na EDUC OUR TEMPERAMENTS:, THEIR STUDY AND THEIR TEACHING. A POPULAR OUTLINE: 1 : I'.Y ALEXANDER STEWART, F.R.C.S. Edin. !f Saaitf? KUu0tratioit0* " It is something to have a perception of a large and general truth, and " it is another thing to follow out that truth in all its ramifications, and prove "it by such evidence as will satisfy ordinary readers."— Buckle. " We must remember that a degree of knowledge far short of actual "prediction is often of much practical value." — J. S. Mill. umen INKERS LONDON : CROSBY LOCKWOOD AND CO. 7, STATIONERS' HALL COURT, LUDGATE HILL. 1887. [All Rights Reserved.] 7 /(=>o^ 58 EDUC. PSYCH. S LIBRARY Printed by Hazell, Watson, & Viney, Ld., London and Aylesbury. f K li TO THE MEMORY OF SIR ROBERT CHRISTISON, Bart., M.D., D.C.L. Oxon, LL.D. Edin., Professor of Materia Medica in the University of Edinburgh, WHOSE GREAT KINDNESS TO ITS AUTHOR WHEN A STUDENT HAS NEVER BEEN FORGOTTEN, THIS WORK IS GRATEFULLY DEDICATED. Queen Anne's Mansions, London, S.W. October 1886. PREFACE TMPRESSED by the frequency with A which the word temperament is used to account for the action that is taken not only on the ordinary but on the eventful occurrences of life ; while so little is known of the temperaments that very few outside the medical profession can name off-hand the four principal ones, — the Sanguine, the Bilious, the Lymphatic, and the Nervous, — I have endeavoured to construct from scattered and scanty material and my own observation, a practical guide by which observers may know the temperament of any one by looking at him, and associate Vlll PREFACE. with it certain mental qualities and traits of character. "It is impossible to doubt that with every " temperament particular mental qualities are "associated." — Br. Pritchard, F.R.S. " Not Sanguine and diffusive he, " But Biliary and intense." Carlyle of Edward Irving. iome proof of the doctrine of the tem- peraments — the association of certain mental qualities and traits of character with certain physical characteristics — is given in Chap. ///., founded on the experience of every one in reading faces, and on material found in the interesting and suggestive chapter " History of Twins," in " Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development," by Francis Galton, F.R.S. The Temperaments have occupied an im- portant place in the science and practice of medicine since the time of Hippocrates, PREFACE. ix more than two thousand years ago, but have received scarcely any consideration in general literature. Including as it does, to some extent, the association of mental qualities with outward appearance, it seems strange that the subject has not been cultivated apart from medicine. Even in medical works I have been unable to find precise descriptions by which the temperaments may be known with certainty, and it may be assumed that such have not been given, as in a recent publication * an eminent surgical observer says : — " As yet, I fear we must say that the labours " of the physiognomist, and those of the student " of temperament, have been alike disappointing. * "The Pedigree of Disease. Being six lectures on Temperament, Idiosyncrasy, and Diathesis." 1884. By Jonathan Hutchinson, F.R.S., Emeritus Professor of Surgery in the London Hospital. X PREFACE. " Whoever will set himself the task of attempt- " ing to classify a given number of individuals " according to their temperaments, will, I think, " soon find himself baffled." As practical acquaintance with the temperaments must be imperfect without precise descriptions by which they may be distinguished from one another, I have submitted a scheme of the four pure tem- peraments — the Sanguine, the Bilious, the Lymphatic, and the Nervous — in which their physical characteristics and the asso- ciated mental ones are methodically arranged; and by numerous examples I hope to have enabled observers to discern, analyze, and name the far more numerous tempera- ments called compound temperaments — characteristics of two or more of the pure temperaments in one person. " By the mixture of the physical charac- " teristics of the four pure temperaments nature " bestows on man the charm of variety that PREFACE. XI " beautifies all her lesser works, and the study " of the temperaments will be pursued with " increasing interest when it is seen that even M one characteristic of a different temperament " from the principal one brings with it some- " thing of the mental action of its own tem- '* perament. That, for instance, if black eyes " replace the blue ones of the Sanguine tem- " perament they bring more or less of the " caution, the persistence, the ambition of the " Bilious temperament ; and, similarly, if blue " eyes replace the black ones of the Bilious " temperament they bring more or less of the " impulsiveness, the love of change, the un- " warranted hopefulness of the Sanguine tem- " perament " (chap, vii.) The Temperaments having a limited range of mental association, cannot claim to supplant Expression, Physiognomy, or Phrenology; but they are more definite than Expression and Physiognomy, and more readily available than Phrenology. Expression is read by every one in his Xll PREFACE. own way, intuitively, and cannot be re- duced to a teachable system. The expression of the eye, for instance ! Physiognomy and Phrenology, even had they not attempted the impossible — a measured estimate of mind and morals — would have failed as generally available systems ; phrenological examinations re- quiring time and opportunity, and phy- siognomical details being so numerous and minute that few, if any, are able to remember them. The physical characteristics of the tem- peraments, on the contrary, are definite, few, and readily observed. The mental characteristics here associated with the physical ones are also few, and no claim of relationship is made between the temperaments and morality, or the higher powers of the mind, except imagi- PREFACE. xiii nation, which is assumed to be more especially associated with the physical characteristics of the Nervous temperament. As the mental qualities and traits of character naturally associated with outward appearance may be more or less modified by the capability of adaptation and im- provement that men are fortunately en- dowed with, attention has been drawn to the ordinary influences that may so far change the natural man. The ability to infer mental qualities and traits of character from outward appearance, even to the limited extent in the Scheme {Chap. iv.) 9 has a wide field of application, and I have given some consideration to the temperaments as guides in the education of youth and the choice of a profession. Their influence on health is briefly noticed, and importance is given to the XIV PREFACE. dependence of every pure temperament on a special internal organ of the body, and to the influence of derangement of its organ on the mental action of the temperament. Popular ignorance of the temperaments having led to a random and unmeaning use of the word temperament in con- versation and literature, " my temperament " and " his temperament " being in general use without thought of any particular temperament, a chapter is given to show the present unlimited and indefinite use of the word, and how its limited and definite use may be secured. The concluding chapter is an endeavour to show that were the physical character- istics of the temperaments applied to word portraiture, the reader would see the subject of a biography with the mind's eye as if he had really seen and remembered him. PREFACE. XV I have no doubt whatever that popular knowledge of the temperaments would result in the right man being oftener found in the right place ; in the more likely choice of the best advisers ; and in greater harmony of life between those living or working together, from consideration of the natural impulses and tendencies of the tempera- ments. I therefore hope that I may have succeeded in rendering it practicable to recognize and name the temperaments, and that familiarity with them may soon become general. Readers may wish that I had considered more fully the association of mental with physical characteristics, but my chief inten- tion was to make known the physical characteristics by which they may observe for themselves and form their own conclu- sions. XVI PREFACE. I feel warranted in having endeavoured to build up and attract attention to the subject, by a very long acquaintance with it; commenced when a student of medi- cine; continued in its practice, in which I have ever found it a trustworthy guide ; and cultivated, apart from medicine, by observation of the association of mental with physical characteristics. The title " Our Temperaments " is in- tended to show that the temperaments described are those of the people of our own country. To enable observers to classify faces by the form characteristics of the temperaments, a sufficient number of engravings are given from Bonn's edition of Lodge's Historical Portraits, the proprietor having readily con- sented to their reproduction. CONTENTS. PART I. THE STUDT OF THE TEMPERAMENTS. CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY. PAGE No popular literature of the Temperaments. — Origin in medicine. — Extracts from two medical authors showing the scope of the subject. — From John Stuart Mill and Mr. Buckle, acknowledging its importance, and complaining that it is undeveloped and obscure ....... i CHAPTER II. GENERAL VIEW OF THE TEMPERAMENTS. Men separated into four groups, or Tempera- ments : the Sanguine, the Bilious, the Lymphatic, and the Nervous. — The Tem- b XV111 CONTENTS. PAGE peraments are outward distinctions. — The practical value of the study wholly dependent on the natural association of mental qualities and traits of character with outward appearance . . . . 1 5 CHAPTER III. THE TEMPERAMENTS AND MIND. Dr. Pritchard on the relation of mental pecu- liarities to corporeal structure. — The extent of the relation often exaggerated. — Extracts from Dr. Maudsley, John Inglesant, and Richerand. — Mind not limited by tempera- ment. — Association of imagination with the nervous temperament. — The sculptured groups on the base of the Albert Memorial. — Their temperaments and the character of their work. — Proof of the relation between traits of character and outward appearance, from reading faces, and from the " History of Twins" . . . . . -23 CHAPTER IV. SCHEME OF THE FOUR PURE TEMPERAMENTS. The difficulty of distinguishing the tempera- ments acknowledged by authors. — Need of CONTENTS. XIX PAGE standard descriptions. — Suggestion that their supply be undertaken by the Collective In- vestigation Committee of the British Medical Association. — The temperaments not suffi- ciently utilized in medicine. — Mr. Jonathan Hutchinson's views. — The temperaments taught in the class-room, and clinically, by Professor Laycock. — Some of the descrip- tions of English authors. — A scheme of the four pure temperaments, in which their physical and mental characteristics are arranged for practical guidance . . 47 Appendix, containing descriptions of the temperaments by the French physiologist, Richerand, and a Spanish author, Cortes . 83 CHAPTER V. OBSERVATIONS ON THE SCHEME OF THE FOUR TEMPERAMENTS. Colour characteristics. — Colour of the hair and eyes. — Change of colour of the hair and eyes. — Colour of the complexion. Form characteristics. — Assignment of the same form characteristics to the Sanguine, the Bilious, and the Lymphatic temperaments.. — The form characteristics of the Nervous XX CONTENTS. PAGE temperament. — The Sanguine, the Bilious, and the Lymphatic physically powerful temperaments. — The Nervous a gentle, imaginative, and intellectual temperament.— *- Probably an increasing temperament. — The mental characteristics of the scheme . .107 CHAPTER VI. THE NERVOUS TEMPERAMENT. Its physical characteristics. — Is the key-stone of the temperaments. — Tempers or refines the three other pure temperaments. — Newly recognized as one of the four temperaments. — Confounded with nervousness. — Carlyle and Charles Lamb. — Its distinctive natural action. — Characterized by J. S. Mill. — Exemplified in Nelson, Wm. Hunter, and Dickens. — Is careless of supply of energy. — Physical bankruptcy, or nervousness, the result. — Probably an increasing tem- perament . . . . . .129 CHAPTER VII. THE COMPOUND TEMPERAMENTS. The Compound temperaments very numerous. — Their study somewhat complex. — Phy- CONTENTS. XXI PAGE sical and mental variety from the mixture of physical characteristics. — Descriptions of the Compound temperaments not found. — The usual mode of naming the Compound temperaments. — Examples. — Proposed ad- dition to their names that they may in- dicate personal appearance. — The analysis of Compound temperaments. — Compound characteristics. — The Oval Fa^e and Me- dium Build. — The Balanced temperaments. — Examples. — The Semi-balanced tempera- ments. — Examples. — The Best temperament. — Forms of Compound temperaments to aid the student in analyzing faces . .143 CHAPTER VIII. MODIFICATION OF THE TEMPERAMENT. Modification by business pursuits. — Mrs. Carlyle. — Mr. Froude on professional man- nerisms. — Modification by surrounding circumstances other than business pursuits. — By Oxford and Cambridge Universities. — Lord Houghton and Cardinal Manning. — Manner of speech. — Its susceptibility to modification early in life. — Change of tem- perament. — Dr. Wilks, Dr. Pritchard, and Mr. Buckle, on the causes which produce XX11 CONTENTS. PAGE diversity of temperament. — National tern-' peraments. — Change in the colour of glass eyes sold in America . . . .185 Appendix: " British Calibre," from The Times, on the Reports of the Anthropo- metric Committee of the British Asso- ciation. — tc The Races of Britain," by Dr. Beddoe, F.R.S 205 CHAPTER IX. THE ORGANS OF THE TEMPERAMENTS. The four temperaments named after four internal organs of the body. — The four organs, and their influence on the mental action of the four temperaments. — Relation of the four temperaments to the causes of disease. — Food and the temperaments. — Climate and the temperaments. — Effects on Dickens of a month at Bonchurch, Isle of Wight. — Quotations showing the depend- ence of the natural mental action of the temperaments on the healthy action of the organs. — Return of natural mental action with convalescence. — The temperaments and minute structure. — Inheritance of disease limited by personal likeness. — Importance of such limitation in Life Assurance . -237 CONTENTS. XX111 PART II. THE TEACHING OF THE TEMPERA- MENTS. CHAPTER X, THE TEMPERAMENTS AVAILABLE IN EDUCATION. PAGE Preparation for competitive examinations often injurious to health. — Dr. J. Crichton Browne's views. — How the danger may be avoided. — Letter from Mrs. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, M.D., on " Examina- tions for Girls."— Dr. Carver, late of Dulwich College, on the importance of the careful study of the aptitudes of each boy. — Their study facilitated by masters and parents becoming acquainted with the temperaments. — How parents may modify the mental action of their children's tem- peraments ...... 267 Appendix : Thoughts on Education, from The Spectator 283 XXIV • CONTENTS, PAGE CHAPTER XI. THE TEMPERAMENTS AVAILABLE IN THE CHOICE OF A PROFESSION. Business openings difficult to find. — Fitness often overlooked. — Consequent continued regret. — A case in point. — Sons put into their father's business fit or unfit. — Their future often arranged before they are born. — Mr. Ruskin's by his mother. — The tem- peraments a guide to parents in judging the fitness of their children. — Likings some- times found without aptitude . . . 295 CHAPTER XII. THE TEMPERAMENTS AVAILABLE IN THE PROMOTION OF HEALTH, The teaching of the temperaments as regards health. — Only nervousness considered. — Signs of nervousness. — Some of its causes. — Predisposition relative to the number of nervous characteristics. — Effects on business men and others. — Preventive and curative means. — Addison's modes of taking exer- cise. — The sleeplessness of nervousness. — CONTENTS. XXV PAGE Work and nervousness. — Work and sleep. — Expedients to procure sleep. — The direc- tion of the body in sleep. — The suburban homes of business men a cause of nervous- ness, especially in women .... 303 Appendix: " American Nervousness." .329 CHAPTER XIII. THE USE OF THE WORD TEMPERAMENT. In frequent use. — Should always indicate the physical characteristics of one of the four Temperaments, or a compound one. — Extracts showing that it seldom does. — Single mental or other traits wrongly called Temperaments. — List of twenty-seven so- called Temperaments. — Extracts containing some of them. — Temperament seldom used formerly. — Only once in Addison's Spectator. — Not once in Johnson's Rambler, or Idler y or Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield. — Probable reason. — Additional extracts showing the misuse of the word. — Standard descriptions of the four Temperaments essential to the right use of the word in literature and conversation . . -337 ps£ ~lib^ XXVI CONTENTS. PAGE CHAPTER XIV. WORD, BIOGRAPHIC, OR TEMPERAMENT PORTRAITURE. Word portraiture seldom effective. — Method necessary. — The form and colour charac- teristics of the temperaments recommended. — Sir Walter Scott on the value of portraits in biography. — Engravings, wanting colour, only partly effective. — Descriptions of Dickens from Mr. Forster's Life. — Of Sir Thomas More and Shelley. — Of Southey, Dickens, Tennyson, and others, by Carlyle. — Biographic portrait of Mr. Fawcett. — Temperament portraiture valuable in con- versation, cases of identity, and heredity. — Likeness of Anne Clifford, Countess of Dorset, Pembroke, and Montgomery, to both her parents . . . . .361 Conclusion. — Fields in which observation of the temperaments may yield useful results . 384 CLASSIFICATION OF FACES. Forms of faces shown in a selection from Lodge s Historical Portraits. ILLUSTRATIONS. The Square Face. Hogarth . . . Frontispiece The Melancholic Face .... Page 71 The Square Face. Steele . . . . ,,119 A Selection from Lodge's Historical Portraits, showing the Chief Forms of Faces End of Volume PART I. THE STUDY OF THE TEMPERAMENTS. ns CHAPTER I. PRELIMINARY. No popular literature of the Temperaments. — Origin in medicine. — Extracts from two medical authors showing the scope of the subject. — From John Stuart Mill and Mr. Buckle, acknowledging its importance, and complaining that it is undeveloped and obscure. HAVE chosen our Temperaments for ■■■ this essay* because they are not generally understood, but deserve to be ; including as they do the natural association of certain external characteristics that are few and easily seen, with mental qualities and traits of character of sufficient importance that to be able to indicate them from out- * The essay now published is the enlargement of one read to a private society in January 1881. 4 OUR TEMPERAMENTS. ward appearance must always be interesting and often useful. I hope to be able to show that acquaint- ance with this natural association is of special value in i. Education, 2. The choice of a profession, and 3. The promotion of health. The frequent and almost always indiscri- minate use of the word temperament also influenced me, and my choice was finally determined by the hope that my observa- tions might be supplemented by our President who, by some striking remarks that fell from him in another place on the influence of the temperaments on religious feeling and life, showed that he has given the subject thoughtful consideration. While recently at Cambridge I searched the catalogues of King's College and other PRELIMINARY. 5 libraries of the University for English works on the temperaments, but found none ; and I became aware that I had a difficult task before me, — to construct from scattered and probably insufficient material a concise view of the subject for practical guidance.* Medical literature past and present is the home of the subject. Elsewhere, even in cyclopaedias and works on mental and moral philosophy it seldom finds a place, * Continuing the inquiry, I was told of a volume of sermons : " The Four Temperaments, together with some Occasional Sermons, by William Clark, M.A., Pre- bendary of Wells and Vicar of Taunton. 2nd edition. 1874." The volume being out of print, I should have failed to procure a copy had I not applied to the author, who kindly lent me his own. The four temperaments are taken from St. Luke : ch. ix., the Choleric (bilious), vers. 51 — 56; the Sanguine, vers. 57 and 58; the Phlegmatic (lymphatic), vers. 59 and 60 ; the Melancholic, vers. 61 and 62 ; and there is a fifth sermon — a general view and application of the whole subject — from St. James i. 17. O OUR TEMPERAMENTS. and when it does is generally treated very briefly and at second-hand, medical works being the source of information. As mental and moral action are largely attributed to temperament, one might have expected the subject to have had at least as many ardent cultivators as Physiognomy and Phrenology. That it has not may be ascribed to its having arisen out of the practice of medicine and been always looked upon as a purely medical subject. The ancient physicians, not having the stethoscope and other modern means of bringing the internal organs of the body into view, as it were, eagerly cultivated a knowledge of external signs, and soon found that men who differ remarkably in outward appearance and conformation, as dark and fair, for instance, are predisposed to diseases of a different class or character, and that even the same diseases affect PRELIMINARY. 7 them differently and may require a some- what different treatment. They therefore observed with keen professional interest the resemblances and differences among men. Their observations having accumulated, Hippocrates, the father of medicine, founded the doctrine of temperaments four hundred years before the Christian era ; and although primitive ideas of the composition and structure of the different parts of the body have been discarded, and erroneous views of the functions of the internal organs corrected, the physical distinctions and descriptions of Hippocrates and Galen have been reproduced by nearly all modern writers on the subject. Dr. Cullen in Materia Medica, iyjg 9 says : — " The moderns have neither by observation "extended the ancient distinctions, nor, though 8 OUR TEMPERAMENTS. "they have often attempted it, have they ever "given, so far as I can judge, any happy " explanation of the causes or foundation of " the distinctions they have so generally " adopted." Professor Laycock observes : — " Although the many attempts which have been made to establish a complete and " practical doctrine of temperament have been " unsuccessful, the general principles first " eliminated from experience remain to this " day." a All medical writers who have gone beneath the surface of the subject, while acknowledging its great professional value, lament that it has received so little atten- tion and is without precision. It is indeed surprising that it is perhaps the only part of medical science that has stood still and remains not only unsatis- PRELIMINARY. 9 factory and behind the age, but is even in danger of being altogether neglected. Dr. Cullen says : — " I believe it will be generally allowed that " this part of medical doctrine is still in an " embarrassed and undetermined state." Dr. Wilks in a valuable contribution to Guy's Hospital Reports for 1869, having insisted on its great value in medicine, savs : — " And yet, singularly enough, with one or " two exceptions, our teachers of medicine " seem to have forgotten the doctrine of " temperaments, which occupied so large a " part of the old schools of education." In the following extracts from medical works, one written only a few and the other a great many years ago, similar complaint is made, and I give them at length as they present the more important IO OUR TEMPERAMENTS. practical results, apart from medicine, of which the doctrine seems capable. " The study of the temperaments has been " too much neglected in modern institutions. " Freed from the barbarous and hypothetical "jargon with which it was formerly clogged, " it forms a most interesting and important " branch of the science of man. It is not " now to be confined to the doctrine of the " humours and their various combinations. " Individual character is its object, and it " embraces the whole of the distinction by " which that character is marked. Its indica- " tions are useful, not only as announcing " predisposition to particular diseases, but as " proclaiming the nature and objects of our " moral affections. But in giving due regard " to these indications, we should endeavour " to separate what depends on original confor- " mation from the more variable and accidental " appearances which are produced by habits or " education." — Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, vol. iv., p. 749: 1808. PRELIMINARY. II Dr. Maudsley in "The Pathology of Mind, 1879, says of Temperament and Idiosyncrasy : — " Unfortunately these big words are at " present little better than cloaks of ignorance ; " they are symbols representing unknown " quantities, rather than words denoting de- " finite conditions ; and no more useful work " could be undertaken in psychology than a " patient and systematic study of individuals, " — the scientific and accurate dissection and " classification of the minds and characters of " particular men in connection with their " features and habits of body. How vast a " service it would indeed be to have set forth " in formal exposition the steps of the quick " process by which the shrewd and experienced u man of the world intuitively judges the " characters of those he has to do with, and " refers them in a moment instinctively to " their proper classes in his mind ! " These extracts show that the study of the temperaments has a far wider scope 12 OUR TEMPERAMENTS. than medicine, and that there is a craving among those professionally acquainted with the subject for the development and general application of what they have frequent proof of — the association of certain mental qualities and traits of character with the physical characteristics of the temperaments. J. S. Mill and Mr. Buckle complain that " a subject so intimately connected with matters of the highest importance " should have remained undeveloped. J. S % Mill when considering the causes that modify mental character, says : — " That differences of bodily structure also " co-operate is the opinion of all physiologists, " confirmed by common experience. It is to " be regretted that hitherto this experience, " being accepted in the gross without due " analysis, has been made the ground-work of " empirical generalizations detrimental to the " progress of real knowledge." PRELIMINARY. 1 3 Mr. Buckle says : — " We are completely in the dark as to the " circumstances which regulate the hereditary " transmission of character, temperament, and " other peculiarities. . . . None of the laws "of hereditary descent connected with the " formation - of character have yet been " generalized, nor is our knowledge much " more advanced respecting the theory of " temperaments. " " The difficulty attending the study of 11 temperaments, and the obscurity in which "this important subject is shrouded, may be "estimated by whoever will compare what has " been said by the following writers.' ' He refers to a number of well-known medical authors — foreign and English. The subject has remained obscure and difficult because hitherto it has been sub- servient to medicine. 14 OUR TEMPERAMENTS. I am sanguine that were it a part of general literature it would be raiaed out of the rut in which it has lain for two thousand years, be brought within every man's comprehension, and become practi- cally valuable. CHAPTER II. GENERAL VIEW OF THE TEMPERAMENTS. Men separated into four groups, or Tempera- ments : the Sanguine, the Bilious, the Lymphatic, and the Nervous. — The Tem- peraments are outward distinctions. — The practical value of the study wholly dependent on the natural association of mental quali- ties and traits of character with outward appearance. ^HE Temperaments are groupings of -*■ the chief physical characteristics which distinguish men from one another, — dark or fair, stout or slim, a square, oval, or tapering face, a short or long neck, etc. — See^ Scheme, chap. iv. The temperament is the mould in which I 6 OUR TEMPERAMENTS. men who resemble one another are said to be made : — " Amongst these knights there were three brothers bold, " Three bolder brethren never were ye borne, " Borne of one mother, in one happy mould." — The Faerie Queen. Dr. Wilks says :— - "A patient enters the doctor's study, and he "will perhaps call to mind that he is only " another specimen of fifty patients, who seem " to have been taken out of the same mould ; " and adds, " If this be true, a good history of " man and his varieties has yet to be written." — Guy's Hospital Reports, 1869. Carlyle goes farther than casting in moulds : — " A big, burly brother of hers, a clergyman " whom I have seen, struck me as kneaded out " of the same clayT Likeness between men is not of the face GENERAL VIEW OF THE TEMPERAMENTS. IJ only, or we should not on tapping the shoulder of a supposed friend overtaken in the street, find on his turning round that we had made the awkward mistake of tapping the wrong man. Prince Bismarck writes of Prince Na- poleon : — " I will only say, that I was struck by the " resemblance between him and President Ger- " lach, not only in the features, but also as to " gestures, and play of countenance." Hippocrates and his followers found it practicable, by the resemblance and difference between men, chiefly in the colour of the hair, of the eyes, and of the complexion, to sort them into four groups, into one or another of which, or one of their compounds, every person can be placed. The four groups are the four Tempera- ments, named, from their dependence on 2 I 8 OUR TEMPERAMENTS. the principal internal organs of the body, The Sanguine. The Lymphatic. The Bilious. The Nervous. These are the pure or unmixed tem- peraments, seldom seen compared with combinations of two, three, or all of them, called the compound temperaments. The Melancholic formerly held place as one of the four temperaments, but on in- sufficient grounds, and has therefore been excluded, and the Nervous temperament is now ranked, instead, as one of the four. As the popular use of the term tem- perament refers only to the habit of mind that prompts to action, it may surprise many to learn that the temperaments are recognized distinctions in merely the outward appearance. Yet, such they were originally, having been founded on the observed relationship between the features / GENERAL VIEW OF THE TEMPERAMENTS. 19 of disease and the features and appearance of men, and such they still are in medicine ; a patient's temperament and its influence being known by a glance at his face and figure. Not only in medicine — " Diirer in his 'Treatise on Proportion expressly "proposes to indicate by means of the outward "measurement and proportions of the figures, to "which of the four temperaments they belong." # That the temperaments are external dis- tinctions is a fundamental fact that, except professionally, seems little known : the word temperament and the common phrases "my temperament" and "his temperament" being almost invariably used without thought of external appearance or any particular temperament, and therefore with- out obvious meaning. That mental qualities and traits of cha- * Albert Diirer, His Life and Times. 1882. 20 OUR TEMPERAMENTS. racter did not enter into the original idea of the temperaments, is obvious from their having been named Sanguine, Bilious, Lym- phatic, and Melancholic, after the bodily organs ; the heart ; the liver (or rather its product the bile) ; and the lymphatics. Also, from the term temperament implying mixing together ; the idea being that the four elements of which the body was sup- posed to be composed were mixed together in various proportions in the temperaments. " The words temper and temperament are " from the Latin verb tempero, to mix, or temper, " as mortar." " The mixing differs so that one or other " temperament predominates." — Lay cock. " It must be remembered that the ancients, " from the time of Hippocrates, held the opinion " that there existed four kinds of humours in " the human body — blood, bile, black bile, and " phlegm, — and that as one or other of such " humours was present in excess, the individual GENERAL VIEW OF THE TEMPERAMENTS. 21 " was said to be of a sanguineous, bilious, " melancholic, or phlegmatic temperament." — Dr. Garrod. As there are not two kinds of bile, black being only concentrated yellow bile, the melancholic — atrabilious — black bile — temperament, had no sufficient claim to be classed as one of the four temperaments, and, as already stated, has given place to the nervous. Although the temperaments were origi- nally only physical distinctions, certain men- tal qualities and traits of character have been associated with them from a very early period, and they should therefore be re- garded as consisting of two parts — a physical part, and a correlated mental part ; — the natural association of the mental with the physical — of the mind with the body — constituting the popular value of the doc- trine of the temperaments. • "To these varieties of bodily constitution 22 OUR TEMPERAMENTS. " and external aspect, certain peculiarities of " mind, of temper or disposition, were supposed " to be superadded. The connexion of mental " or psychical qualities with those of physical " organization constitutes an essential part of " the theory of temperaments." — Dr. Pritchard, " Cyclopaedia of Practical Medicine." The study of the temperaments could have no practical value, could lead to no teaching apart from medicine, but for the recognition of a physical part and a mental part of every temperament, and the de- pendence of the mental on the physical. As mental qualities and traits of character have been associated with the temperaments for at least two thousand years, it is sur- prising that so important a part of the doctrine has remained without precision, and therefore incapable of useful applica- tion. CHAPTER III. THE TEMPERAMENTS AND MIND. Dr. Pritchard on the relation of mental pecu- liarities to corporeal structure. — The extent of the relation often exaggerated. — Extracts from Dr. Maudsley, John Inglesant, and Richerand. — Mind not limited by tempera- ment. — Association of imagination with the nervous temperament. — The sculptured groups on the base of the Albert Memorial. — Their temperaments and the character of their work. — Proof of the relation between traits of character and outward appearance, from reading faces, and from the u History of Twins." T^VR. PRITCHARD in his article "■— * "Temperament" in the " Cyclopaedia of Practical Medicine," says : — " The relation of mental peculiarities to " corporeal structure has been observed by " medical authors of every age. In the " writings of Galen there is a treatise expressly 24 OUR TEMPERAMENTS. " composed to prove that the characters of " men depend on their temperaments. But "it is in the works of modern writers that we " find this doctrine most fully developed and " made a foundation of human characters. It " is extremely improbable that an opinion "should have held its ground for so many " ages among men of observation, especially " on a subject requiring no abstruse research, " without some foundation at least in fact. " The doctrine of the temperaments is true " to a certain extent, and has ever been con- " firmed by an appeal to experience. " States of the mind are so connected with " affections of the body that it is impossible " for any one who considers the facts which '•'present themselves to doubt that with every " temperament particular mental qualities must " be associated, although it is manifest that "many writers have indulged their fancy on " this subject, and have gone into more full "and minute details than experience will " establish." With this charge of exaggeration I fully THE TEMPERAMENTS AND MIND. 25 agree, claiming as I do a very limited power of the temperaments over mind. In literature and conversation every mental manifestation and every trait of character are attributed to temperament ; " his temperament " having in popular use the widest possible range, including not only every mental quality, but every virtue and every vice. Dr. Maudsley in the volume I have already quoted (The Pathology of Mind, 1 879), says : — fc It is not amiss to reflect, when weighing " beliefs, that belief is very ' much a matter of " temperament." In John Ingle sant, vol. i., page 121, is the following : — " This is the most important lesson that a " man can learn — that all creeds and g opinions " are nothing but the mere result of chance " and temperament." 26 OUR TEMPERAMENTS. Richerand, a French physiologist whose descriptions of the temperaments (see appendix to chap, iv.) have been more or less reproduced by most English writers, says : — "I have no doubt that the influence of " the physical organization on the intellectual " faculties is so decided that we may regard " as possible the solution of the following " problem, analogous to that with which " Condillac concludes his work on the origin " of human knowledge. " The physical man being given, to deter- " mine the character and extent of his capacity, " and to assign consequently not only the " talents he possesses but those he is capable " of acquiring." I do not believe that the mind of man is thus hampered in its operations or circumscribed by such definite bounds. Shakespeare, Newton, and others whose THE TEMPERAMENTS AND MIND. 27 minds distanced all ordinary minds, differed in no other way from ordinary men. It may be that only the mode of mental action is influenced by external appearance — -that the mind is impelled to action sooner, and that the energy and continuance of its action are greater in some of the temperaments than in others. A similar view is expressed at length in the following extract from " The Book of Health," page 82 (Cassell & Co., 1882) :- " Unquestionably, there is more of vital " action in a given time in some individuals " than in others. " In a strictly physiological sense, some live " much faster than others, and die prematurely " only if the amount of life is to be measured " by time, but not if the amount of it may " be estimated by action. " This difference is recognised in a vague 28 OUR TEMPERAMENTS. " sort of way in different temperaments. " Whatever classification of temperaments be " adopted, and whatever definition be given " of this or that particular kind, the degrees " of vital activity in each case cannot be "excluded from consideration. Nay, whether "it be more or less obvious in each case, it " probably constitutes the principal feature." It will be seen that in the scheme of the four pure temperaments [chap. ?v.) 9 — an arrangement of their chief physical and associated mental characteristics which I have made for practical guidance, — I have limited the natural association of mind with outward appearance to only a few mental qualities and traits of character. Observation warrants me I think not only in limiting the mental traits associated with physical characteristics to those of the scheme, but in assuming that reason, memory, and the other mental powers are, THE TEMPERAMENTS AND MIND. 20. with one exception, uninfluenced by them ; the exception being the association of Imagination, not only in its greatest flights but in its every day manifestations in the ordinary affairs of life, with the physical characteristics of the Nervous or cerebral temperament. The busts and reliable portraits of eminent men will generally be found to show a marked connection between the temperament and the character of the work that has led to fame ; that the face taper- ing to the chin from a broad or high forehead, small features, and a long neck — the Nervous temperament (see Scheme, chap, iv.) — characterize the greater number of those whose fame rests on works in which imagination reigns; and that a square face, broad features, and a short neck, the physical characteristics of the three other pure temperaments, — the Sanguine, the Bilious, and the Lymphatic (see Scheme), — 30 OUR TEMPERAMENTS. characterize, more or less, the greater num- ber of those whose famous works are of a more material or physical character. Were this interesting enquiry pursued — comparison of the features of famous men with the character of their works — not only, I think, would the relation which I have indicated between imagination and the four pure temperaments, — the Sanguine, the Bilious, the Lymphatic, and the Nervous, — be found generally true; but I think it would also be found generally true, that when even one of the physical character- istics of the Nervous temperament had dis- placed one of the characteristics of any of the three other pure temperaments, it imported some of the imaginative power of its own temperament (ch. vii.). Some proof of the association of the form characteristics of the Nervous or cerebral temperament with intellect, and THE TEMPERAMENTS AND MIND. 3 1 probably with imagination, is afforded by the sculptured groups of famous poets, painters, musicians, sculptors, and archi- tects round the base of the Albert Memorial in Hyde Park. There are one hundred and sixty-nine figures, and observers may be surprised how greatly the face tapering from a high or broad forehead prevails in all the classes, and that — especially in the groups of the poets, the painters, and musicians — the exceptions are so few. Greater variety is observed among the sculptors and architects ; and it may be that imagination and originality are less essential to lasting fame in them than in poets, painters, and composers. If the doctrine of the temperaments — the association of certain mental with cer- tain physical characteristics — is well founded, workers in the same field, whose work 32 OUR TEMPERAMENTS. differs, should themselves differ in appear- ance. The character of Wordsworth's, Byron's, and Scott's poetry is unlike, and so are their portraits. It may make the association of certain mental qualities with every temperament more acceptable to many, to know that it rests on a basis of proof common to the temperaments, to expression, and to physiognomy, viz., the general belief that a reliable opinion of a man's character can often be formed by looking at him, and that such belief is the result of com- parison of faces and characters. In The Spectator, No. 86, Addison says: — a I am so apt to frame a notion of every " man's humour or circumstances by his looks, " that I have sometimes employed myself from c< Charing Cross to the Royal Exchange in (C drawing the characters of those who have THE TEMPERAMENTS AND MIND. 33 " passed by me. ... I think we may be " better known by our looks than by our words." At the Mansion House on Lord Mayor's Day, 1883, Mr. Gladstone said: — "It is true, my Lord Mayor,* that I do not " meet you on this occasion as one unknown " to me. You and I have had as good oppor- " tunities as any two persons in this hall of " making accurate studies of one another — of " one another's features and personal appearance, " from which, by an intelligent eye, it is well " known that so much is to be learnt." It has not I think been realized that always when mental traits are inferred from the features, we are guided by those that have been found in one or more similar faces. Relatives, companions, teachers, public characters, and others whom we have * Sir Robert Fowler, M.P. 34 0UR TEMPERAMENTS. seen much of in early life, supply examples of marked physical characteristics associated with equally marked mental ones, and serve as standards with which at first similar faces are compared. Other standards of comparison are soon added, and before long we come to rely on the almost constant association of cer- tain mental with certain physical cha- racteristics — that when two faces and figures are strikingly alike the men will be strikingly alike in their action, manners, mode of speech, etc., unless their lives have been in very different grooves. When belief has thus become established, our judgment of a man's character from his face and figure is so rapid that it appears intuitive, and the fact of compari- son with some other face is only brought home to us when we see an unusually THE TEMPERAMENTS AND MIND. 35 striking likeness, or can with difficulty recall the previous face to memory. Mr. F. Galton, F.R.S., whose work " Hereditary Genius " is so well known, has lately published a volume, " Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Deve]opment, ,, 1883, in which there is a most interesting and suggestive chapter, " History of Twins," and although the temperaments of the twins referred to are not given, the asso- ciation of similar mental with similar physical characteristics is all but fully proved by perfectly reliable records. Mr. Galton sent " Circulars of inquiry to persons who were " either twins themselves or near relatives of " twins, with the view of ascertaining the in- " fluence of nurture on nature : whether twins " who were closely alike in boyhood and youth, " and who were educated together for many " years, subsequently grew unlike, and if so, " what the main causes were which, in the 36 OUR TEMPERAMENTS. " opinion of the family, produced the dis- " similarity. " Also, how far the characters of twins who " were exceedingly unlike in childhood, be- " came assimilated under the influence of " identical nurture, inasmuch as they had the " same home, the same teachers, the same " associates, and in every respect the same sur- " roundings. ,, Of the numerous records received, he takes into account thirty-five sufficiently detailed cases of close similarity, and twenty of great dissimilarity, for — "It is a fact that extreme dissimilarity, such " as existed between Esau and Jacob, is a no " less marked peculiarity in twins of the same " sex, than extreme similarity. " When the twins are a boy and a girl, they " are never closely alike." Mr. Galton quotes some very remark- THE TEMPERAMENTS AND MIND. 37 able replies concerning twins who could not be distinguished by their nearest relatives, and several amusing results of their mistaken identity. Similar mental qualities and traits of character were observed in twins who closely resembled each other, and dis- similar ones in those between whom there was no resemblance, so far proving the doctrine of the temperaments; and had the temperaments of the thirty-five pairs of twins been named, the replies would probably have fully proved the doctrine by showing that pairs of twins whose tem- peraments were the same had similar mental qualities and traits of character. The chief results of Mr. Galton's cir- culars may be appropriated in corroboration of the doctrine of the temperaments — the association of similar mental action and traits with similar physical characteristics. 38 OUR TEMPERAMENTS. In the following paragraph similarity of " manner, personal address, and voice " in twins who were similar to look at is noticed, and these and other points will, I think, be generally found more or less similar, sometimes strikingly so, not in twins only, but in all between whom there is a close resemblance. " The manner and personal address of the " thirty-five pairs of twins are usually de- " scribed as very similar, but accompanied by " a slight difference of expression familiar to " near relatives, though unperceived by " strangers. The intonation of the voice when " speaking is commonly the same, but it fre- " quently happens that the twins sing in " different keys." Similarity of organization in those of the same temperament is insisted on in chapter ix. of this essay, and is fully corroborated by the two following ex- tracts : — THE TEMPERAMENTS AND MIND. 39 " Both twins were apt to sicken at the same " time in no less than nine out of the thirty- '* five cases. Either their illnesses were non- " contagious, or, if contagious, the twins " caught them simultaneously ; they did not " catch them the one from the other. Thus, " the father of two twins says : — " * Their general health is closely alike ; when- ' ' ever one of them has an illness, the other ' ' invariably has the same within a day or two, ' ' and they usually recover in the same order. * c Such has been the case with whooping-cough, i ( chicken-pox, and measles ; also, with slight 1 ' bilious attacks, which they have successively. ' * Latterly, they had a feverish attack at the ' ' same time.' "The next point which I shall mention in " illustration of the extremely close resemblance " between certain twins is the similarity in the " association of their ideas. No less than " eleven out of the thirty-five cases testify to "this. They make the same remarks on the " same occasion, begin singing the same song 40 OUR TEMPERAMENTS. " at the same moment, and so on ; or one " would commence a sentence, and the other " would finish it. " An observant friend graphically described to me the effect produced on her by two such twins whom she had met casually. She said : 1 Their teeth grew alike, they spoke alike and ' together, and said the same things, and 1 seemed just like one person.' " The last point to which I shall allude re- " gards the tastes and dispositions of the thirty- " five pairs of twins. In sixteen cases, that is, " in nearly one-half of them, these were de- " scribed as closely similar ; in the remaining " nineteen they were much alike, but subject to " certain named differences. " It follows from what has been said " concerning the similar dispositions of the " twins, the similarity in the association of their " ideas, of their special ailments, and of their " illnesses generally, that their resemblances are " not superficial, but extremely intimate. UNIV THE TEMPERAMENTS AND MIND. 41 " I have only two cases of a strong bodily " resemblance being accompanied by mental w diversity, and one case only of the converse " kind." The following are some of the replies summarised as above by Mr. Galton. The daughter of a twin says : — " Such was the marvellous similarity of their " features, voice, manner, etc., that I remember " as a child being very much puzzled, and I "think had my aunt lived much with us, I " should have ended by thinking I had two " mothers." A medical man writes of twins with whom he is well acquainted: — " Whilst I knew them, for a period of two " years, there was not the slightest tendency towards " a difference in body or mind ; external infhi- " ences seemed powerless to produce any dis- " similarity." 42 OUR TEMPERAMENTS. A father writes : — "At birth they were exactly alike, except u that one was born with a bad varicose affec- " tion, the effect of which has been to prevent " any violent exercise, such as dancing or " running, and as she has grown older, to make cu C CO '3 CO 1-1 3 u 3 CO 3 * 1 .9 & Oi-d cu ft CO 3 cu 4d O M 3 c . o CU CO ~ Cue >* oj cu CX A ft ^15 a, 3^ S V cu oj co 3 T3 -£ "fi X cu as 3 u, O O g &£ s & 3 c wp^ww <£ £ 3 w S £ - ol ?r> •4- 10 vd r^» »d •c « . CO CO CO U CU H u CO 2 CU w Ih H U .d CO 3 T3 < CU ^■^ TJ 4_J m C CU nS cu CO u O c£3 1-1 CU 1-1 CU *J •* t-3 — *-' cr 1 CO t- 3 U CO CU 3 a tJ v 3 CO rT O «J cu ^ T3 p^ CU 3 ~ CO CJ :3 "cd >> O O cti cu 3 m jS^ ^ n. £ £ PQ uno{03 *UUOJ # M 04 fO Tj- 10 vd tA. 7 8 OUR TEMPERAMENTS, +!» 1 co ^3 rt c g 1 I • CO .a . .&■ s o 9 c 3 _co ^ ±2 I"! CD -1 H u Pi! U CO O us, re\ cool a istent. '3 - g Q.-M : and a y welfa [ways r § PQ H U CD 4-" CO oS -2^*2 2 4? ^ CD ^ CD rsuii amil Al II w H 2 >0 > .2 ionate, j s" (page ness mat earnest; O % .s bO c Business or gai cular or in in all. Happy in the pu power, and f Decided speech. o (J o " Pass lou: In busi Eager, 3 G W w S M cq ro 4- lO vd w H o fe #\ ir darkish. olive." Lay cock. & S O w hQ o CO U H C/J ^ 33 own. ark c Pale M u s w H D pq w £ Q 5 ffi p2 n u < u ►64 S-i h h o PQ Black or da xion of the face), Square. Outspread. Short. Thick set. c/) iJ »- w U n. 3 to ?T o CD* CD* X T3 Pu CD C r^ O co o rG aJ >> o o rt o CD 3 w w u *S fc £_ Jz; pq unop3 'UUOJ* M ^" ro rj* U*-; vd r*» SCHEME OF THE FOUR TEMPERAMENTS. 79 CO a 1 .2 "3 '55 •T3 .S T3 cu g 13 C a ►d £ CO u U d oj .S CO H CO ^ co >. ■2 o3 2 > a3 [ft w H < pq U cu co TD a 5 o3 CU u £ cu ■d«2 c 73 CO '0 > u cu cu c75 fa cu CU c3 CO co ft CO o3 O > C -^ •£ lH < aJ^ > cu c o3 '3 CO cu ft O H > 3 CD* ft+f O M V-i 3 ■ 3«g ei CO ^1 ."ti T3 aT c a 0) T m b/) cu "Cd 3 ft 1* 3 6 . £ CU CJ cu c a o3 e "5 cu C-rL 3 'lo CJ CO 3 ft bo o3 "5 ^0 fc ££^ Ph W< § H GO ~ . cu CO co u •—I H CO s o» 5 IS cu ^ £ CO .2 c« w c 'jS 0) r U ft^j a H 0) CU gcv, OO U o3 bi]3 ft I J <5 ^JtI 4) T* -tJ W £•5 PQ ^ rt cu u hi < u co 03 a3 3 $ 4h CU O ^ X O CU Ei o3 cr 1 cu u ft +1 CO H ^ £ n PL, S-I CO cu ^ 3 cu ' cu ^ CO u 2 o3 >> s a cu '3 ffl W ^ to ^ ^ qq uno[CQ •u"0J# M 0" fO 4* to SO t4 8o OUR TEMPERAMENTS. < w Oh h CO o > Cm W H w fl W 4^ >-> ^ C CU h- 1 ^ "S rz>> .2<£ co Ji *i cj '55 o T3 cu 2^ nj 3 3 3 0) co 3 ^ CO "o cu o a U a & co wu TO ^ i -7? co • « «2 S £ c 17 ii Sri ^ TO *i*,fi iS 3 to o X u 8^ T3 CU £ CO .3 3 ts ° ^ cu ^.2 J '8 2| <" a] H 3 . to « cu ^ 3*3 * 5 gD& 3 3 « «5 7J5 o cu 3*3 03 3 ."t- o CJ o C 3 TO j_ 3 -5 c « Qj C- *1 CJ C Srt J cu 3 J £ to Aw fl * rq > CO U a] IS* ■s a CU H co w U cu U ^ CU CU "cd id £ 'a? 5 o ^^ u o o co o3 ^ -M CU c .2 'x CU o u o o 2 H 5? a sJ co 3 o cu aJ r^" TJ Ph '3 , o C rt o CU 3 fflw U CJ W J5 ^ CQ •jnoi ■4- io vd t^. THE FOUR PURE TEMPERAMENTS. 8 1 I should state that the characteristics which I have assigned to the tempera- ments are taken from the people of our own country, and therefore may not apply to those of other countries, the physical characteristics and the influences that modify the mental ones being more or less different. The descriptions of the temperaments in English works were, till fifty years ago, nearly all taken from Hippocrates and his followers, and therefore no doubt describe the temperaments of the Greeks ; and since then they have with scarcely an excep- tion been taken from a French source, Richerand's Physiology,* and therefore, * As an appendix to this chapter I have given the descriptions of Richerand, and also the descriptions of which Mr. Starkweather says : — " Having found in a Spanish volume by Cortes what I consider as satisfactory a description of these temperaments as I have seen in any language, I translate his delineations rather than attempt an original one." — The Law of Sex. 6 82 OUR TEMPERAMENTS. no doubt, describe the temperaments of the French. Dr. Wilks says : — "It is remarkable how few have studied u the different temperaments of Englishmen, " most medical writers having been content " to take the different varieties as described " by Hippocrates as existing among the Greeks." — Sanitary Record, 1876. u " Not only may the inhabitants of ancient " Greece and Rome be different from those " of England, but in our own country these tc may have altered in the lapse of centuries." — Guy's Hospital Reports, 1869. APPENDIX To Chap. iv. CONTAINING 1. THE DESCRIPTIONS OF THE TEM- PERAMENTS AND THE MORE IM- PORTANT OF THE PERSONAL EXAMPLES AND REMARKS BY THE FRENCH PHYSI- OLOGIST RICHERAND*; AND 2. THE DESCRIPTIONS OF THE TEM- PERAMENTS BY A SPANISH AUTHOR, CORTES, TRANSLATED AND ADOPTED BY MR. STARKWEATHER. These French and Spanish descriptions of the temperaments show how, in other countries besides our own, authors have * Elements of Physiology, by A. Richerand, Professor of the Faculty of Medicine, of Paris, etc., translated from the French. Revised, with notes and a copious Appendix, by James Copland, M.D., etc. Second Edition. 1829. 84 OUR TEMPERAMENTS. not realized the fundamental necessity of assigning physical characteristics with suffi- cient fulness and precision to enable observers to distinguish the different tem- peraments. Richerand omits the colour of the eyes from his descriptions, assigns only one physical characteristic to the nervous tem- perament, not even one to the melancholic temperament, and loosely describes cha- racteristics as "good" "moderate" "tolerable." The descriptions by Cortes are similarly characterized by want of precision, and therefore, like Richerand's, are not prac- tically available. Richerand has given the supposed re- lation between the characters of many illustrious men and their temperaments ; but as their physical characteristics are not given, there is no proof that their tem- peraments are correctly named. APPENDIX TO THE SCHEME. 85 1. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE TEM- PERAMENTS BY THE FRENCH PHY- SIOLOGIST RICHERAND. "We give the name of temperaments " to certain physical and moral differences "in men which depend on the various " proportions and relations among the parts "that make up their organization, as well "as upon different degrees in the relative "energy of certain organs." "The predominance of any particular "system of organs modifies the whole "economy, and has no less influence on the " moral and intellectual than on the physical " faculties." 86 our temperaments. Of the Sanguine Temperament. Richer and. " If the heart and the vessels which carry ft£& l'of The Bilious Temperament- Cortes. " The Bilious temperament, characterised by " predominance of the stomach, intestines, liver " and spleen. " Those who have these organs largely de- veloped, and more active than other parts, are " daring, of a fixed and penetrating expression of "eye, with prominent muscles, and great vivacity " of movement. " They are of medium stature, and have a " dark skin, dry, warm, and hairy, characterised " by veins that stand out in bold relief. Their "hair is black, or dark chestnut, and falls early.* " They digest food easily, and endure fasting. "These sleep lightly, and require 'comparatively " little of it. " They usually devote themselves to the accom- * "This I have not found confirmed by observa- " tion." — Starkweather. I02 CUR TEMPERAMENTS. "plishment of a single object, have great constancy " of purpose, a powerful imagination, and are apt u to ride hobbies. They are inclined to be " egotistical, suspicious, and to exaggerate their " fears and wrongs ; they are indefatigable in u their enterprises, and most persistent, zealous, "passionate, and revengeful. They are especially " subject to disorders of the stomach, or in- " testines, and above all, of the liver, which " makes them melancholic. " This temperament has furnished the world "with tyrants, conquerors, benefactors to hu- " manity, and legislators." The Lymphatic Temperament. Cortes. " The lymphatic temperament characterised " by the predominance of the cellular tissue " and white fluid, or lymph. " Those of this temperament have an abun- " dance of white corpuscles, their muscles being APPENDIX TO THE SCHEME. IO3 n . . Pale, clear. (One Nervous characteristic.) Sanguine and Nervous Compound. (The Nose Narrow.) Hair . . . Red or reddish. Eyes . . . . Blue. Complexion . More or less jlorid. Face Square. Neck . . . Short. Build . . . Thickset. (Six Sanguine characteristics.) Nose .... Narrow. (One Nervous characteristic.) l8o OUR TEMPERAMENTS. Sanguine and Nervous Compound. (The Neck Long.) Hair . . . Red or reddish. Eyes . . . Blue. Complexion . More or less Jiorid. Face . Square. Nose . Outspread. Build . . . Thickset. (Six Sanguine characteristics.) Neck .... Long. (One Nervous characteristic.) Sanguine and Nervous Compound. [Hair Light Brown, Nose Narrow.) Eyes .... Blue. Complexion . . More or less Jiorid. Face .... Square. Neck .... Short. Build .... Thickset. (Five Sanguine characteristics.) Hair . . . . Light brown. Nose .... Narrow. (Two Nervous characteristics.) the compound temperaments. 1 8 1 Sanguine and Nervous Compound. {Eyes Grey, Nose Narrow.) Hair . . . . Red or reddish. Complexion . More or less florid. Face . . . Square. Neck . . . Short. Build . . . 'Thickset. (Five Sanguine characteristics.) Eyes .... Grey. Nose .... Narrow* (Two Nervous characteristics.) Sanguine and Nervous Compound. {Complexion Pale, Clear, Nose Narrow.) Hair .... Red or reddish. Eyes .... Blue. Face .... Square. Neck .... Short. Build .... Thickset. (Five Sanguine characteristics.) Complexion . . Pale, clear. Nose .... Narrow. (Two Nervous characteristics.) l82 OUR TEMPERAMENTS. Sanguine and Nervous Compound. (Hair Light Brown, Neck Long.) Eyes .... Blue. Complexion . . More or less florid. Face .... Square. Nose .... Outspread. Build .... Thickset. (Five Sanguine characteristics.) Hair .... Light brown. Neck .... Long. (Two Nervous characteristics.) Sanguine and Nervous Compound. {Eyes Grey and the Neck Long.) Hair .... Red or reddish. Complexion . . More or less florid. Face .... Square. Nose .... Outspread. Build .... Thickset. (Five Sanguine characteristics.) Eyes .... Grey. Neck .... Long. (Two Nervous characteristics.) the compound temperaments. 1 83 Sanguine and Nervous Compound. [Complexion Pale, Clear, and Neck Long.) Hair .... Red or reddish. Eyes .... Blue. Face .... Square. Nose .... Outspread. Build .... Thickset. (Five Sanguine characteristics.) Complexion . . Pale, clear. Neck .... Long. (Two Nervous characteristics.) Sanguine and Nervous Compound. [Face Tapering, Neck Long, Build Slim.) Hair .... Red or reddish. Eyes .... Blue. Complexion . . More or less florid. Nose .... Outspread. (Four Sanguine characteristics.) Face . . . . Tapering from a high or broad forehead. Neck .... Long. Build .... Slim. (Three Nervous characteristics.) 184 OUR TEMPERAMENTS. There are still other Sanguine com- pounds : — Sanguine, with Bilious and Nervous, Sanguine, with Lymphatic and Nervous, and others. Compounds of the Bilious, and also of the Lymphatic, with the three other temperaments are equally numerous as those of the Sanguine ; and the possible compounds of the Nervous temperament with the Sanguine, the Bilious, and the Lymphatic are almost innumerable. It is hoped, however, that the forms of Sanguine compounds just given may enable observers who persevere in the study, to recognize, analyze, and name, almost at a glance, the compound tempera- ments most frequently seen. CHAPTER VIII. MODIFICATION OF THE TEMPERAMENT. Modification by business pursuits. — Mrs. Car- lyle. — Mr. Froude on professional man- nerisms. — Modification by surrounding cir- cumstances other than business pursuits. — By Oxford and Cambridge Universities. — Lord Houghton and Cardinal Manning. — Manner of speech. — Its susceptibility to modification early in life. — Change of tem- perament. — Dr. Wilks, Dr. Pritchard, and Mr. Buckle, on the causes which produce diversity of temperament. — National tem- peraments. — Change in the colour of glass eyes sold in America. Appendix : " British Calibre," from The Times, on the Reports of the Anthropometric Committee of the British Association. — "The Races of Britain," by Dr. Beddoe, F.R.S. " What strange shareable creatures we are ! " — Carlyle. ""HE observer of temperament soon finds ■*■ that the traits of character naturally I 86 OUR TEMPERAMENTS. associated with physical characteristics as in the scheme [chap. Pu.% are often more or less modified by various causes; every system that seeks to infer mental qualities from outward appearance having frequently to give way to the capability of adaptation and improvement that men are fortunately endowed with. In business pursuits the sanguine man finds that he must curb his impetuosity and pursue business much as the cool- headed bilious man does. The lymphatic man has to bestir himself; and telegrams and messengers waiting reply on business of importance, compel the man of nervous temperament to put aside his doubts and act promptly. The action of the temperaments is levelled up or down to business uniformity. Carlyle could have had no better MODIFICATION OF THE TEMPERAMENT. I 87 example of how strangely shapeable human creatures are than his own wife. In the review of Mrs. Carlyle's letters in The Times it is said : — " Mrs. Carlyle had two distinct sides to her cc character : on the one hand, she was what " circumstances had made her ; she was a " bustling, frugal, notable housewife, who seemed " to regard everything from the practical point "of view. At the same time, she was intensely " emotional, and almost morbidly susceptible. " That she had schooled herself to go on " phlegm atically and conscientiously about her ages 271, 272). Examiners have a more concen- trated field than teachers, and by making use of it would no doubt 25 386 OUR TEMPERAMENTS. arrive at valuable conclusions. What could be more valuable than tables giving the temperaments of candidates, the subjects they selected, those they passed in, and those they failed to pass ? The secretaries of our learned and other societies might, by the method of the Scheme, make us acquainted with the temperaments of their eminent members, and thereby establish a connec- tion between physical characteristics and success in science, art, literature, profes- sions, and other occupations, that should influence the choice of a calling. The medical profession would do good service by observing, for general guidance, the relation which I have suggested {page 253) between food, climate, the ordinary causes of disease, or derangement of health, and the temperaments. CONCLUSION. 387 The medical officers of our large and ever - increasing asylums for the insane might tabulate observations that would establish a connection between the tem- peraments of patients, the character of their delusions, and the causes that induced them, — knowledge that might be available in counteracting the tendency to attack, by showing the probable direction of its approach. The medical advisers of Life Assurance Societies, by carefully noting the tem- perament of the assured, might evolve a difference in the death-rate of those of different temperaments that would lead to a difference in the rate of premium. Many others might lend a helping hand to give precision to the subject, and I am hopeful that some may have become sufficiently interested in it to do so. 388 OUR TEMPERAMENTS. Acquaintance with the mental qualities and traits of character that are associated with the physical characteristics of the temperaments will be found useful in many of the ordinary affairs of life, — obviously, in the selection from candidates of the one naturally best qualified for the work. The following extract shows that they have begun in America to consider phy- sical characteristics in estimating fitness : — " A very bitter sentiment of rivalry has " sprung up between fair-haired women and " brunettes in Washington. The feeling has " arisen amongst lady applicants for situations as " clerks in the Civil Service, in which department " women as well as men can be appointed. As " a rule, and this was the original grievance of " blondes and brunettes alike, favouritism was, tf alleged the ladies, shown to male applicants ; " and now another accusation is brought " by fair -haired applicants, who are com- " plaining that, when vacancies have to be " rilled, and women are accepted, it is invari- CONCLUSION. 389 " ably the dark-haired sisterhood upon whom " the appointment is bestowed. The officials " charged with making this distinction to the " prejudice of the blondes, excuse themselves " by saying that the latter are apt to be " quick-tempered, that they are less steady at " work, and, in short, do not make such "good clerks as the brunettes." — The Evening Standard, February 17M, 1885. I am sanguine that all who become familiar with the temperaments and their associated mental qualities, will not only find guidance in forecasting the action of those they may have to do with, but make themselves and others happier, by greater tolerance of the different ways of those who differ from them in tem- perament. Many readers may be as glad as I am to learn that Dr. Richardson, who has 39° OUR TEMPERAMENTS. so successfully rendered many medical sub- jects familiar to the general reader, may be expected to add a volume on The Temperaments to his well-known works. In a lecture delivered in 1883, on u Felicity as a Sanitary Research," he says : — a There are some constitutional differences de- " termined by temperaments, which are of first " importance. Of the four primary tempera- " ments, the sanguine, the nervous, the bilious, "the lymphatic, and of their relation to felicity, "a volume might be written, and I have col- lected the facts relating to the temperaments "of over a thousand persons towards such a c< work." CLASSIFICATION OF FACES. The following selection from Lodge's well-known collection of engraved portraits* is given to familiarize observers with four forms of the face ; the square ; the taper- ing ; the oval ; and the semi-oval : their long and broad varieties ; and the melancholic form — an easily remembered classification which may help them to recognize and read every form of face. I hoped to reproduce portraits in which the colour and form characteristics of the temperaments are seen, but the results were unsatisfactory, and I have, therefore, to advise observers to look for them in every portrait, and ascertain as far as possible the associated mental traits. I am sanguine that general familiarity * Reproduced by the Typographic Etching Company. 392 OUR TEMPERAMENTS. with the colour and form characteristics of the temperaments may lead to the in- definite phrase " I see it in his face " being always supplemented as follows : — I see it in his square face. I see it in his tapering face. I see it in his oval face. I see it in his outspread nose I see it in his short neck. I see it in his build. I see it in his blue eyes. I see it in his black eyes. I see it in his lustreless eyes. So of the colours of the complexion and hair. Only by such or some other method can readers of faces compare their readings with those of others, and so establish the natural association of mental with physical characteristics. A SELECTION FROM LODGE'S HISTORICAL PORTRAITS, SHOWING THE CHIEF FORMS OF FACES, 26 394 OUR TEMPERAMENTS. ARRANGEMENT OF THE PORTRAITS. Nos. Forms of the Face. I, 2 Square. . 3> 4> 5> 6 • Tapering. 7. .• . Oval. 8 . . . „ .(long). 9, io . „ (broad). II, 12, 13 . Semi-oval. 14, 15 . » (long). 16, 17 . „ (broad). l8, 19, 20, 21 Oblong. 22, 23 . . Tapering (long). 24, 25 . „ (broad). 26, 27 . . The Melancholic. NOTE. The Scheme of the pure temperaments, chap. iv. y may be referred to for the mental traits of the square and tapering faces. Those of the oval ace are given in chap. vii. All other forms of the face being compounds or varieties of these three, the assignment of their mental traits should be relative to the proportion of square, tapering, or oval features. SQUARE FACES. See Scheme, Chap. iv. Xo. T. ADAM, FIRST VISCOUNT DUNCAN. Ob. 1804. No. 2. MATTHEW PARKER, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY. Ob. 1575. TAPERING FACES. See Scheme, Chap. iv. No. 3. CARDINAL ALLEN. Ob. 1594. No. 4. THOMAS EGERTON, VISCOUNT BRACKLEY. Lord High Chancellor. Ob. 1617. TAPERING FACES. No. 5. WILLIAM POWLETT, MARQUIS OF WINCHESTER. Ob. 1572. No. 6. GEORGE VILLIERS, DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM. Ob. 1628. ^ OF TH* tTNlVEBSlTY OVAL FACE. See page 157. No. 7. Page 71. THE HON. ROBERT BOYLE. Ob. 1691. LONG OVAL FACE. No. 8. % y- ■£■■■•■!■ m ■ -..'-;, ROBERT GREVILLE, LORD^BROOKE. Ob. 1643. BROAD OVAL FACES. No. 9. WILLIAM FITZ-MAURICE PETTY, FIRST MARQUIS OF LANSDOWNE. Ob. 1605. No. 10 ANNE HYDE, DUCHESS OF YORK. Ob. 1671. ^E "LIBR^ tj^lVEBSlTT SEMI-OVAL FACE. (The broad forehead of the tapering form). No. ii. LIKENESS TO BOTH PARENTS. See page 382. •« gt tva» nern Ijappij in ntn ftrat constitution, troth itt mtno an& boon* both for internal ano erternal citooumteui* ; far nener waa there a chflb ntore efluall^ resrentbltna Jtrotij father anir mother than mn»elf. ®be colottr of mine ene* wa» black, like ntn father'*, atto the form ano aspect uf them ma* auick atto ltoeln» like mn mother'*, ©he hair of tmj heab nta* bronm, ano nern thick, ano *o long tljat it reacheo to the calf of ntn leg* when & *toob upright ; with a peak of hair on ntn foreheao, ano a oimnle an mn ehin: like ntn father, full cheek* ; atto rontto face, like ntn mother ; ano an erautette »hane af boon* resembling tnn father*" — Memoir of Anne Clifford, Countess of Dorset, Pembroke and Montgomery, in Lodge's Historical Portraits. SEMI-OVAL FACES. No. 12 LADY JANE GREY. Ob. 1554. ALEXANDER HOOD, VISCOUNT BRIDPORT. Ob. 18 14. ^.' OF THfi UNIVERSITY Y* OF THE r UNIVERSITY t^L CALIFOR^s LONG SEMI-OVAL FACES. No. 14. PHILIP HOWARD, EARL OF ARUNDEL Ob. 1595. No. 15 JOHN, DUKE OF MONTAGU. Ob. 1749. BROAD SEMI-OVAL FACES. No. 1 6. QUEEN ANNE. Ob. 1714. No. 17. AUGUSTUS, VISCOUNT KEPPEL. Ob. 1786. OBLONG FACES. No. 1 8. HENRY ST. JOHN, VISCOUNT BOLINGBROKE Ob. 1751. No. 19. WILLIAM PULTNEY, EARL OF BATH. Ob. 1764. OBLONG FACES. No. 20. SIR JOHN MORE. Ob. 1533. No. 2T. WILLIAM WARHAM, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY. Ob. 1532. ^ OF TH« ^K UNIVERSITY LONG TAPERING FACES. No. 22. SIR WILLIAM MAITLAND, OF LETHINGTON. Ob. 1573. No. 23. AMBROSE DUDLEY EARL OF WARWICK. Ob. 1590. BROAD TAPERING FACES. No. 24. KING EDWARD THE SIXTH. Ob. 1553. No. 25. JOHN GRAHAM, VISCOUNT OF DUNDEE. Ob. 1689. y^ OF TH4i r UNIVERSITY THE MELANCHOLIC FACE. No. 26. CARDINAL POLE. Ob. ISS7 No. 27. fv:cr >&,**- -^, HENRY HOWARD, EARL OF SURREY ctf. 1547 : There are other forms of faces besides those seen in the portraits, but, like the semi-oval (No. XL), they are obviously compounds of two of the chief forms — the square, the tapering, and the oval. Observation of the forms of a hundred faces gave the following results : — 4 * Square. 21 Tapering. 8 Oval. • 3 • >> (long). 6 20 >> Semi-Oval. [broad). 12 • ii (long). 9 ii (broad). 5 Oblong. 4 Tapering (long). 4 it (broad). i The Melancholic. 3 Compound of the Tapering and Square (the forehead broad ; the chin square). POPULAR WORKS PUBLISHED BY CROSBY L0CKW00D & CO., 7, Stationers' Hall Court, Ludgate Hill, E.C. SCHOOLDAYS OF EMINENT MEN. Containing School and College Lives of the most celebrated British Authors, Poets, and Philosophers ; Inventors and Discoverers ; Divines, Heroes, Statesmen, &c. By John Timbs. With Thirteen Views of Public Schools, and Twenty Portraits by Harvey. Fcap., 3s. 6d. cloth. 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