Flags of the World 
 
 BY 
 
 BYRON McCANDLESS 
 
 l.U>iilt'njiit-C'<»nini.iiuU'r V. S. N.i\y 
 \NI> 
 
 GILBERT GROSVENOR 
 
 With ll'»7 lla<:s in 1 nil Colors 
 300 AdiiitioiKiI liiiistr.itions in Bl;u k .in. I Wliiti- 
 
 PlBLIsin.l) ii\ I m. N \ I lON.M. t.KOt.KAlMllc: MJI.IKTY 
 
 \\ ASHINCJTON. n. C. 
 
 I . S. A. 
 
 ii)llillillllilllilllllllllllliillliiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiini;iiiii:iiiii!!iiiii 
 
a-ic^^y- 
 
 \ ■ 
 
 Copyright by the 
 National Geographic Society 
 
 Washinc.ton 
 
 Prkss oi- Judd &: Detwku.kr, Inc. 
 
 1917 
 
THE WHITE HOUSE 
 
 WA S H INOTO N 
 
 14 December, 1917 
 
 My dear Mr. Grosvenor: 
 
 The Flag Niimber of the National 
 Geographic Ifegazine is indeed most interest- 
 ing and most valuable. I sincerely congratu- 
 late you on the thoroughness and intelligence 
 with which the work has heen done. It consti- 
 tutes a very valuable document indeed. 
 
 Cordially and sincerely yours, 
 A. 
 
 Mr. Gilbert H. Grosvenor, Director, 
 National Geographic Society. 
 
THE SECRETARY OF THE NAVY, 
 
 V/ASHINGTON. 
 
 Deoemter 3, 1917 
 My dear Mr. Srosvenor: 
 
 I wish to congratulate and thank you for the magnificent 
 Flag Number of the Rational Geographic Magazine. It had for me a per- 
 sonal as well as a national interest, because during the weeks that 
 Lieutenant Commander Byron McCandless was busy in the preparation of the 
 articles and the flags which adorn the magazine I caught something of 
 the spirit of enthusiasm and patriotism which marked the delightful la- 
 bor which he brought to the study and preparation of what is truly an 
 historic number- To have given to the people a beautiful Flag Number 
 at any time would have been in keeping with the educational service which 
 the National Geographic Magazine has long rendered to the American pub- 
 lic. To have given this service at this time, when the Flag means more 
 to us than ever before in our history, and when millions of young men are 
 responding cheerfully to its call because of the principles it symbolizes, 
 your Flag Number may be truly said to be a contribution to the victory 
 which will he won under the inspiration of the ideals which the Flag em- 
 bodies. 
 
 Sincerely yours, 
 
 Mr. Gilbert H. Grosvenor, Editor, 
 The National Geographic Ivlagazine, 
 Washington, D. C 
 
 THE SECRETARY or WAR. 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 Jlecember 12, 1917 
 My dear Mr. Grosvenor; 
 
 1 am very glad to have the second copy of the Flag Issue of 
 the National Geographic Magazine which you v/ere good enough to send 
 me, the first having already reached me at my home, and I wish to thank 
 you on behalf of ray associates in the War department for the Society's 
 generous offer to present a special edition of 5000 copies of the mag- 
 azine for the use of the men in the Army. 
 
 This issue is not only of general interest, as all the issues 
 of the magazine are, but of permanent value for reference, and of par- 
 ticular usefulness to the men in the military service of the United 
 States at this tine. 
 
 With best v. ishes and renewed thanks, I am 
 
 Cordially yours. 
 
 Mr. Gilbert H. Grosvenor, Editor, 
 
 The National Geographic Magazine, 
 Washington. D. C. 
 

 M'Kl". 
 
 
 ^^F 
 
 i\ A; 1 ■ f ' 
 
 
 
 o' ^cii-: I 
 
 1, 
 
 thp: fla(^ book 
 
 FLAGS >ymb<)li/c the iiohlc aspira- 
 tions and gl(irii>iis adiievonK'tits of 
 tlic human race; they ci)it(>inizc the 
 romance of history; tliey incarnate the 
 chivalry of the a.LCes. 
 
 Their oris^in is divinity itself ; for w hen, 
 at the be},'innin_<j of recorded time, Jeho- 
 vah made a covenant with man, i)rom- 
 h'lng that never aijain would He send the 
 waters to cover the face of the earth and 
 destroy all t1csh. He unfurled the first 
 tiatf — the niultihued banner of the rain- 
 bow — which He set in the clouds as a 
 symbol of security and an assurance tti 
 all future generations of His watchful 
 care. 
 
 And since that day man has, in his 
 finite way, employed his earthly banners 
 as emblems of faith, of hope, and of his^h 
 resolve. 
 
 -Around the bits of varicolored l)uut- 
 incj which the |hmi])1c of each lanil nom- 
 inate as a national tlai^, there cluster 
 thouj^hts of loyalty, of patriotism, and of 
 jH-rsoiial sacrifice which have enabled the 
 world to move forward, from the days 
 when each individual strui^ijled for him- 
 .<;clf alone, like other wild animals of i)lain 
 and mountain side, imtil, through com- 
 numity of interests ami unity of ctTort, 
 mankind has been enabled to rear the 
 sjilendid structure of twentieth century 
 civilization. 
 
 When the savage began to emerge from 
 his isolation and took the first steps to- 
 ward becoming a social creature, profit- 
 ing by association and cixiperation with 
 fellow human In-ing-, one of his first 
 needs was a siijn or a svmlx)l wherebv he 
 
 could distinguish during primitive battles, 
 lietween creatures of his own tribe or 
 family and those of enemy tril)es. .\ 
 l)eculiar type of club, a splotch of colored 
 clay on the bixly nf the warrior, and later 
 some rude device on his clumsy shield 
 served for a time the puqiose of insignia. 
 F.ventually these bits of wood, bodily 
 ornamentation, and shield signs were re- 
 placed by the skins (.if animals attached 
 to poles so that they might be held high 
 in the air and recognized at a distance. 
 I'rom such crude beginnings it is easy to 
 trace the evolution of the flags of civil- 
 ized man. 
 
 Today, while it i^ true that we are 
 thinking of the flags of our own and of 
 other nations in relation to sanguinary 
 strife, these emblems of armies and navies 
 have a deep and noble significance far 
 removed from their use in leading men 
 to battle. In reality llag> are the bul- 
 warks of idealism. 
 
 W I.\SI'IR.\TI()\ To nCRSONAL SACKIIICK 
 
 The (lag ei)itomizes for an army the 
 high i»rinci])les for which it strives in 
 battle. Were it not for the ideals which 
 it keeps ever before the soldier he would 
 be iK'stialized by .slaughter. It keeps 
 men's motives lofty even in mortal com- 
 bat, making them forgetful of in-rsonal 
 gain and of per-onal revenge, but eager 
 for personal sacrifice in the cause of the 
 country they scr\T. 
 
 With full realization of what the «torics 
 of the flags of the worhl mean, each to 
 its own |H.*ople. and with the belief that 
 .\mcricans will \k insi)ired by imder- 
 
 Xote: The pages of the Flas Hook arc numlicrcd as they ap|>carcd in the X.^Tion.xl 0»<>- 
 CR.\PH1C M.Vf.AZINE (Xo. 4. ^'l>l. jj). 
 

 
 > ! 
 
 ^ V 
 
 
 
 
 
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 u -^ 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 y, 
 
 0.5 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 
 
 ra s 
 
 
 'ii 
 
 
 
 
 
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 f 
 
 
 
 e manning th 
 le national en 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 *^, 
 
 2S2 
 
«- i -^ 
 
 TUK PRKSIUENT Ol" THE IMTKl) STATKS ON' ItOAKli A UARCK WIIICII FLir^ HIS I'LAG 
 
 AT Tin: liOVV WHILE TAKINC. HIM I'RO.M THi: ".M AYIM.(I\VI:r" TO 
 
 THE FLACSIIH' (SEE ALSO I' AGE 324) 
 
 The President's flag (Xo. 2, page 310) is one of the most diflicult flags to make, requir- 
 ing the labor of a skilled seamstress for an entire montli. Every detail of the eagle, each 
 feather and each scale, must lie carefiilly emliroidered. ( )ii two days of tlie year the ships of 
 the American Xavy arc ''fidl (Iresstd," as are the hattlcships shown here. Those occasions 
 are the Fourth of July, the birthday of the nation itself, and the Twenty-second of I'ebruary, 
 the birthday of him who will ever remain lirst in the hearts of his countrynien. To "full- 
 drcss ship" is also permissible as a matter of international courtesy, when in foreign ports, 
 upon the occasion of the visiuil i-iiniiir\ '■; n:itii>nal holidays or in honor nf the presence of 
 their men-of-war. 
 
 Standing and appreciating the motives. the 
 traditions, and the .sentiments wliich have 
 given birth to these varions symliols of 
 sovereignty, tlie Xational Gehc.r m-hic 
 Society |)resents this work, devoted to 
 the flags tif ail countries. 
 
 In the present world strnggle, in which 
 the United States of .\merica is now en- 
 gaged, we of this land hold to the ideals 
 re|>rescnted in the history and the promise 
 of the Stars and Stripes — tlie ideals of 
 life, liberty, and the pursuit of iiappiness 
 .safegiia riled for all m.-inkind. 
 
 .And thougii many must fall in the 
 achievement of those ideals, a noble and 
 in)[>erishable good will endnre as a monu- 
 ment to their sacrifice. History can be- 
 stow tip<">n such soldiers no higher en- 
 
 comium than that of Defenders of the 
 Flag. 
 
 In presenting i.n>7 Hags in accurate 
 colors and design, the j)Iates of which 
 were utilized tor thi> volume, the Society 
 issiK'fl the most expensive, instructive, 
 and beautiful numlxT of its magazine in 
 the history of periodical literature. 
 
 THE niG TASK Ol- .MAKING THE FL.VG 
 MM HER 
 
 In assembling the llags of the world, in 
 choiising the correct from the spurious 
 designs, and in mobilizing, so to si>eak. 
 the Hag lore of our own \nierica. as well 
 as in the research which has made it |j<is- 
 siblc to present here many tlag*- pregnant 
 with historic associations, the Xational 
 
 2Sj 
 
284 
 
 THE XATIOXAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY 
 
 Geographic Socihtv has been fortunate 
 in having the enthusiatic cooperation and 
 active professional services of tlie fore- 
 most flag expert of the United States 
 Government and probably the leading au- 
 thority in the world on flag usages among 
 maritime nations — Lieut. Commander 
 Byron AlcCandless, of the United States 
 Xavy. 
 
 I ieut. Commander IMcCandless was the 
 flag officer of the .Vmerican fleet at \'era 
 Cruz in 1913, and in the performance of 
 his duties there he found that the signal 
 officers and enlisted men were handi- 
 capped in their work by the non-existence 
 of a flag book. Being far removed from 
 a printing establishment, the ingenious 
 officer met the condition by chiseling flag 
 plates from leaden sheets and printing in 
 color a book of flags with a hand-press in- 
 stalled on the flagship. This unique pub- 
 lication attracted wide attention among 
 naval officers, and the demand for copies 
 of the work became so great that the im- 
 provised flag plates, made of soft metal, 
 soon wore away. 
 
 Lieut. Commander !McCandless was in- 
 duced by the National Geographic So- 
 ciety to undertake, with the consent of 
 the Secretary of the Navy, the assembling 
 of the flags of the world for this volume. 
 In view of the value of this flag material 
 to the government, the Society has do- 
 nated 3,000 copies of the Flag Book to 
 the United States Navy and 3,000 copies 
 to the Army. 
 
 In addition to the expert services of 
 Lieut. Commander ]\IcCandless, the Ed- 
 itor has had the assistance of John Oliver 
 La Gorce. the Associate Editor ; of Wil- 
 liam Joseph Showalter, Ralph A, Graves, 
 Franklin L, Fisher, and other members 
 of the editorial stafif in the months of 
 research work necessary to secure the 
 historicallv accurate data descriptive of 
 the more than 1,200 flags in colors and 
 in black and white. Thus, through such 
 concerted effort, it is possible to present 
 in this issue the most complete and au- 
 thoritative work on flags ever published. 
 The engraving of the coats-of-arms and 
 devices appearing on many of the lian- 
 
 ners and the preparation of all the color 
 plates in their accurate proportions, as 
 well as the notable achievement in rich 
 color printing, have been accomplished 
 through the mechanical efficiency and ar- 
 tistic cooperation of the Beck Engraving 
 Company of Philadelphia, In the proc- 
 esses of color printing it was necessary 
 to operate the presses in daylight only, 
 in order that the tints and shades might 
 be kept true for each of the 23,000.000 
 pages (^2 pages of color in each of more 
 than 700,000 copies of the Natioxal 
 Gi:oGRAPHic Magazine). 
 
 The Flag Number and the Flag Book, 
 like all the other issues since the found- 
 ing of the magazine twenty-nine years 
 ago, owe their attractive typographical 
 appearance to Messrs, Judd & Detweiler, 
 Inc., of \\'ashington, D. C. ■ ; 
 
 THE WORK OF PRINTING 
 
 So vast has grown the membership of 
 the National Geographic Society that 
 one finds it hard to realize how wide- 
 sjjread is the geographic interest it has 
 engendered or how many magazines must 
 be printed before each member can re- 
 ceive his or her copy. Two striking 
 illustrations of the Society's numerical 
 strength have come home to the Editor in 
 the issuance of the Flag Numlier. \\'ith 
 one of tlie largest color printing ])lants 
 in America engaged in producing the 32 
 pages of flags in colors, it took 75 work- 
 ing day> — three months — to print these 
 alone. 
 
 The attention of the reader is directed 
 to tile little vacant spaces after flags 640 
 and 666 respectively (pages 350-331). 
 These blank intervals do not seem to be 
 more tlian negligible ; and yet, running 
 through the entire edition of the Na- 
 tional Gi;ograpiiiC ^Magazine, they oc- 
 cupy mure than 700,000 square inches of 
 sjiace, or 1,728 pages. Put side by side 
 the\- would form a ribbon of paper twenty 
 miles long. . . 
 
 Gilbert Grosvenor, 
 
 Editor and Director. 
 Xiitiiiiia! Gcoijirapliic S(^cict\'. 
 
INDKX' TO ll..\c;S AND INSICNIA 
 
 Siibjcci lllii«lrallon Text 
 
 I'uije i'uye 
 
 African (lags :ir,4. ;i:.r., :ir>N. ;iii7 .'iTi' 
 
 Army iluKs of I'nlliHl Statpa 3H Ijos, ;iot> 
 
 A.sliiii iliiKi 3ri4, :t.'>.'i, .'(.".s. M(i7 :i7;;' 
 
 Briiish Kiiipirp iiaKu :irii>-auu a*s 
 
 Ausirullii aOJt SJiU 
 
 Uuiiihituii i>f raoaiUi m\2 SHI 
 
 Corri'trt illfiu'usluns of I'nlti-il Staten flag 312 404 
 
 I'orri'it ilUpliiy of I'lillttl Stnti'H UuR mi4 
 
 i:iiri>|n-iiu iliiKs .•t.vi. :i.vs, :iii7 .'17:;. .'tss 
 
 riiiKs r.imuiis 111 Ami'rlraii lilsiory ;(;is. ;i;t'.i, ;i|j ;m 
 
 licoKiapliy uf iiilililli' uKi'M tuUI liy llauM .'17ii :tHS 
 
 InslKnla of iinlformiKl forces of I'lilirtl States 4U-41!> -Hit 
 
 .Muk.is of till- I'lac :iu4 
 
 .Murliii- t'orps rhik's of Inlit'il Slates ;!!."• ;ii;i. : 
 
 Nulliilial (ictiKiaplilc Society tiai; :t:i.'i :I4IW 
 
 Naval llaiis of llie worlil ;H7. :t."iO, ;t."il :iil'.< 
 
 Navv llaK'i of I'nltetl StuteH :il.'>, aiM. :il!i :il:i. 
 
 l-aiiAuiiTlcan IlaKS :14:1. :Hlt .nil 
 
 Stars anil Slrl|H>s, lllsiury of .'Ilo '.iHii 
 
 Stale llatjs of Inlted States :i-.:;i-:t.H 323 
 
 in: 
 
 111! 
 
 I'hnlagraph by Uroirn Drolhcrl 
 
 SAIATING THE KI.AC IN SCIIOOI, 
 
 The saliito to the fl.ii: fosters n spirit of unity and loyalty amonif the future citizens of 
 the land, rcijardless of the many racial slocks imm which these children may have sprung. 
 Happily, educators are rapidly appreciating the importance of such outward symlmls and 
 ceremonies, and it is hoped that the time is at hantl when such patriotic customs will be 
 universally adopted in our puMic and private schools. 
 
 28s 
 
THK SIORV OF JHK AMI^KICAX FLAG 
 
 The text and illustrations of this Plag Ninnhcr. in its entiretw are (Protected h\ 
 copyright, and all rights are reserved 
 
 AS IF in augury of that perpetual 
 peace for which all mankind hopes 
 L as the outcome of the world war, 
 immediately following the entrance of 
 the United States of America into the 
 great struggle to secure democracy f<:>r 
 all peoples and freedom from the menace 
 of militarism for all nations, the Stars 
 and Stripes were received gratefully and 
 reverently into that historic shrine of the 
 English-speaking race — St. Paul's Ca- 
 thedral, London — there to be preserved 
 among the hallowed banners of the hosts 
 of liberty (see page 302). 
 
 This epochal event marked the alli- 
 ance, in a sacred cause, nf the two great 
 self-governing Anglo-Saxon nations just 
 140 years after the birth of that Star 
 Spangled Banner in the travail of the 
 conflict which severed the American Re- 
 public from the P.ritish Fjnpire. 
 
 From the embattled pinnacle of high 
 resolve and lofty idealism where the 
 American flag has always floated, the 
 course of its rise mav be surveyed — an 
 inspiration to the patriot, an enduring 
 emblem of hope for the oppressed. The 
 story of the Stars and Stripes is the story 
 of the nation itself: the evolution of the 
 flag is symbolic of the evolution of our 
 free institutions ; its development epito- 
 mizes the amazing expansion of oiu* 
 boundaries and the development of our 
 natural resources; its glorious history is 
 the history of the people whose sover- 
 eignty it signifies. 
 
 In the embryonic days of the republic, 
 •when the Thirteen Original States were 
 still feeble British colonies bordering the 
 western shores of the Atlantic, there were 
 almost as many varieties of banners borne 
 by the Revolutionary forces as there are 
 today races fused into one liberty-loving 
 .American people. 
 
 The local flags and colonial devices 
 (Nos. 361-366, 377-422) displayed in bat- 
 tle on land and sea during the first months 
 
 of the American Revolution proclaimed 
 the attitude of the people of the several 
 colonies in their grievances against the 
 ^lother Cotmtry. 
 
 W hen liunker Hill and Lexington were 
 fought, some of the staunchest patriots 
 were still hopeful that an adjustment of 
 the difficulties with the home government 
 could be efl^ected, and although on June 
 15. 1775, General Washington had been 
 a])pointed commander - in - chief of the 
 Continental forces raised, or to be raised, 
 "for the defense of .\merican libertv." 
 the Continental Congress nearly a month 
 later (July 8) addressed an appeal to 
 King George in which the petitioners 
 styled themselves "Your Majesty's faith- 
 ful subjects." 
 
 DISIXCI.IXED TO SKVIvR ALT, TIES 
 
 Disinclined to sever all ties with Eng- 
 land, yet bitterl\- resentful of the treat- 
 ment accorded them and unyielding in 
 their determination to resist further oi^- 
 ]iression, when it became necessary to 
 adopt an ensign for their newly created 
 navy, in the autumn of 1775. the revolt- 
 ing colonies chose a flag that reflected 
 their feeling of unity with the IMother 
 Country, but at the same time expressed 
 their firm juint ])urposc to demand and 
 obtain justice and liberty. 
 
 The events which resulted in the estab- 
 lishment of the Continental navy, and 
 thereby the birth of the first flag repre- 
 sentative of the thirteen united colonies, 
 constitute one of the most picturesque 
 chapters in American history. At the be- 
 ginning of October the Continental Con- 
 gress, sitting in Philaflelphia. learned that 
 two unarmed Xorth Country-built brigs 
 were sailing from England loaded with 
 arms, powder, and other stores destined 
 for Quebec. .\s the colonies were in sore 
 need of powder and possessed neither 
 factories for its manufacture nor ships 
 for bringing it from abroad, Congress 
 
 286 
 

 
 TIIIC llANNKK 
 
 INDKK WHICH llli:\ 
 M AKTIAI, 
 
 roic.ii r 
 
 SIIKOID 
 
 AND I"i:i.I. IS .N'nW Tlli:il{ 
 
 Tluy went forth to battle and save iluir lives to liberty. Theirs the hardsliips, theirs 
 the sacrifice, theirs the honor, "nor shall tlieir gli>ry be forgot while l'"aine her record keeps." 
 
 instructed General W'ashinijtnn to ap])ly 
 til the Council of Massacliiisetts Uay for 
 tile two armcil vessels in its service, to 
 man them and to dispatch them with all 
 speed in the hojie of interceptinsj the nui- 
 iiitions-laden brigs. The aid of the arme<l 
 vessels of Rhode Island and Connecticut 
 was also promised the commaniler- in- 
 chief in tlii'^ ini]iortant cntcr]irisc. 
 
 General Washington, of hi^ own initia- 
 tive, had already purchased two vessels, 
 which he had fitted out, officered witli 
 army captains, antl manned with soUlier-. 
 These ships were the Lynch and the 
 rraiiklin. By Xovember I four addi- 
 tional cruisers had been added to the 
 fleet — the /.<v. the Harrison, the ll'tirrt-n, 
 and the l.ndy ll'tisliiiii^toii. 
 
 Of this little licet only the l.rc. under 
 command of John Manley, met with sig- 
 nal success in the boKl undertaking. < 'n 
 Xovcnibcr 29 it captured the brig A'<7»ii"_v. 
 with a precious cargo of 4.000 inu>ket*, 
 31 tons of musket shot, 3.0(X) round shot, 
 several barrels of powder, and a i^-ittch 
 
 brass mortar, subscfiucntly called "Ci in- 
 gress," which was to jilay an important 
 part in forcing the evacuation of I'm-iton. 
 One of the colonial ships, the I. tidy 
 H'lishiir^toii, was captured on HecemlKT 
 7 by H. M. S. I'owi-y. and her colors, still 
 in the .\dmiralty Office in London, are 
 described as bearing a pale-green pine 
 tree on a field of white bunting, with the 
 motto, ".\n Apjieal to I leaven" (.V.)0- 
 This Hag was tlown by all the <lu]is under 
 Washington's command at this time, the 
 design having been suggested by the 
 commander-in-chief's military secretary. 
 Colonel Joseph Reed, who wrote, on Oc- 
 tober 20. 1775. that he wished to "fix 
 upon some particidar color for a flag ami 
 a sign.Tl by which our vessels may know 
 one another." 
 
 TIIK KARLV AMKRICAX NAVY 
 
 Prior to the receipt of the new s of the 
 capture of the .Vinuy the Continental 
 Congress had appointed Ksek Hopkins 
 conHnan<ler-in-cbicf of the navy built by 
 
 j87 
 

 T^-"/, 
 
 
 
 
 
 TM//^a^.» 
 
 THE KAuijKsT i'i:ki-i-:ct rf^i'rf.skxtatiox of the grand union exsign 
 
 (see no. 364) 
 
 The H,ig is a part nf tlic (k-cnratii'iis appearing on Xorth Carolina currency of the is-~ue of 
 
 -April J, 17-0 
 
 Congress as distinguished from the sol- 
 dier-manned fleet under General W'ash- 
 ington. fnimediately following his ap- 
 ]iointmcnt Commodnre Hopkins (the first 
 and only commander-in-chief the na^■y 
 ever had) set sail from Rhode Island in 
 that colony's armed \essel Kai\ and ar- 
 rived in the Delaware Ri\er on Decemher 
 3- I "75- The same day the commodore 
 assumed the formal command of the little 
 squadron which the Congress had placed 
 under him. 
 
 PAUL .TONES RAISES THE EEAG 
 
 The manner in which that command 
 was assumed is of signal importance, in 
 that the ceremony marked the hoisting of 
 the first truly .Vmerican Hag. .\nd the 
 distinction of having released the lianner 
 to the breeze belongs to that daring spirit. 
 John Paul Jones, one of the chief among 
 heroes in the hearts of American naval 
 officers and seamen. Jones, at that time 
 senior lieutenant (corresponding to exec- 
 utive oflficer in the navy today) of Hop- 
 kins' flagship, the Alfred, in a letter to 
 "the I'nited States Minister of ^farine, 
 I [(in. Ivnhert Morris," preserved in the 
 
 Ijlirary of Ci mgress, thus descrilics the 
 historic event : 
 
 "It was my fortune, as the senior of 
 the first Lieutenants, to hoist myself the 
 I'lag of .\merica (I chose to do it with 
 my own hands) the first time it was dis- 
 ]ilayed. Thdugh this was but a slight 
 Circumstance, yet I feel for its Honor, 
 more than I think I should have done, if 
 it had not happened." A line is drawn 
 through the words in parentheses and the 
 word "myself" has been inserted. 
 
 This was the flag (364) which after- 
 ward figured so extensively in the litera- 
 ture of the day as the Congress Colors, 
 from the fact that it first floated over the 
 navy controlled by Congress. Also known 
 as the (irand Union Flag and the First 
 Navy Fnsign, it was the Colonial stand- 
 ard from that day until it was superseded 
 by the Stars and Stripes, in 1777. It 
 consisted of thirteen stripes, alternately 
 red and white, typifying the thirteen colo- 
 nies, with a union bearing the crosses of 
 St. George and St. Andrew combined 
 (the national flag of Great Britain, 361) 
 and signifying the Mother Country. 
 
 There has been much confusion about 
 
 288 
 
THl-: STORY OF THH A.MKRICAX KUAG 
 
 289 
 
 the flags whicli were displayed on tlie 
 Alfred on that historic Uecenibcr day. 
 The statement is often made, and cor- 
 rectly, that Commodore Hopkins hoisted 
 the Gadsden flag i 31^8) — a fact uiiicii 
 impresses some historians as a contrailic- 
 tion of John Paul Jones' assertion. Ref- 
 erence to naval usage, both of that tlay 
 and of this, however, clarifies the sup- 
 posed discre|)aiicy. Flagships display 
 three flags — the ensign, flown at the 
 stern ; the flag of the commanding ot'fuer. 
 disi)layed at the mainmast ; and llie jack, 
 which flies from the jackstafl' at the bow. 
 
 The Ciatlsden flag (of yellow silk and 
 bearing a coiled rattlesnake with the 
 motto "Don't Tread on Me"), used on 
 the .11 f red as the flag of the commodore 
 commanding the fleet, was ])reseined Feb- 
 ruary 8. 1776. to the Congress by Col. 
 Ciiristopher Cia<lsden, a delegate from 
 South Carolina to the Continental body 
 and one of the committee of three ap- 
 ])ointed on October 15, 1775, to report on 
 the fitting out of two armed vessels. 
 When that rejiort was made, two weeks 
 later. Colonel ( ladsden was one of a com- 
 mittee of seven appointed to fit out four 
 ;irmed vessels. 
 
 The jack displayed on the Alfred on 
 this occasion was a small, nearly square 
 flag of thirteen alternate red and white 
 stri])es. bearing a crawling rattlesnake 
 with the legend "Don't Treail on .Me" 
 beneath it (365). 
 
 CKNSORSIIIP IX KEVOLt-'TIOX.VRY TIMES 
 
 No mention of the ceremony of Com- 
 modore Hopkins' assumption of com- 
 mand of the little Continental fleet is to 
 lie found in the Philadelphia newsi)apers 
 of that period. Indeed, the silence of the 
 colonial press about the eight vessels 
 fitted out, officercfl, manned, and sent to 
 sea was as complete as was that of the 
 .\merican press of 191 7. when General 
 Pershing's ex])e(!itionary force embarked 
 for the fields of France. 
 
 The intelligence reports to the British 
 .Adnn'ralty were ven.- explicit concerning 
 the event, however. In minutest detail 
 these reports rlescribed the ships of the 
 fleet, how they were painted, the number 
 of guns, officers, and men — all accurately 
 supplied by the enemy's secret-service 
 
 agents in the colonies. For example, the 
 following report, under date of January 
 4. '77<J. was sent from Phihulelphia : 
 
 "This day, about one o'clock, saile<l the 
 ship Alfred and the ship Columbus with 
 two brigs. Alfred carries 36 guns, »> and 
 12 jiounilers ; 60 marines and about joo 
 sailors. Columbus about the same num- 
 ber of men and 3-' guns. The two brigs 
 carry 16 guns. They sailed with live or 
 six merchant shii)S loatled with flour from 
 the Congress, llojjkins commands the 
 Alfred. She has yellow sides, her head 
 the tigure of a man, Ivnglish colours, but 
 more striped. The Columbus is all bl.ick, 
 except wiiite bottom, with no head. Com- 
 manded by one Whipple." 
 
 HOISTING Tin: GK.\.N1> UNION' FI..\G .\T 
 CA.MBKIDGE 
 
 One month after its baptism in the 
 breezes, from the stern of the Alfred, the 
 Grand Union Flag (364) was raised at 
 Cambridge, Mass., on the very day that 
 the Continental .\rmy began its oflicial 
 existence — January J, 1776 — and General 
 \\'ashington is authority for the explana- 
 tion that it was displayed "out of compli- 
 ment to the United Colonies." It was 
 two days after this event th.it W'ashing- 
 ton wrote to his military secretary, Jose])h 
 Reed, through whom he kei>t in touch 
 with atTairs at Phila<lel]iliia : 
 
 "We are at length favored with the 
 sight of Mis Majesty's most gracious 
 speech, breathing sentiments of tender- 
 ness and compassion for his deluded 
 American subjects ; the speech I send you 
 (a volume of them was sent out by the 
 Boston gentry), and, farcical enough, we 
 gave great joy to them without knowing 
 or intending it, for on that day (January 
 2) which gave being to our new army, 
 but before the |)roclamation came to 
 hand, we hoisted the union flag in com- 
 pliment to the United CoUinies. But he- 
 hold ! it was received .it Boston as a token 
 of the deep impression the speech had 
 mafle upon us and as a signal of submis- 
 sion. By this time I presume they Ix-gin 
 to think it strange that we have not made 
 formal surrender of our lines." 
 
 .Although displayed on the Continental 
 Army's fir^t birthday, neither the Grand 
 Union Flap (364') nor the Stars and 
 
2go 
 
f= u 
 
 
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 O 
 
 ji = 5 = i o 
 
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 H = 
 
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 291 
 
© Hams \- Euing 
 
 THE FRF.MONT FLAG 
 
 When General John Charles Fremont, surnamed "the Pathfinder." made his way across 
 the continent in the '40's, his mission was one of peace, but the arrows in his army flag sug- 
 gested war to the Indians of the plain. Therefore he inserted the calumet, or pipe of peace, 
 crossed with the arrows in the talons of tlie eagle. It is interesting to note that the army did 
 not carry the Stars and Stripes until the period of the Mexican War (see pages 307-308 and 
 flag 22). 
 
 Stripes (6), adopted by Congress a vear 
 and a half later, was carried in the field 
 by the land forces durin^ the Revolu- 
 tionary War. The army carried only the 
 colors of the States to which the troops 
 belonged (see flags 394, 306, 403, 409, 
 410, etc.) and not the national flag. 
 
 THE FIRST \ICTORV OF THE AME.RICAN 
 FL.\G 
 
 It fell to the lot of the newly created 
 Commodore Alanley (the officer who had 
 commanded the Lcc and captured the 
 ordnance ship Nancy) to carry the (/irand 
 Union Flag to its first victory. Com- 
 manding the Hancock. ]\Ianley cajiturcd 
 two enemy transp(.)rts, placed prize crews 
 aboard, and then, with only 16 men left 
 on his own ship, he engaged an armed 
 vessel in sight of the enemy fleet at Bos- 
 ton and succeeded in bringing his prizes 
 safely into Plymouth. Following this 
 daring exploit ]\Ianley received a letter 
 written at Cambridge, on January 28, 
 1776, bv (General \\'ashingto'.i, who de- 
 
 clared that the commodore's achievement 
 merited "mine and the country's thanks." 
 and promised him a "stronger vessel of 
 war." 
 
 On Major Samuel Seidell's powder- 
 horn of that period is a carving showing 
 Boston and vicinit_v. The British fleet is 
 depicted on one side of Boston Neck, 
 while Mauley's symbolical ship Auiaraca, 
 flying at the stern the Continental Union 
 flag as its ensign, and at the mainmast 
 the pine-tree flag as the commodore's 
 flag, is shown on the other side. The 
 mortar carved on the horn is the famous 
 "Congress" gun captured by Mauley on 
 the Nancy. 
 
 The first occasion upon which any 
 American flag floated over foreign terri- 
 tory was on IMarch 3. 177(1. Commodore 
 Hopkins, of the Congress fleet, organized 
 an expedition against New Providence. 
 in the Bahama Islands, for the purpose 
 of seizing a quantity of ]iowder known to 
 be stored there and of which both Gen- 
 eral Washington and the fleet were in 
 
 292 
 
VICE-ADMIRAL SIMS WITH nRITISIT AND AMERICAN STAFF OFFICERS AT THE 
 
 HOISTING OF THE AMERICAN VICE-AI>M IRAI.'s FLAG (65) AT ADMIRALTY 
 
 HOCSE WHEN HE TOOK TEMPORARY COMMAND OF 
 
 QIEENSTOWN AND DISTRICT 
 
 Vicc-AdmirnI Baylcy's flag (606) is being hauled down 
 
 ^3 
 

 U. S. S. SVLPII FLVIXG THE FOUR-STAR FLAG OF ADMIRAL BEXSON, CHIEF OF 
 
 NAVAL OPERATIONS (64), ON THE MAINMAST, AND THE FLAG 
 
 OF VICE-ADMIRAL BROWNING, OF THE BRITISH 
 
 NAVY (606), ON THE FOREMAST 
 
 Our naval jack (4) is flying at the Jackstaff, but the motion of the steamer has given the 
 
 stars a striped effect 
 
 great need. Two hundred marines were 
 landed, under the cimmand of Captain 
 Nichols, supported by fifty sailors, under 
 Lieutenant Weaver, of the Cabot. The 
 Pro7'idciicc and the JJ'asl^ covered the 
 landing party. Fort Nassau was taken 
 and a great quantity of military stores 
 fell into the hands of the expedition. 
 
 A correspondent of tlie London "La- 
 dies' JMagazine," who was in Xew Pnivi- 
 dence at the time of the capture of the 
 fort by the American forces, under date 
 of May 13. 1776, described the colors dis- 
 played by tlie marines and sailors as 
 "striped under th.e union ( the British 
 union of the crosses of St. George and 
 St. Andrew) with thirteen stripes" (364), 
 while "the standard (the commodore's 
 flag) bore a rattlesnake and the motto 
 "Don't Tread on :\Ie" (398). 
 
 THE FIRST FOREICX SALUTE TO AN AMERI- 
 CAN FLAG 
 
 The first salute ever fired in honor of 
 an American flag ( the Grand L^nion en- 
 sign) was an eleven-gun volley given by 
 the Fort of Orange, on the island of St. 
 Eustatius, Dutch West Indies, on No- 
 
 vember 16, 1776. The salute was in ac- 
 knowledgment of a similar number of 
 guns fired by the Andrciv Doria (see also 
 jiage 401), one of the original vessels of 
 Commodore Hopkins' fleet, which had 
 been sent to the ^^'eb.t Indies, under com- 
 mand of Captain Isaiah Robinson, for a 
 cargo of military supplies. 
 
 The commander of the near-by British 
 island of St. Christopher, hearing of the 
 salute, protested to the Dutch governor 
 of St. Eustatius, Johannes de Graef. who 
 promptly replied that "in regard to the 
 reception given by the forts of this island, 
 under my commandment, to the vessel 
 Audvcic Doria, I flatter myself that if my 
 masters exact it I shall be able to give 
 such an account as will be satisfactory." 
 ^^'hereupon the British commander re- 
 sponded that "the unpartial world will 
 jndge between us whether these honor 
 shots, answered on purpose by a Dutch 
 fort to a rebellious brigantine, with a flag 
 known to the commander of that fort as 
 the flag of His ^Majesty's rebellious sub- 
 iects, is or is not a partiality in favor of 
 those rebels." 
 
 The British srovernor then forwarded 
 
 294 
 
LAVNCIIING THE U. S. S. "MICHIGAN 
 
 In times of peace the launchitiK of a battleship is a gala event, attended by elaborate 
 ceremonies and witnessed by enthusiastic throngs proud of the privilege of seeing the "mar- 
 riage to the sea" of another man-'>f-war destined to uphold the honor of America. In times 
 of war. however, no such crowds as attended the Michifian's launching are admitted to the 
 shipyards, for an enemy might, with a bomb, undo the labor of years and destroy a formidable 
 unit of our growing sea power. 
 
 to I-oiKii)n a report of tlie affair, accom- 
 panied by affidavits that flie bripantine 
 "during the time of the salute and tlic 
 answer to it, had the (lag of the Con- 
 tinental Congress flying-." The Uritish 
 Government protested sharply to the 
 States Genera! of the Re[)iiblic of the 
 Netherlands. The Dutch demurred at 
 the asperity with which England de- 
 manded an explanation, but immediately 
 recalled Commander dc Graef from St. 
 Eustatius. Thus the first salute to the 
 new ensign was disavowed, although the 
 Holland Republic recognized .American 
 indejiendence shortly thereafter. 
 
 In the literature of the Revolution fre- 
 quent reference is found to a "plain 
 striped fiag" (404"). Official corrcs[)ond- 
 encc sIk^ws that whenever this flag was 
 used afloat it was as the badge of mcr- 
 ciiant shipping and privateers and not as 
 the ensign of the regular commissioned 
 vessels of the navy. How long the Grand 
 
 Union Flag was in use has never been 
 definitely establisheil : but official records 
 of the navy fail to show that any other 
 ensign was used until after the Star 
 Spangled I'anner's ado)>tiun by Congress. 
 
 ItlRTIIKAV op Tin; STARS AND STRIPES 
 
 It was nearly one year alter the repre- 
 sentatives of the I'nited States of .\mer- 
 ica. in General Congress assembled, had 
 pledged their lives, their fortunes, and 
 their sacred honor for the support of the 
 Declaration of Independence that the 
 cro-ses of St. George and St. .\ndrcw. 
 emblematic of the Mother Country, which 
 had formed the union of the Continental 
 I'nion flag (3^>4\ were discarded and re- 
 [ilaccd by a union composed of white 
 stars in a blue field, "representing a new 
 constellation" (sec flag No. 6, page 310). 
 
 The date of the birth of the Stars and 
 Stripes was June 14. 1/7". and its crea- 
 tion was proclaimed in a resolution of the 
 
 295 
 

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 296 
 
THE STORY OF TTIK AMKRICAM V\,.\C, 
 
 297 
 
 Continental Con.cfrcss. While the rcsohi- 
 tion appears in tlie records without any 
 account of prehminary discussion and 
 without any designation of specific rec- 
 ommendation, the order in wliich it is in- 
 corporated in the husiness of tlie day 
 leads to the assuniinion that it was re- 
 ported by the Marine Committee, for it is 
 sandwiched in ainongf several naval mat- 
 ters. This portion of the official journal 
 for the day rea<ls : 
 
 "Resolved, That the Marine Commit- 
 tee be empowered to give sucii directions 
 respecting the Continental ships of war in 
 the river Delaware as they think i)ro|>er 
 in case the enemy succeed in their at- 
 tem()ts on said river. 
 
 "h'l'sohrti. That the flag of the thirteen 
 United States be thirteen stripes, alter- 
 nate red and white: that the union be 
 thirteen stars, white in a blue lieUl, re])- 
 resenling a new constellation. 
 
 •"The Council of the State of Massa- 
 chusetts Bay having represented by letter 
 to the president of Congress that Captain 
 Foim Roach, some time since apjxMnted 
 to command the Continental ship of war 
 Raiii^cr, is a doubtful character and 
 ought not to be entrusted with such a 
 command; therefore 
 
 "Resolved. Tiiat Captain John Roach 
 be suspended until the Xavy IJoard for 
 the eastern department shall have cn- 
 ([uired fidly into his character and report 
 thereon to the Marine Conmiittee. 
 
 "Resolved. That Captain John Paul 
 Jones be appointed to command the said 
 ship Raiii^er." 
 
 Thus it would seem that not only was 
 the first flag of the Continental Congress 
 (364^ dis])iayed for the first time from a 
 naval vessel, the Alfred (see page 28S), 
 but that from the navy (in the person of 
 the Marine Committee of the Congress 
 of 1777) the nation also receivcil the 
 Stars and Stripes. 
 
 M \NV TIIKORIKS .\S TO THE ORtCIN or TUG 
 STARS AXD STRIPES 
 
 There have been advanced almost as 
 many theories as to the genesis of the 
 Stars and Stripes as there were stars in 
 the original ensign. Many hold to the 
 view tiiat the new tlag borrowed the 
 stripes from the ensign (364) raised by 
 
 John Paul Jones on the Alfred on De- 
 cember 3, 1775. and the stars from the 
 colonial banner of Rluxle Island (396) : 
 others maintain that the idea for the flag 
 came from .\etIierlan<N, offering in snp- 
 I)ort of this claim the statements of I!en- 
 janiin Franklin and John .\dams. who 
 went to Holland to borrow money for the 
 struggling colonies and who told the 
 Dutch that .\merica had borrowed nuich 
 from them, including the ideas repre- 
 sented in the llag. 
 
 Whatever their origin, there is no per- 
 suasive evidence in the oflicial records of 
 the time which would le.id to the con- 
 clusion that the Stars and Stripes were 
 in use before the resolution of June 14, 
 1777. It is true, however, that the jiaiut- 
 iugs of Trumbull and Peale do jioint to 
 its earlier use. I'.ut, as to the flags aj)- 
 pearing in their paintings, it should be 
 recalled that an anachronism could be 
 readily excused in the case of Trumbull, 
 because he had left the colonies while 
 Washington was before Pioston and was 
 abroad for seven years, Peale's ])ictnre 
 of Washington crossing the Delaware, 
 with resjK'ct to the colors carried, is be- 
 lieved to be a case of "artist's license." 
 
 The well known story of P.etsy Ross, 
 so-called maker of tiie Stars and Stripes, 
 is one of the ])icturesque legends which 
 has grown up around the origin of the 
 flag, but it is one to which few unsenti- 
 mental iiistorians sub.scribe. There was, 
 however, a Mrs. Ross, who was a flag- 
 maker by trade, living in Philadelphia at 
 the time of the flag's adoption. 
 
 lUt.LS REN'DEREO BY .\ FL.\C DESIGNER 
 
 A more authentic individual connection 
 willi tile designing of the flag is to be 
 found in the oflicial records concerning 
 Francis Hopkinson. one of the delegates 
 to Congress from New Jersey, a signer 
 of the Declaration of Independence and 
 a member of the Marine Committee. In 
 November, I77'>, Hopkinson was ap- 
 pointed one of a committee of three to 
 "execute the business of the navy under 
 the direction of the Marine Committee." 
 He resigned as a member of the Xavy 
 r.oard in ,\ugtist, 177S, but continued to 
 take an interest in naval aflTairs, as shown 
 
I'liotograph by Paiii Thompson 
 
 THE GUIDOX, TROOP F, NEW YORK NATIONAL GUAI-ID 
 
 Each troop of cavalry in tlie American forces carries a gniilon — a small flag cut ''swallow- 
 tail" (-;3). It consists of two stripes of equal widtli, tlie upper being red, the cavalry colors, 
 with the regimental designation in figures. The letter of the troop, in red, appears on the 
 white stripe. Two guidons are supplied to each troop — a silken banner carried into liattle, 
 on campaigns, and upon occasions of ceremony, and a service flag of bunting to be used at 
 all otiier times. 
 
 in the following letter to the Board of 
 Admiralty more than a year later: 
 
 "GenteEmen : It is with great pleasure 
 I understand my last device of a seal for 
 the Board of Admiralty has met with 
 your Honours' approbation. I have with 
 great readiness upon several occasions 
 exerted my small abilities in this way for 
 the public service, as I flatter myself, to 
 the satisfaction of those I wish to please, 
 viz.. 
 
 The flag of the United States of America 
 4 Devices for the Continental currenc\' 
 A Seal for the Board of Treasury 
 Ornaments, Devices and Checks, for the new 
 
 bills of exchange on Spain and Holland. 
 .-\. Seal for Ship Papers of the United States 
 A Seal for the Board of Admiralty 
 The Borders, Ornaments & Checks for the 
 new Continental currency now in the press, 
 a work of considerable length. 
 .\ Great Seal for the United States of Amer- 
 ica, with a Reverse. 
 
 "For tliese services I have as yet made 
 
THK STORY OF lllK A.MKRICAX VLM) 
 
 299 
 
 no charge, nor received any reconn)cn!;c. 
 I now submit it to your Honours' con- 
 sideration whether a quarter ca>k of the 
 public wine will not be a proper and a 
 reasonable reward for these labours of 
 fancy and a suitable encouragement to 
 future exertions of the like nature. . . ." 
 
 Subsequently Ilopkinson rendered an- 
 other account to the government for the 
 various designs mentioned above, together 
 with numerous others, the first item on 
 the list being "the great naval flag of the 
 United States." On this occasion he 
 asked for $2,700 compensation. Later he 
 rendered a third account, itemizing the 
 charge for each design, and followed this 
 with an explanatory note which throws 
 an interesting light on the financial status 
 of the nation at that time, for he says: 
 "The charges are made in hard money, to 
 be comiHited at 50 for one in Conti- 
 nental." 
 
 This claim was never paid, a board 
 which passed on accounts reporting that 
 it a])pcared that Ilopkinson "was not the 
 only person consulted on those exhibi- 
 tions of Fancy, and therefore cannot 
 claim the full merit of them and is not 
 entitled in this respect to the full sum 
 charged." Also the board was of the 
 oi)inion that "the public is entitled to 
 those little assistances given by gentlemen 
 who enjoy a very considerable salary 
 under Congress without fee or further 
 reward." 
 
 .\DMiR.\L Chester's .\ccorNT of .\ 
 
 COLONIAL rL.\G-DEE 
 
 Rear .-\dmiral Colby M. Chester, U. S. 
 Navy, has suggested that John Paul Jones 
 may have had a share in the design. He 
 says : 
 
 "This young officer of the Continental 
 Navy had just returned from a successful 
 cniise at sea in command of war ships, 
 during which he had captured a number 
 of the enemy's vessels, and was in Phila- 
 delphia at the time Congress was con- 
 sidering the que.-ition of a national flag, 
 as a member of a P.oard of .\dvisers to 
 the Xaval Committee of the House of 
 Delegates upon matters relating to the 
 country's sea forces, of which the ques- 
 tion of a suitable distinguishing mark to 
 
 be worn by war vessels was one of the 
 most iniiHjrtant. 
 
 "Possessing a most attractive person- 
 ality, Paul Jones was lionized by the 
 ladies of the city and patronized by some 
 of the leading delegates to the Conven- 
 tion, who called upon him to advise the 
 legislators reg.irding the di-ign for the 
 flag: he thus had much to do with secur- 
 ing the passage of the .icl of Congress 
 fixing its characteristics. 
 
 "Soon after this event took place. Cap- 
 tain Jones received his apiHiintnunt to 
 command the Ruiiijrr, one of the Conti- 
 nental frigates about to proceed abroad, 
 and with the ;ict of Congress cont.iining 
 his commission in his hands he proceeded 
 with all haste to Portsmouth, New Hamp- 
 shire, in which port the Ramicr was fitted 
 out. Here he was feceived with more 
 distinction, even, than at I'hiladelphia.for 
 Portsmouth being one of the ])rincip:d 
 seaports of the country, its inhabitaiUs 
 were more interested in shijis which were 
 to fly the flag and the men who were to 
 man them than were those living in the 
 capital of the colonies. 
 
 ".\t Portsmouth Paul Jones attracted 
 about him a bevy of girls who formed a 
 so-called "llag-bee," who with much pa- 
 triotic enthusi.ism .ind many heart thrills 
 wrought out of their own and their 
 mothers' gowns a beautiful Star Spangled 
 P.anner, which was thrown to the breeze 
 in Portsmouth Harbor on July 4th, 1777, 
 less than three weeks after Congress had 
 so authorized." 
 
 NEW ensign's riRST .\CTION .\T SEA 
 
 The ston,- of the first time in history 
 that the Stars and Strijies went into ac- 
 tion at sea is told in the picturesque lan- 
 guage of the .\merican oflicer who com- 
 manded the ship which displayed the new 
 ensign — Captain Thomas Thonqison. In 
 command of the KalcitjU and the .llfrci. 
 Captain Thonqtson sailed for I'rancc 
 from Portsmouth, and on SeptenilnT 2, 
 1777, captured the slow .Vaiicv of the 
 Windward Island fleet, which had out- 
 sailed her. Having possessed himself of 
 the .V<j»u-v".f signal book, Thompson, on 
 sighting the fleet two <lays later, deter- 
 mined to attack with the Alfred, but as 
 
© Undei-wood & UnJ _ 
 
 THE FRENCH army's FH^ST SALUTE TO THE STARS AND STRIFES OX FRENCH SOIL 
 
 Section ^'-I4 of the American Ambulance Corps, a team of Leiand Stanford Jr. Uni- 
 versity students, had tlie honor of bearing the first American flag officially sent from the 
 United States to the French front. 
 
 this vessel was a poor sailer and the wind 
 had changed, the Raleigh went in alone, 
 passing many merchant ships of the 
 convoy. When within pistol-shot of the 
 commodore's ship, recognized by means 
 of the signal book, Thompson records: 
 
 "V\'e np sails, out guns, hoisted Con- 
 tinental colours and bid them strike to the 
 Thirteen United States. Sudden surprise 
 threw them into confusion and their sails 
 flew all aback, upon which we compli- 
 mented them with a gun for each State, 
 a whole broadside into their hull. (Jur 
 second broadside was aimed at their rig- 
 ging, which had its desired effect. In 
 
 about a quarter of an hour all hands 
 quitted quarters on board the British 
 man-of-war; we cleared the decks totally. 
 Had not the wind favored him 
 and we drifted leeward, he could not have 
 fetched us and I should certainly have 
 sunk tlie ship." 
 
 Thus occurred the liaptism of fire at 
 sea of the new flag, at the hour of sunset 
 on September 4, 1777. 
 
 THE IMrRil\-ISED OLD GLORV OF FORT 
 ST.\NWIX 
 
 Just oPiC month previously (August 3) 
 the new tlag bad l>ecn under tire on land, 
 
 300 
 
THE STORY OF THE A.MEKICAX FLAG 
 
 301 
 
 at Fort ScluiykT, wliich stoud i>ii the site 
 of the present city of Rome, X. V. On 
 Aiisfust 2 a force composed of Ilritisli and 
 Indians attacked the fort, wliich was de- 
 fended by Col. Peter Gansevoort with 
 some 600 men. In the afternoon rein- 
 forcements — 200 men of the Ninth 
 Massachusetts Regiment under Lieuten- 
 ant Colonel Mellon — arrived by way of 
 the Mohawk River from Albany, bring- 
 ing ammunition and supplies. 
 
 They also brought with them news- 
 paper accounts of the newly enacted Hag 
 resolution, and immediately the fort was 
 ransacked for material with which to 
 make the new national emblem. The am- 
 munition shirts of the soldiers furnished 
 the white stripes : a red petticoat belong- 
 ing to the wife of one of the men sup- 
 plied the red stripes, and Captain .-Vbra- 
 ham Swartwout's blue cloth cloak was 
 re(iuisitioncd to provide tlie blue field of 
 tile union. 
 
 In .-\very's History it is set forth that 
 the flag was made on Sunday morning 
 and was displayed the same afternoon 
 from a flagstatT raised on the bastion 
 nearest the enemy. Then the drummer 
 heat the assembly and the adjutant gen- 
 eral read to the defenders the congres- 
 sional resolution "particularizing the in- 
 signia of the flag of the new republic." 
 
 There are vouchers e.xtant showing that 
 the Continental treasury reimbursed Caji- 
 tain Swartwout for the loss of his cloak, 
 but the red petticoat remained a gift of 
 the humble soldier's wife to the first of 
 the Stars and Stripes to undergo fire. 
 
 FIRST S.\LUTE TO THE ST.\RS .VXD STRIPES 
 
 .Ml .\mcricans recall with especial 
 fileasure and i)ride that the first official 
 salute to the Stars and Stripes was ac- 
 corded by that nation to which, more 
 than to any other, the L'nited States owes 
 its existence — France, the blood-ally of 
 our darkest days, now, in turn, valiantly 
 succored by us in her hour of sorest need. 
 
 -Again John Paul Jones figures as the 
 chief actor in this tlag episode. He sailed 
 from Portsmouth on Xovemher i. 1777. 
 as a bearer to France of the glad tidings 
 of the surrender of Piurgoyne. Here is 
 the officer's own account, contained in a 
 
 report to the .Marine Committee of Con- 
 gress, of how the salute was obtained: 
 
 "I am happy in having it in my power 
 to congratulate you on my having seen 
 the .American flag for the first time recog- 
 nized in the fullest and complttest man- 
 ner by the flag of France. 1 was olT their 
 bay (Quiberon) that day, the i,^lh (of 
 February), and .sent my boat in the next 
 day to know if the .\dniiral (.Admiral 
 La Mottc Picquet) would return my sa- 
 lute. He answered that he wouhl return 
 nic, as a senior .American Contimiital 
 officer in Europe, the same salute which 
 he was authorized by his court to return 
 to an .Admiral of Holland, or of any other 
 republic, which was four guns less than 
 the salute given. I hesitated at this, for 
 I had demanded g;i\n for gun : therefore 
 I anchored in the entrance of the bay, 
 at a distance from the I'rencli fleet, but 
 after a very particular incjuiry on the 
 I4tli, finding that he had really told the 
 truth, I was induced to accept his ofltcr. 
 the more so as it was an acknowledg- 
 ment of .American independence. The 
 wind being contrary antl blowing hard, 
 it was after sunset before the /CiUk/.t got 
 near enough to salute La Motte Piccpict 
 with thirteen guns, which he returned 
 with nine. However, to put the matter 
 beyond doubt, I did not suffer the Jiidc- 
 f'ctidivicc to salute until the next morn- 
 ing, when I sent word to the .Admiral 
 that I should sail through his fleet in the 
 brig and would salute him in open day. 
 He was exceedingly pleased and returned 
 the compliment with nine guns" (sec page 
 -90). 
 
 THE SICXIFICNXCE OF OUR COLORS 
 
 America's most gifted poets and ora- 
 tors have vicfl with one another in setting 
 forth the significance of the red. the 
 white, and the blue of the Star Spangled 
 Manner. In the words of Henry Ward 
 Heecher: ".A thoughtful mind, when it 
 sees a nation's flag, sees not the flag, but 
 the nation itself. .And whatever may be 
 its symbols, its insignia, he reads chiefly 
 in the flag the government, the principles, 
 the tnuhs. the history, that belong to the 
 nation that sets it forth. The .American 
 flag has been a symlml of Liberty, and 
 men rejoiced in it. 
 
Photograph by Central News Photo Service 
 FLAGS \VIIICH SIGXALIZED AMERICA'S ENTRANCE INTO THE WORLD CONFLICT BEING 
 BORNE INTO ST. PAUL's CATHEDRAL BY THE FIRST AMERICAN TROOPS TO 
 REACH LONDON AFTER THE DECLARATION OF WAR WITH GERMANY 
 
 These Stars and Stripes were blessed in tlie great English shrine and are to be preserved 
 for all time, together with those of our Allies, whose national emblems, like our own, are 
 waving over the hosts fighting for the world's liberty (see page 286). 
 
 "The stars upon it were like the hright 
 morning stars of Ciod, and the stripes 
 upon it were beams of morning light. 
 As at earh'- dawn the stars shine forth 
 even while it grows light, and then as the 
 sun advances that light breaks into banks 
 and streaming lines of color, the glowing 
 red and intense white striving together, 
 and ribbing the horizon with bars eiYul- 
 gent, so, on the American flag, stars and 
 beams of many-colored light shine out to- 
 
 gether. And wherever this flag comes 
 and men behold it they see in its sacred 
 emblazonry no embattled castles or in- 
 signia of imperial authority; they see the 
 symbols of light. It is the banner of 
 Dawn." 
 
 BIBLICAL ORIGIN OF THE RED. WHITE, 
 AND BLUE 
 
 Charles \\'. Stewart superintendent of 
 naval records and librar\- of the United 
 
 302 
 
THE STORY OF THE AMERICAN EI.AG 
 
 303 
 
 States Xavv Department, to wlmm the 
 (■KnGRAi'iiic is indebted for helpful ad- 
 vice and criticism in the cnn)i)iIation of 
 the data published in this number of the 
 magazine, advances the followinpf theory 
 of the origin of the colors employed in 
 the national ensign : 
 
 "The flag may trace its ancestry back 
 to Mount Sinai, whence the Lord gave 
 to Moses the Ten ConunandmetUs an<l 
 the book of the law. which testify of 
 God's will and man's duty : and were de- 
 posited in the Ark of the Covenant within 
 the Tabernacle, whose curtains were blue, 
 I'urple, scarlet, and fine-twineil linen. 
 
 "liefore the ark stood the table of 
 shew-bread. with its cloth of blue, scar- 
 let, and white. These colors of the Jew- 
 ish Church were taken over by the early 
 Western Church for its own and given to 
 all the nations of western Europe for 
 their flags. When the I'nited States 
 chose their flag it was of the colors of 
 <il(l. but new in arrangement and design, 
 and they called it "The Stars and Stripes.' 
 
 "Our flag is of the colors red, white, 
 and blue. Red is for courage, zeal, fer- 
 vency; white is for purity, cleanness of 
 lite, and rectitude of conduct; blue is for 
 loyalty, devotion, friendshi]). justice, and 
 truth. The star is an ancient symbol of 
 India, Persia, Eg^-pt, and signifies do- 
 minion and sovereignty." 
 
 THE CVLL OF THE FL.\G 
 
 Hon. Frederick C. Hicks, in the House 
 «>f Re[)resentatives on Flag Day. June 14. 
 H)i7. thus ]xirt rayed the meaning of the 
 national ensign : 
 
 "The flag of America docs more than 
 proclaim mere power or acclaim a great 
 and glorious history. Its folds wave a 
 benediction to the yesterdays of accom- 
 plishment and beckon the tomorrows of 
 progress with hope and confidence: it 
 jieralds the noble purposes of a mighty 
 people and carries a message of hope and 
 inspiration to all mankind. Its glowing 
 splendor appeals to us to demand inter- 
 national justice and arbitration; it com- 
 mands us to self-sacrifice and to Tuii ver- 
 sa! obligation of service, which alone can 
 maintain ctiuality of rights and fullness 
 of opportunity in our republic. 
 
 "Its stars and its stripes voice the spirit 
 
 of America calling to a nation of indom- 
 itable courage and infinite possibilities to 
 live the tenets of Christianitv. to teach 
 the gospel of work and usefulness, to 
 advance education, to demand purity of 
 thought and .iction in pnblic life, and to 
 protect the liberties ..f free government 
 from the aggressions of clesjxnic jwiwer. 
 This is the call of the flag of the I'nion 
 "1 |l;is bour of crisis and turmoil, when 
 civilization and the laws <pf nations and 
 of humanity are being engulfed in the 
 maelstrom of death and destruction." 
 
 THE i:.MUI.E.\I OF OIK L-.NITY 
 
 President Wilson in a Flag Day ad- 
 dress said : 
 
 "This flag, which we honor and under 
 which we serve, is the emblem of our 
 miity, our power, our thought and juir- 
 l)0se as a nation. It has no other char- 
 acter flian that which we give it from 
 generation to gener.ition. The choices 
 are ours. It floats in majestic silence 
 above the hosts that execute those choices, 
 whether in peace or in war. And yet. 
 though silent, it speaks to us — speaks to 
 us of the j)ast, of the men aiul women 
 who went before us, and of the records 
 they wrote u]>on it. 
 
 "We celebrate the day of its birth ; 
 and from its birth until now it has wit- 
 nessed a great history, has floated on 
 high the symbol of great events, of a 
 great plan of life worked out by a great 
 people. We are about to carry it into 
 battle, to lift it where it will rlraw the 
 fire of our enemies. We are about to 
 bid thousands, huiulreds of thousands, it 
 may be millions, of our men — the young, 
 the strong, the capable men of the na- 
 tion — to go forth anil die beneath it on 
 fields of blood far away. . . . 
 
 "Woe be to the man. or group of men. 
 that seeks to stand in our w.ay in this 
 day of hi.gh resolution, when every jirin- 
 ciple we hold dearest is to be vin<licated 
 and made secure for the salvation of the 
 nations. We arc ready to plead at the 
 l)ar of history, ami our flag shall wear 
 a new luster. » )nce more we shall make 
 good with our lives and fortunes the 
 great faith to which we were l)orn. and 
 a new glory shall shine in the face of 
 our people." 
 
THE MAKERS OE THE ELAG * 
 
 Bv Franklin K. Lane, Secretary of the Interior 
 
 THIS morning, as I passed into the 
 Land Office, The Flag dropped 
 me a most cordial salutation, and 
 from its rippling folds I heard it say : 
 "Good morning, Mr. Flag ]\Iaker." 
 
 "I beg your pardon. Old Glory." I said, 
 "aren't you mistaken ? I am not the 
 President of the United States, nor a 
 member of Congress, nor even a general 
 in the army. I am only a government 
 clerk." 
 
 "I greet you again, Mr. Flag Maker," 
 replied the gay voice ; "I know you well. 
 You are the man who worked in the 
 swelter of yesterday straightening out 
 the tangle of that farmer's homestead in 
 Idaho, or perhaps you found the mistake 
 in that Indian contract in Oklahoma, or 
 helped to clear that patent for the hope- 
 ful inventor in Xew York, or pushed the 
 opening of that new ditch in Colorado, or 
 made that mine in Illinois more safe, or 
 brought relief to the old soldier in ^^'yo- 
 ming. Xo matter; whichever one of 
 these beneficent individuals you may hap- 
 pen to be, I give }'ou greeting, ]\Ir. Flag 
 Maker." 
 
 I was about to pass on, when The Flag 
 stopped me with these words : 
 
 "'i'esterdav the President spoke a word 
 that made happier the future of ten mil- 
 lion peons in ^lexico ; but that act looms 
 no larger on the flag than the struggle 
 which the boy in Georgia is making to 
 win the Corn Club prize this summer. 
 
 "Yesterday the Congress spoke a word 
 which will open the door of Alaska: but 
 a mother in Michigan worked from sun- 
 rise until far into the night to give her 
 bov an education. She, too, is making 
 the flag. 
 
 "Yesterday we made a new law to pre- 
 vent financial panics, and yesterday, may- 
 be, a school teacher in Ohio taught his 
 first letters to a boy who will one day 
 write a song that will give cheer to the 
 millions of our race. \Ve are all making 
 the flag." 
 
 "liUt," I said impatiently, "these people 
 were only working!" 
 
 * Delivered on Flag Day, 1914, before the 
 employees of the Department of the Interior, 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Then came a great shout from The 
 Flag: 
 
 "The work that we do is the making of 
 the flag. 
 
 "I am not the flag ; not at all. I am but 
 its shadow. 
 
 "I am whatever you make me ; notiiing 
 more. 
 
 "I am your belief in yourself, your 
 dream of what a people may become. 
 
 "I live a changing life, a life of moods 
 and passions, of heart-breaks and tired 
 muscles. 
 
 "Sometimes I am strong with pride, 
 when men do an honest work, fitting the 
 rails together truly. 
 
 "Sometim.es I droop, for then purpose 
 has gone from me, and cynically I play 
 the coward. 
 
 "Sometimes I am loud, garish, and full 
 of that ego that blasts judgment. 
 
 "But always I am all that }ou hope to 
 be and have the courage to try for. 
 
 "I am song and fear, struggle and 
 panic, and ennobling hope. 
 
 "I am the day's work of the weakest 
 man and the largest dream of the most 
 daring. 
 
 "I am the Constitution and the courts, 
 statutes and the statute-makers, soldier 
 and dreadnaught, drayman and street 
 sweep, cook, counselor, and clerk. 
 
 "I am the battle of yesterday and the 
 mistake of tomorrow. 
 
 "I am the mystery of the men who do 
 without knowing why. 
 
 "I am the clutch of an idea and the 
 reasoned purpose of resolution. 
 
 "I am no more than what you believe 
 me to be and I am all that you believe I 
 can be. 
 
 "I am what you make me : nothing 
 more. 
 
 "I swing before your eyes as a bright 
 gleam of color, a symbol of yourself, the 
 pictured suggestion of that big thing 
 which makes this nation. Mystarsandmy 
 stripes are your dream and your labors. 
 They are bright with cheer, brilliant with 
 courage, firm with faith, because you 
 have made them so out of your hearts ; 
 for you are the makers of the flag, and it 
 is well that you glory in the making." 
 
 304- 
 
nil' I'LAc.s oi' oi k \k\I^^ \•\\^, \\n 
 (.'(n'l'iv^wii \ r 1)1 I' \k r\ii N IS 
 
 For UiustralioHS sec the corresponding tiittnhers on the colored flags, 
 
 payes Jio and onzvard 
 
 I. Unitkd States Flar anp Ensign.— On 
 July 4, lgl2, following the admission of Ari- 
 zona and New Mexico into the Union, two 
 stars were added to the Stars and Stripes, giv- 
 ing the banner its present composition of 48 
 stars, representing the Stales of the Union, 
 and 13 stripes, commemorative of the Thir- 
 teen Original Colonics which achieved the na- 
 tion's independence. (Sec pages 286-304 for 
 the history of the .\merican flag; pages 303- 
 304, 404-413 for the uses of the flag, and de- 
 scriptive text under flags 6, 7, 8, 361, 36J. 364, 
 and 367 for the evolution and development of 
 the Star Spangled Banner J 
 
 3. Presihent's Flah. — When the President 
 visits a vessel of the United States, the Presi- 
 dent's flAg is broken at the main the nionient 
 he reaches the deck and is kept flying as long 
 as he is on board. If the vessel can do so, a 
 national salute of 21 guns is fired as soon as 
 possible after his arrival on board. Upon de- 
 parture, another salute of 21 gims is fired, the 
 President's Hag being lowered with the last 
 gun of the salute. When the President is em- 
 barked in a boat he usually directs that his flat: 
 be displayed from the staff in the bow of his 
 barge (see page 283). When he passes in a 
 boat flying bis flag, vessels of the navy parade 
 the full guard, four ruffles are given on the 
 drum, four flourishes arc sounded on the bugle, 
 the National Anthem is played by the band, 
 and officers and men salute (sec page 2S2). 
 When the President is embarked in a ship fly- 
 ing his flag, all saluting ships, on meeting her 
 at sea or elsewhere, and all naval batteries, 
 fire a national salute on passing fsce page .324). 
 
 Previous to the present order there were 
 two designs displayed on fl.ngs and on colors 
 to he used in the presence of the Commander- 
 in-Chief of the army and the navy. The navy 
 design was of an earlier date than that of the 
 army, and consisted of the coat-of-arms of the 
 United States, as shown in the Great Seal (3>, 
 upon a blue ground. This happened to be al- 
 most identical with the infantry colors (see 
 If). The President's colors were designed to 
 be distinctive from the infantry- colors, and 
 consisted of a blue ground with a large crim- 
 son star, outlined heavily with white. Within 
 the star was to be seen the coat-of-anns of 
 the United States, and outside the star within 
 its angles were powdered small stars to the 
 number of the States in the Union. The dou- 
 ble display of flags and colors at the Grand 
 Army Review in 1915 caused considerable 
 corntnont. and as a rcsidt the suggestion was 
 ni.i.lo tr\ the Prrsid«>nf that the navy flag might 
 fittingly be r ' 'nctive from the infantry 
 
 colors by 1! 1 of four stars — one in 
 
 each corner, i ,,> 1, i>;3 of an .Admiral and of 
 
 a General bear four stars, as a sign of com- 
 mand. The President approved of the idea, 
 but directe<l that the coat-of-arms, as shown 
 on the President's seal (sec 5), be HSe<l upon 
 the President's personal flag and colors. 
 
 3. The Great Seal of the U.smteh States. — 
 The Great Seal was adopted by the Continental 
 Congress June 20, 1782. 
 
 Arms. — Paleways (f'crficndiiuliir slril<cs or 
 divisions) of thirteen pieces, argent (zchilf) 
 and gides (red); a chief (upff fc't "f Ihf 
 csi-ulchcon), occupying one-third of the whole 
 azure (blue) ; the escutcheon on the breast of 
 the .American eagle displayed proper (ref're- 
 sciited ill its natural colors), holding in his 
 de.xter (right) talon an olive branch, and in 
 his sinister (left) a bundle of thirteen arrows, 
 all proper (natural colors), and in his beak a 
 scroll, inscribed with this motto, "/; Plurihus 
 I'num" (Out of Many, One). 
 
 CrM/.^Dver the head of the eagle, which 
 appears above the escutcheon, a glory (<ir</<r 
 of liiihl), or (gold), breaking through a cloud, 
 proper, and surrounding thirteen stars fonn- 
 itig a constellation, argent, on an azure field. 
 
 Rd'erse. — .\ pyramid unfinished. In the ze- 
 nith an eye in a triangle, surrounded with a 
 glory, proper. Over the eye these words, 
 ".Innuil C^oe/'tis" (He [Cod] has smiled on 
 our undertakings). On the base of the pyra- 
 mid the numerical letters MDCCLXWI, and 
 imderneath the following motio, ".\'n-us Ordo 
 Seclorum" (.•/ .VfTi' Order of .-Iges). 
 
 .Xccompanying the report, and adopted by 
 Congress, was the following : 
 
 The escutcheon is composed of the chief and 
 pale, the two most honorable ordinaries (</i- 
 7-isions). The pieces, paly (equal in icidtli and 
 of two colors, alternating), represent the sev- 
 eral States all joined in one solid, compart 
 entire, supporting a chief, which tmites the 
 whole and represents Congress. The motto 
 alludes to this union. The pales in the arms 
 are kept closely united bv tlie chief, and the 
 chief depends on that union and the strength 
 resulting from it for its support, to dcnnip the 
 confederacy of the United Slates of .America 
 and the preservation of their union through 
 Congress. 
 
 The colors of the pales arc those used in the 
 flag of the I'nitcd States of .Amrrir.i : white 
 signifies purity and innoi-cnre ; red. liardtnr<is 
 and valor: and blue, the color of the chief, 
 sipnitics vigilant perseverance and justice. 
 
 The oKvc branch anci arrows denote the 
 power of peace and war. which is cxchi«ivelv 
 vested in Congress. The constellation <1' • 
 a new State taking its place and rank . 
 other sovereign powers. The csculchron i» 
 
 305 
 
borne on the breast of an American eagle 
 without any otlier supporters, to denote that 
 the United States ought to rely on their own 
 virtue. 
 
 Reverse. — The pyramid signifies strength 
 and duration. The eye over it and the motto 
 allude to the many signal interpositions of 
 Providence in favor of the American cause. 
 The date underneath is that of the Declara- 
 tion of Independence, and the words under it 
 signify the beginning of the new American 
 era, which commences from that date. 
 
 The reverse of tlie seal lias never been cut 
 and has been allowed to go unused officially to 
 the present day. 
 
 USES OF THE GREAT. SEAI< 
 
 When the Continental Congress made the 
 obverse of the great seal of the national arms 
 it intended that the device should pass into 
 common use among the people, as the flag has 
 done, and like the flag, the arms at first met 
 with general approval, which soon gave place 
 to an acceptance of it as an emblem of the 
 power and sovereignty of the United States. 
 
 The seal itself has. of course, a very limited 
 use, which is strictly guarded by law. The 
 Secretary of State is its custodian, but even 
 he has no authority to affix it to any paper that 
 does not bear the President's signature. 
 
 At the present time the seal of the United 
 States is affixed Jf> the commissions of all 
 Cabinet officers and diplomatic and consular 
 officers who are nominated by the President 
 and confirmed by the Senate; all ceremonious 
 communications from tlie President to the 
 heads of foreign governments ; all treaties, 
 conventions, and formal agreements of the 
 President with foreign powers ; all proclama- 
 tions by the President ; all exequaturs to for- 
 eign consular officers in the United States who 
 are appointed by the heads of the governments 
 which they represent ; to warrants by the 
 President to receive persons surrendered by 
 foreign governments under extradition trea- 
 ties : and to all miscellaneous commissions of 
 civil ofliccrs appointed by the President, by and 
 w-ith the advice and consent of the Senate, 
 whose appointments arc not now especially di- 
 rected by law- to be signed under a different 
 seal. 
 
 4. J.\CK. — Vessels at anchor fly the imion 
 jack from the jackstaff (the statf at the bow) 
 from morning to evening colors. The jack 
 hoisted at the fore mast is a signal for a pilot 
 (220). A gun may be fired to call attention 
 to it. Hoisted at the mizzen mast or at a yard 
 arm it denotes that a general court martial or 
 a court of inquiry is in session. 
 . When a diplomatic official of the United 
 States of and above the rank of charge d'af- 
 faires pays an official visit afloat in a boat of 
 the navy, a union jack of a suitable size is car- 
 ried on a staff in the bow. When the Xaval 
 Governor of Guam, Tutuila, or the Virgin 
 Islands of the United States embarks in a boat, 
 witliin the limits of his government, for the 
 purpose of paying visits of ceremony in his 
 official capacity as Governor, a union jack of 
 suitable size is carried on a staff in the bow of 
 the boat. The union jack at the main was the 
 
 flag of the Secretary of the Xavy from i86q 
 to July 4, 1874, when the present flag (49) 
 came into use. 
 
 When worn out, jacks are surveyed and 
 burned in the same manner as ensigns. The 
 proper size of jack to display with an ensign 
 is that corresponding in dimension to the union 
 of that ensign (see draw-ing, page 312). Yachts 
 may display the union jack while at anchor at 
 the jackstaff from 8 a. m. to sunset, when wash 
 clothes are not triced up. 
 
 5. Se.\i. of the PrEsidEXT. — This is the per- 
 sonal seal of the President, and the press from 
 which it is made has been in use for many 
 years. The device is to be seen in the Presi- 
 dent's flag (2), in bronze, in the floor of the 
 entrance corridor of the White House and in 
 the favorite stick-pin of the President. 
 
 6. Our First Stars .\xd Stripes, adopted by 
 act of Congress June 14, I7;7 (see page 297). 
 In its resolution Congress did not direct a spe- 
 cific arrangement of the thirteen stars. In the 
 navy it became customary to place tlie stars so 
 as to form the crosses of St. George and St. 
 Andrew, an arrangement distinctly illustrated 
 in Rhode Island's banner (396). 
 
 THE FLAG TH.\T IXSPIRED THE 
 SPAXGLED banner" 
 
 STAR 
 
 7. The Flag with 15 Stripes and 15 
 St.\rs. — When Vermont entered the Union 
 (Alarch 4, 1791), followed by Kentucky (June 
 I, 1792), it was felt that the new States should 
 have the same representation in the design of 
 the flag that the original thirteen States pos- 
 sessed, and Congress accordingly passed the 
 following act, which was approved by Presi- 
 dent Washington on January 13, 1794: 
 
 "Be it enacted, etc.. That from and after the 
 first day of May. one thousand seven hundred 
 and ninety-five, the flag of the United States 
 be fifteen stripes, alternate red and white, and 
 that the Union be fifteen stars, white in a blue 
 field." 
 
 In this flag the stars were arranged in three 
 parallel rows of five each, with the blue field 
 resting on the fifth red stripe. This was the 
 national flag for twenty-three years. It was in 
 use during the war of 1S12. and, in September, 
 1S14, waving over Fort McHenry, it inspired 
 Francis Scott Key to write the "Star Spangled 
 Banner." Key was aide to General Smith at 
 Baltimore and had gone aboard H. M. S. Min- 
 den in the harbor to arrange an exchange of 
 prisoners. While being detained pending the 
 bombardment on the morning of September 
 14. 1S14. he wrote the anthem. 
 
 The arrangement of the stars in the Fort 
 McHenry flag is the navy arrangement, that 
 particular flag of immense size having been 
 specially made by Mrs. Mary Pickerskill under 
 the direction of Commodore Barry and Gen- 
 eral Striker. The flag is now in the National 
 Afuseum at Washington (see page 289). The 
 missing star is said to have been cut out and 
 sent to President Lincoln. 
 
 This is the flag that encouraged our brave 
 lads in our war against the Barbary pirates. 
 It was the first ensign to be hoisted over a fort 
 of the Old World. Oh April 27, 1805, after a 
 
 306 
 
O Undcrwooil & UndcrwiKKl 
 
 GUARD TO THE STANDARD 
 
 On silver bands, encircling the lance from which the regimental standard floats, arc 
 engraved the names and dales of the liattlcs in which that rcKiment has played its heroic 
 part. Each standard, therefore, epitomizes the glorious past <il its command, and the men 
 over whom it waves would glaiUy give their lives rather than have these shining symbols oi 
 victory tarnished by defeat (sec page 308). 
 
 bombardment of the batteries and the town of 
 Derne. Tripoli, by the Hornet, Xaiililus, and 
 ./' /ii.f. the landing party of marines ami bluc- 
 j.ukels stormed the principal works, and Lieu- 
 tenant ( fl'.ann.in of the marines and Midship- 
 man Mann tiaulcd down the Tripolitan tlag and 
 hoisieil the fifteen stars and lifteen stripes in 
 its place. 
 
 It was our ensign in the Battle of Lake Eric 
 (see jtiOl and was first carricil in a man-of- 
 war by Captain Porter in the Essex, around 
 (.'ape of Go<id Hope. August, lf<o<). and by 
 Commodore Porter in the Essex around Cape 
 Horn on his famous cruise in iSij. It was the 
 flag flown by Jackson at N'ew Orleans. 
 
 8. The requirement that a new stripe be 
 added to the flag for each new Slate, however, 
 soon proved embarrassing, with the result that 
 U. S. Congress on April 4, i,>?i.S. decided to 
 return to the ori ' ' .;n of thirteen stripes, 
 and passed the ! I.iw : 
 
 "Sec. I. Be it ...u..ii.. etc., That from and 
 
 after after the fourth day of July next the flag 
 of the L'nite<l States be thirteen liori/.ontal 
 stripes, alternate red and white; that the union 
 have twenty stars, white, on a blue l"icld. 
 
 "Sec. 2. .'liid he it further emieled. That on the 
 admission of every new State into the Lnion 
 one star be added to the union of the flag, anil 
 that such addition shall take eflivt on the 4th 
 of July ne.xt succeeding such admission." 
 
 Twenty-eight States having been admitted 
 since the enactment of this law. our flag now 
 contains 4>^ stars. There have been n\imerous 
 laws enacted concerning the flag since that 
 lime, but none of them has <lcparied from the 
 fundamental principles of the law of |.><|H. 
 
 It is interesting to note that the army for 
 many decades diil not carry the Stars and 
 Stripes in battle, though it was used as a gar- 
 rison flag. The land forces carried what was 
 known as national colors, or standards, of blue, 
 with the coat-of-arms of the I'niled Stales, 
 comprising an eagle surinounir.! I ■■ 1 ii!!tr,',. r 
 
 307 
 
of stars, emblazoned tliereon, with the desig- 
 nation of the body of troops (see 22). 
 
 In 1S34 War Department regulations gave 
 the artillery the right to carry the Stars and 
 Stripes. The infantry still used the design of 
 22 until 1841, and the cavalry until 1887, wlien 
 that branch of the army was ordered to carry 
 tlie Stars and Stripes. The history of the flag 
 indicates that the Stars and Stripes were not 
 officially carried by troops in battle until the 
 period of the Mexican War, 1846- 1847. 
 
 THE ARMY FLAGS 
 
 The flags used by the United States Army 
 to designate its several branches are divided 
 into two classes — colors and standards. The 
 colors are used by unmounted troops and the 
 standards by mounted forces. The principal 
 difference between them is that the standards 
 are smaller and have no cords and tassels, be- 
 cause large flags and cords and tassels would 
 hinder the movements of the mounted stand- 
 ard-bearer. 
 
 Every regiment of engineers, artillery, infan- 
 try, cavalry, etc., is supplied with one silk na- 
 tional standard or color (17) and one silk 
 regimental standard or color(ii, 13, 15, 18, etc.). 
 
 The silk national and regimental colors or 
 standards are carried in battle, campaign, and 
 on all occasions of ceremony at regimental 
 headquarters in which two or more companies 
 of the regiment participate. 
 
 The official designation of the regiment is 
 engraved on a silver band placed on the pike 
 or lance.- 
 
 When not in use, colors and standards are 
 kept in their waterproof cases. 
 
 In garrison the standards or colors, when 
 not in use, are kept in the office or quarters of 
 the colonel and are escorted thereto and there- 
 from by the color guard. In camp the colors 
 or standards, when not in use, are displayed 
 in front of the colonel's tent, the national color 
 or standard on the right. From reveille to re- 
 treat, when the weather permits, they are un- 
 cased; from retreat to reveille and during in- 
 clement weather they are cased. 
 
 In action the position of the standards or 
 colors will be indicated by the colonel, wlio 
 may, through their display, inspire enthusiasm 
 and maintain the morale. He may, however, 
 he lid them back when they miglit indicate to 
 the enemy the direction of the main attack, 
 betray the position of the main body, or tend 
 to ciinimit the regiment to defensive action. 
 In tlie presence of the enemy and during the 
 "approach" the standards are carried cased, 
 ready to be instantly broken out if their in- 
 spiration is required. 
 
 In addition to the handsome silk flags, a 
 national color or standard made of bunting or 
 other suitable material, but in all otiier re- 
 spects similar to the silk national color or 
 standard, is furnished to each battalion or 
 squadron of each regiment. 
 
 These colors and standards are for use at 
 drills and on marches, and on all service other 
 than battles, campaigns, and occasions of cere- 
 mony. Not more than one national color or 
 standard is carried when the regiment or any 
 part of it is assembled. 
 
 The colors of a regiment will not be placed 
 in mourning or draped, except when ordered 
 from the War Department. Two streamers of 
 crape 7 feet long and about 12 inches wide at- 
 tached to the ferrule below the spearhead will 
 be used for the purpose. 
 
 The names and dates of battles in which 
 regiments or separate battalions Iiave partici- 
 pated are engraved on silver bands and placed 
 on the pike of the colors or lance of the stand- 
 ard of the regiment or separate battalion, as 
 the case may be. For this purpose only the 
 names of those battles which conform to the 
 following definition are considered, viz: Bat- 
 tles are important engagements between inde- 
 pendent armies in their own theaters of war, 
 in contradistinction to conflicts in which but a 
 small portion of the opposing forces are actu- 
 ally engaged, the latter being called, according 
 to their nature, aft'airs, combats, skirmishes, 
 and the like. 
 
 The names and dates of battles which it is 
 proposed to have engraved on llie silver bands 
 are submitted to the War Department, which 
 decides each case on its merits. 
 . At least two companies, troops, or batteries 
 of a regiment or separate battalion must have 
 participated in a battle in order that the name 
 of the battle may be placed on its colors or 
 standards. 
 
 A company, troop, or battery does not re- 
 ceive credit for having participated in a battle 
 unless at least one-half of its actual strength 
 was engaged. 
 
 The Adjutant General of the Army furnishes 
 each company, troop, and battery with a suit- 
 ably engrossed certificate setting forth the 
 names of all battles, engagements, and minor 
 affairs in which said company, troop, or bat- 
 tery participated, with the da'tes thereof, and 
 showing, as nearly as may be, the organiza- 
 tions of the United States troops engaged 
 therein, and against what enemy. This cer- 
 tificate states that tlie names and dates of these 
 battles are engraved on silver bands on the 
 pike of the colors of the regiment or battalion, 
 or tlie lance of the standard of the regiment 
 or battalion, as the case may be, excepting in 
 the case of companies which have no regi- 
 mental or battalion organization. 
 
 This certificate is suitably framed and kept 
 posted in the barracks of the company, troop, 
 or battery. 
 
 Wlienever in the opinion of a commanding 
 officer the condition of any silk color, stand- 
 ard, or guidon in the possession of his com- 
 mand has become unserviceable, the same is 
 forwarded to the depot quartermaster, Phila- 
 delphia, Pa., for repair, if practicable. Should 
 it be found that' its condition does not warrant 
 the expenditure of funds that may be involved, 
 the depot quartermaster returns to the officer 
 from whom received and furnishes a new 
 color, standard, or guidon. 
 
 Upon receipt of new silk colors, standards, 
 or guidons, commanding officers cause those 
 replaced to be numliered and retained by the 
 organization to which they belong as mementos 
 of service, a synopsis of which, bearing the 
 same nurnber, will be filed with the records of 
 the organization. 
 
 308 
 
9- The President's colors in design are sim- 
 ilar to the President's flag aHoat (i). hut are 
 made of silk, with heavy silk emhroidery and 
 bordered with gold and silver Iringe. with red, 
 white, and Miie cord and tassels, and a khIiI 
 eagle on the pike. The colors are displayed 
 when the President is in the presence of troops 
 as commander-in-chief. 
 
 10. The colors of the Secretary of War are 
 used in the same manner as the I'residenl's 
 colors when the war minister is the ranking 
 ofHcial in the i>resence of troops. 
 
 11. The infantry c^lnrs are carried by the 
 several regimenl>. each with its "wn |>articnlar 
 designation im the scr(dl below the eagle. 
 
 13. The Assistant Secretary of War's colurs 
 are nscd in the same way as those of the Sec- 
 retary of War when he is the ranking oflicial 
 present. 
 
 13. The cidi'rs of the coast artillery cnrps 
 have a red tield, where those of the infantry 
 have bine; otherwise they are the same as the 
 infantry colurs, e.xcept for the yelluw scroll 
 and the crossed canni>n. 
 
 14. The Chief of Staff has colors with a 
 tield made up of a red and a white triangle, 
 the red triangle having its base on the statT, 
 On the center is the familiar spread eagle of 
 the national coat-of-arms imposed upon a large 
 while star : a small white star on the red and 
 a red star on the white ci>niplete the design, 
 except for golden fringe, cord, and tassels. 
 This Hag is flown when the Chief of SlafT is 
 in the presence of troops the ranking officer. 
 
 15. The engineer colors are red, the lettered 
 scroll being white, bearing above it the engi- 
 neer device, a castellated fort. 
 
 16. The colors of the corps of cadets dis- 
 penses with the familiar red and blue for a 
 licld, gray being substituted therefor. Instead 
 of the coat-of-arms there is an escutcheon 
 biar'M'.; the national colors, with a cap of Mars 
 ■ •ri ti I 'icld, and surmounted by an eagle. The 
 cadet colors are fringed with yellow and black 
 and grav. 
 
 17. The national standard used by mounteil 
 tro<ips and the national colors used by un- 
 nioimted troops are exactly alike, except that 
 the I'.Ii'rs are larger and have cords and tas- 
 sels. .Is on the ['resident's colors. 
 
 18. The cavalry standard has a field of yel- 
 low and, except in size, is otherwise like the 
 infantry colors, without cords or tassels. 
 
 19. The held artillery standard is like the 
 coast artillery colors, except that the crossed 
 cannon between the eagle and the scroll are 
 omitted. 
 
 20. The mounted engineers' standard has 
 the castellated fort to distinguish it. 
 
 ai. The standard of the United States Sig- 
 nal Corps is distinguished by the wig-wag flags 
 between the eagle and the lettered scroll. 
 
 aa. This is the national standard as used by 
 ntir lii:ht artillery in the War of iSij The 
 artilUrv did not carry the Stars and Stripes 
 until iS^. the infantry until 1S41, and the cav- 
 alry iiniil \Xi*7. 
 
 23. This is the guidon used by each troop 
 of cavalry. The tigure shows the regiment and 
 the letter the troop. 
 
 24. The guidon of the field artillery is dis- 
 tinguished by cMSsed cannons. 
 
 25. The word 'Mounted" above the castel- 
 lated fort proclaims the mounted engineers' 
 guidon. 
 
 26. The guidon of the mounted cnKHicrr 
 MVtion does not have the panel la-anng the 
 word ".Mounted," 
 
 2j. The signal corps guidon bears the wig- 
 wag flags. 
 
 28. The aero sipi.tdron's guidon duplicate> 
 that of the signal corps, exceiu that the flving 
 eagle is Ridded. 
 
 29. Telegraph company guidons show the 
 wig-wag flags with a thunderbolt. 
 
 30. This triangular pennant serves as the 
 guidon of the motor-truck companv. 
 
 31. The tield hospital guidon bears the ca- 
 duceus of Hermes given him by .Xpullo and 
 supposed to Ik- a magic wand which exercises 
 influence over living and dead. This guidon 
 is lettered "b". II." 
 
 32. .\nibulance companies have a guidon 
 like that of the lield hospital service, except 
 that the lettering is dilTerent. 
 
 33- The lield hospital flag is the familiar 
 red cross on the white lield. .\ rectangle be- 
 low shows the night signal. 
 
 34. The guidon of the cavalry and light ar- 
 tillery during the Civil War. Prior to that 
 war the cavalry used jj, and on the a(b>ption 
 of 34 Cicneral Sheridan made 2.? his personal 
 colors. Upon becoming Secretary of War he 
 retired 34 from use anil restored 23 as the 
 guidon of the cavalry as it had been prior to 
 the great conflict. 
 
 35. When a lieutenant general of the army 
 is in an automobile or alioard a boat officially 
 the three-starred flag of command is shown. 
 
 36. The auto and boat flag of a major gen- 
 eral is like that of the lieutenant general, ex- 
 cept that it has two stars instead of three. 
 
 37. The brigadier general's automobile and 
 boat flag bears the one star of the brigadier's 
 rank. 
 
 38. The chief umpire in military maneuvers 
 in times of peace bears a flag with a saltire 
 cross uiion it, like that of St. .\ndrew. 
 
 39. The flag of an artillery district com- 
 mander bears crossed cannons with a shell im- 
 posed upon the intersection. 
 
 40. The flag of a post commander carried 
 in the bow of a l)oat in which he is embarked 
 oflicially is a pennant with thirteen stars in the 
 blue, with a red fly. 
 
 41. The ambulance flag is a white tield and 
 a red cross. The night signal is shown below 
 the flag. 
 
 42. The ammunition trains of the I'nited 
 States .\rmy display a triangular pennant, 
 which is accorded the right of way in time <if 
 battle. 
 
 43. The camp colors of an army are iS by 
 JO inches and displayed on an a.sh pole 8 feet 
 long and I'/i inches diameter. 
 
 44. The white lield with its centered cross 
 pr.Tclaims the chaplain. This flag is used for 
 lield service only. 
 
 45. The transports under Quartermaster's 
 Corps. L'. S. .Vrmy, fly this flag. 
 
 46. This is the d!-tiiii;ii!-Iiini; fl.iu: "f niinc- 
 plaiitcrs and siibn, 'rr 
 army contml. It ing 
 
 3'*i 
 
•••••••• 
 •••••••• 
 •••••••• 
 •••••••• 
 •••••••• 
 •••••••• 
 
 I 
 
 A GREAT SEAL— U S A 
 1 
 
 m 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 FLAG — J 
 
 JNE 14, 177 7 
 
 PRESIDENT S FLAG 
 
 • ••••••• 
 
 • ••••••• 
 
 • ••••••• 
 
 • •^^••••* 
 
 • ••••••• 
 
 • ••••••• 
 
 ? 
 
 FLA6— MAY I 1795 , 
 
 i7(FT Mchenry flag) 
 
 FLAG— JULY 4 ISIf 
 
 310 
 
CHIEF OF STAFF 
 
 iiiiijjxi i n iiiu.unni.nj J J X4. 
 
 iiiiiiiiiiMiiiiirTTTrrit'i.ii.t«i>i 
 
 ENGINEER COLORS 
 
 311 
 
UNITED STATES ENSIGN 
 
 B (Fly) 
 
 No. 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 u 
 
 1 
 
 J 
 
 K 
 
 
 FEET 
 
 FEET 
 
 FOCT 
 
 FEET 
 
 FCCT 
 
 FEET F 
 
 ELT 
 
 
 
 : .-r- 
 
 FEET 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 38 
 
 .95 
 
 9-23 
 
 10,77 
 
 1520 1 
 
 90 
 
 897 
 
 1.79 
 
 1.23 
 
 1.54 
 
 2 
 
 19 
 
 36.10 
 
 .903 
 
 8.77 
 
 10,23 
 
 1444 1 
 
 81 
 
 ,850 
 
 1.70 
 
 1.17 
 
 146 
 
 3 
 
 14.35 
 
 27.27 
 
 .619 
 
 6.62 
 
 7,73 
 
 10.91 1 
 
 24 
 
 642 
 
 1.28 
 
 .883 
 
 1.103 
 
 4 
 
 12.19 
 
 23 16 
 
 .579 
 
 5.63 
 
 656 
 
 9.26 I 1 
 
 16 
 
 545 
 
 1.09 
 
 .751 
 
 ,938 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 19 
 
 .475 
 
 4.62 
 
 5.38 
 
 7.60 
 
 95 
 
 ,449 
 
 90 
 
 .615 
 
 ,769 
 
 e 
 
 8,94 
 
 16.99 
 
 .424 
 
 4.13 
 
 4.81 
 
 6,79 
 
 848 
 
 ,400 
 
 .798 
 
 ,551 
 
 687 
 
 7 
 
 5.14 
 
 9 77 
 
 .244 
 
 2.37 
 
 2.77 
 
 391 
 
 488 
 
 230 
 
 .459 
 
 ,317 
 
 ,395 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 9.50 
 
 .237 
 
 2.31 
 
 269 
 
 3,80 
 
 475 
 
 .224 
 
 .449 
 
 ,308 
 
 385 
 
 9 
 
 352 
 
 6.63 
 
 .167 
 
 1 62 
 
 1 90 
 
 268 
 
 335 
 
 .158 
 
 .316 
 
 .271 
 
 ,271 
 
 10 
 
 2.90 
 
 5.51 
 
 .138 
 
 1 34 
 
 155 
 
 2,20 
 
 275 
 
 .130 
 
 .260 
 
 .208 
 
 223 
 
 II 
 
 237 
 
 4.50 
 
 .113 
 
 1.09 
 
 1.28 
 
 1,80 
 
 225 
 
 .106 
 
 .213 
 
 .167 
 
 .182 
 
 12 
 
 1.31 
 
 2.49 
 
 062 
 
 ,60 
 
 .71 
 
 IOC 
 
 124 
 
 .059 
 
 .118 
 
 .094 
 
 .101 
 
 ARWr SIZES 
 
 Nos 1. 5 and 3 
 
 BOAT FLAG SIZES 
 
 Nos, 9, 10, N and 12 
 
 FOREIGN 
 
 ENSIGNS 
 
 No. 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 FEET 
 
 13.12 
 8.75 
 
 VARIABLE 
 VARIABLE 
 
 UNION JACK 
 
 • • * • • 
 
 * • • * * 
 
 BLUE FIELD 
 
 • * • * * 
 
 WHITE STARS 
 
 • * * • • 
 
 • • • • • 
 
 -c4 — G + G + G—^ G 4 — < 
 
 • * * • * 
 
 • •-■• 
 
 • •I* 
 
 • •t* 
 
 
 
 
 UNION 
 
 JACK 
 
 
 
 No. 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 
 H 1 
 
 G 
 
 J i 
 
 2 
 
 FEET 
 
 10.23 
 
 FEET 
 
 14.44 
 
 i -902 
 
 FQOT^ FEET 
 
 ,850 T 1.705 
 .642 i 1.281 
 
 FEET 
 1.805 
 
 FEET 
 1.170 
 
 3 
 
 7.72 
 
 10.91 
 
 .619 1 
 
 1.238 
 
 .883 
 
 4 
 
 6.56 
 
 9.26 
 
 1 .579 
 
 ,545 , 1.089 
 
 1.158 
 
 .751 
 
 6 
 
 4.81 
 
 6.79 
 
 .424 
 
 .400 ' .798 
 
 .848 
 
 .551 
 
 7 
 
 277 
 
 3.91 
 
 1 ■2''** 1 
 
 .230 .459 
 
 .488 
 
 .317 1 
 
 
 SECRETARY 
 
 OF THE NAVY 
 
 SEE FLAGS 49 S 53 
 
 ADMIRAL. 
 VICE ADMIRAL tTc 
 
 SEE FLAGS 64 TO 66 
 
 SENIOR OFFICER 
 PRESENT 
 
 SEE FLAG 68 
 
 No. 
 
 A 1 B 
 
 A B 
 
 A B 
 
 1 
 
 FEET 
 
 10.20 
 
 FEET 
 
 14.40 
 
 FEET FEET 
 10.20 14.40 
 
 FEET 
 8.00 
 
 FEET 
 
 6.40 
 
 2 
 
 7.73 
 
 10.88 
 
 7.73 
 
 10.88 
 
 6.56 
 
 5.25 
 
 4 
 
 3.60 
 
 5.13 
 
 4.81 
 
 6.7 7 
 
 4.90 
 
 3.90 
 
 L6_ 
 
 
 360 
 
 5.13 
 
 
 
 A DI.^GRAM AND TABLK TO SHOW THE EXACT PROPORTION AXD POSITION Ot EACH 
 
 FEATURE OF THE ST.VRS AND STRIPES, ACCORDING TO THE REGUI..\TIONS 
 
 OF THE ARMY AND N.WY 
 
 312 
 
thireoii crossid cannons and a mine, with the 
 words "Submarine Defense." 
 
 47. Army vessels engaged in the ordnance 
 service tly this distinguishing riag. 
 
 48. Vessels in the engineer service tly flags 
 bearinj' as a distinguishing mark the castel- 
 latc<l fort which is the emblem of the Engi- 
 neer Corps. 
 
 49. The flag of the Secretary of the Navy 
 consists of a blue field bearing four white 
 stars, one in each corner, ami a centered an- 
 chor. When that oflicial is aboard any vessel 
 of the navy his flag is displayed at the main 
 mast and when on a boat it is displayed from 
 a staff in its bows. 
 
 50. This is the major commission pennant 
 of the L'nitcd States Xavy. It is flown at the 
 main mast of all of the larger ships of the navy 
 as long as they are in commission, except when 
 they have an officer above the rank of captain 
 aboard, when the flag of coimtiand takes its 
 place. 
 
 51. The seven-star pennant is flown by the 
 lesser ships of the navy when in commission, 
 such as submarines and other small craft. It 
 is used by captains of ships as their pennant, 
 and is carried in the bows of boats on which 
 they are embarked on an ofTicial visit. 
 
 Sa. The national colors of the United States 
 Marine Corps bear on the middle stripe of red 
 the words '"l'. S. Marine Corps." Regiments 
 carry them together with the regimental colors. 
 
 53. The fl.tg of the .Assistant Secretary of 
 the Xavy is white with blue st.irs and blue 
 anchor, an interchange of the col.irs of the 
 Secretary's flag. It is displayed .it the main 
 mast when the Assistant Secretary is the rank- 
 ing orticer present. 
 
 54. This pennant is carried by vessels of 
 the naval militia while in commission and is 
 displayed at the main mast, unless the com- 
 manding oflicer has the rank of commodore, 
 when 7.? replaces the pennant. 
 
 55. The colors of the United States Marine 
 Corps are kept at headquarters in Washington. 
 Tliev bear in Latin the motto, ".Mways faith- 
 ful." 
 
 56. The flag of the United States naval re- 
 serve is displ.iyed on vessels which have been 
 v,ivcn a certificate that they belong to the re- 
 sctre forces. 
 
 57. When the navy lands its men as infan- 
 try for shore duty, they carry a blue flag upon 
 which is centered a diamond of white, bearing 
 a blue anchor. 
 
 58. w;. Ti iM Ambassador of the Uniteil 
 -^t. • 1 a vessel of the navy on 
 otVi : boat upon which he is em- 
 liarked bears in its bow the navy jack. The 
 jack is also used by the naval, governors of 
 Guam. Tutuila, and the Virgin Islands of the 
 United Statps when afloat within their juris- 
 diction. arly always the canton 
 
 of a nat n the latter has a can- 
 
 i>.ireS. 
 
 nial colors of the United 
 l>s has a field of blue uimih 
 m anchor, and over this the 
 
 T sitrtTi.ittn'ci! tn- the .\mcr- 
 '■•>ve and 
 r of the 
 regiment and the iianic ..•1 ilic C'Tc-. 
 
 ton as 
 
 T 
 
 \Vr. 
 
 
 lean ^| 
 below 
 
 t; 
 
 60. Voscls of the na\al militia display ibis 
 flag at the fore mast as a dislingui>liiiiK mark. 
 The flag OMisists of a blue ground, a yellow 
 diamond im|iu>rd thereon, bearing the blue 
 anchor of the navy. 
 
 61. When the nav) lands .irtiller> battal- 
 ions for shore iluty the flag they carry has a 
 red field, with a centered diamond of while, 
 upon which appears a red anchor. 
 
 6a. The colors of the I'niled Sl.iles N'aval 
 .Vcademy have a blue field, gold fringe, and a 
 centered white diamond, bearing an anchor in 
 white and blue. These colors are carried with 
 the national colors by the regiment of inid- 
 shipme.i. 
 
 63. The colors of the United Si.iles Marine 
 Corps carrie<l between lX,{» ami 1S50 hail a 
 white field, golil fringe, .iiid bore an elaboralr 
 design in the center, at the lop of which wa< 
 the legend, "I'kom tiik Siiokks of TKri-ni.i it: 
 THK Halls of Mo.vtk/i .ma." having reference 
 to the engagements the marines participated in 
 from the beginning of ihr Tripoliian War an<l 
 the ending of the War witli .\lexico. 
 
 64. The flag of the senior admiral of the 
 navy is bine and bears (•iir stars in the f irni 
 of a cross. This flag is displayed .it the main 
 mast of the admiral's flagship, t.iking the jdace 
 of the commission pennant (50) used on ves 
 sels other than flagships. It. along with those 
 of the vice adiiiir.il, rear admiral, ai'd commo- 
 dore, is called a flag of c.>mm:ind. The flan- 
 useil today correspond to the ("ladsden flag 
 (.lOS) flown by Ksek Ibnikins when he l<iok 
 command of the navy at Philailelphia.'Deeem- 
 I'lT 3, 1775. 
 
 65. The flag of the vice admiral has three 
 stars. 
 
 66. .\ rear admiral's flag has two stars. 
 
 67. The flag of a cmimiodore has one star 
 and is a burgee. There are no connniHlores in 
 .ictivc service in the .\merican navy, although 
 there are several on the relireil list. That grade 
 has been abolished from the nav.il service. 
 
 68. When vessels of the navy are together 
 and no flag oflicer is presc'iit. the .senior officer 
 hoists at the starboard main yard arm a blue 
 triangidar pennant as .1 badge of command. 
 
 69. The flag of the Major (leneral Com- 
 mandant of the Marine Corps has a red field 
 with two white stars in the lower half and 
 above them the eagle-rre-led lieinis|iheri- im 
 liiscd upon an anchor which is the emblem <'f 
 the corps. 
 
 70. .'X junior admiral in the presence of .i 
 senior flies a flag similar t" that of the seni'T 
 admiral, with the exception that the fieM 1- 
 red instead of bhie. 
 
 71. .A jimior vice a'lmiral in the pre»eiK-c 
 nf a senior vice admiral flies a red flag bear- 
 ing the three -tars of hi> rank. 
 
 7a. Rear .idmirals of iimior gr.iile flv a reil 
 flag bearing two ••tars while in the prcseiicr ■'! 
 rear admirals senior 10 them. 
 
 73. The coiiim id^'re of the Naval .\lilitin 
 carries a broad pennant, the upper Ii.d' '■'■'' 
 and the lower half vellou. on the bin 
 
 V. Iiich .ippears :i f-vr-p"!-!--.! «i:ir 
 
 74. When 
 the navy on 
 
 centered letter 1 ::. •! i" .1 . ir, i> ..j i ir- 
 
 ^*^ 
 
FIELD ARTILLERY MOUNTED COMPANY " MOUNTED SECTION 
 
 314 
 
US.MC. 
 
 315 
 
teen white stars flies in the bows of tlie boat 
 in which lie is embarked. 
 
 75. Tlie flag of a brigadier general of the 
 United States Marine Corps is similar to that 
 of a major general (6g). except that it carries 
 one star instead of tw(T. 
 
 76. The flag of tlie conimaiidcr of a de- 
 stroyer flotilla is a swallow-tail pennant of 
 plain white bordered above and below with 
 blue. 
 
 77. The commander of a submarine force 
 has a triangular swallow-tail pennant bordered 
 above with blue and below with red. 
 
 78. The commanders of district patrol 
 forces carry a sw'allnw-tail pennant having a 
 white field bordered by red above and below. 
 
 79. Section coinmanders of tlic patrol force 
 carry a smaller duplicate of 78. with the num- 
 ber of the section in Roman numerals tlierenn. 
 
 79^2- The division commander nf the patrol 
 force carries a red-liordered white triangular 
 pennant with the number of the division in 
 Arabic notation. 
 
 80. Wlien submarines are operating in limes 
 of peace a submarine warning flag is flown on 
 their tenders, while the submarine itself hears 
 on one of its periscopes a small metal flag of 
 the same design. 
 
 81. The boat flag of a post cominander of 
 the United States Alarine Corps is a triangular 
 pennant of blue and red, blue at the hoist and 
 red in the fly, with thirteen wliite stars on the 
 blue and the insignia of the ^larine Corps on 
 the red. 
 
 82. Destroyer division commanders carry a 
 white triangular pennant bordered with biue. 
 with their numbers indicated on the white lield. 
 
 83. The flag of a division commander of 
 the sulimarine force is a white triangle bor- 
 dered with bine at the top and red below, 
 showing the number of the division in red on 
 the white. 
 
 84. The battle efficiency pennant is one of 
 the most coveted trophies of the .American 
 navy. There is one for each class of ships, 
 such as battleships, destroyers, and submarines. 
 The ship of a given class which, during the 
 preceding \car, has shown by her practice and 
 performance the ability to hit most often and 
 quickest, to steam the farthest with the least 
 expenditure of fuel, water, etc.. to run longest 
 without breakdown, and which otherwise gives 
 evidence that she might be expected to give a 
 better account of herself in a battle than any 
 other vessel of her class, is awarded the (irivi- 
 lege of flying the battle efficiency pennant dur- 
 ing the ensuing year. There is the keenest 
 rivalry between the competing vessels of a 
 class, and this little red triangular flag witli 
 the black disk is prized next to victnrv in liat- 
 tle itself. 
 
 85. This flag is flown by vessels engaged in 
 convoy duty. When ships are engaged in ma- 
 neuvers or are maneuvering in compound for- 
 mation, this pennant is an indication to the 
 other vessels of the division to t.ake be.iring 
 and distance from the ship bearing it. 
 
 86. Hospital ships fly the Red Cross flag, and 
 under international law they are immune from 
 attack, unless it can be shown that the ship 
 frying- it fails to respect all of the provisions 
 of the international compact made at Geneva. 
 
 87. This is the flag under which the marine 
 corps moves quartermaster's supplies for its 
 men. 
 
 88. The interrogatory flag is used in signal- 
 ing when one ship wants to make a signal in 
 the interrogatory form or to announce that it 
 does not understand a signal. 
 
 89. The preparatory flag is displayed with 
 a signal in order that preparations may be 
 made to execute tlie signal itself uniformly and 
 simultaneoush'. When the signal alone is 
 hauled down, the ships having made ready, 
 execute the signal. It is also hoisted wdien 
 the ceremony of hoisting the colors in the 
 morning and taking it in at sunset is the ne.xt 
 thing on the program. It is raised five min- 
 utes before the ceremony begins. Upon being 
 hauled down by the flagship, all ships execute 
 the colors ceremony simultaneously. 
 
 90. This fla,g is displayed either to counter- 
 mand the last signal made or the tme then lac- 
 ing sh(.)wn. 
 
 gi. This pennant has two uses. Its first use 
 is in answering a call for a semaphore or wig- 
 wag message, Ijeing hoisted lialf way when the 
 ship is ready to receive the message, and ah 
 the way when the message has been completely 
 received. It is then hauled down. Used thus, 
 it might be said to he the ".\ye, aye, sir" flag 
 of the navy. Its other use is as a decimal or 
 dnisional flag in flags indicating numerals and 
 quantities. 
 
 92. This is the "No" flag of the navy. It 
 is used to negative a recjuest, or to say "Xo" 
 to a question. 
 
 93. The brigade pennant of the United 
 .States Marine Corps has a swallow-tailed Ijlue 
 tield. with the number of the brigade and the 
 initials of the corps in gold. 
 
 94. When a ship asks permission of the 
 flagship to do this or that, the force com- 
 mander hoists this flag with the number dis- 
 tinguishing the vessel making the request, as a 
 si.gii that it has been granted. 
 
 95. The \ellow flag, as is well known, is 
 the one which proclaims that there is conta- 
 gious disease aboard. 
 
 96. This flag lias two uses. Hoisted at the 
 main mast, it means that the vessel dis])laying 
 it is engaged on dispatch duty. It is always 
 carried in a roll at the fore mast of vessels in 
 formation, S(j that it can be displayed, or 
 "broken out." as the sailors say. instantly, to 
 indicate an accident or derangement on board 
 that vessel and to warn other ships to keep 
 clear. Hoisted half way. clear of the smoke- 
 stack, it indicates a man overboard. 
 
 97. The church pennant is always displayed 
 wliei; divine services on board are in progress. 
 
 98. The cornet flag, displayed at the yard 
 arm, calls all vessels present to receive a sema- 
 phore or wig-w-ag message. Displayed at the 
 fore mast, it is notice to all ofiicers and men 
 to come on board at once. 
 
 99. The guidon of the United States Marine 
 Cor|js has a blue field, is gold fringed, and 
 bears in gold on the field the initials of the 
 corps. 
 
 100. This flag, displayed with loi. 102. lo.s. 
 104. 105. :n6. 107. 108. 1 10. and iii. indicates 
 that they represent in value the numerals given 
 below them. If those flags are not displayed 
 
 .116 
 
in connection with lo«», tlicy have other mean- 
 ings, both in the navy code and in the inter- 
 national code. 
 
 109. Displayed with a numeral signal, this 
 flag summons llic Kiat which has lieen assigned 
 that particular numher to return to the sliip. 
 Displayed alone, it recalls all boats then absent 
 from the ship on which it is flying. 
 
 112. These arc the semaphore flags used in 
 the navy. 
 
 113. These are the wig-wag flags used in 
 signal operations ashore and afloat. 
 
 114-115-116. These iiennanls are used to 
 repeat the first, .second, and third flags in the 
 hoist. 
 
 117. This is a pennant very much in use, 
 and when a ship is at anchi>r especially wel- 
 come lo the crew. It is the meal signal. When 
 a ship is under way it indicates that the vessel 
 is making more than standard speed tor some 
 purpose or other. When hoisted below the 
 admiral's flag on his flagship, it indicates that 
 that otTicer is about to leave. 
 
 118. This pennant is displayed from the 
 yard arm of a flag ofticer's ship when he is 
 absent. 
 
 119. The powder flig is displayed at the 
 fore mast when a ship is taking on board 
 powder or munitions. It is also carried in 
 boats and lighters used in transporting ammu- 
 nition. 
 
 130-171. These flags are used in designating 
 various divisions and ships of the naval forces. 
 
 INTKRN.XTION.M. CODK OP SICX.M.S 
 
 172-197. The internaticin.n1 code of signals 
 is a great universal dictionary which makes 
 communication everywhere intelligib'c. regard- 
 less of the tongue spoken by those using it. .\ 
 ship using a signal book printcil in English 
 can lomiiiunicatc with n vessel using a book 
 printed in I'rench or Italian as easily as if the 
 stvond ship were using an English book. 
 
 The international code of signals consists of 
 twcniy-six flags — one for eacli letter of the 
 ali.lialitt — and a code pennant. Rv means of 
 thcsi' flags .V5.00O different signals can be 
 made. This code was adopted by international 
 agreement in January. looi. anti is almost en- 
 tirely based on a system of signaling by flags 
 dcvi-iid by the British Oovcmment in 1S56. 
 Tilt' cimIc i-.n^ists of nineteen S(|farc flags 
 I ir'i-i'Ci. nv.. Iiiirgee flags ( 172-17.?), and live 
 pemi.inis ( 174-17S) and the cixle or answering 
 piiuiant (JT,i>. 
 
 Whr-i !i,,;.t,rl under the ensign (l for 
 I': > f.ir Great Britain. 74.1 for 
 
 I' code pennant (jlt* denotes 
 
 a -n from the internaticinal code. 
 
 \\ d by itself at the masthead, or 
 
 «!■ ■.; It can best be seen, it is the answering 
 pcnn.int. 
 
 ' ' ' ' ' use onlv between 
 
 ^ • ■ 'Wed. The flag is 
 
 111 ! in the hand or by 
 
 h shrouds or to the 
 
 t nces. 
 
 ,:ont and import.nnf 
 
 • code pennant over 
 
 '••.w \.A-^. ..r In coi)ilitn,tti> ns rf nii\ two flags 
 
 .\r. r.. zv. 
 
 Threc-rt.-ig signals arc general signals, in- 
 cluding Compass signals and signals designating 
 inone>s, measures and weiglit>, decimals and 
 fractions, au.<(iliary phrases, etc. 
 
 l"our-llag signals are geographical, alpha- 
 betical spelling table, or vessels numbers sig 
 iials. 
 
 198-205. These are yacht flags, indicating 
 respectively the absence of the owner, the prcs 
 ence of guests, the owner's dinner, the crew's 
 meal, etc. 
 
 306-209. These tigurcs show how the dots 
 and dashes of the L'niled Slates army and navy 
 wig- wag code are made by flag-w.ixers (sec 
 ilhistralioii on another page). 
 
 210-212. Thee are the semaphore flags of 
 the L'niled Stales army, the boy scouts, and 
 the British forces. The lioy scouts of .Xmcr- 
 ica, several hundred thousand strong, and lens 
 of thousands of boys who do not belong to 
 that organization, are fast learning to com- 
 municate with one another by means of flags. 
 
 313. .\ ship wishing to make a signal hoists 
 her ensign (I fi.r United Slates, K-'n for (.'ircat 
 Britain. 743 for France, etc.) with this code 
 flag under it (sec note under l72-if)7). 
 
 314-317. These ligures show the numbering 
 and coloring of buoys as seen coming from 
 the sea. and illustrated by the alliteration "red, 
 right, returning." 
 
 218-319. These figures represent respect- 
 ively the masthead light required by the inter- 
 national rules of the road for steam trawlers 
 and the area required to be covered by the 
 starboard and port running lights, the mast- 
 head and optional range lights, and the stern 
 lights of steam vessels. 
 
 220-223. These arc the day signals for ,1 
 pilot, the tirst being the jack, in this case the 
 United States jack, at the fore, the nc.xt two 
 flags showing the signal P. T. and S. respec- 
 tively, anil the third the dist.ince signal, con- 
 sisting of balls and cne. 
 
 334-339. Signals of distress include the S. 
 O. S. call -three dots, three dashes, and llircc 
 dots — ihe inverted ensign, etc. ,\ continuous 
 Sounding with any fog signal is also a signal 
 of distress. 
 
 230, Xight pilot signals include flashes of 
 one minute duration at frequenting intervals, 
 or a blue light showing every fifteen minutes. 
 
 231-233. Night signals of distress are made 
 through gun lire at intervals of one minule. by 
 flames from a tar or oil barrel, rockets, or 
 bombs. 
 
 COAST GUARD SIGNALS 
 
 334-338. .Ml manned Coast Ouard stations 
 of the L'niled Stales arc cquippeil with inter- 
 national code flags, and arc prepared to send 
 or receive signals in that ctnlc or by means of 
 the International .Morse Code. Practically all 
 the stations arc provided with means of tele- 
 phonic comnumicalion through which the tele- 
 graph lines may be reached. 
 
 The • '■' — ' '■■ — mended by the 
 
 Intern 1 ' for adoption 
 
 by all 1: ^ from wrecked 
 
 vessels. ha\ ■ ;'tcd by the Coast duanl 
 
 of the Unit. 
 
 Upon the tii^cotcry of a wreck by nighi. the 
 station crew will burn a red pyrotechnic light 
 
 .117 
 
'nyj M mo 3 ITJi z and 
 
 M8 Z AND 
 FORCE COM'DRS. 
 
 318 
 
>. ••. V. 
 
 WATER ♦^♦> •' "0 ' 
 
 |;23i I'^'-jji'^ li— 'c iji 1 •:;<. 1 .ii; | Jis J jjg 
 
 V. ATER J04 g'Jjy SCOUT 
 AMSlJCAINiCE BRITISH 
 
 DON T LA*. 
 
 pat 
 
 ® O OOil 
 
 '«3.44 
 
 
 S 1 "^ ~ A N. 
 
 3ry 
 
or a red rocket to signify, "Vou are seen; as- 
 sistance will be siven as soon as possible" 
 (234). 
 
 A red flag waved on shore by day. or a red 
 light, red rocket, or red roman candle displayed 
 by night, will signify, "Haul away" (235).' 
 
 A white flag waved on shore by day, or a 
 wliite light swung slowly back and forth, or a 
 white rocket or white roman candle fired by 
 night, will signify, "Slack away" (236). 
 
 Two flags, a white and a red, waved at the 
 same time on shore by day, or two lights, a 
 AV'hite and a red, slowly swung at the same 
 time, or a blue |iyrotechnic light burned by 
 ^ night, will signify, "Do not attempt to land in 
 your own boats: it is impossible" (237). 
 
 A man on shore beckoning bv day, or two 
 torches burning ne.'ir together bv night, will 
 signify, "This is the best place to' land" (238) 
 Any of these signals may be answered from 
 the vessel as. follows: In the day-time, by wav- 
 ing a flag, a handkerchief, a hat, or even the 
 hand ; at night, by firing a rocket, a blue light, 
 or a gun, or by showing a light over the ship's 
 gunwale for a short time and then concealing 
 it. 
 
 239-246. The insignia of the airplanes of 
 the various countries are here shown. The 
 United States makes use of the five-pointed 
 star. Great Britain still retains her three crosses 
 of the union jack, Germany marks hers with 
 the Prussian black cross, and Turkey displays 
 the familiar star and crescent. 
 
 248-253. These represent tlie companv sig- 
 nal flags of the U. S. infantry and of the 
 militia and volunteers. 
 
 254-261. Distinguishing flags and lanterns 
 of army Iieadquarters. 
 
 262. The flag of the Secretary of the Treas- 
 ury, wlio is Commander-in-Chief of the Const 
 Guard ;md Public Health Service, has a blue 
 held with crosseil anchors in white centered 
 thereon, the design surrounded by thirteen 
 white five-pointed .stars. This flag is flown 
 when the Secretary of the Treasury is abo.-ird 
 vessels of the Trc;isury service. 
 
 263. The I'. S. Coast Guard flag was 
 adopted in i;yy for the Revenue Cutter Serv- 
 ice, now merged with the Life Saving Service 
 into the Coast Guard. The si.xteen vertical 
 strines proclaim the sixteen States that were 
 in the Union at the tiiue the desi.gn was 
 adoi)ted: its red eagle, with the stars above 
 and the escutcheon on its breast, bespeaks the 
 Federal service. The badge on the seventh red 
 stripe hears a shield surrounded by the motto, 
 "Semper Paratus 17Q0" (.\lways prepared). It 
 appears on the flag to show that it represents 
 the Coast Guard. The s.-ime flag without the 
 badge denotes the custom houses of the United 
 States. In time of war the Coast Guard oper- 
 ates as a part of the United States Navy and 
 then^ uses the flags ;ind pennants of tlie naval 
 ser\ice. 
 
 264-265. The design of the arms on tlie 
 flags of the Secretary and Assistant Secretary 
 of Commerce are identical, except for the 
 transposition of colors. It is taken from the 
 official seal of the department and shows on 
 the upper part of the escutcheon a ship at full 
 sail and ^ on the lower part a lighthouse illu- 
 mined. The service flag is hoisted at the fore 
 
 mast on holidays, on occasions of oflicial cere- 
 monies, when entering a port after an extended 
 , voyage, and at any other time when the na- 
 tional ensign is hoisted, .^t no time should a 
 service flag be displayed without the national 
 ensign. These flags are shown as follows- 
 268. 272, 276, 280. 
 
 266. The Assistant Secretary of the Treas- 
 ury has the same flag as the Secretary of the 
 treasury, except that the colors are trans- 
 posed. His flag is never flow^n in the presence 
 of the flag of his ranking officer, 262. 
 ' 267. The pennant of the U. S. Coast Guard 
 ha.s thirteen stars and vertical red and white 
 stripes. It was adopted in 1799, and is always 
 displayed by Coast Guard cutters in commis- 
 sion. In time of war the Coast Guard oper- 
 ates as part of the U. S. Navy and wears the 
 commission pennant of the navy. 
 
 268. The service flag of the Bureau of 
 .\avigation, with its white ship in a red disc 
 on a blue ground is flown bv all vessels of the 
 Navigation Service during daylight hours. 
 
 269. The flag of the Commissioner of Navi- 
 gation is blue, bearing a full-rigged ship in 
 white in the center. It is flown on Department 
 of Commerce vessels when the Commissioner 
 of Navigation is on board. 
 
 270. The flag of the Customs Service is the 
 same as that of the Coast Guard, except that 
 the badge of the latter is omitted. 
 
 _ 271. The jack of the Coast Guard Service 
 IS a reproduction of the canton of the ensicrn 
 of the same service. The jack of the Coa""st 
 <iuard IS used only at parades on shore. Since 
 the natfonal- ensign has been used as the en- 
 sign of the Coast Guard, the old Coast Guard 
 ensign is used only as a distinguishing fla.g. 
 and the only jack displayed on vessels of the 
 Coast Guard is 4. 
 
 272. A white fish on a red diamond im- 
 posed upon a blue ground constitutes the flag 
 flown by the vessels of the Bureau of Fish'- 
 eries. It was adopted in 1896. 
 
 273. The Commissioner of Fisheries has 
 one of the newest flags in the Federal service. 
 It IS a blue banner with a white fish in the 
 center and was adopted July 22, 191^. 
 
 ^ 274. The flag of the U. S. Pubfic Health 
 .'-ervice was adopted in 1894. It is the inter- 
 national yellow quarantine flag with the serv- 
 ice shield thereon. The fouled anchor stamls 
 for the seamen in need of assistance, and the 
 caduceus represents the herald or physici:in 
 who IS to bring restored health. 
 
 275. This is the flag of the senior officer 
 present, and is flown in the Coast Guard to 
 indicate that the ship which displays it bears 
 the force commander. 
 
 276. The flag of the Bureau of Lighthouses 
 is ,1 white triangular iiennant, red bordered, 
 and liearing in the white field, parallel with 
 the st.aff and next to it, a blue lighthouse. 
 
 277. The flag of the Commissioner of 
 Lighthouses has the white field and blue light- 
 house of the service flag placed upon a square 
 field of blue. 
 
 278. The Surgeon General of the U. S. 
 Public Health Service flies a flag of blue, bear- 
 ing the fouled anchor, of the official shield of 
 the service. The design is white. 
 
 320 
 
279- Cu;ist Guard ciittors patrolling the 
 anciii.raKe gruunds of the UirKi" liarlmrs of the 
 L'nitcil States Hy at their jackstalT a Hat,' of 
 white upon which is imposed a blue anchor. 
 
 280. The service flag of the Cua^t and Geo- 
 detic Survey consists of a blue field upon 
 which is imposed a disc of white, bearing 
 within its circumference a triangle of red. 
 
 281. The Superintendent of the Coast and 
 Geodetic Survey has a tlag with a blue field 
 bearing a white triangle on the hall next to 
 the siafT. This trianyle. which is equilateral, 
 proclaims the (jreat work of fundamental sur- 
 veying in United States waters, which is the 
 chief activity of this bureau. 
 
 aSa. The ,50th Congress, August 7, iS^S, au- 
 thorized "That all such licensed yachts shall 
 use a signal of the form, size, and colors pre- 
 scribed by the Secretary of the .\avy, and the 
 owners thereof shall at all times permit the 
 naval architects in the employ of the L'nited 
 States to examine and copy the models of said 
 yachts." 
 
 283-284. The commission pennants of the 
 Coast and Geodetic Survey are here shown. 
 They are flown at the main mast while the 
 vessels arc in commission. 
 
 285. The Secretary of Labor has a tlag upon 
 which are the four stars that the I'resident and 
 other members of his olTicial family have on 
 their flags, together with the seal of the De- 
 partment of Labor. This includes an escutch- 
 eon surmounted by a spread c.igle. and bearing 
 on its tield the plow and other devices which 
 proclaim the dignity of labor. 
 
 a85. Vessels of the U. S. Immii;ration Serv- 
 ice display a pennant whose tield is of while, 
 bordered with blue and lettered with reil. It 
 is of a swallow-tailed, triangul.ir design (f>r 
 burgee) and bears, in addition to the lettering, 
 the seal of the department to which it belouRS. 
 
 287. N'essels belonging to the U. S. Postal 
 Service tly a red, swallow-tailed, triangular 
 pennant (tn burgee), bordered with blue, bear- 
 ing the American spread eagle and inscribed 
 witli tlie words "l'nited States Mail." 
 
 288. The United States power-boat squad- 
 rons carry a Hag like the yacht ensign, except 
 that it wears perpendicular blue stripes whei:e 
 the yacht ensign has horizontal red ones, and 
 has a red canton where the yacht ensign has 
 line of blue. 
 
 289-300. U. S. WEATHER FORECAST FI.ACS AND 
 STOK.M W.\K.N1.NCS 
 
 280, white flag, indicates clear or fair weather. 
 
 290, blue flag, indicates rain or snow. 
 
 2f>i, white and blue flag (parallel bars of 
 white and blue), indicates that local rains or 
 >h.iwer< will occur, and that the rainfall will 
 not be general. 
 
 302 alwa> ^ .,,<,, to tempcniluie, «iuii 
 placed aUive (. •{<<>, j\)u. mi ) 11 indicates wannei 
 weather; when placed l>elow it indicates colder 
 weather; when not displayed, the iiidicaiion> 
 are that the temperature will remain siatinnurt. 
 or that the change in temperature uill not var\ 
 more than lour dcKfees from the temperature 
 of the same hour of the preceiling da\ from 
 .March ti> t)ctober, incUisiw. and nut nmre than 
 six degrees for the remaining months ol the 
 year. 
 
 203, white flag, with black square in center, 
 inilicates the approach of :i jm/idwi and i/r, iJ,;l 
 fall in temperature. \\ hen J')i is displa>e<l. 
 J92 is always omitted. 
 
 When di>played on [xdes the flags should Ik- 
 arranged to read downward; when di>^plavril 
 from horizontal suiiporls a small streamer 
 should be attached to indicate the point frimi 
 which the rtai;s are to be read. 
 
 In the United States the system of weather 
 signals is very complete, inliirniatiun ui tlu- 
 approach of storms being received frmn vari- 
 ous stations in the United Stales, and i\eii 
 throughout the West Indies. These warnings 
 are published at the various seaports by the 
 display of flags by ilay and by lanterns at 
 night; also by bulletins and reports furnished 
 to newspaiiers. Uvery elTort is made by the 
 Weather llureau of the Unitefl Stales depart- 
 ment of .Agriculture to give tliese warnings a> 
 early as possible at all points where they ma.\ 
 be of service to mariners and others. 
 
 Storm warnings are displa\ed by the L^nited 
 States Weather Uureaii at UJ stations on the 
 .•\tlantic and Gulf coasts and at 46 stations on 
 the I'acilic coast. 
 
 (294) SiiHtll-crafi warnings. — A red pennant 
 indicates that moderately strong winds are ex- 
 pected. 
 
 (j()5, 206. 298, 299) Storm iciirninijs.—.\ red 
 flag, with a black center, indicates that a storm 
 of marked violence is expected. 
 
 The pennants displayed with the flags indi- 
 cate the direction of ihe wind: Red. easterly; 
 white, westerly. The pennant aUnc the flag 
 indicates that the wind is expected to blow 
 from Ihe northerly quadrants ; below, from 
 southerly quadrants. 
 
 (297) Hy night a red light indicates easterly 
 winds, and a white light below a red liKht wct- 
 crly winds. 
 
 (300) Hurricane •carninijs. — Two red flags, 
 with black centers, displ.iyed one above the 
 other, indicate the expected appnv.ch of a 
 tropical hurricane, or one of those extremely 
 severe and dangerous storms which (Kcasimi- 
 ally move across the Lakes and northern At- 
 lantic coast. 
 
 Small-craft and hurricane warnings arc not 
 displayed at night. 
 
 321 
 
WEATHER FORECAST FLAGS 
 
 297 1^TORM \A/ARNINGS 
 
 322 
 
■£_ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 .'^ 
 
 ?^ 
 
 y 
 
 h 
 
 ;?i 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 !■>' 
 
 iJ 
 
 li 
 
 
 ■• 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -M C^OOL'N * 
 
 323 
 
drl 
 
 
 M 
 
 V 5 ^.s- 
 
 c 
 z 
 
 < 
 
 nJ 
 
 o 
 
 
 ^ so 
 
 5 b«-" 
 
 t/l I- oi 
 
 ^^.2 
 
 324 
 
OL'R SIAIi: lL\(iS 
 
 ON PACKS 3.'3 to 334. for the 
 tirst time in the history of tlic 
 United States, tlie flags of our 48 
 States arc reproduced in colors in one 
 pubhcation. 
 
 The flags have been arranged in the 
 jrder that tlie respective States joined the 
 Union. If the first numeral of each num- 
 ber be omitted, the relative age of the 
 State is at once apjiarent ; for instance. 
 Michigan, 326, is the t\venty-si.\th State. 
 Maine, $J^, the twcnty-tliird, and Ukla- 
 lioma, 346, the forty-sixth. 
 
 Unless otherwise stated, both sides of 
 a flag arc the same in design. 
 
 These flag emlilenis comliine much that 
 is beautiful, historic, and ins])iring. and 
 cannot fail to thrill the heart of every 
 American ; but an observer may j)crhaps 
 wish that there was not such a uniformity 
 in design. About one-half of the States 
 
 301. Dki_\w.\rE. — .A. commission consistinR 
 of the Secretary of State, the President /td 
 .'.inf ir,- of the Senate, and the Speaker of the 
 ll.iu-c of Representatives, created under the 
 I.iu^ 'f lU'laware, for the purpose of selecting 
 a Stiti' flag and colors, made a report in 1014, 
 which, while not adopted by the legislature it- 
 self, has been accepted as official. It consists 
 of a field of colonial blue, upon which is im- 
 posed a diamond of buff which bears the coat- 
 of-arms of the State of Delaware. Underneath 
 the diamond there appears the following in- 
 scription: "December 7th. 17.S7." .-X flag has 
 been recorded in the office of Recorder of 
 Deeds for Kent County and a duplicate hied 
 in the office of the Secretary of State at Dover. 
 
 30a. F'i;.NNSVi.v.\NiA. — With a I'uld of blue 
 ,,i •',, ^ I..,,, vl, ,.|e as that of the tlag of the 
 r ■ State flag of Pennsylvania. 
 
 ■ :■ 1 in the law of June 13. 1907, 
 
 bears the coat-of-arms of the State in the cen- 
 ter on Ivith sides. The length of the staflT is 
 nine feet, including the brass spearhead and 
 ferrule. The tly of the flag is six feet two 
 Inclu'v :in<\ \i< wiilth four feet six inches. The 
 ci!l;i'^ arc tnmniril with kno'ted fringe of yel- 
 low >iU ' '^ne-half inches wide. .\ cord 
 with ta- icd to the spearhead is eisht 
 fc'f ^' "" and composed of white 
 a' The coat-of-arms of the 
 St iield with a ship .sailing 
 on an ocean in the upper third, two plows in 
 the middle section, and three sheaves of wheat 
 in the lower section. Two harnessed horses 
 ramp.int support the shield: an eagle with out- 
 -t' ' ' its crest, and below it is 
 .a ■ motto, "Virtue, Liberty 
 
 use the .same blue ground with the State 
 seal inscribed in the center, with the re- 
 sult that these flags are all .so similar that 
 it is very diflicult to distinguish one from 
 the other at a short distance. 
 
 Such designs as .Maryland, 307; .\r- 
 kansas. 3_'5, and Cali forma, 331, etc., arc 
 easily dislingui.sliable at considerable ilis- 
 tances. 
 
 -M.iny ol these flags .-ire soon to fly on 
 luiropean battlelields for the lirst time in 
 history, borne by the National C.uard of 
 the several States, now mustered into the 
 Feileral service. Some of these State 
 emblems will receive their baptism of 
 lire, and to the men lighting under these 
 colors will be entrusted the proud dis- 
 tinction of winning the first silver bands 
 which encircle the .staffs of their regi- 
 mental stand.irds. thus jierpetuating the 
 story of each unit's worthy achievements. 
 
 303. N'kw jKHSKV.^Under a resiilulion ap- 
 proved March. |8<A the flag of the State of 
 New Jersey is of bufT color, having in the cen- 
 ter thereof the arms of the Slate properly em- 
 blazoned. This flag is the headipiarlers flag 
 of the Governor as Conimanderin-Chicf. Inn 
 does not supersede the distinctive flags which 
 are or may hereafter be prescribed for differ- 
 ent arms of tlie military or naval service of 
 the State. When the measure was pending in 
 the New Jersey Legislature, a memorandum 
 was submitted showing why buff was chosen. 
 This memorandum stales that in l"7<) the Con- 
 tinental Congress by resolution authoriied and 
 directed the Conimander-in-Cliief to prescribe 
 uniforms both as to colur ami facings for the 
 regiments of the \ew Jersey Continental Line 
 .Xccordingly. (leneral Washington in general 
 orders directed that the coat of such regiments 
 should be dark blue, faced with buff. Later it 
 was ordered that the flag of the State tro<-ips 
 should have a ground to be the color of the 
 facing. Thus the New Jersey flag became buff 
 under orders of the Father of his Country 
 The memorandum also states that W 
 elected buff facings for the New 
 
 New Jersey troops, because New \ , -, „.,■. 
 New Jersey were originally settled by the 
 Dutch, and Jersey blue and buff ligtircd in the 
 Netherlands insignia. !t was displayed in view 
 of the combined French and .American armies 
 in the great culminating event of the Rev..Iii. 
 tion. the capitulation of the ftritish army umlcr 
 Cornwallis at ^'orklown. 
 
 304. Gkorc.ia adopicd a Stale flag in iSto 
 If ha.s a perpen' ' ' ' •' b.ir fr 
 
 bottom next 10 t' ih three 
 
 bars — red, white. ..•.-. On the '.-.■ ,-■ 
 
 32s 
 
■H'l'lll.llli'r' ■llh iM>!.h^l^ 
 
 RHODE ISLAND 
 
 ILEIMii 
 
 KErgJUCKY lUNOFFICIAL* 
 NO STATE FLAG 
 
 326 
 
K1 A 1 N C 
 
 323 
 
 327 
 
pendicular bar appears the coat-of-arms of the 
 State. This coat-of-arms has three pillars sup- 
 porting an arch with the word "Constitution" 
 engraved thereon. The three departments of 
 government are supposed to be represented by 
 the three pillars. On the pillars are engraved 
 the words "Wisdom," "Justice," "Moderation," 
 these words being supposed to typify the leg- 
 islative, executive, and judicial branches of the 
 State government. 
 
 305. Connecticut's colors cunsist of a dark 
 blue background, bearing the State seal in the 
 center. The seal has three grape vines, repre- 
 senting the three original colonies of Connecti- 
 cut — Hartford. Windsor, and Wetherslield. 
 Beneath the vines is the State motto, "Qui 
 transtulit sustinet." The Connecticut State 
 flag was adopted by the General Assembly in 
 1897. its "dimensions are five feet six inches 
 by four feet four inches. The Latin inscrip- 
 tion is a survival of the Nutmeg State's Colo- 
 nial banner and, freely translated, means, "He 
 who brought us over sustains us." 
 
 306. M.\ss.\CHusETTS. — By a law approved 
 in igoS the flag of the Commonwealth bears on 
 one side a representation of the coat-of-arms 
 of the State, upon a white field, and on the 
 other side a blue field bearing the representa- 
 tion of a green pine tree against a white back- 
 ground. W'hen carried as colors by troops, or 
 otherwise, the flag is bordered by a fringe and 
 surmounted by a cord and tassels, the fringe, 
 cord, and tassels being of golden yellow. The 
 staff is of white ash or wood of similar light 
 color, tipped with a spearhead of gilt. The 
 coat-of-arms was authorized under a law of 
 1885. It consists of a shield having a blue field, 
 with an Indian man, dressed in shirt, hunting 
 breeches, and moccasins, holding in his right 
 hand a bow and in his left hand an arrow 
 pointing downward, all of gold; in the upper 
 corner of the field above his right arm is a 
 silver star with five points. The crest is a 
 wreath of blue and gold, whereon, in gold, is 
 a right arm, bent at the elbow, clothed and 
 ruffled, with the hand grasping a broad sword. 
 The motto is "Ense petit placidam sub libertate 
 quietem." 
 
 307. Marvl.'Vnd. — One of the oldest flags in 
 the world at the date of its official adoption, 
 the State flag of Maryland is unique in design 
 and striking in its history. Although it was 
 the flag of the proprietary government of Mary- 
 land generations before American independ- 
 ence was dreamed of. and has continued in use 
 from that day to this, it was not ofticially 
 adopted until 1904. It represents the escutcheon 
 of the paternal coat-of-arms of Lord Balti- 
 more. After reciting that it is eminently fitting 
 that, by reason of its historic interest and 
 meaning, as well as for its beauty and harmony 
 of colors, the flag adopted should be one which 
 from tile earliest settlement of the province to 
 the present time has been known and distin- 
 guished as the flag of Maryland, the resolutions 
 then provide that tlie first and fourth quarters 
 consist of six vertical bars, alternately gold and 
 black, with a diagonal band on which the colors 
 are reversed ; the second and third quarters 
 cons-ist of a quartered field of red and white, 
 charged with a Greek cross, its arms terminat- 
 ing in trefoils, with the colors transposed, red 
 
 being on the white ground and white on the 
 red, and all being represented as on the es- 
 cutcheon of the present great seal of Maryland. 
 The flag always is to be so arranged upon the 
 staff as to have the black stripes on the diag- 
 onal band of the first quarter at the top of the 
 staff. It is to he displayed from the State 
 House at Annapolis continually during the ses- 
 sion of the General Assembly and on such 
 other public occasions as the Governor of the 
 State shall order and direct. 
 
 308. South Carolina's fjag is reminiscent 
 of secession times. Following that State's 
 withdrawal from the L'nion. its legislature de- 
 cided that it was a separate nation and should 
 have a national banner. A resolution was there- 
 fore adopted in 1861 providing that "the na- 
 tional flag or ensign of South Carolina should 
 be blue, with a golden palmetto upright upon a 
 white oval in the center thereof, and a white 
 crescent in the upper flagstaff corner of the 
 flag." Two days later a resolution was adopted 
 by the two houses providing that the white 
 medallion and golden, palmetto be dispensed 
 with and in their place a white palmetto in- 
 serted. From that time to this South Carolina 
 has had a blue flag, with the white crescent 
 and the white palmetto. When the State en- 
 tered the Confederate L^nion its national flag 
 became the State flag, and continues such to 
 this day. In 1910 a law was made providing 
 that State flags should be manufactured in the 
 textile department of Clemson College and sold 
 at approximate cost to the people. Another 
 provision is that the State flag shall be dis- 
 played daily, except in rainy weather, from the 
 staff of the State House and every court house, 
 one building of the State L'niversity, and of 
 each State college, and upon every public- 
 school building except during vacation. Any 
 person who maltreats or desecrates a flag of 
 the State, wherever displayed, shall be guilty 
 of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction pun- 
 ished by a fine of not more than a hundred 
 dollars or imprisonment for not uTire than 
 thirty days. 
 
 309. Nfw Hampshire had no State flag au- 
 thorized and described by law until 1900. In 
 that year an act was adopted providing that 
 the flag should be blue, bearing upon its center 
 in suitable proportions and colors a representa- 
 tion of the State seal. The inscription is as 
 follows: "Sigillum RepublicBe Neo Hantoniesis 
 17S4" (Seal of the Comiuonwealth of New 
 Hampshire). The shield is surrounded by a 
 wreath of laurel leaves with nine stars inter- 
 spersed. When used for military purposes, the 
 flag is to conform to the regulations of the 
 United States. Under this law New Hamp- 
 shire's flag is to be displayed above the State 
 House whenever the legislature is in session, 
 and during meetings of the Governor and coun- 
 cil when expedient, and upon such other occa- 
 sions as the Governor may designate. During 
 the Civil War, New Hampshire regiments car- 
 ried yellow-fringed white flags, with blue and 
 white cords and tassels, bearing on one side 
 the State coat-of-arms and on the other that 
 of the United States. 
 
 310. Virginia's flag is of blue bunting, 
 sixteen by twenty feet, with a circular white 
 ground in the center, in which the seal of the 
 
 328 
 
State IS placi-tl. The State cunveiilion of iSOl 
 passed an ordinaiiee providing tliat "the flay 
 i)f the Cunimonweallh shall hereafter be made 
 of hunting, which shall he a deep blue tield, 
 with a circle of white in tlie center, upon whicli 
 sliall be painted or embroidered, to show on 
 lioth sides alike, the coat-oi-arms of the State- 
 as described by the convention of 1776, for one 
 side (obverse) of the seal of the State." This 
 seal portrays \ irtus. the genius of the Com 
 nionwcalth. dressed like an Amazon, resting on 
 a scale at one hand and holding a sword in the 
 other, treading on Tyranny, represented by a 
 man prostrate, a crown fallen from his head, 
 a broken chain in his left hand, and a scourge 
 in his right. In the e.xergiie the word "Vir- 
 ginia" appears over the head of \'irtus. an<I 
 underneath the words "Sic semper tyrannis" 
 (Thus ever to tyrants). The seal of X'irginia 
 was prepared by a committee of which Richard 
 Henry Lee and (ieorgc Mason were members, 
 and was adopte<l on the tifth day of July. I77<>. 
 one day after the Declaration of Independence 
 was prix-laimcd. 
 
 311. Nkw \'okk adopted its present Sta'c 
 llag in loo<). The law provides that it shall be 
 blue, charged with the arms of the State in the 
 center. These arms, dating from March 16. 
 177S. rival in beauty the insignia of any other 
 State in the L'nion (see also 39.4). On the 
 shield is the sun rising in golden splendor be- 
 hind a range of three mountains. .-Xt the base 
 of the central mountain a ship and sloop are 
 shown under sail, about to meet on a river 
 bordered by a grassy shore. .-Vn .-Vmerican 
 eagle with outspread wings, rising from a globe 
 showing the n<'rth .-\tlantic Ocean with outlir.es 
 of its shores, forms the crest. The shield 's 
 supported on the right by a bliic-robed hgurc 
 of Liberty, her hair flowing and decorated with 
 a coronet of pearls. In her right hand she 
 holds a staff crowned with a Phrygian cap of 
 gold. .-\t her feet a royal crown is cast. The 
 ligure on the left is golden - robed Justice, 
 crowned with pearls, her eyes hound, and in 
 her left hand the I'amiliar scales. On a scroll 
 beneath the shield is the motto. "Excelsior." 
 
 Xo Stale has been more careful in guarding 
 the national flag, as well as its own emblem. 
 
 fr ' — aiion or improper use than the Ivni- 
 
 I nweallh. Its laws arc most explicit 
 
 :r liing in providing penalties for the 
 
 1- uial flags for advertising purposes. 
 
 ing. trampling upon, or mutilating 
 
 .ilional colors and standards. To 
 
 .iriotism and reverence for the na- 
 
 ti.i^. the New York legislature has di- 
 
 ;- 'I'l that "it shall he the duty of the school 
 
 ory public school in the scv- 
 
 luHil distric's of the State to 
 
 , -V ■' '-^tates flag, flagsiafl. and 
 
 necessary .; ind to jlisplay such flag 
 
 n\i-'V ..r III -hool building during 
 
 •her times as school 
 When the weather 
 display in the open 
 :i the principal room 
 HI the 
 
 31a. VA. — The law prcscrib- 
 
 ■ - •' " 1S8:;. 
 
 . bli^e 
 ...1 with 
 
 the letter "X" in Rilt on the led and the Icllcr 
 "C" in gill on the right of the star, the circle 
 contaming this doign being onc-lhird of the 
 union. The fly of the flag consists of twu 
 equally propor^iioncd bars, tiic upper rc<l and 
 the lower whifc. The length of the bar hori- 
 /oiitallv is c(|ual to the pcrpen<liciilar length of 
 the union. The total length of the llag is one 
 third more than the width A law enacted in 
 11)07 provides that the Stale llag shall be flown 
 above every State institution and public build, 
 ing except in inclemmi weather. It also pro- 
 vides that the several Hoards of Supervisors 
 of the counties shall either display the flag on 
 the court-house staff ir drape it behind the 
 judge's stand. These Hoards may display the 
 flag on snch public occasions as ihey deem 
 proper. 
 
 313. RiinnK Isi.vNii. — .-Mthough some au- 
 thorities believe thai the Stars of the .\merican 
 colors originaled in Rhode Island's colonial 
 colors (sec also .t<X>). it was not until 1877 
 that this Slate came to have an olVuial flag. 
 The flag law was revised in iSSj. and again in 
 I.Si)7, when the existing banner was established. 
 It is of white, live feel six inches fly. aiul four 
 feet ten inches deep, on a pike, bearing on each 
 side in the center a gold anchor Iwenly-two 
 inches high, and underne.ilh it a blue riblxm 
 twenty-four inches long ami live inches wide. 
 or in these proportions, with the m. Ilo. 
 "Mope." in gold letters thereon, the whole sur- 
 rounded by thirteen golden stars in a circle. 
 The flag is edged with yellow fringe. The 
 pike is surmounted by a spear head, its length 
 lieing nine feet, not including the spear head. 
 The flag of 1,^77 used bine for anchor, motto, 
 and stars. re<l for the .scroll, and white for the 
 field. That of ifS'j had a blue luld in which a 
 golden anchor and thirteen golilen stars were 
 centered. The flag of 1.S77 had as many stars 
 as States, but the later flags went back to the 
 original thirteen. 
 
 314. Vkrmo.s't's flag, adopted in i86j. con- 
 sists of ihirteen stripes, allcrnalelv red and 
 white, with a canton of blue, on which rests a 
 single star of white, wiih the State coat-of- 
 arms thereon. The scene represented on the 
 coat-of-arms is an actual mountain and harvest 
 landscape in Vermont. The outlines of the 
 nioiintains are those of Camel's Hump and 
 Manstield. as seen from I^ke Champlain. 
 While the records of Vermont disclose no au- 
 thority for a coat-of-arms >r a flag prior to 
 the .icl of September, LSf/). this ilcvice appears 
 on a Slate seal procured in iS.m umler the 
 i>rder of the excv-ulive by Robert Temple. '' 
 then the secretary of the Oovcrnor and ۥ 
 
 315. Kkn'Tickv. — So far as a can- -' 
 of the records of the Slate reveal, 
 has never by Icgisl.ilive action n<|np! . .. 
 cial Oag. In l.SSa liowcvcr. a Hoa-<l wa^ 
 vrneil by general order, nn<'.-r the .-Vdi - 
 Cioneral. to consii!er and report a flag <! 
 for the use of the Slaf unard 1f« t 
 was adopted with <■ - 
 
 general ortler a Slat. 
 
 the guard .1 
 
 service. T' 
 
 arms of tlu .-; . • • 
 
 On the eviilcheon appear two men 
 
 shaking li.im!-. Tlie ocutchcon is v- 
 
 3^9 
 
IOWA 
 
 li iulilii.- 'iiililliuilllllll». iiiiiHiifi;, ..!iii,.',mi..ini7 
 
 iilHIillllli 
 
 329 
 
 IOWA 
 
 MMIInl.. .MUUiliillUlllj. ...hJhlllllUhll,, llliTim 
 
 CALIFORNIA REPUBLIC 
 
 ■ I'll. . 'miniTniTTriii 
 
 ruff 
 331 
 
 ■ iiiiiiiiininr jih ■■ .■^tihlllHf 
 
 CALIFORNIA 
 
 330 
 
 
y^v 
 
 331 
 
by an eagle bearing in its beak a streamer 
 carrying tlie legend, "United We Stand. Di- 
 vided We Fall." It is said that the original 
 intention of the seal was to represent two 
 friends in hunter's garb, their right hands 
 clasped, their left resting on each otiier's shoul- 
 ders, their feet on the verge of a precipice, 
 which gave significance to the legend. But the 
 engravers for the State have uniformly dressed 
 the ligures more to suit their ideals, with vary- 
 ing heraldic effect. The escutcheon is sup- 
 ported by four United States flags, a drum, 
 and a cannon. 
 
 316. Tennessee. — This unique flag was 
 adopted in 1905. It consists of a fly one and 
 two-thirds times as long as it is wide. At the 
 outer or free end is a blue bar separated from 
 the red field by a thin white stripe. Superim- 
 posed upon the red field is a circular disk of 
 blue separated from the field by a thin circle 
 of white, its width the same as the width of 
 the white stripe separating the blue bar from 
 the red field. Upon the blue of the circular 
 disk are arranged three five-pointed stars of 
 white, distributed at equal intervals around a 
 point wliich is the center of the blue field. 
 Tennessee was the third St.nte to join the 
 Union (after the original thirteen"), a fact 
 which the three stars recall. 
 
 317. Ohio has the only pennant-shaped fla.g 
 among all the States. The law making it the 
 official ensign of the "Buckeye State" was 
 adopted in 1902. The outer quarter of the 
 held is swallow-tailed, the field itself consist- 
 ing of five stripes — three red and two white — 
 red at the bottom and top. At the staff end of 
 the field is a triangular blue canton with the 
 base resting on the staff and the apex reachin.g 
 half way across the field. On this canton is a 
 large circular "O" in white, inside of wliich is 
 a red disk. Seventeen stars, representing all 
 of the States at the time of Ohio's entrance 
 into the Union, appear grouped around the 
 circular "O." All of these stars are five- 
 pointed. 
 
 318. Louisiana. — Those who contend that 
 the Stars and Stripes were used unofficially 
 long before they were adopted by the Conti- 
 nental Congress, on June 14. 1777, can point to 
 the history of the Louisiana State flag as show- 
 ing that banners are often used unofticially 
 long before being officially adopted. It is said 
 that this flag is a hundred years old, having 
 become the unofficial flag of Louisiana about 
 the time of the War of 1812, yet it was not 
 legally adopted until July I, 1912. The meas- 
 ure making it the fla.g of the State is simply a 
 statute of ratification, and sets forth that it 
 shall consist of a solid blue field with the coat- 
 of-arms of the State, a pelican feeding its 
 young, the ribbon beneath, also in white, con- 
 taining in blue the motto of the State, "Union, 
 Justice, Confidence." The law provides that 
 the flag shall be displayed on the State House 
 whenever the General Assembly is in session 
 and on public buildings throughout the State 
 on all regular holidays and whenever other- 
 wise decreed by the Governor or the General 
 Assembly. 
 
 319. Indiana. — Although the legislature of 
 the State of Indiana declared in 1901 that its 
 official banner should be no other than the 
 
 American flag itself, it reconsidered this action 
 in 1917 and adopted a State emblem. The field 
 of the flag is blue; its dimensions are five feet 
 six inches fly by four feet four inches on the 
 staff, and upon the field is centered a flaming 
 torch in gold, or buff, with nineteen stars. 
 Thirteen stars are circled around the torch, 
 representing the original thirteen States. In- 
 side this circle is a half circle of five stars 
 below the torch, representing the five States 
 admitted to the Union prior to Indiana. The 
 outer circle of stars is so arranged that one of 
 them appears directly in the middle at the top 
 of the circle. The word "Indiana" is placed 
 in a half circle over a large star, typifying the 
 State, which is situated just above the flame of 
 tlie torch. Rays from the torch radiate to the 
 tliree stars of the outer circle. This banner is 
 to be carried in addition to the American flag 
 by the militia forces of Indiana and in all pub- 
 lic functions in which the State oflicially ap- 
 pears. 
 
 320. Mississippi is one of the States that 
 have had more than one flag. The old flag 
 was white with a blue canton with a single 
 white star thereon. On the body of the white 
 was a green tree. The flag was fringed witli 
 red and the pike was surmounted by a toma- 
 hawk. After the Civil War the State adopted 
 a new flag. This consists of a blue, white, and 
 red field, the red at the bottom, with a red 
 canton reacliing down to the red stripe of the 
 field. A St. .Andrew's cross with thirteen stars 
 is imposed upon the canton. The tomahawk 
 of the old flagstaff is replaced on the new pike 
 by a regulation spear head. 
 
 321. Illinois' State flag was authorized in 
 the year 1915. The law provides that the re- 
 production of the emblem on tlie great seal of 
 Illinois be permitted when reproduced in black 
 or in natural colors on a white background for 
 use as a State banner. The seal of tlic State 
 of Illinois was adopted in 1819, the year after 
 the State was admitted to the Union. In the 
 center is an .American eagle perched on an 
 .\merican shield: back of the shield and help- 
 ing to support it is an olive branch. In its 
 beak the eagle holds a scroll containing the 
 motto, "State Sovereignty — National Union." 
 
 322. Alabama's colors were adopted by the 
 .•ict of February 16, 1895, which provides that 
 the flag of the State shall be a crimson cross 
 of St. Andrew upon a field of white ; the bars 
 forming the cross shall be not les.s than six 
 inches broad, and must extend diagonally 
 across the flag from side to side. The flag- 
 shall be hoisted on the dome of the capitol 
 when the two houses of the legislature are in 
 session, and shall be used by the State on all 
 occasions when it may be necessary or con- 
 sistent to display a flag, except when in the 
 opinion of the Governor the national flag 
 should be displayed. It is said that the pur- 
 pose of the legislature in enacting the State 
 flag law was to preserve in permanent form 
 some of the more distinctive features of the 
 Confederate battle flag, especially the St. 
 .'\ndrew's cross (see 375). This being true, 
 the .'\labama flag should be square in all its 
 lines and measurements and conform to the 
 well-known battle flag of the Confederacy. 
 
 332 
 
323. Maine's present flaj; daU-s from the 
 year lyoy. It consists of a lield of blue, the 
 same color as the hhic rielil in the tlaK of the 
 United States, the thiK liein^; tive Icet six inchc> 
 long and four feet four inches wide. In tlie 
 center there is embroidered in silk on Ixjth 
 sides the coat-of-arms of the State, in propor- 
 tionate size. The edKC? of the flag are trimmed 
 with modern fringe of yellow silk two and a 
 half inches wide. .\ cord and tassel, to be 
 attached to the statT at the spearhead, is eiKht 
 feet six inches long and con\posed of white 
 and blue strands. The length of the slatT is 
 nine feet, including the brass spearheail and 
 ferrule. The laws protecting the State tiag are 
 the same as thi>se protecting the national tia^. 
 .•\ny one who uses it for purposes of adver- 
 tisement or who mutilates, tramples, or other- 
 wise defaces i>r detiles it, whether public or 
 private properly, sliall be punished b> a tine of 
 not less than live nor more than tifty dollars. 
 
 334. .Missoi'Rl formally adopted an otVicial 
 flag in i<)ij. It is rectangular in shape, the 
 vertical width being seven-twelfths the hori- 
 zontal length. The lield consists of one red, 
 one white, and one blue horizontal stripe of 
 enuiil width, the red at the top and the blue at 
 the bottom. In the center there is a band of 
 blue in the form of a circle inclosing the coat- 
 of-arms in the ccdors established by law. The 
 width of the blue band is one-fmirteenth the 
 vertical width of the tlag, and the diameter of 
 the circle is one-third the horizontal length of 
 the (lag. In the blue baud there are set at 
 equal distances from e;ich other twenty- four 
 live-pointed stars. Within the circle on a ground 
 of white is the coat-of-arms of the State. The 
 sinister (left) half of the circular shield shows 
 the .American eagle as it appears upon the 
 great seal of the L'nited States. The upper 
 de.Mer (right) quarter is blue, with a white 
 crescent. The lower dexler quarter is red, 
 with a grizzly bear. It is supported by two 
 grizzly bears. 
 
 335. Arkansas as early as 1876 used an of- 
 ficial State flag at the Centennial Exposition 
 in Philadelphia. This was a red (ield bearing 
 the arms of the State. But this design was 
 never recognized by the legislature. Instead. 
 in I'li.l. a ciimmittec. of which the Secretary 
 • if St.itr was chairman, examined a number of 
 ilesigiis and selected one for the emblem of the 
 Commonwealth. This the lieneral .Assembly 
 adopted by concurrent resolution, approved 
 February j6, lOl.V It consists of a red lield 
 upon which is imposed a blue-bordered white 
 diamond bearing the wf>rd '".Vrkansas" and 
 three llve-poinlcd stars, in blue. On the blue 
 border of the diamond are twcnty-tive tivc- 
 pointed while stars, which proclaim the fact 
 that .Arkansas was the twcnty-lifth State to be- 
 come a part of the .American Union. 
 
 326. Miciiic.xn's present flag dates from 
 101 1, when an act was passed to adopt and pre- 
 scribe the design of the coat-of-arms and a 
 State flag, and their use, and also to prohibit 
 their desecration in any way. The law pro- 
 vides that the flag of the Slate shall be blue, 
 with the coat - of - arms supcrimjiosed on the 
 center. The coat-of-arms consists of the de- 
 vice and inscription of the great seal of the 
 State presented by Lewis Cass through the con- 
 
 stitutional convention held preliminary to it« 
 admission ini<i the Lniim. t )iil> the wi.r<ls 
 "The Oeat_ Seal oi the Stale of .Michigan, 
 .A. I). iXj5," are omitted. The coat-of-urm-i 
 consists principally of a shield with the device 
 ■'TuelH)r" (I will defend), supixirled by an elk 
 aiid a moose, rampant. .\n .American eagle 
 with wings outstretched forms the crest. On 
 ihc l.iwer part of the shield is a rising sun and 
 a man, ilressed in rustit garb, iiatuling on a 
 peninsula, his right arm raised ami his Icfi 
 resting on a gun slock. t)n an unending scroll 
 bt-low appears the molto, "Si quaeris peiiinsu- 
 lam, amoenam, circumspicc" (If thou scckest 
 a beautiful peninsula, lnok around), 
 
 337. l-'i.oKii>A has had several State flags, bui 
 the present one dales fnan iSt^i, In that year 
 the I'Miirida Legislature ad^pied a joint resi- 
 luiion pnividing that the dimensions <jf the flag 
 should be three-fourihs as wide as Imig, ami 
 that in the center of the lield sh.nild be placeil 
 the seal of the State, its diameler to In- one- 
 third the length of the flag and its ground to 
 be white. Ked bars with the wiillh one-eighth 
 the length of the flag extending from each 
 ciirner tmvard the center to the outer rim of 
 the seal. In the seal appears a view of the 
 sun's rays, a highland in the distance, a cocoa- 
 nut tree, a steamlMiat on water, and an Indian 
 woman scattering flowers in the loregrouml 
 The words "In (lod We Trust" appear on the 
 inner rim of the ilevice. Florida s seal was 
 adopted by the Constitutional Convention of 
 1.S68 and has been ratilied by succeeding con- 
 ventions. 
 
 338. Tknas.— The lone star fl.ig of Texas 
 d.-ites from the days of the Republic. The 
 third Congress of tile embryo nation fixed its 
 design, which has never been allered. it con- 
 sists of a blue perpendicular bar next to the 
 staff, (jne-third the length of the flag, with a 
 star of live |>oints in the center. The other 
 two-thirds of the flag is made up of iwo hori- 
 zontal bars, of equal width, one white and the 
 other red, the while at the top. Some years 
 ago a hoodlum commilled an art <>i ilesecration 
 against the flag, which was roundly punished 
 by a native Texan. The State legislature was 
 So pleased with ihe performance that it passed 
 a special act commending the man who had 
 thrashed the offender. 
 
 339. Iowa is the latest recniit to the list of 
 Slates having an otlicially adopted flag. On 
 May II. 1017. the Slate Regent of the Daugh- 
 ters of American Revolution siibmillcd a de- 
 sign to the War Council of Iowa, which 
 promptly approved it. The design was copy- 
 righte<l and the committee having charge of its 
 I>reparation was extended a vote of thanks by 
 Ihe Council. The flag a: adopted con.sists of 
 a tield of while. <in the upper half <>f which is 
 an eagle in natural colors in flight, carrying in 
 ils beak a long pennant up"n which appear the 
 worils "Our I.iboriirs We I'rirc And Our 
 Rights We Will Maintain." Ilelow this pen- 
 n.int apiK-ars in large block ty|»e the wortl 
 li'U'o. The national colors are preserved. Ihe 
 field being while, the lettering of ihe m<>tli> 
 blue, and the word Iowa red. The flag will be 
 of reitulalinn si/' ' ' t il 
 are to be wi<lelv di ■ of 
 the * '■ ■' ''• ■"• 
 
 .1.'.t 
 
ARIZONA 
 
 348 
 
 334 
 
SEAL ALASKA 
 
 353 
 
 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 
 354 ^\ 
 
 MINDANAO & SULU 
 
 3SS 
 
 PORTO RICO 
 356 
 
 .ECRLTAMV Of TmE INTCJi 
 JS7 
 
 335 
 
33°- Wisconsin's State flag was officially 
 adopted in 1913. The law- provides that it shall 
 be of dark blue silk, five feet six inches flyand 
 four feet four inches on the pike ; the State 
 coat-of-arms is emliroidered on each side hi 
 silk of appropriate color and design, and the 
 edges of the flag are trimmed with knotted 
 fringe of yellow silk two and one-half inches 
 wide. The pike is nine feet long, including the 
 spearhead and ferrule; the cord eight feet six 
 inches long, with two tassels composed of blue 
 and white silk strands intermixed. Service 
 flags may be of bunting or other material, of 
 such size as may lie required, and the coat-of- 
 arms may be represented otherwise than by 
 embroidery. 
 
 331. California in igii adopted what is 
 popularly known in the State's history as the 
 "Bear Flag," as the official ensign of the "Gol- 
 den Gate" Commonwealth. The law provides 
 that the Bear Flag shall consist of a white 
 field, with a red stripe at the bottom one-sixth 
 as wide as the held. In the upper left-hand 
 corner of the field is a single red star, and at 
 the bottom of the white held the words "Cali- 
 fornia Republic." Above these words appears 
 a California grizzly bear upon a grass plat, in 
 the position of walking toward the left of the 
 field. The bear is dark lirown in color and in 
 length ecjual to one-third the length of the 
 flag. The Bear Flag dates from the days of 
 the California pioneers and commemorates the 
 biggest bear known to science, the California 
 grizzly, now extinct. 
 
 332. MixxESOTA adopted her State flag at 
 the same time that she provided for a State 
 flower. The ground is of white silk and the 
 reverse side of blue silk, bordered with bullion 
 fringe. In the center is the State seal wreathed 
 with white moccasin flowers and a blue ground. 
 The red ribbon of the seal, bearing the motto, 
 "L'Etoile du Nord" (Star of the North), is 
 contmued through the wreath entwining the 
 blossoms and fluttering over the lower portion 
 of the flag. The seal bears in gold 1819 and 
 1893, the dates, respectively, of settlement and 
 of the adoption of the flag; also, in variegated 
 gold, is the date 1858, the time of the admis- 
 sion of Minnesota into the Union. Below, in 
 gold letters, is wrought "Minnesota." Grouped 
 around the seal are nineteen stars, so arranged 
 that they appear to form the points of a five- 
 pointed star, of which the seal itself is the 
 central portion. Four of the points are made 
 up of four stars each; the fifth point, at the 
 top, is made up of three stars, one of them 
 larger than the others, typifying the North 
 Star and representing the "North Star State." 
 The choice of the number nineteen was made 
 because Minnesota was the nineteenth State 
 after the original thirteen admitted to the 
 Union. The standard of the flag is surmoum- 
 ed by a gold gopher and tied with a gold cord 
 and tassel. 
 
 333- ORitGON folli)wed the example of a 
 majority of her sister States in devising her 
 flag by making the held blue with a fringe <if 
 gold. The size of the flag is fi\e feet six inches 
 fly and four feet four inches on pike. The 
 yellow fringe is four inches deep and the cord 
 and tassel are blue and white silk intermixed. 
 The length of the pike is ten feet, including 
 
 the spearhead. The arms of the State are em- 
 broidered or painted in the center with the 
 number and arm of the service of the regiment 
 underneath where it is used as a regnnenta! 
 flag. The arms consist of an inscription sup- 
 ported by 32 stars, the number of States in 
 the Union at the time Oregon was admitted, 
 and divided by an ordinary with the inscrip- 
 tion, "The Union." Above this inscription is 
 an elk with branching antlers, a wag<jn. Pacific 
 Ocean, a British man-of-war departing, and an 
 .\merican steamer arriving. Below the inscrip- 
 tion is a sheaf, a plow, and a pick-axe. The 
 n.itional shield fonus the crest. The figures 
 1S59 proclaim the date of the admission of 
 Oregon into the Union. 
 
 334. K.i^NSAS is another State which, ac- 
 cnrding to the most careful research, has not 
 officially adopted a flag. The military officials, 
 therefore, have provided a lilue flag upon which 
 is centered the coat-of-arms of the State. Ag- 
 riculture is represented by the plowman in the 
 foreground, commerce by the river and steam- 
 boat in the background. .Vbove the plowman 
 is a wagon train westward bound, following 
 the cout-se of empire. A herd of buffalo is 
 seen retreating, pursued by two Indians on 
 horseback. Around the top is the motto, ".Ad 
 astra per aspera (To the stars through diffi- 
 culties). Underneath the motto is a cluster of 
 thirty-four stars, representing the States in the 
 Union at the time of the admission of Kansas. 
 
 335. West ViRC.iNiA. — The St. Louis World's 
 F'air was responsible fur the adoption of West 
 Virginia's State flag. The West Virginia State 
 Conmiission at that exposition fmnid it neces- 
 sary to adopt a flag and special design to dis- 
 tinguish West Virginia from other States of 
 the Union represented. Therefore, it under- 
 took the task of designing a flag itself. The 
 following year the legislature ratified this de- 
 sign, amending it only by the addition of a 
 fringe or border of gold or orange. The law 
 provides that the proportions of the flag shall 
 lie the same as those of the United States ban- 
 ner; that the field shall be pure white, upon 
 the center of which, on the obverse side, shall 
 be the great seal or coat-of-arms of the State, 
 with the motto, "Montani Semper Liberi" 
 (Mountaineers always -freemen ), and beneath 
 that, in a scroll, the legend, "State of West 
 Virginia." On the reverse side of the flag ap- 
 pears a sprig or sprigs of rhododendron maxi- 
 mum, or big laurel, the State flower, having a 
 bliissom and leaves. The field of pure white 
 is biinlered by a strip of blue, and this in turn 
 li\ a strip c.ir fringe of old gold. The flag of 
 the State is to be employed on all occasions 
 where a special display of the State's individ- 
 uality shall become necessary or be regarded as 
 aiijiropriate. 
 
 336. Nevada has had several State flag 
 laws, but the one now in force dates from 
 1915. The flag it authorizes consists of a blue 
 lield, in the center of which is placed the great 
 seal of the State of Nevada as designed in 
 iqi2. The seal is given a scroll border, and 
 the words "The Great .Seal of the State of 
 Nevada" are omitted. Immediately above the 
 seal is the word "Nevada" in silver-colored, 
 block Rotuan capital letters. Imtuediately be- 
 liiw the seal, and In the form of a scroll, are 
 
 336 
 
tlie words "All I'nr ( )ur Coiiniry." The scroll 
 is red and the letttriiiK yuld. Almve llu- center 
 device is a row of eiyhleen (jo'd-colored stars 
 arranged in an arc, ami below it a row oi 
 eighteen sdver-coli.red stars, arranged like 
 wise. luuh star has live points, one point be- 
 ing placed up. On the seal aniear a ran«e of 
 mountains with a sun rising beliinil them, a 
 railroad train passing a bridge, a cabin ami 
 team i>f horses, a plow, and a sickle. 
 
 337. .\t:iiH.\SK.\'s State Hag consists of the 
 coat-of arms or .seal on a yellow field. The 
 vrcMiii seal was adopted in 1S67 and is thus 
 .:. >ir jhrd : The eastern part of the circle shmvs 
 .1 >tc;iinboat ascending the Missouri Kiver; the 
 mechanic arts are represented by a smith with 
 hammer and anvil in the foreground; agricul- 
 ture is picture<l by a settler's cabin and sheaves 
 of wheat ; in the hackgroimd a train of cars is 
 seen heading toward the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 \round the top of this circle, in capital letters, 
 is the motto, "K(|ual Before the Law." 
 
 338. Coi.oRVDo has given considerable atten- 
 tion to its Slate tlag. There was legislatiMn 
 concerning a banner for the Centeimial Cimi- 
 monwenlth in lOoS, but the present (lag dates 
 from lOll. It consists of one wliilc and twn 
 blue stripes ^<i equal width and at right angles 
 to the staff. The width of the flag is two- 
 thirds of its length. .\t a distance of i/.?6 of 
 the total length from the stall end of the tlag 
 thevc is a circular red "C" of the same color 
 as the red in the national flag of the United 
 States. The diameter of the letter is one-sixth 
 the width of the flag: the iimcr line of the 
 I'petiing of the letter "C" is three-fourths the 
 width of its body or bar, ami the outer line of 
 the opening is ilouble the length of the inner 
 line. Completely filling the letter "C" appears 
 1 .; I'Kn disk. .Attached to the flag is a cord 
 
 t ^ .Id anti silver intertwined, with tassels, 
 one of gold and one of silver. The law creat- 
 ing the flag provides that it shall he used t^n 
 all occasions when the State is officially or 
 publicly represented with the privilege of use 
 by all citizens on all such occasions as they 
 ntay deem tltting and ai>propriate. .'\U pro- 
 visions of the State laws regarding the misu^^c 
 of the national flag are made applicable to the 
 abuse of the State colors. 
 
 339. North D\kot.\'s flag was ailopicd in 
 101 1. lis origin is almost entirely unknown. 
 Til.- f'.lne r^ook of the State says that it was 
 ■\)c t' II,' of the territorial militia, and that it is 
 lirst remembered at Ihiron, South Dakot.i. 
 when it was unfurled at an animal encamp- 
 ment. That authority also states that it is not 
 known who designed the flag, nor is it discov- 
 erable when it was first used. With its yellow- 
 fringed blue fly charged with a coat-of-arms 
 that borrows the eagle from the national seal. 
 .Vorth Dakota follows the example of half of 
 the States in the placing of its arms on a blue, 
 gold- fringed flag. 
 
 340. SoiTH D.\K«rrA's official flag dates 
 from icx»x The ' ' • "tng it says that the 
 Stale flag shall ■ i field of blue one 
 and two-thir.I- it is wi<le. in the 
 center of w' 'la/ing sim in gold, 
 in diameter wiilih of the flag. 
 .\bove this sun shall lie arranged in an arc. in 
 gold letters, the words "South Dakota." and 
 
 lieluw the sun in the are the word*, in ijold 
 letters, "The Sunshine State." f>n the reverse 
 of the blazing sun shall be printed the great 
 Seal of the State. The eilges of the flag shall 
 be trimmed with a fringe of Rold. The Mafl 
 shall be surmounted bj a ^|K■ar head, to which 
 sliall be attached a cord and l.i<>>els of suitable 
 length and si/e In practice the seal of the 
 State is placed on the lilnersr ^ide of the flag 
 and the hia/ing sun on the reverse, which, 
 while following the general principle of HaR 
 designing, seems to be the opposite of the in- 
 tent of ilie law 
 
 341, .\lo\TA.s.\"s flag was adopted in HX>5. 
 the law proxidiiig that it shall be of a Slue 
 field, with a represcniation of the great seal of 
 the Stale in the center and with a gold fringe 
 along the upper and lower liorders. This i> .i 
 copy of the flag borne by the l-"irst Montana 
 Infantry, I'niled States Volunteer.s. in the 
 ."spanish-.-\merican War, except that the device 
 "|'"irsi .Montana Infantry, I'. S. \'." i> omitted. 
 The seal of the Stale consists of a brilli.int 
 sun setting behind a range of monntains; in 
 the foregniunil is a pl<iw and miner's pick ami 
 -pade. Helow the pick ami sjude is a scroll 
 reading. "f)ro v Plata," which means "lioldand 
 Silver." 
 
 34a. W xslllNi.To.v Stale has never oft'icially 
 adopted a flag, but the military authorities 
 have provided one with a green field upon 
 which is centered the seal of the Slate. The 
 vignetle of (leneral Cieorge Washington is the 
 ctiitral fi.giire and lune.ith it are the figures 
 ■■|8Si)." .'\round the vignette is a >elli>w circle 
 bearing the legend, "Tlie Seal of the Stale of 
 Washington." 
 
 3ij3. lii.Mio's laws forbid all military or- 
 ganizations within the Stale from carrying any 
 other flag or device than the national flag and 
 the flag of the Commonwealth. The latter was 
 authori/ed by the tenth legislature in Kfm). al- 
 though the details of the design were left by 
 tile lawmakers to the .Adjutant t'lcneral. it 
 being pre»cribe<l only that the banner should 
 have a blue field chargeil with the name of the 
 State. The dimensions, as well as the addition 
 of the coal-of-arms alxive tlie riblMin with its 
 legend "State of Idaho," have since iK-en de- 
 termined upon by the proper authority. The 
 coat-of-arms consists of a circular device 
 within a yellow border, the main feature of 
 which is a luoose-crestcd escutcheon showing 
 .1 blazing sun rising aliove three mountain 
 peaks and a river in the foreground. The 
 siipp.irters are a miner with pick and shovel 
 and .1 woman bearing the scales and the torch 
 of liberty. Ileneath the shield ap|»ear a sheaf 
 i.f wheat and two horns of plenty. .Mwive the 
 crest is a scroll of while with ibr legend in 
 red, "Ksto Perpelua" (May she be perpetual). 
 
 344. WvoMi.M.s fl.ig is one of the new- 
 est of the Stale flags, h was created under a 
 law passeil on the last day of January. Uit'. 
 That law provides that the width of the rt.iK 
 
 shall lie seven-tenths of its length; t' 
 
 border is red. its width one twrt 
 length of the flag. Next to this rr.: 
 an inner 5tri|>e of while whose width is one- 
 thirtieth the length of the flag. The remainder 
 of llie flag is a blue field, in the center of which 
 is a white silhouetted bulTalo, the length of 
 
 XX7 
 

 H 
 
 FLAG OF CABOT 
 ENGLAND 
 J 360 
 
 374 BATTLE FLAG ISol |{ 375 may I 1863 
 
 ALSO NA\N JACK AFTER MAY I 1363.»l 
 
 FLAGS FAMOUS IN AMERICAN HISTORY 
 
 338 
 
TLAGS FAMOUS 
 
which is ime-half that of the bkie field. On 
 the ribs of the buffalo appears the great shield 
 of the State of Wyoming in blue. Tlie diam- 
 eter of the shield is one-fifth the length of the 
 flag. Attached to the flag is a cord of gold 
 with gold tassels. All penalties provided by 
 the laws of the State for the misuse of a 
 national flag are applicable to the State flag. 
 
 345. Ut.'^h's flag, consisting of a blue field 
 with a border of gold and a design in the 
 center, was adopted in 1911. The design was 
 revised in 1913. It consists now of a device 
 m natural colors, the fundamental portion of 
 wliich is a shield surmounted by an eagle with 
 outstretched wings. The shield bears a bee- 
 hive, on each side of which grow sego lilies 
 and above which is the word "Industry." At 
 the bottom of the shield is a green field bear- 
 ing the date 1S47, with the word "Utah" above 
 it. Two American flags on flagstaffs, placed 
 crosswise, are so draped that they project be- 
 yond each side of the shield, the head of the 
 flagstaff's in front of the eagle's wings, and 
 the bottom of each staff appearing over the 
 face of the draped flag below the shield. Be- 
 low the shield and flags and upon the blue field 
 is the date "1896." the year in which the State 
 was admitted to the Union. Around the entire 
 design is a narrow circle of gold. 
 
 346. Okl.^homa. — The law under which 
 Oklahoma adopted an official State flag was 
 enacted in 191 1. The flag authorized under it 
 consists of a red field, in the center of which 
 is a five-pointed star of white edged with blue, 
 with the figures "46" in blue in the middle of 
 the star. This number proclaims the fact that 
 Oklahoma was the forty-sixth State to become 
 a part of the Union. The Oklahoma flag de- 
 parts from the usual in its pike head. Instead 
 of the regulation spearhead, an eagle at rest, 
 facing the direction of the fly, stands guard 
 over the colors. 
 
 347. New Mexico. — Embodying elements 
 unique in flag design, the official flag of the 
 State of New Mexico was adopted shortly 
 after the Commonwealth became a member of 
 the Union. The banner has a turquoise blue 
 field, emblematic of the blue skies of New 
 Mexico: it has a canton consisting of the flag 
 of the United States in miniature in the upper 
 left-hand corner, designating the loyalty of the 
 people of the State to the Union ; in the upper 
 right-hand corner of the field a figure 47, the 
 forty-seventh star and State in the .American 
 Union : in the low-er right-hand corner is the 
 great seal of the State, and upon the field run- 
 ning from the lower left to the upper right- 
 hand corner are the words "New Mexico" in 
 white. When the flag law was passed it was 
 ordered that the embroidered banner attached 
 to the bill should be deposited with the Secre- 
 tary of State to be faithfully kept by him in 
 the archives of the Commonwealth. 
 
 348. .\rizona. — A b'ill making the flag of 
 the battleship Arizona the banner of tlie Com- 
 monwealth for which it is named failed to 
 pass the State Senate in 1915, but a simil.ir 
 bill was adopted early in 1917. As finally de- 
 scribed, the upper part of the flag consists of 
 thirteen segments or rays, alternate red and 
 yellow ; tlie lower part is a solid field of blue, 
 while upon the center is imposed a copper star. 
 
 It was objected at the time of the adoption of 
 this design that it contained nothing charac- 
 teristic of Arizona: that it infringed upon the 
 ensign of Japan, and that the effect of a star 
 against a rising sun was a severe straining of 
 astronomy. A substitute bill was prepared and 
 offered to the upper house of the legislature, 
 but the original form became a law. thus es- 
 tablishing one of the most striking of the State 
 banners. 
 
 349. The flag of Hawaii preserves the 
 crosses of St. Andrew, St. George, and St. 
 Patrick, and carries eight stripes. Some of 
 the Southern States retain the cross of St. 
 Andrew, but Hawaii is the only .American soil 
 over which float the three crosses which were 
 the cantonal feature of the first flag of the 
 United Colonies of .\merica (364). 
 
 350. The flag of the National Guard of the 
 District of Columbia has a rectangular field, 
 the fly end of which is swallow-tailed. Cen- 
 tered thereon is a small hatchet, whose alleged 
 manipulation in connection with an apocryphal 
 cherry tree is reputed to have put the Father 
 of His Country to a very trying test in the 
 matter of veracity. The designations of the 
 forces a'ppear on scrolls above and below the 
 hatchet. 
 
 351. The banner of the National Geographic 
 Society is a flag of adventure and conquest; 
 a flag of adventure because it is ever carried 
 beyond the horizon of known scientific fact, in 
 tlie hope that there may be found some new 
 truth that will make mankind freer in the solu- 
 tion of the problems that ever confront the 
 race ; it is the flag of conquest because it has 
 gone to the tops of high mountains, to the in- 
 most recesses of regions unexplored by civil- 
 ized man. to the craters of volcanoes whose 
 fiery depths have never been surveyed by the 
 human eye. Those who have had its support 
 have conquered polar ice and polar seas, have 
 mastered many of the secrets of glacial action, 
 have lent a hand to the solution of the great 
 problem of vulcanism, have unearthed the holy 
 city of the Incas, have rescued venerable trees 
 nf California from the only enemy they ever 
 feared — the man with the ax and the saw. Its 
 colors, typifying earth, sea. and sky, proclaim 
 the illimitable reaches of the fields of interest 
 over which it flies, and the vastness of the 
 work of exploration and diffusion of knowl- 
 edge, in which it has played no small part, and 
 to which its future efforts shall ever be dedi- 
 cated. 
 
 352. The Governor of the Panama Canal 
 Zone flies a rectangular flag upon which is 
 centered the seal of the Canal Zone. This 
 consists of an escutcheon wliich shows a ship 
 under full sail passing through Gnillard Cut, 
 at the point where it divides Gold Hill and 
 Contractor's Hill. Below the escutcheon is a 
 streamer bearing the now familiar words, 
 "The land divided, the world united." The 
 escutcheon and streamer are grounded upon a 
 circle of white. 
 
 353. The seal of the Territory of Alaska is 
 a circular field bearing in the background a 
 sun rising over snow-capped, cnili.-ittled moun- 
 tains. In the right foreground are the waters 
 that wash the shore of the territory, bearing 
 two sailing vessels. To the left is a pier. 
 
 340 
 
rudely constructed, and an outpost of civiliza- 
 tion. In tlie I'oresjrijuntl is a team of horses 
 Around the whole is inscribed, "The Seal of 
 the Territory of Alaska." 
 
 354. The coat-oi-arnis of the Philippine Is- 
 lands was adopted in iyo5. Its principal fea- 
 ture is an escutcheon showiny the natiunal 
 Colors of the United States. Imposed upun 
 this escutcheon are the arms of Manila on a 
 shield, the upper half red and the lower blue. 
 Upon the upper half of this shield, in K"ld. is 
 the castle of Spain, with blue windows, and 
 on the lower half a sea-lion bearing in its ri«ht 
 paw a hilted sword. The crest is the .-Vnierican 
 spread catile. and beneath is a scroll with the 
 words 'Tliilippinc Islands." 
 
 3SS- The coat-of-arms of Mindanao and 
 Sulu was adopted in K/t-.. alons with those of 
 the Philippine Islands aiul Porto Kico. It con- 
 sists of the escutcheon of the United Slates, 
 upon, which is impose<l a Moro war vinia sail- 
 ing an Indian sea. .Xbovc the escutcheon is 
 the .Xmerican spread eagle mounted on a 
 wreath, supported by the crossed weapons of 
 war of the Indian seas, and below the device 
 is a scroll bearing the words "Mindanao and 
 Sulu." 
 
 3S6. The present coat-of-arms of the Island 
 of Porto Fvico. adopted in igoj. is a restoration 
 of the original arms of the Spanish colony of 
 "the rich port." Therefore it is in all its parts 
 reminiscent of Spanish times. On a green cir- 
 cular tieid is a lamb of silver on the red-bound 
 book and bearing the cross-crowned banner of 
 Christ. This is the device ascribed to St. lohn. 
 
 .Above the Jamb are the Kold<rownrd letters 
 F and I — Ferdinand and Isabella. ."Surround- 
 ing the green ticid i» a while border cd^ed 
 with gold. Upon this Ix.rder arc the castles of 
 Castile, the crowned red lions that proclaim 
 Leon, the crosses of Jerusalem, ami the stand- 
 ards of S|)ain in the da\s when the star of her 
 fame was at Its renitb. 
 
 357. The tlag of the S.crrtary of the In- 
 terior, with its light green held bearing in the 
 center a golden hulTalo and a live-pointed star 
 in each (|narter. stands for many of ibc na- 
 tion's activities and much fif the world's prog- 
 ress. The Department wlwise chief it pro- 
 claims fosters the priceless fruits i^f .\inrrican 
 inventive genius, aids and safeguards ihojc 
 who have maile .America the foremost min- 
 eral-producing country of the earth, su|H-rvisei 
 the piiislon system lhroii;;h which is dis- 
 charged tlic national dutv toward those who 
 have fought the battles of the Uepulilic. s|miii. 
 sors the cause of justice to the Red Man. who 
 has given a continent t^i civilization. This De- 
 partment directs the national asi)ects of .Vinrr- 
 ican education, ami thus leads Western civili- 
 zation to a new era: it is saving to posterity 
 the inestimable boon of majestic forc-ts and 
 untouched stretches of primeval nature: it is 
 reclaiming millirvns of acres of im|irodurtive 
 land ;md tapping the bare rocks of waste places 
 will) the waml of irrigatii^n. .Mso it has dis- 
 tributed an empire to tlie pioneers of the West 
 and iransformed a million s<|uare miles of idle 
 territory into a wealth- and strength-priwluc- 
 ing region of inllnile national value. 
 
 lL\(iS IWMOrs IN \MI RI( \N IIISIOR^ 
 
 358. Thic R.wen of the ViKiNf.s. — Five 
 hundred years before the arrival of Columbus 
 in the New World, Kric the Red is supposed 
 to have guided his ships, square-sailed, deco- 
 rated with curiously carved ligurelieads, and 
 manned by hardy Norsemen, to the shores of 
 \'inland ( Labrador, or Nova Scotia, or the 
 New England coast), and there planted for a 
 brief period this banner with the strange de- 
 vice of "a raven, with wings extended and 
 open bill, upon a while ground." 
 
 359. Fl.\c of Coi.L-.\tni-s, St.xNPARn op 
 Sp.vix. — -A quartered flag of red, gold and sil- 
 ver — the standard of Castile and Leon — is gen- 
 cr.i" ' having been the first F.uro- 
 pc •! on .\merican soil. This 
 trii'i- ; -il was planted on the beach 
 before t gaze of the aWf-struck abo- 
 rigines v -topher Columbus, richly clad, 
 
 sot i' ■■ t on shore on October U, 1492, and. in 
 the r-TTi.^ if their Catholic majesties. Isabella 
 .1, I. formally tn.-ik possession of the 
 
 i^' le calli<l San Salvador, but which 
 
 i< ' liave been what is now known as 
 
 \\ I in the Hahamas. 
 
 360. ri\r, or Cabot. F.nci.ano. — Giovanni 
 Caboto (John CalioO, the di.scovcrer of North 
 .-\r""-' • '• I „>>,.■ '■ ints in common with his 
 c • IS. They were N-^th 
 Gc: the earth to be round. 
 
 and that the cast could be r«iche<I by sailing 
 west, and ixith tinall> Set out on their voyages 
 of discovery imder the Hag of a foreign mon- 
 arch. Cabot's tlag was the royal >landard of 
 Kngland. the red cross of St. (ieorge on a 
 white grountl. and his patron was King Henry 
 \'1I, whose enthusiasm for the enterprise was 
 quickened by the news that Columbus had 
 found the Fast in the West. It was on June 
 24, 1497, that this flag of Fngland was planted 
 in the New World (probably on the northern 
 extremity of Cape f'reton Islaml, Nova Scotia), 
 and the explorer tiiok i>ossession of the coun- 
 try in the name of F.ngland's king. 
 
 361. This w.TS the union flag which prob- 
 ably was displayed from the main mast of the 
 MayfloU'cr that bore the Pilgrim Fathers to 
 Plymouth in l6jo. and on the ships which 
 brought the F^nglish settlers to Jamestown in 
 1607. These vessels also displayed St. GeorRc's 
 cross (360) at tlic fore mast and the red cnsi|m 
 ( j8j). The union flag had come into existence 
 in 1603, when James \I of Scotland ascended 
 the throne of Kngland as James I 'mg 
 
 the two coimtries imdcr one s 'ter 
 
 centuries of warfare. He order<-. ., • 
 
 di>.play this flig at the main ma»t. T 
 tinned to use their own ensigns an.! i 
 ever — Fnglish ships 1 1^3 and ''•b 
 
 ships ii.tt and .S.it (note 113J 1 de- 
 
 341 
 
FLAGS FAMOUS IN AMERICAN HISTORY 
 
 342 
 
ilMBIA EN 
 ■•6J 
 
 h±S 
 
 B 
 
 DOMINICAM REP 
 
 T 
 
 R.^A ^JAT Ail 
 
 Cvjeia coat a 
 
 471 
 b CAPTAIN or FLEET 
 
 CHANT DOMINICAN REPUBLIC I LOV 
 
 '. REPUBLIC '- - -- ■ 
 
sign of union flag). After tlie union of par- 
 liaments in 1707 tliis was the only flag officially 
 used on land over forts and public liuildings in 
 the English colonies. With the addition of 
 designating numerals above a small crown at 
 the intersection of the crosses, it became the 
 "King's Colors" for regimental troops. 
 
 362-363. CONTINKNT.M. AND BuNKER HlLL.^ 
 
 The illustrations show two replicas in .Annap- 
 olis of flags said to have been carried at Bun- 
 ker Hill. The Trumbull painting of the battle 
 of Bunker Hill shows 362, while others show 
 363. 362 was probably formed from the Eng- 
 lish ensign, shown in 1123 (in use prior t'l 
 1705), by omitting St. George's cross and sub- 
 stituting the pine tree, which was the symliol 
 of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (see also 391, 
 301.), and 401). 363 was made by inserting a 
 pine tree in the upper left quarter of the old 
 blue English ensign's canton (1125). 
 
 364. This was the flag hoisted by John Paul 
 Jones on December 3, 1775, as the navy ensign 
 of the thirteen colonies, when Commodore Esek 
 Hopkins assumed command of the navy built 
 by Congress. It was also hoisted by General 
 Washington January 2, 1776, as the standard 
 of the Continental .A.rmy and remained as our 
 national flag until the adoption of the Stars 
 and Stripes. June 14. 1777 (see history of 
 "Stars and Stripes" elsewhere in this number). 
 
 365. OtTR First N.'WY Jack. — Hoisted De- 
 cember 3, 1775, the same day that John Paul 
 Jones hoisted 364 as the ensign of our new 
 navy and that 39S was raised at the main mast 
 as the flag of the Commander-in-Chief, Esek 
 Hopkins (see 398 and 400). 
 
 366. Pkrry's Flag. Lakh Erie. — At the bat- 
 tle of Lake Erie, September 10, 1813, Oliver 
 Hazard Perry, who was in command of a fleet 
 which he had been forced to construct in fever- 
 ish haste from virgin timber, unfurled from 
 his masthead this challenge to sturdy Ameri- 
 canism — the dying words of brave Captain 
 Lawrence. Under its inspiration the men 
 fought gallantly through one of the most nota- 
 ble naval engagements of the war, enabling 
 Perry at its close to send the famous message 
 to General Harrison, "We have met the enemy 
 and they are ours — two ships, two brigs, one 
 schooner, and one sloop." 
 
 367. Altliough so distinguished a citizen as 
 S. F. B. Morse proposed at the outbreak of 
 the Civil War that the national flag, the Stars 
 and Stripes, should be cut in twain, the North 
 retaining the upper si.x and one-half stripes 
 and those stars above a diagonal line extend- 
 ing from the head of the staff to the lower 
 corner of the canton, while the South should 
 be given the lower six and a half stripes and 
 the stars belnw the diagonal line on the can- 
 ton, the remainder of each flag being white, 
 ueither the North nor the South saw fit to fol- 
 low such a suggestion. The Stars and Stripes 
 carried by the armies of the North during the 
 last years of the Civil War had thirty-six stars 
 in the union, as shown in 367. When Lincoln 
 became President, however, there were only 
 thirty-four States, which w^ere impersonated 
 at the inaugural ceremonies by thirty-four little 
 girls, who rode in a gaily decorated car in the 
 procession and sang to the new President, 
 "Hail, Columbia." 
 
 ^ 368. The artillery during the Civil War car- 
 ried a standard with thirty-six stars arranged 
 three stars at the top, three at the bottom, and 
 a lay-out of thirty in six horizontal lines of 
 five stars each. It will be noticed that this 
 flag, like 367, was adopted after West Virginia 
 and Nevada had entered the Union. 
 
 369. The design on the colors of infantry 
 regiments during the Civil War was almost a 
 counterpart of that borne on the standard of 
 the War of 1S12 (see 22). It shows an eagle 
 displayed and bearing upon its breast a shield, 
 with a scroll in its beak and another below 
 it, upon ^ which appeared the designation of 
 cacli regiment. .-Above the eagle are thirteen 
 golden stars arranged in two arcs. 
 
 370. The regimental colors of the United 
 St.ates artillery during the Civil War were yel- 
 hnv. LIpon the field were centered two crossed 
 cannons with a scroll above and below bearing 
 the designation of the regiment. 
 
 371. This flag is the familiar "Stars and 
 Bars" of the Southern Confederacy and was 
 used from March, 1861, to May, 7863. 
 
 372. This jack of the Confeder.-ite States 
 was made to correspond with the provisional 
 flag of the Confederacy, known as the Stars 
 and Bars. It probably was flown by ships of 
 the seceding States until 1S63, when the navy 
 jack (374) was prescribed by the Secretary of 
 the Confederate Navy. 
 
 373. This ensign was probably displayed by 
 the ships of the Confederacy from iS<ji to 
 1863. 
 
 374. The navy jack of the Southern Con- 
 federacy, used after May i, 1863, had an ob- 
 long red field, with a blue St. Andrew's cross 
 bordered by white and having three stars on 
 each arm and one at the intersection. It was 
 merely the square canton of the second flag 
 of the Confederacy elongated, so that its 
 length was one and a half times its width. 
 The battle flag of the Confederacy during the- 
 same period was like this navy jack, except 
 that it was square, and all four of its sides 
 were bordered by a white stripe one and a half 
 inches wide. The battle flag carried by the in- 
 fantry was forty-eight inches square, that by 
 the artillery thirty-six inches, and that by the 
 cavalry thirty inches square. 
 
 375. The national flag of the Confederacy 
 between IMay I, 1863, and March 4, 1865, had a 
 white field twice as long as wide, with the 
 liattle flag as its union. 
 
 376. The Confederacy's national flag, adopt- 
 ed March 8, 1865, was the same as that adopted 
 May I, 1863 (375), except that one-half of the 
 field lietween the union and the end of the {\y 
 was occupied by a horizontal bar of red. 
 
 377. Hudson's Flag. — When Henry Hud- 
 son glided into the unsailed waters of New 
 York harbor in his little Half Moon, this flag 
 was his ensign ; thus it is supposed to have been 
 one of the first European flags reflected in the 
 waters of what is now the busiest port on 
 earth. It was the flag of the Netherlands, with 
 the letters A. O. C. added to the central stripe. 
 These were the initials of the Dutch East India 
 Company, "Algemeene Oost-Indise Compagnie," 
 imder whose auspices Hudson sailed. Later it 
 floated over the little huts built by the East 
 India Company on Manhattan Island for the 
 
 344 
 
fur traders. But in 1650 the orange stripe on 
 the Netherlands flag became the red stripe i>f 
 today's banner (775), and with the withdrawal 
 of the East India Company's inti-rists Imm 
 New Netherlands this flag disappeared from 
 our waters and shores. 
 
 378. [Htcii Wkst IxniA Coxip.wv. — In if'ui 
 the Dutch West India Company was ft>rnKd 
 and, with otlior vahiable concessions, was gi\cn 
 control of the fur trade of tlie New World by 
 the States (leneral of Holland. Thus this llug 
 became dominant in the waters around New 
 York in i6j.;, and continued so for forty-two 
 years. The letters G. \V. C. are the initials of 
 the company, "Gcoctroyecrdc West - Indischc 
 Compagnie." In 1650 the orange stripe was 
 changed to red in accordance with a similar 
 change in the national flag of Holland. It was 
 not until the conquest of New .N'cllierlands by 
 the Knglish in Ky'M that this flag disappeared 
 from our northern shores. 
 
 379. Eniiicott's Fl.m:.. — The red cross of 
 St. George on the English flags was a source 
 of (piestion to the sti.-rn religionists of the 
 Massachusetts Colony. John Endicott. with 
 Spartan directness, attempted to settle the 
 matter by cutting out a part of the re<l cross 
 on the Salem ensign in li>M- This led to long- 
 drawn litigation. Fear of olTending the mother 
 country struggled with the seeming idolatry of 
 a cross on a flag. Finally it was decided to 
 "render unto Ca-sar" his own, and inasmuch 
 as the fi rt of Castle Island, a! lioston. was 
 maintained in the King's name, his colors were 
 allowed to fly there. It was not until K)?!, 
 however, that the general court of Massachu- 
 setts gave oftici.il sanction to the use of the 
 flag with its cross. This illustration of the 
 Endicott flag, with its distinguishing blue ball 
 in the first quarter of the canton, shows it 
 before the mutilation. 
 
 380. KiNC.'s STANti.\Rn IM lfi.?5. — The de- 
 signs on this royal flag, which was in use dur- 
 ing the early settlement of our country, are 
 especially suggestive and carry us back to the 
 very roots of English history. Each little 
 symbol fnimd its place on the flag through 
 some noteworthy event in the ever-changing 
 fortunes of early luigland. The harp on the 
 third quarter is the ancient symbol of IrelaTid 
 (sec 830>, which Elizabeth, in token of her 
 svcccss in dealing with the island, added to 
 the royal ensign. On the second quarter ap- 
 pears the lion of Scotland (see S.iS*, in token 
 of that country's union with England. The 
 first and fourth quarters of the shield alike 
 bear the three lions and the three fleur^-do-lis. 
 Two of the lions were introduced by William 
 II from the arms of his native Normamly. 
 .\uthorities differ as to the origin of the third 
 lion, some maint.-iiiiing that it was a<lded by 
 Henry H in iMUor of his wife, Eleanor of 
 Aquitainc, who brought him as a dowry three 
 provitKcs in F'rancc. Edwanl III, on assiun- 
 \ng the title "King of I'rance," in 13.10, quar- 
 tered with the lions the fleurs-de-lis on a blue 
 field. It remained for James I, in KniJ- '" 
 i-..!nl>inc these various symbols into the form 
 seen here. 
 
 381. TiiKKK CofNTY Troop. — It was in l6?o 
 th.it tliric coiipiies of Massachusetts — Suffolk. 
 Middlesex, and Essex — raised a company of 
 
 cavalry called the Three County Troop, which 
 Continued its orguni/ation for twrniy \rar4 or 
 more. Their standard is not known to be in 
 e.\istence at proent ; but a must intcrrsling 
 drawing of it and the original bill of cost (or 
 it are preserved in the Urilish Museum. The 
 legend in the drawing reads: "Thre County 
 Troni," app.irenily a mistake in ei>p\ing the 
 word troop from the original banner. It prob- 
 ably waved alxive the brave Colonials in King 
 Philip's War of n>,-5 and i67(). 
 
 38a. I'nder the re<l ensign many f>( Eng- 
 land's greatest adfnir;Js won the victories 
 which made the i'.laml kingdom mistress of 
 the seas. This is the famous "meteor flag of 
 I )ld England." and until the union of the king- 
 doms of England and Scotland under one par- 
 liameiil. in 1707, ii was the ensign of ilie V.ixg- 
 lish colonies in .Vmerica. It was especially 
 dear to the New l-'ngland colonists, who cher- 
 ished its brave traditions as their own. 
 
 383. ,\ Col.OSI.M. I-UAC. 384. NKwni.KV, 
 .M.\ss^ 388. N'kw F;Nr.i..\,s-ii, 17.17. 390. Tatn- 
 To.v Fi..\r.. — To one interested in watching the 
 growth ami development of customs or in 
 tracing the symbolic expressions of the ideas 
 of a pei'ple, there is no more fascinating study 
 than the growth of our own flag. Naturally, 
 the Cidonists used at first the flags of llie 
 homeland (such as 3(11). Hut slowly the en- 
 vironment of this new, sivicious country, 
 working in connection with the deep religious 
 consciousness of the peojde, wrought itself 
 into visible form in the flags. 
 
 .\t Taunton, Mass., was raise<l, in 1774, flan 
 number .tijo. the red union English flag com- 
 mon at the time, with the aildition of the 
 watchword of .Vmeric.i — the magic watchword 
 that now, after nearly a century ami a half, 
 bids fair to become the watchword of the 
 world. 
 
 In .;S.t a stronger feeling of separation is 
 indicated in the plain red llag with the pure 
 white canton. In .tf<4, the flag of Newbury, 
 Mass.. the cross is retained, but the color of 
 the field has changed to the green of the New 
 I-'ngland forests. 
 
 Then, in place of the British cross, we see 
 coming into proininence the sturdy native 
 .\iiieri.an emblein.s. .V pine tree on a while 
 ground was a symlml of many qualities con- 
 spicuous in the lives of our .\ew England an- 
 cestors, .'simple, austere, and bearing with.d a 
 stately dignity, it fittingly expressed the ideas 
 of the times, More<iver, it ppKlaimeil the 
 patriots' love for this newest homelanil with 
 lis pine-clad hills. .Ami so it was thai the pine 
 tree waved over many a hard- fought field in 
 those trying years. Joine<l with St. George's 
 cross, it appeared on the blue banner of Bun- 
 ker Hill (.tfu). 
 
 I'rcfpiently the pine tree gave place to a 
 globe, as in the New England flag of 17.17 
 (.V*S). .Again, the pine tree alone occupies the 
 white canton of a red flag. l>cst illustrated by 
 .t^J, the Continental flag of l"7<;-_ir77. These 
 historic flags picture to us in slrikinK form the 
 feelings and the hopes as well as llie spirit of 
 •76. 
 
 384. fSee .-fix") 
 
 385. .Xnjikos' I'l.Ac,. — In ifAi the charter of 
 Masf.i'-'" " was annn"- •' -"-•' •' ■ '•. ""• 
 
 .^5 
 
H 
 
 SALVADOR COAT ARMS VENEZUELA COAT ARMS 
 
 510 511 
 
n 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■!!i 
 
 iiaBiiiij I 
 
 
 B EvI 
 
 M I D I 
 
 9 B D i( B 
 § B D !( B 
 
government organized all of New England as 
 a royal domain. In 1686 Edmund Andres ar- 
 rived as Governor of the province. The flag 
 under his rule was the red cross of St. George 
 on a white field with a gold crown in the cen- 
 ter. Under the crown appeared the letters 
 J. R., the cipher of King James. But in 1689, 
 with the arrival in England of William of 
 Orange, the colonists deposed Andros, and this 
 flag was consigned to the oblivion of banners 
 no longer expressive of the feelings of a de- 
 veloping people. 
 
 386. Nova Scotia. — Nova Scotia was the 
 New Scotland, just as the Massachusetts group 
 of colonies was the New England, for even in 
 the days of King James there was no Great 
 Britain, but the two separate countries. And 
 that is why the vertical cross of St. George 
 appeared on the .Andros and other New Eng- 
 land flags, w'hile the diagonal Scottish cross of 
 St. Andrew marked those of Nova Scotia. 
 The center of the flag is marked by the crown 
 and cipher of James Sixth of Scotland and 
 First of England. He it was who united the 
 two crosses into the union flag of 1606, the 
 very year in which he gave the first royal 
 grants of land in North America, under which 
 permanent settlements grew up. It was not 
 until 1801, long after the Stars and Stripes 
 were known on every sea, that the red diag- 
 onal cross of St. Patrick, in recognition of 
 Ireland, was added to the combined crosses, 
 thus making the familiar British union jack of 
 today. 
 
 387. Escutcheon Ensign. — Early in the life 
 of the New- England Colonics it was seen that 
 the merchant ships of the ninthcr country 
 needed a special flag to distinguish them from 
 the King's ships. In 1701 we find this order 
 from the Admiralty Office at Whitehall, Lon- 
 don : "Merchant ships to wear no other jack 
 than that worn by His Majesty's ships, with 
 the distinction of a white escutcheon in the 
 middle thereof." The "Governors of His Maj- 
 esty's plantatiiins" were ordered to oblige the 
 commanders of their merchant ships to use 
 this and no other. The merchant ships, how- 
 ever, continued to fly the various flags endeared 
 to their commanders by old associations. Many 
 of them seem to have preferred the usual red 
 or blue New England flag which had a red 
 St. George's cross and a globe (388) or tree 
 (363) on a white ground in the upper left- 
 hand corner. 
 
 388. (See 383.) 
 
 389. CoLONKi, Moultrie's Fl.m-.. — In Sep- 
 tember, 1775, Colonel Moultrie, having received 
 orders from the Council of Safety to take Fort 
 Johnson on James Island, S. C, thought a flag 
 necessary ; so he devised a large blue flag with 
 a white crescent in the upper corner next the 
 staff, this design being suggested by the blue 
 uniforms of the garrison and the silver cres- 
 cents which the men wore on their caps, in- 
 scribed with the words "Liberty or Death." 
 Colonel Moultrie in his memoirs says that "this 
 was the first .American flag displayed in the 
 South" (see also 406"). 
 
 390. (See 3S3.) 
 
 391. Washington's Navy, 1775.— This was 
 the flag flown by M'ashington's six cruisers in 
 1775. The Lady Washington, a brig fitted out 
 
 in 1775, was captured by H. M. S. Fowey on 
 December 7 of the same year, and her colors 
 were placed in the Admiralty Office in Lon- 
 don. They are described as bearing a pale 
 green pine tree on a field of white bunting, 
 with the motto, "Appeal to Heaven." After 
 the Continental ensign (364) came into use by 
 Washington's fleet, January i, 1776, this white 
 flag and green pine tree, with variations (399), 
 was adopted April 29, 1776, as the ensign of 
 the vessels of the Massachusetts navy (see 399 
 and 401 ; see also the history of our Stars and 
 Stripes, printed elsewhere in this number). 
 
 392. KEni-ORD Flag. — Probably the most in- 
 teresting flag of all the colonial period is this 
 standard of the Bedford Minute Men, carried 
 by them at the battle of Concord. It is small, 
 being only about iUS feet square, but carries 
 woven among its faded threads the love and 
 veneration of a grateful America. Wrought 
 in silver and gold on a red ground is an arm 
 appearing from a cloud, with the hand holding 
 a sword. The scroll is in gold with the motto, 
 "\ ince Aut Morire" (Conquer or die). It now 
 has an honored place among the relics of the 
 Historical Society at Bedford, Mass. It bears 
 a striking resemblance to the Ostend Fight en- 
 sign (1 144). 
 
 393. Philadelphia Light Horse. — This 
 standard, presented to the Philadelphia troop 
 of Light Horse by Capt. Abraham Markoe, and 
 still displayed at the troop's anniversary din- 
 ners, is one of the first American flags in 
 which thirteen stripes were used. This banner 
 was carried by the Philadelphia troop when it 
 acted as escort to General Washington from 
 Philadelphia to New York on his way to Cam- 
 bridge, there to assume command of the Con- 
 tinental .\rmy. The Philadelphia troop was 
 composed of 28 men, w'ho equipped themselves 
 at their own expense. Captain Markoe re- 
 signed his commission as captain of this orga- 
 nization late in 1775, in obedience to an edict 
 of King Christian VII of Denmark, who for- 
 bade any of his subjects to engage in the war 
 against Great Britain. Before tendering his 
 resignation, however, the commander presented 
 this standard to the troop. 
 
 394. New York. — The armed ships of New 
 York are reported to have used this flag in 
 1775. The beaver reminds us eloquently of the 
 prominent part the lucrative fur trade played 
 in the early history of the colony. The glow- 
 ing accounts brought back by Hudson of the 
 rich harvest of valuable furs to be secured led 
 Holland to authorize the trading companies 
 which colonized New Y'ork. The beaver was 
 used on the seal of New Netherlands and 
 found a place on the seal of New York City. 
 
 395. Bennington. — .At the battle of Ben- 
 nington. \'t., .August 16, 1777, 2,000 Green 
 Mountain boys, under Gen, John Stark, practi- 
 cally annihilated the forces under General 
 Baum. sent to capture stores and to overawe 
 the country. The loss of these troops was 
 partly responsible for the failure of Bur- 
 goyne's carefully planned campaign and was 
 one of the events that led to the open recog- 
 nition nf our country by France. 
 
 396. Rhode Island. — Fashioned from white 
 silk with thirteen stars on a canton of blue 
 and showing a blue anchor surmounted by the 
 
 348 
 
 Jfei" 
 
motto of the State. "Hope," on the center of 
 the field, this reginu-nial lanncr of Rhode Is- 
 land easily takes high rank as an attractive 
 flag; nor is it lacking in interesting historic 
 associatii>ns. Carried safely through (he in- 
 tense struggle of Urandywine. at Trenton, and 
 at Vorktown. it now rests in the State llouse 
 at F'rovidence. mute witness to the heroism of 
 those who hore it to final victory (sec JIJ). 
 
 397. LiNKKli Hand.— Thirteen mailed hands 
 grasping the thirteen links of an endless chain 
 formed ime of the early representations of the 
 spirit of unity in the colonies. It recognized 
 the seniiinent of "L'nited we stand." and fore- 
 shadowed the "E I'Uirihus L'num," sonn in ap- 
 pear as our motto. The numher thirteen w.is 
 prominent on many of the early standards. A 
 common variation shows a mailed hand grasp- 
 ing a hundle of thirteen arrows. 
 
 THE R.\TTUSNAKE TLACS 
 
 398. CiAHSDKX Fl.AC. 400. SoiTH Cakoi.ina 
 XavV. 405. ClLIKfKR .MlNlTK Mkn— The 
 rattlesnake device was seen again and again 
 on our early tlags. One writer of the tiiiic 
 quaintly stated that as the rattlesnake's c>c 
 exceeded in brightness that of any other ani- 
 mal, and she had no eyelids, she might there- 
 fore be esteemed an emblem of vigilance; 
 that inasmuch as she never began an attack, 
 nor, when once engaged, ever surreiulcred, 
 she was therefore an emblem of magnanimity 
 and true courage. We are bo\md to suspect, 
 however, that it was the deadly bite of the 
 rattier that was foremost in the niinds of the 
 revolutionists who used the baniurs. The 
 "[)on't iread on me," seen on all four of the 
 rattlesnake flags (365. 31A 400. and 405), lends 
 color to this view. 
 
 But it was not only the qualities of the 
 snake itself, but also the case witli which 
 symbidism could be added, illustr.iled in the 
 use of the distinctive thirteen rattles, that in- 
 cre.ised the nuntber and variety of the rattle- 
 snake flags. " 'Tis curious and antaziii;;," in 
 the words of the writer quoted ab )vc, "to ob- 
 serve how distinct and independent of each 
 other the rattles of this animal are. and how 
 firmly they are united together. One of the 
 rattles, singly, is incap.iblc of producing a 
 sound, but the ringing of thirteen together is 
 sufficient to alarm (he boldest man living." 
 
 Flag 31)8 was presented by Colonel Gadsden 
 to Commodore Hopkins to serve as the latter's 
 flag as the commander-in-chief of the fleet con- 
 structed by Congress, and was hoisted at the 
 main mast of the Alfi,-d December 3. 1775. 
 .■\t the same time John Paul Jones hoisted the 
 union stripi'd flag (364) at the stern (sec his- 
 tory of Stars and Stripes elsewhere in this 
 number). On the same dav 365 was hoisted 
 as the jack of the navy. Thus 364. 365. and 
 30S arc the most historic flags of the U. S. 
 N':n\ i>rior to the adoption of the Stars and 
 
 . 1' " ^ 
 
 Tile Southern colonies seemed csprci.illy 
 
 fond of the device. South Carolina adopted 
 
 for b.r 11 I w the red and blue stripes crossed 
 
 !•' ; snake, as seen in 400. 
 
 energetic enthiisi.nsts in the cat'SC 
 
 "f I; ' ■.<'. t! p. ople of tlie Piedmont region 
 . l' \ i-j -11.1 r ,! : d to file supp<-irt of the Q^m- 
 
 tinenial Congress. Culpeper County wat a 
 Center of organization ami hrr minute men 
 typitietl on iheir spinl.il banner (405) iheir 
 fearlessness and inde|icildence. 
 
 Tin: i.ibi;ktv a.\u I'l.vi; tki:k ixacs 
 
 399. LtuKKTv Thke I'lAC. OK 1776. 401. 
 .Ma>saciii SKITS Navv.— In all early accounti 
 of colonial activities, liberty indc-. and tree* 
 bear an important pari. .\ wide-itprcadinK live 
 oak in CliarU>ton, near the home of Christo- 
 pher Gadsden, made a shelter under which the 
 leading spirits >f the day often met t • di^cutf 
 pi>lilical c|Uesiions, atrd there the Drctaration 
 of liidepemleiice was first read t.i the (icoplc 
 of tile city. The Sons of l.ilierlv, mertinK 
 under the fme obi cbn in Hanover Square, 
 gave Boston her Liberty Tree. I'mlrr il« 
 shade a notable meeting was hclil just prrviou* 
 to the destrnction of ihc lea, which led Gen- 
 eral Gage to order that it be hewn down. In- 
 asiiuicli as the felling of a venerable tree al- 
 ways touches tender chor<ls in the ihi'Ughlful, 
 it is not surprising that the lo^s of this uiie 
 fanned into lianie tlie very embers of discon- 
 tent that Gage had ho|Kd to stamp out by its 
 destruction. 
 
 On flag Tfyt appears the well-loveij and fa- 
 mous Liberty Tree. This was an cmlilem often 
 used. The .solemn niollo, ".\n .Vppeal tti God," 
 tells us of the quiet firmness widi which our 
 forefathers "highly resolved" lo claim the 
 birthright of freedom for themselves ami their 
 children. The sentiment first appeared in Ihc 
 "Aildress of ihc Provincial Congress of \Li»- 
 sachusells" to Great llrilain, the closing sen- 
 tence of which began, ".Appealing to Heaven 
 for the justice of our cause." Through the 
 long years that have passed since ihey won 
 their victories, the greater task has developed 
 for us, not only to hold with efpial steadiness 
 and firmness the great priiKiples uiion which 
 our nation stands, but also lo fight with e<]iial 
 fortitude and sarrifice that ihe-^e gifts m.iy l»e 
 extended to the oppresseil of all nilions. 
 
 When in 1652 the colony of Massachusetts 
 first established a mint, the general court or- 
 dained that all pieces of money should b'-ar 
 on one side a tree, thus bringing into Ix-ing the 
 famous pine-iree shillings. In April. 177(>. the 
 Massichusetts council passed a res.dution as 
 follows: 
 
 ' Rr.inhcd. That . . . the colors (for the 
 sea service] be a while fl,i«f with a green pine 
 tree and the inscription. 'An Api»eal lo 
 Heaven.'" 
 
 Flag 301 had previou<ilv licrotnc familiar on 
 the seas as the ensign of Washington's crui-ers. 
 The Fnglish newspaiiers <if Ihc lime contain 
 many references to llii« H'lking en«ien. 
 
 In |Oi an extra sipr I'le 
 
 coilc'l snake at the t llic 
 
 oft-used "I>on"l Iread on rv 
 
 40a fScc 3>)8.) 
 
 40t. ( Sec ,vn ) 
 
 403, The WesimorrlanrI C' 'ion 
 
 of Pennsylvania ' - '■■^■■^ '^ 'in 
 
 I'nx-ior and is - 'ex- 
 
 sndria. Pa. Ft i-. ^dk, 
 
 with the addition of idr (odrfi i and 
 
 Ihc familiar legend, "Don't Tr<. ' ." 
 
 "•4Q 
 
350 
 
1^ 
 
 HEEl 
 
 — ^ p- 
 
 I 
 
 SIS 
 
 illilB 
 
 
 
 331 
 
403. Connecticut Flag. — Tlie activities of 
 1775 and 1776 emphasized the need of colors 
 to distinguish the various troops. Soon after 
 the battle of Bunker Hill the States began Ui 
 make colors for themselves. Connecticut, 
 with this Hag, was one of the first. Her 
 motto, "Qui transtulit sustinet," of which a 
 free translation is, "God, who transported us 
 hither, will sustain us," was put upon one side 
 of several flags of the time, with "An Appeal 
 to Heaven," the Massachusetts motto, upon 
 the other. This shows almost the identical 
 form of the permanent Connecticut flag (305). 
 
 404. Merchant and Privateer Ensign. — 
 Those dasiiing privateers, whose exploits made 
 such entertaining reading in the history books 
 of our childhood days, fiew this ensign of thir- 
 teen stripes. Many references and prints of 
 "striped flaggs" in contemporary British litera- 
 ture prove its prevalence. The color of the 
 stripes varied according to the fancy of the 
 commanding officer. Merchant vessels nearly 
 always displayed this flag. 
 
 405. (See 308.) 
 
 406. Fort Moultrie. — This flag flew from 
 the southeast bastion of Fort Moultrie (then 
 called Fort Sullivan), in Charleston Harbor, 
 during the famous Revolutionary battle of 
 June 28, 1776. Early in the attack the sky- 
 colored emblein fell outside the parapet. Ser- 
 geant William Jasper, crying out, "Don't let us 
 fight without a flag," vaulted over the wall 
 under a rain of bullets, secured the flag, fixed 
 it to a staff, and, triimiphantly planting it firm- 
 ly in place, leaped down within the parapet to 
 safety. Three ringing cheers greeted his re- 
 turn. After an intense artillery attack lasting 
 ten hours, the British forces were compelled to 
 withdraw, and the next day the entire fleet left 
 Charleston Harbor. The name of the fort was 
 changed to Moultrie in honor of the gallant 
 defender. This victory left the Southern 
 States secure from invasion for more than 
 two years. This fla.g is identical with Colonel 
 Moultrie's earlier flag (389) first raised in 
 September, 1775, with the addition of the word 
 "Liberty'' in white letters. 
 
 407. Pulaski. — Brave and gallant Count 
 Pulaski, who gave his life for our caus>> in 
 1779. fought beneath this banner. A Polish 
 count volunteering as a private, distinguished 
 by his coolness and courage at the battle of 
 Brandywine, — he was made Chief of Dra- 
 goons, with the rank of Bri.gadier-General. 
 The IMoravian Sisters, of Bethlehem, Penn- 
 sylvania, embroidered this flag for him. One 
 side bears the words "Unitas Virtus Forcior" 
 (which last word, by the way, should be fi^r- 
 tior), "Union makes valor stronger," encir- 
 clin.g the letters U. S. The other side bears 
 the motto, "Non Alius Regit," "No Qther gov- 
 erns." with the all-seeing eye in the center 
 triangle. Pulaski raised his own independent 
 corps of infantry and light cavalry, and l^ater 
 commanded the French and American forces 
 at the siege of .Savannah, where he was mor- 
 tally wounded. Thus fell, at the early age of 
 31. one of the many heroic foreign brothers 
 who fought with us for liberty. 
 
 408. 409. New Hampshire Regiment. — 
 These two New Flampshire flags belonged to 
 the Second Regiment of the State. They were 
 
 taken at Fort Anne by the British Ninth Regi- 
 ment of Foot, commanded b}' Lieutenant Colo- 
 nel Hill, a few weeks before the decisive battle 
 of Saratoga. After the surrender of Bur- 
 goyne. Colonel Hill carried them to England, 
 where they were treasured by his descendants, 
 finally falling into the hands of Col. George 
 W. Rogers, of Wykeham, Sussex. From him 
 they were purchased in 1912 by Mr. Edward 
 Tuck, and presented to the New Hampshire 
 Historical Society. They are of the same size, 
 approximately five by five and one-half feet. 
 
 The buff flag (40S) with a golden disk in 
 the center bears the inotto, "We are one." 
 From the disk radiate thirteen rays and thir- 
 teen thin lines, each line touching a golden 
 ring in the outer circle, with each ring bearing 
 the name of one of the thirteen States. In 
 the upper left corner are eight red and pale 
 blue triangles which form two crosses 
 
 Tlie blue silk flag with the gold fringe (409") 
 bears the letters N. H., with "2nd Re.gt." below 
 them on the small red shield in the center. 
 The iTiotto on the scroll is significant, "The 
 glory, not the prey." The two crosses com- 
 bined in the upper corner are of red and gold. 
 
 These two New Hampshire flags are prob- 
 ably the only ones now in existence which 
 were captured during the Revolutionary War. 
 
 410. First Pexxsvlvania Rifles. — "A deep 
 .green ground, the device a tiger, partly en- 
 closed by toils, attempting the pass, defended 
 by a hunter with! a spear (in white) on a 
 crimson field" — thtis reads the description of 
 the standard of the First Pennsylvania Rifles, 
 in the words of Lieutenant Colonel Hand, 
 written ]\Tarch 8, ,1776. During the war this 
 regiment served in every one of the thirteen 
 colonies, and this banner waved at many a 
 famous liattlc — at Trenton, Princeton, Brandy- 
 wine, Monmouth, and Yorktown, to mention 
 only a few. 
 
 411. Third Maryland. — The existence of 
 this national flag, known to have been used as 
 a regimental flag in the Revolution, sheds a bit 
 of light on the darkness surrounding the ex- 
 tent to which the stars and stripes were used 
 at the time. It is certain that this identical 
 flag was carried by the Third I\LaryIand Regi- 
 ment at the battle of Cowpens, in January, 
 1778. William Bachelor was the color-bearer. 
 It is inade of thin cotton, and is remarkably 
 well preserved. It is a little over five feet 
 long, and almost a yard wide, and is now in 
 the flag room of the capitol at Annapolis. It 
 is the only instance of the use of the "Stars 
 and Stripes" as a color (i. c. by land troops), 
 national or regiinental, durin.g the Revolution- 
 ary War. that of 1812, and the iNIexican War. 
 (See history of Stars and Stripes printed else- 
 where in this number.) 
 
 412. EuTAW Standard. — This square of 
 brilliant crimson formed the battle flag of Col. 
 William Washington's cavalry troop, and led 
 the way to victory at Cowpens and at the final 
 battle of the Revolution, Eutaw Springs, in 
 1781 — two decisive battles of the war in the 
 South. Tradition tells a quaint story of its 
 origin. It seems that Colonel \\'ashington. on 
 a hurried visit to his fiancee. Miss Jane Elliot, 
 of South Carolina, mentioned that he had no 
 flag. With quick flashes of her scissors, she 
 
 3S2 
 
cut a square of gay, red damaik from (he back 
 of a tirawiiig-room chair, saying, "Culniiel, 
 make this your standaril." It was mounted ori 
 a hickory pole and borne at the head of liis 
 troops till the end of the war. In 18.^7 it was 
 presented to the Washington l.is;ht Infantry 
 of Charleston by Mrs. Jane Elliot Washington, 
 in person, and is one ot our most treasured 
 banners. 
 
 413. 0.\TI\OIS ReCIMKS'T. 414. S.M.\T<l<-.NE 
 
 Rki.imkxt. 415. RoY.\i, Dkl-x Posts. — .\ num- 
 ber of French regiments were sent t'> .Vmerica 
 during the Revolutionary War. .Ml served 
 with gallantry and distinction. Savannah and 
 Yorktown both being ht^nored by their ener- 
 getic and fearless lighting. The llags of all 
 these regiments followed one general pattern, 
 the basic idea being a white tlag with colored 
 triangles making squares in the corners and 
 leaving a white cross extending across the cen- 
 ter. They were about four feet square and 
 the colors were painted on them. 
 
 The Gatinois regiment (413") was formed in 
 1776 out of two sections of a famous old 
 French regiment of .-Vuvergnc, and in honor 
 of its gallant conduct at Vorktovvn was ever 
 after known as the Royal .\uvergne. 
 
 The blue, red. green, and yellow triangles of 
 the tlag of the Saintogne regiment (414) si)eak 
 eloquently of dashing courage and hearty loy- 
 alty at Yorktown. 
 
 Mach arm of the St. .Andrew's cross in the 
 Royal Dcu.x Fonts (415) bears the golden 
 fleur-de-lis of France, while a crown holds the 
 center. Quartered on the tlag arc the arms of 
 the Duke of Deu.\ Fonts over red and blue 
 stripes. 
 
 Rochambeau, a French count, with the rank 
 of lieutenant general, was in command of the 
 6.000 troops sent to our aid. He displayed a 
 fine spirit throughout the war, maintaining his 
 soldiers as part of the .-\meric.in army and 
 holding himself as entirely under Washing- 
 ton's command. ( ?ee "Our First .Mliance." by 
 J. J. Jusserand, X.ationai. Gew-R-vphic Maga- 
 zine. June, 1917.) 
 
 416. A\sn.\cn. — Three Ansbach B^iyreulh 
 colors are now in the chapel at West Foint. 
 They were among the German colors captured 
 at V'orktown. .Ml arc similar in main dcsigyi, 
 made of heavy white damask, embroiflcrc<l in 
 colored silk. On one si<lc is the red Branden- 
 burg eagle, with the words, "Fro Frincipe et 
 Fatria" on the scroll above. The other side 
 shows tlie preen laurel and palm, with the 
 monogrammcd letters S. ET C. A., the first 
 four letters of which stand for "Sinceritcr ct 
 Constanter" and the last for Prince .Mcxan- 
 dcr, then reigning. It is supposed that eigh- 
 teen German colors were surrendered at York- 
 town : but the others are missing. 
 
 417. Xew York Reciment. — It is surprisinij 
 to note how lew regimental llags used in the 
 Revolution are in existence today. Thi< is the 
 most clnb<iratc and detailed of any of them. 
 It was made in 1778 or 1779, and is approxi- 
 111 I'- ly six feet square, of dark blue silk with 
 a I'lie fringe, and bears on each side the arms 
 of the State. These arms from that far-away 
 day to this have remained practically un- 
 changed in general design. The two figures 
 
 dre clad in costumes of the day. The dreises 
 are ol cloth uf gold, with red mantles. 
 
 This reginieiital color was carru-d bv C'l, 
 Peter GanseviHirl at Yorktown. This is the 
 same Colonel Ganscvoort wh'i was in coniiiiaiid 
 of Fort Stunwix, or F'ort Scbu>lcr, v»lirn he 
 caused to be hoisted the first Stars and Siri|>e» 
 over a fort or garrison of the army, .•\ug<i%t .t, 
 '777- (See History of Stars and Striini in 
 this number.) 
 
 418. llfCKS (IE .\uKiiiCA. — John IlaiiciK-k, 
 whose presence in I.exingti'ii w.is an adili- 
 tional cause of the Si>rtif that led to the fa- 
 tuous battle, and wh >. with .Xdains, was cs|>c- 
 eially cxcipted in the pardon issued on the 
 Ijth of Jtme. 1775, by deneral Gage, as bciiiK 
 "of too llagitious a nature to adiiiil of any 
 father consideration than that of condign pun- 
 ishment," yet lived to a ripe olil age, and l>e- 
 came the lirst (Governor of the State of Massa- 
 chusetts. .-Vflcr the close of the Revolution, 
 one iif his olTicial acts as Govermir was to pre- 
 sent Ibis banner to the colored comiwny, called 
 the "ISucks of .Vmerica," in acknowlcclgmeiit 
 of their valor. The (lag is ba<lly faded now, 
 yet shiiws unniisiakablc signsi'f furmer beauty. 
 The stars in the blue union were gilded. In 
 si/e it is a little over live feet long by three 
 and one-half feet wide. Notice the "Buck"' 
 under the green tree. 
 
 419. Tm.i MAiK-.E's Prac.oo.vs. — Many a dar- 
 ing exploit of Major Tallmadge, of Cimnccti- 
 cut, and his ilragoons adils luster to this flag. 
 On September 5, 1770. without the loss of a 
 man, Tallmadge captured 500 Tories at Lloyd's 
 Neck, on Long Island. His men fought at 
 Brandywine, Germantown. and Monmouth. 
 This pink flag of very thin silk is about two 
 and one-half feet s<|uare. The two wings on 
 the center disk arc of silver, while the ten rays 
 are golden. The canton deserves especial men- 
 tion, as the thirteen stripes are ina<le by six 
 strips of white ribbon sewed to the silk of the 
 (lag. It is remarkably well preserved. 
 
 430. Wkiui's RKf.iM est. —This little flag lie- 
 longed to the troops under C. ilonel Webb, un- 
 d.iubtedly the Third Connecticut Regiment, 
 which during the course of the war was made 
 up friim the depleted Second an<l the Ninth. 
 It is a small, tattered, yellow flag. .\ pink rib- 
 bon ties the green wreath, while the sword is 
 painted the color of steel, and the "I" is black. 
 .An old account of the colors of the various 
 Connecticut troops states that the fl.ig of the 
 first regiment was yellow; S'> it is possible that 
 originally this was the banner of that unit. 
 
 43t. The golden lilies of France (re<luced 
 to three in numlicr by Charles V in 1365) were 
 liornc by many intrepid cx|ilorers anxious to 
 expand the dominion of the BourlKJns in the 
 New World. Joliet and Mar(|uette, the pi.incei; 
 missionaries who rediscovered the Father i.l 
 
 Waters, and I.;i .'^allc, lUrville. an' " "'-. 
 
 v\lio ligured so conspicuously in tli' t 
 
 the exploration and colonization oi .. i, 
 
 all iMire the fleurs-de-lis in the wilderness. 
 
 43a. I-'hencii I-'i.ac, C»tA»iri.AiN anp Pk 
 OiiASse. — This was the ensign of daring Sam- 
 uel dc Champlain .is he sailed down the laVr 
 that bears his name. It w.is also the :" 
 Count Pc Grassc. who, with his fleet of ' 
 four ships of tlic line, cailcd from the >\ rst 
 
 353 
 
" ?32 I 733 CHINA ARMY 
 
 ANDORRA U 
 
 lElB 
 
 735 BELGIUM MERCHANT 73^, CHINA NAVAL 737CHINA NATIONAL 
 
 JAPAN GUARD 
 758 
 
 JAPAN TRANSPORT 
 759 
 
 JAPAN COMDG OFFICER 
 760 
 
 JAPAN MAIL FLAG 
 
 761 
 
 334 
 
(<>l PORTUGAL EMSlG^ 
 
 3S- 
 
Indies in the summer of 1781, entered the 
 Cliesapeake, and met the fleet of Admiral 
 Thomas Graves, compelHng him to return to 
 New York for refitting and repairs. Then, by 
 blocking the mouths of the \urk and James 
 rivers, he succeeded in cutting off communica- 
 tion between the British forces at Yorktown 
 and those at New York, and thus assisted ma- 
 terially in causing the famous surrender that 
 closed tlie war (see National Geographic 
 Magazine, June, 1917, pages 527-548). 
 
 423. Napoleon s Flag, Louisiana, 1S03. — 
 Among the many changes of flag that helped 
 to make romantic the early history of Louisi- 
 ana, this of Napoleon stands out as memorable 
 because it was hauled down to give place for 
 "Old Glory" on the 20th of December, 1803. 
 
 Each of the colors of this flag is woven into 
 the tissue of French history by myriad threads. 
 The blue banner of St. Martin was first used 
 by the kings of France in the fourth century, 
 and foi- 600 years was carried into battle as a 
 sure omen of victory. Next came the well- 
 loved Auriflamme, the gold-broidered banner 
 of St. Denis. This in turn gave place to the 
 "cornette blanche" — a plain wdiite flag emblem- 
 atic of the Virgin A'lary, carried by Joan of 
 Arc, and later adopted by the Bourbons. 
 
 So it was not purely an accident that the 
 choice of the populace storming the Bastille, 
 in 1789, should have been the tricolor; and it 
 is easy to see how the historic associations, as 
 well as the beauty and simplicity of the banner 
 itself, made it the permanent emblem of 
 France. 
 
 It was fourteen years after this tricolor had 
 become the national flag of France that the 
 remarkable and startling chain of events, oc- 
 curring a quarter of the way around the world 
 from our Father of Waters, made it possible 
 for us to purchase the wonderful Louisiana 
 country. 
 
 424. Russian-American Company, Alas- 
 ka. — Although the Alaskan coast was explored 
 in 1741, it was not until 1794 that the first, and 
 even then only partially accurate, chart of the 
 Alaskan mainland was made. Kodiak was set- 
 tled in 1784, and in the succeeding years pri- 
 vate traders raided and robbed the Indian 
 villa.ges, until the reign of lawlessness was 
 checked by the formation, in 1799, of the 
 Russian-American Company, wdiich remained 
 dominant in Alaskan matters for sixty years. 
 And thus it was that while the young Amer- 
 ican Rein-blic was getting on its feet and meet- 
 ing its first problems of administration and 
 expansion this white, blue, and red standard 
 was flaunting in the sunshine from many a 
 ship through the long days of Alaskan sum- 
 mers and Happing from the flagstaft's of many 
 a trading post under the steely glitter of the 
 long winter nights. In 1S67 the Alaska pur- 
 chase placed cur own starry flag on those 
 valuable' far-northern shores. 
 
 425. Aztec Stand.\rij — Battle of Otum- 
 ba. — History says that Cortes and his Span- 
 iards, with their allies, the Tlaxcallans, were 
 on the verge of defeat at the battle of Otum- 
 ba, when the Spanish leader, descrying the 
 gorgeously decorated litter of the Aztec gen- 
 eral and observing that lie carried the battle 
 standard I'lshcd to his back, summoned several 
 
 cavaliers and, praying to Santiago (429), they 
 fought their way to the Aztec's side. Cortes 
 overthrew the general and Salamanca cut the 
 standard from his back. The Joss of tlieir 
 emblem demoralized the Aztec forces and 
 turned the tide of the battle. Cortes after- 
 ward presented the standard to the Tlaxcallan 
 chieftain. Maxixca, as a reward for his aid 
 and friendship, and the Spanish King caused 
 it to be represented on Salamanca's coat-of- 
 arms. This illustration of the standard, which 
 \yas called the Quetzalteopaniitl and was com- 
 posed of a golden sun surrounded by the rich- 
 est plumes of the quetzal (see 487), was taken 
 from the picture writings of the Tlaxcallans, 
 shown in the Lienzo of Tlaxcalla (see 426). 
 
 426. Banners, Mexican. — The Lienzo of 
 Tlaxcalla is a document of great importance, 
 as it represents in hieroglyphics the principal 
 events of the conquest of Me.xico painted by 
 the Indians themselves. It is on long bands of 
 linen and is divided into 86 illustrations by 
 perpendicular lines. The Tlaxcallans were a 
 fierce mountain people, implacable foes of the 
 Aztecs, and became the staunch allies of Cortes 
 after their armies were decisively defeated by 
 the Spaniards on their way to Tenoclititlan. 
 In numerous of these illustrations Cortes and 
 his cavaliers are shown in battle, dressed in 
 their armor and astride their prancing steeds, 
 while by their sides are shown their Tlaxcallan 
 allies, armed with their crude native weapons 
 and carrying their beautiful banners (426) 
 cleverly constructed of precious metals and 
 bright-colored plumes, mounted on wooden 
 stafi^s and lashed to their backs to allow free 
 use of both arms. 
 
 427. Banners — Incas. Eeeore Pizarro. — 
 "The Children of the Sun," as the Incas were 
 called, lived among the mountain fastnesses of 
 Peru and were as cultured as the Aztecs of 
 I\Iexico. Their country has been called the 
 "Ophir of the Occident," and well it deserved 
 the name, for its treasures of precious metals 
 exceeded the dreams of avarice. Like the Az- 
 tecs, these ancient Peruvians used the gaudy 
 plumage of tropical birds for decorative pur- 
 poses, and this sketch of two old banners illus- 
 trates the feathered halyards and trimming. 
 These Sun-worshipers also had great rever- 
 ence for the rainbow, and used a representa- 
 tion of it in their royal insignia. An old de- 
 scription, referring to the ceremony incident 
 to the recognition of the heir-apparent, says: 
 "Being recognized as of age, he was given 
 command of his father's armies and was en- 
 titled to display the royal standard of the rain- 
 bow in his military campaigns." 
 
 428. Cortes Standard. — "The hardy and 
 romantic adventurers who followed in the 
 wake of Columbus were not merely sordid 
 gold hunters ; they were the descendants of 
 soldiers who had for centuries fought in the 
 holy wars of the Cross against the Crescent, 
 and in their veins flowed the blood of the 
 knight-errant and Crusader. Gold they sought 
 with eagerness and without scruple; but they 
 wanted glory almost as much as they wanted 
 gold, and in the pursuit of both they carried 
 aloft the banner of the Church." 
 
 Around the edge of this standard of Cortes 
 there appears in Spanish: "Tliis standard was 
 
 ^. 
 
 3S6 
 
that carried by Hernando Cortes in the Con- 
 quest of Mexico." It now lianas in the Na- 
 tional Aliiseuni at Mexico City — a relic of the 
 stirring times when the present city was Te- 
 ncichtitlan, the Aztec capital ami the scene of 
 Montezuma's grandeur. .-\nithcr standard 
 carried by Cortes was, aecordini; to Prescutt. 
 "of black velvet, embroidered with Hold, and 
 emblazoned with a red cross amiilst llan\cs of 
 bine antl wliite, with this motto in Latin be- 
 ntatli: "Triends, let us follow the Cross; and 
 under this sign, if we have faith, we shall 
 connuer.' " 
 
 429. PiZARRO. — This is the banner of Pi- 
 zarro, which the people of Cuzco, the royal 
 city if the Incas, presented, in l8j.(, to den- 
 era! de Sucre, the trusted lieutenant of the 
 liberator Bolivar and the victor of the battle 
 of Ayacucho, which broke the power of im- 
 perial Spain in South .\merica. IV- Sucre, in 
 turn, presented it ti his connuander-in-chief, 
 who gave it to his native city of Caracas, 
 Venezuela, where it is now treasurerl. This 
 standard is said to have been carried by Pi- 
 zarro when he entered Cuzco, a conqueror, in 
 •5.13- 't hung all those intervening years in 
 the cathedral of the ancient Peruvian city. In 
 a letter to Bolivar, de Sucre said: "I present 
 to you this standard which Pizarro bore to 
 Cuzco joo years ago; a p<irtion of the ma- 
 terial is in shreds, but it possesses the merit 
 of having led the conquerors of Peru." 
 
 Strictly speaking, the llag is really a banner, 
 or fanion, such as was generally used in the 
 fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Op one of 
 its faces of scarlet damask the arms of Charles 
 \' are embroidered ; on the other is represented 
 the .Vpostle St. James (Santiago), in an atti- 
 tude of combat, mounted on a white horse. 
 When Ok standard was received in Caracas, 
 the revcfsc side consisted only f>f white satin, 
 and it was not discovereil until 1S72 th.at this 
 was not a paft of the flag, but a covering to 
 protect its most interesting face, upon which 
 is painted and embroidered the figure of the 
 mounted warrior. The red cross of Santiago 
 appears on his coat-of-mail, b:it the hilt is all 
 that remains of the sword in his h?.nd. 
 
 430. Piz.^RRO. — General San Martin, "the 
 libcntor of tlie South," believed this flag to 
 be the standard of Pizarro; but old documents 
 relating to the founding of Lima by the Span- 
 ish conqveror seem to prove that it was the 
 banner of that city. The esctitcheon granted 
 to Lima by Charles V, in 1537, appears on the 
 flag. 
 
 The Municipal Council of Lima presented 
 the standard to San Martin in i8ji. after his 
 successful campaigns in Chile, and in his fare- 
 well proclamation to the Peruvians the follow- 
 ing year, prior to his departure for Europe, 
 he said : "I have in my possession the standard 
 which Pizarro bore to enslave the empire of 
 the Incas. I have ceased to be a public man, 
 but by this alone I am rewarded with usury 
 for ten years of revohrtinn and war." In his 
 last testament he provided that "the standard 
 w!'-h the Spanish bandit Piz.irro waved in the 
 c est of Peru be returned to the said Re- 
 
 1V,;M:.." 
 
 THE UBOtAIOBS OK t.VIl.V AUUIC.V 
 
 431. San Martin —Flying this flag. C.cn- 
 eral San .Martm came north into Peru with 
 his Ujirriiio Lil'friatior, or liberating army, in 
 iSjo, after having ciTected the complete o\cr- 
 throw of the royalists in Chile. Forces icnt 
 against the liberator joined his army, and in 
 Lima even the \'iccroy'» secretaries were revo- 
 lutionists at heart, tienerul Sun .Mjriin en- 
 tered the capital on July 11, i.Sji, and wa* pre- 
 sented with the flag of Pi/arro (^ee 4jo); on 
 July .'S the proclamation of independence wu 
 issued in the Plaza Major. 
 
 .\fter laying the foundations of a republican 
 giivernnient. the Protector jonriic.Mil ii..rih to 
 (Uia>ai|uil, Kcuador, to comer wuh (icneral 
 Simon ltoli\ar, who had accomplished inde- 
 pendence for the Northern Slates uf South 
 .Vnieric.i. Then San Martin rcturnccl t<i I.iina 
 and, after placing the government in the hands 
 <if the lirst coiisiituent congress, retirtil l<i Ku- 
 rope, the recipient of every honor within the 
 gift of a grateful people. 
 
 43a. .Vkmv ok tiik .Xndks. — This silken 
 "Banner of the Sun," as it was called, with its 
 beautiful, embroidered design an<i eilges deco- 
 rated with precious stones, was made tor San 
 Martin's .Xrmy of the .Andes by the women of 
 Mendoza City, which lies at the fool of the 
 Chilo-.\rgenline Cordillera on the .Argentine 
 side. The revolutionary leader carried it over 
 the snow-covered mountains int.) Chile, which 
 he liberated. 
 
 The flag was publicly consecrated in Men- 
 iloza City with elaborate ceremony on January 
 5, 1817. .As it was unfurled a salute <<i twenty- 
 one guns was lired, the populace shouting, 
 "Long live our .Argentine country." tieneral 
 San Martin tlun. holding aloft the banner, ex- 
 claimed in a vibrating voice, "Soliliers ! Swear 
 to uphiild this standard and die, if necessary, 
 in its defense, as I swear to die!" "We swear 
 to do so!" came the response, amid a triple 
 discharge of musketry, followed by a salvo of 
 twenty-tive guns. 
 
 The design of the tiadgc on the field of blue 
 and white is practically the same as the present 
 .Argentine coat-of-arms (sec 4.;j). 
 
 433. Boi.ivAR. — L'nder this flag Simim Boli- 
 var, the lihcriilor, broke the h-dd of imperial 
 Spain u|>on its provinces in northern South 
 .America early in the loth century. Venezuela, 
 Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru owe their inde- 
 pendence to him and he is worshipeil as a na- 
 tional hero in these countries. It is said that 
 while visiting the I'nilcd States on his return 
 journey from Paris, where he had been an eye- 
 witness to some of the stirring scenes of the 
 last days of the French revolution, he was first 
 impre5se<l with the desirability of p<ditical in- 
 dependence, and, returning to Wneziiela. he 
 began the military operations which freed his 
 native land. 
 
 434. Bannct of H10AI.CO. — "I'ixa .^rpe^r•1. 
 ti:ii religion, death to bad governmcn' 
 
 the war cry of Mexico's soldier-pncsi " 
 
 ilidalgo, who, shortly aii ' 
 
 onies had attained their 
 
 popular revolt against .<i .1 - 1 
 
 country to the south of i)«. M's II - 
 
 CI, r.-.| banner of the Virgin of C.\: <• 
 
 3S7 
 
El in 
 
 I 797 ROUMANIA J 798 ROUMANiA 
 
 325 SWEDEN 
 
 ROVAL STANDARD 
 
 28 1 UNIS- 
 
 BEY S STANDARD 
 
 35,S 
 
 
*m r BOAWO 
 
patron saint of Mexico, and was flown in tri- 
 umpli for a time; but disaster overtook him 
 and, with several of his generals, he was shot 
 to death at Chihuahua in iSii. Two subse- 
 quent revolutions were also led by priests. 
 Padres Morelos and Mier, and they, too, met 
 Hidalgo's fate. They died upon the threshold 
 of success, however, for Mexican independ- 
 ence of Spain was accomplished in 1821. The 
 banner of Hidalgo is preserved in the National 
 Museum in Mexico City. 
 
 435. _ Tre.my of Tordesillas. — These flags 
 appearing on maps of the sixteenth century in- 
 dicate the division of territory for exploration 
 and conquest by Spain and Portugal effected 
 by the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494. Pope 
 Nicholas V had given the Portuguese exclusive 
 right to the "road to the Indies" in 1454, but 
 he had in mind only the coast of Africa. Com- 
 plicating the situation came the discovery of 
 land in the west by Columbus, who believed 
 that he had found the eastern shores of Asia. 
 Pope Alexander VI, a Spaniard, was appealed 
 to and l:e drew a line north to south a hundred 
 leagues west of the Azores, giving the Span- 
 iards the right to all that lay beyond. The 
 Portuguese protested and the diplomats met at 
 Tordesillas, Spain, with the result that the line 
 was shifted 270 leagues farther west, appro.xi- 
 mating the 50th meridian of longitude west of 
 Greenwich. This line strikes South .America 
 at the mouth of the Amazon, and the Span- 
 iards therefore laid claim to the greater part 
 of the continent and sought to exclude all 
 other nations. This probably explains why 
 Portugal secured only Brazil from all this vast 
 domain. 
 
 436. Order of Christ. — This flag is to be 
 found on old maps of Brazil, where it indi- 
 cates the control of territory by the members 
 of the Brazilian section of this ancient order, 
 which was instituted by Denys, King of Portu- 
 gal, in 1231, to expel the Moors from Betica, 
 adjoining Portugal. According to eighteenth 
 century historians, the order "added many gal- 
 lant Countries in Asia, Africk, and Brazil, to 
 the domains of Portugal, and so improved 
 their own Estates, that all the Isles in the At- 
 lantick do belong to them; besides the Rents 
 of the Mine of St. George in Guinea, amount- 
 ing to ico.coo Ducats of yearly Income." 
 
 437. Br.^ztl Empire. — Driven from their 
 kingdom by the invading armies of Napoleon, 
 the rcyr.l family of Portugal in 180S took ref- 
 uge in Brazil, ard for the first time in the his- 
 tory of the world a colony became the seat of 
 government of its mother country. The prince 
 regent, coming to the throne as Dom John VI, 
 raised this standard of empire. In 18S9 the 
 colonists threw off the imperial yoke and estab- 
 lished a rcpulilic, retaining in their national 
 ensign (see 458) some of the characteristic 
 features of the empire flag — the yellow dia- 
 mond and the green iield. The shield and im- 
 perial crown of the old flag, however, were 
 replaced by the blue globe and the republican 
 motto, "Ordem e Progresso." 
 
 438. Sp.\nish Fl-^g in Mexico. — The old 
 flag from which this illustration has been made 
 WPS carried by Spanish troops in the war of 
 Mexican independence and it now reposes, 
 among other relics of that struggle, in the mu- 
 
 seum at Mexico City. Its peculiar design is 
 an adaptation of the raguled cross of the Span- 
 ish Bourbons, wdiich may also be seen in the 
 earlier flags of Ostend and Biscay (1143 and 
 1146), but with an added feature of crown- 
 crested coats-of-arms on the ends of the cross. 
 
 439. Mexico Flag. — Migrating Aztecs, suc- 
 cessors to the Toltecs in Mexico, in 1325 came 
 to the shores of a lake in the valley of Mexico, 
 or Anahuac, and there, as had been foretold by 
 their oracle, "they beheld, perched on the stem 
 of a prickly pear, which shot out from the 
 crevices of a rock that was washed by the 
 waves, a royal eagle of extraordinary size and 
 beauty, with a serpent in his talons and his 
 broad wings open to the sun." This deter- 
 mined the location of Tenochtitlan, now the 
 City of Mexico. From this legend was devised 
 the coat-of-arms which appears in the center 
 of this flag, adopted when Mexico became in- 
 dependent, in 1821 (see new coat-of-arms and 
 Mexican flags 480-492-493). 
 
 440. Alamo Flag. — This was the flag that 
 floated in 1836 over the historic mission for- 
 tress, the Alamo, at San Antonio, when Texas 
 was fighting for her independence. For twelve 
 days the garrison of 178 Americans held out 
 under the heavy bombardment of a force of 
 4.000 Mexicans. On the 6th of March the gar- 
 rison was so weakened that the Mexicans were 
 able to make assaults. Twice beaten back, the 
 invaders were successful at last only through 
 sheer weight of numbers. They gained an en- 
 trance to find but live of the brave defenders 
 alive. These Santa Anna ordered bayoneted 
 in cold blood. The war cry, "Remember the 
 .\lamo," echoed over many a battlefield, lead- 
 ing the Texans to ultimate victor_v. The date 
 indicated the adherence to the constitution of 
 1824, and for this reason the numbers were 
 used in place of the eagle, serpent, and cactus 
 of the Alexican national flag. 
 
 441. Tex.as Flag (Naval). — When Texas 
 seceded from IMe.xico and became an inde- 
 pendent republic, the fir?t flag that seems to 
 have been adopted was the naval flag, with its 
 single star and thirteen stripes, the latter evi- 
 dently borrowed from her neighbor to the 
 north, the United States. The date given for 
 this is April 9, 1S36, antedating by several 
 months the adoption of the first national stand- 
 ard of Texas, the design of which was "an 
 azure ground with a large golden star central." 
 
 As to the origin of the lone star there are 
 several legends. One gives the honor to Henry 
 Smith, head of the Provisional Government, 
 who is said to have sealed his State papers 
 with the impression of a brass button on his 
 coat, which had in relief a single star sur- 
 rounded by an oak wreath. Another story 
 gives the credit to a Mrs. Venson, who pre- 
 sented a flag w'ith that device to a Texas regi- 
 ment in 1S36 (see State flag 328). 
 
 442-443. New Granada (Colomhia). — 
 These were the flags of New Granada, the 
 confederation of South American States now 
 mainly embraced in the Republic of Colombia. 
 In 1863 these States effected a closer union 
 and changed their flag from three broad verti- 
 cal stripes of yellow, blue, and red to the pres- 
 ent Colombian flags (sliown in 462-463). The 
 old and new ensigns (442 and 462) are much 
 
 360 
 
alike except for the change in stripes, for they 
 both have the coat-of-arms and the same col- 
 ors. The eight-pointed star is on both mer- 
 chant flags (443 and 463). but on the latter it 
 is placed on an oval shield. 
 
 444. HcLAixjR. — This flag 1.1 Kciiador wlu-n 
 it was a part of the Kepiil^hc of Cilumhia had 
 as its coat-of-arms a design which was very 
 similar to that used at present (see 4S0). The 
 circle of seven stars in the upper part of the 
 blue stripe represented the seven provinces of 
 the republic. 
 
 445. SoiTii Pkru. — The flag of this coun- 
 try was in existence hut a short time, for the 
 Peruvian - Bolivian Confederation, 'to which 
 South Peru belonged, only endured about two 
 years. In tlic process of evnlution which 
 brought about the present South .\nicrican na- 
 tions, stirring events occurred with great ra- 
 pidity and States filmed by political factions 
 were dissolved almost overnight. This par- 
 ticular confederation was inaugurate*! May i, 
 1^37. nnd consisted of three States — North 
 Peru, South Peru, and Rolivia^ — with a presi- 
 dent for each and with General Santa Cruz as 
 the supreme director, or ilictator. of the whole. 
 It was dissolved following severe lighting and 
 the overthrow of the dictati>r. 
 
 446. OixTKMM.A. — Conipiered in 1525 by 
 the Spaniards under Don Pedro de .Mvarado, 
 who became famous as Cortes' chief lieutenant 
 
 in the conquest of Mexico and was dispatched 
 by him to ellect the couqurst »l the laniU to 
 the south, Guatemala O'nimucd umlcr S|>anish 
 rule untd iSji, when indc|H-ndcnce was ai- 
 laiiicd. The Guatemala of those days con- 
 siste<l of the whide of Central .\nierica, and 
 It was not until iS,t<j that it br< kc i:p under 
 civil wars into the live republics of Guatemala, 
 Honduras, San Salvadi^r, Nicaragua, and 
 Costa kiea. The llag shown in llic illustration 
 was the slaml.ird ailopted May .U, iSsS. which 
 preceded the present ensign (sec 4SJ). 
 
 447-448-449. KsTKK Rios, CoRmrsTr.s, 
 Santa 1"k.— These were the flags of the Span- 
 ish Settlements establislied in what 15 now Ar- 
 gentina. In the d.iys of the viceroys they were 
 under the control of a guvernmciit located at 
 Ituenos .Xires, which in turn was under the 
 authority of the vice-royalty of Peru. Later 
 I'uenos .-Vires became the seat if its own 
 viceroy, having authority over the .Vrgentinc 
 Cun federation, composed of these tlirce States 
 and the territory now occupied bv Uruguay, 
 Paraguay, and Rnlivia. I".ntre Uios, Corri- 
 cntes, and Santa I'e .ire still in existence, their 
 flags today having the same relative imixir- 
 tance of our own State llag'-. The gulden -.un 
 in the center of the l'"iitre Hios llag is still used 
 in the same position nil the ensign of modern 
 .Vrgeiitina (see .151 ). 
 
 ■iiii'. i'i..\(.s oi- p.\n-.\mi:ri(;.\ 
 
 450. The flag of the Pan- .American Union 
 is a pennant adopted in HXJ/ and embodies all 
 of the colors of the twenty-one republics of 
 the Western Hemisphere. 
 
 451. The national banner of the .\rgentine 
 Republic was devised in 1812. The Congress 
 of Tucuman formally recognized it as the 
 standard of the new Argentine Republic, then 
 otlkially designated "The United i'mvinces f)f 
 the Rio de La Plata."' The .\rgentine banner 
 is something more ih.iii merely the national 
 flag of that Reptiblic. It is associated in a 
 large measure with the glories of Uiiin .\mcr- 
 ica. for, under the leadership of (jeneral de 
 San Martin (see also 431) and General [Ul- 
 grano. it helped to free Bolivia, Chile, Peru, 
 and Kcuador. This flag has three stripes, sky- 
 blue at the top and b<>lti>m and white in the 
 mil! i'!i In the center of the lield is a goldm 
 rt ::■ -.Illation of the sun. 
 
 452. The merchant flag of .\rgentina, known 
 as the "Bandera Menor," or flag of peace, is 
 exactly like the national ensign, except that the 
 blazing sun is omitted. 
 
 453. The presidential flag of the .Argentine 
 K'l i^ists 111 a l>anner upon which the 
 n • :-of-arms is emblazoned. The cs- 
 si ■ i>le of the coat-of-arms is that of 
 .11 . idcd by the horizontal diameter, 
 the :;( ' 'pper half being sky-blue and 
 that ot half white. In the center of 
 
 the upi'i ; is a carmine liberty cap, sup- 
 
 portiM by a vertical gohlen statT. held upright 
 by two clasped hands, .\round the ellipse is a 
 
 lK>riIer consisting fit a wreath of two inter- 
 twined laurel branches. .\t the apex there is 
 a representation of a golden sun. 
 
 454. .After I'.iilivia was liberated b> the 
 sword of Gen. Sinmn Bolivar (see also 4.Ut. 
 a national flag ami coat-ot-arins were adopted. 
 The national ensign Ci insists nf three stripes — 
 red at the top. gold in the middle, ami green 
 at the bi.ttom. The red denotes the animal 
 kingdom, the gold the mineral kingdi>m, and 
 the green the vegetable kingdom. In the cen- 
 ter of the field is placed the national coat-of- 
 arrns. 
 
 455. The merchant kinncr of Bolivia is a 
 duplicate nf the national ensign, with the ct>at- 
 ol-arms omitted. 
 
 456. Bfilivia's coat-of-arms is elliptical in 
 form. In the center appears the muiiiitain 
 crest of Potosi, celebrated for its traditional 
 mineral wealth ; beneath this arc an alp.ica, a 
 sheaf iif wheat, and a breadfruit tn-'- In ^'r 
 upper part is a rising sun with light 
 
 feet. At the apex is the inscription, 
 f)n each side of the oval are three il.iiin.ni 
 banners, a cannnn. two rifles with lixrd t>a\"- 
 nels pointing upward at an angle; on the right 
 is an Inca battle-axe anci on the left a lil>erty 
 cap; above all, a-s a crcM, is the comlor of the 
 .Andes between two branches of laurel and 
 olive. 
 
 457. The flag of the .Argent inc .Admiral 
 ashore is blue, with three j|tar» next to and 
 par.illel with the staff, ant^Bn anchor in the 
 center of the tield. ',' 
 
 J6i 
 

 GIBRALTAR 
 861 
 
 MALTA CYPRUS H COM. ISLE OF MAN ALDERNEY 
 
 862 863 864 865 
 
 JERSEY GUERNSEY 
 
 866 867 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA 875 NEW 
 
 874 BRUNSWICK 
 
 
 MANITOBA 877PRINCE 
 
 876 EDWARD I. 
 
 878 
 
 BRITISH 
 COLUMBIA 
 
 BAHAMA 
 ISLANDS 
 
 882 
 
 SOMBRERO AND 
 BAHAMA LIGHTS 
 
 ST. LUCIA ST VINCENT 
 
 GRENADA 
 890 
 
 \ 
 895 
 
 896 
 
 
 HIGH 
 
 COMMISSIONER 
 
 WESTERN PACIFIC 
 
 897 V»a»* 898 --... ^' 
 
 RESIDENT BRIT SOLOMON 
 COMMISSIONER I -PROTECT 
 NEW HEBRIDES 
 
 899^ 
 
 BRIT RESIDENT 
 GILBERT AND 
 ELLICE ISLES 
 
 900 GOVERNOR 
 
 NEW ZEALAND 
 
 NEW ZEALAND BADGE 
 
 I 902 N ZEALAND 
 ^ BLUE ENSIGN 
 
 N ZEALAND 
 RED ENSIGN 
 
 904 
 
 TONGA — ENSIGN 
 905 
 
 NG A — STANDARD 
 906 
 
 -±-^V 
 
 II M C 
 
 TONCA- 
 
 -CUSTOMS 
 
 907 
 
 362 
 
kS9 
 
 QUEENSLAND N !l W 
 
 SOUTM >.VALCS 
 
 r-iS FEDER-- 
 
 ■■LAV STATL- 
 
 
 jOMORE 
 J i-«; c.EDAH 
 
 ^, - - • ■-- 
 
 «iJ 
 
 pr ^<^ ^^s^ 
 
 rtAIWEl MAURITIUS 
 
 '>i7 9]g 
 
 I (% 
 
 yt,y 
 
458. The present flag of Brazil was largely 
 inherited from the extinct empire. It consists 
 of a green lield, twice as long as wide, on which 
 a diamond-shaped hgure is inscribed in yel- 
 low. The green represents the vegetable king- 
 dom and the yellow the mineral. The blue 
 circle within the yellow diamond, studded with 
 stars, is a representation of the heavens at Rio, 
 when the constellation of the Southern Cross 
 is at the meridian. The words stamped in the 
 course of the terrestrial orbit mean "Order 
 and Pro,gress." 
 
 459. The President's flag of Brazil consists 
 of a blue field, with the national coat-of-arms 
 in the center. The large five-pointed star typi- 
 fying the unity and territorial integrity of the 
 nation is bisected in such a manner that one 
 of the halves of each point is green and the 
 other yellow, symbolizing respectively the vege- 
 talile and mineral wealth of the country. The 
 blue circular band inscribed within the star 
 contains twenty-one small silver stars, remind- 
 ers of the twenty States of the Brazilian Union 
 and the neutral city of Rio de Janeiro. The 
 five large stars in the center of the coat-of- 
 arms represent the constellation of the South- 
 ern Cross. The entire shield is upheld by a 
 vertical sword, in the center of wdiose hilt on 
 a red field is set a star. The shield is encircled 
 by two branches of coffee and tobacco plants 
 as emblems of the country's agricultural wealth, 
 while the straight golden rays, radiating in all 
 directions outward and upward beyond the 
 shield, denote the rising of the sun — that is, 
 the glorious future and destiny of Brazil. In- 
 scribed below are the w-ords "Estados Unidos 
 do Brazil" (the United States of Brazil) and 
 the date of the establishment of tlie republic, 
 November 15. 1S89. 
 
 460. Octoijer 18, 1917, will be the centennial 
 of tlie Chilian flag. October 18, 1S17, Gen. 
 Bernardo O'Higgins, the supreme dictator of 
 Chile, decreed its adoption. It consists of a 
 field, the lower half of which is red and the 
 upper white, with a lilue canton in the upper 
 left-hand corner occupied by a large five- 
 pointed silver star. 
 
 461. The banner of the President of Chile 
 consists of the national ensign with the coat- 
 of-arms of the country thereon. The condor 
 and guemul supporting the shield represent the 
 strongest and most majestic bird of the Chilian 
 Andes and the most peculiarly Chilian quad- 
 ruped. The tuft of three feathers which 
 crowns the shield was formerly used as a spe- 
 cial mark of distinction on the hat of the Presi- 
 dent of the Republic, as a representation of the 
 supreme executive dignity of the nation. In 
 the old days of wooden ships the sailor who 
 first succeeded in boarding a warship of the 
 enemy and came out of the action alive was 
 rewarded by being crowned with a naval dia- 
 dem of gold. Copies of this crown appear on 
 the head of tlie condor and the guemul. The 
 inscription on the coat-of-arms means "By 
 Right or Might." 
 
 462. Colombia inherited its flag and coat- 
 of-arms from the Republic of New Granada, 
 of which it is the successor. Following the 
 death of Simon Bolivar, the Colombian Union, 
 set up by him, which consisted of the present 
 republics of Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia. 
 
 and Panama, ceased to e.xist, and New Granada, 
 one of the succeeding States, adopted what is 
 now the coat-of-arms and the flag of Colom- 
 bia. The upper half of this flag is yellow, the 
 lower half divided between light blue and 
 liri.ght red, the red strip being at the bottom. 
 On the ensign is embroidered the national coat- 
 of-ariTis. 
 
 463. The merchant flag of Colombia is a 
 replica of the national ensign, except that in- 
 stead of the coat-of-arms there appears a 
 bright red oval surrounding a small field of 
 blue, upon which is imposed an eight-pointed 
 star. 
 
 464. Colombia's coat-of-arms consists of a 
 shield divided into three horizontal sections, 
 the upper section displaying upon a field of 
 blue a golden poinegranate tinged with red, 
 with the leaves and stem of the same color. 
 On each side of the pomegranate is an in- 
 clined golden cornucopia, the one on the right 
 pouring out toward the center gold coins and 
 the one on the left overflowing with the fruits 
 of the tropics. The middle section of the 
 shield is platinum colored and bears a red lib- 
 erty cap supported upon a lance. The lower 
 section represents a silvery-waved ocean, di- 
 vided by the Isthmus of Panama, with full- 
 rigged ship in both the Pacific Ocean and 
 Caribbean Sea. The shield is supported by 
 four national banners. The crest shows the 
 condor of the .'\ndes with extended wings, 
 from its beak hanging a laurel wreath to which 
 is attached a streamer bearing the inscription, 
 in Latin, in black letters, "Liberty and Order." 
 
 465. For a description of the coat-of-arms 
 of Chile, see -161. 
 
 466. Costa Rica's flag is made up of five 
 stripes, blue at the top and bottom, red in the 
 center, and white between the red and blue. 
 The red stripe is double width. The national 
 coat-of-arms, in diameter equal to the red 
 stripe, is placed in the center of the field. 
 
 467. The merchant flag of Costa Rica is a 
 duplicate of the ensign except that the coat- 
 of-arms is left off. 
 
 468. As revised by the decree of 1906, the 
 coat-of-arms of Costa Rica represents three 
 volcanoes and an extensive valley between two 
 oceans, with a merchant ship sailing on each 
 of them. On the extreme left of the line that 
 marks the horizon is a rising sun. On the 
 upper part of the field are two myrtle palms, 
 half covered and joined by a white ribbon 
 which contains the following inscription in gold 
 letters: "Republica de Costa Rica." The field 
 between the peaks of the volcanoes and the 
 myrtle palms contains five stars of equal size 
 arranged in an arc. The crest of the shield is 
 a blue ribbon interlaced in the shape of a crown 
 and bearing in silver letters the inscription, 
 ".America Central." 
 
 469. The quarantine flag of Cuba is yellow, 
 with a black anchor and Greek cross superim- 
 posed upon the center. 
 
 470. The Cuban patriotically calls his na- 
 tional flag "La Estrella Solitaria," or "Tlie 
 Lone Star." This banner becaine the official 
 emblem of Cuba on the 20th of May, igo2. It 
 consists of a field with three blue and two 
 white horizontal stripes, with a solitary star 
 set in the center of a red equilateral triangle 
 
 364 
 
imposed upon the staff end of the field. The 
 "lone star" is taken from the banner of the «>ld 
 Republic of Texas, the e(|uiluteral triangle 
 fron\ Masonic symb<.>hsm. 
 
 471. The flag of the Secretary of the Navy 
 of Cuba has a hUie ground and an anchor in 
 white in the center. 
 
 473. The national coat-of-arnis of Cuh;i 
 was ailople<l during the revohitionary period 
 of the repubhc's history. It has the form of 
 an ogive shield and is divided into three sec- 
 tions, two of which are in the lower two-thirds 
 of the shield. In the left half of the lower 
 two-thirds are three blue and two white stripes 
 of the Cuban Hag. In the right half is depicted 
 a characteristic landscape of rural Cuba. The 
 upper third of the shield shows a sea with two 
 rocky capes, between which is a golden key 
 closing the strait thus formed, signifying that 
 Cuba, with her tine geographical position, is 
 the key to the Gulf of Mexico. The golden 
 disk of the sun. rising out of the waves of the 
 sea and shedding its rays in all directions, rep- 
 resents Cuba, redeemed by the blo<id of mar- 
 tyrs and heroes, with a bright and glorious 
 future before her. The shield is supported by 
 fasces surmounted by a crims^m liberty cap on 
 which appears a live-pointed star. Two inter- 
 twineil branches, the one of evergreen oak and 
 the other of laurel, denoting respectively en- 
 during strength and vitality and victory, en- 
 circle the right and left sides of the shield. 
 
 473. The fl.Tg of the Captain of the fleet of 
 Cuba is a blue triangular pennant with an 
 anchor in white imposed on it. 
 
 474. When the people <if the eastern part 
 of the island of Haiti threw oflf the yoke of 
 the Haitian Government and established the 
 Dominican Republic, they designed a flag 
 which consists of a field crossed in both direc- 
 tions with white. The upper quarter next the 
 flagstatT and the lower quarter at the free end 
 are blue, while the lower quarter next the 
 staflF and the upper quarter at the free end arc 
 red. In the national ensign the coat-of-amis 
 of the Dominican Republic appears on the 
 white cross. 
 
 475. The merchant flag of the Dominican 
 Republic is like the national ensign except that 
 the coat-of-arms is omitted. 
 
 476. On the shield of the coat-of-arms of 
 the Dominican Republic appear the Cross, the 
 Bible, and the colors of the coimlry. Bel'w 
 floats a streamer with the inscription. "Dios, 
 Pafria. Libertad" — "God. Country. Liberty." 
 These wonis were the secret password of "La 
 Trinitaria." the patriotic Society which inau- 
 RTirated the revolution that resulted in the 
 freedom of the republic. 
 
 477. The admiral's flag of the Dommiran 
 Republic is like the nati'>nal ensign (474> ex- 
 cept that the outward third of the fly is swal- 
 low-tailed. 
 
 478. Lender a legislative decree entered in 
 1000 the national flag of Ecuador is the o'd 
 Venezuelan flag of 181 1. The only dilTerenrc 
 between it and the Colombian flag (462) is 
 that the Ecuadorean coat-of-:irms appears in- 
 stead of the Colombian. The law provides 
 thn' t''i- flag raised over the n.itional buildings. 
 w.ir>!i|i>. fortresses, and those hoisted by the 
 diplomatic and consular .ii-nirs ..f thr ninihlic 
 
 in foreign countries, shall l>ear the coal-u(- 
 arms of the nation in the center on the yellow 
 and blue stripes. 
 
 479. The l-A°uadorean kuv of lino provides 
 that the flag used by individuals and incrchanl 
 shipping shall be the national co|i<r» without 
 any iiiNignia. The flags flown over numici|>al 
 buddings have, under that law, a circle of 
 white stars on the blue stripe, of a numlier 
 etpial to that of the provinces which coni|K»c 
 the republic. 
 
 480. The coat-of-arms of Ecuador consists 
 of an oval shield, supported by the colors of 
 the republic, in the upper part of winch i* a 
 representation of the sun. with that part of the 
 zodiac in which are found the signs c.irre- 
 sp.indiiig to the nioiitlis "f .March, .\pril. May. 
 and June. .\t the left of the shield i> a repre- 
 sentation lit Mmiiit Chiinbiira/o. washetl In a 
 river on which llnats a steamship. The shield 
 rests iin con>ular fasces, the emblem of repub- 
 lican dignity, and is crowned by a condor with 
 outstretched wings. 
 
 481. The commanding officer's pennant of 
 the Dominican Republic is triangular, with the 
 reprocntation of the natinn.il colors still |ire- 
 scrved. 
 
 48a. The present national fl.ig of Guate- 
 mala is one which was provi<led umler a de- 
 cree of 1871. restoring the colors fixed by the 
 National .\ssembly in iSs.?. It con^i*.tsof three 
 vertical stripes of equal dimeiisii>n>. blue and 
 white, the latter in the ctliter. The national 
 ensign hears the coat-of-arms of the country 
 on the white stripe. 
 
 483. The merchant flag of Guatemala is 
 like the national ensign except that the coat- 
 ot-arnis is omitted. 
 
 484. The National Congress of llmiduras 
 ill iS<)6 maile the flag of the republic that of 
 the old Central .\merican Federation— two blue 
 stripes and one white stripe between, placed 
 horizontally, and in addition a grmip of live 
 stars, live-|)ointed, in the center <ii the white 
 field. In the national ensign these stars arc 
 replaced by the coat-of-arms and regrouped so 
 as to form a curved row of live stars l>elow 
 the escutcheon. 
 
 485. The Honduras merchant flag, which 
 the law says is the national flag, as distin- 
 guished from the war flag, has the five stars 
 so grouped in the center of the white stripe as 
 to fonn an "X." 
 
 486. The coat-of-arms of the Republic of 
 Haiti wa< cst-ibli^hed under the con^tltllllon 
 of 1S4.V It con-ii-ts of a palm surinouiiled by 
 the cap of Lilxrty and ornameiiled with a 
 trophy of arms, with the motti.. "Ll'mnn fait 
 la force" (In union there is s'retiglh). When 
 F'resident Soiiloiique cstaMisbed himself as 
 h'niperor I'atisttn I, he modiiied the coat-of- 
 arms. but It was restored in l86t and has since 
 remained unchanged. 
 
 487. Gu.ilemala's coat-of-arms dates from 
 l.'^ri. It consists of a shield with two rilh* 
 and two sworcls of gold entwinrd 
 branches. On the scroll arc the wur. 
 
 t.vl. I? ' '^ •■— bre de iS.ji" ■' ' 
 
 of ?ep- •!>. .■\l>ove ' 
 
 quetzal. : '' 'i'd "f Cr 
 
 sp iidiiig to the \ '''•<• 
 
 this bird never -' -.then 
 
 36s 
 
JACK INDIAN marine: 
 
 949 
 
 ^^m v»p 
 
 950 LOCAL INDIAN 
 MARITIME GOVTS 
 
 JSTEES BOMBAY 
 
 953 I WITU — PROTECTORATE 
 
 ^ 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 P^ 
 
 s 
 
 ^H 
 
 ■l 
 
 
 M| 
 
 ^ 
 
 P ^^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 S 
 
 BR|- 
 
 -ISH 
 
 EAST 
 
 955 
 
 AFR 
 
 CA 
 
 958 *8L-^ 959^^^^ 960 --^^--^ 961^^*»i^' 962~^*!:i!^ 963""^^!3!'^ 964' 
 
 SOMALILAND rjYASALAND r;IGLI-l,\ GAMBIA SIERRA LEONE GOLD COAST ST HELENA 
 
 PROTECTORATE PROTECTORATE PROTECTORATE 
 
 
 GOVERNOR GENERAL 
 UNION SOUTH AFRICA 
 
 965 
 
 965 
 
 UNION SOUTH AFRICA 
 BADGE 
 
 967 . BLUE ENSIGN 
 UNION SOUTH AFRICA 
 
 908 M LU ENSIGN 
 UNION SOUTH AFRICA 
 
 ''■;fe?Sf?-'#^' 
 
 969^ -^ 970 *II* 971 <«ail 972 
 
 CAPEGOODHOPE NATAL ORANGE RIVER TRANSV/ 
 
 RHODESIA HIGH COMMISSIOh 
 SOUTH AFRICA 
 
 976 
 
 MILITAR 
 
 '■- a,n -rax 980-'^^^' 981 ^«!Ua^ 982 
 
 QPp.^__ CONSULAR PORT LONDON ^'^ *» MERSEY DOCKS COMMSPORT COMMS-PORT 
 
 AFLOAT ISHOREl AUTHORITY ^q JgU-f^BER ^^ ^ H A RBOR BD RANGOON CALCUTTA 
 
 1 
 
 ROYAL MAIL VESSELS 
 983 
 
 PORT LONDON 
 
 AUTHORITY 
 
 984 
 
 THAMES CONSERVANCY 
 985 
 
 CUSTOMS 
 
 COMMISSIONER 
 
 986 
 
 366 
 
JlOJl TURKEY ■■ __, ,]."^?>'l., .,. 
 
 •ERI4L STANOA=!0 AFLOAT WELIGIOOS Fl.*to 
 
 367 
 
taken in early life. In tlie ancient days of the 
 Indians none but the royal family could wear 
 its beautiful fealhers. The tail feathers of the 
 male, which sometimes reach a length of three 
 feet, are of a peacock green ranging to indigo, 
 and contrast with the scarlet breast of this 
 proud and unconquerable bird. 
 
 488. The coat-of-arms of Honduras is an 
 elaborate affair, with a shield supported on the 
 mountains of the republic, and surmounted by 
 two horns of plenty, out of which all good 
 things in tropical fruits and flowers are flow- 
 ing. On the shield is a pyramid, with a blazing 
 sun rising out of the green waters of the sea. 
 Around the sliield is an inscription which 
 reads, "Republic of Honduras — Free, Sover- 
 eign. Independent — 15 Sept., 1821." 
 
 489. Mexico Coat-of-.^lrms. — The design 
 for the coat-of-arms of Mexico has been 
 changed very recently from that shown on the 
 flag pictured in 439 to this arrangement, which 
 shows a side view of the eagle. It is, of course, 
 based upon the legend relating to the founding 
 of Mexico City. It has the same fundamen- 
 tals — the eagle, the serpent, the nopal cactus, 
 and the branches of laurel and evergreen oak — 
 but. in addition, has the words "Estados- 
 Uiiidos-Mcxicanos" (United States of Mexico) 
 to round out the circle and further to identify 
 the seal. The change was made in January, 
 1917. under the direction of President Car- 
 ranza, the explanation given being that it con- 
 forms more closely to the ancient Aztec picto- 
 graphs of the event. 
 
 490. The national flag of Haiti consists of 
 a field, the upper part of which is blue and the 
 lower red, with the coat-of-arms of the coun- 
 trv in the center. The flag was adopted in 
 1843. 
 
 491. The merchant flag of Haiti is blue and 
 red. exactly like the national ensign, except for 
 the absence of the coat-of-arms. 
 
 492. Dating from 1823, the national flag of 
 Mexico consists of three parallel, vertical bars, 
 the one next the flagstaff being green, the mid- 
 dle one white, and the outer one red. The 
 three guarantees of the republic, which date 
 from that time, are symbolized in the flag. 
 The green denotes independence, the white the 
 purity of religion, and the red the union of the 
 Spanish element with the Mexican nation. On 
 the white bar is placed the national coat-of- 
 arms (see also 439-489"). 
 
 493. Mexico's merchant flag is exactly like 
 the national ensign, except that the coat-of- 
 arms is absent. 
 
 494. The ensign ^f Nicaragua consists of a 
 field of three horizontal bars, the upper and 
 lower blue and the middle one white, with the 
 coat-of-arms of the country on the white bar. 
 This flag dates from 1823. although in 1S54 it 
 was superseded by another banner, which, in 
 its turn, gave place to the old one again. The 
 coat-of-arms consists of a triangular shield 
 (No. 498). 
 
 495. According to the law cited by the Pan- 
 American Union respecting' the merchant flag 
 of Nicaragua, merchant vessels shall not bear 
 the coat-of-arms on the flag. 
 
 496. The present escutcheon of the Repub- 
 lic of Panama is described in the Constitution. 
 It rests upon a field of green, symbolical of 
 
 vegetation. It is ogival in form and divided 
 into three parts. The center of the shield 
 shows the Isthmus with its two seas and the 
 sky, wherein is depicted the moon rising over 
 the waves, with the sun setting behmd the 
 mountains, thus marking the solemn hour of 
 Panama's declaration of independence. The 
 upper part is subdivided into two sections. In 
 the right-hand section, on a silver field, appear 
 a sword and gun, so placed as to suggest 
 abandonment, signifying an eternal farewell to 
 the civil wars that have heretofore been the 
 cause of the country's ruin. In the section to 
 the left, on a field of red, appear a spade and 
 hoe, crossed, to symbolize labor. The lower 
 part of the shield is also subdivided into two 
 sections. The right-hand section shows, on a 
 field of azure, a cornucopia, the emblem of 
 plenty, and in the left-hand section, on a field 
 of silver, is a winged wheel, symbolizing prog- 
 ress. Surmounting the shield and covering it 
 with outstretched wings is poised an eagle, the 
 emblem of sovereignty, its head turned to the 
 left and holding in its beak a silver streamer 
 with ends flying to right and left. On the 
 streamer is the following motto: "Pro mundi 
 beneficio" (For the benefit of the world). 
 Above the eagle seven golden stars are grouped 
 in the form of an arch, representing the prov- 
 inces into which the republic is divided. As 
 decorative accessories two national flags, gath- 
 ered at the lower extremity of the staff, are 
 stacked on either side of the shield. 
 
 497. The held of the flag of Panama is di- 
 vided into four quarters. The upper quarter 
 next to the flagstaff is white and the lower one 
 farthest away from the staff is also white. 
 The lower quarter next the flagstaff is blue 
 and the upper quarter farthest away is red. In 
 the upper white quarter appears a blue star and 
 in the lower white quarter a red star. Both 
 the flag and coat-of-arms of the republic are 
 only provisional, the constitution authorizing 
 a contest for the adoption of a permanent de- 
 sign. 
 
 498. The present escutcheon of Nicaragua 
 was borrowed from the old "United Provinces 
 of the Center of America," of which it was a 
 member. On the base appears a range of vol- 
 canoes, located upon a strip of land washed by 
 both oceans; surmounting these and in the 
 upper part of the triangle appears a rainbow, 
 below this a liberty cap radiating light. Around 
 the escutcheon appears the legend in gold, "Re- 
 publica de Nicaragua America Central." 
 
 499. The law prescribing the roat-of= arm<! 
 of Perusavsj "The coat-of-arms of the Peru- 
 vian Republic shall consist of a shield divided 
 info three fields, to wit: one of sky blue, to the 
 right, on which shall be a llama looking toward 
 the left: another of white, to the left, with a 
 cinchona tree; in the base a field of red with 
 a cornucopia, from which flow coins of gold. 
 These emblems symbolize the riches of Peru 
 in the three natural kingdoms. The shield shall 
 bear as a crest a civic crown (laurel wreathl, 
 and on either side a flag and a standard with 
 the national colors." 
 
 SCO. Paraguay's coat-of-arms consists of 
 palm and olive branches interlaced at the ver- 
 tex with a circular space between: in the cen- 
 ter of this space is the morning star, and in 
 
 368 
 
the uiiicr borilcr the inscription, "Repiiblica de 
 
 Parajnipy" 
 
 501. The ensign of Paraguay is composed 
 of three bars — the upper red, the middle white, 
 the lower blue — running horizontally. In the 
 center on the obverse side appears the national 
 coat-of-arms. On the reverse side, also in the 
 center, is the seal I'f the Hacienda (Treasury), 
 a circle bearing the inscription, "I'az y Jus- 
 ticia" (Peace and Justice), in the center i>f 
 which is depicted a lion in a vii-ibint attitude, 
 defending the Phrygian cap — the syndiol of 
 liberty — above him on a pike. 
 
 50a. The national standard and flat; of Peru 
 is composed of three vertical stripes, the end 
 ones red and the middle one white. On the 
 latter appears the coat-of-arms with its crest, 
 and surnuindetl at itt base by a laurel branch 
 to the left and a palm to the right, both tied 
 together at their lower ends. This (lag was 
 established by the Peruvian Congress which 
 met in iSjj and has never been changed. 
 
 503. The merchant (lag of Peru is the same 
 as the national ensign, e.\ccpt that the coat-of- 
 arms is omitted. 
 
 504. The merchant flag of Paraguay has the 
 same colors as the national ensign, the coat- 
 of-arms being omitted; in its place appears at 
 the end of the white stripe next to the flag- 
 staff the seal of the department having to do 
 with merchant marine matters. 
 
 505. The flag of the admiral of the Para- 
 gua>an navy is a swallow-tailed banner in the 
 national colors, with a yellow half moon on 
 the end of the white bar nearest the swallow 
 tail. 
 
 506. Tn ^0l2 the Congress of Salvador or- 
 dered a return to the original coat-of-arms 
 and flag of Central .-Vmcrica as they existed 
 in the days of the "I'nited Provinces of the 
 Center of .\inerica." The flag consists of the 
 familiar three horizontal bars, the upper and 
 lower blue and the central one white, with the 
 coat-of-arms of the country in the middle of 
 the white bar. This is the flag for ports and 
 vessels and for government envoys to foreign 
 countries. 
 
 507. The merchant flag does not bear the 
 coat-of-arms. but on the middle stripe is in- 
 scribed in silver letters, "Dios, Union y Lib- 
 crtad." 
 
 508. I'ruguay has but one flag for its na- 
 tional banner and the emblem of its merch.int 
 marine. This consists of nine stripes, t"ivc 
 white and four blue, white at the top and bot- 
 tom. In the upper corner next to the stalT is 
 a wliite canton on which appears a blazing sun. 
 This is known ns "Kl Sol de Mayo" ( The Sun 
 vi Mayl. SMiili. ■li.'ing the aw.ikcning of the 
 Colony into ki.I. junijent national life. 
 
 509. The i-.cutcheon of Uruguay is an oval 
 crowned with a sun and divided into four 
 
 quarters. In the upper right-haiul division U 
 <lepicled, on a lield of blue, a pair of >calct, 
 syinboli/ing equality and juslicr : in the iip|irr 
 left-hand division, on a field »f silver, the 
 Cerro of .Muntevideo, as a sviiiIkiI of ^Mivvcr; 
 in the lower right-hand <Iivi>ion, i>n a ticld of 
 silver, a horse running loose, syinlxjlizing lib- 
 erty ; and in the left-hand biwer cjuarter. on a 
 blue held, an ox, as a syinlMil oi abundance. 
 The lielil is inclosed within tW'> braiicheji of 
 olive anil laurel joined at the liottom by a bow 
 of azure. 
 
 510. The law establishing the coat ofarn)i 
 of Salvador s;iys: "The ocutcheon of l\l Sal- 
 vador shall be an e<|uilateral triangle. .\t its 
 b.ise shall appear a c>>rdilUTa of I'nc vile. mors 
 located on a strip of land appcaruig to be 
 washed by both seas; in the npixr part a rain- 
 bow curved above; beneath an arc, a lil>erty 
 c.(p radiating light, and in the form of a siini- 
 circle an inscription, "15 de Scliembre iSji." 
 Surrounding the triangle and in the lorui of a 
 circle shall be inscribed in Utters of gold, 
 "Ke|)ublica ile I'll Salvador en la .\merica 
 Cei«ral."and at the base of the iri.ingle. "Dios, 
 Union y Libertad." The great seal of the -na- 
 tion, that of the Secretary of the National 
 .Assembly, and that of government repres.nla- 
 tives and tribunals of justice bear the same 
 coat-of-arms. 
 
 511. The coat-of-arms of Venezuela was 
 est.iblished under a decree of 1905. It consists 
 of a shield divided into three parts, the one at 
 tlie right yellow, with a sheaf of seven heads- 
 of wheat. The second section is red, bcariiiK 
 arms and two national flags bound together 
 with a wreath of laurel. The third section 
 occupies the entire lower portion of the shield, 
 is blue, and bears an unt.iined white horse. 
 The crest of the shield is an emblem of plenty, 
 two cornucopias flowing with fruit. .\t the 
 lower edge of the shield is a branch of laurel 
 and palm tied together by a ribbon, bearing in 
 gold letters the following inscription: "Inde- 
 pendencia — Libertad — 5 de Julio ile tSti — 24 
 de Marzo de 1S54 — Oios y Fcderacij'n" I Inclc- 
 pindence — Libert)-'— Ood .Ttnd the I'cderati.'u). 
 July 5, iSii, was the date of the re|iublic's 
 declaration of indepenilcnce, and March 24, 
 185^, tlic date of the abolition of slavery. 
 
 THE X.\V.\L FL.VGS OF THE WORLD 
 
 514-727. These flags and peniLints, showing 
 all of the flags of command, commissiim |>cn- 
 nants, j.icks, and pilot flags of the navies of 
 the world, are used in the same manner as 
 the corresponding ones of the I'nited St.ilcs, 
 and the reader is directed to de.'.criptl''n> 40, 
 50, 51, 5.1, 54. 5S. and (i4-'>S, inclusive, f5tr in- 
 formation as to the lime, occasion, and manner 
 of their respective use. 
 
 369 
 
370 
 
|RAI_L • ADMiRAlL 1I.'3 £-NSi,.N 9 ^OMiV^At^L n5\ADM.KAi_i ( , *(, L t •" ^ A N C t ; (>• 
 
 M-'^m 
 
 -•^-ANIS 
 FLAG 
 
 Jj 'ensIc'n- „A '^^^i,*'^' 
 
 *f 
 
 u 
 
 It. ■* LH-t l_*^ - 
 
 X 
 
 CORNET ,JL' ENSIuM i||6| 
 
 *:■:■:■ 
 
 1167 
 
 MAN OP \.% ARR 
 
 ^ 116? 
 
 
 TOHEN 
 1171 
 
 5- 
 
 I e N. A I MA 
 
 i, ENSI-N llIM 
 
 T 
 
 the: flags of the wok 
 
 EARS A 
 
THE FLAGS OF EUROPE, ASIA, AND AFRICA 
 
 728. The flag of Abyssinia consists of three 
 horizontal stripes, the uppermost green, the 
 middle yellow, and the bottom red. This ban- 
 ner flies over that part of Africa which was 
 known in Bible times as Ethiopia. It is the 
 emblem of authority of a government which 
 has been called a sort of feudal monarchy. 
 The Emperor's title is "King of Kings." Cer- 
 tain parts of the country are ruled by princes, 
 some of them appointed by the Emperor and 
 others self-conslituted. Some of these princes 
 have retinues of supporters who are perpetual 
 warriors and whose usefulness lasts as long as 
 there are any insubordinate tribes to pacify. 
 The Abyssinian army, numbering about 150,000, 
 is largely composed of cavalry and is well 
 adapted for swift movement, as it is not in- 
 cumbered by any commissariat, its maintenance 
 being obtained from the inhabitants of regions 
 through which it passes. 
 
 729. The flag of Albania has a red field, 
 upon which is imposed a black double-headed 
 spread eagle. This flag dates from 1913. in 
 which year a council of six members, chosen 
 by the powers of Europe, set up the principal- 
 ity as an offset to Serbia's desire to possess a 
 port on the Adriatic Sea. Austria resented 
 Serliia's designs on the ground that the small 
 nation would cut off the dual monarchy from 
 an outlet to the Mediterranean in a way as 
 prejudicial to her interests as the closed Dar- 
 danelles were prejudicial to the interests of 
 Russia. 
 
 730. The coat-of-arms of Andorra, one of 
 the four vest-pocket nations of the world, has 
 a quartered shield bearing thereon the episco- 
 pal miter, the crozier of Urgel, the red and 
 yellow pales of Aragon, and two belled cows. 
 Andorra is under the joint sovereignty of 
 France and the Spanish Bishop of Urgel. It 
 is governed by a council of twenty-four mem- 
 bers elected for four years by the heads of 
 families in each parish. The council elects a 
 first and second syndic to preside ; the execu- 
 tive power is vested in the first syndic, while 
 the judicial power is exercised by a civil judge 
 and two magistrates. France and the Bishop 
 of Urgel each appoint a magistrate and a civil 
 judge alternately. The permanent delegate of 
 the prefect of the Pyrenees-Orientales has 
 charge of the interests of France in the re- 
 public. 
 
 731. A century ago Napoleon declared, "I 
 recall a miniature republic lust in a corner of 
 the Pyrenees." Today the hero, the conqueror, 
 and the soldier, merely a handful of dust, is 
 often recalled by Andorra. But in its mild- 
 ness, its weakness, its isolation, the republic 
 has found strength, and its colors float upon 
 the breeze as independent as they were a cen- 
 tury ago, when they waved over an island of 
 peace in the great sea of human carnage dur- 
 ing the Napoleonic wars. For nearly six cen- 
 turies it has been thus. The war between 
 France and England, begun at Crecy and Poi- 
 
 tiers, did not move the tiny country. Queen 
 Isabella and Ferdinand left it unmolested. 
 Charles V, dreaming dreams of empire as great 
 as those of Charlemagne, did not crush it upon 
 his way to the Netherlands or to Italy. Philip 
 II, weaving his web of expanding power 
 around so many principalities, cast no entang- 
 ling thread about it. Cynical Louis XI did 
 not deign to harm it, and Louis XIV, although 
 he ordered that there should be no more Pyre- 
 nees, left It undisturbed. It was a spectator of 
 the Carlist War in Spain in 1833 and of the 
 contest between France and Germany in 1870. 
 
 732. Built upon a rampart of rocks and hid- 
 den upon the southern slope of the Pyrenees, 
 liberty has found a home in Andorra for a 
 thousand years, .\ppreciating the services ren- 
 dered by the Andorrans in his campaign 
 against the Moors, Charlemagne gave them a 
 charter of freedom and permitted them to gov- 
 ern themselves. Louis the Pious confirmed 
 these rights, and from that day to this the tiny 
 country has been self-governed under its own 
 code of laws. The Spanish Bishop of Urgel 
 holds spiritual supremacy and looks after edu- 
 cational matters and religious instruction. 
 France exerts a temporal influence by appoint- 
 ing the provost from the department of Ariege 
 to control the military activities of the repub- 
 lic. The blue, yellow, and red flag of Andorra, 
 W'ith its coronet in the center, is the youngest 
 thing in the nation. It is only fifty years old, 
 having originated in the reform of 1866 to 
 emphasize the autonom\' of the valley; but 
 neither of the co-suzerains has approved it. 
 It is displayed when the council is in session. 
 
 733. The flag of the Chinese army lias a 
 red field upon which is centered a black star 
 bearing eight yellow points, with nine yellow 
 disks on the body of the star. This is the flag 
 of the republic and is entirely different from 
 the one flown by the Chinese armies in the 
 past. 
 
 734. The royal standard of Belgium con- 
 sists of three vertical bars — black, yellow, and 
 red — with black ne.xt the staff. The national 
 arms are imposed upon the middle or yellow 
 bar. These arms consist of a golden lion on 
 a black ground. Its tongue and jaws are red. 
 The shield is ensi,gned with the royal crown of 
 Belgium and the supporters are two golden 
 lions. The motto of Belgium is "L'Union fait 
 la force" (Union makes strength). The black, 
 yellow, and red of the Belgian flag are the 
 colors of the Duchy of Brabant. . and were 
 adopted in 1831, when the monarchy was - 
 founded. 
 
 735- Belgium's merchant flag is a duplicate 
 of the royal standard, except that the coat-of- 
 arms is omitted. 
 
 736. The flag of the Chinese navy under the 
 republic is red. with a blue canton in the upper 
 corner next the staff, upon which is a large 
 white sun w'ith ravs emanating in the form of 
 small triangles. This flag succeeds the one in 
 
 372 
 
which the dragon, on a yellow field, was shown 
 in the act of ikvoiiriny a red sun. 
 
 737. China's iiatiuiial tl:ig, which is aKo 
 used in the niercliaiit service, consists of five 
 liroad horizontal stripes, the u|ipermost red, 
 ihe next yellow, the next b!i!e. the next white. 
 and the one at the bottom black. These colors 
 stand respectively for China, Manchuria, Mon- 
 Kolia. Tibet, and Turkestan. 
 
 738. The royal standard of Denmark con- 
 sists of a swallow-tail red fiy with the lyufiiic*- 
 I'rot/, or silver cross, upon it. The origin of 
 this cross is said to date from I2iq. when King 
 Waldcmar. at a critical moment in his career, 
 averred that he h.ad seen this cruss in the 
 heavens. Me asserted that it became slrenjjth 
 for him and savc<l Denmark. At the intersec- 
 tion of the daiincbrc'j is tlie coat-of-arms. The 
 first quarter of the sliield represents Denmark, 
 with three blue lions, crowned, on a golden 
 ground powdered with red hearts. The second 
 (juarter represents Schleswii;. with two blue 
 linns on a golden gronnd. The third quarter 
 stands for modern Sweden and- shows three 
 i;ol.Un crowns on a blue field; Iceland is rcp- 
 riMiited by a silver hawk on a red ground: 
 the I"aroe Is'ands by a silver goat walking on 
 a blue ground, and Greenland by a silver polar 
 bear on a blue ground. The fourth quarter 
 lirnlaims Jutland, a blue linn at the top on a 
 ^Mtii gmund wi;h ten red hearts below; Van- 
 '1 1!: I lias a golden dragon on a red ground, and 
 !l l-tein is represented by three leaves of 
 luitle and the three nails of the Passion of 
 Christ. The supporters are two savage men 
 wearing green wreaths and holding wooden 
 clubs (see also 1 172). 
 
 739. Denmark's ensign is the same as the 
 royal standard (73S), except that the national 
 coat-of-arms is omitted. It is the oldest na- 
 tional ensign in existence. 
 
 740. The merchant tlag- of Denmark has a 
 red field with a white cross upon it, and omits 
 the swallow-tail feature of the ensign. 
 
 741. The flag of Iceland is of the same di- 
 mensions as the Danish merchant flag, the field 
 being blue and the cross red, with thin white 
 stripes separating the red of the cross from 
 the blue of the field. 
 
 THE REPfBLtC OF FRvVN'Ce 
 
 74a. The fla^: of the President of France 
 consists of the f-rcncli tricolor, with the initials 
 of the President in gold on the white stripe. 
 
 743. The familiar and inspiring tricolor of 
 
 Tr ticc flatcs from the year tliat gave the 
 
 I •...,.,( tit.ntcs its Constitution — I7f?9. The best 
 
 are doubtful as to t!ic true story of 
 
 . hut there are three principal theories 
 
 .:- I) the derivation of its combination of 
 
 ' I Ts. The first of these, and the most au- 
 
 ' ' after the taking of the Hastillc. 
 
 ■ bad been appointed bv accla- 
 
 mler-in-chicf of the National 
 
 sed for the Guard a new cx-k- 
 
 V Iiite of the royal family .t'I 
 
 is time ort of mind, wl 
 
 • -. hr red and blue. Fr 
 
 -ians Iielicve, came the 
 
 \nother version link« 
 
 the :riLjlor with I'.-.c three historic flags of 
 
 France — the blue of the Chape dc Martin, the 
 
 red of the orillainme. and ibe wliitc of ihc 
 liourbons. It will be recalled th.ti (he Chupc 
 dc .Martin was supiMoed to be the < riKinal 
 cloak which St. Martii\ divided with a iKggar 
 at .Xmiens. which act was followed by a vision 
 of Christ making known to the angcN thi« derO 
 of charity. The chape was in t!ic keeping of 
 the monks of Marmoutier. and Clovis carried i) 
 when he concpiered .Mane, while Churhmagne 
 l)ore it at .\'arl«iiiiie. When the king'i of 
 l-'rance transferrcil the seat of government to 
 Paris, the local -ainl. .St. Denis, was held in 
 high honor, ami graduallv the pla'ii scarlet 
 banner, known as the oritiamine, ami kept in 
 the abbey church, supplaiilnl the blue of St. 
 Martin as the national colors. The iritla.nmc 
 appe.ired for the last time at the battle of 
 Aginconrt. in 1415. The Huguenot part> in 
 I'rance .-Kbipted tlie white tlag, and when Henry 
 III. himself a Protestant, came t 1 t!ie throne 
 lie made it t!ie royal ensign. His s-'ccessor, 
 Henry I\'. tlie first kin<7 nf th- Itourltons, 
 adopted it as t'le nation.Tl flag. The third ac- 
 count of t!ie tricolor's oricin is that it is copied 
 from the shield of tlu- O-l.-.ps f.iinib. ;•< it 
 appeared after Piiilippe fijialite knocked n1 the 
 lleur de lis. Drring the first and second em- 
 pires, the tricolor became the in'peri.il stand- 
 ard, but in the center of the white stripe was 
 placed the ea;;'e. while all three 'tri|>es were 
 richly powdered with the golden bees if the 
 N'apoleon family. The lla*^ r>f France to<Iav 
 waves over territory nearly one aivl a half 
 times as large as that covereil bv l''e I'nitcd 
 .States. Frencli cf>liMiies have a total of ap- 
 proximately j.500.o')o square miles. .\monB 
 the flags of the earth, ■nly the Unir'n Jack and 
 the banner of Russia float over m 're territory. 
 
 744. The tlag of the French G'^vernors of 
 Colonies consists of a blue field with a canton 
 of white anil red in the qu.irter ne\t to the 
 llagstalT. a bine stripe as wide as t'le white 
 and Ihe ri-d stri[>e separ.iting the canl^ n from 
 the staff. This Mag is to be llown below the 
 national ensign. 
 
 745. The tlag of French Indo-China and of 
 the L.ieuten.ant Governor of Senegal is a <lupli- 
 catc of the Hag of the French Governors of 
 Colonies. cxceKl that it is swallow-tailed. 
 
 746. The tlag of Greece consists of nine 
 alternate stripes of blue and white, four white 
 and five blue, with a canton of blue in the 
 upper corner next the stalT. upon which is im- 
 posed a white cross bearing at its i>i>int of in- 
 tersection a Greek crown. The cdors of the 
 Hag, white and blue, were derived from the 
 arms of Otto of Havaria. who was called to 
 the throne of Greece in iS.l.t. The tnoilo of 
 the nation reads. "My strength is my people's 
 love." 
 
 747. The merchant flag of Greece is a dupli- 
 cate of the ensign, with •' '■ ' the 
 
 crown i» omitted from ■'>. 
 
 V 748. The o, 1,,., ,,i n- 
 
 sists of a »! '11- 
 
 ;. M-d, in a i <t 
 
 r next the s: 
 ■ . t'rrr h'-r- 
 
 lui-t. ttic ija-i: liall o! w.iicli iiivt in.; 
 
blue and the apex half white. Upon the bhie 
 is placed a crowned anchor, proclaiming the 
 government and the navy. 
 
 750. Italy's royal standard consists of a 
 square blue field on which is centered the na- 
 tional coat-of-arms. A crown appears in each 
 corner of the flag outside the encircling collar 
 of the ,\nnunciation. Within this collar is_ a 
 
 •crowned black spread-eagle on blue. On its 
 breast is an oval shield bearing a silver cross 
 on a red ground, the arms of Savoy (see also 
 1 181). The collar itself is composed of a se- 
 ries of red and white roses and the letters 
 F. E. R. T., meaning "Fortitudo ejus Rhodum 
 tenuit" (His firmness held Rhodes), this being 
 a tribute to Amadeus the Great from the 
 Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, in i.yo, for 
 his help against the Saracens at the siege of 
 Rhodes. The pendant of the collar of the .An- 
 nunciation bears a design representing that 
 holy event. 
 
 751. When Napoleon made the northern 
 provinces of Italy into a kingdom, in 1805, he 
 gave it a flag of three colors — green next to 
 the flagstaff, white in the middle, and red at 
 the fly end. This flag disappeared when Na- 
 poleon was overthrown, but was revived when 
 Victor Emmanuel, King of Sardinia and a 
 representative of the house of Savoy, became 
 king. Today Italy's ensign consists of the 
 Savoy arms, surmounted by a crown, on the 
 central white vertical stripe of Napoleon's 
 green, white, and red. 
 
 752. The Italian merchant flag is an exact 
 duplicate of the ensign, with the exception that 
 the crown is omitted above the arms. 
 
 753. The flag of the Governor of Eritrea, 
 tlie Italian colony in .Africa, consists of a white 
 field upon which are imposed the arms and 
 
 'crown of Italy. 
 
 754. The flag of the Emperor of Japan con- 
 sists of a red field upon which is centered a 
 golden representation of the yellow chrysan- 
 thcnnnn. It is essential that the flower should 
 invariably have sixteen petals. While the use 
 of this flower as a badge is not necessarily 
 confined to the imperial family, its members 
 alone have the right to use the sixteen-petalled 
 form. If used by any other family, society, 
 or corporation, it must be with a number of 
 petals less or more than si.xteen. 
 
 755. The flag of the Japanese crown prince 
 is like that of the emperor, except that the 
 chrysanthemum is centered in a rectangle 
 formed by a line of white on the red field of 
 the flag. 
 
 756. The Japanese ensign consists of a ris- 
 ing sun, slightly to the left of the center of a 
 white field, with rays radiating to all points of 
 the compass. Both the sun and the rays are 
 red, and the device is generally known as the 
 sunburst. 
 
 757. The Japanese merchant flag is white, 
 of rectangular form, with a rayless red sun in 
 the center, its diameter approximately half the 
 widtli of the field. 
 
 758. The Japanese guard flag is of white, 
 with two horizontal parallel dancetty lines in 
 red across it. A "dancetty" line is zigzag, re- 
 sembling the "worm" of a rail fence, with deep 
 indentations. 
 
 759. The Japanese transport flag is identical 
 with the Japanese guard flag, with the excep- 
 
 tion that the dancetty lines are blue instead of 
 red. 
 
 760. The Japanese commanding officer's flag 
 is a swallow-tail white, with tlie red sun and 
 four rays, two vertical and two horizontal. 
 
 761. This flag, flown by all ships under 
 Japanese registry carrying mail, consists of a 
 wdiite field with two horizontal red stripes, 
 separated by a narrower white stripe occupy- 
 ing the upper half. The lower half is quar- 
 tered by a red stripe, which, with the lower of 
 the two horizontal red stripes, forms a T- 
 square. 
 
 762. The flag which distinguishes a Japa- 
 nese repair ship is the same as that displayed 
 by a transport, with the exception that the bot- 
 tom and top of the white field are bordered 
 with red stripes. 
 
 763. In 1910 the Kingdom of Korea was 
 abolished by Japan, whose influence in this ter- 
 ritory had been recognized as paramount by 
 the treaty which ended the Russo-Japanese 
 War. The name of Chosen was given the 
 State, and the red and white of the Japanese 
 ensign were utilized in the flag adopted. 
 
 764. The national ensign of Liberia, which 
 is also the merchant flag, has eleven horizontal 
 stripes of red and white, red at the top and 
 bottom, with the blue canton in the upper cor- 
 ner ne.xt to the flagstaff, on which is super- 
 imposed a large white star. This flag was 
 adopted at the time the Republic of Liberia 
 was established, in 1847, by colonists from 
 America. 
 
 765. The flag of the President of Liberia 
 consists of a square blue standard upon which 
 is imposed a shield containing the red and 
 white stripes of the national colors, and above 
 it the five-pointed star of the republic. 
 
 766. The coat-of-arms of Liechtenstein (see 
 767) consists of a shield imposed upon the 
 mantle of the Prince of the Holy Roman 
 Empire, with his crown forming the crest. On 
 the escutcheon, wdiich is quartered, are the 
 arms of Silesia for Ritberg; the second quar- 
 ter of the shield, with its six stripes of red 
 and gold, and green crown of rue cutting them 
 diagonally, represents Khuenring: the third 
 quarter, half red and half silver, is for Trop- 
 pau; the fourth quarter, of gold, willi its black 
 harpy crowned, represents East Frisia. At the 
 point of the shield in blue is a golden hunting 
 horn, representing Jagerndorf; the small red 
 and gold shield in the center, imposed upon all 
 four quarters, represents Liechtenstein itself. 
 
 767. With its field shared by yellow and 
 red, the latter occupying the lower half, the 
 national banner of the principality of Liechten- 
 stein flies over a nation having an area of 65 
 square miles. This miniature principality lies 
 between Austria and Switzerland. It consists 
 of Schellenberg and Vaduz, formerly fiefs of 
 the Roman Empire. Schellenberg in 1699 and 
 Vaduz in 1712 came into tlie possession of the 
 House of Liechtenstein and were set up as a 
 I)rincipality by Emperor Carl VI in i/ig. After 
 the break-up of the empire in 1806. the princi- 
 pality was incorporated in the Rhine Confed- 
 eration. When the map of Europe was remade 
 after the Napoleonic wars, it became a part of 
 the German Confederation and remained so 
 from that time until 1866, when the Confedera- 
 tion broke up. Since then it has not joined 
 
 374 
 
itself with any other nation. There is no pub- 
 lic debt anil the inhabitants have not been 
 liable to military service since 1867. 
 
 768. With its tricolor of red, white, and 
 blue in three horizontal bars, red at the top 
 and blue at the Ixittom, the Huk of l,uxe^lllur^; 
 flics over a country that did not raise a hanil 
 to check the invader in HJ14. An alien army 
 now passes over its soil at will and unresentcd. 
 The population of Luxemburg is approximately 
 260,000, and it is Roverncd by a reigning Grand 
 Duchess and a Chamber of Deputies. The 
 Grand Duchy was included from 1815 to 1S66 
 in the Germanic Confcderatittn. By the treaty 
 of London in 1867 it was declared neutral ter- 
 ritory and its integrity and independence were 
 guaranteed. 
 
 769. The Prince of Monaco flies a flag con- 
 sisting of awhile field upon which is a crowned 
 shield, covered with lo/enge-?hapcd figures of 
 red and silver, surroundeil by the collar of the 
 order of St. Charles, institrted in 186.^. The 
 shield bears as a pendant a Maltese cross. The 
 supporters are two monks with swords. The 
 motto placed over the shield is "Deo Juvantc" 
 (God Helping). 
 
 MOXACO — SM.VLLEST NATION OX E.VRTII 
 
 770. The red and white flag of Monaco 
 floats over the smallest nation on earth. The 
 entire area of the territory, whose symbol of 
 authority it is, is only eight square miles. .\1- 
 though it is smallest in area, there are three 
 smaller in population. It has 2.^.000 inhabit- 
 ants, as compared with 5,231 for .\ndorra, 
 10.716 for Liechtenstein, and 11,51,? for San 
 Marino. Monaco is a small principality on the 
 Mediterranean, surrounded by the French de- 
 partment of .\lpcs-Mnritimc, except on the side 
 toward the sea. .After t)68 .A. D. it belonged 
 to the house of Grimaldi. The reigning prince 
 was dispossessed during the French Revolu- 
 tion, in 1792, and died in 1705. In 1814 the 
 principality was reestablished, but placed under 
 the protection of the Kingdom of Sardinia by 
 the treaty of Vienna in 1S15. In i&jSthe towns 
 of Mentone and Roccabnma ( now known as 
 Roquebrunc) revolted and declared themselves 
 free. The prince thereupon ceded his rights 
 over them to France and the principality thus 
 became geographically an eiiclaie of France, 
 when the Sardinian garrison was withdrawn 
 and the protectorate establishe<l in 1815 ended. 
 The prince was an absolute ruler until 191 1, 
 when a representative government was set up. 
 
 771. The State flag of Montenegro has a 
 red field bordered with white. In the center 
 is the royal coat-of-arms, with its double- 
 headed spread-eagle in silver and holding in 
 its talons a scepter and an orb. A small shield 
 on the breast of the bird contains the letters 
 ■'H I," and underneath the eagle is a golden 
 lion passant. The initial H is the Montene- 
 grin N and refers to Nicholas, the King. "I" 
 is the Roman numeral, the letters together 
 standing for Nicholas I. 
 
 77a. The military standard of Montenegro 
 rotisists of n ■iiiarc field of red bordered with 
 wliite. a Gr<< !< cross centered upon the red. 
 The cross hears at its intersection the "H 1" 
 of the Montenegrin coat-of-arms. 
 
 773. The naval flag of Montenesro is a tri- 
 color with red at the top. blue in the iiii<ldle, 
 and white at the bottom in horiioiilal slri|>r«. 
 On the blue is a gold crown, below uhieli arc 
 the letters "H I." The merchant flag is the 
 same as the naval ensign, except that the letters 
 and crown are omitted. 
 
 774. Morocco's flag now consists of a red 
 lietd U|H>n which is inlpo^ed a five-pniiiicd star 
 of striking design. This star pruclaiiiisi the 
 passing of Turkish influence in MoriKco. 
 I'nder the old regime the familiar crescent of 
 the .Mohanimedan world was borne on the .Nb- 
 roccan flag where the star is now imposed. 
 The old flag of Morocco was red, In-ariiig what 
 appeare<l to be scissors, but which were in 
 reality crossed yataghans. 
 
 775. The national flag i.f the .Netherlands 
 consists of three horizontal bars, rc<l at the 
 top, blue at the bottom, anil white between. It 
 is national flag, ensign, and inerchant flag — all 
 in one. In the sixteenth century it was orange, 
 white, and blue, the orange being in honor of 
 William the Silent, Prince of Orange. Uoth 
 the victories of Van Tromp and De Renter 
 were gained uinler the present colors ( see .i77>. 
 
 776. The royal standard of the N'etlieriands 
 is butT quartered by a cross of blue. In each 
 but! quarter there is placed a hunter's horn in 
 blue, and upon the intersection of the cross is 
 the royal coat-of-arms. consisting of a blue 
 ground dotted with golden billets and bearing 
 a crowned golden lion rampaiit. The lion 
 grasps in one paw a naked swonl ami in the 
 other a cluster of arrows. The shield has for 
 its crest a crown. 
 
 777. The standard of the Prince of Nether- 
 lands is the reverse of the royal standar<l 
 ( 1776) in its coloring. The cross is bulT and 
 the quarters arc blue. Instead of the hunlcr's 
 horns of the royal standard there are goMcn 
 lions like the lion of the coat-of-arms. which 
 appears in the center of the cross in both 
 st.iiidards. 
 
 778. The flag of the Arabians, aUo typical 
 of .Muscat and Zanzibar, is scarlet. Flsewhcre 
 the red (lag is the emblem of mutiny and dis- 
 order, and was carried recently by the Revo- 
 lutionists of Russia during the eventful days 
 which marked the overthrow of the Romanoff 
 dynasty and the establishment of a republican 
 form of government. The red flag was a 
 widelv used national emblem tw<i centuries 
 ago. Spam. Venice, Genoa, Tetuan, Salley, ani| 
 Camphen being partial to it (see 1141, I1S8, 
 1103, an<l 1 104). 
 
 779. The Governors of Surinam and Cura- 
 cao bear a flag which' has the national colors 
 of the .Netherlands, with the adilition of two 
 white disks in the reil stripe near the stafT. 
 
 780. The merchant reserve of the Nether- 
 lands bears a flag which is like the national 
 ensign, except that an anchor and a crown arc 
 imposed upon the middle of the white bar. In 
 order to make room for these, an arc is cut out 
 of the blue stripe at the bottom and the re<i 
 stripe at the top and the white stripe enlarged 
 accfirdingly. 
 
 781. The ensign of the Governor General 
 of the Dutch Ivast Indies is a triangular swal- 
 low-tail pennant showing the national colors 
 of the Netherlands and attached to the flag- 
 slaflF by the means of a toggle. 
 
 375 
 
782. Repair ships of the Netherlands fly a 
 flag with the regulation red, white, and blue 
 bars, the statF end of the red bar giving way 
 to white and forming a canton upon which is 
 placed a red anchor capped by a crown. 
 
 783. The royal standard of Norway has a 
 red field upon which is centered a golden lion 
 rampant holding a battle-ax. 
 
 784. Norway's ensign is red and three- 
 tailed, a blue cross edged with white extending 
 to a point between tlie swallow-tail. It thus 
 preserves the shape of the Swedish ensign, 
 from which it was fashioned, that ensign hav- 
 ing a 3'ellow cross on a blue field (see 826). 
 
 785. Tlie merchant flag of Norway is like 
 the ensign ("78^). except that the swallow-tail 
 effect IS omitted. 
 
 786. The senior admiral's flag of Norway 
 consists of the ensign with the addition of a 
 saltire cross of wdiite in the upper quarter next 
 to flagstaff. 
 
 787. The imperial standard of Persia con- 
 sists of a blue square held with the national 
 colors in a small canton in the upper corner 
 next to the staff. In the center is a white 
 circle on which the Persian coat-of-arms ap- 
 pears, showing a Hon holding a sword, a rising 
 sun in the background, and the crown of the 
 empire above the lion. The lower half of the 
 circle is bordered by a wreatli. 
 
 788. The military flag of Persia is unique 
 in that it embodies a very pale shade of green 
 and a delicate shade of pink as the upper and 
 lower hues of its tricolor. The iniddle stripe 
 is w-hite and bears the Persian sword-carrying 
 lion with tlie sun peeping over his back. The 
 crown of the empire is imposed upon the green 
 stripe. The wreath rests upon the pink. 
 
 789. The ensign of Persia is like the mili- 
 tary flag, except that the crown and wreath 
 above and below the lion are omitted. 
 
 790. The merchant flag of Persia is the 
 same green, white, and pink arrangement as 
 seen in the ensign and military flag of the 
 nation, but without the Persian lion. 
 
 791. The colors of the flag of Portugal are 
 green and red, the third of the field next the 
 staff green, and the two-thirds at the fly end 
 red. The arms of the country are centered on 
 the di\iding line between the two colors. These 
 arms consist of a large silver shield upon 
 whicli are five small blue ones arranged in the 
 form of a cross, each of them bearing five 
 plates of silver. Around the shield is a red 
 border upon which are placed seven golden 
 castles. Alfonso I defeated five Moorish 
 princes in the historic, battle of Ouriqne and 
 adopted the five small blue shields to com- 
 memorate his triumph. The five white spots 
 on tlie small shields represent the five wounds 
 of Christ, in whose strength .Mfonso believed 
 he had defeated the infidels. The red border 
 of the shield was added by Alphonse III in 1252, 
 after his marriage to a daughter of the King 
 of Castile. The circle of gold upon wliich the_ 
 shield and its border arc imposed, together 
 with the green of the flag, which is that of the 
 cross and ribbon of the Knights of St. Benedict 
 of .\viz. commemorate the fame of Prince 
 Henry the Navigator. 
 
 792. The flag of the President of Portugal 
 is solid green, witli the Portuguese coat-of- 
 arms in the center. 
 
 793. The flag of the Governor General of 
 the provinces of Portugal is white, with a strip 
 of green placed horizontally across the field 
 and the coat-of-arms centered on it. 
 
 794. The flag of the dependent Kingdom of 
 Poland (so nominated after the Napoleonic 
 wars) has a white field with the blue cross of 
 St. Andrew, which proclaims Russian suzer- 
 ainty. Upon tlie red canton is a crowned 
 spread eagle. 
 
 795. Roumania's flag has three vertical 
 stripes, blue next the flagstaff, yellow in the 
 middle, and red on the fly. In the standard 
 the blue and the red liars are narrow and the 
 yellow very wide. Upon the yellow is placed 
 the national coat-of-arms, a canopy of ermine 
 on which is a crowned shield. On the quar- 
 tered field of the shield appear a golden eagle 
 displayed on blue, a lion's head in gold dis- 
 played on red, a golden demilion issuing, from 
 an antique crown on red, and two dolphins in 
 gold displayed on blue. There is also a small 
 shield of pretense quartered in white and black. 
 The shield is supported by golden lions ram- 
 pant. The motto, "Nihil sine Deo" ( Nothing 
 without God), is below the shield on a rililjon. 
 Four crowns appear, one in each corner of the 
 flag. 
 
 796. The Roumanian ensign is like the 
 standard, except that the three stripes are of 
 equal width, and crowns in the four corners 
 of the flag are omitted. 
 
 797. Roumania's merchant flag is blue, yel- 
 low, and red, like the ensign, except that the 
 arms are omitted. 
 
 798. The Roumanian coast guard flag has 
 the national colors, together with an anchor, 
 above which is a crown on the yellow stripe. 
 
 RUSSIAN ■rL-^cs 
 
 799. The ensign of the Russian navy is a 
 blue cross of St. .Andrew upon a field of wdiite. 
 The Russians venerate St. Andrew as their 
 patron saint, believing that it was he who se- 
 cured the adoption of Christianity by their an- 
 cestors. It has been asserted that he preached 
 in Scythia. Peter the Great, under his name 
 and protection, in the year 169S, instituted St. 
 .Andrew's as the most noble order of Knight- 
 hood of the Empire. St. Andrew is also the 
 patron saint of Scotland, b;it there the cross 
 is white upon a field of blue (see 831"). 
 
 800. The wdiite, blue, and red horizontal 
 stripes of the Russian merchant flag are remi- 
 niscent of the day wdien Peter the Great was 
 learning ship-building in Holland. The Dutch 
 flag is a tricolor of red. wdiite, and blue.' Peter, 
 in making his flag, turned these colors upside 
 down, but was afterward advised that he \vas 
 flying the flag employed by the Dutch as a sig- 
 nal of distress and disaster. He thereupon re- 
 vised his flag, putting the white at the top and 
 the red at the bottom, with the blue between. 
 
 801. The flag of the volunteer fleet of Rus- 
 sia is the same as the merchant flag, except 
 that there is a trumpet in the center of the blue 
 field. 
 
 802. Russia's customs flag consists of a blue 
 field with a canton in the upper corner next 
 the staff showing the merchant flag in minia- 
 ture, while in the lower corner next the staff 
 are two comliination caducci and tridents, 
 
 crossed. 
 
 Z7^ 
 
803. The flay of the Russian admiralty con- 
 sists of four anchors interlm-ked and arranged 
 in the form of a St. Andrew's eru^s. 
 
 804. The Hag _ot the Commander-in-Chief 
 of the Russian Navy is flown only whde the 
 country is at war. It coti.>ists of a white liehl 
 upon which is imposed the blue cross of St. 
 Aiidrew, the upper quarter nearest the statT 
 being occupied by a canton consisting of a 
 white-bordered bhie cross of St. .Xnclrew and 
 a white St. George's cross on a red lield. .\ 
 blue anchor is centered in a white lield im- 
 posed upon the insection of the crosses. 
 
 805. The (lag Lif Russia's .Minister of War 
 consists of a white field with a reil canton on 
 which is imposed the blue cross of St. .\ndrew 
 and the white cross of St. George. Mere again 
 the Russians reverse the British in their in- 
 signia, the latter placing the scarlet cross of 
 St. George on a field of white, while the Rus- 
 sians place a white cross on a field of scarlet. 
 Below the canton appears the shield with 
 crossed muskets and cannons. 
 
 806. The Hag of Russia's aeronautic service 
 is like that of the Minister of War, except that 
 the tly is .shorter and the shield in the lower 
 left-hand corner is omitted, while a red-winged 
 anchor is added in the lower right-hand comer. 
 
 807. The royal standard of Serbia consists 
 of a field of red, blue, and white, surrounded 
 by an indented border of the same colors. 
 Upon the field, which is .square, is centered the 
 coat-of-arms of the country. This consists of 
 a red shield within a crown-Hl ermine canopy. 
 The shield bears a silver eagle displayed, hav- 
 ing upon its breast another shield with a silver 
 cross and the date 1S04. The supports are two 
 natives holding flags of the colors, while the 
 motto is "Spes mihi prima Deus" (My hope is 
 God first of all). 
 
 808. The Serbian merchant flag is red. Muc, 
 and white, like the Russian merchant tlag in- 
 verted. The latter flown as a signal of distress 
 might be mistaken for the Serbian merchant 
 emblem normally displayed. .As Servia has no 
 seaport and no merchant navy, 808 is largely a 
 flag of hope for a navy. 
 
 809. Russia's transport navy llies a blue flag 
 witli a white canton upon which appears the 
 blue cross of St. .-\ndrew. 
 
 810. Russian transports employing civilian 
 crews fly a blue flag with a union next the 
 flagstaff in the upper corner, showing the 
 colors of the country. 
 
 811. The flag of Siatn consists of a scarlet 
 field on which is a white elephant. The ele- 
 pliaiit is in full trappings and harness and 
 stands on a platform. In the upper corner 
 next the hoist appear a pagoda-crowneil anchor 
 and a wheel. "The elephant recalls the tradi- 
 tion of the founder of the nation. Before 
 X 1 ra. the reputed founder, was born, his 
 in. I hi r dreamed that she hafl Kiveii birth to a 
 white elephant. The Brahmans alTirmcd that 
 X.icca, after undergoing 80,000 reincarnations, 
 finally did actually become a white elephant, 
 and as such was received into the company of 
 the iclr-tial deities. On this account the white 
 elephai.t is held a sacreil boast, and the Siam- 
 ese rejoice to place themselves beneath so po- 
 tent a protector. 
 
 813, The merchant flag of Siam now con- 
 sists of a field of five stripes — red, yellow, red. 
 
 white, red. The central red stripe is broader 
 than the ^othcr four striiKj. which arc of wjual 
 width. This flag replaces the old red flag U|Km 
 which wa> imposed tin- while elephant of 
 Siamese tr.vliiioii without any trappings ur 
 harness and wiiliout the michur and wheel of 
 the national ensign. The merchant (lag is of 
 recent origin. The flag liook of the Inilcd 
 Sl.iics Navv, published in dm. and Ih.il of the 
 British .Xdniiraliy, published even more re- 
 centl.\, sh..w the elephant flag instead of the 
 new striped one. 
 
 813. The Siamese emblem of ro)al ail- 
 thiirity, the royal standanl, has an orange-huetl 
 lield upon which is reprtseiiird an image of 
 the l';ast, a man eagle. This st.nidard is of 
 Comparatively recent adoption. I'ormerly thrrt 
 was used a blue tlag having a reil JMirdcr 
 l'|H«n this was imposed the royal coat-of-arnif 
 which consisted of an escutcheon (xirtraying a 
 tliree-heade<l elephant in the upper half and 
 the white elephant and crosseil swurd& in th* 
 t«i. quarters of the lower hall. 
 
 814. This is the C'>ai-of-arni<; of what 
 claiins to be the oldest Slate in l-iiiropc — Sail 
 .Marino. Next to .Monaco, it is in arci the 
 smallest iiidepemleni country in the worUI. It 
 has thirty .square miles i.i territory and a pap- 
 ulation of 11,51.?. The coal of-arms consists 
 of three hills 111 gold i:poii a fielil of blue. 
 These hills are .Monte Gui.ito, Monle Cucco, 
 and Monte Gist.i, each luaring a castle sur- 
 niounled by a plume. The shield has a «old 
 crown as a crest and is surr<>imileil by branches 
 of laurel and 0.1k niiiUil by a riblxin iiiscril>cd 
 with the word "l.iiiKRT\." 
 
 815. The merchant fl.ig of San Marino, 
 which, though that of a belligerent, the little 
 republic having ilared lo declare war against 
 the Central I'owers, has probably never yet 
 been eiici>untered by a Germ.in submarine lie- 
 cause, as may well be imagined, the merchant 
 ii.ivy of the niounlain republic is not large. 
 
 816. The ensign of ihe Republic I'f San 
 Marino consists of a fiehl the upper part of 
 which is blue and the lower half white. The 
 coat-of-arms is centered on it. It is this flag 
 that the soldiers of San Marini> carry when 
 they inarch to the aid of iheir ally, ft.iiy. 
 
 817. The royal standard of Spain proclaims 
 nil ire of the glory of the empire that was than 
 of the C'luiilrv which now exists. It consists 
 of a purple held up^n which i^ ini|Miscd the 
 Spanish co.it-of-arins. This l>ears the lion of 
 Leon and the castle of Castile. It also bcart 
 the arms of .Aragon; the ilevice of Sicily: the 
 red and while stripes, which proclaim the arnu 
 of .Austria; oblique stri|>es of yellow and blue 
 within a reil l>order, which tell of the flaR of 
 ancieni Burgundy: the black lion 'in the Koldm 
 ground, which is the heraldic bearing of Flan- 
 ilers: the red eagle, which is the device of 
 .Antwerp; the golden lion of Brabant; the 
 flettr-<le-lis and checkers i>f ancieni BurK'indy; 
 the arms of Portugal, anil the fleur-de-lis of 
 ■•'ranee. The w hole i» surrounded by the collar 
 of the Golden I'leeco. 
 
 818. The ensign of Spain i« ycHow. l>or- 
 flered at ihe top and b<iltom by a »tri|>c of red 
 On tlie bri>ad yelbiw slrii>c is an oval shield 
 licaring a crown and showing the arms of 
 C.rsiilc impaling I^cnn. 
 
 819. The merchant flag of S|>ain consisU of 
 
five stripes, three yellow and two red, yellow 
 at the top and bottom. The central stripe is 
 wider than the others. The flag bears no de- 
 vice, bat the colors are those of Aragon and 
 Castile. 
 
 820. The flag of Switzerland consists of a 
 red held with a white cross. When the Red 
 Cross was recognized at the International Con- 
 ference at Geneva, in 1863, a distinguishing 
 badge was devised for times of war and peace. 
 It will he noticed that the colors adopted are 
 those of Switzerland counterchanged, the red 
 cross being in a while ground. 
 
 821. The Captain General of the fleet of 
 Spain flies the familiar red and yellow colors 
 with an anchor placed horizontally on the yel- 
 low bar. 
 
 822. Spanish ambassadors fly a swallow-tail 
 flag made up of white, red, and yellow. The 
 third of the flag next to the staff is white and 
 red. white at the top and red below. The mid- 
 dle bar of the flag is yellow and upon it two 
 crossed tasseled pencils are imposed. The third 
 of tlie flag at the fly end is red. 
 
 823. The flag of a Spanish minister is like 
 that of an ambassador, except that instead of 
 the pencils there are three blue disks on the 
 s'ellow bar. 
 
 824. The military and naval service of 
 Tunis has a flag consisting of a red field, upon 
 which is centered a white disk having a diam- 
 eter half the vertical wid'h of the flag. Upon this 
 disk a red crescent and a red star are imposed. 
 The flag is inherited from Turkey, although 
 't is no longer uiider Turkish domination. 
 
 825. The royal standard of Sweden consists 
 of a blue flag bearing a yellow cross. This 
 flag is swallowtailed and the horizontal arm of 
 the cross in the fly projects. Upon the inter- 
 section of the cross is placed the coat-of-arms 
 of the country. 
 
 826. The ensign of Sweden is like the royal 
 standard, with the exception that the coat-of- 
 arms is omitted. 
 
 827. The merchant flag of Sweden is a rec- 
 tangular blue flag, bearing the yellow cross. 
 The blue and yellow were regarded as colors 
 of freedom and independence at the time they 
 were incorporated in the Swedish flag. 
 
 828. The standard of tlie L) "y of Tunis is a 
 fearfully and wonderfully made flag. It con- 
 sists of seven horizontal stripes — red. yellow, 
 red, green, red, yellow, red — the green stripe 
 being double the width of the others. The 
 stripes do not extend the full length of the 
 flag, but join a narrow green stripe next to 
 and parallel with the staff. Every red stripe 
 has four yellow-centered green disks and four 
 yellow stars arranged alternately. On every 
 yellow stripe are four red stars and four black 
 disks with red centers arranged in the same 
 way. On the broad central green stripe is a 
 double-pointed dagger with white blade and 
 red handle, gold and red stars being distributed 
 about it. Tins flag is a western variation of 
 the old flag of the days of Moslem authority. 
 In those days there were thirteen stripes in- 
 stead of seven. Tunis is now under French 
 dominion and the tricolor is the supreme ban- 
 ner of the land. 
 
 THE FLAGS OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE 
 
 829. The national flag of the British Empire, 
 the union jack, combines the crosses of St. 
 George (830), St. Andrew (8,^0, and St. Pat- 
 rick (832). When the union of the two crowns 
 of England and Scotland took place upon the 
 accession of James VI of Scotland to the Eng- 
 lish throne as James I, the cross of St. An- 
 drew, the patron saint of Scotland, and that of 
 St. George, the patron saint of England, were 
 combined, and all ships were ordered to fly at 
 their maintop the new flag, while at the fore- 
 top the English were still to fly the red cross 
 of St. George and the Scots the white cross of 
 St. Andrew. 
 
 This was the firsl union jack (361), as it is 
 generally termed, though, strictly speaking, the 
 name of the flag is "great union," being a jack 
 only when flown from the jackstaff of a ship 
 of war. James I alwavs signed his name 
 "Jacques," and it is believed in many quarters 
 that the jack and the jackstaff of the navy de- 
 rived their names from that fact. Others con- 
 tend that "jack" was used a^ early as the close 
 of the sixteenth century Lord Howard's ships 
 in their attack upon the Spanish Arniada, in 
 15SS. arc described as carrying a "jack" on the 
 jackstaff, their jack being a small edition of 
 the red cross of St. George. 
 
 That St. George's cross was placed over St. 
 Andrew's was distressing to the Scots, who 
 
 made it the subject of an appeal to the King 
 (see 1 1 3-). But even a king cannot solve all of 
 the problems of heraldry. That a-t has no way 
 of making two devices on a flag of equal value. 
 If they be put side by side the position next 
 the staff is more honorable than the one re- 
 mote from it, just as the upper portion of a 
 flag is more honorable than the lower. After 
 the death of Charles I, the union of Scotland 
 and England was dissolved and the ships of 
 parliament reverted to the use of the simple 
 cross of St. George, while those of Scotland 
 took up the cross of St. Andrew again. When 
 Cromwell became protector he restored the 
 "nion flag, imposing the Irisli harp upon its 
 center. 
 
 After the Restoration, Charles II removed 
 the harp, and so the original union flag was 
 revived and continued in that form until 1801, 
 when, upon the legislative union of Great Brit- 
 ain and Ireland, the cross of St. Patrick was 
 incorporated. To combine these crosses with- 
 out losing the characteristic features of each 
 was not easy. Each had to be distinct and at 
 the same time retain a border which would 
 denote its original ground. To place the red 
 cross of St. Patrick on the white cross of St. 
 Andrew would have obliterated the latter, and 
 vice versa. Therefore it was decided to make 
 the white broader on one side of the red tharj 
 
 378 
 
ihc other. This breaks the continuity of ilirec- 
 tion of the arms of St. Patrick's cross, but 
 permits the Irish and Scottish crosses to be 
 distinguished from one another. 
 
 The union jack tlies from the jackstafT of 
 every nian-of war in tlie Uritish navy. Witli 
 the Irish liarp on a bhie shiild ihs|)laycd in the 
 center, it is Mown liy the l.ord Uieiitenant of 
 Ireland. The Governor General of India adds 
 to it the star and tievice of the Order of the 
 Star of India and tlies it; colonial Kovernors 
 add the badge of their colony in the center and 
 fly it; diplomatic representatives use it with 
 the royal arms in the center. As a military 
 flag it is flown over fortresses and headquar- 
 ters, and on all occasions of military cere- 
 mony. The admiral of the fleet hoists it at 
 the mainmast of a man-of-war as his flaw. 
 
 830. The red cross of St. George is reputed 
 to have originated during the Crusades. The 
 story goes that while engaged in a great battle 
 the soldiers of Kngland were wearied and. 
 seeing that the number of enemies did not de- 
 crease, began to despair. .-Xt this critical mo- 
 ment an intinite number of heavenly soldiers, 
 all in white, descended from the mountains, 
 the standard bearers and leaders of them being 
 St. George, St. Maurice, and St. Demetrius. 
 When the Bishop of I,e Puy first beheld them 
 he cried aloud to his troops, "There are they, 
 the succours which in the name of God I 
 promised you." As a result of the miracle the 
 enemies turned their backs and lost the field, 
 there being slain one hundred thousand horse, 
 besides foot innumerable, and in their trenches 
 such infinite store of victuals and munitions 
 were found that the Christians were refreshed 
 and the enemy confounded. This great victory 
 at .\ntioch led to the recovery of Jerusalem, 
 and during the Crusades England, Aragon, 
 and Portugal all assumed St. George as their 
 patron saint. 
 
 The cross of St. George was worn as a 
 badge over the armor by every Knglish soldier 
 in the fourteenth century, if imlced not in 
 earli r times. It was the flag under which the 
 great seamen of Elizabeth's reign traded, ex- 
 plored, and fought ; it was the flag that Drake 
 bore around the world : and to this day it is 
 the flag of the British admiral (see 605). 
 
 831. St. Andrew has been the patron saint 
 of Scotland since about 740 .V. D. Mow he 
 came to be such has never been satisfactorily 
 settled. When he suffered martyrdom, in the 
 year 60 •■\- D. at Papras. his remains were care- 
 fullv preserved: but in .?;o. Regxilus. one of 
 the Greek monks to whom they had been en- 
 trusted, learned in a vision that the Emperor 
 Consl.nntine was proposing to move them to 
 Constantinople. In compliance with the in- 
 structions received in the vision. Reguhis at 
 once visited the shrine and removed the arm 
 bones, three fingers of the right hand, and a 
 tooth, and, putting them into a chest, set sail 
 with some half do/en companions. .After a 
 stormv vovagc the vessel was dashed upon a 
 rock .nnd Rcguhis and his companions landed 
 -.n an unknown shore and found themselves in 
 ,1 gl ..:nv forest. The natives there listened to 
 their --'rv and gave them land on which to 
 build a church for the glory of God and the 
 enshrining of the relic. This inhospitable shore 
 orovcd to be that of Caledonia ( Scotland). 
 
 833. .Vuthorities agree that, devoutly as mil- 
 liuns love it, the use of St. Patrick's cn.is is 
 in defiance of all ecclesiastical usage and cus- 
 tom, because St. Patrick never sulTercd mar- 
 tyrdom, but died in his bed at the ripe age of 
 ninety. It is said that he was never canoni/r«l. 
 and that his sainth<HMi, like his cross, is due to 
 IH>pular err.ir. Ii has been suggested by S"mc 
 that the .\-like form of cross. iHith of the Irish 
 and of the Scot>. is derived from the sacred 
 monogram of the labaruni of Constanlinr. 
 where the X is the first letter of the Greek 
 word for Christ. This symliMlic meaning of 
 the form might reailily have been ad<>|ite<l in 
 the early Irish church and thence carried by 
 missionaries through Scotland. .-Xnolhcr sug- 
 gestion is that the retl cross on a white field 
 was the heraldic <lcvicc of the Geraldines. <l.n. 
 ing at least from .Maurice I'itzgcrald. the 
 grandson of Rhys, the great King of South 
 Wales, who land-d in Irel.ind in iitx} on the 
 invitation of King Dermod of l.cinster. and 
 that it is in fact a banner not of St. Patrick, 
 but of the Norman Invader, which was adroitly 
 held up to the pit>ple of these islands as dis- 
 tinctive of the patron saint. 
 
 St. Patrick was liorn in Scotland, near where 
 Glasgow now stands. The date of his birth 
 was about the middle of the fifth century. His 
 father was of gi>od family, and while the fu- 
 ture saint was umler the paternal nwif divers 
 visions revealed to him that he was destined 
 for the great work of the conversion of Ire- 
 land, at that time steeped in idolatry, lie re- 
 signed his birthright and social position and 
 took the burden of the Irish upon him. Or- 
 dained a deacon and priest, he was ultiinaiely 
 made a bishop, in which capacity he traveled 
 over the whole island, founding nuinasieries, 
 and filling the country with churches and 
 schools and with piety and learning. Tradi- 
 tion has it that he found Ireland a land of 
 barbarism and left it a seat of Karning and 
 piety. It continued for centuries a center of 
 mental and spiritual light. 
 
 833. With its three golden lions represent- 
 ing England, its red lion rampant standing for 
 Scotlaiul, and its golden harp (or Ireland, the 
 royal standard was first lioiste<l on the Tower 
 of London on the first day of January. iSoi. 
 
 How England came to be repre-cnted by 
 three lions is not entirely clear. Two lions 
 were assigne<l as the arms of William the Con- 
 ijueror. a lion each for N'orinamlv and Maine, 
 but there is no distinct evidence that he l>ore 
 them. .'Xs a Crusader. Richard C'rur dc I.i"n's 
 banner bore two lions combatant, but on his 
 second great shield three lions |iass.int gnard- 
 ant appear. The date of this shield i» 1 105. »o 
 that for nearly seven and a <|uarler centuries, 
 with the exception I'f the days of Cromwell, 
 the three goMcn lions on the red field have 
 typified the p<iwer of England. 
 
 The rampant lion of Scotland tlates from the 
 time of Willi.ain the Lion, alwiiit tifiS. It l»e- 
 camc a part of the roval staiulard in l6oj 
 The Scots di<l not like the idea of Ihcir li.in 
 being placed in the second quarter any more 
 than thev relished the thoucht of St. .Andrew'* 
 cross lie'ing placed under that "f St. Genrgc. 
 They claimed thjt after Ihc death of Queen 
 iii.'i,.,!, ihc Scottiih crown virtually an- 
 
 379 
 
nexed the English, and felt so bitter aboi:t it 
 that for many years after the union on all 
 sin'elds devoted to Scottish business, and on 
 the flag displayed north of the Tweed the 
 arms of Scotland were placed in the first quar- 
 ter, as they, are on tlie monument to Queen 
 Elizabeth m Westminster Abbey (see also 
 1 133). 
 
 The early standard of Ireland contained 
 three gold crowns on a blue field. Henry VIII 
 substituted the 'harp, and James I finally placed 
 it on the third quarter of the royal standard. 
 The Earl of Northampton, writing in the reign 
 of King James I, "suggested that the best rea- 
 son that he could observe for the use of the 
 harp was tliat it resembled the country it typi- 
 fied in being an instrument that cost more to 
 keep it in tune than it was worth. 
 
 The royal standard is hoisted only when the 
 King is actually w'ithin the palace or castle, or 
 at the saluting point, or on board the vessel 
 wliicli flies it. The King's regulations say : 
 "The royal standard, being the personal flag 
 of a sovereign, is not to be displayed in future 
 on board His Majesty's ship or on official 
 buildings, as has hitherto been customary on 
 His Majesty's birthday and other occasions: 
 but It shall only be hoisted on occasions when 
 tlie sovereign is actually present or when any 
 member of the royal family is present, repre- 
 senting the sovereign." 
 
 834. The wdiite ensign, bearing the red cross 
 of St. George with the imion flag of the Em- 
 pire as its canton, is the fighting flag of the 
 British navy. When at anchor in home ports 
 the British ships hoist their colors at 8 o'clock 
 in the morning in the summer-time and at g 
 o'clock in the winter, and when abroad either 
 at 8 or 9, as the commander-in-chief directs. 
 On the hoisting of the ensign all work stops 
 and all ranks must get on deck, standing at 
 the salute as the band plays the opening bars 
 of the national anthem, the man at the hal- 
 yards timing his pulls, so that the ensign 
 reaches tlie truck at the last note of the band, 
 just as it readies the deck in the evening, 
 wdien it is played down. The regulations pro- 
 vide tliat British ships shall not on any account 
 lower their flags to any foreign ships whatso- 
 ever, unless the foreign ships shall first or at 
 the same time lower their flags to them. 
 
 835. The blue ensign of the British Empire is 
 now flown by naval reserve vessels, public offi- 
 cers afloat, the consular service, the government 
 vessels of the several colonies, by hired trans- 
 port?;, bv hired surveying vessels commanded 
 by officers of the royal navy, by commissioned 
 officers serving as mail agents, by the Fishery 
 Board for Sco'tland, by the Pacific Cable Board 
 ships, by Lloyds (in boats), by the Indian Ma- 
 rine, and by Royal Naval Reserve. The privi- 
 lege of flying tiie blue ensign is also allowed 
 to British merchantmen commanded by officers 
 on the retired list of the royal navy, or by 
 officers of the Royal Naval Reserve, on condi- 
 tion tliat either officer commanding the ship is 
 one of these, that ten of the crew belong to 
 the reserve, or that the ship is in receipt of 
 an admiralty warrant. Yaclit clubs (except the 
 royal, which flies the white) fly the blue ensign. 
 When flown by ships belonging to the British 
 pnlilic service, it bears in the fly the seal or 
 
 badge of the office to which the ship is ac- 
 credited. For example, hired transports fly 
 it with a yellow anchor in the fly (see 846) ; 
 the ordnance department of the War Office 
 displays it with a shield on the fly bearing a 
 cannon and cannon balls (see 854). 
 
 836. No other flag in the world flutters iti 
 the breeze of as many ports or sails as fat 
 and wide as the red ensign of the British Mer 
 chant Marine. At the beginning of the present 
 war nearly one-half of all of the cargo- and 
 passenger-carrying ships of the earth sailed 
 under these colors. It is not improbable thai 
 more than half of all the passengers and car- 
 goes sailing the seven seas were carried upon 
 them, for no nation's ships were tnore effi- 
 ciently handled. At that time tlie tonnage of 
 the British JMerchant Marine was more thar 
 four times as great as that of Germany. 
 
 837. Uther Pendragon, father of King 
 .'Xrthur, had a vision of a flaming dragon ir 
 the sky. This his seers interpreted as mean- 
 ing that he should ascend the throne. Aftei 
 liis accession he had two golden dragons fash 
 ioned. one of which he carried into battle 
 The ./Xnglo-Saxon kings were impressed with 
 the image and incorporated it into their arms 
 Not until the twentieth century was it officially 
 restored, as proper only to the race of Uther 
 Pendragon. Under the reign of Edward VII 
 it was incorporated into the armorial bearings 
 i)f the Prince of Wales. 
 
 838. The lion rampant with the tressure 
 which is the device of Scotland and which is 
 ^een in the second quarter of tlie British royal 
 standard, first appeared on the seal of King 
 .■\lexander II about 12.50 A. D. Without inodi- 
 ficalion in color or form, it was borne by all 
 the sovereigns of Scotland, and on the acces- 
 sion of James VI to the throne of England as 
 James T, in the year 1603, it became an integral 
 part of the king's standard, and has so re- 
 mained to this day. 
 
 839. The story of the harp of Ireland, which 
 .-ippcars on the blue field of the Irish standard 
 has Iieen told in the account of the history oi 
 the British royal standard (833), on which it 
 appears in the third quarter (see also ii33^- 
 
 840. The three golden lions of the standard 
 of England are, as told in 833, of doubtful 
 I'rigin. Certain it is that, except for the break 
 which occurred in the years that Cromwell was 
 Protector, they have typified the might of Eng- 
 land for seven hundred years. 
 
 841. The royal family's standard of the 
 British Empire is the same as the royal stand- 
 ard (833), except that it has a wdiite border 
 and bears as an escutcheon of pretence the 
 arms of Saxony (098), proclaiming the conti- 
 nental origin of the royal family. .\s the name 
 of the reigning family has been changed re- 
 cently, it is probable also that its standard will 
 he changed in this same particular. 
 
 842. The flag of the Lord Lieutenant of 
 Ireland is the national flag of the British Em- 
 pire, with the golden harp of the Irish on a blue 
 escutcheon at the intersection of the crosses. 
 
 843. The County Lords Lieutenant, when 
 nn land, fly the union with a crown over a 
 sword borne horizontally along the middle artn 
 of St. George's cross. Each county of Great 
 Britain and Ireland has such a chief official. 
 
 ^. 
 
 380 
 
who controls the appointment of justices of 
 tlie peace and issues conunissions in the local 
 military organizations, aiiU in earlier times was 
 charged with the defense of his county in case 
 of disturbance. 
 
 844. The tlag of British diplomatic func- 
 tionaries is that of the Kmpire, bearint; upon 
 the intersection of the crosses a white shield 
 surrounded by a garland. The shield is charijed 
 \vith the royal arms — that is. the lions of Eng- 
 land, the red lion of Scotland, and the harp of 
 Ireland — in the quarters corresponding; to those 
 of the royal standard (S33), with a lion and a 
 unicorn, rampant, for supporters. 
 
 845-860. These are the tlans of various dc- 
 partnicnts of the British Oovernincnt. 
 
 BRITISH COLOXI.\L IL.\GS 
 
 The union jack (820) is the national flag of 
 the colonies as well as of the mother country, 
 and. although it is a rule more honored in it'; 
 breach than in its observance. ni> ether flag is 
 to be flown ashore. The ensigns are, strictlv 
 speaking, maritime flags and are not supposeil 
 to be displayed ashore. .According to Britisli 
 flag law, the union jack, in its plain con<lition 
 and with' i;t emblazonment or ba<lgc. is the 
 only fl.ig an individual or corporation in Brit- 
 ish realms may properly fly. However, since 
 the shipping of tlic principal colonics is accus- 
 tomed t:> fly the red ensign with the badge of 
 the colony represented in tlic fly (see S71, oil. 
 q6S, etc.), this flag is fref|uenily, if not indeed 
 usually, displayed by the people of the several 
 colonics as their particular flag. Vessels bear- 
 ing ci^Ionial governors or other administrative 
 oflicials of badge-possessing rank fly the union 
 jack with a badge of the colony placed within 
 a wreath at the intersection of the crosses. 
 Vessels of the colonial public service display 
 the blue ensign with the badge of the colony 
 from which it hails in the fly. 
 
 861. The badge of Gibraltar is a castle and 
 key. appropriate to the strategic position of 
 thi-i natural fortress. .\n inscription on a 
 scroll below represents .Xb^unt Calpc, Caipe 
 being the ancient name of the European Pillar 
 of Hercules as distinct from .Vpc's Hill, the 
 .Vlrican Pillar. 
 
 863. The badge of Malta is a gold-bordered 
 shield of white and red, and not the eight- 
 poinlcd silver cross of the Hospitallers (sec 
 
 863. The badge of Cyprus has two red lions 
 adapted from the antique. 
 
 864. The badge of the Isle of Man consists 
 of an e--cutcheon upon which arc three tri- 
 corporate running legs. They are joined at 
 the upper part of the thighs and flexed in a 
 triangle. Once these legs were the arms of 
 Sicily, but they were bare; when appropriated 
 by the Man.xmen. they were first supplied with 
 li'M-. later incased in armi>r, and finally 
 eiinippcd with spurs. 
 
 865. .\lderney"s badge is a green medallion 
 bearing a golden lion crowned and ramp-ant. 
 
 866. Jersey contents herself with a badge 
 showing the three lioni of England. 
 
 867. The badge of Guernsey shows the three 
 lions of England with the addition of 3 sprig 
 at the top. 
 
 868. The flag of the Governor Gmrral of 
 Canada cuiisisis m the national llot; of the 
 British Empire with tlie arms of Canada, sur 
 rounded by a wreath and crowned, imposed 
 uiHui the intersection of the crosses. 
 
 869. The badge of Canada has a >liicld 
 (|uarierrd. In tlie lirst (|uarier i^ (he shield of 
 Ontario (S;.-), in the second of Oiiebec (Sr.fl 
 in the third that »f .\>i\a Scotia (^74), and in 
 the fourth that of .New Brunswick (SrsJ- Tht- 
 provinces of Prince l-Ulward Island, .Manitoba 
 and British Columbia do imt a|i|>ear, havin(> 
 Jiiined the Dominion alter the anus were de 
 vised. .\rounc| the esciilcheon are intertwined 
 wreaths .md almve il the env«n of the Empire 
 
 870. The blue ensign of Canada is the Brit 
 ish blue ensign with the addition of the es- 
 cutcheon of the Colonial Government iiii|H)!>e<) 
 on the fly end. 
 
 871. The merchant flag of Canada is thr 
 red ensign of the British merehaiit marine 
 with the shield of the Canadian <'iovcrninenl 
 imposed on the lielil. 
 
 87a. Ontario's bailge has an escutcheon, the 
 upper third of which lu-ars a cross of St 
 George oti white and the lower lw>>-third! 
 three maple leaves on green. 
 
 873. The badge of Quebec is an escutcheon 
 of gold with a horizontal bar of red in the 
 center. At the top of the shield are ilic lilie? 
 of Erance. which proclaim the old IVeiicli do- 
 minion. The lion of England on the reil bar 
 proclaims the present rule, and the maple leaf 
 at the bottom is the emblem of C.inada itself 
 
 874. .\ova Scotia's badge is an escutcheon 
 t>{ gold wiih a hi'ri/ontal bar of blue in the 
 middle. The bar bears a silver salmon. .Mx've 
 and below the blue stripe are thistles, which 
 are reminiscent of Scotland (see .il«o .Wi>. 
 
 875. Bearing the g(dden lion -if I-'ngland al 
 '.he top and the ancient lymidiad or galley be 
 low. the badge of New Brunswick has the 
 same colors in its held as that of Quebec. 
 
 876. Manitoba's badge is an escutcheon 
 hearing the cross of St. George at the lop on 
 white and a natural-colored InilT.ilo on green 
 below. 
 
 877. Prince 'Edward Island, which joined 
 the Dominion in 187,?, has fr>r its badge a 
 shield which bears the British lion at the top 
 • in red and two trees, one lar«e a^id one small, 
 on white. The inscription is "Parva sub in- 
 gelili" (The little ninler the great 1. 
 
 878. British Columbia's badge consists of a 
 shield bearing the union jack at the toi> and a 
 rising sun below, its rays extending over five 
 
 line and white horizontal slri|H-s which occtipy 
 •.he middle section of the shield. 
 
 879. Newfoundland is Great Britain's "senior 
 colony." being the earliest discovered, though 
 not continuously i->ccupie<l, of British overseas 
 dominions. Its bailge is a Mcrciirv introduc- 
 ing to Britannia a kneeling sailor who h.\» just 
 landed from a iKiat. "Thcsr gilts I bring you" 
 is the inscription. .\\ the top are the words 
 "Terra .Nova." 
 
 880. Bermuda's badge is .1 while shield on 
 which is represented the wreck of the SfO 
 Venture, under Sir Goirge S<>nicrs, in tfioQ. 
 There is shown .1 clilT loftier than the ship's 
 masthead, and the imposed escutcheon bearing 
 the scene is supported b>' a rc<f lion. 
 
 3«i 
 
88i. A large and two small ships within a 
 garter surmounted by a crown constitute the 
 principal device of the badge of the Bahamas. 
 On the garter are words which tell us that the 
 pirates have been expelled and that business 
 has been resumed. This is the badge of the 
 group of islands whicli include what is now 
 known as Watling's Island, believed to have 
 been the first landing place of Christopher 
 Columbus, who called it San Salvador. 
 
 882. The badge of Sombrero and Bahama 
 Li.ghts has a blue field hearing a ring of red 
 inclosing a lighthouse shedding its rays. The 
 ring is crowned and inscribed "Board of 
 Trade." Above the crown is a scroll bearing 
 the word "Bahamas." 
 
 883. Jamaica's badge shows an escutcheon 
 bearing St. C/eorge's cross and surmounted by 
 a lizard. Upon the cross are distributed, one 
 at each arm and one at the intersection, five 
 pineapples. The escutcheon is supported by 
 two Indians. 
 
 884. The Turks and Caicos Islands, which 
 are close to the Bahamas, have an escutcheon 
 which consists of a full-rigged sailing ship in 
 the background, a man making salt in the mid- 
 dle foreground, and the name of the islands 
 below. 
 
 885. On the badge of the Leeward Islands 
 appears in tlie middle distance a mountainous 
 coast, skirted by a full-rigged ship; in the 
 foreground is another ship: on the shore a 
 pineapple, larger than either ship, and three 
 smaller ones. Above the whole appear the 
 British royal arms. 
 
 886. Britannia, robed in blue, red, and er- 
 mine, and ruling the waves from the backs of 
 two sea-horses, forms the principal scheme of 
 the badge of Barbados. One sea-horse in this 
 badge has a blue tail. 
 
 887. The Windward Isles have a badge 
 which makes use of a garter encircling a blue 
 field, upon which is pl.-iced a quartered shield — 
 red, yellow, green, and purple. The device is 
 crowned. The motto is, "I Pede Fausto," 
 "Make a propitious beginning." 
 
 888. St. Lucia, the chief coaling station of 
 the British fleet in the West Indies, has for a 
 badge a landscape in which appear the Pitons, 
 twin mountains of tlie island, and the ever- 
 bubbling volcano Snufriere, with a land-locked 
 harbor in the foreground. The Latin motto 
 below describes this harbor as "Hardly a faith- 
 less guard for ships." 
 
 889. St. Vincent's badge has a classical 
 group showing a woman holding a branch and 
 another kneeling before the altar of the law, 
 upon which she is placing a wreath. The badge 
 bears the motto, "Pax et Justicia." 
 
 890. Discovered by Columbus on his third 
 voyage, Grenada seems to have taken his sliip, 
 in full sail and running before a spanking 
 breeze toward the island, as its badge. The in- 
 scription "Clarior e Tcnehris" means "Brighter 
 out of the darkness," and doubtless refers to 
 the fact that Grenada is beyond the hurricane 
 line. 
 
 891. The badge of British Guiana, the Brit- 
 ish Empire's continental lioldings on the coast 
 of South America, consists of a clipper in full 
 sail surrounded by a garter of gold. 
 
 892. The facts that British Honduras is a 
 mahogany colony, that it belongs to the British 
 Empire, and that it is given to trading, are 
 lirought out in the shield of the colony, which 
 is circular, one-third of it being devoted to 
 the display of tlie tools of mahogany logging, 
 the second third showing the union jack, while 
 the remaining third bears a full-rigged sailing 
 ship. 
 
 893. Trinidad and Tobago have a badge 
 which shows a mountain in the background,' a 
 frigate in the left middle ground, and a blue 
 ensign on a jetty in the right middle ground. 
 A boat, a smaller ship, a house, and several 
 spars showing behind the jetty complete the 
 picture. Below, on white, is a Latin inscrip- 
 tion meaning "He approves of the people unit- 
 ing and entering into treaties." 
 
 894. A white bull standing in tussac grass 
 and a frigate in a river close by form the 
 badge of the Falkland Islands, lying off South 
 America and belonging to England. 
 
 895. The smaller British islands of the Pa- 
 cific are under the control of the Western 
 Pacific High Commissioner. His badge is the 
 crown of the -Empire above the letters W P 
 H C. 
 
 8g6. The main feature of the badge of the 
 Fiji Islands is an escutcheon bearing at the 
 top on red the British lion. Below is the red 
 cross of St. George on white. The quarters 
 thus formed bear specimens of the vegetable 
 and bird life of the islands. The shield is 
 supported by two Polynesians wearing skirts 
 of straw and standing on a scroll upon which 
 is inscribed a motto in the native language. 
 The crest is a native catamaran in full sail. 
 
 897. The resident commissioner of the New 
 Hebrides has as a badge a disk of white en- 
 circled by a wreath of green and red and bear- 
 ing a crown with the words NEW Hebrides 
 around it. 
 
 898. The Protectorate of the British Solo- 
 mon Islands has a simple badge, consisting of 
 the royal crnwn, surrounded by the three words 
 on a white field, British solojion isl.'vnds. 
 
 899. The British Resident of the Gilbert 
 and Ellice Islands, in the southern Pacific, has 
 a badge whicli consists of a white field bearing 
 below the letters B R, above which is a crown. 
 
 900. The Governor of New Zealand flies a 
 flag which consists of the national flag of the 
 British Empire, bearing at the intersection of 
 the crosses the badge of the island (901). 
 
 901. Xew Zealand's bad.ge is a wreatli-en- 
 circled design of white, bearing four stars in 
 the form of a cross, with the letters N Z in 
 the center. The stars are emblematic of the 
 southern cross, which appears in the skies over 
 New Zealand. 
 
 902. The blue ensign of New Zealand bears 
 the southern cross on the fly, the stars being 
 red with white borders. 
 
 903. The red ensign of New Zealand bears 
 the southern cross in white stars of five points. 
 
 904. The ensign of Paratonga, which flies 
 over sundry islands in the Pacific, has a field 
 consisting of three stripes, the upper and the 
 lower red and the middle one white. Upon 
 the white stripe are three five-pointed blue 
 stars. 
 
 382 
 
905. The Friendly Islands of the South Pa- 
 citic, constitiiiing the Protectorate of Tonua. 
 have an ensit;n with a red field and a while 
 canton in wliicli appears the cross of St. 
 George. 
 
 906. The standard of the Protectorate of 
 Tonija has a quartered field, the first and 
 fourth Kold. the second red, and the thinl lihie. 
 The tirst quarter hears three six-pointed stars. 
 The red quarter hears a crown. The third 
 tjuarter bears a flyins dove. On the fourth 
 quarter are three "bii; sticks." I'jion the center 
 is a si.\-pointed white star bearing a small St. 
 GeorRc's cross. 
 
 907. The customs flai; of tlic Protectorate 
 of Ton^a consists of a field the upper part of 
 which i-. Iilne, the lower (lart white, with a 
 white canton, upon which is iintmsed the red 
 cross of St. Georsc. On the white part of the 
 field are the initials H M C, proclainiiiiK His 
 Majesty's Customs. 
 
 AUSTR.ALI.v'S FLAGS 
 
 908. The flag of the Governor General of 
 Australia is the familiar union jack bearing 
 upon the intersection of the crosses a wreath- 
 encircled, crowneil star, which is the badge of 
 the Commonwealth. 
 
 909. The star of .-Vustralia originally had six 
 points, one for each of the original States, but 
 was altered to include a point for the Northern 
 Territory. The present badge of the Common- 
 wealth is therefore a seven-pointed star, with 
 a crown above, set within a laurel wreath. 
 
 910. The blue ensign of the Commonwealth 
 of .-Vustralia has a large seven-pointed star be- 
 low the union, and on the fly end live small 
 stars representing the Southern Cross. The 
 Southern Cross exercises a strong appeal to the 
 people south of the Kquator. Even Humboldt 
 felt its influence and said that in the solitude 
 of the seas it was hailed as a friend from 
 whom he and his companions had long been 
 separated. This constellation never sets in 
 Australia (sec also S.^jK 
 
 911. P>y a warrant of the Lords Commis- 
 sioners, issued in 1903, vessels registered in 
 Australia were authorized to fly the red ensign 
 or merchant flag of Great Britain "having in 
 the center of the lower canton next the stall 
 and pointed directly to the center of the St. 
 George's Cross a white six-pointed star, indi- 
 cating the six F-'ederaled States of .-\ustralia." 
 and in the fly the Southern Cross, as in the 
 blue ensign. In iqoS the desirability of adding 
 a seventh point to the star of .-Vustralia, for 
 the N'orthcrn Territory, was recognized, and 
 merchant vessels were authorized to fly the red 
 ensign as pictured here. 
 
 gia. .\ blue Maltese Cross coming down 
 from the order of St. John and bearing the 
 crown of the F.mpire on the intersection forms 
 the badge of Oueenshnd. 
 
 913. N'ew South Wales has for its badge a 
 St. George's cross on white, with the Imn of 
 the British Empire on the intersection and four 
 golden stars of the southern cross on the arms. 
 
 914. The State of N'ictoria in the Common- 
 wealth of .-\ustralia has for its badge a blue 
 field bearing the constellation of the southern 
 
 cn.ss. with the ro>al crown of the Empire 
 
 alH»\ e. 
 
 915- South .Australia has made the tthite- 
 backed piping crow take the place ..f the .\mcr- 
 ican -ipnad eagle on her arms. The budyc of 
 that Stale con>ists of a yellow field licanng the 
 piping crow displayed. 
 
 916. The celebrated black swan, which wan 
 first <liscovercd on western .Vustralia's principal 
 river, since named the Swan, has »ervcd to 
 typify in the po|iular mind tin- contrariety of 
 the southern continent's flora and fauna to 
 those of the rest of the world This bird rep- 
 resented on a circular gold fuld has been ap- 
 propriately chosen as the bad^c of we^^crn 
 .Australia. 
 
 9'7- . A red lion passant upon a circular 
 white field serves as the design on the badge 
 of Tasmania. 
 
 918. The badge of the territory of Papua is 
 a white disk, with the name of the territory 
 below and the crown of the Itriti>li Ijiipirc 
 above. 
 
 919. The flag of the N'orth Borneo Company 
 is a British union jack, bearing u|>on its inter- 
 secting crosses a red lion, on a field of gold. 
 
 920. Sabah, a small settlement on the Ma- 
 lacca Strait side of the Malay peninsula, and 
 included within the State of Selaiigor. has a 
 governor whose flag is yellow, with a red lion 
 centered, in what the exponents of heraldry 
 call a passant guardant attitude. 
 
 9ai. Sarawak, a territory of some 4^,000 
 square miles on the coast of Borneo, has a 
 yellow flag upon which is imposed a cross of 
 St. George, the half of which, next the staff, 
 is black instead of the regulation reil. I'lwin 
 the intersection of this cross is superimposed a 
 crown. 
 
 92a. The flag of the R.ajah of Sarawak is 
 like that of the country he rules, except that 
 the arm of the cross next the fly is split a|>art, 
 and each section tapered, exten<ling to a corner 
 of the Hy. In 1.S4J Sir James Brooke (xuight a 
 large territory from the Sultan of Brunei. He 
 ruled this country for a long time as the Rajah 
 of Sarawak, his nephew succeeding to the posi- 
 tion in 1S68. The population of Sarawak 15 
 estimated at 500.000 Malays, Dyaks. Jayans, 
 Kenyahs, Muruts, with Chinese and other set- 
 tlers. 
 
 933. The Straits Settlements, a British col- 
 ony which comprises Singap<ire, Prnang. and 
 Malacca, on the Strait of Malacca, has for a 
 badge a re<l di.Tmond with three crowns on a 
 three-armed field of white. 
 
 934. Labiian. which was formerly the small- 
 est colony in the British Empire, bring about 
 the size of the Isle of Wight, but which has 
 since lieen incorixiralcd in the Straits Settle- 
 ments colony, has a liadge which shows a 
 brigantine sailing past a very high rock, l>eyond 
 which is rising a golden sun. 
 
 925. The badge of Ceylon, whose authentic 
 history goes l>ack to the 5th century B. C, 
 when an invasion of Hinilus from northern 
 India established the Sinhalese dynasty, has a 
 pagoda, in front of which is an rleph.int. The 
 liackground is blue and the foreground green, 
 surrounded by a diamond-studded Imrder of 
 red and gold. 
 
 383 
 
926. Hongkong's badge shows a harbor 
 scene in whicU appear a junk and a tea clipper. 
 Hongkong- is a Chmese city, now under British 
 sovereignty, and possessed of a naval base of 
 first magnitude. 
 
 927. Weihaiwei, a British holding on the 
 Chinese coast, is represented by a badge upon 
 which appear two mandarin ducks on the banks 
 of a stream. 
 
 928. The motto of Mauritius proclaims it, 
 "The star and the key of the Indian Seas." 
 On its badge, whicli is a quartered shield, azure 
 and gold, appear the symbolical key and star 
 and a galley. The supporters are a red and 
 white dodo on the dexter side and a red and 
 white antelope on the sinister. Each of the 
 supporters has a stalk of sugar cane in front 
 of it. Mauritius is an island in the Indian 
 Ocean, 500 miles from Madagascar, having 
 about 720 square miles of territory and about 
 377,cco inhabitants. 
 
 929. Seychelles and its dependencies consist 
 of ninety islands and islets, with a total esti- 
 mated area of 156 square miles, lying along the 
 coast of Africa. They are represented on its 
 badge by a tall palm tree, with a smaller tree 
 near by and a turtle at its foot, and the motto 
 Finis cornnat opus. 
 
 930. The ensign of the Federated Malay 
 States is one of the comparatively few ensigns 
 of the world that use black. The field consists 
 of four horizontal stripes, white at the top, 
 then red, yellow, and black in order. Upon the 
 center is an oval of white bearing a runnin,g 
 tiger. The Federated Malay States are Perak, 
 Selangor, Negri-Seinbilan, and Pahang. They 
 occupy a large portion of the Malay peninsula 
 and are under British protection. 
 
 931. The jack of the Federated Malay States 
 has a unique design. It preserves the colors 
 of the Malay States ensign, but uses them as 
 triangles instead of stripes. The red triangle 
 has its base on the staff; the black triangle, its 
 base on the fly; the base of the wdiite triangle 
 is at the upper edge, and that of the yellow at 
 the bottom. The apexes of the triangles meet 
 in the center of the fla.g. 
 
 932. The ensign of Pahang. one of the four 
 Federated Malay States, has a field the upper 
 half of wdiich is wdiite and the lower half 
 black. Pahang has 14.000 square miles of terri- 
 tory and a population of iiS.ono. 
 
 933- The ensign of Negri-Sembilan, one of 
 the four Federated Malay States, consists of a 
 yellow licld, with a union bearing two triangles. 
 one of which, its base resting on the staff, is 
 black, and the other,- its Ijase resting on the 
 yellow field, is red. 
 
 934. Perak, also a Federated Malay State, 
 has an ensign consisting of three horizontal 
 stripes, the upper white, the lower black, and 
 the middle j-ellow. 
 
 935. The ensign of Selangor is yellow and 
 red and is quartered. The first quarter is red 
 and liears the star and crescent of the Moham- 
 medan world ; the second quarter is yellow, the 
 third yellow, and the fourth red. Selangor is 
 about the size of Delaware and has a popula- 
 tion of 300,000. 
 
 936-945 (inclusive). These are the flags of 
 the Malay JStates not included in the Federa- 
 tion. They are all under British protection. 
 
 The relations of Johore with Great Britain are 
 dehned by a treaty dated December 11, 18S5, 
 amended by agreement on May 12, 1914, m 
 which the Sultan agreed to accept and to act 
 upon the advice of a British officer called the 
 general adviser. The rights of suzerainty, pro- 
 tection, administration, and control of the 
 other four States were transferred from Siam 
 to Great Britain by the Anglo-Siamese treaty 
 of March 10, 1909. The State of Kelantan, on 
 the east coast of the peninsula, with an area of 
 5,870 square miles and a population approxi- 
 mating 300,000, is represented by 936 and 937, 
 ensign and merchant flags respectively. There 
 are only four post-offices in the entire State. 
 The flag of Johore (938) is black, with a red 
 union bearing the star and crescent of the Mo- 
 liammedan religion. The flag of the Sultan of 
 Johore (939) is white, bearing a crescent and 
 star in blue, the star being nine-pointed. Perlis 
 flies a yellow and black flag (940), the upper 
 half yellow and the lower black. The Rajah 
 of Perils flics a yellow flag (041), with a shield 
 inclosed within a wreath. The flag of Kedah 
 (942) is red, with a green crescent and a shield 
 half surrounded by a wreath. That of the 
 Sultan of Kedah (943) is yellow, with a green 
 shield, a red crescent, and a green wreath. 
 The Regent of Kedah flies a green flag (944), 
 bearing a yellow shield, crescent, and wreath. 
 Trengganu has a flag (945) the staff third of 
 wdiich is white and the remainder black. 
 
 946. The Governor General of India flies the 
 familiar union jack, with the star of India, 
 crowned, at the intersection of the crosses. 
 
 947. The badge of India consists of a five- 
 pointed star inclosed within a garter and sur- 
 rounded by golden rays, as a sunflower. Above 
 is the crown of the Empire. 
 
 948. The Indian marine flics the blue ensign 
 of Great Britain, with the star of India in the 
 fly. 
 
 949. The jack of the Indian marine is the 
 union jack on a field of blue. 
 
 9£0. The flag of the local Indian maritime 
 government is the lilue ensign of Britain, bear- 
 ing on the fly a golden lion, rampant, carrying 
 in its forepaws the crown of Empire. 
 
 951. The flag of the Conservators of Bom- 
 bay has seven horizontal red stripes separated 
 by thin white stripes. The central red stripe 
 forms with a perpendicular bar the red cross 
 of St. George, on wdiich is centered the seal of 
 the Conservators, consisting of two small es- 
 cutcheons leaning together on a field of white 
 and having a crow-n above them. 
 
 952. The flag of the Trustees of Bombay, 
 a body which has in charge the light-houses 
 and other shipping activities on the Bombay 
 coast, has a blue cross placed on the field cor- 
 responding to the red cross of St. George. 
 This cross quarters the field, the first quarter 
 bearing a light-house, the light represented by 
 rays of red. and the other three quarters bear 
 shipping scenes along the coast. 
 
 953- The Witu forest lies within the pro- 
 tectorate of British East Africa. Its flag is a 
 red field upon wliich is centered a union jack, 
 about half as long and half as -wide as the 
 field itself, 
 
 954. British ascendency in Egypt dates from 
 the i8th of December, 1914. when the govern- 
 
 384 
 
ment of tlic Empire ilipoicd tin- reigning 
 Khedive, on the yr>.>uiid that he had adhered lo 
 the King's enemies. The Uriiish protecturate 
 has heen recognized by I-rancc. The new 
 Egyptian tlaig ol red has three white cresienis, 
 with the hums toward the fly, and each con- 
 taining a live-pointed while star. This flag 
 was the personal standard of the Khedive and 
 now takes the place of tlie former national 
 Hag, which was distinguished from the Turkish 
 by having a star I'f live instead of si.\ points. 
 
 955. The flag of I'.ritish East .-Xfrica is the 
 national banner of the Empire, bearing upon 
 the intersection of tlie crosses a red lion, ram- 
 pant, or aggressively walking forward on his 
 hind legs. .\ p:»s-.:int lion, as shown in 917, is 
 one walking ahead on all fours, with right 
 paw uplifted; encircled by a wreath. 
 
 956. .\rmed vessels of the British East 
 .•\fnca Company carry the blue ensign of 
 liritain, with the red lion of East .\frica on 
 the fly. 
 
 957. The East .Africa nierchrint flag is of 
 the familiar red ensign type, with the red linn, 
 rampant, in a white ilisk on ;he fly. 
 
 958. The Somaliland Protectorate in East 
 .-\frica has an area of alMiut 6S,ax) square 
 miles; its population is about 300,000, mostly 
 nomadic, almost entirely Mohammedan. The 
 badge of the protectorate bears the head and 
 shoulders of a Kudu, one of the antelopes of 
 that region. 
 
 959. The Nvassaland Protectorate, which 
 was formerly known as British Central Africa, 
 with an area of .10,000 Sduare miles and a popu- 
 lation of l.ioo.ooc). has a badge which shows a 
 tree on a diagonal yellow, white, and black 
 background. 
 
 960. Nigeria, with approximately 336.000 
 square miles, an area as large as New England 
 and Texas together, has a population of about 
 17.000.000. In Ifxxi a proclamation was issued 
 which, without abolishing domestic slavery, de- 
 clared all children l>orn after January 1, 1000. 
 free ; it also forbade the removal of dornestic 
 slaves for sale or transfer. The badge of this 
 protectorate has a red field, upon which are 
 imposed two interlocked triangles in the form 
 of a six-poin'cd star. In the center is the 
 crown of the British Empire. 
 
 961. 96a, 963. An elephant in front of a 
 palm tree, with mountains in the background, 
 f.irms the device of the badge of West .\frica, 
 with the initials "O" for Gambia. "S. L." for 
 Sierra Leone, and "G. C." for Gold Coast, mak- 
 ing the badge ronresontnlivc of each of the 
 subdivisions of West .Xfrica. 
 
 964. St. Helena has a badge which shows 
 an Inilian merchantman on a green sea. steer- 
 ing between two high cliffs. St. George's cross 
 on the ensign of the ship is reminiscent of 
 days long ago. 
 
 965. The Governor General of the Union of 
 South .\frica fl-cs the national flng of the Brit- 
 ish Empire, with the coat-of-arms of South 
 .■\frica in the center. 
 
 966. The badge of the Union of South .Vf- 
 rica consists uf .t shield quartered and showing 
 the figure of Hope for Capo r..l..tn. iw., vnii. 
 
 for Natal, an orange tree i'-r the Orange Free 
 State, and a trek wugnn for the Trans\aal. 
 The gnus and the orange tree are imi gold, and 
 Hope and the wagon on red and green ropccl- 
 ively. The crest is a lion and the supporters 
 antelopes; the motto, "In union there i» 
 strength." 
 
 967. The I'nion of South .-Xirica ha» as its 
 olVuial flag the blue ensign o( t'.reat Britain, 
 with the coat-ofarms. as descrilied in tpb, on 
 the fly. 
 
 ^ 968. The merchant flag of the Union of 
 South .\lrica. which is made up of Cape Col- 
 ony, Natal, Transvaal, and Orange Free ."^taie, 
 is the red ensiijn of Britain, liearing the l'nion'<> 
 coat-of-arins in a white ilisk on the fly, 
 
 969. The badge of the Cape of (i>H«l Hope 
 shows a shielil bearing on red a golde.i hoii, 
 rampant, and supported by a gnu and an aii'e. 
 lope. On a scroll below the shield is "(".ijod 
 I lope" in Latin. 
 
 970. The badge of Natal shows two gnus. 
 the oild-looking .\frican antelopes, with the 
 inqierial crown above. The export of gnu 
 liitles is an important industry in Natal, and 
 the nuinlur of these animals has been greatl> 
 reduced by hunting. 
 
 971. The <^lraiige River Colony, before it 
 became the Orange bree .^tate of the Union, 
 had on its badge a sprin'.;bok in alert attitndc. 
 
 972. Before the formation of tlu South .\f- 
 rican Union the badge iif the Transvaal showed 
 a lion, couchant, resting on the velilt. 
 
 973. Khiidesia's baclge has a blue lield. with 
 a golden lion grasping an elephant's tusk in its 
 right paw. The name i>f this colony, as well 
 as the letters B. S. .X. C. appearing Ih-Iow its 
 device, recalls the means by which this region 
 was secured and developed for Great Britain, 
 namely, Cecil Rhodes' P.ritish South .\frica 
 Company. 
 
 974. The High Commissioner of Sou-h .\f- 
 rica has as bis badge a blue disk with the ini- 
 tials S. .v. H. C. and a crown alnivc. 
 
 975. This shows the wreath usecl around 
 tlie badges of the colonial possessions when 
 imposed upon the union jack, at the intersec- 
 tion of the crosses, to beti ken the presence of 
 the colonial representative en the ship flying 
 it. There are a few notable exceptions — the 
 wreath around Canada's badge is not t!ie regu- 
 l.ition laurel, but is made of maple leaves (sec 
 8f»)> : that around New Zcal.ind's badge cr>n- 
 sists of two fern leaves (sec ooi) : the Union 
 of Soi!th .\frica has a wreath of mimosa (see 
 <)V»». while India's star is circleil bv ihe garter 
 which in turn is surronided by the bl.i/ing r,iy< 
 of a stin I see 047*. When the badijes arc u*od 
 on the blue and red eiisii;n>. they arc not sur- 
 rounded by wre.itlis, except in the case of the 
 bla/itig si'n of India. 
 
 976. The ba<lKC of militarv olTicrrs afloat. 
 as. for ins|an.-e. when crossing the Enclish 
 Channel, or when B'>ing to the S.iloniki front, 
 has a bine t-.eld. unon which .ire in«cril)ed in 
 cold the initials "G R." (Gcorce Rex>, «ur- 
 n<.>unted bv the cri-wn of the Empire. 
 
 077-986. These fl.igs arc used by the various 
 British ofticials. 
 
 385 
 
FLAGS OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, BULGARIA, 
 GERMANY, AND TURKEY 
 
 987. The ensign of Austria-Hungary has 
 three horizontal stripes, red at the top and 
 bottom, with white between. Upon the white 
 stripe are imposed the shield of Austria next 
 the staff and of Hungary next the fly. Above 
 each shield is the crown of its kingdom. The 
 Hungarian crown differs from the Austrian, 
 being that of St. Stephen. The Austrian shield 
 repeats the red, white, red-striped design of 
 the Hag, and was the device of the ancient 
 dukes of .\ustria, dating back to the twelfth 
 century. 
 
 g88. The merchant flag of Austria-Hungary 
 was introduced in 1S69 by a commission ap- 
 pointed to blend the (lags of the two countries. 
 As the Hungarian flag is red, white, and 
 green, the blending was accomplished by mak- 
 ing the bottom stripe of tlie Austro-Hungarian 
 ensign one-half green. Thus the half of the 
 merchant flag containing the Hungarian shield 
 preserves the distinctive Hungarian tricolor. 
 
 989. The imperial standard of Austria- 
 Hungary consists of a yellow field bordered 
 with small black, red, and white triangles rep- 
 resenting flames. It is square and in the center 
 are placed the arms of the Austrian monarchy. 
 These consist of a black donblc-headed eagle 
 crowned, the double head indicating the former 
 Holy Roman Empire. Over the eagle appears 
 the crown of Austria. In one claw the eagle 
 holds a sword and scepter and in the other an 
 orb. On its breast appears a shield divided 
 equally into three vertical portions. The red 
 lion rampant on a golden ground in the first 
 section represents the House of Hapsburg; 
 the silver section on a red ground stands for 
 Austria ; the three eaglets in silver on a red 
 band upon a golden ground arc reminiscent of 
 Lorraine. The shield is surroimded by the 
 colors of the Order of the Golden Fleece and 
 of ]\Iaria Theresa. On the wings of the eagle 
 are the arms of the eleven provinces. This 
 flag commands a different salute from any 
 other in the world, it is believed. Under Aus- 
 trian naval usage the Emperor is saluted by 
 twenty-one guns followed by fifteen hurrahs. 
 A minister of state or field marshal gets nine- 
 teen guns and eleven hurrahs; a general thir- 
 teen guns and seven hurrahs; a commodore 
 eleven guns and three hurrahs, wdiile ambassa- 
 dors, archbishops, consuls, and others all have 
 their definite share of gunpowder and requi- 
 site allotment of shouting. 
 
 990. The royal standard of Bulgaria is a 
 square red flag bordered with black and green 
 triangles, upon w-hich is emblazoned the royal 
 lion of the coat-of-arms of the country. On 
 the body of the lion is a shield having a blue 
 field bearing a series of diagonal and horizon- 
 tal lines. 
 
 991. The ensign of Bulgaria is white at the 
 top, red at the bottom, and green between. In 
 a canton appears the golden lion rampant of 
 
 the Bulgarian arms, upon red. The lion is 
 
 crowned. 
 
 ' 992. Bulgaria's merchant flag is of white, 
 
 green, and red, white at the top and red at the 
 
 bottom. 
 
 993. Germany's imperial standard has a 
 cross, black with white border, the field being 
 yellow, and the intersection of the cross bear- 
 ing a shield containing the arms of Prussia 
 surmounted by a crown and surrounded by the 
 collar of the Order of the Black Eagle. The 
 yellow field of the flag is diapered over in 
 each corner with three black eagles and the 
 crown. The arms of the cross reach out to 
 the four edges of the flag and bear the legend, 
 "Gott Wit Uns, 1870," the date conmiemorating 
 the origin of this standard. 
 
 994. The standard of the King of Prussia 
 very closely resembles tlie imperial standard, 
 except that the field of ihe flag is red instead 
 of yellow. The cross which this flag and the 
 preceding one bear is the cross of the Teu- 
 tonic order and dates from the close of the 
 twelfth century. 
 
 995. The ensign of the German Empire has 
 a white field, upon which is imposed a large 
 black cross, having at its center a circle in 
 black outlines containing the black Prussian 
 eagle crowned. The arms of the cross quarter 
 the flag. In the canton there is the merchant 
 flag in miniature, upon which is superimposed 
 the black cross of the Teutonic order (994). 
 
 996. The merchant flag of Germany, con- 
 sisting of three bars, black at the top, white in 
 the middle, and red at the bottom, dates from 
 1S67. In that year it was decreed that the flag 
 of the North German Confederacy should be 
 black, white, and red, and when the twelve 
 southern States joined the federation the same 
 flag was continued as the merchant symbol of 
 the Empire. Prior to 1867 no German national 
 flag had ever flown upon the ocean, each of 
 the various States and free cities having its 
 own special colors (see also 1153, 1154, 1166, 
 etc.). In a speech delivered that year the 
 Minister of the Crown stated that the combi- 
 nation of colors was emblematic of a junction 
 of the black and white Prussian flag with the 
 red and white ensign of the Ilanseatic League. 
 
 997. The standard of the King of Bavaria 
 has a field of blue and white lozenges, upon 
 which is centered the coat-of-arms of the 
 kingdom. This bears a quartered shield with 
 a golden lion, crowned, on a field of black, 
 representing the Rhine Palatinate in the first 
 quarter; the second quarter is red and silver 
 for the Duchy of Franconia; the third quarter 
 has eight stripes of siher and red crossed by 
 a pale of gold, for the IMargravatc of Burgau ; 
 the fourth quarter has a blue lion rampant, 
 crowned with .gold, for the County of Vel- 
 dentz. LIpon all is a fusiform of striped silver 
 and blue, which represents Bavaria. Above this 
 
 386 
 
device is the royal crown, supported by two 
 lions regardant, each of them guUl crowned. 
 The whole is upon a royal mantle, which, in 
 its turn, is crowned. 
 
 gg8. The standard of the Kiua of Saxony 
 reproduces part of the heraldic device found 
 in the arms of the ruling faiinly. namely, a 
 Rreen crown of rue cuttiii).; diagonally across 
 ten alternate black and Rold bars. 
 
 999. The flags of the maritime States of 
 (".ermany are black, white, and reil, black at 
 the top and red at the bottom, with an anchor 
 and cniwn in the center, where the wliite stripe 
 is swelled out to accommodate them, ami with 
 the bailge of the respective States. lOO.MooS, 
 inclusive, as a canton in the upper corner ne.vt 
 the staff. 
 
 1000. The imperial marine flag is like those 
 of the maritime States, except that the badge 
 is omitted. 
 
 looi. The standard of the King of Wurtt- 
 cmliurg is yellow with three half horns of a 
 stag in black, antlered. In each of the four 
 corners of the staiiilard is a crown. 
 
 1002. The Grandduchy of Hesse has a 
 standard consisting of three hori?i>ntal stripes, 
 red at the top ami bottom and white between, 
 with the white stripe larger than the others. 
 Upon the white stripe is a blue shield charged 
 with a lion having a forked tail and stripe<l 
 with red and white. The standard has a crown 
 in each of its four corners. 
 
 1003. This badge, with its black eagle, placed 
 as a canton on the llag of the German mari- 
 time States, proclaims that the ship Hying it 
 belongs to Prussia. 
 
 1004. The badge of the free city of Bremen 
 is red and bears an antique key of silver. It 
 is crowned with gold. 
 
 1005. Placed in the canton of the flag of 
 the maritime States of Germany, this badge 
 proclaims the authority of Oldenburg. On i\ 
 is a shield the first quarter of which, made up 
 of red and yellow stripes, represent Olden- 
 burg; the second quarter, a gold cross on blue, 
 represents Delmeiihorst : the tliird quarter. .1 
 golden cross surmounted bv a miter on blue, 
 represents Lubeck ; the fourth qu,irter is 
 cheeky, of four rows of red and white, and 
 proclaims Birkenfeld. In the point of the 
 shield is a golden lion, representing Jever. 
 
 1006. The badge of Hamburg is a red 
 square upon which is placed a castle having 
 three silver towers, over an anchor. 
 
 1007. Mecklenburg's badge has a yellow 
 field upon which appears the head of a black 
 buffalo with red mouth, white horns, and 
 golden crown. 
 
 1008. The badge of Lubeck has a black 
 double eagle displayed, its tongue, beak, and 
 claws red. and its breast chargcfl with an es- 
 cutcheon halved in white and red. 
 
 1009. When the flag of the imperial marine 
 of Germany omits the golden anchor an<l 
 crown from the middle stripe of white .ind 
 substitutes the crowned black eagle of the I%m- 
 pire. it proclaims thit the building or vessel 
 displaying it is under the jurisdiction of the 
 Foreign Otlicc. 
 
 loio. When the flag of the imperial marine 
 has this bailgc substituted for the anchor and 
 crown, it means that the ship or building dis- 
 
 playing it is under the jurisdiction of the otlier 
 departments uf the German (.iuvcriuiiciit. 
 
 loil. This lutdce, in place of the anchor 
 and crown on the llag of the imperial marine 
 of Germany, transforms it into the llag of the 
 postal service of the Kinpirc. 
 
 lOia. Merchant vessels in the naval r^^rrve 
 of Gerinany l>ear the black, white, ami red llag 
 of ihe German nu-rchanl iiiarme, uith the black 
 cross on the end ne.vt the ^lutf. 
 
 1013. The laiidrs llag of Prussia consist* of 
 a white licld liordcred at the top and Ixiiioni 
 with black and bearing on ihr iialf nr\t the 
 statT the displayed black eagle of Prussia. 
 _ 1014. _ The llag of tlic German Govcrn'>r« of 
 I'.ast .-\frica ami Kiao-Chau was the nirrcliaiit 
 flag with the eagle of the Rmiiire on the cen- 
 tral while stripe. The iornier ci'l..iiv ha^ now 
 been jiractically coii<|uered by ltritl^ll (<KCei 
 :md the Japanese have taken charge of Kiao- 
 Chau. 
 
 1015. The flag of the commandcr-in-chirf 
 of the naval forces of Germany has a Mpiare 
 wliite held (X-cnpied by the black kT"s\, \\ itli 
 guns arranged in the form of a Villire thrrcoii. 
 
 1016. The flag of the inspector general of 
 the German navy has a red-bordered white 
 held with the black cross ipiartering the while. 
 
 1017. The ensign and merchant flag of 
 Turkey consists of a red field upon which is 
 imposed a white crescent mo<in and a five- 
 pointed star. The Turks adopted this device 
 when they captured Constantinople in 146.1. It 
 originally was the symbol of niana. who was 
 the patroness of lly/antium. When the Turks 
 adopted the crescent as a ba<!gc of triumph it 
 promptly fell into disuse in ihe western world, 
 and they secured a complete niono(Kdy ui>on 
 It. Though originally a pagan syinlMil. it re- 
 mained throughout the ri-.e and development 
 of the Greek Church a special mark of Con- 
 stantinople. ICven to this day in Moscow and 
 other Russian cities the crescent and the cross 
 may be seen cinibined on the churches, the 
 object being to indicate the lly/antine origin 
 of the Orthodox Church. The origin of this 
 fluarter nio»->ii ilates from the lime of I'jni>cror 
 Philip, the father of .Mexander the Great 
 While he was trying to take the citv he set his 
 soldiers to work on a dark night to undermine 
 the walls, but the crescent moon appeared in 
 lime to reveal the design to the people and 
 Philip was thwarted. In acknowledgment the 
 I'.y/antines erected a statue to Oiana andniade 
 the crescent moon the symbol of their city. 
 
 1018. The personal flag of the Sultan of 
 Turkey, which corresponds to the roval »|an<j- 
 ards of otlier monarchies, or the President's 
 flag in our own country, is scarlet and bears 
 in the center a device which changes with each 
 succession to the throne. This dr\i>-e. accord- 
 iiiR to tradition, originateil in the fnurtrrnlh 
 century, when Sultan Miirail, l>eing unable to 
 write his name on a treaty. dipiK-d his oixn 
 hand in ink and pressed it on the document. 
 In the spaces of Ihe figure thus made the 
 scribes wrote hi.s name, the title Khan, and the 
 epithet "Ever Victorious." Now. the name of 
 the reigning sovereign, within the same fignre. 
 appears on the flag, surrounded by a rayed 
 halo of somewhat starlike form. 
 
 3»- 
 
loig. The chief of tlie staff of the German 
 navy flics a flag of white fully quartered by a 
 black cross, upon whose intersection is im- 
 posed a disk of white, a circle of gold rope, 
 and a sword. 
 
 1020. The flotilla flag of the German navy 
 consists of a swallow-tailed pennant, hung free 
 from tlie flagstaff and bearing the black cross. 
 
 1021. The Suhan of Turkey flics a different 
 flag afloat from that which is borne for him 
 ashore. As commander-in-chief of the Turk- 
 ish_ iiav;i! forces he has a red banner upon 
 which is centered a wliite anchor w-ith a blaz- 
 ing sun in the center of each quarter of the 
 flag. 
 
 1022. The religious flag of Turkey is green 
 instead of the familiar red of the ensign and 
 merchant banner. It bears the usual crescent 
 and star in white and is the baimer that is 
 
 borne upon all religious occasions. It has been 
 under this banner that untold thousands of 
 Christians in the Mohammedan world have 
 suffered at tlic hands of the followers of 
 Islam. 
 
 1023. The customs banner of Turkey is of 
 the same general design as the national ensign, 
 except that the star and crescent are inclosed 
 in a rectangle made of a thin white stripe close 
 to and parallel with the border. 
 
 1024. The flag of Crete is quartered by a 
 white cross. The first quarter is red and bears 
 a five-pointed star in white, while the other 
 three quarters are blue. This was the flag of 
 the high commissioner appointed by Great 
 Britain. Russia, France, and Italy, and later 
 proposed by Greece with the permission of the 
 Powers, who governed the island before its 
 annexation to Greece. 
 
 HEROIC FLAGS OF THE MIDDLE AGES 
 
 Tlic Ceof/rapliy of the Earth as Kiwzoit in Medieval Times Syiiilfoliced in 
 
 06 Historic Standards 
 
 (Ncs. 1025-1120) 
 
 THE earliest repre.seiitation of the 
 flags of all nations is to be found 
 in an illiuniiiated manuscript of a 
 Franciscan friar, a native of Spain, who 
 was born in 1305 and who, according to 
 his own claim, wrote his monumental 
 "Book of the Knowledge of All the King- 
 doms, Countries, and Lordships that 
 there are in the World and of the En- 
 signs and Arms of Each Country and 
 Lordship; also of the Kings and Lords 
 Who Govern Them," after having visited 
 all the places which he describes. 
 
 Geographers and historians hesitate to 
 accept the friar's claim as literally true, 
 but it is evident that he was a great trav- 
 eler and a close observer, and though he 
 is prone to weave legend and hearsay into 
 his narrative, there is, nevertheless, a re- 
 markable fund of information in this 
 priceless manuscript, written a century 
 and a half before Columbus discovered 
 America, and which now reposes in the 
 Biblioteca Nacional at jNLadrid. 
 
 "In the name of God the Father and Son 
 and Holy Ghost, three individual persons in 
 one essence. I was born in the Kingdom of 
 Castile, in the reign of the very noble King 
 Don Sanchri. when the era of the world, ac- 
 cording til the Hebrews, was 5,065 years, and 
 the era of the deluge 4.407 years, and of Nebu- 
 chadnezzar of Chaldea 2.502 years, and of 
 .'Alexander the Great of Macedonia 1,617, and 
 of C;esar, Emperor of Rome, 1,343, and of 
 
 ARTIST AS WliLL .\S TRAVELER 
 
 The manuscript of the anonymous 
 Franciscan whose travels extended as far 
 east as Java, by way of Mecca, was edited 
 by the Spanish scholar iMarcos Jimenez 
 de la Espada, 40 years ago, with the aid 
 of Don Francisco Coello, the eminent 
 geographer. It was recently published in 
 English, together with the flags (see page 
 371 ), by the Hakluyt Society. 
 
 The devices are very beautiful and rich, 
 both in color and in design, the Fran- 
 ciscan evincing great skill in reproducing 
 in some instances the banners and in oth- 
 ers the coats-of-arms of the kingdoms 
 and ])rincipalities which he visited. 
 
 The story of these flags of the world 
 570 years ago and of the kings and coun- 
 tries over which they waved is best told 
 in the words of the Franciscan himself, 
 who makes no attempt to differentiate be- 
 tween what he actually saw and what he 
 heard (the numbers in the text refer to 
 the corresponding flag on page 371). 
 
 Christ 1.304 years, and of the Arabs 706, on 
 the nth day of the month of September. 
 
 "There are in the Kingdom of Castile 28 
 cities and many other towns, castles, and vil- 
 lages. Know that this Kingdom of Castile and 
 Leon has all the seacoast of the west as far as 
 Bayona the greater, and borders on Navarre 
 and Aragon and Granada. The ensigns of the 
 kings of this kingdom are a flag with two 
 castles and two lions quarterly (1025). 
 
 388 
 
"I departed from the Kingdom of Castile 
 and went to the Kingdom ot I'ortiigul. where 
 I found four large cities, and three great rivers 
 flow across it. This kingdom borders on the 
 western sea and the Kingdom of Castile and 
 Leon. The arms of this kingdom are castles 
 all round and (itiiitas (shields with live white 
 circles, representing the live wounds of the 
 Saviour) in the middle (ioa6). 
 
 "I went to Bayona (Bayonne the greater, 
 which is in Gascony. It is seated on the west- 
 ern sea, near the I'yrenean Mountains (Pyre- 
 nees). The Lord of this Bayona has for his 
 Hag white with a cross red" (1037). 
 
 At the time of the l'"ranciscan's visit Bayonne 
 was under the King of England, and the flag 
 was therefore the St. George's cross (830), 
 adopted by Richard Coeur de Lion during the 
 Third Crusade. 
 
 "1 left Bayona and entered Navarre, a very 
 rich kingdom, in which there are three great 
 cities. Three great rivers flow through it. The 
 king of it has for a sign the flag as follows" 
 (loaS). 
 
 At the battle of Las Xavas dc Tolosa, in 
 1212, Sancho, King of Xavarre, and his knights 
 broke the chain which defended the approach 
 to the tent of "En-Nasir," the .Mmohade Sul- 
 tan. The victory which followed resulted in 
 laying all Mohammedan Spain at the feet of 
 the Christians. From that time the kings of 
 Navarre bore the chain on their coat-of-arms 
 and on their flag. 
 
 "I departed from Navarre and crossed the 
 Pyrenees. On the left side of these mountains 
 is the noble city of Tolosa (Toulouse), where 
 the liberal arts are studied, and the lord of 
 this Tolosa has for his sign a red flag with a 
 cross of gold (1029). 
 
 "I left Tolosa and turned along the coast of 
 the country of Burdeo (Bordeaux), and then 
 to Rochela (La Rochellc). a rich city of 
 France, and thence I went to the point of 
 Sanmac, which is in the province of Brctanca 
 (Brittany) : thence to the Gulf of Samalo (St. 
 Malo). and thence to the province of Nor- 
 mandia (.Normandy). .Ml these arc in the 
 Kingdom of Francia (France), where there 
 arc many cities, towns, and villages. Know- 
 that the Kingdom of France borders on the 
 Mediterranean, where there is a city called 
 Narbonne. and on the .-Mps of .Msace and on 
 the coasts of Flanders, and all the coasts of 
 Gascuena (Gascony) to the Pyrenees. The 
 King of France has three flcurs de lys of gold 
 (1030). 
 
 "I left Paris and went to Roan and Chalon. 
 and thence to a city on the coast which thcv 
 call Dicpa (Dieppe), and I left it and reached 
 a rich city called Calcs (Calais), which is in 
 the province of Picardy. Know that from this 
 Cales to the island of England is a short cross- 
 ing of eight miles (leagties ?). I dep.irtcd 
 from Cales and went to the country of Flan- 
 dors, to a noble city. Brxijas (Bruges). The 
 lord of that country has a flag — gold with a 
 black lion (1031). 
 
 "Tlifvo I crossed a great river which fhev 
 rail Rinits (the Rhine), which passes bv Co- 
 lona (Cologne), a great city of Germany. In 
 this city they say that the three Magian kings 
 are interred who worshiped Jesus Christ in 
 Belcm (Bethlehem). But when I traveled in 
 
 the Empire of Cataya (China) I was in a dty 
 called Solin (Saba?), and ihcy slioweU inc 
 three highly revered lnon«lllcIU^. and they were 
 in honor oi the three .Magian kings who adored 
 Jesus Christ, and they said that ihcy were na- 
 tives of that city. In this (•crnuiiy there are 
 some very high mountains which they call the 
 German .Mps. . . . The Emperor of Ger- 
 many has for his device a flag— yellow with a 
 black eagle crowned (103a). 
 
 "I departed from Colona and went to a city 
 called Colanda ( Holland), in the Kingdom of 
 l'"risia. I then passed over a great river. .Ubia 
 I Elbe), rising 111 the mountaiiu ..( Boemia 
 ( Bohemia). Here the (ierinaii Sr.i forms the 
 gnat Gulf of l-"ri>ia. and in that gulf there arc 
 four islands. The King of l"ri>ia\ device is a 
 llag— gold with three long black lions (1033). 
 
 "In the Kingdom of llneinia there .ire jevcn 
 great cities, the largest called I'raga 1 Prague), 
 where they crown the King of Bocitiia. This 
 Praga is all surrounde<l by a lofty range which 
 they call the Mountains of Boemia. In the 
 middle there is a great plateau and in its center 
 is the city, surrounded by a great river called 
 .\lbia. The King of Boemia has for his de- 
 vice a llag — white with a red lion crowned 
 (t034). 
 
 "I left Boemia and went to the province of 
 Sant Nurio (Sandomir). and to another the 
 name of which was Curconia (Cracow) and 
 Culinan (Culm), which are great provinces 
 between Germany and the greater sea. and 
 though it may be that they are inhabited by 
 Christians, still they arc schismatics; and I ar- 
 rived at two great cities between the greater 
 sea and the Sea of Germany, called Lilefama 
 (Livonia) and Catalant (Co<irland). It is a 
 very populous land and the king of it has for 
 a device a white flag with this sign (1035). 
 
 THE VANISHED KINCUOM 
 
 "I entered the Kingdom of Polonia (Po- 
 land), where there are live great cities, the 
 largest being Sania .Maria ( Mariempol). where 
 they crown the kings. The King of Polonia 
 has for his design a green flag with this sign 
 in red (1036). __ 
 
 "I left the Kingdom of Polonia ami went to 
 the Kingdom of Leon, which the Germans call 
 Lumbrec (Lembcrg). in which there are five 
 great cities. It must be known that this King- 
 dom of Leon (Galicia) borders on the prov- 
 ince of Rumcnia (Livonia) and with the King- 
 dom of Suava (Swabia). The king has a 
 green flag with a red cross (1037). 
 
 ■'.■\ftcr this 1 turned to the other coast of 
 the German Sea (Baltic), to the part of the 
 Trasmoniana. being the land of Europe I will 
 mention further on. I entered " ' ■ -nv- 
 
 incc lliey rail Suevia (Sweden) ; the 
 
 city of Roderin (Roggerwick ). . . ..■■■ .ind 
 populous, though the land is very mid. It has 
 in it nine cities. The King of this Suevia tun 
 for his device a yellow flag with two red |ion» 
 facing each other" (1038). 
 
 .\ few years Wfore the visit of the Fran- 
 ciscan the first union lietwren Norway and 
 Sweden had taken place under the three-year- 
 old king. Magniis. who. however. lost both 
 kingdoms l>cfore his death. 
 
 "I left the dty of Roderin and, going on 
 
 :fio 
 
board a ship, I passed to an island they called 
 Gotlandia, which is in the German Gulf, and 
 on tins island there is a great city called Bisuy 
 (Wishy), in which there are go parishes, and 
 the island is well peopled. There is a smaller 
 island called Oxilia. The king of these islands 
 has a flag of gold and purple bars" (1039). 
 
 It was in the century preceding the Fran- 
 ciscan's visit that the wealth of the city of 
 Wishy, or Bisuy. as he called it. became pro- 
 verliial. and an old ballad relates that "the Got- 
 landers weigh gold with 20-pound weights and 
 p'ay with the choicest gems. The pigs eat out 
 of silver troughs and the women spin with 
 gold distaffs. A few years after the friar's 
 visit Wishy was attacked by the King of Den- 
 mark, who after a bloody battle, in which i.Soo 
 peasants fell trying to defend the gates of the 
 city, took possession of the whole island. 
 
 'i ascended the lofty mountains of Noruega 
 (Norway), wdiich is a very strong kingdom 
 containing three great cities. They call the 
 largest Regis (Bergen), where they crown the 
 kings. And be it known that this Noruega 
 toward the north is uninhabited, and that the 
 year makes one day for six months and an- 
 other SIX months' night, and there are men 
 who have their heads fixed on their breasts 
 with no neck whatever, but I did not see them. 
 The king of this Noruega has for his device 
 a flag — gold with a black lion (1040). 
 
 "I departed from Noruega in a ship of the 
 English, and we shaped a course west and 
 . came to an island, very large, called Salanda, 
 which is at the entrance of the Gulf of Frisia. 
 already mentioned. The island of Salanda 
 (Zeeland) is very populous and has four great 
 cities, called Salandi (Copenhacen). Risent 
 (Riiigsted), Escondin (Stor Hedding). Alenda 
 (I^ealand). The king of this island has for 
 his device a flag — gold with a black lion, as in 
 Noruega (1040). 
 
 "I left the island of Salanda (Zeeland) and 
 we made a long voyage, arriving at another 
 island called Tille (Telemarken, in the south 
 of Norway), and from thence we came to the 
 island of Escocia (Scotland) and found in it 
 three great cities — one called Donfres (Dum- 
 fries), another Eneruic (Edinburgh), another 
 Veruic (Berwick). The king of this Escocia 
 has for his device a red flag with three long 
 lions of gold" (1041). 
 
 The explanation for the Franciscan's con- 
 fusion of the arms of England wdth those of 
 Scotland is quite simple. His visit took place 
 during the reign of David Bruce, who married 
 an English princess, and he probably saw^ her 
 arms on a flag in Scotland and assumed it to 
 be the device of the reigning monarch. 
 
 ENGLAND COXT.MXED "ELEVEN GREAT CITIES" 
 
 "I departed from the land of Escocia and 
 came to the Kingdom of Inglaterra (England). 
 Know- that it is a very well populated country 
 and that it contains eleven great cities. The 
 largest, wdiere they crown their king, is called 
 Londres (London). The king of those lands 
 has for his arms, on a flag quarterly, in two 
 quarters, fleurs de lys, gold on a field azure, be- 
 cause the king is of the house of France, and 
 in the other two quarters, in each one, on a field 
 gules (red), three ounces gold" (1042). 
 
 The "ounces" which the friar depicts in his 
 device for the English king, it will be olj- 
 served, are almost identical with the "long 
 lions" which he erroneously credited to Scot- 
 land (1041). 
 
 "I left Inglaterra in a boat and reached the 
 island of Irlanda (Ireland), which is a short 
 crossing of a mile ( !). They say that for- 
 merly it was called Ibernia. In this island 
 there is a great lake, and they say that the 
 lake brings good fortune, because many en- 
 chantments w'ere made on its bank in ancient 
 times. The king of this island has the same 
 arms as the King of Inglaterra (1042). 
 
 "Being in Irlanda. 1 sailed in a ship bound 
 for Spain, and went with those on that ship on 
 the high sea for so long that we arrived at the 
 island of Eterns (Faroe Islands), and another 
 called Artania (Orkneys), and another called 
 Citilant (Shelhind Islands), and another called 
 Ibernia (Iceland). .All these islands are in a 
 part where the sun (never?) sets in the month 
 of June and they are all peopled. In Ibernia 
 there are trees and the fruit that they bear are 
 very fat birds. These birds are very good eat- 
 ing, whether boiled or roasted. The men in 
 this island are very long lived, some living 200 
 years. They are born and brought up in a way 
 which makes them unable to die in the islands, 
 so that when they become very weak they are 
 taken away and die presently. 
 
 "In this island there are no snakes nor 
 vipers, nor toads, nor flies, nor spiders, nor 
 any other venomous things, and the women 
 are very beautiful, though very simple. It is 
 a land where there is not as much bread as 
 you may want, but a great abundance of meat 
 and milk. The king of this island has for his 
 device the same flag as the King of Noruega 
 (1040). 
 
 "After this I departed from the island of 
 Iliernia in a ship, and voyaged so far over the 
 w-estern sea that we sighted Cape Finisterre 
 and arrived at Pontevedra. in the province of 
 Galicia (Spain). Thence I went to a town in 
 the Kingdom of Castile, as I mentioned be- 
 fore, which they call Tarifa. It was founded 
 by a very powerful Arab named Tarif. Near 
 this town .Albuacen. king of all the land of 
 the west, was defeated and conquered by the 
 very noble king. Don .Alfonso of Castile, who 
 pillaged all his tents and took his treasures, 
 his women, and his horses." ( This was the 
 battle of Salado, in wdiich the King of Castile. 
 Alfonso XI, defeated Abu-1-hasan Ali, King 
 of Morocco, on October 28, 1.140.) 
 
 "I departed from Tarifa and went to the 
 city of Aljezira (Algeciras), where is the rock 
 of Gibraltar, being places in the dominions of 
 the King of Castile. 
 
 "I went to Malaga, a very luxurious city of 
 the Kingdom of Granada. In this kingdom 
 there are three cities. The grandest, where 
 they crown the kings, is Granada. This king- 
 dorii is bounded by the Mediterranean and the 
 Kingdom of Castile. The device of this king 
 is a red flag with Arabic letters of gold, such 
 as Mahomad, their prophet, bore" (1043). 
 
 The friar made an altogether excusable er- 
 ror in copying the Arabic inscription, which 
 should read, "No conqueror but God." 
 
 "I departed from the Kingdom of Granada 
 
 390 
 
and went to the Kingilom of Aragon, a very 
 rich anil well supplied kingdom. I tnuiid live 
 great cities in it. The eliiel one, wlicrc the 
 kinys are crowned, is Zaragosa (Sarayossa). 
 It is bounded by Navarre. Castile, France, and 
 the Pyrenees. The kinj; has (or his device 
 nine pales gules and or" (1044). (Nine strokes 
 red and gold.) 
 
 There is a picturesque legend concerning 
 the adoption of this device. Far back in his- 
 tory an heiress of .-Vragon married the Count 
 of liarcelona, and the gold shield of the latter 
 was adopted by the kingdom, .\lter a battle, 
 however, Kavnionil liereiiger. Count of liarce- 
 lona, wiped his bloody lingers down the shielil 
 and thereafter it became "or with live pales 
 gules" — gold with live red strokes. 
 
 "1 left Barcelona and went along the coast 
 to the country of .Xmpuria, and thence to the 
 city of N'arbona (Narbonne). whidi is by the 
 shore of the Mediterranean Sea. The b)rd of 
 it has a white tlag with a red cross like that of 
 Tolosa (1029), and in each quarter a sign like 
 this (104^), for this city belonged to Ray- 
 mondo Conde de Tolosa. . . . 
 
 "I ascended the mountains and down to 
 Genoua (Genoa), a very rich city on the shores 
 of the Mcililerranean Sea. The lord of it has 
 for his device a white flag witli a red cross, and 
 with the word 'Justicia' " (1046). 
 
 It was about the time of the F'ranciscan's 
 visit that Genoa elected its first doge, Simone 
 Boccanera. 15 years after whose death, in ij6j, 
 the republic city engaged in one of its many 
 disastrous wars with \ enicc, durini^ w hich the 
 Genoese galleys reached the very ihreshold of 
 their rival in the .Adriatic and could have dic- 
 tated a most advantageous peace bad they not 
 boasted that they would "bit and bridle the 
 horses of Saint Mark." 
 
 "I departed from Genoua and entered Lom- 
 bardy. where there arc many great and rich 
 cities. I left Lombardy an<I came to F'isa, a 
 land very fertile with a temperate climate. It 
 has a flag gulcs (red)" (1047). 
 
 I'isa had re.nched the zenith of its_ power 
 during the century preceding the friar's vi.sit. 
 Its red flag had iieen banished from Corsica 
 by the Genoese in 1300, and 23 years later the 
 kings of .Aragon supplanted it with their own 
 over Sardinia. 
 
 "Leaving Pisa, I came to Tuscany, in which 
 there is a city called Florence. The lord f)f it 
 has for his device a white flag with a red cross. 
 I went from Tuscany to the noble city of 
 Rome, which is the head of the empire of the 
 Romans. The devices of Rome arc a red flag 
 with a cold bar. on which arc letters" (1048). 
 (S. P. Q. R.— Senatus Populusque Romanus— 
 the Roman Senate and People.) 
 
 THAXSPLANTKD LILIES OF FRAXCE 
 
 "I left Rome and arrived at Naples, a very 
 luxurious, well supplied, and pleasant land, in 
 which are the provinces of Pulla (.\pulia» and 
 Calabria. There arc many ricli citic*. The 
 King of Naples has for his device a purple flag 
 with gi>ld fleurs de lys, for he is of the house 
 of France, \bovc is a red slip which they call 
 a label (1049). 
 
 "I departed from Naples and went over to 
 the island of Sicily, a short passage. It is yerv 
 luxurious and well supplied. There arc in it 
 
 eight large cities. This Sicily hat a flag iiaried 
 per salurc (the licld divided into lour part* by 
 two lines), two ijuaricrs argent (silver or 
 white), with eagles sable, the other two ban 
 gules and or, for the kill); is of the House of 
 .■\ragon (lojo). . . . 
 
 "I went to the city of IVin-ria, which i» a( 
 the head of the gulf on the sea. The lord of 
 this I'fiilic has for his flag — argent, a winged 
 lion gules like the lion of St. .Mark' (lojl). 
 
 The friar omits the wor<li "I'ax tibi, .Marcc, 
 l\vangeli>ta nieus" ("T'eacc be with lliec, Mar- 
 cus, my evangelist"), which are supiHiseil |i> l>c 
 inscribed on the open book or scroll held by 
 the lion. 
 
 "I departed from Venecia in the same galley 
 and coasted along the side of Msclavonia 
 (Croatia-Slavonia), passing by a city called 
 .•\quylca (.Aquilea), anil another called Tric»a 
 (Trieste). 'I'lie king of this Fsclavonia hai 
 lor his device a yellow Hag in halves; the red 
 half near ihe hoist has a white star ami the 
 other half is yellow (loja). 
 
 "In the Kingdom of Fsclavonia there is a 
 very high mountain called Ito.vina (llusnia), 
 where lour rivers rise. .Ml these rivers cnicr 
 the Kingdom of Ungria (Hungary) ami unile 
 with the great river Danube, which rises in the 
 .Mps of Cicrmany. Now this land of Itoxina 
 (Bosnia) marches with Germany and Ungria. 
 and the mountains are in ils cen;cr, anil they 
 are mountains well peopled, wiih a well sup- 
 plied land: but they arc not Catholic Chris- 
 tians, and the king of these mounlains has ihc 
 same arms as those of the King of Fsclavonia 
 
 (1053)- 
 
 "1 departed from Boxina and went along the 
 
 const to the city of Jara (Zara). thence to 
 
 Sinbochon (Sebenico in Dalmaiia), and thence 
 
 to Narent (in Dalmatia, at the mouth of the 
 
 Narcnta) (1054). 
 
 "With tliis Narent there marches a city 
 called Dulcecno (Dulcigno), which, with the 
 adjacent mountainous country, is very pleasant 
 and well supplied. In these mountains two 
 very great rivers rise — one called Dranoya (the 
 Drave), the other Pirns ( Fpirus r>r Drinal — 
 which flow into the Kingdom of L'ngria. fall- 
 ing into the great river Danube and forming 
 in L'ngria ten islands. They c.nll Ihc first 
 L'ngria La Mayor, whence tlie Kingdom of 
 L'ngria look its name. 
 
 "Know that in this L'ngria there arc many 
 rich cities. The Kingdom of L'ngri.i (Hun- 
 gary) marches with (ireecc ami (•crmany, 
 Fsclavonia, Bolonia (Bidogna). and Burgaria 
 ( Bulgaria). The flag of this kingd .m is part- 
 ed per fess (that is, in two equal parts), upper 
 half with fleurs de lys of Fran, c, t«^ause the 
 king is of the Ilfuise of F'ranre ( I.,ouis I of 
 Hungary, ij4J-i3Sj. came, in the male line. 
 Ironi Charles of ,\njou, brother of St. Loui»), 
 the lower half bars gules anil argent (1055). 
 
 "I departed from the Kingdom n( lluiiij.try 
 and went along the c.>ast to a cily called 
 Durazo (Diira/fo). There I took ship and 
 proceeded to the islaml of the Morca (the 
 Pelr>ponnesii». the peninsula portion of the 
 mainland of Greccet. In it there arc »even 
 great cities (ios6 and 1057). 
 
 "! left the isl.ind of ibr Nforca and went to 
 the island of RihI.is rRh.Klr«>. This i<1and 
 liclongs t.i the order of St. John" (1058). 
 
 J9« 
 
The Kniglits of the Order of the Hospital 
 of St. John of Jerusalem, afterward known as 
 the Kniglits of Rhodes and the Sovereign Or- 
 der of tlie Knights of Maka, came into exist- 
 ence in Jerusalem durmg the First Crusade. 
 After its expulsion from the Holy Land at the 
 fall of the Latin Kingdom, the order was estab- 
 lished in Rhodes in 1309, where it was holding 
 sway at the time of the friar's visit and wlicre 
 it remained imtfl 1522. 
 
 "I left the island of Rhodes and went to the 
 island of Candia (Crete), and thence to an- 
 other island they call Negropont (Eubcea), 
 which the \'enetians conquered. I left the en- 
 trance to the greater sea and Constantinople, 
 which I will describe further on. to my left, 
 and went to the city they call Satalia (Adalia), 
 of Greek Christians. This Satalia is part of 
 the province of Naturi (Anatolia). The King 
 of this Satalia has for his device a flag with 
 bars wavy argent and purpure and over all the 
 sign of Solomon's seal" (1059). 
 
 Adalia, known in ancient times as Attaha. 
 played a conspicuous part in the history of the 
 eastern Mediterranean during the Middle Ages. 
 It was from this port that Louis VH sailed 
 for Syria in 114S, and it was the assembling 
 point for Richard Cfeur de Lion'*: descent upon 
 Cyprus during the Third Crusade. 
 
 THE KICH LAND OF TURKEY 
 
 "The city of Satalia and others as far as the 
 lesser Armenia are all in the province of 
 Turquia (Turkey), which was called, in an- 
 cient times. Asia Minor. In it there are many 
 lordships and provinces which it would be hard 
 to enumerate, for this Turquia extends to the 
 greater sea, and be it known that it is a very 
 rich land, well supplied with all goods. The 
 king of this province has this flag for his de- 
 vice (1060). 
 
 "I went along the coast of this Turquia to a 
 city 'called Corincho (Kongos). The king of 
 this land has a Mack flag with five white 
 crosses (1061). 
 
 "I departed from Corincho and went to the 
 city they call Feradelha, or Feradelfin (Phila- 
 delphia), which marches on that of Troy, 
 which in ancient times King Menelaus of 
 Greece destroyed. Troy was the head of all 
 that Asia Minor which they now call Turquia, 
 and its device is a fla.g half white, with a red 
 cross, the other half vellow. with a red square 
 (1063). 
 
 "In this Turquia there is another province 
 they call Cunio (Iconium, modern Konia), in 
 which there is a rich city called Cunyo, with 
 much territory, and the king has a flag with 
 bars wavy argent and gules" (1064) (silver 
 and red). 
 
 Following its conquest by the Seljuk Turks 
 in the eleventh century. Konia became one 
 of the most brilliant cities of the medieval 
 world. Many splendid mosques, palaces, and 
 tombs adorned the place, which was sur- 
 rounded by a wall two miles in circumference. 
 Beyond the city proper spread the gardens and 
 villas of a numerous suburban population. 
 From the splendor of the city sprang the 
 Turkish proverb, "See all the world, but see 
 Konia." 
 
 "There is also another province called Sau- 
 asto (Sebastia, or Siwas), anciently Sausco, 
 from a city of that name which was the head 
 of all the cities. This city of Sauasco was the 
 ancient Samaria, though now it is Sauasco, 
 head of the kingdom, with a white flag having 
 i'we red crosses (1064). 
 
 In the time of the Franciscan Siwas, known 
 in ancient times as Megalopolis-Sebastia, was 
 enjoying its second period of prosperity, hav- 
 ing been rebuilt by the great Sultan Ala-ed- 
 din Kaikobad I. Fifty years after the friar 
 wrote his "Knowledge of the World," Siwas' 
 flag was trampled in the dust by the impla- 
 cably cruel Tamerlane, who buried alive 4,000 
 of its inhabitants. 
 
 "I entered Armenia the Less, which is all 
 surrounded by very high mountains, and within 
 the mountains there is a plain country in which 
 there are ,560 towns and villages and castles." 
 
 This reference should not be confused with 
 the Armenia of today. The Franciscan is re- 
 ferring to a small principality founded in 1080, 
 which gradually grew until it became the in- 
 dependent kingdom of Lesser Armenia. It 
 was a Christian State set in the midst of Mos- 
 lem princiiialities and gave valuable assistance 
 to the Crusaders, although it was hostile to 
 the Byzantine rulers. It had a tempestuous 
 existence extending over a period of about 
 three centuries. 
 
 "On the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. in 
 the place where it ends, you must know that 
 anciently this Armenia was called the island of 
 Colcos ; for in this Armenia an arm of the sea 
 enters in which there is a small island called 
 Porto Bonel (in the Gulf of .\lexandretta, or 
 Iskanderun), and here was the temple to the 
 enchanted golden sheep which bewitched Jason 
 the Greek. 
 
 "After tliis Armenia is the island of Chipre 
 (Cyprus), and in this Chipre there are four 
 great cities. The King of Chipre has for his 
 design a flag parted per pale argent five crosses 
 gules and purpure (purple), two fleurs de lys 
 palewise, because he is of the House of France" 
 (Armenia the Less. 1065, and Cyprus. 1066). 
 
 .'\t the close of the twelfth century the 
 reigning prince of Cyprus provoked the wrath 
 of Richard Coeur de Lion by ill-treating the 
 Crusaders. The English monarch thereupon 
 captured the island and sold it to the Knights 
 Templar, wdio in turn sold it to the French 
 crusader. Guy de Lusignan, titular King of 
 Jerusalem. It was Hu.gh IV, one of the ablest 
 of the Lusignan dynasty, wdio was governing 
 Cyprus at the time of the friar's visit. This 
 was the sovereign to whom Boccaccio dedi- 
 cated one of his works and who brought about 
 an alliance with the Pope, with Venice, and 
 the Hospitallers, which resulted in the capture 
 of Smyrna, in 13-14. 
 
 After visiting many of the cities of Syria 
 and Palestine, including Jaffa, Acre, Cassarea, 
 and Ascalon, the friar says of Jerusalem : 
 
 "Know that in this Suria (Syria) is the city 
 of Iherusalem, which was sanctilied by the holy 
 temple of Salamon ( Solomon), built there, and 
 was consecrated by the blood of Ihesu Christo. 
 This land was anciently called Cananea after 
 Canaan, son of Noe (Noah). Afterward it had 
 the name of Judea after Juda, son of Jaco 
 
 392 
 
(Jacob)._ Know that this province was taken 
 by the French when thty made the CMn<|ucst> 
 beyond •-eas. The device of this province is a 
 white tUiK with red crosses, like this" (1067). 
 
 Sir Clements Markliam, vice-president oi 
 the Hakhiyt Society and translator oi the 
 l"ranciscan'& Book of Knowledi-e, notes that 
 there was no authority for these five crosses 
 gules in the arms of Jerusalem. The correct 
 arms were metal on metal; ardent a cross po- 
 tent or (Kold) between four lesser, crosses or. 
 
 "Suria marches with the land of Jafet 
 (Japhet). and this Jafet borders the very rich 
 city of Damasco (Damascus), well supplied 
 with all things. Near this Damasco llows the 
 river Kiif rates. The kins has a yellow flaK 
 with a white moon (1068). 
 
 "Egipto ( Egypt ) borders on Suria. I came 
 along the coast to a port called La Risa (the 
 Port of Risa). .-\nd 1 took the road to the 
 w;est an<l came to Hamiata ( Damietta). a noble 
 city surroun<led by the river Nilus (.Vile). 
 Know that here the King of France was de- 
 feated and a prisoner when he went t«) make 
 conquest beyond Sea (Louis IX, defeated at 
 M.issura, near Damietta. in i.'5o). On the 
 banks of this river Xilus is situated tile great 
 city Alcaira (Cairo), where the kings of 
 Egipto are crowned. The device of this king- 
 dom is a white flag with a blue moon (io6g). 
 
 THK HIIIINC. PL.VCK OF THK ROSKTT.V SToNK 
 
 "I left Alcaira and went to the coast where 
 is the city of .Alexandria, which is noble and 
 rich. From this .Me.xandria to the isle of 
 Roxeta the distance is ten leagues, all peopled 
 with villages. (Rosetta is the Egyptian town 
 made famous for all time by the discovery 
 near here of the "Kosetta Stone" in I7<)9. the 
 inscribed block of basaltic rock which unlocked 
 the secrets of hieroglyphic writing.) The king 
 of this .-Mex.indria has for his device a yellow 
 flag and in the middle a black wheel in which 
 is a gray lit>n (1070). 
 
 "I departed from .Alexandria and went by 
 the coast to a city called Luchon (Luclia), 
 where the king has a yellow flag with a white 
 moon (1071). 
 
 "Leaving Luchon T came to Mon dc Barcas 
 (Barca) and Bona .Andrea (.\polonial, which 
 is in Bcrberia (Barbary), and thence to Tolo- 
 mcta (Ptolcmais), on the seashore. The king 
 has for a device a white flag with a yellow 
 sash on a lance (107a). 
 
 "From Tolomcta 1 came to Puerto Magro 
 (the mouth of the river Magra. ancient Cyni- 
 phus), and thence to Trijml (Tripoli), of Ber- 
 bcria. It is calleil Tri|iul because it is bounde<l 
 by the Triplicana Mountains. This Tripul is 
 a rich city and the king of it has for his de- 
 vice a white flag with a green palm tree and 
 two red keys (t073 ■'"d 1074). 
 
 "I went from Tripul to Rahasa (Rns Maja- 
 bes), Capiz (Gabcsl. and Faquiz ( Mfaqucs), 
 and thence to .Africa ( Mahdia. in Tunisia), a 
 rich city. Know that j6 miles from this .Africa 
 is a groat tower called Ligem, and from thi.s 
 tower to .Alcairahuan (Kairowan) there arc 40 
 miles. .At this .Alcairahuan the king of all 
 .Africa toward the west, named Alt»ohaconi 
 fAbu-1-hasan .\li). was defeated and all his 
 tents were pillaged. The King of .Africa has 
 
 for his device a white flag with a purple moon" 
 ('075)- . 
 
 The Franciscan's mention of the buttle be- 
 tween .Abu 1-hasan .Ali and Ahmed, near Kairo- 
 wan, which .Kcurrcd in i.mS, is of tpccial in- 
 terest, as It is the latest date mentioned bj the 
 clironicUr. The friar probably did nut viiii 
 Kairowan, fcir with the exception of Mecca 
 and Medina it is the iii..st saerrd of cities in 
 the eyes of Mohaniined,iiis. and up t<i the liiiic 
 of the French ixcui>aii<iii, Im i.sSi. u,i Chriiilian 
 was permitted to pass throuKh its gate* with- 
 out a special permit iroin the hey.) 
 
 "1 went thence to Cucia ( Sus.i. in Tunisia 
 liUI t on the »lte ..f the K.im.ill lla.lruilletuin) 
 and thence to Tuncz (Tunis), which is a great 
 and rich city, well supplied with all things, and 
 IS the head of all Bcrberia (Barbary) The 
 Hag of the king is white with a black moon 
 (1076). 
 
 "I went to Bona told name. Hip|>.>), where 
 •~, -^HK"*''"^" ^*3s bishop. It is a rich city 
 The kniK of it has a white flag with a black 
 ino'in (like Tunis— 1076). 1 departed from 
 Bona and went to the city .if Constantina 
 (Coiist.intine), which is all surrounded by a 
 river. The king has a flag parted per less 
 white and yellow (1078). 
 
 "I left Constantina anil arrived at Bugia 
 I Bougie). It is a very strong and ancient city. 
 The king has for his device a red flag with a 
 yellow cross-bow" (1080), 
 
 .\X K.\K1.V SlG.VAt.l.\>; UKVICK 
 
 Long before the Franciscan's visit to Bou- 
 «ie it had become the greatest commercial 
 center on the .Vorth .African coast ami had 
 .attained a high degree of civilization. There 
 is evidence th.it the heliograph uas used here 
 for signaling from special towers as early as 
 the middle of tb- eleventh centiirv. During 
 the century following the visit of the friar it 
 became the stronghold of the Barbary pirates 
 
 "I went from Bugia to .Arguer (.Algiers), 
 thence to Brischan (Bresia), a city on the sea- 
 coast. The king of it has a white flag with a 
 sign like this (108a). 
 
 "I departed from Brischan and went to the 
 island of .\Liyi>rcas (Majorca), in which there 
 is a noble, rich, ami well su|iplied city. The 
 king has for his device a flag with bar* vert 
 (green) and .sable" (J077). 
 
 The colors which the F'ranciscan ascril»cs 
 to the Kingiloin of Majorca constitute internal 
 l>riMif that he visited the Ci>iintry prior to 1.175, 
 for in that year the island was amiexe<l by the 
 King of .Aragon and its flag, of course, as- 
 sumed a redand-gold hue (see 1044). 
 
 "I entered .Viimc'lia as far as the river of 
 Muluya until F arrived at the strong city of 
 Cepta (Ceiita). Know that Cepta i« opp<i»itc 
 to .\lge/ira ( .Algrciras) anil Oibraltar, places 
 of the King of Spain. The gulf of the sea, 
 called the strait of A/ocaquc (Strait of rtihral- 
 tar), passes between Cepta and r.ibraltar. The 
 king of this city has for his design a red flag 
 with two white keys (1079.) 
 
 "1 departol from Cepta and went to the 
 noble citv of Fez. where the kings of the Bena 
 Marin (kings of the lineage of Bcni Mcrin) 
 alwavs reside. .At Fez. their kinn* arc crowned 
 
 .1W 
 
and reside and they have a flag all wb.ite 
 (1081). 
 
 "Thence I went to Nife (Anafi?) and Aza- 
 nior. Know that in this pi-Dvince is the very 
 noble city of Marriiecos. whicli nsed to be 
 called Cartagu the Great (Carthage, a mistake 
 in which the traveler confuses Morocco with 
 Tunis). A consul of Rome named Scipio 
 Africanus conquered it in the time of the sov- 
 ereignty of the Romans. .Afterwards the Goths, 
 who were the lords of Spain, were the sover- 
 eigns here. The King of Marruecos has for 
 his device a red flag with a chess-board black 
 and wliite (1083). 
 
 "I climbed the mountains of Cucia La-.\lta 
 (western Atlas), wliich is a country well sup- 
 plied witli everything. These mountains are 
 very high and it is a most dangerous land, for 
 there are not more than two very perilous 
 passes. The king has for his device a flag — 
 white with a black lion" (1084). 
 
 The friar's next objectives were various 
 points along the West African coast as far as 
 tlie Sene.gal River, traveling always in a "pan- 
 filo" — a galley used in the Mediterranean dur- 
 ing the Middle Ages, equipped with two masts 
 for sails and one row of onrs. He next visited 
 many of the islands in the Canary and Madeira 
 groups. Returning to the mainland, he joined 
 a party of Moors who were crossing the Sa- 
 hara with gold for the King of Guinea, He 
 continues : 
 
 "We came to some very great and high 
 mountains in the middle of the Zahara (Sa- 
 hara), and afterward we traveled a very great 
 distance over the desert until we came to an- 
 other mountain (oasis?) called Infurent ( Ze- 
 fran). Here I parted from these Moors and 
 joined some otliers. 1 then went to Sulgu- 
 menca (the ancient town of Se.gelmessa, now 
 Tafilet), a rich city in the Zahara, near a river 
 wliich comes from the clear mountains. The 
 king of it has for his device a white flag with 
 the root of a green palm tree, in fliis manner 
 (108s). 
 
 "I went with some Moors over the Zahara 
 until we arrived at Tocoron (Tamagrut, on 
 the river Dra), which is a city among some 
 mountains. Tlie inhabitants are ne.groes, and 
 tlie King of Tocoron has for his device a white 
 flag with a black mountain in the middle, like 
 that of the King of Gnynoa (Guinea) (1086). 
 
 "Thence I went to Tibalbert ( Tibelbelt. south 
 of the Atlas), a city on some very high moun- 
 tains ; thence to another mountain, which is 
 under the King of Guynoa (Guinea), and 
 thence to Euda, a well-supplied city, also on 
 the top of a mountain. Know that the city 
 was peopled by a kin.g of Tremecen ; for he 
 was bad and did evil things and the people 
 wanted to kill him. So he fled, with his treas- 
 ure, to this place and founded this city of 
 Buda (an oasis south of .'\tlas). Its flag is 
 white with a red moon (1087). 
 
 ".■\fter wards I departed from Buda and went 
 by the Zahara to another mountain called Ga- 
 nahe (Ghana"), in which there is a rich, well- 
 supplied city of the same name. It is the head 
 of the kingdom, where they crown the kings. 
 And the King of Guynoa (Guinea) has a gold 
 flag with a black mountain in the middle 
 (1088). 
 
 COLD-MIXIXG AXTS AS EIG AS CATS 
 
 "Of Guynoa there is much to say. It con 
 tains seven mountains well peopled and land 
 yielding abundantly as long as there are moun- 
 tains ; elsewliere it is all Zahara. Two ranges 
 of mountains extend to the Rio Del Ore 
 (Senegal River), and there they collect the 
 ivory teeth and the gold in tlie ant-hills which 
 the ants make on the river banks. The ants are 
 as big as cats and dig out much earth. This 
 kingdoin marches with the Kingdom of Or- 
 gana (a kingdom on the upper Senegal), in 
 which also there is mucli desert. Organa is 
 the head of the kingdom, where the kmg is 
 crowned. The King of Organa has for" his 
 device a white flag with a green palm tree and 
 two keys (1089). 
 
 "I traveled for a very long distance on 
 camels, until I arrived at the "kin.gdom they 
 call Tremecen (Tremizen, or Telensin, which 
 extended along the Barbary coast between Me- 
 lilla and the present seaport of Bougie), which 
 borders on the river Nilus (Nile). They live 
 always at war with the Christians of Xubia 
 and Etiopia (Ethiopia). There are in this 
 kingdom five large places inhabited by negroes 
 Know that these inhabitants of this kingdom 
 of Tremecen peopled it from Berberia (Bar 
 bary). The king has for liis device a purple 
 flag with a white moon (logo). 
 
 "Thence I went to anotlier kingdom called 
 Dongola (west of Nubia), marching with the 
 deserts of Egipto (Egypt) and the river Nilus 
 It is a^ country well peopled with Christians 
 from Nubia, but they are negroes. It is a rich 
 land and very well supplied and with many 
 fruit trees. The land has a very Iiot climate 
 Tlie King of Don.gola lias for his device a 
 white flag with a cross like this" (icgi). 
 
 After revisiting Cairo in company with some 
 Genoese merchants whom he met in Dnngola 
 the Franciscan journeyed to Damieta (Dami 
 etta), where he embarked for Ceuta. He dis 
 embarked and journeyed throu.gh Morocco 
 crossed the Atlas Mountains, wliere he met 
 some Moorish t'aders and embarked with them 
 on a galley for another cruise down the west 
 shore of .A-frica. After leaving the mouth of 
 the Senegal River "we went on for a very long 
 distance," continues the friar, "always keeping 
 in sight of the coast, leaving behind us the 
 Islas Perdidas (the .Atlantic Islands), and 
 came to an island inhaliited I)y many people, 
 
 "They call this island Gropis (Gajpis, of the 
 Bissagos group, off the coast of Portuguese 
 Guinea). It is a well-supplied island, but the 
 people are idolaters. Tliey took us all before 
 their king, and wondered much at us and our 
 language and customs. The merchants who 
 armed the galley made much profit. The 
 king's device is a wliite flag with tlie ligure of 
 his idol" (1092 and 1093). 
 
 Tlie Franciscan now left the Moors and 
 journeyed to towns in the Soudan and Sene- 
 gambia. He marvels at tlie gold, the amber- 
 gris, and the ivorv which come from this torrid 
 region, and declares that tlie IMountains of the 
 Moon, also called tlie Mountains of Gold, are 
 supposed to be the highest in the world, and 
 that the five largest rivers in the world have 
 their sources in these lofty regions. He gives 
 
 394 
 
no picture of the (lag of this kiiiKiloin. which 
 he calls Gotonie, anj designates as "one ..i" the 
 largest in the world," bi:t describes the device 
 as "some yellow sashes on a >pear." Mis nar- 
 rative cimlinues : 
 
 "I departed from this Kincdoni of Gotonie 
 (Soiulan and SeneKainbia) and arrived at a 
 gulf connected will) the sea, and in the gulf 
 there are three islands. I crossed this gulf 
 until 1 came to a great rity called Ameniian 
 (Miniana and Aminn, regions north of the 
 Kong Mountains). Ir ^s a very great and 
 populous kingdom, with a land supplying all 
 that is good, but the people are heathens and 
 believe in idols. Tlie-kingdoni contains eight 
 great cities, one of whicli is .\menuan. in which 
 the king always resides and is crowned. The 
 king has a white Hag with an idol (1094). 
 
 "In this Kingdom of F-'menunn there enters 
 a branch of the river Kufrates ( .N'iger — the 
 friar does not confcse this with the Mesopo- 
 tamian Euphrates, but assumes two rivers with 
 the same name). This river forms three 
 branches, one entering the middle of the King- 
 dom of .Amcniian and the other branches flow- 
 ing round the whole kingdom, the width in 
 some places being two days' jonrnev. When I 
 crossed lliis gre.it river I first made a long 
 journey along its b.Tiiks. which are very popu- 
 lous (referring evidently to the river Bcnue, 
 a tributary of the Niger). 
 
 .\ MYTHICAL M0.V.\RCII 
 
 "I came to a great city called Graciona, 
 which is the head of the Empire of .Vrdeselib, 
 a word meaning "Servant of the Cross." The 
 .-\rdeselib is defender of the Church of Nubia 
 and Ktliiopia. and he defends Prcste Juan 
 ( Prester John), who is Patriarch of Nubia and 
 .Abyssinia." 
 
 Prester John, to whom the Franciscan re- 
 fers, was a mythical Christian potentate, whose 
 name appears many times in the chronicles of 
 the Middle .Ages, and he is endowed with many 
 attributes of greatness, wisdom, and magic. 
 Originally he was supposed to be a monarch 
 of .Asia, his capital being somewhere in India. 
 During the fourteenth century, however, the 
 mythical Prester John"s domain was trans- 
 ferred to .Africa, and he then became the Chris- 
 tian king of .Abyssinia. 
 
 "Prcste Juan rules over very great lands and 
 many cities of Christians. But they arc ne- 
 groes as to their skins and burn the sign of 
 the cross with fire in recognition of baptism. 
 But although these men are negroes they arc 
 still men of intelligence, with good brains, and 
 they have understanding and knowledge. Their 
 land is well supplied with all good things, and 
 excellent water of that which comes from the 
 .Antarctic Poic, where, it is said, is the earthly 
 p.ira.lisc. They told me that the Genoese 
 wi; i galley was wrecked at .Amennan and 
 whii were saved were brought here. If was 
 never known what became of the other gallev 
 which escaped. The Emperor of .Abdcsclih 
 has for his device a white flag with a black 
 cross like this" (1095). 
 
 The friar's reference to the Genoese galley 
 rel.itos to the vovage of Vadino and Giiido dc 
 VI. 1 ' : ' rs who set sail in iSjt in an 
 
 .Tf • ■ India. One of them reached 
 
 a city in Ethiopia called Mcnam, where tlic 
 crew was niiprit.jned and none c»cr rrluriird. 
 "1 de|>artcd from Cruciuna and iravclid over 
 many lands and ihrough nuny ciiir*. arriving 
 at the city of Malsa (Melee, or .\lelli?(. where 
 the Prcste Johan (Prester John) always re- 
 sides. 
 
 "This is a wcll-peoplc<l ami well-supplied 
 land. Front the time I came to Malv;i I heard 
 and saw marvelous things every day. I in- 
 <iu!red what the terrestrial paradise w» like. 
 and wise men told nic iliat it consi»tcil of 
 mountains so high ihat they came near to the 
 circuit of the moon. No man ba> Ikcii able to 
 See it all, for of twenty men who went not 
 more than three ever saw it, and that Ihrv had 
 never heard tell of any man who had auriidcd 
 the mountains. 
 
 "They further told ine that these niountaini 
 were surrounded by very deep seas, and llut 
 from tlie water of those seas come four river* 
 which are the largest in the world." 
 
 Perhaps this is a vague reference, based on 
 hearsay, to those noble lakes which constitute 
 the reservoirs of the Nile and Congo Uisiiis— 
 Albert Edward, Tanganyika, .N'yassa, and Vic- 
 toria Nyan/a. It was not uniil centuries later 
 th.it these lakes were definitely heated In 
 fact, Victoria .Vyan/a, which, next to Uike .*^u- 
 perior, is the largest fresh-water lake in the 
 world, was not discovered until 1858, by J. II. 
 Speke, while seeking the source of the Nile 
 
 "The waters which desceml by these river* 
 rnakc so great a noise th.ii it can bo heard at a 
 distance of two days" journey. .All the men 
 who live near it arc deaf and cannot hear each 
 other, owing to the great naise of the waters. 
 
 "In all lime the sun in those mountains it 
 there day and night, either on one side or the 
 other. This is because half those mountains 
 are over the horizon and the other half are 
 over the horizon, so thai on the top of the 
 mountains it is never cither cold nor d.irk, nor 
 hot nor dry, nor moist, but an equable tem- 
 perature. .All things, whether animal or veg- 
 etable, can never decay nor die. 
 
 "They told mc many other secrets of the 
 stars both as regards judgments and magical 
 virtues : also concerning herbs, plants, and 
 minerals, and I saw several marvelous tiling*. 
 The Greeks call this place Ort'xloxis. and the 
 Jews Ganheden. and the Latins F'arai^o Ter- 
 renal, because tln'rc is always a gix'd tempera- 
 ture. The device of Prestc Jf^han is a while 
 flag with a black cross (1096). I departed 
 from Malsa and took an eastern route." 
 
 The I'ranciscan was the first writer to locale 
 the mysterious Prester John in .\b\ssini.i 
 
 "I went for a very long dist.mrr. niecling 
 with people of many beliefs at 
 manners and customs which it 
 to describe, until I catne to a ►.> 
 of India which enters into the land 
 journey. In this gulf there are t 
 large islamls. called Zannbar ( proKibiy _an 
 error of the cop\ist for Acib.irK .Alctibd ( Ku- 
 ria Muria), and .Aden (peninsula), which _H 
 the largest and the most pnnnbMH T« 1!«^ 
 against .Arabia, and here the Rerl S 
 and penetrates the land westward _" 
 jonrnev. On its shores arc many dtic?, v ' •. 
 and villages. 
 
 .195 
 
A RED RED SEA 
 
 "When the ships come from India they ar- 
 rive at Aden and pay a tithe of their merchan- 
 dise, because between the island Aden and the 
 point of Aden there is a rich city. Then there 
 is a very narrow place to pass, and a ship then 
 enters the Red Sea and discharges its cargo at 
 a city the)' call Sacam (Suakin), belonging to 
 the King of Caldea. 
 
 "This Red Sea is so called because the bot- 
 tom consists of red ochre which makes the 
 water red. By this sea the Jews passed when 
 they went forth from the Egyptian captivity 
 of Faraon the King (Pharaoh). Presently I 
 entered Caldea, which is all surrounded by two 
 very great rivers, rising in the mountains of 
 Toro (Taurus). One is called Cur (a mistake 
 for Tigris) and the other called Euf rates, but 
 not the one of Xubia. Both these rivers reach 
 the Indian Sea in the gulf they call the Black 
 Sea (Persian Gulf). This Caldea is a rich, 
 populous, and well-supplied land. 
 
 "Know that in this province is the Tower of 
 Babel, which the giants liuilt in the center of a 
 great plain, the Agra de Sonabar (Shinar), 
 and here was the great city of Bauilonia ( Baby- 
 lon), which is now destroyed, of which the 
 lord was Nabucodonusor (Nebuchadnezzar). 
 
 "I crossed an arm of the Eufrates and en- 
 tered the province of Baldaque (Bagdad), in 
 which there is a great city which they call 
 Bandacho (Bagdad), and Nabucodonusor 
 (Nebuchadnezzar) was king of these prov- 
 inces. I departed from Bandacho and went to 
 Mesopotamia. I left Mesopotamia and went 
 to a city where the river Cur (Tigris) forms 
 a great island called Ansera, in which island 
 there is a great city. Beyond this river is the 
 site of the city of Niniue (Nineveh), which 
 was destroyed for its sins. Know that this re- 
 gion contains very extensive lands, many cities 
 and villages, and" is all encircled by the two 
 great rivers called Eufrates and Cur (Tigris). 
 From the borders of the Red Sea to the shores 
 of tlie Persian Gulf as far as Aquysio (Kishm) 
 we cannot give different devices because Cal- 
 dea and Baldaque are all in one lordship and 
 it is all one region. 
 
 'T crossed the river Cur (Tigris) and made 
 a very long journey until I came to Arabia, 
 traversing a great extent of land and arriving 
 at the city of A! Medina (Medina), where 
 Mahomat was born. Thence I went to Me- 
 chan (Mecca), where is the law and testament 
 of Mahomat in an iron chest and in a house 
 of calamita stone. For this reason it is in the 
 air, neitlier ascending nor descending. Know 
 that this Median is tlie head of the empire of 
 the .A.rabs. Its device is a red flag and on it 
 Arabic letters in gold (1097). 
 
 "I departed from Mecha and traveled over 
 the Kingdom of .\rabia onwards until I arrived 
 at a very large city they called Fadal (Fartak), 
 on the shores of the Sea of India. I remained 
 there sometime and then went on board a ship 
 and passed a very large and well-peopled 
 island called Sicocra (Socotra). There is in 
 it a very large city also called Sicocra. under 
 the rule of the King of Arabia. This same 
 island the ships touch coming from India laden 
 
 with spices. It has a red flag with Arabic let- 
 ters (logS). 
 
 THE \VE.\LTH OF IXUI,\ 
 
 "I then traveled with some merchants for a 
 very great distance and arrived at a kingdom 
 of Delini (Delhi), belonging to the kings of 
 India. It contains extensive lands, very rich 
 and populous. The cities I came to were nine. 
 Know that in this Kingdom of Lini (Delhi) 
 the pepper and ginger and aloe ripen, and many 
 other spices, of which there are great harvests, 
 which are taken over all the world. They call 
 this province India the sandy (Sind and Raj- 
 putana). and the color of the people is black. 
 Tliey use Turkish bows. They are a wise 
 people, with good memories, and learned in all 
 kinds of knowledge. The device of the king 
 is a white flag with a gold pale (1099). 
 
 'T departed from the Kingdom of Dilini and 
 entered that of Viguy (Bijaya-nagar), which 
 is on the other coast of the Indian Sea. Be- 
 yond this kingdom there is an island in the 
 Indian Sea called Sagela (Ceylon), in which 
 tliere is a great and rich city. In this island 
 there are workings whence gold, silver, and 
 other metals and very large rubies come; 
 others smaller. This kingdom marches with 
 the Empire of Armalec (Bengal), with the 
 Kingdom of Linj and with the Indian Sea. 
 
 "Know that this Indian Sea is a branch 
 which joins to the great eastern sea. Some 
 say that it covers all the world up to the west- 
 ern sea. Wise men say that as far as the Ant- 
 arctic Pole there is a great land forming a 
 tenth part of the whole earth. The learned 
 call this land Trapouana (Sumatra), marching 
 with the island of Java and extending to the 
 westward along an arm of the great sea which 
 surrounds the whole earth and of which the 
 Indian Sea is part. 
 
 "Know that in tlie islands of Java and Tra- 
 pouana there are 45 extensive regions, the 
 greater part desolate, owing to the great heal 
 of the sun. But in the inhabited parts they 
 aatlier much pepper and many other spices. 
 Here are the great griffins and the great cock- 
 atrices. The king lias for his device a white 
 flag with a gold wand. 
 
 "-\fterwards I departed from the Kingdom 
 of Viguy and passed over a gulf of the Indian 
 Sea, which they call the Gulf of Bengala (Ben- 
 gal), because on its shore is a great city called 
 Bengala, of the Empire of Armelec, and it is 
 the capital of the kingdom. I passed thence 
 to the Kingdom of Oxanap (Burma?), which 
 is on the shore of the Indian Sea. Along the 
 sliores of Oxanap the sea is green : it is an arm 
 of the Indian Sea between tliis Oxanap and 
 the island of Java. The King of Oxanap has 
 for his device a wdiite flag with a pale of gold 
 (similar to Delhi — logq). 
 
 "I departed from Oxanap, went on board a 
 ship with some merchants, and sailed over the 
 green sea until we came to tlie island of Java, 
 a very great island in the Indian Sea about 40 
 days' journey in length. The island is very 
 populous, but there are no cities, because all 
 the people live in the country and gather spices, 
 pepper, and odoriferous gums. It is a very 
 hot land. The people are black and they adore 
 
 396 
 
the Emperor of Cathay (China), whose image 
 they have on their tlags (iioo). 
 
 "On leaving Java 1 returned to Oxanap and 
 took tlie way to the Kingdom of Armalec. who>c 
 device is a white (lag witl\ a pale of gold (simi- 
 lar til Delhi— 1099). 1 departed from the Em- 
 pire of Arnialee and traveled hy land for a 
 great distance over a well-peopled country, 
 with flocks, but no cities nor towns, because 
 all the inhabitants live in the country. 
 
 TO THK KNU OF THK KARTH 
 
 "At last I arrived in the Empire of Catayo 
 (China), where all the cities are on the shores 
 of the eastern sea, which joins with the Sea of 
 India. This sea of the east is full of reefs 
 and islands, and to the eastward there is no 
 news of any lands, only waters, as in the west- 
 ern sea. 
 
 "Know that Catayo t^China) is the end of 
 the earth in the line of Spain. This empire is 
 irrigated by three great rivers, which rise in 
 the Monies Caspios (Himalaya Mountains) 
 and are led off into many parts. They call the 
 largest of these rivers Magot (Moang-llo). 
 for it rises near the castle of Magot ( the Great 
 Wall), which is one of the gates of encircled 
 Tartaria (Tartary). They call this emperor 
 Gosman Imperator Morroy, and Grand Can, 
 Lord of the h'ast. His device is a gold flag 
 and in the middle an emperor seated, in white 
 cloths, with an imperial crown on his head, in 
 one hand a Turkish bow, in the other a golden 
 apple (iioi). 
 
 "I departed from the Empire of Catayo to- 
 ward the north, up the course of the river 
 Magot ( IIoang-Ho), and traveled for 65 days. 
 I did not tind town nor city. The land is en- 
 tirely inhabited by tribes with flocks. It is all 
 a plain coimtry and has no stones nor trees 
 nor people who eat bread, but only meat and 
 milk. Thence I reached the Monies Caspios 
 (Himalayas) of Magot. 
 
 "Know that these mountains are of immeas- 
 urably height and surround Tartaria from sea 
 to sea, and there is only one very narrow pass. 
 Here there is a castle built of magnet iron 
 throughout, for nature made it in this manner 
 and it reaches to the clouds. .\t its foot rises 
 the river Magot. On the other side there is 
 another castle which is as high and built of the 
 same stone, called Got (Gog and Magog, men- 
 tioned in Ezekiel xxxviii). The castles are 
 very high on the top. so that ten thousand men 
 can reside in each of them. Between the two 
 are the Iron Gates which shut the entrance to 
 Tartaria. 
 
 "Within this Tartaria there arc countless 
 tribes who <lo not observe any of the com- 
 mandments of Goil. except that they do no evil 
 one to another. They are very conlident and 
 great fighters, both on fcx^t and on horseback, 
 insomuch that .Mexander was unable t" con- 
 quer them or to enter their country by the 
 mountains, for they shut and fastened those 
 iron gates by placing great rocks against them, 
 and they were closed for a long time. Even- 
 tually they removed the obstruction, coming 
 out and conquering a great r>art of the world 
 themselves. From that lineage came all those 
 of the Empire of Catayo. 
 
 "From that lineage also came those of the 
 einpires of Armalev. MesopoUnna. all the Per. 
 siaiis, those of the Empire of Sara (Caspian), 
 as well Turks and Tartar^, Saracen% and lW>ihs 
 Some of them turned to the law uf .\brabam 
 ami others turnol .Moors. The wi»c men of 
 Tartaria say that when 7.<xm years of the era 
 of .Adam are completed they wdl be lord* of 
 the whole face of the cartli and will nuke all 
 peoples conform to their law and tlnir freedom 
 This encloycd Tartaria forms u fourth pan 
 of the whole earth. 
 
 "In the Empire of Catayo there is a king 
 ilom called Scim ( |>erhaps a kingdom of hear 
 say), which borders on the Kingdom of Sar- 
 magant (Samarkand). Bocarin ( Bokhara), and 
 Trimic (Tibet). The flag of its king is while, 
 with a figure of the sun in the center (lioa). 
 
 Kt'ROPE'S FIRST ACCOU.NT OF Timrf 
 
 "The Kingdom of Trimic (Tibet) is all fur 
 rounded by mountains, which give rise to man> 
 fountains and rivers. Th(.se who are Itorn here 
 have very long lives. They are men of cleai 
 understandings and good memories, learned in 
 the sciences and live according to the law 
 They say that the men who first heard of sci- 
 ence and learning were these, and that the Per 
 sians heard of tho.se things from them. For 
 this reason they deserve honour above all other 
 men ; for others do not equal these in learmnu 
 or science." 
 
 This is the earliest European account of the 
 people of Tilict. 
 
 "I departed from Magot, where I had re- 
 sided for sometime, anil traveled with some 
 companions, 25 days' journey to the westward. 
 to the city of Bix-arin (Bokhara), where the 
 king always resides. Here I met with mer- 
 chants who came from Catayo ami traveled 
 with us. 35 days' journey, to aiiotlur city, called 
 Cato, the head of a kingdom with very exten- 
 sive territory (probably a region Ixirilering on 
 Siberia). But all the people live in the coun- 
 ti^y, except the people of one city where the 
 king lives. These two kingdoms have for a 
 device a yellow flag with manv white stars 
 (1 103). 
 
 "We departed from the Kingdom of Calo 
 and travele<l a great distance without finding 
 town nor city, yet the country was inhabited 
 and with many flocks. We came to .1 moun- 
 tain which is a spur from the Monies Ospioi 
 and extends to the Sea of Sara (Caspian). 
 This mountain is IJ5 days' journey long. 
 
 "We crossed it by a very high pass and again 
 traveled a long distance over a country with- 
 out cities or towns until we came to a great 
 city called N'organeio (Khiva), in the Empire 
 of IFxbeco ( Shah I'.sbek. who reigned during 
 the first half of the fourteenth century over a 
 vast region stretching from the Dnieper to the 
 Ural Mountains). "The King of the N'organ- 
 eio has for his device a while flag with the 
 sign of L'xbeco F{mpenir of Sara (on Uic Cas- 
 pian) red" (1104). 
 
 Journeying westward by way of the Caspian 
 Sea, which he crosse<l in a ship l>elonging to 
 Christians, the friar visited .-Vrmenia. liis re- 
 cital continues: 
 
 "Then I went lo sec the mountains of Ar- 
 menia the Greater, where the ark of Noc 
 
 397 
 
(Noah) arrived wlien it escaped the universal 
 deUige. This mountain is of salt stone as wliite 
 as crystal. Know that it is one of the highest 
 mountains in the world. No man lias been 
 able to ascend it, though attempts have been 
 made many times. These mountains are in the 
 Empire of Persia. All round the country is 
 inhabited by Armenian Christians, who are the 
 guards of the emperor, and he places much 
 trust in them. 
 
 "I departed from .Xrmenia and came to the 
 great city of Toris (Taljri?.), which is the capi- 
 tal of the Empire of the Persians. It is one of 
 the grandest cities in the world, well supplied, 
 rich, and in a good climate. For this reason 
 the Persians are wise and very well versed in 
 all the sciences. Tliey have learned men with 
 a profound knowledge of the stars. The Em- 
 peror of Persia has for his device a yellow 
 flag with a red square in tlie middle (1105). 
 
 'T went over a great part of Persia, going 
 thence to the Kingdom of Saldania and its rich 
 and noble city (Sultanieh?). Its king has for 
 a device a yellow flag with a red square (sim- 
 ilar to Persia's — iio"). 
 
 "I departed from Saldania and went with 
 some merchants a long distance until I came 
 to tlie city of Ayras (Sliiraz), called by tlie 
 Tartars Sarax, where the Empire of Persia 
 ends. It is a well supplied ciiy, rich and very 
 ancient. Tliey say that in this city was tirst 
 discovered the astronomy or law of the stars, 
 for this city is in the line of the center of 
 Persia. The cities I have visited in Persia are 
 Casar (Kazan), Serrans, Thesi, Spaor (Ispa- 
 han), Jorjaman (('■eorgia'). Spalonero (Raze- 
 lain'), Saldania (Sultanieh), and Toris (Ta- 
 briz). 
 
 "In this last town is where Besnacayt, the 
 Emperur of Persia, was crowned. His empire 
 extends from the Sea of Sara (Caspian) to 
 tlie Persian Gulf, where is the city of Hor- 
 mixio (Ormuz), and from the Mare Mayor 
 (Black Sea) to Aquisio, also on the Persian 
 Gulf. lis length is i_'5 days' journey and its 
 width from the river Cur to the city of Siras 
 (Sari?) TOO days' journey. Benascayt, Em- 
 peror of Persia, assembled a very great host 
 and went to fight with Uxbeco, Emperor of 
 Sara (tlie Caspian). 
 
 "There arrived more tlian a million and a 
 half of cavalry. Then Benascayt promised 
 some Armenian monks, whom he consulted, 
 that if he won the battle he would become a 
 Cliristian. The Armenian Christians who came 
 with him marched with a cross before them, 
 and, God helping, he conquered. Uxlieco was 
 defeated and his cavalry pillaged and their 
 women captured. The conqueror advanced far 
 into the enemy's country. 
 
 "After this I left Persia with some mer- 
 chants who came from Catavo (China). 
 Thence we traveled for a great distance with- 
 out coming to any city, for all the inhabitants 
 lived in the country. 
 
 "I came to a city called Tripul of Suria 
 (Syria), which is on the shore of the Medi- 
 terranean (not the Tripoli of North .\frica, 
 previously mentioned). There I embarked in 
 a ship of Christians and went to Chipre (Cy- 
 prus), thence to tl'e Morea. and thence to 
 Creta. Negropont (Eubcea), and a kingdom of 
 
 Greeks which they call Salonica, bordering on 
 Macedonia, where the great .-Mexander reigned. 
 The King of Salonica has for his device a red 
 flag with a yellow cross and four chain links 
 (1106). 
 
 GAI.LIPOLI IN AN EARLY CAMPAIGN 
 
 "Thence I went to a city called Galipoli, 
 which is on the shore of tlie gulf between the 
 Mediterranean and the greater sea. By this 
 way. the French passed when they conquered 
 Suria. Thence I went along the seacoast to a 
 city they call Recrea (Heraclea), and tlience to 
 the city of Constantinople, a rich city, the cap- 
 ital of the empire, wliere they crown the kings. 
 Here there is a church of God called Santa 
 Sofia, wdiich is very wide, lofty, and beautiful. 
 
 "Before it there is a tower of stone which 
 has not been ascended. On tlie summit of this 
 tower there is placed a knight with his horse 
 of metal. It is very large, and he has on his 
 head an episcopal cap (probably a nimbus or 
 crown), it is in honor of the Emperor Con- 
 stantine. His right hand is extended toward 
 Turquia, which was formerly called Asia 
 Minor, on the other side of this gulf of the 
 sea. The Emperor of Constantinople has for 
 his device a flag quarterly, tirst and fourth 
 argent a cross gules, second and third gules a 
 cross, or (gold) between four chain links or 
 (1107 and 1108). 
 
 "1 left Constantinople and entered the Mare 
 Mayor (Clack Sea), proceeding along the 
 coast on the left hand to a great city called 
 \'ecina (\'idin). Here nine rivers unite and 
 fall into the Mare Mayor. These nine rivers 
 make a great commotion before this city of 
 ^'ecina, which is the capital of the kingdom. 
 It has a white flag with four red squares 
 (1109). . . . 
 
 "1 proceeded along the shores of the eastern 
 side of the Mare ^layor (I'.lack Sea) for a 
 very long distance and arrived in the Kingdom 
 of Sant Estropoli (Sebastopol), which is in- 
 habited by Comanes Christians. Here there 
 are many people who have Jewish descent, but 
 all perform the works of Christians in the sac- 
 rifices, more after the Greek than the Latin 
 Cliurch. Tlie king has for his flag — gules a 
 hand argent (mo). 
 
 "I left Sant Estropoli and went to Gorgania 
 (Georgia), whicli is be-ween the Mare Mayor 
 (Clack Sea) and the Mar de Sara (Casnian), 
 a very extensive land of the Empire of Uxlcto 
 (Uzbeg). I then went along the shore to the 
 city of Trapesonda (Trehizond), where I re- 
 mained for some time. This empire borders 
 on Turquia, but the people are Greek Chris- 
 tians. The Emperor of Trapesonda has for 
 his device a red flag with a golden two-headed 
 eagle. 
 
 "I departed from Trapesonda and arrived at 
 the Kingdom of Semiso (Sanisun), a large 
 and populous territory bordering on Turquia 
 and the Mare Mayor. The king has for his 
 device a white flag with a sign like this (1112). 
 
 "I came to Feradelfia (Philadelphia) and 
 found a rich and well supplied city. It is in 
 Turquia, anciently called Asia Minor. Tlie 
 king has for his device a flag parted per pale, 
 argent and azure and on a field argent a cross 
 gules (1113)- 
 
 398 
 
"I departed from the KiiiKdoni of Feradelfui 
 and went to annthtT kinmli.m, called Stol.>i;u 
 (Hypsili. in Asia Minor), which contains ex- 
 tensive territory near the sea. The kinj; has 
 for his (Uvice a red llag charged with a black 
 wheel (1114). 
 
 "I left Stolo^o. traveling hy land with some 
 merchants; went across all Tnrqiiia and came 
 to the city of Saiiasco (Siwas?). Leaving that 
 place I crossed a river, traveled over Jorgania 
 (GeorKia) until I arrived at the Si-a of Sara, 
 at a city called Dement (Dcrhent). I went 
 along tile shores of the Sea of Sara (Caspian). 
 
 "I entered a great province called Koxia 
 (Russia), in which there is a city called Xor- 
 man( ?). the capital of the kingdom (1115 and 
 1 1 16). It is hounded by the great lake 01 
 T.anay, which is three days' journey in length 
 and two broad (an imaginary body of water 
 in which most medieval geographers believed). 
 Thrv • very great rivers t'ow from it. One of 
 these. ;hc Nu (Dwina), bounds a great prov- 
 ince called Siccia (Scythia). a very cold coun- 
 try. In this Siccia there is a great city, the 
 ca|iital •'( the kingdom, called N'ogorado ( N'ov- 
 goroilK The kiu'^ h.is for his device a red flag 
 with a white caslle ('117). 
 
 "I came to Maxar, a kingdom in which there 
 are three great cities — Casama ( Kazan), Lasac 
 (Lcchcl. in the province of Ka/an), .iiid Nfons- 
 caor I Moscow). This King of Maxar (Oren- 
 burg) has for his device a purple flag with 
 white stars (1118). 
 
 "From Maxar I went to the Kingdom of 
 Siluana. which they call Scpten Castra. and the 
 Greeks call it Horgiml (Transylvania). It is 
 encircled by two great rivers — the Turbo 
 
 (Dniester) and the I.usim (Dnicinrr). The 
 king has for his device a green llag with a rc«l 
 sciniitar (1119). The people arc richtimaiic 
 (.'lirisiians. 
 
 Tilt .Min.N'ICIIT Sl'.S 
 
 •■.\sccnding the river Tir (Dniester) toward 
 the north, there arc two very large province* 
 called Yrcania and Gotia (northern Kussia), 
 whence the Gothi came forth who cntrrcd 
 Spain. It is called the land .if N'oKulaus The 
 people arc strong and warlike, but ihrjr coun- 
 try is very cold. This Goiia ami Vrcania 
 march with the lofty mountains .>( Trasni<jn- 
 tana (mountains of Norway). 
 
 "In these mountains the north star is seen in 
 the middle of the heavens, and throughout the 
 year there is daylight for six months and 
 night for six months. It is uninhabited, vet 
 they say that men arc met with whose heads 
 come or.t i>f their shoulders, having no nc\-k» 
 whatever. Their beards are on tluir brr-nt* 
 and their ears reach to the shoulders. There 
 are also found in this land very great Iiearj 
 .and wild bi-asts, as I have already related. 
 These two provinces of Vrcania ami ('.otia 
 were pci'plcd by the Codos. who came from 
 the closed Tartaria. from the castle of Got and 
 .Magot (Gog and .Magog), when thev delilicr- 
 ated on the siege of .Mexandre and the con- 
 quest of the greater part of the world (device 
 of N'rcania — ii2o). 
 
 "I went to I'landcrs. and from there to Se- 
 ville, the city from which I first startnl," 
 
 Thus ends the recital of the I'rancis- 
 can's wanderings. 
 
 !M .WANTS 01 PAIRIOI I.SM JOO M-ARS .\(,C) 
 
 (Nos. 1123-1197) 
 
 PRnR.VBLY John Beaumont, an 
 I'.njjlish author wlio lived (hiring 
 tlie last hall of the seventeenth cen- 
 tury. Iiatl never heard of the anonymous 
 Franciscan friar who wrote his "Book of 
 Knowledgc"(scc page 35'8)about the year 
 1350: and yet Beaumont has left to pos- 
 terity a work on nations and their flags 
 which strangely parallels the book of the 
 Spanish churchman, save that whereas 
 the latter's volume is b'jauti fully han<l 
 illuiriincil with the colored coats-of-arms 
 of the nations of earth in his day. the 
 Knglishman relies ui>on somewhat entile 
 black ;ind white copper plates, with the 
 letters R (red). W (white). Y (yellow), 
 etc., chiseled out to indicate the colors. 
 
 The flags reproduce<l on page 371 of 
 this issue of the < fi:oGR.\riiic have been 
 preparecl in colors, in large measure 
 from the black atirl wliite drawings which 
 Beaumont iiicludcl in the third edition of 
 
 his hook, published by John Motte in 
 London in the year 1701. The full title 
 of the work is : 
 
 "The I 'resent State of the Universe, or 
 an .Account of the Rise, Birth, Names, 
 Matches, Children, an<I near .Mlies of all 
 the jiresent Chief I'rinces of the WorM. 
 Their Coats of Arms, Mottos. Devices, 
 IJveries. Religions, and Languai;es. The 
 Names of their Chief Towns, with some 
 Com|)Utation c>f the Houses and Inhabit- 
 ants. Tlieir Chief Seats of I'leastirc, and 
 other Remarkable things in their Do- 
 minions. Their Hevetiiies, Power, and 
 Strength. Their res|KVtive Styles and 
 Titles, or .\piKllalii>iis. .Msn .\n Account 
 of Common-\\'c:dihs, relating to the simc 
 Heads. The Third edition continu'd and 
 cnlargVI, with the KfTigics of all the 
 Crown 'd Meads of KurojK' : as also the 
 various Bearings of their several Ships 
 at Sea." 
 
 J99 
 
There are three British ensigns — the white, 
 bkie, and red. 
 
 To understand the use of tlie red, the white, 
 and tile blue ensign in the British navy, it is 
 necessary to know the organization of the huge 
 fleets of that day. In a fleet there were the 
 center, the van, and the rear. 
 
 The admiral of the fleet, with the union flag 
 at tlie mainmast of his flagship, commanded 
 the vessels of the "center," and they were re- 
 quired to display red ensigns (1123), referred 
 to countless times in history as the famous 
 "meteor flag of Old England" on account of 
 its red field and the red cross of St. George. 
 The vice-admiral of the white, with his white 
 flag (1121) at the fore of his flagship, com- 
 manded the vessels of the van (fore), and tliey 
 displayed the white ensign (1124). The rear- 
 admiral of the blue, with his blue flag (1122) 
 at the mizzen of his flagship, commanded the 
 vessels of the rear (mizzen), and they wore 
 the blue ensign (1125). So that the ensigns 
 indicated the squadrons, and the colors and the 
 positions (main, fore, and mizzen) of the ad- 
 mirals' flags the ranlvs of the commanding 
 adinirals. This practice was of long standing, 
 and of course came from the English navy, 
 there being practically no Scottish navy. This 
 is all made clear by examination of the ad- 
 mirals' flags, 1121 and 1122, and the ensigns 
 1123, 1124, and 1125 of the year 1705 (two 
 years before the union of the crosses of St 
 George and St. Andrew). 
 
 At the time of our Revolution the same flags 
 of rank and the same ensigns were in use, but 
 with the union flag of England and Scotland 
 in their cantons. These ensigns continued to 
 have this significance imtil 1864, when the red 
 ensign disappeared from the place of honor in 
 the British navy, the white ensign (834) be- 
 coming the exclusive ensign of the navy, the 
 blue ensign (835) for public vessels (with a 
 badge in its fly) and naval reserve vessels. 
 and the red ensign (836) became the exclusive 
 property of the merchant marine. 
 
 The red flag of defiance (1126) has for cen- 
 turies been the symbol of revolution and of 
 mutiny. 
 
 Queen Elizabeth chartered the East India 
 Company in 1600. Its flag (1129) has peculiar 
 interest for America, as some historians de- 
 clare that it was the parent banner of our 
 Stars and Stripes. Benjamin Franklin is re- 
 puted to have urged its adoption at a dinner 
 which he and Washington attended on De- 
 cember 13, 1773, and at which he is said to have 
 declared r "While the field of your flag must 
 be new in the details of its design, it need not 
 be entirely new in its eleinents. It is fortun.ate 
 for us that there is already in use a flag with 
 which the English Government is familiar, and 
 which it has not only recognized but protected. 
 I refer to the flag of the East India Company." 
 
 The East India Company's banner at that 
 time was slightly different, however, from the 
 colors shown here (1:29), for in 1707 the union 
 between England and Scotland took place and 
 the St. George's cross was combined with that 
 of St. .Andrew. The East India Company flag 
 vanished from the seas in 1858, wdien the 
 British Government took over its functions. 
 
 The Guinea Company (also a chartered trad- 
 
 ing organization of England) carried its check- 
 ered red and white ensign (1130) up and down 
 the West African coast for many years. In 
 1663 its vessels brought from Guinea the gold 
 from which the first English "guineas" were 
 coined. 
 
 The Scottish ensign (1131) and Scottish Un 
 ion flag (1132) recall an interesting bit of con- 
 troversy between the subjects of "South Britain 
 and North Britain," as the English and Scotch 
 were then designated. With the union of the 
 two countries under James I, it became neces- 
 sary to devise a new flag. A royal ordinance 
 of April 12, 1605, recites the following: 
 
 "Whereas some difference hath arisen be 
 tween our subjects of South and North Britain 
 traveling by seas, about the bearing of theii 
 flags. — for the avoiding of all such contention.' 
 hereafter, we have, with the advice of our 
 council, ordered that from henceforth all om 
 subjects of this isle and kingdom of Greatei 
 Britain, and the members thereof, shall beai 
 in their maintop the Red Cross, commonlj 
 called St. George's Cross (1127), and the White 
 Cross, commonly called St. Andrew's Crose 
 (831), joined together, according to a form 
 made by our heralds, and sent by us to oui 
 admiral to be published to our said subjects 
 and in their foretop our subjects of South 
 Britain shall wear the Red Cross only, as the) 
 were wont, and our subjects of North Britain 
 in their foretop the White Cross only, as the> 
 were accustomed" (see also 8.29). 
 
 The Scottish Union flag (1132) carries the 
 quarrel a step farther. The Scottish superim 
 posed the white cross on the English red ; the 
 English, on their side, superimposed the red 
 cross on the white. 
 
 The Irish ensign at the beginning of the 
 eighteenth century (1133) bore the cross oi 
 St. George in the canton and a gold harp on 
 a green field, thoroughly appropriate for the 
 "Emerald Isle." 
 
 Holland's five flags 
 
 In his "Book of the Universe," Beaumont 
 ascribes five flags to Holland at the dawn oi 
 the eighteenth century (1134, 1135, 1136, 1139, 
 1 140). Holland became an independent State 
 in 1579, and in 1599 its flag was officially 
 designated as orange, white, and blue, in three 
 horizontal stripes, these being the colors of the 
 great leader, William, Prince of Orange. In 
 some manner never satisfactorily explained 
 (see 377 and 775), the orange became red early 
 in the seventeenth century, and it was under 
 the tricolor (red, white, and blue) that the 
 naval heroes Tromp and De Ruyter fought 
 their many brilliant sea engagements with the 
 English between 1632 and 1(^54. 
 
 (Toncerning the city of Amsterdam (1137) 
 two centuries ago, Beaumont furnishes the 
 following unique description : "Anioterdani is 
 the most considerable city of all Holland ; the 
 houses are generally built of brick, and it's 
 built on piles like Venice. As to what propor- 
 tion of bigness this city bears to London 1 
 have no exact account. Amsterdam for riches 
 trading, shipping, fair streets, and pleasant 
 habitations scarce yields to any other city of 
 the world. The whole town being in a low 
 
 400 
 
marshy ground, Hie water is let in through all 
 the consiilerahle streets, and it's all built U|K)n 
 piles, or high lir trees, driven down perpen- 
 dicularly so close together that nothing can 
 be forced betwixt them." 
 
 With the exception ol Amsterdam, perhaps 
 no other town in Holland had more right to 
 a tlag of its own than I'lushing (1138). ior it 
 was in this seaport that the standaril of liberty 
 was first raised after the "Water Beggars" had 
 taken Briel in 157J, the first overt act of the 
 Dutch in their war against Spanish supremacy. 
 
 Concerning Oeiioa, whose red tlag (1141) 
 was identical with that of the scarlet emblems 
 of Venice and Spain, Beaumont gives this 
 picturesipie description at the close of the 
 seventeenth century : 
 
 "The State of L'.enoa is, like that of Venice, 
 govern'd by a Doge or Duke, with this Kx- 
 ception, that the OtVice of the Duke of C.cnoa 
 lasts but for three years, whereas the other is 
 for life. Me has for his Ordinary Guard live 
 hundred Germans. Controversies between 
 Citizens are adjudg'd by a Court called the 
 Uota. consisting of Lawyers, not Natives of 
 Genoa. They are under the Protection of the 
 King of Spain (hence the identity of the 
 Spanish and Genoese red flag). Genoa was 
 under the Government of several Princes till 
 the year l.^-'S, when .\ndrcw Doria est.iblished 
 there the I'orin of Government observ'd to this 
 day, which is .'\ristocraticaI. There is seen in 
 the Town the statue of .\ndrew Doria, mounted 
 on a Horse of Cast Copper, with this Inscrip- 
 tion on the pedestal. Liberator Populi." (It 
 was after this liberator that the brig .hidrcw 
 Doria, the lirst vessel to obtain a salute for 
 the .American flag, was named — see page 205.) 
 
 Tradition says that Russia derived its blue, 
 white, and red fla.g (1142) in the following 
 manner : Peter the tircat, wliile learning sliip- 
 buiUIing in Holland, adopted the Dutch ensign 
 (1136). merely reversing the colors. But the 
 Russians were not flattered by this, for it made 
 them appear like "Dutchmen in distress" (the 
 sign of distress being an inverted flag). Sub- 
 se<iuently the order was changed to white, blue, 
 and red ( the present Russian merchant flag — 
 800), but in i/Ot the Czar of Muscovy ( Peter) 
 had only added the blue cross in the white 
 stripe to distinguish his flag from the Dutch 
 distress sigtial. 
 
 oste.vd's bra\t: banner 
 
 Ostcnd. the last stronghold of the Dutch in 
 South Netherlands against the Spaniards, well 
 deserved the distinction of a tight standard 
 (1144) as well as an ensign (1143). This little 
 lishing village, of scarcely three thousand souls 
 at the beginning of the seventeenth century, 
 withstood one of the most remarkable sieges 
 of history, the chroniclers of that time being 
 amply justilicd in comparing it to the siege i>f 
 Troy. 
 
 It resisted the Spaniards for three years and 
 seventy-seven days (July 5, f6or, to September 
 JO. l(io4'>. and it is computed that one hundred 
 tlioit^aii ! liv! i anil f,->nr million dollars were 
 '■.iirirrc'! in it~ n-chiction. .Ml the engineering 
 skill and resources of the age were employed. 
 Targonc, a famous Italian engineer, invented 
 
 a great floating battery to close the harbor, and 
 a fortress on whceli uith a draw-bridge tu 
 •-pan water gap> (forerunner of the twentieth 
 century tank cars). 
 
 The defenders u^cd great lMlnlire^ and IXMnpi 
 of flaming pilch to ligiit the lialtlegrouiid dur- 
 ing night alt.icks. I'^irthtvorks were mined and 
 Countermined Red-hot >hot were tired into 
 the city. To prevent cuiiflagraliiiiiN. the garri- 
 son covered all the houses wnli s.ul. When 
 there was no more earth suitabU- l.ir the con- 
 struction of furtilications, the besieged turned 
 to the graveyards, exhuming their heroic dead 
 and using their l>o<lies as ramparts for the 
 living. 
 
 When the town liiially hauled d-iwii its flag 
 it wa'- with the lioiior> of w.ir, granted by 
 Spiiiola, the chivalrous Gfiioi->e oiiiun.iiider of 
 the Spaiii>li forci>. who gave a vpleiidid ban- 
 <iuet to the re|iuli|ican otVicers in In-, pavilion. 
 
 The Spanish llag (1145) is nf spt-cial interest 
 at this period of history, for it recalU the War 
 of the Spanish Succession, which followed the 
 death i>f Charles H. in 1700, the l.ist of the 
 .Austrian (llap>burg) dynasty to sit on the 
 throne of Castile and Leon. Beaumont rec- 
 ords : 
 
 "On the first of Novemlier, 1700 N. S. (New 
 Style), died Charles II of Spain, alter a long 
 illness, or rather after a disi-asid life- of almost 
 40 years. In his pretended last will, he is 
 said to have left the Duke of .\njou, second 
 son of tire Dauphin of l"rance, his heir and 
 successor to all his dominions, who immediately 
 took U|K>ii the title of Philip \'. King of Spain, 
 etc. 
 
 "But the German Emperor is far from 
 acknowledging him as such." . . . 
 
 The coat oi-arms which Beaumont places on 
 the Spanish banner (1145) is far from com- 
 plete, for the King of S|>.'iin at the beginning 
 of the eighteenth century bore the insignia of 
 Castile, of Leon, .Vragim, Sicily. (>ranada, 
 Portugal, .Mgarvc. .-\ustria, .\iicieiit Burgundy 
 and ^lodern Burgundy, Brabant, l-"landers. and 
 of .Antwerp, capital city < f the Holy Kmpire. 
 Surrounding the large shield may be seen the 
 collar of the Order of the GoUUn Fleece 
 
 The King of Spain, as one of his min-^r titles, 
 was known as the Lord of Biscay. Tiie Bis 
 cay ensign (1146) w,is a while cross "raguled" 
 on a red field. The r.-)guled cross in heraldry 
 is described as "trunked" or having many cuts, 
 resembling two ragged staffs in the shape of a 
 cross. The Spanish Bourbons used it as their 
 insignia: hence it appeared on the flag of 
 Ostend (1143). a Spanish possession. 
 
 The New Mnirland ensign (1147), with the 
 pine tree in the first (|uarter of tlic St. George's 
 cross, was the first ilistinctivcly .Vnicrican fl.iK 
 of the .-Xmerican colonics. It should l>c re- 
 membered that this is an ensign and was ««c<l 
 bv vessels only (sec also }fi2-S(\\, .l79-3^). 
 The national flag of the colonies was that of 
 the mother rounlrv, the union flag (361). 
 
 The French galley standard (1148) was of 
 red with numerous fleurs dc \\i in gold. In 
 the center were the arms of France Beau- 
 mont recites that "the arms of France in the 
 days of Pharamond and his three successors 
 were giilcs (red) three crowns or (gold). 
 CIo«s the Great altcrctJ them to anirc (blue) 
 
strewn with flowcr-de-lnces or, nnd Charles VI, 
 who came to tlie crown in 13S0, reduced tlic 
 lilies in his coat-of-arms to three." 
 
 White became the national color of France 
 durmg the Hundred Years War. Later the 
 Huguenot party adopted the white tiag, and 
 when Henry HI, himself a Protestant, came 
 to the throne, in 1574, it became the royal eri- 
 sign. In the loilovvmg reign (Henry IVj it 
 became the symbol of the French Bourbons. 
 Thus the French ensign (114c,'), a simple white 
 banner, came to be tne basis of many of the 
 French hags (see 1150, 1151, 1157, 1158, II59, 
 1160, and 1161). The ensign (1149) was the 
 flag under which Cartier sailed on his voyage 
 of exploration to Canada, and the emblem 
 which floated from the tlagship of Admiral Ue 
 Grasse, whose victory off \'orktown was a 
 most important factor contributing to the suc- 
 cess of the American Revolutionary War (see 
 422). Joan of Arc bore a white flag with gold 
 embellisliments at the Battle of Orleans. 
 
 The French cornet (1159) is distinctive only 
 in its swallow-tail shape; in modern signaling 
 it is usually called a burgee. 
 
 The blue crosses in the banners of Province 
 (Provence) (1150), of Bretagny (Brittany) 
 (1151), and Normandy (1158), and the blue 
 stripes of Picardy (1161) recall the fact that 
 from earliest recorded times until the seat of 
 French Government was removed to Paris 
 (wdien the red of that city's patron, St. Denis, 
 was adopted) blue was a favorite color of the 
 Franks. It was under the plain blue flag 
 known as "Chape de St. Martin" that Clovis 
 ■won his great victory over Alaric in 507, and 
 Charlemagne bore it at Narbonne. This was 
 supposed to be the original cloak which St. 
 Martin, while stationed at Amiens, divided 
 ■with a beggar; the following night he had a 
 vision of Christ making known to his angels 
 this act of charity (see also 743). 
 
 Marseilles had a white ensign of its own, 
 with a white cross on a blue square in the first 
 quarter (1160). 
 
 The Zealand colors (1152) arc, naturally, 
 those of Holland. On the white bar is the 
 distinctive feature, the red lion of the Zealand 
 (Zeeland) coat-of-arms. In the same manner 
 the fla.g of Middleburgh (1156), the capital of 
 Zeeland, had the colors of Holland, with its 
 own gold tower in the white band. 
 
 The Hanseatic League, the famous federa- 
 tion of North German towns wdiich controlled 
 the commerce of northern Europe during the 
 Middle ages, had for its colors red and white, 
 two of the three colors which survive in the 
 flag of modern Germany (996). The chief city 
 of the federation was Lubeck (1153). Ham- 
 burg, also an important city of the league, 
 bore a red flag with a white tower (1154), 
 while Bremen's emblem (1166) was a red and 
 wdiite chess-board. Rostock, not content with 
 the league's red and white, added blue (1167), 
 thereby giving her citizens the same occasion 
 as the Russians for complaining that they ap- 
 peared like "Dutchmen in distress" (see note 
 on the flag of the Tsar of Moscovy — 1142^. 
 
 Dantzick (Dantzic) employed the league's 
 red, but placed upon that field three gold 
 crowns, arranged vertically (1165). 
 
 The Munich flag (1164) had an unfortunate 
 color combination, the \ellow frequently fad- 
 ing out, leaving the banner a French wdiite 
 (1149)- 
 
 Luncnburgh (Luneburg) was one of the 
 most important towns of the Hanseatic League. 
 Its flag (1174) included tlie red field common 
 to Hamburg and Dantzic, but with a winged 
 Pegasus in gold as the distinctive feature. 
 
 The flag of Heyligeland (Heligoland) (1155) 
 is of especial interest at this time on account 
 of the tremendously important role which the 
 scraps of land (it was one island up to 1720, 
 wdien a violent eruption of the sea severed a 
 neck of sand and made two islets of it) are 
 playing in the present war as an impregnable 
 naval and submarine base for Germany. Heli- 
 goland was a fief of the dukes of Schlesw'ig- 
 Holstein in 1705, but the free city of Hamburg 
 frequently held it in pawn for loans advanced 
 to the dukes. In 1807 England obtained it 
 from Denmark, and 27 years ago made the 
 great mistake of ceding it to Germany. 
 
 The Swedish man-of-war ensign (1162) and 
 Swedish merchant flag (1163) 200 years ago 
 were virtually the same as today (826 and 
 827), with the e.xception that the blue in the 
 modern standards is of a much lighter shade- 
 
 The Genoa ensign (1168) is identical with 
 the St. George's jack (1127). 
 
 THE MALTESE CROSS 
 
 Few flags of history can rival in romantic 
 interest the red lianner with its eight-pointed 
 white cross (:i69), emblem of the island of 
 Malta. The eight points of this famous Mal- 
 tese cross are supposed to represent the eight 
 Beatitudes. In their monasteries the Knights 
 of Malta wore black habits with Maltese 
 crosses over their hearts. In war their coat- 
 of-arms was crimson with the white Maltese 
 cross, like the flag. 
 
 The flag of Jerusalem (1170) at the begin- 
 ning of the eighteenth century contained the 
 same five crosses ndiich the Franciscan monk 
 pictured in 1350 (see 1067), save that the cen- 
 tral cross at the later period quartered the 
 flag, and the "Croisettes," as they are called in 
 French, occupied the four quarters. 
 
 Tuhen (Thuin, Belgium) was one of several 
 cities of the low countries whose device at the 
 beginning of the eighteenth century was a 
 wdiite swan (1171). 
 
 The Dani-^h man-of-war (1172) and mer- 
 chant flags (1173) are the oldest national em- 
 blems now in use, their history dating back to 
 the year I2ig, when Waldemar is supposed to 
 have seen a cross in the sky while leading his 
 troops against the Livonian pagans. The flag 
 is known as the Dannebrog ( Strength of Den- 
 mark). On the time-stained walls of the medi- 
 eval church on the island of Heligoland there 
 is still to be seen a painted Dannebrog. 
 
 The city and district of Sural, the green flag 
 of whose Grand Mogul (1175) was distin- 
 guished by two gold scimitars, was the site of 
 the first factory (trading post) established by 
 England in India, a seed which has developed 
 into a great Eastern Empire. 
 
 Bengal's Grand Mogul bore a white flag with 
 a red scimitar (11 76) two centuries ago. It 
 
was at this time that the East India Company 
 purchased from the great grandson of Sliali 
 Jahan (Imihler of tlie Taj Mahal) the group 
 of Bengal villages which grew into the city of 
 Calcutta. 
 
 Now an unimportant fishers' town, Enchysen 
 (Enkhuizen) once well deserved the right tii 
 have a flag of its own (1177). Long ago it 
 harbored the fleets of Charles \' and I'hilip 11 
 of Spain, when their word was law in all the 
 low countries. Its banner preserved the yellow 
 and red of .-\ragon. 
 
 The flag of Legorne (Leghorn) (1178) con- 
 tains the five red roundels (little circles) pe- 
 culiar to the arms of the Great Duke of Tus- 
 cany, who derived a large share of his reve- 
 nues from this seaport. 
 
 The winged lion of St. ^^ark (1179) is as 
 familiar to students of flags as the eagles of 
 the Roman Empire and the dragon of St. 
 George in IJrilish heraldry. It is placed on the 
 Venetian red Hag (1141) in honor of the 
 patron saint of the republic. St. Mark, while 
 on a missionary journe> to Italy, according to 
 a very ancient legend, was stranded on the 
 Rialto when it was still an uninhabited island. 
 Here the future greatness of \'enicc was re- 
 vealed to him in a vision. The lion was the 
 commonly accepted symbol of the saint in all 
 early Christian art. 
 
 The Pope's colours (1180) include the red 
 field (red being the color of the livery of the 
 Holy Father also) with the white cross of Cal- 
 vary and the white lamb, the significance of 
 which arc apparent. 
 
 THE BANXKR OF S.WOY 
 
 The white cross on the red field, device of 
 the House of Savoy (1181), has played an im- 
 portant role in the history of Europe. Beau- 
 mont gives this account of its adoption by the 
 dukes of Savoy : "This coat was given to 
 .-\madeus the Great by the Knights of Rhodes 
 in I.?I5, with these letters in lieu of a motto. 
 "F. E. R. T.'— that is, 'Fortitude Ejus Rhodum 
 Tenuit' (His valor has saved Rhodes). The 
 occasion was that .-Vmadeus V, surnamcd the 
 Great, forced Mahomet II, Emperor of the 
 Turks,- to raise his siege at that time from 
 before the city of Rhodes. The said cross is 
 the cross of St. John of Jerusalem, whose 
 knights at that time were owners of Rhodes." 
 
 The Portugal man-of-war (1183) and mer- 
 chant flags (1183 and 1184) bore the same dis- 
 tinguishing features — five shields with the five 
 circles representing the five wounds of Christ, 
 the cnstles surrounding the inner shields and 
 the armillary sphere, remini.sccnt of that na- 
 tion's maritime prowess in the sixteenth cen- 
 tury, 200 years ago, as they do now (sec mod- 
 ern flags 701. 7Q2. and 79.1). 
 
 The broad, deeply notched border, diflfcring 
 in color from the field of the flag, is one of 
 the peculiar characteristics of many Chinese 
 banners (see iiS;; and 1186), Tunquin (Tong- 
 king or Tonqum) was a place of great interest 
 
 to geographers joo years ago. It was de- 
 scribed as coniainmg .■0,000 cities and towns, 
 "and many more there would be, but ili.tt many 
 of the people cIumjsc to live on the water than 
 on the land; so that the greatest part of their 
 rivers arc covered with l»o.its wliicii serve them 
 instead of houses." Silks, according 10 lh» 
 eighteenth century report, were worn in Ton- 
 quin by rich and poor alike. 
 
 .Vnchonia's (.\ncona) red and white stripes 
 (1187) indicate its reliance upon the I'upc. 
 The jirovincc, with its cai>ital of the same 
 name lH>astiiig the hnot harbor on the south- 
 west coast of the .-Xdrialic, was a semi-inde- 
 pendent republic during the Middle .'Vgcs. 
 
 Campbell (Kainpen) was one of the iiii|K>r- 
 tant memliers of the llanseatic League. Its 
 ensign (1188) was the simple red lield seen in 
 the llainliiirg, Lunebiirg, and Uant/ic (lags, 
 but wilhout any coat-of-arnis or s\mbol such 
 as distinguished the devices of its sister cities. 
 Today Kampen is a thriving liitle town in Hol- 
 land, with a populaiion of about jo.ooo. Its 
 days of glory were in the fifleenlh cenlur\. 
 
 its red lield charged with a golden crescent, 
 the flag of Tunis (1189) was for centuries one 
 of the most important banners of the .Moham- 
 medan world. Tunis rose in importance as 
 Carthage declined. It is still the largest city 
 in North .Africa, outside of Egypt. It began 
 to blossom following the .-Xrab conquest, and 
 became the chief port for pilgrims from Spain 
 on their way to the sacred city of Kairowan. 
 
 Between 1350 and 1705 the flag of Tripoly 
 (Tripoli) underwent a complete change. .-Xl 
 the beginning of the eighteenth century its 
 banner of while and green bands (itgo) was 
 floating over the marine nest of the notorious 
 Tripolitan pirates, the scourge and tcrn^r of 
 the Me<literrancan. .-V century later .Xmerica 
 was to fight its first foreign war against these 
 sea robbers. 
 
 .Mgier (.-Mgiers) (iiQi and 119a) was also 
 a haunt of Barbary pirates during the six- 
 teenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries. 
 The outlaws of this port were not suppressed 
 completely until 18.10, when on the jtli of July 
 of that year a French army under General de 
 Bourmont effected the city's capture. 
 
 In the very year that Columbus discovered 
 .■\mcrica a band of .Xndalusian .M^iors built the 
 walls of the town of Tituan (Tetuan) (1193), 
 the only open port of Morocco on the Medi- 
 terrane.in Sea. Sallec (Salli). whose red flag 
 (1194) is almost identical with that of Tetuan, 
 was once the haunt of the Salli Rovrrs. It 
 also had another flag of unique ilesign (1195), 
 
 The flag of Moco .Vraba (Morha, .Vrabia) 
 (1196) was of great importance two centuries 
 ago, for at that time Mocha was one of the 
 greatest coffee ports of the worlil 
 
 The Christian crosses which adorned Con- 
 stantinople's flags (1107 and 1108) at the lime 
 of the visit of the Franciscan friar in 1.150 
 were long since replaced by the crescent of the 
 Mohammedan Turk, aa shown in ihc flag of 
 •705 (1197)- 
 
 403 
 
THF, CORRECT DISPLAY" OF 
 
 AND STKlPhS 
 
 THE STARS 
 
 ^ 'X ^ ILE there is no federal law 
 
 \ \ , .;; force pertaining to the man- 
 T T ner of displaying, hanging, or 
 i>.jit:r^ the United States flag, or pre- 
 scribing any ceremonies that should be 
 ob5er\-ed. there are many regulations and 
 usages of national force heir;:.'/ on the 
 subject. 
 
 In raising the flag it il. ^u! j never be 
 rolled up and hoisted to the top of the 
 staff before unfurling. Instead, the fly 
 should be free during the act of hoist- 
 ing, which should be done quickly. It 
 should be taken in slowly and with dig- 
 nit}-. It should not be allowed to touch 
 the ground on shore, or the deck of a 
 ship, nor should it be permitted to trail 
 in •'- * r or in the dust. It should 
 
 no* 4- where it can be contami- 
 
 nated or ioiled easily, or draped over 
 chairs or benches for seating purposes, 
 and no object or emblem of any kind 
 should 1j€ placed upon it or above it. 
 
 A common but regrettable practice at 
 public meetings is to drape the flag like a 
 tablecloth over the .speaker's table and 
 then to place on the flag a pitcher of ice 
 water, flo^vers, books, etc. -Another 
 equally careless practice, and, unfortu- 
 nately, quite common, is to tie small 
 United States flags to the bottom of a 
 stage cuitain ; when the curtain is raised 
 the flags are lifted aloft and are effect- 
 ively displayed, but when the curtain is 
 lowered, so that the stage scenes may be 
 shifted, the flags trail in the dust of the 
 stage floor. 
 
 The flag should not be festooned over 
 doorv.ays or arches. Always let the flag 
 hang .straight. Do not tie it in a bow 
 knot. Where colors are desired for dec- 
 orative purposes, use red, white, and blue 
 butttitif/. 
 
 The flag should not be hoisted upside 
 down, other than as a signal of distress 
 at sea, when it may, if necessary to ac- 
 centuate the distress and make it easily 
 recognized at a distance, be knotted in 
 the mi'idle of its length, forming what 
 is called a "weft." ■- 
 
 International usage forbids the display 
 of the flag of one nation above that of 
 any other with which it is at peace. Such 
 an act is considered an insult in times of 
 peace, and is always followed by a de- 
 mand for an explanation and apology. 
 \\'h'rn the flags of two or more nations 
 ; laved, they should be on separate 
 .1.^,.;. or on separate halyards of equal 
 size and on the same level. 
 
 The flag should never be raised or low- 
 ered by any mechanical appliance. 
 
 When the national colors are passing 
 on parade, or in review, the spectator 
 should, if walking, halt, and if sitting, 
 arise and stand at attention and uncover. 
 
 When flags are used in unveiling a 
 statue or monument they should not be 
 allowed to fall to the ground, but should 
 be carried aloft to wave out, forming a 
 distinctive feature during the remainder 
 of the ceremony. 
 
 Where the national flag is displayed 
 with State or other flags, it should be 
 given the place of honor on the right. 
 Its use should be confined as much as 
 possible to its display upon the staff. 
 Where used as a banner, the union should 
 fly to the north in streets running east 
 and west, and to the east in streets 
 running north and south. 
 
 Old, faded, or ivorn-otit flags should 
 not be used for banners or other second- 
 ary purposes. 
 
 When no longer fit for display, the flag 
 should be destroyed privately, preferably 
 by burning or other methods lacking the 
 suggestion of irreverence or disrespect. 
 
 Over only three buildings in America 
 does the national flag fly officially night 
 and day continuously — over the east and 
 west fronts of the National Capitol 
 and over the adjacent House of Repre- 
 sentatives and Senate C)ffice Buildings. 
 The two emblems over the Capitol 
 C storm-flag size J are rejilaced every six 
 weeks, the wear and tear, due to wind 
 and rain, being excessive. 
 
 Over the Senate and House of Repre- 
 sentative wings of the Capitol th'- flags 
 
 4rj4 
 
SENDING AND RECEIVING SKMAI'IIOKE MESSAGES UN THE SIGNAL IIKIIK^i: 
 
 niucjackcts are never grarliialcd in tlic "two R's" of warsliip cdiicatinn — "readin" and 
 'ritin' " witli lla^s. The radio and the wireless telephone has'C accumplished marvels in facili- 
 tatin-; coniiniinication lietwccn the units of a fleet, but the seniapliorc and tlic wiKwa^ flag 
 still have their place in the service. 
 
 fly only while those bodies arc in session 
 and during a recess. .\t adjournment, 
 either at the end of a day's work or for 
 a session, tliey are lowered. 
 
 When the Stars and Stripes float from 
 the flagstatY of the White I louse, from 
 sunrise to sunset, it is indicative of the 
 presence in Washington of the IVesident. 
 
 An act of Congress passed in 1905 
 provides that a trade-mark cannot be reg- 
 istered which consists of or comprises 
 "the flag, the coat-of-arms, or other in- 
 signia of the United States, or any simu- 
 lation thereof." An act passed in 1017 
 provides penalties for the clesecration, 
 mutilation, or imiiropcr use of the flag 
 within the District of Columbia. The 
 Department of Justice has held that any 
 alien enemy tearing down, mutilating, 
 abusing, or desecrating the I'nitcfl States 
 flag will be regartled as a danger to the 
 public jKacc or .safety withiti the mean- 
 ing of the President's proclamation of 
 
 .\pril 6, 1917. and will be subject to sum- 
 mary arrest and piniishment. 
 
 .\t every military jwst or station it is 
 the i)ractice in the army, each day in 
 the year, to hoist the flag briskly at sun- 
 rise, irresiH.'ctive of the con<lition of the 
 weather, and to lower it slowly and cere- 
 moniously at sunset, indicatir.g the com- 
 mencement ami cessation of the ;iciivities 
 of the day. While the flag is In-ing low- 
 ered the band plays the national anilu-in, 
 which for the army ami navy is the "Star 
 Spangled liaiuier." If tlure is no Iviml 
 I>resent the field nuisic sounds "To the 
 colr.rs." ( )fficers and enlisted men out of 
 rank f.ace toward the flag, stand at atten- 
 tion, an<l salute. ( For a •lescrij)tion of 
 army flags see jwge ,^07 and onwanl.) 
 
 A niiiit.iry force is sai<l to In.- accordefl 
 "the honors of war" when, after a s|k'- 
 cially honorable defense, it has surren- 
 rlered its jwst, and is |K'rmitte<l by the 
 tiTin- r>f rapitubtioil to niir.-li i.iit with 
 
 .105 
 
Photograph by Erown Brothers 
 INSURING ACCURACY IN A FACTORY WIIERg GOVERNMICNT FLAGS ARE MADE 
 
 Tlie United States Government uses tliousands of flags annual!) , not only tlie .Stars and 
 Stripes and the various flags and pennants of its own anny and navy oflflcers and civilian 
 officials, but the flags of other countries as well. Every warship of our navy carries 43 
 foreign flags, for ceremonial purposes. The flag-maker in a government ensign factory must 
 test all buntings. Sample lots are soaked and washed with soap in fresh water one day and 
 the next in salt water. They are then exposed to weather for ten days, 30 hours of which 
 must be sunlight. The colors must not fade or "run." The material is also tested for its 
 strength. The flag shown aliove is the Portugal ensign f/pi). 
 
 colors fl}ing, bands jilayiny;, and bavoncts 
 fixed. It retains possession of the field 
 artilleiy, horses, arms, and baggage. The 
 French, Rtissian. and other governments 
 require that in every case tlie commander 
 of the place must not surrender until he 
 has destroyed all flags : but this must be 
 done before signing the caiiitulation. 
 General Stoessel destroyed all Russian 
 flags at Port Arthur. 
 
 The Hague rules of land warfare for- 
 bid the improper use of the flag of truce, 
 of a national flag, or of the military in- 
 signia and tmiform of the enemy, as well 
 as the distinctive badges of the Geneva 
 Convention. In practice it has been au- 
 thorized to make use of the enemy's flag 
 and uniform as a ruse, but not during a 
 combat. Before opening fire these must 
 be discarded. Whether the enemy's flag 
 cat! be displayed and his uniform worn 
 
 to effect an advance or to withdraw is 
 not settled. 
 
 N.WV CEREMONIES OF RAISING AND 
 LOWERING THE COLORS 
 
 Shore stations under the jurisdiction 
 of the Navy Dei)artment display the na- 
 tional ensign from eight o'clock in the 
 morning to sunset. The same is true of 
 ships at anchor. Ships coming to anchor 
 or getting under way before or after the 
 regular hours hoist their colors if there 
 be sufficient light for them to be seen. 
 Unless there are good reasons to the con- 
 trary, ships display their colors when fall- 
 ing in with other men-of-war or when 
 near land, particularly when passing or 
 approaching forts, lighthouses, or towns. 
 
 The ceremonies aboard a ship in com- 
 mission when the ensign is raised and 
 lowered are most impressive. At morn- 
 
 406 
 
Pllotoi^raph by Kruvtlt llruthcrt 
 
 CUTTING ILAG STARS BV MACHINERY 
 
 Five-pointed stars are used exclusively on mir natiniial flaKS toijay. Init in the early days 
 of the KcptiMic the six-pointed star frequently appeared. I'niil 1S4J tlie >tarN •<( llie tirrat 
 Seal of the L'nitc<l States were six-pointed, and they are still to be found on the "Liberty" 
 side of many of our silver coins. 
 
 inp "colors," the band plays the national 
 aiitlicni. at the hegimiiiijj of which the 
 ensign is started ti]) an<l Imisted sniartiy 
 to the }Kak. All officers then face the 
 cnsi};n and salute, and the fjiiard of the 
 ilay and the sentries come to present. If 
 there he no band, the field music sounds 
 "to the colors." If the ship hap|H"ns to 
 he in a foreiijn port the national anthem 
 of that country is played foilowinij tiie 
 raisinj;: of the ensign. Then follow the 
 national antiiems of the ships of war 
 ]iresfnt. in the order of rank. 
 
 At sunset "colors" the ensign is started 
 
 from the peak at the Spinning of the 
 national anthem and is lowered slowly 
 and with dignity. All otVicers and en- 
 listed men face toward the colors. If 
 in uniform, covered or iincovereil, or in 
 civilian clothes, iiticovered. they salute at 
 the first tiotc of the anthem, retaining the 
 |>osition of salute until the last note of 
 the anthem. If not in uniform and cov- 
 ered, they uncover at the first note of 
 the anthem, holding the headdress opixv 
 sile the left shoulder, and remain in tJiat 
 |>nsition until the last note of the anthem. 
 
 fX-.rlil in in. Iflllilll WCalllCf, WIlCU tllC 
 
 •io- 
 
Pliijtuyiaph liy I'aul Thumps 
 
 THE i.ivixG i:mi!i.i:m of our national union 
 
 On many occasions and in many places thrnughnut the United States the effective climax 
 of a civic pageant is the formation of a mammoth living flag by school children wearing the 
 red, white, and blue. The great emhlcm of liberty shown above was formed by the school 
 children of Salt Lake Citv. 
 
 headdress may be slightly raised. The 
 same marks of respect are shown to the 
 national anthems of other countries. At 
 "colors," pulling boats passing near a 
 man-of-war, of any nationality, lie on 
 their oars, and steamers stop their en- 
 gines, the coxswains saluting and mem- 
 bers of the crew outside the canopy stand- 
 ing facing the colors and saluting. 
 
 'I'lit: usAGi'.s i\ ruAr, salutes 
 
 On board ships of the navv it is cus- 
 tomary for officers ami men whenever 
 
 reaching the quarter-tleck, from aboartl 
 boat, from a gangway, or from the shore, 
 to salute the national ensign. They stop 
 at the top of the gangway, or upon arriv- 
 ing at the quarter-deck, face the colors 
 and salute. On leaving the f|uarter-deck 
 the same salute is given. This is distinct 
 from the salute to the officer of the deck. 
 When warships enter a port where 
 there is a fort or battery displaying the 
 national flag, or a commissioned ship of 
 war, they display at the main the flag 
 of the country in whose waters thev are, 
 
 408 
 
rii..l>.gra|.l: liy Tjii. 1 h 
 SCHOOL CniLPRKX OF XEW YORK OBSF.RVIXG AMKRtC.WIZATIOX DAY IX 
 
 CITY HALL TAKK 
 
 In this wonderful nsscmMngc, truly roiircscniativc of patriotic Young America, there are, 
 perhaps, children whose forebears have cunie to our shores from all of the nations <if the 
 earth; and it is these children of alien races wlm arc uniting and cementing a hetcr';Tnr \;< 
 people into an indivisible and invincible force which, under the Stars and Siripr- 
 battling for the liberty of the world. 
 
 and saliitc it witli a national salute of 
 twenty-one guns. The ships of the 
 United States Xavy do not salute forts 
 and cities of tiie United States, and «lo 
 not tire salutes in lumor of any natinn, 
 or of any official of any nation, not form- 
 ally recognized by tliis country. It is 
 customary to tire salutes only l)et\veen 8 
 a. m. and sunset. They arc never rtrcd 
 between sunset atid sunrise. During the 
 
 present war salutes have been dispensed 
 with as between allied countries. 
 
 The United States twiay rer|uires that 
 no ship of tlie navy shall lower her sails 
 or <lip her ensign unless in return lor such 
 compliment. .\ «lip is made by <|uickly 
 lowering the ensign and without pau*c 
 (juickly rettirning it to the [*cak. 
 
 .\ flag or an ensign at h.ilf-niast is the 
 universal sign of moumif' "'-.re bc- 
 
 •»iV 
 
410 
 
STs^"? 
 
 J 
 
 .s~ = ■ 
 
 ■Sis '': 
 7 £-r 
 
 -• -"a 
 
 3 - 
 
 
 ae •£ = s"^ 
 
 v£ w 3 
 > — O 
 
 
 t- 
 
 V. 
 
 ■ill 
 
 •^' e: -i — 
 
 O 
 
 ^ 5- 
 
 = 2 v-^ 
 
 3 -*• « 60 
 
 i-^S.* 3. 
 
 — j: * 5 
 
 - - - tf 
 
 5 en's 
 
 t^ b« « *M 
 
 .c _ o 
 
 ^ ^ -3 tft 
 
 -2 r - S 
 
 « 5 t; O 
 
 : ?;-^'= 
 
 ' S 5 •'• 8. 
 
 1 — > ^ o 
 
 '"--^ 
 
 • '-z C y. w 
 
 ■ = c- o 
 
 U C 3 
 - ^. So 
 
 * 0: c 
 
 = ^ 
 
 3 n » 5 
 
 e 
 
 = 5 « « 
 
 -3 
 
 C 
 c ^ 
 
 i i? <- 5-H 
 
 ill 
 
 ' - b — u 
 
 S c » = j: t- ^ 
 - fa 1 c--' u 
 ? i — 3 
 
 ^;/.^^ iiU: 
 
 4" 
 
412 
 
IXSUIXIA OF UXIFnUMKh i. .k^.i-.> ui- lMiiuj MAlh.v 
 
 li:i 
 
 ing iilaccil at hall-ina.>t tin- Haj,' must al- 
 ways be raised to the tO]) of the start', ami 
 before it is lowered from half-nuist it 
 must likewise be hoisted to the lop. 
 
 WIIK.V A ri.KKT lARKS IDKTII Tn It \TTl,i: 
 
 At tlu- commaiul "Clear the ship for ac- 
 tion," the battle ensigns are mastheaded 
 and fmal preparations are made for bat- 
 tle, and uiiiler no circumstances is an ac- 
 tion to be conimenced or a battle fought 
 without tile display of the national en- 
 sign. When an enemy's siii|i strikes lier 
 colors in battle, the commanding nfficer 
 of the man-of-war to whom she struck 
 
 is re<|uireil to continue tlu- action with 
 other ships of the enemy, but takes jmjs- 
 session of the surrendered >lnp as soon 
 as jxjssdile. 
 
 Striking the flag is an indication of 
 surrender, 'riie articles for the govern- 
 ment of the Navy of the I'niteij States 
 require the punishment by ile.iih, or such 
 other |>enalties as a court-martial may 
 adjudge, of any jK-rson in the n.ival sc-rv- 
 ice who strikes, or attempt- t.. strike, the 
 flag to .m enemy or reliel without pro|KT 
 antlioriiy, or when eng.iged in battle 
 ire.uherously yiehis or pu>illanimously 
 cries for (|uarter. 
 
 Tin- IVSIGXl \ ()| 
 
 oi' nil 
 
 111' rNii-()k\ii;n I'Orcis 
 
 \irri) .^1 \ii'.s 
 
 I'rcscnicd in the si.\ siiccccdiiit; pages ;irf the 
 insiKiii.i of the various hr.inches of the United 
 Slates .\rniy and Navy and of the organizations 
 cooperating with them. By means of these il- 
 lustrations one may identity the rank and arm 
 of tlie service of the wearer of practically any 
 .\merican uniform seen duriiii: tlie period of 
 the war — information which is of especial value 
 at this time, when the young men of .\merica 
 are rt'icking to the colors and donning the uni- 
 form of our country to help in the titanic strug- 
 gle to make the "World Safe for Democracy." 
 
 Ry direction of the Secretaries of War and 
 Navy, officers and men wear only the servic-- 
 uniform for the duration of the war. dispensing 
 with the handsome dress imi forms which give 
 color to elahorate peace-time sivial functions 
 in all ■' • ' ' the world. P.rass luittons 
 
 have discarded, and in their 
 
 >i . 
 
 ' ^firine Corps the more 
 ~ in keepinii witli the 
 M imi forms, reduc- 
 ing li to a minimum 
 In li lie \vc have been 
 at war :.ner.il iiii|H>rt.<iit clianges have been 
 m.idi* .Tnd new lirani-hts .ind offiriTs created. 
 .1 
 
 the Xavy has been 
 late \dmiral D-"' 
 (":il'( rion. and K 
 
 u i ; h ■ 
 thev , 
 
 !.> .lit ol 
 may rank 
 
 \l!itil I ..rcc.-, with whom 
 
 - a< a {>art 
 
 ' <hip. On 
 
 land t .-irmy and 
 
 wear i iJifTcrcnce. 
 
 Iii'wever. tli.ti iIk> w\>4r no col.. red cord. l>Ht 
 
 have their metal corps device f.Tslcncd to the 
 crown. .\t the front they, as well as the men 
 of the arm>. are wearing the shrapnel helmet, 
 
 Puring times of peace the L'. S. Coast (iuard, 
 acting under the Treasury Department, polices 
 the .\tlantic aiul I'acilic sca)H>ards. am' its cut- 
 ters arc the foes of smugglers au<l ■■ilur law- 
 breakers. It also performs life-saving "tervke 
 on these sliores, enforces the sealing laws in 
 northern waters, ami patrols the sea lanes of 
 commerce for icebergs and derelicts. In time 
 of war the Coast C^iuard automatically liceomcs 
 a branch of the navy. 
 
 The l*. S. Public Health Scr\ice is an es- 
 pecially important organization in " ::' linirs, 
 and its men in uniform are perform '■.- 
 
 able service in safeguarding the b' '- 
 
 <liers at home by creating the best s.i,ii:.ir_ ...n- 
 ditions in the territory surrounrling the great 
 encampments. 
 
 Many patriotic societies are cooperating with 
 the military forces to lessen the soblier's hard- 
 ships, and chief among these is the .\meric3n 
 Kcd Cross, which is facing an enornniu\ t.nk 
 in caring for the sick and wminiled, iH-sidcs fur- 
 nishing numerous comforts for the mm in the 
 field. This great organi7atii>n is vastly in- 
 creased in personnel, and a field imiforni. with 
 appropriate insignia, has been rcccntlx adoiitcd 
 for its officials abroad, the essentials of which 
 :irc shown on page 4 10. 
 
 With the ii>rccs in the lirbl. l>oih 'in ihij 
 
 ■untry and abroa<l. an- Tmrulreds of men who 
 
 .ire dispensing the h •' the Y. M. C .\ 
 
 and the Knights of i md nre t.».l{ing 
 
 out for the welfare ,.: ■ v 
 
 manner their ingenuily c. • i 
 
 " 'istingtiishcd by insii;iiM %% r- • n >. thi- 
 
 -v uniforms fscc pagr jtoV 
 
 N'nTi:. — The Italian airplane insignia, painted 
 on wings of machines, arc like the French. No. 
 .jjo. on page no. except thai the centers are 
 green 
 
414 
 
 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 
 
 SERVICE HAT 
 
 Worn by Officers m field and all Enlislcd Mcn- 
 
 CENERAL OFFICERS COLD CORD 
 
 ALL OTHER OFFICERS GOLD AND BLACK CORD 
 
 RESERVE OFFICERS TRAINING CAMP , RED, WHITE AND BLUE CORD 
 
 INFANTRY 
 CAVALRY . 
 ARTILLERY 
 MLDAL OF HONOR medical 
 
 ENLISTED MEN 
 
 LIGHT BLUE CORD 
 . YELLOW CORD 
 , SCARLET CORD 
 
 MAROON AND WHITE CORD 
 
 ENGINEERS . . 
 
 ORDNANCE 
 SIGNAL CORPS 
 FIELD CLERKS 
 
 QUARTERMASTER CORP5 bUFF CORD 
 
 . SCARLET AND WHITE COftD 
 BLACK AND SCARLET CORD 
 ORANGE AND WHITE CORD 
 BLACK AND SILVER CORD 
 
 CAP DEVICE 
 ALL COMMISSIONED OFFICERS 
 
 COLONEL 
 
 CAPTAIN 
 
 COLONLL 'GOLC 
 
 iSUAER' 
 
 INSIGNIA OF RANK ON SHOULDER LOOPS COMMISSIONED OFFICERS OF THE U S- ARM^ 
 
 LIEUT 
 GENERAL 
 
 MAJOR 
 GENERAL 
 
 BRIG 
 
 GENERAL 
 
 FIRST SECOND 
 
 LIELT LIELT 
 
 (A) REGULARS 
 
 USR 
 
 (B) RESERVES 
 
 Itefli 
 
 (D) NATIONAL 
 GUARD 
 
 GENERAL STAFF 
 
 JUDGE ADVOCATE 
 ...ENLSDEPT. 
 
 m 
 
 MEDICAL 
 DEPT. 
 
 (C) NATIONAL 
 ARM'I 
 
 □ 
 
 ADJl-TANT 
 GEN I 'S DEPT, 
 
 ^^ 
 
 QUARIERMASTERS 
 DEPT, 
 
 i 
 
 OVERCOAT SLEEVES 
 
 DENTAL CORPS 
 
 SANITAHV CORPS lE . . 
 VETERINARY CORPS Y &. 
 AMBULANCE CORPS (K li. 
 NURSES CORPS ' tSf 
 
 COLLAR DEVICES COMMISSIONED OFFICERS 
 
 A. B C or D .> wo.n .n (on|un<:hon w,ih <hf ikppropiialc c(»p> dc.cc 
 The U S .1 woiD on each >.de oi calta> oxd the carpi device b.ck dI .t 
 
 GENERALS HAVE STARb OF RANK 
 COLONEL . FI\E STRIPS OF BRAID 
 
 LT COLONEt . FOLR 
 MAJOR . . THREE 
 
 CAPTAIN . . V*0 
 
 FIRST LIEUT . ONE STRIP 
 
 m 
 
 WEST POINT INTERPRETERS 
 
 
 COLLAR DEVICES COMMISSIONED OFFICERS 
 
 SLEEVE INSIGNIA RESERV E OFFICERS 
 TRAINING CAMPS 
 
 DISCI PUNARY 
 BARRACKS 
 
 JGUARDl 
 
 RECRUIITNC 
 SERVICE 
 
 WEST POINT MILITARY ACADEMY DEI ACUMEN IS 
 CAVALRY ENGINEERS ARTILLERY 
 
 malhiinl gun 
 battalion 
 
 INILRPRLIEK 
 
 INTFLLIGENCE 
 POUCE 
 
 COLLAR INSIGNIA ENLISTED MEN.U, S. ARMY 
 
THE XATION'AL C.ROGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 
 
 ■iir. 
 
 VIASItH l-.l N.Vf « 
 
 CUN CCUUlANDUi OCBI NV I R I NUT CIJUS 
 
 1. 1 111 f ([ASTfR 
 COA5T AJVriLLUT 
 
 o ® o o o 
 
 IUK:u^i^iU< 
 
 IN TAMCJTT l-HACnCL 
 
 CHEVRONS AND SLEEVE INSIGNIA OF NONCOMMISSIONF.ri 
 
 Canforaunc m celo* le ami ot •«r«xr S*« Kj' 
 
 \\D ENLISTED MEN.U. S. ARN(Y 
 
 MtUlAMl A\l/\U'K 
 ' ' |p(«r» '\>>«ta« and R***!** Mi.''»*»t A»' 
 
 ENUSTLD MtN 
 
 Now Mtlitanr A*i«f 
 
 t-NLoriX) aviatl* 
 
 LSUSIIO WHHV* 1V> 
 
 OF AMA. 
 
06 
 
 THE XAT30XAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZTNi. 
 
 ^^ititit 
 
 ♦^•** 
 
 *^ ^ • 
 
 I'lZl -^OViF.-v- 
 
 uz::- 11 -.:..:-. .c^s 
 
 •<*^*** 
 
 » -H^^-ir 
 
 ^llll 
 
 □ 
 
 CCI>ETrn.CKR5 
 
 
 ■ <S1J 
 
 I TT^ . "T^.N-A-'^ ^ jumt-T j^iae 
 
 
 COLLAR, SIEEVB AND ajOUlBER INSIGNIA OF CO:- 
 
 _ , UNE OmCERS OF THE U. S. NAVY 
 
 SI- -ji? asK-s k>r?<" 
 
 Bis lifi^l 
 
 -vA . AJL RE=£?.''X 
 
 
TIIK WTION'AI. C.F.OORAPHIC MXCAZINK 
 
 -I '• 
 
 WARRANr ul>K.LMbCAP CAP UE\ ICE- VI ARRANT Of nCIM CAP DtVia.-(tnY OfriCEIU Pt.Trv onKoo . »c 
 
 -.rri 3 iTVTtJ SAW 
 
 V s r.w \i Ki^iHM lon.-r 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 <S3I <«aj ^KH 
 
 CHIEF SAllMAM K lHIEF PHAHSHLIM OUSF V W LU.Hk 
 
 SMOULDER MARKS-CHIEF WARRANT OFHCERS. U. S NAVY ■Ko.W.ir. 
 
 I !.> HVkMI.NCSr 
 
 L>(If f SAILMAkCH 
 t.tU> niKRUAlUT 
 
 ■OAT!k« AIN (X-V^n 
 
 niAJiUAi ni r «t < I ij < 
 
 INSIGNIA OF RANK ON SLEEVES OF WARRANT OFFICERS. U S NAVY 
 
 .'li^.'cl^rjlikll^ll'^iitcruk^^^^ collar devices of WARRANT OFFICERS.U. S. NAVYck-«c-,— w«u. JClI! HI 
 
 — ... V--.1. rv. 
 
 »nri- <■ \P'.l * iv ■ . AKTFJIMA^TFR MAO«>a3I^«Ml Hi IH 
 
 H 
 
 OCTINCUISHINC MARKS ON SLttVti Of Ptill OfFKERS U.S.SAVV 
 TV - M.,»..1X A!., » -" kT r-'^-'-l M- ■.- H^, ■ •^■^ 
 
 ; '-VV^C MAM^ L«<jmD ■■A MAVJI& NUlU 
 
418 
 
 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC :MAGAZINE 
 
 liiljsl 
 
 ADJUTANT AND 
 
 PAYMASTERS QUARTEHM ASTERS MAnirvit ri ikj«co 
 
 DEPARTMENT ncDAO-r^c^ MARINE GUNNER 
 
 U S MARINE CORPS 
 FIELD SERVICE HAT 
 
 Wotn or. Shot* w„h F.cid Se.>i« Un.lo. 
 
 lOH'cri, wc.f Cold -.od Scd.lri Hat Can 
 
 Enli.-ed Mtn «ra. no co.d.. 
 
 U S MARINE CORPS 
 nELD SERVICE CAP 
 
 U, S. MARINE CORPS DEVICE 
 
 Warn on all Hais and Cap> <r>d or. 
 Comtn.ai.ooed OS>ce» Colljri 
 
 COLLAR ORNAMENTS STAFF AND WARRANT OFFICERS 
 
 Staff Officers Wear both Corps and Department Device 
 
 Warrant Officers Wear Depajtmenl Device Only 
 
 LI COLONEL MAIOR CAPTAIN FIRST LIELT SECOND LIELT WARRANT OFFICERS. 
 
 RANK INSIGNIA COMMISSIONED OFFICERS OF THE U, S MARINE CORPS ON OVERCOAT SLEEVES 
 
 "dt(H 
 
 SECOND LEADER 
 
 OF BAND 
 
 i-W..h Three Chev,t,n,i 
 
 Cl-iN POINTER 
 
 GUNNERY 
 
 SERGEANT 
 
 DISTINCTIVE SLEEVE MARKS ENLISTED' MEN "oF THE U. S. MARINE CORPS 
 
 Note. The U S. Marine Corps follows gener^llv ihc Insignia ot the U S, Army, with iKe exceptions shown abo' 
 Shoulder loop insignia is the same as (ot similar rank in the army, but brsides being worn on servite coat is also worn on over 
 
 DRLM MAJOR 
 
 Wnh Three Chevroni) 
 
 U S COAST GUARD 
 SHIELD 
 
 I.'>t.ll.lTr'», Si.' or, £1hv<. 
 
 COLLAR (Blue Service Co, 
 
 «* ^9^ 
 
 ■^ COMMANDANT 
 
 WARRANT OFFICER-S 
 CAP DEVICE 
 
 PETTY OFFICERS CAP DEVICE CADETS CAP DEVICE 
 
 (Alio i-o.n ot. collarl 
 
 :OMMISSIONFD OFFICER S CAP DEVICE 
 
 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD 
 
 SLEEVE I Blue Senice Coal, SHO L'LDLR w k? ,;";^'""".,. 
 
 CAPTAIN COMMANDANT 
 
 CAPTAIN COMMANDANT 
 
 Eqml Si. ,p», -Senior Capla.n 
 Hill W.dlh Cenle. Sinpe-Capla 
 
 SENIOR CAPTAIN AND CAPTAIN senior captain and cap 
 
 Two B«r.-F.t.i Lieu.eti 
 One Bat— Second Lnute 
 No Bai-Th.td L.euicnai 
 
 One Stirpe-Thiid LIculcnanI 
 
 . , , , , ^, , LIEUTENANTS 
 
 S.lvei Leal — EriEinet'-in-Chiet c 
 
 GoldLeaf-Caplam 
 
 Two B*r,-F.rji L.eu.cnani 
 
 One B.r-Second L.euleninl 
 
 No Leil or Bai,-1 h..d L.eulen^n. 
 
 No Ancho;, Leatei in Centei— Cade 
 
 LIEUTENANTS 
 
 Si..pe.a.Sho-i.~Engin«t-m-Cl.ie( 
 Holl Widlh Ccnie. 5lr.pe-C»pla.n 
 T«.o Equal Slr.pe,-FiMl L.eulenan, 
 One >nd Otie-hall Sinpei-Second 
 
 Liemenanl 
 One S,Mpe-Tt.,idLieuten«nl 
 
 ENGINEER OFFICERS ^° s„.pc,-Cadei engineer of ( icers 
 
 DISTRICT 5LTERINTENDENTS 
 
 CONSTRUCTORS cunstructohs 
 
 ^ Siript) at Shown— Senioi Supelir 
 
 Gold Leal-Senm. S.,pei.n1endehi M^BH lender.1 
 
 TwoBa<9-F.r>l L.eulenani ^^^H T»o Fqu.l Sli.pe.-Fi.M L.euleni 
 
 One B»,-Second L.cu.enaM W^^m One and One-hall Sit.pe.-Setor 
 
 Anchor Only-Th.-d L.ei,ien»ni I" — L.euienant 
 
 ^^^^^ One Sitipe-Th.id Lirutenanl ^^^^^^^HHHagilUi 
 
 DISTRICT SUPERINTENDENTS Cre = n Cloth Between Sulpe* DISTRICT SLPEfilNTENDENTS 
 
 COLLAR. SLEEVE AND SHOULDER INSIGNIA OF COMMISSIONED OFFICERS 
 OF THE UNITED STATES COAST GUARD. 
 
 lUARlSE GUNNER CARPENTER 
 
 COLLAR DEVICES OF 
 WARRANT OFFICERS 
 U- S. COAST GUARD 
 
 MACHINIST CARPENTER SAILMAK.ER BLACKSMITH COXSWAIN 'J'ATER TFNDER 
 
 SPECIALTY MARKS PETTY OFFICERS U, S. COAST GUARD 
 
 tWom with rating badges similar lo ihose at iooi ol page -t 1 7 ) 
 
THE NATIONAL GEOGRArniC MAf.AZlNi: 
 
 -ll'J 
 
 US. 
 
 UNITED SI \IL> I'LULIC llt^XLTH SERVICP 
 
 AflaaaaaAi 
 
 MK„LU,\ .^Sal-StHu it-M^K-^-ilL, F,\i^^a)Ai^I .V^l 5LHU. I 
 
 tJ.sU«AL CO.ERAL o«.vtJ» jLiRa HV 
 
 SliRCE"N -caa INSIGNIA OF RANK ON SHOl'l OS 
 
 \H.VMIM Ut\J-l_V-'. IMU'-'M 
 
 CLNLK.\L lJ-N L "■ >i 
 
 - r. AiMSTANT 
 
 '•^ SLRGEON. 
 
 M^H ta^M ^^1 ^^^ 
 
 1 1 11 
 
 tOTr. r*.kM*w <W4* 
 
 riUKUAcuT 
 
 iM lLAA^ 
 
 SLEEVE MARKS ON OVERCOATS 
 
 ■.> (NUtoon S>lk) 
 
 Crnx^ftix^^^ 
 
 K LAL-NDRYIklAN ; 
 LMTEO STATES PUBUC HEALTH SERVKE 
 
 THE GENEVA CROSS 
 
 r* 
 
 
 -> 
 
 \ 
 
 • a ' 
 
 '-UBKLS CLOnt 
 
 i.Hr.A.'i.KUj 
 
 \'/ 
 
 \ «nRN XSBOAO 
 
 -.l\ r M r * Ml »fT*RIJ.« 
 
 TSOr COI.L'UM.S MCBM 
 
graph by May I,. Smith 
 
 MAKERS OF TIIR FLAG 
 
 Then conquer \vc must, wlien our cause it is just, 
 And tills be our motto- "In God is our trust." 
 And tlie Star Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave 
 O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. 
 
 420 
 
(^ 
 
TJFO^NIA L1B1> \V^' 
 
 14 DAY USE 
 
 RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED 
 
 LOAN DEPT. 
 
 This book is due on the last date stamped below, or 
 
 on the date to which renewed. 
 
 Renewed books are subject to immediate recall 
 
 2Sla^lL_JiU6 1 6 1974 V 
 
 jr.- 28 '65-3 PM 
 
 mLi»'H 
 
 — ^ 
 
 -IM3 
 
 ,\2'^^ 
 
 SEP t 2 2004 
 
 >EB2b'65-2PW 
 
 f tB 1 7 1969 7 
 
 RECEIVED 
 
 I^OftM DEPT. 
 
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 -60m-4 '64 Geoeral Liorary , 
 
 LD 21A-60m-4,'64 
 
 (E4555sI0)476B 
 
 Geoeral Library 
 
 Uoiversity of California 
 
 Berkeley 
 
 8 
 
YD 06685 
 
 :*(Sl»Wt