UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES SCHOOL OF LAW LIBRARY Advising a Woman as to Her Legal Rights Modern American Law Lecture Blackstone Institute, Chicago ADVISING A WOMAN AS TO HER LEGAL RIGHTS BY GEORGE FOX TUCKER, PH.D., LL.B. M< i MEMBER OF THE BOSTON BAR One of a Series of Lectures Especially Prepared for the Blackstone Institute BLACKSTONE INSTITUTE CHICAGO Copyright. 1920, by Blackstone Institute T T 1920 GEORGE FOX TUCKER GEORGE FOX TUCKER The author of this Lecture, "Advising a Woman as to Her Legal Rights," has been a member of the bar for about forty years. In this period of extensive experience before the courts and in the practice of law he has acquired a fund of knowl- edge, unusual in its richness to those interested in legal problems. Here you can obtain the informa- tion which will assist you to avoid the pitfalls that ensnare those who seek to advise women as to their legal rights. Mr. Tucker was born at New Bedford, Massa- chusetts, on January 19, 1852. He received the degree of Bachelor of Arts from Brown Univer- sity at Providence, Rhode Island, in 1873, and his degree of Bachelor of Laws at Boston University in 1875. Subsequently, the degree of Doctor of Philosophy was conferred upon him. He practiced law in New Bedford from 1876 to 1882 and then removed his law office to Boston where he is in practice today. From 1890 to 1892, Mr. Tucker was a member of the Legislature of the Commonwealth of Massa- chusetts. In 1892, he was appointed the Official Reporter of the Decisions of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts. He served in this position until the year 1900. Mr. Tucker is the author of numerous treatises and articles relating to the law. Among the im- portant are "Testamentary Forms and Notes on Wills," and "Manual of Massachusetts Corpora- tions." He is joint author of Gould and Tucker's "Notes on United States Statutes," and with Dr. Wilson of Harvard on "International Law." Judge, attorney and layman will find "words of wisdom" in these interesting and profitable pages. ADVISING A WOMAN AS TO HER LEGAL RIGHTS By GEORGE Fox TUCKER, PH.D., LL.B. Under the old English law women had compara- tively few rights. A single woman was more unfet- tered than a married woman, but her freedom and privileges were largely abridged and her right to the property she possessed was taken away when she became a wife. Up to within recent years the sphere of effort and activity open to women in England was a limited one ; an educated woman had little hope for anything other than the position of governess, and a moderately educated or an uneducated one was not permitted to compete fairly with men. The old Eng- lish rule largely obtained here in early days, but it has been modified by statute, so that now in most states women have nearly as many rights and privi- leges as men, and in a few are on an equal footing with them. I. SINGLE WOMAN The status of a female during minority is gener- ally the same as that of a male; she is subject to parental control and discipline. However, statutes in some jurisdictions permit her to make a will at eighteen, and even provide for the termination of minority at that period. After reaching full age, 5 6 MODERN AMERICAN LAW LECTURE whether eighteen or twenty-one, she has nearly every- where the same authority to contract and do business as a man. The common complaint of women, both single and married, that they are taken advantage of in business transactions, is often well grounded; and, as a practical consideration, it may be said that this is a good reason why a woman should not enter into commercial or business engagements without first consulting with a competent lawyer. Women, whether married or single, possessed of property, generally inherit it, and are therefore without the experience which comes from the diligence and fru- gality required in its accumulation. They are too often prone to believe that, if they know how to col- lect their rents and dividends, deposit them in a bank, and keep a check book, they are thoroughly equipped for all commercial and contractual undertakings. In such cases a legal adviser may be of great assistance. A little knowledge of affairs may cause a woman, who takes no counsel, to go too far and thus get into trouble. While a single woman is generally entitled to make a will and dispose of her property as she chooses, yet her attention should be called to the fact that marriage may revoke the instrument. Both the com- mon law and the statutes deal pretty freely with this subject. In some jurisdictions marriage and the birth of a child are prerequisites to revocation; in others, marriage alone is sufficient. At any rate it is probable that nearly every woman on marriage will of her own volition destroy her will and make a new one. LEGAL RIGHTS 7 II. SINGLE WOMAN WHO IS ABOUT TO MARRY A single woman, possessed of means, who is about to marry, should have called to her attention the advisability of making provision for the enjoyment of her property free from the interference and con- trol of her husband. In many cases this is not neces- sary; in some it is urgent, as, for example, in the case of a woman marrying a man of little or no busi- ness experience or ability, or a man of extravagant tastes and habits, or a widower with children. There are in many jurisdictions two methods available. Statutes frequently provide that both men and women before marriage may make contracts in writ- ing that, after marriage, the property of either shall remain or become the property of the husband or wife, according to the terms of the contract. They also generally provide that a schedule of the prop- erty must be annexed and that both the contract and the schedule must be recorded at the registry of deeds, or in some other office. The second method is a trust deed. By this in- strument the single woman conveys all her property (enumerated) to a trustee or trustees to pay her the net income during life, and, on her decease, to con- vey the property or principal, discharged of all trust, to certain designated remaindermen. It is to be noted, however, that in some states such a trust deed may be declared void, as a violation of the provisions of the statute of wills. If the law of the jurisdiction permits such a trust deed, the creator may desire to insert a provision to the effect that neither prin- cipal nor income shall be liable to be taken for her 8 MODERN AMERICAN LAW LECTURE debts by attachment or by any other legal process whatever. There are at least two objections to such a provision the first an ethical one, for it is obvious that it is not very creditable to put your property out of your hands so that it may never be liable for your obligations the second a legal one, there being strong probability that the courts would hold such a provision illegal and void. We should distinguish this doctrine from that which applies in the case of wills. Courts have frequently held that a testator may provide in the creation of a trust that the in- come shall not be attachable in any way by the cred- itors of the beneficiary, and this on the ground that the restrictions are proper in that the intent of a testator in giving property to others should prevail. m. MARRIED WOMAN In a few jurisdictions a married woman possesses all the authority and power to contract and do busi- ness which her husband enjoys, including that of contracting with him as freely as if he were a stran- ger ; but in most states this latter authority does not exist, the wife not being empowered to enter into any contracts or business dealings with her husband, although in other respects enjoying almost all the rights which he possesses. In treating the subject of married women, little or no attention will be paid to her old common law status, but her advanced po- sition, secured by liberal statutes and adjudications, will be considered. It will be impossible to cover the entire subject in every detail, but it is believed that attention will be called to all the important LEGAL RIGHTS 9 matters of right, authority, duty, obligation, liability and relationship. Of course statutes differ in dif- ferent localities and the decisions of the courts are not always uniform, but the general principles of law relating to married women are now pretty nearly the same in all American jurisdictions. It is proposed to consider the subject under the headings of domestic relations and commercial rights and powers, etc. 1. Domestic Relations It is generally said that cohabitation is a mutual duty. This, of course, follows from the very fact of marriage, but cohabitation may be terminated at any time by the husband leaving the wife or by the wife leaving the husband. Then, as we shall hereafter see, all kinds of questions arise as to obligations and duties, especially on the part of the husband when the wife leaves him for just cause. In the case of a separation there does not seem to be any authority vested in the courts of this country to enforce cohabi- tation, but there is a right of action against third parties who alienate the affections of either husband or wife, and thus occasion a separation. The old rule and custom was for the wife to follow the husband, and this still obtains, for nearly every- where the husband may choose the domicile, and, if the wife refuses to accept it without just cause, her act constitutes desertion. There are, however, ex- tenuating circumstances the husband must act in good faith, and the wife would be justified in not following him, if her health were likely to be endan- 10 MODERN AMERICAN LAW LECTURE gered or she would be subjected to unusual hard- ships. In old days the husband had the right in some cases to chastise the wife a right which seems both brutal and ridiculous from the modern standpoint. His present power over her personal freedom is limited. Of course, he may restrain her, if she would attempt to assault others, and he may use proper force to defend himself against her attacks, but he has no more right to punish her than she has to punish him ; and, in case of disagreements or quarrels, followed, perhaps, by desertion, the courts furnish the only means for the redress of wrongs. From time immemorial the duty to afford his family reasonable support has rested on the hus- band, and there are statutes in some states placing the obligation directly upon him. What is reason- able support is an elastic element. The husband's means and his station in life must be taken into con- sideration. What would be reasonable in one case might be excessive luxury in another. Courts are frequently called upon to decide the question. If the wife leaves the husband without just cause, he is not required to support her. While this lecture does not touch upon real estate, it is deemed best to include a reference to the regu- lation of the household and the direction of the af- fairs of the family. The husband has generally the right to regulate the household and exercise control of the family, and this of course implies a general authority over the home. In Shaw v. Shaw, 17 Conn. 189, 195, it is said: LEGAL RIGHTS 11 "As the husband must have the right to say who shall be admitted to his home, and, in some measure, to regulate the intercourse of his wife, the Court cannot draw a line by which his authority can be restrained. The fancies of a jealous man are as ungovernable as those of a mad man, and often show themselves as suspicious of their best friends. But the unreasonable exercise of the authority of a hus- band, in such case, has never been held to be that kind of cruelty which would authorize a separation." This decision was rendered some years ago. To-day it is probable that a court would take into considera- tion all the circumstances. Undoubtedly, when the wife owns the house, she would be permitted or ought to be permitted a pretty broad authority. In most states the husband is not entitled to the wife's earnings, as formerly. Many statutes provide that on marriage her separate personal property shall remain her own and that she may manage the same, and also that afterwards acquired, in the same manner as if she were sole or single. Statutes in some jurisdictions provide that, if she carries on business on her own account, she shall file in a desig- nated public office a certificate, stating her name and that of her husband, the nature of the business and where it is to be carried on, and similar facts ; other- wise the personal property employed in the business shall be liable to be attached as that of her husband, and he shall also be liable on all contracts made in the prosecution of the business. Here it should be noted thai in most places marriage does not confer on the wife any interest in her husband's personal 12 MODERN AMERICAN LAW LECTURE property, and he may dispose of it at will without her consent. Questions often arise as to the ownership of house- hold goods. The wife is, of course, entitled to those which actually belong to her, but, in the absence of evidence on the subject, the presumption would prob- ably be that the household goods belong to the hus- band. In the event of her death, he would probably be justified in claiming articles which may have belonged to her, but to which she never laid claim. If the wife lives apart from the husband without his consent and without good cause, he cannot be compelled to contribute to her support, nor can she pledge his credit. In Peaks v. Mayhew, 94 Me. 571, 574, the court said that a wife who " deserts her hus- band without just cause, at the same time forfeits all right to have her maintenance and support from him, and carries with her no authority to pledge his credit even for articles which might be essential to her health, comfort and support/' If husband and wife separate by mutual agreement, he is still liable for her necessaries unless he has made suitable pro- vision for her. The wife's wearing apparel, jewelry, etc., are nearly everywhere hers. These may come as gifts from the husband, but they are, nevertheless, re- garded as her own property. While she is living the question of ownership would rarely be raised ; on her death the husband would rarely be inclined to assert ownership. One of the most important features of the relations of husband and wife relates to necessaries and house- LEGAL RIGHTS 13 hold expenses. Generally, it is only in cases of neces- sity that the law constitutes the wife the husband's agent with authority to pledge his credit, and the necessaries must be suitable to his station in life. His liability is not affected by the fact that the wife has property of her own. The following have been held to be necessaries provisions, clothing, lodgings, suitable furniture, wearing apparel, articles of do- mestic comfort and convenience, expenses of sickness and reasonable services of domestics. It is difficult to lay down a rule which will cover all cases. A hus- band may forbid all persons giving his wife credit in his name. A notice in a newspaper, to be effectual, must be brought home to the persons giving credit. But in such cases the husband must suitably support his wife or he will be liable. In some of the states the " family expenses" are a charge on the property of both husband and wife, or either of them. In Colorado, for example, a stat- ute provides that "the expenses of the family and the education of the children are chargeable upon the property of both husband and wife or either of them, and, in relation thereto, they may be sued jointly or separately." The courts of that state have decided that such expenses are not confined to neces- saries, but, to be family expenses, they must be for things received by the family, or some member of the family. Generally, however, what are family ex- penses must be determined by the facts of each case. They may be said to be as a rule very much like necessaries enumerated above. Where a wife is supported at the public expense, 14 MODERN AMERICAN LAW LECTURE there are decisions to the effect that necessaries fur- nished her as a pauper may be recovered by the city or town, and there are likewise decisions to the con- trary. When a man cohabits with a woman to whom he is not married he cannot set up that defense in an action for necessaries furnished her, as he is precluded or estopped by the fact that he has held her out as his wife. It is reputed marriage that makes him liable. It seems that in many jurisdictions the husband is liable for the funeral expenses of his wife and for medical services rendered her, independent of the fact that she leaves property. Where such law exists, it is suggested that the wife make provision by her will. Many questions arise when the wife acts as agent of the husband. While there is no such inherent power, and the agency may occasionally arise by implication of law, it is usually conferred by express appointment by the husband, as, for example, by power of attor- ney. Agency by implication may be inferred when she is left in charge of his affairs during his absence, or where he departs without intending to return, but no agency can be inferred from his absence for a limited period, or from the fact that she does not live with him. Undoubtedly the wife acting as agent of her husband binds him by her acts coming within the scope of her agency. The fact that the husband knew at the time of the acts performed by the wife in his name, and did not object, may entirely conclude hi r \ We have already considered the agency of the wife in binding her husband for necss?r ; / i ,s LEGAL RIGHTS 15 Frequently a husband acts as agent of his wife by her appointment. It is sometimes said that, owing to the presumption of the influence of the husband over the wife, the agency should be clearly estab- lished. So established, she is bound by his acts within the scope of his agency. It is said, "When the hus- band acts for the wife by representing her in place of a guardian ad litem, by confessing judgment against her lands, by compromising her actions, by appointing an attorney to defend a suit in which both are jointly interested, by accepting a deed for her, by making an election for her, by releasing a mort- gage executed to her before marriage, or by accepting payment of money due her, the wife is bound by his acts." (16 Cyc. 1241.) An important matter in a married woman 's life is the custody and control of the children. The old rule that the father was all powerful has been greatly modified by statutes, and the circumstances of each case are likely to prevail. Either parent may prop- erly chastise the child, and it is said that generally the father has a right to direct the child's religious faith. In the case of marital differences, courts favor giving the mother the custody of the children, espe- cially when they are of tender years ; and the prefer- ences of the children, which are generally for the mother, are allowed great weight. The duty to sup- port the children is primarily on the father, but, on his death, passes to the mother. The husband cannot be compelled to support his step-children. If the parents separate voluntarily, or the wife leaves the husband with good cause, the father must sup- 16 MODERN AMERICAN LAW LECTURE port the children, but not if she leaves him without good cause, taking the children with her. If the children have means, the father must still support them ; but this rule is said not to apply to the mother. However, in most cases the property possessed by children comes from a deceased parent; it is sug- gested that the father or mother put a special direc- tion in his or her will as to whether the share given the child shall be used for the child's support and education, or shall be turned over with its accumula- tions to the child on reaching majority. Although not perhaps quite germane to the subject in hand, it is suggested that, when the husband gives by will all his property or most of it to his wife, he insert a provision like the following: "I particularly re- quest my wife never to sign or indorse any promis- sory note or other obligation of any of our children or go as guarantor or surety upon their bonds or other obligations. If she is inclined to assist them in a pecuniary way, I trust that she will do so from her income and not from her principal, and that there will be no discrimination, but that the children will be treated alike." There is considerable law as to necessaries fur- nished minor children, when the father fails to sup- port them. If he be dead and the mother fails to support them, she would probably be liable. A widowed mother is now generally entitled to the services and wages of her minor children. The right of action for injuries to a child and for loss of serv- ices passes to the mother on the death of the father. Generally gifts by a parent to a child belong to the LEGAL RIGHTS 17 child. Only where there are statutes on the subject is the parent liable for the torts of the child ; other- wise, of course, if they are committed with parent's knowledge or authority. And the same rule applies to crimes committed by the child. When occasion arises for the appointment of a guardian, the husband and wife having separated, the father in some jurisdictions is preferred by stat- ute ; but, in the absence of statute, the courts would consider the circumstances and be governed by them. In some states, minors fourteen years of age or more may name their guardians. In disposing of her property by will a wife is gen- erally placed on the same basis as her husband, al- though in some jurisdictions the interest which each has in the estate of the other differs considerably. If the wife proposes to give property to her husband in trust for the children, it is suggested, as he will be the natural guardian, that there is little need of naming one. The same rule would apply when the husband gives property to the wife in trust for the children. 2. Transaction of Business While contracts between husband and wife are void at common law, equity will sometimes enforce them. It has already been said that in a few states husband and wife are allowed by statute to contract directly with each other, and that in most other juris- dictions the wife has now nearly all the rights and privileges of the husband, except that they cannot enter into contracts with or make conveyances to each other. The suggestions hereinafter offered are in- 18 MODERN AMERICAN LAW LECTURE tended to apply to states where women have liberal rights, but are not permitted to contract or do busi- ness directly with their husbands. A married woman ought not to transact business unless the best reasons exist for it, for it is plain that her property ought not to be subjected to the risks and hazards of trade. Sometimes a woman engaged in business marries and then continues it, perhaps as a matter of necessity. Sometimes she engages in it as a means of increasing the family resources, and sometimes she carries it on in the name of her hus- band or he carries it on in her name. These last- named transactions are, however, generally sug- gestive of irregularities, if not fraud. It has already been stated in this article that in some states statutes provide that, if a married woman carries on busi- ness, she must file a certificate in some public office. Great care should be taken in the case of loans and advances between husband and wife. In juris- dictions where the parties are not permitted to con- tract with each other, such loans and advances may lead to trouble, if there is a lack of harmony, or if the rights of third parties become involved. Bills and notes given by the husband to the wife, or by the wife to the husband, are not to be encour- aged. Here again the difficulties liable to arise spring from differences between them, or more often from the rights and demands of third parties. Undoubt- edly a married woman, as the agent of her husband, may make or indorse bills and notes, and accept bills. If she signs a note jointly with her husband she will probably be bound. LEGAL EIGHTS 19 Generally a gift of personal property from hus- band to wife will be upheld in jurisdictions where the right of contract between them is not permitted. Such gifts commonly are of money, portable articles, deposits in bank, shares of stock, etc. The better way in all cases, except in that of money, is to make the transfer through a third party. But the gift may be void, if the rights of creditors are affected. Pretty nearly the same rules apply in the case of gifts from the wife to the husband. Her gifts to third parties are valid. Not infrequently the wife goes as surety upon the husband's bond, or as guarantor on his contracts. If the law does not permit contracts between them, such practice is not advisable. In such cases it is for the creditor to demand other security. His ac- ceptance of her name may prove embarrassing in the case of litigation. At common law neither husband nor wife can maintain an action in tort against the other. Stat- utes permitting such action must be explicit, for it has been held that statutes giving a married woman power to sue and be sued do not authorize an action of tort against her husband. A married woman nearly everywhere may appoint an attorney and act as agent herself, submit matters to arbitration, sue and be sued, compromise law suits, act as executor, administrator or trustee, and even hold certain offices; and she is liable for her own torts. It is to be observed that when she enters into a contract, either individually or as attorney or agent, the place of performance should be stated, 20 MODERN AMERICAN LAW LECTURE for, if made in the place where she has liberal pow- ers and to be executed in a jurisdiction where her contractual rights are limited, embarrassment may result. Generally a married woman is liable for fraudu- lent misstatements and misrepresentations. A policy of insurance on the life of her husband for the wife's benefit becomes her separate property, and she may assign the same. The proceeds thereof, after his death, are liable for her debts, but are not liable for his. 3. Separation This lecture is not designed to cover matters per- taining to divorce, but a few considerations in case of separation and separate maintenance should be included. When separated from her husband, the wife transacts business and takes care of her prop- erty, as before, and their relations from the commer- cial standpoint are little changed. The common method of separation is to live apart without any written agreement. Such agreements, if in writing, should be carefully drawn, for, if the object is to divorce husband and wife, the agreement is against public policy and void. If the agreement is for sepa- ration alone, it is good in some jurisdictions and void in others. In Foote v. Nickerson, 70 N. H. 496, the subject is treated at length. In this case it was held that a voluntary agreement for a separation between husband and wife was contrary to public policy and void. On separation, many questions arise as to the care and custody of children. Generally there will be no LEGAL RIGHTS 21 agreement, but, when there is an agreement, cases have held that provisions giving the children to the wife are void, as interfering with the duties of the husband relative to them. It was formerly custom- ary in the case of a separation in some states to resort to the intervention of a trustee; but now that the disabilities of the wife have been so generally re- moved by statute, a trustee is rarely necessary ; but in those states in which the wife cannot contract with the husband, an agreement of separation may for that reason be void. The wife's right to an allowance for her separate support means that reasonable maintenance, which the law will compel her husband to afford her. This right ceases on his death, and on her misconduct. If they resume cohabitation, the allowance will be dis- continued. When the wife has property of her own, there is a difference of view as to whether she is enti- tled to an allowance. In an action for separate sup- port, courts generally decree a temporary allowance, and in some jurisdictions add a reasonable amount for counsel fees. A few words may be added in regard to abandon- ment. As a rule the husband cannot be indicted for abandoning his wife and refusing to support her. But there are exceptions. Statutes in some states provide that persons who run away, or threaten to run away, and leave their wives and children a bur- den on the public ; all persons who, being of sufficient ability, refuse or neglect to support their families, or who leave their wives and children a burden on Hie public, shall be deemed disorderly persons. See 22 MODERN AMERICAN LAW LECTURE People v. Malsch, 119 Mich. 112. In State v. Maclin, 86 Mo. App. 636, it is said: "To constitute the of- fense of wife abandonment, the abandonment must be made without good cause and with a criminal intent. " 4. Community Property The system known as Community Property exists by statute in Arizona, California, Idaho, Louisiana, New Mexico, Nevada, Texas, Washington, and in Porto Rico. The principle is that all property which the husband and wife acquire during marriage, by the labor of either or both, together with the increase thereof, belongs beneficially to both during the mar- riage relation. It is impossible to cover here the ground of com- munity relations. While the system appears to be simple, it in reality bristles with legal points and problems such as the mode of creation, the law which governs, the necessity of a valid marriage, the application of marriage settlements and their con- struction and operation, the property which consti- tutes community, the rents, profits and improvements thereof, the earnings of husband and wife, the rela- tionship of separate property, the rights of husband and wife while the community exists, contracts, gifts, etc., between them, sales and conveyances by them, their liabilities, rights of action, the rights of pur- chasers, questions as to necessaries and family ex- penses, bills and notes, guaranty and suretyship, methods of dissolving community, administrations and settlements, etc., etc. It is evident that the attor- ney must carefully study the law of the jurisdiction involved. LEGAL RIGHTS 23 SUMMARY It is obvious that the above remarks are merely a partial analysis and that it is not possible in a brief talk to cover all the points of so broad and extensive a subject. The duty of the attorney should be rather to advise a woman especially when she is married how to avoid perils and pit-falls, rather than to af- ford her counsel and aid when she gets into trouble. For women, single or married, to assume the hazards and uncertainties of commercial undertakings is rarely advisable. The small percentage of men who succeed in business should be a warning to women not to risk their resources in trade, manufacturing or any kind of ventures. While dissensions in the home produce endless trouble and bear more severely upon the wife than on the husband, being intensified by differences relative to the custody of the children, yet one of the most pregnant sources of vexation, misun- derstanding and litigation is the pledging by the wife of her property for her husband, signing or indorsing his commercial paper or giving him in other ways an indirect or contingent claim upon her property. The wife indorses his note or pledges her pecuniary re- sources for his benefit in the belief that she will never be called upon to refund; and, as probably in the majority of cases she is called upon, the duty of an attorney seems clear to advise her to keep her prop- erty under her personal control, and refrain from signing any obligation of her husband. The same counsel should be given in regard to the solicitations of children. Where there is property in a family, the children are generally brought up in an atmos- 24 MODERN AMERICAN LAW LECTURE phere that does not conduce to the making of suc- cessful business men. A mother's love for and confi- dence in her children are apt to prompt her to give them pecuniary assistance, or to set them up in busi- ness. The result is nearly always disastrous, and the duty of the attorney is to warn and dissuade. Little or nothing has been said about the husband transferring property to the wife, or the wife trans- ferring property to the husband in fraud of creditors. Such proceedings are highly reprehensible; and the duty of the attorney, if consulted, is not to cover up questionable transactions, but to decline to protect all parties to fraud and imposition. The above points and suggestions are general in their nature; and the purpose has been to present the salient features of a very broad and often com- plicated subject. Definite statement is not always possible, as the laws of so many jurisdictions are to be considered. Recourse is constantly to be had to the numerous statutes and adjudications, and it is to be remembered that changes of domicil, and trans- actions that are likely to involve the laws of different jurisdictions are sure to be productive of complica- tions and perplexities. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. '971 Form L9-Series 4939 PAMPHLET BINDER Syracuse, N. Y. Stockton. Calif. UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LBHARY FACILITY A 000696513 1