, 
 1858. He spent some years in the Congo re- 
 gion and in the Cameroons country, and wrote 
 ' North Cameroons : An Account of Travels in 
 l88M2> (1895). 
 
 Zitelmann, Konrad (tse'tel-man). A German 
 poet and novelist; born at Stettin, 1854. He 
 studied law at Leipsic, but was obliged to 
 settle in Southern Europe on account of ill 
 health. He has published the collections of 
 poems 'In Solitude' (1876), 'Autumn Days in 
 Meran' (1876), and 'From Foreign Lands' 
 (1889); the novels 'At Dawn' (1880), 'Gods 
 and Idols' (1884), 'The Game is Over,' 'Ob- 
 scure Lives' (1886), and 'Chords and Discords,' 
 a collection of short stories (1888). Died 1897. 
 
 Zittel, Emil (tsit'tel). A German theological 
 writer; born at Lorrach in Baden, Aug. 14, 
 1831. He wrote : 'All around the Jungfrau : 
 A Tourist's Notes' (1874); 'Dr. Martin Luther, 
 1483-1517' (1883); 'The Origin of the Bible' 
 (1891); 'Bible Knowledge' (nth ed. 1893); 
 ' How Jesus of Nazareth Became the Messiah 
 or Christ' (1893); 'The Writings of the New 
 Testament Translated and Explained for the 
 German People' (1894). Died Jan. 23, 1899. 
 
 Zittel, Karl Alfred. A German geologist 
 and palaeontologist; born at Bahlingen, Sept. 
 25, 1839. He became professor in the Univer- 
 sity of Munich, 1866. He is author of ' Travels 
 in Sweden and Norway' (i860); 'From Pri- 
 mordial Times ' (2d ed. 1875); ' Letters from the 
 Libyan Desert' (1875); 'The Sahara' (1885). 
 
 Ziver Fasha (ze-var'-pa-sha'). A Turkish 
 official and poet; born 1793; died 1862. He 
 was director of the Ministry of Marine, mem- 
 ber of the Council of Public Instruction, mem- 
 ber of the Council of State and Justice, etc.; 
 and became, a year before his death, a function- 
 ary of the first rank. He held the title of im- 
 perial poet ; his poetry is highly esteemed by 
 the Turks. A collection of it was published at 
 Constantinople, under the title of the ' Divan.' 
 
 Zmaj. See Jovanovic. 
 
 Zockler, Otto (tsek'ler). A German theologi- 
 cal writer; born at Griinberg in Upper Hesse, 
 May 27, 1833. He was appointed professor of 
 theology in the University of Greifswald, 1866. 
 Among his numerous works are : ' Natural The- 
 ology' (i860); 'Critical History of Asceticism' 
 (1863), afterward rewritten and entitled 'As- 
 ceticism and Monasticism' (1897); 'The Augs- 
 burg Confession as the Fundamental Symbol 
 of the German Church of the Reformation' 
 (1870); 'God's Witnesses in the Kingdom of 
 Nature' (1881); 'The Apocrypha of the Old 
 Testament' (1891).
 
 598 
 
 Zogbaum, Rufus Falrcblld. An American 
 artist ; born in Charleston, S. C, Aug. 28, 1849. 
 He was educated in New York, studied abroad ; 
 has been successful as a painter of military 
 scenes ; and has written < Horse, Foot, and Dra- 
 goons;' or, Sketches of Army Life.> 
 
 Zogoskin (zo-gos'kin), or Zagoskin, or Sa- 
 goskin, Mikhail (za-gos'kin). A Russian nov- 
 elist and dramatist; born in the government 
 of Penza, 1789; died at Moscow, 1852. His 
 chief work is <The Russians in l8i2> (1829). 
 His historical novels have earned for him the 
 name of the Russian Walter Scott. 
 
 Zola, ^mile (zo'la). A celebrated French 
 novelist; born in Paris, April 2, 1840. He 
 wrote: < Tales to Ninon' (1864); < Claude's 
 Confession) (1865); <A Dead Woman's 
 Vow> (1866); <My Hatreds) (1866); < My 
 Salon) (1866J; <The Mysteries of Mar- 
 seilles) (1867); <Edouard Manef) (1867); *Th^- 
 r&se Raquin) (1867); <Madeleine F^raf) (1868); 
 <The Fortune of the Rougons' (1871); < La 
 Cur^e) {1872); <The Maw [Ventre] of Paris) 
 (1873); <The Conquest of Plassans' (1874); 
 <New Tales to Ninon) (1874); *The Sin of 
 Abbe Mouref) (1875); <His Excellency Eugene 
 Rougon) (1876); <L'Assommoir) (1877); <A 
 Page of Love* (1878); <The French Republic 
 and Literature) (1879); <Nana) (1880); < The 
 Experimental Novel ) (1880); < Literary Docu- 
 ments, Studies and Portraits) (1881); <Natural- 
 ism on the Stage) (1881); <Our Dramatic Au- 
 thors) (1881); <The Realistic Novelists) (1881); 
 <A Campaign) (1881); < Pot Bouille) (1882); 
 <Good Luck to the Ladies) (1883); <The Joy 
 of Living) (1884); < Germinal ) (1885); <Work) 
 (< L'CEuvre > : 1886) ; < Earth ) (< La Terre ); 1887) ; 
 
 < The Dream) (< Le Reve ); 1888); < The Human 
 Brute) (<La Bete Humaine); 1890); < Money) 
 (1891); <The Downfall) (< La Debacle: 1892); 
 
 < Doctor Pascal) (1893); < Lourdes > (1894); 
 
 < Rome > (1895). Died in Paris, Sept. 29, 1902. 
 
 ZoUer, Edmund von (tsol'ler). A German 
 miscellaneous writer; born at Stuttgart, May 
 20, 1822. He is author of : < The Science of 
 Library Management) (1846); 'Leopold Rob- 
 ert,) a biography (1863); 'German and Austrian 
 Orders and Decorations) (2d ed. 1881); <The 
 Order of Tunis) (1877); < The Order of the 
 Golden Fleece) (1879); < The Order of Charles 
 HL) (1888); and has translated several poems 
 from French, English, Spanish, Portuguese, 
 Dutch, and other languages. He died 1902. 
 
 Zbller, Hugo (tsel-ler). A German journal- 
 ist and traveler; born at Oberhausen, Prussia, 
 Jan. 12, 1852. He was for a number of years 
 traveling correspondent of the Cologne Ga- 
 zette, and explored and annexed to Germany 
 various tracts of country in West Africa (1884- 
 85). He has written: < Round the World) 
 {1881); <The Panama Canal ) (1882); <The 
 Germans in the Brazilian Primeval Forest) 
 (1883); 'Pampas and Andes) (1884); <The 
 German Possessions on the West African 
 Coast) (1885); 'German New Gumea' {lOyi). 
 
 ZOGBAVMt— ZOPPRITZ 
 
 ZoUing, Theophile (tso'ling). A miscella- 
 neous writer; bom near Naples, Dec. 30, 1849; 
 died in Berlin, March 23, 1901. He was educated 
 in German Switzerland, studied history and phi- 
 losophy in Vienna, and later lived in Paris and 
 Berlin. He is known as a lyrical poet, but also 
 wrote a satirical epic 'The Virgin of the Chair) 
 (1876); a drama in collaboration with Alphonse 
 Daudet 'New Love> (1877); the novels 'Gossip> 
 (1889) and 'Madame Love) (1889); etc. 
 
 Zbllner, Joliann Karl Friedrlch (tsel'ner). 
 A German astronomer and physicist; born at 
 Berlin, Nov. 8, 1834; died April 25, 1882, at 
 Leipsic, where he was professor of physical 
 astronomy in the university. He wrote : ' Out- 
 lines of a General Photometry of the Heavens ) 
 (1861); 'Photometric Researches with special 
 relation to the Physical Constitution of the 
 Heavenly Bodies) (1865); 'The Nature of the 
 Comets) (1871); 'Principles of an Electro- 
 dynamic Theory of Matter) (1876). In his lat- 
 ter years he turned to the study of spiritism 
 and hypnotism ; after his death appeared his 
 work 'Are There Unconscious and Hereditarily 
 Transmitted Ideas?) (1879). 
 
 Zollogub or Sollogub (zol'lo-gob), written 
 also Zolloliub (zori5-hob), Vladimir Alexan- 
 drovicli. A popular Russian miscellaneous 
 writer; born at St. Petersburg, about 1815; 
 died June 16, 1882. Besides poems, essays, and 
 dramas, he wrote a novel, ' Tarantas,) trans- 
 lated into English and German. 
 
 Zonaras, Joannes (zon'a-ras). A Byzantine 
 theologian and historian; born at Constanti- 
 nople, in the twelfth century of the Christian 
 era. He was the author of ' Annals,) from the 
 creation down to his own times, containing 
 valuable extracts from Josephus, and from parts 
 of Dion Cassius that are now lost. 
 
 Zopfl, Heinricb Matthias (tsepfl). A Ger- 
 man jurist; born at Bamberg, April 6, 1807; 
 died at Heidelberg, July 4, 1877. He was pro- 
 fessor of public law at Heidelberg, 1839. He 
 wrote : ' On High Nobility and Equality of 
 Birth) (1853); 'Antiquities of the German 
 Realm and Law) (3 vols., i86<>-6i); ' Principles 
 of the Common German Public Law ) (2 vols., 
 i860); 'History of German Law> (3 vols., 
 1871-72); 'Outline for Lectures on the Philos- 
 ophy of Law) (1878), published posthumously; 
 etc. 
 
 Zoppio, Melchiore (dzop'yo). An Italian 
 dramatist and miscellaneous writer ; bom at 
 Bologna, about 1544 ; died 1634. By profession 
 a physician, he devoted his leisure to philosophy 
 and literature, publishing two comedies, ' Di- 
 ogenes Accused) (1598), and 'Julian) ; and four 
 tragedies, 'Admetus,) ' Medea,) ' Creusa,) and 
 'Meander) (1629); as well as various philo- 
 sophical writings. 
 
 Zbppritz, Karl (tsep'prits). A German 
 
 geographer ; born at Darmstadt, April 14, 1838 ; 
 
 died March 21, 1885. He is author of 'Pruys- 
 
 senaere's Travels in the Region of the Upper 
 
 I JMiie) (1877}; 'Hydro-dynamic Problems of the 
 
 I
 
 ZORN — ZURITA 
 
 599 
 
 theory of the Tides' (1878); < Guide to Car- 
 tography* (1884). 
 
 Zorn, Phllipp (tsorn). A German legist; 
 born at Bayreuth, Jan. 13, 1850. He became 
 professor in the University of Konigsberg, 
 1877. Among his writings are : < State and 
 Church in Switzerland,' written in collabora- 
 tion with Karl Gareis (2 vols 1877-78); 'State 
 and Church in Norway to the Close of the 1 hir- 
 teenth Century ' (1875) ; < Public Law of the Ger- 
 man Empire' (2 vols., 1880-83) ; < Text-Book of 
 Ecclesiastical Law> (1888); <The Modern Ger- 
 man Empire.* , . , , 
 
 ZoroasVer (zo'r6-as"ter). Lived 600 years 
 B. C. He is the founder of the Parsee religion 
 and the author of the Avesta._ __ ,. _ _ . 
 
 Zorrilla y Moral, Jose (tho-rei ya e mo-ral ). 
 A Spanish poet ; bom at Valladolid, Feb. 21, 
 1818; died at Madrid, Jan. 23, 1893. At his 
 father's wish he studied law, but early showed 
 his talent and ambition as a poet. His first col- 
 lection of verse appeared in 1837 ; and another, 
 < Songs of the Troubadour : A Collection of Leg- 
 ends and Traditions,) 1840-4I. Then followed 
 a drama, <Don Juan Tenorio> (1844), reminis- 
 cences of (Faust>; <Legend of the Cid> (1880); 
 and collections of shorter verse. 
 
 Zosimus (z5s'i-mus). A Greek historian, 
 who probably lived during the reign of the 
 Emperor Anastasius, at the end of the fifth 
 century of the Christian era. He wrote a 
 < Roman History,' composed of six books, in 
 which he attributes the fall of the empire to 
 the Christians alone. 
 
 Zouch, Thomas. An English writer of prose 
 and verse; born in York, 1737; died 1815. 
 Among his writings are : <The Crucifixion,' e 
 poem (1765); and < Memoirs of the Life and 
 Writings of Sir Philip Sidney' (1808). 
 
 Zouche, Richard (zoch). An English writer 
 on jurisprudence; born at Anstey in Wiltshire, 
 about 1590; died at London, March I, 1661. 
 Among his celebrated treatises, written in Latin, 
 are: < Elements of Jurisprudence' (1629); <I)e- 
 scription of Feudal Law and Procedure accord- 
 ing to the Usages of Milan and Normandy, to 
 serve as Introduction to English Jurisprudence ' 
 (1634); < Description of Ecclesiastical Law and 
 Procedure according to the Canons and Con- 
 stitutions of England' (1636); < Explication of 
 Fecial Law and Procedure, or of the Law of 
 Nations ' (1650); < The Competent Judge of an 
 Offending Ambassador' (1657). 
 
 Zoukovski. See Zhukovski. 
 
 Zrinyi, Niklas, Count (zren'ye). A Hun- 
 garian soldier and poet; bom 1616; died 1664. 
 He wrote idyls and songs; an epic poem, the 
 <Zrinyade> (1651); a,nd essays in prose. 
 
 Zschokke, Johann. Heinrich Daniel (tshok'- 
 ke). A noted Germ'an novelist and miscella- 
 neous writer; born at Magdeburg, 1771 ; died 
 1848. He settled in Switzerland, active in 
 politics. He produced a successful drama, 
 ''^ballino the Bandit' (1793), followed by an- 
 
 other, < Julius von Sassen' (1796)- He /las writ- 
 ten a < History of Bavaria' (1813-18); and a 
 < History of Switzerland for the Swiss People' 
 (1822); but his fame rests upon a semi-religious 
 work, < Hours of Devotion,' and his novels, 
 some of the most popular of which are : ^Ala- 
 montade the Galley-Slave ' ; < The Fool of the 
 Nineteenth Century'; < Master Jacob'; <The 
 Goldmaker's Village'; etc. 
 
 Zumpt, August (tsompt). A German clas- 
 sical philologist, nephew of Karl; born at 
 Konigsberg, Dec. 4, 1815 ; died at Berlin, April 
 22, 1877. His studies had to do mainly with 
 Roman epigi'aphy in its relation to history. 
 His principal works are : < The Ancyran Monu- 
 ment ' (1845); < Epigraphical Notes' (2 vols., 
 1850-54); < Roman Studies' (1859); < Criminal 
 Law under the Roman Republic' (4 vols., 
 1865-69); <The Birth-Year of Christ' (1869); 
 < Criminal Trials under the Roman Republic' 
 
 Zumpt, Karl. A German classical philolo- 
 gist; born at Berlin, March 20, 1792; died at 
 Karlsbad, June 25, 1849. He was appointed 
 professor of Roman literature in the University 
 of Berlin, 1836. His greatest work, the < Latin 
 Grammar' (1818; 13th ed. 1874), was translated 
 into English, and is the basis of several of the 
 Latin grammars since compiled for the use of 
 schools. He also prepared annotated editions 
 of several of the Latin classics ; and wrote : 
 <Annals of Ancient Kingdoms, Nations, etc.' 
 (1819), in Latin; <The Roman Knights and the 
 Equestrian Order' (1840); <0n the Duration of 
 the Philosophic Schools at Athens, and the 
 Succession of the Scholarchs' (1843); <0n the 
 Law and the Proofs of Extortion' (Repetun- 
 darum; 1845); <The Personal Liberty of the 
 Roman Citizen, and its Legal Guarantees ' (1846). 
 
 Zunz, Leopold (tsdnts). A German writer 
 on Jewish religion and history; bom at Det- 
 mold, Aug. 10, 1794; died March 17, 1886, at 
 Berlin, where he was head-master of the Jew- 
 ish normal school for teachers. He is the 
 founder of the « Science of Judaism," the plan 
 of which was laid down in his <A Little about 
 Rabbinic Literature' (1818). Very important 
 was his work < Jewish Teachings Regarding 
 Worship' (1892). Among his other works are: 
 <The Synagogue Poetry of the Middle Ages'; 
 <The Names of the Jews' (1836); < Jewish Re- 
 quirements as to Oaths' (1859). 
 
 Zupitza, Julius (tso'pit-sa). A German stu- 
 dent of English speech; born at Oberglogau 
 in Upper Silesia, Jan. 4, 1844 ; died July 6, 1895, 
 at Berlin, where he was professor of English 
 language and literature in the university. Among 
 his works are: < Introduction to the Study of 
 Middle High German' (1868); < Exercise Book 
 of Old and Middle English' (1874); <Alfric's 
 Grammar and Glossary' (1850); < Specimens of 
 All the Accessible Unprinted MSS. of the Can- 
 terbury Tales' (1890). 
 
 Zurita, Geronimo (tho-re'ta). A Spanis'h 
 historian ; bom at Saragossa, 1512 ; died 1580.
 
 6oo 
 
 ZWECKER — ZWINGLI 
 
 His <AnnaIs of the Crown of Aragon' (6 vols., 
 1562-79) are of great value. 
 
 Zwecker, J. An English writer of advent- 
 ures. He is the author of <Lost among the 
 Afghans,* illustrated (new ed. 1864). 
 
 Zweers, Philip (zwars). A Dutch poet ; died 
 1774. He was a notary at Amsterdam. He 
 wrote: <Semiramis* (1729), a tragedy; other 
 dramas ; and poems. (' Poetical Works,' Am- 
 sterdam, 1759.) 
 
 Zwlnger, Theodore, the Elder (tsving'er) 
 (Lat., Zwingerus, zwin-je'rus). A famous Swiss 
 physician and scholar; bom at Basle, 1533; 
 died there, 1588. He was professor of Greek 
 
 at Basle (1565). He wrote < Theatre of Human 
 Life> (1565), a collection of anecdotes, etc. 
 
 Zwingli, Ulrich (tsving'le). A Swiss church 
 reformer ; born at Wildhaus in the canton of 
 St. Gall, Jan. i, 1484; fell in battle near Kap- 
 pel, Oct. II, 1531. Next after Calvin he was 
 the foremost leader of the Reformation in 
 Switzerland. His principal works, written in 
 Latin, are : ' Of True and False Religion > 
 (1525); <The Grounds of Faith > (1530); <A 
 Short and Clear Exposition of Christian Faith > 
 (1538). He wrote in German : < Baptism, Ana- 
 baptism, and Piedobaptism > (1525); <A Clear 
 Explanation of Christ's Last Supper > (1526).
 
 ADDENDA. 
 
 Adier, Hermann. Chief Rabbi of the United 
 Hebrew Congregations of the British Empire; 
 born in Hanover, May 30, 1839. Author of 
 'Jewish Reply to Colenso,> < A Volume of Ser- 
 mons on the Old Testament, > < Sabbath Read- 
 ings,' < Soloman ibn Gebirol, the Poet Philoso- 
 pher,' and other works. 
 
 Argyll, John Douglas Sutherland Campbell. 
 Ninth Duke of; born in London, Aug. 6, 1845; 
 married H. R. H. Princess Louise in 187 1. He 
 was Governor-General of Canada 1878-83, and 
 M.P. from South Manchesteri895-I900. Author 
 of <The United States after the War> (l885|; 
 ♦Memoirs of Canada and Scotland (1884); 
 
 < Canadian Pictures' (1885); < Life of Palmer- 
 ston,' <Life and Times of Queen Victoria' 
 (1901). < A Gift Book for the Home.' 
 
 Aston, William Oeorge. An English author 
 and linguist; born near Londonderry, Ire., in 
 184I. He was appointed student interpreter in 
 Japan, 1864; interpreter and translator to lega- 
 tion at Yedo, 1870, and was successively assist- 
 ant Japanese secretary at Yedo, acting consul at 
 Hiogo, consul-general for Korea and Japanese 
 secretary to TokiOo Retired on pension in 1889. 
 Among his works are : < A Grammar of the 
 Japanese Spoken Language,' < A Grammar of 
 the Japanese Written Language,' < History of 
 Japanese Literature,* besides various papers for 
 learned societies. 
 
 Atherton, Mrs. Gertrude Franklin. An Amer- 
 ican author; bom in San Francisco, Cal., in 
 18 — . Among her published works are : < The 
 Doomswoman'(l892);<A WhirlAsunder'(i895); 
 <His Fortunate Grace' (1897);. < American Wives 
 and English Husbands' (1898); < The Califor- 
 nians> (1898); <The Valiant Runaways' (1899); 
 
 < Senator North > (1900); < The Conqueror' 
 (1902); (Rulers of Kings ' ; < Rezanov.' 
 
 Bacheller, Irving. An American author and 
 journalist; bom in Pierpont, N. Y., Sept. 26, 
 1859. He was actively connected with the 
 press of New York for many years and was one 
 of the editors of the New York World. His 
 published works are < The Master of Silence > 
 (1891); <The Still House of O'Darrow' 
 (1894); < Eben Holden ' (1900) ; < Dri and I ' 
 (1901); <Vergilins '(1904) ; * Silas Strong '(1906). 
 
 Bagot, Richard. An English writer ; born in 
 i860. Among his published works are : < A Ro- 
 man Mystery' ; <The Just and the Unjust,* <Casting 
 of Nets,' < Donna Diana,' < Anthony Cuthbert.' 
 
 Barton, William Eleazar. An American Con- 
 gregational clergyman and author; born in 
 Sublette, 111., June 28, 1861. Among his 
 
 numerous published works are : < Life in the 
 Hills of Kentucky ' (1889) ; < A Hero in Home- 
 spun ' (1897); < The Psalms and Their Story' 
 (1898); < When Boston Braved the King' (1899) ; 
 
 < Pine Knot' (1900) ; < The Old World in the New 
 Century '; 'History and Religion of the Samari- 
 tans.' 
 
 Beard, Daniel Carter. An American artist, 
 author and illustrator; born in Ohio in 1850. 
 Among his works are : < What to Do and How 
 to Do It,' < The American Boy's Handy Book,' 
 <Six Feet of Romance'; < Moonlight'; < Field 
 and Forest Handy Book.' 
 
 Bell, Lilian. [Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Bogue.] 
 An American author; born in Chicago, 111., in 
 1867. Among her works are : < Love Affairs of 
 an Old Maid' (1893); <The Under Side of 
 Things ' (1896) ; < P>om a Girl's Point of View > 
 (1897);* As Seen by Me' (1900) ;< Yessum' (1901); 
 *■ Hope Loring ' (1902); < Carolina Lee.' 
 
 Benjamin, Judah P. A jurist and politician 
 of Jewish extraction; born in St. Croix, West 
 Indies, Aug. Ii, 181 1. He was a famous 
 secessionist and was known as « the brains of 
 the Confederacy." He was Secretary of War 
 in 186 1 and Secretary of State of the Confed- 
 eracy in 1862-65. ^^ the close of the Civil War 
 he fled to England, where he won fame and 
 fortune in the practice of law. His works 
 include < Digest of Decisions of Supreme Court 
 of New Orleans ' (1834); < Changes in the Prac- 
 tical Operation of the Constitution' (i860); 
 
 < Defence of National Democracy ' ( i860). His 
 ' Law of Sale ' (1883), is an authority in Eng- 
 lish courts. He died in Paris, France, May 7, 
 1884. 
 
 Black, F. Charlton. An American writer and 
 educator and professor of English at Boston 
 University; born in Scotland in 1861. Author 
 of : < Minor Characters in Shakespeare,' < Recent 
 Literary Developments.' 
 
 Blair, Robert. A Scotch poet and clergy- 
 man; born in Edinburgh in 1699. He was 
 ordained minister at Athelstaneford in 1731. 
 His famous poem, < The Grave,' was published 
 in 1743. He died Feb. 4, 1745. 
 
 Blanchard, Amy Ella. An American writer of 
 juvenile stories; born in Baltimore, Md., in 
 18 — . Among her numerous works are : < Wee 
 Babies' (1882); < My Own Dolly' (1893); (Two 
 Girls' (1894); (Betty of Wye' (1896); < Miss 
 Vanity '(1899); (Her Very Best '(1900); (Twenty 
 Little Maidens >; (Four Corners in California.* 
 
 Boece or Boethius, Hector. A famous Scotch 
 historian; born at Dundee about 1465. His 
 
 (601;
 
 602 
 
 BOLTON — CA RRYL. 
 
 < History of Scotland > ranks among the best 
 historical works of that period. He died in 
 1536. 
 
 Bolton, Charles Knowles. An American libra- 
 rian and author, son of Sarah K. Bolton; born 
 in Cleveland, O., Nov. 14, 1867. He became 
 librarian of the Boston Athenaeum in 1 898. 
 Among his works are : < Saskia, the Wife of 
 Rembrandt,) <The Love Story of Ursula Wolcott,> 
 
 < The Private Soldier under Washington. > 
 
 Bonsai, Stephen. An American journalist and 
 author; born in Virginia in 1863. He served as 
 special correspondent for the New York Herald 
 in the Bulgarian- Servian War, also in Macedo- 
 nia, in Morocco and in Cuba. He was in the 
 diplomatic service of the United States in 
 Peking, Madrid, Tokio and Korea (1890-96). 
 Among his works are : < Morocco as It is,> 
 
 < The Real Condition of Cuba,> < The Fight for 
 Santiago.*; * The Golden Horse Shoe.' 
 
 Booth-Tucker, Frederick St. George de Lautour. 
 
 Commander of the Salvation Army in the United 
 States; born in Bengal, India, March 21, 1853. 
 He held positions in the Indian Civil Service 
 until 1881, when he resigned to join the Salva- 
 tion Army. Among his published works are : 
 <Life of Gen. William Booth > (1898); < In 
 Darkest India and the Way Out > (1899). 
 
 Boyle, Mrs. Virginia Frazer. An American 
 author; bom near Chattanooga, Tenn. In 1896 
 she wrote the Prize Centennial Ode for Tennes- 
 see,and, besides many short stories for magazines, 
 published < The Other Side) (1893) ; < Broken- 
 burne > (1897); < Devil Tales > (1900); < Serena.' 
 
 Bradstreet, Mrs. Anne. An English poetess; 
 bom at Northampton in 1612. She was the 
 daughter of Thomas Dudley, who became Gov- 
 ernor of Massachusetts, and the wife of Rev. 
 Simon Bradstreet, a non-conformist clergyman, 
 with whom she came to New England, June 12, 
 1630. Her book of poems, < The Tenth Muse,) 
 was published in 1650. She was considered the 
 most celebrated poet of her time in America. 
 Her death occurred at Andover, Mass., Sept. 15, 
 1672. 
 
 Brady, Cyrus Townsend, An American clergy- 
 man and author; born in Allegheny, Pa., Dec. 
 20, 1 86 1. He was ordained to the Episcopal 
 ministry in 1890, and was chaplain of the ist Pa. 
 vol. infantry during the Spanish-American War. 
 Among his published works are : < For Love of 
 Country » (1898); < (The Grip of Honor > (1899); 
 
 < Commodore Paul Jones > (1900); < An Apostle of 
 the Plains * ; < The Blue Ocean's Daughter.* 
 
 Brooks, John Graham. An American writer 
 and lecturer on economics and president of 
 National Consumers' League; bom in Acworth, 
 N. H., July 19, 1846. He was instructor and 
 lecturer on economic subjects at Harvard Uni- 
 versity and at University of Chicago, and was 
 for two years expert in United States Department 
 of Labor at Washington. Author of: < The 
 Social Unrest) (1903). 
 
 Budge, Ernest A. 'Wallis. An English writer 
 and the keeper of Egyptian and Assyrian antiq- 
 uities in the British Museum; born in 18 — . He 
 has published over 75 books on Egyptian, 
 Assyrian and various historic subjects, as well as 
 numerous translations, text-books and guides. 
 Among his works are : < Babylonian Life and 
 History) (1884); < The Dwellers on the Nile* 
 (1885); (History of Alexander the Great* 
 (1889); <A Book of the Dead) (1895); <A 
 History of Egypt > (8 vols. ) ; < The Gods of Egypt.) 
 
 Buel, James William. An American author; 
 born in Golconda, 111., Oct. 22, 1849. In 1882 
 he traveled through Siberia and visited the con- 
 vict camps. His works include : < Exile Life in 
 Siberia,) < The Living World,* < Story of Man,> 
 
 < Heroes of the Dark Continent,) < World's 
 Wonders,) < Sea and Land,) < The Great Operas,* 
 
 < Library of American History > ; < Hero Tales.* 
 
 Bullen, Frank Thomas. An English author 
 and lecturer; bom in Paddington, Eng., April 5, 
 1857. He went to sea at an early age and vis- 
 ited all parts of the world, serving in various 
 capacities up to and including that of chief 
 mate. Among his numerous works are : < The 
 Cruise of the Cachalot * ; 'Idylls of the Sea * ; <The 
 Men of the Merchant Service ) ; < A Whaleman's 
 Wife ) ; < Ocean Freeholders * ; 'Sea Puritans.* 
 
 Buigess, Frank Gelett. An American writer 
 and illustrator; bom in Boston, Mass., Jan. 
 30, 1866. Author of < The Purple Cow* 
 (1897); ( The Lark Almanac* (1898); < Goops 
 and How to be Them,* < Journey Round the 
 Year *(i900);<The Romantic Mood* (1907}. 
 
 Burton, John Hill. A Scotch historian and 
 advocate; bom at Aberdeen, Scotland, Aug. 22> 
 1809. His works include, besides antiquarian 
 books on Scotch law and history, < The Life 
 and Correspondence of David Hume* (1846); 
 
 < Political and Social Economy * (1849) ; < The 
 History of Scotland from Agricola's Invasion to 
 the Revolution of 1688) (1867); 'History of 
 Queen Anne's Reign) (1881); < The Book 
 Hunter) (1882). He died near Edinburgh, 
 Aug. 10, 1881. 
 
 Capes, Bernard, An English author; bom in 
 1 8 — . Among his published works are : < The 
 Lake of Wine) (1898); < The Adventures of the 
 Comte de la Muette>(i898) ; <Our Lady of Dark- 
 ness ) (1899); 'From Door to Door* (1900); 
 ' Love Like a Gypsy) (1901); ' Plots ) (1901). 
 
 Carnegie, Andrew. An American manufac- 
 turer, philanthropist and author; born in Dun- 
 fermline, Scot., Nov. 25, 1837. He came to 
 the United States in 1848 and amassed a large 
 fortune. He expended many millions in the 
 endowment of a great number of free libraries 
 both in America and Scotland. Among his 
 published works are : ' Triumphant Democracy,) 
 ' An American Four-in-Hand in Britain,' 
 
 < Round the World * ; ' Wealth * ; < Life of Watt.) 
 
 Carryl, Guy "Wetmore. An American author; 
 bom in New York city, March 4, 1 873. He 
 wrote 'Fables for the Frivolous* (1898);
 
 CASTLE — CONGREVE 
 
 603 
 
 'Mother Goose for Grown-Ups> (19CX)) ; *Grim 
 Tales Made Gay> (1902). Died April i, 1904. 
 
 Castle, Egerton. An English author and jour- 
 nalist; bom March 12, 1858. He was publisher 
 and part owner of the Liverpool Mercury, served 
 on the staff of the Saturday Review, 1885-94; 
 was member of the Council and, untii 1901, of 
 the managing committee of the Society of 
 Authors. Among his numerous works are : 
 
 < Schools and Masters of Fence > (1884); < Con- 
 sequences of a Novel > (1891); < La Bella and 
 Others) (1892); < The Light of Scarthey > 
 (1895); < The Jerningham Letters > (1896); 
 <The Pride of Jennico > (1898); < The Bath 
 Comedy) (these last two novels written with 
 his wife, Agnes Castle) ; < Desperate Remedies > 
 (a play written for Richard Mansfield) ; < The 
 Secret Orchard) (1900) (dramatized for Mr. and 
 Mrs. Kendal); < The House of Romance,) <The 
 Star Dreamer > (1903); < If Youth but Knew.> 
 
 Chalmers, Alexander. A Scotch writer; bom 
 in Aberdeen, Scotland, March 29, 1759. He 
 is famous as the author of a General Biograph- 
 ical Dictionary, in thirty-two volumes (1812-17). 
 Edited Johnson's < British Poets ) and a valuable 
 collection of British Essayists, in forty-five vol- 
 umes. He died in London, Dec. 10, 1834. 
 
 Chanler, William Astor. An American trav- 
 eler and writer; born in Newport, R. I., in 1867. 
 Author of < Through Jungles and Deserts,) 
 
 < Travels in Eastern Africa. > 
 
 Chant, Mrs. Lanra Ormiston. An English 
 preacher, lecturer, composer and writer; born in 
 Chepstow, 1848. She taught, nursed in hos- 
 pitals and took up public advocacy of woman's 
 suffrage, temperance, purity and liberal politics; 
 took relief to the Armenian refugees and con- 
 veyed nurses to the Greek frontier and Crete. 
 Among her writings are : < Verona and Other 
 Poems,) < Short Stories,) various pamphlets on 
 temperance, poor law, politics and purity, besides 
 a number of hymns and songs. 
 
 Chestnutt, Charles Waddell. An American 
 lawyer and author, of African descent; bom in 
 Cleveland, O., June 20, 1858. Among his 
 published works are : < The Conjure Woman > 
 (1899); <The Wife of His Youth) (1899); 
 'Life of Frederick Douglass) (1899); < The 
 House Behind the Cedars ) (1900). 
 
 Chtirchill, "Winston. An American novelist; 
 bom in St. Louis, Mo., Nov. 10, 1871. He 
 graduated from the United States Naval Acad- 
 emy in 1894, and contributed naval and other 
 stories to the magazines. His published works 
 are < The Celebrity) (1898); < Richard Carvel > 
 (1899) ; < The Crisis > ; < Coniston > ; < Mr. Crewe's 
 Career.) 
 
 Clark, Imogen. An American writer ; born in 
 New York city in 18 — . Author of < The Victory 
 of Ezry Gardner) (1897); < Will Shakespeare's 
 Little Lad) (1897); < The Heresy of Parson 
 Medlicott) (1900); < God's Puppets) (1901). 
 
 Clarke, Helen Archibald. An American editor, 
 author and composer; born in Philadelphia, Pa., 
 
 in 18 — . Founder and editor of Poet Lore, 
 with Charlotte Porter, in 1889, and collaborated 
 with her in editing < Browning's Complete 
 Works,) < Mrs. Browning's Complete Works,) 
 <The Ring and the Book' ; < Browning's Italy.) 
 
 Cleveland, Stephen Grover. The Twenty- 
 second President of the United States; bom in 
 Caldwell, N. J., March 18, 1837. He wrote 
 
 < The Self-Made Man in American Life.) D. 1908. 
 
 Clews, Henry. An American financier and 
 writer; bom in Staffordshire, England, 1840. 
 Author of <Wall Street and the Nation,) 
 
 < Twenty-eight Years in Wall Street,) <The 
 Wall Street Point of View.) 
 
 Coe, George Albert. An American author 
 and professor of philosophy at Northwestern 
 University; bom in Monroe County, N. Y., 
 March 26, 1862. Besides being a contributor to 
 philosophical and theological magazines he 
 wrote : < TheSpritual Life; Studies in'the Science 
 of Religion) (1900); < The Religion of a Ma- 
 ture Mind > ; < Education in Religion and Morals.* 
 
 Cohen, Alfred J. [« Alan Dale.))] An Amer- 
 ican dramatic critic and author; bom in Bir- 
 mingham, Eng., May 14, 1861. He came to 
 the United States, engaged in journalism in 
 New York, and was dramatic critic for the New 
 York Evening World and the New York Jour- 
 nal. Among his published works are : < Jon- 
 athan's home,' < A Marriage Below Zero,) < My 
 Footlight Husband,* 'Miss Innocence,) <A 
 Moral Busybody,) < Conscience on Ice,' < A Girl 
 Who Wrote.) 
 
 Collier, Jeremy. A famous English theolo- 
 gian and non-conforming bishop; bom at Stow, 
 Eng., in 1650. He suffered persecution for his 
 zeal in the expression of his opinions. In 1698 
 he published his celebrated work, < A Short 
 View of the Profaneness and Immorality of the 
 English Stage,) which created a great sensation 
 in the literary world and resulted in a reform of 
 the English drama. Among his other works are 
 
 < Essays ) on moral subjects. He died in 1726. 
 
 Colton, Arthur (WilUs). An American author; 
 born in Washington, Conn., May 22, 1868. He 
 was instractor of English literature at Yale Col- 
 lege 1893-5, ^^^ besides being a contributor to 
 leading magazines, wrote < Bennie Ben Cree.) 
 
 Colvin, Sidney. An English writer; keeper 
 of prints and drawings in the British Museum; 
 bom in Norwood, Eng., June 18, 1845. He 
 contributed largely to periodical literature, 
 chiefly upon subjects relative to history and the 
 fine arts. Among his works are : < Life of 
 Walter Savage Landor ) ( 1881); < Life of Keats' 
 (1887) in Moreley's 'English Men of Letters,> 
 <A Florentine Picture and Chronicle) (1898); 
 
 < Early History of Engraving in England > 
 (I901). He edited < Letters of Keats > ('1887), 
 and < Letters of R. L. Stevenson ) ( 1899). 
 
 Congreve, Richard. An English author and 
 educator ; born at Leamington, England, 
 Sept. 4, 1818. He taught at Rugby and 
 later became a disciple of Comte. He wrote
 
 6o4 
 
 e©NNERY — DRESSER 
 
 < The Catechism of Positivist Rehgion> (1858); 
 
 < Elizabeth of England) (1862); (Essays: 
 Political, Social and Religious > (1874). He 
 died at Hampstead, England, July 5, 1899. 
 
 Connery, Thomas Bernard Joseph. An Amer- 
 ican author and journalist; born in Ireland, Oct. 
 13, 1838. He sen-ed on the editorial staff of 
 the New York Herald from 1856-84, after 
 which he edited successively New York Truth, 
 Once a Week, and Collier's Weekly. 
 Among his works are: < Black Friday, > < That 
 Noble Mexican,) < My Trip to Mars, >< Violet 
 Bland ';< Essays on Literary Women in England.* 
 
 Conrad, Joseph. An English author and 
 master in the merchant service; born in 18 — . 
 Among his works are: <Almayer's Folly > 
 (1895); <An Outcast of the Island > (1896); 
 
 < Tales of Unrest > (1898); < Lord Jim > (1900); 
 ( Youth and Other Tales* (1902); <Romance>(i903). 
 
 Conway, Sir "William Martin. An English 
 author and Slade professor of fine arts at Cam- 
 bridge; born in Rochester, Eng., in 1856. He 
 traveled extensively and explored and surveyed 
 many mountain ranges, ascending the most dif- 
 ficult peaks in the Alps, Andes and Himalaya 
 mountains. He was awarded the gold medal 
 for mountain surveys, Paris Exposition, 1900. 
 Among his works are : < Early Flemish Artists > 
 (1887); <Dawn of Art in the Ancient World' 
 (1891); < The Alps from End to End) (1895); 
 'With Ski and Sledge over Arctic Glaciers* 
 (l8q8);< The Bolivian Andes* fiQOi); < The Do- 
 main of Art * (1902) ; <The Alps* (1904). 
 
 Corbin, John. An American author and 
 journalist; born in Chicago, 111., May 2, 1870. 
 After graduating from Harvard L^niversity he 
 spent a year at Balliol College, Oxford, and 
 later was dramatic critic for Harper's Weekly 
 and served on the editorial staff of Harper's 
 Magazine and the Encyclopaedia Britannica. 
 Rewrote: < The Elizabethan Hamlet* (1895); 
 
 < Schoolboy Life in England — An American 
 View ) ( 1898) ; < An American at Oxford > 
 ( 1902) ; < The Cave Man * (1907). 
 
 Cornish, Francis Warre. An English writer, 
 Vice-Provost of Eton College; bom in England, 
 May 8, 1839. Besides contributing to various 
 periodicals, he wrote < Life of Oliver Cromwell,* 
 
 < Sunningwell,) < Chivalry.* 
 
 Cotes, Mrs. Everard. [« Sara Jeanette Dun- 
 can.**] An English author; born in Brantford, 
 Ont., in 1861. Among her published works are: 
 
 < A Social Departure,* <An American Girl in 
 London,** The Story of Tommy Sahib,* < His 
 Honor and a Lady,* < The Path of a Star* 
 (1897); < Those Delightful Americans ) (1902). 
 
 Coverdale, Miles. An English bishop, reform- 
 er and celebrated translator of the first com- 
 plete English Bible ; bom in Yorkshire, England, 
 in 1488. He was educated at Cambridge, 
 became an Augustine monk in I5i4» and was 
 one of the first Englishmen who adopted tlie 
 doctrines of the Reformed Church of England. 
 In 1535 he published an English translation of 
 
 the Bible, which was reissued in 1537 with royal 
 sanction. This was the first entire Bible ever 
 published in English. He translated from the 
 works of Luther, Calvin, Bullinger and others. 
 He died in London and was buried Feb. 1 9, 
 1568. 
 
 Croker, Mrs. Bertha M. An English novelist; 
 wife of Lieut. -Col. John Croker. Among hei 
 works, most of which have been translated into 
 French and German, also into Norwegian, are: 
 < Proper Pride* (1882); < Pretty Miss Neville* 
 (1883); (Married or Single* (1895); (Beyond 
 the Pale* (1897); (Miss Balmaine's Past* 
 (1898); ( Peggy of the Bartons* (1898); (Infat- 
 uation > (1899); <Angel * ( 1901 ); ( The Cat's Paw.* 
 
 Crowninshield, Mrs. Mary Bradford. An 
 
 American author; born in Maine in 1 854. 
 Among her published works are : (Latitude 19°,' 
 (Where the Trade Wind Blows,* (All Among 
 the Light- Houses,* (Plucky Smalls,* (The 
 Archbishop and the Lady * ; (Valencia's Garden.* 
 
 Cushing, Frank Hamilton. An American 
 ethnologist and author; born in Northeast, Pa., 
 July 22, 1857. He lived among the Zufii 
 Indians from 1878-81 in order to study their 
 characteristics. He wrote : ( My Adventures in 
 Zuni,* ( Mental Concepts: or Hand-Made Mind,* 
 (The Myths of Creation,* ( The Arrow.* He 
 was in the service of the U. S. Government at 
 the time of his death, which occurred at Wash- 
 ington, D. C, April 10, 1900. 
 
 Daskam, Josephine Dodge. An American 
 writer of prose and verse; born in Stamford, 
 Conn., Feb. 17, 1876. Besides being a fre- 
 quent contributor to magazines, she has pub- 
 lished ( Smith College Stories > (1900) ; ( Sister's 
 Vacation and Other Girl's Stories* (1900); 
 (Whom the God's Destroyed* (1902); ( Mad- 
 ness of Philip and Other Tales of Childhood* 
 (1902); < Memoirs of a Baby* (1904). 
 
 Dawson, A. J. An English novelist, story 
 writer and traveler; born in Wandsworth in 
 1871. Among his works are: (Middle Grey- 
 ness,* ( Mere Sentiment,* ( God's Foundling,* 
 <The Story of Robert Kestrel,* < Half- Caste,* 
 ( Hidden Manna * ; ( Things Seen in Morocco.* 
 
 Dixon, Thomas, Jr. An American clergy- 
 man, writer and lecturer; born in Shelby, N.C., 
 Jan. II, 1864. He was admitted to the bar in 
 1886, but resigned to enter the Baptist ministry 
 and was ordained in 1887. Among his works 
 are : < Living Problems in Religion and Social 
 Science* (i89i);(What is Religion* (1892); 
 ' Sermons on Ingersoll ' ( 1894) ; ( The Leopard's 
 Spots* (1902); (The Traitor* (1906). 
 
 Dodge, Walter Phelps. An American author 
 and lawyer; born in Syria in 1869. He made 
 his residence in London and practiced at the 
 English bar. He wrote : (Three Great Tales*; < As 
 the Crow Flies * ; ( A Strong Man Armed * ; ( The 
 .Sea of Love * ; ( The Real Sir Richard Barton.* 
 
 Dresser, Horatio Willis. An American author 
 1 and metaphysician; born in Yarmouth, Me.,
 
 DROMGOOLE — FISHER 
 
 60s 
 
 Jan. 15, 1866. He was editor and publisher of 
 the < Journal of Practical Metaphysics > (1896- 
 98), and a lecturer on practical philosophy for 
 many years. Among his numerous works are : 
 <The Power of Silence > (1895) ; <The Perfect 
 Whole > (1896); <In Search of a Soul > (1897); 
 
 < Voices of Hope > (1898); < Living by the Spirit'; 
 
 < Book of Secrets > ; < Health and the Inner Life.' 
 
 Dromgoole, Will Allen. An American writer 
 of fiction; bom in Murfreesboro, Tenn., in i860. 
 Among her published works are < The Valley 
 Path,' <A Moonshiner's Son,' < Rare Old 
 Chums,' < A Boy's Battle,' < Harum-Scarum 
 Joe ' ; < The Best of Friends.' 
 
 Drununond, James. An English clergyman 
 and author; born in Dublin, Ire., May 14, 1 835. 
 He was professor of theology at Manchester 
 New College, London, from 1865 until 1885, 
 when he became principal. Among his many 
 published works are : * Spiritual Religion ' 
 (1870);* Introduction to the Study of Theology,' 
 
 < The Jewish Messiah > (1887) ; < Philo-Judseus ' 
 (1888); < Life and Letters of Dr. Martin eau > 
 (in union with Prof. Upton) (1902). 
 
 Drysdale, William. An American author and 
 journalist; born in Lancaster, Pa., July 11, 1852. 
 He was twenty years on the staff of the New 
 York Times as editor and foreign correspondent. 
 Among his works are : < In Sunny Lands,' <The 
 Princess of Montserrat,' < The Young Reporter,' 
 <The Fast Mail,' < The Beach Patrol,' < The 
 Treasury Club.' Died in 1901. 
 
 Dunne, Finley Peter. An American jour- 
 nalist and author; born in Chicago, July 10, 
 1867. He served on the editorial staffs of •vari- 
 ous Chicago newspapers and was editor of the 
 Chicago Journal from 1897 to 1900. He wrote 
 
 < Mr. Dooley in Peace and War' (1898); < Mr. 
 Dooley in the Hearts of His Countrymen ' 
 (1898); < Mr. Dooley's Philosophy ' (1900). 
 
 Eddy, Mary Baker Glover. The discoverer 
 and founder of Christian Science; born in Bow, 
 N. H., in 1821. She began teaching Christian 
 Science in 1867, organized the "Church of 
 Christ, Scientist," Boston, in 1879, and was 
 ordained to the ministry in 188 1. Founded 
 Massachusetts Metaphysical College, Boston, 
 1881, and Christian Science Journal, 1883. 
 Author of < Science and Health, with Key to 
 Scriptures'; < Truth versus Error'; also other 
 works and text-books on this subject. 
 
 Eliot, Max (AnnaB. ). [Mrs. Granville Alden 
 Ellis.] An American author, critic and jour- 
 nalist; bom in Ohio in 18 — . She was London 
 correspondent for the Boston Herald, dramatic 
 critic for the New York Dramatic News, and 
 founded and edited the Amusement Gazette 
 (Boston), 1886-87. Besides contributing to 
 leading American and English magazines, she 
 wrote : < Sketches in Bermuda,' ' A Tale of 
 Lily- Land,' < Prima Donnas of To-day,' < A 
 Tragic Marriage,' < Part of a Summer.' 
 
 Elson, Henry William. An American author 
 and lecturer ; born in Muskingum County, O., 
 
 March 29, 1857. He entered the ministry of 
 the Lutheran Church, but resigned from it in 
 1895 and became writer and lecturer of the 
 University Extension Society of Philadelphia. 
 Author of : < Side Lights on American History ' 
 (1899-1900); biographies for children of < An- 
 drew Jackson,' < U. S. Grant,' 'Daniel Boone,' 
 < Frances Willard ' (1899); < How to Teach 
 History' (1901); < Elson's History of the United 
 States'; < Elson's History' (5 vols., 1905). 
 
 Emerson, Edwin. An American author, 
 editor and joumalist ; born in Dresden, Saxony, 
 in 18 — . He served on the editorial staff of 
 various newspapers, went abroad as foreign 
 correspondent of the Boston Post, and was war 
 correspondent for Leslie's Weekly during the 
 Spanish-American war. He joined the Rough 
 Riders in Cuba and served with the regiment at 
 San Juan and Santiago. He wrote the < College 
 Yell Book > ; < Peppy's Ghost' (1898); < In War 
 and Peace'; < Tales Drolatic'; < Rough Rider 
 Stories ' ; |< The Monroe Doctrine in Venezuela.' 
 
 Ericsson, John. A famous naval inventor; 
 bom in Sweden in 1803. He invented monitor 
 vessels and was the first to apply the screw pro- 
 peller in navigation. Author of < Movable Tor- 
 pedoes,' < Solar Investigations,' 'Contributions 
 to the Centennial Exhibition,' < Radiant Heat.' 
 Died in 1889. 
 
 Fea, Allen. An English historian and anti- 
 quarian; born May 26, i860. Besides contrib- 
 uting various articles to magazines he wrote : 
 <The Flight of the King,' < Secret Chambers 
 and Hiding Places,' < King Monmouth.' 
 
 Femald, Chester Bailey. An American author 
 and dramatist; born in Charlestown, Mass., 
 March 18, 1869. He was at one time actively 
 connected with the building of war vessels at 
 San Francisco, traveled extensively and settled 
 in London. He wrote : < The Cat and the 
 Cherub' (1896); < Chinatown Stories' (1899), 
 His plays, < The Cat and the Chemb ' and < The 
 Moonlight Blossom,' have been successfully 
 produced. 
 
 Field, Roswell Martin. An American jour- 
 nalist and writer; born in .St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 
 I, 1851. Author of Hn Sunflower Land'; 
 < Madeline.' In < Echoes from a Sabine Farm' 
 he collaborated with his brother, Eugene Field. 
 
 Finn, Francis James. An American Roman 
 Catholic clergyman and author; born in Missouri 
 in 1859. He became a member of the Society 
 of Jesus in 1879, and later was made professor 
 of English literature at St. Xavier's College, 
 Cincinnati. His writings are mainly for young 
 people and include: < Tom Playfair,' < Claude 
 Lightfoot' ; 'Old Faces and New ' ; <Ada Merton'; 
 *My Strange Friend' ; 'The Haunt of the Fairies.' 
 
 Fisher, Sidney George. An American lawyer 
 and author; born in Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. II, 
 1856. His published works include: 'The 
 Making of Pennsylvania ' (1896) ; ' The Evolu- 
 tion of the Constitution' (1887); 'The True 
 Benjamin Franklin ' (1899) ; < The True William
 
 6o6 
 
 FISKE — GORKY 
 
 Penu> (1900); <Tlie True History of the 
 American Revolution) (1902). 
 
 Rake, Amos Kidder. An American author 
 and journalist ; born in Whitefield, N. H., May 
 12, 1842. He was associated with George 
 Ticknor Curtis in the preparation of the < Life 
 of Daniel Webster,> and ser\'ed for many years 
 on the editorial staff of leading New York 
 papers. Among his works are < Midnight 
 Talks at the Club> (1S90); < Beyond the 
 Boum>(l89i); <The Myths of Israel > (1897); 
 <The Story of the Philippines) (1898); < The 
 West Indies > (1899); < The Modern Bank > (1904)- 
 
 Fiske, Stephen. An American journalist, 
 author and dramatist; born in New Brunswick, 
 N. !•» Nov. 22, 1840. He wrote : < English 
 Photographs,) < Holiday Tales,) < Ofthand Por- 
 traits of ftominent New Yorkers,) and among 
 his plays are < Martin Chuzzlewit,) < My Noble 
 Son-in-Law,) < Robert Rabagas. ) 
 
 Flandreau, Charles Macomb. An American 
 writer; born in Miimesota in 187-. Author of: 
 ♦ Harvard Episodes,) <The Diary of a Fresh- 
 man ) ; < Unmarried.) 
 
 Florio, John. An English philologist and 
 grammarian; bom in London about 1552 of 
 Italian parents. He is best known for his Eng- 
 lish translation of < Montaigne's Essays) (1603). 
 Among his other works are : < A Perfect Induc- 
 tion of the Italian and English Tongues,) and an 
 'Italian and English Dictionary,) published under 
 the title of < A World of Words.) He died at 
 Fulham, Eng., in 1623. 
 
 Ford, "Worthington Chauncey, An American 
 author and statistician; brother of the late Paul 
 Leicester Ford; born in Brooklyn, N.Y., Feb. 
 16, 1858. He was chief of Bureau of Statistics 
 at Washington 1885-98, and lecturer of statistics 
 University of Chicago 1901. Author of: < The 
 Standard Silver Dollar) (1884); George Wash- 
 ington ) (1899). 
 
 Fowler, Ellen Thomeycroft. An English poet 
 and novelist; bom in iS — . Among her pub- 
 lished works are : < Verses Grave and Gay > 
 (1891); <Cupid's Garden) (1897); < A Double 
 Thread) (1899); < Concerning Isabel Camaby ) 
 (1898); < The Farringdons) (1900); < Fuel of 
 Fire) (1902) ; < Place and Power > (1903). 
 
 Fraser, Mrs. Hugh. An English novelist and 
 writer of travels; bom in Rome, Italy. Sister of 
 Marion Crawford and an extensive traveler. 
 Author of: < The Brown Ambassador) (1895); 
 < Palladia) (1896); < The Looms of Time > 
 (1899); <The Splendid Porsenna) (1899); <A 
 Little Gray Sheep); <The Slaking of the Sword.) 
 
 Gallon, Tom. An English novelist and dram- 
 atist; bom in London, Dec. 5, 1866. Among 
 his numerous works are : < Tatterley ) ( 1 897 ) ; 
 •The Kingdom of Hate > (1899); < Kiddy) 
 (1900); <A Rogue in Love) (1900); < The 
 Dead Ingleby) (1902'). Plays: < The Man 
 Who Stole the Castle ) (1900) ; < Memory's Gar- 
 den ) (1902); < Tatterley ' (1902); < The Prodigal.' 
 
 Garrison, "Wendell Phillips. An American 
 author and editor of ' The Nation;) son of 
 William Lloyd; born in Cambridge, Mass., 
 June 4, 1S40. Among his published works are: 
 'Life of William Lloyd Garrison) (1885); 
 
 < Parables for School and Home ) (1897) ; < The 
 New Gulliver) (1898). Died 1907. 
 
 Gilder, Jeannette Leonard. An American 
 author, journalist and critic, sister of Richard 
 Watson; born in Flushing, N. Y., Oct. 3, 1849. 
 She was on the editorial staff of Scribner's 
 Monthly (now The Century), the New York 
 Herald and The Critic, and wrote for eighteen 
 years under the pen name of <' Brunswick,)) as 
 New York correspondent for London, Philadel- 
 phia and Boston papers. She WTote : < Taken 
 by Siege > (1886-96; < Autobiography of a Tom- 
 boy) (1900), and edited with Joseph B. Gilder 
 
 < Essays from the Critic) (1882); < Authors at 
 Home) (1889); with Helen Gray Cone, < Pen 
 Portraits of Literary Women ) (1887 ) ; and also 
 ' Representative Poems of Living Poets ) ( i5 
 
 Glasgow, Ellen Anderson Gholson. An Amer- 
 ican novelist; born in Richmond, Va., April 22, 
 1874. Author of < The Descendant) (1897); 
 'The Phases of an Inferior Planet) (1898); 
 <The Voice of the People) (1900); < The 
 Battleground' ( 1902); <The Wheel of Life ' (1906). 
 
 Glyn, Mrs. Clayton. [« Elinor Glyn.»] An 
 English writer ; born in Toronto, Ont., in 18 — . 
 Author of < The Visits of Elizabeth > ; < Reflections 
 of Ambrosine ) ; < The Damsel and the Sage.) 
 
 Gordon, Charles W. A Canadian clergyman 
 and author; born in Canada in i860. He was 
 missionary to the miners and lumbermen in the 
 Rocky Mountains, 1890-93, and became minis- 
 ter of St. Stephen's Church, Winnipeg, in 1894. 
 Among his works are : < Black Rock,) < The 
 Sky Pilot,) < Quid Michael,) < The Man from 
 Glengarrj',) < Glengarry Days,) < Glengarry 
 School Days > (1902); < The Prospector) (1904). 
 
 Gordon-Stables, William. An English nov- 
 elist and journalist; born in Banffshire, N. B., 
 May 21, 1840. He served for nine years in the 
 Royal Navy, traveled extensively and made 
 cruises to the Arctic regions. Author of 114 
 books, among them < The Cmise of the Snow- 
 bird.) < To Greenland and the Pole,) < Our 
 Humble Friends and Fellow Mortals,) < Leaves 
 from the Log of a Gentleman Gipsy) (1898), 
 and many boys' books. Also < Popular Medi- 
 cine and Hygiene ) (7 vols.). 
 
 Goepp, Philip Henry. An American musi- 
 cian and author ; born in New York, June 23, 
 1864. Composer of numerous songs, anthems, 
 etc. Author of < Annals of Music in Philadel- 
 phia ) (1896); < Symphonies and Their Mean- 
 ing) (1898-1902). 
 
 Gorky, Maxime. [Alicksei Maximovitch 
 Pieshkov.] A Russian novelist; bom in Nizni 
 Novgorod, March 14, 1868. During his early 
 career he served successively as peddler, scul- 
 lery-boy,gardener, watchman and baker' s appren- 
 tice. Among his numerous works are : < S<mg
 
 GRAHAM HEINEMANN 
 
 607 
 
 of the Falcon,* < Twenty-six and One,' <About 
 the Devil,) <The Reader,) < The Outcasts > 
 (1902); < Three Men' (1902). 
 
 Graham, Kenneth. An English author and 
 secretary of the Bank of England; born in 18 — . 
 He wrote : < The Golden Age > ( 1895) ; < Pagan 
 Papers > (1893); < Dream Days,> < The Heads- 
 woman > (1898). 
 
 Gregg, David. An American Presbyterian 
 clergyman and writer; born in Pittsburg, Pa. , 
 March 25, 1846. Among his published works 
 are* From Solomon to the Captivity' (1890); 
 
 < Our Best Moods > (1893); < The Heaven Life > 
 (1895V, < Makers of the American Republic' 
 (1896); 'Between the Testaments' (1907). 
 
 Griggs, Edward Howard. An American lec- 
 turer and author; bom in Owatonna, Mich., 
 Jan. 9, 1868. He was professor of English lit- 
 erature at Indiana University, and of ethics and 
 education at the Leland Stanford, Jr., Univer- 
 iiity. He wrote <The New Humanism ' (1902). 
 
 Guerber, Helene Adeline. An American 
 educator and author ; born in New York in 
 18 — . Among her many published works are 
 
 < Myths of Greece and Rome,' < Legends of 
 the Rhine,' < Stories of the Wagner Operas,' 
 
 < The Story of the Thirteen Colonies' ; < Legends 
 of Switzerland ' ; < Yourself ; < Cupid and Psyche.' 
 
 Gulick, John Thomas. An American Presby- 
 terian missionary and writer; bom in Kauai, 
 Hawaiian Islands, March 13, 1832. His writ- 
 ings, which are mostly on Darwinian topics, 
 include < Diversity of Evolution,' < Inconsist- 
 encies of Utilitarianism.) 
 
 Guthrie, William Norman. An American 
 Episcopal clergyman, lecturer and author ; bom 
 in Dundee, Scotland. March 4, 1868. His 
 published works are < Love Conquereth,' 
 {1890); < Modem Poet Prophets', < Essays 
 Critical and Interpretive' (1897-98); < To 
 Kindle the Yule Log,' (1899); < Songs of 
 American Destiny, or Vision of New Hellas ' 
 (1900) ; < The City of St. Francis ' ( 1907). 
 
 Hall, Enth. An American journalist and 
 writer; born in Scoharie, N. Y., April 10, 1858. 
 Besides being a frequent contributor to the press 
 she wrote : < In the Brave Days of Old ' (1898); 
 <The Boys of Schooley) (1899); < The Black 
 Gown ) (1900); < Downrenter's Son) (1902). 
 
 Hall, Thomas Winthrop. [« Tom Hall."] 
 An American writer of prose and verse; born in 
 Ogdensburg, N. Y., Nov. 13, 1862. Among 
 his prose works are : < An Experimental Woo- 
 ing,' < Tales by Tom Hall,' < The Fun and 
 Fighting of the Rough Riders,' and among his 
 verses < When Hearts are Tramps,' < When 
 Love Laughs,' < When Cupid Calls.) He died 
 in Hannibal, Mo., Aug. 21, 1900. 
 
 Halstead, Murat. An American author and 
 joumahst ; born in Ross township^ Ohio, 
 Sept. 2, 1829. He served on the editorial 
 %tafT of several newspapers and went to the 
 Philippines as special correspondent during the 
 
 war with Spain. Among his works are <The 
 Story of Cuba,' < Life of William McKinley,) 
 
 < Our Country in War,' <The Great Century,) 
 
 < The Boer and the British War.' Died 1908. 
 
 Hamblen, Herbert Elliott. [« Frederick Ben- 
 ton WUliams."] An American engineer and 
 author; born in Ossippee, N. H., Dec. 
 24, 1849. Among his published works are 
 <0n Many Seas' (1896); < Tom Benton's 
 Luck,' (1898); < The Story of a Yankee Boy' 
 (1898); < We Win) (1899), < Yam of a Bucko 
 Mate* (1899); <The Red Shirts' (1901). 
 
 Hamilton, Sir "William. One of be most dis- 
 tinguished of modern metaphysicians; bom in 
 Glasgow, Scot., March 8, 1788. In 1821 he 
 became professor of civil history at the Univer- 
 sity of Edinburgh, and in 1836 was elected to the 
 chair of logic and metaphysics. His celebrated 
 criticism on Cousin (Edinburgh Review, 1829) 
 made him world famous, from which time he 
 continued to publish many essays, lectures and 
 other valuable contributions to mental philos- 
 ophy and literature. He died May 5, 1 856. 
 
 Harben, WiUiam Nathaniel. [« Will N."] 
 An American author; bom in Dal ton, Ga., 
 July 5, 1858. Besides being a contributor to 
 leading magazines he was at one time assistant 
 editor of the Youth's Companion. Among his 
 numerous works are < White Marie' (1889); 
 
 < Almost Persuaded' (1890); < The Land of 
 the Changing Sun' (1894); <The Carathers 
 Affair' (1899); < The Woman Who Tmsted,' 
 (1901); < Westerfelt) (1901); <Ann Boyd.' 
 
 Harrison, Benjamin. The twenty-third Presi- 
 dent of the United States; born in North Bend, 
 Ohio, Aug. 20, 1833. Author of < This Country 
 of Ours) (1897). He died in Indianapolis, 
 March I3, 1901. 
 
 Hazard, Caroline. An American author and 
 president of Wellesley College; bom in Peace 
 Dale, R. I., June 10, 1856. She edited 
 < Works of R. G. Hazard) (1889); and wrote 
 
 < Life of J. L. Diman) (1886); < Thomas Haz- 
 ard' (1893); < Narragansett Ballads' (1894); 
 
 < The Narragansett Friends' Meeting' (1899). 
 
 Hazelton, George Cochrane, Jr. An American 
 lawyer, playwright and author; bom in Boscobel, 
 Wis., in 18 — . He wrote plays which were suc- 
 cessfully produced, entitled < Edgar Allan Poe ) 
 (1895), and < Mistress Nell ' (1899); also, < The 
 National Capitol, its Architecture, Art and His- 
 tory' (1897); < Mistress Nell.'. 
 
 Heaton, John Langdon. An American jour- 
 nalist and author; born in Canton, N. Y., Jan. 
 29, i860. He wrote < The Story of Vermont) 
 (1889); < Stories of Napoleon' (1895); < The 
 Book of Lies' (1896); 'The Quilting Bee' 
 (1896). 
 
 Heinemann, William. An English publisher 
 and dramatist; bom May 18, 1863. He 
 founded the publishing house which bears 
 his name in 1890; married in 1899 Magda 
 Stuart Sindici [*Kassandra Viviaria"]. Among
 
 6o8 
 
 HERFORD — IDE 
 
 his dramatic productions are : < The First Step > 
 (1895); 'Summer Moths' (189S); < War > 
 (1901). 
 
 Herford, Oliver. An American humorist, 
 artist and verse writer. He wrote < The Bashful 
 Earthqualce> (1898); < Alphabet of Celebrities > 
 (1898); < A Child's Primer of Natural History > 
 (1896); < Wagner for Infants > (1900). 
 
 Heme, James A. An American actor and 
 playwright; bom in Troy, N. Y., in 1839; died 
 in New York City, June 2, 1901. Among his 
 published plays are: < Hearts of Oak,> < Mar- 
 garet Fleming,) < Sag Harbor,* < Drifting Apart,> 
 
 < Shore Acres. > 
 
 Hewlett, Maurice Henry. An English author; 
 born in Kent, England, Jan. 22, 1 861. 
 Among his published works are: < Earthwork 
 Out of Tuscany > (1895); < Songs and Medita- 
 tions > (1897); < The Forest Lovers > (1898); 
 
 < Pan and the Young Shepherd > (1898); 
 
 < Richard Yea and Nay > (1900); < New Can- 
 terbury Tales > (1901); <The Road in Tuscany.> 
 
 Hinton, Richard Josiah, An American author 
 and journalist; born in London, Eng., Nov. 25, 
 1830. He came to the United States in 185 1, 
 served in the Union army and was the first white 
 man legally commissioned to recruit and com- 
 mand colored troops. After the war edited sev- 
 eral papers, and the last fifteen years of his life 
 was an active socialist. Among his works are : 
 <Life of Abraham Lincoln,) < Life of William 
 H. Seward, > < English Radical Leaders,* < John 
 Brown,) < The Making of the New West.> Died 
 in 1901. 
 
 Hodges, George. Dean of the Episcopal 
 Theological School, Cambridge, Mass.; born in 
 Rome, N. Y., Oct. 6, 1856. Among his pub- 
 lished writings are : < Beside the Cross > ( 1889) ; 
 
 < Christianity Between Sundays' (1892); < The 
 Heresy of Cain > (1894); <The Path of Life> 
 ( 1899) ;< The Year of Grace > ; <Holdemess.) 
 
 Holcombe, Chester. An American author and 
 diplomat; born in Winfield, N. Y., Oct. 16, 
 1844. He was interpreter and secretary U. S. 
 legation, Peking, China, 1871-85, acting min- 
 ister during six years and was prominent in 
 negotiating various important treaties. He wrote 
 (in Chinese) < Mental Arithmetic) (1873); 
 
 < Life of Christ) (1875); 'Translation of Dec- 
 laration of Independence.) In English, <The 
 Practical Eifect of Confucianism upon the Chinese 
 Nation) (1882); 'Travels in Western China) 
 (1875); <The Real Chinaman) (1895); 'The 
 Real Chinese Question) (iT 
 
 Holland, Clive. An English author; born in 
 Bournemouth, Eng., April 23, 1866. Besides 
 being a frequent contributor to English and 
 American magazines, he was also on the staft' of 
 several London papers. Among his numerous 
 published works are : ' The Golden Hawk > 
 (1888); <My Japanese Wife) (1895); 'The 
 Lure of Fame) (1896); ' A Writer of Fiction ) 
 (1897); < The Seed of the Poppy) (1898); 'The 
 Heart of the Geisha > (play ) ( 1901); < Paris > ( 1904). 
 
 Hopkins, Mrs. Margaret Sutton Briscoe. An 
 American author ; bom in Baltimore, Md., 
 Dec 7, 1864. Her writings include : ' Perchance 
 to Dream, and Other Stories' (1892); 'Links 
 in a Chain) (1893); 'Jimty and Others ) (1898); 
 ' The Sixth Sense, and Other Stories > (1899). 
 
 Homung, Ernest "WiUiam. An English nov- 
 elist; born in Middlesborough, Eng., June "J, 
 1866. Among his works are: ' A Bride from 
 the Bush) (1890); ' Under Two Skies > (1892); ' 
 'Tiny Lutrrell > (1893); < The Unbidden Guest) 
 (1894); ' My Lord Duke) (1897); < Dead Men 
 Tell No Tales) (1899); 'The Black Mask> 
 (1901 ) ; < The Shadow of the Rope ) (1902). 
 
 Horton, Edward Augustus. An American 
 Unitarian clergjTnan and author; born in Spring- 
 field, Mass., Sept. 28, 1843. Among his pub- 
 lished works are ' Story of Israel,) < Scenes 
 in the Life of Jesus,) ' Beginning of Christi- 
 anity,) < Beacon Lights of Christian History.) 
 
 Horton, George. An American author and 
 journalist; born in Fairville, N. Y., in 1859. 
 He was appointed consul at Athens by President 
 Cleveland, and later edited the Chicago-Times 
 Herald and the Chicago American Saturday 
 Literary Supplement. Among his works are : 
 'Songs of the Lowly,) 'In Unknown Sea~ ' 
 I < Aphroessa > ; < A Fair Brigand' (1898); <Like An- 
 other Helen' (1901); 'The Edge of Hazard' (1906). 
 
 Hough, Emerson. [" E. Hough.)'] An 
 American traveler and writer; born in Newton, 
 la., June 28, 1857. He traveled over the 
 wildest parts of the West and explored the Yel- 
 lowstone Park in the winter of 1895. The Act 
 of Congress protecting the Park buffalo was due 
 to this latter trip. Author of: 'The Singing 
 Mouse Stories ' ( 1895 ) ; ' The Story of the Cow- 
 boy' (1895); 'The Girl at Half- Way House > 
 (iqoo); < The Way of Man' (1907). 
 
 Hoyle, Edmond. An English writer on 
 games; born in England, 1672. He was the 
 first to write scientifically on whist, or on any 
 card game. Author of ' A Short Treatise on 
 the Game of Whist' (1742), of which innum- 
 erable editions have been issued. He wrote 
 treatises on chess, backgammon, piquet and 
 many other games. He died in London, Aug. 
 29, 1769. 
 
 Hyatt, Alpheus. An American scientist and 
 author; born in Washington, D. C, April 5, 
 1838. He was curator of the Boston Society of 
 Natural History and professor of zoology in the 
 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Among 
 his works are ' Observations on Fresh Water 
 Polyzoa,' 'About Pebbles,' 'Common Hy- 
 droids.' He died in Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 
 15, 1902. 
 
 Ide, Mrs. Frances Otis. [" Ruth Ogden."] 
 An American writer of juvenile stories; bom at 
 Long Island, N. Y., 1853. Author of < His 
 Little Royal Highness' "(1897); 'A Little 
 Queen of Hearts' (1892); 'Courage' (1894); 
 < Little Homespun' ( 1896); ' Loyal Hearts and 
 True ) (1900); * The Good and Perfect Gift.' 
 
 <
 
 IRELAND — KROPOTKIN 
 
 609 
 
 Ireland, Alleyne. An English author and 
 lecturer; born in Manchester, Eng., Jan. 19, 
 1871. He traveled extensively from 1887-97, 
 delivered lectures on Tropical Colonization, at 
 Cornell University in 1899, and was appointed 
 lecturer on politics at Chicago University, 1900. 
 Among his works are < Demerariana > (1897) ; 
 < Tropical Colonization' (1899); < The Anglo- 
 Boer Conflict > (1900) ; < China and the Powers > 
 (1901); < The Far Eastern Tropics* (1905). 
 
 Ireland, John. Roman Catholic Archbishop 
 of St. Paul, ]\Iinn. ; bom in Ireland, Sept. 
 II, 1838. He came to the United States in 
 boyhood, was ordained priest, Dec. 21, 1861, 
 and was chaplain of the Fifth Minnesota 
 regiment in the Civil War. He was consecrated 
 Dec. 21, 1875, and became Archbishop of St. 
 Paul in 1888. Author of < The Church and 
 Modem Society.' 
 
 Ireland, Krs. Kary B. An American author 
 and translator; bom in Calvert, Md., Jan. 9, 
 1834. She wrote: <What I told Dorcas > 
 (1895); < Grandma Elliot's Farm House' 
 (1900). Among her numerous translations from 
 the German are: < Betty's Decision' (1886); 
 <The Doctor's Family' (1896); < Stolen for 
 Ransom' (1901); < Eric's Vacation' (1901). 
 
 Jacobs, Joseph. An English author and jour- 
 nalist; bom in Sydney, N. S. W., Aug, 28, 
 1854. He edited the Literary Year Book and 
 the Jewish Year Book; late secretary of the 
 Russo- Jewish Committee, president of the Jew- 
 ish Historic Society and literary editor of the 
 Jewish Encyclopaedia. Author of : < English 
 Fairy Tales ' (1890) ; < Jews of Angevin, Eng- 
 land ' (1893); < Literary Studies' (1895); < As 
 Others Saw Him ' (a Jewish Life of Christ) 
 (1895); < Wonder Voyages' (1896); <A Story 
 of Geographical Discovery' (1898), and many 
 other works. 
 
 Jacobs, William "Wymark. An English writer; 
 bora in London, Sept. 8, 1863. Author of: 
 
 < Many Cargoes' (1896); < The Skipper's 
 Wooing) (1897); <Sea Urchins' (1898); <A 
 Master of Craft' (1900); < Light Freights' 
 (1901); <The Lady of the Barge' (1902). 
 
 Jarris, Thomas Stinson. An American nov- 
 elist and dramatic critic; bom in Ontario in 
 1854. Among his published works are : < Let- 
 ters from East Longitudes,' < Geoffrey Hamp- 
 stead,' < Doctor Perdue,' < The Ascent of Life.' 
 
 Jenks, Tudor. An American journalist and 
 author; born in Brooklyn, N. Y., May 7, 1857. 
 Editor on the staff of the St. Nicholas Magazine 
 for many years. Among his published works 
 are: < Imaginations, or Truthless Tales ' (1900); 
 
 < Boy's Book of Explorations > (1900) ; < Gipsy, the 
 Talking Dog ' ( 1902); < When America was New.' 
 
 Johnson, Clifton. An American author and 
 illustrator ; born in Hadley, Mass., Jan. 25, 1865. 
 Among his published writings are : < The New 
 England Country' (1892); <The Farmer's Boy' 
 (1894); < Country Clouds and Sunshine' (1896); 
 ♦Among English Hedgerows' (1899); < Along 
 French Byways * (190c); < The Land of Ileatlier.' 
 
 Johnston, Mary. An American novelist; bom 
 in Buchanan, Va., Nov. 21, 1870. She wrote 
 < Prisoners of Hope ' ( 1 898) ; < To have and to 
 Hold' ( 1900) ; < Audrey'; <The Goddess of Reason.' 
 
 Jones, Henry. [« Cavendish."] An English 
 writer on whist; bom in London, Nov. 2, 1 83 1. 
 While a member of the " Cavendish" Club, he 
 began to make notes upon difficult points in 
 whist and to record interesting hands. He pro- 
 duced in 1862 a manual entitled < Principles of 
 Whist Stated and Explained by Cavendish, > 
 which was later enlarged and appeared in many 
 subsequent editions. < Cavendish ' soon came 
 to be regarded as the standard authority on 
 whist. He edited several manuals on games 
 and was the author of guides to croquet, euchre, 
 tennis, etc. He died iu London, Feb. 10, 1899. 
 
 Jowett, Benjamin. An English author and 
 educator; born at Camberwell, Eng., in 1817. 
 He became master of Baliol College in 1870. 
 His most famous work, which is considered an 
 English classic, is < The Dialogues of Plato,' 
 translated into English with analyses and intro- 
 ductions. He published a translation of <Thucy- 
 dides' (1881), and the < Politics of Aristotle' 
 (1885). He died at Oxford, Oct. I, 1893. 
 
 Ealer, James Otis. [« James Otis.»] An 
 American writer of juvenile tales; born in Win- 
 terport, Me., March 19, 1848. Among his 
 numerous published works are : < Raising the 
 Pearl,' <A Boy Captain,' < Toby Tyler,' < Mr. 
 Stubbs's Brother,' < Silent Pete,' < The Cast- 
 aways,' < When Israel Putnam Served the King,* 
 < Little Joe > ; < The Wreck of the Ocean Queen.» 
 
 Keats, Gwendoline. [«Zack."] An English 
 author; born in 18 — . She wrote : < Life is 
 Life' {1898); (On Trial' (1899); < The White 
 Cottage,' < Tales of Dunstable Weir' (1900). 
 
 Eidd, Benjamin. An English author and 
 sociologist; born Sept. 9, 1858. His famous 
 work, < Social Evolution,' which he was ten 
 years in preparing, published in 1894, was 
 translated into seven different languages. He 
 also wrote : < The Control of the Tropics > 
 (1898); (Principles of Westem Civilization* 
 (1902); < South Atrica' (1902). 
 
 King, William Basil. An American Episcopal 
 clergyman and author ; born in Charlottetown, 
 Canada, in 1859. He wrote : < The Daily Song >; 
 (jThoughtson the Offices for Morning and Eve- 
 ning Prayer' ;<Griselda>;<The Giant's Strength.' 
 
 Kitto, John. An English writer and Bible 
 student ; bom at Plymouth, England, Dec. 
 4, 1804. He published (The Pictorial Bible' 
 (1838); ( Pictorial History of Palestine ' (1843); 
 (The Lost Senses' (1845); <The Daily Bible 
 Illustrations,' (8 vols., 1849-53). He died at 
 Cannstadt, Germany, Nov. 25, 1854. 
 
 KropotMn. [Prince Peter Alexeivitch. ] A 
 Russian geographer, author and socialist; bom 
 in Moscow, Dec. 9, 1842. He received the 
 gold medal of the Russian Geographical Society 
 for his journey across Manchuria in 1864, and 
 explored the glacial deposits in Finland and
 
 6io 
 
 LANIER — MACGRATH 
 
 Sweden, 1871. He joined the International 
 Working Men's Association in 1872 and was 
 arrested and confined in fortress St. Peter and 
 St. Paul in 1874. Escaped and went to Eng- 
 land, and later founded at Geneva the anarchist 
 paper Le Revoke. Expelled from SwiUer- 
 land in 1 88 1, condemned at Lyons to five years 
 imprisonment in 1884, liberated in 1886. Among 
 his many published works are : < Researches on 
 the Glacial Period >( 1876); <In Russian and 
 French Prisons > ( 1886); < L'Anarchie, sa Phil- 
 osophic, son Ideal > {1896); < Memoirs of a 
 Revolutionist' (1900); < Modem Science and 
 Anarchism > (1902); <The Dessication of Asia.> 
 
 Lanier, Cliflford Anderson. An American 
 author; born in Griffin, Ga., April 24, 1844. 
 Among his works are : < Thorn Fruit,> < The 
 Mate's Race with the Banshees, > < The Doctor's 
 Legend,) < Apollo and Keats on Browning > 
 (1902), and < Dialect Poems,> with Sidney 
 Lanier. 
 
 Law, William Arthur. An English dramatic 
 author; bom March 22, 1844. He served eight 
 years in the army and then took up the profes- 
 sion of acting. Among his many dramatic 
 works are: <A Night Surprise* (1877); <A 
 Strange Host > (1882); <A Mint of Money > 
 (1884); (After Long Years) (1886); < The Mys- 
 tery of a Hansom Cab > (1888); < All Abroad > 
 (1890) ; 'Culprits > (1890) ; < New Year's Morning >; 
 
 < A Country Mouse > ; < Bride and Bridegroom.' 
 
 Lawrence, William. The seventh Protestant 
 Episcopal bishop of Massachusetts; bom in 
 Boston, May 30, 1850. He wrote < Life of 
 Amos A. Lawrence > (his father); < Visions and 
 Service,) < Roger Wolcott) (1902). 
 
 Lee, Gerald Stanley. An American clergy- 
 man, author, lecturer and critic; bom in Brock- 
 ton, Mass., Oct. 4, 1861. He wrote < About an 
 Old New England Church > (1893); < Lost Art 
 of Reading' (1902); < The Shadow Christ' 
 (1896); < The Voice of the Machines > (1906). 
 
 Lee, Mrs. Jennette. An American novelist, wife 
 of Gerald Stanley Lee; born in Bristol, Conn., 
 Nov. 10, i860. She wrote, besides numerous 
 magazine stories and sketches, < Kate Weth- 
 erell' (1900); < A Pillar of Salt' (1901); < Son 
 of a Fiddler > (1Q02); < The Ibsen Secret' (1907). 
 
 Lempriire, John, D. D. An English author 
 and educator ; born in the Island of Jersey 
 about 1765. Among his works are a world famous 
 
 < Classical Dictionary' (1788); < Sermons ' 
 (1791); (Dictionary of Universal Biography' 
 (1808). He died.in London, Feb. i, 1824. 
 
 Lewis, Alfred Henry. [« Dan Quin."] An 
 American joumalistand author; born in Ohio in 
 1842. Editor and founder of The Verdict (a 
 humorous weekly), and author of : < Wolfville,' 
 (Episodes of Cowboy Life,' ( Sandburrs' (1900). 
 
 Lilly, William Samuel. An English writer; 
 secretary to Catholic Union of Great Britain; 
 born July lOj 1840. Among his works are : 
 < Ancient Religion and Modern Thought* 
 
 (1884); (Chapters in European History' (1886); 
 (On Right and Wrong' (1890); (The Great 
 Enigma' (1893); < Four English Humorists of 
 the Nineteenth Century ' (1895); < India and Its 
 Problems'; (Christianity and Modern Civih- 
 zation.' 
 Lincoln, Mrs. Jeanie, Gould. An American 
 
 author; born in Tro)-, N. Y., in 18 — . Among 
 her published works are : ( A Chaplet of Leaves' 
 (verse) (1869); (Marjorie's Quest > (1872); 
 
 < Her Washington Season > (1884); (An Unwill- 
 ing Maid> (1897); (A Pretty Tory' (1899). 
 
 Lloyd, John Uri. An American author, bot- 
 anist and chemist; bom in West Blooinfield, 
 N. Y., April 19, 1849. Among his works are : 
 
 < The Chemistry of Medicine,' (Elixirs: Their 
 History,' < The Right Side of the Car,' and 
 
 < Stringtown on the Pike. ' 
 
 London, Jack. An American writer; bom in 
 San Francisco, Cal., Jan, 12, 1876. He 
 led a life of adventure, which colors his writ- 
 ings. His published works include < The Son 
 of the Wolf (1900); (Cruise of the Dazzlers> 
 (1902) ;< Daughter of the Snows ' ; ( The Road.' 
 
 Long, John Luther. An American author-, 
 born in 1861. He wrote ( Madam Butterfly,' 
 ( Miss Cherry-Blossom of Tokyo,' ( Fox Woman' 
 ( 1899 ) ; ( The Prince of Illusion ' ; ( Billy Boy.' 
 
 Loomis, Charles Battell. An American writer; 
 born in Brooklyn, N. Y., Sept. 1 6, 1 86 1. 
 Author of (Just Rhymes' (1899); (The Four- 
 masted Cat-boat' (1899); (Yankee Enchant- 
 ments' (1900); (Cheer Up' (1906). 
 
 Lorimer, George Horace. An American jour- 
 nalist and author, son of Rev. George C. Lori- 
 mer; born in Louisville, Ky., Oct. 6, 1 868. 
 Editor of the Philadelphia Saturday Evening 
 Post. He wrote ( Behind the Veil of Isis,' and 
 (Letters from a Self-made Merchant to his Son.' 
 
 Lumholtz, Carl Sophos. A German traveler 
 and writer; bom in 18 — . He made extensive 
 researches among the primitive peoples of many 
 nations, whom he studied minutely. Author of : 
 
 < Among Cannibals > (i 889) ; ( Unlmown Mexico' 
 (1902). 
 
 Ltish, Charles Eeeler. An American journal- 
 ist and author; born in La Crosse, Wis., Dec. 5» 
 1861. He wrote: ( The Federal Judge > (1897). 
 
 McManns, Blanche. [Mrs. M. F. Mansfield.] 
 An American author and illustrator; bom in 
 Louisiana, 18 — . Among her published works 
 are ( The True Mother Goose,' < Colonial Mono- 
 logues,' <Told in the Twilight,' (Bachelor 
 Ballads'; * Ramblers in Normandy and Brittany.* 
 
 McMantis, Setuuas. An Irish writer and hu- 
 morist; bom in Mount Charles County, Donegal, 
 Ire., in 18 — . Among his published works are: 
 <The Bend of the Road,' < Through Turf and 
 Smoke,' (The Bewitched Fiddle,' ( A Lad o' 
 the O'Friels ' (1903); < Donegal Fairy Tales.' 
 
 MacGrath, Harold. An American journalist 
 and author; bom in Syracuse, N. Y., Sept. 4, 
 XS71. Besides being a contributor to leadlog 
 
 I
 
 MACKIE — MONROE 
 
 6ii 
 
 magazines and periodicals he wrote < Anns and 
 the Woman ' ; < Hearts and Masks >; < The 
 Best Man.> 
 Mackie, Mrs. Pauline Bradford, (Hopkins.) 
 
 An American writer ; born in Fairfield, Conn., 
 July S, 1873. Among her published works are 
 
 < Mademoiselle de Bemy > (1897); < Ye Lyttle 
 Salem Maide,> (1898); <A Georgian Actress > 
 (1900); <Story of Kate>; <The Girl and the Kaiser.> 
 
 Uajor Charles. [« Edwin Caskoden.»] An 
 American lawyer and author; bom in Indianap- 
 lis, Ind., July 25, 1856. He wrote < When 
 Knighthood Was in Flower > (1898); < Dorothy 
 Vernon of Haddon HalP(i902); < Yolanda.* 
 
 Ualone, Walter. An American writer of 
 prose and verse; born in De Soto County, Miss., 
 Feb. 10, 1866. Among his published works 
 are: < Claribel and Other Poems > (1882); 
 'Narcissus and Other Poems' (1892); < Songs 
 of Dusk and Dawn ' (1894) ; < The Coming of 
 the King > (1897) ; < Songs of North and South > 
 (iqoo); < Songs of East and West ' (1906). 
 
 Marchmont, Arthur 'Williams. An English 
 novelist and journalist; bom at Southgate, Eng- 
 land, in 1852. He engaged in journalism in 
 London and afterwards in the provinces, editing 
 successively the North Eastern Gazette and Lan- 
 cashire Daily Post. He relinquished journalism 
 for fiction in 1894. Author of <Isa> (1887); 
 <By Right of Sword > (1897) ;< The Greatest 
 Gift> (1899); <In the Name of a Woman > 
 (1900); < For Love or Crown > (1901); < Sarita 
 the Carlist> (1902); < The Queen's Advocate.* 
 
 Mason, Alfred Edward Woodley. An English 
 novelist; born May 7, 1865. Author of: <A 
 Romance of Wastdale > (1895) ; < The Courtship 
 of Morrice Buckler > ( 1896) ; < The Philanderers' 
 (1897); 'Lawrence Clavering> (1897); <Miranda 
 of the Balcony) (1899), < Clementina' (1901); 
 
 < The Four Feathers > (1902). 
 
 miason, Urs. Caroline Atwater. An American 
 author; bom in Providence, R. I., July 10, 
 1853. Among her works are: <A Titled 
 Maiden,' < A Minister of Carthage,' < The Quiet 
 King,' < A Wind Flower,' < A Woman of Yes- 
 terday ' (1900); < Wax Wing ' (1905). 
 
 Mathews, Frances Aymer. An American 
 author and dramatist ; bom in New York in 
 18 — . Among her published works are : <One 
 Man in Ten Thousand,' < A Married Man,' 
 
 < The New Yorkers;' plays, < Joan D'Arc,' <A 
 Little Tragedy at Tientsin, >< Peg Woffington,' 
 
 < The Brazilian, > < Aaron Burr.' 
 
 McCatcheon, George Barr. An American 
 journalist and author; bora in Tippecanoe 
 County, Ind., July 26, 1866. He wrote <Grau- 
 starlc' (1900); < Castle Craneycrow ' (1902). 
 
 McHvaine, Charles. [« Toby Hodge. »] An 
 American author and scientist; bom in Chester 
 County, Fa., May 31, 1840. Besides being a 
 frequent contributor of stories and articles on the 
 subjects of natural science to leading magazines, 
 he wrote: <A Legend of Polecat Hollow' 
 (1884); * Americaa Fungi ' (1 900). 
 
 Mead, William Leon. An American author 
 and joumalist; born in Margaretville, N. Y., 
 April 27, 1 861. He served on the editorial 
 staff of Truth, Tom Nast's Weekly and Form 
 Magazine, besides being a frequent contributor 
 to well-known periodicals. Among his works 
 are: 'In Thraldom' (1877); < Sky Rockets' 
 (1883) ; < The Bow-Legged Ghost and Other 
 Stories ' (1899); < Wild Cat Ledge' (1901); < A 
 Lost Identity ' (1901) ; < Romance of R. Fulton.* 
 
 Medwin, Thomas. An English author, cousin 
 and biographer of Shelley; born at Horsham, 
 Eng., March 20, 1 788. He was intimately 
 associated with Byron and upon his death pub- 
 lished a ' Journal of the Conversations of Lord 
 Byron' (1824), which was translated into 
 French and German and excited great contro- 
 versy. He Was the author of several dramatic 
 poems, but is best known for < The Life of 
 Percy Bysshe Shelley' (1847). He died at 
 Horsham, Aug. 2, 1869. 
 
 Merriman, Henry Seton. [Nom de plume of 
 « Hugh Stowell Scott. »] An English novelist; 
 born in 18 — . Among his numerous works are: 
 
 < From One Generation to Another ' (1892) ; 
 
 < The Slave of the Lamp ' (1892); <With Edged 
 Tools ' (1897) ; < Flotsam ' (1896) ; <The Sowers' 
 (1896) ; ( In Kedar's Tents ' (1897) ; < The Vel- 
 vet Glove ' ; < The Vultures.' Died Nov. 19, 1903. 
 
 Mifflin, Lloyd. An American poet and artist; 
 bom in Columbia, Pa., Sept. 15, 1846. His 
 published works include 'The Hills ' (1896); 
 
 < At the Gates of Song' (1897); < On the Slopes 
 of Helicon' (1898); 'Echoes of Greek Idyls' 
 (1899); < My Lady of Dream ' (1906). 
 
 Miles, Nelson Appleton. Lieutenant-General 
 commanding the United States Army; bom in 
 Westminster, Mass., Aug. 8, 1839. He wrote 
 'Personal Recollections' (1899), besides many 
 military reports and magazine articles. Ret. 1903. 
 
 Miller, Joseph. [«Joe Miller."] An Eng- 
 lish actor and humorist; bom in England in 
 1684. His name has long been a synonym for 
 a jest or witty anecdote of ancient flavor. His 
 chief reputation rests upon a collection of witti- 
 cisms attributed to him, entitled ' Joe Miller's 
 Jests,' published after his death (1739) by John 
 Mottley, who, however, secured a part of the 
 collection from other sources. He died in 1738. 
 
 Miller, James Eussell. An American Presby- 
 terian clergyman and author; bom in Harsha- 
 ville. Pa. , March 20, 1840. Among his numer- 
 ous works are : ' Week Day Religion ' ( 1880) ; 
 'In His Steps' (1885); 'Glimpses Through 
 Life's Windows' (1893); < Blessing of Cheerful- 
 ness' (1898); < Loving My Neighbor' (1900.) 
 
 Monroe, Harriet. An American writer of 
 verse ; bom in Chicago, 111., Dec. 25, i860. 
 She wrote the < Columbian Ode,' which was read 
 and sung at the dedicatory ceremonies of the 
 Columbian Exposition, Oct. 21, 1892. Author 
 of 'Valeria and Other Poems' (1892); 'John Well- 
 born Root, a Memoir' ; < Historical Lutheranism.»
 
 6l2 
 
 MOODY — OWEN 
 
 Moody, William Vauglin. An American writer 
 of verse and instructor in English literature at 
 the University of Chicago; born in Spencer, 
 Ind., July 8, 1869. Author of < The Masque of 
 JudgTOcnt,) a lyrical drama (1900); < Poems > 
 (1901); < History of English Literature> (with 
 R.M.Lovett> (1902); < The Great Divide* (1907.' 
 
 Moore, John Trotwood. An American author; 
 bom in Marion, Ala., Aug. 26, 1858. He wrote 
 
 < Songs and Stories from Tennessee > (1897); 
 <01e Mistis> (1897); <A Summer Hymnal > 
 (i90i;'<The Bishop of Cottontown.> 
 
 Morris, Clara. An American actress and 
 author; bom in Toronto, Can., in 1849. Besides 
 being a contributor to the magazines, she wrote : 
 
 < A Silent Singer,) < Little Jim Crow,> < Auto- 
 biography of Clara Morris, > <A Paste-Board 
 Crown > ; < Life of a Star.> 
 
 Morris, Charles. An American author and 
 compiler; bom in Chester, Pa., Oct. I, 1833. 
 Besides being editor of the New Science Review, 
 he wrote much on scientific subjects. Among 
 his works are : < Inverara,> < The Aryan Race,> 
 
 < King Arthur and the Knights of the Round 
 Table,) < Historical Tales ) (9 vols.), < Our War 
 with Spain,) < Our Island Empire,) < Man and 
 His Ancestor > ; <The Old and the New.) 
 
 Munn, Charles Clark. An American writer; 
 bom in Southington, Conn., in 1848. Author 
 of < Pocket Island) (1900); < Uncle Terry, a 
 Story of the Maine Coast > (1900); <Rockhaven) 
 (1902); < Boyhood Days on the Farm.) 
 
 Mnnro, Neil. A Scottish author and journal- 
 ist; bom in Inverary, Scotland, June 3, 1864. 
 He wrote < The Lost Pibroch, a Series of Celtic 
 Tales and Sketches) (1896); < John Splendid, a 
 Highland Romance) (1898); < Gilian the 
 Dreamer) (1899); < Doom Castle) (1901); 
 
 < The Shoes of Fortune > (1901) ; < Erchie >(i904). 
 
 Miinsterherg, Hugo. An educator and author, . 
 and professor of psychology at Harvard College; 
 bora in Danzig, Germany, June I, 1 863. He 
 wrote < Psychology and Life * ( 1899); < American 
 Traits) 11903); 'Science and Idealism) (1905); 
 
 < Psychotherapy > (1909). 
 
 Noble, Edmund. An English author and jour- 
 nalist; born in Glasgow, Scot., Jan. 8, 1S53. 
 He served on the editorial staff of various Liver- 
 pool and London papers and was editor of the 
 American edition of <Free Russia,) 1872-4. 
 Besides being a frequent contributor to magazines 
 on ethical and philosophical subjects, he wrote : 
 
 < The Russian Revolt ) (1885) ; < Russia and the 
 Russians* (1900 1; < Before the Dawn ' (1901). 
 
 Norris, Frank. An American novelist and 
 journalist; born in Chicago, 111., in 1870. He 
 was war correspondent for McClure's Magazine 
 during the Spanish-American war, and for the 
 San Francisco Chronicle, in South Africa, during 
 the Uitlander insurrection, 1895-96. Among 
 his works are < McTeague ) (1897); < A Man's 
 Woman > (1898) ; <The Octopus ) (1901) ; < The 
 Pit) (1903). He died in San Francisco, Cal., 
 Oct. 25, 1902. 
 
 Norris, Mary Harriott. An American author 
 
 and educator; born in Boonton, N. J., March 
 16, 1848. She was founder and principal of 
 a private school in New York, 1870-98, and 
 dean of women, at Northwestern University, 
 1898-99. Among her numerous published works 
 are: ' Fraulein Mina) (1872); < Ben and 
 Bentie Series) (1873-76); < Phebe > (1890); 
 < Afterward) (1893); < John Applegate, Sur- 
 geon) (1894); <The Gray House of the Quar- 
 ries »(iS98); <The Veil) (1907). 
 
 North, Sir Thomas. An English translator; 
 bom in England about 1535. He exerted a 
 powerful influence on Elizabethan writers and 
 has been called " the first great master of Eng- 
 lish prose." He is most famous for his unri- 
 valled translation of Plutarch's <Lives,> published 
 in 1579. He died in 1601. 
 
 Nuttall, Thomas. An English naturalist and 
 writer; born in Yorkshire, Eng., Jan. 5, 1786. 
 He devoted his life to scientific pursuits, made 
 extensive explorations, especially in the United 
 States, where he visited nearly every State in 
 the Union and made more discoveries than any 
 other explorer of the botany of North America. 
 He was professor of natural history at Harvard 
 University 1822-34. Among his many important 
 works are : < Genera of North American Plants ) 
 (1817); < Geological Sketch of the Valley of the 
 Mississippi,) < Manual of the Ornithology of the 
 United States and Canada. > He died in Eng- 
 land, Sept. 10, 1859. 
 
 Ollivant, Alfred. An English author; bom in 
 1874. He was commissioned in the Royal Artil- 
 lery in 1893, but resigned in 1895, owing to 
 disability caused by a fall from a horse, and 
 tumed his attention to literature. He wrote : 
 <Owd Bob, Son of Battle > (1898); < Danny ) 
 (1902). 
 
 O'Meara, Barry Edwards. Surgeon to Napo- 
 leon and historian of St. Helena; bom in Ireland 
 in 1786. He accompanied Bonaparte into exile 
 and was his intimate associate until dismissed 
 from his post July, 1818, as a consequence of 
 his intense partisanship for the unfortunate 
 Emperor. His published works include many 
 famous and valuable reminiscences of Napoleon; 
 among them are < Napoleon in Exile : or a 
 Voice from St. Helena, > <The Opinions and 
 Reflections of Napoleon > 2 vols.). He died in 
 London, January 3, 1836. 
 
 Overhury, Sir Thomas. An English states- 
 man and author ; bom at Warwickshire, Eng- 
 land, in 1581. He wrote < Observations Upon 
 the State of the Seventeen Provinces,) and a 
 popular volume of < Characters, > which ap- 
 peared posthumously. His death occurred 
 Sept. 15, 161 3, in the Tower of London, 
 where, for political reasons, he had been sub- 
 jected to imprisonment and cruel treatment. 
 
 Owen, Sir Bichard. An English naturalist, 
 lecturer and author ; born in Lancaster, Eng- 
 land, July 20, 1804. Among his enormooi 
 contributions to scientific literature are < Lee- 
 tures on the Comparative Anatomj and Fbpi*-
 
 OXENHAM — POTTER 
 
 613 
 
 ology of Invertebrate Animals > (1843); 
 
 < Odontography > ^1845); * The Archetypes 
 and Homologies of the Vertebrate System > 
 (1848); (Nature of Limbs > (1849); Paleon- 
 tology) (1861). He died at Surrey, England, 
 Dec. 18, 1892. 
 
 Oxenham, John. An English author; bom in 
 18 — . Among his published works are : < God's 
 Prisoner > (1889) ; < Rising Fortunes > (1899) ; 
 
 < A Princess of Vascovy > (igcx)); < Our Lady of 
 Deliverance' (1901) ; < John of Gerisan > (1902) ; 
 
 < Underthe Iron Flail > (1902) ; < Hearts in Fxile.* 
 
 Oxley, James Macdonald. A Canadian lawyer 
 and author; born in Halifax, N. S., Oct. 22, 
 1855. Among his numerous published works 
 are: <Bert Lloyd's Boyhood > (1887); <The 
 Wreckers of Sable Island > (189O; < Diamond 
 Rock> (1893); (Baffling the Blockade) (1896); 
 (Making his Way) (1898); (Trials and Tri- 
 umphs) (1899); (North Overland with Frank- 
 lin) (1900). 
 
 Paine, Albert Bigelow. An American author 
 and editor; born in New Bedford, Mass., July 
 10, 1861. He served on the New York Herald 
 and the St. Nicholas, and was a frequent con- 
 tributor to magazines. Among his works are : 
 
 < The Mystery of Eveline Delorme) (1894); 
 ( Gobolinks ) (with Ruth McEmry Stuart) 
 (1896); (The Arkansaw Bear) (1898); (The 
 Deep Woods) (1899); (The Bread Line) 
 (1900); ( A Sailor of Fortune) (1906). 
 
 Palmer, Anna Campbell. [« Mrs, George 
 Archibald.))] An American author and jour- 
 nalist; bom in Elmira, N. Y., Feb. 3, 1854. 
 Among her published works are : (Verses from 
 a Mother's Comer) (1889); ( The Summerville 
 Prize) (1890); (Lady Gay and Her Sister) 
 (1891); (Three Times Three) (1899); (Joel 
 Dorman Steele, a Biography) (1900). 
 
 Paterson, William Eomaine. [« Benjamin 
 Swift.)*] An English novelist; born in Glas- 
 gow, Scotland, July 29, 187 1. Among his pub- 
 lished works are : (Nancy Noon) (1896); (The 
 Tormentor) (1897); (The Destroyer) (1898); 
 
 < Nude Souls' (19001; 'Ludus Amoris* (1902); 
 ' In Piccadilly > (1903). 
 
 Peabody, Josephine Preston. An American 
 writer of prose and verse ; bom in New York 
 in 1874. Author of < Old Greek Folk Stories > 
 (1897); < The Wayfarers) (1898); (Fortune 
 and Men's Eyes,) (1900). ( Marlowe) (1901). 
 
 Peary, Robert Edwin. Lieutenant and civil 
 engineer, U. S. N., arctic explorer and author; 
 bom in Cresson, Pa., May 6, 1856. Describes 
 his arctic experiences in his book ( Northward 
 Over the Ice,) (A Narrative of Life and Work 
 in Northern Greenland in 1886 and 1891-97.) 
 
 Penfield, Frederick Conrtland. An American 
 author and diplomat; bom in Connecticut, April 
 23, 1855. He was appointed United States 
 vice-consul-general at London, 1855, and was 
 diplomatic agent and consulting general to 
 ^SyP* 1893-97. He was awarded decorations 
 by many foreign governments, among them 
 
 France and Turkey. He wrote : < Present Day 
 Egypt) (1899), besides many articles on eco- 
 nomic and international subjects. 
 
 Phillpotts, Eden. An English novelist; bora 
 in Aboo, India, Nov. 4, 1862. Among his 
 numerous works of fiction are : < The End of 
 Life) (1890); (A Tiger's Cub > (1892); (A 
 Deal with the Devil ) (1895); ( Children of the 
 Mist) (1898); (Loup Garon) (1899); < The 
 Striking Hours > (1901 ); ( The River > (1902). 
 
 Phillips, Stephen. An English poet; bom at 
 Somerton, near Oxford, July 28, 1868. He 
 studied for Civil Service, but abandoned it to go 
 on the stage, and later took up literature as a 
 profession. Among his published works are : 
 (Marpessa) (1890); (Eremus) (1894); (Christ 
 in Hades) (1896); (Herod) (1900); (Ulysses) 
 (1902). 
 
 Pidgin, Charles Felton. An American author, 
 librettist and statistician; born in Roxbury, 
 Mass., Nov. I, 1844. Besides being a frequent 
 contributor to periodicals, he wrote many lib- 
 rettos for cantatas, operas and musical comedies, 
 and was also an inventor of considerable note. 
 His novels include ( Quincy Adams Sawyer ) 
 (1900); ( Blennerhasset ) (1901); < The Climax) 
 (1902); ( Stephen Helton * (1902); < Theodosia.) 
 
 Pier, Arthur Stanwood. An American writer; 
 bom in Pittsburg, Pa., April 21, 1874. He 
 served on the editorial staff of the Youths' Com- 
 panion, and wrote (The Pedagogues ) (1899); 
 < The Sentimentalists) (1901); (The Triumph) 
 (1903); ( The Young in Heart* (1907). 
 
 Poole, John. An English dramatist and 
 humorist ; bom in England in 1792. Among 
 his successful dramas and farces were : ( Paul 
 Pry) (1825); ( Deaf as a Post,) (Turning the 
 Tables.) He wrote novels, essays and sketches, 
 among these ( Little Pedlington and the Ped- 
 lingtonians ) (1838), attained great popularity. 
 He died in London, Feb. 5, 1879. 
 
 Poor, Agnes Blake. [((Dorothy Prescott.)>] 
 An American writer of fiction. Author of 
 (Brothers and Strangers) (1894); (Boston 
 Neighbors ' (1898) ; <Under Guiding Stars* ( 1907). 
 
 Porter, Charlotte. An American editor and 
 author; born in Towanda, Pa., in 1859. She 
 edited Shakespeariana, 1886-88, and founded 
 Poet Lore in 1889, with Helen A. Clarke. 
 Author of: (Dramatic Motive in Browning's 
 Strafford) (1897), and editor of (Browning's 
 Complete Poetical Works,) (Mrs. Browning's 
 Complete Works,) and various others in connec- 
 tion with Helen A. Clarke. 
 
 Porter, Horace. An American soldier and 
 statesman and United States Ambassador to 
 France; bom in Huntingdon, Pa., April 15, 
 1837. He was orator at the inauguration of the 
 Washington Arch, New York, May 4, 1895, 
 and at the dedication of Grant's Tomb, New 
 York, April 27, 1897. He wrote : < Campaign- 
 ing with Grant,) ( West Point Life.) 
 
 Potter, Paul M. An American dramatist; 
 born at Brighton, Eng., June 3, 1852. He ytas
 
 6i4 
 
 PRICHARD SANTAYANA 
 
 foreign correspondent for the New York Herald 
 and afterwards joined the editorial staff of the 
 Chicago Tribune. Among his numerous plavs 
 are : < The American Minister > ( 1892) ; < The Vic- 
 toria Cross' (1804I ; < The Conquerors* (1898); 
 < Under Two Flags' (igoi);* Nancy Stair' (1905) 
 He dramatized -Trilby' (Du Maurier's novelj. 
 
 Prichard, Sarah Johnson. ^\n American 
 author; born in Waierbury, Conn., Jan. II, 
 1 830. Among her works are : < Martha' s Hooks 
 and Eyes' (1859); 'Nat's Shoes' (1S62); <The 
 Old Stone Chimney' (1865); (Rose Marburj- ' 
 (1870); < History of Waterbury ' (1896); < The 
 Only Woman in the Town' (1S98). 
 
 Prowse, Richard Orton. An English novelist; 
 bom at Woodbridge, Suffolk, England, July 22, 
 1862. Author of < The Poison of Asps ' (1892) ; 
 
 < A Fatal Reservation ' (1S93); <Voysey> (1901). 
 
 Prynne, William. A famous English pam- 
 phleteer; bom in England in 1600. He was a 
 voluminous writer and published about 200 
 books and pamphlets. He was instrumental in 
 the recall of Charles II., for whom he was 
 appointed Keeper of the Records. The value 
 of his work lies in these Records, which con- 
 tain much historic matter of great worth. He 
 died Oct. 24, 1669. 
 
 Pugh, Edwin "William. An English novelist; 
 bom in London, Eng., Jan. 27, 1 874. Among 
 his published works are : < A Street in Sub- 
 urbia > (1895); <The Man of Straw' (1897); 
 
 < King Circumstance' (1S98); < Mother-Sister > 
 (1900); < The Heritage' ( !qci); ' Fruit of the Vine.* 
 
 Pullen, Mrs. Elizabeth. [« Elizabeth Car- 
 azza.»] An American author, journalist and 
 musical critic; born in Portland, Me., 18 — . 
 Among her writings are < Don Finimondone,' 
 ' The ^Ian from Aidone,'< Rocco and Sidora,' 
 besides translations from the Italian and the 
 French. 
 
 Eemington, Frederick. An American artist, 
 sculptor and author; bom in Canton, N. Y., 
 Oct. 4, 1861. Besides being famous as an illus- 
 trator he wrote < Pony Tracks, ' < Crooked 
 Trails,' < Frontier Sketches > ; < John Ermine.* 
 
 Eidge, "William Pett. An English writer; 
 bom in Chatham, Eng., in 18 — . Among his 
 published works are : < A Clever Wife ' and 
 
 < Minor Dialogues' (1895); < Second Opportu- 
 nity of Mr. Staplehurst ' (1896) ; < A Son of the 
 State' (1899); 'London Only' (1901^; (Lost 
 Property > (1902); 'Next Door Neighbors' (1904). 
 
 Eisley, Eichard "Voorhees. An American 
 author; born in New York, Nov. 8, 1874. Be- 
 sides being a contributor to English and Amer- 
 ican magazines, he wrote : ( The Sentimental 
 Vikings' (1897); (Men's Tragedies' (1899); 
 'The Sledge' (1900); (The Anvil' (1901); 
 ( Life of a Woman ' (1Q02). Died 1904. 
 
 Eives, HaUie Erminie. An American novel- 
 ist, cousin of Amelie Rives Trouvetzkoy; bom 
 in Christian County, Ky., May 2, 1876. Author 
 of: (Smoking Flax' (1896); < As the Heart 
 
 Panteth > (1896); (A Fool in Spots,* (Singing 
 Wire,' <A Furnace of Earth' (1900); (Hearts 
 
 Courageous' (1902). 
 
 Robins, Edward. An American author and 
 critic; bom in France in 1862. Among his 
 works are : ( Echoes of the Playhouse, a Review 
 of the Old Time English Thea'trical Life,' 'The 
 Palmy Days of Nance Oldfield,' ( Benjamin 
 Franklin, Printer, Statesman, Philosopher and 
 Private Citizen ' ; ^ Romances ol Early America.' 
 
 Robinson, Edith. An American author; bom 
 in Massachusetts in 1858. Among her pub- 
 lished works are : * Porced Acquaintances * 
 (1887); (A Little Puritan Rebel' (189S); (The 
 Captain of the School' (1901) ; (A Puritan 
 Knight Errant > ; < A Little Puritan Cavalier.* 
 
 Roe, Yen. Henry. Archdeacon of Quebec, 
 Canada; born in Henryn-ille, Province of Quebec, 
 Feb. 22, 1829. Among his works are: (The 
 Place of Religious Giving in the Christian Econ- 
 omy' (1880); (The Place of Lavmen in the 
 Spiritual Work of the Church' (1887); (The 
 First Hundred Years of the Diocese of Quebec ' 
 (iS93). 
 
 Rogers, Robert Cameron. An American author; 
 born in Buffalo, N. Y., Jan. 7, 1S62. Among 
 his works are : ( Wind in the Clearing and Other 
 Poems,' (Will o' the Wisp,' ( Old Dorset,* (For 
 the King and Other Poems > 1 1899 1 ; 'The Rosary.* 
 
 Rood, Henry Edward. An American author 
 and educator; bom in Philadelphia, Pa., June 
 26, 1867. He was on the editorial staff of the 
 Philadelphia Press, New York Herald and Har- 
 per's Magazine. Author of ( Hardwicke ' 
 ri902l; (In Pasture? ?n ew > (1002). 
 
 Eosehery, Earl of. [Archibald Philip Prim- 
 rose.] Prime Minister of England; bom in 
 London, May 7, 1847. He occupied many 
 positions of honor and importance before becom- 
 ing chief executive and was a diplomatist of note. 
 Author of ( Sir Robert Peel ' (1899) ; ( The Last 
 Phase' (1900). 
 
 Rosenfeld, Morris. An American Jewish 
 writer; bom in Poland in 1862. Author of : 
 ( Songs from the Ghetto.* 
 
 Rostand, Edmond. A French author and 
 dramatist; bom in Marseilles, France, in 1868. 
 Among hb published prose works are: ( Les 
 Romanesques' (1894); (Far Away Princess' 
 (1895 1; (La Samaritaine > (1897); (Cyrano d 
 |-5ergerac' (iSqS) ; and among his poems nrr- 
 ( Les Musadises > and ( L'Aiglon * (1900) ; (The 
 Chanticleer'; ( The Lady of Dreams.' 
 
 Runkle, Bertha. An American novelist; bom 
 in Berkeley Heights, N. J., in 18 — . Her 
 historical novel, ( The Helmet of Navarre ' was 
 published 190I ; ( The Tmth about Tolna' (1006). 
 
 Santayana, George. An American writer 
 and assistant professor of philosophy at Harvard 
 College; born in Spain in 1863. Among his 
 published works are : ( Sonnets and Other 
 Poems ' ( 1894) ; ( The Sense of Beauty ' ( 1896) ; 
 (Lucifer, a Theological Tragedy' ^1899); 
 ( Interpretations of Poetry and Religion ' ( 1900).
 
 SAUNDElwS — STOW 
 
 615 
 
 Saunders, Margaret Marshall. [* Marshall 
 Saunders.''] An American author; born in 
 Milton, Nova Scotia, in 1861. Among her 
 numerous works are : < Beautiful Joe > ( 1894), 
 for which she was awarded the prize of |200 
 offered by the American Humane Education 
 Society; < The House of Armour > (1897) ; * Her 
 Sailor > (1899); 'For His Country) (1900); 
 
 < Tilda Jane> (1901); < Beautiful Joe's Para- 
 dise' (1902J; < Nita» (1904); 'Alpatok' (1906). 
 
 Scidmore, Eliza Etihamah. An American 
 author and corresponding secretary of the 
 National Geographical Society; bom in Madi- 
 son, Wis., Oct. 14, 1856. Among her pub- 
 lished works are <Jinriksha Days in Japan' 
 (1890); < From East to West ' (1890); < China, 
 the Long-Lived Empire '(1900); 'Jarva,the Gar- 
 den of the East > (1897); < Winter India> (1903)- 
 
 Scribner, Frank Kimball. An American author 
 and journalist; bom in New York, Feb. 22, 
 1867. Among his published works are: <The 
 Honor of the Princess' (1897); 'The Fifth of 
 November' (1 898) ; < In the Land of the Loom ' 
 (1899); < A Continental Cavalier' (1900). 
 
 Scudder, Vida Button. An American author 
 and associate professor of English literature at 
 Wellesley College; bom in Southern India, Dec. 
 15, 1861. She was actively connected with the 
 formation of College Settlements. Among her 
 published works are < The Witness of Denial ' 
 (1896); < Social Ideals in English Letters' 
 ( 1898); < Introduction to the Study of English 
 Literature ' (1901); < The Disciple of a Saint.' 
 
 Searing, Latira Catherine Redden. [« Howard 
 Glyndon."] An American author and journalist; 
 born in Somerset, Md., Feb. 9, 1840. She was 
 Washington correspondent for the Missouri Re- 
 publican during the Civil War, wrote < German 
 War Gossip ' for the New York Tribune during 
 the Franco -Prussian War and was on the staff of 
 the New York Mail, 1868-76. She wrote: 
 
 < Idyls of Battle,' < Sounds from Secret Cham- 
 bers,' < Notable Men in the House of Represen- 
 tatives' (1864); < Of El Dorado' (1897). 
 
 Sharpless, Isaac. An American educator and 
 author; president of Haverford College, Pa.; 
 bora in Chester County, Pa., Dec. 16, 1848. 
 Among his vorks, which are on educational and 
 historical subjects, are < A Quaker Experiment,' 
 
 < Quakers in the Revolution,' < Two Centuries of 
 Pennsylvania History,' < English Education in 
 Elementary and Secondary Schools.' 
 
 Sheldon, Charles Monroe. An American Con- 
 gregational clergyman and author; bom in 
 Wellsville, N. Y., Feb. 26, 1857. Among his 
 numerous published works are < Richard Brace ' 
 (1891); <The Cracifixion of Philip Strong' 
 (1893); < His Brother's Keeper' (1895); 'Lend 
 a Hand' (1897); < Bom to Serve ' (1900); <Who 
 Killed Joe's Baby ' ; < The Heart of the World.> 
 
 Sherwood, Mrs. Mary Martha. An English 
 author ; bom in Worcestershire, England, May 
 6, 1775. She was the writer of ninety books, 
 many of them juvenile. Among them are 
 
 < Little Henry and His Bearer,' < Henry Mil- 
 ner,' < Ermina,' and < The Lady of the 
 Manor.' She died in Twickenham, England, 
 1851. 
 
 Sherwood, Mrs. Mary Elizabeth "Wilson. 
 [«Mrs. John Sherwood." « M. E. W. S."] 
 An American author; born in Keene, N. H., 
 in 1830. Among her writings are ' The Sar- 
 casm of Destiny,' < A Transplanted Rose,' 
 
 < Manners and Social Usages,' < Sweet Briar.' 
 
 < Roxobel,' etc. Died, N. Y. city, Sept. 12, 1903. 
 
 Smith, Harry Bache. An American author, 
 dramatist and critic; born in Buffalo, N. Y., in 
 i860. Among his many opera librettos are 
 
 < Robin Hood,) < Rob Roy,' <The Fortune 
 Teller,' ( Wizard of the Nile,' < Foxy Quiller ' 
 and <The Casino Girl.' He also wrote < Will 
 Shakespeare' (a comedy) (1893); < Lyrics and 
 Sonnets' (1894); 'Stage Lyrics' (1901). 
 
 Snow, Lorenzo. President of the Mormon 
 Church; born in Mantua, O., April 13, 1814. 
 He founded and named Brigham City, Utah, 
 was ordained one of the Twelve Apostles in 
 1849 and president of the Twelve in 1889. 
 Among his published works are : < The Italian 
 Mission,' <The Only Way to be Saved,' < The 
 Voice of Joseph.' He also translated the 
 
 < Book of Mormon ' into Italian. Died in Salt 
 Lake City, Utah, Oct. lo, 1901. 
 
 Soley, James Eussell. An American lawyer 
 and author; bom in Boston, Mass., Oct. I, 
 1850. He was professor and head of the 
 department of history and law United States 
 Naval Academy 1876-90, and assistant secre- 
 tary of the navy 1890-3. Among his works 
 are : < Foreign Systems of Naval Education,' 
 <The Blockade and the Craisers,' <Boys of 
 1812,' < Sailor Boys of i86l,> < Rescue of Gree- 
 ley ' (with Winfield S. Schley) ; < Admiral Porter.' 
 
 Stephens, fiohert Neilson. An American 
 author, playwright and joumalist; born in New 
 Bloomfield, N. J., July 22, 1867. His plays 
 include < An Enemy to the King,' and < The 
 Ragged Regiment,' and among his novels are 
 
 < An Enemy to the King ' ( 1897 ) ; < The Conti- 
 nental Dragoon' (1898); < Philip Winwood ' 
 (1900); < Captain Ravenshawi.' (1901). Died 1906. 
 
 Stevenson, Burton Egbert. An American 
 joumalist and author; born in Chillicothe, O., 
 Nov. 9, 1872. Among his published works are : 
 
 < At Odds with the Regent : A Story of the Cel- 
 lamore Conspiracy' (1900); < A Soldier of Vir- 
 ginia' (1901); < The Heritage' (1902); 'Tommy 
 Remington's Battle ' ; < That Affair at Elizabeth.' 
 
 Stow, John. A celebrated English chronicler 
 and antiquarj-; born in London about 1525. He 
 was the author of a considerable part of < Holin- 
 shed's Chronicles,' and the world of letters 
 owes much to his valuable historic works and 
 minute researches. He was the most accurate 
 and businesslike of English chroniclers of the 
 sixteenth century. Among his works are : 
 
 < Summary of the Chronicles of England,' 'Sur- 
 vey of London.) He died in extreme poverty, 
 April 6, 1605.
 
 6i6 
 
 STRANG TODD 
 
 Strang, Lewis Clinton. An American writer 
 and dramatic critic; bom in Westfield, Mass., 
 Dec. 4, 1869. His published works include : 
 
 < Famous Actresses of the Day> (1899); < Cel- 
 ebrated Comedians of Light Opera and Musical 
 Comedy in America > (1900). 
 
 Stratemeyer, Edward. [« Capt. Ralph Bone- 
 hill, » « Arthur M. Winfield».] An American 
 writer of juvenile stories; bom in Elizabeth, 
 N. J., Oct. 4, 1862. Among his numerous 
 works are < Last Cmiseof the Spitfire > ( 1894) ; 
 
 < Oliver Bright' s Search > (1895); < Young Auc- 
 tioneers > (1897); < Under Dewey at Manilla > 
 (1898); < Between Boer and Briton > (1900); <On 
 to Pekin > (1900); < The Fall of Port Arthur.> 
 
 Stringer, Arthur J. A Canadian writer; born 
 in London, Ont., Feb. 26, 1874. Author of 
 
 < Watchers of the Twilight, > < Pauline and Other 
 Poems, > < Epigrams,' < The Loom of Destiny. > 
 
 Sutherland, Evelyn Greenleaf. An American 
 journalist and playwright; bom in Cambridge, 
 Mass., in 18 — . For many years dramatic critic 
 on various Boston papers, she also contributed 
 widely to magazines and periodicals. Author 
 of: <Po' White Trash and Other One-Act 
 Dramas* (1899); < In Office Hours and Other 
 Vaudeville Sketches) (1899); also, < Fort 
 Frayne > (with Gen. Charles King) , and adapter 
 of < Monsieur Beaucaire,* with the author. 
 
 Sutphen, William Gilbert Van Tassell. An 
 American writer; born in Philadelphia, Pa., 
 May II, 1861. Author of <The Golficide > 
 ( 1898); < The Golfer's Alphabet >( 1899) ;< The 
 Cardinal's Rose > (1900); <The Golfer's Calen- 
 dar >; < The Nineteenth Hole> ; < The Doomsman.> 
 
 Tanner, Benjamin Tucker. An American 
 Methodist Episcopal bishop of African descent; 
 born in Pittsburg, Pa., Dec. 25, 1835. He was 
 for many years editor of the Christian Recorder, 
 and was founder and editor of the A. M. E. 
 Church Review. He was ordained bishop in 
 1888. Among his works are: <The Origin of 
 the Negro,> < Is the Negro Cursed, > < A Hint to 
 Ministers,' < The Color of Solomon.' 
 
 Tappan, Eva March. An American author 
 and teacher; born in Worcester, Mass., Dec. 26, 
 1854. Among her published works are < Charles 
 Lamb, the Man and the Author' (1896); <In 
 the Days of Alfred the Great' (1900); < Our 
 Country's Story ' (1902) ; < America's Literature.* 
 
 TarMngton, Newton Booth. An American 
 novelist; born in Indiana, July 29, 1869. His 
 writings include < The Gentleman from Indiana' 
 (1899); t Monsieur Beaucaire' (1900); < Two 
 Vanrevels>(i902); < Foreign Exchange' (1909). 
 
 Thompson-Seton, Ernest. A Canadian artist, 
 writer and naturalist; born in South Shields, 
 England, Aug. 14, i860. Famous as an animal 
 artist and illustrator, and at one time official 
 naturalist of Manitoba; his works include < Birds 
 of Manitoba,' < Mammals of Manitoba,' < Wild 
 Animals I Have Known,' < The Biography of a 
 Grizzly. > 
 
 Thompson, Hugh Miller. Protestant Episcopal 
 bishop of Mississippi; bom in Londonderry 
 County, Ire., June 5, 1830. He was ordained 
 priest in 1856 and consecrated to the bishopric 
 in 1883. He was editor of the American 
 Churchman, Chicago, 1860-70, and of the 
 Church Journal, New York, 1870-77. Among 
 his numerous works are : < Unity and its Resto- 
 ration > (1859); < First Principles' (1863); < The 
 World and the Kingdom ' (1888); < More Copy' 
 (1897). He died in 1902. 
 
 Thompson, Vance. An American joumalist, 
 author and playwright; bom April 7, 1863. He 
 was editor and founder of M'lle New York 
 (fortnightly review), and published a number 
 of books and dramas. Among the former are : 
 
 < Berwyn Kennedy,' < A Flash of Honor,> 
 
 < Writers of Young France,' < Spinners of Life;* 
 and among the latter < In Old Japan,' < The 
 Dresden Shepherdess,' < Florian's Dream.' 
 
 Thorpe, Francis Newton. An American au- 
 thor and lawyer; bom in Swampscott, Mass., 
 April 16, 1857. He was fellow-professor of 
 American Constitutional history at the University 
 of Pennsylvania for some years, and wrote 
 extensively on the subject. Among his works 
 are : < The Government of the People of the 
 United States ' ( 1889 ) ; < The Story of the Con- 
 stitution > (1891 ); <The Constitutional History 
 of the United States, 1765-1895 > ; <The Spoils 
 of Empire.' 
 
 Thorpe, Mrs. Rose Hartwick. An American 
 author; born in Mishawaka, Ind., July 18, 
 1850. Especially well known for her poem, 
 
 < Curfew Must Not Ring To-night,' she also 
 published many books of prose and verse. 
 Among the former are < Fred's Dark Days' 
 ri88i); <Nina Bruce ' (1886-); < The Chester 
 Girls ' (1887) ; and her verses include < Temper- 
 ance Poems' (1887); <Ringin£r Ballads' (1887); 
 * Sweet Song Stories' ; < White Ladyof Lajolia.' 
 
 Todd, Charles Burr. An American author and 
 journalist; born in Redding, Conn., Jan. 1 9, 
 1849. Among his published works are : < Life 
 and Letters of Joel Barlow' (1886); < Story of 
 the City of New York' (1895); < True Aaron 
 Burr' ; < The Confessions of a Railroad Man.' 
 
 Todd, David P. An American author and 
 astronomer; bom in Lake Ridge, N. Y., March 
 I9> 1855. He was professor of astronomy and 
 director of the observatory at Amherst College, 
 and was in charge of various eclipse expeditions, 
 including those to Texas, Japan, West Africa 
 and East Indies. Author of : < A New Astron- 
 omy ' (1897); < Stars and Telescopes' (1899). 
 
 Todd, Mrs. Mabel Loomis. An American 
 author; wife of David P. Todd, born in Cam- 
 bridge, Mass., in 1858. Besides being a fre- 
 quent contributor to magazines, she edited 
 
 < Poems and Letters of Emily Dickinson > 
 (1890-94); <A Cycle of Sonnets' (1896); 
 'Steele's Popular Astronomy' (1899); and 
 wrote < Footprints ' (1883); < Total Eclipses of 
 the Sun ' (1894); <Corona and Coronet > (1898).
 
 TOMLINSON WATERLOO 
 
 617 
 
 TomlioBon, Ererett Titsworth. An American 
 Baptist clergyman and writer of juvenile tales; 
 bom in Shiloh, N. J., May 23, 1859. Among 
 his nmnerous publications are * The Search for 
 Andrew Field > (1894); < The Boy Soldiers of 
 1812) (1895); < Three Colonial Boys) (1895); 
 •Two Young Patriots * (1898); <In the Hands of the 
 Redcoats ' (1901); < The Fruit of the Desert.' 
 
 Townsend, Edward Waterman. An American 
 journalist, author and dramatist; born in Cleve- 
 land, O., Feb. 10, 1855. He engaged in news- 
 paper work on the New York Sun and became 
 prominent for his studies of the life and dialect 
 of the Bowery. His works include : < Chimmie 
 Fadden,> <A Daughter of the Tenements,* 
 
 < Major Max, >< Days Like These,* besides the 
 dramatization of the first-named and the plays 
 <The Marquis of Michigan,* <The Sergeant,* 
 ' Our Constitution.' 
 
 Townsend, Luther Tracy. An American clergy- 
 man and author; bom in Orono, Me., Sept. 27, 
 1838. He entered the Methodist Epicopal 
 ministry in 1864, and was professor of various 
 branches of theology at Boston University, 
 1868-93. Among his works are: < Credo* 
 (1869); < Sword and Garment* (1871); < Art of 
 Speech ' (1880-81) : < Bible Theology and Modern 
 Thought > (1883) ; < Evolution of Creation > ( 1899) ; 
 
 < Anastasis ' (1900); < Collapse of Evolution.* 
 
 Tra«k, Mrs. Kate Nichols. [ «Katrina Trask. »] 
 An American author and contributor to leading 
 magazines. Among her works are < Under King 
 Constantino* (1891); < Sonnets and Lyrics* 
 (1894); (John Laighton, Jr. > (1898); 'Lessons 
 in Love * (1900J; < Night and Morning > (1906). 
 
 Trine, Ealph "Waldo. [«Mr. Whitman. *>] 
 An American writer and lecturer upon social 
 science; bom in Mt. Morris, 111., Sept. 9, 1866. 
 Among his published works are < What all the 
 World's a-Seeking * ( 1 896); < In Tune with the 
 Infinite* (1898); <The Greatest Thing Ever 
 Known* (1898); < Character- Building Thought 
 Power* (1900); <In the Fire of the Heart.' 
 
 Trae, John Preston. An American author; 
 bom in Bethel, Me., Feb. 13, 1859. He wrote: 
 < Their Club and Ours * ( 1883) ; < The Iron Star* 
 (1899) ; < Scouting for Washington * ( 1 900); <0n 
 Guard Against Tory and Tarleton * (1902), 
 
 TnunboU, Annie Eliot. An American author; 
 bora in Hartford, Conn., March 2, 1857. 
 Among her published works are < An Hour' s 
 Promise,* {1889); < White Birches* (1893); 
 <A Cape Cod Week* (1898); (Rod's Salva- 
 tion* (1898); < A Masque of Culture* (play), 
 (1893); (A Wheel of Progress* (play), 
 (1897); < Life's Common Way* (1903), 
 
 Upham, Grace Le Baron. [(( Grace Le 
 Baron.**] An American writer of juvenile 
 stories; bom in Lowell, Mass., June 22, 1845. 
 Among her numerous published works are : 
 (Little Miss Faith* (1894); < The Rosebud 
 Club* (1896); (Queer Janet * (1897); ( 'Twixt 
 You and Me * ( 1898); ( Told Under the Cherry 
 Trees >• < The Children of Bedford Court.' 
 
 Tallentine, Benjamin Bennaton. [< Fitz- 
 noodle.**] An American author, dramatist and 
 journalist; bom in London, Eng., Sept. 7, 1843. 
 He studied for the English bar and later came 
 to the United States and entered into editorial 
 work. Was one of the founders of Puck, 
 and dramatic critic for the New York Herald. 
 Among his works are : ( The Fitznoodle Papers,* 
 (The Last Train,* (The Last Circle,* and a num- 
 ber of plays. 
 
 Van Noppen, Charles Leonard. An American 
 writer; bom in Holland in 1868. He made the 
 only English translation of ( The Lucifer,* by 
 the famous Dutch author, Joost Van Vondel, 
 whose work is thought to have greatly influenced 
 John Milton in the production of ( Paradise 
 Lost.* 
 
 Van Bensselaer, May King (Mrs. John 
 King). An American writer of historical fiction; 
 born in New York city, May 25, 1848. Among 
 her published works are ( Crochet Lace * (1882) ; 
 <The Devil's Picture Books* (1887); (New 
 Yorkers of the Nineteenth Century* (1899). 
 She has also edited ( A Girl's Life Eighty Years 
 Ago.* 
 
 Vivian, Thomas Jondrie. An American 
 author and journalist ; bom in Cornwall, Eng- 
 land, Aug. 3, 1855. Lecturer on languages 
 and literature at the University of California, 
 Teachers' Institute Los Angeles, and Columbia 
 College, New York. Among his published 
 works are < With Dewey at Manila,* ( The 
 Fall of Santiago,* (A Life Wasted,* <01d 
 Dudley's Monument,* ( Luther Strong.* 
 
 "Ward, Mrs. May Alden. An American author 
 and lecturer; bom in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1853, 
 She wrote : ( Life of Dante * (1887) ; ( Petrarch, 
 a Sketch of His Life and Works* (1891); (Old 
 Colony Days* (1896); ( Prophets of the Nine- 
 teenth Century * (1900). 
 
 "Warman, Cy. An American author and jour- 
 nalist; bora in Greenup, 111., June 22, 1855. 
 He was introduced to public notice as " The 
 Poet of the Rockies," in 1892, by the New 
 York Sun. Rode locomotive from New York to 
 Chicago and wrote his first railroad story, ( A 
 Thousand Miles in a Night,* for McClure's 
 Magazine. Author of: ( Tales of an Engineer > 
 (1895); (The Express Messenger* (1897); 
 < Frontier Stories* (18981; (The "White Mail* 
 (1899); < Short Rails' (1900) ; < The Last Spike » 
 (1906). 
 
 Washington, Booker Taliaferro. An American 
 author of African descent, and principal of the 
 Tuskegee Normal Institute; bom near Hale's 
 Ford, Va., 1859. Distinguished as a writer 
 and speaker on racial and educational subjects; 
 among his published works are ( Sowing and 
 Reaping* (1900); (Up from Slavery* (1901); 
 ( Character Building > ; < The Nefjro in Business.* 
 
 Waterloo, Stanley. An American author and 
 journalist; bom in St. Clair County, Mich., May 
 21, 1846. He served on the editorial staff of sev- 
 eral western papers, and among his published
 
 0x8 
 
 WATTS-DUNTON WILLBTS 
 
 work! are < A Man and a Woman,) < The Story 
 of Ab.> < Honest Money' (1895); < The Wolf'i 
 Long IIowl ' ; < The Cassowary .> 
 
 Watts-Dunton, Theodore. An English poet, 
 novelist and critic. He was educated as a nat- 
 uralist and afterwards for the law; made a 
 special study of folk-lore of the East Anglican 
 and Welsh gypsies. He was critic on the 
 Examiner and Athenaeum. Among his publica- 
 tions are : < Jubilee Greeting at Spithead to Men 
 of Great Britain and Other Poems > (1897); 
 
 < The Coming of Love : Rhoda Boswell's Story > 
 (1897); <Aylwin> (1898); < Snowdon > (1901); 
 <The Christmas Dream: a Dramatic Idyll > 
 (1901); <The Renascence of Wonder > (1902). 
 
 Wella, Carolyn. An American writer; bom 
 in Rahway, N. J., 18— . Author of <At the 
 Sign of the Sphinx > (1896); < The Jingle Book> 
 (1899); <The Story of Betty) (1899); < Idle 
 idyiis > (1900); < A Folly Anthology > (1907). 
 
 Wells, David Dwight. An American littera- 
 teur; born in Norwalk, Conn., April 22, 1 868, 
 died there June 15, 1900. He wrote < Her 
 Ladyship's Elephant,) < His Lordship's Leop- 
 ard '; < Parlous Times.) Died 1900. 
 
 Westcott, Edward Noyes. An American 
 banker and author; born in Syracuse, N. Y., 
 Sept. 27, 1847; died there March 31, 1898. His 
 only book, < David Harum,' published after his 
 death, in 1 899, achieved a widespread pop- 
 ularity. 
 
 Wharton, Mra. Edith Newhold (Jones). An 
 American writer of fiction; bom in New York in 
 1862. Author of <The Greater Inclination) 
 (1889); <The Touchstone) (1900); < Crucial 
 Instances) (1901); < Valley of Decision) (1902). 
 
 Webster, Henry Eitchell. An American 
 writer, bom in Evanston, 111., Sept. 7, 1855. 
 Author of : < The Banker and the Bear : The 
 Story of a Comer in Land) (1900); < Roger 
 Drake, Captain of Industry ) (1902), and (with 
 Samuel Merwin) < The Short Line War) (1899); 
 
 < Calumet 'K' > (1901); < Traitor and Loyalist.) 
 
 Whipple, Henry Benjamin. Protestant Epis- 
 copal bishop of Minnesota; bom in Adams, N. 
 Y., Feb. 15, 1823. He was active in work for 
 the evangelization of the Indians, and was an 
 authority upon the Indian question, on which he 
 wrote extensively. Author of < Sermons and 
 Addresses,) and < Lights and Shadows of a 
 Long Episcopate.) Ha died at Faribault, 
 Minn., Sept. 16, 1901. 
 
 White, Percy. An English novelist and jour- 
 nalist; bom in London, Eng., in 18 — . He was 
 professor of English language and literature at 
 a French college, later took up joumali.sm and 
 was editor of Public Opinion for ten years. 
 Among his works are: < Mr. Bailey -Martin > 
 (1893); <A King's Diary) (1894); <A Pas- 
 sionate Pilgrim) (1897); < The Heart of the 
 Dancer > ( 1900) ; < The New Christians > (1902). 
 
 White, Tmmhnll. An American author and 
 journalist; bom in Winterset, la., Aug. 12, 
 
 1868. He was engaged in active editorial work 
 on various Chicago papers, was in charge of 
 news service during the Cuban campaign, 1898, 
 and in 1899 was correspondent from Russia, Cen- 
 tral Asia, Turkestan and Siberia. Author of : 
 
 < Wizard of Wall Street > (biography of Jay 
 Gould) (1892) ; < Reuben and Cynthia at the 
 World's Fair) (1893); < War in the East, with 
 History of China, Japan and Korea) (1895); 
 
 < Our War with Spain ) (1898) ; < Our New Pos- 
 sessions ) (1899); < San Francisco Earthquake.* 
 
 Whitely, Mrs. Isabel Nixon. An American 
 author; bom in New York in 1859. She wrote : 
 
 < The Falcon of Langeac,) < For the French 
 Lilies) (1899). 
 
 Whitman, Sidney. An English journalist and 
 political writer; bom in London, Eng., in 18 — . 
 He represented the New York Herald at Con- 
 stantinople during the outbreak of the Armenian 
 conspiracy in 1896, and accompanied the Turk- 
 ish mission from the Black Sea to the Medi- 
 terranean, 1897-98. Among his works are : 
 
 < Imperial Germany) (1888); < Teuton Studies > 
 (1895); < A Story of Austria) (1898); < Life of 
 the Emperor Frederick) (1900); < My Reminis- 
 cences of Prince Bismarck > (1902). 
 
 Wilcox, Marrion. An American author and 
 journalist; bom in Augusta, Ga., April 3, 1858. 
 He studied law and was admitted to the New 
 York bar; took up editorial work and was on 
 the staff of the Philadelphia Press, New Eng- 
 lander and Yale Review. Besides his regular 
 contributions to magazines and periodicals, his 
 works include : < Real People) (1886); < Scenes 
 in General Dayton's Garden) (1889); < A Short 
 History of the War with Spain ) (1898); < Har- 
 per's History of the War in the Philippines' 
 (1900). 
 
 Wilkinson, Henry Spenser. An English author 
 and journalist; bom in Manchester, Eng., May 
 I, 1853. In 1892 he spent the winter in India, 
 traveling along the North West Frontier, visiting 
 the camps of exercise in the Punjab, as a guest 
 of Lord Roberts. He published many books 
 on military subjects, among which are : < Citizen 
 Soldiers) (1884); < Essays on the War Game) 
 (1887); < The Command of the Sea > (1894); 
 
 < Lessons of the War) (1900); <War and 
 Policy) (1900). 
 
 Willard, Ashton Bollins. An American author; 
 bom in Montpelier, Vt., April 14, 1858. Be- 
 sides being a writer on art subjects for maga- 
 zines, he published: < Life and Work of Painter 
 Domenico Morelli> (1895) ; < History of Modem 
 Italian Art > (1898); < Land of the Latins.) 
 
 Willets, Gibson. An American author, jour- 
 nalist and traveler; bom in Hempstead, N. Y., 
 Aug. 10, 1869. He was special correspondent 
 for various magazines and newspaper syndicates 
 during the Spanish- American War, and in 1900 
 went to India and journeyed about one thousand 
 miles through the famine district, for the Chris- 
 tian Herald and a syndicate of 200 newspapers. 
 His published works include : < Anita, th«
 
 WILLIAMS — WYCKOFF 
 
 619 
 
 Cuban Spy ' ; < His Neighbor's Wife > ; < The 
 Iriumph of Yankee Doodle*; <The Rulers of 
 the World at Home*; < Commercial Invasion 
 of Europe.* 
 
 Williams, George Forrester. An American 
 author and journalist; born on the Rock of Gib- 
 raltar in 184I. He joined the staff of the New 
 York Times in i860, served actively throughout 
 the Civil War and acted as war correspondent 
 1864-65, correspondent during the Franco- 
 Mexican War in 1 867, managing editor of the 
 New York Times 1871-73, and of the New 
 York Herald 1874. Author of: < Bullet and 
 Shell,> < Lucy's Rebel,> < The Memorial War 
 Book,> < Unfair in Love and W^ar,> < Across the 
 Lines.* 
 
 Wilson, Francis. An American actor and 
 author; bom in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 7, 1854. 
 He wrote < The Eugene Field I Knew,' < Re- 
 collections of a Player,* < Going on the Stage.' 
 
 Wilson, Marcius. An American author; bom 
 at West Stockbridge, Mass,, Dec, 8, 1813. 
 Among his published works are : < Architectural 
 Drawing) (1837); < Civil Polity and Political 
 Economy* (1840); < Grecian History and 
 Mosaics of Bible History > (1882-83) ; * Wonder- 
 ful Story of Old > (1888). 
 
 Winslow, Helen Maria. An American writer 
 and journalist; bom in Westfield, Va., in 185 1. 
 Editor of < The Club Woman.' and prominently 
 connected with leading woman's clubs of Boston 
 and vicinity. Author of < The Shawsheen Mills * 
 (1882) ;<A Bohemian Chapter >( 1887 );<Salome 
 bhepard. Reformer ' (1894); < Concerning Cats' 
 (1900); < Literary Boston of To-day > (1902). 
 
 Wister, Owen. An American author and 
 lawyer; born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 14, 
 i860. Besides being a frequent contributor of 
 prose and verse to magazines, he wrote : < The 
 Dragon of Wantley, His Tail' (1892); <Red 
 Men and White' (1896); < Lin McLean > 
 
 (1898); <The Jimmy John Boss* ("1900); <U. S. 
 Grant, a Biography* (1900); < The Virginian*; 
 
 < Mother ' ; < The Seven Ages of Washington.' 
 
 Wood, Henry. An American writer upon 
 metaphysical subjects; bom in Barre, Vt., Jan. 
 16, 1834. Among his works are : < Natural Law 
 in the Business World > (1887); < God's Image 
 in Man> (1892); < Ideal Suggestions' (1893); 
 'Studies in the Thought World' (1896); < The 
 Symphony of Life ' ( 1901 ). 
 
 Woods, Vema. An American educator and 
 author; bom in Ohio, in 1864. Besides being a 
 well-known contributor to leading magazines 
 and periodicals she wrote : < A Modem Magda- 
 len,' < The Amazon,) < An Elusive Lover.i 
 
 < Jason Hildreth's Identity.) Died at Sacra- 
 mento, Cal., March 5, 1 903. 
 
 Wright, Uarie Bobinson. An American author 
 and traveler; born in Newnan, Ga., in 1866. 
 She was five years on the staff of the New York 
 World, was commissioned from Georgia to the 
 Paris Exposition in 1889, the first woman to 
 receive such an appointment, and was decorated 
 by the Mexican Government for her history of 
 that country. Author of < Picturesque Mexico > 
 
 < Chili'; <The New Brazil > (1901); < Bolivia.' 
 
 Wright, Mrs. Mary Tappan. An American 
 author; bom in Steubenville, Ohio, Dec. 185 1. 
 She wrote < A Tmce and Other Stories ' (1895 ) ; 
 
 < Aliens > (1902); ' The Tower* (1906). 
 
 WyckoflF, Walter Augustus. An American 
 author and assistant professor of political econ- 
 omy at Princeton University; bom in Mainpuri, 
 India, April 12, 1865. In order to ascertain 
 the actual conditions surrounding the American 
 workingman, he spent two years in toil as an 
 unskilled laborer, and worked his way from 
 Connecticut to California to carry out his experi- 
 ment. His experiences are related in his book, 
 <The Workers— East and West' (1897-98).
 
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