University of California College of Agriculture Agricultural Experiment Station Berkeley, California SEASONAL LABOR NEEDS FOR CALIFORNIA CROPS KERN COUNTY Progress Report No. 15 by R. L. Adams Preliminary -- Subject to Correction February, 1937 Contribution from the Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economi Mimeographed Report No. 53 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2014 https://archive.org/cletails/seasonallabornee53adam_6 (Farm Labor Survey -- July-December, 1936) Progress Report No. 15 Seasonal Labor Needs for California Crops Kern County Scope of presentation .-- The following considerations govern the presentation of this progress report: 1. The data are confined to the area indicated above. 2. The data are confined solely to crrps, livestock needs being ignored. 3. The findings apply only to occasional or seasonal labor requirements ai distinguished from labor contributed by farm operators and by workers employed on a year-round or regular basis of employment. 4. Attention is concentrated upon workers required for hand tasks planting, thinning, weeding, hoeing, and harvesting -- without including teamsters, tractor drivers, irrigators, and shed packers of vegetables cr fruits. 5. The presentation includes the so-called migratory, transient, or roving workers which comprise an important source of help needed in connection with certain tasks and at "peak" times which seasonally arise in connection with many field, truck, and fruit crops commercially produced in California. 6. This report is confined to California's need for seasonal agricultural workers because of the more pressing problems liable to arise in connection there- with. A later study is planned which will deal with other kinds of labor involved in the production of California's many crops. Brief Description of the Area ^-- Kern County is one of the largest counties in California, and lies at the upper or southern end of the San Joaquin Valley, Bakersfield, the county seat, is about 250 miles southeast of San Francisco and 100 miles north of Los Angeles. The county has a width- of about 67 miles, the north and south boundaries being parallel lines running in an east and west direction. The northern line is about 144 miles long, and separates the counties cf Kings, Tulare, and Inyo from Kern County; the southern line is about 100 miles long and forms the boundary with Los Angeles and Ventura counties. A north and south line separates San Bernardino County on the east. The western boundary, which divides Kern and San Luis Obispo counties, extends in a zigzag fashion northwesterly along the Temblor Range for about 75 miles, roughly paralleling the ocean which lies 50 miles to the west. The eastern end of the ccunty extends into the Mojave Desert and is about 100 miles from the Nevada state line. With the exception of a few mountain valleys and a limited area of irrigated land in the Mojave Desert, the agricultural districts lie largely on the flat level plains which comprise the central portion of the county, and have an elevation of from 300 to 500 feet. Fruit of various kinds, particularly plums and grapes for the early market, is grown extensively in the vicinity of Arvin, about 15 miles southeast of Bakersfield; and citrus fruit in a more limited way in the Edison district a few miles north of Arvin. Cotton, potatoes, and grain are also important crops here. The district south of Bakersfield for about 15 miles is used mostly for alfalfa, grain and cotton. Soils of the aforementioned districts are largely sands and sandy loams. 2. Milo is an important crop in the Buena Vista Lake bottcm. In a district about 3 by 15 miles contiguous to Buttonwillow , grain and cotton are the principal crops. The soil here is heavier in texture, being mostly loam and clay loam. Another district, noted for the production of early potatoes, is located near Shafter and Wasco. Onions, cotton, grapes, and some deciduous fruits are important crops here also. Northeastward this district extends to the county line and includes an extensive acreage of field crops, melons, and truck crops, contiguous to the towns of McFarland and Delano. Soils of this district are mostly of lighter textures, sandy loam predominating. Kern County contains a total of 5,121,920 acres, of which 282,871 acres are classified as a\''ailable for crops by the 1935 Census. This is further classified by the census for the crop year 1934, as fellows: Crop land harvested 144,761 acres Crop failure 36,561 acres* Crop land idle or fallow 52; 988 acres Plcwable pasture 48 , 961 acres Total land available for crops 282,871 acres * Unusually high due to dry season in 1934. Crops, Acreage, a n d Produ ction.-- The basis used in calculating occasional or seasonal need for labor, in addition to that furnished by farm operators and regularly employed workers, appears as table 1. TABLE 1 Basis for Calculating Seasonal Labor Requirements Kern County Crops Acreage Production Field crops: Alfalfa hay 30 , 000 150,000 tons (25 per cent of acreage pastured ) Cotton 48,200 65,097 bales* Flax t 220 3,740 bushels Grain -- barley 16,365 12,274 tons wheat 35, 337 21,503 tons Hay -- other than alfalfa t 6,600 6,000 tons Onions 1,363 206,400 sacks of 50 pounds Potatoes 10,000 2,361,000 sacks of 100 pounds Silage 2,000 3,000 tons Sorghums -- (milo) for grain 12,765 26,115 tons Sudan grass t 270 202 tons Sweet potatoes 554 125,000 lugs of 33 pounds Table continued on next page. 4 3. Table 1 continued Crops Truck and vegetable crops: Lettuce Melons -- canteloupes watermelons Peas (mostly on poles) Tomatoes i" Fruit and nut crops: i= Almonds t" Apples 1" Apricots Berries "t Cherries "i" Figs t Olives Peaches -- clingstone freestone Pears Persimmons t Plums Pomegranates f Prunes Walnuts t Citrus — grapefruit + lemons y- oranges (Navel (Valencia ( Seedling tangerines t Grapes — table ll wine raisin** Acreage 1,745 8,885 Production 28,800 crates 109,500 crates 11,010 tons 16,250 crates of 70 pounds 20,000 lugs of 25 pounds 14 tons 200 tons 1,245 tons / 100 tons dried (dry weight) 4,000 crates 30 tons 30 tons (fresh) 100 tons dried 400 tons (about 75 per cent for canning) 1,500 tons 900 tons sold fresh 690 tons (fresh weight) dried 330 tons 90 tons 2,6C0 tons 180 tons 155 tons 82,800 pounds merchantable*^ 16,900 pounds culls (estimated) 5,C82 boxes 2,400 boxes 85,128 boxes 7,000 lugs 53,302 tons (including some raisin varieties) 15,855 tons 5,000 tons of raisins (dry weight) Source: Lewis A. Burtch, Agricultural Commissioner, Kern County — "Annual Report of Agricultural Crops - 1935" -- unless otherwise noted. * Data from California Cooperative Crop Reporting Service — "Final California Cotton Report for the 1935 Crop" — Sacramento, May 26, 1936. Ip . X Acreage or production small. Use of seasonal labor inconsequential and hence ignored. ^ Acreages of fruit and nut crops are for 1936. Drying ratios are estimated to be as follows: Apricots - 5 to 1 Peaches - 6 to 1 Prunes - 3 to 1 Grapes - 4 to 1 Table continued on next page ^1' Table 1 continued, 4. 100 50 -- 50 per cent -- 40 per cent November l-3€ of acreage December 1-31 of acreage January 1-15 -- 10 per cent of acreage March 1-31 all acreage April 1-30 all acreage April 20-30 -- IC per cent of crop May 1-31 -- 90 per cent of crop > 100 100 100 Output per ma n-day 5 tons 4 tons £.5 acres 250 pounds seed cot- ton 200 pounds seed cot- ton acres '.2 acre 1 acre 1,250 pounds Table continued on next pagu. 6. Table 2 continued. Crop Potatoes Silage Sorghums (for grain) Sweet ' ' potatoes Vegetable and truck crops Lettuce Operation Cutting seed (by hand) 1,500 pounds per acre Picking up after digger Hauling to pack- ing sheds Harvesting Weeding (hoeing) Harvesting with combine T Hoeing Picking up and packing in field (50 per cent of crop) Picking up only (packing in shed not included) 50 per cent of crop Thinning Hceing Time of need Per cent of work done by seasonal he lp December -- one-sixth of job January — one-third of job February -- one-half of job May ~- 16 per cent of crop June -- 71 per cent of crop July -- 11 per cent of crop October — 1 per cent of (Small amounts in April, August, November and December, have been ignored . ) Same as picking up October 1-51 July -- 75 per cent of job August -- 25 per cent of job, October 15-51 — one-third of job November 1-30 -- two-thirds cij" job June -- all acreage August 1-31 -- 30 per cent of job September 1-30 -- 50 per cent of job October 1-51 — 50 per cent of job November 1-10 -- 10 per cent of job August 1-31 30 per cent of job September 1-30 ■ cent of job October 1-31 of job November 1-10 -■ of job 100 t 100 100 80 100 40 100 > 100 ■- 30 per 30 per cent ■ 10 per cent > 100 October -- one-third of acreage January -■ acreage October acreage February two-thirds of acreage 1 two-thirds of one-third of \ 100 100 Output per _ffian^ay_ 2,000 pounds 5,800 pounds 13 tons 4 tons 0.8 acre 3. 3 acres 1 . 5 acres 30 lugs (of 33 pounds) 67 lugs (of 33 pounds ) 0.33 aero I 0.66 acr 3 Table continued on next pag:i ) I I ; 1 / 7. Table 2 continued, Crop Lettuce ( cont . ) Melons -• canta- loupes Melons ■ water- melons Operation Time of need Per cent of work done by seasonal help Cutting and field packing Planting by hand (50 per cent of acreage) Planting by ma- chine (50 per cent of acreage) Capping (50 per cent of acreage Thinning Hoeing Cultivating (several times) Turning vines ( twice) Picking (and loading on trucks) Planting Capping (50 per cent of acreage) Thinning Hoeing November 15-30 one-sixth of crop December 1-15 one-sixth of crop March -- one-third of crop April -- one-third of crop February 15-28 75 per cent of job March 1-5 -- 25 per cent of job March 5-15 -- all of job February 15-28 -- 75 per cent of job March 1-5 -- 25 per cent -of job April 1-15 -- all capped acreage April 15-30 -- all acreage not capped April 1-30 50 per cent of job May 1-31 --50 per cent of job April -- one-third of job May — one-third of job June -- one-third of job June 1-30 — all of job June 15-30 -- 12 per cent cf crop July 1-20 -- 88 per cent of crop February 15-28 — 35 per cent of job March 1-15 — 65 per cent of job February 15-28 -- 70 per cent of job March 1-5 -- 30 per cent of job April 1-15 (all capped acreage) April 15-30 (all acreage not capped) April -- 50 per cent of job May -- 50 per cent of job 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 ICO 100 100 100 100 100 Output per man -day 18 packed crates (in 8 hours 20 packed crates 0.25 acre 2 acres 1 acre 0. 33 acre 1 acre Total of 3 man-days per acre Total of 3 man-days per acre 2.0 acres 40 crates 4,0 acres 2 acres 0.66 acre 2 acres Total 3 man -days per acre Table continued on next ... . . ^mU page . i 5 f f 8. Table 2 continued. Crop Melons - water- melons ( cont . ) Peas (all on poles) Operation Cultivating (several times) Turning vines Picking Loading trucks Hoeing Set poles Stringing Dusting (11 times ) Irrigating (once a week until rain) Frost control (night irriga- tion) Picking Removing poles Time of need Per cent of v/ork done by ge ascn'il he lp \ r 1 I 93 per cent of ^ - 5 per cent of^ April -- one-third of job May -- one-third of job June -- one-third of job June 1-30 — all acreage June 15-30 — 2 per cent of crop July 1-31 crop August 1-15 crop Same as picking August 1-31 -- all acreage August 15-31 — 60 per cent of job September 1-10 40 per cent of job August 25-31 10 per cent of job September 1-30 - cent of job October 1-31 -- of job November 1-30 -- of job August 10-31 September 1-30 - October 1-31 3 times November 1-30 -- 3 times August 1-31 -- 4 times September 1-30 -- 4 times October 1-31 4 times November 1-30 -- 4 times November -- 50 per cent of job December -- 50 per cent of job October -- 35 per cent of crop November 35 per cent of crop December -- 25 per cent of crop January -- 5 per cent of crop January 1-31 — all of acreage - 30 per 30 per cent 30 per cent 2 times - 3 times 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 50 100 100 Output per man -da y Total of 3 mf;.n-days per acre 3.0 acres 12 tons (= .1 acre ) 6 tons 0,5 acre 0,5 acre Total of 5 man-days per acre 15 acres 7 acres Total of 0.5 man- days per acre ^ 180 pounds , 1 . 0 acre Table continued on next page.i Table 2 continued. Crop Fruit and nut crops Apricots Citrus -■ oranges Grapes Operation Pruning Time of need Per cent of v'ork done by r^easonal hel'. Output per man- da V Thinning Picking for ship- ping Picking for dry- ing Cutting for dry- ing Other dry yard labor Pruning Picking I/runing (Thompson seedless vari- ety) other varieties — Thompson oniy November 15-30 -- 10 per cent of job December 1-31 -- 40 per cent of job January 1-31 -- 40 per cent of job February 1-15 -- 10 per cent of job April 1-30 — all acreage June 60 per cent of job July 40 per cent of job June 1-30 -- 60 per cent of job July 1-31 -- 40 per cent of job June 1-30 60 per cent of job July 1-31 — 40 per cent of job June 1-30 — 60 per cent of job July 1-31 -- 40 per cent of jpb December -- one-third of acreage January -- one -third of acreage February -- one-third of acreage November 1-30 -- 50 per cent of crop December 1-31 — 45 per cent of crop January 1-7 — 5 per cent of crop (Balance scattering -- inconsequential ) January 1-31 40 per cent of acreage February 1-28 — 40 per cent of acreage March 1-15 -- 20 per cent of acreage Same as above Same as above > 75 100 100 100 100 100 > 100 > 100 33 33 33 0.25 acre 0.2 acre 700 pounds 1,200 pounds 750 pounds 11 man- hours per fresh ton one -sixth acre (15 trees ) 1,750 pounds (35 field boxes ) 0. 3 acre (130 vines ) Two-thirds acre 1.5 acres Table continued on next page. i ■ i 10, Table 2 continued. Crop Operation Time of need lev cent of work done by seasonal help Output per man -day- Grapes ( cent . ) Olives Thinning (all Red and White Malaga Ribier, and 65 per cent of Thompson seed- less) Girdling (65 per cent of Thompson acreage ) Picking for ship- ping (including field packing) all varieties Picking for raisins (Thomp- son and Muscats) Turning trays Rolling trays I) Boxing and haul- ing out Picking for wineries (all varieties) Picking for pick- ling Picking for oil May 15-31 -■ acreage June 1-15 -- acreage 50 per cent of 50 per cent of 50 per cent of 50 per cent of May 15-31 acreage June 1-15 acreage July -- 11 per cent of ship- ments August 44 per cent of shipments September -- 19 per cent of shipments October -- 20 per cent of shipments November -- 6 per cent of shipments August 21-31 -- 50 per cent of job September 1-10 -- 50 per cent of job September 1-30 -- all of job September 1-30 -- all of job September 15-30 -- one-third of job October 1-31 two-thirds of job August 20-31 10 per cent of job September -- 40 per cent of job October -- 40 per cent of job November -- 10 per cent of job September 15-30 -- 15 per cent of job October 1-31 -- 60 per cent of job November 1-21 -- 25 per cent of job December -- 25 per cent of job January 50 per cent of job February -- 25 per cent of job J 75 75 90 > 75 75 90 75 50 > 75 S 100 > 100 2,5 acres 1 acre 20 packed lugs of 28 pounds 1.5 tons 1,500 tra^^E 1,500 trays 5,000 pounds 1 ton*- 400 pound! 500 pounds Table continued on next page 11 Table 2 continued. Crop Operation Time of need Fer cent of work done by seasonal help Output per i?a n-d ay Peaches ( cling and free- stone ) Pruning Pears (Bart- lett) Plums Thinning Picking for fresh use (900 tons) Picking for can- ning (1,500 tons) Picking for dry- ing (690 tons) Gutting for dry- ing Other labor in dry yards Pruning December 1-31 one-third of acreage January 1-31 -- one-third of acreage February 1-28 -- one-third of acreage April 1-30 -- all acreage May 15-31 -- 3 per cent of job June 1-30 -- 51 per cent of job July 1-31 7 per cent of job August 1-31 -- 28 per cent of job September 1-15 — 11 per cent cf job August 1-31 -- 75 per cent of job September 1-7 -- 25 per cent of job August 1-31 -- all of job Picking Grading and pack- ing Pruning August 1-31 -- all of job August 1-31 75 per cent of job September 1-10 -- 25 per cent of job December 1-31 -- one-third of acreage January 1-31 -- one-third of K acreage February 1-28 -- one-third of acreage August 1-31 -- 85 per cent of crop September 1-7 -- 15 per cent of crop Same as picking Thinning Picking December -- one-third of acreage January -- one-third of acreage February -- one-third of acreage April 1-30 -- all of acreage June -- 72 per cent of crop July -- 23 per cent of crop August -- 5 per cent of crop 50 50 80 80 80 100 80 75 50 50 75 0. 3 acre 0.2 acre 1,200 pounds I, 200 pounds 2,000 pounds 2,000 pounds II. 5 hours per fresh tonff 0.25 acre 1 ton 1 ton 0.25 acre One-seventh acre 800 pounds Table continued on next page. 12. Table 2 continued. , , ...^ Crop Operation Time of need Per cent vjork done seasonal of by help Output per man -day Prunes Picking up Dipping and dry- ing August 21-31 — 25 per cent of crop Spn+pmhpr 1-30 -- 75 ner cent of crop August 21-31 — 25 per cent of job September 1-30 -- 75 per cent of job J > > 100 75 1, 500 pounds fresh weight 8.3 hours n p y f i"P qVi ton 1j * Cotton picking by months based on "Cotton Production in the United States," U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. t Cutting of seed potatoes is mostly done by women of families of regular em- ployees. "^A small portion of the grain sorghum acreage in Kern County is harvested by hand cutting, but is inconsequential as regards need for seasonal labor. 4 Irrigation of peas requires 1 man continuously on about each 40 acres, and in addition, 1 man for about each 30 acres when irrigating at night for frost pro- tection. ^From Christie, A. W. and L. C. Barnard -- The principles and practice of sundrying fruit -- University of California Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 388:40-60, 1925. jl Some grape growers use wood trays, in which case the trays are stacked in- stead of rolled. ** A considerable part of grapes picked for wine are "strippings" from table varieties, after the crop has been picked for shipment. Findings of Seasonal Labor Needs . — Details and summaries of seasonal labor re- quirements of Kern County agriculture are presented as table 3. The "size of task" are figures drawn from table 1, in terms of either acreage or output in tons, crates, boxes, or whatever unit is commonly used. The "output per man-day" is an average figure for the entire acreage or output figured in crates, hampers, boxes, or other units as indicated in the table. If the work is of a nature that requires a crew -- different members of which perform different tasks -- then the average shown is per man based on the entire crew. Length of day is 9 hours, November to February; 10 hours March to October, unless otherv;ise stated. Vi/ide variations in output occur between farm and farm, field and field, and season and season, because of differences in soil types, climatic conditions, weeds, yields, and other factors influencing the amount of work that a laborer can perform in a given day. Moreov^^r, the basis of output is a mature, experienced male worker without reference to use of women, children, and more or less inexperienced help that is sometimes used in con- nection with certain of the tasks requiring use of seasonal workers. The column headed "available days" reflects (a) limitations set from the period within which the work must be performed because of the nature of the task, such as transplanting, thinning, weeding, and cutting, and (b) available days as determined by weather con- ditions, inclement weather reducing the number of days when a required task can be performed. The "required number of individuals" is given in terms of workers as noted above in connection with "output per man-day". 13. It is probable that the estimated number of workers required, as recorded in table 3, will often be too low, for the reason that "peaks" frequently occur, during which an unusually large proportion of the job is done in a very short period. 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TABLE 4 Summary of Seasonal Labor Needs by Months Kern County 1935 — ^ Month Required man-days of seasonal labor ^ — — , .,, _,, — . — , Available days Required man-months of seasonal labor January 45,424 22 2,065 February 32,802 24 1,367 March b , ol4 25 April 25,327 25 1,014 May 39,811 26 1,532 June 58,498 26 2,250 July 51,547 26 1,983 August 94,126 26 3,621 September 57,034 26 2,194 October 200,493 25 8 , 020 November 124,937 25 4,998 December 71,341 24 2,973 Total 807,154 52,250 , Notes Notes on Table 2. — > Data concerning "time of need" as shown in this table break down required seasonal labor into the period in which the work is performed in order to permit a subsequent determination of labor needs by months (table 3). Some opera- tions are performed only to a limited extent with seasonal labor. For instance, only about 50 per cent of the labor in harvesting grain is done by seasonal workers. When a job extends over several different months, the proportionate amount for each month is shown. The amount of work done each month is based on the cropping system followed dur- ing 1935. The allotting of amounts of work is based on findings concerning local farm practices, and required time to "make" a crop resulting from inquiry of produ- cers, and records of carlot shipments, the latter proving helpful in fixing dates of planting and of subsequent tasks involved in producing certain crops. Proportionate amounts of output harvested each month were determined from data of local practices with respect to harvesting, and from carlot shipments of perishable products. Rec- ords of truck shipments were also used when available. Notes on Table 3 .,-- Table 3 is the condensed summary of labor nec;ds as worked out for Kern County as a result cf findings pertinent to 1935. The data are pre- sented by months with the tasks which were performed in sach month indicated by both crop and task. The size of the job was calculated from the data appearing in table 1 (acreage and production) and toble 2 (task, time of performance, and percentage of work pertinent to a given month). The output per man-day was calculated as indicated in the foreword presenting table 3. The number of required man-days is a result of dividing the size cf task by output per man-day. The available days for the differ- ent tasks involve two variables. The first is the number of days when field work is possible because of favorable weather conditions. 24. The basis for this column was determined from a study of the monthly weather charts of the United States Weather Bureau for the years 1935, 1934, and 1935. These data indicated available days per month as follows (based on a ^S-day working month without allowance for holidays): Available Length of 1 Available Length of Month . days , , , work day 1 Month days work day hours hours January 22 9 July 26 10 February 24 9 lAugust 26 10 March 25 10 September 26 10 April 25 10 October 25 10 May 26 10 November 25 9 June 26 10 December 24 9 Source of data; Based on precipitation records of the Bakersfield station of the United States Weather Bureau for the years 1933, 1934, and 1935. The second factor influencing the number of available days was the size of the jo'?. If the output was only a few cars, then the number of days was limited to the time needed to get out those cars efficiently. If a field operation had to be per- formed in a period less than the number of available days in the month, then the specific number of days was noted. These restrictions are shown in parentheses. For example, in June thinning of grapes was limited to the first half of the month, pick- ing watermelons to the last half, etc. The totals of table 3 show the total required man -days of needed seasonal labor, the available days for field work during the month, and the necessary number of men (as defined in the opening paragraph of table 3) required on a monthly basis to care for the tasks ordinarily performed by seasonal workers. In an area such as Kern County, involving a variety of annual crops, the find- ings as set forth in this report are bound to fluctuate materially from year to year, because of the market outlook upon what and how much acreage is planted, and when it is planted; because of variable seasonal conditions affecting yields, time of per- forming operations, and available days; and because of harvesting operations on cer- tain crops being speeded up to supply a good market, or retarded to avoid a poor one, resulting in marked variations in the need for harvest labor. THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW BOOKS REQUESTED BY ANOTHER BORROWER ARE SUBJECT TO IMMEDIATE RECALL HUE JUN a 0 1981 AUG 86 'WRH!'' UCD LlBRftRY DUE JUN 3 01981 '"^y 0 1 1981 1 LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS Book Slip-Series 458 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW BOOKS REQUESTED BY ANOTHER BORROWER ARE SUBJECT TO RECALL AFTER ONE WEEK. RENEWED BOOKS ARE SUBJECT TO IMMEDIATE^RECALL DUE jun;3 0 1989 JUN 21 19 LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS D4613 (12/76)